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 1 
 
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In the 
 
 Saskatchewan 
 
 Countrv). 
 
 k\\;i 
 
 Pacts about the 
 Wheat Growing, 
 Cattle liaising 
 and /Wixed Farming 
 
 of the 
 
 Great Fertile ^^'t. 
 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 '^ V>' 
 
 
 Compiled 
 
 
 
 Of Saskatchewan, 
 
 Northwest Territories 
 
 under the o 
 
 uthoritj; of the 
 
 
 of Canada. 
 
 Ducl< L;al<e 
 
 
 
 
 ••• 
 
 if\gricultural Society. 
 
 
 Illustrated 
 
 and Described. 
 
 
 
 
 WINNIPEG: 
 
 
 
 Printed b^ 
 
 Acton 
 
 l^urroivs, at The Western 
 1893. 
 
 World Office. 
 

 
 
 
 „ 
 
 • 1^ 
 
 A TVPICikL NORTH WEST FARM.— (From a photograph). 
 
 •*•-.«. 
 
 A FARM SCENE ON THE NORTH SASKATCHEWAN — (Prom a photograph). 
 
The Fertile Saskatchewan Countrj, 
 
 Kntcred uccording lo Act of Parliament urcniiadu, in the year Wy:i, by Acton, IJurrows, at the Department of Agriculture. v'^I--'-'''^^^\'^*^ ' " 
 
 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORIES. 
 
 The Duck Lake District. 
 
 'Compiled by Authority of the Duck Lake A^ii 
 ciilliiral Society. 
 
 No doubt the uauie of Duck I.akc is .nlready 
 known to a great many of the readers of this 
 article, it having been a trading post for years in 
 the early history of Saskatchewan and l)eing close 
 to the old historic I'ort Carlton. I'urther on in 
 these pages the advantages of the district are 
 pointed out by practical men who have made it 
 their home. 
 
 Anyone desiring any information on these.or other 
 points would do well to write him. The addresses 
 of other reUable parties to gain information from 
 and their postal addresses are given on another page. 
 There is room for thousands of families in t: e 
 Duck Lake district, lands are free, and there are 
 no taxes to burden them. No matter what their 
 nationality may be, I^nglish, Irish, Scotch, Cana- 
 dian or any other, they will find friends and 
 countrymen to greet them on arrival who will do 
 their utmost to help them to begin life here. The 
 Ilritish emigrant would do well to bear in mind the 
 advice conveyed by Mr. I'rton's notes on that par- 
 ticular subject. The land system is fully described 
 in another column. Those anxious t'.) know some- 
 thing of the school system will be benefitted by 
 reading what Mr. Tynuns says on the subject. 'Jile 
 
 A report of delegates from the State of Michigan, 
 r.S. A., who visited and inspected this district last 
 summer, is also given, A great influx of settlers 
 from tliis state will come to Duck Lake during this 
 year. They are being driven from their own coun- 
 try by poor crops, small farms, high taxation, and 
 nniny other burdens which bear heavily on the 
 poor farmer, to seek for themselves homes in this 
 great North ^Vest where they can have free farms 
 of ItlO acres, with no taxation except what they 
 impose on themselves for support of schools. And 
 as one of them remarked when being doiven round 
 thecounlry, "This is good enough forme. Icansee 
 without going farther that a man can earn a good 
 living here if he is willing to work. " 
 
 As for the sportsman he will see further on that 
 this is a regular paradise for those who care for 
 
 
 .oW>>i 
 
 v\ 
 
 One of the writers, Mr. Hillyard Mitcliell, is an ' 
 Rnglishnian who haslived in the Nortli-Wist sunie 
 20 years and j)robal>ly knows more about the early 
 history of Saskatchewan than anyone else in the 
 Territories. He is the member of the Legislative ; 
 Assembly for the district. 
 
 Capt. \Vm. ^-lig is a Scotchman, who has 
 farmed successfully in this district for 10 years. .\s 
 he is a thoroughly educated man and a good prac- 
 tical farmer, anvono seekitig inform.'ition as to 
 agricultural capabiUtics of the district will do well 
 to write him. 
 
 Mr. W. S. I'rton is an I jiglisbman who has made 
 this country his home and has been successful. 
 
 Dr. A. 1). Stewart is Secretary to the Duck Lake 
 Immigration Committee, and always takes an 
 active part in looking after new settlers, and assist- 
 ing them in finding places to locate. lie is 
 thoroughly acc|uainteil with the system of survey 
 and knows all partsof the district thoroughly, as to 
 vacant lands, character of soil, wood, water, &e. 
 
 llir.llI..\Nl) (.WTTI.I-: WlNTl-KINC, .-VT DICK r..\Ki:. 
 
 is an ICnglisbnian who has lived here a number of 
 years. The original notes given l)y Messrs. Ciibert 
 Carter, and Ilcnry Kelly, Canadian farmers, show 
 what tliev are doing in the Duck Lake dislriii. 
 
 The difl'erent scUlenients already cslalilished in 
 the Duck Lake district are dcscril)cd briclly. so 
 that a new comer may expect to find himself not 
 alone on the prairie unless he chooses. Settlers 
 with capital and those whose means will only 
 enable lliein to make a start in the new country, 
 will find tiiites <ni the following pages which will 
 be interesting to them, showing that this is the 
 country for both, the only dilTcrence being that the 
 operations of the capitalist may be more extensive 
 at first than those of settlers of less means. As to 
 climate full particulars are given from which per- 
 sons can learn what they may cxjjcct to find in 
 each month. The months are compared one with 
 the other to show that there are not here the 
 sudden climatic changes of many other parts of 
 Canada and the northern states of the Union. 
 
 sjiort and can take the time to have a good outing, 
 while as to small game during the season the 
 settler keeps his house supplied without having to 
 move off his own property. The culture of fruits 
 is dealt with by a practical writer who gives the 
 varieties of native fruits abounding in every part 
 of the district free for all. 
 
 The illustrations, with the exception of the last, 
 are all from original photographs of places in the 
 district, taken in winter, by a resident. The views 
 of Mr. Mitchell's house and of his cattle taken at 
 his ranch, give an idea of how comfortable a settler 
 can make himself in this country. The photograph 
 of the cattle, a portion of Mr. Mitchell's herd, was 
 taken while they were feeding, showing what 
 shelter they have and how they are fed. Mr. 
 Mitchell's ranch is also illustrated by a sketch 
 made in summer which shows the change from a 
 winter scene. 
 
 The view of Capt. Craig's house and buildings, 
 with some of his cattle, but poorly represent* the 
 
THE FERTILE SASKATCHEWAN COUNTRY. 
 
 beautiful farm he has. Everything about the place 
 is new as he has only been on it a year. It will be 
 much changed in a year or two. Vieforc moving to 
 it he farnieil in the Northern port of the Saskatch- 
 ewan, but being greatly struck with the L)uck 
 Lake district he nas settled permanently iu it. He 
 and his sons farm from 300 to 400 acrc.4 and intend 
 going into it even more extensively, ns they own 
 upwards of 1,000 acres. 
 
 One of the illustrations represents a number of 
 settlers arriving at the Canadian Pacific Railway 
 station with wheat for shipment. The marketing 
 of grain is often left till winter, as the farmers have 
 more time to spare then than in the busy times of 
 harvest, threshing, &c. Another of the illustrations 
 shows the advancement of one of the Indian 
 settlers, giving his old house which he lived in for 
 ■ number of years as well as his new one which is 
 well furnished and.comfortable. 
 
 A Pioneer's Views. 
 By HillyarJ Mitchell. Af. I.. A. 
 
 Duck Lake is situated in township 44, range 
 2, west of the 3rd meri<lan. Dominion Land Sur- 
 vey, between the north Saskatchewan and the 
 south Saskatchewan rivers, being about miles 
 from the south Saskatchewan and \- miles from i 
 the north Saskatchewan. It is in the centre of one > 
 of the best fanning districts in the North West 
 Territories, including an area of some 0000 s(juare 
 miles. 
 
 The soil is generally a black sandy loam, vary- 
 ing iu depth and with a clay or sand subsoil. 
 The soil is not sticky, and is very easily 
 worked and it possesses all the food that the 
 wheat plant re<iuires for its successful growth. 
 The district is well watered by the two Saskatche- 
 wan rivets already named, the banks of which are 
 heavily timbered, and by numerous and large 
 lakes, also a number of creeks and small running 
 streams. The surface varies from a gently undida- 
 tiug to a high rolling prairie, and is dotted with 
 blnns of timber. All kinds of grain and roots can 
 be successfully grown, particularly wheat, but it is 
 generally conceded that mixed fanning pays best. 
 That portion of the district between the two 
 Saskatchewan rivers, and all south of the north , 
 Saskatchewan, is b st a.'.apled for grain growing, 
 but a great deal answers well for mixed fanning. 
 The parts best adapted for ranching are north of 
 the north Saskatchewan, where bay is plentiful.' 
 Timber for fuel and fencing is plentiful iu all parts 
 of the district, consisting chiefly of poplars, whilst 
 fir, spnice, tamarac, jack pine and oilier timber 
 can be obtained at easy distance for the settler in 
 any part of the district for building purposes. 
 
 ilorses do well wintering out, sell-fed on grass 
 and self-watered on snow, the short Iniffalo grass 
 being most nulritous, and thus en.abks horses not 
 only to keep tlieircoudition, but to come out fat in 
 the'spring. Cattle have to be fed bay or straw, 3 
 or four months during winter, but it is not necess- 
 ary to stable them. .\11 breeds of cattle do well, I 
 believe Aberdeen Tolled .\ngus and West High- 
 landers are the hardiest and thrive best. All breeds 
 of horses do well and the same may be said of 
 sheep, and there is never any loss on account of 
 the region or the climate, which I consider the best 
 all around climate in the world, very luiiUhy and 
 agreeable. We are not troubled with blizwirds, 
 and the settlers' every day work is not deterred by 
 >.')''l. Owing to the drvness of the atniospliere, 
 cloudless sky and sunshine almost continually dur- 
 ing winter, the cold is not felt as much as in a 
 damp climate. We sometimes have s^vire cold, 
 but only for a few days, and some winters we do 
 not have any severe weather. The snoi-. varies in 
 depth from one to two feet. The summer is not 
 disagreeably hot, and sunshine predominates ; the 
 nights are always cool. 
 
 The yu'.Appe'Ue, Long Lake & Saskatchewan 
 Railway, which is operated as a branch of the C. 1'. 
 R., runs through the centre of the di.slrict, the 
 principal towns and settlements on the line being 
 Saskatoon, Ro.^lherii, Duck Lake and Willoughby. 
 Saskatoon occupies a commanding site on the banks 
 of the Soutli Saskatchewan where the railway 
 crosses that river and is the heailcjuarters for the 
 Temperance Colonization Company. Duck Lake 
 is a town of about the same size. Rostlieni is a 
 settlement of about 00 families of C.erman Mennon- 
 ites, who are the advance guard of a large number 
 of most desirable settlers. Willougjiby is a station 
 
 in the centre of a prosperous and well advanced 
 farming community. 
 
 There are vacant lands in Alberta and every 
 township in the district, bnt the land near the rail- 
 way is being rapidly taken up. Schools are suffi- 
 ciently numerous to be within reasonable distance 
 of children's homes, and education of a sound 
 nature is provided. There are no municipalities in 
 the district and the only taxes levied are for the 
 support of schools, which average about 8 mills on 
 the dollar. The roads as a rule are naturally good, 
 owing to the nature of the soil, and the government 
 grants are sufficiently libeml to provide for bridges, 
 grading and repair Where required. There are 
 churches in various parts of the district, and also a 
 number of visiting clergymen where there are no 
 churches. I'ostaland telegraphic communication 
 are sufficient for present requirements. 
 
 We have abundance of game all through the 
 di.strict and both .Saskatchewan rivers are teeming 
 with fish, as also are inauy of the lakes. Agricul- 
 tural implements can be had at reasonable prices 
 from the Massey-IIarris Co., who have their head- 
 quarters at Duck Lake, and the settler can get 
 every re(|uirement at prices that will compare fav- 
 orably with other parts. 
 
 Farming in Duck Lake District. 
 By Capt. Wm. Craig. 
 
