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N^//rr / Is a rertiral orJBirds eye iim^ ofthePhuffJi and a/fd Tra/is'i/ Fff/f//T d Is {f //r)riHr)/i fal fron / jim^ oftJie same. f^)(/t/rf /i. Is a irr/un/ orJiirds^ e^r vie^^ oft^w DraM///// Nad J/ook /?a//d Srreir f? A. A. A. i^ B/BJi. J. Vv. V;. V^. ' t^ of tits Slice Jj apf?a a hm thf La//d 6% tli€ poutttA Cjriadt is3t /amdies^ fro) /Ji/rds' offTf* c/ta/iffet^ froi /^iJ/i/^ /(M f/fr//v'r*y /r/tA riif >rfofJff' I/tr/f A\V\ :J:%^ aiii^ S if-^*f*a,^^^ -I^i^i^ '^ Ba^rey l^iri^ necess ary Drawings and References) of Bingliams Tl A.A.A. EBB. \j> V;. V>. D.D, D my2^^^/23. The rrfiTi t of t/te S7i/z^-e . / / 2.3. tot/ie first SertioTi^ of t?ieTra7i.r7t^ ^ j-?^/^^ J Repje^eTit f/ie sec^?/irl^Secfz^}n SO me/i^s frr??/f /J?^' 7^7 ?tf^. jy-os ^2.3. The third Sec/ion ^j^Smdie^ frorn^K^. To i^Jie»-fheftrti/?n rrf/fefifrrr^jrS/ireii/?o?^r^^ m^riefr ofOie SlireDJ: mS : rom7iie?uwMaiihepobil.4,Fi^/a^ar/^^^^^^ ffpar? ahmr/raiA;^l^if/f/or.lA7r/i isa /jara/M^e^f fnch^^ ffj^^^^ t/i€poi/it./iifffit7bf\mti /i/ai // //r/x rr/is-ed i/ie Shre^mrh^'^anri /i i/r'///'4' of a A 7hr /i'/\ sz/'ir/r/'' ihr// srr// A*' ^//ia/:i/fr/ir J7^ ffio ffifA . fftr jjohf) /y /y//>/y /^ fMrh^s fro/j/ fJn Lv/ui . w//' ^///// /I 'ILL roroi/ V w /f^ff/f . SS\\v«;\ \>X\^S , J'JU'Si „ EingliaTns Plou^li, explaining the improYeineiits and Y/ SO '9 6a<'A' of ^r/ tJffSfirf '/w srr// M Fu//^7^e J. IsaJt f^amp7eofa Ne^/rf/iyu/a/^Sl/re /^^j/' 7^/>/^;^/'J\ J) J (ff.^d. /fu/// be /nA-erf as- a tia/isrerse j-er/zo// ofl7ir 6oc/^ offAe of//ie st/c^' rr/udi if just a/j. B.L. rn)^Y'.9e^^/m{/ me s/fee.yjJ7rj^7e>/isl^ 7a/ rt up. Tu t?f/ yriu//r//e j:j).£:'t/ieJSa,9eJ:A is /O i/tJie'j' de^iff rd/fuy.r ea/ia/ /^f/fetf/e^e/lk of^/i^s/fee. X.» If.l^tJu lajj ofo/ie furrojr 7//J0U uiiotke/;fr7/u7i7/ia/l ca^e, f/ir ///////rs/ sft'tr/rr ///e/7 re/// Tfr od/r//7/ed . fir////y i. S /.svf// oh/ one/ /wit to free the sine of t/i^ rertieaJ Scre^r upon the ^ ^//r /////-/^/'y/hS'7//e/uuv!^u///e// sr/r/r u-fy/e/X tAe he)ej/c P ywn/jou. /}//r////uu//o//e7rro/^///eiu f/ fri// e/\//i r>/fe /v'/y/Z/vw ///JO// . /////////////// oftj toeAi p07J ,. .«'///• •" B ^^ xJ/rculectr Y'i^'bZiZ th: ToroTii!^. leilts and principle for wJiichthePatent is granted. 7 <^//^YA/.i' tsUt/iofaii Z7ic7i mo7-^ o7-Zess lartd^ i/i 77-771^/ , a^r7?7-d7n^to t?ie 7UZ7?t^ offA^^e€t7Zs't^of7^e.T7l7'/l. 07/tJ^i^.2 7\m 7-ertiailSerejrpas'S77t^f/irp7////7 7i jtoiitf ii7 Z/i^ ieTi^n^ t7?e/err7f/' or T^epi^e^fS ^ke dra^7^Atr7>da^7 7^ /too A^P 77-/^74^ c^ be/dT^Tie toa^' p077lt,g77-i7i7]7 ^7^e77J^sr' 07- /^SS" d£p£/i or.r 711 ot^ i/' reyi/Jied. 6 ESSA OF NOIWI VES I ' \ A PEACTICAL ESSAY ON THE PLOUGH, ; i BT JACOB BINGHAM, OF NOIWICII, COUNTY OF OXFORD, PROVINCE OF CANADA VEST, PATENTEE OF THE IMPROVED PLOUGH, CALLED " BINGHAM'S PLOUGH." TORONTO: MACLEAR 4 CO., 16, KINa STKEEI EAST. 185G. tp S i> ft li .Ti fc '( TORONTO: MACLEAR, THOMAS & Co., PEINTERS, 18, KING STREET EAST. T5i iiiliiiiii ts, I I ESSAY 0^ THE PIOUGH. the pluug]., and to ploughi^^lS;. f^"«^^^ introduction to In cl.wnff 30, he would o.i* ^^"nded on accurate pr nciples FrankliS. .C "rtbtVXf o/ theT'^*'^ *^'l ^^^ ^" were picking flaws in the Declaration of T ^'"'5^ ^'""^'''^ P^u-ty from the country were rcecH^^oV^^'"^^^ ^°^' ^ having on it the motmi Tf o i ? criticizing a hatter's siffn print«l : "St S";. > ^ LtV/t %'"'? .*» '™'^^ said, the sign itself shmr^^ tiJr 7 ^ "^'"^ ^mUh." One else another tt the "orf t?^ tt "T "^T' ""<' »°'«"g clearly be inferred tharthe; were no^'tt ^^"'' ''"^'^ third was for strikinu nnt tl,{ I j i ° *" ^'''*'» Way J a would naturali; be fresnmed I b/T "' "' P'^''^ »f «"'e fourth said, all wouV Sow that whonthTb'^ ='«" ™'' =" money would have to be nlid • n fift? • • ,''? ' T" *»''" '^e of the seller was entLlyCeknou Zlt t' '^' "''"' criticisms all the words were er,»„Tf' I '"7 ">ese repeated left but the pictJ^ of the ha? "" "«"' ""'^ ""'"ng red™!.;*TftgTagTfe w^^^' '"tf '^^ "" -' "« ■> capable, L^t only the ™es'a„*,r°"f"'' '""S""*^ »' ^^ « '•■'■'chWthenloLh aud b„r ■'''■'''''IP''? ?"""''"■• "> each especial mannrttofacf, titSf "^P'^gW"?, l>"t in au tiiose rules and metres b^.vff ^f maxims on which been bestowed, iSthl use 0?^'° <''**l'cd. Care has which, the meaning mTght not he™7-™1 "^ expression, of readers, to use emCtorv ,nd f T"','" *''" generality of aries of arts and scSe7ai' not^^' '"T^^^- »'«'™- - we, at all times dis^^^elTo Z^l^Z^^i^ for the purpose of consulting them. The author has consi- dered it advisable to use language that will not require a resort to dictionaries of art and science, as being a method more likely to be generally useful. The scientific and learned reader can of course stoop to the comprehension of familiar expressions, while those who have not been favoured with a knowledge of scientific terms, would be at a loss to understand them without further enquiry. Thus, while the unlearned will clearly comprehend the whole treatise, the scientific scholar, with an appreciative smile, will pass along with the fiimiliar and homely style of the author. The reader, whatever may be his station or his acquirements, is respectfully regarded, as not only willing, but desirous and able to learn : and on this consideration pains have been taken, not merely to tell him what he is to do, but why he is to do it ; he has not only the practice but the origin and principles of each branch laid before him. The present age is perhaps the most remarkable that time has produced, for the approaches to perfection of almost -^'very kind of machine or tool required in the various departments of art and manufacture ; our present subject is of course confined to agriculture, and we proceed to remark, that, in a new coun- try, and among new settlers, many difficulties beset the agri- culturist, subjecting them to methods more or less peculiar, cheap and superficial, and to greater^ changes than are expe- rienced in old and long settled countries. Among the peculiarities incident to the new and crude condition of things in our country, is the wide and shallow ploughing heretofore practised, and which even now is prac- tised by many. The early settlers were compelled by necessity to secure present profits, and were obliged to adopt the quickest and cheapest manner of ploughing and preparing tlie ground for the reception of seed. They had to contend with many obstructions in the tillage of a rough and uneven surface, and they used ploughs with very short moidd boards, of abrupt cvn-vaturcs and carriyng shallow and wide furrows. In the progress of things these difficulties have been, to a considerable extent, modified or removed. Tlio r'ough is the subject of the present treatise. The ph)ugh,' standing as it does at the head of all agricultural unpleinents, it affords a most important and interesting subject for consideration. Our daily ])rcad, as it is divinely