IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 112.8 3.2 I4S M 1.8 LA. Ill 1.6 V] <^ /}. >1 ^ ^.. <<s« Photographic Sciences Corporation ^ V^ <^ \\ % V ^^ 6^ 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut canadien de microreproductions historiques m Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiquas The Institute has attempted to obtain tha best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliogrsphically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usuel method of filming, are checked below. L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilteur examplaire qu'il lui a »ti possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-^tr6 uniques du point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite. ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la mithode normale de filmage sont indiqu^s ci-dessous. □ D Coloured covers/ Couvertura de couleur I I Covers damaged/ Couvertura endommagd* Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restauiie et/ou peilicul<ie I I Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque I j Coloured pages/ n Pages de couleur Pages damaged/ Pages endommagdes □ Pages restored and/or laminated/ Pages restaurees et/ou pelliculdes r~T| Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ I ! Pages ddcolordes, tachetdes ou pique piquees □ Coloured maps/ Cartes gAographiques an couleur □ Pages detached/ Pagej ddtachees □ Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) rri Showthrough/ Transparence I I Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ n Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ Relii avec d'autres documents Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ Lare!iure serree peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distorsion le long de la marge intdrieure BIpnk leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II so peut qu« certaines pages blanches ajoutdes lors d'une restjuration apparaissent dans la texte, mais, lorsque cela itait possible, ces pages n'ont pas iti film^es. □ Quality of print varies/ Quality inigale ( D inigale de I'lmpression □ Includes supplementary material/ Comprend du matiri^l supplementaire □ Only editi Seule 6dit edition available/ ition disponible Pages whollv or pprtially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure. etc.. cnt iit6 film^es d< nouveau de facon a obtenir la meilhure image possible. D Additional comments:/ Commentaires suppl^mentaires; This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est film^ au taux de reduction indiqu^ ci-dessous. 10X 14X 18X 22X J 12X 16X 20X 26X 30X 24X 28X n 32X Tha copy filmed her« ha* bean raproducad thanks to tha ganarosity of: Library of Pnrliament and the National Library of Canada. L'axampiajra fllmA fut raproduit grica i la g^nirositd da: La Biblioth^ue du Parlement et la Bibliothiique nationals du Canada. Tha imagas appaaring hara ara tha boat quality pouibia considaring tha condition and lagibility of tha orif inal copy and )n kaaping with ttia filming contract spacifications. Original copiac in printad papar covara ara filmad beginning with ;ha front eovar and anding on tha last paga with a printed or illuatratad impraa- sion, or tha back covar whan appropriata. All othar original copiaa ara filmad beginning on tha first paga with a printad or illuatratad imbrcs- sion. and ending on the laat page with a printed or illuatratad impression. The laat recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol — ^i^lineemng "CON- TINUEO"). or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Maps, plates, charts, etc.. may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in oiie exposure ara filmed beginning in the upper left hand comer, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrama illuatrate the method: Lee imagea suivantea ont it* raproduites avsc la plua grand soin. compta tsnu da la condition at de la nettetA de t'exemplaira fiimA, et en conformity avec lea conditions du contrat de filmage. Lee exempleires originaux dont la couvarture en papia? eat imprim^ sont filmte en commandant par la premier plat et en tarminant soit par la darniire page qui comporta une empreinte d'impresaion ou d'lllustration, soit par la second plat, salon ie eas. Tous lee autres axemplaires originaux sont fiimAs en commen^ant par la premiere page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'iliustration at en terminant par la derniAt'e page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un dee symboles suivants apparaitra sur la d^miAre image de cheque microfiche, selon Ie eaa: la symboie — »• signifie "A SUIVRE", Ie symbols V signifie "FIN". Lee cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmte i dee taux de rMuction diffirents. Lorsque Ie document est trop grand pour itre reproduit en un saul ciich*, 11 est fiim<i i partir do I'angle supirieur gauche, de gauche k droite. et de haut en baa. en prenant la nombre d'Imeges nteessaire. Lea diagrammes suivants illustrent la m^thoda. