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V . •■ i:

P. DONAN.

It 1. — -~-

THE KLONDIKE.

L'*. ■ •

■•«>-<- ■-

I^V %ff^

A PROPHECY FULFILLED.

A LITTLE BOOK on the mining regions of the Pacific Northwest,
which was issued a few months ago by The Oregon Railroad and
Navigation Company, contained a prediction that attracted the attention
of the press throughout the country. Commenting on the absurd decla-
ration of a well-known, but ostentatiously ill-informed, eastern maga-
zinist, that "the day of the boom is forever past in America," the author
of the booklet maintained that the greatest mining boom the new world
had ever seen, since the California days of 1849, was at hand, and that
this year of our Lord, 1897, would see it begun, in the Pacific North-
west. Here is the exact language, as it appears on the ninth page of
the diminutive volume published last March:

"The greatest mines of earth are yet to be opened in this far-western
land of miracles and wonders. Mountains of gold and silver ore, beside
which all the famed riches of Ophir and of Ind, of Golconda and the
Comstock Lode, will some day sink to beggars' pence, yet rear theii
proud heads to heaven, untouched by pick or spade or drill. The veri-
table treasure-houses of the genii and the gods yet await the enterprise
and muscle of the sturdy prospectors and miners, who are destined to
fire the avarice and the envy of the world with their Midas-surpassing
wealth of solid ducats. From Alaska to Nicaragua, the whole vast
system of Rocky Mountains and Cordilleras is an almost unbroken
ore and minera- bed. Although, since the days of the Montezumas and
the Incas, thousands of millions have been taken from it, not one ten-
thousandth part of it has ever felt the tap of a prospector's hamme*-.
The surface dirt is hardly broken, the glittering hoards are scarcely
touched. The great bonanza fortunes are yet to be won! The big
booms are yet to come!"

The prophecy has been, and is being, marvelously fulfilled. It is
having at least a threefold fulfillment. The Baker City region of Eastern
Oregon, and the Kootenai country of British Columbia, have boomed,
and are booming; the great mines are increasing their production and
their dividends; mines, that were bought for a song, a cayuse or a
jug of whisky, are being sold for hundreds of thousands of dollars; new

Northwest,
Railroad and
le attention
3surd decla-
>tern maga-
the author
new world
id, and that
cific North-
nth page oi

far-western
• ore, beside
ida and the
t rear theii
. The veri-
e enterprise

destined to
s-surpassing

whole vast
;t unbroken
cezumas and
lot one ten-
r's hamme*-.
are scarcely
! The big

filled. It is
1 of Eastern
.ve boomed,
duction and
:ayuse or a
dollars; new

discoveries are being made, and new mines opened up, with every pass-
ing day; and a new era of grand and growing prosperity has dawned
on all the camps. The Le Roi mine in Kootenai, which sold a tew
years ago for twelve dollars and a half, — $12.50 — has increased its monthly
dividends from $25,000 to $50,000 — or $600,000 a year. The Bonanza
mine, near Baker City, control of which "Old Tim" Driscoll vainly
oflfered in Portland, five or six years ago, for $2,200, has recently been
sold for $750,000. Scores of sales have been effected at smaller prices,
machinery is being rapidly enlarged and improved, exploration and
development are being pushed as they never were before, and the br.om
is on gloriously in both the Eastern Oregon and the Kootenai Bonanza-
lands. But, with all their rush and riches, they have been well-nigh
eclipsed by the third section, or division, or factor, of this wondrous
three-ply fulfillment of a boom prophecy— which promises to surpass all
former Gold Booms, and to add almost incalculably to American wealth.

"THE KLONDIKE.

A REGION till recently unheard-of, has swept, like a golden cyclone,
to the front of all the world's talked-of El Dorados. It has, within
a few days, or a few weeks at most, become the center of universal
interest and attention. The Klondike, The Klondike, is on the tongues
and pens, the telegraph wires and typesetting machines of all creation.
The names of the Klondike, the Yukon and Alaska, like England's drum-
beat, "resound around the globe." In every land and every language ot
earth, men chatter today of gold dug out, and washed out, by pounds,
hundredweights and tons, by the pauper prospectors of yesterday. They
babble, half-crazed, of oil-cans, old bootlegs, shot-sacks and cracker-
boxes overflowing with gold-dust and nuggets. They repeat Aladdin's-
lamp stories of $800 in gold washed from a single pan of sand and gravel;
of bags of gold corded up, like stove-wood, on creek and river banks,
and of ships coming back to Portland and San Francisco, laden
with heaps of uncoined yellow gold. All over the United States and
Canada, and in many parts of Europe, bands of venturesome Argonauts
are organizing to go in search of the Klondike golden fleece. Every
vessel, that sails toward the new-found Land of Gold, is jammed with
eager fortune-seekers. When the Oregon Railroad and Navigation Com-
pany's steamship, "George W. Elder," sailed from Portland, on her first
trip to Juneau, Friday night, July 30, she was packed like a herring-kit
with sturdy gold-hunters and their outfits, and 20,000 people thronged
docks and bridges and harbor-shores, to see her oflf, and bid her voyagers
Godspeed. She started amid fireworks, and illuminations, and the chec-s
of mighty multitudes. Somewhat similar scenes have attended her every
sailing since. Thousands of adventurous spirits have gone, and tens ol
thousands are preparing to follow in the same golden quest. All sorts
of preposterous romances are being published, and all sorts of wild