bestowed upon us, comes to us through its instrumentality. Its use in modern tillage ia indispensable. The plough, or some rude as consi- e a resort lod more . learned ' familiar d Avith a iderstand irned Avill ! scholar, familiar irements, irous and en taken, ! to do it ; iciplcs of that time lost f^very tments of ) confined icw coun- tlic agri- peculiar, arc expe- nd crndc i shallow f is prac- nccessity -} quickest le ground ith many •face, and [)f abrupt In the isiderablo se. The ricultural ig subject bestoAvcd Its use in omc rude resemb ance of it,_to break up the soil, must be coeval with the earliest begmmngs of tillage; and a treatise upon its 1 tory, and upon the prmciples and reasons on which its im- Fovements have been effected, must be at once both hi^hTy interesting and instructive. The plough of modern times 1 2 been exhibited and used in a variety offorms. Variorcau es bave existed to prevent its improvement and to ret T tT approximation to perfection not necessary here to enumerate In all ancient figures and descriptions of the plough its ex reme simphcity IS to be remarked, but with the progress of time and human skill are to be observed deviations h-om hi early simplicity aiid an increase in the number of its mr The Roman ploughs, as they are described by different vk: are of very remote^ origin, and they are used at the present time m some portions of the outer Hebrides and in sX Thoy exhibit a very curious relic of the ancient Celtic modes of cultivation This ancient plough is formed of one piece of wood, selected from its possessing^ natural bend, so tt the sole pi-esents nearly a horizontal position, when the handle is phaced upon the shoulder of the person who uses the implemeVt A simple wedge shape share is fitted on the fore pa t oTle so e by means of a socket. A wooden peg is inserted in o side of the heel which completes the impfeiSent. On th "pt li-ounl \r"- "'/' ^^^^'"^'^ 1^'^^^ ^^- instrument i^t? tiegiound. Ins implement is directed by the hand alone im ol^f!;^''-'"?^^ "'"' ^"'^^^ S^-*^^^"^^' ^^^*^i" this ancient and pToiigL ""i^^^'^^*^^^ ^'^ ^' ^« traced the rudiments of tlie As the cultivation of tlie soil became more and more an object of industry, corresponding improvements in thH ou"h and other agricultural implements, naturally followed: butb England previous to the beginning of last century, the ploiUh appe^u's to have continued in a very uncouth state.*^ Al,ou tha period agriculture seems to have become more an obierof im anirihrb^st m "l '''T ^' ''t?- ^^^^""^ '^ ^« ^^^^^^ SI ;•*-'*. "^^^'^^"'^ ^f accomphshin. it began to be studied Still furtlier improvement of the plough was the eon.e.iuence • accordingly we find an improved' phn.gh intro luc d th^ northern counties of England, under the name of th latch a 1 1 1.0 In r" ^'- "'^'''' '^'^""^ "J'i"""-'^ '' '••^ the foundation all the mo.lern improvements up„n the plough, an.l from the circumstance of eii-niieers an.l monhn„\. i ^ V V r., II n 1 T . '^ "nu nicciianK-s Jiaviunr |)oeu l,i-on(r- it from Holland to d.ain the English fens, there is re. , i" o ^BW^rfllll 6 About the middle of the past century the Rotherham plou-h appears to have been partially introduced into Scotland ^Iv James Small afterwards took up the subject, and bv his indi' cious nnprovements, gave a decided character to the rlloucrb It appears that Small was the first who gave the mould bo.?rd and share a form that could be imitated, and by followin-^ hi. directions mould boards might bo multiplied and modified to suit diffei-ent views of amendment, still preserving the -eneral form When Small ntroduced his method of^onstni tin mould boards were really boards of wood, covered for defence with pla esof iron ; and being necessarily made by many different hands, a failure in practice was often the necessarv conse.,uence. The founding of cast iron was becoming genZ ral, and this favourable circumstance was seized upon and made tributary to the purposes of tlie plough. Mould l)n..r,1« together with the sheath oV head, the sole fnci laXde Xt ' were made of cast iron ; and a model or pattern of these part.' havmg been once formed any number of castings could bo obtained, each being in point of form as perfect as the original model. The plough was thus in a great measure placed bejond the power of uninformed and careless mechanics to maltreat came rapidly and deservedly into public esteem, under the name o " S^nalVs pIon.L" Othei! writers abo^t the san e time published methods of constructing mould boards, or iuster' principles. Among these, the method proposed by Bailey of (.unningham may bo mentioned, as approaching very nenr the geometrical forms. Others less perfect were^rojfos d not necessary here to mention ; while several have published J. noral descriptions of their construction of the plough but have witheld the principle on which their mouhl boards were fon^ed! While these improvements were going on, the framin-r Mas unnersally constructed of wood, but a'l.out the begin.irof he pivsent century nialeal.le iron began to be employed'' in their fabrication. The npplieation of this n.nterinl eaine with 80 much propriety, that it is now, in Scotland, almost univer- sal. It has many advantages over the wooden framing, the most prominent of wlneh is its durability „ndor any expasure and he greater capability it gives the iinplement to withstand the shocks to whicli it is often liable in working. About this period another form of mould board and share TNas 11, r„duce.l. Tl..> nmuld board heretofore referre.lto came un.ler tin- 'crynenr the ro])osed, not lublished ge- igh but have were foi-nicd. framing was beginning of :Mnployed in il eiuue with most univer- framing, the ly exposure, :o Avithstand I and share red to came rly straight iiitrodueed I which has been adopted in various districts in Scotland to the exclusion of the concave form. The above brief sketch of the progress of the plough from Its rude state when used by tho Romans, to its present excel- lence of construction, the reflecting reader will draw the proud conclusion, that the march of improvement in agricultural implements, has not been behind any of the other industrial arts or sciences ; and he will with the author, be also inspired with the hope that this march is still onward, and that con- tinued efforts will achieve still further improvement. On entering upon a detailed description of the plough as laid down by different makers, it will be useful to the agricul- tural student to be made acquainted with the different parts or members of that implement, which we shall introduce in the following order : the share, mould board, land side, slip or sole shoo, coulter, clevis or bridle, beam, and stilts or handles. 