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The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes ou les planches trop grandes pour dtre reproduites en un seul cliche sont filmdes d partir de Tangle sup^rieura gauchs, de gauche d droite et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n^cessaire. Le diagramme suivant illustre la mdthode : 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 ^''t^^ ^ H ^ \3^ 4 I (ivTa » "»■,-■" T \. ?».♦' ^-^^^ ■**^^l PRICE, 20 CENTS. iL BOILED-DOWN ESSAYS — BY- PROFESSOR J. W. CROUTER. Heretofore the author's ivorks have not been extensively advertised, hence as a viriter he is rot widely known, but as he has received acknowledgments for some of his ■writings from Governors and leading Canadian Statesmen, the public should not hesitate to purchase his works, since many will be profited and delighted with them. CONTENTS OF BOILED-DOWN ESSAYS. The Temperaments. A New System of Temperaments. Cause of Disease and Enfeeblement. The Culture of the Brain as a Means +0 Secure Long Life. Choice of a Profession. The Proper Choice of a Husband or Wife. The Formation of the Earth. The Twin Poems. The Cause of the Light of the Sun. The Tides. The Cause of Earthquakes. Proofs that a Deluge Occurred. Phrenological Chart. Jonbon, dDnt.: Free Press Printing Company, 1886. \ ♦►5 ^^ f, J If ■9 Is,-, ! !■) ^vV V \ ./ \ %^ %M ^ t \ ■■/■ y -^ -. '-^ ^"— .^. I PRICE, 20 CENTS. if BOILED-DOWN ESSAYS — BY- PROFESSOR J. W. CROUTER -»-♦-•- .Heretofore the atithor'i -works have not been e.xtetisively advertised, heme as a writer he is not widely known, hit as he has reeeive.d aeknowledi,'inents for some of his writin(;s from Governors and leadim^^ Canadian Statesmen, the piiblie should not hesitate to purchase his works, since many will be profited and delighted with them. The name " Hou.ed-down Essays" has been chosen because of tlie condensed style in which the various ideas are explained. Why pay from $2 to $5 for a book when you can have a co-equal amount of useful and interesting information clearly explained, in a i)arnphlet which costs you only 20 cents? The price of the work has been fixed as regards utility of the information given, and not according to the number of pages. CONTENTS OF HOILEIVDOWN ESSAYS. Review of the Old System of the Temperaments: Physiolo.Ltical Signs for Keailing Charai;ter, so that every reader will be better able to read character at sight; Cause of the ShorteiiinK of Life; (Jaiise of Sick- ness; How to be Heahhy. and Live Loni;; How to be Happy; Oxygen as an Kxhilarator — Why it Makes P, • sons Joyous; Why Northern People are more Viyoro. than Southern People; How the Human lieiiigs and Animals are kept Warm ; The Acid-maker — Kxplana- tion of the I'leason \\ by, through grafting, Sour arid Sweet Appl.-'s may be made to Grow on the same'lVee; Why some Plants are Poisonous; Why some Persons are very I^ean. Directions given for becoming Fatter; Why some Pe.son> are very I>"at, and How to become Leaner; Why those having; a Dark Skin are not so liable to Fevers in a 'I'ropical Country as persons having a Fair Skin; Skin Diseases; (^eprosy; Finest Temperament and Condition of Hody; How tii De- velop it ; Choice of a Profession or Trade, so as to be successful in ^L^king Wealth; How to ac(iuire a Good Memory of Unsiness Transact'i;ns and Names; How to ISecome a good Writer and Speaker; Governor. Cieneral's Letter; Snccess 1 )ilTicult whenTimes are I'ail; How to Form a new .\Jarriage Pureau that will suit the young Church people; Directions for the Choice of a Consort, and sulisequent Condition necessary to be blest with beautiful, intellectual, vigorous and delightful Children; Why some Religious person:- have Irreligious Children; Why s.)me Drunkards have Temperate 'j'^y^; t^ause ot Dudes (this is a very important part); Why Ladles having Large Veins in tlieir hands should be Chosen for Wives in preference to those having Small Veins in arms and hands; Theory of Races; How Negroes came to Inhabit Africa, and How the Mongolians differ from the Caucassian Races; Who were th' Progenitor.; of the Wife of Cain? Was the Flood Universal ? Formation of the Karth so as to be Red-hot from the Centre to the Crust, and the Crust never Red-hot; Cause of the Light ol the Sun (the author has searched several late n-orks treating on the light of the sun, and could find no satisfactory explan- ation, his explanation of this subject is entirely original with him); Cause of the Tide which follows the one caused by the Moon (the philosophical explanation of this subject is also origin.il with the author of this work); The jioems called " Farewell to The Earl of DulTerin," which was printed before the departure of this nobleman, and " Welcome to the Marcpiis ot Lome," will be read with interest by every loyal Canadian. A new political scheme f^or the restoration of good times If extensively made known, then good times will be reali;«ed. li LONDON, ONT : Frkk Press Prinitng Companv, 1886. AMERICAN PRESS NOTICES. -«♦♦- I'rof. Crouter has been practising I'liienology for a nuiuher of days at tin; I.eiand House, Brainerd. Every one of liis large niiinlicr of patrons, eml)racing business men, mechanics and lal)()rers, admitted his superior aliilly as a i)hrenologist, and several were surprised at the accuracy with which he delineated their traits of character.— C/f-;-/?' I.claiid House. I'rof. J. W. Crouter gave a lecture at the Hai)tist Churcii last Wednesday night, on the subject of " Perfect Happiness." The lecture, as the title of the tojiic implies, was of a moral nature, given to an appreciative audience whose interest in the sul)ject was kept undiminished from the time of the commencement to the close of the address, by the able and familiar manner in which the speaker handled his subject. The I'rof. comes excellently recommended both by letter and complimentary notices in local papers where he has resided.— /A/zi/// Kaord. Among the social sciences, the one destined to play the most important i)art is the study of phrenology, lieginning, as it does, at the commencement of the char.acler, telling to those who are willing to see, the possil)le capacity of the " coming race." It is as a governing factor , in the formation of the future, the Archimedean lever by which we can elevate iuimanity. By it we learn how to train the infant mind ; and as the infant is trained, so will the man be ; and as the man is, so is the nation. We wore led into the ah jve train of thought by hearing Professor J. W. Crouter's lecture on "Education, phrenologically considered." He proved conclusively that the brain of the child was, so to speak, the garden in which the hand of nature implanted th« seeds that contained the germs of i)oth evil and good. This ended nature's work. Mature reason was then left with its God-like power of free will either by neglect to allow the garden to become choked by noxious weeds, or by cultivation to be beautified with an abundance of the good and beautiful. The lecturer received a vote of thanks from his delighted audience as lie concluded At the solicitation of many he deferred his departure until he gave his second lecture, a secjuel to his first, and in a two hours' discourse he, on the second evening, kept us under the sway of his masterly eloquence while he told us how to " increase human hapjiiness." We would advise all who wish to enjoy a " feast of reason and a flov/ of soul " to attend the entertainments of Profes.sor J.W\ Crouter, of Ontario, whenever he may be among them. — Pcrhani Independent, Minn. * Prof. Crouter lectured to a full iiouse on .Saturday evening, and exceeded the expectations of the audience in eloquence and ability. — Brainerd IVibitnc, Minn. » Entered according to Act of Parliament of Canada, in tiie jear one thousand eight hundred and eighty- six, bv John W. Crouter, in the Office of the Minister of Agricuhure. HOILI'D-DOWN I':SSAYS. THE TEMPERAMENTS. ( riie olil system of ll>e 'remperameiUs as laui^ht by George Conili the jj;rfat Scotch I'lirciiolo^ist and I)is(|uisiii()ni>t, wliicli system was moditied by tJi<; l'"ou lei's, is not scieiuitic enough to be reliable as a means fur distin- guisliitiij; and describing character. These writers give as a sign of tlie sanguine temperament light (jr chestnut hair, blue eyes, tlf)iid features, and an animated countenance. 'Ihe characlerislics of tiiis temperameiu tliey describe as emolional, ardent, impress- ible, having more activity, excitability tlian energy. Hut tiie Frencli, Italians and .Spaniards have these characteristics in a higli degree, while a majority of them liave dark hair and eyes, and brunette complexions, 'I'iie Geinians and Scandinavians, who are staid in manner and reflective in thought, and energetic workers, have golden or rich auburn hair, blonde complexions, and cpiite freijuently florid features. It is easy to see that tliese writers were nut careful observers, since they ascribe the characteristics which belong to a certain class of persons to the opposite cines. I'rol'. Kowler lias given a dififerent name to the sanguine temperament. He calls it the vital temperament He says that those who have a predominance of this temperamenl are both mentally and physically active, are im pulsive, arileni, not fond of hard work. He says that they are versatile, though the author of this work does not see the fitness in the use of this term in connection with liiis condi- tion of l)ody. The (Jermans and Hollanders, whom he descril)es as having a inaiked development of what he terms the vital temperament are noted for having character- istics the very o|)|>osite of veisatile, besides thsy iue persevering and hard workers. With e(|ual inappropriatcness, the same writer has made the mental temperament to ini.'lude what was previously calleil the nerv- ous temperament, when ol)servation jiroves that the function of the brain and the nerves are <;uite dissimilar. The nerves feel anil are sensitive lo the touch, while the biain thinks and is not sensitive l(j the t(juch. Again, I'rof Fowler bleeds the description of the two parts of the human system, and makes a mixture of (jualities that will not hold true in an analysis of different classes of persons. Numerous ob.--ervations show that there are many persons who are e.xcitable, inten.-e in their sensitiveness, the kiiul of persims whom Fowler describes as having the mental temper- ament, yet wlio have only an oidinary amount of thinking jiower, which is the principal characteristic of those who have the mind or mental tem|ierament, while theie are others who are remaikable for stoicism, yet who are noted for their profundity of thought, and for the multitude of the opinions they form. Like other pseudo scientists, these wi iters are noted for compiling theories which are founded in fancy more than in fact. Those wh(j have tiniinary common sense, though they inay not take time to originate a theory, yet with a little observation and reflection they can tell whether the theory is soimd or not, and the author of the new system of the temperaments can submit it to such men with every confidence that they will see its meiits over all others. A NEW SYSTEM OF TEMPERAMENTS. (IKICINAI'KI) AM) HUWr lAliinr IIV FA'OFESSOA' J. If. CROUTER. In order to understand this system of tem- peraments, it is necessary to "onsider the human system as divided into seveial parts. The following is a specification of them: — The Osseous part, which constitutes the bones. The Cartilaginous part, which embraces the tendons or sinews. The Myotic part, which embraces the muscles. The Abdominal part, which includes the stomach, liver, spleen and intestines. The Thoracic part, which embraces the lungs, heart and proximate veins and arteries. The Abdon^inal and Thoracic parts will be referred to as the Viscular part. HOI LEU -Di ' IIW A.y.V.-/ } S. 'I'lie NeuiDvic !>arl, wliich embraces the nerves. Tlie Ccrcl)rnl part, which includes the cerehnini and ceiel)elhini or brain The Denniscuiar part, which constitutes the inlefjuments or skin. Figures will be used to indicate the size of each of the several parts in those who may get charts. 'I'he tijjures used will signify as follows : — I, very sm.ill; 2, small; 3, moderate; 4, average; 5, full; 6, large; 7, very large. Tn the naming of the New System of 'i'em- peraments ihe fcdlowing abbrevi.iiions will be used, and tlu-y will signify as follows : — Os means osseous or bony; Mvci means myotic or 1 muscular; Nkuko means neurotic or nervous; 1 Abdo means the contents of the abdomen; Viscu means the vircera or the contents of the abdominal and thoracic jiarts; CkI'IIK means the head; Dkrma means the skin. The human being could not maintain an existence with a total lack of either of the parts spccitied. When two or more parts of the system pre- dt)minate in any jierson there will be a condi- tion of Imdy which is termed a temperament. PV/it/t till liciics, wti.u/cs, litn,qs and stomach ■pn'doiiii)!ali.