schemes and speculations are being floated. Every able-bodied news-
paperial liar in Christendom, who can be spared from Cuba, Hawaii and
Manhattan Island, seems to have been turned loose on Chilcoot ami
Chilcat, Hootalinqua and Saint Michael; and every crank promoter ot
wind-railroads, fiying-machines and Ali-Baba financial enterprises, has
apparently set his face toward the same radiant realms of the polar bear
and the aurora-borealis. Nothing is too visionary or too extravagant for
belief or attempt, if it is only christened Klondike, or Yukon, or Alaska.
The Klondike craze is in full and gorgeous bloom. Klondike tradinj^ and
transportation companies; Klondike exploration, exploitation and great-
expectation companies; Klondike development and investment companies,
and every conceivable variety of Klondike bamboozlement and sucker-
snatching companies, have sprung up everywhere thick as thistles and
dogfennel in Dakota. One concern is arranging to build ocean-going
vessels with gull-money, paid for passage a year in advance of the laying
of the first keel-timber, and then launch river steamers from the decks
of these unbuilt phantom-ships. An eastern syndicate combines business
and philanthropy in a project to ship cargoes of schoolmarms, shopgirls
and chambermaids into the Womanless Edens of Dawson and Cudahy,
Forty-Mile, Pelly and Teslintoo. A lot of New York idiots will set forth
on bicycles to seek fortunes at the foot of the North Pole, and a hundred
Minnesotans propose to drive through overland with dog-teams and
combination boat-sleighs. In San Francisco, according to an attractive
prospectus, "an expedition of ladies and their relatives is being formed
to leave on the first boat that sails direct for the Klondike gold-diggings
in the spring, with low fare, easy terms, six months' provisions, and
employment at high wages, guaranteed." A Chicago man is going by
balloon, and a party of Londoners will come around by way of Cape
Horn. Every maritime boneyard in creation is being ransacked for
ancient and wormeaten hulks, to be put into service on some gaudily
advertised Alaskan, Yukon or Kamschatkan freight and passenger line.
Klondicitis, in madly epidemic form, is raging among all nations, tribes
and kindreds of earth. From every part of the globe, deluges of
inquiries are pouring in, as to the new-found El Dorado — where it is
and what it is, what its advantages and disadvantages are, how best to
reach it, what equipment is needed, and what the probable expenses
will be. To answer these natural questions briefly and reliably; to sift
the truth from the vast mass of misinformation, fiction and contradiction,
that is being scattered far and wide, as knowledge, and to give, as
nearly as possible, all essential facts in regard to the far-away, glacier-
walled land of so many golden dreams and longings, are the objects of
this unpretentious folder. All its statements are based on personal
knowledge or official reports.

WHAT AND WHERE 7HE KLONDIKE IS.

KLONDIKE is a corruption or mispronunciation of the Indian word
or words, "Thron-diuk," signifying "Plenty-of-Fish." To the world
at large, it now means Plenty-of-Gold. The Klondike is one— and a small
one at that — of hundreds of tributaries of the great Yukon river of
Alaska. This vast territory, then known as Russian America, was bought
from Russia by the United State ^ in 1867, for $7,200,000. Its name of

ied news-

awaii and

Icoot ami

oinoter of

)rises, has

jolar bear

vagant for

or Alaska.

atiiny and

and greal-

conipanics,

id suckcr-

listles and

ean-going

the laying

the decks

es business

, shopgirls

d Cudahy,

11 set forth

a hundred

teams and

1 attractive

ng formed

Id-diggings

isions, and

s going by

ay of Cape

isacked for

me gaudily

senger line.

;ions, tribes

deluges of

where it is

low best to

le expenses

,bly; to sift

intradiction,

to give, as

ay, glacier-

; objects of

)n personal

Alaska— meaning, in the Indian tongue, "Great Country"— was suggested
by Charles Sumner, and, in view of its extent and possibilities, is emi-
nently appropriate. Its westernmost point. Cape Wrangcl on Attu Island,
is six degrees further west of San Francisco than that city is west of
the eastern boundary-line of Maine; putting the California metropolis
three longitudinal degrees east of the geographical center of the United
States. Including its outlying islands, Alaska has an area of 617,703
square miles, or 395,329,920 acres — nearly equal to all the United States
from the Mississippi river to the Atlantic ocean, and from the St. Law
rence river to the gulf of Mexico. Since its purchase by this government,
it has yielded: In furs, $55,000,000; gold, about $15,000,000; canned sal-
mon, $12,000,000; whalebone, $10,000,000; whale oil, $3,000,000; codfish,
$2,000,000, and walrus ivory, $250,000 — a grand total of $98,050,000, or
more than thirteen times the price paid for it;— and its productiveness
seems just beginning. According to semi-of^cial estimates, its gold
mines alone yielded, last year, $4,670,000 — of which the famous Tread-
well mine near Juneau, originally bought for $400, produced $800,000,
paying a clear profit of about $500,000.