1st. The share is the forward part of the plough, the point of It marked A in the diagram (Figs 1, 2, 8), which first enters the earth with a sharp cutting edge, running horizontal called the feather. I he back part forms the neck or socket, and embraces the head or foremost part of the land side, and being i? n^''*;lP'''*. ""{ *^'° ""^"^'^ ^°^^'^^- 2nd. The mould board B Li), (J^igs 1, 2, 3), is a curved plate of iron and receives the furrow slice from the share and turns it gradually over and deposits it continuously at the proper angle. 3rd The andside, A 11, (Figs 1, 2, 3), is that portion of the plough's body which is always in contact with the firm or unplou^hed and, and to which the share, mould board, beam, left stiU or handle, and slip or solo shoo are attached. 4th. The slip or sole shoe A 11, (Figs 1, 2, 3), is a plate and portion of the landside having upon the lower edge a flange projecting under the laud side, and forms a base upon which the plough stands. 6th. The coulter is a blade of iron similar to that of a knife whidi severs the slice from the unploughed land ; its position IS forward of the plough's body with its upper end passing through an olilKpie hole or mortice in the beam to which it is attached, and running at an angle from 55 to 80 degrees until the lower en(l comes nearly in contact with the point of tho share. (Jth. The beam is n bar of iron or wood which is bolted to the hind side and projecting forward until it comes nearly to the line with the centre or point of resistance on the plou-di's bod^ to that point upon the horse's collar to which the draft chains are attached, 7th. The clevis or bridle is attached to the forward part of the beam ; to this, the team is attached. 'f^m The design is to give the plough more or less earth, and also more or less land. 8th. And lastly, The silts or handles are two bars of iron or wood, projecting back and upwards from the plough s body to a sufficient height, that a man can walk erect and hold them in his hands, and use them as levers to guide the plough. The writer will now proceed to the general description as constructed at the present time, and he will take for the subiect ot his treatise, the pbugh that he recently constructed for the benefit of the agriculturist, the same being one of the ploughs which the Government of Canada selected and purchased to re- present that noble Pi-ovince, at the Paris universal exposition 7 I xx' J^'' Pi?"^^ '4^''^"^ ^^Sli at the trial at Trappcs, as stated by Mens. Victor Borie in the French Journal d' Aqri- culture Practique. After describing at some length the peculiarities and performances of the French, Belgian, Encrlish and other ploughs, (thirty having been entered for competition) he concludes with the following remarks in reference to Canada • — i he ploughing tests were brought to a close by a trial of two ploughs, eqaHy reniarkable ; to wit, the plough of Ransom & bims, (of feuffork, England,) and that of Bingham's, Norwich, (Upper Canada.) The first is entirely of wood and iron, like all the English ploughs, and the results which it produced seemed most satisfactory, but it appeared tc require a little more draught than the Howard plough. Bingham's plough very much resembles the English plough ; it is very fine and light m i^s build the handles are longer than ordinary, which makes the plough much more easy to manage. The opinion ot the In-cnch labourers and workmen who were there ap- peared on the whole very fovorable to this plough." ' The plough, as it is constructed at the present time, consists of the number of parts hetetofore described, and to which the reailer should refer, in order to become fully acquainted with them. How neatly soever these parts may be put together if they are not all tempered as it is termed, to one another that IS, if any part has more to do tlian its own share of tlio work, the entire implement will go unsteadily. It can easily bo ascertained whether a plough works steadily or not, and the fact IS thus practically ascertained, and its rationale is aa lollows: On taking hold of the plougli 1)y the handles with mnds, Avhilc the horses arc drawing it through the liuid, u u tends ^f i • over to the left, the plou "h ft 7 ''^'""- the plough wbenmadetoruno thSoftt 1^.'"? '"^'^ '■•'"''' thSn drauglit is shifted to th 'r 'ht i " ^^^^^^^^ '"'^ ^ T''''''' ^''^«' tl^e proper width. Leanin. the 2uT 7^" '''^' l'^^^"^'' ^ut its custom, because it makcS t^^!^ T^^ "^^^ '^'^ ^^ \^^^ when turned over, thinner than tl.. uT ''*" ^"''■"^^' «l^«e, posed to view; th^.-eb^ mitiL tl7r •'''^''\^^^^ '"^ ^^^■ bas all been ploughed of 3 fen ,• /•?"' '^''' '^'' ^"'"^^ to be.'ir a li-d ter dr.uXf T 7 ' ""'"^ '^ ^'"'■^es the horses ploughed, anf l/e Sw licV; i" "^ T"! ''^''' ^^'^^^ thickness. 01(1 nW?? ^'"''"^ ^^th e.lges of equal ccptivemodeofpl^!;;;;:;!;^:" "" ''' '^P* to practice this^de. ^^fSB angemcnt were tention on the us, if the sole Ij straight, the ce ; but in that t the smallest Most unceasing oughnian. To g tendency to 3 a furrow, he th the clevis, ttaincd at an therefore, the n undue bias I may find it ^v slice of the y moving the It arises from leaning the ion is passed. the draught a. temporary > the left. inoss in the en narrated same result. V", and at the furrow, the t error ; but ting to the tlio plough land, than uno this, the ough cut its 'ft is a bad •■row slice, liich is ex- t the land ' the horses » of land is ■^ of equal ee this de- ll The plough should always move flat upon the sole. No ploughman acquires the habit of leaning the plough over to right, because it is not so easily held in that position as when it moves flatly and evenly on the sole. Some ploughmen acquire the habit of leaning hard upon the handles. This practice tends to lifting up the plough ; and in order to keep the plough in the ground, they are obliged to raise the draught farther from the ground than it should be. A little leaning of the hands upon the handles, is at all times requisite, in order to retain a firm hold of them, and thereby give a proper guidance to the plough. A good ploughman will resort to none of these faulty practices above mentioned. A good plougman will temper the irons, so that there shall be no tendency on the part of the plough, to go too deep or too shallow, or cut too wide or too narrow, a furrrow slice ; or cause more draught for the horses or more trouble for himself, than tlie nature of the work to be performed, requires. The plough, properly tempered, will give ease to the plough- man, and afford him leisure to guide his horses and execute his work in the most satisfactory and creditable manner. Until the ploughman, by attention and experience, learns this art, the best constructed plough will be comparatively worthless in his hands. These remarks are made upon the supposition, that the plough spoken of, is of the best construction, and may, therefore, be tempered to Avork in the most satisfactory manner. But it often happens, that ill-constructed ploughs fall into the possession of farmers, so that