 There is a large and important class of settlers 
 whom it is desired to attrtict towards the Saskatch- 
 ewan country, those practical farmers, namely, in 
 the eastern provinces of Canada, in the United 
 States and in the old countries of luirope, who are 
 looking out for new locations, where their skill, 
 industry and capital will meet with an ailequate 
 return, and where they may safely expect to attain 
 that comfort and iiulependence which have not 
 always rewarde<l their labors hitherto. It is for 
 the instruction of this class in particular that this 
 article is specially intended. It has therefore been 
 considered advisable to throw together a few re- 
 marks on the conditions and prosjjects of the 
 farming industry in this disti 1. 1, the information 
 sought to be conveyed l)eiiig derived solely from 
 personal experience and observation. This, it is 
 lioped, will ill some measure enable practical men 
 to judge for themselves and to draw safe conclu- 
 sions as to the resources and capabilities of Duck 
 Lake us farming country. 
 
 Tb' jgraphical and physical features and 
 
 cli ^.lulitions being described elsewhere, it 
 
 is o cessary to s;iy here in passing, that, from 
 
 a fan . s point of view, the district will compare 
 favorably, as regards situation, soil and climate, 
 w ilh any area of similar extent in the North West. 
 Lying in the richest part of the h'ertile belt and 
 within easy reach of Hudson's Bay, the great tr.ide 
 route of the future, and to which it is confidently 
 expected the railway which now traverses the dis- 
 trict will soon be extended, it li.as the further 
 .advantage of being intersected by the North ami 
 .South .S.'iskatchewan rivers, flowing from the 
 Rocky Mountains through pine forests, coal-fields 
 and immense tracts of grazing anil fanning lands. 
 It has also, by tbe.se rivers, direct conncclion with 
 Grand Rapids, near Lake Winnijieg, where the 
 first railway to Hudson's liay is likely to cross the 
 main .Saskatchewan, the enormous water-power of 
 which, when utilized for economic puqioses, will 
 be a powerful factor in the development of the 
 whole country. Its geographical siiuation is there- 
 f(jre peculiarly favorable, and besides it possesses 
 the uncomnion advantage of lieiiig located in the 
 region where the forest country of the north and 
 the treeUss plains of the south come tojjether 
 and it thus embraces within its bounds a variety of 
 soils suitable for every branch of fanning. In 
 short, whether a settler desires to follow ranching, 
 on a moderate scale, stock-raising in any line, 
 dairying, agriculture proper or mixed farming, he 
 can here find land and other facilities exactly 
 suited to his wants and wishes. Roughly speaking, 
 the northern portion of that part of i)uck Lake 
 district which lies between the rivers is well 
 ■adapted for grazing and the southern i)ortion for 
 cultivation, while the interine<liate division, as 
 well as the gre.at stretches of virgin country south 
 of the .South Iliaiich and north of the North Branch 
 are admirably suited for mixed farming. The 
 clim.ate does not materially difl'er from the rest of 
 the .Saskatchewan valley. The summer is pleasant 
 and the winter, though long and uo doubt severe 
 
 at times, is dry, free from sudden, excessive changes 
 of temperature and very healthy for both man and 
 beast. Experience has proved this beyond a doubt. 
 Whatever the causes may be and however explain- 
 able scientifically, the fact may safely be relied on 
 and it is a fact the importance of which can hardly 
 be exaggerated, for of what value are all other 
 material advantages i*' """d health is wanting? 
 There is also "" •'ninier cyclone 
 
 and winter .^^ard, which frequ... "" play such 
 havoc in the true prairie regions south oi ,.'. - inter- 
 national border, and this too is a feature that 
 should be borne in mind by careful and prudent 
 settlers. 
 
 Farming in all its branches has been carried on 
 in this district for a goo<l many years and its capa- 
 bilities have therefore been thoroughly tested and 
 proved. The pioneer settlers were chiefly Trench 
 and English-speaking natives, with a percentage 
 from the older provinces and other countries, but 
 since the railway was completed tlicre has been an 
 influx of the latter classes. This spring many 
 more immigrants will doubtless locate, as the dis- 
 trict was visited during the summer and fall of last 
 year by numerous fanners' delegates, who were 
 uniformly pleased with the country, its produce 
 and its prospects. Farming is conducted under 
 natural conditions very similar to those that pre- 
 vail throughout the greater part of Manitoba, but 
 although wheat is a main crop with the majority, 
 mixed farming is the universal custom, having 
 been found to be more suitable, reliable and profit- 
 able than the growing of grain exclusively. All 
 kinds of live stock are raised in considerable num- 
 bers, easily and cheaply. 
 
 Regarding horses, it may be said that, numeri- 
 cally, the native ponies are still the principal class, 
 but horses of a better grade are now being raised 
 successfully, though this branch of the industry 
 will bear much future development. The native 
 horse is hardy and requires little care or attention. 
 The past winter was more severe ond the snow 
 deeper than for at least 10 years previously, and 
 vet bands of these horses liave been running at 
 large all winter, pawing for their living, and are to 
 be seen in wonderfully good condition. Indeed so 
 highly is this particular di.strict thought of as a 
 wintering giound that numbers of settlers from a 
 distance havt been in the habit of bringing their 
 spare horses here year after year and leaving them 
 to their own resources for the winter. Even the 
 be.ter gracUs of horses bred in the country will 
 P'.w, if allowed to run out, but good animals 
 tequirc good treatment and it will always be found 
 more profitable to have them comfortably housed 
 and well cared for in winter and this remark is 
 more especially applicable to horses imported 
 from the east. 
 
 Cattle are largely bred and asgoo<l animals are to 
 •be seen here as any in the country. Mr. Hillyard Mit- 
 chell, M.L..\., has the largest ranch in the district 
 and has shown great enterprise, as well as sound 
 judgment, in importing tliorouglibred animals of 
 various breeds, notably Tolled .Angus and the pic- 
 turcsciue Kyloesor West Highlanders. Both these 
 breeds, the importe<l stock and their produce also, 
 have been found to ilo remarkably well liere and 
 they are always to be .seen in the pink of good con- 
 dition, though as a rule they are never housed 
 summer or winter. In winter, however, all cattle 
 require to be fed more or less, as owing to the 
 greater depth of snow, tin y c.iunot " rustle " here 
 for their living as they are said to do on the Alber- 
 ta ranches. Where shelter is available, cattle, es- 
 pecially yoi'ng stock, will winter quite well round 
 the straw piles and continue in good condition, 
 still it is always safer and more economical in the 
 long run to have them housed during the very 
 coldest weather. Although the country cow is 
 still in evidence everysvliere, there are now many 
 nioilerate sized herils of grade animals, cliiefly 
 from crossing with the Shorthorn, but, as in the 
 case of horses, so here, there is considerable room 
 for further improvement. .\t present cattle are 
 reared chiefly for beef and as a well bred steer can 
 be raiseil just as economically as a scrub and with 
 much better result, there is a universal desire for 
 improvement in this line, hs a nde all cattle alike 
 are fed in summer only on the natural pasture, 
 which is rich and abundant, and in winter on 
 natural hiiy and on straw. There is little or no 
 grain fed and roots are but sparingly used. Soiling 
 and stall feeding may be said to be practically un- 
 known, although, where tried experimentally, the 
 result has been very favorable. Besides supplying 
 local wants, there is always a sufficient export de- 
 maiul for all the good two and three-year old 
 . steers that can be produced, and at remunerative 
 
 r 
 
THE FERTILE SASKATCHEWAN COUNTRY. 
 
 
 ^., 
 
 
 ■'^< 
 
 • ;r "t^^^'^'^^^-i^-^'*-* 
 
 
 AN INDIANS IIOMKSTKAD, NEAR DUCK LAKE. 
 
 prices, the cost of production being small. In this 
 branch there is ample room for extension and no 
 danger whatever of over-stocking the iiinrkct. 
 Dairying has been conducted hitherto in private 
 dairies only, consequently on a comparatively 
 small scale. Cheese is scarcely made for sale and 
 butter only in moderate quantity. Owing to the 
 richness of the pastures already referred to and the 
 abundance of pure water, butler of the finest qual- 
 ity is made, where proper methods are followed 
 and the necessary care and cleanliness exercised, 
 showing what might be done under the creamery 
 system if it could be introduced. At present, how- 
 ever, owing to the sparseness of the population, 
 this cannot be accomplished, and this branch of 
 the farming industry must be relegated to the 
 future. 
 
 Although the sheep industry may be said to be 
 still in its infancy, small flocks are kept by many 
 of the settlers, and Mr. Dichl and Mr. Carter have 
 made a speci.ilty of sheep farming for six or seven 
 years. Ilotli have been quite successful, and judg- 
 ing, not only from their exi>crleiice, but from that 
 of other flockma.stcrs in the Saskatchewan Valley, 
 nothing is more certain than that this branch is a 
 safe and paying one. Little feed is required in the 
 winter and close stables are hurtful rather than 
 beneficial. The Leicester, Shropshire, Southdown 
 and Merino gr.iilcs have been introduced, and all 
 succeed well and multiply rapidly. Disease is al- 
 most unknown, the mutton is of the finest qu.ility 
 and the fleeces heavy. The prairie wolf is a n.itii- 
 ral enemy of the sheep, but with ordinary care the 
 loss from this or any other cause is insignificant. 
 
 I'igs are raisc<l universally and yet not in great 
 numbers, for there is not yet any curing cst.ililish- 
 meut in the district or within any re.isonablc dis- 
 tance, and the consequence is that large (pianlitics 
 of bacon are imported every year. This ought not 
 to be the case anil it is hoped a packery may be 
 started in the near future, which would encinirage 
 the industry and ultimately be able to supply both 
 the home and export m.irkcts with lirstclas.; 
 bacon. Owing to the ease with which coarse 
 grains, peas and roots are grown, pigs can be 
 raised very economically. Thetc iloes not sceni to 
 lie any marked ditTerence in the feeding values of 
 wheat, oats or barley, weight for weight, and 
 although there is a constant (low of literature in 
 the stock journals about methods of feeding, there 
 is really, so far at least as this country is concerned, 
 no mystery in the matter at all. Coinmou sense 
 and a little practical experience supply all the 
 information requisite and it is the simplest matter 
 in the world to raise pigs here yielding the finest 
 pork, safely and cheaply enough, both summer 
 and winter. 
 
 With respect to agriculture, it may be stated that 
 l^rain and roots of all kinds have been grown con- 
 tinuously since the first settlement of the district 
 and there is now nothing problematical about the 
 success of this branch of the farming industry. As 
 mentioned before, there is a variety of soil, which 
 ranges from the deep heavy loam, bearing in its 
 natural state a luxuriant growth of hay and pea- 
 vine, to the light sandy loam carrying the shorter 
 and harder grasses of the praine. It is necessary 
 to vary crop and culture accordinglv, and so all 
 skillful farmers do. It is not claimed and should 
 not be expected that any kind of seed, thrown into 
 any kind of soil, worked in a careless and slovenly 
 manner, will yield a good return. Good farming 
 is here exactly what it is elsewhere and under 
 ordinary conditions of weather, proper adaptation 
 of seed to soil and skillful cultura, an adequate 
 ntiirn may be confidently expected. Wheat is of 
 
 course the most important cereal. Club was the 
 common variety up till the crop of ISHli and old 
 sel'lers say it always yielded well and was hardly 
 ever known to be touched by frost, but with the 
 dry season of 1884 and the " troubles " of IHSo, 
 this variety went out and Red I'yfe, White I'yfe 
 and White Russian became the staples. A few 
 years ago Ladoga was introduced and proved to be 
 an early ripening variety, but as it failed to find 
 favor with the millers, it has practically gone out 
 of cultivation. Red I'yfe is now, here as elsewhere, 
 the prevailing favorite and wheat of this variety, 
 of as fine a sample as anything produced on this 
 continent, has been grown year after year and can 
 be grown every year with but a minimum chance 
 of partial failure. This, though a somewhat 
 sweeping statement, is no exaggeration. The 
 wheat grown here is well known locally to be of 
 the highest grade and when the quantity available 
 for export becomes large enough to attract 
 attention in more distant markets, it will have a 
 name second to none. The few car loads already 
 exported have been very highly thought of. No 
 winter wheat is grown and as regards methods of 
 cultivation there seems to be a consensus of 
 opinion that fall ploughing is bettor than spring 
 ploughing and summer fallow decidedly prefer- 
 able to either. Indeed sonic of the best farmers 
 intend in future to sow wheat on summer fallow 
 only (except of course in the ca,se of new land) 
 cropping one half their laud each year and fallow- 
 ing the other half. This is undouljlcdly an 
 excellent plan, as the seed will alwavs be got in 
 early, the land will be kept clean, it will bear only 
 one crop in two years and the yield per acre will 
 certainly be increasiMl, Of course it will necessitate 
 a larger area being brought under the plougli. The 
 i)rcss-drill .seeder has notyet come into general use, 
 f)ut it is well adapted to niucli of the land and 
 probably the best field of wheat in the district last 
 year was to be seen on the fine farm of Mr, Kelly, 
 close to Duck Lake vill.age, seedeil ill this way. 
 
