V^^'"<^- IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) V A {./ <^\ ^

i^ lV .''■- 'O /» \ '^ r,^:%' > #^. sr ^'^4i^ W f/. ;^ CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICJVIH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques Technical and Sibliographic Notes/Notas tachniquss at bibliographiquas Tha Instltuta has attampted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may altar any of the images in tha reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, fire checked below. r~/T^ Coloured covers/ QlJ Couvertura de couleur r~n Covers damaged/ Couverture endommagia Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaur^e et/ou peliicul^a Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque Coloured maps/ Cartas g^ographiquas 9n couleur Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encra da couleur (i.e. autre que bleua ou noire) Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ Rell4 avec d'auti-es documents D n D Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ Lareliura serrie peut causer de I'ombre ou de la diatorsion le long de la marge int^rieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajoutAes lors d'une restau ration apparaissent dans le texte. mais, lorsque cela itait possible, ces pages n'ont pas ixi film^as. Additional comments:/ Commentairas suppldmentaires; L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exempl&ire qu'il lui a 6ti possible de se procurer. Les details de cet axemplaire qui sont peut-dtre uniques du point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger una modification dans la m^thode normnle de filmage sont indiqu^s ci-dessous. I I Coloured pages/ Pages de couleur Pages damaged/ Pages endommagies □ Pages restored and/or laminated/ Pages restaur^as et/ou pelllculdes r~>^Paqe8 discoloured, stained or foxed/ L_J Pages ddcolordes, tacheties ou piqu^es □Page? detached/ Pages ddtach^es nn/^howthrough/ L--1 Transparence □ Quality of print varies/ Quality inigala de I' impression nigaU suppii Comprend du materiel suppl^mentaire Only edition available/ Seule Edition disponible rn Includes supplementary material/ r~j Only edition available/ D Pages wholly or partially obsc'jred by errata slips, tissues, etc.. have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totalement ou partieliement obscurcies par un fauillet d'errata. une pelure. etc., ont 6ti film^es ik nouveau de fapon d obtenir la meilleure image possible. This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est film* au taux dt ricuction indiqu* ci-dessous. ■[OX 14X 18X 22X y 26X 30X UA 10X 2DX 24X 28X 32X Th« copy filmed hers has been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: Archives of Ontario Toronto The images appearing here are the best quality possibis considsring the condition and legibiiity of the original copy and in Icaeping with the filming contract specifications. L'axemplaire fiim4i'fut reproduit grice i la ginirositi de:' Archives of Ontario Toronto Le. images suivantas ont it* reproduites avec le plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition at de la nottet* de i'exempiaire film*, et en conformity avec lea conditions du contrat de filmage. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres> sion. and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. Las exemplairee originaux dont la couverture en papier eat imprimte sont filmis en commenpant par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la derniAre page qui comporte une ampreinte d'impression ou d'liiustration, soit par le second plat, seion le cas. Tous les autrea axemplairas originaux sont filmte on commenpant par la premiere page qui comporte une ampreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la derniAre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. The last recorded frame on each micr&fiehe shall contain the symbol —^(meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol ▼ (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Un dee symboies suivants apparaltra sur la demiire imege de cheque microfich<^, selon le caa: le symbols »»> signifie "A SUIVRE". le symbols V signifie "FIN". Mapa. plates, charts, etc.. may be filmed at different reduction ratioa. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper lef ^ hand comer, left to right and top to bottom, aa many frames aa required. The following diagrama illustrate the method: Lea cartas, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmte A des taux de rMuction diff^rants. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seui cliche, il est filmd A partir de I'angie supirieur gauche, de gauche ik droite, et de haut en baa. en prenant le nombre d'imagcs n^cessaire. Las diaarammes suivants illustrant la m^thodo. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 --^i If. u ^ ''W. I ? 73 .-i. ^\ I THE IMMIGRANT —IN— O !«■ T -A. miO_! THE PREMIER PROVINCE —OF — Ci^^N_A^DA^ Rrf 6t/ Authority of the Gouernment of Ontario. P\l9Sll.ETS AND FURTHER PARTIOUL .RS MAY BE OBTAINED ON APPLICATION TO r ll?t>\ JAMES YOUNG , « Treasuri'v of the Province and 1 1 * , •i c minissioner of Im..dgrat,on, 1' or onto. DAVID SPENCB, Secretary of Immigration, Toronto, OB TO TETER BTRNE, 6 South Castle Street, Liverpool. BRANTFORD, ONTARIO : PRINTED BY WATT & SHENSTON. OOLBORNE STREET, 1883. W"^ I PAM] HON. J 2 PEIN' THE IMMIGRANT -IN — OTX'TJ^lBtlO ! THE PREMIER PROVINCE — OF — Ci^ INT A. DA. issued by Authority of the Government of Ontariu. PAMPHLETS AND FURTHER PARTICULARS MAY BE OBTAINED ON APPLICATION TO HON. JAMES YOUNG Treasurer of the Province and Commissioner of Immigration^ Toronto. DAVID SPENCB, Seeretary of Immigration, Toronto, OB TO PETER BYRNE, 6 South Cattle Street, Liverpool, n BRANTFORD, ONTARIO t PRINTED BY WATT k SHENSTON, OOLBORNE STREET, 1883. Oj mos of a COU] eml of t Atlj hull Fro] awa ture glob erin, tica] enoi rive] less tlies port CANADA. Ontario the Premier Trovince OF THB DOMINION, The Dominion of Canada is the most important, the most populous, the wealthiest, and the most flourishing of all the British self-governing colonies. It is as large a country as the whole of Europe, or the United States, embracing as it does nearly four millions of square miles of territory. From East to West it extends from the Atlantic to the Pacific, a distance of three thousand six hundred miles, or as far as from London to Calcutta. From parallel 42 it stretches twenty-seven hundred miles away to the north. In the grandeur of its physical fea- tures Canada is surpassed by no country on the face of the globe. Immense mountain ranges, vast forests cov- ering millions of square miles and furnishing a prac- tically exhaustless supply of wealth, fertile prairies large enough in themselves to form a mighty empire, great rivers, several of them larger than the Danube, and count- less lakes, some as large as European kingdoms, — all these are imposing characteristics of Canada, the greater portion of whose territory is yet awaiting settlement. OT^TA.RIO. The Premier Province of Canada. ITS PHYSICAL FEATURES. Of the great Dominion, Ontario is the Premier Province. It is at once the leading agricultural, commercial, manufacturing, and by far the most populous member of the Canadian Confederation. It extends from south to north over a distance of seven hundred miles, or from the parallel of forty-two degrees — that of Rame — to the parallel of fifty-two degrees on James Bay, a latitude still south of that of Birmingham. From east to west, it measures a length of nearly eleven hundred miles. The area embraced within its boundaries is about 200,000 square miles — a territory 80,000 square miles larger than the United Kingdom, 1,700 square miles larger than France, and only 12,000 square miles smaller than the whole German Empire. The southern extremity leaves in a more northern latitude nearly the whole of New York, Michigan, and the New England States. The parallel which cuts the extreme south of the Province passes through the north of Portugal and Spain and the centre of Italy and Turkey, leaving Greece the only country in Europe entirely in a more southern latitude than Ontario. Along the extensive southern and western border of the Province, tempering both the sum- mer and winter seasons, lie those vast inland seas, Lakes Ontario, Erie, Huron and Superior, the last alone larger than the whole of Scotland. These lakes, with the rivers and canals connected with them, form a system of inland navigation unsurpassed in the world. The Laurentian mountains divide the Province into two sections — the southern and larger one embracing an immense extent of fertile land, on which are cultivated all the grains of the temperate rone and several products of 6 THE IMMIOIIANT IN ONTARIO, CANADA. the tropica. The more northorn di.striots ahound in vnlual.'lo pine forests, and dopoRJts of golfi. silvor, iron, copper and other \aIiial)Io minerals, which contribute largely to the wealth of the country. THE CLi:,rATE OF ONTARIO. according to latitude, elevation or position with refeience to thr great lake?, but is everywhere adapted in a very high degree to grain and fruit-growing and to the deveiopmont of physical well-being. In the warmer parts spring begins sometimes in March; sometimes not till the beginning of April. In the colder districts ir. bursts forth suddenly in the beginning of the latter month. Vegetation everywhere commences immediately, and progresses with a vigor surprising to people from Britain and west.^rn Europe. The beginning or middle of Mriy ushers in the summer, which is scarcely surpassed by that of any land. The regular storm rains cease almost entirely from May till September, leav- ing vegetation to be refreshed by brief but copious showeis. The skies are Italian in their beauty. Sometimes day after day passes of unin- terrupted serenity and unclouded azure. The sun set- with a magnifi. cence rarely approached even m Italy. The nights are rarely uncom- fortably warm. Tornadoes, so fi ightf ully destructive of life and property in the Western States, are very uncommon, and scarcely ever attended by fatal result. THE SUMMER SEA80W usually lasts from the middle of May till the end of September. Under the genial and steady warmth, vegetation advances apace. Wheat harvest commences in the most southern parts in the beginning of July. All the grain crops follow each other in quick succession, and over most of the Province, harvest is fully completed by the third week of August. Along the lake shores, a lake breeze by day and a land breeze by night temper the warmth of the season. Autumn is scarcely less beautiful than summer. In October the days are ' a genial warmth, and the nights cool and refreshing The trees assume a brillinn y .->f coior unknown in Europe, and over the -^ THE IMMIGRANT IN ONTARIO, CANADA. alualtlo pine lior \aIiiiil)Io ntry. nee to tlif ■ee to grain ing. In t!ie not till tlie suddenly in commences eople from Mcxy ushers land. The smber, leav- The skies ses of unin- i a niagnifi- •ely un(!om- id property ar attended September, ices apace. 