■fc^ A. ^^«>-oO. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) i^^ ^, 1.0 I.I 1.25 6 Ik If li IM 2.C 14 jlll 1.6 ^ <^ l6^ '^ ^ -^> w/ s W w CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. ClliM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques 1980 Technical Notes / Notes techniques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Physical features of this copy which may alter any of the images in the reproduction are checked below. D Coloured covers/ Couvertures de couleur L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a 6t6 possible de se procurer. Certains difauts susceptibles de nuire d la quality de la reproduction sont notds ci-dessous. 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The last recorded frame on each nlcroficha shall contain the symbol —►(meaning CONTINUED"), or the symbol V (moaning "END"), whichever applies. The original copy was borrowed from, and filmed with, the kind consent of the following institution: National Library o'/ Canada Le3 images suivantes ont 6x6 reproduites avec le plus grand soln, compte tenu de la condition et de la nettetd de I'exemplaire film6, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. Un des symboles suivantt apparaitra sur la der- nidre image de chaque microfiche, selon le cas. le symbole — ► signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbole V signifie "FIN". L'exemplaire film6 fut reproduit grfice 6 la g6n6rosit6 de I'^tablissement pr§teuir suivant : Bibliothdque nationale du Canada Maps or plates too large to be entirely included m one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper Iflft hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes ou les planches trop grandes pour Stri reproduites en un seul clich6 sont filmdes d partir de Tangle sup^rieure gauche, de gauche it droite et de haut jn bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n^cessaire. Le diagramme suivant illustre la m^thode : THE STUDY OF POLITICAL SCIENCE IN CANADIAN UNIVERSITIES. A PAPEK' READ BEFOKE THE I-IOYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA AND TKMNITY UNlVEh'SlTY, TORONTO. IN MAY, 1880. .1 r,. BOTH INOT. M. !).. D.C.L. ('lurk i)t the (\uiuilian Housu nf ( 'omiiions ; lluiior.ny Secrciar_\ of the Kuy.il Sticicl\' of ( 'anada Autlior g! I'ariiamcnlary I'rac ticc and I'njccdarc in Canada ; Manual of the Constitutional History of C'Tiiad. I ; Federal Covernnieiit in Canada (Johns Hopkins University Studies of I'oliticid Siieme). \c. I MO \ T [IK A L : D A W S N M nr, T II K H S , I' U H 1. I S II K H S . I S S 1) . 3 A '^' .r ^ , Section II, 1889. Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada. I, — Hie Sludij o/ Political iScir'nce in Oaimdlan Uidvei'sittes, By John Georoe Bottrinot. (Keiid May i'r>, 1889.) Ill conimenoiuu;' iliis iJapur I canuol do bettt-v than nicr you lo a stalemoil inado on a ..'(•(■nf orca.siou by a brilliant le(,'turev and essayist, Prut', f^i'oli'y of Cambridgo, with vi'lcrcnco io the iniporlani ]>miI thai tho universitii's ol' a country oan and ought to pcr- I'orm in the frnitl'ul Hold of rolilical Science. lie believes that it should bo among- the principal obji-cts of tho groat universities of England — and I commend his words to the heads of similar institutions in the Dominion — " to give cohorouco, connexion, and system to tin,' thinking of the nation ;" and he looks forward to the time "when the English Univor.siiies will extend their action over the whole community by creating a vast order of high-class popular teachers, who shall lend their aid everywhere in the impartial study of great questions, political or other, \nd so play a part in the guidance of the national mind, sueh as has never been played by nniversities in any other country."' These words are pregnant with meanii.g for ourselves. Among the signilicant changes that have been made within a few mouths in tho educational system of some of our Liuiversities, none is likely to be fraught with more important resulis to Canada than the effort to give superior opjjortunitieq to students of learning the nature of oar system of liovernment, and of studying all those In-anchcs of knowledge that relate to its operation and make it more intelligible. In a (?ouutry like this, witli au elaborate system of local and parliamentary govern- ment, it is a matter of growing importance that no institution of learning should keep exclusively within the- old beaten paths of classical and mathematical learning, but should endeavour to bring itself as far as possible in ac^-ord with tho practical aspira- tions of the world around it and launch boldly into the current of political and philosophic thought and study, so as to be in touch with the ai'tual requirements of these busy and energetic times. The study of Political t^cieuce is making rapid headway on this coutimnt, and those of you who desire more information on the subject cannot do better than refer to the valuable series of publications published by Johns Hopkins University, which devotes especial attention to this interesting branch of knowledge. Cornell, Harvard, ai^d Columl)ia Universities also give superior fiicilities to students for perfecting them- selves in studies so important to tho people of a country of popular institutions. In this resi)ect tho American