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 [From the Canadian Record of Science, Vol. TI., No. 2, April, 1886.] J. Physical Charaoteeistics of the Ainos. By D. p. Penhallow. The great timidity of the Ainos, coupled with an instinc- tive delicacy with reference to all matters of a personal nature, ofters a gi-eat obstacle to the acquisition of exact knowledge concerning their physical development. That these feelings are not easy to overcome and often raise an insuperable barrier, has been ihe experience of nearly if not quite all those who have undertaken a study of them. Many important measurements are thus wanting, but thw follow- ing determinations may be of some value as contributing to a more exact knowledge of their leading characteristics. The Ainos, occupying Yezo and the Kuriles, are usually spolren of as the " Hairy Kuriles " in allusion to one of their more prominent characteristics. They constitute that group usually designated as " Yezoines " or '* Kurilians," to distin- guish them from those of markedly different aspect, occu- pying the Eussian territory of Saghalien, Kamschatka and the lower Amoor district in Siberia. Among those who havo attempted to study the Ainos, i 2 Characteristics of the Ainos. there appears to be a greater diversity of opinion with regard to their hirwutencss, than any other subject concerning them. This has arisen too often from superficial observa- tion ; again from second-hand evidence, and yet again from the expression of an unrestrained enthusiasm. "Covered with hair lilve animals," is the unqualified description which has more than once been applied to this people; while Mr. Griffis as boldly asserts to the corilrary, that they are «* Not more hairy as to their bodies than many Japanese or other peoples who eschew pantaloons and shirts," and that the term " Sairy Kuriles or Aims, is rather the pet phrase of some closet writers than the expression of a fact." ' It would appear, however, that Mr. G-riffis did not have a suf- ficient number of typical Ainos, upon the examination of whom he could base a reliable opinion, since his studies were confined to the few w^ho were sent to Tokio for educa- tion. From my own personal acquaintance with these same men, it was evident that a study of them could lead to no other conclusion than that reached by Mr. Griffis, but unfortunately they were few in number and not +ype8. Wood - remai'ks that " Esau himself could not have been more hairy than are these Ainos." Again, Mr. B. S. Lyman, ■' for several years geologist to the Kaita- kushi, and thus possessing unusual opportunities for the study of these people, says "It was surprising to see how many of them were wholly or partially bald, and though they are reckoned by the Japam a as so very hairy, how many were, naturally, comparatively free from hairs on their faces and bodies." Miss Bird^ cori-ectly observes that " There is frequently a heavy growth of stitf hair on the chest and limbs." Prof Wm. Wheeler employed a guide during one of his surveys, of whom he afterwards said to me, "The hair on his back and over the entire chest was long and matted, and reminded me strongly of the fur coat- ing of an animal." • 1 Bull. Amer. Geog. Soc, 1878, No. 2. 2 Trans. Eth. Soc, New Ser., iv. 34, etc. •' Rept. Horace, Capron., p. 390. * Unbeaten Tracks, ii. 10. 4 Characterislics of the Ainos. 3 My own experience, extending over four years of inti- mate acquaintance with tliese people, hundreds of whom were brought under observation, shows that while all these views express a measure of truth, they do not accurately represent the true facts. With reference to the baldness Hpoken of by Mr. Lyman, it should be pointed out that, while it is a very common occurrence, it is by no means a true physical characteristic, since it arises, in large part at least, from the great provalence of scalp diseases among the children and youth. As to the hairiness of the body and limbs, one remarks the most extreme variations. Durin ' one of my own expe- ditions, eighteen Ainos were employed as boatmen. Of these, twelve were exceedingly hairy, more so than I had ever before observed man to be. Of the