Nicholas M. Williams 
 Memorial 
 
 Ethnological Collection : 
 
 Boston College 
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THE 
 
 NORTH-AMERICAN 
 
 AND THE 
 
 WEST-INDIAN 
 GAZETTEER. 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 An Authentic Defcription 
 OF THE 
 COLONIES AND ISLANDS 
 
 iN 
 THAT PART OF THE GLOBE, 
 SHEWING THEIR 
 SITUATION, CLIMATE, SOIL, PRODUCE, anp TRADE; 
 With their Former and Prefent Condition, 
 
 ALSO, 
 
 hn exact Account of the Cities, Towns, Harbours, Ports, Bays, i 
 ;} Rivers, Lakes, Mountains, Number of Inhabitants, &&c. 
 
 ILLUSTRATED WITH MAPS. 
 
 
 
 RARY 
 
 THE SECOND EDITION 
 IN C 
 
 OLLEGELB 
 
 GHESINU! HILL, 
 
 | LONDON: i 
 Printed for G. Roprnson, Pater-Nofter-Row. 
 M DCC LXXYIIL. | 
 
 MASS: 
 
 a st eS a 
 
 
 

 
 “ta 
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 PPOs 
 
 PREF ALG 
 
 OL a tittinctniatdon of the difturbances in North 
 America exciting the attention of the natives of Bri- 
 tain, renders any apology for the re-publication of the 
 following pages entirely unneceflary; the defign of 
 them being to give a faithful defcription of the dif- 
 ferent countries known by the names of North Ame- 
 rica and the Weft Indies, their fituation, trade, extent, 
 boundaries, and number of inhabitants; the impor-= 
 tance of which renders them fo interefting, both in 
 the fyftem of commerce and of politics, as to make a 
 particular defcription as neceflary as it is ufeful. The 
 various changes that have occurred in the face of af- 
 
 _ fairs in this part of the world, have rendered all former 
 
 accounts of it imperfect and contradiGtory : a new de~ 
 {cription was therefore highly neceflary ; and there 
 _ being no book extant which gives a concife and ge- 
 _ nuine account of this part of the globe, as it now ex- 
 
 _ ifts, prompted the prefent Editor firft to attempt this 
 
 4. performance ; which having met with the approbation 
 _ of the Public, induces him to give another edition, in 
 . compiling 
 

 
 
 
 : 
 : 
 : 
 PP ss 
 ) 
 ie 
 : 
 
 é 
 
 RoR Bo A cr 
 
 compiling which all authentic accounts lain before the 
 Public with any authority, any ways relating to this — 
 fubject, have been confulted, and extraéts made from — 
 a variety of original minutes and memoirs,-on which | 
 dependance could be placed ; ; amongft which is the 
 valuable Weft - India Atlas: — all which materials — 
 have been difpofed in as clear and concife a manner _ 
 as the nature of the work would admit, or the extent 
 of the materials allow: its moft material occurrences 
 have been remarked, and every memorable event in- 
 ferted, which any way concerned the fituation of the 
 Colonies, as well as the principal rivers, mountains, 
 towns, harbours, and their conditions, the nature of 
 the climate and foil, its productions, trade, fhipping, ] 
 &c. But as many alterations are daily taking place, — 
 occafioned by the prefent unhappy difference between 
 Great-Britain and her Colonies, it is hoped, when — 
 thefe alterations are not taken notice of in this work, — 
 it will be overlooked, fuch events having happened 1 
 either fince that part was printed off, or before any ac- — 
 count of them arrived in England. ; 
 
 
 
4 
 
 p S wo 
 SoS Se ee Ss eS ee ata tact ete Maange 
 spit seus yet reget *, . ngetl" ag cet ne cease te ot Ratt tageel As tl aa attest et aaa on ettlay ian asta cat aa es 
 
 PEP See RS ae a ea ee eee Tot ts tet 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Berore the invention of the mariner’s compafs there 
 was no probability of any great improvements in navigation, 
 
 or of the difcovery of any iand remote from the continent 
 
 of Europe. But the amazing progrefs made in the diffes 
 rent branches of literature, and arts, in the fifteenth cen- 
 tury, enabled feveral ingenious men to make many valuas 
 
 ble difcoveries, and proved a fortunate xra to fociety 5 
 nor were they long without their proper effects. Indeed, 
 from the invention of printing, 1441, may be dated the pee 
 riod from whence learning had its greateft encouragement, 
 Soon after this, difcoveries in navigation began at the Canary 
 Ziles, and a few years after at the Cape de Verd [ands, Thele 
 fuccefles animated both the men of genius, and the entere 
 prizing feamen, to carry their fpeculations into a@ual 
 practice ; and being furnifhed with fuch an inftrument, 
 
 _ they boldly ventured to fail on the pathlefs ocean, and 
 _ made excurtions from the European coafts; in hopes of 
 _ difcovering new countries. Various expeditions were un- 
 _ dertaken, feveral of which proved abortive, but even 
 thefe furnifhed obfervations of the greateft importance to 
 future navigators; as it is generally allowed, that one of 
  thefe voyages furnifhed Columbus with the firft idea of 
 _ thofe extentlive difcoveries he afterwards accomplithed. A 
 Notion at that time prevailed, that a great part of the ter 
 reftrial globe was undifcovered, which opinion was fup- 
 _ ported by the writings of the antients; and this engaged 
 the attention-of feveral Prinees, and increafed the defire of 
 _ difcoveries, Till the end of the fifteenth century, the 
 Whole known terreftrial world extended no farther than 
 _ Europe, Afia, and Africa, But, however ftrongly. the 
 Notion prevailed, that there was land to the weftward of 
 Europe, none undertook-to prove the truth of it till Chrifz 
 topher Columbus appeared, who being perfuaded that 
 _ there was another ebnrags 4 the weit, or at leaf thag 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ii EN T FO DWU.C-T TON, 
 
 he fhould reach the eaftern thore of the Indies by fteering 
 to the weftward, applied to the ftate of Genoa, (of which 
 city he was a native, of an obfcure family,) for affiftance 
 to carry his fcheme into execution, but had the misfortune _ 
 to fee his propofal rejected, and himfelf ridiculed. Vexed 
 _at the difappointment he met with from his countrymen, © 
 he refolved to get his proje& lain before fome more’ 
 credulons ftate, not doubting but the many confiderable — 
 advantages arifing from it would induce fome foreign — 
 Prince to liften to his propofals. Confident of the fuccefg 
 of his project, and confcious of the fuperiority of his 
 knowledge, he retired from his native country in difguft, 
 and applied to the court of France, where he aval 
 found himfelf difappointed ; but being of a perfevering — 
 difpofition, he was not thus to be yerfuaded to drop his 
 favourite plan, therefore offered his fervice to the King 
 of Portugal, in whofe dominions he refided fome years; 
 but here he found every mortifying objection thrown in 
 his way, without a direét refufal, and every method ufed 
 to provoke him to difcover all he knew, that they might — 
 Geprive him of the honour and advantage arifing from the 
 difcovery. Fired with fuch ungenerous behaviour, he 7 
 fent his brother Bartholuemew to England, with propofals 7 
 of the fame kind, to King Henry VII. who chofe rather 
 to be a careful manager of a kingdom, than hazard any 
 thing in a chimerical fcheme, and therefore gave a cool 
 reception to Bartholomew. Notwithftanding thefe mor- So 
 tifying difcouragements, which would have overwhelmed 4 
 the fcheme of many other perfons; Columbus, who was — 
 ftill fully perfuaded of the fuccefs of his defign, applied — 
 to the Court of Spain; where, after a delay of feveral 
 ears, and repeated difappointments, his plan was at — 
 feo ath countenanced by Queen Habella, who pledged her — 
 jewels to raife money to carry it into execution, being — 
 the year that the Moors were expelled Spain; fo that ~ 
 two of the moft memorable events that ever happened ~ 
 to the Spanifh monarchy was in the fame year. 4 
 Columbus was furnifhed with three veffels, and 120 ~ 
 men, under the pilotage of Martin, Francis, and Ditus — 
  Pinfon, three brothers, and failed from Spain Augutt 3a 
 1492, foon after which they made the ifland of Gomera, 7 
 one of the Canary-Ifles, where they refrethed, and afters 
 wards failed weftward, without any guide but his own ~ 
 genius. In croffing the Atlantic his crew yrew dife ~ 
 couraged and mutineus with the length and uncertainty” 
 
 
 
 
ET Ee Ee EER RO Ty AL REE T g Te a a ee ee ee ee. sl ee OT ep ee 
 
 INTRODUCTION. | iit 
 
 of the voyage, whom he appeafed and comforted with 
 ‘the cafual appearances‘ of birds and floating weeds. In- 
 this expedition was firft obferved the variation -of the 
 compafs, which made great impreffion on the pilots of 
 Columbus, who were {truck with terror on finding that 
 their only guide had varied, and, they feared, left them 3 
 on which the crew infifted on returning, and with loud 
 and infolent fpeeches threatened to throw him overboard. 
 However, they foon after difcovered land, having been 
 33 days on a tedious voyage, during which time they had 
 
 feen nothing but the fea and fky. This land Columbus 
 at firlt hoped to be a part of the Indies he was in queit 
 ‘of, but it proved a clufter of iflands, fince known by 
 the name of the Bahama or Lucayo Ifles, which are 
 
 about 70 leagues E. of the coatt of Florida, ‘That on 
 
 which they landed was Guanahani, or Sr. Salvador, now 
 called Cat-Ifland. He gave it the name of St. Salvador, 
 - to commemorate the faving the thips crews, but it is not 
 remarkable for any thing but this event. He took pof- « 
 feifion of this ifland with great ceremony, by erecting a 
 
 crofs on the fhore; great multitudes of the native inha- 
 
 bitants looking on unconcerned at the time. 
 
 Here the Spaniards remained but a fhort time, the ex- 
 
 treme poverty of the inhabitants convincing them that 
 
 this was not the Indies they fought for, Sailing. from 
 
 hence fouthward, after fome difficulty, he difcovered Hii- 
 
 paniola, inhabited by a humane and hofpitable people, 
 
 and, what crowned the whole, abounding in gold, which 
 
 induced him to make this itland the principal obje¢t of 
 
 his defign, and where he planted a colony before he pro- 
 
 ceeded further in his difcoveries. From hence, having 
 collected a large quantity of gold, and a number of cu- 
 riolities, in order to enhance the merit of his fuccefs, | 
 
 and building a fort for the defence of 30 men he left 
 
 on the ifland, he fet fail for his return to Spain; and 
 difcovered the Caribbees, having before landed upon 
 
 Cuba, and gained a flight knowledge of fome other iflands 
 
 which lie fcattered in fuch numbers in that great fea 
 
 which divides North and South America. 
 
 On his arrival in Europe, from whence he had been 
 
 abfent fix months, he was driven by diftre‘s of weather 
 
 into the Tagus, which induced him to vifit Lifbon, where, 
 
 by convincing that court of their error in rejecting his 
 propofals, which were crowned with fuccefs, he triumphed 
 
 over his enemies ; which now excited their envy, as they 
 
 wal b 2 
 
iv INTRODUCTION. 
 
 faw thofe advantages they had flighted in the polfeffion of 
 another. From thence he proceeded to Barcelona, where 
 he entered in a kind of triumph, exhibiting to public 
 view the native Americans he had brought with him, 
 as well as the curiofities and riches he had colle&ed, 
 the admiral clofing the proceffion, and was received by 
 the King and Queen not only with the greateft marks of 
 regard, but the higheit applaufe. 
 
 The Portuguefe, near about the fame time, by direfing 
 their courfe towards the eaft, had paffed the Cape of 
 Good Hope, and difcovered the Eaft-Indies, ‘The rival- 
 fhip of the nations of Portugal and Spain thewed itfelf 
 at this time only by the emulation each of their navigators 
 had to make different difcoveries, and enrich their coun- 
 tries with the fpoil of other regions before usknown, 
 Ferdinand and Lfabella, of Caftile and Arragon, at this 
 time provided themfelves with the Pope’s bull, to fecure to 
 themfelves all the new iflands and countries which were, 
 or might be, difcovered by their navigators, under con- 
 dition that the Gofpel fhould be preached there by good 
 men. How far they complied with this condition may be 
 judged by the cruclties pra@tifed on the natives to difcover , 
 their riches; and of all the pricits who have gone from 
 Europe to thefe unhappy countries, Bartholomew de las 
 Cafas, who firft propofed the introduétion of flaves from, 
 Atrica, is the only one of whom hiftory has not tranf- 
 mitted the name and a¢tions with exccration. The Pope, 
 by an irrevocable decree, diftributed the new-difcovered 
 countries; but as they were continually encreafing, it was 
 too troublefome, as well as expenfive, to be fo frequently 
 applying to Rome: therefore the Spaniards and Portuguefe 
 agreed to divide the globe by an imaginary line reach- 
 ing from pole to pole, which the Pope confirmed, and 
 placed this famous line of markation in the Atlantic, about 
 100 leagues to the weft of the Azores, which a few years 
 after, by an agreement between Caftile and Portugal, was 
 removed 270 leagues beyond this; by which all the dif- 
 coveries already made, or to be made.to the eaft of this 
 political meridian, were to belong to the Portuguefe, and 
 
 that on the weft to the Cattilians. 
 
 The honours which Columbus received were far from 
 fatisfying him, a fecond voyage engaged his whole atten- 
 tion; and the fuccefs of his firft having removed every im- 
 pediment, he was fupplied with 17 fail of fhips, with every 
 neceflary for making fettlements; and, having on board 
 
DON oT RIO DIGG VET OaN, v 
 
 rsoo men, he fet fail again Sept. 25,1493, but on his 
 arrival at Hifpaniola, he fcund the tort totally demolithed, 
 and every one of his men that he had left there flain. 
 This was a mortifying circumftance, but it did not pre- 
 vent him from taking more effectual meafures. He pitch- 
 ed on a more advantageous fituation on the N. E. part of 
 the ifland, where he ereéted a ftrong fortification, and 
 built a town, naming it Ifabella, where he fettled a co- 
 lony ; before which time there were neither horfes, oxen, 
 fheep, or fwine, in all America, or the Weft-Indies, (as at 
 was afterwards called) ; and it ts not unworthy of remark, 
 
 that eight {wine, and a fmall flock of black cattle carried 
 
 thither by Columbus, was the whole flock which fupplied 
 a country which at prefent fo plentifully abounds wilt 
 them. 
 
 But while he was exerting his utmoft abilities to reduce 
 this wealthy and extenfive ifland, and eftablifh the foun 
 dation of the Spanifh monarchy in America, his enemies: 
 at home tried every method to: deitroy his credit with the 
 Spanifth Monarch ; and had fo far fucceeded as to order 
 his recur to juttity bimfelf. As foon as he appeared im 
 Spain, having brought with him. teftimonials of his fide- 
 lity, all their accufations and prejudices againft him difap- 
 
 peared; notwith{ftanding which be had the mortificatiom 
 
 of experiencing numberlefs delays and impediments, before 
 he was able again to fail, though on a diicovery of the 
 laft imyportance to the Spanifh nation. Having procured, 
 with difficulty, the defired forces, he fet fail on his third 
 
 voyage, when the firft land he made was the ifland of 
 Trimdada, on the coaft of Terra Firma ; and afterwards: 
 he proceeded to the continent, where he procured from: 
 
 the inhabitants gold and pearls in tolerable quantities, im 
 accomplifhing which be had encountered great fatigue and 
 difficulties ; and to increafe his uneafinefs, om his arrival 
 at Hifpaniola, he found the colony divided: into. parties, 
 that had proceeded to. defperate extremities again{it each 
 ‘other; which by his prudent management he fuppreft, 
 without being charged with feverity: but this his enemies. 
 in Spain conftrued to his difadvantage, infinuating that he 
 
 had a defign of courting the friendfhip of the Indians and. 
 
 difaffected people, and thereby eftablihing an-independency 
 for himfelt; to the prejudice of his fovereign ; which pro- 
 cured an order. for his confinement, and the feizure of 
 his effets. He, together with his brother, was fent, loaded: 
 with irons, into Spain, where they were cleared satel 
 
 3 
 
 pent ay PEE eet 
 

 
 vi DN TRO On, 
 honour; and the Admiral was prevailed on to undertake 
 ‘a fourth voyage, which he began in May, iso2 when he 
 reached the Ifthmus of Darien, where he hoped to have 
 found a paflage into the South-Sea, but wes difappointed,; 
 though convinced that the continent was of much greater 
 value than the iflands, as it abounded in gold, and the ins 
 habitants more civilized than any he had feen before. 
 This voyage, however, was the moft unfortunate of any 
 he had ever experienced, He had fuffered confiderably in 
 feveral hurricanes, and was ill-treated by the Governor of 
 Hifpaniola; and returning to Spain found his patranefs; 
 the Queen, dead; and the King, of a diffem bling difpo= 
 fition, ufed every frivolous pretence to delay the reward of 
 his labours, till death put a period to the Admiral’s toils 
 and vexations; who, to perpetuate his ill-treatment, gave 
 orders, before his death, to have the irons he had worn 
 put into his coffin. Thus ended this great man, the dif 
 ' toverer of the New World. 
 
 The fuccefles of Columbus proved his project pot folely 
 a chimera, the fame of which extended over Europe § 
 and among others excited the attention and avaricious 
 difpofition of Henry VII. of England, who, when it 
 was firft propofed to him by Columbus’s brother; declined 
 embarking in an uncertainty, but in 1496 began to tur 
 his thoughts how to convert it to his certain advantage 3 
 yet not being willing to be too enterprizings he granted a 
 _ patent to John Cabot, a Venetian, and his fons Lewis, 
 Sebaition, and Sancho, whierein he empowered them, with 
 only five imall veffels under Englith colours; to difcover 
 and take poffefion of any countries which before that 
 period had not been difcovered by other nations, let their 
 fituations be E. N. or W. at the fame time he referved 
 to himfelf a fifth of all advantages that fhould arife from 
 fuch difcoveries ; and in confequence of this the whole 
 eallern coait of North America, from Newfoundland to 
 Florida, was foon after difcovered, and taken pofleiiion of 
 in the name of the Britith Monarch ; and, for a confidera= 
 ble time after, together with the ifland, which fill goes 
 under that name, was called Newfoundiand, It is from 
 the difcoveries of the Cabots that Great-Britain derives 
 her claim to North America. 
 
 in 1498, Americus Vefputius, a Florentine, under a 
 Spanith commiffion failed to the Weft-Indies, and vifited 
 the continent of America, exploring the coafts of Paria, 
 Caraccas, &c, quite to the Gulf of Mexico; though we 
 
 
 
ee 295i 7 OF gh te ee i 
 
 INTRODUCTION va 
 do not find he made any new difcoveries, but being a man 
 of addrefs, as well as an able feaman, and an excellent 
 geographer, he arrogated to himfelf the firft difcovery of 
 the continent of America, and ealled it by his own name, 
 though that honour was undoubtedly due to Columbus. 
 
 - Peter Alvarez Capralis, admiral of a fleet belonging to 
 Emanuel, King of Portugal, fteering for the Eatt-indies, 
 in the year F500, was by a florm driven on the coaft of 
 Brafil, which he firft difcovered, and which has fince 
 roved of fuch infinite benefit to that crown, Hence it 
 nals to follow, that, if Columbus had not gone exprefsly 
 in fearch of the New World eight years before, it would 
 have been difcovered, by chance, by this Portuguefe Ad-« 
 miral. But Brafil was toon after more fully difcovered by 
 Americus Vefpucius; who had quitted the fervice of Spain 
 
 in difguft, and entered into that of Portugal. The eaftermy 
 
 fide of the continent having been difcovered, it was not 
 long before the Spaniards made their way to the wefterm 
 fide, carrying devaftation with them, and leaving an ex- 
 tenfive tract deluged with tne biood of millions of the ins 
 nocent natives, which began the conqueft of Mexico un 
 der Fernando Cortez. f 
 
 It is eafy to conceive the abfurdity of the imaginary 
 line of marcation of the Pope, whofe ignorance, and that 
 of his geographers, had faid nothing of an oppofite mars 
 cation, -which ought naturally to have been 180 degrees 
 diftant from the former. It follows, that either nation 
 might comprehend the whole earth in his moiety, and 
 that this curious fpecies of property only depended on 
 the courfe which each followed. 
 
 This confideration induced Magalhaens, or Magellan, 
 a difcontented Portuguefe, to form a defign of taking 
 away the Eaft-India iflands from that nation; which he 
 did, by going there on the weftern courfe, in the name, 
 and under the authority of the Spanith flag, when he alfo 
 difcovered the South-Sea; but the Pope’s line of divifion 
 not being infringed upon, it occafioned no rupture between 
 the two nations. 
 
 As nothing was then attended to but the Indies, newly 
 difcovered by the Portuguefe, all the new countries, in the 
 new as well asin the old hemrfphere, received the name 
 of Indies. From hence came the original divifion and de- 
 nomination of the Great-Indies, Old-Incies, or Eaft- Indies, 
 for the true and antient India; and of Little-Indies, 
 New-Indies, or Weft-Indies, for America, The names of 
 
 CE eS aes 
 
 Oe ee 
 
Vili UND IRTO DION AT ON: 
 
 Eaft and Weft Indies are the only ones now preferved: 
 under the firft is comprehended the greater patt ot Alia, 
 &e. the fecond only takes in the middle part between 
 North and South America. 
 
 Geographers commonly divide the Continent of Ame- 
 rica into two parts, North and South ; the narrow ifthmus 
 of Panama joining the two immenfe portions. This di- 
 vifion, without doubt, is the moft fimpie that can be 
 conceived, and appears the moment we look at the form 
 and difpolition of America: it is likewife that which was 
 made by the firft Spaniards who went from the ifthmus 
 of Panama to difcover the South Sea, fo called in oppo- 
 fition to that from whence they came. 
 
 But this bay, fprinkled with innumerable iflands, ime 
 properly called, from one of its parts, the Gu/f of Mexico, 
 ought to be called the We/?-Indiaa Sea. » ‘To this vait 
 Gulf the Spaniards have retained the name of We/? Indies, 
 leaving that of North and South America to the two op- 
 pofite Continents. Under this name they comprehend 
 all the coaft of the main-land which lies adjacent to it, as 
 weil as all the iflands, the chains of which feem to keep 
 back the fea, which beats with violence againft this part 
 of America: In one of thefe iflands of the moft northern 
 chain, the little ifle of Guavahani, at prefent uninhabited, 
 the difcovery was firft mace of the Wett Indies, and in- 
 deed of all America, as betore ebferved. . This Gulf is 
 the center of the moft extentive as well as moft precious 
 trade of America, and which furpaffes, ar leait in riches, 
 that of the Eaft Indies. The appellation of Weft Indies, 
 in its whole extent, has been adopted by the Euglith, the 
 Dutch, and all other navigators; and the merchants, in 
 conforming to it, have obliged geographers to divide 
 America into three parts, North America, the Weft Indies, 
 and South America, of which this Gazetteer comprehends 
 the two firft divilions. 
 
 On viewing a map of the Weft Indies, you will find: 
 a fea comprized in three great bafons, divided from each 
 other by large projeétions and finkings-in, and feparated. 
 from the Atlantic Ocean by a firing of iflands, both fmalk 
 and large. ‘This. divifion is that of Nature, and what 
 prefents itfelt at the firit'view. The fea of the Weft 
 Indies was moft likely termed by an irruption of the ocean 
 always driving towerds the weit; all the fhores that look 
 towards the eaft, as well as the Iflands, bear the maiks 
 of this continual action; the firfl are for the greater part 
 
 
 
INTRODUCTION. ix 
 
 overflowed, and the others are torn and broke throughout. 
 
 The waters, pufhed forward and: accumulated in the fea: 
 
 of the Weft Indies, flow back to the océan very rapidly 
 through the Gulf of Florida, which,’ being the: largeft 
 and principal outlet, keeps up their circulation, and ad- 
 mits of a conftant fupply 
 
 The moft northerly bafon is known by the name of the 
 
 Gulf of Mexico; it is the largeft of the three we have: 
 
 jut taken notice of. Tothe E. it has, for a boundary, 
 the peninfula of Florida, with the ifland of Cuba ; be- 
 tween which is the outlet which leads-to the Gulf of 
 Florida, or Channel of Bahama: on the fide of the Cone 
 tinent, itis bounded by the overflowed thores of Florida, 
 Louifiana, and of New Leon, with tnofe of a confiderable 
 part of Mexico, in which are contained the entire weft 
 and north coaits of the peninfula of Yucatan. Thefe 
 two coafts are furrounded by a large chain of fhoals, fands, 
 and rocks; the terrible remains of the lands the fea has 
 {wallowed up, 7 
 
 This balon terminates at Cape Catoche, about 72. 
 leagues from Cape St. Antonio, the moik weiterly point 
 of the ifle of Cuba. Between this ftrait, and a line drawn 
 from Cape Gracias a Dios to Point Negril in Jamaica, 
 Nature has formed: the fecond bafon of the Weit-Indian 
 Sea; it is lefs than either of the others, to which it ferves 
 for acommunication, Its boundaries on the fide of the 
 Continent, from Cape Catoche to Cape Gracias a Dios, 
 are, all the eaftern fide of Yucatan, and all the north coaft 
 of the province of Honduras, The waters, running con- 
 tinually out of this bafon into the Mexican Gulf, through 
 a very narrow ftrait, aét with the greatett violence in the 
 Bay of Honduras, which is full of overflowed iflands and 
 rocks, fome under water, and fome juft level with it, 
 fand-banks, &c. and all the eaftern coaft of Yucatan, 
 which lies open to its action, is entirely torn and pierced 
 with lagoons; fo that throughout the whole may be feen 
 the ravages of a flow but continual inundation of the fea 
 on the fhores. 
 
 The third bafon is bounded on the. W. by the Mexican 
 coaft; on the S. by that of Terra Firma; to the E. and 
 W. by chains of iflands. The Spaniards, who firft dif. 
 covered the fea which is on the other fide of the itthmus 
 of Panama, gave it the name of the South Sea, and called 
 that of which we are fpeaking the North Sea. It has 
 been fometimes called the Caribbean Sea, which name it 
 
© 
 
 3 o BNO IRICOO A 6 
 
 would be better to adopt, than to leave this fpace quite 
 anonymous, It fpreads from eaft to weft, and the ocean 
 breaks in through a great number of inlets between the 
 Caribbee-Iflands. Its waters, which may be faid only to 
 flide along the coaft of Terra-Firma, beat upon the Mof- 
 quito fhore, and that of Cotta Rica, which are direatly 
 oppofed to tts a€tion, with great violence: thefe coafts, of | 
 confequence, are overflowed, and cut into great lagoons 
 and lakes. The ravages of the waters are equally fenfible 
 in the fea, which is full of fhoals and fands. The opening 
 of this bafon, between Cape Gracias a Dios and Jamaica, 
 is quite filled with fand-banks, loaded with rocks and little 
 iflands, ‘The environs of the Cape, efpecially about 25 
 leagues off, thew nothing but overflown rocks, the terrible 
 number of which often deceive the efforts of the mariner 
 who has got amongft them. 
 
 This is pretty nearly the phyfical divifion of the Weft- 
 Ipdian Sea, The divifion of the iflands which bound it 
 on the fide of the ocean appears more complicated 5 it is 
 founded on their refpeétive fituations, or on the relations 
 that the courfe of navigators has produced, We fhall be- 
 gin this divifion from the fouth, 
 
 From the 11th degree to the 18th, of north longitude, 
 is a crooked chain, lying nearly N. and N.N.W. of 
 fmall iflands, of which the largeft is hardly 18 leagues 
 Jong. Thefe the firft difcoverers called the Axtilas, or 
 Forward-Iflands, becaufe they really form a barrier ad- 
 vanced towards the ocean. ‘lhe Spanifh navigators, who 
 traverfed through the little channels that feparate them, 
 to pafs into the inner part of the Weft-Indian Sea, diftin- 
 guifhed them by the general name of Windward-Iflands, 
 and at the fame time called thofe the Leeward-Iflands 
 which lay from eaft to weft along the coaft of Terra-Firma, 
 from the moft fouchern paflage to Cape Chichibacoa, or 
 Coquibacoa, if we adopt the vicious appellation of failors. 
 The winds, which almoft always blow eafterly, thew na- 
 turally this diftin@ion between the iflands which lie more 
 to the eaft, and thofe which are more diftanr. The 
 Antilles, or Windward-Iflands, are {till called Caribbee- 
 Ifles, from the name of the firft inhabitants, exterminated 
 a long time {ince by the chriftians of Europe ; the unfor- 
 tunate remains of whom, mixed with fome negroes, whofe 
 anceftors were freed by them and faved from fhipwreck, 
 have lately fallen under the yoke in the Ifland of St. Vin- 
 cent, 
 

 
 ——— se rl Oh US F ie 
 
 INC FO DUOC RTO: xi 
 
 At the 18th degree, the curvature of the Caribbean 
 chain ends. This rounding comprehends feveral {mall 
 iflands, which the Englifh call the Leeward Caribbees, At 
 this ending the line bends all at once, and {tretches out to 
 the E. and N.W.. This lengthening affords us feveral 
 divifions. - ut 
 
 The iflands on the eaft, which are the moft confiderable 
 of this fea, have been called, ia their whole extent, the 
 Leeward-lIilands, for the fame reafon as thofe which we 
 juft_ mentioned on the coaft of Terra-Firma, and by fome 
 the Greater Antilles, to diftinguifh them from the Antilles 
 properly fo called. 
 
 Before thefe great iflands, there ftretches out a fecond 
 chain of {mall iflands, long and narrow, placed in fand- 
 banks, fome of which are of a prodigious lize. This is 
 the extenfion of the line to the N, W. to which they have 
 the general name of Bahama-lflands, or Lucayos. 
 
 The fubdivifions of thefe difference archipelagos arife 
 from the particular groups of iflands in this long feries ; 
 fo the name of Virgin-Ifles diftinguifhes that clufter of 
 iflands and rocks which fill up that part of the fea between 
 the Leeward Caribbees and Porto Rico: and the names of 
 iflands of Efpiritu Santo, of Cayques, of ‘Turkith-Ifles, 
 &c. have been given to feveral parcels of rocks and fands 
 which divide the Lucayos. ; 
 
 This general view of the Weft-India Iflands naturally 
 leads us to fome refleétions on their formation, 
 
 One cannot help regarding them as lands which have 
 efcaped the irruption of water;. and, which ever way 
 we confider them, we fee nothing but the remains ofan 
 
 immenfe fhipwreck. The Caribbees principally appear to? 
 
 be only the fummits of mountains, the lower chain of: 
 
 which, at prefent under water, is diflinguifhable in the’ 
 
 channels of different breadths, which feparate thefe iflands + 
 
 fome of them are 6 leagues broad, others 10 or 153 but’ 
 
 in all of them we find a bottom at 100, 120, or 150 
 fathoms. There is between Grenada and Sr. Vincent a 
 a little archipelago of 16 leagues broad, known under the 
 
 naine of the Grenadilles, or Grenadines, where in fome’ 
 
 places there is only 10 fathom. To this we may add, that, 
 in all the Antilles, the principal mountains, which lie in 
 
 the fame direétion as the chain of iflunds, are all volcanos, . 
 
 either now burning or extinguifhed ; and we find, through 
 out, the marks of a fubterraneous fire, which muft have 
 
xii INTRODUCTION. 
 
 joined its efforts to that of the ocean in the general 
 ixruption. 
 
 Though :philofophers try in vain to find out what was 
 the firft caufe of this irruption, or what was that of the’ 
 particular inundations which have drowned whole coun- 
 tries, and left others uncovered ; or thofe exceeding great | 
 accidents, which have overturned a part of the earth’s fur- 
 face, and totally changed its face; it is certain that thefe 
 grand changes in nature are attefted by the moft authentic 
 monuments. The knowledge and proofs of them are al- 
 moft coeval with the greateft antiquity, and tradition has 
 preferved them among the moft uncivilized and moft 
 diflant nations. ‘The principle of thefe alterations is to be 
 found in the waters which furround the globe, and which 
 aét in all directions on its furface. Europe has not fuffered 
 Jefs changes than the part of America we are now con- 
 fidering: and the ancients, who lived nearer to the times 
 when thefe itrokes happened, were as well convinced of it 
 as the naturalifts of our own times. ‘* It was not enough, 
 (fays Pliny, B. 6, ch. 1.) for the ocean to furround the 
 earth, and continually wear away the fhores, it was not 
 fufficient for it, by opening a paffage between Calpe and 
 Abyla, to have abforbed a fpace as great as it already tock 
 up, not contented with having fwallowed up the lands 
 which filled up the Propontis and Hellefpont, it has, 
 befides, deftroyed a whole country beyond the Bofphorus, 
 fo that it has at laft joined itfelf to the Paludes Meotides, 
 which have only been formed at the expence of the re- 
 gions they have overflown.” 
 
 Thefe particular deluges, in conjunftion with great 
 earthquakes, and eruptions caufed by the volcanos and 
 fulphureous earths, are fufficient to account for all the 
 revolutions, both fudden and ‘progreffive, which change the 
 furface of our globe. The continual agitation of one 
 element againft another, of the earth which fwallows up 
 a-part-of the ocean in its Interior cavities, of the fea which 
 tears off and carries away great portions of the land in its 
 abyfles, is the great caufe of thefe inevitable changes. To 
 this we may add, the motion of the fea from eaft to weft, 
 a.motion impreffed on it by that which carries the whole 
 
 lobe from weft to eaft; this motion is much greater at the 
 eels where the globe, being more raifed, moves in a 
 larger circle. Thus it is that the fea feems ‘to break all 
 the dykes that the land oppofes to it, and that it opens 
 
 
 
/ 
 
 INT. EOD UC EF ION. xiii 
 
 itfelf a number of paffages, in places where the tops of 
 mountains which by their yreat height efcape being over- 
 flowed, compofe at prefent the Caribbee-Iflands. All the 
 parts of thefe iflands which are expofed to the eaft, that 
 is, to the fhock of the waters, are cut and wore away in 
 their whole extent: the harbours and places of fhelter are 
 on the oppofite fide, which is generally diftinguifhed by the 
 name of Bafe-Terre, while the eaftern coaft is called 
 Cabes-Terre. 52 
 
 In the fame manner Nature has formed the north-weft 
 Iflands, which we have comprifed under the general name 
 of Lucayos-liles. Thefe being much more flat than the 
 Caribbees, may be confidered as the furfaces, not immerged, 
 of feveral large fand-banks. We may eafily conceive, that, 
 the lands, of which they made a part, being upon the 
 whole more elevated than thofe from which the Caribbees 
 have been detached, the water ought not to have cut them 
 in fo precife a manner, and has overflown them with a 
 lefs quantity. 
 
 We might confirm thefe remarks, and feveral others, as 
 well by the phyfical appearances, the difpofition of the 
 fireams of water, &c. as by the natural productions, which 
 would all tend to prove that the iflands of the Weft-Indies 
 have been torn from the continent; but we think that 
 thefe new proofs would be unneceifary in fo general an ac 
 count as this: befides, the bounds we fet ourfelves will 
 only fuffer us to give a fuccinét relation of each of the ob 
 jects, We fhall now goto confider the climate, productions, 
 and commerce ; which offer us fo large and fruitful a field, 
 that we are lefs embarreffed in the choice, than in the 
 manner of comprifing, in a fhort as well as interefting 
 manner, the objects which prefent themfclves on all fides. 
 
 There are but two feafons in the Weft-India Iflands ; 
 the dry, and the rainy. By their fituation between the 
 Equator and Tropic of Cancer, they are fubje& to fome 
 differences, which arife from the pofition and qualities of 
 the foil. The heat is continual ; it increafes from fun- 
 rife to an hour after noon, and decreafes as the fun de- 
 fcends. The thermometer rifes to 44 degrees, fometimes 
 even to 474, above the freezing point. Nothing is more 
 rare than temperate weather; fometimes, indeed, the fky 
 is covered with clouds for an hour or two, but there are 
 pis four days in the year in which they.do not fee the 
 
 aan. ; 
 
 Wherever the wind does not blow, one is fcorched; 
 
 es i618 
 
xiv DAD RO: DD OF DOAN, 
 
 and yet all the winds are not cooling: it is only the 
 eafterly winds which moderate the heat; thofe frum the 
 fouth or weft afford little relief, but they are more rare, 
 and lefs regular, than the eafterly. This eafterly wind is- 
 not perceived in the Iflands before nine or ten in the 
 morning ; it frefhens as the fun rifes above the horizon, 
 and diminifhes as the fun defcends, and falls calm about 
 the evening: but it is only along the coafls, and not in 
 the open fea, that this wind conftantly moderates the 
 exceflive heat of the climate. 
 
 The rains likewife contribute to cool the air of the 
 Weft Indies. In general, thefe rains are fo common, and 
 fo plentiful, efpecially during the winter, which lafts from 
 the middle of July to the middle of Otober, that, ac- 
 cording to the beft obfervations, they yield as much water 
 in one week, as falls in our climate in a year. Thefe 
 rains, fo falutary againft the heat, are, at the fame time, 
 accompanied with all the difagreeable and bad effects of 
 an exceffive dampnefs: the fruits rot, iron rufts from 
 morning to night, meat cannot be kept frefh longer than 
 24 hours, and it requires continual attention and pre- 
 cautions to preferve feeds until the feafon comes to fow 
 them in the ground. 
 
 To thefe inconveniences of periodical rains fucceed thofe 
 of hurricanes and earthquakes. A hurricane is mot com- 
 monly accompanied with rain, lightning, thunder, and 
 earthquakes, and always with the moft terrible and de- 
 ftruGive circumftances that the winds can produce. It 
 tears up the largeft trees by the roots, throws down the 
 moft folid buildings, and deftroys the plantations; you 
 would fancy it was the laft convulfions of Nature, juft 
 ready to expire. As mone of the hurricanes come from 
 the eaft, that is, from the great fea, to which the Caribbee 
 Iflands are expofed, one is tempted to think that they are 
 all formed on the continent of America, by the impetuous 
 concourfe of oppofite winds. The earthquakes are not 
 quite fo frequent as the hurricanes, ‘but aie fometimes 
 more terrible and deftruiive. 
 
 The climate of the Contizent of the Weft Indies, that 
 is, of thofe parts which lie near the fea, and which are 
 comprifed between the fhore and the chain of mountains 
 nearly parallel to it, throughout the greater part of this 
 country, nearly refembles that of the Iflands; and, in 
 general, there are only diftinguifhed two feafons, the wet 
 and dry. The rains caufe periodical inundations, bythe 
 overflowing of the rivers; and the offenfivencis of the ex 
 
 
 
INTRODUCTION — it 
 
 ceffive moifture produced by them, is yet more augmented 
 by the deftru&tive exhalations which they fpread in the 
 air; the corruptions of vegetables, animals, and of dead 
 fifhes, which the floods bring with them, the fagaane 
 water colleéted in the low grounds, and in certain plains 
 of a prodigious extent, as in thofe near the banks of the 
 Oronoco, ftill add to thefe inconveniences. The great 
 rivers fituated beyond the Tropic have alfo their regular 
 inundations ; but thefe arife from the melting of the fhow 
 in the diftant mountains from whence they take their 
 fources, a 
 
 The regular winds Tikewife cool the lands within the 
 Tropics, as they do the Iflands. On the coaft of the 
 Caribbean fea, the wind is generally between the north . 
 and eaft. The wefterly wind, which upon the other coafts: 
 is perceivable almoft all the year, is predominant here ~ 
 only in the months of December and January. In ge- 
 neral, the winds are more regular upon the coafts which 
 look to the fouth, than upon thofe whofe afpect is dif- 
 ferent; and every where they are fubject to particularities, 
 which arife from the jetrings out and in of the fhore, 
 more or lefs confiderable, and which render them more, 
 or lefs regular, and more or lefs fenfible. 
 
 The hurricanes are never felt in that part of the Con- 
 tinent oppofite to the fea of the Weft Indies, and earth- 
 quakes are very rare there; but they often fuffer from 
 whirlwinds, called tornados ; thefe are fudden, dangerous, 
 and impetuous fqualls, which are commonly again& the re- 
 gular wind, and whofe duration is very fhort; they like-. 
 wife have fome periodical ftorms, produced by the north- 
 erly winds, efpecially in the months of December and 
 January. All the fides of the mountains oppofed to this 
 fea do not afford one volcano ; indeed, we fee fome peaks 
 of hills, which look like decayed ones: it is towards the 
 South Sea that all thefe burning mountains are collected 
 together; and in this part it is, where earthquakes fome-: 
 times happen, and overturn the whole furface of the coun- 
 try, as in 1773, when the city of Guatimala, and many 
 thoufand inhabitants, were fwallowed up. 
 