universities p.obably olfer somewhat larger advantages to tho student than even (\tford and Cambridge sin<;t> they give special importance to Political Science as a department of study. Tho names of Maine, Stephen, Soeley, Bryco, Free- ' Contemporary Review for July, 1888, p. (io, " The Impartial Study of I'olitics." I I i ill 4 JOHN (iEOWiV) ROUHINOT man, Dicoy, iiiicl Slubbs, I iioecl hardly toll you, si iiiid in tho Ibromoist rank ol' constitu- tional writers and indicate the desire ou the pan of the great l']iiglish scats of Icarnini; wilhin rci'oni years (o strcngtlion tliis branclr of liiglicr education. II lias been well observed by Mr. Andrew While, who presided for many years so idily over Cornell University, that a remarkable change has taken place in this direction on tiie part of Oxford and Cambridge since he llrsl visited lliem thirty years ago "when the provision for instruction in ixilitit'id and sociiil science, lo say nolliini;' of llir natural sciences, was Avrclcliedly iiiiidequatc." ' It is to France and Germany confessedly thai we s' ould look fo: the mi-st perfect system of education of this class. No country in the world has more effective methods of administration, or a better instructed civil service, than the l']mpirt^ of (icrmany — tht; \("'y (qualities whicli liii\'e made the (lernian soldier a rem;rrk;il)]e miliiiiry machine tend to lit him for oliicial life. The Oermun is educatinl to liabits of obedience and discipline in all walks of life, and li;is had fr^m his youth excellent opportunities f(n- instruction in all bi.uiches of knowleduc. II<' is naturally plodding and industrious, lie studies in universities where the opportunities lor being deeply grounded in all branches of know- ledge are not surpassed by institutions in any other country ; for a long lime they hiive given a special course of training suitable for political life or the work of administration. The same thing may be said of Franre, where the olhcial service has bei'U always admir- ably administered by servants of the state capable in every essential particular. What- ever may bo the faults of the politicians of that great country, it can be truly said that the permanent public service, by the stability, ciipiicily, and knowledge of its mendiers, has proved a veritable bulwark against the impulsiveness and unsteadiness of the politician or demMgogue at times of intense political exiitemi'u; The College of France and the Indepeudeut School of Political Scieures in Paris have for a long time past presented a course of studies, which enabh? a diligi'iit student to make himself thoroughly conversant with all those briinches of history, and of Political Science which assist him to master the yreat problems of government and social life that ar(^ daily presenting themselves around him, and iielj) to mnke him a more useful mem- ber of the commonwealth. It is therefore eminently satisfaelory to find that Cjinad.a is commencing to f.llow, iu this particular, the exiimple set her by the tountries just mentioned. Our population ane, presents a very interesting held for the student in this department of study. Though not a national sovereignly like the United Stales, and therefore probably inferiortoil in that respect as an object of mplation and rcllection for Kuropi-an statesmen, its political history, its fundamental . av and constitution, its economic system, its social institutions and the racial characten , of its people are worthy of the i-lose study, not only of Cana- dians, but of all per.so:.s who wish to follow th(> gradual development of communities from a state of cramped colonial pupilage to a larger condition of political freedom which gives it many of the atlribuies of an independent nation, never before enjoyed by a colonial dependency. A course of Political Science, to be in any mc'isurc complete, would mean that we slumld study, in the first i)!a(>e, the political history of our own country, from Ihe lime the freiich laid the foundation of their colonial government on the heights of Quebec, down to Ihe coniiui'st of Canada by England in 175It-(.)il, and thence through ail tlie poli- tical and coiistiiulioiial e how tht' conilict between Great I'rilain and b'rance for centuries actually meant a conllict for supremacy in America, and how the development of Freni^h Canada was retarded by the ambitious designs of the French monarch in Eixrope, and the way consequently made easier for the triumph of the mother country on this contiiu'iit. The history of the unfortunate dilferences whicli led lo the separation of the old thirteen colonies, tlie state of political parties in England during the days when the people of Canada, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick were contending for extended political 6 .TOirr GEORfiE JJOURINOT rights-'., niul the ciuiscs Ihiit lod English siatosnuMi iit hist io chuiigo their poliry towards those dcpi'iult'iicies of tlio liinpiri', and to grant the large measure of seli'-govornmont we now t'njoy, are more or less oi' an historical as well as politiciil nature, and elearly enter into the domain of Political Science. Indeed, history and the political sciences are so closely associated tiiat so high an authority as the late eminent Prof. Francis liii'her, of Columbia