the best tempering the irons arc capable of receiving, will never make the plough do good work. AVhcn we take into consideration all the particulars which should be attended to by the skilful ploughman in the proper exercise of his business ; to keep the irons in a jiroper state of repair, to temper and adjust them according to the kind of ploughing to be executed, to guide the horses in a proper manner, and in a word, to make all suitable adjustments to each varying occasion, we may cease to be surprised that there are so few first-rnte ploughmen. Good ploughmanship requires greater powers of observation, than most i)loughmen possess, and greater judgment than the most of them avIU take time to exercise, in order to become familiarized with all the par- ticulars relative to ploughing, and to use them to the best advantage. To be acconqilished in ploughing, implies the possession of talent, of no mean order. The ship has been aptly compared I t- 12 to the plough, and the phrase "ploughing, the deen " w .. famihar to us as plou-rhinfT tho Inn.] T^ fe n ^' ^^ ^^ ship in ''promrL-^yTAhT ^ .-^ ^^ '''^^^^ *o P^^t the seaman so iT Kl ' "" Perfection aimed at by every btaman, so in like manner, to ^^temwr ilo «7... z, >' • .1''^ great aim of eveiy good pliuglnnen! ^ ^^'''^^' ^' *^^ poSn^^f&i?e;"tl^^^^^^^^^ *^;? plough irons, adopt a To continue c^ "ct^S^ X V ^ ^ ^^?'^^^^- will assert, that as the helm is to fhf «?• ^\ 1^^°"-^^' ^^« the plough There is no memhoVlf . ^^'', '" V' *''" '""^t^^' ^^^ a variety of opinion exists T n ^ t^ie plough on which such tends, tLthrCLklcrofl^^^^^^ ."^r. }''-''' ''^- bc parallel (in the hortntd d itti^ \? tf ""^1 "^"^ land side of the plough's bodv nnn ^'^^ ^° 'j^ ^'^^"^ ^^ ^^^^ opinion nearly oLo itc that i' Z f '' ^^'ould contend for an the same position^ But 1 1 '^ IrT"! I'l^' *? ^"'"So in standard, that when the draught .1 ^^^^IV'-^ '^'''™ ^^ ^ *eam, the cutting ed'^nf/^r ! ^''''^'^^ *^^^ ^^^^^^'e of the broken 4 foi tKnd 1 of V ^ '"^^' ^"^ ^" "^■ its continued progress? ^'^'"^'^ *' "^°^^^ ^^ainst in In early works on the principles of tlie iilnn^l, .. conceptions have been formnf] in-i 1 P'^"i?''' «ome mis- of tlie' coulter Tl e Zositi ^ "'^T'l "^ *'^^ "^^^"«««« tending some three inches^ ^^2 Zl' *^' *^^' '""^^^^ ^'^- acted beneficially by gtin "the onlf' ^''"* '^ *^'^ ^^^=»'^' lower angle with the base ? nml h 1'' "" ^''"*'^' ^""^^^ »"^^ ^ cut the sSil to 2re advant;r ,/] T^ "^'*""'' '''^"^"^S it to a series of experil^c:::!;^*^ ^t^^^\ ^^- t!:::^;i::incS::; ^:^^ ^^^^^ -r e res^tanco soem^^J^^^^I^S b;Z"S^f ^r", ^''f We.akeara.rr!;tj;:;^r;h^r^^^^^^^^ ever. •^smn^onpMf'^Twn^v 'HP'^'^^li le deep," is as ible to put the d at by every slough," is the irons, adopt a t of the plough, he plougli, \YQ the coulter to on which such 3ne man con- •uld invaviably plane of the ;ontend for an } to range in Y doAvn as a centre of the in that posi- the width of cases at the pth of furrow of the coulter othe left of in order to plough. The and uniform, unploughed , and an un- ve against in , some mis"- lie influence coulter ex- the share, rake, and a ausing it to nee. From !iis supposi- 'ultcr before ogree. The which the ting iustru- ploughing. t to be cut, 13 by drawing their cutting edges across the object in the manner we use a saw, which greatly increases the effect, without in- creasing the force ; but let the edge of a cutting instrument be placed simply at an angle with the direction in which the stroke or cut is to be made, and in making the cut, let this obli(][ue position be retained, so that the cutting edge shall proceed parallel with its original position, without any ten- dency to draiving the edge across the direction of the cut, and no saving of force is obtained. This process must be familiar to every one who uses a knife for any cutting purposes what- ever. In slicing a loaf of bread, the operator is at once sensible, that by moving the knife gently backward or forward, he is required to exert less force ; while at the same time, he makes a smoother cut, than he would do by forcing the knife through the loaf with its edge either at right angles, or oblicjuely to the direction in which the knife proceeds. The coulter acts in this last position. Its cutting edge stands obliquely to the direction of motion, but has no means of draAving or sliding to cross the forward motion. It tliercfore cuts by shear force of pressure. Where elastic substances occur, an instrument cutting in this manner, has some ad- vantage in certain cases, as in the case of fibrous roots, crossing the path of the coulter. The latter by passing under them, sets their elastic clusters in motion, by Avhich the edge of the coulter is allowed to slide under them to a small extent, and this produces to a small extent the sawing motion. In the non-elastic earth, of which soils are chiefly composed, nothing of this kind can occur ; hence the angle of the coulter as it aftects the force requisite to move the plough, is of little importance ; yet the angle of the coulter is capable of pro- ducing, practically, important eflects in other cases. In ploughing stubble land, or land that is very foul with weeds, the coulter should be set at a long rake ; that is, set at a low angle ; say |from 45 to 55 (degrees) which will give it a tendency to free itself of the roots and weeds, that will collect upon it by their sliding upwards on the edge of the coulter. This foul matter will generally free itself of the coulter without exertion on the part of the ploughman. The accumidation of masses of such refuse matter on the coulter, greatly increases the labour of the horses. It has been ascertained by the dynamometer, (an instrument for testing the draught of ploughs, &c.,) that the accumulation of such matter on the coulter, has increased the draught of a plough of 26 stone to 30 stone ; and immediately on the -.*..*' ■"♦i-^' 14 removal of this obstruction, the plough fell back to its original draught of 26 stone. It is hardly necessary to add that the prevention of such waste of muscular exertion ought to be the care of the Farmer, as far as excellence of construction in the implement he may use, and the carefully keeping that imple- ment free and clear from all clog and obstruction, will admit ot such prevention of waste labour. To apply a plough into the sod with its coulter set in the position above described would produce a kind of prouf^hin^ very objectionable. A coulter set in this way would cause the partially matted surftice to present a ragged edge, from the coulter acting upon the elastic fibres and roots of the grass pressing them upwards before they could be cut throu^-h The ragged edge of the slice thus produced, gives, when turned pver, that untidy appearance which is often seen in sod plough- ing, io obviate this the coulter should be set at a hicdier angle by which means it will cut the mat without bearing it up with a barbed edge. Good ploughmen when they are about toexhibit a specimen of fine ploughing, are so guarded against tins object, that they sometimes get their coulter kneed for- ward under the beam, so far as to bring the ed'' as it has been called! ' "'""''''" P^S'^"* ^ Ingl. shoulder The general impression that nrevails •,« t„ tl.