3 beginning succession, 7 the third ze by day he season, ctober, the refreshing, id over the 4 •i! \ landscape, flushing in crimson, yellow, pink, green and gold, th« Kun shines with a mellow radiance; through the faint, purple mist which tills the atmosphere, and imparts to the outlines of every distant object a softness in striking contrast with tlie distinctnfbs generally noticeable i'.i fine weather during most of the year. The leaves fall, and as Novt ber passes, vegetation ginks into its winter's re^t. The first flakes of snow are seldom seen till November, and open and ^ine warm weather, in south-icestern Ontario in particular, frequently iasts well into December. THE DURATION OF WINTER IN ONTARIO is about fonr months. Everywhere, however, the season is bright, bracing and pleasant. Sometimes th? sky is cloudless for days or weeks together. The occasional extremely cold periods rarely last more than three days, ani are almost invariably dry, bright and calm. The cold is not felt to nearly the extent that people in moister climate would imagine, and a walk of half a mile bare-handed, even with the mercury below zero, causes no unpleasant feeling of cold. In fact, that temperature seems no colder than twenty degrees above zero generally does in Britain. The explanation is found in the Iry- ness of the atmosphere not abstracting from the body the heat which would be absorbed by a more humid air. The cemmenceMent of sleigh- ing is hailed with delight ; business revives ; grain is readily marketed, and every operation requiring ;rood winter roads is greatly facilitated. The winters differ in different years. Sometimes ice and snow are absent in the counties fringing Lakes Erie and Ontario; ploughing has been carried on in December and January, and in the warmest parts flowers have bloomed at mid-winter in the open air, and but- terflies, snakes and frogs have made their appearance. The coldest year on record in Ontario closed with a day on which a temperature of seventy one degrees in the s!.ade was reached. The winter everywhere is biight, pleasant and comparatively dry Owing to the southern latitude of the Province - almost the entire population living further south than Lyons in France— ihe winter days are much longer than in Britain, a fact which contrib»tes to the cheorfulneM of the season. THE IMMIGRANT IN ONTARIO, CANADA. SEMI TROPICAL AND OTHKK PRODUCTS OF ONTARIO. That Ontario possesses a genial climate and a rich productive soil, is proven by the vast annual yield of fall and spring wheat, barley, oats, Indian corn (maize), rye and peas. Finer wheat is not produced anywhere, and statistics, to be given hereafter, show that the yield is greater per acre than tliat of any of the wheat growing States in the neighboring Union. Ontario barley always commands the highest prices in the American markets, where it is almost without a rival. The peas, oats, and corn are also excellent. The apple, peach, pear and cherry orchards in the Province are prolific, and produce as fine fruit as is grown in the world. The demand for the best varieties of Canadian apples is rapidly increasing both in Europe and tlie United States, the top prices are paid for them. Roots and vegetables of the best quality are grown evei-yv/hi r •, and include potatoes, beets, mangold "wurtzles, p.iranips, carrots, cabbages, cauliflowers, b3ans and, in short, all the varieties that are produced either in England or in the States. All the products of Ihs temperate zone flourish, and some semi-tiopical fruits are brought to perfection. The apricot, nectarine and quince are easily cultivated over an area of several thousand square miles. At Niagara, xhich, however, is exceptionally favored, the almond grows out of doors, and the fig is cultivated as a standard with scarcely any protection in winter, and ripens two crops in the year. The almond and fig will probably never be grown for profit, but th-? fact of their cultivation out of doors is a striking evidencce of the mildness of the winter climate of the Southern Counties. Sorgl u n, or the Chinese sugar cine, will succeed over very many counties, and in Southern On- tario hundreds of acres are planted with this crop. As a further illus- tration of the extraordinary capabilities of the Province, reference may be made to the County of Essex, the southernmost of the Lake Eric group of Ontario Counties, which, surrounded as it is on three sdes by water, offers the very best facilities on the continent of North America for grape-growing and vine-producing. An eminent writer upon these subjects visited the County last October, during THE GRAPE IIAUVESTING SEASON, and afterward published a series of Ittbers, from which the following extract is taken : •' My first acquaintance with Essex vineyards was made on one of 'the deliciously balmy, dreamily la'-.y, glorious October days we have 1 THE IMMIGRANT IN ONTARIO, CANADA. d [IIO. roductive soil, vheat, barley, not produced it the yield is States in the s the highest hout a rival, ach, pear and as fine fruit as s of Canadian Jnited States, 5 of the best sets, mangold and, in short, n the States. semi-tiopical ! and quince ire miles. At ilmond grows scarcely any The almond fact of their Idness of the the Chinese southern On- further illus- eference may le Lake Erie liree sdes by )rth America 3r upon these the following ide on one of iiys we have II K l( <( ( (( IC (( (( (( had recently-tlie verv kind of weather to throw a glamour over the long wine-avenues bathed in the mellowest of sunshine and flecked by the shadows of the sinuous vines and abundant foliage which, rismg on either side far above one's head, concealed the innumerable clusters of dark purple fruit burdening the trellises with their juicy wealth. The first vineyard at which we called was owned by p Mr. Girardot, a native of the French Comte, now one of the School Inspectors for the County, who is an enthusiast in vine-culture, and was brought up in the very heart of the best wine district of Eastern France. _ He believes that Essex is superior to his own country in its capabilities for not only producing large quantities of grapes, but also FINE QUALITIES OF WINE. " Mr Girardot said to me : 'We have a more certain climate here and « 'no frost until late in October. There they often have it in September. " 'The French vintage fails one year in three, and a really good harvest « 'is gathered only once in that time. Here there has not even been a « 'partial failure. The yield here is at least four or five tons to the « 'acre • there, not more than two. The wines made here are equal to " 'any in Eastern France. From 20 acres the yield of wine has averaged " 'about 6,000 gallons, and is very - -munerative, a profit of |800 (£160) " 'per acre being frequently obtained." ' The correspond it proceeds to say : " The fragrant bloom-covered grapes hang thickly in large clusters, " the berries measuring three-quarters of an inch in diameter, and esti- " mated to yield five tons to the acre. The varieties of grapes grown " to perfection in Essex, Pelee Island, the Niagara District, and in the " vicinitv of Toronto, as well as elsewhere in the eastern and central " parts of Ontario, are the Concord, the Clinton, Delaware, Rodgers' " Hybrids, Hartford, Isabella, Creveling, Martha, Muscot and Catawba. « Indian Corn (maize) is perhaps the leading crop of the County of " Essex, and yields thirty-five to seventy bushels of shelled gram per " acre, with an average of nearly fifty bushels, or much more than in « Missouri or Iowa, in the latter of which State a recent oflicial return "showed only fifteen bushels per acre. Fall wheat stands next m «' acreage to Indian corn. A leading farmer has grown wheat eight " years in succeosion on the same land without any diminution of yield, " a fact which may be well credited, for the black mould is not unfre- " quently three feet in depth, and averages from twelve to eighteen " inches, while underneath is the best of clay subsoil. SUGAR CANE. «« Every farm, too, has its patch of sugar-cane, varying from one « acre to three or four acres in extent. Sorghum has long been a staple 1 10 THE IMMIGRANT IN ONTARIO, CANADA. << <. <( «( it i( (( (( (( (( i( i( (( of Essex, and several varieties — black, red, short and tall, are grown. The variety known as Early Amber is now the most popular, and is said to yield as much as 300 gallons of syrup per acre. A gentleman who has managed a Cuban plantation for several years is at present making arrangements to start a large plantation and mill near Essex Centre, and the best machinery is to be used in making muscovada sugar. Every farm, even in the newest settlements, has its apph^ pear and peach trees, and grape vines. Stock raising is largely fol- lowed. Even in midwmter the pastures occasionally become clothed in green, and ten days or so at a time elapse without even a hoar frost at night. Tobacco at one time was very excensively cultivated, mil- lions of pounds being annually produced about thirty years since. Essex is still the chief tobacco-raising county of the Province. "Fishing Point, in Lake Erie, as the g )uthern extremity of PELEE ISLAND (in the County of Essex) is called, lies in latitude 41° 36' north. Middle Island, Canada'f southernmost soil, is in latitude 41° 35'. Misled by the rigour of Canadian winters, most Canadians imagine that even South- em Ontario is comparatively a northern region. It may be interest- ing, therefore, to note that a line r mning east and west through Pelee l8la,nd yasses through Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Nevada and California on this continent, and in Europe through Northern Portugal and Southern Turkey. One-third of Spain, three-fourths of Italy, and almost the entire Adriatic Sea lie north of Pelee. The southernmost verge of France, reposing amidst its olives and orange groves, is nearly fifty miles farther north than Fishing Point. The marshes of the Roman Campagna are twenty milos farther from the equator than the great marsh of Pelee. Due east of Canada's southernmost vineyards lie the vineyards of old C -Jtile and of the Apulian valleys in Southern Italy, the famous old cities of Saragossa and Valladolid, and the orange groves^ of Barcelona. Only fifty miles farther to the south old Vesuvius flings a mantle of smoke over the blue waters of the Bay of Naples, and among the minarets of Constantinople the Sublime Porte sips a port which the vineyards of Pelee are capable of equalling. PELEE ISLAND COTTON. "So warm a climat«". must be ftivorable to many vegetable products "usually associated wt'i sub-tropical regions. The Catawba grape "flourishes in full perfection, and rarely suffers from mildew, and never " from frost. Maize and the Chinese sugar cane grow luxuriantly;, the " peanut thrives well ; water melons obtain a weight of fifty pounds ; " the sweet potato grows to as great a size and is as finely flavored as " m the Southern States, The pawpaw, white mulberry, peach, apricot, " nectarine and quince are common trees; the fig and almond, slightly " protected in winter with brush, will bear abundantly. A still batter (( st. world, which caste or social onal honors, targes for any 5w, and if he voluntary con- ards' rule, but e expenditure b British law iMERS AND ty-two town> 1 for location Other town- ! constructed, wait for, the J of the Act le Orders in n Council is p pine timber be made for eighteen, or sment duties ildren under knd, and any 100 acres I! IT iroo (,rant Districts. Any locatee under tl,e Act, Loin-,, the rnal. hPud of a taiuily as aforesaid, is allowed to purcliase an additional 100 acres at (ifty cents per acre cash, at the time of such location, sul.jeet to the ■aniM ivuTvatious and conditions, and the p.