The Yukon, the great river of Alaska, is, in many respects, "second
only to the Amazon among the rivers of the new world. It is navigable
for large steamers, as one unbroken flood, 1,965 miles from its mouth,
to where the Lewes and Pelly rivers unite to form it, — or farther than
from New Orleans to St. Paul, and more than twice as far as from
New Orleans to Chicago, — and navigable for light-draft boats hundreds
of miles farther up each of these arms, and others like the Hootalinqua
and Big Salmon. At its mouth it is about 60 miles wide; and, 1,400 miles
above, it is from 8 to 10 miles in width. It drains an empire of more
than 500,000 square miles, and discharges nearly as much water into
Behring's sea as the Mississippi does into the gulf of Mexico. Scores
of mighty tributaries, like the Innoko, Koyukuk, Tanana, Porcupine,
Birch, Stewart and White, many of them navigable streams, pour their
waters into its majestic channel. About 1,850 miles above its mouth,
the Klondike, a clear, shallow river, perhaps 200 miles long, and swarm-
ing with fish, empties -^ito it. Along the bed and banks of this com-
paratively insignificant .-.ifeam have recently been discovered the gold
placers, that have arousv d the attention and fired the cupidity of the
world. Their amazing richness cannot be exaggerated, as their extent
cannot yet be estimated. The truth in regard to them surpasses all
fiction.

INCOMPUTABLE INCHES OF THE KLONDIKE.

ndian word
o the world
and a small
)n river of
was bought
ts name of

HONORABLE WILLIAM OGILVIE, the official surveyor of the
British Northwest Territory, in a report to his government, from
Fort Cudahy, under date of June 10, 1896, said: "From all indications, I
believe we are on the eve of some magnificent gold discoveries." From
the same place, November 22, he wrote: "Every report that comes in
from the Thron-diuk region is more encouraging than the Jast. Pros-
pecting on Bonanza creek has only begun, and very rich gravel has been
found on the few claims p/ospected. From one dollar up to twelve

dollars to the pan of dirt is reported, and no bedrock found yet. This
means from $ 1,000 to $12,000 a day for every man sluicing." Elsewhere
he spoke of the Indians bringing reports of "another creek much further
up, which they call 'Too-Much-Gold' creek, where the gold is so plentiful
that, as the miners jestingly say, 'you hav^e to mix gravel with it to
sluice it;'" and he closed with the emphatic declaration: "One thing is
certain; we have one of the richest mining areas ever found, vth a
fair prospect that we have not yet begun to discover its limits."

All later accounts not only justify, but amplify, these statements of
a year ago. For weeks past, every steamer, every scow, from the golden
north has brought back men, whose plain, rugged history makes all the
fairy-tales seem tame and commonplace. They went last fall, or last
winter, or last spring, paupers, dead-brokes, hardly able to pay for a
drink or to buy a poker-chip. They come back with thousands, and
many of them with tens of thousands, of dollars in gold-dust and
nuggets, and owning claims, or parts of claims, from which they expect
to take hundreds of thousands, if not millions, more hereafter.

The steamer Excelsior arrived at San Francisco July 15, with from
$500,000 to $750,000 in yellow dust and nuggets. Every one of her forty
rough-garbed passengers had from $5,000 to $25,000 tied up in mooseskin
bags or packed in ordinary gripsacks. Two or three of them had over
$100,000 apiece, while nearly all of them represented interests wof-th
countless thousands more. One of these lucky goldbugs was J. J.
Clements, of Los Angeles, who had cleaned up $175,000 in a few months,
invested $125,000 of it in additional claims, and brought out $50,000 to
spend the winter on William Stanley, of Seattle, had $112,000. Clarence
Berry, of Fresno, California, and his young bride — both poor as mission-
chapel mice — had gone into the frigid Yukon wilderness on their wedding
trip last fall, and his returning wallet held $110,000, of which his game little
wife had washed out $6,000 at odd times "just for the fun of it." T. S.
Lippy, secretary of the Seattle Young Men's Christian Association, and
his wife, two more of the Excelsior's big-luckers, were credited with
from $65,000 to $116,000, and so on through the list.

The Portland reached Seattle July 17, with "over a ton and a half of
gold," on board. She brought back sixty-eight miners, with from
$5,000 to $50,000 apiece in their heavy leather pouches. She came in
again, August 28, bringing thirteen miners — in this case a lucky number
— and about $450,000 in gold. The Alice arrived, July 28, with $600,-
000; the George E. Starr, August 20, with $41,000; the Cleveland, Sep-
tember II, with $400,000; the Humboldt, September 14, with $15,000; and
the Excelsior, September 16, with $1,000,000. The Volante landed Sep-
tember 15, with eight miners, averaging 150 ounces of gold apiece, and
the George W. Elder, City of Topeka, Al-Ki, Queen, Flanders, Capilano
and Willamette have, on every trip, borne homeward small parties of the
fortunate gold-diggers, each with his precious bag of dust and nuggets.

These strong-armed, clear-headed treasure-bearers have scattered all
over the country to spend the winter in luxury such as few of them
could ever before aflFord. A number of them are in Portland, and they
all unite in declaring that the richness of the new gold-fields surpasses
all description or imagination. The Associated Press representative in
Alaska estimates the golden output for this year at $12,000,000, and every
indication tends to establish the conservatism of the figures. Volumes
might be filled with the impossible facts and incredible truths, but one

t. This
sewheri-

further
)lcntiful
h it to
thing is

w'th a

iients of
: golden
; all the
or last
y for a
ids, and
ust and
i expect

ith from
ler forty
ooseskin
lad over
s wo'-th
IS J. J.
months,
;o,ooo to
Clarence
mission-
wedding
ime little
" T. S.
ion, and
ted with