„ 1 ;j^ntit, of cover to the seed, irSfejelSt wot'^/l'^nirrfew^lSi^teCT, »/^»'',-' to a more full consideration of tie nointsTnvoWdtfl °"'T jcct^^h, comparing the two diffcren^nSoTtt 'wiltTch de^\;1%'th:s'Lt,'t'f'''Thf f ^"™'*- «"«. finches slicf contains an area^f 70 'qua^'hrs' ™dV„1''?';,"' ""' of the triangle JDK ('Diairirn ^7%? ,'^'' ''''' »''«=' pendicular l N by hilf the b'.so «j ^ "'n"'^^":'' 1"=^- nches, J K being 10 inches fbein'' t , ^ '"""« ^ the breadth you "are cuttS i Wlf "1 "" ""'"' "1"^' *» square inches'abovcMh?Sc:t\aTe,ir ThT- °' f ' JDK, from J to D is 7 inches and tm D kT^ ' T mebes gmng an atmospheric surface of wTnehes we' wn'rctnrif) t^thfs "^'r' 'r^^^ ^«» (- angled slice wl.ich is 7I L , non theTn f '^*.'' •"' ■"■"'"«''* but as the feather rises as it rTcedes f, i^ If' ° '" ""' '""'' the furrow side of the slice this .1 f .? "' v P"'"' '"'™'* S inches and fSur-tentl S' dq th Sl wm'"'-™ ^"" ''« '™' depth of 6 inches and two-ten hs n 1-in "th^l™ "" """'"S'* the base, T ^:^J^£:::^^rsj^t^iSi^ !ii'iyi[!f f Hi- SI ihing the furrow Avhich has the ^Aith the cutting Its cutting edge hare making a furrow shce as d to vary more lien. A trans- e trapezoid or am, Fig. 6). 3t seems to be I high shoulder he advantages irrow affords a and a greater >eed furro^y in on the point eading others id in the sub- es with each lice, 7 inches ;ction of this find the area iply the per- N being 5 ies equal to II area of 25 -he triangle, to K is also 3S. ;'ow slice (as 13 the right n this case ; int towards will be but an average Line atmos- ngled slice, m, Fig. 6), breadth of 17 this slice. Now, as 6 inches and two-tenths is the average depth, and 9 inches the Avidth of the slice, by multiplying the one into the other we have 55 square inches and eight-tenths of area in the transverse section of this slice, and by subtract- ing the area of one slice from that of the other, it will be found that the right angle slice contains 14 square inches and two-tenths more than that of the crested furrow slice. By contracting the base in this triangle to 9 inches, T W V, (Diagram, Fig. 6), the point W is elevated from the surface or base line four-tenths of an inch more than that of D in the right angled triangle furrow slice, yet we must compare the two triangles to give each their due merit. In this triangle, T. W. V., the atmospheric surface is the same as the right angled furrow slice 14 inches ; the perpendicular W U being 5 inches four-tenths, the base being 9 inches as stated above, and multiplying the perpendicular by one half the base, as previously done, will give an area of 24 square inches three-tenths, leaving seven-tenths of an inch in favour of the right angled furrow slice. As we have compared but a single furrow slice of each — each with the other ; we will now, in order to carry the com- parison more extendedly, take a ridge of land 15 feet in width, it will take 18 of the right angled furrows to plough this ridge, while it will require 20 of the crested furrow slices to do the same work. The atmospheric surface of the 18 right angled furrow slices would be 252 inches, while that of the crested furrows (20 in number) would be 280 inches, giving 28 inches of atmospheric surface in favour of the crested furrow slices. And the area of the 18 triangles of the right angled furrow slices Avould be 450 square inches, while the area in the triangle of the 20 crested slices would be 486 square inches; again, giving in favour of the crested slices 36 square inches ; and lastly, comparing these number of furrow slices, the 18 right angled slices contain an area of 1260 square inches, while that of the 20 crested slices contains but 1116 square inches, giving in favour of the right angled furrow slices 144 square inches of more earth raised than those of the crested furrows. Another point remains to be noticed in reference to the two forms of slice. We have seen that the rectangular slice necessarily requires that the bottom of the furrow shall be cut from the subsoil in a horizontal or parallel direction to that of the land surface, while the slice that is cut by the cresting plough leaves the bottom or subsoil of each furrow with a sloping rise from the 18 land side toward the furrow side (as seen in Diagram Fiir 6) and this nse may range from one to two inclS but ^^^ ^T than l,c S woulfl bo ° tIM" *™e''t /»■• "'o horses upon the plane or board as .m J t:^t^:IZl crested furrow sli J n -nV • P °"?'^« adapted to cutting a cut the rec;:^si;:^w;;;;:?r ThS '^lif ^^e: ;'i ''-^ ferred from tlie manner in whieh thev wor • ^^, " "^'''"3: m- m wliich the hinge of the furrow liesi i ) '• ^^'^J'^^^tion «ix-tenths above ?he hl^zonti ^^n J^Z^ ^'f]r' 1 ^ere, up an inelined plane ; 2nd. the nam v f "^i 'rVf share leaving more resistance to t e ploui ' 1^1 ,? -^^ rram, Fig. 6), :'s; but, as I in average of except so far tlic abrading which case, right handle r the horses ubbing down be seen when to avoid this be raised or set upon a I'c a leaning lould board. rrow ^ill be while Avith will bo left void spaces It-tenths of vering the I'hall leave "t adhering ! under the :hc system considera- tion, there upon the cutting a hen they iraUy in- position inch and to roll, as ler of the 11 vaising lall ridge Jwn and !in unno- d is not c second plough- led with ics. 19 The distance travelled to plough an imperial acre may be ascertained as follows : — The number of feet in the acre is 48,560. In ploughing a 10 inch furroAV, 2 inches of the foot are left unploughed, therefore, for every five feet in the aero add one, which will give 52,272 feet, or nine miles and nine- tcnths of a mile to travel in ploughing an acre, leaving out of view the time and labor expended in closings, turnings, &c. Or thus, by taking a ridge as previously referred to of 15 feet in width by 2904 feet in length. It requires 9 boots or 18 farrows of 10 inches in breadth to plough this ridge, Avhile it will require 20 of the crested furrows 9 inches in breadth to do the same, causing the man and horses to travel 58,080 feet or 11 miles, Avhich gives one mile and a tenth in favour of the right angled furrow. A passing remark may here appropriately be made on the subject of ploughing matches. That useful institution, by the emulation excited, has produced great excellence in the voca- tion of ploughing, yet, however good and beneficial these com- petitions are calculated to be the best desires of both the promoters and actors may be disappointed, or frustrated by allowing a false taste to prevail in