\ thcyc -vili be a condition of l>ody to nied tlic (h-Myo Vi.uiilar tcinpcrainciit. Signs— .Sirong frame and muscles, of gener- ally coarse features, especially nose and cheek bones, strong digestive organs and lungs, combined with modeiate brain power. Characteristics —Great lc;ve of outdoor and muscular exercise, and but little disposition to study. Sig. l.owanda is an extreme illustra- tion of this temperament. He gave exhibi- tions of extraordinary muscular power, Low- anda's forehead was rather low and narrow. It was of a type which a phrenologist would describe as only moderately intellectual, yet he could lift a barrel weighing several hundre• duced, l)Ut oxygen is more than a means fo. ducing heat, it is an exhilarator also. Laugiimg gas, the inhalation of which makes the inhaler excited and happy, is a com|)ound of oxygen and nitrogen : air is com|)Osed of the same eiements,l)ut in ditlVrent pr<)portions. Common air contains live times as much nitrogen as oxygc, laughing gas or nitrous oxide consists of one equivalent of oxygen and one of nitrogen. Combustion forms carbonic acid, the leaves of plants and trees absorb the carbonic acid, the compound is separated in the leaves, the greater portion of the oxygen or acid maker is thrown out, and the carbon is retained for the growth of plants. This is a beautiful provision in nature — carbonic acid in a certain proportion would prove the death of animals, but it is e life of plants, and the oxygen which plants do not need is eliminated from them to enliven man anti everything that breathes the air. Before science revealed the fact that the growth of plants depended more on the leaves than on the roots, it was a wonder to some men why through the process of grafting that the same tree mi<;ht be made to produce fruits the flavor of which would differ from each other, but this is no longer a puzzle to the author. The leaves of every engrafted branch produces leaves which differ in their absorbing and eliminating power. All the leaves bsorb carbonic acid, but some of the leaves throw out the greater ipiantiiy of the acirinci|>les just given will show why large hinged persons feel ha])py without any particular circumstance to make tr-eiii so. They breath copiously, the blood is charged by the exhilarator oxygen, and they are made happy. This is one reason why those who are engaged in manual labor have so much happiness with so little to enjoy. The dense air of northern countries "lakes the inhabitants of them more vigorous anil happy than the peo|)le who live in tropical climates where the air is raiC, because the former peo- \>Vi take more oxygen in the lungs. In I'hrenological examinations the Professor ought to be able to ascertain if the party has large and sound lungs, if he finds that this is his temperament he will describe him as capable of strong feelings of enjoyment or vexation. .Such persons will show a great degree of exhilaration if they become in- toxicated. Those who have the Neuro-\'iscii-v_"e[ihalic Temperament combined with rather large lungs will have a highly emotional nature ; if they are speakers, they will be elo([uenl ; if writers, they will manifest exuberance of fancy. Their vituperative remarks will be most poignant ; their eulogisms of character, places and things will be rose-colored : hence in jierusing books the reader should know if the author has the Neuro-Viscu Cephalic Temperament with a predoniinence of lung power, if so, he must make an allowance for his tendency for hyperbolism. Those -i'ho liavc lou;^, large bones, stroiiz nerves and ■. the fair or large-sized head will have OS -NKrRO-CKI'IIAI.IC TKMl'KRAMKNI'. Signs— Si)are form, in some cases very tall; sharp pale features, bony hands, frequently thin lips, \. rey eyes, dark hair. Persons having this temiierameiU seem to be a compound of l)0Pes, nerves and brain, with just enough of the other parts to keep lile in them, yet many of them are active workers Many of the .Americans are of this type, they are clear headed, stoical, sharp in business, full of nervous activity. f BOILED DOWN ESSAYS. The author saw an alinnrmal case of tliis temperament in Harniim's Musuem. 1 lis bones seemed only to cover wit!) skin. He was termed tlie living skeleton, he could not walk; he could scarcely use his hands, yet he was talkative, and clear headed. There is a condilirm of body that tends to a wasting away of the flesli, called atrophy. This condition is jiroduced by the lung power being in excess of nutrition. It has been thought that large lungs give great immunity from consumption, but over large lungs cause a wasting away of the fatty parts ; and if the diet is meagre, even the muscles will be shrunken. And this condition from the lack of warmth, eventuates in colds and con- sumption ; hence, persons with this tempera- ment ought to learn to eat fat meats, particularly fat mutton or beef. When the Ahdoincu Lymphatics ami the head, especially the ccrebelliiiii or lesser brain, predominates over the at Iter parts, there •oil/ be a condition of body termed the Al'.nO-l.YMrA-CRt'HAI.IC TI•,MP^'.RA^f ENT. Signs — Corpulency, pli'm p. but tapering iimbs and hands, small veins, mild blue or grey eyes. In the cauoassian races the color of the face will seem to be etiolated, though some have bloom'.ng faces. Mothers having this tempera- ment are apt to have precocious and sometimes hydrocephalous children. Hard muscular work or exercise is the main preventive. The lungs and heart of persons having this temperament are comparitively small, hence there is a feeble circulation of the blood, therefore such persons are apt to have cold hands and limbs. Generally there will be an absence of rose tint in the face. Warm kisses will be given for cold ones when this is the temperament of one party. The characteristics of those who have the Abdo- Lympha-C'ephalic temperament are mildness of temper, purity of heart, platon'c affections, tranquility of mind. If the brain is large and well formed in those having this temperament, they will have considerable intelligence. Parties having the abdo-lymphatic tempera- ment ought to eat lean beef, drink strong tea ; they may eat acidulous fruits, a few potatoes. Fat forming foods r.hould be avoided. Some quite youug ladies have this temperament, not fully developed, as they do not generally begin to be stout until they ar^ over twenty years old, such ladies might be ))ardoned for wearing long corsets not over tightly drawn ; though it would be better for them to take much exercise to prevent obesity. The author has fref[uently seen abnormal manifestations of this tcnioerament. One was a lady who weighed over 600 lbs., another was a boy who weighed 260 lbs, when he was seven years old. When the bones a)id tendons are lar^^e, skin thick, with moderate developments of the other parts of the human system, there -ioill be a condition of body termed the OSSKO-IiKRMA-CAKTII.AGI.NOUS TKMI'ERA- MKNl'. Signs — Large bones ; sinews larger in pro- portion than the muscles, giving the a[)pear- ance of big joints, animalized chin, large feet and hands ; inferior development of the brain ; thick skin, color dark and in some races black. As the skin carries off impurities from the system, these persons are well adapted lo live in hot countries where malaiious vajiors ascend from the marshes : since copious peis- piration carries off the poisons from the system, whereby fevers are preventejuiing themselves and others also be ruthlessly denounced, especially when the author's object is to befriend mankind. It is not to be expected thr.i every hotel- keeper who reads this work, or hears of ihe scheme which it advocates, will be friendly towards the author, because some of them will fear that the scheme will interfere with the profits of their business. liut if ever the iflea should become law, they will be surprised that then they would make nu)re money, with the pleasant consciousness that no one need he harmed when it is enforced. There was a wine made in olden times that was condemned. .Sohmion saiil in h's Proverbs, chap. 23, verse 29, "Look not on wine when it is red, when it giveth its color in the cup, when it movetli itself aright." Probably this was fermented wine, and there- fore it should be avoided. Everyone who understands the chemical properties of alcohol, and the mode of its production, knows that wines or other substances must first he fer- mented before alcohol can be distilled from them. Air is necessary for fermentation, fermentation changes the delicious flavor of the juices, and makes them acidulous or somewhat sour. X certain amount of sacchar- ine matter in the juice of fruit, with the recpiisite condition and time for fermentation, jiroduces vinegar. The free use of the kind of wine which Solomon conrevi'nting wine from fer- menting was knowi before the time of Christ. Heloie the crusade against the use of beer and spirits, had 'lie preachers studied the question, so that tlieycnuld use their influence in favor of a non-intoxicating wine, tliere would be no need of temperance lectures to dr.y Let tlie clergy and the editors use their influence in favor of the dis])lacement of beer and spirits by non-fermented wine, and ere long the result can be secured. 'I'lien will follow good times; and drunkenness, and much of the hard times which exist will be followed by better times. Dyspepsia will be a disease of the past, and workers will be alile to earn a bet- ter living, because they will lie more vigorous. ,. CHOICE OF A PROFESSION. If a boy's talents are such that he coidd become a superior engineer, and an inferior public speaker, through many years of culture he may become a fairly good speaker or jueacher, so as to get a moderate living; but if he should choose to become a civil engineer, his talents wrndd enable him to achieve a high position and become wealthy. There are many men who are engaged in ordinary callings who have not had an o))por- tunity to learn the full extent of their powers. Want of success deprives tiiem of full confi- dence in themselves. They work on through life with the dispirited idea that they do not amount to much. Rev. DeWitt Talmage, U. 1)., said in a hrenological principles which have been descrilied by the authors who first gave a philosophical explanation of them, but he should have the genius which fits him for originating new ideas in mental and jihysical science. J. \V. Crouter's works prove that he possesses this kind of genius in a high degree, hence he has not only been able to learn all that has been taught on phrenology by other authors, but he has studied more deeply in the subject, so that he is able to explain peculiarities of the brain which previous to his observations were not under- stood. On this ground I'rofessor Crouter's claim that he has a knowledge of phrenology superior to others is valid. .Accuracy in the measurement of the size of the piirenological organs is a very essential quality in a practical phrenologist. The accuracy of Prof. Crouter's measurements of the mental organs was admitted a ijuarter of a century ago. Then he took lessons in portrait painting in order that he might ;)iint like- nesses to illustrate his lectures. Prof. Crouier found that drawing increased his perception i nOII.Kn DOWN ESSAYS. II of size to that degree llial by placing his hands on a person's head he can tell quite exactly the si/e of it, and he is ecjually accurate in measuring the si/.e nf (lie dilferent organs. 'I'he grey matter which constitutes the convolutions of the brain is that portion of the cerebrum which enables <3ne to enjoy, thiik, learn and remember. If the convolutions in a small head, or one measuring twenty-one inches in circumference. are double in de|nh or thickness than they are in one having a very large head, then the one having the small head will know more, and his intellectual capabilities will be greater. Hut if the convolutions of the brain in one having a small head are inferior, then he will be almost an imbcile. Hence it is of importance that a phrenolo- gist shoulii be able to judge the ([uality and depth of the convolutions of the brain in any subject he examines. 