 The climah; conditions are highly favorable to 
 agriculture. There has been iu the history of the 
 district an occasioii.il wet or dry season, but mark- 
 ed deviations from the uorni.il condition of a ilesir- 
 able inediuin as regards tenipera'.urc and r.iiiifall 
 are exceptional. Regarding fall frost, it has been 
 marketl that careful ob,servatioii here, compared 
 
 with reliable data from other localities, leadi to 
 the conviction that in no degree is this dis- 
 trict worse off on an average than Manitoba and 
 the North Western States of the Union. With the 
 single exception of the year 1HS7, there has been 
 no appreciable damage from frost within vhe last 
 10 years, and as no wheat growing country is free 
 from fluctuations of some kind, I am not sure that 
 a better record can be shown anywhere. It is be- 
 lieved that with more general settlement and pro- 
 gressive rgricultnral methods, injury from frost 
 will be greatly les.sencd, if not entirely obviated. 
 
 After A 'hat has been said about wheat, it is not 
 necessary to say much about the other grains, ex- 
 cep' 'hat they are grown here just as successfully 
 as eh .where. Oata, black and white, are grown all 
 over the district, chiefly for local consumption. 
 Oat straw, especially if the crop has been cut a 
 little on the green side, is valuable for winter fod- 
 der, and both horses and cattle will thrive upon it. 
 Wheat and barky straw are also fed to cattle. The 
 common four-rowed barley has been mostly grown, 
 and two-rowed has been tried experimentally with 
 good results. The average yield of grain per acre 
 13 necessariUy something of a guess, as there is no 
 reliable means of obtaining crop statistics for the 
 whole district. With this explanation, it may be 
 said, a fair acreage is considered to l)e 20 to 30 
 bushels for wheat, 40 to (iO for oats and 30 to 50 for 
 barley. I'eos do very well, but only a siiiall acre- 
 age is grown. Tinioihy is the only cultivated hay 
 that has been tried as a crop, and where the soil is 
 suitable, that is to say where not too dry, it suc- 
 ceeds well. Potatoes yield heavy crops of finest 
 quality, and all kinds of fielil roots give great re- 
 turns. Although swedes, mangolds and carrots 
 are as yet only cultivated on a limited scale, they 
 are all found to be heavy croppers, while for vege- 
 tables and all garden produce the district cannot 
 be excelled. 
 
 The greatest drawback the Saskatchewan farmer 
 li.as to coiitenil with at present is distance from the 
 ni.arkct. the long land carriage and consequent 
 high rate of freight. This has been brought home 
 to him more pointedly than before, since the price 
 of wheat in Britain, which rules the world's quota- 
 tions, has fallen lower than ever, and now standi 
 at a figure heretofore unheard of. It is well known 
 that land carriage costs in comparison with ocean 
 freight sojnething like 12 to one. The great desid- 
 eratum therefore for this district, in common with 
 the rest of the Northwest Territories, is the speedy 
 o])eiiiiig of the Hudson's Hay route, which will 
 bring us as near Brit.iin, the great open market for 
 this continent, iu cost of freight, as any country in 
 the world exporting agricultural pro<lucc. Were 
 this route once an .icconiplished fact, the impetus 
 to agriculture thereby given would be incalculable 
 and tlic fertile belt would ([uickly be occupied by 
 tens of tlioHsands of tlirising families. 
 
 The Supply of Wood and Water. 
 
 This is a question of vital importance in any 
 farming country. .As to wood for fuel there is any 
 amount in .any part of the Duck Lake district ; the 
 dilTerent woods found here, are poi)lar, willow, 
 si>ruce, tamarac, fir or jack pine, birch, ash and 
 tile sol^t maple. Poplar is found auywhere on the 
 
 WtiiboM 
 
 "'■ '■"■ • ■' ' ■ ■\\ ■lwtv'.','!-H'«*'''".*r. .i%:''^~^Jr,j'— ..,.~^, ,^*; ■ ■*»>/- 
 
 < ''»'■ t.iarw:v 
 
 .'* • 
 
 ■^^ ..■!'**"■■'",-" ■■". 
 
 >0^" »■•■•'"-..,, 
 
 NiiitSH W<>«".i 
 
 PAKMBltS MAHKEVINU GRAIN Al' DUCK LAKK. 
 
rf 
 
 
 V^^; 
 
 -^Pt 
 
 ••J^'TW 
 
 THK FKRTILK SASKATCHF.WAN COUNTRY. 
 
 prairie, two varieties are iioticnl, the white ami 
 tilack, mill timber for tiiiihliiiK purposes miil feiir- 
 iiiK can lie Beiurecl from hoth, all aloiij! the rivers 
 ami on the riilfjes and in ciinkes. Tor other 
 ami more durable limber the settler has only to ^o 
 eight miles from Duck Lake station, north, whe'i 
 lie comes to the ^re.it timber bell, where there is an 
 unlimited quaiititv of spruce, fir, birch ami 
 t:imarac. Poplar bein){ the easiest to ^et ,it is 
 peiierally used for fuel in the winter. MiIiouhIi 
 nnrninij away quickly it makes a ^'ood lire, 
 and when the dry is mixed with the Kreen wonci 
 it lasts well, keeping up fire in a giiod bii\ 
 stove all ni);ht. fhe other varieties are used 
 chiefiv for tinilier, a f,K,\\ ciuantity also beinn 
 manufactured into lumber and sliiiinlesat the mills 
 in Prince Albert and Muskeg I^ake. As to fuel, 
 although the supjily of wood is unlimiteil, yet the 
 people look forward to the opening; up of the coal 
 mines, now existing on the banks of the north 
 Sask.itchcwan, and which will be working; in the 
 near future, when coal will be supplied at a small 
 cost. 
 
 Abundance of water, which is both wholesome 
 and pure, can be secured any where by di(,'>;in),' 
 wells from 10 to l^■)•feet deep. The iniicli talked of 
 alkali is not bciiiK found in well water to any ex- 
 tent in any p.art of district, and even where it is 
 found it is not injurious to liealtli, rather the con- 
 trary. It is found in some of the surface ponds 
 or sloughs in all parts of .Manitoba ami the North- 
 west, and has been iiuicli talked of by people who 
 are ijjniirant of what it is. The generally found 
 alkaline Siilt is sulphate of niagne 'a, which is 
 nothiiiK more or less, when sold in the chemist's 
 shop, than common or Ivpsnni salts, which in al- 
 most every country people are accustomed ti> take 
 in large doses. Now the small amount of this salt 
 found in any well water would never have any 
 effect on the system ; and the minute quantity ; 
 found in wells in different parts of the country is 
 not worth ineutioning, being not nearly so detri- 
 mental to man or beasts as the water drunk from 
 the old fashioned wells at home. Tnless tliere 
 was a gre.at quantity of this salt in water, it would 
 never be recognized except by a chemical analysis, 
 and by digging wells tn proper depth, no trace of 
 it will be had. In diifcrent parts of the district, 
 running streams, creeks, etc., furnish an unlimited 
 supply for the farm, even without a well, ;is the 
 much talked of fro.st of Canada docs not frcc/e it 
 to the bottom in midwinter, in fact in several parts 
 of the district ninning streams are seen flowing all 
 winter with no ice covering them. 
 
 -•• 
 
 Native Fruits. 
 
 As in other parts of the Sa.skatchewan country. 
 the I) ,ck Lake district has some l.'i v.irieties of 
 native fruits. 10 samples of which have been sent 
 to the World's Columbian I^xposition at Chicago 
 this year with the other exhibits from this district 
 There are the wild strawberry which occurs every- 
 where on the prairies, and raspberries to !)e foiincl 
 in the bin :T n all p.irts. Cherries, three varieties, 
 blue berrie^ r buckle berries, saskatoons, a fruit 
 reseinliling the blueberry, cranberries, two varie- 
 ties high bush and low bush, found in iinniense 
 quantities, gooseberry, resembling nnu'li the culti- 
 vated variety r.nd proilucing a splendid croi) which 
 is increased by cultiv.ition. lilack and red currants 
 are plentiful along :he rivers anil on the banks of 
 lakes, quite equalling the cultivated ones in si/e 
 and llavor. The bnii'alo berry grows on a small 
 tree and resembles the red currant in aiiiiearance 
 and taste. .And another much rescnitiliiig the 
 raspberry, viz : the dewberry, (hving to the great 
 amount of these fruits to be had for the trouble of 
 gathering them fruit culture has not been carrieil 
 on much in the district, although the cultivated 
 species of the above are grown without the least 
 trouble. And no doubt in the near future apples 
 and plums will be grown here as in Clnlario. 
 
 The Climate. 
 
 Tills is one of the most interesting subjects to 
 the intending settler, the much exaggerated 
 stories and illustrations of the Canad:'." winters 
 often frightening good settlers who would other- 
 wise settle here if they had some authentic infor- 
 mation on this matter, or h.ad a chance of visiting 
 the country and seeing for themselves. Winter 
 gradually merges into sjiring during the last half 
 of March and beginning of April ; although snow 
 disappears and warm weather often comes earlier, 
 
 still this is the rule. The thermometer never 
 ranges very low nor do we have much severe frost 
 after the middle of Man h, while in April the 
 farmers are all at work getting ill their crop. Harly 
 in May flowers are seen on the prairie and we may 
 say we have warm we.ither. During these tw 
 moiilhs we have occasional showers of rain, and 1 
 although the days are warm the nights are cool, i 
 Siininier begins about the miildle of May and ex- j 
 lends to the latter part of .September. June ami : 
 July are great growing months, that is to say, the i 
 growth ol everything in the vegetable kingdom | 
 rushes on with great raiiidity, owing to the heal \ 
 and moisture at this time most favorable to growth. 
 As a general tiling there is a great deal of rain in 
 June and in the early part of July, while duiiiig 
 the latter part of this month there is a long spell \ 
 of beautiful warm weather with only occasional 
 showers. The atmosphere is always beautifully 
 clear and one can see with the naked eye for a sur- 
 prising distance. During the last half of July ami 
 early part or till the third week in August fs the i 
 hottest weather, the thermoineter ranging from j 
 r.HUo 811' I'ahienheit, and up to |00' in the sun. i 
 .\ugnsl and .Septenilier are usually dry nionths 
 with a clean and cloudless sky, most suitable 
 weather for the farmer at this season. ; 
 
 We have li.ad, during one or two yu?ars, a verv | 
 slight frost during the last week in .August, wjiich ; 
 has never been so severe as to seriously damage [ 
 crops, excejit some that were sown very l.ile. It is | 
 a usual thing toliave a frost during the'fiisl lOilays < 
 of September, which is r.irely nuticcd. i.l'tcr whiili 
 we may h.ive none until on in October. Sei'tcinbcr 
 is a nioslbeaulilul inonlli for comfort,' being neither i 
 too h.it nor too cold, but kee]iing uboiit ihat genial 
 teinpcratiire which everyone enjoys. .Mtbough in 
 sumnier the days are warm the nights are alw.iys 
 cool, so we never have those stuffy hot nights of 
 1 other climates. October is usually nioie unsettled, 
 often having a week or twii of wet weather, then 
 delightful weather for the rest of the inonlli, clc.ir 
 days, cool nights with frost ocr'asioiially in Ihe 
 first part of the month aid regularly during the 
 last week. This is generally c.illed Indian sumnier 
 althnngh in a late autuinn it often comes in the 
 next inonlli. 
 