 A perfon of a buimane difpofition, who confiders the 
 climate in general of the Weft Indies, both on the Con-. 
 tinent and in the Iflands, cannot help deploring the infatia-- 
 ble defire of wealth that carries fuch crouds to thefe coun- 
 tries. This climate, at all times dangerous to a European, : 
 _ geadly during fix months of the year, infectious to ftran- 
 G2 
 
 
 
 
 
xvi NTR OY WCE ON: 
 
 gers accuftomed to a temperate air, to a convenient way of 
 living, and to a wholefome nourifhment, becomes foon 
 their grave. The moft moderate computations make the 
 lofs of the Englifh who go to the Weft Indies, amount 
 to four tenths; that of the French to three tenths. “It 
 is very remarkable, that, on the Continent, which is 
 much more unwholefome than the Iflands, the Spaniards 
 do not lofe more than one tenth. ‘This etfect of their 
 conititution, or temperance, gives them a manifeft ad- 
 vantage over the two other nations; and it feems as if 
 Nature had deftined them to occupy the Weft Indies, to 
 enrich the induftrious nations, who could not live there, 
 with its productions. : 
 
 We fhall place, conformable to the general fenfe of 
 mankind, goldand filver at the head of the produttions. 
 They do not, excepting the gold-mines of St. Domingo, 
 properly belong to the Weft Indies, not even thofe of 
 Mexico. The filver-mines of this country are, indeed, 
 found near the fhores of the Weift-Indian Sea, as well as 
 in the inland parts; but the firft are much poorer, and 
 at prefent they do not work any which are not at a great 
 diftance from the fea, for fear they might be expofed to 
 the invafion of foreigners. The mines of Peru belong 
 fill lefs to the Weft Indies; but, as it is through their 
 fea that a part of their product is brought to Europe, we 
 may comprehend them in this account. The moneyers 
 of Mexico make annually twelve or thirteen millions of 
 piaftres, the fixth part nearly of gold, the reft of filver ; 
 about half this comes over to Europe, a fixth to the Katt 
 Indies, a twelfth to the Spanifh iflands: the reft runs, by 
 an infenfible tranfpiration into foreign colonies, or circu- 
 lates in the empire. It is commonly fuppofed, that the 
 mines of Mexico employ about 40,000 Indians, under the 
 cirection of 4c0o Spaniards, 
 
 According to the moit moderate computation, the Spanifh 
 mines have fent into the metropolis, from 1492 to 1740, 
 that is, in the fpace of 248 years, more than nine millions 
 of miilions of piaftres, the leaft_part of which has remained 
 with the original mafters; the other has been {cattered 
 over Europe, or carried into Afia, From the firft of Ja- 
 nuary, 1745, to the laft of December, 1764, we are not 
 reduced to conjectures. During this period, Spain has 
 received, in piaitres, 27,027,896 of gold, and 126,798,258 
 piaftres 8 reals of filver; thefe two united form a mefs 
 of 153,826,154 piaftres and 8 reals. If we divide thi - 
 
 
 
ENR OU CVO: awe 
 
 fum in eleven parts, we fhall find that the common annual. 
 returns have been 13,984,185 % piaftres. We ought to 
 add to thefe riches thofe which are not regiftered,. in order 
 to avoid paying the duty, and which may amount to about: 
 a fourth. more, and we fhall find that Spain receives annual~ 
 ly from its colonies about 17 millions of piaitres. We may 
 obferve, that thefe mines might yield much more, and that. 
 they are inexhauftible, fince there are new ones continually 
 forming. | 
 
 After gold and. filver, cochineal is the moft precious; 
 article of this part of America, if it is not the moft lucrae 
 tive upon the whole. New Spain alone remains in poffef-- 
 fion of this rich produétion,, without which we could not 
 die either purple or fearlet.. Independently of what it 
 furnifhes Afia with,. it fends every year to. Europe about: 
 2500 furrons, or bags, which are fold at Cadiz one with» 
 another,, for 800 piaftres each.. It is a very confiderable- 
 produce, which cofts no trouble to. the Spaniards... They 
 likewife have the beft indigo, the culture of which. having: 
 been tried: fucceffively in different places, feems fixed at 
 Mexico, and St. Domingo,. in the Weft-Indies,.as-it 1s at 
 Carolina,, upon the continent, a little more. advanced to 
 wards the North. In the: Spanith poffeflions are Itkewife- 
 found the beft woods for dying,.as blood-wood,-fultic, ands 
 what is called the wood of. Campechy,. or logwood. L 
 fhall not mention feveral’ other productions of: an. interior, 
 kind,. both by their nature and their quantity ; they thalk 
 _ be fpecified when we run over the particular: poffeifions of 
 the Spaniards, 4 
 
 Cacao is another precious production, of which the Spa- 
 niards carry on a greattrade.. They reckon that the an- 
 nual crop of this: fruit is.more than 100,000. fanegues,. of 
 
 110.pounds each.. Thefe come moftly from the province: © 
 
 ‘of Caraccas;. the fanegue,. which there cofts feldom more- 
 than G or 7 piaftres in:mereantile commodities,.is fold to» 
 the public at the fixed price of 38. Europe receives from 
 50 to. 60. thoufand. of thefe fanegues ;. the reft are diftrie 
 buted in Mexico, Ropayan, and the Canaries. 
 
 Sugar is the article in the Weft-Indies, after gold andi 
 filver, which. deferves the moft attention ;. its produce, ands 
 that of its extracts, known by.the name of rum.and mor 
 laffes,.is more important than that of. coffee,.cotton, indi-- 
 go, in a word, of all the others put together. It is almoft 
 peculiar to: the iflands ; with that they procure every thing: 
 needful. or agreeable to the inhabitants. As thefe iflands, 
 
 i 
 
wii INTRODUCTION. 
 
 will be more or lefs fpecified, we mutt referve, for thofe 
 articles, the enumerations of the richnefs of their produce, 
 and now go on to the manner of carrying on the trade in 
 the Weftern Iflands. 
 
 Europe is continually enriched by carrying conftantiy to 
 America not only all the goods which it produces, or ma- 
 nufatures, but likewife thofe that its fhips fetch from 
 Afia and Africa. The dire& commerce of its own com- 
 modities, and many imported from the Eaft-Indies, and _ 
 whofe value has doubled in Europe, is without doubt, very 
 great ; and the only one which comes near it is that of the 
 Negroes, which they purchafe, together with other com- 
 modities, on the coaft of Africa, to fell them again in the 
 Weft-Indies. This trade, to the difgrace-of the age, has 
 fo deeply taken roor, it is become fo neceffary to the pre- 
 fent ftaté of affairs, and our wants have juftified it in a 
 manner fo abfolute, that it is now almoft a ridiculous com- 
 mon-place to cry out againft the barbarity and cruelty of 
 it. LaCafas, a prieft, gave the firft idea to replace the 
 converted Americans, who were fmothered by thoufands in 
 the mines, with blacks who were infidels. This diaboli- 
 cal idea was but too much followed. The inhabitants of 
 Africa fold one another; all the Europeans bought them : 
 but, as they had not all mines to work, thofe who were 
 obliged to make plantations began toemploy Negroe-flaves 
 for that work ; and foon all the iflands were cultivated by 
 Africans, badly fed, half naked, beat, and ufed more un- 
 mercifully than the moft ftubborn beafts of our country. 
 Every year about 52,000 flaves are carried from Africa to. 
 the Weit-Indies. ‘The Danes carry away about 3000, the 
 Dutch 6000, the French 13,000, the Englifh have all the 
 reft, which they diftribute in their colonies: they fell 
 about 3000 to the French, and near 4000 to the Spaniards, 
 the only people having any pofleffions in the Wett-Indies 
 who do not go to markets for flaves on the African coait, 
 
 This tradé of Negroes is carried on freely by all the 
 merchants of thefe different nations, as well as the com- 
 merce of Africa, or the mother country, with the refpec- 
 tive colonies: but, at the fame time, the intereft of each 
 _ nation has made them exclude all others the entrance of 
 their colonies ; and it is only the moft preffing neceflity 
 which has engayed the Englifh and the French to except 
 fome places and fome certain goods. This exclufion might 
 eafly be kept up by thofe nations which only have the 
 poffeffion of iflands; but Spain, which has an immenfe 
 
 
 
UNCIRT OR WIE) T OWN. ace 
 
 extent of country, of which it cannot fupply all the inha- 
 bitants, is put to much more expence and caution: hence 
 the number of guarda coftas continually cruifing on the - 
 American coaifts; and the contraband veffels, {till more 
 numerous, who, notwithilanding their vigilance, continual- 
 ly furnifh the Spaniards with European commodities, which 
 the deficient fupply of their mother-couniry makes them 
 ftand in need of, : ; 
 
 All the trade between Spain and the Weft-Indies is car- 
 ried on in the royal and privileged fleets. The thips known 
 under the name of galleons were alone employed for a 
 long feries of years in this trafic: but, at prefent, the 
 privileged ficets fets out from Cadiz every two, three, or 
 four years, according to the demand or circumftances. 
 They are commonly compofed of 15 or 20 merchant-fhips, 
 under convoy of two men of war, or more, if there is any 
 apprehenfion of danger. Wines, brandy, and oil, form 
 the moft bulky part of the cargo; the richeft is com- 
 pofed of gold and filver ftuffs, yaloons, cloth, linen, filks, 
 lace, hats, jewels, diamonds, and {pices. 
 
 The fleet fets off from Europe in the month of July, or, 
 at the lateft, in the beginning of Auguit, to avo:d the 
 danger which the violent north winds in the open fea 
 might produce, efpecially near the ports, if it fhould fet 
 off in another feafon. ‘The fleet juft ftops at Porto Rico 
 to take in refrefhments, and gets to Vera-Cruz, from 
 whence its cargo is carried to Xalappa, abouta third of the 
 diftance between this port and the city of Mexico. The 
 time of the fair which is held there, is limited by law to 
 fix months; it is, however, fometimes prolonged, at the 
 requeit of the merchants of the country, or of thofe of 
 Spain. The proportion of the metals and merchandize 
 determines the gain or lofs in the exchanges; if one of thofe 
 objects is mere plentiful than the other, the feller or buyer 
 are neceffarily lofers. Formerly the royal treafure was fent 
 from the capital to Vera-Cruz, to wait there for the fleet; 
 bat fince this key of the New World was pillaged in 1683, 
 by the buccaniers, fo famous in the hiftory of the Wett- 
 Indies, it remains at Puebla de los Angeles, which is 43 
 leagues off, till the arrival of the hips. 
 
 When the bufinefs is finifhed, they carry on board the 
 _ gold, filver, cochineal, furs, vaniila, logwood, &c. The 
 fleet then fhapes its cuurfe towards the Havannah, where 
 after having been joined by fome regifter-fhips (the name 
 given to merchant-fhips, which, paying a certain fum to 
 
om INOYT KE OB GTIat © NN: 
 
 government, have the liberty of carrying goods to the 
 Spanith fettlements), fittted out for the Bay of Honduras, 
 and fome other ports, it fails to Cadiz, through the Gulf 
 of Florida. 
 
 - In the interval between one fleet and another, the court 
 of Spain fits out two men of war, which they call Azogues, 
 to carry to Wera-Cruz the quickfilver neceflary for the 
 working the mines of Mexico. The Azogues, to which 
 there are fometimes joined two or three merchant-fhips, 
 that are not allowed to carry any thing but Spanih fruits,. 
 in their return are loaded with the price of the merchan- 
 dizes fold fince the departure of the fleet, or with the 
 produce of thofe which were left on credit. If there 
 is any thing {till left behind,. it is commonly brought back 
 by the fhips of war, built at the Havannah, and which 
 always. go to Vera-Cruz before they fail for Europe. 
 
 The commerce of the fouthern coaft is carried on by. 
 private perfons invefted with a privilege for that purpofe. 
 This trade was along time opened to ‘all the fubjedis of 
 the Spanifh monarchy, and is ftill fo to the Americans. 
 ‘Fhofe of Europe are much worfe treated. ‘In 1728. there 
 was formed a. company at Sebattian, in Bifcay, called 
 the company of Caraccas, which. has obtained an exclufive 
 . right of carrying ona correfpondence with this part of the 
 New-World.. 
 
 This fhort fketch may give us a fufficient idea of the 
 commerce of Spain, in the New-World.. The Wett-In- 
 - dies are the center of it. It is kept under by abfurd re- 
 gulations, hindered by all kinds of obftacles,. both natural: 
 and artificial, cramped by a thoufand chains, and yet this 
 commerce is the richeft in the univerfe.. What then ought 
 the countries to be, which fupport it without interruption ? 
 
 Before the arrival of the Europeans, in America, the- 
 natives had arts of their own 3. they had fome notion of 
 painting, and alfo formed pictures by the beautiful arrange~ 
 ment of feathers of all colours, and in fome places had: 
 built palaces and temples. Though the ufe of iron was 
 unknown, they polifhed precious ftones, cut down trees,. 
 and made rat only {mall canoes, but boats of confiderable 
 extent. ‘Their Fatchets were headed with a fharp flint ;_ 
 and of flints they made knives.. Thus, at the arrival of. 
 the Eurcpeans, they afforded a lively. picture of the primi+ 
 tive flate of mankind in the infancy of the world. At 
 that period the arts and fciences, and all the learning that 
 had before long flourifhed.in thefe more enlightened. parts. 
 
~ s 5 
 
 LNT RO DrEQRrow. * a 
 
 of the earth, were entirely unknown. Thefe which had 
 before travelled weft from Egypt to Greece, and from 
 thence to Rome, had proceeded in the fame courfe, and 
 were daily gaining ground where ignorance had reigned 
 triumphant, till checked by the unhappy differences which 
 at prefent prevail between America and her mother-couns 
 try. Thefe have fufpended its progrefs ; and for a while, 
 it is feared, will be controuled by anarchy and confulion, 
 Happy will it be both for the Provincials and Britons, when 
 learning and arts are reinflated, and trade and commerce 
 re-eftablifhed among the divided Americans. 
 
 North- America is faid to contain 3,699,087 {quare miles, 
 and all Europe but 2,749,349, fo great a difproportion is 
 there in their magnitude; and in order to form a proper 
 judgment of their fize, it may not be thought improper to 
 give the principal iflands, and their contents in fquare 
 miles, in the order of their magnitude. 
 
 Cuba, 38,400 | Jamaica, 6,000 
 Hifpaniola, 36,000 | Cape Breton, 4,090 
 Newfoundland, 35,000 } Porto Rico - 3200 
 St. Jago, 1400 } Antigua, 1co 
 Martinico, 260 | St. Chriitopher, 80 
 Providence, 168 | Bermudas, 40 
 Barbadoes, 1401 Rhode-Ifland, ~ 36 
 
 We thall here fubjoin fome Roads that lead through its 
 whole extent; fixing the center at CHARLES-Town, South- 
 Carolina: the firft feven proceed South to St. Augu/tine and 
 Penfacola; and the latter North to Bofon and Quebec; in 
 all 2226 miles. ‘ 
 
 
 
 
 
 Miles Miles 
 I. To Beaufort, Port-Royal. - ITIL, To Pusryfourgh, 
 A thley-ferry 10 | Combahee-bridge (1.) 53) 
 Stone-bridge 6] 164 Coofahatchice 16{ 69 
 -Ponpon-bridge 19| 35 | Quinch’s Plantation 13] 87 
 A thepoo- bridge 7} 42 | PURRYSBURGH Io} 97 
 Combahee-bridge 11| 53 
 Roupell’s ferry 9) 62 | [V. To Savannah in Georgia, and 
 BEAUFOR®? 12! 74} St. Auguftine in Eaft-Florida. 
 Coofahatchee (III.) 69 
 If. To Fort-Augufta, Purry‘burgh, new road = 25] 94. 
 Dorchetter 19] SAVANNAH, by water 24/118 
 Smith’s ferry 16] 35] Fort Barrington © 60}173 
 Red Bank 15] 50}St. AUGUSTINE 115{293 
 Kelly’s Cowpen 12) 62 
 Colfan’s Old Place 10] 72 V. To Sunbury in Georgia. 
 Turkey Creek _ 35,107 | Savannah (LY.) r18 
 New WINDsoR 40,147 | Sunbury 401153 
 ForT-AUGUSIA 4) 154 4 
 
wi INURE ODUCT I O'R: 
 
 VI. To Savannah and Frederica] Goofe Creek 16 
 in Georgia, and St. Auguftine, } Monck’s Coruer 16) 32 
 by water, inland. _Markie’s ¥6} 43 
 
 Wappoo 5{ Eutaw Spring 14) 6a 
 
 New Cut 14] 19} Serjeant Campbell’s 151 77 
 
 Boone’s Point 19] 32] Berwick’s 11 83 
 
 Watt's Cut 33] 45} Whiteford’s II] 99° 
 
 Mulketo Creek 3} 48] Beaver Creek 16)315 
 
 Bower’s Point 9| 57| CONGAREES 18)133 
 
 Otter Ifland 6} 63} Twelve-mile Creek 121145 
 
 Beaufort 20] $3] Hayes’s Tri156 
 
 Archie’s Creek ‘ 9} 92| Saluda River 371573 
 
 Over Port-Royal Sound — 5} 97-4 Saluda Oldtown 18l191 
 
 Through Scull Creek 3]100 | Ninety-Six 218 !209 
 
 Hilton Head 9109} Plumb Branch 18.227 
 
 Over Tybee Sound to Chickefaw Camp 161243. 
 Cock{pur 5744 Hencoop 13/3 50 
 
 SAVANNAH 9/123] Brodie’s 81264. 
 
 Auguftiné Creek 5)128}¢ Beaver Dams 11\275 
 
 Skiddaway Point 8/136} Eighteen-mile Branch 12/287 
 
 The Narrows ~  el1q1} Twelve-mile River 6]293 
 
 Hangman’s Point 72/353] ForT Prince GEORGE 12/305 
 
 St. Catharine’s Sound 14}167| Highwafley. 80}385 
 
 Acrofs the Sound 4|171| Tecotey 121297 
 
 Sappelo Sound 141185} Beaver Dams 81405 
 
 Doughboy Ifland 141199] Top of Chefnut-Hill 31408 
 
 FREDERICA 20|219| Great Telliquo 22143 
 
 Jekyl 9j228| CHoTre, Mother Town 18/448 
 
 Cumberland ¥0}238] Tomawtley 453 
 
 St. Mary’s River 20/258] ForT Loupoun, or = 
 
 Naffau River 30}268 Tufkeeguey 455 
 
 St. John’s River 8)276 
 
 ST. AUGUSTINE 401316 IX. To Orangeburgh. 
 
 Dorchefter 10 
 
 VII. To the Creek Country, Mo-{ Noel’s 30] 49 
 
 bille, Penfacola, &c. Young's 18] 67 
 
 Fort-Angufta (11.) 151] ORANGEBURGH ol 76 
 
 Ogechee River 764221 
 
 Okonee River 4c{261| X. To Fort Prince George, &e. 
 
 Okmulgee River 3<]296] Orangeburgh (1X.) “76 
 
 Flint River 3°4331| Edifto Fork 18} 94 
 
 Chattahoochey ,orCoweta Shipes’s 33| {27 
 -River & ie ait Ninety-Six 24ftst * 
 
 Talaflee, Indian town 7:1476; Forr P.GeorGe (VITI.) 9/247 
 
 Mokulaffee, ditto 2(1196| Fort Loupoun (VIII.) sch397 
 
 ALBAMA pe Cleo 
 
 MosBILLE ° 18 {682} XT. To Georgetown, Winyaw, and 
 
 PENSACOLA, by water 7¢|752}| thence to Bofton in N. England, 
 including N.Carolina, Virginia, 
 
 VIII. To Congarees, Ninzty-Six,{ Maryland, Penfyivania, N. Jer- 
 Fort Prince George, and Fort! fey, N. York, &c. &c. being the 
 Loudoun, in the Cherokee} road ufed by gentlemen who 
 Country. make the tour of the Continent. 
 
LNT RO DUCT) TON; 
 
 Hobcaw 
 Remington’s 
 Baldwin’s 
 Withers’s 
 S. branch Santee River 
 N. branch ditto 
 Georgetewn, a ferry 
 Pike’s 
 Lewis’s 
 Boundary-houfe 
 [North-Carolina.] 
 Bell’s at Lockwood s-fol- 
 ly bridge 
 Brunfwick 
 Egan’s on Cape-Fear R. 
 Wilmington, 2 ferries 
 Collier's 
 Sage’s 
 Snead’s ferry, New R. 
 Sim mons’s 
 Warburton’s 
 Orm’s ferry, Trent R. 
 NEWBERN 
 Kemp’s ferry, Neufe R. 
 Johnfton’s 
 Salter’s ferry, Tar R. 
 Brown's 
 Taylor’s 
 Dixon’s 
 Halifax, on Roanoke R. 
 Stanton’s 
 [ Virginia. ] 
 Rowell’s— « 
 Hicksford, New Inn 
 ¥Fiall’s ordinary 
 Peterfburgh, Wild’s 
 Bermuda Hundred 
 Charles’s City Court- 
 houfe, a ferry over 
 James’s R. 
 Lorton’s ferry at Chi- i 
 cahomony 
 WILLIAMSBURG 
 Doncaftle’s 
 Ruffian’s ferry 
 Kg. William’s Court-houfe 
 Tod’s bridge 
 Snead’s ordinary 
 Port-Royal, on Rap- 
 pahannock R, : 
 Hoe’s ferry 
 _ [Maryland.] 
 Laidier’s, over Potow- ‘ 
 mack R, ° 
 Pita 
 
 14/180 
 
 2)182 
 15|}197 
 13/210 
 13/223 
 14/237 
 12|249 
 13/262 
 13/275 
 10|285 
 
 7/292 
 211313 
 171330 
 151/345 
 22,1367 
 181385 
 111396 
 
 71493 
 10/413 
 251438 
 20/458 
 14/472 
 
 131485 
 
 15/500! 
 
 12|512 
 16)528 
 eel Osis 
 121553 
 
 121565. 
 
 201585 
 
 ed ely 
 18}615 
 
 3/618 
 
 } Marlborough i 
 
 XXIl1 
 Port-Tobacco 
 Pifcataqua 
 
 Upper. Marlborough 
 ANNAPOLIS, 2 ferries 
 Rockhall, by water 
 Newton, on Chefter R. 
 Saflafras ferry, called 
 
 Georgetown and Fre- $ 16 
 dericktown 
 
 632 
 648 
 664 
 686 
 711 
 725 
 
 
 
 
 
 741 
 
 Head of Bohemia R. €| 747 
 [Penfylvania.} 
 
 Bird's 12] 759 
 Wilmington 2c 
 choker 13 ae 
 PHILADELPHIA 15| 807 
 Frankfort i $} 815 
 Briftol 
 
 [New- Jerfey.] 
 Trenton, a ferry 
 Princeton 
 BRUNSWICK, a ferry 
 Woodbridge 
 Elizabeth-Town 
 
 Newark . 8 895 
 Powles- Hook f] 903 
 New-York, a ferry? | 
 over Hudfon’s R, : i gst 
 Kingfbridge 14] 919 
 New Rochelle Ic] 929 
 Rye 936 
 [New-England. ] 
 Horfeneck 6] 942 
 Stamford 6] 948 
 Norwalk ro} 958 
 Fairfield 12} 970 
 Stratford 8] 978 
 Milford 4| 982 
 Newhaven Ic] 992 
 North-haven 7| 999 
 Wallingford 6} 1005 
 Merriden 7}1012 
 Great Swamp gj1021 
 Weathersfield 7)1023 
 HARTFORD 31031 
 Windfor 811059 
 Enfield 811047 
 Springfield Ic]10$7 
 Kingiton 14}107% 
 Weftern 6| 1080 
 Brookfield 6) 1086 
 Leicefter I4|1100 
 Worcefter 6|1106 
 Shrewfbury 6]1112 
 
aie TNO RODUCTION 
 
 Sunbury 12/1134) Peck’s Hill to] 964 
 Waterhoufe g't143 | Rogers in the Highlands ¢| 973 
 Boston 9 1152 | Fifbfkills 11] 984 
 : Poughkeepfie 14| 988 
 XII. To Newport, Rhode-Ifland. | Strafburgh 11|10cg 
 Bofton (XI.) 1153 | Schermerhorn’s 16|1025 - 
 Dedham 14/1166 | Livingfton’s manor 14|1039 
 Wrentham 3311179 | Claverack 711046 
 Rehoboth 17|1196 | Kinderhook 14/1060 
 Portfmouth 3711213 | Half-way houfe 10/5070 
 Newport 9.1222 | ALBANY 19;1080 
 Saratoga 361116 
 XIII. Another Road to Newport. | Fort Edward 20/1136 
 Wrentham (XII.) 1179 } Lake George 14/1150 
 Providence 20|1199 | Ticonderoga, by water 30|1180 
 Newport, by water 30/1229 | CROWN POINT I5|TIQ§ 
 ; Fort Chamblé, by water 88)1233 
 XIV. To Quebec. Lapraire 15|1298 
 New-York (XI.) 905 | MONTREAL 6)1 304 
 Kingf{bridge ¥5| 920] Trots RIVIERES $0]1384 
 Concklin’s 22] 942 | QUEBEC 90/1474 
 Croton’s River 121 954 
 
 ‘The number of inhabitants in the Britith Colonies, by a 
 lift publifhed at New-Jerfey, in 1765, was then as follows, 
 fince which time they are very confiderably increafed. 
 
 Names of the Colonies, \Menabletobcararms Numb. of Inhabitants 
 
 een fe ee 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Canada, and Labrador 30,0co ~ 120,000 
 Nova-Scotia = 10,Cc00 oo 40,000 
 Riess ee 70,000 Si he 
 ew-Hamphhire 20,000 : sco 
 
 oot Gausettbar 45,000 250,008 180,000 se ik, 
 : Rhode-Ifland 15,000 60,000 
 New-York ——= | 25,000 — | 100,600 
 The two Jerfeys — |} 20,000 — 80,cco 
 Penfylvania, with on is SoG Fs Be 400, C00 
 
 counties on Delaware : : 
 
 Virginia, with Maryland 180,c00 _ 720,0CO 
 North-Carolina, —- | 30,000 _ 120,000 
 South-Carolina — | 45,000 -_ 180,000 
 
 Georgia and Florida 10,000 _~ 40,000 , 
 
 (Ci a me | ee ee ee 
 Tetal 600,000 |2,400,000 
 
 NORTH 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 dt Concral VAP of VORTIL AMERICA fromthe lateft sista Osi gis ae Se i Sait pees | 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 60 Deg. or Long. West  Londor. \75 TO 
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 5 S 288\740 Lancyfler. L 
 
 : iV = Ss Marlborough. # 
 
 NaS 
 Kyo SS NN Montreal . 
 
 been » & 8 Ree: : 
 
 SS og § S [eetlavolaaa] 252] s10425| 225] 540] 915 [200 [270 | Newhaven. F 
 
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 * o79| 200| 372| 595] 345,459 prof orr|osolras| sol 724 ans elects ico ee eae Teele | 
 
 {454 |968\ 029 o|97.\asese as sols. Philadelphia. | 
 
 143 | 78 |45 roo sal ae | a Prince lon. 3 
 
 560\704|170 |3.92|735 [uts|sa0|n67|90s|920 |300| Sool 911 |937|440| Quedec.| | 
 
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 803|760|874 |170 264|.956 ee Wome Tana / 
 910\284|2A41 | 695|727 |z 323|60a|771 (uo | saso0da07|103 [173 |470 | Welles beck. | 
 
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 re ae cad| o7|celz20 778 Lin leeslao EAC iowa a [se [402 |aoofpas| ao to el 30 oa loos oo [307 |S0ale2 | odds 45| Winch 
 = _ DISTANCES of the Moft Noted TOWNS, FORTS, Ze. in mM ORTH AMERICA, agrecable to the Moft 
 Bounds oF Gadotna \P Roe 2 accurate Maps of that Country, and fereral valuable Private Papers taken in the late War. 
 i AERAIOES,:. ses IB. Where the Angle betm. , Boris 2 
 Where the Angle between any Towns mects, is the exact Diftance in English Miles; vit from Botton i be Horizontal Line , 
 to Quebee on te Left Hand Side, ws 390 Miles; or from NewYork 70 Quebec 586. 
 
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ESD OIMIMNMMNINW SIMON OQ 
 
 NORTH AMERICA, 
 
 2 AND 
 
 THE WEST INDIES, : 
 
 
 
 ACA 
 
 A oncca: or Providence, one 
 of the Bahama Iflands, in the At- 
 laatic Ocean, fubjeé&t to England. 
 Long. 77. W. lat. 24. N. See 
 Providence. 
 
 ABERCORN, a fmall town in 
 Georgia, about 5 miles from Ebe- 
 nezar, 13 N. W. of Savannah, fi- 
 tuated on the river Savannah, and 
 is the principal thoroughfare to Au- 
 gufta, from whence it is diftant 91 
 miles. 
 
 ABINGDON, a town in Phila- 
 delphia county, in Pennfylvania, 
 fituated near Philadelphia city. 
 
 ABINGDON, a fmall town in 
 Calvert county, in Maryland. 
 
 ABINGDON, a fmall town in 
 - the ancient colony of Plymouth, in 
 
 New England. 
 
 Asitisis, a Jake north of Ni- 
 piffing Lake, the N. E. boundary of 
 Canada, in New South Wales, and 
 has communication with James’s- 
 bay, near Moofe Fort. Long. 78. 5. 
 lat. 59. 3. 
 
 _ AsRojos, or Baxos de Babuca,a 
 bank with feveral rocks and {mall 
 iflands, E. of Turks Ifland, in 
 long. 69, 40. Jat. 21, 5. between 
 which and Turks Ifland is a deep 
 channel for fhips of any burthen, 
 3 leagues wide. 
 AcaprzA, the name of a pro- 
 
 ACA 
 
 vince in North-America, See Nor 
 va-Scotia. 
 
 ACAPALA, a town in the pro~ 
 vince of Chiapa, in New Spain, or 
 Old Mexico. It is fituated on the 
 river Tobafco, near the city of 
 Chiapa, and not far from ‘the bay 
 Tecoantepac, in the South Sea. 
 
 ACAPULCO, a city in New ° 
 
 Spain, on a bay of the South-Sea, 
 220 miles S, E. of Mexico, the 
 chief port on this fea, and the prin- 
 cipal mart on the whole coaft, Its 
 harbour is fuperior to any on the 
 
 coaft, being fo fpacious, that feve- - 
 
 ral hundred fhips may ride in it, 
 without the hazard of damaging 
 one another. The mouth, which 
 is defended by a low ifland, about 
 a mile and a half long, and half-a 
 mile broad, having a wide and deep 
 channel at each end; the wefter- 
 moft channel is the narroweft, but 
 fo deep that there is no anchoring 3 
 and the Manila fhips pafs in that 
 way: but thofe from Lima enter 
 through the S, W. channel. This 
 harbour runs N, about three miles; 
 then growing very narrow turns 
 fhort to the W. and a mile farther 
 it terminates. The town ftands on 
 the N. W. fide, at the mouth of 
 this paflage, clofe by the fea; and 
 at the end of the town is a plate 
 
‘ jnhabitants, 
 
 ACA 
 
 form mounted with guns. Oppo- 
 fite to the town, on the E, fide, is 
 a high ftrong caftle, with guns of a 
 large fize. Ships commonly ride 
 near the bottom of the harbour, 
 under the command both of the 
 caftle and platforrh. The port of 
 Acapulco is by much the fecureft 
 and fineft in all the northern parts 
 of the Pacific Ocean, being a bafon 
 furrounded by very high moun- 
 tains; but the town is a moft 
 wretched place, and extremely un- 
 healthy. The place is, befdes, de- 
 ftitute of frefh water, and fo incon- 
 venient, that except at the time of 
 the mart, while the Manila fhip is 
 in the port, the town has but few 
 When fhe arrives in 
 this port, is generally meored on 
 its weftern fide, and her cargo deli- 
 vered with all expedition; when 
 the town of Acapulco, from almoft 
 a folitude, is immediately thronged 
 with merchants from all parts of 
 Mexico. Thecargo being landed, 
 the filver and the goods intended 
 for Manila are taken on board, to- 
 gether with provifions and water, 
 and the fhip prepares to put to fea 
 with the utmoft expedition. This 
 city has high mountains on the 
 ea(t fide, and from the end of No- 
 vember to the end of May they 
 have no rain; and it is fo hot here 
 in January, when the fair begins, 
 that the merchants are obliged to 
 do all the bufinefs they can in the 
 morning. When the fair is over 
 every body leaves the place but a 
 few blacks and mulattoes. 
 
 The chief -juftice has twenty- 
 thoufand pieces of eight per annum, 
 and the comptroller and other of- 
 ficers little lefs than that fum. And 
 the curate, though allowed but a 
 hundred and eighty pieces of eight, 
 makes his place worth fourteen 
 thoufand, by the burial-fees of 
 ftrangers who die here, or on board 
 the fhips in the harbour, There 
 is an hofpital here maintained by 
 deduétions from the pay of the fol- 
 diers, and the alms of the “mer- 
 
 ALA 
 
 chants, There are four mountains, 
 which appear above the harbour, 
 the loweft of which is next to the 
 fea, the higheft farther within land, 
 and S. E. of that lies a volcano. 
 On thefe mountains there are deer, 
 rabbits, and abundance of wild fowl 
 of feveral forts. Within a league 
 
 tothe E. of Acapulco is port Mar- 
 
 quis, a very good harbour, where 
 the fhips from Peru generally run 
 in contraband goods. - Lat. 17, 
 16. N. long. 106. 29. W. 
 
 ACASABASTIAN, a river in 
 the province of Vera Paz, in Mexi- 
 co, It runs into the Golfo Dulce, 
 and has a town fituated on its 
 banks, named alfo Acafabaftian. 
 The fource of this river is not 
 far from the South-Sea. f 
 
 ACAZATULA, a point of land 
 and fea-port, in the province of 
 Guatimala, proper in Mexico, on 
 a bay of the South-Sea, about 4 
 leagues from Trinidad, It receives 
 the greateft part of the treafures 
 from Peru and Mexico. In its 
 neighbourhood are three volcanoes. 
 
 ACOMAC, a county of Virgi- 
 nia, in North-America, being a 
 peninfula; bounded on the N. by 
 Maryland; on the E. and S. by 
 the Ocean; and on the W. by the 
 bay of Cheafapeak. Cape Charles 
 is at the entrance of the bay, being 
 the moft fouthern promontory of 
 this county. 
 
 ACOUEZ, a favage nation of 
 Indians, inhabiting part of Ca- 
 nada, 
 
 ALABASTER, or Eleuthera, one 
 of the Bahaina or Lucaya I flands, 
 on which is a fmall fort and garri- 
 fon. It lies on the Great Bahama 
 Bank, The foil of this ifland, and 
 Hatbour-ifland, which lies on the 
 N. end of it, is better than Pro- 
 vidence-ifland, and produces the 
 greateft part of the pine-apples that 
 are exported; and the climate is 
 fo healthy that it is not uncommon 
 to fee perfons there above roo years 
 old. Long. 76, 5, to 77» lat.25 
 to 26. 
 
 
 

 
 ATS 
 ALATAMANA, a confiderable 
 ' river in Georgia, and is the boun- 
 
 dary of that*colony N. as the Sa- 
 vannah is S, It rifes in the Apa- 
 Jachian Mountains, runs S. E. thro’ 
 Georgia, and falls into the Atlantic 
 Ocean below the new town of Fre- 
 derica. 
 ALBANY, a county in the pro- 
 vince of New-York, containing a 
 vaft tract of fine low land. . Its 
 chief commodities are wheat, peafe,. 
 and_ pine boards. The winters in 
 this country are commonly fevere ; 
 and Hudfon’s river freezes fo hard 
 an hundred miles to the fouth- 
 ward of Albany, as to bear fleds 
 loaded with heavy burdens. The 
 great quantities of fhow that fall 
 here are ferviceable to the farmers, 
 not only in protecting their grain 
 from the froft, but in facilitating 
 the tranfportation of their boards, 
 and other produce, to the banks of 
 the river, 
 - ALBANY, the capital of the 
 county of its name, in the province 
 of New-York, 150 miles from that 
 city, and 140 from Quebec. It 
 was the place of treaty between our 
 - governors and the Indians depen- 
 dent on the Britifh crown. Itcon- 
 fifts of about 350 houfes, built of 
 brick in the Dutch tafte, governed 
 by a mayor, recorder, fix aldermen, 
 and as many affiftants; has a city- 
 hall, and a fort, compofed of a 
 fquare, with four baftions. The 
 greateft part is fortified only by pali- 
 fadoes, and in fome places by {mall 
 cannon, planted in block-houfes, 
 Tt has alfo a fheriff, town-clerk, 
 chamberlain, clerk of the markets, 
 conftables, and a marfhal. The 
 fur-trade at Ofwego is of confidera- 
 ble advantage to this place, Lat. 
 43. 10, N, long. 44. 29. W. 
 ALBANY, a Britifb fortrefs, in 
 New fouth Wales, fituated on the 
 river of the fame name, emptying 
 itfelf into James’s-bay. Lat. 53, 
 10. N. long, 81, 20. W. 
 ALBEMARLE. a county in Vir- 
 ginia, which-has the Fluyanna flow 
 
 AMP 
 
 on the fouth-fide of it, feveral 
 branches from which run up this 
 county. It is bounded on the E. 
 by Goochland county, and by a 
 ridge of mountains is divided from 
 Augufta county on the W, and it 
 has Louifa county on the N. 
 
 ALBEMARLE, the moft Sou- 
 thern part of North-Carolina, See 
 Carolina. 
 
 ALGONQUINS, a favage nation, 
 inhabiting part of Canada, on the 
 N. fide of Lake Huron ; generally 
 at war with the Iroquois. 
 
 ALKANSAS, a favage nation in 
 Louifania, fituated 34° N. latitude, 
 on the weft fide of the river Mif- 
 fifippi, near a river of the fame 
 name. 
 
 ALL-SAINTS., iflands near Gua- 
 
 deloupe. See Aanies, 
 ALMARIA, in New - Spain, 
 
 Mexico. See Villa. Ricca. 
 AMATIQUE, a fea-port town at 
 
 the mouth of the river Guanacos, © 
 
 that runs into a lagune, which em- 
 ties itfelf into the Amatique Gulf, 
 or Gulf of Honduras, in the pro- 
 vince of Vera Paz, Mexico. The 
 inhabitants are chiefly logwood- 
 
 cutters, and on the S. of the gulf. 
 
 is a traét of land called Amatique 
 Land, Long. 89. lat 15, 23. 
 AMELIA, a county of Virginia, 
 fituated among feveral rivers, hav- 
 ing Cumberland county on the N. 
 Prince George county on the E, 
 Lunenburg county S. and W. 
 AMELIA Is tx, fituated about 
 7 leagues N. of St. Auguftin, on 
 the coaft of E Florida. It is 
 
 about 2 miles broad, and 13 long, | 
 
 and is within a league of St, 
 John’s river, 
 
 AMILPAS, two volcanoes in the 
 province of Guatimala, in New- 
 Spain, near the mountains of So- 
 conufco. 
 
 AMPALLA, acity and fea-port. 
 in che province of Guatimala, Mexi- 
 co, fituated on the Gulf of Guati- 
 
 mala, in the Gulf of Mexico. It — 
 is 235 miles S. E. of the city of _ 
 
 Guatimala, and carries on a brifk 
 B2 
 
ANG 
 trade in cochineal, cocoa,- hides, 
 indigo, &e. 
 
 AMSTERDAM, NEw, a place 
 in North America, firft difcovered 
 by Hudfon, and fettled by the 
 Dutch, It lies on the bay and 
 river formerly called Mantratte, 
 See York, New. 
 
 ANDALUSIA, NEW, a pro- 
 vince of Terra Firma, on the coaft 
 of the Atlantic oppofite the Lee- 
 ward Iflands. 
 
 ANDasSTES, a favage nation in 
 Canada, bordering on Virginia. 
 
 ANDOVER, a fmall town in 
 New England, in the province. of 
 Maflachufets - Bay and county of 
 Effex. 
 
 St. ANDREs, an ifland on the 
 
 Mofquito Shore, off the Pearl keys, 
 in Lat. 12. 30. long. 82. 30. 
 _ ANDROS, iflands on the S. W. 
 of Providence, in the Bahama 
 Iflands, Thefe the Spaniards called 
 Yflas del Efviritu Santo, and take 
 up a fpace of 30 leagues long and 4 
 or 5 broad, interfected by a num- 
 ber of very narrow paflages, 
 
 ANEGADA IJsre, one of the 
 Virgin Ifands, and dependent on 
 Virgin Gorda, Itis about 6 leagues 
 
 Jong, islow, and almoft covered 
 by the fea at high tides. It hasa 
 point on the S. fide called Freafure 
 Point. Long. 63. lat. 18, 35. 
 
 ANGELOS, or TLASCALA, a 
 province of Mexico, extending to 
 both: the North and South Seas, 
 having that part of the former 
 which is called the Gulf of Mexico 
 on the E. the province of Guaxaca 
 on the S. E, the Pacific Ocean on 
 the S, the province of Mexico 
 Proper on the W. and that of 
 PRenuco on the N. from which it is 
 divided by the river Tufpa, or 
 Cavones. From one fea to the 
 other it is 100 leagues; about 80 
 along the Gulf of Mexico, and 20 
 upon the South-fea coaft- Its foil, 
 climate, and produét, are much the 
 fame with Mexico Proper. On 
 the W. fide is a chain of mountains 
 of x8 teagues, well cultivated; and 
 
 ARNG 
 
 another great ridge of motntains 
 onthe N. W. the neighbourhood 
 of which fubjeéts it to fhocking 
 tempefts, horrid hurricanes, and 
 frequent inundations ; yet this is 
 allowed to be the moft popvlous 
 country in all New Spain, which 
 is partly afcribed to its having been 
 originally an ally to Cortez, in the 
 
 congueft of Mexico, who obtained . 
 
 a grant of the Emperor Charles V. 
 then alfo king of Spain, by which 
 it is to this day exempt from all 
 fervice or duty whatfoever to that 
 crown; and only pays the king of 
 Spain an handful of maize per 
 head, asan acknowledgment, which 
 inconfiderable parcels, almoft 40 
 “pac ago, amounted to near 13,000 
 
 ufhels; for it produces fo much of 
 that Indian corm, that from thence 
 it had the name of Tlafcala, i. ¢. 
 the land of bread, which name it 
 gives to its principal town. By 
 this means the towns and villages 
 fwarm with Indians. Its principal 
 towns are Acafuchithan, Achia- 
 chica, Tufpa, Zacatlan, Cazeres, 
 Naftla or Almira, Torre Bjanca, 
 Punta Delganda, Sampula, Xalappa, 
 Puebla, Tepeafa, Cordova, Punta 
 Brava, New Vera Cruz, &c, They 
 {peak the Spanifh tongue, and 
 
 fearce any other ; are perfectly re- - 
 
 conciled to’ the Spanifh cuftoms, 
 and grateful for the countenance 
 and deference fhewed to them 
 above their fellow-provinces. — It 
 was anciently governed by kings, 
 till, civil wars arifing in it, the peo- 
 ple formed themifelves into an 
 ariftocracy of many princes, to get 
 rid of one. They divided the 
 towns into different diftri€ts, each 
 of which named one of their chiefs 
 to refidein the court of Tlafcala, 
 where they formed a fenate, whofe 
 refolutions were a law to the whole, 
 Under this form of government, 
 they maintained themfelves againtt 
 the bifhops #f Mexico; and com> 
 tinued their ariftocracy till their re- 
 ception of the Spaniards under 
 Cortez, 
 

 
 
 
 eae 
 
 
 
 ANG 
 
 ANGUILLA, or Snake Ifland, 
 fo called from its windings and ir- 
 regular form, being 10 leagues in 
 length, and three in breadth; 25 
 leagues N. W. of Barbuda, and 15 
 from St. Chriftopher’s. It is the 
 moft northerly of all the Caribbee 
 iflands, poffleffed by the Engiith ; 
 and may eafily be feen from St. 
 Martin’s, which is about 18 leagues 
 tothe E. The country is woody, 
 but perfectly level. It abounds 
 withtame cattle fince it was ftocked 
 by the Europeans, of which, before 
 their coming, was to be found only 
 the oppuffum. The Englifh fettled 
 here in 1650, in a fruitful foil, 
 where they cultivated tobacco, 
 planted corn, and bred cattle, for 
 which purpofe they brought a ftock- 
 with them ; but were, as they are 
 now, very poor. Some have re- 
 moved hither from Barbadoes, and 
 others of the Englifh Caribbee 
 Iflands. They fubfitt moftly by 
 farming, planting Indian corn, and 
 other kinds of hufbandry, but plant 
 very little fugar or cotton. ‘This 
 poor ifland has been frequently pil- 
 laged by the French. The num- 
 ber of militia fome years ago was 
 not more than fourfcore, and yet 
 they repulfed a body of French in 
 1745, to the number of 1000, who 
 made a defcent, and marched up 
 to a breaft-work, but were fo well 
 received by this handful, that they 
 were forced to retire with the lofs 
 of 1s0 men, befides colours and 
 firearms. The climate is very 
 healthy, and the inhabitants ftrong 
 and vigorous. The exports, in 
 1770, amounted, in fugar, rum, and 
 cotton, to near 6000}. -3800l. of 
 which was for Great Britain, and 
 the reft for N. America. Long, 
 62. 10, Jat. 18, 4. 
 