'I'he depth of the convolutions generally are in proportion tp activity and fineness of cpial- ity. These ctmditions can be ascertained by external signs. i'rof. Crouter found that drawing jjortraits and landscapes greatly increaseil his percep- tive jK)wers, so that he has become an expert in judging the ipiality and activity of various brains : hence he is able to tell whether a person has dec-;) or shallow convolutions of the brain In this respect he excels those phrenologists who liave not practised the art of ))ainting as he hun done. The dithculty in the measurement of the convolulious of the brain is one of the Stumbling blocks which doctors see in the way of practising i)hrenology; but Prof. Crouter's explanations to them on this antl other points are so satisfactory that many of them get charts from him. In the early part of Prof. Crouter's career as a phrenologist he taught that the practice of the art of drawing increased the memory and tile mechanical and invenlivi powers, and he has found in his own e.xpeiience the truth of his teachings. lie also found thai lecturing without notes strengthened his memory. The use of the memory invigorates it. Stage drivers who can neither read nor vvrite generally have good memories. They must remember the orders they receive from place to ]:)lace. This taxing of the memory makes it good; reading books and repeating contents to friends improves it. If artisans Would review from memory everything they do through the week they would have better memories. Then, with a review of their acts they Would resolve not to repeat the improper ones. Then they W(juld grow better. The use of beer and spirits to that extent that the eyes are made red impairs memory, because the brain is overcharged with blood also. In the accmale measurement of the phren- ological organs, Prof, ''router excels those ])hrennlogisis who have not practised sketch- ing different shaped heads, which he often does on a blackboard to illustrate his lectures, besides drawing oil paintings for the pleasure of it. There is nothing reipiiring verbal desrri])- tions which needs a greater connnand of language than the delineation of character antl the qualities of the human organism. Nat irally I'rof. Oouter was deficient in language. As the En'dish language is largely of .'^axon origin, and only a nu)iety of the words taken from the Latin and (Ireek languages, Iie determined on the shorter way to become familiarwith the Knglishized word-. The method he adopted was to read adictioi.- ary by course, and at the same time to mark the words he wished to remember; then to review and commit the marked woids tfi memory. lie found that this practice in- creased his memory of names also. After- wards he wrote verses, because poetic com- position requires a more euphuistic choice of words than prose. This sort of composition devciojies a tendency to cont I { A formal introduction makes a couple acquainted, The gentleman visits the lady because it is agreeable. The circle of his acquaintance is limited, and he likes company. He may not have any intention of marrying the girl. Her looks do not exactly suit him, though he escorts her to the lecture and con- cert ; he buys confectionery for her. The lady accepts the attentions of the gentleman; still she disclaims any intention of marrying him. She says that there is much about lijs manner and looks that does not please lie^^ JloJ/.ED-i'H) IV /^ ESS A \ 'S. \\\ but, as there is no one who will be her escort who is more in accordance with t'le idea siie has formed of tiie kind of luisband she would like, siie accepts his company. DouKlless this is wrong. Still, until leaders of public opinion are willing to advocate better means by which a lady can be suited with a husband, casuists ought to forbear a harsh oi)inion against such ladies It is a sequence that wlien two individuals try to please each other, if for no other reason than to have each other's company, they will be apt to love each other Each will become ! accustomed to any distasteful feature or char- acteristic which is seen in the other, so that it will l)e less and less a source of displeasure. ' At last the couple will become fond of each | other; a proposition of marriage is made and . accepted. L'ltimately the care of children takes the i)lace of courteous attention; the fervency of love is slackened ; again they begin to see each oi'ier's faults in a stronger light; sharp wo'vtsare uttered, which make the faults appear more i"irominent; the words, "I wish I had never seen you," are used; then, were it not for the strengthening of the marriage bon*vfi : tfc I 14 IWII.ED DOWN ESSAYS. ZOOGKNOLOOY AND A N 111 KOrOl.OC, V, on 'vliich (i'lcclions for the choice of n con- Cviit arc (;iven, uuerwoven witli explanations for niaintainin" tlie subsequent condition so as to i)(t 1)1 with l)eautifiil, intelligent, delightful and 'gcrous ofi'spring. The following synopsis not only embraces the important ideas in Fowler's work called " Si-xual Science," hut some very important things not explained in Fowler's woik. The language used in this tssay will be fully as chaste as the language used by some city clergymen in the discussion of some themes. The bible forbids the marriage of those near of kin. Modern observations show that the connnand was a w i>e one. Clcreals which are sown without change of grain on the same ki.. ..r soil will degenerate in ipiality and productiveness. The cereals become assimi- lated St) much to the nature of the soil on which it is repeatedly gr:nvn,thal the soil does not stimulate the germs into vigorous action; hence tlw projiriety of changing the same kind of grain to be sown with those who have a different kind of soil. A gentleman of a certain temperament, who resembles his mother, might as well kiss his own arm for rapturousness as to kiss a lady who has the same temperament, and who also resembles her mother. They are too near alike, and if they marry, their offspring will likely be distorted in form for the reason that the spermatazo- does not sulficienlly stimulate the ovulum; therefore inferiority, both mental and {ihysical, will be apt to characterize their children, even if both parents have large and superior organizations. Fxcessiveness weakens (see Proverbs of .Solomon, chap. 31, v. 3 ) That restraint on indulgence, which favors the highest degree (jf physical vigor, is an import- ant factor in the reproduction of superior offspring. Those .vhose highest ideas of happiness is eating, drinking, sensual pleasures and games of rivalry, are not fit to sit in company with those who are characterized for superior intellectual, social anil moral culture; nor are they tit for marriage. Such persons revel in excesses which rob them of a hundred other kinds of happiness, which, because of their inferior culture they know nothing of. If a man desires to have children who will be a source of ha])piness to him, he should culti'-ate purity of thought; religion develops courtesy of feeling, — hence he should go to church with a good purpose ; he should make his home neat ; in order to cultivate taste, he should read good books and discuss their principles, so as to cultivate intellectuality ; I he should cultivatf wcor.umy, not to pinch- fistedness, but s > as to live well and still save I projierty, — this will develop business judg- . ment. He should cultivate music ; he shoukl cultivate every noble jiower, because they are all transmissible l(.< offsjiring. How often it 's said that Mahlah takes after her mother for music, wliile Tul)al takes after his I father for mechanical taste. Inferentially, both i)arents should be musical and ingenious. 'I'lie talent for cooking and embroidery should be tiaiismitted from iiKjtlier to daughler. If both parents take muscular exercise I enough to develop large veins in their limbs, j providing they aie well nourisheii, they will j be a|'t to have robust offspring. .Small veins I in the hands is a sign of feeble circulation of blood. Ladies v ho have small veins in their ' hands and arms ought to wear loosely-fitting garments, and also take ])lenty of muscular exeicise to develop the veins several months^ l)efore marriage, in order to avoid having a wtakly child. Those whose aim in eating and dressing is to become delicate, slu)uld resolve to be spinsters. If delicate lailie.s marry, their weakne'^s may be transmitted, though there ma)' be a blend- ing of (pialities, so that the offspring may be neither strong nor weak. Let the reader ex- amine the lieads of some children of the wealthy classes. I le will find that a number of them will have the to}) of the head ilished. The hollow part will be in the region of the organ of veneratitm ; the upper part of the forehead will project ; the sides of the head will be spread outward: this configuration of head shows a hydrocephalus ([uality. AVlien it is not strongly marked the cliilil will mani- fest considerable smartness ; but it is a])t to decrease before the |iarty attains maturity. It is more of a sign of mental weakness than strength .Such children are apt to be precoci- ous ; they have not the strength to ward off or repel disease, and they are likely to die before maturity, unless they have the best of care. After an observer has found a child of this description, he may feel confideni either that the father is ilyspeptic, or that the mother is delicate. Siie has too little Lluod in her veins, and what there is, is of an impoverished kind. There are some ladies who are remarkable for obesity; they have small veins in their hands and limbs; they have too little blood. Such ladies are ajn to have children with the heads dished as described. There is one other condition which is apt to result in the- formation of children having their heads de- pressed on the top, instead of being rounded up as they ought to be : mothers who bear children so soon one after another, that their vitality is impaired, are likely to have children, I /;. Ul. ED-DOWN ESS A VS. I with the organ of veneration small. This is why some very relitjiuus ])arents have cliiUln n possessing no religious icixU-ncy. If the anthers of a piinipkin llower are removei', and then at the time necessary for frnctificiition some pollen from a cuciimuer llower is sprinkU-il on the slygmas of it, a mongrel vegetable will he i)ro(hice(l which will be neither a innupkin nor a cucumber, hut a mixture of both. The vegetable jmo- ilucL-il in this way will not be so laige as a pumpkin, but it will be larger than a cucumber. The seeds of it will not grow. In procreation, if the male principle is weakly, it will exert a feeble intluence in determining the character of offspring, not only in the structural tendency but the vigor of it. The digestive powers of graminivorous animals are such that they can extract rich blood from succulent grasses; not so with the digestive powers of man. If small children use watery foods, such as roots and fruits, their blooil will be thin and walery. This Condition of bhjod will give a tendency to rickets. The heads of rickety chihhen gener- ally spread out at the sides, the upper part of the forehead projects, producing what is termed a beeile-bruw. Owing to the inferior (lualily of such brain.-, (|uite a luunber of such ]iersons are apt to be stupid after they attain maturity. The top part of the head, in the region of the otgan of v>;neialion, will be depressei'. A weakly embryo will evince the same organic and structural tendencies. The author lias seen thousands of cases in which both father and nui'.her had the organ of veneration large, and yet '^ome of the children would have the organ small. In many of the cases an enquiry would reveal the fact that one or both of the ])arents had poor digestion. One instance will illustrate this A farmer left Minnesota for Kansas to engage in raising cattle. They had one child, whose head was well formed. In Kansas both parents became sick with ague. They had, however, three children born unto them in Kan.'-as. The tops of their heads were sunken in each one of these three children; After their return to Minnesota another child was born. It was very nervous, but the toji part of its head was rounded. The frecpient doses of quinine, which tlie parents took as a preventative and remedy ft)r the ague, will ac- count for the nervous condition of the youngest child, The nerve-stimulating qiuility of the quinine develojjed a nervous condition in the parents, and they transmitted it to the youngest child. The children who take after a drunken father are apt to have the tops of their heads dished. Such children will be insubordinate and impuileni, and they are very liable to become drunkards. Thf weakened principle of the father, which helps to govern future dceloinnent, is the cause of this. Dut some of the children of drunken fathers take ftfter the mother, w'lo is stri;ijger. In that case the children may be exemplary and abstemious. It is sometimes observed that after marriage weakly women greatly imjjrove in vigor. This improvement wdl be especially noticed where the husband i ■, robust. Women in an interesting state must wear .