these operations. That such a false taste is engendered there is but little doubt, and the result of it deserves but little encouragement. We mean a predilection for the high crested system. The palm is gener- ally awarded to that kind of ploughmanship which exhibits the highest surface finish, without reference at all to the ground work of it. Wo would not by these remarks throw any dis- credit upon the ploughing matches ; but we consider it to be import'int for agriculturalists to consider these suggestions, and to ascertain whether it is more to his interest that his ploughing should be essentially well done, and with the least expenditure of power and time, or that it should be done more to please the eye with a high surface finish, connected, per- haps, with a greater expense of power and time, and a less degree of perfection in the intrinsic merit of the work done. Beholiling a plough at work, the observer might imagine that the laying over of a furrow slice is a very simple process, but it is not so simple as it may appear to be. We have already shown in the construction of the plough, that the furrow slice is laid over by a machine of complicated structure, though simple in its mechanical action on the soil. Scientific skill is called forth in the plough's whole construction, which skill, is not certainly the least displayed in the geometrical form and action of the mould board. Good ploughing ia a 20 most important art, and excellence in tlie business is onlr to be attained by attentive practice. The forms or LTf J ploughing are of various kinds, and have re?eh^drr,^l. i Different seasons demand tlioir respective kinds of „ , I ^' »nd some modes are eommon to a/seasons and foit'^"^' nw„,r TJ . f ' ^ "'^ surface water uiav flow ea^ilv I foot in length or ,„„,er,iVsi:„t,'; a'^nVj.r & aMje.o'ma/re;;i';.r,^^^^^ I li irti'"^ s is only to or modes of conofpond- iV ploughing, lovn ridges, and two in, ing, ribbing )loughing is I'ious modes lie soil and 're cautious ^ilv injured all sorts of alluded to flow a-\vaj. ploughing, 8. iccount of most com- e we shall g out the field with ?, without ite side of leaving a lip at sea, his wav ' mode of ! the cn- ; and as th;it the I's rnys, draining •n of the V easily the sur- •re j)olcs This ^ should ill give ire with c field, ceed to 21 erect those poles as guides by -which to direct the horses, having one standing at the extreme side of the field, opposite to that end of the field from which we start ; the second should statu! three-quarters of the distance across the field, while the third should stand nearly in the centre. In this case you will ref[uirc the fourth to measure off the starting point. Next see that these poles all range, and if they do not, make the neces- sary removals of any of them that may be out of range, so as to produce a neat and true alignment. Then getting exactly on this range, start the plough, in all cases throwing the furrow slice towards the fence or outside of the field. The same process should be done on the opposite side of the field, leaving a headland upon both sides of the field, as well as to denote the beginnings and endings of the furrows. llidgos arc made of the different breadths of 10, 12, 15, 16, and 18 feet. These various breadths are ruled partly by the nature of the soil, and partly by local custom. It must be un- derstood, that Avc have chosen a ridge 15 feet in width, as the subject of our remarks. We have fecred only the two head- lands. "VVe will now commence fecring out the ridges. Con- sider first the space you wish to leave between the fence and ploughed ground, and from that space we measure 3 feet 9 inches, and plant a pole. Then again at one-fourth the dis- tance across the field, we measure 3 feet and 9 inches as be- fore, and plant the second pole. Then again about the centre, measuring the same distance, we plant the third pole, and then again at the starting in of the plough. Then see that your poles arc all truly aligned, maknig corrections, if neces- sary ; and before starting the plough, measure off 1\ ridge, namely 18 foot 9 inches from our first foering, and plant a pole. We then start with the plough to the first pole, where wc stop with the pole standing between the horses' heads, or pushed over by the tyings between the horses. Wo then with this polo, measure ofl" from this pole, at right angles, the same width as at the starting in of the plough, namely, 18 feet 9 inches, and plant this polo. We then proceed with the plough to the next pole, and again measure oft' the 18 feet 9 inches as before, and plant this pole ; and again, as we come to the last pole, standing at the headland, we again measure off* the same distance as before, and plant tins pole; and at the same time see that our poles arc neatly and truly aligned. The above Irocess, we follow up with each leering, throughout the field. t is of much importane*.' to the correct foering of the whole field, to have those first two fcerings drawn correctly, aa it is 22 w"""/' mM^"! ^'f^' c^^^^itted at the first foerin^, will ex- ^nd Its m effects throughout the whole field. The 1 alf icK IS ploughed m a different manner from the res It is t onavy means, and every proficient farmer ,vill alwavf"^^" them; not regarding tlie saerifice of the requed time and wo'rTru: ';™a'^ -^''"'■^ ^^ thoaceuraeylnrutii'irof'Sf T^-et'omitr'ml'l-l'r^''* r' Y """'"''='■"' ^^o^""" ^'ore wd suppose a plough to be yok^ed s°o' tt^J'^^^Z 13, not 1 avmg a tendeney to run too sliallew or too tonlv not tending to take too wide or too narrow a furrow slice "^i^t runnmg free and easy, cutting tl.e widtli and depth of t]^o furrow sl,ce previously determTned upon. To attach heels to saiy Height. -Che wheel in this case, could render no ■,«.;= tance In order that the wheel should produce 1 eireetinTn t lie plough the point of the beam or draft hook must be rS zonw 'tnd Lli'W' "'r= "'" J™«gl'tting i?o . Cf titMi 1 „ • ^ •-""" xt(juiiea, ana these antatroriist e fomoa will ho m constant operation to a greater or less^'dcgiee. S .