College, in the city of New York, made ihese studies an independent and honioge)U'OUs department in that excellent iustituliun. On this point Prof Herbert Adams, of Johns Hopkins University, has said with mudi force: "There is a valuable and suggestive idea in Lieber's iirst combination of history and politics, which ought to inthience all American colleges and universities in the proper coiirdination of these studies. If, for economi*' or other reasons, thiTe must be a grouping of various sul)j"ets under one administrative head, liistory ought rather to be yoked with political science than witli language, literature or philosophy. Tlie nature of History and Political Science determines their intimate relation, if not tlcir necessary coerdination. Hi^forij is pas/ jiolitics (luil /ji)lilic:i is j/reseiif hislori/. History is, primarily, the experience of man in organ- ized societies or so-called states. Political Science is th(- application of this historical experience to the exist inu' problems of an ever progressive society. History and politics are as inseparable as |)iist and present. Tliis view is j'ustilied by the best historical and political opinion of our time — Kanke, Droysen, Elunlschli, Knies, Kosclier, Nitzsch, Freeman, Seeley, and by ilie practical experieiU'C of the best American colleges and universities." ' Among the stvidies that naturally enter into tlie domain of Political Science we may mention the study of general and historical jurisprudence, which necessarily opens up a large field in a country likt^ this, where one province, inhabited by a million and a quar- ter of people, has a system of law drawn from the civil law of France, \vhicl> again ri'sis on the principles of that famous ^.loman law wliich has entered into the institutions of so many nations of Europe, and more or less alfectcd the civil conditions of nations who have exerted, and continue to exert, such important influences on the destinies of the world. It is generally admitted that the common law of England itself exhibits to the care- ful inquirer traces of the influences of Roman law, and that the principles that govern equity jurisprudence have been largely drawn from the same renuirkable soiirce. Put in studying that great system of common law, which is the basis of the jurisi)ru(1ence of all the English-speaking communities of the Dominion, the student of Political Science will naturally take a philosophic survey of English history in order !(> obtain an accurate insight into the genius of those ].rinciples, usages, and laws of action which have from all times been applied to the government and the ,se''urity of])ersons and property in ['Eng- land. The political and civil liberty which we Jiow enjoy is the natural heritage of English coKUPunities throughoixt the world, and its main principles can be traced to the maxims of the common law. It illustrat(>s the sturdy, independent -.pirit of the I'higlish race, and its determination to n^sist all (he elforts of monarcjis, with the assistance of servile statesmen, to establish an arbitrary power in tlie realm. The great princi])les on which our parliamentary government rests had their oriuin in maxims in vogire in the Study of History in American Colleges aiul Univertitieii, by II. 15. Adams, Pli. D., p. C7. ON POLITICAL SCIENCR. early times ol' Euglisli liistoiy. It was assorted, tor iustaiici-, in all limos, that repri'seut- ation aud taxation must go togi'thcr — that tho^ic who pay must vote the taxes. The Gn^at (IhiirtiT (lid not striclly give any new privileges to the people, but was rather an assertion of rights always elaiuied l)y the people, or of principles that lay at the fmindation of English civil life, hut which had fallen inlu disuse or been purposely evaded or infringed by the kings in the course of years. "Magna Charta," said Sidney,' " was not made to restrain the absolute authority, for nu such thing was in being or [)retended (the folly of snch visions seeming In have been resiTved to complete the misfoiUines and ignominy of our age) ; but it was lo itssert tlir nutinutl uml originnl liberty of our nation by the confession of the king then being that neither he nor his snccessors should in any way encroach ui)on tluua. ' In studying, then, the civil and comuion law of the two races who are labouring to build up a uew England on the northern half of (his continent, we must do it, not from the piirtdy legal standpoint of a practising lawyer, but rather in thi' spirit of a philosophic Jiistoriau desirous of hdlovving il>e inlhuMices of systems of lav. on the 'uicial cu.stoms, the usages of the peoph' aud the structure of government. As I have already shown you, the historical method can be as well applied to the study of law as to other subjects that fall within the donuiin of Political Science. Tin,' thoughtful student will in this way be able to trace the steady growth of principles adapted to the ever varying conditions of society. It is Well observed by an eniinent writer in a recent issue of an I'higlish review that "jurisprudence itself Ims become u study of the living growth of human society through i.ll its stages, but it is n(( longer po.ssible for law to be Jealt with as a collection of rules imposed on societies as it may be by accident, ncn for the resemblances and di(l'eren<'es ■ '' the laws of dill'ei.