 Care ANGUILLE, a point of 
 land in Newfoundland, on the W. 
 fide in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 
 6 leagues N. from Cape Ray; the 
 S. W. extremity of the ifland in 
 Jat. 47, 57- ; 
 
 ANGUILLABANKandIsLAnD, 
 
 ANN 
 
 E. of the Great Bahama Bank, and 
 N. of the ifle of Cuba. Long. 78, 
 Io. to 79, 30. lat. 23, 30. to24,r0. 
 
 ANNAPOLIS, the chief town of 
 the county of Anne-Arundel, in 
 Maryland. It was formerly called’ 
 Severn, and by an aét of the af= 
 femby, 1694, was made a port- 
 town; and a collector and naval 
 officer were ordered to refide here, 
 at which time it was called Anna- 
 polis, The county-court was re- 
 moved to this place, a church was’ 
 built within the port, which was 
 made a parifh, and, in the year 
 1699, the port of Annapolis was’. 
 made the chief feat of juftice within 
 this province, for holding affem- 
 blies and provincial courts; and 
 all writs, pleas, and procefs, re= 
 turnable to the provincial court, 
 or to the court of chancery, were . 
 made returnable to Annapolis. The 
 affembly paffed an aét for founding 
 a free-fchool, called King William’s 
 School, and ordered others to be 
 erected here under his patronage, 
 and the archbifhop to be their chan- 
 cellor, Truftees were alfo appointed 
 under the names of reétors, truf= 
 tees, governors, vifitors of the free- 
 fchools of Maryland. But the de- 
 fign of this good bill never took 
 effect. The county-court for or- 
 phans is kept there the fecond Tuef- 
 day in September, November, Ja- 
 nuary, March, and May. ‘The re- 
 cords of the county of Anne-Arun- 
 del are removed tothis town,which 
 now confifts of about 150 houfes, 
 not having flourifhed according to 
 expectation; and while planters and 
 merchants affe& to live feparately 
 here, as they do in Virginia, there 
 is little profpeét of there being any 
 flourifhing town in -the province, 
 It is not paved, and the ftreets are 
 very irregular, It is fituated on a 
 peninfula formed by the river Se- 
 vern and two fmall creeks, and af- 
 fords a beautiful profpeét of Chea- 
 fapeak-bay, and the E, fhore bes 
 yond it. Lat. 39, 5, N. long. 76, 
 39, Ww. , 4 - fe,4 
 
 B3 
 

 
 ANN 
 
 ~ANNAPOLIS-ROYAL, a town 
 and bay in Nova Scotia, called 
 Port-Royal by the French, when 
 M. De Points came over from Se. 
 Croife with a French colony, in 
 
 ’ 1605. It had the name of Anna- 
 
 polis in honour of Queen Anne, 
 in whofe reign it was taken by the 
 Englifh under Colonel Nicholfon. 
 This harbour is of difficult en- 
 trance, befides the great fogs here ; 
 fo that only one fhip can pafs in or 
 out at a time, and that with the 
 greateft precaution, the thip being 
 obliged to go fternmoft, by reafon 
 of the ftrong currents and tides 
 here. This difficulty excepted, Na- 
 ture has fearce omitted one thing 
 to render it the fineft harbour in 
 the world. It is two leagues in 
 Jength, and one in breadth, having 
 a fmall ifland, called Goat Ifland, 
 almoft in the middle of the bafon, 
 which is faid to be large enough to 
 contain all the fhips in America. 
 Its depth of water is no where lefs 
 than four or five fathoms; the 
 bottom is every where very good; 
 and fhips may be fecure in it from 
 all winds. The town is not large, 
 but has fome very handfome build- 
 ings, though the generality are but 
 two ftories high. The old fortifi- 
 cations were demolifhed. by the 
 Englifh, and new ones erected, with 
 lines, and four baftions large and 
 well faced, with a deep dry moat, 
 a covered way, and counterfcarp, 
 a half-moon, and outworks de- 
 tached from the body of the place; 
 fo that it is in little danger from 
 an attack. There are alfo feveral 
 batteries of guns to the fea, fo dif- 
 pofed as to keep off an enemy; nor 
 can it eafily be attacked but bya 
 bombardment. At the bottom of 
 the bafon is a point of land, fepa- 
 tating two rivers, where the tide 
 rifes 10 gr 12 feet; and on each 
 fide are pleafant meadows, which in 
 fpring and autumn are covered with 
 all forts of freth-water fowl. The 
 place fubfifts by the traffic of fkins, 
 which the favages bring down in 
 
 AN FE 
 
 exchange for European goods, *It 
 has alfo a pretty good trade in lum- 
 bet and fifth. The governor refides 
 here with a garrifon, which com- 
 monly confifts of s00 LEnglith. 
 Lat. 44, 50, N. long. 65,5, W. 
 
 CArpE ANNE, a confiderable 
 point of land, with a harbour, in 
 Maffachufets-Bay, New England. 
 Lat. 42, 45. long. 70, 17. 
 
 FRINCESS ANNE, a county in 
 Virginia, on the fea coaft, of which 
 Norfolk is the principal town. It 
 has the Back- bay, which runs 
 through the Curratuck into the At- 
 lantic, on the S. the Atlantic.on 
 the E. Cheafapeak-bay on the N. 
 and Norfolk county W. 
 
 ANNE-ARUNDEL, a county in 
 
 Maryland, N. of Charles county, 
 S. of Baltimore county, and is wae 
 tered by the river Severn,on which 
 ftands the capital Annapolis, 
 . ST. ANNE’s, a port in the Ifle 
 of Cape-Breton and Gulf of St. 
 Lawrence, on the E, fide of the 
 ifland, where the filhing-veflels of- 
 ten putin, Long. 60. lat. 47. 
 
 ANSON, an inland county of 
 North Carolina, with the old boun- 
 dary-line of South Carolina on the 
 S. and the Catabaw nation and 
 town on the W. Mecklenburg 
 county on the N. and Bladen and 
 Cumberland counties on the E. 
 but is without towns. 
 
 ANTICOSTI, a barren ifland 
 in the mouth of the river St. Law- 
 rence. Lat. 49, 30, N. long. 62, 
 36, W. 
 
 ANTIGUA, or ANTEGO, one 
 of the Caribbee Iflands in the Weft 
 Indies, fituated 60 miles to the 
 eaftward of Nevis, and St, Kitt’s. 
 It is almoft circular ; being about 
 3 leagues long, and 4 broad, and 
 6 leagues in diameter, and near 60 
 miles in circumference, containing 
 108 fquare miles, equal to 69,277 
 acres. It is more noted for good 
 harbours than all the Englith 
 iflands in thefe feas 5 yet fo incom- 
 paffed with rocks, that it is of 
 dangerous aceefs in many parts of 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 AN T 
 
 it, a ledge lying all along the north 
 fide of it, near two miles from the 
 fhore. It has fix remarkable har- 
 bours. 1. Five-Ifland harbour on 
 the weft fide of the ifland, fo called 
 from five {mall iflands that lie to 
 the weft of it. 2. St. John’s har- 
 bour, due north from the former, 
 is a fort of double harbour, the beft 
 and moft ufed in the ifland. There 
 is a fandy bar acrofs the mouth of 
 it, which runs from the N, point 
 of the entrance, where the fort 
 ftands, ftretching S. W. to the op- 
 pofite point. On this bar there are 
 but two fathom and half water, and 
 bot two in the N. point. Befides 
 the fort at the mouth of St. John’s 
 river, which is mounted with 14 
 cannon, there are feven other bat- 
 téries, 3. Nonfuch harbour, a 
 {pacious bay at the E. end of the 
 harbour; on the N. fide of the 
 harbour it is foul and rocky. 4. 
 Willoughby bay, two leagues S, E, 
 from the laft harbour, has a wide 
 mouth near a league over, but there 
 is a fand or ‘fhoal which zelmoft 
 blocks it up, from whence another 
 point, called Sandy-point, with an 
 Hand init, ftretches off. Between 
 thefe, however, is 2 good entrance, 
 and very good riding in every part 
 of it, 5. Englifh harbour. And 
 6. Falmouth harbour to the S. W. 
 At the bottom of Falmouth har- 
 bour, lies Falmouth town, defend- 
 ¢d by fort Charles, and Monk’s 
 Hill fort, which has a magazine. 
 The climate is hotter than Bar- 
 badoes, and like that fubjeét to 
 hurricanes. The foil is fandy, 
 - woody, and without one brook, 
 there being few fprings in the 
 ifland : the inhabitants colleét the 
 rain in cifterns and ponds, as well 
 - for their own ufe as their cattle ; it 
 is remarked that this water is very 
 light, extremely pure, and very 
 wholefome, The foilis much vari- 
 ed, but in many places it is a fine 
 black mold, in others a clay, pretty 
 ftif but fertile. The ifland pro- 
 duces 16000 hogfheads of fugar, 
 
 ee 
 
 one year with another, but does not - 
 make half fo much rum in propor- 
 tion to its fugar, though both may 
 be improved by due encourage- 
 ment. They do not plant much 
 tobacco, though what they do is 
 very good; the wild cinnamon 
 grows in their low lands, or favanna 
 woods. It abounds in venifon, 
 black cattle, fowls, and moft of 
 the animals in common with the 
 other iflands. The number of ine 
 habitants are computed (Englith, 
 white, and negroes, included) at 
 about 34,000. It was difcovered 
 much about the fame time with St. 
 Kitt’s, in 1639, The firft grant 
 of it from the crown appears to 
 have been from Charles II. about 
 1663, to William Lord Willoughby 
 of Parham ; and a colony was plant- 
 ed in 1666. It was furprifed by 
 the French in the fame year, and 
 furrendered to them. It made no 
 figure in commerce, till Colonel 
 Chriftopher Codrington, lieutenant- 
 governor of Barbadoes, came and 
 fettled here in 1690. There hap- 
 pened a moft dreadful hurricane 
 here in 1707, that did vaft damage 
 to this ifland and Nevis, more than 
 to any of the Caribbees. In Odtoe 
 ber, 1736, was the plot of Court, 
 Tombay, and Hercules, three Indi- 
 ans, who had conveyed gunpowder 
 under the ball-room, where the 
 governor was to give a ball; but ie 
 was happily difcovered, and they 
 were all executed. It has alieute= 
 nant-governor, a council, and its 
 aflembly confilts of24 members, It 
 is divided into 6 parifhes and 11 
 diftriéts, of which 10 fend 2 mem- 
 bers each, and St. John’s 4. The 
 number of veflels which enter year- 
 ly is about 300. In 1770 they ex- 
 ported to the value of 446,000! 
 fterling, including sool, cotton, 
 the reft fugar, molatfes and rum» 
 Lat. 15. 30.N. Long. 57.45. We 
 
 AnTILves, aclufter of iflands 
 in the Weft Indies, diftinguifhed 
 into Great and Small, The Antilles 
 lig from 18 to 24 degrees, north 
 
ART 
 
 latitude; are diftinguifhed into 
 Windward and LeewardIflands, and 
 lie in the form of a bow, {tretching 
 from the coaft of Florida, north, 
 to that of Brafil, fouth; the moft 
 remarkable of them are Cuba, 
 Jamaica, Hifpaniola or Domingo, 
 and Porto-Rico. See each under 
 its proper article. 
 
 ANTIQUERA, a fea-port town 
 in the province of Guaxaqua, in 
 Mexico. : 
 
 APALACHIAN MOUNTAINS, 
 or ALIGANY MouNTAINS, 
 an extenfive chain of mountains, 
 running parallel with the Atlantic 
 ocean, and about 150 miles diftant 
 from it. 
 
 * APALACHICOLA, the river 
 
 that is the boundary between Eatt 
 and Weft Florida, which rifes in 
 Carolina, and falls into the Apala- 
 chian bay, near St, George's ifle 
 and Cape St. Blaze. 
 
 APALACHYA, the name of a 
 town and harbour in Florida, 30 
 leagues eaft of Penfacola, and the 
 fame weft from the river Del 
 Spiricu Santo, which falls into the 
 Gulf of Mexico, at the N. W. end 
 of the peninfula of Florida: on 
 both fides of it live the feveral 
 nations called the Apalachian In- 
 dians. 
 
 AppLe IsLAND, a finall unin- 
 habited ifland inthe river St. Law- 
 rence, Canada; on the S, fide of 
 the river, between Bafque and 
 Green iflands. It is furrounded by 
 rocks, which render the navigation 
 dangerous. 
 
 ARCAS, anifland in the Gulf of 
 Mexico, in the bay of Campechy. 
 Lat. 20. o, Long. 92. §0.> 
 
 -ARAZIBO, one of the principal 
 places in the ifland of Porto Rico, 
 in the Weft Indies, yet has but 
 few inhabitants, or little trade but 
 {muggling. 
 
 ArRMOUCHIQUOTS, a wild na- 
 tion of Indians in Canada. 
 
 ArvBA, a little ifland in the 
 Weft Indies, belonging to the 
 Dutch ; from whence they bring 
 
 AVE 
 
 _ provifions for their garrifons and 
 
 negroes. It is one of the Little 
 Antilles, 14 leagues to the weft of 
 Curacao, It is uninhabited, and 
 produces little befides corn and 
 wood. 
 
 ARUNDEL, a townfhip in the 
 north divifion of New England, 
 called New Hamphhire, fituated on 
 the fea coaft, and having the point 
 of land Cape Porpus within its 
 diftri& on the E. and Biddleford 
 townhhip on the N. E, with. Wells- 
 town townthip S.. W, 
 
 ASHFORD, atown in thecoun- 
 ty of Windham, in Connecticut, 
 New England. 
 
 Assino1s, a favage nation of 
 Indians, inhabiting the forefts of 
 Canada. 
 
 ASTCHIKOUNIPI, a vaft Jake 
 in New Britain, abounding with 
 whales, and fuppofed to communi- 
 cate with the Northern fea. 
 
 ATRATO, a confiderable river, 
 which runs into the Gulf of Mexi- 
 co, near Carthagena, 
 
 ATTLEBOROUGH, a2 town in 
 Briftol county, in the antient colo- 
 ny of Plymouth, New England, 
 N. of Rehoboth, It is remarkable 
 for its great increafe of inhabitants, 
 houfes, and trade, within a few 
 years before the late difturbances; 
 before which it was but an obfcure 
 village. 
 
 AVALON, a peninfula at the S. 
 E. corner of the ifland of New- 
 foundiand, which is joined to the 
 ifland by a narrow neck of land 
 that has Placentia-bay on the S. and 
 Trinity-bay on the N. The E, 
 part of this peninfula is incompafled 
 by the great bank, and has, befides 
 the two former bays, the bay of 
 Conception on the N, and the bay 
 of St. Mary’s and Trepaffy-bay on 
 the S. It contains feveral excellent 
 harbours, bays, and capes ; among 
 whom are St. Mary’s, Pine, Race, 
 Ballard, St. Francis, &c. 
 
 Aves, or Brrps Iszanp, in 
 the Welt Indies, fiftuated in Lat. 
 15, 30 Long. 63. 15. named {Q, 
 

 
 AUG 
 
 from the great number of birds 
 that breed there, yet is without 
 a tree, which obliges them to lay 
 their eggs in the fand, <A fhoal 
 runs from hence to the iftands of 
 Saba, St. Euftatia, and St. Chrifto- 
 pher, which fis about 2 leagues 
 broad, and from 10 to 20 fathom 
 foundings. 
 
 Aves, another Brrp Istanp, 
 among the Little Antilles, between 
 the coaft of St. Jago de Leon, in 
 Terra Firma, and the ifland of 
 Bonaire. 
 
 Av6usta, a fort on the river 
 Savannah, in Georgia, which is a 
 thriving place, where the traders 
 from Carolina and Georgia refort 
 to for trading with the Indians. It 
 is fituated about 230 miles up the 
 ‘river Savannah, which is navigable 
 for boats, Roads are made from 
 hence to the Cherokce Indian 
 towns, on the W. of it, 
 
 AvuGustTa, an inland county of 
 Virginia, fituated among the meun- 
 tains which divide it from Albe- 
 marle county on the E. Lord Fair- 
 “fax’s boundary N. and by moun- 
 ‘tains S. and W. It has feveral 
 rivers, and the great path from 
 Virginia to Maryland pafles through 
 “1t. 
 
 St. AUGUSTIN, a city in Faft 
 ‘Florida, in N. America, fituated 
 on the Eaftern coaft of the penin- 
 fula, wathed by the Atlantic ocean, 
 about 80 leagues from the mouth 
 of the Gulf of Florida, or channel 
 of Bahama, and 47 from the town 
 cand river-of Savannah. It is built 
 along the fhore, at the bottom of 
 a hill, in an oblong fquare, di- 
 ‘vided into four ftreets. Near it is 
 the church and monatftery of the 
 order of St. Auguftin. The caftle 
 is called St. John’s fort, built. of 
 ' foft fone, has four baftions, a 
 ‘curtain 60 yards long, a parapet 
 nine fect thick, and a rampart 20 
 feet high, cafemated, arched, and 
 bomb-proof. There are 50 pieces 
 | of cannon, 16 of which are brafs, 
 
 and fome are 24 pounders; it has 
 
 ®3co miles, by land. 
 
 BAYT 
 a covered way, and the town is 
 entrenched with ten faliant angles, 
 In 1586, Sir Francis Drake took 
 it; and, in 1665, it was plundered 
 by Captain Davis, the buccarieer. 
 The Englith and Indians of Caro 
 lina attacked it again in. 1702, un- 
 der Colonel Moore, who aban- 
 doned it after three months fiege, 
 after plundering and burning the 
 
 country, leaving the fhips and 
 
 ftores to the enemy, on the fighe 
 of fome Spanifh cruizers ; - and 
 marched back to Charles -town, 
 General O- 
 glethorp was the laft who befieged 
 it, in. 17403; he bombarded both 
 the town and caftle, but was ob- 
 liged to raife the fiege, ~“ Lat, 30, 
 8,N. long, 81, 10, W. 
 Sr,AuGusTIin’s Port and Ri- 
 ver, on. the coaft of Labrador, near 
 the Graits of Belle-Ifle, and oppo- 
 fite to the bay of St. John’s, New- 
 foundland. It is about 8 feagues 
 from Great Meccatina Ifland, and 
 has two iflands in the harbour: 
 about two miles $,W, runs a chain 
 of fmall iflands, called St, Au- 
 guftin’s chain, the outermoft of 
 
 which is a. remarkable round 
 fmooth rock, Long. 58, 50, lat. 
 §¥, 10, 
 
 AYENNIS, a nation of wild 
 
 Indians, inhabiting part of Flo- 
 rida. 
 Azu A, alittle town inthe ifland 
 of St, Domingo, in the Weft In- 
 pe: on the Southern fide, bé- 
 onging to the Spaniards, at the 
 bottom of a deep bay, 
 
 B 
 
 AFFIN’s BAy, a gulf fe 
 
 called from one Baffin, who 
 difcovereditin 1662, in his attempt 
 to find a North-weft paflage into 
 the South Sea, This bay runs from 
 Cape Farewel into Weft Greenland, 
 and lies between the parallels of 
 60 and 80 degrees N. lat, It a- 
 bounds with whales, efpecially the 
 upper part of it, 
 
BAH 
 
 BAH 
 
 BauAma Istanps, called by Great Bank of Bahama, in which 
 
 the Spaniards Lucayos, take in, 
 under this denomination, all the 
 iflands in general which are to the 
 North of Cuba and St. Domingo. 
 The firft difcovery of the New 
 World began Oc 11, 1492, at 
 Guanzhani, or Cats Ifland, one of 
 them. They were then full of peo- 
 ple, and the inhabitants were fim- 
 ple and mild, and lived happy in 
 the midft of plenty. As they pro- 
 duce no gold, the Spaniards made 
 no fettlement there, but they foon 
 tranfported their inhabitants to the 
 roines of St. Domingo, which they 
 had almoft depopulated: and at 
 the end of 14 years there did not 
 remain a fingle inhabitant in the 
 Bahamas. ‘Then whoever chofe it, 
 were permitted to occupy them, 
 when-the Englifh took pofleffion of 
 them; and Charles II. granted all 
 the Bahama Ifles to the proprietors 
 of Carolina, who ftill claim them. 
 They fent feveral governors, and 
 built the town of Naffau, which is 
 now the feat of government, in 
 the ifland of Providence, The 
 number of the Bahama Iflands is 
 very confiderable, and amounts to 
 feveral hundreds, which hardly e- 
 merge out of an immenfe fea-bank; 
 but, excepting about 15, are in 
 general very low and narrow; and 
 others, for the moft part, ase only 
 fmall rocks, or little fpots of Jand 
 even with the water’s edge. The 
 principal, which has given its name 
 to the whole archipelago, is Great 
 Bahama, in the Northern bank, 
 called the Little Bank of Bahama, 
 whofe fituation is E, and W, and 
 about 20 leagues from the coaft of 
 Florida, At a little diftance to 
 the E. is Lucayoneque, of near 
 the fame fize, whofe fituation is 
 N.and S$, Tothe N. of both is 
 that of Lueayo, which has only 
 half their dtmenfions, but whofe 
 name has been given to the whole 
 range: its fituation is E, and W. 
 A channel of 8 or ro leagues fe- 
 parates the Little Bank from the 
 
 is the ifland of Providence, with 
 the great ifland of Alabafter, or E- 
 leuthera, which has Harbour Ifland 
 on the North cape. The ifles of 
 Andros are on the S. W. of Pro- 
 vidence, which take up a {pace 30 
 leagues long and 5 broad. To- 
 wards the S, E, are Stocking, Ex- 
 uma, and Yuma or Long Ifland. 
 The ifle of Guanahani, the firft 
 land difcovered in America by Co- 
 lumbus, now called Cats Iiland, 
 lies E. of the Great Bank, and {fe- 
 parates from it by Exuma Sound, 
 The ciimate of thefe iflands is 
 very temperate the land in general 
 fruitful, and the air very healthy. 
 Their greateft difadvantage is the 
 want of water, and being fituated 
 amongft innumerable fhoals and 
 rocks, in a tempeftuous fea full of 
 
 currents, that renders them inace 
 
 ceffible to great fhips. There are 
 only three that are inhabited, Pro 
 vidence, Eleuthera, and Harbour 
 Ifland. On the coafts is found 
 ambergris, and the inhabitants 
 catch great quantities of green tur- 
 tle, Thefe iflands alfo produce a 
 great variety of dying-woods, lig- 
 num vite, and mahogany. The 
 exports, in 1769, amounted to a- 
 bove 6oool]. and, in 1770, there 
 were entered inwards 81 floops or 
 fhips, and 84 cleared outwards. 
 Between Long Ifland and St. Doe 
 
 mingo are fprinkled many unine - 
 
 habited iflands, 
 
 In thefe iflands are two parihes, 
 
 viz. 1, Parifh of Chrift - Church, 
 comprehending the ifland of New- 
 Providence, in which is the town 
 
 of Naffau, the capital, and the on- - 
 
 ly port of entry, except at Turks 
 
 Tflands. 2, St. John’s Parifh,com; . 
 prehending Harbour Ifland and E- - 
 
 leuthera. 
 The number of inhabitants are 
 
 computed as follows: in New-Pro- : 
 
 vidence about 600 Whites, 300 
 Negroes, Molattoes, &c. free, and 
 about 1300 ditto flaves. 
 
 In Hare | 
 
 -bour Ifland, 340 Whites, 130 Ne- - 
 
 
 

 
 BAN 
 
 groes, Mulattoes, &c, Eleuthera, 
 460 Whites, 230 Negroes, Mu- 
 lattoes, &c. Cat Ifland, fix fa- 
 milies, Exuma, only two fami- 
 lies. Turks Iflands, about 500 
 men in the falt-feafon, but at other 
 times about half hat number; the 
 others return to Bermuda. 
 BanamMa, the chief of the Ba- 
 hama Iflands, in the Weft Indies, 
 about 20 leagues frons the coalt of 
 Florida, and about 10 Weft from 
 the ifland of Lucayo, from which 
 thefe iflands are alfo called Lu- 
 caya Iflands. It is about 28 leagues 
 long, and three broad. It is very 
 fruitful, the air ferene, watered 
 with multitudes of fprings and 
 brooks. It produced great quan- 
 tity of faflafras, farfaparilla, and 
 red-wood, which were all deftroyed 
 ~by the Spaniards. Its chief pro- 
 duce now is Indian wheat, fowls, 
 and a particular kind of rabbits : 
 they have other provifions from 
 Carolina. Their chief commerce 
 is affitting, with provifions, fhips 
 which are driven in here by boifte- 
 rous winds. This is fituated on 
 the fand-bank called the Little-Ba- 
 hama Bank, which extends itfelf 
 Northward 60 miles. The ftrait of 
 Bahama, or Gulf of Florida, lies 
 between the coaft of Florida and 
 this ifland. The Spanith thips are 
 obliged to wait an opportunity to 
 afs this ftrait from the Hayanna 
 EL and the ftrait is 16 
 leagues broad, and 45 long. 
 BALTIMORE, acounty the moft 
 Northern in the province of Ma- 
 ryland, in North America, on the 
 W. fide of the bay of Cheafapeak, 
 reaching to the bottom of it. Its 
 chief townis alfo called Baltimore: 
 the houfes are ftraggling ; fo that 
 the townfhip is rather a fcattered 
 village, or parifh. ‘This county is 
 called from Lord Baltimore of Ire- 
 land, 1631, to whom it was granted 
 by King Charles I. Its capital lies 
 in N. lat. 39, 30. and 76,35, W. 
 long. 
 BANTRY, or BRAINTREE, a 
 
 
 
 BAR 
 little town, with a free-fchool, im 
 the county of Suffolk, in New- 
 England, 
 
 BARBADOES, one of the Cae 
 ribbee Iflands, and next to Jamaica 
 for importance, in the Welt-Indies 3 
 about 15 miles long, and 14 broad, 
 circuit 45 miles, contains about 
 106,470 acres, or near 140 fquare 
 miles. It lies 20 leagues Eaft from 
 St. Vincent, which may be feen 
 from it on a clear day; 25 from 
 St. Lucia, 28 from Martinico, 60 
 from Trinidad, 80 from Cape de 
 Salinas, and roo from St. Chrifto- 
 pher’s: it is ufvally ranked among 
 the windward divifion of the Ca- 
 ribbees, being a day or twos fail 
 from Surinam, the Dutch colony. 
 It was the firft difcovered of any 
 of thefe iflands, and is therefore 
 {tiled Mother of the Sugar Colonies. 
 In the year 1625, when the Englifh 
 firft landed here, they found it ab- 
 folutely defolate: it had not the 
 appearance of having been peopled, 
 even bythe moft barbarous Indians, 
 There was no kind of beatt, either 
 of pafture or of prey; neither fruit, 
 herb, nor root, for fupporting the 
 
 -lifeof man. Yet, asthis climate was 
 good, and the foil appeared fertile, - 
 
 fome gentlemen of {mall fortunes, 
 in England, in 1627, becameadven- 
 turers. About 23 years after its firft 
 fettlement, in 1656, it contained up- 
 wards of 50,000 whites, of all fexes 
 and ages,and a much greater number 
 of blacks, and Indian flaves. The 
 former they bought, the latter they 
 acquired by means not at all to 
 their honour. This fmall ifland, 
 in 1680, peopled by above 100,000 
 fouls, was not half cultivated, A 
 little before 1645 they learned the 
 art of making fugar; and ina fhort 
 time, by the means of. this im- 
 provement, grew every day fure 
 prifingly opulent and numerous, 
 About this time, the government 
 of England, which was then in the 
 hands of Cromwell, confined the 
 trade of Barbadoes to the mother- 
 country, which before was managed 
 
BAR 
 
 by the Dutch. Several of the royal 
 party had fled hither, and from this 
 ifland King Charles IT. ereéted 13 
 Baronets, fome of whom were worth 
 10,000. a year, and no onelefsthan 
 a thoufand. In 1676, there ap- 
 peared no great increafe of their 
 whites, but a vifible one in their 
 negroes. They then employed 400 
 fail of thips; of 150 tons, one with 
 another, in their trade, and their 
 annual exports in fugar, indigo, 
 ginger, cotton, &c. amounted to 
 360,001, their circulating cafh at 
 home was 2co0,000l. The plague 
 made great havock here, in 16923 
 which reduced the number of whites 
 to 25,000, and the negroes to $0,000. 
 It at prefent has about 94,000 in- 
 habitants, among whom are rec- 
 koned but 22,000 whites, which 
 gives the proportion of four blacks 
 to a white. They have at prefent 
 fix regiments of infantry, three of 
 cavalry, and one of guards, all ftout 
 men, well difciplined. The trade 
 is fo confiderable as to employ 400 
 veffels, of all burdens, The prin- 
 cipal articles of exportation are 
 aloes, cotton, ginger, fugar, rum, 
 molaffes, which in 1770 to Great- 
 Britain amounted to 311,000l. to 
 North-America 120,000], and to 
 the other iflands 432,000l. fterling. 
 It is fortified by nature, all along 
 the windward fhore, by the rocks 
 and fhoals, fo as to be nearly inac- 
 cellible: on the leeward fide it has 
 good harbours; but the whole coatt 
 is protected by a good line, of fe- 
 veral miles in length, and feveral 
 forts to defend it at the moft ma- 
 terial places, They fupport their 
 own eftablifhment, which is very 
 confiderable, with great credit; the 
 Governor’s place alone being worth 
 at leaft 6oool, a year. The clergy 
 are well provided for, who are of 
 the church of England, which is 
 the religion eftablifhed here ; there 
 being very few Diffenters. They 
 have a college, founded here by 
 Colonel Codrington, the only infti- 
 tution of the kind in the Weft-In- 
 
 
 
 BAR 
 
 dies. Bridgetown is the capital of 
 the ifland, which was much injured 
 by a late fire. The country of 
 Barbadoes has a very luxuriant and 
 beautiful appearance, {welling into 
 gently rifing hills, which, with the 
 verdure of the fugar-canes, the 
 bloom and fragrance of the orange, 
 lemon, lime, and citron trees, a 
 number of elegant and ufeful plants, 
 and the houfes of the planters thick 
 fown all along the country, form 
 a delightful fcene. ‘The climate is 
 very hot, but the air pure; and 
 though it does not generate any 
 land-wind, the heat is moderated 
 by the conftant trade-winds. Like 
 moft of the other iflands, it is fub- 
 jeét in the fummer months to tor- 
 nadoes and hurricanes. Its pro- 
 duéts are, befides what is mentioned, 
 the palm, tamarind, fig, aloes, ba- 
 nanas, cedar, maftick, cocoa-tree, 
 and cacao, the laft makes choco- 
 late ; and alfo papas, guavas, pal- 
 mettoes, &c. Lat. 13, 5, N. Long. 
 59, 32, W- 
 
 BARBUDA, or BARBOUTHAS, 
 an ifland, one of the Caribbees, 
 35 miles N. of Antigua; 53 N.E. 
 of St.Chriftopher’s. It is 3 leagues 
 long, and half a league broad. «It 
 is low land, but fertile, and was 
 planted by the Englith as early as 
 any of the Leeward Iflands, except 
 St. Chriftopher’s, who called it Dul- 
 cina; but they were fo difturbed 
 by the Caribbeans from Dominica, — 
 who generally invaded them twice 
 a year, in the night time, that they 
 were often forced to defert it. At 
 length, their numbers in the other 
 iflands increafing, and that of the 
 favages decreafing, they repoflefled 
 it; fo that ina few years it had 
 1200 inhabitants. It is fubjeé& to 
 the Codrington family, who main- | 
 tain a great number of negroes | 
 here, to whom it produces about | 
 sooo], per annum, and has now 
 fome hundreds of inhabitants, Its | 
 coafts are full of rocks, and there : 
 is but little water on the ifland, , 
 It abounds in black cattle, fheep, 
 
 
 
i 
 
 BAR 
 
 kids, fowl, the breeding of which 
 is the chief employment of the 
 inhabitants, who make great pro- 
 fit of their fale to the other iflands; 
 and the Englifh here live after 
 the manner of our Englifh far- 
 mers, in the way of dealing, buy- 
 ing, fattening, and fending to 
 market. The ifland produces 
 Citrons, pomegranates, oranges, 
 raifins, India figs, maize, peafe, 
 cocoa nuts, and fome tobacco; 
 and feveral rare and valuable 
 woods, herbs, roots, and drugs ; 
 as Brafil wood, ebony, caeffia, 
 cinnamon, pine apples, cotton, 
 pepper, ginger, indigo, potatoes, 
 and the fenfitive plant. Here are 
 large and dangerous ferpents 5 
 fome however are not venomous, 
 and deftroy other vermin, as rats, 
 toads, and frogs. Here is more 
 
 - fhipping than at Nevis, and it is 
 
 better planted than that ifland is 
 to the S, W. Lat. 17, 50. long. 
 Go, 55. 
 
 BARBE, ST. a town of Mexi- 
 co, in New Bifcay, in the neigh- 
 bourhood of which are very rich 
 filver mines. It lies s00 miles 
 N. W. of the city of Mexico. 
 Lat. 26, 10. long. 1ro, 5. 
 
 BANSTABLE, a town, county, 
 and bay, in New England. At 
 the N. end of the bay, where this 
 town is fituated, lies Cape Cod, 
 The town is fituated on Hoyenas 
 river and creek, on the S. fide of 
 the peninfula open to the Atlan- 
 tic, where the peninfula is about 
 5 miles broad, having Yarmouth 
 town and harbour on the N, 
 coaft at its back. 
 
 BAaRNWELL, a fort 20 miles 
 
 “to the N. W. of New Bern, inthe 
 
 county of Craven, in North Ca- 
 
 _ rolina. 
 
 BARRINGTON-TO WN, in Brif- 
 tol county, in Plymouth Colony, 
 New England. It is fituated on 
 the river Swanfey, which runsin- 
 to Narraganfet bay, Rhode-Ifland, 
 6 miles N. from Briftol, and the 
 fame diftance from Rehoboth, 
 amd alfo.S. E. from Providence, 
 
 BARTHOLOMEW, ST. one of 
 
 BASS 
 
 the Carribbee Iflands, 25 miles . 
 N. of St. Chriftopher’s, and 30 
 
 N. E. of Saba. It is reckoned 
 
 five leagues in circumference, but ' 
 has little ground fit for manuring. 
 
 It produces tobacco, caffava, and 
 
 abounds with woods. ‘The trees 
 
 moft in efteem are, 1. The foap, 
 
 or aloes tree. 2. The caleback. 3. 
 
 The canapia; the gum extracted 
 
 from which is reckoned an ex- 
 
 cellent cathartic. 4. The parotane, 
 
 whofe boughs grow downward, 
 
 taking root again, ‘and form a 
 
 kind of bulwark and ftrong-fence 
 
 in time of attack. All along 
 
 fhore are thofe’ kind of trees 
 
 called the Sea- Trees, whofe’ 
 boughs are wonderfully plaited 
 
 together, and look as if they were 
 
 glazed. On the fhore are alfo 
 
 found the fea-ftar and the fea-ap- 
 
 ple. Here is an infinite variety 
 
 of birds, and a peculiar kind of 
 
 lime-{tone, which they export to 
 
 the adjacent iflands. They de-' 
 pend on the fkies for water, which 
 
 they keep in cifterns. It now 
 
 belongs to the French, to whom 
 
 it was returned in 1763. The 
 
 Englifh, took it, in 1746, from 
 
 the French by two Englith priva- 
 
 teers from Antigua. Its thores 
 
 are extremely dangerous, and the 
 
 approaching them requires an ex-- 
 perienced pilot; but it enjoys an 
 
 excellent harbour, in which fhips 
 
 of any fize are fheltered from all 
 
 winds. Half its inhabitants. are 
 
 Irifh Papifts, whofe defcendants 
 
 fettled here in 1666. There is alfo 
 
 the lignum vite and iron wood 
 
 kere in great plenty. Lat. 13, 6, 
 long. §2, 15. 
 
 BassETERRE, the chief town 
 in the ifland of St. Chriftopher. 
 It is fituated at §. #, end ofthe 
 ifland, and is a place of confidera- 
 ble trade. See St. Chriffopher’s. 
 It confifts of a long ftreet along 
 the fea-fhore, which is defended 
 by Fort Royal, a fmall fort, bad- 
 ly built, and‘ very irregular. This 
 town is the feat cf goverment for 
 the ifland. 
 
 BAsTIMENTOS, illands near 
 
 Cc 
 
f : | 
 
 
 
 BED 
 
 the ifthmus of Darien, and fome- 
 what weftward of the Samballoes- 
 iflands, at the mouth of the bay 
 of Nombre de Dios, very near 
 the fhore; famous for admiral 
 Hofier’s lying before them with a 
 Britifh fquadron fome years ago. 
 Lat. 9, 30. long. 79, 45. 
 
 Barutown, a {mall fea-port 
 town inthe county of Tyrrel, and 
 diftrid of Edenton, in North 
 Carolina, lying on the northern 
 bank of the river Pamticoe, where 
 it has a cuftom-houfe, with a col- 
 JeGtor. Lat. 35, 30. long. 77, 15. 
 BEavuFrortT, atownanddiftridtin 
 S. Carolina, includes ail the places 
 to the S, from Combahee river, 
 and the fwamp at the head of the 
 S. branch of that river, between 
 the fea, including the iflands ; 
 the boundary continuing from the 
 main fwamp to Matthew’s Bluff, 
 on Savannah river. 
 
 Braurorv, a feaport town in 
 the county of Granville, in South 
 Carolina, fituated on the ifland of 
 Port Royal, 26 miles from Pur- 
 ryfburg, and 43 from Charles- 
 town to the S.W, It has a good 
 fort, but is not fo well fortified. 
 It is expeéted from its harbour, 
 and fituation, that it will become 
 the capital of South Carolina, as 
 it is already the flation of the 
 Britith fquadron in thofe feas. 
 
 Braurorvt a county of North 
 Carolina, in the diftrit of New- 
 born. 
 
 BEAuForT, a feaport town in 
 North Carolina, in the county of 
 Carteret, and diftri€t of Newbera, 
 in Core Sound. 
 
 Breer Istanp, one of the 
 fmaller Virgin Iflands, in the 
 ‘Welt - Indies, fituated between 
 Dog ifland W. and Tortula E. of 
 it. It is about 5 miles long E. W. 
 and near 1 broad, N. S. in Sir 
 Francis Drake’s bay. Long. 63, 2. 
 Jat. 18, 23. 
 
 Beprorp, a fmall town in 
 Middlefex county, Maflachufets- 
 bay, on the river Concord, 6 miles 
 W. of Woburn, and 7 N. from 
 Concord. 
 
 BE L 
 
 Breprorp, a town in Long — 
 
 Ifland, New-York, 6 miles S, 
 from New-York, and the fame 
 diftance N. W. from Jamaica bay. 
 
 BEDForD, atown in the county. 
 of Weft Chefter, New-York, 35 
 miles N. from New-York, and 
 ro E, from the Topang Sea, 12 
 N. from Long-Ifland Sound, on a, 
 branch of Minimock river,near the 
 Stamford river, from the head of 
 which it is diftant 3 miles N. W. 
 
 Brexia, Brcouya, or Bo- 
 quia, a fmall Englith ifland a- 
 mong the Grenadilles. The French, 
 call it Little Martinico; 55 miles 
 to the N. E. of Granada, and 65 
 leagues from Barbadoes._ It has 
 a. iafe harbour from all winds, 
 but no frefh water; and is there- 
 fore only frequented by the inha- 
 bitants of St. Vincent, who came 
 hither to fith for tortoife. The 
 foil produces wild cotton-trees, 
 and plenty of water-melons. 
 
 BELHAVEN, or ALEXAN- 
 DRIA, a town in Fairfax coun- 
 ty, Virginia, on the W. fide of Pa-, 
 towmack river, 14 miles N, E. of 
 Colchefter, 86 milesS. E. of Win- 
 chefter, and 30 miles W. of An- 
 napolis, 
 
 BELINSGATE, a town and 
 point of land in  Barnftaple 
 county, in Plymouth Colony, New 
 England, fitvated on the W. fide 
 of the peniniula, in Cape Cod 
 Bay, 5 miles N. of Silver Springs, 
 and 10S. from Cape Cod harbour, 
 
 BELLINGHAM, in Suffolk 
 county, Maflachufets-Bay, in the. 
 midway _ between Mendon and 
 Wrentham, and 2 miles N. of, 
 Blackftone river. 
 
 BELtLt-1ste& Istanp and 
 Straights, at the moft N. end of 
 Newfoundland, and the entrance 
 into the Gulf of St. Laurence. The 
 ifland is about 7 leagues in cireuit, 
 and onthe N. W. fide has a {mall 
 harbour fit for fmall craft, called 
 Lark Harbour, within a little 
 ifland that lies clofe to the fhore 3 
 and at the E. point it has another 
 {mall harbour or cove, that will 
 
 only admit fifhing fhallops; from 
 
 
 

 
 BER 
 whence it is only 16 miles to the 
 Coaft of Labradore. Long. 55, 30+ 
 dat. 51, 55. 
 BERGEN, a town and county 
 on Hudfon’s river, in New Jer- 
 fey, over againft New York, and 
 was the firft planted of any of 
 this traét; moftly inhabited by 
 Dutch, See New York. 
 Berksurre, a county in Pen- 
 fylvania whofe length is very 
 great, bounded on the S. E, by 
 Philadelphia and Chefter coun- 
 ties, N. E. by Northampton 
 county, and S, W. by Cumberland 
 and Lancafter counties. 
 Berxiey, the name both of 
 a town and county in South Caro- 
 lina, lying to the N. of Colleton 
 county, near Cowper and Afhley 
 rivers, On the N. is a little river 
 called Bowall-river, which with a 
 creek forms an ifland; and off the 
 coaft are feveral iflands called 
 Hunting-iflands, and Sillwent’s- 
 ifland. Between the latter and 
 Bowall river is a ridge of hills, 
 called the Sand hills. The river 
 
 “Wando waters the N. W. parts of 
 
 this county, and runs into Cowper 
 river, both uniting their ftreams 
 with Afhley river at Charles-town. 
 