a half of
ith from

came in

number
th $600,-
nd, Sep-
,000; and
ded Sep-
iece, and
Capilano
es of the

nuggets,
ttered all

of them
and they
surpasses
itative in
,nd every
Volumes

but one

or two brief samples must suffice. Mrs. Alice Henderson, a young news
paper woman, who has many acquaintances in Portland, and is well
known in Dakota, Minnesota and Chicago, after spending several months,
with her little three-year-old daughter, at Dawson City, returned in
September, and tells a tale of golden wonders in the quiet, matter-of-fact
fashion of one to whom miracles have become every-day affairs. She
speaks of Nick Knutson, on El Dorado creek, picking up a nugget as
large as her hand, worth $585.25; and of four men taking out $42,628, in
six weeks, from a little strip of dirt 70 feet long by 25 wide, on claim
number 13, El Dorado creek, and then selling the claim for $45,000 cash.
She describes seeing Aleck McDonald, a big, raw-boned, hard-working
fellow, turn over $150,000 to the Alaska Commercial Company. About
$12,000 of it was in a granite bowl, and he said to her: "Take some
nuggets. Take a handful of these larger ones. Help yourself; they're
nothing to me." She met Frank Dinsmore, who took out, in a single
day, 90 pounds of solid gold— or $24,480— on claim number 26, Bonanza
creek, and she collected material enough for a whole library of Arabian
Nights romances — every one of them absolutely true.

A wide-awake and reliable young Juneau man, who went to the
Klondike this season, writing back from Dawson, July 23, says: "I have
seen more gold and more money change hands here than ever before
in the same period of time. Claims on creeks flowing into the Klondike
are rich almost beyond belief, $500 to $1,000 to the pan being of daUy
occurrence. I will mention a few of our mutual acquaintances, who
have struck it here. Harry Ash left on the last boat for 'Frisco. He
takes with him $100,000 sure, and leaves an interest in two claims worth
fully that much more in charge of his brother. His saloon business
has been worth $2,000 a day. Gus Baake and Stevens bought his place
and are doing a fine business. They are erecting an opera-house to cost
$12,000. Dick Lowe is worth $100,000. Oscar Ashby and Billy Leak
could sell out for $150,000. Sam Matthews is going out in a few days
with a good stake. An old fellow, 'Razoo Billy's' partner — he used to
chop wood around town — has been offered $60,000, and refused it, for his
claims. Cornelius Edwards sold his claim for $25,000, and goes out this
fall. Bert Schuler came in this spring; he is taking out $500 a day. An
old fellow by the name of Whipple, who built the Seattle kitchen, sold
out for $10,000. Jack Smith is worth about $50,000. McCauley bought a
lot here last fall for $50; it is worth $10,000 now. Joe Brant is worth
$10,000; he sold a lot today for $4,500. McCulloch, formerly of Wirt &
McCulloch, has a saloon; drinks sell for 50 cents; meals, $1.50; shave,
50 cents; bath, $1.50. Bartenders get $300 a month. Wages are $15 a
day. I am doing well painting signs; have bought a lot. built a cabin,
and own a half-interest in a claim out of which I expect to make a raise
this winter."

Another Klondiker writes of seeing 80 men, rolled in their blankets,
asleep on a big dance-house floor, with from $500 to $10,000 apiece in
their belts, because the safe of the establishment had not room for
another bag of gold — and each man paying a dollar and a half for the
privilege of the roof and floor. John Kavanaugh, a coast barber, who
struck the diggings with a fiddle and a piece of rosin, has amassed a
more or less respectable fortune playing "Money Musk," "The Arkansaw
Traveler," "The Devil's Hornpipe" and other classical arias, for dancing
soirees, at "two ounces of gold-dust" a night.

Gold, gold, yellow gold everywhere, plenty as icebergs, mosquitoes
and filth. And this is hut the beginning! The Klondike is only one
small creek in over 15.000 tniles of gold-bearing waterways. Gold has
been found on every river and creek that flows into the Yukon, where
the sound of a prospector's pick and pan has been heard: — On the Hoota-
hnciua. Lewes, Pelly. Big and Little Salmon, Stewart, White, McMillan,
Porcui)ine. Beaver, Indian. Dominion, Tanana and Koyukuk rivers; and
on Forty-Mile, Sixty-Mile, Miller, Glacier, Birch and Preacher creeks,
and iimunierable other tributary streams. Hundreds of thousands, if not
millions, of dollars have been taken out around Cassiar Bar. Selkirk.
Fort Reliance, Forty-Mile Post and Circle City; and rich discove'-ies
have just been made on Sulphur creek, and in the Minook -egion. hun-
dreds of miles further down the great valley. Scarcely S.ooo sciuare
miles out of over 600.000 have been prospected. The vast ([uartz ledges,
from which all this placer gold comes, are still to be discovered. The
world's greatest gold-mines are probably yet to be found in Sub-Arctic
America.

THE CLIMATE OF THE KLONDIKE.

MUCH has been said and written about the rigorous climate of
Alaska, and all sorts of preposterously terrible weather yarns are
being daily published far and wide. Sensational correspondents, who
never saw a mining-camp, and never felt the tingling rush of a blizza-d,
— ignoramuses in regard to everything beyond the limits of a city garret
and an anthracite grate, — expatiate long and lugubriously on the horrors
of an Alaskan winter. The less they know, the more they write. The
truth is there are two wholly different climates in Alaska. On the
coast, it is mild and equable all the year. In the interior, the summers
are short and hot, and the winters long and cold — but scarcely colder
or more severe than in Dakota or Manitoba. In the summer the sun
shines about twenty hours of every day. All ordinary varieties of grains,
grasses, fruits and vegetables grow in profusion, and wild flowers bloom
everywhere in endless variety and luxuriance of beauty. According
to the chief of the United States weather-bureau, the mean temperature
for the winter, in the coast regions, is 32.5, or almost exactly the same as
that of Washington City; — and the official records of government obser-
vations show the mean temperatures, from October to April, in the
upper Yukon region to have been: For October. 33 degrees above zero;
November, 8 above; December, 11 below zero: January, 17 below; Feb-
ruary, 15 below; March, 6 below; and April, 20 above. The temperature
remained below the freezing-point — 32 degrees — from November 4 to
April 21. The lowest temperatures recorded during the winter were:
32 degrees below zero, in November; 47 below, in December; 59 below,
in January; 55 below, in February; and 45 below, in March; but thest
degrees of cold lasted but a few hours, and such temperatures are not
unusual in the once famous "banana belt" of Northern Dakota and