-omewhat loose clothing. The blood which tlows thronirh lier vigorous offspring must jiass through her veins. Through this circums^tance her whole system is stimulated, her appetiie impro"es, and hence she glows stronger. For a somewhat similar reason a white woman who has several children by . colored huMb:iiul becomes a shade liarker in coiir; the pigment which colois the skin of the fiitus is augmented a- d stains her own skin — so the two become one tlesh. There are many who are not aware that light 1. , Mig is one (»f the causes of irreligion; but if lliey would .,iudy i>hrenology, and ex- amine some thousands of heads, as the author of this essay has done, they would be convinced that tight lacing lessens the resjiiratory and digestive oigans, and therefore the amount of rich blood, which is necessary to reproduce good sized and suijeiit)r offspring. Kmigranls are apt to be of the sturdy and resolute class. In a new country wiiere there is a chance to accumulate wealth, they are apt to become rich. The children of such parents will be of large size, they will have the brain ])ower necessary for high intellectual culture and great success. IJut the daughters of such a family will make a mistake. Their father acquired wealth; hence they will aim to be stylish, and as it is considered the highest evidence of elegance to have a slender waist, they will use long and tightly-drawn corsets in order to proiluce this form, and they will succeed. And as the family is wealthy and respectable, they will marry, but the offs]iring will in part take after the mother, anil the hoys will be less in size of body and head than the grandfather. After the boys are of age they will marry slender waisted-girls, and again there will be degeneracy of progeny. Still they will be apt at learning. There is a saying that men grow weaker and wiser. When men grow rich they cease to do manual labor. They make the head spare the hands. The tendency to learn is reproductive. .Sons of lawyers can learn law more easily than the sons of common laborers. Sons of clergy- men can learn to sing and preach more easily than the sons of doctors, except in the case in which the doctors or their wives are great r'/^Ot^^,: i*ifc.) take after th'- (larts most vised. I iider the present conditions ari.sing from social customs, the possession of wealth tends to lU-generacy of size, and to increase of mental activity. Let one ^;o out on tlie public works and he will find instances in vvliich lots of big men, having large heads, are doing the heavy, coarse work; and a small-bodied, small-headed and sharp-eyed man holding the jiosition of con- tractor. A fashionable gentleman of small size is not apt to marry a tall, stout servant girl; but such a union, as far as offspring is concerned, would be mutually advantageous, since the children would take after the mother for size, and after the father I'or fineness and mental activity. Hut a fasiiic.nable gentleman could not endure the thought of introducing into the elite of society one who hail been a servant; hence, as a matter of course, he must choose his wife from the fashionable set. She will be either small or tight-laced and weakly With such a union the re])roductive law must take its course, and the offspring will be smaller and weaker, and at this stage of degeneracy tiie brain may [lartake of the weak- ness of the body of both parents. If the party is a boy, he will inherit love of style, but he will be deficient in mentality. 'I'his class constitutes the dudes of society. Iftiie reader could have the grand-i)arents, parents, children and grand-children (if a family such as described in a row, with the grand parents at the head of it, he would see a marked illustration of degeneracy; and if the observer believed in Darwinism reversed, he would be apt to tliink, if the degeneracy should continue fur a few generations more, they would resemble in size and intelligence the class of organisms which the Darwinites believe were the progenitors of mankind, excejit, perhaps, they would not have the caudal ajipendage. Impressions affect the api)earance of pro- geny. Jacob knew this, see (ien. chap. 30. The contemplation of the pictures of beautiful saints by a woman affects maternity, so that some, if not all her children will be religious and beautiful. The result of impressions are mainly seen in color and form, and but little in vigor or size. If men should bang their hair as the ladies do, the hair on the foreheads of offspring would in time cover nearly the whole of them. What funny little beings some of such human persons would be. If slavery was permissible, they could be bought instead of pet monkeys. There is perl is not a lady who wears tightly titling co Is who will admit that she laces tightly: si. *ill declare that her clothes are (piite loose. lUit let her watch tier own chest during respiration, and she will find that it exi)ands from the armpits upwards. I)ur- ing singing the chest just below the neck heaves to an unnatural height, while the lower part of the chest scaicely dilates at all, this is unnatural bieathing. Through com prcssion the lungs are made smaller, hut this is nrt half o( the injury done. The regiui, of the system where the ovaries, stomach and liver aie located, is compressed, and emacia- tion more or less is the conseipience. It is painhil to see the half-starved girls who com- press liiemselves so that they cannot eat enough to make themselves look plump and rosy. One reason why some ladies talk so little is they do not breathe deeply, hence the blood is not oxygenated rnd stimulateOll'N JuSSA VS. wns so (joixl that lie was cDiisultt'd l)y liis neijjlilmrs, and the mother wns a flclicate and little woman. The gentleman wn> asked to stale if it was not true, antl Ik- admitted that it was exactly so, hut he wondered how a 1)hrenolo(iist could tell so much ahout parents )y examiiiinf^ the head of one of the offspring. AM lIKOI'OI.dCV. The theory that blackness of skin is a natural condition f)f lh().->e who are indi^jenous to tropical climates, is no more true tlian that those who are indijjenous to temjierale climates are blondes, '{'he Indian is tawny colored in every part of the north temperate zone. The difficulty wiili many writers, some wht) are very plausilile and jiopular, is, they are not careful readers and observers, 'i'he prevalent idea is that in tiie bej^inning (iod created only one pair, but a careful reading; of the first and second chapters of (lenesis will show that there were two pairs created. In the first chapter it is stated that "(lod created man in iiis own image, male and female created he them," inferentially, they wei* to live on fruits and ni...s, etc., as the Africans do. In the second chapter there is an account of the creation of .Adam, and it is |)articularly nientioned that it was not good for man— /.(■., this man to be a/oiii', so (lod took a rib from Adam, " And the rib which the Lord (mxI had taken from man, made he a woman, and brought her to the man." In the first chapter the reading seems to imply that a man and woman were created contemi)oraneously. In the second chapter the reading implies that Adam was made /irs/ and Eve afterwards. This second pair liod put into the (iarden of Eden to dress it and keep it. So it seems that the design of (jod was that this second pair should till tlie ground. It is not stated that theie was a law against miscegenation, but there was an anlii)athy to it. This is evident from subseejuent scriptural commands that the Israelites were specially required not to take wives from other nations. That evil qualities followed the inter- marriages of the sons of God with the daughters of men, '"s evident from the wicked- ness that ultimatt-ly jicvailed on earth. The sons of (lod iloubtless mean the pure descendents of Setli This will be evident if the genealogy of Christ is traced back to Adam, who is called the son of God, see St. Luke, 3rd, v. 23 to 38 inclusive; hence the descendents of ,Seth unmixed with other races are properly teimed the sons of (iod. They may have lost their birthright through sin; others may acquire the birthright by conversion to Christianity. L^l the scriptures be under- stood as they read, and no difficulty need exist in knowing from whence Abel got his wife. The first pair mentioned in the first chapter of 'Ifpesis had been fultilling the Divine injunction and had been multqilving in the land. .After Cain went out from the presence of the Lord, he chose a wife in the Land of Nod. I'nless he married his sister, and this is very inu)robable as no men'ion is m.ide of his having a sister, he must have taken him- self a wife from the descendants of the lirst pair created. In (Jen. 61 h chap. v. 2, it is stated "that the sons of (Jod .saw the daughters of men that they were fair ; and they took them vives of all which they chose. " In .Ada n vwis breathed the breath of life and he bjcame a living soul." In .uuio \riisi/, the sen of (Jod and his offspring were coe(|ually so. They ought not to have intermarried wi:h the daughters of men, since after a time "every imagination of the thoughts of his heart was evil continually ;" surely they were very bad, so (iod determined to destroy the earth with a 'lood. riie author of this essay has written a work in which he demonstrates on absolute scientific principles, that a "n capabilities of a certain kind superior to what the author has evinced, since he would fain have a legislative position, but he is too out- spoken to get one. The preacher who by the specious mode in which he presents his views, and the adroit way of advertising himself, which enables him iv. ^et $250 for a sermon, and $400 for a lecture, has manifested ability in this respect far ahead of the author. The author has reason, however, to claim that he is an original thinker; his essays prove this. He feels th-.it some of his original ideas, if widely dis,>eminated, will be a world-wide and lasting benefit. Some have expressed the opinion that since Beecher's avowal of his belief in Darwinism, he has quite undone all the good that his theological and ethical teachings have done for twenty-five years. Some believe that the press notices and remarks which have been made about Beechor and Talmage were not paid for by these reverend gentlemen. If that is true, surely the press can afford to eulogise this work, since such press notices would enable the author to publish solutions of the greatest questions in physical .and social science. The author does not desire the press to do anything for him for nothing, but if editors think they can be of any benefit to the world they may show themselves public bene- factors by doing so ; but the press or the clergy who may speak adversely of the author or his works will unwittingly prove themselves the enemies of mankind. me, "Pub- the public )ve the ac- is a small- t lo3t all of if the other has origin- e to have a of absolute ;rally true, is essay for r congrega- •ecompense ;heni. Let always cast ong side of f copies for ten spend a )uy a dozen lend. Let author will his works 22 nOIf.ED-nOlVN ESS A YS, THE TWIN POEMS: "Farewell to tlie [iirl of Oiifferin" mill "Canada's Welcnme to tlie Princess Louise anil Marquis nf Lome.' r.N J. .W. LUOI'TKl;. i K^. !