-rfonuance of the same set thMuent duties, as are provided in respuct of Free Grunt locations by the Act, except that actual residence aud buildinc. on land purchased will not b. required. Tlie settlement duties are :-To havo fifteen acros on eu..>, grant cleared and under crop, of svliic-h at least two acres are to be .l,.ared and cultivated annually for five years; to build a habitablo house, at least 10x:30 icot in size; and to reside on the land at least six months in each year. In order to make a successful settlement upon a free grant lot the .ett er should have at least i'GO to i'lOO ($300 to |r,00) after reaching his location. But immigrants on their arrival in the country are ad" vised to go out first for a year or more as agricultural laborers on farms m the older and settled parts of the Province. T'.e experience thus •cquired will far more than compensate for the time thus spent. The settlers iu the Free Grant Districts are always willim/to heln tew comers. A house, such as is required by the Act, can be erected by contract for from ^8 to £10 (.$40 to $50) ; but with the assistance which the settler is certain to receive from his neighbors, it can be erected for even less. The best season of the year to go on to a free gi-ant lot IS the month of Septen.ber, after harvest work in the old settlemonts is over. There is time to put up a house and get comfort- ably settled before the winter set.s in ; and during the winter the work of cnoppuig and clearing can go on. In this way a crop can be got in the first spring. The operation of putting in the first crop is a very smiple one. Flouring is almost unnecessary. Theland is light and rich A 1 It sometimes needs is a little snatching on the surface to cover thci seed This IS done with a drag or harrow, which may either be a very tough, primitive miplement-a natural crotch with a few teeth in iti or It may be carefully n.ade and well finished. A good auf ' "tv on such matters says : «>The course for a man with a very small capitaHs as follows : He goes on the land in September or Oc'tober and binder brushes as mucOi as he intends to clear the next snrW Pr .1 I' up hishouseand prepares for the •.. inter? rvufngis famil ''lit m the late autumn or the winter, accord n.. to the state nfff' i "^ ••During the winter he c'.ps whai he has %:2^:^^^^:^^ 13 TUE glll^RANT IS ONTARIO, CANADA. "hut not often, a little more, usually ^owe^er, ^^^^ J,^ ,,^ . if "I.Rb made a fortunate sulecticn, and got 8°°^' /7'/ ^^,1° "spring, l>e "he is also fortunate enough to have a 8«o^','^;,„.,ed,tinie enough •' ,r.anag."8 to get his chopping bvmicd oS •^"'^ P^^ ^ '°f Sy ^ ^.nall patch " to set in a few potatoes, some Indian corn, and P*^^«' J ...mtner. By ■' of spring wheat! All tins helps his fannly f^^^^^^^v^^r: wheat, •'aboit September he will have ^ot a good patch ready toi ■' which is theu sown and afterwards fenced. TENANT FARMERS. Improved favms, with dwelling. "")«">". ^'""'""f'' 'J„ '^ l^o „;,a..a in the older a- a settled pa.t, of On.av.o at ho^ £-J^ * s,eHi.g per a™, or for the amount required to '-7: off' s a better ■„ Great Britain. There i. no elass to »h,ch 0»'"'° fj; \^ ^„ field than to the tenant farmers of Great Br, «n -"i ';»"''' J™, „t anxious to ehange their condition of lease-holders to tl»t of o»ne s the soil. Canada is comparatively so close to England (L'"n^°- '° Q„.teo being the shortest sea passage to Amenca : -™= ™ /^^^ L a half,, and the .eans of ^-r— -'a .on ar ^^o^^ ^ expcditious,that withm a very tew years .t is no expect that Ontario wiU supply the home "arkot « th fa™ pro as readily as Ireland did twenty years ago and w.th fa. more proM to the producer. FARM LABORERS IN ONTARIO. The British farmer may be reluctant to break np his home and sever himself from old associations, but scarcely an, hes.tat.onw.il Tu r^ind of the farm laborer. U..happily, bis " W'^ »^ 5ew enough ; his capital is easiW transferred ; «'"°»' *! j'^ j^"'*;^"^ •o. him need be, " How can I : the means to em.gra.e t In Great B iti h can ;ever earn the so., he tills; in Ontario he cannot a.l.f ,nly industrious and thrifty, to become, if he pleases, the owner of land, n L"at Britain his boys and giris will, with few except.on^ be nott.- ,; tat what their fathers and mothers were before them. In Ontano it is all but certain that they will in a few years be .n a pos.t.on as .n- Leptdent a, those they serve at home. In G-'.^f- ' ^ * onsLt struggle o£ the agricultural class to get sufficct food ^.d *e r«ssary comforts of life. In Ontario no farm laborer need go short THE EU:anANT IN ONTARIO, CANADA. tl of three meuls a day. 'n Great Britain lie feels at every step Ihedifer. ence in caste or rank between himself and the other people he rubs elbows with. In Ontario, whilb a civil bearing and a courteous de- meanor will always be appreciated, servility is despised and a self-respec- ting sense of equality is always honored. In Great Britain the ratepay- ing class look upon the laborer as a contingent burden , in Ontario they look upon him as a probable neighbor and brolier yeoman. No agri- cultural laborer need fear any diliiculty in securing work in Ontario at reuumerative wages. The practice of boarding farm laborers in the house has naturally secured a preference for single men. But there are many farmers now in Ontario who appreciate the steady habits and tendency to remain in one place that usually characterize the married farm laborer. The agents at the immigration depots are always able to lispose immediately and satisfactori'y of as many agricultural laborers AS present themselves, married or single. The supply has never yet been equal to the demand, A man used to farm work in the old country, with a wife who is willing and able to do a day's household work n©w and then, and half-a dozen, more or less, boys and girls coming on to be useful, is a welcome s-^ttler in any part of the rural districts, and sure to get on. FARM laborers' WAGES IN ONTARIO. ilie money wages for a single man the year round, with board anc lodging, average from $13 (£2 12s.) to $16.50) .£3 6s.) a month. For the eight months from April to November inclusive, the average wages are from $18 (£3 12) to $20 (£4), and for the three harvest months, $30 (£6) per month, with board and lodging, and last year even $40 (£8) were paid. For a married man, the wages average from $225 (£45) to $250 (£50) per annum, with free house, free fuel, and a plot of ground (say an aci'e) for a garden, and grass for a cow. Canadian farmers are as a rule, very kindly and liberal, and the laborer is regarded more as a friend than a ser\aiit, if he only acts honorably and does his duty. The farm laborer believes when he emigrates that he is taking the (irst step towards being his own master. He has only to be sober, to save whatever he can, but always to save a little, and keep his eyes aiid ears open, and his time will come. All his movements will be more or less regulated by his family surroundings, the ages of his children, 80 TBE IMMIGRANT IN ONTARIO, CANADA. ^ I H IBI ■ ■ WiM^^^IM I I W I ■ ■ ■■■ 'I ' ' I i II II ■■■' vh-ther boys or girls, or a few of both. Tho instances in which men ivlio lamleJ in Canada with nothing, or next to nothing but tho clothes on their back^ and acliieved indupendonco in this way, may be reck- oned, not by hundreds nicroly, but by thousands. DOMESTIC SERVANTS. Female domestic servants are wanted in every city, town and vil- lage in Ontai-io, and at good -yages. On their arrival at Point Levis (Quebec), if during the immigration s<'ason, they should rcpdrt them- selves at the Ontario Immigration Office on the wharf. The ag.mt will glvj to approved domestic servants free railway tickets to any rail- way station in Ontario. Immigrants of this class, on their arrival m ToYonto, will bj provided by the Oovernimnt of Ontario with free board and lodging, and situations will be found for them. RATE OF WAGES IN TORONTO, Laandrymaias, with boaid, $8 to $10 por month ; cqu*! lo £1. ISs. ancl ^2. U. etg. General ServanlB, " 7 to 10 1- 9- .. J \' Cooks-plain. ' 8 to 10 " 1- !?• „ f//; 120 (£24) per annum. This position was occupied for three years, during which Mr Colley learnt t^.e milling business. He then rented Mr. Bolton's mill at a yearly rental of $200, and kept it for five yenrs While engaged in the mill- iig business, Mr Colley purchased SO acres of bush land. This land WAS bought on credit for the sum of 8300. Labor was at once enrloyed to clear this land and fit it for cultivation, "Slv. Colley himself remaining a' his mill. He next bought, on credit also, 100 acres adjoining lis premises, for th.- sum of .«;400, and built his first house. He at present owns 300 acres, his homestead consisting of 200. Mr. Colley raises thorough-bred stock, hoises, cattle, sh^ep and p'g^. On his 200 acre farm he -^ener-aMy keep-; about 12 hordes, 15 cattle, 70 sheep, and IG pigs. His property— laud, stock and implements— is worth ^20,000 (£4,000.) THE IMMIOFvANT IN ONTAUIO, CAXADA. 25 ]\[r. Patrick Gaorty oinigratod to Canada from County Monalian, Ireland, and settled in the township of Calcdon, County of Peel, wLeie he purchased a faim, and to pay for it worked ai a farm servant, lie is now proprietor of a well-stocked farm of 350 acres of the value of $25,000 (',£5,000 sterling). John Evans, farmer, township of Esquesing, County of Halton, from the County Antrim, Ireland, had about £2 on his arrival in New York. He has now a good farm of 200 acres of cleared hind, with brick dwelling and good outbuildings. He is worth $8,000 (£1,000 stg.) William Cliaplin, farmer, from Forfarshire, Scotland, had about 81,200 on his arrival in Esquesing, Halton, but is now worth about $6,000 (£1,200.) Thomas Boak, farmer, township of Trafalgar, Halton, emigrated from Cumberland, England, as a farm laborer, with his wife and family. When he landed in Hamilton, Ontario, he was $45 (£9) in debt, but worked as laborer until he got enough saved to start farming. He is worth $5,000 (£1,000) and has a wide-s-pread reputation as a breeder of pure bred Durham cattle. Mr. John Copoland, now Registrar of the County of Stormont, is a native of Kircudbriglitshire, Scotland. He came out to Ontario, and engaged in farming, beginning with no capital, but good health and a determination to acquire a farm and house of his own. Besides a com- fortable income from his official position, he has a farm of 150 acres, worth at least $45 (£9 stg.) per acre, a house and lot in the town of Cornwall, worWi $3,000 (£000 stg.) and another house and building lot, worth $2,500 (£500.) Mr. James Ogle, a native of Fermanagh, Ireland, arrived in the County of Stormont, with a very small ca^^ital. He engaged in farm- ing, and now has a capital of $7,000 (£1,400) sterling.) Mr. Ogle says : " I like the country well, the land ib good, and the climate healthy. The yearly average of crops is good, and farmers are well paid for their labor. Any person of an indu.strious and careful disposition, possessed of good health, must inevitably succeed in acquiring property and makin" himself a comfortable home in this country." Mr. Joseph McEwen is a native of Antrim, Ireland. He had little or no capital at commencing, but has acquired 500 acres of very valuable m 1 2d THE IMMIGRANT IN ONTAUIO, CANADA. land, and l,a, four .ons settled on the same very comfortably, and all free from debt. , ^ i.