mosquitoes

s only one

Gold has

kon, where

the Hoota-

, McMillan,

rivers; and

her creeks,

ands, if not

ar, Selkirk,

discovcies

egion, hun-

,000 s(iuare

artz ledges,

,rered. The

Sub-Arctic

Minnesota. Dominion Surveyor Ogilvie, who made all the authorita-
tive surveys of the Yukon river, from its head to the International
Boundary-line, did a large part of the work, besides taking many
admirable photographs of important scenes and landmarks, in the depths
of mid-winter, from November till March, and he merely says: "During
the progress of this work, the weather was cold; and, as the days were
only four or five hours long, the progress was necessarily slow." But he
did the work, and did it well, showing that the climate does not interfere
with anything a healthy man may want to do at any season, such men
as McDonald, Healy, Ladue, Harper, and McQuestion, who have lived
from ten to fifteen years in the region, would laugh at the idea of the
climate being a terror to anybody but a weakling. Women and children
stand it, and thrive on it. Mrs. A. P. Barber, of Portland, who is back
on a visit to her old home and neighbors, after spending nearly three
years, with her husband, her young daughter and two sons, on the
Yukon and the Klondike, — and incidentally winning an ample fortune
in the time, — talks far more of the loveliness of the wild flowers, than of
the rigors of the winters. The climatic drawbacks of Alaska are trivial
to well-equipped people.

climate of
r yarns are
dents, who

a blizza~d,

city garret
the horrors
^vrite. The
On Hie
e summers
cely colder
er the sun
5 of grains,
vers bloom

According
emperature
he same as
lent obser-
ril, in the
hove zero;
elow; Feb-
eniperature
mber 4 to
nter were:
; 59 below,
but these
es are not
•akota and

HOW TO GET TO THE KLONDIKE.

'T* HE Metropolitan Magazine for October contains a long, illustrate I
' article on the new Alaskan bonanzaland in which the writer says,
with an air of indisputable authority: "The present routes to the Klon-
dike all begin at Seattle." The falsity and absurdity of the statement are
so manifest that a blind man ought to be able to recognize them. To
a plain, untutored westerner, it would seem, that "routes to the Klondike
begin" — wherever Klondike-bound journeyers start from, — that every
man's route begins at his starting-point, — whether that be New York,
Chicago, Kansas City, Denver, London, Paris or Timbuctoo. On the
Pacific coast, there are regular transportation companies, whose "routes
to the Klondike begin" at Portland, San Francisco, Tacoma, Seattle and
Victoria; and, after reaching the Alaskan borders, there are at least seven
well-known and feasible "routes to the Klondike." For convenience
of classification, all these Klondike-pointing highways of sea and land
may be briefly included in two great general routes: One, by way of the
Yukon's mouth; and the other, by way of its head.

As may be seen by reference to any map, one great arm of the
Yukon river rises within a few miles of the ocean at Dyea. The mighty
stream then sweeps north and west, through nearly ten degrees of
latitude and forty of longitude, crosses the Arctic Line near Fort Yukon,
and, after describing a vast semi-circle of more than 2,500 miles, empties
into Norton Sound, the northernmost end of Behring's sea.

The route by way of its mouth is used by two or three transportation
companies. Their vessels go by Dutch Harbor to Saint Michael, 60

miles north of the mouth, where a transfer is made to river boats. The
distances by this route are approximately:

Miles.

San Francisco to Dutch Harbor 3,190

Dutch Harbor to Saint Michael 780

Saint Michael to Mouth of ihe Yukon 60

Mouth of the Yukon to Dawson City 1,662

Total 5,692

The distance from Portland is about 700 miles less than from San
Francisco. The river part of the route lies, for some distance, north oi
the Arctic Circle; the navigation is open only about four months of the
year, and the trip is long, tedious and expensive.

During eight months of the year, the only available route is by the
head of the Yukon; and, in the practical estimation of most old miners, it
is the only one at any season of the year, or under any circumstances.
It is short, cheap, and always accessible to a well-equipped man.
It is, by the first-class ocean-steamship line run from Portland,
via Juneau, to Dyea; and from Dyea, by sledge or pack-train, about
23 miles across the Coast range, to the headwaters of the Yukon. From
Dyea Inlet to Lake Lindeman, where the boat-trip down the river
begins, there are two generally traveled trails, — the Chilcoot, and the
Skagway or White pass, — diflfering but a few miles in length. It is 28
miles from Dyea to Lake Bennett, by way of Chilcoot, and about 35
miles from Skagway, over White pass. The distances by the Chilcoot
♦•oute. in even figures, are:

Miles.