 BERMUDAS, aclufter of fmall 
 iflands a confiderable diftance 
 from the continent. Hither re- 
 
 ‘tired feveral of the parliament 
 
 party after the Reftoration ; and 
 Waller the poet has given a very 
 pretty poem on them, it being 
 the place of his flight. They are 
 
 >not altogether 20,000 acres, very 
 
 difficult of accefs, being, as Wal- 
 ler expreffes it, walled with rocks. 
 As their coafts are dangerous, fo 
 are their founds and harbours 
 difficult of accefs, their entrances 
 being narrow, and fhoaly; but 
 what renders thefe iflands ftill 
 more dangerous is the current, 
 which fets to the N. E. from the 
 Gulf of Florida, which is. re- 
 markably ftrong here. The air 
 is extremely pleafant; and its 
 fine fituation invited the great 
 Berkley, bifhop of Cloyne, to fol- 
 licit queen Anne for founding 
 
 BER 
 an univerfity here, the plan of 
 which that great genius had ex- 
 cellently well modelled; but the 
 queen was diverted from this pro- 
 jet by the parties of her mini- 
 fters. The chief bufinefs here 
 ufed to be that of building floops, 
 and other fmall craft, for the 
 trade between North America and 
 the Weft indies ; which are built 
 of cedar, and are very durable, as 
 no worms will penetrate them. 
 The founds and furrounding feas, 
 are well ftored with fifth, and 
 ambergrife is fometimes found a- 
 mong their rocks in lumps of 
 confiderable bignefs. ‘They fend 
 nothing to England; though for- 
 merly, when the Bermudas hats 
 were brought into fafhion by the 
 bifhop, they got a good deal of 
 @ahh from England. The hats 
 were very elegant, made of the 
 leaves of palmettoes; but the 
 trade and the fafhion went toge- 
 gether, The foil is negleéted, 
 and their beft production is cedar, 
 with fome white-ftone, which 
 they fend to the Weft - Indies. 
 Their whites are about 7000, the 
 mulattoes and blacks are about 
 6000. The blacks bred here are 
 the beft in America, and as ufeful 
 as the whites in navigation. The 
 people of Bermudas are poor but 
 healthy, contented and very chear- 
 ful. It is well adapted to the cul- 
 tivation of vines, and might be 
 worth while even for the legifla- 
 ture to encourage fuch an ufeful 
 improvement. They are called 
 Somer -iflands, not from their 
 pleafant or warm fituation, but 
 from Sir John Somers, bart. who 
 was fhipwrecked here; and was 
 the fecond after John Bermudas, 
 in 1503, that improved the dif- 
 covery of them. The number of 
 this clufter is computed to be 
 about 400. They are diftant from 
 the Land’s-end 1500 leagues; from 
 the Madeiras 1200, from Hifpa- 
 niola 400, and 200 from Cape 
 Hattaras in Carolina; which laff 
 is the neareft landtothem, Lat. 
 
 gS 65% “ee 3. 
 
BIL 
 
 Bern, New, a fmall town in 
 the county of Craven, in South 
 Cai olina, ee on the fouthern 
 bank of the river Pamticoe, or 
 Pantego. Lat. 35, 15. longitude 
 775 30+ 
 
 Berry -IstAnps, a fmall 
 elufter of iflands, on the N. W. 
 point of the Great Bahama Bank, 
 in the Channel of: Providence. 
 Long. 75, 40. lat. 25,°50. 
 
 BERTIE, a maritime county in 
 North Carolina, in the diftriét of 
 Edenton, with the Roanoke its 
 S. boundary, and Albemarle found 
 
 -on the E, In it is fituated the 
 Indian tower of Tufcaroraw. 
 
 BERWICK, a town in York 
 county, Penfylvania, about 7 miles 
 N. of Hanover, and 16 W. of 
 
 “g¥ork. 
 
 BETHLEHEM, a village in the 
 county, of Orange, in the province 
 of New York; very fruitful in 
 -pafture, and makes large quanti- 
 ties of excellent butter. 
 
 BETHLEHEM, atownin Nor- 
 thampten county, Penfylvania, 5 
 miles E, of Northampton, and 
 no S. W. of Eafton, and ftands 
 on a branch of the Delawar river. 
 
 BEVERLEY, a maritime town 
 in New England, in the province 
 of Maffachufets-Bay, and county 
 of Effex, fituated on the &. of 
 Cape Ann, and the N, fide of 
 Burley Brook, 2 miles North of 
 Salem. 
 
 BIEQUE ISLAND, or Bori- 
 'QUEN, or CRABS ISLE, one of 
 the Virgin Ifles, 2 leagues from 
 Porto Rico, 6 leagues long, and 
 2 broad. The Englith fettled there 
 twice, and have been driven away 
 by the Spaniards, whofe intereft 
 it is to let it remain defolate. It 
 has a rich foil, and a good road 
 on theS, fide. Lat. 18, 2. long. 
 64, 30. See Crabs Tle. 
 
 BiDDEFORD, a town in the 
 county of York, Province of New 
 Hampfhire, in New - England, 
 near the mouth of Sako river and 
 bay, ro miles N. frem Wells, 
 and 20 S. from Brunfwick. 
 
 BicLerikA, a {mall town in 
 
 BLA 
 
 Middlefex county, Maffachufets- 
 Bay, on the banks of the river 
 Concord, about 6 miles W. of 
 Wilmington, and 5 N. of Bed- 
 ford, 
 
 Brros Keys, a rock or ifland 
 among the Virgin Iflands, in the 
 Weft Indies. It is round, and 
 fituated about 2 leagues S. of St. 
 John’s ifland, and has its name 
 from the quantities of birds which 
 refort there. Long. 63, 20. lat. 
 17> 55- 
 
 BrmM1ni1 Istx, one of the 
 Lucaya or Bahama Iflands, on the 
 W, fide of the Great Bank, near 
 the Gulf of Florida, and has a 
 good harbour. ‘ 
 
 BiscAy, a province of Mexi- 
 co, abounding in filver mines. It 
 is bounded on the N. by Mexico, 
 and on the W. by Florida. 
 
 BLACK RIveER, an Englifh 
 fettlement at the mouth of the 
 river Tinto, 20 leagues to the E. 
 of Cape Honduras, the only har- 
 bour on the Coaft of ‘Terra Fir- 
 ma, from the ifland of Rattan to 
 Cape Grac‘as a Dios, and was for 
 more than 60 years the refuge of 
 the Logwood Cutters, when the 
 Spaniards drove them from the 
 forefts of Eaft Yucatan; which 
 occafioned adventurers of different 
 kinds to fix here, where the coaft 
 is fandy, generally low and fwam- 
 py, with mangrove-trees: higher 
 up, near the rivers and lagoons, 
 which are full of fifh, the foil is 
 more fertile, and produces plan- 
 tations, cocoa-trees, maize, yams, 
 potatoes, and feveral other vege- 
 tables; and the paffion of drink- 
 ing rum has made them begin to 
 plant fugar-canes. The forefts 
 are full of deer, Mexican fwine, 
 and game. ‘The fhores abound 
 with turtle, and the woods with ~ 
 mahogany, zebra wood, farfapa- 
 rilla, &c. and indeed the whole 
 fettlement flourithes fpontaneoufly 
 without cultivation. 
 
 BLADEN, acounty of North 
 Carolina, in the diftriét of Wil- 
 mington, and is the boundary 
 county to South Carolina, 
 
 
 

 
 BON 
 
 BLANCO, an ifland 35 leagues 
 from Terra Firma, and N. of 
 Margarita-Ifland, in the province 
 of New Andalufia. It isa flat, 
 even, low, uninhabited ifland, 
 dry and healthy, moft of it favan- 
 nas of long grafs, with fome trees 
 of lignum vitz, It has plenty of 
 guanoes. Lat.11, 45- long.63, 36. 
 
 BLANDFORD,a town in Prince 
 George’s county, Virginia, on the 
 S. bank of a branch of James 
 river, 2 miles E. of Peterfburg. 
 
 BOLINBROKE,a town in Tal- 
 bot county, E. divifion of Mary- 
 land, on theN. W. point of Chop- 
 
 _ tank ‘river, Chefapeak- bay, 5 
 
 
 
 miles E. of Oxford. 
 
 Bon Arre£,an ifland,almoft un- 
 inhabited,on the coaft of Venizue- 
 Ja, in the kingdom of Terra Fir- 
 ma. It lies about 20 leagues from 
 the continent, and 14 E. of Cu- 
 racoa, and belongs to the Dutch, 
 It is about 18 leagues in compafs, 
 has a good bay and road on the 
 S$, W. fide, near the middle of the 
 ifland. . Ships that come from the 
 eaftward make im clofe to fhore, 
 and Jet go’ anchor in 60 fathom 
 deep water, within half a cable’s 
 length of the fhore; but muft 
 make faft a-fhore, for fear of the 
 land-winds in the night driving 
 fier to fea, ‘Fhere are only a few 
 honfes, and about a dozen fol- 
 diers, who do little or no duty. 
 There is a fort, with five or te 
 Indian families, who are hufband-. 
 men, and plant maize and Indian 
 torn, fome yams and potatoes, 
 There is a great plenty of cattle 
 bere, particularly goats, which 
 they fend to Curacoa, falted every 
 year. There is a falt pond here, 
 where the Dutch come in for 
 falt. Lat, 12, ro, long. 67, 30. 
 
 BoNAviIsTA, a bay, cape, and 
 port on the E. fide of Newfound- 
 dand, where the Englifh have a 
 fettlement, and fiages are erected 
 for the fithery, which is carried on 
 here with great fuccefs, Long. 
 §3, 5- lat. 49, 5. 
 
 “BoRIQuin or CRABS-JSLAND, 
 
 | See Coabs-Tland.. 
 
 BOS 
 
 Boston, lately a very noted 
 and opulent trading town, the 
 metropolis of New- England, in 
 North-America, in the county of 
 Suffolk, till the town was pro- 
 fcribed, and port removed by the 
 Englifh parliament, April 4, 1774, 
 for refufing a tax on tea, which 
 they deftroyed in 1774. The 
 Kings forces in a great meafure 
 defaced the town, by pulling 
 down feveral buildings to fupply 
 themfelves with firing during the 
 late contefts; before which it was 
 the Jargeft and moft confiderable 
 eity of all the Britifh empire im 
 America; and was built the lat= 
 ter end of the year 1630, by 2 
 part of a colony which removed 
 hitherto from Charles-Town, and 
 ftands upon a peninfula of about 
 four miles circumference, withim. 
 44 miles of the bottom of Mafla= 
 chufets Bay. It was greatly da- 
 maged by an earthquake, on O&. 
 29, 1727. It is the moft ad- 
 vantageoully fituated for trade of 
 any place in North-America; om 
 the N. fide are a dozen fmallk 
 iflands, called the Brewfters, one: 
 of which is called Noddle’s-ifland .. 
 The only fafe way for entrance: 
 into the harbour is by a channel 
 fo narrow, as well as full of iflands,,. 
 that three fhips can fcarce pafs im 
 a-breafts; but there are proper 
 marks to: guide them into the fair 
 way; and within the harbour 
 there is room enough for 500 fhips: 
 to lie at anchor in a good deph of 
 water, where they were covered: 
 by the cannon of a regular and 
 very ftrong fortrefs now in ruins.. 
 At the bottom of the bay is a 
 very noble pier, near 20co feet 
 in length, along which on the N,. 
 fide extended a row of warehoufes, 
 The head of this pier joins the: 
 principal {treet in the town, which: 
 is, like moft of the others, fpa= 
 cious and well built. The towm 
 had a fine and ftriking appearance: 
 
 at entering, asit lies at the very . 
 
 bottom of the bay, like an: am= 
 phitheatre. It has a town-houfe;, 
 where the courts met, and the 6% ” 
 © 43 
 
 ~ 
 

 
 BOS 
 change kept, large, and of a tole- 
 rable tafte of architecture, Round. 
 the exchange are a great number 
 of bockfellers fhops, which, till 
 lately, found employment for five 
 printing-prefles. There are 19 
 places of worfhip, 3 only of which 
 are epifcopal, and 7 are for diffen- 
 -ters, which are lofty and elegant, 
 with towers and fpires: and it 
 contained about’ 6000 houfes, and 
 ~ at leaft 30,000 inhabitants, That 
 we may be enabled to form fome 
 judgment af the wealth of this 
 city, we muft obferve, that from 
 Chiftmas 1747, to Chriftmas 
 1748, 500 veflels cleared out from 
 this port only for a foreign trade, 
 and 439 were entered inwards; to 
 fay nothing of coafling and fith- 
 ing veflels, both of which were 
 numerous to an uncommon de- 
 gree, and not lefsthan 1coo, It 
 received damage by a fire to the 
 amount of 300,00c!. March 20, 
 3760; and bya terrible ftorm in 
 Aug. 1773. Indced the trade of 
 New-England was great, as it 
 fupplied a vaft quantity of goods 
 from within itfelf; but was yet 
 greater, as the people in this 
 country were in a manner the 
 carriers for all the colonies in 
 North-America and the Weft-In- 
 dies; and even many parts of 
 Europe. The home commodities 
 _were principally mafts and yards, 
 for which they contracted largely 
 with the royal navy; alfo pitch, 
 tar, and turpentine; ftaves, lum- 
 ber, and boards; all forts of pro- 
 vifions, beef, pork, butter, and 
 cheefe, in vaft qnantities; horfes, 
 and live eattle; Indian corn and 
 peafe'; cyder, apples, hemp, and 
 flax. Their peltry or fur trade 
 was not fo confiderable. They 
 had a noble cod fifhery upon 
 the coaft, affording employment 
 for a va number of their people: 
 they were enabled by this branch 
 to export annually ahoye 30,0co 
 quintals of choice cod fifh to Spain, 
 Italy, the Britifh iflands, Great- 
 Britain, the Mediterranean, &c. 
 and about 20,000 quintals of the 
 
 ‘ 
 
 
 
 >BrO'S. 
 
 refufe fortto the Weft-Indies, for 
 the negroes, 
 
 The great quantity of fpirita 
 which they diftilled in Bolton 
 from the molaffes received in re- 
 turn from the Weft-Indies, was 
 as furprifing as the cheap rate they 
 vended it at, which was under 
 two fhillings a gallon. With this 
 they fupplied almoft all the con- 
 fum ption of our colonies in North=- 
 America, the Indian trade there, 
 the vaft demands of their own 
 and the Newfoundland fifhery, 
 and in a great meafure thofe of 
 the African trade. But they were 
 more famous for the quantity and 
 cheaprefs than excellency of their 
 rum. They were almoft the only 
 one of our colonies which nearly 
 
 -fupplied themfelves with woolerm 
 
 and linen manufactures, Their 
 woolen cloths were ftrong, clofe, 
 but coarfe and ftubborn. As to 
 their linens, that manufaéture was 
 brought from the N. of Ireland 
 by fome prefbyterian artificers, 
 driven thence by the feverity of 
 their landlords, er rather. the 
 mafter workmen and employers $ 
 and from an affinity of religious 
 fentiments they chofe New-Eng- 
 land for their retreat. As they 
 brought with them a fund of 
 riehes in their fkill of the liner: 
 manufactures, they met with very 
 great encouragement, and exer 
 cifed their trade to the great advan= 
 tage of the colony. They made 
 Jarge quantities, and. of a very 
 good kind; their principal fettle= 
 ment was in a town, which, ia 
 compliment to them, is called 
 Londonderry. 
 
 Hats were made in New-Eng-= 
 Tand, and which, in a clandefting 
 way, found vent in all the other’ 
 colonies. The fetting up thefe 
 manufa@ures. was in a great mate 
 ter neceflary to them ; for as they 
 had not been properly encourag- 
 ed in fome ftaple commodity by 
 which they might conmmunicate 
 with Great-Britain, being cut off 
 from all other refources, they 
 
 muft haye cither, abandoned the 
 
 
 

 
 BD - 
 country, or have found means of 
 employing their own fkill and in- 
 dufry to draw out of it the necef- 
 faries of life. The fame neceflity, 
 together with their being poflefled 
 of materialsfor building and mend- 
 ing flrips, made them the carriers 
 for the other colonies. 
 
 This laft article was one of the 
 moft confiderable which Bofton, 
 or the other fea-port towns in 
 New-England carried on. Ships 
 were fometimes built here upon 
 commiffion, and frequently the 
 merchants of the country had 
 them conftruéted upon their own 
 account; then loaded them with 
 the produce of their country, naval 
 flores, fifh, and fith-oil, principally. 
 They fent them out upona trading 
 voyage to Spain, Portugal, or the 
 Mediterranean ; where, having 
 difpofed of their American cargo, 
 they made what advantage they 
 could by freight, until fuch time 
 as they could fell the veffel her- 
 felf to advantage; which they fel- 
 dom failed to do, receiving the 
 value of the veffel as well as the 
 freight of the goods which from 
 time to time they carried; and of 
 the firft home-cargo in bills of 
 exchange upon London; for as 
 they had no commodity to return 
 for the value of above 100,000!. 
 which they took in various forts 
 of goods from England, (except 
 what naval ftores they bad,) they 
 were obliged to keep the balance 
 fomewhat even by this circuitous 
 commerce; which though not car- 
 ried on with Great-Britain, nor 
 with Britifh veffels, yet centered 
 in its profits, where all the money 
 
 ‘made by all the colonies did center 
 
 at laft, namely in London. “There 
 was a report made by way of com- 
 plaint to the legiflature of this 
 circuitons, though to them necef- 
 fary commerce. [ft was defired 
 that the exportation of- lumber, 
 &c. tothe French colonies, and the 
 
 ‘importation of fngars, molafles, 
 
 &c. from thence, might be ftopt, 
 On the other hand, the northern 
 colonies complained that they were 
 not poflefled of any manufactures, 
 
 2, a a 
 
 or ftaple commodity ; and being 
 cut off from this circuitous com= 
 merce, they could not. purchafe 
 fo many articles of luxury from 
 Great- Britain, The tegiflature 
 took a middle courfe: they did 
 not prohibit their exporting lum- 
 ber, &c. to the French colonies, ~ 
 but laid the imports from thence, 
 as fugars, molaffes, &c. under a 
 confiderable duty ; for they wife- 
 ly forefaw that the French would 
 have recourfe to their own colo- 
 nies for lumber, by which the 
 Boftoniaws would be cut off from 
 fo valuable a branch of trade and 
 navigation ; and that the latter, 
 being driven to fuch ftreights, 
 might have been alfo driven to 
 fome extremities, 
 
 By confidering the ftate of fhip~ 
 building, the principal branch of 
 Bofton, we hall vifibly perceive a 
 great decline in that article, which 
 lately affected her intimately in alt 
 others. In the year 1738, they 
 built at Bofton 41 topfail veflels, 
 burthen in alk 6324 tons, in 
 1743 they built 305 in 1746, but 
 203; and in 1749, but 15, mak= 
 ing in the whole only 2450 tons5, 
 an aftonifhing decline in about 10 
 years. re 
 
 There was alight houfe erected 
 on a rock for the fhipping, but it 
 has lately been deftroyed, as has. 
 the fortifications. The govern- 
 ment was directed by a governor, 
 a general court, and affembly, to 
 
 ‘which this city fent four mem- 
 
 bers, The independent religion 
 was the moft numerous, and the 
 profeffors faid to be 14,0003 and 
 out of 19 places of worthip, fix 
 were for this profeffion, Latitude 
 42, 25« long. 71, 10. 
 BRADFORD, a {mall town in 
 New-England, in the province of 
 Maffachufets-Bay, and county of 
 Effex, near a branch which runs 
 into Merimak river, below Mit- 
 chells Falls. 
 BRAINTREE or BRANTREE, 
 a town in Suffolk county, in, Maf> 
 fachufets- Bay. It ftands at.the 
 bottom of a fhallow-bay, and has 
 no harbour, but is well watered 
 
BRI 
 
 with fprings: theriver Smelt runs 
 through it, and about a quarter 
 of a mile S. runs the river Stony. 
 BRANDON HARBOUR, is fi- 
 tuated on the N. fide of Long- 
 Tfland, New-York, 9 miles W, of 
 Smithtown, and the fame diftance 
 from Hampftead Plain. 
 BrRASS-ISLAND, one of the 
 fmaller Virgin - Iflands, fituated 
 near the N, W. end of St. Tho- 
 mas, on whom it is dependent. 
 BRENTFORD, a town in Con- 
 necticut, the county of New-Ha- 
 ven 3; confiderable for its iron- 
 works, It is fituated on the fide 
 ef a river of the fame name, 
 which runs into Long - Ifland 
 Sound, ro miles Eaft from New- 
 
 haven. Longitude 55, 15. lati- 
 tude 41, 15. 
 BriDGETOWN, the metro- 
 
 polis of the ifland of Barbadees, 
 in the Weft-Indies, lying in the 
 S.W. part of the ifland, and in 
 the parith of St. Michacl. Ie is 
 fituate on the innermoft part of 
 Carlifle-bay, which is large enough 
 to contain 500 fhips, being a league 
 and half in breadth, and a league 
 in depth; but the bottom is foul, 
 and apt to cutthe cables. The 
 neighbouring grounds being low 
 flats were often overflowed by the 
 fpring-tides, and are moft of them 
 fince drained, The town lies at 
 the entrance of St. George’s-val- 
 Jey, which runs feveral miles in- 
 to the country. It fuffered great- 
 Jy by a fire on Feb. 3, 1756, May 
 14, 1766, and Dec. 27, 1767, 
 when the greateft part of the town 
 was deftroyed ; before which time 
 it had about 1500 houfes, mofily 
 brick, very elegant, and faid to 
 be the fineft and largeft in all the 
 Caribbee-I flands, the greateft part 
 of which have been rebuilt. The 
 flrects are broad, the honfes high, 
 and there is here alfo a Cheapfide, 
 where the rents are as dear as 
 thofe in London, It has a college 
 ‘founded liberally and endowed by 
 Colonel Codrington, the only in- 
 ftitution of the kind in the Weft- 
 Tndies; but it docs not appear 
 
 . BRI 
 
 that the defign of the founder: 
 has had the fuccefs that was ex- 
 
 pected. Here are commodious 
 
 wharfs for loading and unloading» 
 goods, with fome forts and caftles 
 
 for its defence; but the town is 
 
 fubjeé&t to hurricanes. As the 
 wind generally blows from the E, 
 
 or N. E. the E, part of the tewn 
 
 is called windward, and the We 
 
 part leeward. The royal citadel, 
 
 called St, Ann’s fort, coft the 
 
 country 30,o00l. On the E. fide 
 
 of the town is a fmall fort of 
 eight guns, where the magazines. 
 of powder and ftores are kept by 
 
 a ftrong guard. The number of 
 
 militia for this town and St. Mi- 
 
 chael’s precinét is 200 men, who 
 
 are called the royal regiment of 
 
 foot-guards, This is the feat of 
 the governor, council, aflembly, 
 
 and court of chancery. About 4 
 mile from town to the N. E. the 
 
 governor has a fine houfe, built 
 
 by the affembly, called Pilgrims ; 
 
 though the governor’s. ufual refi- 
 
 dence was at Fontabel. The other 
 
 forts are to the W. James’s-fort, 
 near Stuart’s-wharf, of 18 guns: 
 
 Willoughby’s, of 20 guns: three 
 batteries between this and Need- 
 
 ham’s-fort,of zaguns, The church 
 is as large as many of our cathe- 
 drals, has.a noble organ, and a 
 ring of bells, with a curious clock. 
 Here are large and elegant taverns, 
 eating-houfes, &e. with a poft- 
 houfe ; and packet- boats have been: 
 eftablified here lately to carry let- 
 ters to and from this place month- 
 ly. Lat. 13. 20. Long. 60. a. 
 See Barbadoes, 
 
 BRIDGEWATER,a@ fmalltown 
 in the county of Briftol and colo- 
 ny of Plymouth, in Maffachufetts- 
 Bay, New-England, near Town- 
 river, which empties itfelf into 
 Narraganfet-bay, Rhode- Ifland, 
 It is about 5 miles N, E. from 
 Raynham, 1o W. from Duxbury,. 
 
 BRIDLINGTON.See Burlington. 
 
 BRION-Is.eE, one of the Mag- 
 dalen-Ifles, in the Gulf of St. 
 Laurence, 5 or 6 leagues W. from. 
 
 the Bird-Iflands ; and.to Cape Roe 
 
BRU 
 fiers, the entrance of St. Laurence 
 river, it is 39 leagues N. W. by 
 N. It is in Long. 60, 40. Lat, 
 47,45. y 
 
 BrisTow, a county and town 
 in New-England, It is the moft 
 confiderable town in the county, 
 having a commodious harbour, at 
 the entrance of which lies Rhode: 
 
 ‘Ifland. This town is laid out 
 with more regularity than any 
 in the province, and has more 
 trade. The capital is remarkable 
 for the King of Spain’s having a 
 palace in it, and being killed 
 there; and alfo for Crown the 
 poet’s begging it of Charles II. 
 Lat. 42. Long. 7o. 
 
 BrisTou, the chief town of 
 the county of Bucks, in Penfyl- 
 vanid, about 20 miles N. E. from 
 Philadelphia. It ftands on the 
 river Delaware, oppofite Burling- 
 ton, in Weft New-Jerfey. It has 
 not above ico houfes, but is 
 noted for its mills of feveral forts. 
 Lat. 40. 71. Long..74. 30, 
 
 BRISTOL, a {mall town in Ma- 
 
 tyland, in the county of Charles, - 
 
 ‘in the weftern divifion of the co- 
 lony. 
 
 BRITAIN, LITTLE, a village 
 in the county of Orange, in the 
 province of New-York, very 
 fruitful in pafture, and breeds 
 great numbers of cattle. 
 
 BRITAIN, New, called alfo 
 Terra de Labrador and Efkimaux, 
 a diftri&t bounded by Hudfon’s- 
 Bay on the N. and W. by Canada 
 and the river of St. Laurence on 
 the S. and by the Arlantic Ocean 
 onthe E. Itis fubjeét to Great- 
 Britain ; but produces only fkins 
 and furs, 
 
 BROOKHAVEN, a town in the 
 -province of New-York and coun- 
 _ty of Suffolk in Long-Ifland, See 
 _Long-Ifland. 
 
 BROOKLINE, a village in Suf- 
 folk county, Maflachufets - bay, 
 -between Cambridgeand Roxbury, 
 about 3 miles W. of Bofton. 
 
 BRUNSWICK, atown in the 
 county of the fame name, in the 
 
 - diftriG of Wilmington, in North- 
 
 BUR 
 
 Carolina, of which it is the prins 
 
 ‘cipal. It is fituated about 5 miles 
 
 E. from the Atlantic, on the river 
 Cape Fear, is the beft built in 
 the whole province, carries on 
 the moft extenfive trade, and has 
 a collector cf the cuftoms, 
 
 BRUNSWICK, a town if the 
 county of York and province of 
 Maflachufets-bay, in New-Eng- 
 land, in the bay of Cafco. It is 
 the county-town, and is 13 miles 
 from Falmouth, and 53 from 
 York. : 
 
 Brunswick. See New Brunf- 
 wick. 
 
 Buck IsLAnpD, one of the 
 lefler Virgin Ifles, fituated on the 
 E. of St. Thomas, in St. James’s 
 Pafiage. Long. 63. 30. Lat. 18. 
 15. 
 
 “BUCKINGHAM, a county in 
 the province of Penfylvania, 
 S. W. from Philadelphia. It is 
 feparated from Jerfey by the De- 
 laware river on the S. E. and 
 
 .N. E. and from Northampton 
 
 county on the North. 1 
 BULLS, BAY OF, or BABOUL- 
 Bay, a noted bay in Newfound- 
 land, alittle to the fouthward of 
 St. John’s harbour on the E. of 
 that ifland. It has 14 fathom wa- 
 ter, and is very fafe, being land- 
 locked. The only danger is a 
 rock 20 yards from Bread-and- 
 Cheefe Point, and another with 
 ‘9 feet water off Magotty Cove, 
 Lat. 50, 50: long. 57,,10. ‘ 
 BURLINGTON, a county in 
 
 ‘Weft-Jerfey, near the boundary 
 
 line of Eaft-Jerfey; in which its 
 capital town Burlington, is on its 
 W. fhore. - 
 BURLINGTON, the capital of 
 Weft-Jerfey. It is fituated on an 
 ifland, in the middle of Delaware 
 river, oppofite to Philadelphia. 
 The town is laid out into fpacious 
 {treets, and here the courts and 
 aflemblies of Weft-Jerfey were 
 held, It is directed by a gover- 
 nor, a council, and affembly; was 
 begun to be planted with the 
 other towns from 1688, and con- 
 tinued improving till 1702, and 
 : , 
 
CAE 
 
 from thence till now, Its fituation 
 on the river, and contiguity to 
 creeks and bays, has naturally in- 
 ¢lined the inhabitants to fifheries. 
 The country abounds in all forts 
 of grain and provifions, particular- 
 ly flour, pork, and great quantities 
 of white peafe, which they fell to 
 the merchants of New-York, who 
 export them to the Sugar-Iflands. 
 They have alfo a trade in furs, 
 whalebone, oil, pitch, and tar. 
 This town formerly gave name to 
 acounty. It hasatown-houfe,a 
 handfome market-place, two good 
 bridges over the river, one called 
 London-bridge, the other York- 
 bridge. But the court of affem- 
 bly, &c. and that of the gover- 
 nor, is in the town of Elizabeth, 
 in the county of Effex, which is 
 by that the moft confiderable town 
 in the two provinces. It carries 
 on a brifk trade by its eafy com- 
 munication with Philadelphia, 
 through the river Selem, which 
 falls into the bay of Delaware. 
 Lat. 40. 5. long. 74, 30. 
 BusTarD RIVER, in the pro- 
 vince of Quebec, which runs into 
 the rivers St. Laurence, in a bay 
 of the fame name. It runs a 
 great way inland, and has com- 
 munication with feveral lakes; 
 and at its mouth lies the Oziers- 
 iflands, Longitude 68, 5. Lati- 
 tude 49, 20. . 
 Bure, a county in N. Caroli- 
 na, in the diftri@ of Halifax, to 
 which diftrictit is theW.boundary, 
 
 Cc 
 
 ALEDONTA, a port in the 
 
 Ifthmus of Darien, in ‘the 
 Gulf of Mexico, 25 leagues N. 
 ‘W. from the river Atrato. It 
 was attempted to be eftablifhed 
 ‘3698, but the unhealthy fituation 
 of the climate deftroyed the in- 
 fant colony. 
 
 CaLiFoRNrA, a peninfula in 
 the Pacific Ocean,in North-Ame- 
 rica, wafhed on the E, by a gulf 
 of the fame name, and on the 
 W. by the Pacific Ocean, or Great 
 ‘South -Sea, lying within the three 
 capes, or limits of Cape San Lu- 
 
 CAM 
 
 eas, the river Colorado, and Capé 
 Blanco de San Sebaftian, which 
 laft is its fartheft limit on its wef- 
 tern coaft which has come to 
 our knowledge. The gulf which 
 wafhes it on the E. called the 
 Gulf of California, is an arm of 
 the Pacific Ocean, intercepted be- 
 tween Cape Corientes on one fide, 
 and Cape St. Lucas on the other; 
 that is, between the coaft of New- 
 Spain on the N. E, and that of 
 California on the W. The length 
 of California is about 300 leagues 3 
 in breadth it bears no proportion, 
 not being more than qo leagues 
 acrofs, or fromm feato fea. The 
 air is dry and hot to a great de- 
 
 gree ; the earth is in general bar- ~ 
 
 ren, rugged, wild, every where 
 over-run with mountains, rocks, 
 and fands, with little water, con- 
 fequently not adapted to agricul- 
 ture, planting, or grazing. There 
 are, however, fome level, wide, 
 and fruitful tracts of ground to 
 the W..of the river Colorado, in 
 35° N. latitude, plenty of water, 
 delightful woods, and fine paf- 
 tures, which is not to be faid of 
 the peninfola taken in general; 
 for the greateft part is not known 
 to us, betng unconquered and pof- 
 fefled by the wild Californians and 
 favages, 
 
 CALLIAQUA, a town and har- 
 bour at the S.W. end of St, 
 Vincent, one of the Caribbee- 
 Iflands. ‘The harbour is the beft 
 in the ifland, and draws thither a 
 great part of the trade, and the 
 principal inhabitants of the ifland. 
 
 CALVERT, a county in the 
 province of Maryland, bordering 
 on Charles county in the fame pro- 
 
 vince, from which it is divided by - 
 
 the river Palufcent, as alfo from 
 Prince George’s county. The ca- 
 pital of this county is called A- 
 bington. 
 
 CAMBRIDGE, a town in the 
 county of Middlefex, the pro- 
 vince of Maffachufets- Bay, in 
 New-England; ftands on the N. 
 branch of Charles - river, near 
 Charles-Tiown, feven miles N.W. 
 of Bofton, 
 
 BRUTE DAL De oe en SA. al 7s a NE ae A ay 
 
 2 
 
 It has f{everal fine . 
 
 
 
CAM 
 
 
 
 
 It changed its old name of New- 
 _ ton for that of Cambridge, on 
 _ account of the univerfity called 
 | Harvard college, which confifts of 
 4 {pacious colleges built of brick, 
 - ealied Harvard, Hollis, Stough- 
 _ ton, Maffachufets. It was pro- 
 _ je&ted in 1630, and was at firft no 
 - more than a fchola illuftris, or 
 | academical free-fchool, till May 
 _- 1650, when it was incorporated 
 by a charter from the government 
 -of Maflachufets colony; fo that 
 _ by donations from feveral learned 
 patrons, namely,archbifhop Uther, 
 Sir John Maynard, Sir Kenelm 
 Digby, Mr. Baxter, and Mr, 
 Theophilus Gale, fellow of Mag- 
 dalen college, there were, before 
 the acceffion of Queen Anne, a- 
 _ bove 4000 books of the moft va- 
 ' luable authors. The college con- 
 _ fitted of a prefident, five fellows, 
 4 tutors, a librarian and butler, 
 and a treafurer, but the latter had 
 no voicein the government. There 
 _ wasan additional college ereéted 
 for the Indians, but, being found 
 - impracticable in its intention, was 
 _ turned into a printing-houfe; the 
 _ whole of which was burnt down 
 - in 1764, and rebuilt by public 
 ' contribution; but in 1775 was 
 _ converted into barracks for the 
 foldiers, when the ftudents were 
 obliged to relinquifh their ftudies 
 as well as apartments. Lat.42, 25. 
 dong. 71, 11. 
  Cam-IsuanpD, one of the 
 _ fmaller Virgin-Ifles, in the Weft- 
 Indies ; fituated N. of St. John’s, 
 in the King’s channel. Longi- 
 tude 63, 25. lat. 18, 20. 
 
 © Campen diftrift, in S. Caro- 
 lina, is bounded by the line 
 which divides the parifhes of St. 
 Mark and Prince Frederick, San- 
 _ tee, Congaree, and Broad rivers, 
 | and by aN. W. line from the N. 
 - corner of Williamfburg town- 
 » Ship, to Lynch’s creck, and from 
 thence 30 degrees W. till it inter- 
 » fees the provincial line. 
 CAMDEN town, in Frederickf- 
 
 Hi burg townhhip, on the N. fide 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 houfes, but is built very irregular. 
 
 CAM 
 
 of the Wateree river, which emp= 
 ties itfelf into the Santee river, and 
 by that has communication, and 
 carriés on a trade to different parts 
 of Carolina. It has a court-houfe, 
 and provides one of the regiments 
 of militia. 
 
 CamPEacuy, a town in the 
 audience of Old Mexico, or New 
 Spain, and province of Yucatan, 
 fituated on the bay of Campeachy, 
 near the W. fhore. Its houfes are 
 well-built of ftone: when taken” 
 by the Spaniards, it was a large 
 town of 3000 honfes, and had 
 confiderable monuments both of 
 art and induftry. There is a good 
 dock and fort, with a governor 
 and garrifon, which commands 
 both the town and harbour. The 
 English in 1659 ftormed and took. 
 it onJy with fmall arms, and a 
 fecond time, by furprize, in 1678, 
 and a third time in 1685, by the 
 Englifk and French buccaniers, 
 who plundered every place within 
 15 leagues round it, for the fpace 
 of two months; they afterwards 
 fet fire to the fort, and to the 
 town, which the governor, who 
 kept the field) with goo men, 
 would not ranfom : and, to coms 
 pleat the pillage by a fingular 
 piece of folly, the French buecas 
 niers celebrated the feaft of their 
 King, the day of St. Louis, b 
 burning the value of 50,000], 
 {terl, of Campeachy wood, which 
 was a part of their fhare of the 
 plunder, The port is large, but 
 fhallow. It was a ftated market 
 for logwood, of which great quan« 
 tities grew in the neighbourhood, 
 before the Englifi landed there, 
 and cut it at the ifthmus, which 
 they entered at Triefta-ifland, near 
 the bottom of the-bay, 40 leagues 
 S.W. from Campeachy. The chief 
 manufacture is cotton cloth, Lat. 
 15, 40. Long. 9f, 30. 
 
 CanavA. The limits of this 
 large country are fixed by an act 
 of parliament in 1763 as follows: 
 The North point was the head of 
 the river St. John on the Labra- 
 dor coaft; its Wefternmoft point 
 
CAN 
 the South end of Lake Nipiffin; 
 
 its Southernmoft point the a5th 
 parallel of North latitude, crofling 
 
 ‘the river St. Laurence and Lake 
 
 Champlain; and its Eafternmoft 
 at Cape Rofiers in the Gulf of 
 St. Laurence; including about 
 800 miles long, and 200 broad ; 
 which boundaries-in 1774 were 
 extended Southward to the banks 
 of the Ohio; Weltward to the 
 banks of tbe Miffiffippi; and 
 Northward to the boundary of the 
 Hudfon’s-Bay Company. 
 
 As its extent is fo great both 
 in length and breadth, its tempe- 
 rature, climate, foil, &c. cannot 
 but vary accordingly: all that 
 part which was inhabited by the 
 French, and which is moftly along 
 the banks of the great river St. 
 Laurence, is, generally fpeaking, 
 exceflive cold in winter, though 
 hot in fammer, as moft of thofe 
 American traéts commonly are, 
 which do not lie too far to the 
 Northward. The reft of the 
 country, as far as it is known, 
 is interfected with large woods, 
 Jakes, and rivers, which render it 
 {till colder ; it has, however, no 
 inconfiderable quantity of fertile 
 lands, which, by experience, are 
 found capable of producing corn, 
 barley, rye, and other grain, 
 grapes, and fruit, and, indeed, 
 almoft every thing that grows in 
 France; but its chief prodvdt is 
 
 _tobacco, which it yields in large 
 
 quantities. The foil, altogether, 
 produces as follow :—White and 
 red pine trees; four fpecies of fir; 
 white cedar and oak; the free, 
 mongrel, and baftard afh-trees ; 
 male and female maple; hard, 
 foft, and fmooth walnut-trees 5 
 beech-trees and white wood ; white 
 and red elm; poplars; cherry and 
 plumb trees; the vinegar and 
 cotton trees; andthe white thorn: 
 fun-plants, gourds, melons, ca- 
 pillaire, the hop-plant, alaco: 
 tobacco, turkey-corn, moft forts 
 of European grain, fruits, &c. 
 The animals-are, deer, bears, 
 ftags, martins, buffaloes, porcu- 
 
 C.A\N 
 
 pines, rattle-fnakes, foxes, fer- 
 rets, hares, otters, wild-cats, er- 
 mines, goats, wolves, beavers, 
 fquirrels, &c.— Eagles, falcons, 
 tercols, gofhawks; grey, red, and 
 black partridges with long tails; 
 turkies, fnipes, and variety of 
 water-fowl, &c. Canadian wood- 
 peckers, larks, &c.—In the lakes 
 and’ rivers are fea-wolves, fea- 
 cows, porpoifes, lencornets, fea- 
 plaife, falmon, turtle, lobfters, 
 {turgeons, giltheads, tunny, lam- 
 preys, mackarel, foals, anchovies, 
 &e. 
 
 There is likewife plenty of 
 ftags, martins, wild-cats, and other 
 wild creaturés, in the woods, be- 
 fides wild-fowl and other game. 
 The fouthern parts, in particular, 
 breed great numbers of wild bulls, 
 deer of a fmall fize, divers forts 
 of roebucks, goats, wolves, &c. 
 a great variety of other animals, 
 both wild and tame. 
 
 The meadow-grounds, which 
 are well watered, yield excellent 
 grafs, and breed great quantities 
 of large and fmall cattle; and, 
 where the arable land is well ma- 
 nured, it produces large and rich 
 crops. The mountains abound 
 with coal-mines, and fome, we 
 are told, of filver, and other me- 
 tals, though we do not learn that ~ 
 any great advantage is yet made 
 thereof. The marfhy grounds, 
 which are likewife very exterfive, 
 fwarm with otters, beavers, and 
 other amphibious creatures; and 
 
 the rivers and lakes with fifhh of 7 
 
 all forts, 
 The lakes here are both large 
 
 and numerous; the principal of © 
 
 which are thofe of Erie, Machi- 
 gan, Huron, Superior, Fron- | 
 tenacor Optavia, Ontario, Napif © 
 fing, Temifcaming, belides others — 
 of a fmaller fize; fome navigable | 
 by veficls of any fize, as are alfo | 
 their communications, except that | 
 between Erie and Ontario, where 
 is a ftupendous cataraét, called 
 the Falls of Niagara. The water | 
 is about a mile wide, crofled by a 7 
 rock in the form of a halfmoga,. 7 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 CAN 
 
 The perpendicular fall is 170 
 feet; and fo vaft.a body of water 
 rufhing down from. fo great a 
 height, on rocks below, with’ pro- 
 digious reboundings, “{trikes the 
 beholder withiinexpreffible amaze- 
 - ment; the noife may be heard 
 upwards of 15 miles, The largett 
 of the lakes is that. which they 
 name:Superior or Upper Lake; 
 which is fituate the farthef N. and 
 is reckoned above 1oo leagues in 
 length, and about feventy where 
 broadeft, and hath feveral confi- 
 fiderable iflands in it; the chief 
 whereof are the Royal Ifle, Phili- 
 peau, Pont Cartrain, Maurepas, 
 St. Anne, St. Ignatius, the To- 
 merre or Thunder Ifland, and 
 a large number of fmaller ones, 
 efpecially near the coatts. 
 
 The whole country abounds 
 with very large rivers, which it 
 is endlefé to enter into a detail of. 
 The chief are, the Outtanais, St. 
 John’s, Seguinay, Defprairies, 
 and Trois Rivieres, all running 
 into the great river St; Laurence; 
 alfo the Ohio, The two principal 
 
 are thofe of St. Laurence and 
 the Mififippi; the. former. of 
 which abounds with no lefs varie- 
 ty than plenty of fine fifth, and 
 receives feveral confiderable rivers 
 
 in its courfe. The entrance into 
 the Gulf of St. Laurence lies be- 
 tween Cape Ray, on the ifland of 
 Newfoundland, and the N. cape 
 in that called the Royal Iflasd, 
 or more commonly. Cape Breton, 
 That. of the Miffifippi,» which 
 suns through the.-greateft part 
 _ of the province of Louifiana from 
 _ N.to S.. is called. by the French 
 ‘the river of St. Louis, and by 
 the natives Mifchifpi, Mififippi, 
 and Mefchagamifii, on account 
 of the vaft.tra& of ground which 
 
 it overflows at. certain feafons; 
 and by. the Spaniards alfo catled 
 La Palifda, from the prodigious 
 | quantities. of timber which the 
 fend down upon it in floats to the 
 fea, It is navigable above 450 
 | Aeagues up from its mouth. The 
 Spring head of this .river-is not 
 
 
 
 
 "S CSAAP 
 
 yet fatisfattorily known ; but it is “ 
 certain, that it difcharges itfelf’: 
 into the Gulf of Mexico by two 
 branches, which’ form an ifland 
 of ‘confiderable length. 
 