^nt societies to be regarded as casual." - I quote this suggestive paragraph to show you the wide scope of the studies that must cuter into any course such as I hope will l)e sooner or later <'arned out in conin^c- tion with all our univer.sitics. Or, consider one moment how necessary it is to stvidy the principles of international law. It will be said that Cauada is still a colony, and has no right to ma) e treaties and enter into relations directly with foreign [jowers. But the time has already arrived when this study has be-ome imiortant. As a result of t'le very libeial system of self-government granted to Canada, and in consequence of the great territorial e.Kpansion she has littained as one of the most important consequences of this self-government, the Dominion has a.ssumed the propor- tions of an lilmpire. It has commercial relations with many countries, and our statesmen are now stimulating rapid steamship communication willi Europe aud Asia. The dream of La Salle, on the banks of his seigniory at Lachine, lo liiul a shorter route to the riches of Cathay, is being realized in this dependency, not of the l''rancc he loved, but of her hereditary enemy. Of, consider the situation of Canada on the borders of a colossal republic, which constantly gives rist^ to questions atl'ecting the rcdations of the two nations. lA)r instance, we have seen of recent years important international questions arising out of the lishery disi)ute. All tliese matters involve uegociations of a delicate ' Sidney on Government, c. u, aoc. 27. '■' " (Sir H. Maine annt state and its diti'ercnt dependencies undergo a very important change, whicli may give our statesmiMi a direct and larger infliience on the destinies of the whoh' Empire — when a Canadian will Intve as potent a voice on imperial allairs as a dweller in Kent or Devon. Higher conditions of national existence must be in store for a country like Canada, ^vhicll has expanded so remarkably in political ureatness Avithin a few decades. It nniy be that the Imperial FediTidists will eventually iind a solution of the great problem they are busy with in Great Britain and its dependencies, and Canadians will beconn' citizens of the Empire in r(>ality. and as such able to negotiate directly with foreign )iations. Ihit in any ease, as things are no\\-, Canadians must necessarily Iind it to tl eir advantage, wliether lawyers or politicians or ordinary citizens, to learn sonn-thing of that public law which governs the relations of .sovereign | i)les willi one another throughout the civilized world. Political Economy is anotlu'r of those useful studies which are naturally allied with others on this wide domain. Look around us, and do w^e not see how important it is for Canadians to understand the princiides or doctrines which have been laid down by men like Adam Smith, liicar(b). Mill, Carey, and others I ]ieed not mention here, w'lio have devoted their lives in luirope and America to a branch of science so fruitful of dis- cussion, and so intimately connected wath the industrial and commercial deveLpment and the raaterii»l prosperity and social comforts of a peoph; V I'^very year that passes sees f estions connected with the health, and the improvement of the condition of 'ihe labouring classes demanding the consideration of oar legislatures. Only last session of parUament we had laid on the table a nirmbir of bulky V(dumes representing the work of a commission apj)ointed by the Dominion (lOverument to entjuire into subjects of deei> interest to labour. Or, when I refer to the fact that we have a " national policy" which is practically a system of protection, I show you as Canadians how important it i.s to understand the principles which recommmid it to so larg(> a body of people in the Dominion, in preference to the principles of the opposing party who would have a sy.stem of indirect taxation for revenue and would give a fuller (expansion to free trade with othe^ peoples. With this study are intimately allied the questions of unrestricted reciprocity and com- mercial union, which are of an economic character, requiring a large knowledge of the economic conditions of Canada, and of the United tStates, and a thorough understanding of the sound principles which should guide us in our international relations. An accur- ate knowledge of statistics w'hich are .'lOw a recognized branch of economic science, ; ON rOLlTIOAL SOII'INCK. (dfspilc (lie old saying tliiil lii^uros oim be inado to provo iiiijtliiiig) is iuviiliiiihli' in tlu! (■oiisidrriilioii (>r <|ui'Htiniis like tliosc I liiivc cursorily mcntioufd. It is only lu'ccssary to sludy the pagcK of tho works c I' u niiiu liki' Mr. MulhiiU, tho ciiiinont English statist tiud cconoinisl, lo sue how important and nselul is a scicntifir niothod ol' handling figures and drawing from them sound deduetions as to a, nation's prosperity or deeliiie. While it is to J'lnu'land that \vi^ naturally look I'or those lessons and examples of statesmanship and political sagacity, which may assist us in laying broad and deep th(^ I'oundations ol' our political organizalion and social sysiem, tlie student of Political Sciouou cannot fail at the same lime to draw much valual)le instruction from a close