 In November the days are still clear but some- 
 what colder, there being a fall of snow probably 
 early in the monlh mel.ing away in a d.iy or two. 
 which lakes the place of r.iiii in hot climates, .\fter 
 this we have dry weather with a few degrees of 
 frost at night, coutiiming uj) to Cliii-.tmas. .\1- 
 though we ii>ually have enough siuiw forsicighing 
 at Christinas, yet the weather is not very cold ami 
 winter may hardly hi said to have set in in eariiot. 
 In Jaiiuarv aiul l-'ebruary we have clear cold 
 weather with occasional fails of snow. The llu r- 
 nioineter ranges in these nionlbs fruiii freezing 
 point to -10 and \'*^ below zero, still evi-ii in the 
 col.li.^i weather it is not disagreeable, owing to the 
 'lr\ iiessof the atniospluTc and the cold is not inr.ch 
 minded, the writer having: often ilriven In and 4.'i 
 miles a day during the la^t 10 years. In March the 
 cold weather is . a thing of the past .and cNeii from 
 the middle of I'ebru.iry in some years no se\-cre 
 weather h.is been experienced anil the snow dis- 
 apjieared early ill March. .As we do not have r.dii 
 fiom the beginning of .November until the latter 
 part ol March the snow is looked upon .as a friend 
 rather than an enemy, t.iking the ]ilace of the 
 rainl.ill in other countries and thoroughly wetting 
 the gronml for the spring seeding. There is no 
 niiiforni depth, as seasons are not all alike in this 
 respect, but taking one year with another it may 
 be said to be fioiii li to Is inches on the level, with 
 a greater depth in tlie binils where it collects. In 
 some years there has been so little snow that 
 cattle have wintereii out as well as horses, while in 
 others, as during this winter, we have about IS 
 inches on the level and .a great depth in any 
 sheltered jilaces where it can gather u]). 
 
 It is seen from the foregoing that our cold 
 weather seldom la.^ts over two monllis or two 
 months and a half, giving us, taking from moder- 
 ate to severe cold weather, three inontiis of winter. 
 It must not be thought lor a moment that this 
 severe cold lasts eoiiliniionsly, as we often, both in 
 January and I'ebruary, have weeks of balmy 
 weather with very liltle cold, and in no year 
 has the cold been iiiiinlerru])teil by these breaks 
 of moderate weather Ihionghont the winter. 
 -♦- - 
 
 Shooting and Fishing. 
 
 Duck Lake is recognized as one of the bcsrshoot- 
 ing grounds in the Territories, fiir both small and 
 
 large game. The prairie chickcnB, n specie* of 
 grouse, arc probably the most common of the small 
 game and can be shot in hundreds anywhere in the 
 ilislricl, even on the buildings in town on a frosty 
 mnrning. They arc exceedingly fine eating and 
 much prized in Manitoba and all over the Territor- 
 ies. The open or shooling season for these birds 
 is from .Sept. Isl to January 1st, four months, but 
 as they do not migrate, the settler who is aiiy- 
 Ihiiig of a shot, can bag enough in November and 
 December to keep him in game for the balance of 
 the winter. Next come wild ducks, of which some 
 ;)0 to 10 varieties are found in abundance on all 
 small lakes, which abound all over the district. 
 These vary in size from the small teal to the mal- 
 lard and fall duck, which equal in sizemany of the 
 largest domestic ducks. The season for shootiuK 
 ducks is from .August I.Mh to M.iy l.'ith. I'liou- 
 sands upon thousands will pass over your head in 
 an evening should you chance to be near some hmly 
 of water. 
 
 Then there is the wild goose, of which there are 
 several varieties, varying in size from the white 
 wavy (pure white) to the large black goose, which 
 is as large as any domestie goose. These birdscol- 
 leit by thousands on various favorite fecdiuK 
 groundsill the vicinity of Duck Lake, and are 
 killed in great numbers both in the spring and au- 
 tuinn. Oth'.r varieties of small game found in 
 abundance are i>artridge i several species), plover, 
 siiii ■, sand hill crane ^several species), hare, rab- 
 bits, and others si>mewh,at rarer. Partridges are 
 found in all the woody parts and in blufl's ; they 
 are not so large as the prairie chicken, but their 
 llesli is delicious, being as while as s.iow. Snipe 
 and [dover of different varieties are found ill ini- 
 iiieii.se niiinbers all over the district. The sand 
 hill crane, the (lesli of wliiili much resembles that 
 of the doniesiic turkey, generally visits the farm- 
 ers grain fields in a morning. This bird is some- 
 what larger than the turkey. The sea.son for shoot- 
 ing it is generally the s,iine as for prairie chicken. 
 
 Cioing further from the selllenieiits, big game is 
 found, deer, several varieties, incliiding black 
 tail, white tail, juni]>iiig deer, red deer, antelope 
 and mo., e. One Duck Lake settler has killed bc- 
 ti cell t«i and liio (leer this sea.son. Ily going still 
 further from settlements, the ambitious hunter mav 
 find soniething more exciiing in the bear, of which 
 there are three or four species, including the small 
 black bear, brown or einnanion .ami the ("rizzly, 
 which l.iller will probably give the hunter all the 
 txcitemeiit he wants, should he show light. How- 
 ever, these are very seldom seen and only in dis- 
 tricts remote from settlements. The country is 
 teeming with foxi-s, cayotes, b.adgers, etc., which 
 would create e\cilleiit sport if hnnl clubs were or- 
 g.inized OccasionalK some of the settlers give 
 Keyn.ird a run with llieir swift bronchos, but as vet 
 tliire is no pack of hoiiiids in the district. There 
 is no eountiy in the world where this sport could 
 be mole enjoyed than hen, with the beautiful 
 prairies for miles before the hunter, and foxistobe 
 found in sonic loc.ablies ever\- li'uidreil y.irds. 
 
 Here also those who an- fond of fishing c.in en- 
 joy tlieinselves to tin ir heart's content. Although 
 the two Saskatchewan rivers, one on either side of 
 the district, are teeming with fish, yet those who 
 call aliord to take a week's holiday in sumnier 
 I onld not do better than . anqt with their families 
 at some of the bcautilid lakes within half a day's 
 drive from Duck Lake, taking their boat or c.inoe 
 and tent with them, trolling lor jiike or perch from 
 the boat, gcttiiii; sport st lilom obt.iined elsewhere. 
 The lisli t'l be found in all large l.ikes, as well asin 
 many of the very small ones, aie chielly pike, 
 l.ercii. whitclisli' and trout, while in running 
 slrcains one gets slnigeon, gold eyes, mullets, etc. 
 The writer would strongly advise all settlers com- 
 ing out from the old eoui'itry to bring their guns, 
 etc., with them, aUbough all sporting gooils can be 
 obtained reasonably here, still if one has them so 
 iiiueli the better. Ivvery accommodation can be 
 given to sportsmen and tourists at the Saskatch- 
 ewan Hotel, Duck Lake, and teams can be fur- 
 nished for those who wish to go to a distance for 
 sport. 
 
 .«. 
 
 The System of Education. 
 
 Hy II'. A'. Tymms, fiincifni of Diuk Lake Public 
 
 Sihool. 
 
 Many who would inqirove their position by 
 emigrating to a new eonntrv may be deterred by 
 an anticipated difficulty fn providing for the 
 
TIIR FRRTII.E SASKATCHFAVAN COTNTRY 
 
 edurntion of tlicir children. Siu-li a (lifTicully, if it 
 existed, would nfTunl Kond ren»oii to n cnrefiil 
 parent for ruinnlninx wliere his ehildriii niljjlit 
 receive nucli cnltiire .hh would enalile them 
 intelligently to work for tlicir livelihood or to en- 
 joy their lenMire time. Itut in the North-West 
 Terrilorieii of Cnnncia, fnr from there beln){ nny 
 want of fncilities for edncntioii, efllcient schools 
 can lie readily cstnhlisheil even in the very smallest 
 settlements ; such schools receive from the North- 
 West Ciovernmeiit aid so liberal that only a small 
 part of the exix-nse falls on the settlers, and the 
 actual workitiK of the school system has hceii so 
 efficient that education is within reach of all. 
 
 To illustrate the case with which a school district 
 can he formed even in a very small settlement, let 
 us suppose the case of half a ilo/.en settlers (say four 
 of them heads of families) in a new district, and 
 within an area not more than five miles lonK liy 
 five broad; the families include 10 children 
 between the a^es of five years and 'J(l years. 
 Naturally the heads of families wish for a school. 
 To obtain this, three of the settlers in ly petition 
 the I.ieutcnant-C.overnor-in-Couniil and, witli his 
 consent— which is ^iven ns a matter of course— 
 these settlers post up notices in a few conspicuous 
 places calliuK a meeting of all who would become 
 ratepiiycrs to the new school ; then, on a favorable 
 vote of a majority present, the .school district is 
 constituted, and three trn.stecs are elected. One of 
 these trustees retire each year so that an election 
 of one new trustee takes place at each annual 
 meeting of the ratepayers. On the trustees so 
 appointed devolves the duty of selecting a school 
 site, contractiuL' to have a school house built i,(ot 
 which, with the rateiiayers' consent, they may 
 borrow the necessary fniids, repayable in a term of 
 years) enK.iKiiiK a teacher, eciuippiuK the school 
 with seats, desks, maps, etc., and, when expedient, 
 JirovidiiiK " suitable library for the school district. 
 They may also require the' teacher tot;ive a certain 
 amount of reli>;i<iiis inslruction. The trustees are 
 also empowered to make such assessments on pro- 
 perty as niav be necessary to defrav expenses. These 
 expenses, however, arc iikelv to be small, since ill 
 the case of the very smallest schools, the N'oith- 
 West Oo.ernmcnt contributes annually while the 
 school Is open, f-2'.U, which iiiav be increased 
 indefinitely with the urowlli of ihe school, the 
 advance of the ]mpils and the c|ualifications of the 
 teacher einployed. In verv luanv cases the 
 (■■overnmenl xraiit airi.nints to 7(1 per cent, of the 
 teachers' salary, the r.itciiaycrs beinn thus charged 
 with only liO percent, of it, but of course in m inv 
 other cases, the aiixietv of the ratepayers to secure 
 adequate edticaliiin for tluir chililreii le.ids them 
 to take a larger part of the burden on their own 
 shoulders. 
 
 The (iovernment exercises a Kcncral supervision 
 
 over these sd Is, to secure their elliciency, a 
 
 I>eparlmeiit of Mducalioii a)lp(lilltiu^' iiis|itctois, 
 whose duty it is to visit each school twice a ■, ear 
 and report on their conduct anil iirojjress. The 
 same Ilepartinent holds examinaliims for leadurs 
 and >!rants tlieiii certificates, witliniit wliiih, tliev 
 are not allowed to teach. The ([n.-ililicilioiis 
 neeiled to pass these examinations .ilre.idv com|),iie 
 favorably with the st.inilarils of OiU.irio'and oilier 
 tilaces and there is a lendency to laise them still 
 IiiKher. .-Mthounh many of our public school 
 teachers have lieeu trained fiir their profession at 
 nornial schools in Ontario or Manitoba, the 
 (■loverninent is gradualy introducing norinal 
 schools i- to the Territories. The results of these 
 arrann' cuts ajipear in the neat school houses 
 which may be seen in every villa)<e and on everv 
 country toad where there is settlenieni, .Nnil 
 these schools will in nio.st cases be found to be 
 well furnished— the olilfiishione<l, strait-backed or 
 uu-backed seats whiidi were the torture of oiir 
 childhood every where discarded— well ecpiipiKMl 
 with maps, black boarils, K'obes and other 
 necessaries, and well taught— this last advantaKe 
 beiUK generally secured by the (laulilications re- 
 quired of teachers, as well as by annual examina- 
 tion of the pupil.s. 
 
 On the successful result of these annual written 
 examinations p/irtly depends the C.overnmcnt 
 Kraiit earned by the school. A reference to the 
 programme of these examinations for two of the 
 standards may give some idea of what is taught in 
 our country schools. Pupils in stamlard ;i, (aRcd 
 from 8 to 11) arc examined in reading, dictation, 
 composition and language, arithmetic, geography 
 and history ; in .stamlard 4, (ages from 10 to 14) 
 pupils arc examined in the same subjects, with the 
 addition of book-keepiiig, drawing, literature and 
 agriculture. The fact that literature is prescribed 
 
 shows that culture is looked for as well is the 
 faculty for earning dollam and cents; ami the 
 addition of agriculture may be referred to to prove 
 that our educators do not educate to turn cbihirens' 
 thiaiglits away from the farm. 
 
 Provision has also been made fiir liigl.jr 
 education by the establishment of high schools in 
 nearly all the centrc/i of -vipnlation ; and in these 
 schools the progranim studies is rather wide, 
 
 including all that is n'li' .illy re(|iiired for univer- 
 sity matriculation. T.i ■ .eacheis of such schoids 
 are reipiired to be university graduates, and pupils 
 are only admitted after passing the sti.-vlard 4 
 examination. There are, too. probably many 
 
 finblic schools whare the high school course would 
 le taught to pupils who passed tl;e necessary 
 standard. There arc, for instance, two schools 
 close to Duck Lake, in either of which the teacher 
 would doubtless be well qualified to undertake 
 high school work. 
 