others, three, formerly students at Tokio,and studied by Mr. Griffis, were quite smooth, and one had a very fair skin. It has repeat- edly been brought to my notice that the Yezoines are not more hairy than Europeans, while in many more cases I have observed the exact reverse to be conspicuously true. The conclusion appears justifiable that, the Yezoine in gen- eral, is to be regarded as possessing a more than ordinarily hairy body, enough so at least, to make him deserving of the epithet of "Hairy Kurile." A stranger gains his first impression of the great hairi- ness oi these people from their exceedingly bushy hair and beards. The latter are a general feature of the men, their absence being rather exceptional; but their very bushy growth is doubtless due as much to the fact that the men never shave and seem rarely even to clip their beards, as to any natural excess of growth. The hair of the head is straight, black and rather coarse. It is never brushed, but is allowed to fall naturally, usually to the base of the neck, being trimmed uniformly to this length all round. There is also a frequent tendency ii the hair to stand straight out from the head. The effect of all this upon the stranger is to impress him at onco with the uncouth aspect and great hairiness of the people. We shall see, however, that the Saii-halion AinoH nvoHMit, Churaderislics of the Ainos. a striking departure from the rule of hairiness which essen* tially characterizes the Yezoine; and this would, therefore, I'ather appear, not as a race characteristic, but as a feature due to tlie peculiar and widely different conditions of life, dress and exposure to which these people have been sub- jected. In stature, the Ainos are much below the average height of Europeai s, but their bodies are generally well formed and robust, shoulders square, chests full, and limbs muscu- lar. Accustomed to a forest life, and depending for susten- ance upon the product of the chase and fishing, the men are early accustomed to considerable hardship and are soon capable of much endurance. This renders them invaluable as boatmen and as porters, in which latter capacity they will carry very heavy loads over long distances for days at a time. In my journal of an expedition into the interior, I find the following note with reference to this : " During the whole of our tramp of eighteen miles, the three men carried loads on their backs weighing from fifty to one hundred and twenty pounds, and that too through places where it wa3 enough for me to carry myself and gun ; yet they never seemed exhausted, but wallced with a firm, strong step to the last." The following determinations will show some of the lead- ing features of the Aino physique : — Ijiri Aino. — Shoulders square; breadth 17.25 inches. Chest well formed, full. Height 5 feet 4 . 25 inches. Forehead Avell formed; breadth 5.5 inches; height 4 inches. Eyebrows well developed and prominent. Face (exclusive of forehead) ; Facial angle 67 °. Height 5 . 25 inches. Breadth . inches. Cheek-bones high. Eyes brown and dull. Chin well formed, medium. ^' Characteristics of the Ainos. '^ Matami Aino. — Shoulders rather square; breadth 16.2 inches. Cliest medium. Height 5 feet 3.75 inches. Forehead rather contracted and narnnv in front; breadth 4.4 inches; height 4 inches. Face (excUisive of forehead) : Facial angle 74.30'. Breadth 5.33 inches. Height 5.5 inches. Chin medium and well formed. Cheek-bones rather prominent. Eyebrows large and overhanging. Eyes medium, dark brown and dull. TjNnopxt Aino. — Shoulders sloping ; breadth 16 . 75 inches. Chesl. oi'idium. Height o leet 2. 75 inches. Forehead broad in front ; breadth 5 inches ; height 4 inches. F * ch- (p xduslve of forehead ) : Facial angle 73 ". HeigJit 5-5 inches. Breadth 5.5 inches. Eyebrows poorly developed and flat. Chin well formed and small. Eyes large, dark-brown and rather bright. Cheek-bones prominent. (Jtteguru Aino. — Shoulders square and well formed ; breadth 17 inches. Chest well developed. Height 5 feet 5 .25 inches. Forehead narrow towards the front; height 4 inches, breadth 5.33 inches. Face (exclusive of forehead) : Facial angle 73 ". Breadth 5 . 33 inches. Height 4.6 inches. Chin small and rather retreating. Cheek-bones prominent. Eyebrows rather flat and poorly developed. Eyes rather large, brown and dull. 6 Characteristics of the Ainos. NrniAN Aixo (Woman).