 Canada, in its largeft fenfe, is 
 divided into eaftern and weftern, 
 the former of which is commons — 
 ly known by the name of Canada, 
 and the latter, which is of later’ 
 difcovery; Louifiana, in honour 
 of ‘the late Lewis XIV. See Loui- 
 fiana, The capital of Canada, 
 properly fo called; is QDuebecy © 
 which fee. The number of in- 
 habitants in 1763 was 45,000, 
 but fince then they have encreafed 
 very confiderably. Its trade em- 
 ployed 34 thips and 400 feamen. 
 The exports to Great - Britain, 
 confi(ted of fkins furs, ginfeng, 
 fnake-root, capillaire, and wheat, 
 all which amounted annually to 
 105,500, which was nearly the 
 amount of the articles fent from 
 England to them. 
 
 CANSsO, anifland in Nova Sco- 
 tia, in which there is a very good ° 
 harbour three leagues deep, and - 
 in it are feveral fmall iflands, It 
 forms twe bays of fafe anchorage. 
 On the continent near it is a 
 a river, called Salmon-river, on 
 account of the great quantity of 
 that fifh taken and cured heres 
 it is believed to bethe beft fifbery _ 
 in the world of that fort. The 
 town of Canfo was burnt in 1744, 
 by the French from Cape Breton 3 
 but &uce our acquifition of Cape 
 Breton in 1758,they are under no 
 apprehenfion of the. like danger. 
 Lat. 45,18. long. 60, 50. 
 
 CANTERBURY, 
 Conneéticut, New England, x mile « 
 
 E. of the river Thames, and 2° 
 
 miles N.E. of Plainfield, both in 
 Windham county. 
 
 Care BRETON, a very cons ~ 
 fiderable ifland, in the Gulf of St.’ 
 
 Laurence, in North ‘America,. bé- © 
 It was - 
 
 longing to the Englith. 
 taken in 1753 by admiral Bof- - 
 cawen and colonel Amherft.. The > 
 ftreight of Franfac, which fepa- 
 
 rates onary Nova Scotia, is not 
 
 a town in: 
 
 7 
 
CrAsP 
 
 more than a league in breadth, 
 and is about 20 leagues from 
 Newfoundland, with which it 
 forms the entrance into the Gulf 
 of St. Laurence. This fine ifland 
 properly belongs to the divifion 
 of Nova Scotia, and was the only 
 part which was ceded by treaty to 
 the Englifh. It is about 140 
 miles in length, full of moun- 
 tains and lakes, and interfected 
 by, a vaft number of creeks and 
 bays, nearly méeting each other 
 upon every fide, which feems very 
 much to refemble the coaft and 
 inland. parts of moft northern 
 countries, fuch as Scotland, Ire- 
 Jand, Denmark, and Sweden, who 
 have fuch fhores and infular lakes. 
 The foil is fufficiently fruitful, 
 and in every part abounds with 
 timber. In the mountains are 
 coal pits, and-on the fthores one 
 of the moft fruitful fifheries in 
 the world, with excellent flax and 
 hemp. It abounds in all manner 
 of pafture, and in all forts of 
 cattle and poultry, The harbours 
 are all open to the E. going round 
 to the fouthward for the fpace of 
 50 leagues, beginning with Port 
 Dauphin, quite to Port Thou- 
 loufe, near the entrance of the 
 ftreight of Franfac, at the iffhe of 
 which you meetimmediately with 
 Port Thouloufe, which lies be- 
 tween a kind of gulf called Little 
 St. Peter and the ifles of St. 
 Peter. ‘The bay of Gabaron, the 
 entrance of which is about 20 
 leagues from St. Peter’s ifles, is 
 two leagues deep, one broad, and 
 affords good anchorage, It is 
 fituate from 45° 20!’ to 47 N, 
 Jat. and from 59, 30. to 61,20 W. 
 long. See the article Loui/bourgh. 
 
 Capre-CobD, a promontory, 
 which forms a fine harbour on 
 the coaft of Maflachufets - Bay, 
 and forms one of the counties of 
 that province under the name of 
 Barnftaple county. It circum- 
 fcyibes Barnftaple-bay, and has 
 
 been formed by the coil and re-. 
 
 coil of the tides, rolling up filt 
 and fand, Many alterations have 
 
 ~~ 
 
 -Johnfon’s - Fort, 
 
 AP 
 
 been made, and are continually 
 making on the E, coaft, at the 
 back of this promontory, and a 
 long point of fand has been formed 
 into folid marfh-land within qo 
 years paft, at the S. point of it, 
 called George’s Sand. It has its 
 name from the quantity of cod-fith 
 caught on its coaft, and the bay is 
 capable of containing 1000 large 
 veflels with fafety. 
 
 Care-Fear, an headland in 
 North Carolina, near which is 
 in Brunfwick 
 county, in the diftriét of Wil- 
 mington, which gives name to a 
 confiderable river of two branches 
 that extend in North Carolina,— 
 Loatei78, 25s, ° lating3, 40. 
 
 Care FRANCOIS, the capital 
 of the French divifion of the 
 Ifland of .St. Domingo, in. the 
 Weft Indies. It is fituated on a 
 Cape on the N. fide of the ifland, 
 at the edge of a large plain 20 
 leagues long, and, on an average, 
 four broad, between the fea and 
 mountains, There are few lands 
 better watered, but there is not 
 a river that will admit of a floop 
 above-3 miles. This fpace is cut 
 through by ftraight roads, 40 
 feet broad, conftantly lined with 
 hedges of lemon-trees, intermixed 
 with long avenues of lofty trees, 
 which lead. to plantations, which 
 produce a greater. quantity of 
 fugar than any country in the 
 world, The town, which is fituat- 
 ed_in the moft unhealthy place of 
 this extenfive and beautiful plain, 
 confifts of 29 ftraight, narrow, and 
 dirty ftreets, divided into 226 al- 
 lotments, which comprehend 810 
 houfes. The governor’s houfe, 
 the barracks, and the King’s ma- 
 gazine, are the only public build- 
 ings which attraét the notice of 
 the curious; but thofe that de- 
 ferve to be confidered by the hu- 
 mane, are two hofpitals called the 
 Houfes of Providence, founded 
 
 for the fupport of thofe Europeans © 
 
 who come hither without money 
 or merchandize. The women and 
 men receive feparately all the fub« 
 
 
 
 4 
 \ 
 i 
 y 
 Bry 
 

 
 
 
 SC ZAP. 
 
 fifttence that their fituation fre- - 
 
 quires, till they are engaged in 
 employments. This eftablifhment 
 - is only to be equalled at Carthage. 
 na, in all the Weft Indies; and 
 to it is imputed, that fewer die at 
 this town than in any other 
 
 which ftands on the coatt of this . 
 
 ifland. The harbour, admirably 
 well fituated for fhips which come 
 from Europe, is only open to the 
 North, from whence it can receive 
 no damage, its entrance being 
 {prinkled over with reefs, that 
 break the force of the waves. 
 
 Care HatTrerAs, a heads 
 land on a bank of the fame 
 name, off North Carolina ; which 
 bank inclofes Pamticoe Sound. 
 Long. 76, 10. lat. 35, 5. 
 
 Care Looxk-oumT, a head- 
 land off the county of Carteret, 
 in the diftriét of Newbern; on a 
 bank of the fame name, that in- 
 clofes Core Sound, Long, 77, to. 
 lat. 34, 30. 
 
 Cape-May, a connty, and the 
 
 mott S, point of land, in W. Jerfey. 
 
 Care St. NicHoLas, a 
 principal town and cape on the 
 N.W. corner of the French Di- 
 vifion of St. Domingo, in the 
 Weft Indies, where is a harbour 
 equally fine, fafe, and convenient, 
 about 2900 yards broad at the 
 entrance, where fhips of any bur- 
 then may ride at anchor in the 
 bafon, perfectly fafe, even during 
 a hurricane. Since the late peace 
 it is become of importance, the 
 houfes have been all rebuilt, and, 
 in confequence of its being de- 
 clared a free port, the inhabitants 
 "receive a fubfiftence, which the 
 adjacent country could not fupply 
 them with. Their houfes are 
 now well-built, and the town 
 divided into feveral ftreets, all 
 
 fupplied by currents of running- . 
 
 water: it confifts of 400 good 
 houfes, befides a large ftore-honfe 
 for the navy, and hofpital, and 
 feveral public buildings; 500 ne- 
 groes are conftantly employed on 
 the fortifications; and, when thofe 
 of the town and adjoining batteries 
 
 CPAR. 
 
 ate compleated, they are to begin 
 a citadel on the N. point, which 
 is to be mounted with too pieces 
 of cannon, For the conveniency 
 of trade eftablifhed -in this port, 
 an excellent carriage road has been 
 made between the Mole of St. 
 Nicholas and Cape Francois. In 
 1772 the number of veffels cleared 
 outwards amounted to between 2 
 and 3¢o0 for North America, and 
 for Europe goo. Its environs 
 produce fugar, indigo, cotton, 
 and coffee, ; 
 
 Care Ray, the S. W. point 
 of Newfoundland, E. N. E. 20 
 leagues from Cape Breton, and 22 
 leagues to Bird Iflands, in the 
 Gulf of St. Laurence. Long. 
 59, 15. lat. 47, 40. 
 
 CARACCAS, a province onthe 
 Terra Firma, bounded on the N, 
 by the Carribbean Sea, on the 
 E. by the province of Cumartia, 
 on the S. by New Granada, and 
 on the W. by Venezula. This 
 coaft is bordered in its greateft 
 length by a chain of mountains, 
 running E. and W. and divided 
 into a number of very fruitful 
 vallies, whofe dire€tion and open- 
 ing are towards the N. it has two 
 maritime fortified towns, Puerto 
 Cabelo and La Guayra. The 
 Dutch carry thither all forts of 
 European gocds, efpecially linen, 
 making vaft returns, efpecially in 
 filver and cocoa, They trade to 
 it a little from Jamaica; but as it 
 is at fecond hand, it cannot be fo 
 profitable as a direct trade from 
 Europe would be. The cocoa- 
 tree grows here in abundance, and 
 is their chief wealth. The tree 
 has a trunk of about a foot anda 
 half thick, and from feven to 
 eight feet high, the branches 
 Jarge and fpreading like an oaks 
 the nuts are enclofed in ccds as 
 large as both a man’s fifts put to 
 gether, and refemble a melon, 
 There may be commonly 20 or ~ 
 30 of thefe cods on a tree, which 
 are about half an inch thick, 
 brittle, and harder than the rind 
 of alemon. They neither ripen, 
 
 D;i 
 
CAR 
 -hor -are gathered at once, ‘but 
 . teke up'amonth, fome ripening 
 -before. others. When gathered, 
 _ they are Jaid in feveral heaps to 
 _ fweat, and then burfting the hell 
 . with their hands, they extract the 
 _ nut, which is the only fubftarce 
 they contain, having no pith 
 about them. They lie clofe ftow- 
 éd in -rows like the grains of 
 maize. There:are generally 100 
 , muts in a‘cod, which are big or 
 _ fall, in proportion to the-fize of 
 the cod. They are then dried in 
 the fun, they will keep, and even 
 
 falt water will not hurt them,- 
 
 ‘Phere are from 500 to 1000 or 
 . 2000 ina walk, er.cocoa planta- 
 tion. Thefe nuts are pafled for 
 
 money, and.are ufed as fuch in 
 _ the bay of Campeachy, Lati- 
 
 tude 10, 12. long. 67, 10, 
 
 CaRiBBEE-ISLANDS, acluf- 
 ter of iflands in the Atlantic O- 
 cean, focalied from the original 
 inhabitants being faid, though 
 very -unjoftly, to be cannibals, 
 
 _ The ebief of thefe:iflands are St. 
 
 Cruz, \Sombuco, Anguilla, St. 
 Martin, St. Bartholomew, Bar- 
 _ buda, Satia, Euftatia, St, Crif- 
 topher, Nevis, Antigua, Mont- 
 ferrat, Guardaloupe, Defiada, Ma- 
 
 ragalante, Dominico, ‘Martinico, 
 
 St. Vincent, Barbadoes, and Gra- 
 ‘Mada.—See each under its proper 
 article. 
 
 -~CARINACOU, one of the Gra- 
 nadilla-Iflands, in the Weft-In- 
 dies ; the fecond in fize; about 4 
 Jeagues from Granada, and was 
 
 .sthe,only one the French :had:cul- 
 tivated before ‘it was delivered to 
 --the.Englith, 1763. It has a fine 
 harbonr, »which .is as fafe, large, 
 and convenient as any in this 
 part.of the world. This ifland 
 ; produces a great guantity of cot- 
 
 ‘ton, and is very fertile, but has 
 no {pring of frefh water. 
 
 ‘CaRLrsLe,the principal town 
 
 in the county of Cumberland, in 
 
 Penfylvania. It is fituated on 
 
 a branch of the Sufquehannah- 
 
 river, from which'latter it is dif- 
 .itant about 12 miles. It.has con- 
 
 oon oR 
 
 fiderable trade, ‘and contains a= 
 
 ‘ bove €ooinhabitants, and is about 
 28 miles N, W, of York, 
 
 CARLOS, ‘a town of Varagua, 
 in New Spain, fituated’45 miles 
 S. W. of Santa Fe, It ftands on 
 a large bay, before the mouth of 
 which are a number of fmall 
 iflands, entirely defert, the natives 
 having been fent to workin the 
 mines by the Spaniards, Lati- 
 tude'7, 40. long. 82, ro. 
 
 CAROLINA, part of that vaft 
 tract of land formerly called Flo- 
 rida, bounded on the N. by Vir- 
 ginia, on the S. by Georgia, on 
 the W. by the Miffifippi «and 
 Louifiana, and on the E. by the 
 Atlantic Ocean. It lies between 
 the lat. of 33 and 37. long. 76, 
 and 91. and 7oo miles long, and 
 330 broad. It is'now divided 
 into North-and South Carolina. 
 
 Divifion of the, Province of 
 South Carolina into diftriats. 
 
 Charles-town diftri includes 
 all eplaces ‘between the north 
 
 --branch: of Santeeiriver and Com- 
 
 bahee- river and the fea; including 
 the iflands by a line'drawn from 
 Nelfon’s Ferry dire@tly towards 
 Marr’s Bluff, on Savannah-river, 
 until it interfeéts the fwamp ‘at 
 the head ofthe S. branch of Com- 
 bahee-river. 
 
 Beaufort diftri@ includes all 
 places to'the fouthward of Com- 
 bahee-river and the {wam piafore- 
 faid, between the fea, including 
 the iflamds, and the faid line‘to 
 becontinuedfrom:the main fwam p 
 aforefaid to Mathews’s Bluff ‘on 
 ‘Savannah-river. 
 
 Orangeburgh diftri& includes 4 
 all places between Savannah, San= 
 
 tee, Congaree, and Broad rivers, 
 the faid line:from ‘Ne!fon’s Ferry 
 to Mathews’s Bluff, and a direct 
 line'to berun from ‘Silver Bluff, 
 on Savannah-river, to the ‘mouth 
 of Rocky-creek, on Saluda-river, 
 and thence in the fame courfe to 
 Broad-river. 
 
 George-town ‘diftri& ‘includes 
 
 all places ‘between Santee-river — 
 aforefaid, ithe fea, and the line 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
¥ 
 ) 
 
 
 
 
 
 eit S22 yc 8 
 
 ‘which divides the parifhes of St. 
 
 Mark from the parifh of Prince- 
 Frederick, which is continued in 
 the fame courfe acrofs Pedee to 
 the North-Carolina boundary. 
 Camden diftri€t is bounded by 
 the faid line which divides the 
 parifhes of St. Mark and Prince 
 Frederick, Santee, Congaree, and 
 Broad rivers, and by-a north-wett 
 line from the northernmoft cor- 
 ner of Williamfburgh townfhip to 
 Lynch’s creek, and from thence 
 by that creek, and a line drawn 
 from the head of that creek upon 
 a courfe north, thirty degrees 
 
 -weft, until it interfeéts the pro- 
 
 vincial line. 
 
 Cheraws diftria& is bounded by 
 the faid laft-mentioned line, the 
 provincial boundary, and the line 
 dividing St. Mark’s and Prince 
 Frederick’s parifhes, which is con- 
 tinued until it interfeéts the nor- 
 thern provincial line. 
 
 Ninety-fix diftri& extends to 
 all other parts of the province 
 not already defcribed. 
 
 In thefe diftriéts are the follow- 
 ing counties: 
 
 In South-Carolina :— Charles- 
 Town,—Berkeley,—Granville,— 
 Craven—Colleton—Orangeburgh 
 Cheraws,— Ninety-fix,—Camden 
 —Saluda,—New Diftria. 
 
 North Carolina is divided into 
 diftricts as follows : 
 
 Wilmington, which contains the 
 counties of New-Hanover, Brunf- 
 wick, Bladen, Onflow, Duplin, 
 and Cumberland. 
 
 Newbern contains the counties 
 of Craven, Cartcret, Beaufort, 
 Hyde, Dobbs, and Pitt. 
 
 Edenton contains the counties 
 of Chowan, Perquimons, Pafquo- 
 
 -tank, Currituck, Bertie, Tyrrel, 
 vand Hertford. 
 
 Halifax contains the counties 
 of Northampton, Edgecumbe, 
 Bute, and Johnfton, 
 
 Hillfborough contains the coun- 
 ties of Orange, Granville, Chat- 
 ham, and Wake. 
 
 Salifbury contains the counties 
 
 loweft 
 
 Ciao 
 
 of Rowan, Mecklenburgh, Ati- 
 fon, Tryon, Surry, and Guild- 
 ford. es F ; 
 
 Formerly the coaft of N. America 
 was all called Virginia. The pro- 
 vince properly fo called, with 
 Maryland and the Carolinas, was 
 known by the name of South 
 Virginia, By the Spaniards it was 
 confidered as part of Florida, 
 which country they would have to 
 extend from New Mexico to the 
 Atlantic Ocean. They firft dif- 
 covered this large country; and, 
 by their inhumanity to the na- 
 tives, loft it. The Spaniards, no 
 more than the French, paid any 
 attention to this fine country, and 
 
 Jeft it to the enterprifing Englifh, 
 
 who, in Sir Walter Rawleigh’s 
 time, projected fettlements there 5 
 yet, through fome unaccountable 
 caprice, it was not till the reign of 
 Charles II, in 1663, that we en= 
 tertained any formal notions of 
 
 fettling that country, In that year, 
 
 the Lords Clarendon, Albemarle, 
 Craven, Berkeley, Afhley, after- 
 wards Shaft{bury, Sir George Car- 
 teret, Sir William Berkeley, and 
 Sir Geo, Colleton, from all which 
 the different counties, rivers, towns, 
 
 -&c. were called, obtained a char= 
 
 ter for the property and jurifdic- 
 tion of that country, from the 
 31ft degree of N, latitude, to the 
 36ch; and being invefted with full 
 power to fettle and govern the 
 country, they had a model of a 
 conflitution framed, and by a 
 
 ‘body of fundamental laws com= 
 
 piled by that famous philofopher 
 Mr. Lock. On this plan the pro= 
 prictors ftood in the place of the 
 king, gave their affent or nega- 
 tive to all laws, appointed all of- 
 ficers, and beftowed all titles of 
 dignity, In his turn, one ai= 
 ways aéted for the reft. In the 
 uae they appointed two other 
 
 ranches, in a good meafure ana 
 lagous to the fegiflature in Eng- 
 land. They made three ranks, 
 or rather claffes, of nobility; The 
 was compofed of thofe 
 
 3 
 
a 
 
 —~ 
 
 CAR 
 whom they .called barons, and 
 to whom they made grants of 
 32,000 acres of land. The next 
 order had 24,000 acres, or two 
 baronies, with the ‘title of cafignes, 
 anfwering to our earls. The third 
 Ahad two cafignefhips, or 48,000 
 acres,and werecatled Landgraves, 
 analagous to dukes. ‘This body 
 formed the upper houfe, whofe 
 Jands were not alienable by par- 
 cels: the lower houfe was formed 
 oof reprefentatives from the feveral 
 towns and counties. But the whole 
 cwas not called, as in the other 
 plantation, an aflembly, but a par- 
 Nament. They began their firft 
 dettlement between the two navi- 
 gable rivers, called Afhley and 
 Cowper, and laid the foundation 
 of the capital city, called Charles- 
 town, in honour of King Charles, 
 ‘Fhey expended about 12,0001. in 
 the firft fetilement; and obfery- 
 
 -ing what advantages other colo- 
 
 nies derived from opening an har- 
 bour for refugees of all perfua- 
 fons, they by doing fo brought 
 over a great number of diffenters, 
 over whom the then government 
 held a more fevere hand than was 
 confiftent with the rules of true 
 policy. Thefe, however wife ap- 
 pointments,were in a manner fruf- 
 trated by the difputes between the 
 churchmen and diffenters, and al- 
 fo by violent oppreffions over the 
 Indians, which caufed two defiruc- 
 tive wars with them, in which 
 they conquered thofe natives, as 
 far. as to the Apalachian moun- 
 fains. The province then, by an 
 ad of parliament in England, was 
 redemanded, and put under the 
 protection of the crown; except 
 the eighth part of the Earl of 
 Granville, which he referved, the 
 other proprietors accepting of a- 
 bout 24,000]. Carolina was fince 
 divided into two diftin&t govern- 
 ments, South and North Caro-~ 
 lina, in 1728; and in a little time 
 firm peace was concluded between 
 the Englifh and the neighbouring 
 Indians, the Cherokees and the 
 
 Catanbas, and fince that time it 
 
 CAR 
 
 has advanced with an aftonifhing 
 rapidity. This is the only one 
 of the ‘provinces on the-continent 
 that is fubjeét to ‘hurricanes, The 
 country where they-have not clear- 
 ed, is, in a manner, one foreft of 
 all kind of trees. But its chief 
 produce, the beavers of Carolina, 
 are deftroyed here, as they are in 
 Canada and elfewhere, by the en- 
 couragement the Indians received 
 tokillthem. As the land abounds 
 with natural manure,‘or nitre, fo 
 it needs no cultivation in this ref- 
 pect; and what is ftrange, indigo 
 in its worft lands grows to a great 
 advantage. Their ground does 
 not aniwer fo well for wheat, 
 which they are fupplied with from 
 New-York and Penfylvania, in 
 exchange for their fine rice, in 
 which they are unrivalled. The 
 climate of thefe provinces is nearly 
 alike, and much the fame as that 
 of Virginia; excepting that the 
 fummers are longer, and more 
 intenfely hot, and the winters 
 fhoxter and milder; fo that, tho” 
 now and then a fudden cold eomes. 
 on, the frofts.are never ftrong 
 enough to refift the noon - day 
 warmth, The foil is various: 
 near the fea it is marfhy, lying 
 low ; and, indeed, the lands of 
 Carolina are a perfeét plain for 
 80 miles within land, fearcely a 
 pebble being to be found; how- 
 ever, in proportion to the diftance 
 from the fea, their fertility in- 
 creafes, till they are exceeded by 
 none, either for that or piétu- 
 refque beauty. The chief pro- 
 duétions are, indige, olive, vine, 
 hiccory, oak, walnut, orange, ci- 
 tron, pine, cyprefs, faflafras, caffia, 
 and white mulberry trees for filk= 
 worms: farfaparilla, and pines 
 yielding rofin, turpentine, tar, 
 and pitch’; alfo a tree diftilling an 
 oil very efficacions in the cure of 
 wounds, and another yielding a 
 balm nearly equal to that of Mec- 
 
 RE Te EO ETE NS I Oe EN AY Me ee Trent ety 
 
 
 
 
 
 ca; rice, tobacco, wheat, Indian- ~ 
 
 corn, barley, oats, peale, beans, 
 

 
 CG AR 
 
 hemp, flax, and cotton; great 
 
 - quantities of honey, of which are 
 ‘made excellent fpirits, and mead 
 as good as Malaga fack, ‘The 
 great ‘ftaple commodities are in- 
 digo, rice, and produce of the 
 pine. Indigo and rice S. Caro- 
 lina has'to herfelf; and, taking in 
 North Carolina, thefe two yield 
 more pitch and tar than all the 
 reft of ‘the colonies. Rice form- 
 ed once the ftaple of this pro- 
 vince; this makes the greateft 
 “part of ‘the food of all ranks of 
 people in the fouthern parts of 
 -the new world. In the northern 
 it is not fo much in requeft; and 
 this one branch is computed to be 
 worth 1§0,oool. a year. It is 
 paid great attention to in S. Caro- 
 tina, where it is cultivated to a 
 very confiderable advantage, par- 
 ticularly at Charles-town. ‘There 
 are in the two provinees which 
 compofe Carolina, the following 
 navigable rivers, and innumera- 
 “ble fmaller ones; viz. Roanoke 
 or Albemarle, Pamticoe, Neus, 
 Cape Fear or Clarendon, in N. 
 Carolina; Pedee, Santee, in S, 
 Carolina; ail which, tho’ fwarm- 
 ‘ing with fith, abounds with tron- 
 blefome catara&s, which impede 
 navigation. —-— Along all thefe 
 countries, the Atlantic Ocean it- 
 felf is fo fhailow near the eaftern 
 coafts, that no large fhips can ap- 
 proach them, but at a few places. 
 ‘Jn this divifion are the following 
 ‘eapes: Hatteras, Look-out, and 
 Fear. There are but few har- 
 bours, viz. Roanoke, and Pam- 
 ‘ticoe, in North-Carolina; Winyaw 
 or George-town, Charles-town, 
 and Port-Royal, in $,Carolina; all 
 whofe rivers rife inthe Apalachian 
 mountains, and run into the At- 
 lantic Ocean. On the back parts 
 are the Cherokees, Yafous, Mo- 
 bille, Apalachicola, Pearl rivers, 
 &ec. the two firft of which fall 
 into the Miffifippi-river, the others 
 into the Gulf of Mexico, North 
 Carolina is not fo wealthy as South, 
 “but it has more white people. 
 ‘Edenton was the capital of North 
 
 
 
 
 
 CAR 
 Carolina, but it is now only a 
 village; from thefe colonies fome 
 famples of filk have been pro- 
 duced, equal to the Italian; but 
 the fudden changes from heat to 
 cold, which fometimes happen 
 here, difagree with the worms. 
 
 The making of wine has been of © 
 
 late years introduced; and, with 
 proper management, it is thought, 
 cannot but fucceed. 
 
 The value of the exports has 
 amounted, for fome years palt, to 
 near half a million fterling an- 
 nually. In the year 1734, the 
 value of the exports was com- 
 puted at littlemore than roo,oook, 
 fterling. 
 
 The number of veffels cleared 
 out at the Cuftom-houfe,inCharles- 
 town, in 1772, was four hundred 
 and thirty-one; im 1773, five- 
 hundred and feven. In 1734, the 
 number of veffels cleared out was 
 two-hundred and nine; and im 
 1736, two-hundred and feven- 
 teen. 
 
 In the year 1770, the number 
 of dwelling-houfes in Charles- 
 town was twelve-hundred and 
 ninety-two. 
 
 in the fame year, the number 
 of white-inhabitants, in Charles— 
 town, was five thoufand and 
 thirty. 
 
 The number of negro and other 
 flaves was 6276; free negroes, 
 mulattoes, &c. 24. Total 6, 300.. 
 
 The number of men in Charles- 
 town, (December, 1773,) on the 
 militia mufter-roll, was upwards 
 of 1400, and the number of in- 
 habitants is computed at fourteem 
 thoufand. 
 
 The number of men on the fee 
 veral militia mufter-rolls through= 
 out the province, in 1773, was d= 
 bout 13,000; and the total num— 
 ber of white inhabitants calculated 
 to amount to abouc fixty- five 
 thoufand. 
 
 In 1770 the number of negro 
 
 -and other flaves, exclufive of thofe 
 
 in Charles-town, amounted to 
 75,4523 free negroes, Ke. 1355 
 great numbers have been fince 
 
 z 
 
CAR 
 
 imported, and the whole number 
 of negroes, mulattoes, &c. now 
 in the province, is eftimated to 
 be upwards of-an~hundred and 
 twenty-thoufand. .The number 
 computed by the Congrefs, in 
 1775, was 225,000 inhabitants. 
 _ Phe fums neceflary for defray- 
 
 ing the annual expences of go- 
 vernment, are raifed by a poll-tax 
 on flaves and free negroes, a tax 
 on land, value of town-lots and 
 buildings, monies at intereft, or 
 arifing from annuities, ftock in 
 trade, and the profits of all fa- 
 culties and profeffions, the clergy 
 excepted, factorage and employ- 
 ment, and handcrafts trades ; 
 which is called the general tax. 
 In the law paffed 1768, to raife 
 the fum of 105,773]. 9s. 6d. the 
 proportions were as follows, being 
 what are generally obferved, viz. 
 flaves and free negroes, the head 
 12s. 6d. lands, the roo acres 125. 
 _6d. town lots and buildings 6s.3d. 
 on every rocl. vaJue; monies at 
 intereft 6s. 3d. the rool.. annui- 
 ties 25s. on every rool. ftock in 
 trade, profits of faculties and 
 profeflions, &c. 6s. 3d. on every 
 tool, The general tax colleéted 
 in 1769, was 146,199]. 1s. 5d. 
 and the latt collected, viz. in 1771, 
 was 102,111]. 13s. 11d. 
 
 The annual expences of go- 
 vernment in 1767, amounted to 
 151,317]. gs. 3d. and in 1768 
 104,440l. 19s, 3d. The ftipends 
 of the eftablifhed clergy, paro- 
 chial charges, &e. amounting to 
 about 18,oco]. per annum, are 
 not included in the above fums, 
 being charged to the general duty 
 fund. The falary of the chief 
 juftice, afliftant judges, and at- 
 torney-general, now make an ad- 
 dition of 15,400]. per annum to 
 the expences of government. 
 
 In 1772, the produce of the fe- 
 veral country duties was 97,8oal. 
 14s. 6d. but this was a larger fum 
 than they had produced for fome 
 years preceding; the increafe arofe 
 from the great number of negro¢cs 
 imported in that year, 
 
 : C AcR 
 
 The amount of the poor-tax 
 
 raifed in Charles town, in 1769, 
 was 7000], the next year S8ocol. 
 and in the two fucceeding years 
 goool. each year. The poor tax 
 raifed in the fame manner as the 
 general tax. 
 
 In North Carolina the number 
 of taxables in the year 1770, was 
 upwards of 58,000 ; in 1774, 
 64,000. The number of negroes 
 and mulattoes is computed at a- 
 bout 10,e00. 
 
 CaRTERET, a maritime coun- 
 ty in the difir'& of Newbern, N. 
 Carolina, whofe principal fea- 
 port is Beaufort, It has the river 
 Nufe and Pamticoe Sound on the 
 N. and the fea furrounds the E. 
 and the S. parts of it: and it is 
 bounded on the W. by Onflow 
 and Craven counties. 
 
 CARTHAGENA, a large city of 
 the capital of a province of the 
 fame name, in the Terra Firma, 
 It was founded in 1527. 
 
 From feveral natural advan- 
 tages, particularly that of its fine 
 firnation, it was raifed into an 
 epifcopa!l fee. ‘Thefe advantages 
 foon excited the envy of fo- 
 reigners, particularly the French, 
 who invaded it in 1544. The 
 
 fecond invader was Sir Francis — 
 Drake, in 1586, who, after pillage ~ 
 ing it, fet it on fire; but it was = 
 
 happily refeued from the flames 
 by a ranfom of 120,000 ducats 
 paid him by the neighbouring co- 
 lonies. 
 Jaged a third time by the French, 
 under Monf, de Pointis, in «597, 
 when their booty was 2,5c0,000le 
 {terling. 
 
 The city is fituated on a fandy 
 
 ifland, which, forming 2 narrow 
 
 paflages on the S. W. open a 
 
 communication with that part call- 
 
 ed Tierra Bomba. As far as Bocca 
 
 Chica on the N. fide the Jand is _ 
 fo narrow, that before the wall — 
 
 was begun the diftance’ from fea 
 to fea was only 70 yards, but 
 
 afterwards the land enlarging by 
 means of the wall, it forms ano- 
 ther ifland on this fide, and the © 
 
 It was invaded and pil- y 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
CAR 
 
 _ ?whole city is, excepting thefe two 
 places, which are very narrow, 
 entirely furrounded with ‘water. 
 -Eaftward it communicates, by 
 “means of a'wooden bridge, with 
 va large fuburb, called’ Hexemani, 
 -buile on another ifland, which 
 *communicates with the continent 
 “by another wooden’ bridge. 
 
 The’ fortifications both of the 
 ‘eity and fuburbs -are conftruéted 
 “in the modern’ manner, ‘and lined 
 with freeftone. 
 
 The garrifon in time of peace 
 “eonfifts ‘of ten companies ‘of re- 
 _ gulars, each containing 77 men, 
 
 Officers included, befides feveral 
 ‘companies of militia. The whole 
 eity and fuburbs are commanded 
 ‘by the caftle of St. Lazaro, which 
 lies on the fide of Hexemani 6n 
 ‘an eminence; from whénce and 
 ~ other ‘adjoining ‘hills there is an 
 enchanting view ‘of the county 
 ‘and coa{t, toanimmenfe diftance. 
 
 The city and fuburbs are well 
 Yaid out, the ftreets being ftrait, 
 ‘broad, ‘uniform, and well paved. 
 “Tlie *houfes ‘are moftly built of 
 
 ftone, ‘and ‘have ‘but one ftory. 
 “All the churches and convents are 
 
 of a proper'afchitecture; but there 
 
 appears fomething of poverty in 
 the ornamental part, and fome want 
 
 - what even decency might require. 
 
 Carthagena, together with its 
 
 “fuburbs, is equal toa city of the 
 third‘rank in Evrope. It is well 
 
 peopled, though moft of its inha- 
 
 “‘bitants “are defcended from the 
 
 “Indian tribes, As'no mines are 
 
 “‘worked hére, moft of the money 
 feen in this partis fent from Sarita 
 
 Fe, and Quito, ‘to pay the falaries 
 of the governor, officers, and 
 garrifon. 
 
 ' The governor refides in the city, 
 which ‘till the year 1739 was in- 
 dependent of the military govern- 
 ments. ‘In civil affairs'an appeal 
 lies to the audienceof Santa Fe; 
 and-a viceroy of Santa Fe being 
 that ‘year ‘created, under the title 
 of ‘Viceroy of New Granada, the 
 government of Carthagena be- 
 ‘came fubjéé to ‘him alfo in mili- 
 tary affairs, The firlt viceroy 
 
 EE ES SRA OR ee egy oe” ee ee oe 
 
 TAR 
 
 was Lieutenant general Don Seb2-, 
 
 “ftian de Efclava, the fame ‘who 
 defended “Carthagéna againft the 
 
 powerful invafion of the Englifh 
 in 1741, when after a long fiege, 
 with 25 fhips of the line, 6 fire- 
 fhips, 2 bomb-ketchés, and troops 
 enough to have then conquered 
 
 ‘half America, they were forced to 
 
 retire. 
 
 Carthagena has alfo a bifhop, 
 whofe fpiritual jurifdiétion is ‘of 
 the fame extent with the military 
 and civil government. Here’ is 
 alfo a court of inquifition, whofe 
 power is very extenfive. 
 
 Carthagena bay is one of the 
 beft in this country. It extends’ 
 two leagues and a half from 'N. 
 to S. and has fafe anchorage, 
 though the many fhallows at the 
 entrance make a careful fteerage 
 neceflary. The'entrance into the 
 bay was through the narrow 
 {treight of Bocca Chica, or little 
 mouth, but fince the invafion of 
 the Englith a more commodious 
 one has been opened and fortified. 
 Towards Bocca Chica, and two 
 leagués anda half diftant feawards, 
 is a'fhoal of gtavel and coatfe 
 fand; on many parts of which 
 there is not above a foot and a 
 half of water. 
 
 The bay abounds with great 
 variety of fifh; the moft com- 
 mon are the fhad and the turtles 
 but it is alfo infefted with a great 
 number of fharks. In this Bay 
 the galleons from Spain waited for 
 the afrival of the Peru fleet ‘at 
 Pandma ; and on the firft advice 
 of this, they failed away for Porto 
 Bello; but at the end of the fair 
 held at that town, return into 
 this bay, “and after viétualling put 
 to fea again immediately. During 
 their abfence the bay was very 
 little ‘frequented. The country- 
 veffels, which are only a few bi- 
 landers and feluccas, ftay no longer 
 than to caréen and fit out for fea, 
 
 The climate is very hot. From 
 May to November, which is the 
 winter here, there is almoft a con= 
 tinal fucceffion of thunder, rain, 
 and tempetfts ; fo that the fireets 
 
 ‘ 
 
CAR 
 have the appearance of rivers, and 
 the country of an ocean: from 
 this, otherwife fhocking inconve- 
 nience, they fave water in refer- 
 voirs, as the wells fupply them 
 only with a thick, brackifh fort, 
 not fit to drink, From December 
 to April is here the fummer, in 
 which there is fo invariable a con- 
 tinuation of exceffive heat, that 
 perfpirstion is profafe to a degree 
 of wafte; whence the complexions 
 of the inhabitants are fo wan and 
 livid, that one would imagine 
 them but newly recovered from 
 a violent fit of ficknefs: yet they 
 enjoy a good ftate of health, and 
 live even to 20 and upwards. The 
 fingularity of the climate occafions 
 diftempers peculiar to the place: 
 the moft fhocking is the fever, 
 attended with the black vomit, 
 which moftly affects flrangers, and 
 rages among the feamen ; it lafts 
 about three or four days, in which 
 time the patient either recovers or 
 dies, as it is very acute, and on 
 
 recovery is never troubled with it 
 
 again. 
 
 Another diftemper peculiar to 
 the inhabitants is the leprofy, 
 which is common and contagious: 
 nor is the itch and harpes lefs 
 frequent or communicative, and 
 itis dangerous to attempt the cure 
 when it has once gained ground; 
 in its firft ftage they anoint with 
 a kind of earth, called Maqui- 
 maqui, The little fnake is parti- 
 cular to this climate, which caufes 
 a round inflamed tumour, which 
 often terminates in a mortifica- 
 tion. Spafms and convulfions are 
 very common here,and frequently 
 prove mortal. The principal trees 
 for fize are the caobo, or acajou, 
 the cedar, the maria, and the bal- 
 
 ‘ fam tree. Of the firft are made 
 
 the canoes and champagnes ufed 
 
 _ for fifhing, and for the coaft and 
 
 river trade. The reddith cedar is 
 preferable to the whitifh, The 
 
 _ maria and balfam trees, befides 
 
 the ufefulnefs of their timber, 
 which, like the others, are com- 
 pact, fragrant, and finely grained, 
 
 CATR 
 
 diftil thofe admirable balfams ~ 
 called maria-oil and balfam of — 
 Tolu, from an adjacent village, 
 where it is found inthe greateft 
 quantities, Here are alfo the ta- 
 marind, medlar, fapote, papayo, 
 guabo, canno fiftolo, or caflia, — 
 palm, and manzanillo; moft of © 
 them producing a palatable,whole- _ 
 fome fruit, with a durable and va- 
 riegated wood. The manzanillo-~ 
 is remarkable, as its fruits are 
 poifonous, the antidote common 
 oil; but the wood is variegated 
 like marble. It is dangerous even 
 to lie under this tree. 
 
 The guiacum and ebony trees 
 are equally common here; their _ 
 hardnefs almoft equal to iron. 
 The fenfitive plant is found in 
 great plenty. The bejuco, or 
 bind - weed, here, bears. a fruit 
 called habilla, or bean, very bit- 
 ter, but one of the mott effetual 
 antidotes again{t the bites of vi- 
 pers and ferpents. Perfons who 
 frequent the woods always eat of 
 this valuable habilla, and then 
 ere no way apprehenfive from the 
 bite, though ever fo venomous. 
 
 The only tame animals here 
 are the cow and the hog: the © 
 ficfh of the latter is faid to exceed 
 the beft in Europe, while that of 
 the former is dry and upalatable, 
 as they cannot fatten through the 
 exceflive heats. Poultry, pigeons, 
 partridges, and geefe, are very 
 good, and in great plenty. There 
 are alfo great quantities of deer, 
 rabbits, and wild boars called fa- 
 jones. ‘Lhe tigers make great ha-  ~ 
 vock among the creatures. Here 
 are foxes, armadilloes, or fealy 
 lizards, ardillas, fquirrels, and an 
 innumerable variety of monkeys, 
 
 The bat is here very remark- 
 able ; for the people, on account 
 of the heat, are obliged to leave 
 their windows open all night, at 
 which the bats get in, and open 
 the veins of any part that is na- © 
 ked ; fo that from the orifice the 
 blood flows in fuch quantities, — 
 that their fleep has often proved © 
 their paflage to eternity. Snakes, 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 CuAIR. 
 
 vipers, centipes, and all other 
 poifonous reptiles, are here as 
 “common as in other parts. 
 
 _ Barley, wheat, and other efcu- 
 ent grains, are little known. 
 ) Maize and rice, of which they 
 -make their bollo, or bread, a- 
 ‘bound even to exeefs. Planta- 
 ‘tions of fugar-canes abound to 
 fuch a degree, as greatly to lower 
 ‘the price of honey: and a great 
 “part of the juice of thefe canes 
 is diftilled into fpirits: thefe grow 
 “fo quick as to be cut twice a 
 - year. Great numbers of cotton- 
 i trees grow here, 
 
 The cacao-trees, from which 
 “chocolate is made, excel here. 
 This is the moft valuable treafure 
 _ which Nature could have beftowed 
 i on this country. Among the 
 ‘fruits, which refemble thofe of 
 
 
 
 Pesain: are the melons, water- 
 ' melons, called patillas, grapes, o- 
 _ ranges, medlars, and dates; the 
 "grapes are not equal to thofe of 
 Spain, but the medlars far exceed 
 them. The fruits peculiar to the 
 ' country are, the pine-apple,which, 
 from its beauty, finell, and tafte, 
 is ftyled, by way of preference, 
 the queen of fruits; the papa- 
 payas, gunabanas, guaybas, fa- 
 “potes, mameis, plantanos, cocos, 
 and many others. The common 
 “Nength of the pine-apple is ufually 
 from five to feven inches, and the 
 _ diameter near its bafis three or 
 4 four. ' 
 Lemons are fcarce; but that 
 » defcét is remedied by a luxuriance 
 | of limes. As grapes, almonds, 
 and olives, are not natural here, 
 | the country is deftitute of wine, 
 ) oil, and raifins, with which it is 
 \fupplied from Europe. _ 
 The bay of Carthagena is the 
 firft place in America at which the 
 | gaileons were allowed to touch, 
 | and hence it enjoyed the firft- 
 | fruits of commerce by the public 
 | fales made there. Thofe fales, 
 | though not accompanied with all 
 _ the forms obferved at Porto-Bello 
 - fair, were yet very confiderable ; 
 _ for the traders of Santa Fe, Po- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CAR 
 
 payan, and Quito, laid out, not 
 only their whole {tock, but alfo 
 the monies entrufted to them by 
 commiffion, for feveral forts of 
 goods, and thofe {pecies of pro- 
 vifions which were moftly wanted 
 in their re{peétive countries. The 
 two provinces of Santa Fe and 
 Popayan have no other way of 
 fupplying themfelves with thofe 
 provifions but from Carthagena. 
 Their traders bring gold and fil- 
 ver in fpecie, ingots, and duft, 
 and alfo emerals ;.as, befides the 
 filver mines worked at Santa Fe, 
 and which daily increafe by frefh 
 difcoveries, there are others,which 
 yield the fineft emerals: but the 
 value of thofe gems being riow 
 fallen in Europe, and particularly 
 in Spain, the trade of them, fore ° 
 merly fo confiderable, is now 
 greatly leffened, and confequently 
 the reward of finding them, All 
 thefe mines produce ‘great quan- 
 tities of gold, which is carried to 
 Coco, and there pays one fifth to 
 the King. This little fair. at Car- 
 thagena occafioned a great quan- 
 tity of fhops to be opened, and 
 filled with all kinds of merchan- 
 dize, the profit partly refulting to 
 Spaniards, who ufed to come in 
 the galleons, which is now at an 
 end. 
 