„ „* Mr. Thomas Lee, of the to.n.hlp »; J-^^,^; "/^h^C n1 Norfolk, came to Ontario from near Lmlx, -n \°' '=*'"; ^j, n>eans, and nothing to depend on hut !) 2-l,281,4U7l 50,097,997 3,549,898 10,9-i3,355 13,420,981 409,910 .971 1.019 .G38 .42 .G23 .72G .50 1.55 143,G27.752l 30,348,801 9,849,G.5.3 15, 4 9.3, 4 •''2 21,041,159 2,211,580 7,944,870 6,710,492 G35,3G0 l894,2:-;:),;!79 This gives an average of .$49 per head for the whole population ot Ontario as the value of the leading grain crops of 1882. The Winter A\ heat of Ontario, exhibited at tho Paris World's Exhibition in 1878' took the J^irst Prize. Ontario excels in barley, nearly six-sevenths of Unitedif. T r. •' P""'"^^ '"• "^^^'''" P-'P-- - the United States where, a high duty notwithstanding, it is preferred to the hoi^e-grown article. For peas, coarse grains, roots, and grasses of all kinds there 1. no better soil in tlie world than is to be fouTul in Ontario. A really bad harvest is very uncommon. The warm dry atn.osphero is so favorable that the housing of the crops is a question of lab r only. The "stock" or '0 miles up the River St. Lawrence, a chain of <^our lakes begins, which, running west, north and west, forms a frontage of 1,200 miles to thi.= Province, but Ontario proper for our present purpose is limited by Lakes Ontario and Erie, having a shore of over 500 miles, irrespective of outs and ins. The mean heiLfat of these lakes above sea level is 300 feet. The land backing northwards rises gradually to a water shed six hundred feet above bhem, and distant seventy miles on an average. This belt of 15,000,000 acres is the garden of Ontario. The'physical features of this district are, at tirst sight, very uni- form, yet the diversity is remarkable on intimate acquaintance. There is much undulating land, hill and dale, plain, large rivers, and numerous streamlets and lakes of many sizes, shelving rock and precipice, with every character of soil, exposure and timber-growth common to the continent of America. Two thirds of this garden is under cultivation, the remainder con- sists of woodland, swamp, pasture and water. Comparatively few tree- stumps remain to mark the progress of clearing during the last half century, for this short period prxctically limits tho history of the plough in Ontario, neither can we count many lo^ huts, though primitive rail fences are plentiful. Dwelling houses of stone and brick, equal and superior to many of your own, are very common. Men from England, Scotland, Ireland and Germany have done all this. Wealthy landed proprietors here were formerly Yoi-kshire oattlti- men. Highland shepherds, or Paisley weavers, Ulster ditchers and Ger- man laborers. Many of them are still alive, drivijig their own reaper, or representing their own county in the Parliament at Ottawa, or the Legislature at Toronto. * * , i r \i • I trust your curiosity is now so far excited as to ask the foilowuig questions : 1. What are the agricultural capabilities of this district 1 _ 2. What are its markets 1 3. What is the price of land and cost of working it 1 A fair enumeration of the agricultural capabilities of Ontario's agricultural fertile belt would make u goodly look. So tins attempt I. 40 THE IMMIGRANT m ONTARIO, CANADA. I must be sketchy only. As all plant life is regulated more by climate than by soil, and as 500 miles by 70, almost surrounded by water, in the middle of this continent, and with the mean degree of temperature formerly mentioned, there is room for much good and much poor farm- ing. Nature has done so much here, that taking advantage or letting* alone, easily makes the distinction. * The wheat of Ontario is, at present, from about equal surfaces of winter and spring sowing, and with a tendency to an increase in the latter, producing 2b and 15 bushels respectively with poor farming, and seldom under 40 and 25 by good management. Straw and head are not so heavy as with yourselves, because growth is pushed too much, but quality is superior by reason of the same cause. 'The over-clearance of forest has made wheat-growing more precarious by the want of imme- diate shelter— snow not lying on the exposed parts. But replanting and a second natural growth of timber are in progress. We hav(! never had what may be called a general failure in the wheat crops, even with all our carelessness, so you may judge what skill and cauital' should do. I have, in my own experience, proved that what is called exhausted land can be thoroughly recuperated in four years by liberal treatment and a systematic management at actually no cost on an average of seasons, for the simple reason that much of this poor condition has been brought about by one class of crops, and not a variety in any form • land Bick of wheat is not necessarily exhausted, we have but to deal properly with present unavailable fertility, to bring out large productive powers. Barley is invariably a sure crop, and is always a valuable one whether for malting or animal food. From 30 to 40 bushels per acre is common. Oats, in quality of meal, are equal to your own, but li<»hter per bushel, being thicker-skinned, as the result of rapid growth ;''40 or 50 bushels per acre. As a rule the straw of the cereals is got at the rate of 3,000 lbs. per acre. Corn (maize) is not generally a common crop for production of grain, though very plentiful and valuable for green fodder, as elsewhere noted. Peas and beans are important farm crops, the grain and straw of the former being first-class food for sheep; the yield is usually 25 bushels per acre. ^ i In the improved system of breeding and fattening stock, green fodders are now taking an important place ; the climate is particularly suitable for successive rushes of vegetation during one season. Under liberal treatment, they can be so arranged as to afford a continur gupply from middle of April to 1st of November, thus : 5. 6. 7. 8. THE IMMIGIIANT 1\ ONTAniO, CANADA. 41 1. Lucerne, four cuttings 20 tons per acre. 2. Winter rye, two cuttings 4 " " 3. Red clover, two cuttings G " " 4. Tares and oats, one cutting .... .3 " " 5. Millet, two cuttings 4 '• " 6. Maize, one cutting 30 " " 7. Rape, one cutting 7 " " 8. The thousand-headod kule, and prickiy comfiuy have just been introduced with success. In the cultivation of roots, Ontario has already mad<^ herself a name m the world, even under the difficulties of more heat and tlu; shortness of her autumn, in comparison with Britain. We are gradually realizing the facts, that for a thorough cleaning and manuring, along with a crop unequalled for a winter supply of health and feeding to all animals, turnips, mangolds and carrots are now indispensable. For hv/.v and quality they are almost equal to your own growing. Potatoes may be included in this character, in which we are superiorj both in quantity and quality. Swedes, 18 tons ; mangold.s, 22 tons; carrots. 15 tons; and potatoes, 8 tons per acre on an average. We liave difficulty in establishing a variety of grasses, either for rotation or permanent pasture ; but persistent trials are gradually adding to the nu.nber of those able to withstand the winters. Cultiva- ted pastures invariably tax our best distribution of animals to overtake the luxuriance of growth, and though the same stamp of beef as yours is not always to be had from grass, we always find our stock in improved flesh as autumn comes. Hay is a standard of large value, as it is often a cause of misman- agement, by reason of its prolificness, in inducing an over continuance of the crop in the hands of the lazy and incautious, not realizing, as they should do, that grasses proper are about as exhaustive as the other grasses called wheat, oats and barley. From 3,000 to 5,000 lbs. of hay per acre is common. The clovers separately, and in association with hay, are most luxuriant and valuable, both as a cropper, a restorative of exhausted soils, and an improver of poor ones. We look to root and clover cultivation as the means of making good the past mismanagement in excessive wheat growing. The thorough management of these and other crops of minor im- portance, in a climate such as ours, implies the possession of a good head, consideraVjle means, and willing hands. Anything like leaving things to others will never do, whatever may lie tiie weight of your purse. Your own daily physical exertions are absolutely essential to success ; the hired man will never do it. Kor Avill the uneducated man take the same place as he of practical and scientific experience. The practical alone is safer than the scientific alone ; the possession of both is our present want here, as it is with yourselves. If, then, you are 42 THE IMMIGBANT IN ONTAniO, CANADA. not prepared to work witli your own hands, do not come hrro ; or for that matter, to any other new country. It is an old country idea that a farm of 200 acres, arable, is employment enough for the head ot one ordinary man. without ha^•ing to put his hand to the plough. Canada is as peculiarly adapted to the healtli of the live stock of the farm as to that of man himself. The tariff records show this. 1 need not enlarge on this important sul.ject, simply challenging any country in the world to exhibit a more satisfactory bill of health. You are not unacquainted with the fact that Ontario possesses thorough-bred herds and flocks, inferior only in numbers to yours ; with, perhaps one exception— we can count over .')00 short horns at one farm ; lUO Here- fords at another, and most of all the other principal breeds of cattle and sheep proportionately throughout the Province. We surpass the Ame- ricans in keeping up the sample of wool, and its quantity per head, as nuch by climatic help as good management; for nature is too propitious here to all farm work, for the early cultivation of economy. It is not alone the climate that enables us to successfully