Portland to Dyea 974

Dyea to head of canoe navigation 6

Head of canoe navigation to forks of Dyea river 2

Porks of river to summit of pass 6

Summit to head of Lake Lindeman 9

Ijength of Lake Lindeman 4

Foot of Lake Lindeman to head of Lake Bennett 1

Length of Lake Bennett 26

Foot of I..ake Bennett to head of Taglsh lake 3

Length of Taglsh lake 17

Foot of Taglsh lake to bead of Marsh lake 5

Length of Marsh lake 20

Foot of Marsh lake to head of Grand canyon 25

Length of canyon 1

Foot of canyon to head of White Horse rapids 2

Length of White Horse rapids 1

Foot of White Horse rapids to Tahkeena river 15

Tahkeena river to head of Lake Lebarge- 13

Length of Lake Lebarge 31

Foot of Lake Lebarge to Hootallnqua river 31

Hootallnqua river to Big Salmon river 31

Big Salmon river to Little Salmon 36

Little Salmon river to Flve-Flnger rapids 60

Flve-Flnger rapids to Pelly river (Fort Selkirk) 68

Felly river to White river 96

White river to Stewart river 9

Stewart river to Sixty-Mile creek 21

Sixty-Mile creek to Dawson City 46

Total 1,64»

A total of 1,549 miles — or little more than one-fourth of the distance via
Dutch Harbor and Saint Michael. Firstclass fare from Portland to
Dyea, by the staunch and comfortably-equipped vessels of the Pacific
Coast Steamship Company, operated in connection with the Oregon
Railroad and Navigation Company, is $40; second-class, $25. The time

,ts. The

Miles.

3,190

780

1,662

6,602

•om San
north of
IS of the

s by the
niners, it
nstances.
ed man.
I'ortland.
n, about
I. From
he river
and the
It is 28
about 35
Chilcoot

Miles.
974

1
26

3
17

5
20
25

1
15
13
31
31
31
36
60
68
96

9
21
46

1,649

ance via

;land to

Pacific

Oregon

he time

from Portland to Dyea or Skagway is from five to six days. From Dyea,
all baggage and supplies must be carried over the summit of the Coast
range by sledge, on pack-horses, or on the backs of men; and the world
has been filled with sensational penny-a-liner rubbish about the perils
and horrors of the Chilcoot and Skagway trails.

The truth is, the summit of the Chilcoot pass is only about 3,200 feet,
and that of the Skagway about 2,700, above the sea-level, and the roads
are about like any other rugged mountain trails. An Indian packer
thinks nothing of strapping 150 or 200 pounds of luggage on his back,
knd carrying it from Dyea to Lake Lindeman in 48 hours. David E.
Brown, a Port Townsend mail-carrier, who started for Dawson August
29, was boating down Lake Bennett, with all his outfit, just nine days
later. With the help of Indian carriers, he took nearly a ton of supplies
across from Dyea to Lake Lindeman in 45 hours. Women and children
have gone in and out over both trails. When Lake Lindeman is reached,
the rest of the journey to the Klondike is a mere down-stream affair.
The trip is no harder than any old-time Black Hills or Winnipeg jaunt
in ante-railroad days, and many projects are being pushed to render it
easier and speedier. Ex-Senator Watson C. Squire, of Washington;
Senator John P. Jones, of Nevada; James McNaught, and other men
who have money or command it, are said to have organized a company
to build a railroad from Skagway, over White pass, to Lake Bennett,
and the preliminary work is reported to have been begun, by enterprising
Portland business men, on a cable tramway, for freight and passengers,
from Dyea over Chilcoot pass, to Lake Lindeman. So it will
probably not be long until the Klondike-headed would-be bonanza kiny
or queen can go from ocean to river in a palace-car, over either Chilcoot
or Skagway.

Nor is this all. The Yukon Mining, Trading and Transportation
Company, of Delaware, including some widely-known names, has had
surveys made for a railway from the head of Taku Inlet to Lake Teslin,
and found an excellent route, with a maximum grade of but three per
cent. The company is said to have secured a landed concession from
the Canadian government, and to have ample capital to build its road
promptly. The approximate' distances by this route are:

Miles.

Portland to Juneau 874

Juneau to head of Taku Inlet » 42

Head of inlet to Lake Teslin 140

Lake Teslin to Dawson City 509

Total 1,655

It is only 40 miles, across a level, wooded country, from the head
of canoe navigation on Taku river to Lake Teslin; and, from Lake Teslin,
down the Hootalinqua, and on to the Klondike and the mouth of the
Yukon, there are no rocks or rapids, but one unbroken sweep of nav-
igable waters.

According to the Associated Press dispatches, Elijah Smith, of New
York; John Cudahy and Philip D. Armour, of Chicago; John Under-
wood, of San Francisco, and a number of associates, have chartered a
company to build a railway from Prince William Sound, up Copper
river, to a point on the Yukon near the International Boundary-line, a
distance of only about 325 miles.

An English company has surveyed a line up the Stickeen river, from

Wrangel to Lake Teslin, by which the distances would be approximately:

Miles.

Pnrtland to Wrangel 726

W rangel to Telegraph Creek 100

Telegraph Creek to Lake Teslin IBO

Lake Teslin to Dawson City 690

Total 1,576

Last, but not least feasible or favorable, a railroad survey has been

made over the Dalton trail from Chilcat on Lynn Canal or Taiya Inlet to

Fort Selkirk. The distance is only about 350 miles, over a comparatively

well-wooded country, where pasturage in the summer is abundant. Herds

of beef cattle have been driven over it, and trains of pack-horses have

traversed it for years. By this route the distances are:

Miles.