• AUKWKMi TO TIIK KAKI- KW WVVVWW. I will write tlie wunls I woiiUl not speak. Nob'-- Karl o*" ")MfVerin, farewell, farewell; Nil consolation will 1 seek, While res;rets at your leaving niy bosom swell. Karl of I (iifferin, soon you w ill leave oin- shore, To i:ross the broad Atlantic Dcean once more. And you will muse as you watch the waves' white foam. Thinking of greetings when you arrive at home. In fancy you will review scenes lovely and grand, \'oi. will contrast them with those of native land; Your island rivers (lowing through pastines green. Or sparkling in rapids with glistening sheen, Where peasants sing and dance on holid.iys, As happy as larks when warbling their lays. Your rivers you will contrast with Canadian streams, Where anon sombre forests obscure the sun's beams. Or our noble rivers on which great ships may ride. Carrying cargoes of grain to the ocean's tide. In fancy you will contrast the days spent in childhood With the time you spent in a Canajian wildwood, Where the tawny-skin i)eo))le of the forest live, Kver ready their hospitality to give. As you listen to the ocean's waves' loud roar, Vbu will think of British Columbia's shore, Where waves resound along the rocky-bound coast, Amidst scenes of whose grandeur this country might boast ; Where giant mountains rise sheer from the water's edge, Rising gradually higher, ledge upon ledge. Up 10 the clouds where their tops are covered with snow. While the grasses arcgreen in the valleys below ; \ou will think of these views in deep reverie. While watching the waves of the great blue sea. Often you will think of the friends you have left. And when alone you will feel like one bereft ; But this thought, above others, will cheer your mind. In Canada you leave no enemies behind. During your journeys our broad country through. You have made myriads of friends, both noble and true; The addresses you have given in city and town. Have greatly added to your wide-spread renown. Reports of your tours have spread a good opinion Of the great fertility of our vast Dominion ; Under your rule we have become a broad nal ., Which, years hence, will have a great population ; From ocean to ocean, in each province, you have been, And we will not forget the noble Earl of DufTerin. May Gel speed the ship safely o'er the main. Which : irries the Karl to his native shore; May abund lice of joy and freedom froiu pain, Kver be '. s lot till life's journey is o'er. WKLCOMK TO TIIK I'IM.X'KSS HM'ISK ,\M» MAIU{I IS OK hOIOK. French, Saxon, Scotch and Irish Canadians are we. But we are all Britons in our welcome to the Prin- cess Louise ; From ocean to ocean, from lakes to northern sea, Canadians are ready to say "Welcome to the Mar(|uis of Lome." We are waiting the lime in great expectancy, When our hearts will be thrilled with ecstasy, I' or Can.idians are to have the high honor < )f h.iving the Manpiis of Lome for (jovemor. Donl)le honor for the land wherein we were born, For comes not alone the Marquis of Lome; His consort is the daughter of (Jreat Britain's (Juetn : We are linked to motherland, though oceans lie between. J'he Kmpress of nigh three hundred millions of people Sends her daughter to reside at our capital ; Let our welcome evsnce a most liberal hand, Well worthy of this our great noithern land ; We will prove our loyalty by showing honor due, .And by showing ourselves br;v>'e, noble and true. K'er the si.iunch .Sarmatian arrives at her (juay. Let Haligonians make a gorgeous disjilay ; From the ship to their carriage let them carpet the street, And with loud hu//ahs their Excellencies greet. Let each city in which they sojourn the first night. Be illuminated with a great llootl of light, (panes. Streaming with bright lights placed near the window While cornet bands fill the air with sweetest strains ; Let there be a grand pyrotechnical display, Dispelling darkness till it seeins like unto day; Let citizens adorn their great thoroughfares, And hoist the maple llag o'er the city M|uares, And deck arches with boughs on w Inch Boreas blow- Boughs from trees which are green when earth is white with snow — Words of welcome intertwined in evergreen wreaths, Wreaths made from vines which grow in our northern heaths The I'rincess and Marquis these arches will view. While ple.-ised with the change from the old country to the new. Let'the flit,- of our cities, while gorgeously dressed, (live grand parties to the Princess and the viceregal guest. And when the I'nnccss goes back to her mother's side. She will speak of our great Dominion with pride. Where er the INLirquiscomes we will gather in meetings, .\iid show him the heartiness of Canadian greetings; No honor given hero fresh from great victory. Will l)e more than we will give to vice-royalty. ^Lly th.e day be bright, following a lovely morn. When arrives Princess Louise and Marijuis of Lome* Ye winds, waft the ship blandly the ocean o'er. Which brings the Princess and Marquis to Canada ; May no tempest make wild waves to surge and roar, While their K.vcellencies are on their happy way. .''V.f*- BOlI.En nOWN ESSAYS. 23 THE CAUSE OF THE LIGHT OF THE SUN. In my work on •* Creation," I have shown how the eartli was formed so that it 's red-hot from the centre outward to the crust. The sun, stars and satellites were conglomerated in the same way. This is fully explained in the larger work. Let the princi|)le be granted, which can be proved, that the sun is an incandescent mass, and that there are interspersed over the surface of tlie sun innumerable oceans, with co-e(iual spaces of land between them. As evaporation has the tendency to cool the substance from which the vapor escapes, it is inferable that the bottom of the oceans in the sun, and the material at the margin of them, would l)e Ci^oled to the temperature of boiling *ater. If the light of the sur 'ould be jjroduced one way, and if it ould n i be caused by any other means, inferentially that must be the way it is produced. Electricity is evolved by tlie accumulation of clouds. Flashes of lightning come from them to the earth, and the refulgence of these flashes is sufficient to illumine the visible horizon. Steam produced by boiling wal .r is immed- iately changed to vapor, when exposed to air of ordinary temperature. If the water of the Hudson IJay could be made boiling hot, an amount of vapor would arise from it that would form clouds on a scale so vast that lightning would be produced in bolls large enough to illuminate the earth to the rational horizon from that point. If all the oceans on the earth could be rendered boiling hot, the enormous amount of clouds that would arise from the surface of them would produce sufficient electricity to make the whole earth to siiine like a star. Without an atmosjihere vapors would not ascend from the surface of bodies of water. Without an atmosphere surrounding the sun the conditions necessary to produce sufficient light to enable the sun to illuminate the earth would not exist. A red-hot mass of iron irradiates a mild, pale light. The concussions produced by one body striking another causes heat, and if the concussions are numerous and great enough the body may be rendered red-hot. I'o maintain the sun in a state of incandes- cence, hundreds of bodies similar to the earth would have to strike the sun monthly witii the velocity of a thousanil miles a minute. If such an occurrence took place, it would be observable by means of a telescope; but as such a falling of bodies into the sun has not been observed, the sun is not kept hot by concussion. The light i)roduced by incandescent metals is insignilicant, when compared with that ])r<)duce(l by an electric light of co-ecjual magnitiule. During the chemical union of some sub stances light is evolved, but after the union has taken place the light ceases, and light •from the same elements cannot be produced again until they are reduced to their previous condition befoie the union took ])lace, which caused the emission of light. Light is prcjduced by the union of carbon contained in oil with oxygen during combus- tion and carbonic acid is formed, but it would puzzle any chemist to formulate a theory to show in such a si)here as the sun is how that carbonic acid could be separated into oil and oxygen so as to be consumed in the produc- tion of light. We know that this can take place on the earth, since the leaves of plants will absorb carbonic acid and eliminate the oxygen and lelain the carbon for the growth of plants, with their seeds containing oil. In this we see a transformation of subsiances, so that from the same elements light can be l)roduced again. Hut plants cannot grow in the sun, and even if they could, a sufiicient light could not be jiroduced in this way to evolve the light which is continually irradiated from the sun; hence, the ccmdilions necessary to produce the sun's light i)resup|ioses the existence of an atmosphere similar to that which surrounds the earth, but extending thousands of miles from the sun. It is esti- mated that the atmosplitie extends fron: the earth to the distniu-c of forty-five miles. It is not presuuiaLlc that because the sun is over a million of times larger than the earth, that his atmosphere extends forty-five millions of miles from his surface; but the sun's atmos- phere may extend several thousands of miles from it. It is known that the air is more dense at the lowest levels of the earth's surface than it is at an elevation of four or five n-iles. This is accounted for on the principle that gravity causes a pressure of the air which is above on the air which is below. At first it might be suppo.sed that the pies- sure of a volume of air extending to the height of 4,000 or 5, coo miles from the sun would cause such a pressure on the air at the surface of the sun that it would liquify it. But it is also known that the rotary motion of a body [)r(jduces a centrifugal tendency. The surface of the sun moves at the rate of nearly 100,000 I I, 24 BOILED-DOWN ESS AYS, miles a day, hence the centrilugp.l force pro- (hiced at the surface of the sun would counter- balance to a certain defjree tlie pressure of the atmosphere on the sun ; yet the pressure of a volume of air surrounding tlie sun would be greater than the pressure of the air on the earth, because the surface motion of the sun is a little over four times grej^ter than that of the earth, while the volume of air extending from the surface of the sun is perhaps a thousand times greater. !5ut this state of the air is a necessity, in order that the conditions should exist for the production of light suffi- cient to give all the light the earth reciuires for the growtli of plants. Boiling oceans interspersed over the sun, with an atmosphere extending far above them, would produce a condition not only to cause the present luminosity of the sun, but a con- tinual reproduction of it. From the boiling oceans in the sun iui.nense volumes of vapor would rise and would form clouds of the size of the oceans on the earth, and from them would descend shafts of light- ning. We know by observation that bolts of lightning will set buildings on fire; we know that certain con'litions of an electric current will luse metals. If the electric flashes which descend to the earth could be augmented a thousand fold in nund)er and size, and con- tinued for a mouth, the earth would l)e fused. It is the descent of these flashes of lightning to the earth which j^revents it from cooling off. The author knows that the idea is at variance with the preconceived notions of some thinkers, but some jireconceived notions are not always correct. The author has observed thai thunder showers do not always cool the air, but on the contrary, the descent of lightning into the earth heats it up and produces the condi- tions necessary to cause another thunder shower. When the air becomes very heated and rare, u more dense and cold current comes from some other quarter, then there will be a change of temperature. Over the vast surface of the sun, whose circumference is 2,400,000 miles, the amount of vapors that would constantly rise from the numerous oceans interspersed over the face of it would cause clouds to be formed which would develop an amount of electricity vastly beyond any human imagination. Doubtless the size of the thunder bolts would be in keeping with the size of the sun, hence some of them would exceed a hundred miles in length and several inches in diameter. The constant descent of such shafts of lightning would keep the exposed surface of the sun in a continual state of incandescence, and the descent of similar electric bolts into the oceans would keep them forever boiling. It is known that if water is poured on metal when heated to a white heat, it will be immediately separated into hydrogen and oxygen, the original elements which composed the water. The water which would fall on the sun would be immediately changed into gas; currents of electricity would ignite this gas, so that over the face of the sun there would be a continuous blaze of hydrogen, as this light exists it is inferential that the afore- said causes must exist in the sun to produce it. The mild, yellow light of burning hydrogen, in union with the brighter electric light makes, it more pleasant to the inhabitants of earth. In this system of things there would be ever a reproducing cause of light. Constantly streams of electricity would flash I'rom cloud to cloud ; constantly millions of great bolts of lightning would descend to the sun from vast strata of clouds to keep it at a white heat; constantly showers of rain would fall on this incandescent surface, to he changed into hydrogen and oxygen ; constantly there would be flashes of blazing hydrogen, extend- ing for hundreds of thousands of miles. Flashes of lightning would fly athwart the sun at the rate of a hundred thousand miles a minute. In some seasons the rain-fall on some one of the exposed parts of tl:^ ^un would cool this place for a time, theti there would be a sun-spot. When that part of the sun was turned so as to be in a line with the earth, there would be a cold period for two weeks. When the opposite or brighter part of the sun came in line with the earth then it would become warmer. Hence, when in any year there is a great dark spot on the sun, a cold and frosty summer may