— Shoulders well formod ; breadth 15.5 inches. Keifiht 4 feet 7.G2 inches. Forehead rather well formed; breadth 5.17 inches, height 3.07 inches. Chin well develo|)ed. (Jhec.k-bones very prominent. Eyebrows well formed, medium. Facial angle 74.30°. So mjiny valuable data l.'avc been obtained by Mr. B. S. Lymun, that ii seems desiiable to introduce them here iu his own words : — *' The aveiagc weight of the Ainos with their light cloth- ing was 141 pounds, varying from 108 pounds — the boy— to 183 pounds— the ferryman. In general, their hair was thick, with a tendency to stand out all over the head. The forehead varied from low to high, commonly of middling licight ; it was always round. Their bi-ows were always overlianging ; their eyes commonly of middling size and always black; their cheekbones were rather high; their nose commonly with a very low bi'idge and with bi-oad nos- trils, was often turner up, but sometimes straight. Their mouth, iips and chin commonly hidden by the beard, seemed to be of middling character, the mouth not very small, the lips, as compared with Europeans, not unusually thick and the chin not very large, perhaps even rather small. Of those who had special compensation and were therefore bound to submit to anything, we took a number of other dimensions. Their averageage was twenty-six, height 5.46 feet, and weight 1(J1 pounds. Their heads measured on the average from front to back 0.68 feet ; from side to side 0.55 feet, and from chin to crown or rather vertical height 0.77 foot; from chin to mouth 0.10 foot. The facial angle was taken vei-y imperfectly but seemed to be about 65 degrees. The upper arm measured on the average 1.08 foot long ; the forearm 0.83 foot ; the hand from the wrist bone 0.66 foot ; in all from shoulder to tinger tips 2.57 feet, a rather unusual length, I believe, for Europeans of their height. The average length of the leg down from the hip bone- taken by mistake instead of the joint — was 3.10 feet or T i I Characteristics of the Ainos. 7 probably the ti ue length of the leg 2.70 feet, of which 1.14 was thigh and 1.56 feet, measured, foot and leg below the knee. The foot averaged 0.85 foot long by 0.37 foot wide, and the heel was always short. The shoulders averaged 1.4G feet in breadth, the neck 0.20 foot in length, the body from shouldoi's to hip bono 1.60 feet, or to the hip joint probably 2.00 feet. But their muscles wore the most strik- ing featuie from their enormous size. The men seemed one mass of hard muscle, and in feeling for the hip bone I could not perceive it, even when they pointed out to me its place. Around the chest they measured on the average 2.99 feet ; around the upper arm 1.04 feet ; forearm, 0.97 foot; wrist, 0.56 foot; thigh, 1.70 feet; calf, 1.26 feet; ankle, 0.86 foot. A few other measurements were also taken, but probably less important ones." The following detailed list is also from the same source :— >>'AMB. AGK. WEIGHT. HEKinT. POUNDS. FEET. Chabo 36 135 4.80 Atashlte 35 147 5.38 Taegato 35 136 5.28 Chilkamakura 33 133 5,07 Shinangura 33 150 5.49 Kusiirengara 32 155 5 . 46 Ikuyango 27 142 5 .53 Yoshimatsu 26 150 5 .40 Shussa no Aino 25 184 5 . 74 Shokubashite 23 150 5 . 40 Huriranku 25 135 5.37 Patekuwengum 28 150 5 . 35 Idatsiba 28 137 5.22 Naoba 28 133 5.20 Jasnutoku 25 150 5.34 Pashikura 22 145 5.28 YukyashitG 21 133 5.22 Krotokura 16 142 5 .29 Okonokara 40 142 5.22 Youde 34 128 5.06 Tetta 28 155 5.37 Nisago 26 128 5..33 Kinshuka 26 132 5.18 Fugari 25 137 5.11 Tare 23 132 5.05 Xtt-kichari 13 108 5.16 .1 i »rM 3 Gmrartmsticn of the Aiitos. From the facts thun obtained, we may fairly summa.izo tlu^ |)liysieul charaeteristics of the Ainos as follows. — The forelicad is usually high, though narrow ; eyebrows heavy and ovoihaiiging; nose somewhat inclined vo flat- ness, thou^;h but little more so than in Euiojiouns; moutn wide, but well formed ; chin well formud and medium size; eyes straight, brown and dull; cl.eoi<bones inclined to he prominent; facial angle high, the mean of our measure- ments giving an angle of 72 ° ; the body is compact, well btn'ltand muscular; much more than ortiinarily hairy ; skin of light color, comparable to that of Europeans. With regard to the ages given, it may bo stated that the Ainos have no delinito methcd' of reckoning Age, and it is exceedingly ditficult to determine how old a man really is. The same standards accoi-ding to which wo would estimate age among our own people, will by no means apply here, and one is as likoly to guess too much as too little. Thus most of the ages given 'ire only approximations. In a few instances they seemed to bo known witli some degroo of accuracy. From the heights given ii vvouid appear that Davis' con- clusion, based upon measurements ol* skeletons, " Thai the Ainos average not far