 The produce of the royal res 
 venues in this city, being not fuf- 
 ficient to pay and fupport the go- 
 vernor, garrifon, and a gre.t 
 number of other officers, the de- 
 ficiency is remitted from the trea- 
 fures of Santa Fe, and Quito, 
 under the name of Situado, to- 
 gethér with fuch monies as are re- 
 quifite for keeping up the fortifi- 
 cations, furnifhing the artillery, 
 and other expences neceflary for 
 the defence of the place and its 
 forts. Lat 10, 26. long. 77, 22. 
 
 CartTaGo, the capital of Cofta 
 Rica in New Spain, fituated ten 
 leagues from the North and 17 
 leagues from the South Sea, hay- 
 ing a portin each. It was for 
 merly in a much more flourifhing 
 ftate than at prefent. Several rich 
 
CAV 
 
 merchants refided here, who.carried _ 
 
 on a great trade to Panama, Porto 
 Bello, Carthagena, and the Ha- 
 vannah, It had alfo a governor, 
 and was the fee of a bifhop; but 
 at prefent it is only a mean_place, 
 
 has very few iohabitants, and. 
 
 hardly any trade, Latitude 9,15. 
 Jong. 83, 16. 
 
 Carves oF St, THOMAS,a 
 rock between the Virgin Ifles, E. 
 and Porto Rico onthe W. Ata 
 {mall diftance it appears like a fail, 
 as it is white and has two points. 
 Between it and St. Thomas paffes 
 Sir Francis Drake’s Channel. 
 
 Casco Bay, inthe county of 
 York, in the province of New 
 Hampbhire, New England. This 
 bay, if reckoned from Cape Eliza- 
 beth to Small Point, is 25 miles 
 wide, and about 14 deep; isa 
 moft. beautiful bay full of little 
 iflands. Brunfwick ftands on the 
 NE. cove of it, and Falmouth, a 
 {weet pretty town, on a moft de- 
 lightful fcice at the S. W, end of 
 it, which is now no more, being 
 deftroyed in January, 1776, by the 
 Britith forces, for refufing to fup- 
 ply them with naval ftores. Lat, 
 44, 10+ long, 69, 35. 
 
 Car-Istanp, or GuwuA- 
 NAHANI, one. of. the Bahama 
 Iflands, It was the firft difeovered 
 by Columbus, on Otober 11, 
 2492, to which he gave the name 
 of St. Salvadore. It lies on a 
 particular bank to the E. of the 
 Great Bank of the Bohamas, 
 from which it is parted by a nar- 
 tow channel called Exuma Sound. 
 Long. 74, 30. lat. 24, 30. 
 
 Cauca, ariverin the If_hmus 
 of Darien, whofe fource is in 
 common with that of La Madalena 
 in the Lake Papas, near the 8th 
 degree of S, latitude, and which 
 about 30 Jeagues from Carthagena 
 falls into this laft river, after a 
 courfe of 160 leagues, nearly in 
 the fame direction. 
 
 CavALLO,, a fea-port town in 
 the province of Venezula on the 
 Terra Firma, or If hmus of Da- 
 
 sien, 25 miles N. E, of St, Jago. 
 
 CHA 
 de.Leon, It was-.attacked. by 
 commodore Knowles, but. with- 
 out any fuccefs. Lat, 10,15. long. 
 68, 12, 
 Cay MANS, three {mall Iflands, 
 
 55 leagues N. N. W. of Jamaica3, — 
 the. moft.. foutherly of which. is, ~ 
 called the Great Caymans, which. 
 is inhabited ; its fituation is.very: 
 
 low, but, it, is covered, with high 
 trees, and habitable part is about 
 
 half a milelong. It has,no, har- . 
 bour for fhips. of burthen, only a, 
 
 tolerable anchoring-place on. the 
 S. W, The number of inhabitants 
 is about 160, who are defcendants 
 of the, old. buccaniers.. They 
 have no clergyman amongft them, 
 
 but, go to Jamaica to be married. _ 
 
 This little colony is undoubtedly 
 the happieft in the Weft Indies; 
 
 the climate and foil, which are . 
 fingularly falubrious, render thefe . 
 people, healthy and. vigorous, and. 
 
 enable them, to live, to, a great 
 age. The. Little Cayman pro-, 
 
 
 
 duces plenty of corn .and vcgeta- _ 
 bles, hogs and poultry, much be- 
 
 yond what is wanted for .their 
 They. have, 
 
 own confumption. 
 
 alfo fugar-canes, and plenty of 
 
 goed water. Their principal em- 
 ployment is fishing for turtle, and 
 
 piloting veflels to the adjoining - 
 The turtles, of which, 
 they have great plenty enable them. 
 
 iflands. 
 
 to fupply Port-Royal and other 
 
 places with great quantities. The- 
 
 Great Caymans lies in lat. 15, 48. | 
 
 long. 80, 50. 
 
 CHAGRE, a river,in South- . 
 
 America, and empire of Peru. it 
 was formerly 
 from. the number of alligators in 
 
 it; bas its fource in the mountains . 
 
 called, Lagortas, - 
 
 near Cruces, and its mouth in the | 
 
 North-Sea, in lat. 9. Its.entrance 
 is defended by a fost, built on a 
 
 fteep rock on the, E, fide near the, 
 
 fea-fhore. 
 
 This fort has a com- . 
 mandant and lieutenant,. and the. 
 
 garrifon is draughted from,,Pana-__ 
 
 ma, to which you goby this river, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 «St ante 
 
 landing at. Cruces, about 5 leagues. 
 
 from. .Panama, and from, thence. 
 
 one travels by, land to, that citys, 
 
 
 

 
 CHA 
 
 Oppofite to Fort Chagre is the 
 
 _ royal cuftom-houfe, where an ac- 
 
 
 
 count is taken of all goods going 
 up the river. Here it is broadeft, 
 
 _ being 120 toifes over; whereas, 
 * at Cruces, where it begins to be 
 ‘navigable, it is only 20 toifes 
 
 - wide: fromthe town of Chagre 
 to the mouth of the river is 27 
 
 miles, or feven leagues, and the 
 bearing N. W. wefterly; but the 
 
 - diftance meafured by the windings 
 
 "is 43 miles. 
 » an alcalde, at the cuftom-houfe, 
 
 
 
 Flere is at Cruces 
 
 CuamMBeERs, a town in Cum- 
 berland county, Penfylvania, fi- 
 tuated on a branch of the Potow- 
 mack river, in a trading path from 
 Maryland toCarlifle, from whence 
 it is diftant S.W. about 35 miles, 
 
 CHAMPLAIN, alake on the N. 
 borders of New-York, and on the 
 W. of Canada, where are feveral 
 forts. Lat. 44, 10. Long. 73, 10. 
 YoCHARLES, a@ town in the E, 
 ‘divifion of Maryland, on the 
 bottom of Cheafapeak-bay, near 
 the entrance of Sufquehannah ri- 
 yer. 
 
 CHARLES-CAPE,2 promontory, 
 mentioned in Capt.James’s Voyage. 
 Lat. 66, oo. Long. 37.22. 
 
 CHARLES-TOWN, in St. Ma- 
 
 ' ry's county, Maryland, is fituated 
 
 en the N\ bank of the Potowmack 
 river, 42 miles S. W. from Anna- 
 polis, and 22 from Belhaven. 
 CHARLES-TOWN diltri€, in S. 
 Carolina, includes all places be- 
 tween the N. branch of Santee 
 river and Combahee river and the 
 fea, including the iflands by a 
 line drawn from Nelfon’s Ferry 
 
 directly towards Marr’s Bluff on, 
 Savannah river, till it interfeéts 
 
 the fwamp at the head of the S. 
 branch of Combahee river. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CHARLES-TowN, the metro- 
 polis of Charles-town county in 
 South-Carolina, and indeed: the 
 only valuable town in this or 
 
 - North-Carolina, is one of the firft 
 
 in North-America, for fize, beau- 
 
 _ ty, and-traffick. It is fituated on. 
 _aneck of land between two navi- 
 
 gable rivers, Afhicy and Cowyer ; 
 
 CHA 
 
 but moftly on the latter, having 
 a creek on the N. fide, and ano- 
 ther on the S, The town is regue 
 larly built, and pretty ftrongly 
 fortified, both by nature and art. 
 It has fix baftions, and a line alf 
 round it. Towards:Cowper river 
 
 are Blake’s-baftion, Granville’s— 
 baftion, a half-moon, and Cra-_ 
 
 ven’s-baftion : on the S. ereek 
 are the palifadoes and A thley’s- 
 baftion’: on the N. a line: and 
 facing Afhley river are Colleton- 
 baftion and Johnfon’s covered 
 half-moon, with a draw-bridge 
 in the line and another in the 
 half-moon; Carieret-baftion is 
 the next to it, Befides thefe re- 
 gular works, another fort has 
 been ereéted upon a point of land 
 at the mouth: of Afhley river, 
 which commands the channel fo 
 well, that fhips cannot eafily pafs 
 it. The baftions, palifadoes, and 
 fofle next the land having been 
 much damaged by a hurricane, 
 and reckoned to be of too great 
 an extent to be defended by the 
 inhabitants, Governor Nicholfon 
 caufed them to be demolithed ; 
 bat thofe near the water {till fub- 
 fitt, and are in good repair. This 
 place is a market-town, and to it 
 the whole product of the province 
 is brought for fale. Neither is its 
 trade inconfiderable; for it deals 
 near 1000 miles into the conti. 
 nent. However, it has the great 
 difadvantage of a bar which ad- 
 mits no fhips above 200 tons, 
 But this’ bar has-16 feet water et 
 low tide; and/after a fhip has pct 
 clofe up to the town, there is good 
 riding. And'the harbour is des 
 fended bya fort, called Johnfon’s- 
 fort, and about 20 guns in it, 
 which range level with the furface 
 of the water, Athley river is nab 
 vigable for fhips zo miles above 
 the town; and for boats and pet» 
 tyaugers, or large canoes, near 405 
 Cowper river is not pra@icable for 
 fhips fo far; but for boats and 
 pettyaugers much further. 
 
 The fituatiow of Charles-town 
 is eb inviting, and the copniry 
 

 
 
 
 Cr & 
 
 ebout it agreeable and fruitful. 
 The highways are extremely ce- 
 lightful, efpecially that cailed 
 Broad-way, which for three or 
 four miles makes a road and walk 
 fo charmingly green, that no art 
 could meke fo pleafing a fight for 
 ihe whole year, - 
 The ftreets are well laid out, 
 the honfes large, fome of brick, 
 but more of timber, and gene- 
 rally fafhed, and Jet at exceflive 
 rents. The church is fpacicus, 
 and executed in a very eicgant 
 tafte, exceeding every thing of 
 that kind in North-America, hav- 
 ing three ifles, an organ, and a 
 gallery quite round, “There are 
 meeting-houfes for the feveral de- 
 nominations of diflenters; among 
 which the French proteftants have 
 a chureh in the-main ftreet. It 
 contains about €00 houfes, is the 
 feat of the governor, and the 
 place where the general afiembly 
 and court of judicature are held, 
 the public offices kept, and the 
 bnufineis of the province traniacted. 
 Here the rich people have hand- 
 fome equipages; the merchants 
 are opulent and well bred; the 
 people are thriving, and expenfive 
 in drefs and life; fo that every 
 thing confpires to make this town 
 the politelt, as it is one of the 
 richeft in America. In this town 
 is a public library which owes its 
 rife to Dr. Thomas Bray, as do 
 moft of the American libravics, 
 having zealoufly folicited contri- 
 butions in England for that pur 
 ofe. Charles - Town reccived 
 confiderable damage by a hursi- 
 cane, September 15, 1753, as 
 did the thipping in the harbour, 
 The beft harbour of Carolina is 
 far to the S. on the borders of 
 Georgia, called Port royal, This 
 might give a eapacious and fafe 
 reception to the largeft feets of 
 the greateft bulk and burden; 
 yet the town which is called Beau- 
 fort, in Port-royal harbour, is 
 not as yet confiderable, but it 
 “ pids fair for becoming the firtt 
 trading town in this part.of Ame- 
 fica. The import trade of South 
 
 CEE A 
 
 Carolina from Great Britain and — 
 the Weft Indies, is the fame in’ | 
 all refpe€ts with that. of the reft 
 of the other colonies, and was very 
 large; and their trade with the 
 Indians in a very flourifhing con — 
 dition. ; : i 
 Exported from all parts of North: ~ 
 Carolina in 1753. 
 
 ‘Tar, 61,528 barrels. 
 Pitch, 14,055 ditto. 
 Turpentine, 10,429 ditto. 
 Staves, - 762,330 No, 
 
 Shing!es, 2,500,0co ditto. 
 
 Liumber, 2,000,647 feet. 
 India corn, | 61,580 bultels, 
 Peafe, 10;Ccoo ditto, 
 Tobacco, too hds. ° 
 
 Tanned leather, tooo hund. wt, — 
 Deer fkins in 
 
 all ways, } eccaee a 
 Befides a confiucrable quantity of 7 
 wheat, rice, bilcuit, potatoes, bees= — 
 wax, tallow-candles, bacon, hogs- ~ 
 lard, cotton, and a vat deal of 
 f{quared timber of walnut, and 
 cedar, with hoops and lumberof 7 
 all iorts.. They raifed-fine indigo, — 
 which was exported from South~ 7 
 Carolina. They raife-much more 7 
 tobacco than is fet down; but as ~ 
 it is produced on the frontiers of © 
 Virginia, fo from thence it is ex= 7) 
 ported, They export a!fo acon= @ 
 fiderable quantity of beaver; ras | 
 coon, fox, minx, and wild cats- 7 
 fkins, and in every thip a good deal” 
 of live cattle, befides what they — 
 vend in Virginia. What cotton 
 and filk the Carolinas fent Erg 
 lind was excellent, In 1756, it ig. 
 faid that 500,000 Ib. of indigo” 
 were raifed there, though it was. 
 fearce expected. . The  greatett 
 quantity of pitch and tar issmade 
 in North Carolina. Lat. 32, 45 
 long. 80, 6. 
 
 CuarLes River, New-Enge | 
 land, rifes in 5 or 6 fources om 
 the S, E. fide of Hopkington an 
 Hollinfton Ridge, ail running S 
 The chief fream runs N. E. then 
 N. round this ridge, and N. E 
 into Natick townthip, from then 
 N.E, till it meets Mother Brook” 
 in Deadham, The other branch 
 called Mother Brook, has three 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 igh eS Ropes 
 
 ve, 4 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 ee a een ee ata 
 . : — So 
 
 aS 
 
 ey ate oe ee et eT ee Sey 
 
 Cra 
 
 | fources, two on each fide of 
 
 Moothill, Naponfet, and Mafha- 
 
 poog, which runs N. E. a third 
 - fprings from the high clevated 
 ~ track S. of the Blue-Hills ; thefe 
 ) all join at Deadham, and form 
 ' Charles River; 
 
 from thence it 
 yuns W. over falls at S. W. end 
 
 of Brooklin-Hills, tiil it comes 
 _ near Framingham Pond; it then 
 
 suns N. W. to Cambridge, where 
 winding round in a S. W. courfe, 
 it fal's into Bofton Harbour. 
 CHARLES -Town, in the 
 county of Middlefex, in the pro- 
 vince of Maflachufets-Bay, in 
 New England, fituated at the an- 
 
 gular point formed by the two 
 
 entrances of Charles and Miftic 
 rivers, a neat, populous, well: built 
 trading town; but was deftroyed 
 by the Englifh troops, June 17, 
 1775, at the batile of Bunker’s- 
 Hill, which was elofe to it, to 
 prevent the Provincials annoying 
 them from the honfes. It took 
 up all the fpace between Mific- 
 fiver and Charles-river, which 
 laft feparaced it from Bofon;-as 
 the Thames does London from 
 Southwark, and is-as dependent 
 
 - upon, andin fome fenfe a part ofit, 
 
 ‘as the latter is of the metropolis 
 of Great Britain. It had a ferry 
 _over the river; fo that there was 
 hardly any need of a bridge, ex- 
 cept in winter, when the ice would 
 neither bear not admit of a boat, 
 The proprictors out of the profits 
 were oblized by law to pay xrgol. 
 fterling, to Havard College, in 
 the neighbouring town of Cam- 
 bridge. Though the river is 
 much broader above the town, it 
 is not wider at the ferry than the 
 Thames between London and 
 
 _ Southwark, It was nearly half as 
 large as Boftom, and capable of 
 
 being made as ftrong, ftanding as 
 
 that did upon a peninfula, It was 
 
 both a market and county-town, 
 had a good large church, a market 
 - place in ahandfome fquare by the 
 river fide, fupplied with all ne- 
 eeflary provifions both of eth 
 _and fish, and two long ftreets 
 
 CiPtA i 
 leading down toit. The river is 
 navigable, only for fmall crafts 
 and runs feveral miles up the 
 country. Lat. 42,26, long, 7¥s 
 : CuarLes-Town, the only 
 town ontheifland of Nevis, oneof 
 the Caribbees, in the W. Indies. 
 In it are large houfes and well 
 furnithed fhops, and is defended 
 by Charles-fort. Here their mar 
 ket is kept every Sunday from fun- 
 rife till nine o’clock in the fore= 
 noon, when the negroes bring to 
 it Indian corn, yams, garden- 
 ftuffs of all forts, &c. [ron-wood 
 and lignum vite are purchafed by 
 the planters of this ifland, as 
 well as thofe of St. Chriftopher, 
 from the iflands of Defcada, St. 
 Bartholomew, Santa Cruz, in or- 
 der to ferve as pofts for their 
 fugar-houfes, mills, &c. In the 
 parith of St, John, on the S. fide 
 of Charles-town, is a large fpot of 
 fulphureous ground, at the upper 
 end of a deep chafm ia the earthy, 
 comnionly called Sulphur - gut, 
 which—is—fo hor as= tobe: felt 
 through the foles of one’s fhocs, 
 At the foot of the declivity, on 
 the fame fide of this town, is 4 
 fmal] bot river, called the Bath, 
 fuppofed to proceed from the fai 
 gut, which is not above three 
 ‘quarters of a mile higher up in 
 the country. 
 for half a mile, and afterwards 
 lofes itfelf in the fands of the 
 fea. Ata particular part of it, 
 towards the fea-fide, a perfon 
 may fet one foot in a fpring that 
 is extremely cold, and the other 
 at the fame time in another that 
 is as hot. The water of Black- 
 rock pond, about a quarter of a 
 mile N. from. Charles-town, is 
 milk-warm, owing to the mixture 
 of thofe hot and ccld fprings : 
 yet it yields excellent fifh ; parti- 
 cutariy fine eels, filver filh, which 
 has a bright deep body cight 
 
 inches long, and taftes, like a 
 
 whiting: alfo flimguts, as hav- 
 
 ing a head too large for the fize 
 
 .of its body, which is from ten to 
 a2 
 
 Its courfe is at lea(t- 
 

 
 CHA 
 twenty-two inches long, and in 
 tafte and colour like a gudgeon, 
 A prodigious piece of Nevis- 
 mountain falling down in a late 
 earthquake left a large vacuity, 
 which is ftill to be feen. The 
 altitude of this mountain, taken 
 by a quadrant from Charles-town 
 bay, is faid to be a mile anda 
 half perpendicular, and from the 
 faid bay to the top four miles. 
 ‘The declivity from this mountain 
 to the town is very {teep half-way, 
 but afterwards eafy enough. The 
 hill, here called Saddile-hill, as 
 appeating at the top like a faddle, 
 is higher than Skiddaw-hill in 
 Cumberland, in the North of 
 England. See Nevis. Latitude 
 
 46, 5. long. 61, 55. 
 2 CHARLETON-ISLAND, or 
 CHARLES-ISLAND, is fituated 
 on the eaftern-fhore of Labrador, 
 in that part of North America 
 called New South Wales, Its foil 
 confifts of a white, dry fand, 
 covered over with a white mofs, 
 abounding with juniper, and 
 fpruce - trees, though net very 
 large. ‘This ifle yields a beautiful 
 profpect in fpring to thofe that are 
 near it, after a voyage of three or 
 foor months in the moft uncom- 
 fortable feas on the globe, and 
 that by reafon of the vaft moun- 
 tain of ice in Hudfon’s-bay and 
 fireights. “Fhey are rocks petri- 
 fied by the intenfenefs of the con- 
 tinual froft ; fo that fhould a fhip 
 happen to ftrike againft thefe, it 
 is as inevitably dafhed to pieces 
 as if it ran full upon a real rock, 
 ‘The whole ifland, fpread with 
 trees and branches, exhibits, as 
 it were, a beautiful green turf. 
 The air even at the bottom of the 
 bay, though in 5: degrees, a la- 
 titude nearer the fun than London, 
 is exceflively cold for 9 months, 
 and the other three very hot, ex- 
 cept on the blowing of aN. W. 
 wind, The foilon the E. fide, as 
 well asethe W. bears all kind of 
 grain: and fome fruits, fuch as 
 goofe-berries, firaw-berries, and 
 dew - berries, grow about Ru- 
 
 - deep bay. 
 
 C.iw& 
 pert’s - river. 
 long. 82°. 
 
 CHARLOTTE Town, a town 
 on the S. W. fide of the ifland of 
 Dominica, on the South of a 
 
 Crartotte-Town, in St. 
 
 John’s Ifland in the Gulf of St. _ 
 
 Laurence. 
 
 CHARLOTTE-BURG, a town 
 in the county of Brunfwick, in 
 North Carolina, = 
 
 CHATHAM county is in the 
 diftri& of Hillfborongh, in North 
 Carolina. 
 
 CHATHAM, a town in Barn- 
 ftaple county, Plymouth colony, 
 New England, is fituated at the 
 S E. extremity of the peninfula 
 at Cape Malebar or Sandy Point, 
 four miles E. of Eaftham, at the 
 point of the elbow formed by the 
 peninfula, 
 
 CHEASAPEAK, a large bay, 
 along which both the provinces of 
 Virginia and Maryland are fitrat- 
 ed. It begins at Cape Henry 
 and Cape Charles on the S, and 
 Tunas up zo miles to the North, 
 Tt is 18 miles broad at the mouth, 
 and almoft feven or eight miles 
 over to the bottom of it. Into it 
 fall feveral large navigable rivers 
 from the wefters fhore, and a few 
 fmaller {treams from the penin- 
 fula which divides the bay from 
 the ocean. 
 
 CHELSEA, a fmall maritime 
 town in Middlefex county, Maf- 
 fachufets-Bay, fituared on the N. 
 fide of Bofton Harbour, and 
 about 6 miles from Bofton by 
 water, near Nahant-bay. 
 
 CHEPOO R, a fmal! Spanith , 
 
 town on the Ifthmus of Darien, 
 and Terra Firma, in South Ame- 
 rica; fitrated on a river of the 
 fame name, within fix lezgues of 
 the fea, in going from which tl is 
 town flands on the teft hand, 
 The country about it is champain, 
 with feveral fmall hills cloathed 
 with woods; but the largeft part 
 is favannas. The mouth of the 
 
 river Chepo is oppofite to the — 
 
 ifland of Cherelio, It rifes out 
 
 7 
 
 , 
 
 Latitude 52, 30. 
 
 ee: a eT Mw 
 
 
 
 
 tee 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 Cr rr” 
 of the mountains near the North 
 fide of the ifthmus; and, being 
 pent up on the S, fide by the 
 mountains, bends its courfe to 
 — the weftward between. both; till 
 finding a paflage to the S. W. it 
 makes a kind of half-circle; and, 
 _ its ftream being fwelled confidera- 
 bly, runs with a rapid motion in- 
 to the. fea, feven leagues to the 
 weftward of Panama. This river 
 is very deep, and about a quarter 
 of a mile broad; but its mouth is 
 choaked up with fand; fo that 
 fhips of burthen canuot enter, 
 though barks may. On the §. 
 
 fide of this river is a woodland - 
 
 for many leagues together, Lat. 
 
 Ral Os AM LON TST TachOs 
 
 _ CHERAws diitiat, in South 
 Carolina, is bounded dy a line 
 from Lyneh’s Creek, the provin- 
 cial boundary, and the line divid- 
 ing st. Mark’s and prince Frede- 
 rick’s parifhes, and is continued 
 Hil it interfedts the North provin- 
 cial line. In it is Frederickfburgh 
 townlhip. 
 
 CHEROKEES, RIVER OF, a 
 river of Florida, taking its name 
 from a powerful nation, among 
 whom it has its principal fources. 
 At comes from the S. E and its 
 heads are in the mountains which 
 feparate this country from Caro- 
 lina, and is the great road of the 
 traders from thenceto the Miffifippi 
 and intermediate plices. Forty 
 leagues above the Chicazas, this 
 river. forms the four following 
 iflands, which are very beautiful, 
 namely, Tahogale, Kakick, Co- 
 chali, and Taly, with a different 
 nation inbabiting each, 
 
 CHESTER, @ county in ‘the 
 eaftern divifion of Maryland, 
 
 CHestTer, a f{mall. town in 
 Maryland, in the county of Kent, 
 and eaftcrn divifion of that colony, 
 on the North fide of a river of the 
 fame name, 6 miles S, of George 
 Town. 
 
 CHesTer, EAST, a town in 
 Weilt-Chefter county, New-York, 
 3 miles North of Weft-Chetter, 
 and 13.N, E, from New-York, 
 
 
 
 CHI 
 
 CHESTER, a town on the S, 
 bank of James river, m Cums 
 berland, county Virginia, 6 iniles 
 S. of Richmond, 15 miles N. of 
 Blandford, and 65 miles W.of 
 York. 
 
 CHIAMETAN, a province in 
 the audience. of Guadalaxara, or 
 kingdom of New Galicia, in New 
 Spain, fiemated under the Tropick 
 of Cancer; one half in the Tem- 
 perate and the other ia the Torrid 
 Zone, lying along the South-Sea 
 on the W. bounded by Zacatecas. 
 on the N. E. by Culiacan on the 
 N. W, and by Xalifco and Guada- 
 laxara on the S. and S. BE, [tis 
 about 37 leagues either way from 
 
 N:. to Sor. from). Ey touW ai alsa 
 
 fruitful foil, yielding great quan- 
 tities of wax.and honey, befides 
 filver-mines. The river of Sc. 
 Jago, which, according to our 
 maps, comes from the lake of 
 Guadalaxara, empties itfelf here 
 into the fea, It is one of the 
 principal rivers onthis coaft, being 
 half a mile broad at the mouth, 
 but much broader farther up, 
 where three or four rivers mcet 
 together. At ebb the water is £9 
 feet deep on the bar. The clyuck 
 town in this province is St, Se- 
 baftian, ; 
 CHrIAPA, an inland province 
 in New Spain, or Old Mexico, in 
 the audience of Guatimala, It is 
 bounded by Tabafeo on the N. 
 by Yucatan on the N. E. by So- 
 conufco on the §. and by Veta 
 Pazonthe E, It is 85 leagues 
 from E. to W. and about 3¢ 
 where narroweft, but then fome 
 
 parts are near 100. [r abounds > 
 
 with great woods of pine, cyprefs, 
 cedar, oak, walnut, wood-vines, 
 rofin-trees, aromatic gums, bal 
 fams, and liquid amber, taca- 
 mahaca, copal, and others, that 
 yield pure and fovereign baliams,: 
 alfo with corn, pears, apples, 
 quinces, cocoa, cotton, and wild 
 cochineal, with all kitchen herbs 
 and falads; which, being once 
 fowed, la(t forfeveral years. flere 
 they have achiotre, which the na~ 
 
 £3 
 
gab: ie 
 
 tives mix-with their chocolate to 
 pive ita bright colour ; likewife 
 coleworts, or cabbage-trees, fo 
 Jarge that birds build in them ; 
 and yet they are fweet and tender. 
 Here are moft forts of wild and 
 tame fowls, and very beautiful 
 parrots; alfo a bird called tcto, 
 fmaller than a pigeon, with green 
 feathers, which the Indians take 
 for its fine tail, but let it go again 
 after they pulled its feathers out, 
 it being held a capital crime by 
 their law to kill it. It abounds 
 with cattle of all forts, theep, 
 goats, and fwine from Spain, 
 having mvltiplied here furprifing- 
 ly; efpecially a breed of fine 
 horfes, fo valuable, that they 
 fend their colts to Mexico, though 
 500 miles off. Beafts of prey, as 
 Hons, leopards, tygers, &e. are 
 here in abundance, with foxes, 
 rabbits, and wild hogs. In this 
 province alfo is plenty of {nakes, 
 particularly in the hilly parts, fome 
 of which are 20 feet long, others 
 are of a curious red colour, and 
 ftreaked with white and black, 
 which the natives wear about their 
 tiecks, Here are two ptincipal 
 towns called Chiapa: which fee. 
 The Chiapefe are of a fair com- 
 plexion, courteous, great mafters 
 ‘of mufic, painting, and me- 
 chanics, and obedient to their 
 fuperiors. Its principal river is 
 that of Tabafeo, which running 
 from the N. crofs the country of 
 the Quelenes, at laits falls into 
 the fea at Tabafeo, It is, in fhort, 
 well watered ; and, by means of 
 the aforefaid river they carry on 
 a pretty brifk. trade with the 
 neighbouring provinces, efpeciall 
 
 in cochineal, and filk; in shiek 
 laft commodity the Indians em- 
 ploy their wives for making 
 handkerchiefs of. all colours, 
 which are bought by the Spaniards 
 and fent home. ‘Though the 
 Spaniards reckon this one of the 
 pooreft countries belonging “to 
 them in America, as having no 
 @ines or fand of go'd, nor any 
 harbour om the Souch-Sea, yet is 
 
 
 
 CH y 
 larger than moft provinces, and 
 inferior to none but Guatimala. 
 Befides, it is a place of great 
 impoftance to the Spaniards, be- 
 caufe the ftrength of all their 7 
 empire in America depends on it; 
 and into it is am eafy entrance by 
 the river Tabafco, Puerto Real, 
 and its vicinity to Yueatan. 
 
 Curapa, the name of two 
 towns in the above province of 
 the fame name; the one is fome- 
 times called Cividad Real, or the 
 Royal-city, and the other Chiapa 
 de los Indos, inhabited by Spa- 
 niards, Cividad Real lies 100 
 leagues N. W. from Guatimala, is 
 a bifhop’s fee, and the feat of the 
 judicial courts. It is a very de- 
 Jightful place, fituated on a plain, 
 and furrounded with mountains, 
 and almoit in the middle betwixt 
 the North and South-Seas. The 
 bifhop’s revenue is 8000 ducats 
 a year, and the cathedral isa beav- 
 tiful ftru€iure. Here are fome 
 monalteries; but the place is nei- 
 ther populous nor rich, Its chief 
 trade is in cocoa, cotton, wool, 
 fagar, cochineal and pedlars fmall- 
 wares. The friars are the prin- 
 cipal merchants here for Euro- 
 pean goods, and the richeft men 
 bothinthetown and country. The — 
 Spanifh gentry in this place are 
 become a proverb, on account of 
 their fantaftical pride, ignorance, 
 and poverty; for they all claim 
 defcent from Spanifh dukes, who 
 were the firft conquerors, as they 
 pretend, of this country. Lati- 
 tude 17. long. 96, 4o. 
 
 Cu1aPA, the other town in the 
 above province of the fame name, 
 is diftinguifhed from that called — 
 Cividad Real, by the appellation — 
 of Chiapa de los Indos, that is, — 
 as belonging to the Indians, who 
 are about 20,000. It is the largeft 
 they have in this country, lies in 
 a valley on the river Tabafeo, 
 which abounds with fith, and is — 
 about 12 leagues diftant from the 
 former, to the N. W.  Bartho- 7 
 lomew de las Cafas, bifhop of © 
 Chiape, having complained to the - 
 
 Wigston sm 
 
 % 
 
Cre RR 
 
 “court of Madrid of the cruelties 
 
 of the Spamtards here, procured 
 the people great privileges, and 
 an exemption from flavery. This 
 is a very large and rich place, 
 with many cloifters and churches 
 in it: and no town has fo many 
 Dons of- Indian blood as this 
 Chiapa. On the river they have 
 feveral boats, in which they often 
 att fea-fights and fieges. In the 
 town are frequent bull-baitings, 
 horfe-races, Spanifh dances, mu- 
 fick, and plays. And when they 
 have amind fora feaft, they think 
 nothing too. much to fpend on 
 the friars, &c. fa the neighbour- 
 hood are feveral farms well {tock- 
 ed with cattle, and fome fugar- 
 plantations. The days here are 
 fo hot, that both the friars and 
 Indians wear towels about their 
 necks, in order to wipe. off the 
 
 continual fweat; but the evenings 
 
 
 
 are cool, and fpent in walks and 
 gardens neat the river-fide, Wheat 
 is brought here from the Spanifh 
 Chiapa, and of it they make 
 hard bifcuit. Thefe the poorer 
 fort of Spaniards and Indians car- 
 ry about, in order to exchange 
 them for cotton, wool, &c. 
 
 _ CHILMARK, atown in Mar- 
 tha’s Vineyard, Plymouth colony, 
 New England, whofe chief inha- 
 bitants are fifhermen. It is fi- 
 tuated at the S.W. part of the 
 ifland, on a fmail creek, and a- 
 bout 8 miles W. of Tifbury. 
 
 Cxuoco, feveral mines of filver 
 in Mexico. 
 
 CHOWEN county, in the dif- 
 triét of Edenton, in N. Carolina, 
 in a fwampy foil, being furround- 
 ed by water, viz. E. by Pequi- 
 man’s fiver, S. by Albemarle- 
 Sound, W. by Chowen river; and 
 in it ftands the towns of Hert- 
 ford and Edenton. 
 
 CHRISTIANSTED, the prin- 
 cipal town in the Ifland of Santa 
 Cruz. Jt is fituated on the N. 
 fide of the ifland, in a fine har- 
 bour, It is the refidence of the 
 Danith Governor, and is defend- 
 ed by a Rony fortrefs, 
 
 CHR 
 
 - Sr, CorrIsToPHER’s or Sr. 
 Kitr’s, an ifland in the Weft- 
 Indies, the principal of the Caribe 
 bees, which gave birth to all the 
 Englith and Frerich colonies there, 
 It is 15 leagues W. from Antigtia. 
 The French and Englifh arrived 
 here the fame day, in 1625; they 
 divided the ifland between them, 
 agreeing, however, that hunting, 
 filhing, the mines and forelts, 
 fhould be in common, Three 
 years after their fettliag the Spa- 
 niards drove them away; they 
 foon returned, and continued to 
 live in good harmony till 1666, 
 when war being commenced be- 
 tween England and France, St. 
 Chriftopher’s became, at different 
 periods, the fcene of war ahd 
 bloodfhed for half a century. In 
 1702 the French were entirely ex- 
 pelled, and the peace of Utrecht 
 confirmed this ifland to the Eng- 
 hifh. . This ifland is about 14 
 leagues in circuit, the length be- 
 ing about 5, and the breadth one 
 league and a half, except towards 
 the S. where it is narrowed into 
 an ifthmus, which joins it toa 
 head-land, about 1 league long, 
 and halfa Jeague broad. It con- 
 tains in the whole abont 68 fquate 
 miles, The center of the ifland 
 is taken up by a great number of 
 high and barren mountains, in= 
 terfe€ted by rocky precipices al- 
 moft impaffable, in many places 
 of which iffue hot fprings. Mount 
 Mifery, which feems to be a dé 
 
 - cayed volcano, whofe head is in 
 
 the clouds, is the higheft of all 
 thefe mountains, its perpendicu- 
 Jar height being 3711 feet; ata 
 little diftance it bears the refem- 
 blance of a man carrying another 
 on his back, The affemblage of 
 thefe mountains makes St, Chrif- 
 tophér’s appear, to thofe who ap= 
 proach by fea, like one huge 
 mountain, covered with weet, 
 but they find, as they come nearet, 
 that the coaft grows eafier, as well 
 as the affent of the mountains, 
 which rifing oné above another, 
 
 ate cultivated as high as poflible. 
 
 a 
 
CHR 
 
 The climate is hot, thorgh, from 
 the height of the country, much 
 lefs than might be expected, the 
 air pure and healthy, but un- 
 luckily fubjeé& to frequent ftorms 
 and hurricanes, as well as earth- 
 quakes, In Aug, 30, 1772, they 
 experienced a moft dreadful ftorm, 
 which did immenfe damage in 
 that and the adjoining iflands. 
 
 The foil in general is light and 
 fandy, but very fruirfol, and well 
 watered by feveral rivulets which 
 run down both fides of the monn- 
 tains; it produces plenty of ma- 
 nioc, a quantity of eatable roots, 
 vegetables, fruits, &c. as well as 
 excellent timber, The whole 
 ifland is covered with plantations, 
 “well managed, whofe owners, not- 
 ed for the foftnefs of their man- 
 ners, live in agreeable, clean, and 
 convenient habitations, which are 
 in general built with cedar, and 
 their lands hedged with orange 
 and lemon trees. The whole of 
 their plantations take’ up 44,cco 
 acres; and it is aflerted that oniy 
 24,0C0 are fit for canes, but the 
 fugar is excellent, 
 
 They have two confiderable 
 towns in the ifland, the principal 
 of which is Baffeterre, forme:ly 
 the capital of the French part. 
 The other is called Sandy Point, 
 and always belonged to the Eng- 
 lifh. There is no harbour, nor 
 any thing that has the appearance 
 of any; on the contrary, the furf 
 is continually beating on the fan- 
 dy fore at the few places fit to 
 and at; which not only prevents 
 the building of any key or wharf, 
 but renders the landing or fhip- 
 ping goods inconvenient, and fre- 
 quently dangerous; they have 
 been obliged to adopt a particu- 
 Jar method to embark or put the 
 heavy goods, fuch as hogtheads of 
 fugar and rum, on board; for 
 which purpefe they ufe a fmall 
 
 boat, of-a particular conftrudtion, | 
 
 called a mofes: this boat fets off 
 from the fhip with fome adtive 
 and expert rowers; when they fee 
 what they call a lull, that is, an 
 
 CabhiU 
 
 abatement in the violence of the | 
 
 furge, they pufh to land, and lay 
 the fices of the mofes on the 
 
 ftvand, and the hogthead is rolled q 
 into it; andthe fame precautions 
 
 are ufed in conveying it to the 
 fhip. In this inconvenient and 
 very hazardous manner fugars are 
 conveyed on board by fingle hogf- 
 heads; rum, and other goods that 
 will bear the water, are generally 
 floated to the fhip, both in carry- 
 ing to and bringing from the fhip, 
 Calculators differ very much in 
 their accounts of the population of 
 this ifland; fome make the whcle 
 number of its inhabitants only 
 amount to 70c0 
 20,000 blacks; others make them 
 10,0c0 whites, and 30,000 blacks; 
 however, it is certain that this is 
 one of the iflands belonging to 
 the Englith, where there is the 
 leaft. difproportion between the 
 mafters and flaves, In 1770 the ex- 
 portations of this ifland amounted 
 to above 419,ccol. fterling in fu- 
 gar, molaffcs, and rum, and near 
 8ocol. for cotton. 
 
 The pubhe affairs are admini- 
 {tered by a governor, a council, 
 and an aflembly chofen from the 
 nine parifkes into which the 
 
 ifland is divided, and have each > 
 
 a large and handfome church. It 
 has received immenfe damage by 
 feveral ftorms. 
 CHURCHILL-RIVER, a large 
 ftream in New South Wales, one 
 of the northern countries in A- 
 Merica; at the mouth of which 
 the Hudfon’s-bay company have 
 a fort and fettlement. It lies in 
 about let. 59, and long. 95. The 
 trade here is increafing, being at 
 too great a diftance from the 
 French for them to interfere with 
 it, In the year 1742 it amounted 
 
 to 20,0co beaver fkins, when ae. 
 
 bout 100 upland Indians came hi- 
 ther in their canoes to trade ; 
 and about 200 northern Indians 
 brcught their furs and {kins upon 
 fledges. Some of them came down 
 the river of Seals, 15 leagues 
 
 fouthward of Churchill, in iheis 
 
 whites, and 7 
 
 ¢ 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 CT-N 
 
 eanoes, and brought their furs 
 from thence by land. To the 
 northward of Churchill are no. 
 beavers, no fuch ponds or woods 
 being there as thofe animals chufe 
 to live in, or feed upon : but they 
 have great numbers of martens, 
 foxes, bears, rein-deer, buffaloes, 
 and other beafts cloathed with 
 rich furs. The country is moftly 
 rocky, and covered with white 
 mofs, upon which the rein-deer, 
 or cariboux, feed; as alfo the 
 moofe, buffaloes, and fome deer. 
 Here is a great deal of fmall 
 wood of the fpruce, or fir kind, 
 near the old factory. But the 
 wood improves as it is farther up 
 the river from the bay, where 
 they have juniper, birch, and pop- 
 dar. And more foutherly the 
 timber is large, and they have 
 there a great variety of trees, 
 They labour onder great incon- 
 veniencies at the company’s new 
 -fort, which ftanding on a rock 
 _ without hhelter, clofe by the fhore, 
 and furrounded with fnow and 
 ice for eight months of the year, 
 is expofed to all the winds and 
 ftorms that blow. Here is no 
 ‘conveniency for grafs, hay, or 
 gardening: and yet they had four 
 or five horfes, and a bull, with 
 two cows, near the factory, for 
 feeding of which they were o- 
 bliged, in winter, to bring their 
 _ hay from a marthy bottom, fome 
 miles up the river, It is faid that 
 there is a communication between 
 the rivers of Churchill and Nel- 
 fon, at a great diftance within 
 land; or a very fhort land-car- 
 riage between them. For the In- 
 dians who trade here, tell the 
 Enelifh, what chiefs, with their 
 followers, go down to Ne!fon, or 
 Albany rivers. 
 