be expected. Tlie luminous point of an electric lamp is about half an inch in diameter, but the apparent flame is much larger. A bolt of lightning equal to a square of five inches, and and hundred miles long, would yield a million times as much light as an electric lamp. One thousand such shafts of lightning descending to a hemis])here of the sun, or flying athwart it, would irradiate light sufficient to make shadows plainly ob.serval.de on earth, but there are many millions of such electric shafts in motion spread over the immense surface of the sun. It is a law of electricity that currents of it passing through bodies having different degrees of density become heated. The spots on the sun, which had become cool, dense and dark, would be the condition required for. the development of more heat, since these spots would be more dense than others; hence currents of electricity passing through them would cause them to be heated to a white heat IlOILED-noWN ESS A VS. 26 again, again to be splaslieil with water, and tluis to be immeciiately separated into liydro- gen and oxygen, again to l)e consumed and converted into vapor and then carried by the dense air of tlie sun thousands of miles from its surface, tiiere to aid in forming vast strata, from which l)olts of electricity would ensue and flash from cloud to cloud, while many millions of sucli bolts would descend on the thousands of millions of sijuare miles of the sun's surface to produce a lumnious atmos- phere, the light of which would extend beyond the furthest ]danet which revolves anmnd the sun, TIIK SUN CANNOT LOOT, OKI". If a vessel containing hot water is jilaced in a cool atmosphere, vapor can be seen rising from it. The colder the air in wliich the vessel is placed the greater will be the amount of vapor which will ascend from the water. When the bodies of water in the Northern hemisphere become more than usually heated during a very hot summer, there will be a great precipitation of snow during the follow- ing winter, since warm water and cold air is a condition favorable for the evaporation of water. The winter of 1S.S6 and 1S87 will be marked for a great precipitation of rain and snow, since all the bodies of water in the Northern hemisphere were heated to an un- usual degree during the hot summer of 1886. Wind currents from the Arctic regions towards the more rare areas of air in the south will carry the vapors over the lands, and in their course these vapot ■■ will fall in rain or snow, according to latitude. When the atmosphere of the sun cools somewhat through the exist- ence of sun spots, then the conditions exist for a greater ascension of vapors from the oceans on the surface of the sun, and as a sequence a greater quantity of electricity will be produced. The augmented electric shafts will fuse the dark si)ots, there will be an increased produc- tion of hydrogenic and electric light, and the following summer will be very hot. This explains why the cold summers of 1884 and 1S85 were followed by the hot summer l886. THE TIDES. The cause that produces the tide that follows the one caused First originated by J, W. Crouter. First principle — let a number of balls of e(iual size, a ]iari being composed of wood and the others of metal, be attached to the outside of a wheel by short india-rubber strings, then let the wheel be made to revolve, and it will be found that the metal balls will be forced further from the wheel than the wooden ones. This simple experiment illustrates the law that the centrifugal tendency of matter at the surface of a body revolving with a rotary motion is in jiroportion to density. If the water on one hemisphere of the earth could be rendered heavier than the water in the opposite hemispliere, in such a way that the weight of the water could be graduated so that It would be heaviest at a certain point and gradually less heavy from that point to the rational horizon, then the conditions would exist for the production of a centrifugal tide. Where the water was heaviest, there it would be thrown up highest, and the water would be forced outward at the surface of the earth to a less degree, gradually to the rational horizon where there would be a neutral point. This condition of the water is continually being produced in the following way : The moon attracts the water on one hemis- phere of the earth and makes it lighter there in i)roportion to the attraction, and the water is made lighesl near the point where the moon is vertical at any moment, and the water is gradually less heavy to the rational horizon, since the attractive power of the moon de- creases in proportion to the squares of the distance between her and the portions of the earth attracted. The attractive power of the moon reaches past the rational horizon froir. any point whereby the conditions for the producilon of two daily tides exist. The one at the cispodes under the inon, termed the lunar tide, and the other at t. antipodes, termed the centri- fugal tide. As the earth revolves these tides follow each other at equal distances apart, since the centrifugal tide must be at the op- posite side of the earth to the lunar tide, caused by the attraction of the moon. As the moon rises about an hour later overy day, it is high tide about an hour later every day, thereby giving inferential evidence that the moon causes one tide. The centrifugal force produces a tide on the opposite side of the earth at the same time, It is found by ]iractical tests that a pound weight weighed by a spring scale, weighs apparently the same everywhere on the surface iio llOII.KD-noWN ESSA VS. of the earth at the levels of the ocean, and that water weighs aljout the same in one jilace as in another at all limes of the day Tlierc- fore it may be thought hy some that the theory that the centrifugal force jiroduces a tide is without foundation. The fact that matter seems to weigh the same in all i)arts of the earth requires the consideration of another principle. It has been thought by some scientific writers that as the centrifugal tendency produced by the rotary motion of the earth lessens weight at the equator, that therefore a mass of matter of the same l)ulk and density would weigh more at the poles than at the e(]uator. The force of gravity is in |)r()portion to mass. The greater the mass the greater will be the gravitating force. The e(]uatorial diameter of the earth is 26 miles greater than the polar diameter, hence from the center of the earth to a point at the equator the earth is 13 miles larger than from the center of the earth to either pole. The greater mass of the earth at the equator exerts a gravitating force which counterbalances the centrifugal tendency, since any ([uantity of matter weighed by a spring scale at the equator will weigh the same at either jjole.. The surface motion of the each gradually decreases north and south of the ecpiator to- wards the poles, so also does the size of the earth diminish to a certain extent, vvherel)y the centrifugal tendency is counterbalanced by gravity, until the neutral parts of the earth at the poles are reached ; hence matter weighs the same in all parts of the earth, except when the influence of the moon makes it lighter. If the earth could cease its rotary motion for a day, and at the same time could pre serve its si)heroidness, then, because the mass of the earth is greatest at the equator, a given quantity of matter would weigh heavier at the equator then it would at the poles, but let the diurnal motion of the earth be restored, then the centrifugal force which lessens weight would exert an equalizing power, and there- fore restore the eveu weight of material all over the earth, except where it is disturbed by the lunar influence. The centrifugal tendency not only caused the oblate form of the eartli, but in harmony with the law explained, and continuously as the tide rises by this law the even weight of the water of the ocean is nearly preserved on the side of the earth where the centrifitgal tide is produced. On the opposite side of the earth where the lunar force is exerted, the greater mass of water upheaved produces a greater force of gr.ivity, whereby the even weight of water is nearly maintained. The difference is suffi- cient to produce a tide a little less than 3 feet high in mid-ocean. Tlierc must l)e a difierence in the weight of the water in the two hemispheres or a centri- fugal tide could not be produced, though the difference in the weight is an imperceptible fraction of a ])ound, yet multiplied by the number of pounds of water in the vast spread and dejjth of the oceans, it is sufticient to pro- duce a tide through the operation of the cause described. At times a difference in the weight of some bodies of water is observable. Millers have learned by observation that at new moon, when i)oth the sun and moon are attracting the water at the antipodes, that the machinery of a mill at the cispodes runs more rapidly with the same head of water near mid- night than it does during the day time. This difference in the motion of the ma- chinery is accounted for on the principle that both the sun and moon attract the water on one side of the earth, and makes it lighter in l)roportion to the attraction, whereby the force of '.he water on the machinery is less potent during the day, but towards midnight the water is heavier, hence it exerts a greater force on the valves of the water wheel iluring it outflow, whereby the machinery is made to move more rapidly. Raftsmen have also noticed that their rafts float more rapidly down the stream at night during new moon, even in those streams where the current is said to be uniform. TIIK CONCLUSION IS AliSOI.tJTK. The moon by its attraction makes the water in one hemisphere lighter in proportion to its attraction save partially counterbalanced by greater bulk produced by tiic uplifted tide. And as the moon's attraction decreases in an inverse ratio, scjmewhat past the rational horizon from the part over which the moon is vertical, whereby the water in the opposite hemisphere is left heaviest at a point furthest removed from the moon's influence, and grad- ually lighter to the rational horizon from this point: hence two daily tides are produced, one by the direct action of the moon and the other ])y the centrifugal force. The sun being situated at a distance of 92, 500,000 miles from the earth does not exert an attractive force on the earth sufficient to produce tides, since, if it did they would be observed at the first and last quarter of the moon, when the attraction of the sun is ex- erted on a point midway between the highest point of the lunar .and centrifugal foice. At this time the tides rise to a less height than at the new and full moon, and then there is but a flowage of two tides daily. If the sun pro- BOILED DOWN ESSAYS. 87 e is suffi- ihan 3 feet ! weight of )!• a centri- liough the )erct'j)tible '(I by the 'ast spread ent to pro- f llie cause the weight )le. ion that at I moon are s, that the runs more ■ near mid- me. if the ma- nciple that e water on t lighter in ereby the lery is less s midnight s a greater leel during is made to L their rafts n at night ams where UTK. s the water )rtion to its danced by ifted tide, eases in an le rational he moon is e opposite int furthest and grad- n from this produced, on and the listance of es not exert uflicient to ■ would be rter of the sun is ex- the highest foi ce. At ght than at here is but iie sun pro- duced a tide it would be observable in that part of tlie ocean where it is vertical, and where it acts ind.'pem'.ently to the lunar at- traction, but as liiey do not occur, it is inferential that the influence of the sun on the waters of the ocean is not sufficient to produce a perceptible tide. Still the sun certainly attracts the earth; at the first and last (juarter of the moon. 