anc". constant study of the institutions, national, state, and municipal, of our American neighbors, They, like ourselves haA'e borrowed largely from the parent stale, to which we both owe o\ir oriu'in, in organizing tlicir system of govcrnun'nt, and it is the common law of Eng- land, we all know, tint lies at the basis of th"ir sysiem of jurisiuaidence. • Some among us have a ])ractice of depreciating American institutions, thinking that this is the best, as it is certainly sometimes the easiest, way of sliowing the superiority of our own politi- tical and social conditions ; bixt after an iionest and assiduous study of the political systems of both countries, I must fairly ome to the conclusion that each of us may learn sonietliiug from liie other, and that there is u great deal to admire in the saga.'ity, the business-like methods, and tin.' tiiorouuh organization of many of the institutions of our neighbors. if wc should study tborouuhly tin' comprehensive and thoughtful work on the American Commonwealth by Prof. Hryce, oui' of those men who do honour to tlie great seat of learning on the banks of the Isi;;, we shall see that this parli(;ular study is fill! of encouragement and warning to u.s at one and the same time ; but 'its chief value," to ([Hole his exact Avords, and aj^ply them In ourselves raiher than to England, "lies in wliat may be called the laws of political biology whii'h it r(;v<'als, in thenew illustrations and enforcements it supplies of general truths in social and political science, truths, some of which were i)rosented long ago by Plato and Aristotle, Ijnt which might have ))een Ibrgotten had not Annn'ica poured a stream of light upon ineni," As I have just said, both Canada and the United States '\a. truce all the valuable insti- tutions they possess to England. Their h'gi.slative bodies have been modelled on the grout parliament of the parent state. The many dill'erences that now exist between the govern- nu'ut of Canada and that of the United States have arisen from the difterencos in the poli- tical circumstances and varying conditiouf: of llie t'vo countries. The United States for more than a century and a iialf had Ijeen colonies of England, enjoying a system of legal and political institutions, which was their natural heritage as Englishmen. "When their independence was acknowledged and it became necessary to mature a constitutiru adapted to the uew^ state of things, they proceeded to frame a government, which throughout shows that they still considered the English government superior inessential respects to all other governments in the w^orld. In the division of legislative, judicial and executive departments \\ hich they made, they showed their desire to adhere to those important principles which evoked the admiration of Montesquieu. The president Vvus still the king of England, though he was dejjrived of powers which the Americans considered fatal to their liberty. He was given the right of veto over legislative acts and of ap- pointing his own cabinet. But the council was not made responsible to or given seats Sec, It, ISS'J. 2. 10 JOHN r.F,01{(-;K EOriMNOT in congress, a I'lict quilo iiildlig-ibli' whoji vvc ooiisidcr that tlu! kiiii;' was, as lav as the. old colonists saw, the I'introlling power ill the natidii. and tliiii pailiaiin'iiiary goveru- niont, as wi' know it in these times, was not unders*(ii>d l)y tht; Aiiierieans. Tlie I'vainers of the Aniei'iean const iluli(Jii knew that auKHiL;' tlie roynl prerogatives was tlie rigiit ol' veto, although they ibrgot it had not Iteen exereised lor one itnndred and seventy years ; but they gave it to tlie pivsideiii eliielly he.anse I hey tlionght it would 'le a valuable eheek on the otlierwise arliilrary power of eoniiiess. If I should pursu(^ this suhjei-t still further, we would see ihroiighoui ilie politieul system of (nir neighbors many otiier evi- dences of their desire to reprodut'e British i)raetiees and rules wiien eousisteni with the system of republican liberty I liey were attempting to establish. Cjinada, (in liie other hand, has remaini>d a dependency, and has necessarily kei)t pace with Die i)i()iiressive stu"'es of parliameiUary and responsil)le government of the parent state. < )ar liovern- raent has always closely followeil the imiiovtaiii rules and maxims whicii nuike np I lie lirilish constitution. Our statutory law is drawn in a izreat measnre from that of Eng- land. It is then most advis ble for us to consi(b'r in wliat respects, if any, the United States system is an improi'einent upon our own. "Whilst it is vtry interesting to nott; the dittereuces in the working of (he two svsiems of u-overnmeiit, it is still more import- ant to observe the operaiion of their federal system from which that of t'anadM is taken ir essential resix'cts. In siiort, an elaborate series of lectures I'ully dealing with the naxure and workinn' of the political institutions of our neighbors should necessarily form a prominent feature of any course of Political Scieni'c, if it is to !