 CINALOA, a province in the 
 ‘audience of Guadalaxara, in Old 
 Mexico, or New Spain ; it is the 
 moft northern in the audience, 
 and ftretches out the fartheft to 
 the W. I: has the gulph of Ca- 
 lifornia on the W. the province of 
 Coliacan on the S, and the king- 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 CLA 
 dom of New Mexico on the Ne 
 and E. From the S. E. to the 
 N. E, it is about 10} leaguess 
 and not above 40 where broadeft. 
 On the E. fide it is bounded by 
 a ridge of high craggy mountains, 
 called Tepecfuan, zoor 40 leagnes 
 from the fea; from which ron 
 feveral {mall rivers, whofe banks 
 are inhabited by the natives for. 
 the fake of fifhing, The air is 
 ferene and healthy ; and, befides 
 paltures, abounds with cattle of all 
 kind ; the foil bears all forts of 
 fruit and grain, particularly In- 
 
 -dian wheat, as alfo cotton, with 
 
 the manufacture of which the na- 
 tives cloath themfelves after the 
 Mexican fafhion, both fexes wear 
 ing very long hair. They are a 
 tall, lufty, and warlike people, 
 formerly ufing bows and poifoned 
 arrows, with clubs of hard wood, 
 and buckles of ared wood. The 
 
 Spaniards found a great deal of 
 
 difficulty in fubduing them, 
 
 Ciyr1pap REAL, or ROYAL 
 City, in the province of Chiapa, 
 and audience of Guatimala, in 
 New Spain, or Old Mexico, ro 
 leagues N. W. from the town of 
 Guatimala. It is a bifhoprick, 
 and feat of the courts of juftice, 
 It lies in a plain, between the 
 North and South feas; inhabited 
 by Spaniards, and a few Indians. 
 See Chiapa. 
 
 CLARENDON, a county of 
 Carolina, to the N. of Santeé- 
 river. In this county is the fa- 
 mous Cape Fear, at the mouth of 
 the faid river. Acolony from | 
 Barbadoes formerly fettled here- 
 abouts. See Carolina. The In- 
 dians in this neighbourhood are 
 reckoned the moft barbarous in 
 all the province. In this county 
 is Waterey-river, or Winyann, 
 about 25 leagues from ‘Athley- 
 river, being capacious enough to 
 receive large vefleis; but inferior 
 to Port-Royal; nor is it much in- 
 habited. Between this and Cla-— 
 rendon-river is another favall one, 
 called Wingen-river, and a little 
 fettlement which has the name of 
 
\ 
 
 OR 
 Charles-town, and is but thinly 
 inhabited. In the maps we find 
 a town here, called) Brunfwick- 
 town, on the fca-coaft, in lat. 
 Bis'3s 
 
 Cosan. See Vera Paz. 
 
 CospHAM, a town on the S, 
 bank of James-river, Virginia, 
 oppofite James-town, zo miles 
 N. W. of Suffclk. 
 
 CosHaAM-IsLe, mentioned by 
 Captain Middleton in the journal 
 of his voyage for finding a N.E. 
 paffage. Its two extremities bear 
 
 N. by E. and E. by N. lying in 
 
 Jat. 63. and long. from Churchill, 
 
 3, 40. which he takes to be the 
 fame which Fox called Brook 
 Cobham. 
 
 CoHANZY, a river of. Weft 
 Jerfey, and, though fmall, is yet 
 deep, and navigable for fmall 
 craft. On it is a town of the 
 fame name, 10 or 12 miles up the 
 river, containing about 80 fami- 
 lies, who follow the Gfhery. 
 
 CoLcHESTER, a town in 
 Fai: fax county, Virginia, on the 
 N. fide of Occoqran -river, a 
 branch of Potowmeck river, 16 
 miles S. of Belhaven, and 12 
 N.E. cf Dumfries. 
 
 CoLiMA, a large and rich 
 town of Mechoacan, and New- 
 Spain, fituated on the South-Sea, 
 
 _ near the borders of Xalifco, and 
 
 in the moft pleafant and fruitful 
 
 »valley in ail Mexico, producing 
 _eccoa, caffia, and other things of 
 
 value, befides fome gold. Dam- 
 pier takes notice of a volcano near 
 it, with two (harp peaks, from 
 
 “which fmoke and flame iffue con- 
 
 tinually. In the neighbourhood 
 grows the famous plant oleacazan, 
 which is reckoned a catholicon for 
 reftoring decayed firengih, and 
 a fpecifie againft all forts of poi- 
 fon. The natives apply the leaves 
 to the part affected, and judge of 
 
 the. fuccefs of the operation by 
 their flicking or falling off, 
 
 CoLLETON, a county of Ca- 
 rolina, It is fituated to the N. 
 of Granville councy, and watered 
 by the river Stono, which is joined 
 
 * 
 
 -bourhood, where the Spaniards 4 
 
 for cattle, nor the neceflary ma- 
 
 COM 
 
 by a cut to’ Wadmoolaw river 
 The N.E. part is full of Indian ~ 
 feitlements ; and the Stono and. ~ 
 other rivers form an ifland, called 
 Boone’s Ifland, a little below 
 Charles-:own,which is well plant- 
 ed and inhabited. ‘The chief ri- 
 vers in this county are North 
 Ediftow and South Ediftow, For 
 two or three miles up the latter, 
 the plantations are thick on both 
 fides, and they coniinue for three 
 or four miles higher on the N. 
 fide ; and there the river branch- 
 ing out meets with North-Ediftow 
 river. This county is reckoned 
 to have 2co freeholders who vote 
 for aflembiy-men, and fend two 
 members. F 
 
 CoLLERADO, a river in the - 
 moft northern part of California. 
 —See Califtrnia. 
 
 ComMANOEsS,oneof the fmall 
 Virgin Ifles, ftuated to the N.N.E. 
 of Tortula, Longitude 63. la- 
 titude 18, 25. 
 
 ComPosTEeLLA, the moft 
 confiderable-city, though not the 
 capital, of the province of Xa- 
 litcho, and audience of Guaca- 
 laxara, in New Spain. It is fitu- 
 ated near. the South Sea, about © 
 go.miles N. of it, This isa rich © 
 town, and has feveral mines of © 
 filver at St. Pecaque, in its neigh- © 
 
 
 
 keep many hundred flaves at work 
 in them. But the city is in a © 
 bad fituation, the foil being fo 
 barren, that there is no pafture 
 
 | 
 terials for building houfes; and — 
 the air is. fo hot and moift, that 
 it breeds feveral infedis. The j 
 Spaniards built Compoftella in © 
 1531, and made it a bifhop’s fea; © 
 but becaufe of its bad air, it was © 
 transferred to Guadalaxara. “The © 
 Spaniards: are not very numerous 1 
 throughout this. whole audience, — 
 except in the two cities of Guall 
 dalaxera and Compoftella. The — 
 Meft'zo’s, indeed, make a con-_ 
 fiderable figure both in regard of 
 number and eftate. But the bulk © 
 of the people are the natives, 
 
 “* 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 CON 
 who in general are well treated 
 here, as being braver and more 
 pelite than any of their coun:ry- 
 men, and well affected to the Spa- 
 niards, efpecially their priefts, tho’ 
 far from being fuch flaves to 
 them as in other parts of New 
 Spain. Lat, 21, 4. long. 107, 0. 
 
 Cowa, an ifland near the coaft 
 of New Andalufia, on the Terra 
 Firma, in America, 
 
 Concorb, a fmall town> near 
 Bofton, in New England, in the 
 province of Mafachufets-Bay, and 
 county of Middlefex, near which 
 was the firft attack of the King’s 
 froops on Apftil 10, 1775. It is 
 fituated on the river Concord,over 
 which it has a bridge. 
 
 CONNECTICUT RIVER. 
 This river rifes in lat. 45, 10, in 
 Jong. 71, 30, in a fwampy cove, 
 and at ten miles diftance, having 
 tumbled over four feparate fulls, 
 proceeds to a fmall diftance from 
 St. Francis’s Waters, from it pro- 
 ceeds over feveral falls to Rock- 
 ingham townfhip, where it paffes 
 with great rapidity between two 
 rocks not 30 feet afinder, and, 
 after forming an extenfive bafon, 
 continues the courfe nearly S. be- 
 tween the new fettlements, and 
 forms the boundary-line between 
 the provinces of Maflachufets-Bay 
 and New-York, over feveral falls, 
 and entering the province of Con- 
 necticut, proceeds to Hertford 
 town, very near which the tide 
 flows, and where it meeting with 
 a level country, ‘leaves its (traight 
 courfe, and becomes more crook- 
 ed, Hence for 36 miles, running 
 by Weathersficld, Kenfingtoa, 
 Middleton, Haddam, and Dur- 
 ham on the W, Glaffenbury and 
 Windham ‘on the E. runs into 
 Long Ifland Sound, 
 
 CONNECTICUT, a province 
 in New England, (comprehending 
 New Haven, though deemed a 
 county,) bounded on the W. by 
 New York and Hudfon’s river, 
 divided from Long Ifland by an 
 arm of the fea fouthward 3 it has 
 
 Rhode Ifland, with part of Maf- 
 
 . navigation, 
 
 i 
 
 fachufets colony, on the E. and 
 the refidue of Maflachnfets on the 
 N. The Conneéticut river, which 
 is one of the largeft and beft in. 
 New England, runs through the 
 heart of it, dividing itfelf into. 
 different parts, and “is navigable 
 above 4o.miles for fhips of bar- 
 then, and many more for fmaller 
 veffels. The country on both 
 fides the river ebounds with tim- 
 ber, and it is here that they pro- 
 duce fo great a quantity of tar and: 
 turpentine as to require numbers 
 of hands to extraét it. The bnfi- 
 nefs of the people here is, befide 
 filheries, that of timber- felling, 
 or cutting timber for knee-tim- 
 ber, plank for fhip-building,deals, 
 baulks, and fpars for houfes, 
 mafts and yards for fhips. And 
 the new-Englind merchants fent 
 a prefent to Charles II, of feveral 
 mafts fo large as to ferve for firft- 
 rates. The great floats of this 
 timber brought down this river 
 have very much improved their 
 Several forts of me- 
 tals have been found here, as 
 lead, iron, copper. The iron- 
 mines are {till worked,and greatly 
 improved; but the attempts to 
 raife a {tock for working the lead 
 and copper have failed. The co- 
 lony is populous and increafing, 
 containing about 1G2,000 people, 
 This coloay is divided into the 
 counties of Windham, Hertford, 
 Litchfield, New London, New- 
 Haven, and Fairfield, Lat. 42,> 
 To. long. 72, 50. 
 
 ' ConnestTicucune, a fettle- 
 ment a little to the N. of Al- 
 bany, in the county of that name, 
 and to the Eaftward of Schenec- 
 tady or the Mohawk’s river, whica 
 a little lower tumbles down a pre- . 
 cipice of about 70 feet high.—See 
 Albany. 
 
 Cooper’s IsLAnp, one of 
 the leffer Virgin Ifles in the Welt - 
 Indies, fituated on the S. W- of 
 Ginger Ifland. Jt is about five 
 miles long, and one broad; but 
 not inhabited. Long, 62, 57. 
 lat, 18, 5. 
 
 
 
COW 
 
 CorcAs, or GRAND Cor- 
 CAS, an ifland almoft in the form 
 of a crefcent, N, of St. Domingo, 
 in the Windward Paflage, about 
 7 leagues W. of Turk’s Ifland, 
 and about 20 E, of Little Inagua, 
 or Heneagua. Long. 70, 55, 
 lat. 21, 55. 
 
 CoRN WALL, a town in Litch- 
 field county, Conneéticut, near 
 the Stratford river, 11 miles S, of 
 Salifoury, and 7 N. of Kent. 
 
 CosTaA RICA, a province of 
 New Spain, It fignifies the rich 
 coaft, and is fo called from its 
 rich mines of gold and filver, 
 thofe of Tinfigal being preferred 
 by the Spaniards to the mines of 
 Potofi ; but otherwife it is moun- 
 tainous and barren. It is bounded 
 by Veraguas province on the S.E, 
 and that of Nicaragua onthe N.E. 
 It reaches from the North to the 
 South Sea, about go leagues from 
 E. to W. and is 50 where broadeft 
 from N. to S. it has much the 
 fame produétions as its neigh- 
 bouring provinces. The foil in 
 
 fome parts is good, and it pro-_ 
 
 duces cocoa. On the North Sea 
 it has ‘two large convenient bays, 
 the moft wefierly called St. Je- 
 rom’s,and that near the frontiers of 
 Veraguas called Caribaco; and on 
 the South Sea it has feveral bays, 
 
 capes, and convenient places for 
 ar chorage, 
 
 CouRTLAND, a manor in 
 the county of Weft Chefter, and 
 province of New York, It fends 
 a member to the General Aflem- 
 bly —See Weft Chefier. 
 ~ CoURTLAND,.a town in the 
 above manor, on the E. bank of 
 the Hudfon river, on. St. An- 
 thony’s Nofe, 40 miles off New 
 York, 
 
 CoweETTA,atown of Georgia, 
 to which General Oglethorpe had 
 travelled, and is not lefs than 
 sco miles from Frederica, It be- 
 longs to the Creek Indians, And 
 here the faid General conferred 
 not only with the chiefs of all 
 the tribes of this nation, but alfo 
 with the deputies of the Cottaws: 
 
 CRE 
 
 and Chickefaws, who lie between 
 the Englifh and French fettle- 
 ments, and made a new treaty ~~ 
 with the natives of the Lower 
 Creeks more ample than the for- 
 mer ones, Lat. 30, 20. long. go,, 
 10, 
 
 Cows-IstanpD.—See Vache. 
 
 CRABs-ISLE, or BORIQUEN, 
 an ifland fituated on the S. fide 
 of Porto Rico. It had the for- 
 mer name from the buccaneers, 
 as abounding with all kinds of 
 that fhell-ffh It is a fine large 
 ifland, in which are both: hills 
 and vallies, planted with oranges 
 and citrons, and the Englith fet- 
 tled on it in the year 17185; but 
 is now quite defert : for the Spas 
 niards,, not liking fuch neigh- 
 bours, furprized and took the 
 place i in 1720, and carried off the 
 women and children to. Porto 
 Rico and. St. Domingo... Lat. 18, 
 to. long. 64, 10. 
 
 Craven, a county in the pro- 
 vince of S. Carolina, lying along 
 the banks of the river Congaree, 
 or Santee. Jt is pretty wel! in- 
 habited by Englifh and French 
 proteftants. In this county, is 
 Sewee river, where fome families 
 from New England fettled.. In 
 1706, the French landed here; 
 but were vigoroufly oppofed by 
 this little colony, who beat off 
 the invaders, having forced them 
 to leave many of ‘their compa- 
 nions dead behind them, Jn this 
 county are no towns, only two 
 forts on the Southern bank’ of 
 Santee river : the one, called She- 
 niningh fort, is about 45 miles 
 above the mouth of the river; 
 the other called Congaree, an 
 Englith fort, which flands 65 
 miles above the former. 
 
 Craven County, in the dif- 
 tri& of Newbern, N. Carolina, 
 in which ftands Newbern, the ca- 
 pital of the province, through | 
 which runs the river Nufe, the 
 N. boundary from Pitt county, — 
 Fort Barnwell alfo flands on the 
 fame river, in this county. 
 
 CREEK or YAMACRAW Jne 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CUB 
 _ dians, 2 people of Georgia, whofe 
 ‘King, Tomo-Chichi, with his 
 ' Queen and fon, came over to 
 ‘England with General Oglethorpe 
 - inthe year 1734. There are na- 
 + fions both of the Upper and 
 _ Lower Creeks; a country fo called 
 from its being interfe€ted with 
 Tivers, and extending from the 
 fiver Savannah to the lakes of 
 Florida ,the Cherokees mountains, 
 and the river Couffa. 
 
 St. Croix, a river in Nova 
 
 cotia, the E, boundary of 
 Maflachulets-Bay province. 
 - CrookebD IsLanbD, a {mall 
 ‘ifland in the Windward Paflage, 
 _ where the fhipping frequently take 
 > in wood and water. It lies E. of 
 - Long Ifland, and is reckoned 
 among the Bahama Iflands. 
 — Crown Pornrt, a fort built 
 by the French, in the province of 
 » New York. See New York. 
 
 Cusa, the moft confiderable 
 ifland of the Great Antilles, and 
 “one of the fineft in the univerfe. 
 _ It hes ftretched out from W, to 
 E. having Florida and Lucayos 
 on the N. Hifpaniola on the W, 
 “Jamaica, and the fouthern con- 
 ) tinent, on che S, and the Gulf of 
 ~ Mexico on the E, It lies between 
 19.30. and 23. of N. latitude, 
 sand between 74. and 87. of W. 
 Tongitude. It is 220 leagues in 
 Tength, and in the broadeft part, 
 / which is toward the ifland of Hif- 
  paniola, 40 leagues; in the nar- 
 ‘rowelt about 12, leaving between 
 its fhores and the fouthern flats of 
 Florida, a channel of about 22 
 Neagues, through which the waters 
 4 pidity into the 
 
 ‘ 
 
 Se: 
 
 Fun with preat ra 
 _ Atlantic ocean. 
 
 "It lies within the Tropick of 
  Gancer, and is by far the mot 
 “temperate and pleafant of all the 
 Antilles. The Europeans, who 
 “are generally troubled with the 
 "heat of thefe parts, confefs them- 
 “felves agreeably refrefhed by the 
 _ Cooling winds, which blow morn- 
 “ing and evening throughout the 
 ~ land. 
 
 | This land is divided into three 
 
 ee ey oe os 
 
 ~ 
 
 Cus. 
 
 grand diftriéts, which have each 2 
 commander, all under the gover- 
 nor of the Havanna, the capital 
 of the principal diftri@ as well as 
 of the ifland, The chief place of 
 the fecond is Spiritu Santo, alittle 
 town in the inland part, whofe 
 port is another {mall town called 
 La Trinidad, on the S, fide of the ~ 
 ifland. The third is that of St. 
 Jago, at the eaftern extremity. 
 This ifland is 13 leagues from St. 
 Domingo, and the ftrait between 
 them is known by the name of 
 the Windward Paflage. ; 
 
 As to the foil, ic differs pretty 
 much in the feveral parts of the 
 ifland, All the weftern part of 
 the country is plain, and, if ic 
 were properly cultivated, mighe 
 be fruitful. The eaftern part is 
 exceedingly mountainous, and 
 from thence there runs a chain of 
 hills almoft throvgh the whole 
 ifland; but the farther W. you 
 go they are the lefs rough and 
 barren. From thefe hills there 
 run down to the North, and S, 
 many rivers, and amongft them 
 fome pretty confiderable ones, 
 which, befides their beftowing 
 verdure and coolnefs as they pats, 
 are full of fith, and aligators, of 
 which there are thought to be 
 more than in any other part of 
 the world. The greateft incons. 
 veniency in Cuba isits being overs 
 grown with woods. Amongtft 
 thefe, however, there are fome 
 very valuable trees, particularly 
 cedars of an enormous fize, and 
 other forts of odoriferous wood. 
 Birds there are of all kinds, more 
 than in any other of the iflands, 
 
 This ifland was difcovered by 
 the famous Chriftopher Colum- 
 bus, in 1492, who had a very 
 flight view of it, which yet was 
 fatal to the natives, for they. hay- 
 ing prefented him with gold, fome 
 pieces of which he carried into 
 Spain, it occafioned an immediate 
 refolution to fettle in it. This 
 was performed in sir, by John 
 Velafquez, who tranfported hither 
 about om foot, and 80 horfe, 
 
“CUB 
 
 who did not lofe a fingle man ; 
 the Indians, being mild and 
 peaceable, fubmitted themfelves 
 with cagernefs to the Spaniards, 
 who foon in return exterminated 
 them, to the amount of 500,000. 
 The breed of European cattle, 
 introduced by the Spaniards, and 
 ‘became wild, bas fo multiplied in 
 the immenfe woods that it is now 
 become one of the principal riches 
 ‘of the ifland, and they export 
 above 12,000 hides anaually to 
 Old Spain. The mountains abound 
 in mines of all kinds; however, 
 they only work thofe of copper, 
 which are in the eaftern part of 
 the ifland; the produce of them 
 ferves for cafting all the cannon 
 the Spaniards make ufe of in the 
 Welt Indies, and a great part of 
 thofe they have in Europe. 
 
 This ifland has great con- 
 veniences both for making of 
 falt, and catching of filh, which 
 are principally barbel and fhad. It 
 has mules, plenty of horfes, 
 theep, wild boars, hogs, and cat- 
 tle of a larger and better breed 
 than any other part of America ; 
 avild and tame fowl, parrots, par- 
 tridges with blue heads, and 
 large tortoifes. Their fhores alfo 
 abound with fea-fowl, particularly 
 a fort of cranes which are white 
 when young, and of various co- 
 lours when old. Here are quarries 
 of flints, and fountains of bitu- 
 men, which is ufed in calking 
 fhips inflead of pitch, as well as 
 in medicinal compofitions. 
 
 Abundance of tobacco, both 
 in leaf and fnuff, is exported 
 hence to New Spain, Cofta Rica, 
 and the South-Sea, befides what 
 is fhipped for Old Spain, &c. in 
 Europe. Another of its trading 
 commodities is Campeachy-wood, 
 and lately they have introduced 
 ‘the cultivation of coffee, and it is 
 computed to have 25,000 flaves, 
 and 30,000 mongrels, independent 
 of thofe in the capital Havanna. 
 
 However, from the depopula- 
 tion of Cuba, the improvements 
 @n it are not fo general, nor fo 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CUL 
 
 _ good in their nature and tendency, 
 as in our iflands. Here are more 
 churches than farms, more priefts 
 than planters, and more lazy bi- 
 gots than ufeful labourers. And: 
 to this it is owing, that fo large 
 an ifland, with a luxuriant foil, 
 befides food for its inhabitants, 
 which is more eafily produced an 
 obtained here than perhaps in an 
 other part of the world, her 
 being forefts with plenty of veni- 
 fon, befides the cattle above-men- 
 tioned, does not produce for ex 
 portation, including even thei 
 hides and tallow, tobacco an 
 fnuff, &c. near the value of o 
 little ifland of Antigua. A {tor 
 in July 1773, did confiderab 
 damage in this ifland. 
 
 The city of St. Jago de Cuba 
 is the moft ancient in the ifland, 
 and is, generally fpeaking, efteem= 
 ed the capital, though now the 
 governor refides at the Havanna, 
 and only fuch of the Spaniards as 
 have eftatcs on the ifland, anf 
 arecontented with their pofleffio t 4 
 without meddling much in trade, 
 inhabit this place, which has @ 
 declining afpect, and preferves 
 only the : ruins of its former greate 
 nefs. Yet even this city has @ 
 noble, fafe, and commodious porty 
 inferior to the Havanna only in 
 - ceo that being on the 
 
 . fide of the ifland, towar¢ 
 a “sna of Bahania, 
 
 N. E. and commands the Wind j 
 ward Paflage. ; 
 Cu sacuA, an ifland of Tert L 
 Firma, from ‘whence it is parted 
 but by a ftrait of 65 miles from 
 Paria, or New Andalufia. It was 
 difcovered by Columbus in 14985 
 it is-about 9 miles long; and ifs 
 fifhery produces the greateft num: 
 ber of pearls, but they are not ¢ 
 the largeft fize. It lies in Latitudl 
 11, 45. long. 64, 12. has but 4 
 few inhabitants, and is fig 
 to Spain. a 
 CULIACAN, a province of 
 Guadalaxara, in the audience @ 
 kingdom of New Galicia, in Ok 
 
 ia 
 

 
 CUM 
 
 a 
 
 | Mexico, or New Spain. It has 
 ~ the province of Cinaloa on the 
 N. New Bifcay and the Zacatacas 
 on the E. Chiametlan on the S, 
 q and the gulf of California on the 
 _ W. Its length, according te Moll, 
 "is fo leagues, and breadth 50. 
 _ The Sanfons make its length 270 
 miles. [t abounds with all forts 
 _ of fruit. When this country was 
 - firft difcovered by the Spaniards, 
 _ they found houfes here built after 
 a ftrange manner, and full of fer- 
 ' pents hiffing at fuch as came near. 
 ' Thefe were often worthipped by 
 the natives, who alleged that the 
 devil frequently appeared to them 
 in that fhape. The great river 
 La Sal in this country is well in- 
  habited on each fide. According 
 ) to Dampier, it is a falt lake, or 
 | bay, in which is good riding at 
 anchor, though it has a narrow 
 éntrance, and runs 12 leagues E. 
 vand parallel with the fhore. Here 
 are feveral Spanith farms and falt- 
 | ponds about it; and 5 leagues 
 ' from it are two rich mines, work- 
 ed by flaves belonging to the 
 i Citizens of Compoftella. Here alfo 
 is another great river, whofe 
 banks are fui] of woods and pa- 
 i ftures. Gazman, who firft dif- 
 covered, or at leaft fubdued this 
 /. part of the country, called it Mu- 
 ; ae or the Women’s-river, as he 
 ' faw a great number of women 
 » here; which gave occafion to the 
 ” fable of Amazons living in this 
 "country, On this river he built a 
 town, to which he gave the name 
 “of St. Michael; which fee. 
 —  CuMana, or ComMana, the 
 | capital of New Andalufia, a pro- 
 Re Vince of Terra Firma, It fome- 
 | times gives its name to the pro- 
 ince. The Spaniards built this 
 ) City in 1520, and it is defended by 
 | a ftrong caftle, This town ftands 
 ‘bear the mouth of a great lake, 
 “or branch of the fea called Lagu- 
 “na de Carriaco; about which are 
 “feveral rich towns ; but its mouth 
 ) is fo thallow, that no fhips of 
 urthen can enterit. It has bute 
 
 4 
 1 
 j 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CUM 
 
 The privateers were once repulfed, 
 
 - at Cumana, without daring to at- 
 
 tempt it any more, being’ the 
 only place in the North-Seas they 
 had in yain attempted. It is fituat- 
 ed three leagues S. of the North 
 Sea, andto the S. W. of Margaret~ 
 taifland. Lat.g, 55. long 65, 3. 
 
 CuMANAGATE, a fmall town 
 inabay on the coaft of Terra Fir- 
 ma, in the Weft-Indies, in the 
 province of Cumana, or Andalufia, 
 It is fitaated on a low flat fhore, 
 which abounds with oyfters that 
 produce pearls. 
 
 CUMBERLAND Bay, in the 
 moft northern countries of Ame~ 
 ricae Its mouth lies under the 
 polar circle, and runs to the 
 N. W. and it is thought to com- 
 municate with Baffin’s- bay on 
 the N. Inthe cod of Cumber- 
 land-bay are feveral {mall iflands, 
 called Cumberland Iflands. None 
 but the Englith, as Martiniere 
 obferves, call that bay Cumber- 
 land-bay ; and De Lifle does not 
 mention it. 
 
 CUMBERLAND county, in 
 Wet Jerfey, has the Delawar- 
 bay, on the S. and W, of the 
 county, and Greenwich is the 
 county town. 
 
 CuMBERLAND, a county of 
 Maffachufets-Bay, formerly the 
 territory Sagodock. See the arti- 
 cle Main. 
 
 CUMBERLAND, a county in 
 Penfylvania, the largeft and moft 
 weftern in the whole province, 
 and is very mountainous, 
 
 CuMBERLAND, a town in 
 New Kent county, Virginia, on 
 Pamunky-river, 317 miles S. E. 
 of Newecaftle, 11 W. of Delawar, 
 and 26 Ni W. from Williamf- 
 burgh, t 
 
 CUMBERLAND ISLAND, iff 
 Georgia, is about twenty miles S. 
 of the town of Frederica. On it 
 are the two forts called William 
 and St. Andrew’s, The former . 
 which is at its S.end, and com- 
 mands the inlet of Amelia-found, 
 is ftrongly pallifadoed and de- 
 fended by eight picces of cannon, 
 
 F2 a 
 
2 < 
 
 CUR 
 
 barracks are built here for 220 
 men, befides {tore-houfes, With- 
 in the pallifadoes are fine fprings 
 of water, and a_timber-houfe, 
 with large magazines under it for 
 amunition and provifions, 
 
 CUMBERLAND -HaRBOUR, 
 i the S, E. part of the ifland of 
 Cuba, one of the Great Antilles, 
 was formerly called Walthenam. 
 But adoiiral Vernon, and general 
 Wentworth, who arrived here 
 with a fquadron in July, 1541, 
 Made an encampment on fhore, 
 where they built a fort, giving it 
 the prefest name, in honovr of 
 the duke of Cumberland, It is 
 one of the fineft harbours in the 
 ‘Welt - Indies, capable of fhelter- 
 
 ‘ing any number of fhips from 
 
 hurricanes : it lies in a wholefome 
 country, abounding with cattle 
 and provifions, and a fine frefh- 
 water river, which the admiral 
 called Augufta, and is navigable 
 for feveral leagues. This harbour is 
 about 20 leagues E. from St, Jago 
 de Cuba, with thick woods molt- 
 ly all the way to it. Here the 
 Englith forces having ftayed till 
 almoft the end of November 
 following, were, by reafon of the 
 ficknefs among them, extremely 
 diminifhed, and being obliged 
 to quit the ifland, were carried 
 back to Jamaica. Liar. 20, 30. 
 long. 76, 50. 
 
 * Curacao, CurAssow, or 
 QUERISAO, one of the Leeward 
 or Little AntillesTflands: itis the 
 only ifland of importance which 
 the Dutch poffefs in the Weft- 
 Indies. The northmoft point .of 
 
 - this ifland lies about 20 leagues 
 
 from the main, or Terra Firma, 
 N. E. of Cape Roman. It is 
 about 15 leagues in length, and 
 4 broad, The ifland is almof 
 every where ragged and flony, as 
 well as barren, and.very badly 
 watered; neither is its climate 
 healthy or agreeable, and does not 
 produce fufficient to maintain its 
 inhabitants 24 hours, yet by the 
 regulation of its mafters, there is 
 no place in the Weft Indies where 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‘cuR 
 want is lefs felt. On the S. fide — 
 near the W. extremity is a good 
 harbour, called Santa Barbara, — 
 but its principal one is aboutthree 
 leagues from the $. E. end, onthe 
 N. fide of it, where the Dutch © 
 have a very good town and ftrong 
 fort, called St. Joris’s-Bay. Ships — 
 bound in thither muft be fure to — 
 keep clofe to the mouth of the ~ 
 harbour, and have a rope ready 
 to fend one end a-fhore to the 
 fort: for there is no anchoring © 
 at the entrance of the harbour; — 
 but being once got in, it is a very 
 fecure port, either to carcen oF” 
 lie fafe. At the E. end are two 
 hills; one of them much higher 
 than the other, and fleepeft to= 7 
 wards the N. fide. It has another ~ 
 good bay on the W. nearthe mid- © 
 dle of the ifland, called St. Mare” 
 tha’s-Bay. Alfo Bay St. Ann, © 
 near the S&. W, end, which is de- 
 fended by Fort Amfterdam, Some — 
 merchants have ereéted fugar= 
 works, which formerly was all” 
 pafture-land for cattle. Here are 
 alfo fome plantations of potatoes 
 and yams; and they have will 
 great numbers of cattle on the 
 ifland. But it is not fo much 
 efteemed for its produce, as its 
 fitvation for trade with the Spani 
 continent ; for the Dutch {muggle 
 confiderably with the fettlements 
 of that nation on the Terra Firma, 
 Formerly .the harbour was nes 
 ver without fhips from Carthas 
 gena and Porto Bello, which ufed 
 to byy of the Dutch about 1000 
 or 1500 negroes ata time, befides” 
 great quantities of European com= 
 modities. But of late that tradé 
 has fallen into the hands of the 
 Englifh at Jamaica, Yet ftill the 
 Dutch have a vaft trade all over 
 the Weft-Indies, fending frott 
 Holland thips of good force which 
 are laden with Enropean goo 
 whereby they make very profi 
 ble returns. Latitude 12, 0. longs 
 68, 0 ‘ 
 
 CuRRITUCK, a maritim 
 county, in the diftri€t of Edi 
 in North-Carolina, ‘It is j 
 

 
 BD AR 
 te the main land, by an ifthmus, 
 being furrounded by water, viz. 
 on the E. by Currituck Sound, on 
 ' the S. by Albemarle Sound, and 
 W. by North river. : 
 
 CuRRITUCK, a fea-port town 
 in North-Carolina, in the county 
 of Currituck, at which place isa 
 cuftom-houfe, with a colleétor. 
 It (tands on an ifland, and has an 
 inlet and found of the fame name 
 a little South of it. 
 
 CuzuMeEL, an ifland in the 
 province of Yucatan, and audience 
 of Mexico, in South America, in 
 the bay of Honduras, 15 leagues 
 long, and five broad. The ad- 
 venturers who ufed to tonch here, 
 .when they went upon difcoveries 
 from the ifle of Cuba, called it 
 Santa Cruz, fromits chief town, It 
 dies four leagues to the E. of the 
 lake of Bacalal, in Latitude 19. 
 long. 87- 
 
 D 
 
 ANBURY, a town in Fair- 
 
 field county, Connecticut, on 
 a branch. of the river Stratford, 
 ro miles N. E. of Ridgefield, 7 
 miles E. from New-town, and 13 
 S. of New Fairfield. 
 
 DariEN, IsTHMUS OF, or 
 Terra FrrMa, properly fo call- 
 ed, is that country lying between 
 the Gulph of Darien and Mexico, 
 or New Spain, along the coaft of 
 the North and South Seas. It is 
 that narrow neck of land which 
 joins South and North America 
 together ; and otherwife called the 
 Iitthmus of Panama, or of Ame- 
 rica, On the W, fide, its fouthern 
 coaft extends to long. 83. W. 
 from London; but its northern 
 docs not extend beyond longitude 
 82. Beyond the great river Da- 
 rien the land fpreads to E, and 
 N.E. as that on the other fide 
 does to the N, and N. W.. fo that 
 -it cannot any further be called an 
 ifthmus. It is moftly compre- 
 hended between lat. 5 and 1o, 
 and near 300 miles long. But its 
 breadth in the narrowelt part is 
 
 
 
 
 DAR 
 about 55 or 60 miles from fea to 
 fea, t 
 
 On the Nand E. it is fufi- 
 ciently bounded by each of the 
 vaft oceans. And confidering that 
 this is the narroweft land which 
 disjoins them, and how great’ the 
 compafs is which muft be fetched 
 from onefhore to the other by fea, 
 having North and South Ames 
 rica for each extreme, it is of a 
 very fiagular Gtuation, being ex+ 
 tremely pleafant and agreeable. . 
 
 Nor does either of the oceans 
 fall in at once upon the fhore, but 
 is intercepted by a fSreat many 
 valuable iflands that hie feattered 
 along each coaft. ‘Fhofe ia the 
 gulf of Darien are principally 
 three, viz. Golden-ifland ; ano= 
 ther, the biggeft of the three, and 
 the ifland of Pines; befides thefe, 
 are the Samballoes-iflands, great 
 numbers of them difleminated im 
 a row, and collaterally at very 
 unequal diftances. ; 
 
 The land of this continent is 
 of an unequal furface. The val- 
 lies are generally watered with 
 rivers,. brooks, and perennial. 
 fprings, ‘They fall fome into the 
 N. and others into the South Sea; 
 and moft of them: take their rife 
 from a ridge of high hills, run+ 
 ning the length of the ifthmus 
 parallel to the fhore; thefe are of 
 an unequal breadth, and tend 
 along, bending as the ifthmus i:~ 
 felf does. It is moftly neareft 
 the North Sea, feldom above. 10 
 er 15 miles diftant from it. 
 
 On the North fide the coun+ 
 
 try is every where fu covered’ 
 
 with woods, that it is all one 
 continued foreft. Some of ‘the 
 rivers which water this country 
 are indifferently large, though few 
 of them navigable,. having bars 
 and fhoals: at their mouth. On 
 the North coaft the rivers are, for 
 the moft part very fimall: for, 
 rifing generally from the mai 
 ridge, which lies: near the fhore,. 
 their courfe is: fhort.. The river o& 
 
 Darien is very large; but the: 
 
 depth at the entrance is: not ane 
 B2 
 
 pe eae a! Rieteg Pa, oF Ne 
 
DAR 
 
 fwerable to the widenefs of its 
 mouth, though further in it is 
 deep enough. The river of Cha- 
 gre.is pretty confiderable: has a 
 dong winding courfe from the S. 
 and E. part of the ifthmus, its 
 fource being at a pretty great dif- 
 tance from its mouth. The foil 
 on this N. coaft is various: ge- 
 nerally it is good land where 
 -rifing in hills; but towards the 
 dea are fwamps. The fhore of 
 this coaft rifes in hills dire&tly, 
 and the-main ridge is about five 
 or fix miles diftant. Caret-bay 
 has two or three rivulets of freth 
 water falling into it. It is a {mall 
 bay, and haying two little iflands 
 lying before it, make it an in- 
 different good harbour, and it 
 has clear anchoring-ground, with- 
 out any rocks. The iflands are 
 prety high land, cloathed with a 
 variety of trees, 
 
 To. the eaftward of the pro- 
 montory at the entrance of the 
 siver Darien, is another fine fandy 
 bay. 
 
 ‘Lhe province of Darien is of 
 reat importance to the Spaniards, 
 and. the feene of more aétions than 
 any in Americas. From its fitua- 
 tion beth onthe North and South 
 Seas, the gold fands of its rivers, 
 and the treafures of Peru, which 
 are bronght hither, and imported 
 into Old Spain, have induced 
 feveral adventurers to make ate 
 ‘tempts on. Panama, Porto Bello, 
 &e., The country is extremely 
 hot, and the low lands are over- 
 own with continual rains, The 
 "mountains here are fo difficult of 
 aecefs, that it takes up feveral 
 days to crofs them, though the 
 ileus tes inconfiderable,... From 
 the tops of fome of thefe the 
 Spaniards firft difcovered the S. or 
 great Pacific ocean, anno 31513, 
 and called it the Sonth-Sea, in 
 regard they croffed the ifthmus 
 from the North-Sea: though in 
 fact the Pacific Ocean lies W. of 
 ‘the main-land of America. The 
 qrineipal towns of Darien are Pa- 
 uamaand Porto Bello; which fcc, 
 
 . Forbifher had before brought into — 
 
 DAU 
 
 Dar TMOUTH, a maritinie 
 town in Briftol county, in Ply- 
 mouth colony, New - England, 
 fituated on Akufhnet river, Clarke 
 Cove. It is about five miles S,W. 
 from Rochefter, near 8 South of — 
 Dighton, and but 12. E. of Tis — 
 verton, 
 
 Davis’s-STRALT, 4 very nar> 
 row fea, lying between the North 
 main of America, and the weftern- 
 coaft of Greenland; running N.W. 
 from Cape Farewell, lat. 60, N. 
 to Baffin’s- bay, in 80. It had 
 its name from Mr. John Davis, 
 who firft difcovered it. For in 
 the year 1585, he undertook, — 
 with two barks, to fearch the — 
 N. W. coaft, and came to the 
 S..W- cape of Greenland, in lat. — 
 62- where the ftrait firft begins; — 
 and he called that Cape Defola- 
 tion. Here hefound many pieces — 
 of furs like that of beavers and © 
 woo!; and exchanged fome com- 
 modities with the natives, who 
 often came to him in their ca-— 
 noes, bringing him ftag ~ fkins, 
 white hare-fkins, fmall cod, muf-_ 
 cles, &c. He afterwards arrived in 
 lat. 64, 15. where was found a 
 great quantity of fuch fand a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 England: He {teered thence to 
 lat. 66, 40, and as far as Moun 
 Rawleigh, In 1586, he made 
 fecond voyage to the fame coaft, — 
 fearching many places towards — 
 the W. and next year in a third” 
 voyage, he came to lat. 72, 126 
 He gave the name of London=— 
 coaft. to the land on the E. fide, 
 which is the coaft of Greenland. — 
 Davis’s ~ ftrait extends to lop 
 75. where it communicates wit 
 Baffin’s- bay, which lies to t 
 North of this ftrait, and of t 
 North= main, or James’s-ifland. 
 —See Baffin’s-bay. 
 
 Daupuin, isLe oF, a fma 
 fettlement,. about 7o jeagues E 
 of the mouth of that of the M 
 fifippi. This ifland. is» fitu 
 on the river Mobile: it is 
 deagues in length, but of a fi 
 breadth, ‘Not.a tree is to be 
 
DER 
 4n one half of this iflands and 
 the other is not much better. 
 i ‘The fort, and the only village or 
 dwelling-place which remain on 
 bi ‘it, are fituated in the weftern part 
 of the ifland. Between L’ Ifle 
 Dauphine and L’ [fle Corne, which 
 isa league diftant from the for- 
 mer, is but little water. At the 
 éxtremity of the latter is anothér 
 very fmall ifland, called L? Ifle 
 Ronde, on account of its figure. 
 DEADHAM, a town in Suffolk 
 county, Maflachufets- Bay, five 
 miles E. of Natick, with the 
 Charles river between them, and 
 about 12 miles S.W. from Bofton. 
 Deav-CuesT Ifland, one of 
 the fmaller Virgin Ifles, fituated 
 near the E, end of Peter’s Ifland, 
 and W. of Cooper’s Ifland, 
 ba DEERFIELD,atown in Hamp- 
 fhire county, Maflachufets- Bay, 
 on the W. fide of Conne€icut ri- 
 ver, near where it ‘branches off 
 on the W, and is called Deerfield 
 river. 
 
 DELAWAR, a town on the 
 point between Pamunky river W. 
 and Mattapony E, where they run 
 into York river, Virginia. It is 
 in King William’s county, 20 
 miles N. of Williamfburg. 
 
 DELAWARE, ariver of Pen- 
 fylvania, It rifes far N. in the 
 country of the Froquois; takes 
 its courfe to the fouthward, and, 
 dividing this province from that 
 
 _ of New Jerfey, falls into the At- 
 ) lantic Ocean between capes May 
 and Henlopen, forming at its 
 mouth a large bay, called alfo 
 Delaware. This river is navi- 
 gable for above 200 miles, but 
 has a cataract or fteep water-fall 
 ‘in it above Briftol, which renders 
 its navigation impra¢ticable north- 
 wards of the county of Bucks, 
 
 DzeRBy, a town in Newhaven 
 county, Conneticut, 14 miles 
 N. W. of Newhaven, and 10 
 from Stratford, 
 
 Dersy, a town in Chefter 
 county, Penfylvania, fituated on 
 Derby creek, which runs into the 
 
 - Delaware rivernear Chefter, from 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 See ee 
 
 DOB 
 whence it isdiftant but 7 miles, 
 and 5 from Philadelphia. 
 
 DescADA, DESIRADA, or 
 DesIDERADA, the firft of the 
 Caribbee Iflands difcovered by 
 Columbus in his fecond voyage, 
 anno 1494, when he gave it that 
 name, It is fituated’ in the At- 
 lantic Ocean, 3 leagues E, from 
 Guadeloupe. The Spaniards make 
 this in their way to America, 
 fometimes, as well as Guadeloupe. 
 It looks at a diftance like a galley, 
 with a low point at the N. W. 
 end. Here are fand-hills om the 
 N. end of it, full of red veins. 
 In fome parts it is fruitful, and 
 well cultivated with cotton ; in 
 others barren, and deftitute of 
 trees. It breeds guanas, and a 
 multitude of the fowls called frie 
 gats, &c. There is a very deep 
 cavern in this ifland, which is 
 almoft full of bones, relics of the 
 ancient Indians. It has no wae 
 ter, except in ponds, It is three 
 leagues in length, but one in 
 breadth. Lat. 16, 36. long. 60, 30. 
 