 It will be seen from this account that our 
 educational system is complete, at least in the two 
 main parts, the public and the high school. 
 .Already, too, there is a ilemand fora I'liivcrsity for 
 the North-West, and its establishment is probably 
 only a matter of time. 
 
 The Cost of Living. 
 
 The newly-arrived settler of course will require 
 to purchase all the provisions for at least a year, 
 after that the.farni will produce the larger iiortion, 
 but the prices of articles which he will always re- 
 
 ing. During thi.s time I have paid special atten- 
 tion to mixed firming, ami latterly specially to 
 f;rain raising. I have now a large number of 
 lorses, anil can give my testimony as to the faiil- 
 ity with which tliey can be raised. The best lioise 
 for this country is produced from the native poiv 
 mare ami an imported general purpose horse. 
 These I have raised successfnlly for years, letting 
 them rustle suninier and winter on the prairie for 
 a living. I have large Canadiin horses which have 
 been living in the same way and doing «cll during 
 the last six or seven years, and still 1 think for a 
 tough and hardy beast, suitable to the country and 
 to the work about the farm here, there is nothing 
 like the cross from the native mare. 
 
 "The cattle which I have found to be the best 
 dairying stock, are Durhain grades ; there is no 
 trouble to raise them and they are better and larger 
 animals than the native .stock. I generally stable 
 mine in winter, but some years, owing to the want 
 of stable room, 1 have let whole herds of them 
 winter initside, withmit shelter of any kind except 
 the bliifrs, and by giving them plenty of good hay 
 and water they came out better in the spring than 
 those which were housed all winter. No matter in 
 what condition animals are turned out of the 
 stables in spring they soon fatten upon the prairie, 
 ten days making a great difi'erence in an animal 
 turneil out iioor in spring. 
 
 " I have found that gooil farming is as necessary 
 here as elsewhere, and pays better in the long run, 
 although a gooil crop is often raised with very little 
 labor. My grain crop for the last two ye.irs will 
 probably give a gooil idea what we can do here 
 from year to year. In IWll I had a splendid yield 
 
 
 
 CAPTAIN CRAIC'S C.ARTIlt.AND I'ARM, NKAR DUCK I.AKK 
 
 (|iiirc to piirchnsc. as given here, will convey some 
 idea of what it will cost to live. The st.iplcs are 
 Hour, which is ••olil at an averaije of *J.4o per 100 
 lbs., or 10 shillings sterling; sugar from ■'< to 7 
 cents a lb. la cent being e<inivaleiit toa li.ill'peiiiiy i; 
 te.i, SO to 1)0 cents a lb., according to quality ; cot- 
 fee, H."i to 4.'i cents a lb. ; oatmeal ur rolled o.ils, 
 which is used largely fur porridge, costs from }:i 
 to ft (ler llHl lbs., or at about 4 cents a lb. for 
 smaller quantities ; curr.iiils and raisins sell at .S to 
 10 cents a lb. In iact most articles of consuniptioii 
 (|o not exceed ICnglisli prices and in fact are gener- 
 ally cheaper. The la-st beef and niutloii can be 
 bought at frinn 7 to 10 cents a lb. ; bacon from 1'.' 
 cents to ICi cents a lb. ; hams from IH to ;;o cents a 
 lb., and .so on in proportion for articles less often 
 reipiircd. 
 
 The avenige price for implements is : breaking 
 |)lo\v. t\S to f i;:; ; stubble plow, .*i;o i.« <JJ ; har- 
 row, fill to f^it; full sized wagon. J70 to .fMl. 
 These are the only implements which will be re- 
 quired to be purchased by the new settler fiir at 
 least one or two years, as he can hire n seeder or 
 drill, also a self binder to reap his crop, at a small 
 cost, from his older established neighbors. 
 
 Testimony from Settlers. 
 
 The following letters are from well known set- 
 tlers in the Duck Lake district. 
 
 Mr. Henry Kelly, Duck bake, says : — " Hav- 
 ing come to this country when very yoiing, and be- 
 ing engaged in other pursuits, it is only during the 
 past (is or seven years that I have pursued iarm- 
 
 of no. 1 Red I'yfe wlic.it, partly on summer-fallow 
 and partly on old land, tile sunimerfalUnv turning 
 out the best and yielding HO bushels to the .acre all 
 round. It ripened early, and was harvested long 
 befiire we had any frost. In IS1I2 I li.ad more sum- 
 iner-f.dlow and a piece of new land in, and the 
 siimnicr-fiillow almost eclipsed the new land as 
 to yield, being over HO bushels to the acre, while 
 the new land would not average (juite .'!0 bushels 
 on the whole. This will show that altliongh new 
 land gives a better yield as a rule, yet suminer-fal- 
 low will be the best method of farming afterwards. 
 .My wheat last year w.is a very bright sample, and 
 gr.aded no. I hard, there being no frost in the dis- 
 trict until very late in the fall, when all grain was 
 thrashed and in the granary." 
 
 .sicci;ssi'ii. sHi-Kr raisi.vc. 
 
 Mr. Gilbert Carter, Carlton, Saskatchewan, says : 
 — " I have been farming in the Duck I.akc district 
 for the i>ast six years. My attention has been de- 
 voted chielly to sheep raising, in fact I think sheep 
 and horses are the most successful stock to rear in 
 this distric*, on account of the small cost of railing 
 them. Sheep reiiuire to be fed from two to four 
 months in each year. .Some years I have not 
 started feeding iii'y sheep till January, while in 
 others I have been able to turn them out on the 
 prairie in I'ebrnary. .Sheep require no stabling in 
 the winter, in fact it is detrinient.al to them to be 
 kept housed. My sheep have the shelter of the 
 bluffs and also open sheds to run into at night 
 when very cold. .Mthongh I live in an isolated 
 part of the district yet I man.age to do away with 
 any prairie wolves which come about the place. 
 I set poison and thus capture them, should they 
 
■ ltllj-lll»« 
 
 THE FERTILR SASKATCHEWAN COUNTRY. 
 
 comr niHiiiiil It nielli, while in the il:iy time tlirre 
 lire nniic to I'l ' n. Tlie ciwt of wiiitcriiiK oluvp 
 imniall, Imy is [.ut ')> «' n ci«l of u lUillar a loii, 
 wliicli will winter MX »ln. | ')r i*.iv i't cents apiii'e 
 for winlirinn. It ri'i|Hiris no tnivre -wil I" Uwk 
 •ftcr l.iiiHi slice)) than it ilcn» fcir oiiwi. Mine rim 
 out wiOi no one looking :iftrr thnn ill summer, 
 coming h<iim- of lliiir own iiiToiil l.r silt. Like 
 all other animals they re<|niret. '>e watrhcil ilurinK 
 the laniliiit^ st'.ison. My lainli'' when foin to five 
 iinniths olcl liriiiK me from fi ii> *.'> e.iili. One 
 Kreat featnre in fivor of sheep firming; is that we 
 ^et two rrops .,s it were each year, i irop of wool 
 mill a crop of lamlis. I slarteil in a small way sinne 
 •ix ^ears a^o having' only \> I.eieeslerH anil 't 
 merinos; now I have a larK'e llmk. Morses, in 
 their own wa\', vnst e\eM less tli.iti sheeji, a8 
 we let whole liamls of them run mi the prairie 
 liotli suininer ami winter, not lia\iii>; to feed 
 them at all, unless we work tlicni, when tlicy 
 lire fell the saim- as anywhere else. 
 
 "Aliout jjr.iin riisiii),,', AlthiuiKli I have ilevoleil 
 my lime espeeially lo sheep vet I ean testify to the 
 exrelli ut crops ol'all cere ils ill the district, haviii); 
 n Koiid yield of a liumlier one s.imple of wheat 
 from year to year mysi'lf .\s this is an ininieiise 
 wheat urow inn country, there is a sjiUiiiliil openiiii; 
 for a j;ooil llmir mill at Duck Lake, there lii'in),; 
 eiKMi^li wheal now nrowii in the vicinity to keep .1 
 lar);e mill rniiniiin iiinlit and day," 
 
 A NAV.vi. 01 1 ici-K's i:xri;Rii:Nci:.. 
 
 Captain C. II, M.iy, late ofllie Koyal Navy, now 
 ranching at S.iskiitoou, Saskatchiwan, says: 
 " .\U1iouk1i I do not k'> 'I'Io jir.iin raisinj; imu li, 
 nrowiiinonly wli,it I rei|iiire (or my own ii~e. I 
 have a lar):e inimher of horses ;iud cattle wliicli 
 incre.ise .lud multiply and k'vc me vi ry little 
 IrouMe. Tlie chtiiate is very healthy and 111 spile 
 of the cold ill winter. I would rather live here lliau 
 in the I lid Cinintry. The sport is ^;ni]il and a man 
 could easily live liy his >;un There is im dnulit ill 
 thia country au npeniuu' I'or anyone who ehooscs to 
 work moderately hard, and does not mind ruu>;li- 
 ing it a little at tirst. Only a small amount of 
 capital is required, as tlie cost of li\in); frugally is 
 very small'" 
 
 HH 
 
 As seen by Delegates. 
 
 I.nst autumn a numher of delegates from Michi- 
 gan, r.S.A. visited ilie S.i^k.itcncwan dintrict for 
 the purpose of seUcliiu; homes for tlieiu^elves .mil 
 reporting "n the i ap.iliilitics 1 •' the district to their 
 fellow -settlers in .Michij;an, l.irge miinlieis of 
 whom are anxious to reiunve to a more favoraMe 
 location than they are now in. These delegates 
 reported as follows : 
 
 .■\t Duck I,akc — one of tlu' most important sta- 
 tions on the Prince .Mlierl Kranch of the C. 1'. K — 
 we were taken in h.iiid hy llu' immij^r.ition com- 
 mittee and were shown some ina>;niruent laud 
 in the imiueili.ite vicinity, as well as in the vicinity 
 of Stony I.;ike. Driviny south from the town we 
 were shown some land open for hoineslendin^;, that 
 was first class in ipiality ; lurtlier on whole sec- 
 tions were to liei.htaiuedof iliu saniel.ind. in which 
 districts we located In homesteads. While iiassinj; 
 throu>;li this district w e examined some of the ^rai 11, 
 v\-hich w.isano. I s,iin,)le in yield and quality. The 
 vc);etat.ks seen on .Mr. Mitchell's ranch could not 
 be beaten in any country. Mr. MilchcU's cattle 
 were seen near the town on the pr.iirie. In the 
 herd were a number of Highland cattle imported 
 from Scotland, which do excejitionally well in 
 this country, livitiK outside ilnriu« the whole win- 
 ter. There is an immense area of Inie country open 
 for settlement here. 
 
 " In the Stony Lake country, we accepted the 
 hospitality of Captain Crai^;, whohasa ma);uificeiit 
 farm. This gentleman j^ave some jiractical infor- 
 mation about the country, Kiviny; the drawbacks as 
 well as the .advant.aj^es. In this district there is a 
 lar^e area open for settlement with plenty of wood 
 and good water. 
 
 " \Vith regard to wood and timber in the Duck 
 Lake district, there is abundance of both, timber 
 being obtained from half a mile to a mile from 
 where we located, wliile spruce and pine could be 
 hauled from the lirs at a distance of 10 to l',i miles, 
 or be bruUKlit down by the railway wliicli passes 
 in the middle of the district 
 
 "KegaiJing the game, everyone is a sportsman, a 
 ^un being found in every house. There are any 
 amount of geese, ducks, chickens, partridge, hare 
 and rabbits, while plenty of moose, jumping deer, 
 hear and other large game are found further from 
 the settlement. 
 
 There are MO potato hugs or other deftnictlve 
 insects In the country," 
 ( Signed 1, 
 
 Charles C.orhutt, Kindle, Huron Co. 
 
 Aiidri'w l.ncliie. rilion, Huron Co. 
 
 I'lr p Shad, .'■•'iiiihi Huron Co. 
 
 'J'howias A. Little, Luce, Sngiimw Co. 
 
 Onier llonne. Chesaning, Saginaw Co. 
 
 C. M. Russell, 
 
 John W. idntlier, " 
 
 \Vm. .Shook, " 
 
 JeHne C. Chnrcli, '• 
 
 Steven I'onlaham, rilincbog, Huron Co 
 
 Jumvs Watt, Huron City, Huron Co. 
 
 To the British Emiarant. 
 
 By 11: .V. {.'tton. 
 