«■ made of pvactii a I and real value to the stirdents of a university. I might dwell at consid"rable length on the many snbjei'ts that naturally suggest ♦ hemselves to my mind in conin-ction wilii so suggestive a ihenu'. Our own system of goverument itself, drawn as it is irom the constitutional and jiolitical .xperiiMicc of Enu- land and of the United States, is reph'te with matter for study and reJiection. Of Canada and her institutions (particiilarly her local government, and her federal system), it mav be truly said, she "is the heir of all the ages." For instance, the federal ich'a is one whicli originated witli the leagues that existed in aiiciei't (Irceo', with those famous Achiean and Lycian federated nations which played so important a part in tlie history of the ancient world. We can trace its principles, according to the l'"rench historian, tJu'")t, in the working of the feudal system, and in the relations that exis'ted bi'lweeii the rude communities of Europe and the IViulal kin^- or ,hiel to whom they professed io pay a modi- fied homage. AVe cau see that it has been I he source of securit y upon which the Swiss Can- tons have relied for centuries, thouii'h surrounded by hostile and jealous nations. It is •> system which rests on the basis of local self-novernmeiit and a central authority, and it is interesting to trace its development tlirough ail times until at la>i it has found its most perfect realization in the United States, Canada, and tlie remodelled Swiss Confederation, as well as in the Empires of Ciennany and Austria, where the machinery is in a measure Liore complicated than in tin- American example of federation. All these subjects to which 1 have wry briefly referred, as immediately assoinated with, and indeed falling natura'.ly under, the ueneric term of Polilical Science, are important to us inasmuch as they bear more or less directly on the development and operation of the elaborate system of federal government which we possess at last as the results of more than a century of political struggle aud achievement. ON POLITUJAL S01EN(JH. 11 The machinory -which ^vl>l•ks onv iKitioiiiil (il' I may so style our central government) as ^\^']\ as our provincial and local systems ol government, is o])viously of a complex character, re(|uirinu a large number of perst>ns lor administrative, judicial and mirnicipal purposes. To those ollieials and legislators wi' must adil the rdnlively small number of learned nuMi wlm are called ui)(iii tu occupy the l)i'nch, and adiiiinister the law Avhi<'h, \vith tin- exi eption ol' the ruiidamenlal law or constitutinn governing the Dominion and its various sections, is amended i'rom iinu> toiinie l)y the parliament and thsl ilunight of every person who looks to the happi- iicHs of the community. No one would wish to see the clergy lake an active interest or paitii'ipate vigoroirsly iu the purely ])olitical coiillicis of the day — I mean, such an in- terest or ])articipalion as would weaken their inlluence in iheir propiM' siihere ; — but no one now-a-da\s can keep aloof from great human interests, and occasions may arise when even clergynu'U may projx'rly consider it ueeessary to uive warning and advice, unt as ])artisans. but as dispassiouaje, impartial criti<-s. animated solely by a conscientious desire [i^ unite and not dissever the dili'ereni classe.- which nudv(^ up the people of this Dominion, and lo consider the national good as the hiiihesi and purest purpo.se of a Canadian's life. Nor sho\ild I forget lo refer to the important elfecis that a course of Political Science :iu\y have upt)n journalisni in C'anad;i. In a country of popular government, the pre.s.>, necessarily exercises a laru'c inlluence which, on the whole in Canada, i»- directed to the pronu>lion of the ])ublic interests. It is true that party conllict has given to the n.reat majority of our public journals a partisan character which too often i)rev<'nts the jieople from obtaining that impartial crilicisni of ])ublic men aiul matters of contro\'er,^y which they have a right to exjicit I'rom their s(df-constituted teaclu'rs. Partisan journalism is, however, one of the i)e;udties we must exi)ecl to pay for party government, and the time seems yei far oil' when indi'peiuleut journalism is likely to assert itself on any large scale. No one will deny that the leadiuL;' newspa|)ers of the Dominion are edited and writti'U with decided ability, aiul represent fairly the intelligence of the country at large. The tendency in Canada, as in the Tniled States, is to pulilish short crisp articles in the edihu'ial columns, instead of the elal>orale, aiul often too heavy, articles which 12 .TOITN GROKG!' MOURINoT ara characteristic of Ihc I'higliNli iiiul even tin- All:^lr;lli;m press. ^\'llell we eon- sider tlie vnried topics with whicli ii iiewsiiaper writer liiis to deul in llie conrsiM)!' a week's issue, and I lie short time he has lUMcssiirily at his disposal lor lhoronai)cr in these days ol' si)eculaiion aiul competition is a business enterprise. No successfnl journal is likely to be ahead ot the c(nnmunity in which it lives, and its daily toin' must geiu'rally ali'ord a lair criterioji '4' the state ol' public npinion arnund ii. As the pnpulation and the wealth ol' the ciiunlry incie;ise, ii miisi happen thai Jnurnalism will heenme more ol' a prol'ossion, (ili'ering larger emolnmeiits to de>er\ine- men. altliougli they are likely to he much smaller lor a long time to come than ihe rewards open to legal and medical men ol' merit. As a rule, a newsj)aper man niu.