compete with youi-selves and the United States in the tnnintenance of live stock excellence, but the variety of food produced serves as an unfailing medicine chest for this purpose. While as' yet we have not succeeded in establishing the same number of pasture grasses as you, our regularly cultivated crops are more numerous, and as nutritive. Our ] ndian corn, e.specially, gives so much bulk of green fodder and fair amount of grain per acre, that, were it possible, to uphold animal life on one field product alone, Canada and the United States would easily cap the world in feeding your mib lions with beef, mutton and pork. The want as yet of the number of beeves and wethers from us to you is owing simply to the want of time, and not realizing the significance of the market thus opened ; certainly not for the want of food. I am certain the area of root and fodder cultivation within the last three years would stand over 200 per cent, more than any former period, as well as the use of ten pure-bred bulls in place of one. But these are not enough. We can grow first-class beef and mutton with the products of our own soil, as fast and for less than you can do. We can take a Durham or Hereford cross bred steer from its milk when six months old, put it upon green and dry fodders, according to the season of the year, with bran and pea meal or corn meal, and Avithin 24 months, place it on our sea-board at an average live weight of 1400 lbs., and a cost not exceed- ing £14. In this and all its connections there necessarily results a large profit. You have heard of the woodlands of this country, and the difficulty in many cases of clearing and getting rid of the stumps and roots. This is true to those new to the axe, and as true that our hard woodedj lands give more choice of site and soil than prairies, and certainly are more reliable for alternate farming and more valuable as an investment. 1. < 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. THE IMMIGRANT IN ONTARIO, CANADA. 43 iriving * * * Few Goveninients ai-e so liberal as o>:ih in encouragement to a^mcult^n■.! and arts. Our Ton-nship, Coui.ty, and Provin.'ial Exhilntions ari; a most important and inlereating feature in connection with the progress of agricultural industry. We have also to olUn- you variations in your profeasion that now command the attention of our most ent.>rprisuig capitalist?- I refer to fruit-"rowiu" and dairying. Cheese and butter makuig is conducted liere on a s a!e and by mctliods unknown to the average British tanner —a blanch of our rural economy characterized by immediate returns on moderate capital. It appears ahiiost unnecessary to note that the ex cellence in bulk and variety of our fruits take no second place in the World's competition. The farmer's orchard here means one-sixth ot the family keep •= * * Our flour is well known in your own markets as of superior quality. The United States grade our No. 2 barley as equal to their No. 1 (cause, soil and climate), and take all we can artbrd to send them. The herds and Hocks of Ontario are now *ooked up to by all on this continent as fountain-heads of excellence, purity and healthfulness. We are at the present moment unable to Kupply the demand for Cotswold sheep and Hereford cattle, and thus all over we are desirous of adding to our wealth and skilful management by the accession to our ranks of those who have the pluck to endure a few years' personal labor with the certainty of success in the end. If now you say— "So far, good ; but what about the prices of land and cost of working if?" . , « 'n As intelligent men of business, and practical farmers, you will readily conclude that the price of laud in Ontario is regulated by vari- ous considerations ; 1. Character of soil, shelter, and timbe- supply. 2. Condition of management. 3. Character of fences, buildings and water supply. 4. Situation as regards markets. 5. Similar good neighborhood. 6. Demand^ depending on outside and local causes. 7. Monopoly, by individual or corporate wealth. Such is the extent of our field and its variety that almost any fancy can find its reality. As a case in point, partly ^«[ ^^f Pf^^J^y against, interesting at least, if not of much practical value take the following memoranda made by myself before leaving Scotland in 1871, and afterwards the actual realization : 1. Total cost of purchase, stocking, &c., limited to £2,000. 2. Good soil, neither light nor heavy, and naturally dry. 3. To have been previously well managed. 4. One-fifth to be under good hardwood bush. THE IMMICKAVT W ON'TARIO, CVXADA 12. 1:5. 14. 5. To have an obundant watrr supply, 6. To bo ploasiu.tly and healthily .situated. 7. To he well sheltered and to have a good exposuf§. 8. To be Avithiu two hours' drive of a good market. . 9. Houses, good, sullifient and well arranged. 10. To possess a good garden and orchard. 11. Fences to bo sul)stantial and sullicient. lloadrt to be in keeping with prog'-eys of country. The title and Ixuindaries to be indisputable. The estate to be susceptible* of such increase ])y improvements and the natural progress of the country, thai it will double itself in value within fifteen years. I purchased 220 acres for .Sr)280 ( C4 18s. Gd. per acre), beautifuVy situated on the shores of a navigable lake within live miles of a town, which is the centre of a rising district of a midland county of Ontario, that soon became the junction of two i-ailways. Roil, a rich clay loam, naturally dry, except ten acres, and about fifteen ^ery stony; has been pooi'ly cultivated, is well sheltered (lake, south and east, excepted) by one-third of the area which is nnd30 00 F< ed and fodder to start with JHK) 00 Household keep HO «'0 fe'j.llO 00 orX'1,900 Cost of Entuv. i' 8. Sum to out-Roing tenant, extra value on houses and fences 5" " Manure from him (com- pulsory) "^"-^ Crops (compulsory) 490 Sheep (compulsory) ii'-'O Other live stock l)ou<;ht. 401 Horses and hiiruess iiOO Implements ^'^'0 ^ House furnishinj^s '-iJ30 i'2,0C0 d. Pj RMANENr Improvements Executed £ s. d. See previous notes 252 Annual Maintenance of Farm. S e. Labour GOO 00 Repairs and incidentals 250 00 Keep of stock 750 00 Seed. - 110 W «1,710 00 Nil Permanent Improvements, M s. d. or £352 G Annval Maintenance of Farm £ s. Carpenter work 10 Blackymitli ^ Yeteriuiiry surj^eon 4 Saddler ^ Two plouizhmen and one lad 180 J oint shepherd and cattle- man G5 Keei) of live stock 2&0 Artiticial manures 75 Seed 90 1727 4 Household Expensis. $ c. Butcher HO 00 ■Buker GO 00 Clothin-g 285 00 Grocer 230 00 Church 25 00 Medical 1'^ 00 Fuel and light 30 00 Servant ^''> 00 Miscellaneous -^0 00 S950 00 or £199 Household Expenses. £ 8. d. Butcher 47 Baker 1/^ Clothing rS n n Grocer ^^f Medical y Fuel and light 20 Servant 1? Schooling ?n n Miscellaneous 10 " " £265 fm 46 THE IMMIORANT IN ONTARIO, CANADA; Ghoss Annual Hkckipts. (Averuf'o lioiu G years.) 8 c. "Wheat mr, vo Oats ;{00 (10 Barley '/70 (il) Peas 2\:] U> Forage crops (» CO Potatoes 100 00 Hay 4.")0 (d *Sale3 of hvo block 400 (JO »3,088 00 or i'GBj Giiosrt Annual Rkckipts. (Aveiu<^o from 11 yearn ) £ Wheat 40 Oats 210 Barley 170 liny 72 Tnriiij)s 88 PotutofM (30 Cattle sales 2h0 Shi'oi) '^"*l wool 276 SuiuH 32 Poultry 8 Dairy pioducts.. 73 i! 1,308 a. d. COMPAKATIVI': AJiSTHACT. Ontario Proprietorship. Sum invested.... Taxes Annual maintenance of farm... Household expenses. ]'Jl) Gross annual returns (];;"> Surplus revenue duriuf/ 5 years 303 Rpalization nftfr o ypfi' B 2..')r)0 Scotch Tenantship. Sum invested... Rent and taxes. ••••••••• £ 2.152 12 3;'2 I Annual maiutc-nance of farm. Houselio'd expenses Gr.ss annual returns Surplus revenue durin}» 5 years Rf'aliZiition after 5 years £ 2,600 255 724 265 1,808 305 2,400 * These r.)ceipts from live stock sales allow for any increase in value of young animals retained. It appears, tlion, tliat a capital of £2(500 invested in British farm- ing takes fully one tliird of itself for annual support, of which one-fourth is houselio'd ; and that there is an annual gross revenue equal to half the invested sum, which sum does not always increase in value, but may be considerably lessened uiider certain conditions. It also apuears that £2,152 invested in the purchase of land and the farming o+" it, in Ontario, re(iuires one-fourth of itself for annual maintenance, of which nearly one-half ir household ; and that there is a gross annual revenue equal to nearly cne-third of the invested sum, which sum increases 22 per cent, in value during five years under special conditions The return per acre is much larger in Britain ; living is not so dif- ferent for your class as may be supposed, and the great difference of annual maintenance is largely in rent and labor. I could say much more that should be of interest to old country- men and colonists, but a letter having to be a letter only, I must defer until a better opportunity for details. I tn ent condi fact of la Guelpli, TH K iMMUiRAST IX ON'l'AUlU, CANADA. If I trust v,.ry many of vo:i will at o.iou tuico ac varjtage of the pres- ent coSon of tlun.I.. that ,. '1) your own chth. ulties, and (2) the ^Ict of laud hero being 25 per cent, lower m pr.co ti.au tour years ayo. 1 have th« honor to bo, dear Sir, Your jbedicnt servant, WM. BRCAVN. Guelph, 15th October, 1879. I British Testimony to Ontario as an Agricultural Country. niOFKSSOK SllKLDON, an eminont authority on agricultural questions, paid a visit to Canada last year, and has given the results of his ol)ser\;i.tions in a small pani- phKi, just published hy otlieiai authoiity. Speaking of tlie Province of Ontario, Professor Sheldon says : " Of the southern part of this Province I cannot speak in terms other than of warm praise. Generally speaking, this favored portion of the Province has a rolling, and, in some parts, almost a hilly surface ; in certaui localities, as that of Hamilton, for instance, the surface is much broken and almost precii)itous liere and tliere, but as a rule the great bulk of the land in this jjurt of the Province, with the exception of rocky or swampy districts, is easily cultivated when it is cleared of timber and the roots arc; pulled out. Thirty or forty years ago Ontario must have been a very heavily-wooded district, and the labor of clearing the hundreds and thousands of beautiful farms must have been prodi- gious ; in the district to which thes(* remarks inore specially refer, the work of clearing is for the most part done, but there are still many ex- tensive tracts of timber-land here and there, and most of the farms have a smaller or greater proportion of uncleared land on them. This land is kept tb grow wood for fencing and for fuel. " This portion of Ontario may be regarded as the garden of the Dominion — literally as well as figuratively the garden— for it is there that apples, pears, grapes, peaches, melons, and the like, grow in the greatoot profusion, and with the least trouble on the part of the farmer. Every farm has its orchard, and it is purely the farmer's fault if the orchard is not an excellent one, for the climate and the soil are clearly all that can be desired, and the trees will do their share of their work provided the right sorts are nl anted. It is usual to plant out peach and apple trees alternately and in rows in a new orchard, and the applo trees are at the distance apart which will be right when they ai'e full grown ; this is done because the peach trees come to maturity first and THK JMMIORAXT TV ONTAniO, CANADA. 