« «S ing, will ex- e half ridge fcst. It is tve ploughed fence. The >pen furrows ch accuracy ploughman 3ve precau- ahvays use 1 time and tility of the sable were ; of wheels St then we renlj, that 'O deeply; ■ slice, but )th of the I wheels to li unneces- no assis- Ifect upon : be raised nore hori- )ct line of h's body, lit chains it wheels it of the I'case the hook is ) wheels, ther, the uhl. As 'pth and ir efforts >"gh, on tile re- 1 cutting c forces 0. The )k 23 friction will be increased by these effects, in proportion to the amount of bias Avliich has been given to the plough. Hence the conclusion is strengthened, that in all cases wheels are in- cumbrances, and sources of increased draught to the plough. That wheels may be of advantage for the working of the plough in the hands of the unskilful ploughmen, may be true. Whatever blindness may prevail in reference to wheels, it must be admitted, even by the advocates of the wheel plough, that thougli they will work with regularity in ploughing level lea, whether the holder be an experienced phoughmen or not, that in cross ploughing they cannot by any means be brought to follow the unevenness of the surface ; the wheel leaving one ridge and rising another, tlie share will pass too shallow, and in passing over the brow of the next it will go too deep, or at least deeper than the average depth of the ploughing. The same may be said of all other uneven surfaces. No ploughman who is able to use the swing plough Avill ever suffer himself to be incommoded with the addition of wheels to his plough, and this he does, not from a conviction that wheels increase the labour of his horses, but that they are a source of annoyance to himself. It may be further remarked as regards wheel ploughs, that since the wheels must always have a tendency to increase the draught, and on that account arc objectionable. If a plough can ^*e handled with equal, and perhaps better effect without wheels than with them, the excuse that awheel plough may be wielded by a man of inferior qualifications is of small value. Any man may be trained to handle a plough, though every man Avill not be equally successful. If plougliing can thus be performed with an implemontof the simi)lest form, and in a satisfactory and economical manner, there can be no necessity for using a more complicated and expensive machine to perform the same amount of work, when that work will be no better done, or done with less expense. Wo proceed to introduce once more the subject in regard to the plough to which we would call particular attention, and that is the wooding or frame work of the plough. We will first direct the readers attention to the beam, which, as stated before, is bolted to the land side with two firm bolts, one end projecting backwards till it merges into the left or beam handle, whilst the other end projects forward until it comes nearly to tlie \im\ with the centre or point of resistance on the plough's body, to that point upon the horses cnllur to wliich tlie draught chains are attached; thus with these ploughs the point of the beam projects forward of the point of the 24 this case ,vo shouM raise tKf f T-S" '»» '»"•' ^»<1 » between it anc/t'S g rftol ^ £'"^1: f /"^'^"'^^ hcpomt of ,l,e beam ran|„g with the ll „?tl !f "^ • ,'° ih«t«;elald\ :Xhrbe°a'rT' TTi"'" -" P-'ioal men si<|o plane of thf^ „" • "b™ y" Wth Tl'f '""' "" '""'' opmions, we app?.ehend tha^t'he I Lion oH™ ° ' cannot fall ,', tLplineb„t,vin' "'!,'" "'f l''<"'g'''« '«'ly the right of it. View™ tl"e „ If' I '°"*5'' '""^ Point to we will take for eS^k ' hT rtX 1"'V"«-' draAvn in t he earth -ioUuy^^r. +i '''^ v^? "le plough Avhen «,lge), and att^rtLTan'M^irtl^rf' '* "/ "'"' "' *» phiiies. We sliiU finrl k^T ^ ?" ?"^ ^^"^ of one of its on one side of 1 \Ltc^faiS^,/\'!f -il" T^^^'* ^^" ^-"g its equilibrium. If "e atttl f h! ! V?^ "\^^^'^^'^"^ *^ ^^d ^vcdge, and then diw it ?e sh ai W '" -'^^ f"'"* ^^ ^^^^ centre of the ],eel or he d of ti" tie T'J ^'"^"^^ *^^« experience point this out to to luFi ^°*^' '"''''"" ^^^ particularly to the observUJcl n.^. f ''''^''-' '"^"^^ ^ore Pl^ough is being dra Jl^inl th^ ^Ir^ I^^^!^^""-^ ^ ^- SnS, fid in ^;S"et?l^" ^Tf^"^*^^"^ ^^^ ^-" '^J that the land side poin? of ho *'/"' ^l'"';'. "^'^^^^' ^^ ^^ood), the land siint of the iKling the ason and Liid more an as hia down bj the form- of wood), c lino of the beam ave been I cases it ')c in the « placed loiiH the 1^0 effects led and 25 :i and that running parallel vrith the plane of the land side. Another person requires it 2 inches to the left ; and a third will require Jiis set over 7 inches to the left of the land side plane ; and this deviation has been advocated on the principle of allowing the ploughman to walk midway between the handles of the plough, his arms been equally extended. Now, whether it is easier to the man who walks with his arms equally extended, and his body equally distant from each handle, or he who is compelled to have one handle always near his body, whereby he can on any emergency bring his body instantane- ously in contact with the hand or that which it grasps. Which of those men will have the greO;test command over the imple- ment he guides ? It will require but little consideration to satisfy any enquiring mind that the latter must be a decided advantage. We would not, however, recommend this position as a general rule ; for the ploughman in general would lean the plough over until his arms were equally extended, and by con- sequence cause the plough to cut a furiow slice of an unequal depth. The position of the handles comes lastly under notice. Their length is from 6 to 7 feet ; they project backwards and up- wards, as stated before, acting as levers to guide the plough ; their height is altogether a matter of convenience. But they would be better low than high ; being low the plough is more under the controul of the ploughman, but as a general rule from 2 feet 8 inches, to 2 feet 10 inches would be an ordinary proper height. In reference to the irons we would add yet another remark. If the cutting edge of the coulter and the point of the sock were laid with steel, the iron will cut clean, and go long in smooth soils ; but in gravelly and all sharp soils the irons wear down so quickly that farmers prefer iron and have them sharpened every day rather than incur the expense of laying them with steel, which, perhaps would not endure work much longer in such soil than iron in its ordinay state. Irons are now seldom, if ever steeled ; but whether steeled or not they are always in "he best state when sharp and of proper length. 1 to tho ^ plane, ■lit line, w ^ I M TESTIMOIIALS. t9 M Among tlic many approbatory notices and recommendations which have been given of Bingham's neyvlj patented plough, we select the following: — TRIAL OF PLOUGHS AT PARIS, CANADA WEST. TIT T) t- ^ /-. • -r. . Draught. Depth. Width. Mr. Robert Cairns, Pans 3i cwt. ... GJ ... 9 Mr, Barrowman, (imported) 4 J " ... ,6 J ... 9 Mr. Morloy, plough 3^ " ... GJ ... 9 Mr. Wilkie, (imported) 3J " ... G ... 9 Mr. Peter Willson (iron plough) Paris 41 " ... Q\ ... 