-^l he more or less to the nianniM- horn. 1 am hardly prepared to admit that much pvactiial biMiclii can be di^rived I'roiu the esiahlish- men (d' (dasses I'or educating n.en in the v.irious departments of journalism, as is propos- ed, and 1 btdieve even now at lemiited. in one or t wo in.-titui iotis in the I 'nited States. A reporter or editorial writer must he trained in tin' drudgc'ry ol' a newspaper ollice, must work his wax way up and Li-.iin practical experience hd'or'' he is likely to ^)ecome su.- t'essl'ul in ,so ardiunis and engrossing a piol'i'ssion, demandinur si)ecial qualilicalions. Hut, at the same time. I eaii sec very "reat advanlages lo he derive' by jourmdism I'rom the carel'ul study ol' the diH'ciiint hrain-hes of research that should fall w'lhin the domain ot I'oliiical vScii'uce. VcmuL;' men. who ha\c a desire to embrai e ihis arduous j)ursuit as a prol'.'ssioii, ought assurc more (dearly all idasses of our people can learn the principles of govern- ment, ai\d understand Ihe l,jss(nis which the history of (mr own ami other countries teaclies them, the nunc conli( ently we can look forward to ihe future, ami all we trust it has in store for us. We have already achii'Ved a great deal through the instrumentality of the courageous and astute statesmen who have so far guided this country thrcuiiih its political development. The institutions we now possess (Compare very i'avoural)ly in all ON rOLlTK'AL SCIKNTH. 13 I'ssciitiiil ri'spcotv with tliosc nl ;uiy nllicr country, not even excepting tho United States or l']nglaml ; t)ul still tlicn' is nunh to liMiii, iiml it is to the young men of tlu^ i)rt'S( nl day, who an' now going out into thf world t(j liglit thi; practiral batth's of lilf, that \vr must look to continui- the great work oi' those wlio have preeede onstitution, which, il has been well ol)served bv Chau- ■qually admirable in the depth of its wisdom, the comprelieiisi\ cnes.s of 1< cdlor Kent, ' its views, the saga, ity of its relleciioiis. and the freshness, patriotism, candour, simplicity, and elocjueiice with which its i ruths are uttered and recommended." Hamilton. Madi.son, and the other authors of the ( institution were decfily imbued by tlie ideas of the l-'reiicli writer, ideas h Hist orv mu • I place 1 iiiii amoiu lb •reat architects of political sysl ems. m>. IV' n th eS(|Uli'U. ^avsaii eiuiiieiil Ireii.ii writer lias lilical ft u- instiliitions of (lermaiiv. Mont- left 1 met liod \\ llich enables u something more than precepts, he 111 develop his thoiiuiii and apply it to contingencies that h ;lil not fori eXerclset; 1 a di J) and i)eriaaneiii iiillueiice m nis own time, and is full of teaeliinL;' for ours. His name is associated wiili many of ihe most excellciii reforms w hii h ihi- entiiry lias seen in r ranee, and he is I he re])resen ilativeof the I'rench pint 111 all It.- Ie;\riie: )rea dtl 1, ffelierosllv and wisdom 1 can well remember that the dis ■ussion ol il le union of the Uritish North ,\merican provinces was acliially left for years to theorists in the pn or wa,> 'hiellv valued I) ■;iuse it gave opportunities for brilliant rlietoiicil Hashes in legislative halls. Hut the (lav came when tlii^ iheoretieil proldem had lo be solved to meet thi ■>() litii exi- vpucies of old Canada, and the illfederatioil of the proviin b ame a realit v Indeed, .\1Iiit! .Suri'l in his Lile of .Meuti'S'iuieii in tlie .wries of (iieat Kri'iirli W'lilt iti, \k 1 7i*. 14 .TOIFN flEORfiK TOURINOT in a fonutry like this, wlu'vo tln" i)i'lc are ol'i'ssmjinlly pi'ip'ticiil iiisliiicts in all raatttTs att'ecting ji'usi'Viunciit. llic man •.vim .^liould alwavs rcniain a uinc I'och-iniiirc nr thi'oriist woulil soon l)i't'Ouit' wilhniit wciii'lit (ir strcniilli in the lonununily when' lie lives ; but wliofVi'V brinffs lu ilic prai-liral discussion ot'lln' (jin'siions ol' the day sound Unovvk'd>>-f, \vhiih is hniscd on ilu' cxpriiouM' of the past, and slmws he I'an well adapt piimipli's drawn iVoni tin- i^Tcat stondionsc nl' sound poliliial siicncc In tin- dillifullics ol' llic ilay, hv will l)i> i'onni' widen- ed "with the process ol'tlu' suus. " by ijie experiemcs nl'the pa^t as set I'nrth in I'Uiihatie and pregnant sentences by historical and political writers. I have thouu'ht it neics.sary to Liive these introdu<'tory remarlcs to show the imitort- ance that a stiuly id' I'lditical Science ouranch es of necessarv st ud\ with numerous libraries eslablisln'd in all llic principal cenlr.'s (d' thoueht and aitivily, with scii'iilirn' ami literary societies starling up everywhere, wilh an able and enterpris- ing newspaper press, circnlaliiiii' varied knowledge of nndlers of current and immediate interest, young men now-a-days have opi)ortrinities for becominii' useful citizens which stand out ■n remarkable contrast wilh the ((.ndition of ihings even half a century ago. Still, in ihi- early days of trial aiidstrutigle in this country, there were men of remarkable ability and knowledge, po.ssessed of a thorough i>ractical eompn^hension of the neeessities of the times, and there was always with thtr mass of the people that strony- common sense, so characteristic of Englishmen, which enal)le>; them to tide successfully through diliieulties and crises, and without which no learning or knowledge can realize