I'ortland to .Tuneau 874

Juneau to Chilcat 80

Chilcat to Fort Selkirk 860

Selkirk to Dawson 172

Total 1,476

As they are now, all these "routes to the Klondike" — which do not
''begin at Juneau" — are travelable, almost the year round, by any well-
outfitted man or party of men. Timber for fuel, boats, rafts, sleds and all
other purposes abounds everywhere, and an Alaskan snow-storm or
blizzard is no worse than one of the Dakotan or Minnesotan breed. Zero
is no colder at Teslintoo than at Fargo or St. Paul.

THE NECESSARY OUTFIT FOR THE KLONDIKE.

THE comfort, if not the health and safety, of the expedition will depend
largely on the outfit or equipment, and this of course will vary
according to the means or tastes of the fortune-seekers. Men should
go in parties of four or five, so that one tent, stove, and boat or raft,
may serve for all, and every one should, if possible, take a full year's
supplies. There should be at least one in each party with some knowl-
edge of carpentry and boat-building. An almost luxurious outfit for
such a party might include:

1 tent, 10x12 feet. 1 plane.

1 Yukon stove.

1 frying-pan.

2 coffee-pots.
6 plates.

6 cups.

(5 knives and forks.

6 spoons.

2 butcher knives.

2 hatchets.

1 drawing-knife.

2 hammers.
200 feet of rope.

6 pack-straps.

1 hand-saw.

1 whip-saw.
12 assorted files.

1 brace and bits.
25 pounds of assorted nails.
15 pounds of oakum.
10 pounds of Ditch.
An assortment of fishing tackle.

If in addition, a good "knock-down" boat can be afforded, there will
be little lacking that is essential to "life, liberty and pursuit of" — gold.

iver, from
aximately:

Miiea.

. . . 726

, . . 100

. . . 160

. . 599

. .. 1,676

has been
i^a Inlet to
iparatively
nt. Herds
Drses have

Miles.

. . 874

860

172

... 1.476

ch do not
any well-
ids and all
-storm or
eed. Zero

DIKE.

rill depend
will vary
en should
at or raft,
full year's
ne knowl-
outfit for

Is.

there will
'—gold.

Each man should have a gold-pan, a pick, shovel, ax and hatchet,
a pocket compass, a stout clasp-knife, a pair of snow-glasses to save the
eyes from the glare of sunlight on snow, and perhaps a gun for hunting
purposes. In the way of clothing, a full equipment for each man would
consist of:

8 suits of heavy woolen underwear.
4 heavy overshirts.

1 dozen pairs of heavy woolen socks.

2 pairs of German socks.

1 Mackinaw coat.

2 pairs of heavy rubber boots.
1 rubber overcoat.

2 suits of light underwear.

2 sweaters.

6 pairs of mittens.

4 pairs of stout overalls.

2 pairs of Mackinaw trousers.

2 pairs of heavy blankets.

A little rubber for mending gum boots and coats, needles, thread
and general repairing materials should be included, and S or lo vards ol
mosquito-netting, as these diminutive pests abound in the summertime.
And each man should have, if possible, something like this supply oi
groceries, provisions' and sundries:

350 pounds of flour.
150 pounds of bacon.
100 pounds of beans.

10 pounds of tea.

25 pounds of rice.

25 pounds of dry salt pork.

75 pounds of dried fruits.

50 pounds of salt.
2 pounds of evaporated vinegar.

50 pounds of corn-meal.

26 pounds of rolled oats.

25 pounds of coffee.

75 pounds of sugar.

25 pounds of dried beef.

25 pounds of evaporated potatoes.

10 pounds of evaporated onions.

5 pounds of bakiYig powder.

2 pounds of condensed milk.

2 pounds of condensed soup.

A box of candles, a dozen bars of soap, a can of mustard, a bottle or
two of Jamaica ginger, and a tin of matches. A small medicine case,
stocked chiefly with quinine and calomel, will be found valuable; and a
little vial of good whisky — holding, say 8 or lo gallons — sometimes
comes to use. Such an outfit can be obtained in Portland for from $125
to $150, and with it, any man can spend a year almost luxuriously on
the Klondike; — but men have gone into the Yukon country, and won
fortunes with less than half of it.

PORTLAND THE BEST OUTFITTING PLACE.

THERE can be but one best thing of any kind, and but one best place
for any purpose. As an outfitting-point for the stout-hearted hosts
of Klondike-bound gold-seekers, PORTLAND IS THAT BEST
PLACE, beyond all cavil or comparison. As the accompanying map of
the Oregon Railroad and Navigation Company shows, Portland is on
the only direct route to the Yukon and the Klondike, from any part of
the L^nited States south of St. Paul and Duluth. Portland is almost on an
air-line to Alaska, from all the eastern and southern regions of the
Union. It is the only port on the Pacific coast from which there is
a regular, firstclass ocean-steamship line direct to Sitka, Juneau, Dyea
and Skagway. No unseaworthy hulks are sent out from the
Oregon Railroad and Navigation Company's ocean docks at Port-
land, and there has never been a complaint from one of its legions
of fortune-hunting voyagers. Portland is, after San Francisco, the only