9 Mr. Bingham, Norwich , 3 " ... g" ...11 I certify that the above is a true statement of the draught of the several ploughs at the annual competition of the Paris ploughing match, in the fall of 1854, as far as could be ascer- tained. The trial having been made by one of the most approved Dynamometers-, newly imported from Edinburgh, Scotland. (Signed,) JOHN TENNANT. Coj}i/ Letter from Riissel SmitJi, Esq., Townshij) of Burford. Jacob Bingham, Esq. Burford, October 1st, 1855. Sir,— 31y man has just finished ploughing a small field with your newly invented plough, and I must say, I never saw better work done by any plough. The draught is as light as any other plough of its size, although it is not yet thoroughly polished. Yours, (Signed,) BUSSEL SMITH. Copy Letter from Mr. James Bailey, ToionsJiij) of Noricich. Mr. J, Bingliam. Norwich, September 10th, 1855. Dear Sir, — I am highly please with the trial of one of your largest sized ploughs, and would not part with it on any consideration what- ever, provided I could not obtain another. I must say to the public what I have frequently told you, that is, I have tried about all the '•..'i-lj'i-ll^ I' 28 leading ploughs that have come under my notice, in order to get one that my son could manage (he being a lad of 14 years, and small of his age.) I hear no more complaint from him since getting this plough, but it appears rather a pleasure for him to use it than other- wise; in fact I have seen him let it go frequently without holding while It was cutting its regular furrow, which on an average is 9 inches deep, aud from 12 to 14 inches in breadth, and that with a span of 4 year-old colts. And I must further say, that it is the best swing plough I ever put my hands to, either in this, or the old country (being an Englishman). In fact it is abo^o all praise, and I can assure the public, all that is required of them is but to purchase and satisfy themselves; they surely will not be disappointed. A well wisher to the public, and yours with great respect, (Signed,) JAMES BAILEY. Coj,^ Letter from W. B. NesUt, Esq., Township of Dereham. Mn Bingham. Dereham, January 11th. 1856. bir --I have the pleasure to inform you, that the plough I pur- chased from you on trial, has proved good beyond my mosi sanguine xp-tations. The best I ever had in this country, o'r in fact ini; other. I can confidently recommend it to any ploughman, wishing to do his work according to rule. Wishing you the success you deserve, for your valuable improvement. I am your obedient servant, (Signed,) w. E. NESBIT. Cbjv/ Letter from Mr. William Horning, Norwich. Mr. Bingham. Norwich, January 17th, 1856. fell',— In answer to your request for my opinion of your plough, I t« Copy Letter from Mr. Robert Seott, Toxonship of Norwich. Jacob Bingham Esq Norwich, January 21, 1856. I)oar Sii-,-1 bought from you one of your newly patented ploughs last harvest. My son has turned overabout20 acres of stiff sod with 1 ,_and I mustsay in justice to you, and to the benefit of the country, U It is the best kind of plough I know of. ^ Yours, with respect, (Signed,) ROBERT SCOTT. 29 >rder to got one ars, and small 30 getting this i it than other- thout holding, '■ average is 9 d that with a it it is the best is, or the old ill praise, and ut to purchase )inted. spect, BAILEY. Nbnoich. J 21, 1856. cnted ploughs stiff sod with 'the country. r SCOTT. Dereham. Ith. 1856. ough I pur- est sanguine 1 fact in any lan, wishing success you ^ESBIT. ich. th, 1856. r plough, I have the satisfaction to infonn you, that I can recommend it to he the easiest plough both for man and beast I ever held, and in regard to width and depth, I can plough from 4 to 12 inches in depth, and from 7 to IG or thereabouts in breadth ; and I have never regretted that I suffered myself to be pursuaded by you to take the plough and give it a fair trial. Yours, &c. (Signed,) WILLIAM HOllNING. Certificate from Mr. Tlwmas Gray, NbricicJi. Norwichville, January 19, 1856. This may certify, that I have had in my possession, one of Bingham's Patent Screw Clevis Ploughs for three years past, and must say that it is tha best and most durable article of the kind, that I ever had. Since furnishing myself with this, I have used no other. I have ploughed 80 to 100 acres with it evciy season, and from the little wear and tear it has sustained, I am quite confident that it will outwear myself, although hardly past the meridian of life ; and I will further say, as there is no bolts, small clevis, rings or keys, to be hunted up preparatory to the starting the plough, there is, conse- sequently, no time lost. I can therefore recommend it to the public, as the cheapest, most perfect, and most durable article, that has ever come under the name of plough. (Signed,) THOMAS GRAY. Coj)}/ Letter from Mr. Sylvester Harris^ Toiorship of Mnckh. Jacob Bingham. I have used one of your large patent ploughs, and consider it very light in draught, and capable of doing as good work as iiny plough in use, and as such, can cheerfully recommend it. Yours, with respect, (Signed,) SYLVESTER HARRIS. Mr. Bingham has shown me a model and illustrative drawings of his Patent Plough, which appears to possess the mott recent im- ill 30 provements that have been effected in that important implement. The bridle or clevis is quite novel and highly ingenious. I am disposed to regard this Plough as having no ordinary merit, that is judging of it without seeing it in actual operation ; and it appears to be well deserving of a fair trial from such as desire to have an effec- tive implement of apparently light draught. GEO. BUCKLAND, TT . -x n 11 m . Professor of Agrkuliure. University College, Toronto, Feb. 15, 1856. W'-iM tant implement, genious. I am y merit, that is xnd it appears to to have an effec- KLAND, or of Agriculture. 4 If DATE DUE A r,„c of five cents will be charged for each day overdue. ^' A^^^OfC CARD "^ BOOK ,s TO bI usen OUT OF TUB. ^° 1 8497? '<;•. Parlor Stoves of different forms and sizes. I5{ix and Plate Stoves weighing from one hundred to eight hundred pounds. The I'loughs are from the earliest to the latest, ;ind most highly approved l)atterns. of ditVerent maker--, such as liinghams Patent, Thirkles Patent. (imported), the Lanarkshir" or Wilkie Plough, the !Mid-Lothian or <'urrie IMough, and (irry's Itnavd, S''otoh C;in!idiaii, I'roniium, I'Jjc., ^c; Corn and (Jang Plough^. livery description of lilacksnuth work done with neatness ami despatch. The sul)scntjer is prepared to receive orders of every description in this line (pf business, which will lie executed on the tihoriest possible notice, and war- ranted of tlu! be-t material. In thus soliciting support to the above-named establishment, he has only to say, that, the principles which has guided him hetetofore may be simply applied in the following, viz., pinictuality, integrity, and a tir-t-i'ate article at a moderate price : and such shall be his contiiuied aim ; and by hnviug in the establishment >ome of tiie best mechanics that i« to be found in tlio country, ho hopes by strict attention to the execution of orders, guod workmanship, and by using the best materials, and in fact every- iliing to make the establishment wurthy of the support of the public at large. And he would furtlier nay, to those wishing any of the above-nnniod article", or casting, will find it tn their inter(";t to jrive him a call befcn'o purchasing elsewhere. JAMES BARR. Norwich ville, January 1st, 1850. I S683.B6 '."ft'of!^^ Date ' "^"^^^^^z^:-- 'SSUED TO