49' have (lone bcarinf? Vtoforo tho nppln trcfs r<>quirp all the inoin ; the j.i-ftih trcrs are then cut down and the iipi)!*' trees occupy all the .noiii. These trees an) pluntwl in rows at rif^ht aiijilcH, so that there is a cleiir passaj;o between them whichever way we look, and the land sts were cut away, or they are dry atlhe time when they are .nost wanted. But the IJelleville district, in Eastern Ontario, where there is indeed a great deal of most excellent land, and the Ing(^rsol and Stratford distri(;ts, in the western portion of the Pro\ nice, with many others hc-re and there, are producing excellent cheese in the factories. It would app.'ar, in fact, that wherever water for stock is aivaiiabhs dairy-farndng in Ontario may he made protltahle "'siness. The lack of water on some of the farms could, without mnch dilliculty, 1 should say, he mad<« up l.y providing it in artiticial meres and ponds, a practice which is common in many parts of England. Tlie ( anadian farmers, as a rule, are alert on cjuestions which alli'ct tluir interest, though less so tha)ii the Americans are, and that this water question, all-injportant as it is to dairy-farming and stock-raising, will in due time receive the attention it demands, is, I think, a point which may safely be predicted. "Tlie Canadian dairy farmer has several important advantages over liis English contemporary, nut the smallest of which is this : he can rn-ow, at a very moderate cost, xery large crops of forage fnv Nwnter use -clovers and timothy flourish well on most soils in Ontario, and 1 should say that ry<^-grasses would also, though I did not find they were much employed, if at all, in the growth of forage. [ think they might 1)6 used to advantage. It is also clear, from what I saw in many places, that he can raise abundant crops of sw.-des and mangolds, and very good ones of carrots, parsnips, and the like, llete, then, after the question of water, are the first recpiisitcs of successtu dai.y tarrmng^ A rotation of crops m Jii^t the system to remvigorate the older soils ot Ontario, which hare be-n over-cropped with wheat, and rotations work well in dairy-farming. It is true that good natural pastures are scarce in th© Proviuce, if indeec' there are any at all which deserve tho nam©. 50 THE IMMIGRANT IN OirTARIO, CANADA. from an Englishman's point of view (the he3t grass land I saw in On- tario was in the neighborhood of London, and on the way to Hamilton).; but, as I have said, clovers, etc., grow well, and they will aaiswer cap- itally for pastures for a year or two, a regular succession of them being rl! ovided and it is a simple matter to produce a large supply of green corn— that is, maize before it comes to maturity— for soUing in summer when the pastures run ont. The rotations maybe as follows: (1) Wheat or oats ; (2) Roots and green crops for soiling ; (3) Oats or barley, seeded down with artificial grasses ; (4, 5, and, if advisable, b) Grass for forage and pastures. These rotations admit of endlessvaria- tion and in a country where no fossilized restrictions as to cropping exist, as they do in England, the farmer can always grow the crops that suits his purpose best. The practice at Bow Park is to sow Western corn, which is a luxuriant cropper, thickly, in drills of eighteen or twentv inches wide ; in this way the space between the drills is easily horse-ho-d, until the corn is a foot or rcore high. The corn grows rap- idlv ana effectually smothers the weeds and wild grasses, which grow vieoro"sly in so forcing a climate. In Canada, as in England, the axiom is true'that nothing cleans the soil of weeds so eflFectually as a heavy cultivated crop of some kind or other. If all Iho \yestern corn is not wanted for soiling, the balance is cut and stocked while the leaf is still green, and the grain in the milk, and it is left out in the helds, and fetched in as it is wanted in winter ; in this way it makes very good fora-e and the stalks, leaves and ears are all passed through the chatt- cutter, and all consumed by the stock. A similar system may be fol- R)wed with almost any other kiiA of soiling crop— that is, making into fora<-e for winter that portion ot it which is not wanted for soilm-. • * «'Tae dairy cattle in some parts of Ontario will compare not un- favortbly with those of many parts of England. Shortho n grades prevail, anl it may be said that, wherever a better class of cattle are found, the improvement is due, as a rule, to the Shorihorn element. In the ma-niticent herd of pedigree Shorthorns at Bow Park I fouud a collection of animals which, for number and quality, cannot m all pro- bability be equalled elsewhere. It is clear that the climate and soil of Canada are well suited to maintain the purity and vigor of these ani- mals, and there is every indication that they have not deteriorated m any respect, but the contrary, in their new home in the far west There are some 30Q animals on the farm, forming a herd that i^^well woHh crossing the Atlantic to see. I spent three days at Low Part^ rioyin' thetcompany of my worthy friend, Mr. Clay, and 1 should have liked to'%end as many weeks or e^en months, m order to become familiar with the many beautiful Shorthorns I saw there. Ontario has in her midst, then, the largest herd of pure-bre 1 Shorthorns to be found, And she ought to make m extensive use of it to improve the bovine THE IMMIGRANT IN ONTARIO, fJANADAj 51 stock of the country, with the view of developing the new fat stock trade which has sprung up in England. But Mr. Clay complains, and not without reason, that the Americans are ahead of the Canndians ia appreciation of good stock, and that the greater portion of his young bulls have to find a market in the States. This ought not to be £0, and it is no feather in Canada's cap that such a complaint should b3 made. ^t « * * *' Among educational institutions the Guelph Agricultural College ocoupies an honorable podtion. The College was unfortnnately not in session when I was there, and the President and Professor of Agricul- ture we;e both wavs at the Hamilton show, so that I saw the College and farm under unfavorable conditions. The Professor of Chemistry did all that lay in his power, iiowever, to give me faeilities for s. emg the educational machinery of the CoUege, aswell as the farm buildings, the farm, and the stock. The following day I had the ph-asure of meet- in^r ]Mr. Mills, tiie President, and Mr. Brown, the Professor of Agricul- ture, at Hamilton. It ^s satisfactory t . know that the College is being more appreciated and amployt^d year by year by those for whose benetit il was established. Iu:yeiiacU accommodation is now being provided, and there is a prosprc'. cf the College even becoming self siistaming in time. Already it is a flourishing, though quite a young Mstitution, and its uifluence is being felt o.i the agriculture of tie Province. The stu- dents receive an a ;Tieultui'al educaf.on, in which science is happily blended with piactice, and theory is borne out by demonstation. The farm consists of some ".50 acres, on which a variety of expc'rmiental and practical crops are grown, and several kinds of purel)red Lnghsh sheep and cattle are kept, which, in their turn, will have an important effect on the country's future. " Tlie taxation in Oatirio is light, as it is everywhere else in the Dominion that I ha^v been. At first sight it would seem 1 1 bo heavier ttian in some of the other Provinces, >et it is not really so. It is as- sessed on the ba£is of valuation of property, and in this sense dillers but sli-ditly from the other Pr )vinces. I-and, and real property gen- erally leaving' out of consideration such cities as Montreal and Quebec, is more valuable in Ontario than elsewhere, yet the total taxation,^ in- cluding school rates, does not often go beyond twenty-five to thirty cents an acre, while it fre(iuently fall.? below those sums. Some dis- tricts ha -e public property which i.early provides all the public money >'hat is need, d, and othens an; the more heavily rated for the present m order to wine otf sums of mon(7 winch were given as bonuses to new railways passing through them. But nowhere did I meet with an in- stance in which taxation may be regarded as really burdensome, y 3t it will be exP-'dient for ncnvcomers to make inquiry into these matters before purchasing farms. The farming in many parts of Ontari . is ot a higher order than I had b en led to exp.ct. W est ot Toronto, as weU .. ■••A ■. 52 TIIK IMMir.RANT IN ONTARIO, CANADA. as nojtli of it, I saw many farms in a condition which would be no discredit to any country wliatever, but a great credit to most." THE HON. DAVIL> A. WELLS, an eminent American statesman, in an article which appeared in the NortJi American Review for September, 1877, thus speaks of Ontario, and the capabilities of its soil and climate : 'North of Likes Eri(> and Ontario and the Eiver St. Lawrence, east of LaU(! Hurtn, south of the 4r)th jaiallel, and included mainly within the present Dominion Pi'ovinee of Ontario, there is as fair a country as exists on the Noi'th American continent, nearly as large in area as New York, Pennsylvania, and Chio combined, and ecpial, if not sujie'rior, to these States in its agricuituial ca})acity. It is the natural habitat on this continent of th(i combing wool sheep, without a full, cheap, and reliab!