 Presuming that by force of circumstances the 
 ipiestiou of a desirable change has come over yon, 
 as an agriculturist, who finds himself driven out of 
 his own luirkct, the first thought will be "Where 
 shall I go to better my condition .'" To such I 
 would say : " l-'ollow Horace i'.reely'saiUice, ' lio 
 West,' to that magniticeiit stretch of that agricul- 
 tural territory. Western Canada, with its millions 
 of tree acres, and the Ilritish Hag for a reserve," 
 Your choice fills on this fair iiortion of Canada ! 
 You have concluded right'y that it olTers splendid j 
 opportunities, every opening for the agricultural I 
 d.iss is here held lortli, for the farmer with a good 
 cMiiital, is well as the igricultural laborer with but 1 
 willing hands and heart. 
 
 You ha\c decided to go, the next stei) then is to 
 obtain the rcipiisite inl'ormation, as liow to go, 
 wli.il it will cost, what to take, and wh.it to leave 1 
 behind. 1 irstly, I advise yon to write tosonie one ! 
 of the many emigration agents, a list of whom will 
 be found (ui a later page, from whom all necessary 
 inforniition can be obt. lined, rates ofpassagc, clear 
 throii^li to destination will be given, at astonish- 
 iiigly low rates of fare, with which will also be 
 given a certilicate entitling yon to a rebate, when 
 m.ikiug entry for government land. It is much 
 chciper to book light through to your destination. 
 it saves time and tmnble, transfer of b,iggage, and 
 conseiiiU'iitlv less chance of breakages. If your 
 choice should fill on this district, which I sincere- 
 ly hojie it will, for your own benefit as well as for 
 those of us who have come ahead from the mother- 
 land, you will lind friends ready to assist you to a 
 comfortable settlement and choice of land. 
 
 .\s to what you should bring, experience has 
 taUKlit me that a good supply of plain clothing, no 
 matter how shabby, should form a large part of the 
 emigrants luggage. .\ good supply of warm 
 uiulerclothing, stockings, etc., house linen and bed 
 clothes ami blankets, and let every housewife leav- 
 ing home, well stock her work basket with all the 
 little odds and ends of usefulness such as darning 
 wools, tapes, uecdU'S, cotton, etc, etc, so indispeu- 
 s,able to the household of a family. Heavy and 
 cumbersome articles such as furniture, bedsteads, 
 etc, should not be taken, as they can be purchased 
 in this country at reasonable prices and more 
 adapted to the country. .\ sewing machine, if you 
 have one, after being taken to pieces and well 
 packed, will carry sately and be very useful. If 
 the emigrant should possess a tendency for sport 
 he should provide himself with a good brcech-loail- 
 iii.1,' shot gun, as game here abounds in plenty 
 and is the comnion property of the .settler in its 
 season. liear in mind this : bring all the little 
 useful utensils you can pack, consistent with the 
 weight allowed, but it is inadvisable to incur any 
 extr.i weight charges, and I would advise uU to 
 specially arrange with the booking agent that 
 there wili be 110 extras to pay for baggage. Of 
 course each party will be guided, as regards the 
 above, by the leuglh of his purse, but it is much 
 better to allow as much capital as possible to come 
 with you, as on this depends your scale of opera- 
 tions. Families should provide themselves with 
 sulTicient cold eat.ables, say a boiled ham, sugar, 
 tea, etc., for the railway journey, as in the splen- 
 didly equipped railway carriages tea can be made 
 and eggs boiled, in fact, with a supply of butter 
 and bread purchased in Montreal or (Juebec say, 
 you will get along well without the attendant e.at- 
 ing house or hotel charges fur meals during the 
 four or five ilays' jouniev. ; 
 
 The emigrant will finil on landing from the ship 
 to commence his overland journey, iiieasant busi- 
 ness-like officers, who will give all information and 1 
 assistance necessary. In checking your luggage i 
 
 ami in your grncrnl comfort, never he afraid to 
 trouble them. It is good |xilicy for the emigrant 
 to linn himself with a letter of Intrcxliiction from • 
 reliable emigration ofTicer or l)ookin({ agent to 
 some official at the port of disembarkation. Once 
 you arrive at your point of choice or destination 
 you will be well looked after during the prelimi- 
 naries of locating and building of n house. Alt 
 necessary articles of food for housekeeping, which 
 the new settler may require, can he purchased in 
 the district ill very moilerate prices. ImplemeiiU, 
 waggons, working horses, or oxen arc always to Ix 
 procured here, and are especially adapted for this 
 country ami the prices are always right to a care- 
 ful buyer. 
 
 What Immigrants May Expect. 
 
 /!y A. B. Slcuarl, M. D. 
 
 Duck Lake, although a village of only two yearn 
 growth, has three general stores, where may lie 
 lirocnred anything necessary for life in this coun- 
 try, an hotel, post office, telegraph office, police 
 barracks, teleplionc olVue, where communication 
 by telephone can be had with ontside settlements 
 ai a moment's notice, express olVice, railway ticket 
 ollicc. where tickets can he procured for any place 
 in the world, a church, schools, private offices and 
 an iinplement warehouse. It may be mentioned in 
 liassiM^' that the Mas.sey-Hairis Company have 
 their 'leadquarters for the .Saskatchewan at Duck 
 Lake iiid always have on hand all the implements 
 and machinery a farmer needs. There is also a 
 blacksmith shop and the carpenter and other 
 Ir.ides are represented. There is u resident physi- 
 cian, school teachers, ,1 number of clergymen 
 and the district is visited by the legal fraternity 
 frequently. 
 
 To the immigrant, on arrival here, tlit country 
 ajipears as one immense park, owing to the clumps 
 of beautiful trees which look as if they were arrang- 
 ed there bv man and trimmed accordingly, while 
 ill fact they are only the natural bluff (a name 
 given to clumps or groves of trees in this country). 
 In going to the ditlerent parts of this district one 
 may see the following settlements which were es- 
 tablished ten ye.irs before a railway came to the 
 country. The llatoche settlement, about five miles 
 from Duck Lake, is a most picturesque spot on the 
 .South Saskatchewan river. It has two general 
 stores, police barracks, post olVice, telephone, pri- 
 vate residences, etc., of which one will attract par- 
 ticular atteiilion, that of ,Mr. .\avier Letendre, 
 or llatoche as he is commonly called. This is a 
 very line residence built some s or III yearsagoand 
 costing quite a sum. I'nither up the river the 
 Roman Catholic church is seen, with its tall 
 spire making iiuite a iiicture in this old village, 
 while the early settlers liouscs line the banks of 
 the river on either side being only u short distance 
 apart, owing to the governmcut's policy of dividing 
 the lauds along the river into narrow claims. .\ll 
 along this bcantifid s]iot lauds are to \k secured by 
 the new coiner, by going back a mile from the 
 river, or by going farther away from the centre 
 (llatoche) he may have a fine claim on the river 
 bank, the only advantage ill this being the scenery 
 along the river, us the land is eipially as good .away 
 from the river. 
 
 The next settlements along the South Saskatche- 
 wan tributary to Duck Lake are St. Laurent, .St. 
 Louis de I.augevin and I'isli Creek, all of which 
 were established by the early pioneers of the dis- 
 trict. St. Laurent, H miles from Duck Lake, like 
 llatoche, has its mission church, adjoining build- 
 ings, etc., making it quite a settlement where farm- 
 ing is extensively carried on. Passing further in 
 this direction one comes to that lieautiful stretch 
 of country, the .St. Louis dc Laugevin settlement, 
 the lands' of which are being rapidly taken up by 
 Canadian and Ilritish farmers. Then going in the 
 op])osite direction from llatoche, up the river, the 
 I'ish Creek settlement is re- died l.'> miles from 
 Duck Lake. Here the rancher and mixed farmer 
 are found making a good living, this part beiiie 
 close to the river is specially adapted to mixed 
 farming, with abundance of wood and timber which 
 is found every where in the country along rivers 
 as well as the best of water, two cs.sentials to the 
 settler. The soil in this district, from the river 
 back, merges from a light sandy loom to a heavy 
 black loam with a clav subsoil. As one goes fur- 
 ther back hundreds of homesteads await the immi- 
 grant in all parts of this district. 
 
 The Duck Lake settlement proper is about five 
 miles from the South Saskatchewan and 12 miles 
 
 I 
 
THE rKRTIT.E SASKATCHEWAN COTtNTRY 
 
 iifrniit to 
 
 ■ inlKrant 
 
 III friiiu ■ 
 
 iiKt'xt to 
 
 II. Otica 
 
 U'stimition 
 
 I' prcliiiii- 
 
 HUM'. AH 
 
 iiiK, which 
 
 ili.iHi'il ia 
 
 ipli'iiirnt*, 
 
 ».iy» toll* 
 
 il tor tliil 
 
 to a care- 
 
 from the Nnrtli Sa^katchewnn rivrr, nml inrliulr* 
 tbeitl>trict Itiiiiifilintely HurruuinlitiK Duck I.nkc 
 •tatliiii on thr (Ju'Appelle, I.oii|( I.ukc iiiiil SaaknI- 
 chewan Knilwiiy. Clow to thv villiiKe iiniiicrou!i 
 nmKn"l''<^»' fiirinn limy lie »reii. Hlxht at the 
 •tation ia Mr. Ilillynril Mitohell'a much, which iit 
 illuatrnteil on iinother pajje, wliere are aonie of tlie 
 flneat cattle to he acen anywhere, aa well aa one of 
 the fineat fitrincr'a K»r<lena in Canada. I'aaalnK 
 further on ia the farm of Mr. Henry Kelly, who 
 (levotea hia attention to niixcil farniiiiK. Mere are 
 larfce urain PieliN, lianila of hornca ana cattle and 
 good huihliiiK^ auitaliU' for thia country, which at 
 once catch the eye aa heinKlhatofa thrift' farmer. 
 PoaainK further (rum the atatinti ia the Meniiiinilc 
 aettlcnieut, where these thrifty people arc huihlin^ 
 up for tlu'insclvea hoinea in this xreat country. 
 Tlieir nin<le of operation lielng aoniewhat iliirereut 
 from that of the Ilritiah and Canadian farmer, they 
 must lie vinitcd to lie really nmleratoral. 
 
 ("■oinn from the South Saakntchcwan to the north 
 hranch of that river are audi acttlcnienta aa Win- 
 gard and Carlton. In the former arttlement a 
 numher of enterprising farmers arc located, who 
 devote their time to mixed farming. Their aample 
 
 a large amount of grain ia grown. There ia a 
 atretcli of country here extending from the Sua- 
 katchewan to the Shell river, '27 niilea north, of 
 magniriccnt country for acttlinient, eapecially 
 adapted to atock ruiaing and mixed farming, and 
 extending on either aide of the Saskatchewan river 
 for III) milea west, ia a good country for ruiaing 
 wheat aa well as other cereals. 
 
 The attention of the new settlera In the immedi- 
 ate vicinity of Duck I.ake, will he devoted chlclly 
 to grain raising, aa in time, owing to a good deal 
 of the now vacant land li''ing settled upun, little 
 paature will he left for larg" herda of ranch cattle, 
 ao that they wilt have to move further liuck for 
 pasture. At present of course there is a great deal 
 of land to he hud, either hy hoiBestea<ling or huy 
 ing at a very small rate from the railway company, 
 allaround Duck I.ake Station, while hundreds of 
 homesteads can still lie taken up within a radius of 
 T) or lU miles of the town. The railway compr • 
 have a fine station liuildiiig, a section liou'te ar a 
 good aulistaiitial freight shed at thia jioiiit. With 
 telegraph and express office in connection, and al- 
 though the railway has only heeii in operation a 
 little over two years, this has hecoinc one of the 
 
 aa are to lie aeen in larRt btrdt htrt OWIltd by tht 
 
 settlers, and can lie hought at from fJA to |IOO, «c< 
 cording to the si/e and ipialily of the animal. They 
 are exceedingly tough ami hardy, after a day'a 
 drive they ure inercry uiihariii's<iil, luilililed jinil 
 turned loose to feed on the prairie, which they 
 will do suininer or winter. A good >i/eil te.im will 
 do any work the farmer m ly reiiuire ali<iut the 
 farm, Irotn plowing ami hauling liav to getting out 
 tiinlier, which is prolialily the heaviest hauling he 
 would have to do, if the timlier is green. 
 