from 5 feet 2 inches in height," ' is not very fai" fi-om the actual truth, though Id possibly falls a little below. The Ainos from Saghalien and other Eussian territory, are in some respects quite ditferoiii from the Yezoines. In stature and general pi'oportion of both men and women, there is no essential ditt'erenCe. Their hair is also worn long, l)Ut, unlike that of the Yezoines, it is not cut so squarely; it is also not so bushy, but falls more gracefully ai'ound the head and neck, while the ends fi-equently have a strong tendency to curl, and in both men and women it is usually neatly brushed and parted, much cai-e frequently being displayed in this respect. Doubtless this, as many other striking departures from a more savage appear.ance, as common to their southern relations, is to be traced to the ' Man. Anthrop. Soc, ill. 36(i, etc. T 1 t t ChiiraderiUics of the Aino». 9 influence of mere intimate contact wit} civilizing influ- encoH. Wh^^tevci* the cause, however, the result is a total diaappoanMico of that extreme uncouthness which so impresses the .stranger when first brought in contact with a Yczoine. The latter, however, are capable of the same .change, as is amply proved by those Ainos of the Ishikari tribe, who spent some time at the Tokio schools. In their case, the removal of accumulated dirt and unkemwt beard and hair, did much to reveal, in a fair skin and intelligent face, the natural good qualities they possessed. One peculiarity which at once distinguishes thoSaghalien Aino from the Yezoine, is the grc ^.- absence of beards, nor do they appear to have so hairy . ,dies generally. I have frequently seen Saghalien Ainos divested of their clothing, and their bodies were in no caso more hairy than those of Europeans, and it seems highly pi-obablc that the great dif- ferenfe in hairiness, becweon these people and the Yezoines, is to bo ascribed fco their different conditi-ns of life; thi Saghalien usually being provided with plenty of warm cloth- ing, furs, etc., while the Yezoine makes little or no change between his summer and winter clothing. The skin is quite light and may very properly oe i-om- pared with that of the Caur-asian, the hue of which it very closely resembles. The foreheads are high bat narrow, in some cases conspicuously so. The carriage of the men is active, and their general bearing and fiicial expression denote an intelligence much superior to that of the Yezo- ines; in fact, if we are to measure their mental ability by their achievements, then the Saghalions must certainly be accounted the superior, for since their residence in Yezo they have applied themselves with success to various pur- suits, including silk-weaving, boot-making, tanning, harness- making and several other industries in which the Yezo Aino does not or cannot engage. One or two have also become petty officials in the agricultural bureau, showing that they have capacities capable of improve.nent a^i expansion. As one first encounters the Aino, their general appear- ance is by no means calculated to produce a, favorable ^ 10 Characteristics of the Ainos. impression, but rather as Wood remarks ' '' The uncouth- ness and wildness of their aspect is calculated at first to strike a stranger with dismay or repugnance." Upon closer examination, however, the forbidding exterior is largely lost sight of in view of their quiet demeanor and gentle though rude politeness which is so constantly manifested. In respect to external features, the Saghaliens produce a really favorable impression which is in very marked con- trast to the feelings developed by contact with a Yezoine. It is hardly to be doubted, however, that this arises largely from the fact that the formei- are usually cleanly in appear- ance, while the bodies of the latter look as if water had never come in contact with them. The opinion is sometimes expressed that the Japanese are an oti'shoot of the Ainos, but a critical examination of the pure types would not permit such a belief to be entertained. There is an undoubted mixture of Japanese and Ainos, as invariably occurs along the border line of contact between two distinct people, and this half-breed type is as easily recognized in those parts of northern Japan where it chiefly occurs, as it is in our own Northwest. The Japanese, how- ever, are unquestionably Mongoloid while the facts here stated not only show the Ainos to be physically distinct, but the accounts given by our best authorities all agree in the great resemblance which they bear to Europeans, — the prevailing view being that they are distinctly Aryan.