(> supply of the wool of which species the great worsted n^anufacturing interest of the countiy cannot prosper, or we*ohould rather .say. exist. It is the land where grows the iinest barley, which the brewing interest of the United States must have if it ever expects to rival Great Britain in its present annual export of over ij^li, 000,000 of malt products. It raises and grazes the finest of cattle, Avith quali- tif S especially desirable to make good the deterioration of stock in other sections, and its climatic conditions, ci'( ' d by an almost encirclement of the Or,)at Lakes, specially tit to grow men. Such a country is one of the greatest gifts of Providence to the human race, better than bon- anzas of silver and rivers whose sands contain gold." Among the representatives of the farming interest in Great Britain who have lately visited Ontario, was MK, THOMAS IRVING, one of th :: most prominent Cumberland agriculturists, and residing at Bowness on Solway. Mr. Irving has given some particulars of his trip, and his impressions of the country, to the Carlisle Patriot^ a-nd as such independent testimony is valuable and important, some extracts from his statement are given b^ow. Speaking of the two Provinces of Ontario and Quebec, he says : '• It is a splendid country for farmers, and I ha^e no hesitation in saying that a Cumberkind farmer can go there and buy a. farm and stock it reasonably for the same'" expenditure of ea^al that he would require to stock a farm here and pay one year's rent.' He describes thf! land as in various grades of improyement — some Iat*'ly cleared of the bush, some well cleared, and some badly cleared, but rU capable of TlIK I.M.".!l(;l!ANT IN ONTA I! 1(>, CANADA. producing excellent crops. Lt, is a sandy loam or clay loam— just the sort for raising green crop or corn. Haive.t was over by the rime he arrived. He saw some fine wheat in the Huron (Ontario) district. *'To "ive you an exam])!e of tin- good quality of the soil there," Mr. Irving says, " 1 may tell you I saw one lield of 100 acres whicli had had four crops of wheat. J saw tiie tiftli crop, and the yield is 40 hushels ptr acre. Without any niiinure, too 1 You may thhik that is an over- drawn picture, hut it is a fact. In some parts of Western Ontario the land is of the tinest quality." After nientioning that land can beohtained at from £') to £20 per acre, he says : " As a rule, farm houses are better than in England. Farming as a whole, in Canada, is not ui> to the mark : there is a want of system apparent in almost every din>ction. lUit,'' he added, '• what can you ♦ xfsct'; As you go along you can easily distinguish a good farmer from the appearance of the turnips, and the tine-conclitioned cattle movinu about. JNIany of the fai-mers commenced with very little know- ledge of crop-raising ; log huts were built, then out-houses were added, but^tliese have in many instances l)een supers.'ded by large and conve- nient farm-houses of brick and stone. No better evidence of the pros- perity of many of the farmers can be had than seeing a good stone or brick house, with a dilapidated log house near. Some of the farms are now as well cultivated as any in England. The farm buildings are generally of wood, occasionally the l>arns and stables are of stone, and fn almost every case are in rear of the farm house. Holders or owners of farms sell their land whenever they can get an ofl'er to their advan- tage. Thev think no more of selling their land than selling a cow or honse. Thus plenty of good farms, large and small, are always in the market. Tiiere is no diihculty in transferring land in Canada, and the expense is triflinir. Plenty of homesteads can be i)urchased in the Province of Ontario, in tlie western portion of which is as good land as any farmer could desire." In the county of Oxford, Province of Onta- rio, Mr. Irving met with a farmer owning GOO acres, who clanned Dals- toil near Carlisle, as his native ground. This gentleman went out sev- eral years ago. and is now in a prosperous condition. *' He had very little when he went out, but he was industrious." Farmers in Canada liave every facility now for disposing of their farm produce. Railways are opened out in nearly every direction ; seaports are numerous. :Mr. Irvin" thinks there are few farms in the part of Canada he visited as far from a market town as his farm at Bowness is from Carlisle. J'They beat us in Enuland "he says, *'in corn growing ; the carriage of corn to this country is now almost nothing ; the working expenses are much cheaper— that is, for purely agricultural work— because the food requi- red by the workers is almost solely produced on the farm, and wages I 54 THE IMMIGRANT IN ONTARIO, CANAT/A. are not much, if any, higlienthan at home. In my opinion Canada wiU be the farming country of the world in the course of the next fifteen or twenty years." ^They have no taxes to pay. I think the --h ,ol tax is the only one worth mentioning, and that is not heavy, j t is yet in a transition state, but we may look to the future with confidence." He believes a sovereign has a purchasing power of double its value in Can- ada, compared with that it has at homo, when spent in providing the necessaries for subsistence. Yet money cannot be had on loan for less than 8 per cent. "Any person with capital to spare can lay it out in Canada at 8 per cent, on mortgage security." To persons thinking of going out, this is the advice Mr. Irving gives : " I would not advise a man that drinks to go to Canada. I don't think clerks or shopkeepers are wanted. Any man able and willing to work is sure to do well. A poor man can do better than in this country, because he can get work ; and meal and tlour, and such like necessaries, are much cheaper. Tt is the grandest country I have seen for a man and family, especially if he has a little bit of money at his command ; and if a man goes tliere with surticient capital to buy some land, and stock it to some extent, he has a wonderful start in life, and need not look back.' Speaking of tho price of farm stock, Mr. Irving says : " An ordinary working horse costs from £10 to i'25, English money ; a fair good dairy cow from £5 to £6 ; ewes are about 20s ; lambs at this time of year about 10s. or 12s. each ; turkeys about ;5s. each ; geese from aiiout 2s. to 2s, Gd. each ; and chickens from Gd. to Is. each. AH kinds of dairy produce are cheap. There is very little game, such as we have in England, but there is plenty of wild fovl Fishing is plentiful." ^Ir. Irving had an oppor- tunity, while in Ottawa, of paying a visit to the Dominion Exhibition, the royal show of Canada. lie witnessed a wonderful display of farm prodi'.ce of all kinds. Among.st the cattle were Shorthorns, Galloways, Herefords, Polled-Augus, Ayrshires, Devons, and perhaps other kinds, much like our big shows at hon>e. Some grand specimens were to be seen in almost every class. The S..v.."thori)s were the finest, however — but some of the Shorthorn breeds in Canada are noted. In the sheep class were to be seen Leicesters, South Downs, Hampshire Downs, and other kinds. He was disappointed with the horse classes. There was no sign of the heavy Clydesdale breed ; the farming and harness horses seemed "too long drawn," resembling the Cleveland horses that used to be known in the north of England. Yet the Caiadian horses have a great deal of go in them, and are ma', uificent trotters. Kor are heavy horses jarticularly required, the land being, as before mentioned, of a sandy or clay loam ; and when spring arrives, after a hard winter, farm- ers are anxious to niake the most of the first fine weather, so that light, sharp, quick-going horses are in requisition in preference to others. A great variety of farm implements were also to be seen. When in the western portion of the Province of Ontario he visited a local show in London, a town which had its river Thames near, and which had adop- THE IMMIGRANT IN ONTARIO, CANADA. 55^ ted many other names from the metropohs At this show he found a Tos^ admirable collection of stock. Speaking of the fruit grown m Canada he says, " grapes are grown lu many places in the open air, the peaches are nL; delicious, and' the apple«-some as big as turnips-are of fine quality." " I sa.v," he added emphatically, ''one vineyard of 50 acrel, and I was told a tine crop had been got ; I saw orchards 40 acres in extent, and the peaches are like apricots." Mr. Irving has formed a very h -h opinion of the capabilities of the country generally. He i much pVa^ed with the towns, which are all open and healthylike, ^.d he declares the people to be " kind, hosp.tab e, and very oyal mucH more so than we are at home. Tlu-y speak ot England as their home. At a meeting of the Gala Water Farmer s Club, held at Stow, on Fiiday the 19th December, 1879, Mil. ELLIOTT, one of the delegates recently returned from Canada, gave a very inter, estin- account of his visit, of the places he had seen, and the opinions he had formed of the Province of Ontario. This statement was in tho form of a diary of each day's experiences, but his conclusions were summed up in the following words : « I have described the country through which I passed, as fairly as I was able to judge. The roads in some counties are very ^ood, iii others Lain inferior The 'gravel' roads are in generally good repair. J.he Say communication is good and cheap, and they are alwavs bu.ding more Regarding the climate, it is hotter m sunm.er and colder in w'nter than at home. The autumn or fall is delightful, as 1 can testify Trom experience. The atmosphere being clear and dry, one does not feel the extremes so much. Winter (svhich is considei-ed suc-h a draw- back to Canada) generally commences about the middle of December, and goes in Maidi. Although little or no ploughing is done, farmers have plenty of work preparing wood for next season's fuei, and other odds and ends. I tind after due inquiry, that cattle are not noused ?ontr than in Scotland, and it is the universal test mony of the peop e that their winters are most enjoyable. I consider that farming m the Provinces of Ontario and Quebec is in a transition state.. Ihe growing of wheat in Manitoba, and the north-west territories, which will increase with rapid strides, must soon atFect the growers of wheat in these prov- inces They are already alive to that fact, and for some time back have ran increasing their stocks of cattle and sheep. Calves, instead of Sa mostly killed, as formerly, are now all reared, which in a very S tTmemit enormously increase the supply of cattle for exportation to thisTountry. The Dominion of Canada, from the energetic na ure its people and boundless re.-'irces of every kind, has a great future .56 TlIK IMMIC;l!ANT IN OXTARIO, CANADA. "before it. With regard to farmers emigrating to Ontario or the East- ern Townships of Quebec, 1 have; not tlie sliglitest hesitation in recom- mendinf^ them to do so ; as I am satisfied, from what 1 saw, that men with moderate capital o^uld do lictter there than they can at home ; and that for several reasor.s : — In the first place you can huy and stock a farm for little more than it takes to stock one at home ; then there is no rent to pay ; and taxes are very light — they do not exceed 4d. to lOd. per acre, according to the value of the property. You can make the most of the laud by growing; the most profitable crops, and those best suited to your soil and climate. There you liavt no lawyer factor, prescribing in a long anti(]uated lease, which almost no man can under- stand, what crops you shall grow and what seed you shall sow, as if you did not unclcrstand your business better than he is able to teach you, and, generally speaking, binding you to protect the landlord's hares to eat your own crops. ]n my own case, however, I have been very l.berally dealt with, both as regards cropping clauses and game. Again, a man going there with his family, can get a first-class education free for his childr(>n, which at home costs a great deal of money. I consider their educational system one of the best possible. In a new country there are many more opportunities and openings turning up than there are in an old countiy. that young men of in" elligeace and enterprise can take advantage of." Another delegate, MR. JAMES BIG GAR, of Dumfries, gives in the course of his report, the following practical information gained during his visit to Ontario : •'At Mr. McCrae's, Guelph, county of Wellington, ve saw good turnips and a fine herd of Galloways, including some of the principal prize winners at Ottawa. At Mr. Hobson's farm we saw some excel- - lent short-horns. Mr. Hobson feeds a good many cattle, buving half- fat cattle in December and January, and feeding till June, He allows 12 to 15 pounds of meal daily and CO pounds of roots. He also feeds ofi 400 lambs on rape, buying them in August at 10s. to 12s. each and making them'worth 22s, to 2.5s. by the middle of December. The rape is.sown in drills and worked the same as turnips. On' this farm of 300 aeries, 240 cleared, four men are employed in summer and two in winter, with somt! extra help at busy seasons. Mr. Hobson estimated the ne- cessary capital for such a farm at .