 There are two schools at Duck Lake, in eii.li of 
 which a first class teacher is employed I'uil lieaiilei 
 the ordinary pulilic school work hotli of theae 
 teachers ure capalile of teaching the lirunchea 
 taught in high schools and collegiate institiitea, 
 Duck I.ake has an annual race merling ami all 
 athletic sports, including tennis, lacrosse, foot hall, 
 liouting, liicy cling, etc. , are indulged in liy those who 
 choose. There is a flourishing court of the In<le]ien- 
 dent (Irder of I'ornsters here who will welcome 
 lirethreii of this order. There is no .Masonic loilge, 
 liiit there are (jiiile u nunilier of masons in tlie 
 ilistrict and a lodge will lie started here shortly. 
 Ill I'rince Alliert, the largest town in .Saskatche- 
 
 vt^:;^'5.i5fc^s^?.,;'- 
 
 of wheat last year graded No. I extra hard, of 
 which they have a great nuaiility. The land 
 throughout this district is rolling jirairie, studded 
 here and there with clumps of trees, and heavily 
 timbered along the river, and north of the settle- 
 ment is the fir belt with its miles of heavy tiniher. 
 Carlton is situate on the mair tr.iil or mail from 
 Duck I.ake to the settlements north of the 
 North Saskatchewan river. It is one of the oldest 
 places in the Territories, having lieeu the he.ul dis- 
 trict quarters of the Hudson's Hay Co. a numlierof 
 years. It is 12 miles from Duck I.ake and six from 
 the post oflice at Wingard, which is about lit miles 
 from Duck I.ake and further down the river than 
 Carlton. There is plentv of laud still open for 
 settlenieul in both of tlicie districts. 
 
 Pa-ssing across the river at Carlton one soon gets 
 into a splendid ranching country, with large areas 
 of good fanning laud as well, particularly opposite 
 Wingard, on the river. There is an' immense 
 amount of hay in this part of the country, also 
 wood and w.atcr in abundance. Very little' of the 
 land here is taken up yet, so that there is n splen- 
 did chance for those who wish to go into stock rais- 
 ing. There are two settlements north of the river, 
 Muakeg Lake and Snake Plain, the former 18 milea 
 and the latter 25 milei distant, in both of which 
 
 MR. IIII.I.Y.\KD MITCIllil.I/S RANCH lUCK l..\Ki:. 
 
 inost imiKirtant st.itions on the mad. The railway 
 dill not pass through any of the old settlements, 
 which were chiefly along the rivers, so it leaves all 
 the lauds adjoining it open for seltlenieiit. Of 
 course a portion of this has been taken up during 
 the last two years, and u larger influx than ever is 
 expected iluuiig this year. The new coiner will 
 always find at tile station some of the iinmigratioii 
 committee, who will take him in li/iiid, showing 
 him over any part of the country, and givini' hiui 
 any inforination he may recpiire. 
 
 The roads in this country are merely well beaten 
 tracks or trails across the prairie, with iinprove- 
 metits in all low places, bridges, etc., put there by 
 the local government, which spnid (piite a large 
 sum of money in each district annually. It is 
 needless to say these are magniliccnt roads, level 
 as a table, without a stone to jar ones wheels, thus 
 making them a great path for the bicycle rider. 
 As there are section ro.uls between all sections, a 
 mile apart, inii>rovenients are put upon these as 
 soon as tlie settlers demand them. In looking 
 over new laiiil and driving across country, one 
 diK's not of course follow any road as a rule, but 
 drives on the prairie sod, which is perfectly firm 
 and even, and then one can ilrivc from ;!0 to -10 
 milei in a day with a team of small poniei, such 
 
 w.iii, the fratern.il societies including Masons, 
 I'oresters, Dddfellmv.s, Sons of Kngland, St. 
 .\ndrews, Royal Templars, etc., have their regular 
 meetings. 
 
 .-». 
 
 How to Begin in the North-West. 
 
 To the man with capital of course this is not a 
 hard iinestion to decide, but to those who have 
 just what money they reiiuire to make a good start 
 on their farm, a few suggestions may be profitable. 
 The writer presumes you have brought your cloth- 
 ing, bedding anil household tiicknacks with you, 
 and if from liastern Canada or the Northern .States, 
 owing to the low rates given by the C. I'. R., you 
 may bring all your household goods and all your 
 stock with the exception of heavy farm machinery. 
 In starting here, if you have to buy everything, 
 oxen will be found to be more serviceable than 
 horses for working, to the man of moderate means, 
 while the native ponies can be bought nt a very 
 small cost to do any driving round you may re- 
 {piire. 
 
 What you shall do on first arriving will depend 
 oil the time of year of your arrival. Should you 
 come in April or May you had better put in a crop 
 
ifitlfHTiiW'illa 
 
 -'ti''*Sr 
 
 THE FERTILE SASKATCHEWAN COUNTRY. 
 
 ?. 
 
 at once ; there is plenty of arable land to be had 
 for the working of it from some o>" the native set- 
 tlers, who are not anxious to do much work them- 
 selves, so you may raise your seed and wheat for 
 flour the first year, which cannot be done shoulil 
 you go a long distance from stttlenicnt and com- 
 mence working on the virgin prairie, as you would 
 have no plowing done or other preparations. After 
 this you will get oi-t logs and timber to build your 
 house, gettinjj out all the timber you can, so that 
 it will be drying so as to improve your buil.'.ings 
 another year. Next provide yourself with a break- 
 ing plow' which ran be bought here and start to 
 break or plow up the sod — on your own homesltad, 
 so as to get it under crop the following year. The 
 U'.onth of June and first l.alf of July, when the sod 
 is usually damp, is the best time for breaking. This 
 has then the hot weather of the next six weeks to 
 rot thoroughly. I'p to the i)resent the implements 
 absolutely necessary are two plows and a harrow ! 
 if you have a roller so much the better for your 
 crop and your breaking is all the better for being 
 rolled, as it rots quicker. 
 
 Next "ou put u]) yonr hay for winter, the last 
 two Hee,»s in July aiid first two weeks in August 
 being devoted lo this, if you have nuich stock. You 
 cut the native hay either on your own claim or get 
 a permit from tlie land office to cut what you re- 
 quire on some of the government land. If you 
 have a number of animals to winter you will have 
 to provide yourself with a mower and rake and 
 of course a wagon. Oxen have been found to do 
 mowing very well, if they are fairly good walkers. 
 You may either stack your hay where you cut it, 
 fence it and plow a iire guard at once, which, is 
 made by plowing about ten furrows in a circle 
 round i', then at a distance of 10 feet from these 
 plow another and burn the grass between the tsvc 
 on son'e calm day when you have two or three of 
 the neighbors about. The new settler should plow 
 aroiuid all his buildings as soo)i as he has them 
 erected, as ou account of his not having much 
 plowing done at first btart, the prairie grass, on be- 
 coming dry late in the fall, may acddently catch 
 fire and will sprear! over a large area in a short 
 time, should there Happen to be a wind, unless 
 prevented by either a furrow or two of plowing or 
 • well beaten trail wheie the grass has been de- 
 stroyed or trodden down. 
 
 By the time haying is over the harvest commen- 
 ces. Barley and oats are ripe early in August, 
 while wheat comes in from the middle to the end 
 of that month. The grain is generally stacked in 
 the field or in close proximity to the stables, so as 
 to get the benefit of the straw for the cattle in the 
 winter, although in Manitoba they generally burn 
 the wheat straw and here also where there is a 
 large quantity of it collecting year after year it be- 
 come . a nuisance, but at first start you should save 
 it and pile it up properly as it will be useful for 
 roofing your stables and out IniiUlings, which you 
 might not refjuire another year. 
 
 'Hu '>ack setting, c- second [ilowing. of the land 
 you h.i\e broken on your homestead can be done 
 any lime during the latter part <if the summer and 
 it is then rerdy for crop in the spring. In Septem- 
 ber and Octt)bej vou wi!l have a(fhance to get your 
 buildings in ^-oo . ''iape for winter. The cost of 
 buihUugs i? small, if ■■ >. do the most of the work 
 yourself, or if not an. . toi.M_(l to it, with the aid 
 of some ofihe naiive S"ttlers ; in will soon put ap 
 a substantia! ,'01; houje. .Ml material for building 
 can be procur ■, 'i; *1'" (Ii.,trict. IJel'ore he end of 
 Novemljer all your l)uililings shov,'''. 1 e plastered 
 
 and m;tde w^rr.i fir wi':'. r ,',nd 
 house banked wilh e .t) . or a great ■•■ ': 
 snow conies and b.it", t,,em '.p a wOU'; 
 with it In winter you car still be ''Um' 
 out rails fo.- fercii',^, wlM."h ^'oii c.^M >.'' it 
 
 cure close lo yonr claim, :s v ^ 
 fuel, v.b.ich can !.•' ;.tov'iii. i 
 
 I a'- -.■Uiii'i^'J.ood 
 
 ;lli ig 
 III till 
 
 •.■• ;iit' 
 'Rood , 
 
 Land Of ititis, ^'.c 
 
 Following is a list of government and railway 
 officials and others from whom information can be 
 obtained : — 
 
 Sir Charles Tupper, liart.. High Commissioner 
 for Canada, Victoria Chambers, 17, Victoria .Street, 
 London, S. W.,' luiglaiid. 
 
 DOMINION IMMir.RATICIN AC.KNT.S. 
 
 lohn Dvkc, 1.") Water sheet, Liverpool, Eug. 
 J. W. Down, Bath Bridge, Bristol, ling. 
 Thos. (iraliam, 40 St. Knoch Square, C.lasgow, 
 Scotland. 
 
 H. Merrick, 26 Victoria Place, Belfast Ireland. 
 
 T. ConoUy, Northumberland House, Dublin, 
 Ireland. 
 
 E. M. Cl.ay, Halifax, Nova Scolia. 
 
 S. ("■ardner, St. Johns, New Brunswick. 
 
 L. Stafford, Quebec City, Quebec. ^ 
 
 ^tominionCovernment Agent, Montreal, Quebec. 1 
 
 Tlios. Bennett, Winnipeg, Jlanitoba. 
 
 K. H. Mair, Prince Albert, Saskatchewan. 
 
 Inforiiialion may also be obtained in Great Bri- 
 tain from the offices of Mr. Archer Baker, European 
 Traffic Agent of the Canadian Pacific Railway, 
 at l>7 and lis King William street, London, E. C. ; 
 7 James street, Liverpool ; lO.j Market street, Man- 
 chester and '1!S Gordon street, Glasgow ; and from 
 any of the booking agencies of the Allan and Do- 
 minion steamship liv.es. 
 
 Mr. II. Jlitehell, M. L. A., and Dr. A. B. Slew- 
 art, Secretary of the Immigration Committee, both 
 of whose aililress is Duck Lake, Saskatchewan, 
 Canada, wii be happy to answer any enquiries 
 which may be sent them. 
 
 -■♦- 
 
 Land Surveys and Regulations. 
 
 Appended are tlte government regulations | 
 respecting lands, .^ny one looking over them 
 carefully cannot fail to understand how laud 
 •s acquired and the system under which it is 
 surveyed and when once on the spot will soon fnid j 
 the surveyors posts and mounds giving the .mm- I 
 hers of the section, township and range in which ' 
 the land is situate. The new settler, after looking 
 over a part of the dis .ict which suits u, chooses 
 a spot on which he would like to locate, he soon 
 finds the posts, or will be aided by someone who 
 knows all about it, lakes note of tht> number of the 
 section, township and range and which ([uarter 
 of the section, which is square, he chooses. 
 Armed with this he goes to the nearest hind office, 
 gives the agent this number, etc., pays his fee and 
 gets a rcceijit for his entry, which will hold his 
 land against all coiners, and he may at once begin 
 to establish himself on it. The land oflce for the 
 district is situated at Prince Albert, about an hour 
 and a half's ride by train from Duck Lake, but 
 negotiations are already being entered into wilh 
 the Government m ha\e one opened at Duck Lake 
 and no doubt this will be done in a very short 
 time. The iinmigr.atiou commillee at Duck Lake 
 take all new settlers in hand and show lliciu the 
 district by driving Iheni round and they are always 
 accompanied by a land guide who will show them 
 the lands available for homesteading and give any 
 other infonnation they niav leiiuire. ^^'lieii 
 making an entry for land the settler may obtain a 
 permit to cut timber for his own use for buildings, 
 etc., on any of the govtinineut lands by paying a 
 fee of 1;.') cents lone shilling), such timber is then 
 his own property. 
 