great city of the Pacific coast. It is the one metropoHtan city of the
North Pacific. Its weekly bank clearings generally amount to more than
those of Seattle, Tacoma and Spokane, all combined; — and that is the
infallible measure of business done. Its wholesale and jobbing business
has amounted to $100,000,000 a year, and its manufactures have reached a
grand aggregate of $30,000,000 a year. The Exposition of Oregon Manu-
factures, which opened in this city September 22, shows that nearly every
important article needed for a firstclass Klondike outfit is made here, so
there is no piling-up of handling and shipping charges to be imposed
upon the buyer. Portland merchants carry immense stocks of all the
goods needed for the Alaska trade, and prices are lower here than in San
Francisco or Chicago, because expenses are less. Portland is the metrop-
olis of the grand empire drained by the Columbia river, which is unsur-
passed in productiveness by any region of the globe, yielding in limitless
abundance every variety of breadstuiTs, meats, fruits and vegetables, essen-
tial to the comfort of the dwellers in Yukon bonanza-kings' cabins. Pro-
visions cannot be bought cheaper anywhere in America. A large part of
all the Klondike outfits sold in other Pacific coast towns are originally
bought of Portland manufacturers, jobbers and wholesale merchants. In
brief, it is safe to say that a Klondike pilgrim can save his steamship fare
on the price of his outfit by obtaining it in Portland, the only true metrop-
olis of the Pacific Northwest.

THE ONLY DIRECT ^OUTE TO THE KLONDIKE.

NO ONE, who has glanced over this brief presentation of facts and
figures, needs to be assured that, notwithstanding the positive asser-
tion of The Metropolitan Magazine's correspondent, "all the present
routes to the Klondike" do not "begin at Seattle." The OREGON
RAILROAD AND NAVIGATION COMPANY offers TWO direct
routes to PORTLAND in connection with the FIRSTCLASS STEAM-
SHIP LINE for SITKA, JUNEAU, DYEA and SKAGWAY. The
Oregon Short Line with its connections enables intending gold hunters to
select a route through Omaha, Kansas City, Denver, Salt Lake, Ogden
and Huntington, passing through the GREAT MINING REGIONS OF
COLORADO, UTAH, IDAHO and EASTERN OREGON without
extra charge. The Great Northern Railway, in connection with the
railways leading to St. Paul and Minneapolis, together with its Steamship
line through the great lakes, forms the second route via Spokane, passing
through Montana, Idaho and Washington, within easy stages of the great
MINING DISTRICTS of the KOOTENAI and COEUR D'ALENE.
The Oregon Railroad and Navigation Company, with its connections,
has the shortest, quickest and in every way best line from all eastern
and southern points to Alaska. Its track, trains and equipment are
all firstclass, and it traverses regions unsurpassed in mineral riches
and scenic grandeur and beauty. The firstclass iron steamship, "George
W. Elder," has been running regularly between Portland and Dyea, via

BttU

Juneau, ever since the northward rush began. She is classed Ai by tlie
United States inspectors, carries 400 passengers and 1,500 tons of freight,
and is fitted up with every modern comfort and convenience. She sailed
on her first voyage lo the Alaskan gold-fields, Friday night, July 30, 1897,
crowded to the last available inch of her space; and the city of Portland
never before gave such a farewell of fireworks, hurrahs and God-speed-
yous to any departing vessel. She has sailed every eighteen days since,
and there has never been a whisper of Cvomplaint from any one of the
hosts of Klondikers who have gone beneath her flag. Additional steam-
ers — all seaworthy, all firstclass — will be put into the service as they are
needed, and every possible arrangement will be made to render the gold-
seeker's voyage a pleasure-trip.

Connection is made at Sitka with the steamers of the Alaska Com-
mercial Company for Unalaska and all important way points. The steam-
ships sail from Sitka on or about the 8th of each month from March to
November, and the rates are:

Sitka to or from Yakutat

Sitka to or from Nutchik

Sitka to or from Kodiak (St. Paul)

Sitka to or from Karluk

Sitka to or from Unga

Sitka to or from Sand Point

Sitka to or from Unalaska

Kodiak (St. Paul) to or from Unalaska.

Yakutat to or from Nutchik

Nutchik to or from Kodiak (St. Paul) . .
Kodiak (St. Paul) to or f»-om Karluk...

Karluk to or from Unga

Unga to or from Sand Point

Sand Point to or from Unalaska

4-(

Cabin

Steerage

Passage.

Single

Round

Single

Round

Fare.

Trip.

Fare.

Trip.

1 6 50

$14 00

126 00

1 9 60

■|17 00

27 50

49 60

18 60

88 60

10 00

35 00

60 00

22 60

40 60

12 00

39 50

71 00

26 50

46 00

17 50

53 50

96 50

35 00

63 00

19 50

54 50

98 00

35 50

64 00

20 00

70 00

120 00

46 00

80 00

10 00

35 00

60 00

22 50

40 00

5 00

13 50

24 50

9 00

16 00

5 00

13 00

23 50

8 50

15 50

2 00

4 50

8 00

3 00

6 00

5 50

14 00

26 00

9 60

17 00

5 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

10 00

16 50

30 00

11 00

20 00

Berths or staterooms for all Alaskan points may be reserved on
application, by mail or wire, to the general passenger agent of the Ore-
gon Railroad and Navigation Company, at Portland. Each passenger is
allowed to carry 150 pounds of baggage free. Freight or miners' outfits
will be carried from Portland to Fort Wrangel at $8 a ton, and to Dyea
or Skagway at $10.50 a ton. Books, circulars, maps and all other informa-
tion promptly and cheerfully furnished on application to

W. H. HURLBURT,

General Passenger Agent, Oregon Railroad and Navigation Company.

B. CAMPBELL,
Trafific Manager.

J. G. WOODWORTH,

General Freight Agent.

Portland, Oregon.

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