'I'he effect of the attraction of the sun is to lessen the height of the spring tides. It does this by drawing the water in a lateral direction to that extent tliat low tides are the result. The moon apparently revolves arcund the earth from east to west. It is the revolution of the earth on its axis from west to e.ast 'hat gives this apparency. Following the apparent course of the moon, the waters in mid-ocean where there are no coast line ol)struclions is drawn into a westerly current. North of the equator the current runs in a south-westerly direction. .South of the e<|uator the current runs in a north westerly direction, because the waters of the oceans north and south of the equator are dr.iwn in an oblique direction to- wards the moon. As the moon travels over the earth at the rate of 1041^^ miles an hour, ilie general tendency of the lunar currents are not reversed, in those parts of tlie globe where the oceans surround a great jiait of the earth in an un- broken expanse. The coast line of America extending as it does from near the north pole to the etpiator, and south of it to 55° s. lat., forms a barrier to the westerly current caused by the moon. When the moon is in the zenith at a point 6250 miles eastwards of the liiisto! Cliannei, the attraction of the moon is exerted obli(|uely on the waters in the Channel. At this time the tide water is lowest there. As the moon moves westward, the water in the Atlantic Ocean is drawn obli(|Uely towards the moon; the tide begins to rise and llow eastward towards the P.tiropean and African coasts. The tide continues to rise an hour after, after the moon has passed the zenith of any point of longitude. In three hours after the moon has passed the zenith of longitude, it has leaped the Atlantic Ocean, then the waters are drawn obli(juely after it; then the tide rushes in a westerly direction towards the eastern coast of America, where it dams up against the coast to the height of al)()ut six feet. Although water is iu)t in a complete state of rest at the neutral point i>eiween the ebb and (low of the tides, yet it is in that condi- tion that wh'.'u the tide i)egins to flow it ^ams up against the water, which is in a comparative state of rest, and makes what is termed a tidal wave or boar. The variation in the height of the tides in different places is due to the contiguration of Coast lines. The height that a tide will rise in a given bay may be approximately estimated by measuring the distance from point to point of the head lands which mark the com- mencement of the indentation in the coast. Vxmw Cape Sable, N. .S., to Cape Cod, near Boston, U. .S. A., the distance is about 350 miles. In Hoston Harbor the tide rises al)oiil six feet. As the tide moves onward, the channel for its (lowage becomes more narrow. Between Cajie Sable and French- man's Hay the distance is abcuit 200 miles; here the tide rises much higher. Helween Annapolis, N. S., anrl St. John's, N. V>., the distance is almut 40 miles; here the tide rise to the heiglu of 40 feet. Furtiier up the Hay of Fundy the tide rises to 50 feet, and at the head of the ISay the tide rises to the height of 60 feet. The spring tides sometimes rise to the height of 70 feet. Not only nuist the le water gain in height what it lacked in width of room for flownge, but the incoming tide dams \x\t against the water as it flows into the Hay, so that the two causes, viz., a wide entrance from )ioint to point of coast line leading into a deep Hay, which grows more narrow towards its head, and from which the water cannot tind exit, l)Ut dams up against the water in the Hay, jiroduces the highest tide on the globe. The fact that the tide rises in tlie Hay of Fundy to the height of 60 feet, and during some s|)ring tides, when there is a strong south-Ntfest wind, to the height of 80 feet, must cause a flowage of water up the streams that empty into the Hay whenever the tide flows. The inhaliitants living near the margin of these streams may take to their boats when the tide begins to flow and float uji the stream, and when it ebl)s float back again to the landing-place near their homes. 28 BOILED-DOWN ESS A VS. THE CAUSE OF EARTHQUAKES. I' I The cause of eartliqiuxkcs cannot lie learned by observation, since llie force wliicli jiroihices them is hidden far below tlie surface of the eartH. Men who excel in learning and ol)serv- ation merely, are not adecjuate to the task of explaining the phenomena they observe. The power to learn from observation and from books is one thing, but inventive talent is quite a different (juality of the mind. Great learning may tit one to occupy a professor's chair in a college, —he can teach what he has learned, but, unless he [lossesses originality, he should stick to his teaching, and not try to give original explanations, even if there happens to be coincidences which seem lo give plausibility to the explanations. It has been thought by some that because it is found that the heat of the earth increases one degree for about every fitly feet as the descent is made in the eartli, that at a certain point below the surface of the earth that matter there is in an incandescent condition, and therefore it is in a tbiiil condition, and that the so-termed crust of the earth resis on a red hot fluid mass, and that it is the bottom- less pit of tire. These theorists forget that pressure condenses matter. They know that the pressure of the water above on the water below a mile from the surface of the ocean is enormous; the;, know that pressure will con- vert some gases into a soli l.iference is reasonable, because the pre>,ure of the outer |)art of the earth on the interior parts would reduce the latt r parts to great solidity. Hence to suppose that th.e bed of the ocean would sink lo a greater depth would be about as reasonable as to suppose that a piece of dougli or putty would sink into the marble slab or board on which it was being kneaded, or that a piece of marble would not sink into a mass of soft ])ulty if it was laid on it. .Some other force besides the pressure of the rocky matter which lies under the Atlantic ocean on the incandescent matter below it would be necessary to change its shape or depth. A change in the position of the poles, which would increase the centrifugal tendency to a greater degree in some localities, would be a sufficient force to materially change the ]K)si- tion and configuration of the botton of the ocean, but the position of the North Pole star to the earth does not indicate any change in its position to the North Pole, If tl;e mass of matter below the oceans •would yield to pressure, then we might be apprehensive that the American continent, with its high ranges of mountains, would in time sink out of sight; but while the North Pole retains its present jioint this will not occur, because the dense matter which under- lies the American C(jntinent will prevent it from sinking. We must look to other ciuses than the disturbances o! the earth's crust to account for eartlKpiakes. It is known that graphite or carbon exists in considerable (piantilies dee)) below the sur- face of the earth. It is also known that if a current of electricity passing through a wire is interrupted by carbon points, that at the points of interruption a bright light will be produced, and that the carbon will be con- sumed. It is also known t'ia» a current of electricity is constantly pnssing aroui)d the earth fr(jm west to east, (lence, all that is necessary to cause the combustion of a mass of graphite situated at any point is, that a strong current of electricity, combined with a certain amount of air, should come into con- tact with it. The electricity near the surface of the earth is difl'usive, — it is radiated to the atmosphere; but deep below the surface of the earth there are continuous mineral deposits, which serve as good conductors of currents of electricity. They are conveyed fi ..i pt)int to point continuously. It is known that fissures in the rocks extends to vast distances, and that water flows through some (jf them, and others are dry. Crevices lead to these fissures. Through some crevices water flows ujiwards through them in perpetual sjirings. Through others air is pressed downwards and fills the fissure. One of the latter fissures leatling to a deep deposit of graphite, in conjunction with a current of electricity, would be all that WDuld be necessary to insure its combustion; the adjacent rocks would be melted. At a sufficient distance below the surface of the earth the melted matter would not cool off. The combustion of the graphite would go on; a cavern would be formed; it would enlarge through the erasion by fire; there would be formed in time a subterranean lake of fire; for centuries the graphite would continue to burn; while masses of fused rock would fall into the seething lake of licpiid lava. In ])rocess of time a vein of water i^assing through a fissure in the rocks v.-ould be reached; then water would rush into the super-heated cavern. Any scientist knows that if water falls on incandescent metal that it will be immediately separated into hydrogen and oxygen, and if this gas comes in contact with red-bot metal HOILED-DOWN ESS A YS. le oceans niif^lit 1)6 ;(>nlinent, wiiiild in lie Niirlh ! will not cli under- prevent it ler cnuses 's ciust to bon exists w the sur- n that if a i;h a wire Kit at the lit will he 11 be con- cuiient of round the all that IS of a mass is, that a ned with a .■ into con- the surface rted to the face of the 1 de]iosits, currents of ..1 ])oint to lal fissures , and that and others fissures. s upwards Through id (ills the eading to nction with )e all that timbustion; ted. At a ice of the jt cool off, I' Id go on; lid enlarge would be of fire; for uc to burn; "all into the jirocess of ;h a fissure tiien water ed cavern, ■r falls on umediately en, and if hot metal it will ignite, and an explosion will follow. Boilers are exploded in this way. KAt-ry en- gineer knows how dangerous it is to allow the water to get so low "n his boiler that the iron co'iiposing the Hues may become red-hot. An expert engineer would know what would be the result if a targe ([uantity of water should rush into a cavern hundreds of rods in length and half full of substances healed to a while heat (a condition produced by the burning of carbon by electricity). lie knows that an ex- plosion would occur; he knows that if the rocks would not yield which composed the walls of the cavern that the gas would find vent through the fissure by which the water flowed into the cavern; it would rush through the one filled with air; it would reverse the current cf water flowing into the cavern; he knows that steam wouKl be formed, and it would rush through the fissures with a rum- bling noise, and that the concussions produced would make the earth shake. If the volume of steam was large enough, buildings situated on the line of the fissure through which the steam was passing would totter aiul fall. At some parts the accumulations of steam would be so great that the earth in some places would be rent assunder, and if by chance men or animals were standing above the spot where the earth opened they would fall in, and then the earth would instantly close, so that their burial jilace would never be known. In some places these fissures extend for hun- dreds of miles, and the earthquake extends for an equal distance, but in proportion to the distance from the steam forming cavern ihe vibrations of the earth would be less and less, till only a faint trembling. The trembling of the earth would be felt laterally to the fissure to a wide distance. As fissures branch and run in different directions the earthquake would diverge from straight lines. Anyone who has seen the wreck of an exploded boiler can form some idea of the agitation of the earth which would be pro- duced by the formation of a million times the amount of steam that the largest boiler can con- tain, and sent bounding through the crevices. In some places such a formation of steam would burst open the rocks, the lava would be forced out, a volcano would be formed, and from the c-ater would arise ashes and smoke. From time to time veins of water would be reached, then a violent eruption of the volcano would occur; the explosion would scatter the ashes of the burned graphite for scores of miles. Will some learned scientist explain how these ashes were formed if not by the burning of carboniferous substances? Doubtless the sending of currents of elec- tricity through the earth from galvanic l)atteries has augmented the combustion of graphite and the formation of earth(|uakes. It might be inferred by the semi-thoughtless that where the greater number of telegraph wires con- verge, there would be the greater number of eartliqtiakes; but these narrow-headed thinkers forget that the currents of electricity must l)ass through beds of grajihite which are sup- plied with air through an underground fissure, since, as has been explained, the "'ectricity near the surface of the earth is too diffused to produce combustion of carboniferous sub- stances. A body of graphite exhausted be- fore water reached it would not produce an eartlKpiake, and after the graphite has been consumed no other earthquake can take place there. The recent earthcpiake at Charleston may never recur. The consumed graphite cannot again form a heated cavern. The water which was forcetl outwards after its first flowage inwards will return, as it did return, to produce a succession of earthcjuakes. The first inflowage must have been slight, because the first trembling of the earth in the States was slight; this was followed by a greater intlowage of water and hydrogen, and steam was formed