liTeat results in a country like ours. The men who laid the foundations of our social and polit- ical structure, a goodly edilice, whatever some doubting Canadians may say, were men ON POLITFOAL sniHNCK IS who Ihouf^'ht. dcoply i\ii iiere is this: lliat we ean learn nuieh froni the examples of llie men. who have preceded us, in studying the soeial and political develoj.ment of Canada. We sliould do well to emulate their patience and perseverance amid whal seemed at times insurmountahle ohstacles, as well as their iiisiglit into the safest maxims on wliicli to rest ci\ il lihrity and local government. [icl me here utter a wurninu' against mere shallowness. To nnisler one good work al a lime, lo Ije ahle to understand its teachings, and apply them lo tji- conditions of tlu! preseni and to the exigency that may arise at any moment, shouM he the aim of every sludeul of Political Science. The teudi'iicy in ,>ome uui\ ersities as in the puhlic schools, I am inclined to think, is lo overhurden the sludeul with work, instead of giving him opportunities lor (hvotinu' hinisidf to Ihuse particular studies lor which iiis inclinations and ahilities lit him. I do not know tiiat it is best for a country like this to have too many sui)eriiciai Crichlons. I should theiefore liope that all persons who wish lo lake up a course of I'olitical Science in additifm to those studies wliich are necessary for men- ial discipline and to HI them for theii- respective vocations, will not look upon it as a mere pastinii', as (|uito subsidiary to I tiler things, but will l)riug to il the perseverance, diligence and interest wliich will euable tjieui iti master its true teachings and make il an invaluable aid to them in the i)racli<"il imrsuits of their lives. In no department of study is there more daiiii'cr of beiiiu' deceived and carried away by dangerims theories and didirsive ideas tiian that wliiili leads us to consider political soi la! and ecdiKiiuic problems. In attemiiting lo lay dee[) and liini ihe foundations of governiueiit and soiiety in the Dominion — for remember we are at the basis as yet of our national struiluri' — our rulers and thinkers must cari'fully study the systems of other countries, for there is always much to lean. Iimii them ; and by no other country are we likely lo be more iiiilueiiced by r<'ason of language and origin and ni'ighh'^rhood than by the remarkable nation alongside of Canada ; but we must be careful not to be deluded by the glamour of republicanism or the social tendencies of purely denioeratic conditions, and to level those old landmarks which can best lead us in Ihe direction of true .social happiness and national greatness. It is well to haxc > oiiservative tendencie.s — I mean "conservative" in ihe true sense and not in Ihe elastic political meaning of the word — and not adopt new ideas and opinions simply because they are new. Let us, above all, remember that the Social and I'olitiea I Sciences are inseparably allied, that the laws ol" the one inllueiiee the laivs of Ihe other: and that laxity of morals in society must tend to lower the p(dilical i(in.t us in moulding ami perlrcting- our own institutions. There is no institution or law that we may adopt, lliat will no| have some ell'ect upon our social and and polilical developmeut. In conclusion. 1 can only say we h;ive much to look forward to in tliis cv the hcsl experien< c of other [)coi les, and in a\oiding the ((uicksands into which indiscreet politiiians and dangerous llieorists would ever and anon push Canada. Twenty-two years havi' i)asse future. We have achieved Oiis success ihrouuh tlie exertions of two races, dill'erent in laimuaee, jn rcliiiion. and in certain institutions. Imt e(|ually allied hy tile ties of a common interest. The one can gain nnich Irom t he otlnr : I lie eni'ruy, ihi' common sense and the forhearance characteristic oi I'-nuiislnnen, can well he associated with the brilliancy, the ardour, and the v^aneuine tempi rameiit of the I'reiieh race. ]{at whatt'Acr may l)c their j)oints fd' dili'erence. a study of institutions will teach them lioth to vidue the great principles and iiKixim> on wiiii li rest the foundations of English liberty, and which illustrate the pages of I'higlaml's iiohlest history; and it is from the lovi' (d' her piiiple for liome and social imrity, from their assertion of free liioughl and free speech, and from their ciicouraii'cnHMit of political morality, above ail otln^r things, that Canadians can b.'.-t ii'ather line in>)iiratioii and >ouiid example, which will enable tliem to steer the ship of state iiMo a haven when> it will rest secure from the storms that ever threaten its safety. " Sail on. O Slii|. cl' State? Sail III), (I I'lii.iii, .slreiijj ami '.'ivat ! Ilaiiiaiiily, ^^illl all itti I'cais With all tlio li(i|ios of future ycni.s, Is lianyin'.' lircallilcsH on tliy tale. War uet i>a"!i stulileii seuml auil sliin'l<, "I'is nf tlie wave ami ant the reck ; "I'i.s Imt tlio llajipiiii,' efllii' sail, \ii(' net a rmit luaile by tliii Ltale! in .sjiito nf rtiik anil temiic-it's roar, In .spite of false li}.'ht.4 on tlio slioiv, Sail on, nor foar to broast tin; sva ! Onr lioart.s, our hopes, our prayor.s, omi tears, Oiu' faith triumphant oVr our fears, .\rc all with thee,— are all with tlic((." '