£3 per acre. Of cour.sc where pedi- gree stock is kept it is much higher. We visited a farm of'»180 acres, all good land except 20 acres, which was for sa'e at about iil8 per acre. It was a nice place near a railway station. The house was new— had -cost £800— and the buildings faiV. Another farm of 200 acres let at 12s. per acre was consfdered too dear. The soil was a fair sandy loam on a clay si very good c 75 acres ht 20 oats. 1 to eight da] acres for sa acres, farm pay £200 i seemed vei to £13 per trict settle whom had bein succ( managed i people are has a gooc flock of e\ — a deep ]Mr. Canada : "In mers, tlu average < followed is in ma beginnir stock-ra' they are told us ■ much as Labor i the fan and aga but tak who wc questio answer could 1 the del' 1879, £ indust; THK IMMIGRANT IN ONTARIO, CANADA. 57 on a clay subsoil, intersected by a ^^ ^j:::::::^^! very good crop. The divisions « .^^^P^, o tal V^^-'^^, 20 peas and 75^acres hay. GO acre, pasture 1. tu m , -^ JjtlMv h ^, .^ .^^1^^^^^.^.^^ 20 oats. The taxes payable by ^l^e t "^1^^'^ J^';^ .^ „^. ^ ^,i,,u of 500 to eight days' statute road l^bor^ Ih^ ar ^asp ^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ acre^for sale at £12 per acre^ ,,f/^^\, ^ ,^ Oerravd Mav.htield. Thc^y acres, farmed by two sons of ^he ate ^M^- V^^ ^^.^,^1 r^^,^,^ pay £200 a year rent and ^^^'^^;Z^,.re for sale : price, £12 leeined very desirable, m ^^f ^^/^^^^^^^^ P.isloy Dlock, a dis^ to £13 per acre. ^V e P'^^^^^^J '^^^f ^.^emigvants fron> Paisley, few of trict settled a good many >^^^^ /^'^ J They have in nearly all cases ^vhom had been brought up ^^^^^^^^^'f^^.^, a^iesidc.K.-s and tidy, well- bg^n successful, and possess ^'^f^^l^^^^Xre alarge proportion of ths „,anaged farms. We next visited ^^^l^ J l.llnifries-shire, people are of Scotch descent M Cu-a ' ^j,^^^^^ ^Ve saw a tirst-rate has agoodfarm of . ^^ -^ The land is mostly rolling flock of ewes. He also i rn „ _a deep sandy loam and free trom stones. c „c fo thp farmers prospects in Mr. Biggar, in conclusion, says, as to the larn v i ^^"^^^^ ■ , f^v ,,lded on an average about 20 bushels per acre; the market value of wheat in Toronto last September, Avas 4s. (Jd. per bushel. At this price an average crop of wheat would bo worth £4 10s. per acre. Oats were generally a xcry poor sample, the hot days of summer bringing them forward too rapidly ; thejr very sel- dom weighed more than 34 lbs. per bushel, and yielded 50 bushels per acre. In Toronto, last September, they sold for Is. 4d. per bushel, so that an average crop would be worth £3 Gs. 8d. per acre Barley was generally a good sample, although not so good as we could grow here, the average yield being about 30 bushels per acre, and the price 2s. 4d. per oushel. Turnips were not grown very extensively, although, ex- cept in a very dry season, they grew pretty well, and there was no doubt a more extensive culture would be beneficial to the farming interests of Canada. One of the main hindrances to a more extensive eultivation of turnips was the amount of manual lab^r they require. Potatoes grew well, and so did peas, of which he saw some excellent samples. He also saw a large number of Colorado beetles upon some potatoes, but they did not seem to have done much harm, as the potatoes were an excellent crop.'' Inf Having dei home, the iiitm dian or Ontario tlic passage to sliouUl book th! Mubarkation ii should leave tl steamship own what outfit is what time and The sbeei and drinking one pillow, (ic mug, 8d. ; on Gd. ; two spo Total, 9s. G.l, in a few miu for the voya< EmigDii for Canada, trouble and sentations n infest the ( should appl Emigration ^TE WM. CHAj Information for Emigrants. INSTllUCTIONS AND HINTS. Hav.. ....::,.,. -;-^':!:;:::;;;f°r:/rr home, tl,.. int-n.Ung """S'-"' r'"."*' !'' " " .. j/fo, i„,v,„„a.,io„ .s ... tl„. p,«as.' to Canada. lu all »-^ ' .^.^,, ,j t,„ i,„,t of ,„„,„„.kat,.,„ mth., U " J^^" ^,;i„,. „„, p,„,e,.,l at ou«. to the should Icavo tl„.n, a tl.e v. "1 ay ,_^^^^^_._ ,__,^„„,„ .t..a,„s„i,, ow,.,. s oih«. ana t not d y ^ .^_ ^,,^, ^, what outfit IS rciuired tor the voyu« , r ;vhat time and place ho is to embark. IOUTk'lT. • „t 1,a, to provido his ONVn bedding, and ™t.ns Tl,., steerage era.gmut has to , r ^^^__^^ ^^^ ^^^ . a„ddnnWng„te>>siKwl.chc„n-s ng .alo^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^_,^ one pillow, «d. i o,,e Wanl^et . d^, ^^^ ^^^.^ ,„;,^ ,„, ^ , -t-.;:r^::r.:--;::ro:^ i:ti^nit::;:;tr^=-^ for the voyag.e at much less cost. ,^ ^^^^^ ^^.^ ^^i^^.^^ly Emigj..nts n^ust be c^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ they wU.be put to e.tra for Canadf: as by going via the ui ^^ ^^ ^.^^.^e- Tlio pnnoraii.t sftouiu iiun,-,!' _ trouble and expense, ilie emi„ istehested parties who ON-TAKIO IMMIGRATION AGEN.S. CHARLES FOY, 39 Victoria street, Belfast. I I .., .-.rTT.-,.JUU-"Ji"^ 62 THE IMMICJUANT IN ONTAUIO, CANADA. Household articles, such as bedding and bed linen, carpets, curtain^ cutlery, and articles of ornament, when already possessed by the emi» grant, should be brought out, as the freight on these will bi much less than similar articles would cost in Ontario, if bought there ; and many other little household necessaries, which if sold wnuld not bring much, Init would add greatly to the comfort of the emigrant in his new home. There should also be brought wearing apparel ; al o mechanics' tools and implements of trade, if not too cumbersome in their nature, but tools should not be brought for the express purpose of bringing them to Canada, as those best suited to the work can be procured in any part of the Province. Furniture of every kind should bo disposed of at home, as furniture more suitable in Canada can be bought there more cheaply. The emigrant should, when able, pack his luggage in common boxes, with iron bands at the corners, ordinary trunks and portmanteaus being lial)le to be broken on the journey. In these boxes should be placed all the property of the emigrant, except what is necessary for use during the voyage, The name and destination of the emigrant should be pain- ted at Ifast 4 inches long, on the box, which should also be numb(;red and lit" il:t-(l, whether wanted on the voyage or not. These boxes siiould ]int If more than 3 feet 6 inches long, 2 feet six inches in width, and the same in depth. The following diagram for the address will exemplify what is jneaut : — Per S. S. .via Quebec. No. 1. JOHN BROWN. Passenger to Toronto, Not wanted on the voyage. } ONTARIO, Canada. By adopting the foregoing rules, emigrants will be able at once to claim their baggage on arrival at Quebec. The personal effects of emi- ovants are not liable to customs duties on arrival in Canada. As soon rules he is exj parts of the si about him cle also to that o he should wli grievance oc( Agent, who are eapeciall; told by intei After c at once sccv it in one p tic|jsly com on their wc gration Oil steamer, ai 6'stance ; ' self at the 1 uiding at once l until the 1 Custom I expense. his lugga not be re runners m^'nts ; i tiling Jfc Depot, I change i tlie Pro if oblige amount consult THE IMMlonANT IN ONTARIO, CANADA. 63 ON BOARD snip. about hi.n clean, as tins w,ll add to h^ °™ „f ,.ou,vla»'t, a,„, to that of others. 1 he h» -=^ J^— ,„, „„„...»; a,ul i« tl,e Ko should »l,ilo on l,oura "I-PlJ » "? X Uovonnnent Innmsrat.on grievance occurs ater '•"''"'S'^'^J;*' «i,,,,, the case. E.nigrants igeut, .ho will at once take steps to mvcsu.a ^^^^ ^^^^^ arl especially cautioned not to a"™^^" ' °J„ „,,„, ,„.ir arrival, told 1.J intcn«tod parties, either on the voy „ ox iuniVAl. Ai' QUBBEC. ,..rdel,ar.ar,„natroi,..2Q^^^^^^^^^^^^ »t once secure hi, k.^^ng.' a, .t s l^ded t ^ ^_^^^_,, it in one place. This -U ""''■'t;'' frilnt lid he ahlo to proceed tio^sly coniplete .heir work, "f * ';"™;f:; *T,,e Oovcrmnont Innni- on their westward journey ^^''^'>^' ^'^J^^Z^'^^A^ the arrival of every .ration Oilicer tor the f ^'^ -t^necessary inforn,atien and as- steamer, and is instructed to 8'™ ?;;Y ^^^^ ,„,di„g, report him- .Utance ; the immigra.it should, »™f ''; f^ „^„f , „ear the steamship .el. at the Ontario '"-'"'rnr^n and small articles of luggage, should , ,„„„. The women and f 'Uren, and sma ^^^ ^^^^^.^ at one; he ''ken to the tomigra^ ^ »^^^^^ until the train is ready. .„'^,''' >"";'"' f /immigration Di^iet f ree of Custom House officer, will he carted ^tiie I. =_^_^^ ^^^^^^ ^^ expense. Before leaving Point Lev^ *" the.ailway company wiU his luggage is properly '^'■f''\^l''^;^^(,^i themselves accosted hy not he responsible for it /■-'S;'';,' J'^1,1, offering cheap refresh- runners for dilVerent hotels and puh 10 h ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^. ments, they will do well not to ^ "J" • them in the Immigration t;,ing requisite wiU be found P- t^t Jill also do well not to Depot, at the lowest charges ^^^f^ ^^^ „„til their arrival m Tnsult the following money table : S4 THE IMMIGRANT IN GXTARIO, CANADA. MONEY TABLE. Sterling Money in Conadiaii Ourr4ncy. Sterling Money. Its equivalent- In Canadian Its equivalent in dollars and cts. Currency. Sterling Money. £ s. d. Dols. Cts. 1 Dols. Cts. — — — —— « £ s. d. 1 02 01 0^ 2 04 02 r 3 OG 03 1 u 4 08 05 0^,2^ 5 0*10 10 5 G 12 15 7| 10 7 14 20 .00^! 16 25 1 OJ V 20 50 2 1 5 11 22 1 00. 4 1 1 24 2 00 8 3 1 3 30 3 00 12 5 1 6 3G 4 00 16 5 1 9 43 5 00 1 6i 2 49 G 00 1 4 8^ 2 G Gl 10 00 2 i 1 .5 1 22 20 00 4 2 2i 10 2 43 25 00 5 2 9 1 4 S7 50 00 10 5 IGf 5 24 33 100 00 20 10 1^ For general purposes it will bo sufficient to remember that the Canadian cent and the Eugli-^h half-penny are almost identical in value. ,— •. The safest manner in which to bring or send out money to Ontario in large sums, is by bill of exchange or letters of credit on any good bank in m. Province. These can be obtained from banks in the United Kingdom. The immigrants should not bring bank bills for personal and immediate expenses— bring sovereigns, or, for small sums, post-office money orders on offices in Ontario will be perfectly safes. I I I