on an immense scale, producing an earthquake which shook the city to its foundations, but the steam and gas would again reverse the water course, and after the steam which caused the trembling ot the eart)i had been changed into water, for a time the quaking of the earth woukl cease; then the current of the water in the fissure would fic^w into the cavern again, then more hydro- gen, and steam would be produced and another earthquake would follow; but each inflowage would tend to cool the heated matter in the cavern until the heat sufficient to produce steam enough to cause a reversal of the flow- age in the cavern would cease; then the cavern would be flooded, and. the quaking of the earth would cease. It is stated that the rails along the lines of the railroads leading from the city of Charles- ton were bent in some places in a manner that would indicate that the earth beneath them rolled like waves of the sea, and that on other lines the rails were bent in an ojjposite way. This is explained by the idea that the rolling of the land which was vertical to the fissure through which the steam rushed resembled the waves of the sea, while laterally from the fissure the movement of the earth would pro- duce lateral oscillations. The filling of the wells in the city and adjacent to it was pro- duced by having the currents of the water re- versed. Thegreater current of electricity which circulates around the earth from west to east is at the equator, and in the Torrid /.one. r^r,r- - so liOlLEi)- no WN ESS A VS. Hence tlie Torriil /one and countries ad- jaceiU 1(1 it is tlie |)()int of tlio world where the t;reater niinilier of eailhiiuakes occur. Artisans wlm drill for water sometimes find empty fissures. Others are lilieil willi flowing water. .Sometimes a space is fouixl between layers of rocks, tilled with sand mixed with shells, f^ivin^; evidence that water once (lowed throut^h the tissure, and that sand h.id choked it up so that tlie water censed to flow through it. There woullanet. The electric lipht of Mars would be interblended with the reflected liLjht of the sun. The brilliancy of Mars can in this way be accounted for. If the atmosphere of the earth extended outward a liundied times further than it does. the conditions would exist for the ascent of clouds many times larger than those which are now formed \iniler the present atmospheric condition. From the augmented clouds there would be conliiuial discharge of electric shafts; these would make tlie water in the oceans boil ; the eartli would be melted, and the con- dition of the earth would be changed — it would liecome a luminous star. The earth has just the amount of atmos- phere necessary to produce all the clouds which supply the earth with its annual fall of rain, and the amount of electricity which pre- vents the earth from cooling off. The theory that the earth was hurled from the sun, and that it has been cooling off for millions of years, is foiinded on two facts- First, the internal parts of the earth are incan- descent. In another part of this work it has been shown how the earth was formed, so that it is red hot from the centre outwarti to the crust, but the crust was subsetpiently added and was never red hot. The second fact is the peculiarity of rocks which have the ap- pearance of having been grooved by ice floe. The opinion that the earth has been cooling off for millions of ages until an arctic climate reigned in one-half of the north temperate zone, and then after the lapse of an indefinite portion of time this tendency of the earth to cool off in this region was reversed is an in- congruous opinion. The upheaval of continents is given as a reason for this change in temperature, hut learned scientists seem to forget one class of facts when they are trying to build up a theory on other data. It is known that in high northern latitudes where the ocean extends it is warmer in winter than it is on the land. Observation would teach us that if the northern half of half of the north tem])erate zone was sunk, so that the oceans would float over it, the region of the formation of ice floe would be diminished, /. <•., the southern limit of it would be further north. It is, therefore, evi- dent tliat the uiilifiing of continents neither reverses, increases, or produces a tendency in the earth to warm up or cool ofT. Whatever of this tendency is (jbservable in any locality is due t(j otiier and explainable causes. The account of a glacial era is a pseudo-scientific myth. scii;n riKic kxplanation ok the cause WHICH I'KOI)UC;l'.l) A SmiMl'.RCaCNCE oi- Till': K.NT1RE i;arth. \i the earth again should make a quarter revolution from north towards the south while continuing its rotary motion, there would be another deluge, and all the mountains of the earth would be covered ; a quarter revolution of the earth from the north southwards would change the jiosition of the ])oles indicated by N. and S. ; they would become points at the e'piator ; such a partial revolution of the earth would change the equatorial form of the earth ; the points N'. and S. would be each 13 miles loo high, i, c. they would be 13 miles too far from the earth's centre to be in harmony with the present ecpiatorial form of the earth ; the centrifugal force which caused the present spheroidness of the earth would, with its irres- istable power, change the new form of the earth at the equator ; it would uplift the parts that were too low, and new continents would How Ihroufjh L'xtent of the revice would ' portions of could find its :)int where a {^\ tlien com- line a super- then tlie in- > earthquake. rsed is un in- s given as a perature, but one class of il up a theory that in high :an extends it on the land, f the northern ate zone was float over it, :e floe would rn limit of it iierefore, evi- inents neither a tendency in r. Whatever n any locality causes. The ;udo-scientitic THE CAUSE KRGENCE I'll. ;ike a quarter le south while lere would be untains of the rter revolution h wards would s indicated by ])oints at the ,>n of the earth form of the nld be each 13 d be 13 miles be in harmony 1 of the earth ; ed the present , with its irres- f form of the iplift the parts ntinents would iwj/.EJ>i)uiyN £ss.{ ys. 81 be raised from the deep ; gravity acting alone at the [)()k's would pull down the parts tliat were to high to Ijc in harmony with the pre- sent polar form of the earth ; rocks would sink lowest, soil next, and water would over- spread all the continents previously existing; the sinkage of the new poles would be 13 miles, and the sinkage wo'ild be gradually less each v/ay,tadiating from the poles, but the sinkage would be suHicient to subnuMgc all the mountains of the previously existing con- tinents. It is not necessary to show what caused the earth to make a quarter revolution from north towards tlu-soiilh in order to prove that it did occcur, any ni.ire thar it is neces- sary to show what caused the Pacific ocean to be larger than the Atlantic ocean. In order to prove that it is larger, inensurements show that the Pacific ocean is the largest body of water on the glol)e, and the drift proves that the continents were once under water. I )oubt- less when the earth made its jjartial revolution from the north towards the south, that the North Pole went fuither than the foinier ecpia- tor ; then it receded and continued to oscillate until the present position of the poles was fixed. If previous to the Noachean deluge the land had encircled the earth in an unbroken Ime, then only one-half of it would have been sub- merged, since only at two points and for 6,000 miles radiating from them would a sinkage of the land occur. DoubtlesF, then, as now, water covered more than one-half of the ecpiatorial portion of the globe. The drift and rocky formations of the earth show most conclusively that they were once under water for a long period. A cpiarter revolution of the earth in the time of Noah would not only produce a flood similar to that described by him, but new continents would be uplifted ; the area which constituted the Arctic regions would be uplifted, and would be brought within the region which now con- stitutes one-half of the \\i>\\]\ tein|)erate zone. The rocks which had been plowed for ages by ice would be covered willi iiRtamorpliic materials ere they emerged to form the series of rocks which geologists love to ex- amine. Tropical animals would be carried by the turning of the earth to the part which is now Northern .Siberia Some ■■- that the leading pulpit orators are unable to ma' y eng.igements to lecture, hence Prof. Cronter ha .ivcd to write a number uf small works to take tl place of lectures, since he is satisfied that thes'^ < .ays will convince the public that he is capable «. ,iving a superior lecture. In evidence that Prof. Crouler is an expert phrenolo- gist, read the following Press Notices : — " Prof. J. W. Crouter, formerly of Cot«urj;, Out., lectured in liniiilon, ^fonday, 291!! inst. His lecture »as elmiucnt and .Uteiitively listened to. He ^.\vc a nmnber of ilhisti.\tion^ of the w,iy WL-ak I r simll phrenoloijicil ..r .is iinr).iired Imsiness judgment. In c.n li inst.inc-; lie poin . 'iit liow to ciiltivale and streiijtthen the we.ik org.ins. In the seconil part of the lecture he spoke on the .npplic.Ttioii of zoojjfny in the iniprovement of different v.irieties of nniin.ils ami plants, inferentially Ins remarks innst lie of importance to all wh.j listeiieil to them. A liliera' silver contriluilion and a vote of Ih.inks jjave satisfactory cvi denre ihat his lecture was well received. The I'r. feasor has liceii practicing,' phrcnolo^jy i- the city for the past th ..'e vsceks, anil all of his patrons acknowledije his j.-roficiency in the si iencc to l)c i-ciual In that of the celebrated C), S. I-owlcr. The Pro- fessor goes e.ist to-morrow to piililish his new work on ihr " UniversJil UeluKe-"— Ur.andon .Vl.iil Read the following from the 7^>!l>u>ie-Ki":>iirM of Portage la Prairie : — " I'rof. J, W. Crouter, of Cohoiirt', Ont. , author of Phrenology in Khyine, or a Synopsis of I'hreiioloj;y, o( 24 pa^jes, has been practicing PlirenoIoj;y in Portaye la Prairie for a week. !lis patrons speak highly of his skill. One tjentlenian who received a chart from O. .S. Kowler, for which he paiil $5. admitted thi! J. \V. Crouter was fully equal in the accuracy of his description of character to O. S. 1-owler. Prof Crouler is the author of an ess.ay on the Creation and the Tides, which proves that he is a thinker of more than ordinary ability." From the Daily Mitnitobati, June 4th, 1886 : — "Prof. Crouter has been practiciin; Phrenolo(;y in Winnipeg (or over a year. M.my ol ihc wealthy citizens have patronized him. Like doctors, he makes caMs at office., or resiliences when ici|ue'-'cd, verbally or by card, lorthe past four months J. W. Croutjr har, been writing,' ess.iys. They will be publishetl soon. Th.^t J. W. Crouter h.is merit as a writer is evinced by the fact th.it he has received acknowledgments for some of his writintjs from the Ilarl of Uuffcrin, Marquis of Lome and Marquis of Lansdowne." The following is from the Rut Portage Progress^ Dec. 5th, 1885; "I'rof J. W. Crouter has been doing a riishiii); business in his prufessinii as a I'hreiiolo^ist in Kat l*ortage tor two weeks. Among hi> patrons were quite a number of our leailiiig towns- men. The clever w.ay he describes the leading traits ot character uf his sulyects shows that he h.as had great experience in his profession." From the Manitoba Liberal, Portage la Prairie, Sept. 26th, 1384: " BUK.NSIDE. "(l-roni our own Correspondent.) "J. W. Crouter delivered a lecture on Sabbath evening in the Methodist Church here on * The Deluge.' He treated the subject very ably, and proved from scientific facts that the ' Deluge' we read of in Scripture is no fable l>ut a reality. Mr. Crouter ia a very pleasant speaker, and comes from Cobourg, Unt. He w^.-, attentively listeiieil ti: by a very respectable audience. Mr. Hatters occupied the chair, and the Kev. Mr. Todd closed the iiieetii.g with pr.iiyer. " It is a mistake which some persons make to suppose that statesmen are inventors of political schemes. As a rule, every new political idea is invented by some original thinker. If it becomes popular, then the statesman will introduce the mcasuiu in P.ailiament, and if it passes he will get office and emoluments, and the impecunious philosopher who tirst taught the scheme vnIM have the satisfaction of knowing that he has been of service to humanity. This unfairness is now bearing its fruit, since the author knevN' several years ago that the present hard times would come, and he also knew how they could be prevented, but the Government .md the people withheld the means neces- sary for their publication. t.