 I'ree grants of one qn.arter-section (100 acres) of 
 surveyed agricultural land may be obtained by 
 any person who is the sole head of a riinily, or by 
 any male who has attained the age of 18 years, on 
 application lo the local agent of Dominion lands, 
 and on payineut of an olbce fee of|10. .\l the 
 lime of making entry the homesteader ninsl de- 
 clare under which of the three following provis- 
 ions he elects to hold his land, and on iii.'ikiug a]>- 
 plication for patent must ]irovelhal he has fulfilled 
 the conditions named therein ; — 
 
 1. Hy making entry .ind within six months 
 Ihcreat'ter creeling a habitable house and comnieu- 
 ciiig actual residence ujion llie land, and eonlinu- 
 ing 1(1 reside U])oii il lor at least six mouths in 
 each vear f<»r thelhrt'e next succeciliug years, and 
 doing reasonable cultivalion duties during that 
 period. :!. liy making entry for the land, cuitivat- 
 iiig il for three successive years, so that jil the end 
 of that ])erioil nut less than In acres be under cul- 
 livilion ; residing f(ir:it least six mouths in ejicli 
 ye.-ir during that time within a radius of two miles 
 of the hfimestcad ; ami ejecting a house upon the 
 hoinesteail and residing in it for three months next 
 preceding the .ipplication for patent, :i. i!y mak- 
 ing entry, and within six months from the d.ite 
 thereof ciimnu-iuing tile cullivation of the home- 
 stead ; breaking and j>rc])ariiig for crop within 
 the first year not less than five acres ; crojiping 
 the said live acres, and breaking and prcjiaring for 
 crop not less than 10 acres in addition, and erect- 
 ing a habitable house thereon before the exjiira- 
 lionofthe second year, .unl thereafter residing 
 Ihereiu ami cnltivaliiig the land for at least six 
 months of each of ine three years next prior to the 
 date of 'he applicalimi fiir patent. 
 
 Persons making entry fiir bomefiteads on or after 
 September Ut in any year are allowed until June 
 
 1st following to perfect their entries by going into 
 actual residence. The only J .large for a liome- 
 .steadofKiO anes is the entrance fee ofj^lO. In 
 certain cases forfeited pre-emptions and cancelled 
 homesteads are available for homesteads, but 
 slightly additional fees are demanded from the set- 
 tlers in each case, and when abandoned pre-emp- 
 tions are taken up they are required to perform 
 specified conditions of settlement. Full informa- 
 tion can be obtained from the local agents. In the 
 event of a homesteader desiring to secure his 
 patent within a shorter period than the three or 
 five years, as the case may be, he will be permitted 
 to purchase h.s home at the Government price at 
 the time, on furnishing proof that he has resided 
 on the land for at least 1'-' months subsequent to 
 date of entry, and has cultivated 30 acres thereof. 
 The following diagram shows the manner in 
 which the country is surveyed. It represents a 
 township — th.at is, a tract of laud six miles square, 
 containing 30 sections of <nie mile square each. 
 These sections are subdivided into quarter sections 
 of 100 acres each. All even-numbered sections of 
 agricultural land, excepting H and "20, are open for 
 homestead entry, unless specially reserved for some 
 other purpose. 
 
 TOWNSHir DIAORAM. 
 
 (MO acrts. N. 
 
 
 ■| « L3|__8S! ,-il iM — %%~.Ja- 
 
 -f! 1 1 II 1 ' 1 
 
 1 LiNDS. 1 1 1 UN08.; 1 
 
 „■ ' i 1)1 1 III 
 
 -l.S 17 10 15- 
 
 1 1 1 1 
 
 -rM 
 
 1 LANDS. 1 1 1 iUNOS. 1 
 
 )_)j4— i_j_L-Li-l- 
 1 1 111 111 
 
 The right of preemption has ceased to exist, 
 having been altogether discontinued after January 
 1st, I8IIU, but a ho nesleader desiring to acquire an 
 adjoining quarter section may be permitled to pur- 
 chase it at regulation price of f 3 an acre, on pa\ - 
 illy oiie-ciuarter cash and the balance in three equal 
 successive annual instalments, wilh interest at li 
 per cent. 
 
 Information respecting timber, mineral, coal, 
 grazing and hay lands, may be obtained from any 
 of the land agents. Homesteaders in the first year 
 of .setllemcut are entitled to free permits to cut a 
 specified (luantily of timber for their own use only, 
 upon payment of an office fee of 'J'l cents. 
 
 It must i>c distinctly underslnod that the laud 
 regulations are subject to varation from time to 
 time. .Settlers should take care to obtain from the 
 land agent, when making their entry, an explana- 
 tion of the actual regulations in force at that time, 
 and tile clause of tile \ct under which the entry is 
 made emior.sed upon the receipt, so that no 
 (inestion or dilficulty may then or thereafter arise. 
 
 ICnlry may be made personally at the local land 
 iifiice in which the land to be taken is .situate, or, 
 if the homesteader desires, he iiifiy, on application 
 to tlie Minister tif the Interior, Ottawa, or the 
 Cominissioner of Dominion Lands, Winnipeg, 
 receive authority for seme one near the local office 
 to make the entry for him. The Covernment 
 agent for lands in the Duck Lake district is John 
 .McTaggart whose address is Prince .Mbert. 
 
 .Ml comniuiiications h.aving reference to lands 
 under control of the Dominion Governineiit, lying 
 In tween the easteni boundary of Manitoba and the 
 Pacific coast, should be addressed to the .Secretary 
 of Department of Interior, Ottawa, or the Com- 
 missi oner of Dominion Lauds, Winnipeg, Manitoba. 
 
 The QnWppelle, Long Lake 6c Saskatchewan 
 Railway Co., lias l,.")00,000 acresof land, consisting 
 of the odd numbered sections .along the line of its 
 road. .\t present any of these lands, except tho.se 
 witliin two miles of a r:iilway station, may tie 
 purchased .it f3 an acre. Lands within two miles 
 of a Blalion are held at higher prices, according to 
 location and (pialily. Terms of payment, one- 
 tenth cash, and tlie b.ilauce in nine annual 
 payments, with interest at six per cent. Ten cents 
 per acre payable to Governinent for cost of survey 
 will be addeil ill each case. This animint will be 
 ])ayable with final instalment of puuhase money, 
 and without interest. I'uU particulars as to these 
 lands can be olit.iincd on application to Osier, 
 Hammond S: Naiiton, Winnipeg. ^ , 
 
 l: 
 
? 
 
 k VIEW CN THE NORTH SASMTCHEWAN (Prom a photograph). 
 
 ,,l. /./. Zv-/. ^^ 
 
 Westerp Ca^o^^clzi. 
 
 Persons interested in learning of the resources 
 and development of the great Canadian Territory 
 between Lake Superior and the Pacific, including 
 the Provinces of Manitoba, British Columbia and 
 Northwest Ontario, and the Provisional Districts 
 of Assiniboia, Alberta and Saskatchewan, should 
 read The Western World, a handsomely illus- 
 trated monthly magazine, which is the rec6gnized 
 exponent in periodical literature of the achieve- 
 ments, the opportunities, the business enterprise 
 and the wholesome and progressive life of the 
 Great West. Subscription price to Canada or the 
 United States %\ a year ; to Great Britain and 
 other European countries, $1.25 or 5 shillings. 
 Money Orders should be made payable to Acton 
 Burrows, at Winnipeg. 
 
 Address The Western World, 
 
 Winnipeg, Canada, a 
 
 rvAonnnnjvrmnAannnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn/uuo 
 
■tW ii' ^ .^ ...... 
 
 -*--3fci,-tl"-iCSsr>i"^" ■■■ a. 
 
 ■..^^•^>:/^^:f_ 
 
 '•-felllrf-l - 
 
 Saskatchewan Hotel, WM. STOBART & CO. 
 
 DUCK LAKE, 
 
 Ani;iiK Tliiim|ison, I'ropriutoi'. 
 • •• 
 
 Situntcil f)i>l>osil».' till' Deput. AH trains met. I.iltt-ral 
 tabic. 'rLTins luoiliratf. DcU-gntcs, settlers anrl visitors 
 will meet with every atlentinii. 
 
 Livery Stable In Connection. Boats for Hire 
 
 oil tile l.atie for excursion ]tarties, etc, 
 
 DUCK LAKE, SASKATCHEWAN. 
 
 GEORGE FISHER, 
 
 — iii:.\i,i:i( IN — 
 
 Wines, Liquors, Cigars, Groceries, Flour 
 
 Duck Lake, Saskatchewan, 
 
 george fisher, 
 General Merchant and Dealer 
 
 General Merchants and Millers. DRY GOODS, GROCERIES 
 
 AND FEED. 
 
 .•\ riistClii!-;. Mork 111 tlif liest ItniinrtiMl Wims, 
 
 I.icitior.s, ^cc., shvays cm liaiiil Orders 
 
 from all patts iif tlie ilistricl 
 
 promptly atti'tiiled to. 
 
 DUCK LAKE, 
 
 SASKATCHEWAN. 
 
 PHILIP GARNOT, 
 
 DUCK LAKE, 
 
 .\HCiU for all kitiils of .\mirii'ati I'arm Iiiiplf 
 iiiuMts, I'.iiKHii'S, \c. 
 
 l'.i;Ni;k,M. Cdmmissiiin .\c,i:nt. 
 Kcprcsi-mitty; 
 
 H. S. WESBROOK & CO. 
 
 WINNIPEO. 
 
 A. NOSEDA, 
 
 Builder and Contractor, 
 
 C.\1UNI;T M.XKINf. .\ Sl'l'X'I.M.ITY. 
 
 EsTiMiTis Given Fhe. 
 
 DUCK LAKE 
 
 E. GRUNDY, 
 
 Huilder and Contractor. 
 
 i:STIMATi:S CIVUN AM) ri.ANS n UMSH 
 
 un ON SHORT NoTici:. 
 
 INTENDING SETTLERS 
 
 Will tiinl in thU store :i KfiitTiil sttM-'k (il iill ti.ey may rt-qiiirt- 
 in lliirihv.'irr, r.nicfriis. Flour ami l-ecd. iny (Vonils.Cnuk- 
 cry. rniiits ami inl», D.H.r^ iiixl S;t^h. I.iniilm, I'M-.. I-Uc. 
 
 A. marcelin, muskeg lake, 
 
 LUMBER, SHIX(;LHS, 
 
 Ac, Ac, ac. 
 
 Our Saw Mill is capable of turning out 
 all classes of work. Prices low. 
 
 Mrs. G. H. Fletcher, 
 
 — iii:m.i;k in — 
 
 Dry Goods, Groceries, Hardware, &c. 
 
 SASKATCOrl, ;>AaHATCHeWAN. 
 
 SETTLERS 
 
 Will liii.l il to lliiir ailv.iiitam- to ''•lU on us. 
 
 R. W. DULMAGE, 
 
 General Merchant 
 
 SKSKKTOON. 
 
 Full Lines of Dry GooiHs, Groceries, 
 Paints, Oils, &c., &c., always in stock. 
 
 HARDWARE. 
 
 BATOCHE • . SASK. 
 
 Batoche Hotel. 
 
 XAVIER LETENORE, PROPRIETOR. 
 
 GimhI .\cciMiiiiiii(latiiin .'ind Statiiiiij,;. 
 
 — M.Sn — 
 
 WINES AND LIQUORS. 
 
 BATOCHE, SASK 
 
 SGLGMON VENNE & CO,. 
 
 — iii;.M.i:u IN—' 
 
 Wines, Liquors and 
 Groceries. 
 
 BATOCHE, 
 
 SASK. 
 
 XAVIER LETENDRE, 
 
 -c;i:ni:uai, 
 
 MERCHANT. 
 
 BATOCHE, SASK. 
 
 N, VENNE & CO. 
 
 — Ill \i.i:k> in — 
 
 Dry Goods, Groceries, Provisions, 
 Settlers' Supplies, &g. 
 
 DUCK LAKE, 
 
 SASKATC^ 
 
 "^"•" Hargrave & Sissons, 
 
 E. BRUNHELLE, DUCK LAKE, General Merchants, 
 
 TVtUSKEG I_KK- 
 
 SKSK. 
 
 Blacksmith and Wheelwrijirht, 
 
 siiDia.Nc. .\Ni> ('.i;ni:k.\i. ki:i'.\ius. 
 
 HAVE A LARGE ASSORTED STOCK 
 ALWAYS ON HAND. 
 
 Plow Points done whil'st you wait. 
 
 CARLTON, SASKATCHEWAN. 
 
 A. B. STEWART, M.D.. G.M., 
 
 —lire— 
 
 Physician and Surgeon. 
 
 DUCK LAKE, - - SASK.