 Devit’s- MouTH, a name 
 given by our failors to a volcano 
 near Leon de Nicaraguay, a city of 
 the province of Nicaraguay,in New 
 Spain. It is fituated on the fide 
 of Nicaraguay lake, which, ac- 
 cording to fome, may be feen 
 from the North Sea, or at leaft 
 a great way in the lake towards 
 that fea. It has a frightful ap- 
 pearance, being cleft down almoft 
 from the top to the bottom, like _ 
 a broken faw, Lat.13, 10, long. 
 65, 10. 
 
 Di1AMOND or RouywD 
 IsLAND, one of the Granadille 
 Iflands, in the Weft Indies. It is 
 ficuated bet ween Grenada and Ca- 
 rigacan, but is not inhabited, as 
 it has no frefh water, though 
 otherwife, for its fize, fertile. 
 
 DIGHTON, a town in Briftol 
 county, Plymouth colony, New- 
 England, one mile E, of the Sta- 
 tion-tree on Titiguit river, and 
 5 S.W. of Raynham, ; 
 
 Do sss County, in the diftrit 
 
 ‘of Newbesn, North Carolina, is 
 

 
 Ee ee 
 
 DOM 
 
 divided on the N. from Pitt's 
 county by the river Nufe, and 
 shas Craven county E. and Du- 
 _plin county S. 
 
 _ Docs -IsLanD, one of the 
 {maller Virgin Ifles, fituated on 
 ‘the W. of Virgin Gorda, and E. 
 of Tortula. Long. 62, 55. lat. 
 18, 20. 
 
 DominGo, St. or HisPa- 
 NIOLA, one of the Large An- 
 ‘tilles Iflands, in the Weft-Indies. 
 It partly belongs to the Spaniards, 
 and partly to the French, The 
 natives ftiled it Aitii, and the 
 Spaniards, when Chriftopher Co- 
 
 - lumbus firft difcovered it,in 1492, 
 called it Hifpaniola, or the Spa- 
 “nifh Ifland, The city, which he 
 founded in 1494, being dedicated 
 to St. Dominic, the name was 
 firtt extended to that quarter of 
 the ifland, and in proce{s of time 
 to the whole; fo that it is now 
 generally called in our charts, &c. 
 St. Domingo. It is fituated in the 
 middle between Cuba and Jamaica 
 on the N.W.and S.W. and Porto 
 ‘Rico on the E. and feparated from 
 the laft only bya narrow channel. 
 It extends from lat 17, 37. to 
 Jat, 20. and from long. 67, 35. 
 to long. 74, 15- being near 400 
 miles from W. to E. and almoft 
 x20,where broadeft, from N.toS. 
 Some reckon it 300 leagues in cir- 
 cuit, exclufive of its bays, creeks, 
 &c. which, it is thought, would 
 make up 200 more, It is diftant 
 from Cuba but 13 leagues, which 
 ftrait is called the Windward Paf- 
 fage.. The climate here is ex- 
 tremely hot,. but cooled by winds 
 that blow at certain feafons. It 
 alfo rains exceffively at fometimes, 
 yet not at all places alike. Tho’ 
 the climate agrees but badly with 
 new-comers, yet they-live here in 
 good health, and to a great age, 
 ‘many of the inhabitants exceed- 
 ‘ing 80, and fome reaching to 120 
 ears. 
 
 This ifland, which, next to 
 Cuba, is the largeft of all the 
 Antilles, is allowed to be the 
 
 moft fruitful, and by much the 
 
 Rous | ee ee 
 
 ee ee ee ee 
 
 DOM 
 
 pleafanteft, in the Weft Indies, 
 
 having vaft forefts of cabbage- 
 
 trees, palms, elms, oaks, pines, 
 the jenipah, caramite, acajou, and 
 other trees ftill taller and larger, 
 and the fruit more pleafing to the 
 eye, and better tafted than in the 
 other iflands; particularly ana- 
 nas, bananas, grapes, oranges, 
 lemons, citrons, toronias, limes, 
 dates, and apricots. Here are alt 
 the birds common in the Wett 
 Indies; as alfo the mufkettoes, 
 and fire- flies. In the meadows, . 
 or favannahs, are innumerable 
 herds of black cattle, which be=- 
 long to the country. There are 
 a fufficient quantity of horfes in 
 the French part of the ifland to 
 fupply all their neighbouring co- 
 lonies, befides wild horfes and 
 wild hogs of the. breed firft 
 bronght over by the Spaniards. 
 The hunters fhoot the beeves for 
 their hides, as they do in Cuba 5 
 and, with regard to the pork, 
 they ftrip the flefh from. the 
 bones, and jerk it as they do in 
 Jamaica. Scarce a country in the 
 world is better watered, either by 
 brooks or navigable rivers, which 
 are all full of fifh, as the coaft is 
 of crocodiles and tortoifes, Its 
 principal river is called Ocoa. In 
 the fands of the rivers they find 
 gold-duft; and the ifland has — 
 many mines of gold, filver, and © 
 copper, which, though formerly 
 worked with great profit, yet the 
 Spaniards have found themfelves 
 too weak to carry them on to 
 advantage, and take all the care 
 they can to conceal them from 
 others. The principal commo- 
 dities of this ifland are hides, 
 fugar, indigo, cotton, cocoa, cofe 
 fee, ginger, tobacco, falt, wax, 
 ambergris, various forts of drugs, 
 and dyers wood. What corn 
 they have ripens at fuch different 
 times, that it cannot be reaped 
 with any profit. The numbers 
 of French on this fide is faid to 
 
 equal, if not exceed, that of the — 
 
 Spaniards ; though beth together 
 are very far fhost of what the. 
 
 
 
DOM 
 ifland is capable of maintaining. 
 In 1726, the inhabitants were 
 
 computed at 30,000 whites, and 
 100,000 negroes and mulattoes, 
 
 namely Creols and Meftizoes, 
 whofe daily allowance is potatoes, 
 though they have leave to keep 
 hogs. 
 
 The Spaniards, by degrees, con- 
 guered the natives; and in bat- 
 tle, and cold blood, deftroying 
 3,000,000 men, women, and 
 children. As this ifland was a- 
 mong the firft difcovered by the 
 Spaniards, fo it was the centre of 
 their commerce in thefe parts 5 
 and as they had been for many 
 years fole poffeflors of it, it was 
 for fome part of the time a ver 
 flourifhing colony. But after the 
 conqueft of Peru, and’ the confi- 
 derable additions made to the 
 territories on the continent of 
 North America, they neglected 
 this ifland, which encouraged the 
 French, about the middle of the 
 Jaft century, to fix themfelves on 
 its W. part, where they have im- 
 proved the fettlements. : 
 
 In fhort, the frequent defcents 
 both of the Englifh and French 
 on the W. part of the ifland, by 
 degrees obliged the Spaniards to 
 abandon all that part of it to the 
 W. of Monte Chrifto on the N. 
 and Cape Mongon on the S, 
 The French, indeed, had no le- 
 gal fettlement here till 1697, 
 when the Spaniards yielded the 
 W. half of the ifland to them 
 by the treaty of Ryfwick; the 
 boundaries between them and the 
 French were fettled by a line 
 drawn acrofs the country from 
 N. to S, 
 
 For many years its .principal 
 trade confifted in tobacco, in 
 which from. 60 to 100 fhips had 
 been employed; but that funk 
 to nothing upon the eftablifhing 
 an exclufive farm of this commo- 
 dity in France: and afterwards 
 fugar became the ftaple-commo- 
 dity of the ifland, and generally 
 it yields three or four fhillings a 
 hundred more than that of any 
 
 
 
 See ee 
 yh 
 
 
 
 
 DOM 
 
 among the other iflands. In 1726 
 it was computed here were 200 
 fugar-works; and one year with 
 another the ifland made 400 hog{= 
 heads of 500 weight each, and 
 that it yielded annually to the 
 French 200,000]. and the indigo 
 is reckoned to produce near half 
 as much. 
 
 The colony of the French here 
 is allowed to be the moft confide- 
 rable and important they have in 
 thefe parts; and would become 
 much more fo, could they get a 
 ceffion of the other part from the 
 Spaniards, which they have exe 
 tremely at heart. They are al- 
 ready poflefled of fo many noble 
 harbours and forts as gives them 
 an opportunity of difturbing and 
 ruining the commerce of any nae 
 tion which they happen to be at 
 war with, And indeed fo many 
 harbours are all round the ifland, 
 that failors can fearce mifs of one 
 in which they may have frefh 
 water and provifions. 
 
 The part of the ifland belong- 
 ing to the French is under a Ge 
 neral of their own country. It 
 begins at a large plain, called Ba- 
 haia, on the N. fide of the ifland, 
 and about 30 miles E, of Cape 
 Francois: and extending all along 
 the coaft from thence to the W. 
 reaches on the S. fide as far 
 as Cape Mongon3; meafuring all 
 the bays, creeks, &c. cannot be 
 lefs than 300 leagues in circuit: 
 but, exclufive of thofe windings, 
 it is 215 from Cape Frangois on 
 the N. to that of Mongon on the 
 S. On the W. fide from Cape 
 Lobos to that of Tiberon, where 
 is a round black rock, which is 
 the moft Weitern point of the 
 whole ifland, are four harbours 
 larger and better than any in Eng- 
 land From Cape Tiberon to that 
 of Donna Maria on the.fame fide, 
 but 25 miles to the N. are two 
 more excellent harbours ; and 
 from this cape to that of St. Ni- 
 cholas on the N.E. which is itfelf 
 a large, deep, fafe harbour, 12 
 more, each of which lies near the 
 
4 
 
 
 
 DOM 
 
 eonfluence of two or three rivers. 
 The French governor-general has 
 under him the governors of Cape 
 Frangois, St. Louis, or L’Ifle de 
 Vache, and thofe of Port Paix, 
 and Petit Guaves. The moft noted 
 places in the French part of St. 
 Domingo, as they lie from the 
 S, W. to the N. E, are Sr. Louis, 
 Vache, Donna-Maria-bay,Fond de 
 Negros, Petit Guaves, Leogane, 
 
 —feveral defert iflands in the bay 
 
 called Cul de Sac of Leogane, the 
 
 largeft of which is called Gonave, 
 
 La Petite Reviere, L’Efterre, Port 
 
 Paix, Cape St. Nicholas, Tortu- 
 
 gas or Tortudas ifland, and Cape 
 rancois. 
 
 The E, part of this ifland, in 
 the pofleffion of the Spaniards, is 
 the largeft. The commodities of 
 the whole colonies of France in 
 St. Domingo amounted In 1764 
 to 80 millions weight of rough 
 fugar, 35 million of refined fugar, 
 and 1,880,0c0 |b. of indigo; at 
 the fame time they gathered 7 
 million weight of ccffee, and one 
 million and half of cotton, Above 
 half thefe were the product of the 
 N. coaft alone; the reft came from 
 the Weft and South, There was, 
 befides, this difference, that the 
 
 indigo and cotton were chiefly 
 
 from the S. and W. and the fu- 
 ‘gar and coffee from the North, 
 In 1764 this ifland had 8,786 
 ‘whites able to bear arms; 4,306 
 inhabited on the N. 3,470 on the 
 W. and 1,010 on the S. coafts; 
 from hence, according to the ge- 
 neral method of calculating, the 
 “whole of the whites was above 
 “35,000. To thefe were to be ad- 
 ded 5,317 mulattoes, or free ne- 
 ‘groes, who were enrolled. The 
 negroes were 206,000, and dif- 
 perfed in the following manner : 
 12,000 in the nine great towns 3 
 4000 in country towns; 1000 in 
 raifing vegetables; and 180,000 
 in the culture which produced the 
 commodities for exportation. Af- 
 ter this enumeration, in 1767, 
 61,567 negroes were imported in 
 “471 French thips, The deficiency 
 
 = a ee oe 
 
 DOM 
 
 of dead ones has been more than 
 fufficiently fupplied by thofe in- 
 troduced in a clandeftine trade, 
 and it is confidently aflerted, there 
 are not lefs than 250,000 now in 
 the French divifion only; and the 
 culture of the land has encreafed 
 proportionably. The culture of 
 indigo is diminifhed, but there 
 are 40 new fugar-plantations; fo 
 that they reckon 260 in the N. 
 divifion, 197 in the W. and 84 in 
 the South. There are alfo fome 
 plantations of cacao raifed in the 
 woods. In 1767 there were ex- 
 ported by the French from this 
 ifland 124 millions weight of fugar, 
 1,769,562 lb. of indigo, 150.cco 
 Ib. of cacao, 12,197,977 lb. of 
 coffee, 2,965,920 |b. of cotton, 
 3,470 packets of raw hides, 10,350 
 fides of tanned hides, 4,180 hogf- 
 heads of rum, and 21,104 hogf- 
 heads of molafles, all which was- 
 regiftered at the cuftom -houfe, 
 and exported in 347 fhips. To 
 which may be added a fixth more, 
 that was fmuggled out; and yet 
 thofe well verfed in the ifland fay 
 it will produce a third as much 
 more; of fuch prodigious value 
 is this ifland. 
 
 Domineo, Sr. the capital of 
 the above ifland, firft built by 
 Columbus on the S. fide of it, 
 
 and fituated at the mouth of the 
 
 river Ozama,.or Ifabella, in a fine 
 plain, which fhows it to a great 
 advantage from the fea. Bartho- 
 lomew Columbus, brother to the 
 admiral, is faid to have founded 
 it in the year 1594, and gave it 
 the name of Domingo, or Domi 
 nick, in honour of St. Dominick. 
 It was taken’ by Sir Francis Drake, 
 in 1586, who held it a month, 
 and then burnt a part of its bot 
 fpared the reft for a ranfom of 
 60,000 pieces of eight. It foon 
 recovered itfelf; but the trade, 
 which was confiderable in fugar, 
 hides, tallow, horfes, hogs, and 
 caffia, has decayed fince the Spa- 
 niards have been tempted by later 
 difcoveries in Mexico, &c. Ne= — 
 verthelefs, it ftill makes a good 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 DOM 
 figure: and its inhabitants, in- 
 cluding the negroes, &c. are 
 thought to exceed 25,000; and 
 fome reckon them many more. 
 They are Spaniards, Meftizoes, 
 Mulattoes, and Albatraces, and 
 of thefe a fixth part is fuppofed 
 to be Spaniards. St. Domingo is 
 a large well-built city, a good port, 
 and it has feveral ftru@ures more 
 magnificent than is ufual in the 
 Weit-Indies, efpecially thofe of 
 the King of Spain’s collectors. 
 Here is a Latin fchool, and hof- 
 pital with an endowment of 20,000 
 ducats per annum, befides an uni- 
 verfity. Here is a fine cathedral, 
 feven large monafteries, and two 
 nunneries, befides a mint, anda 
 college, with a revenue of 4000 
 ducats. It isthe fee of an arch- 
 bifhop, whofe fuffragans are the 
 bifhops of La Conception in this 
 ifland, St. John’s in Porto Rico, 
 St. Jago in Cuba, Venezuela in 
 New Caftile, and of the city of 
 _ Honduras. Here alfo is the refi- 
 dence. of the governor-general of 
 the Spanifh Indies, and of the 
 
 judges of the royal courts; which 
 
 makes it the fupreme feat of juf- 
 tice, as it is the moft eminent 
 royal audience of the Spaniards 
 in America; fo that the lawyers 
 and the clergy keep this city from 
 utter decay, fince the declenfion 
 of its trade, The greateft part 
 of the commerce carried on by 
 the Spaniards of this ifland is 
 however from this port, which 
 has 15 fathom water at the bar; 
 it is fafe and large, and defended 
 ‘by feveral batteries, with a caftle 
 at the end of the pier, which has 
 two half moons within it, and 
 reaches by two bulwarks to the 
 river. On the utmott fhore, near 
 the S, bulwark, ftands a round 
 tower. The prefident from Old 
 Spain lives in a houfe in this city 
 that is faid to have been built and 
 occupied by Columbus himfelf, 
 ‘To this officer, on account of prior 
 fettlement, appeals are brought 
 from all the Spanifh Weft-India 
 iflands, as formerly they were from 
 
 Se ea <r e 
 
 
 
 DOM 
 every province of Spanifh Amerie 
 ca; and his fentence is definitive, 
 unlefs it is called by a particular 
 commiffion into Old Spain, As 
 he purchafes his place, he confe- 
 quently executes it with oppreffion, 
 
 St. Domingo is built of ftone, 
 after the Spanifh model, having 
 a large {quare market-place in the 
 middle, about which ftands the 
 cathedral, and other public build- 
 ings. And from this fquare the 
 principal ftreets run in a dire& 
 line, being crofled by others at 
 yight angles; fo that the form of 
 the town is almoft quadrangular 3 
 and it is moft delightfully fituated 
 between a large navigable river on 
 the W. the ocean on the S. and 
 a fine fruitful country on the Ni 
 and E. Lat. 18,25. Long. 6g, 30. 
 
 Dominica, the laft of the 
 Leeward Caribbee Iflands, taking 
 them from N. W, to S. E. but 
 the Spaniards call it the laft of 
 the Windward Iflands. It is fitu- 
 ated much about half way betwixt 
 Guadaloupe on the N. W. and 
 Martinico on the S.E. 15 leagues 
 from each. It extends from N.W. 
 to S. E, and is about 3% leagues 
 in length, and near 4 where broad- 
 eft. “It derives its name from the. 
 firft difcovery of it being made 
 on a Sunday, Nov. 3, 1593, by 
 Columbus. 
 
 It is divided, like Guadaloupe, 
 Martinico, and fome of the other: 
 Caribbee iflands, into the Cabes- 
 terre, and Baffe-terre; and the 
 foil is much of the fame nature, 
 Tts appearance is rugged and moun- 
 tainous, efpecially towards the fea, 
 
 but the afcents eafy. The foil is. 
 
 good ; and the flopes of the hills, 
 which bear the fineft trees in the 
 world, are fit for the production’ 
 of our plants: fo that fome have 
 
 reported it to be one of the beft; 
 
 of the Caribbees for its fruitful 
 
 valleys, large plains, and fine ri-: 
 
 vulets: and with eafeand certainty 
 all the produdtions of the other 
 Weft-India iflands may be culti- 
 
 vated here, The Cabes-terre is, 
 
 watered with a great numbér of 
 
 ro AS!» a 
 
 Pe ee ee, ne ey 
 
 Clee 
 
 
 
. ae 
 
 DOM 
 frefh-water rivers, which abound 
 ‘with excellent fifh, Only two or 
 three places in that called the 
 Baffe-terre are tolerable; the prin- 
 cipal of which is called the Great 
 Savannah, and fituated nearly in 
 
 _ the middle of it; namely the 
 
 tract from the point facing Mar- 
 tinico, to that which is oppofite 
 to the Saints, It produces ana- 
 fhas, mandioca, caflava, bannanas, 
 and the fineft figs, which are left 
 to rot on the ground, all but 
 what they eat with their food ; 
 and thefe they gather before they 
 are ripe. They have potatoes and 
 ignamas in abundance, with a 
 great deal of millet and cotton. 
 Here are great numbers of hogs, 
 ring-doves, partridges, and orto- 
 Jans, They breed hogs and poul- 
 try; and of the former are two 
 forts of wild ones, defcended from 
 thofe that firft came from France 
 and Spain. Here are the fineft 
 eels in the world ; but the Carib- 
 beans never eat them. 
 
 The Caribbeans having, for the 
 moft part, retired hither, as they 
 were driven out of the other 
 iflands by the Europeans, are 
 confequently more numerous here 
 than in any of the reft. The an- 
 chorage is good all round the 
 coaft of Dominica ; but it has no 
 port, or bay for retiring into: 
 and all the advantage it has is the 
 fhelter which fhips find behind 
 fome of its capes. ‘The French 
 have always oppofed the attempts 
 of the Englith for fettling on this 
 
 _ifland, becaufe it would enable 
 
 them in time of war to cut off the 
 communication between Martini- 
 co and Guadaloupe. The climate 
 is remarkable hot, even for this 
 part of the world, though the 
 air is pure and very thin. Among 
 the mountains “it is imagined 
 there is a gold mine, and two 
 more towards the S. end of the 
 ifland called Souffrieres, from the 
 plenty of fulphur they contain. 
 ‘They have alfo feverak fprings of - 
 mineral waters, whofe virtues are 
 
 highly extolled. Its forefts afford 
 
 a ee 
 
 * 
 
 DOR 
 
 an inexhanftible quantity of rofe- — 
 wood, fo efteemed by cabinet- 
 makers. Dominica is divided in- 
 to ten parifhes, 7 to the leeward, 
 and 3 to the windward. On the ~ 
 leeward coaft is the capital, Lat. 
 15, 30. long. 60, 30. j 
 DorcHEsTER, a little town 
 of Berkley county, on the confines 
 of Colleton county, and province 
 of Carolina, It contains about 
 350 fouls: and in it is an inde- 
 pendent meeting-hovfe. Latitude 
 36, 10. long. 79, 20. 
 DorcHEsTER, one of the 5 
 counties on the E. fide of Dela- 
 ware - bay, in the province of 
 Maryland. “It is fituated to the 
 S. of Talbot county. Its prin- 
 cipal parifh bears alfo the fame 
 name, where the county-court is 
 kept. The land here lying to the 
 N. fide of Nantikoke-river, be- 
 ginning at the mouth of Chicka- 
 
 coan-river, and fo up tots fource, 
 and from -thence to the head of — 
 
 Anderton branch, and down to 
 the N. W. fork, and to the 
 mouth of the faid Chickacoan- 
 river, was, by an aét of the af 
 fembly, anno 1698, declared to 
 
 belong to Panquafh and Anna- 
 touquem, two Indian kings, and ~ 
 
 the people under their govern- — 
 ment, their heirs, and fucceffors — 
 
 for ever, to be holden by the ¥ 
 
 lord proprietary, under the yearly — 
 rent of one beaver-fkin. -More 
 Indian towns are in this, tha 
 in any other of the counties. 
 DORCHESTER, a maritime © 
 town of Suffolk county, in New- 
 
 
 
 England, It is for magnitude the — 
 
 next to Bofton, from whence it — 
 is diftant about 3 miles, and built 7 
 
 at the mouth of two {mall rivers, — 
 contiguous to the fea-fide, Before 
 fent a 
 
 the prefent troubles, it 
 four members to the aflembly, — 
 and had two fairs, the one on the 
 
 fourth Tuefday in March, and 
 
 the other on the laft Wednefday 
 in Odtober. From hence it was — 
 that Bofton was bombarded pre: 
 
 vious to the departure of the Bri- 
 
 tifh troops under General Howe, 
 
 
 
DUK 
 
 when he relinquifhed Bofton in 
 March, 1776. 
 
 Dover, a town belonging to 
 Kent county, in Penfyivania, It 
 was formerly called St. John’s- 
 town, and confifts of about 50 
 families. It is looked upon as 
 the principal place of the county ; 
 ‘which, like Virginia, is fettled, 
 not in townlhips, but fcattered 
 plaatations. 
 
 DovGLaAs, a town in Wor- 
 cefter county, Maflachufets-Bay, 
 on the great road from Botton to 
 New Hampthire, 5 miles W, from 
 . Uxbridge, and75S.E. from Oxford. 
 
 Drake, aharbour in Califor- 
 hia, the moft northern part of 
 the New World. It was fo called, 
 becaufe the famous navigator, Sir 
 Francis. Drake, landing there, 
 took pofleffion of the peninfula 
 of California, for his miftrefs 
 queen Elizabeth, by the name of 
 New - Albion; the king of the 
 country aétually invefting him 
 with its fovereignty, and prefent- 
 ing him with his own crown of 
 beautiful feathers: and the na- 
 tives takingthe Englith to be more 
 than men, began to facrifice to 
 them; but were reftrained, Lat. 
 28,15. long. rrr, 39- 
 
 Drake's Bay, feeVirgin Ifles. 
 
 Drakut, a village in Mid- 
 diefex county, Maflachufets-Bay, 
 on the banks of Beaver-Brook, 
 near the Station Trees, and Me- 
 rimak river. 
 
 DuBLin, a pretty town of 
 Philadelphia county, belonging to 
 Penfylvania, ro miles N.E. from 
 _ Philadelphia, and the fame dif 
 tance S. W. of Briftol. 
 
 DucHeEss County, in New- 
 ¥ ork, on the E. fide of the Hud- 
 fon’s river, N of Philipfburg, and 
 W. of Conneticut. 
 
 4 Duke County, New-Eng- 
 dand. See Martha’s Vineyard, 
 
 Duke’s CounrTy, in the pro-~ 
 wince of New-York; bounded on 
 the S. by the county of Weft- 
 _ Chefter, on the E. by the Con- 
 _ neéticut-line, on the W. by Hud- 
 fan's-viver, and N. by the county 
 
 
 
 EAS 
 
 of Albany. The S. part is ocs 
 cupied by iron-works, being moune 
 tainous : the re{t is a good upland 
 country, well watered. There are 
 in it two mean villages, Pogh- 
 keepfing, and the French-kill, 
 The inhabitants on the banks of 
 the river are Dutch ;. but thofe 
 more eafterly, Englifhmen. Ie 
 has lately rofe very much in coms 
 merce. A few years have raifed 
 it from 12 families, to that pitch, 
 that by the lifts it will furnifa at 
 prefent 3500 fighting men. 
 
 DuMFRIES, a town in Staf- 
 ford county, Virginia, on a branch 
 of Patowmack river, 12 miles Sa 
 W. of Colchefter, and 30 N. from 
 Falmouth. 4 
 
 DuNsTABLE, a town in the 
 
 province of New-Hampfhire, in 
 New-England, on the banks of 
 the river Merimack, where it has 
 a large precind. 
 
 Duptin Country, in the 
 
 diftric&t of Wilmington, in N, Ca- 
 rolina, has the N. E. branch of 
 Cape Fear river for its boundary 
 on the N, and E. and Pelham 
 county S, 
 
 Dur ANGO, a town belonging 
 to the province of Zacatecas, and 
 the audience of Guadalaxara, in 
 Old Mexico, or New-Spain. It 
 is fituatéd 10 leagues from Noms 
 bre de Dios, and is a bifhop’s 
 ee, at the confluence of feveral 
 rivers, which render it convenient 
 for trade. 
 
 DuxHAM, a town in Newha- 
 
 ven county, Conneéicut, 9 miles _ 
 
 S. W. from Middletown, and the 
 fame diftance E, from Hadham 
 and 8 N.E. from Wallingford. 
 Du xsury, a maritime town 
 in Plymouth colony and county, 
 Maffachu(ets-Bay, on a river that 
 runs into Plymouth-bay, from 
 whence it is 2 miles diftant, and 
 about 30 from Bolton, ih 
 E. 
 AsT-CHEGTER, a town in 
 the county of Weft-Chefter, 
 inthe province of NeweYo.k, 
 See Weft-Chefter, County of. 
 G Hie 
 
 —_—s 
 
EDG 
 
 EASTHAM, a town in’ Barn- 
 fiaple county, Plymouth colony, 
 New-England, {[t is fituated in 
 the middle of the peninfula, on 
 the W.coaft that forms Cape-Cod- 
 bay, and is but 5 miles from 
 Chatham on the E. coaft at Sandy 
 Point. 
 
 East Matin: the county of 
 Labrador is fo called, as that of 
 New Wales is denominated the 
 Weft Main. 
 
 Easton, a village in Briftol 
 county, Plymouth colony, New- 
 England, near the head of Rain- 
 ham-river, 6 miles N. W. of Rain- 
 ham, and 12 W. of Bridge-water. 
 
 EasTON, atown in Northamp- 
 ton county, Penfylvania, oppo- 
 
 fite Philipfburg, in New-Jerfey, 
 zo miles N. E. of Northampton, 
 and is fituated on the Delawar 
 river. 
 
 EBENEZER, atown of Geor- 
 gia, about five miles from Aber- 
 corn, and up the river Savannah. 
 It is a very healthy place where 
 the Saltfburghers are fettled, with 
 two minifters, who are a fober in- 
 duftrious people, that raife not 
 enly corn, and other productions, 
 fufficient for their own fubfiftence, 
 but fell great quantities to the in- 
 habitants of Savannah. They 
 have large herds of cattle, and 
 are in a very thriving condition. 
 ‘Ten miles from thence, on a river 
 running into the Savannah, is 
 Old Ebenezer, where, till lately, 
 was a cow-pen, and a great hum- 
 ber of cattle for the ufe of the 
 public, and for breeding. Lati- 
 fude 32, 10... Long. 82, 20. 
 
 EDENTON, atown in thecoun- 
 ty_of Chowen, and diftrié& of 
 Edenton, in N, Carolina, and for- 
 merly the capital of the whole 
 province. It is fituated at the 
 ‘bottom of a bay of its own name, 
 
 “in Albemarle Sound. 
 
 EpGAR, a town in the ifland 
 of Martha’s Vineyard, New-Eng- 
 Jand, near the E,>extremity of 
 ‘the ifland, about 14 miles from 
 Barnitaple couaty, on, the con. 
 tinent, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ENG 
 EpGecumsBeE County, in 
 the diftri€ of Halifax, N. Caro- — 
 lina, is hounded on the S. and W. 
 by the river Tarr, which gives ic _ 
 communication with feveral coun= | — 
 ‘ties in the province, and runs — 
 into Pamtico Sound. “7 
 ELENTHERA,OrELUTHERA, _ 
 or ALABASTER, one of the Ba- — 
 hama or Lucaya Iflands, where | 
 above 60 families, fettled under 
 Dep. Gov. Holmes, ereéteda {mall — 
 fort, and raifed a company of mili- — 
 tia for their defence. See Alabaffer. — 
 ELIZABETH, atown-of Effex 
 county, and the moft.confideras 
 ble of New-Jerfey. . It lies three — 
 miles within a creek oppofite to 
 the W. part of Staten-ifland, Here © 
 the Englith fettled firft, and. it © 
 has thriven moft: fo that it was, — 
 till the prefent troubles, the feat 
 of government of the two pro- — 
 vinces of Eaft and Weft jerfey, — 
 and of the judicial courts and af- ~ 
 femblies ; though great endea- 
 vours were ufed by the Scotch pro- © 
 prietors of Eaft Jerfey, in 1683, 
 to remove the courts from thence © 
 to Perth-amboy. The town of 
 Elizabeth has above 250 families, 
 and. 40,000 acres of plantation, 
 The. proprietors had one here,” 
 which went by the name of the 
 Farm. 
 ELIZABETH-ISLANDS, feyés 
 ral {mall iflands on the S. end of 
 Falmouth, in Barnftaple county, — 
 Plymouth county, New-England, — 
 They are S. of Buzzard-bay, and_ 
 W. of Martha’s Vineyard. The 
 largeft is Nafhawn, the next Tin= 
 kers, the third Slokums; befides — 
 which there are two much fmaller, © 
 called Kuttibunt-ifles; which are. 
 as far diftant from the coaft of 
 Barnftaple county, N.E. as the — 
 coaft of Briftol county W. a 
 ENGLAND, New, lately the” 
 moft flourifhing, and moft power=” 
 ful colony the Britifh nation had 
 in America. It is bounded, on 
 the N. E. by Nova- Scotia. . 
 and S, Atlantic Ocean. W. N 
 York. N. and N.W. Canad 
 ~450 miles long; 190, broad. 
 
ENG 
 lies between lat. 41 and 46, and 
 long. 67 and 74. Though New- 
 England is fituated almolt) 10 de- 
 grees nearer the fun, than we are 
 in England, yet the winter begins 
 earlier, lafts longer, and is incom- 
 parably more fevere than it is 
 with us. The fummer again is 
 extremely hot, and more fervently 
 fo than in: places which lie un- 
 der the fame parallels in Europe, 
 However, both the heat and cold 
 are now far more moderate; and 
 the conftitution of the air, in all 
 refpeéts, far better than at the 
 firt fettlement. The clearing a- 
 way of the woods, and open- 
 ing the ground every where, has, 
 by giving a free paflage to the 
 air, carried off thofe noxious va- 
 pours which were fo prejudicial to 
 the health of the firft inhabitants. 
 _ The temperament of the. fky is 
 generally, both in fummer and 
 ‘winter, very f{teady and ferene, 
 Two months frequently pafs with- 
 out the appearance of a cloud. 
 Their rains are heavy, and foon 
 over. 
 
 The climate of New-England, 
 “compared with that of Virginia, 
 _ is as the climate of South-Britain 
 
 is to that of North-Britain. New- 
 England being, as has been faid, 
 Rearer to the equinoétial line: than 
 the old, their days and nights are 
 confequently more equal. The 
 fun rifes at Bofton, on the longeft 
 day, June 11th, 26 minutes after 
 4 in the morning, and fets at 34 
 minutes after 7 in the evening. 
 And on December 13, which is 
 the fhorteft day, it rifes at 35 
 minutes after 7 in the morning, 
 and fets at 27 minutes after 4 in 
 the afternoon. So that the longeft 
 day in New-England is about 15 
 hours, and the fhorteft about 9. 
 This country, when firft vifited 
 bythe Englith, was one great forett, 
 the Indians having cleared a {mall 
 {pot here and there for corns; but 
 every three or four miles our 
 countrymen found fome fruitful 
 valleys and brooks, The land 
 | mext the ica is generally low, and 
 
 ENG 
 
 and in fome parts marfhy; but 
 further up it rifes into hills, and 
 on the N. E. it is rocky and mouns 
 tainous, About Maflachufets-Bay 
 the foil is as fat and black as any 
 part of England; and the firft 
 planters found the grafs in the 
 valleys very rank for want of cute 
 ting. But the uplands are not fo 
 fruitful, being moftly a gravelly 
 and fandy foil, inclining to a clay. 
 
 Few countries are better water- 
 ed with fprings, rivers, and lakes, 
 though the latter are not fo large 
 as thofe to the N. and W. Of its 
 rivers, which all abound with fifth, 
 the Connecticut, Thames, Narra- 
 ganfet, Pantucket, Piguakket ,Con- 
 cord, Patuxet, Merimack, Pifcata- 
 qua, Sawko, Cafce, Kennebeck, 
 and Penobfcot, are the largeft. 
 
 To the conveniency of fo many 
 fine rivers, the number of large 
 populous towns in this country 
 is juftly afcribed: and in the 
 tracts between the rivers are fo 
 
 many brooks and fprings, that — 
 
 there is hardly a place bu: frefh 
 water may be had, by finking a 
 well within 10 or 12 fect of the 
 furface, and fuch water as is ge~ 
 nerally good, 
 
 The moft remarkable capes and 
 points from S. to N, are Pema- 
 quid and Small Points, Cape Eli- 
 zabeth, Black Point, Porpus and 
 Nidduk, or Bald - head capes, 
 York Nubbles, Lock’s Point, 
 Great Boar’s-head, Pigeon -hill; 
 Cape‘Ann, Nahant, Pullein’s, Al- 
 derton, Marfhfield, Gurnet, Mo- 
 nument, and Sandy Points, Mur- 
 ray’s-cliffs, Sandy, Belinfgate, and 
 Race Points, Cape Cod, Head of 
 Pamet, Cape Malabar or Sandy. 
 Point, Goofeberry Neck, Nini= 
 gret, Quakhoragok, Watch, Black, 
 Pipe - ftaves, and Hemunaflet 
 Points, Sachem’s Head, South, 
 Long-Neck,and Elizabeth Points, 
 and Lion’s Tongue; alfo Cape 
 Poge, and Gay-Head, in Mar- 
 tha’s Vineyard:——Bays chiefly to 
 be noted are, Penobfcot, Kenne- 
 bek, Cafko, Sawko, Wells, the 
 ama of Maflachufets, Capes 
 
 2 
 
 > ee ee 
 
 —~_—S ee ea ern 
 
ENG 
 €od-bay (including Plymouth- 
 bay), Buzzard’s and Narraganfet 
 bay; to which may be added the 
 Tcvyil’s - Belt, or Long - Ifland 
 Scund, between that ifland and 
 Connetticut,..and Winipiffioket- 
 pond, in New-Hampthire. The 
 coves and inferior bays are, Mer- 
 rymeeting, Muffequoif, and Har- 
 rafekket bays, Broad-cove, Exeter 
 and Little bays, Sandy-cove, Na- 
 hant, Oyfter-river, Falmouth and 
 Nafkytukket bays, Clark’s- cove, 
 Nahantik, Guilford, and Fairfield 
 bays, Tarpaulin and Homes’s 
 coves in Martha’s Vineyard ifland, 
 
 and Taypaulin-cove in Nafhawn-’ 
 
 Hland (one of thofe called Eliza- 
 beth). [ts principal harbours are, 
 Winter, Pifcataqua, Cape Ann, 
 Bofton, Konohaflet, Scituate, Yar- 
 mouth, Slokum’s, New- haven, 
 Ship, and Old Town (in Mar- 
 tha’s Vineyard-ifland), 
 
 » The foil of New-England is 
 various, but beft as you approach 
 the fouthward, It affords excel- 
 lent meadows in the low grounds, 
 and very good pafture almoft every 
 where, They commonly allot at 
 the rate of two acres for the main- 
 tencnce of acow. The meadows, 
 which they reckon the beft, yield 
 about a ton of hay each acre, 
 Some produce two tons, but then 
 the hay is rank and four. This 
 country is not very favourable to 
 any of the European kinds of 
 
 rain. - 
 
 - The wheat is fubje&t to be 
 blafted; the barley is an hungry 
 grain; and the oats are Jean and 
 chaffy; but the Indian corn, 
 called maize, which makes the 
 common food of the loweft fort 
 ef people, flourifhes here. 
 
 . About 6 quarts of feed is fuf- 
 €cient for an acre, which, at a 
 medium, produces about 50 bu- 
 fhels. The New England people 
 -arot only make bread of this grain, 
 but they malt and brew it into 
 a beer, which is not defpicable, 
 The greater part of their beer, 
 however, is made of molafles 
 
 hopped, with.the addition, fome- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ENG 
 
 times, of the tops of the fpruce= 
 fir infufed, 
 
 They raife a large quantity of 
 flax; and have made eflays upon 
 hemp, which have been far from 
 unfuccefsful, 
 
 They have great plenty of alk 
 forts of roots, asturnips, parfnipss 
 carrots, radifhes much larger and ~ 
 richer than ours, though their feeds 
 came originally from kence; ftore — 
 of onions, cucumbers, and ppm= 
 pions, But the feed of the water= 
 melons, and fquafhes, which grow 
 here in great plenty, is brought ~ 
 from Portugal, fo which the tra- 
 ders here have all along fent great 
 quantities of fifh. a 
 
 They had a variety of fruits 
 of their own growth, before the ~ 
 Englith arrived here; particularly 
 grapes, currants, ftrawberries, rafpe 
 berries, hurtleberries, whitethorn= — 
 haws as big as our cherries, chef= ~ 
 nuts, walnuts, fmall nuts, fi'berts, © 
 and many more; as alfo forre], © 
 water-crefles, favory, and the like © 
 falad and pot-herbs ; befides ~~ 
 others for phyfic, and feveral forts 
 of pulfe, but efpecially kidney-_ 
 beans; and without doubt thofe 
 vegetables have been fince im=- 7 
 proved. The peaches here are — 
 large, al} ftandard, and the fruit 
 better than ours; and they ‘com- 
 monly bear in three years froma 
 the ftone. They have alfo great 
 plenty of apples, with which the 
 make large quantities of cyder 
 fo that, in 1721, at a village nea 
 Bofton of about 40 houfes, the 
 made near 30co barrels; and fom 
 of their apple-trees yield fix o 
 feven barrels, at the rate of eight 
 or nine bufhels to the barrel,” 
 Here was a pearmain-tree, which, © 
 a foot from the ground, meafured 
 to feet 4 inches round, bore 38— 
 bufhels of fine fruit. f 
 
 Their horned cattle are very 
 numerons, and fome of them very — 
 large. Oxen have been killet 
 there of 1800 weight. They hav 
 alfo great numbers of hogs, a 
 thofe excellent; and.fome fo la 
 
 as to weigh 25 fcore. They hay 
 
2 3 oe 
 
 
 
 ENG 
 befides a breed of fmall horfes, 
 which are extremely hardy. They 
 pace naturally, though in no very 
 graceful or eafy manner; but with 
 fuch fwiftnefs, and for fo long a 
 continuance, as muft appear al- 
 moft incredible to thofe who have 
 not experienced it. 
 great number of fheep too, and 
 of a good kind. The wool is of 
 a ftaple fufficiently long; but it is 
 not fo fine as that of Old England. 
 Fhey, however, manufacture a 
 great deab of it fuccefsfully. 
 Cloths are made of it, of as clofe 
 
 and firm a contexture, though not 
 
 fo fine, as our belt drabs, being 
 
 thick, and fuperior for the ordi- 
 
 nary wear of country people to 
 
 any thing we make in England, 
 There are in many parts mines: 
 
 of iron ore, and fome of copper; 
 
 notwithftanding which moft of 
 
 the iron ufed there is brought 
 from the more Southern provinces 
 in pigs; and none of the copper- 
 mines have hitherto been worked. 
 ‘Phey have great quantities of bog- 
 iron, which is ufed for caft metal, 
 and much efteemed. 
 
 The people, by their being ge- 
 nerally freeholders, and by their 
 form of government, have a very 
 free, bold, and republican fpirit. 
 In no part of the world are the 
 ordinary fo imdependent, or pof- 
 fefs fo many of the conveniences 
 of life. They are ufed from their 
 infancy tothe exercife of arms ; 
 and they have a militia, which, as 
 fuch, is by no means contempti- 
 ble, and in feveral fkirmithes lately 
 have proved themfelves good fol- 
 diers. This, too, is much the beft 
 
 peopled of any of our colonies up-. 
 
 on the continent. It is judged 
 that the four provinces it com- 
 prifes, namely, Maflachufets-bay, 
 Conneticut, Rhode-Ifland, and 
 WNew-Hamphhire, contain upwards 
 of 600,coo fouls. Thefe four 
 governments are confederated for 
 their common defence. Fhe moft 
 
 confiderable of them, for riches’ 
 and number of people, being 
 
 _ 200,009 of the latter, though not 
 
 
 
 The have a. 
 
 ENG 
 for extent of territory, is Mafa— 
 chufets-bay. 
 
 Though in all the provinces of 
 New-England are large tewns, 
 which formerly carried on a con— 
 fiderable trade, the chief one was 
 Bofton, the capital’ of Maflachu- 
 fets-bay, and till lately the firft 
 city of New-England, and of alk 
 North-America. See Bofton. 
 
 For the towns of New-Englané 
 fee the different provinces, vize 
 New-Hampfbire, York, Maffachu= 
 fets-bay, Rhode-Ifland, &c. 
 
 We derive our rights im Ame- 
 rica from the difcovery of Sebaf- 
 tian Cabot, who’ fife made the 
 Northern continent in 1497- It 
 was, in general, calledthen New- 
 foundland, a name which is now 
 appropriated to an ifland on its 
 N.E.coa(t, It was along time before 
 we made any attempt to fettle in: 
 this country ; Sir Walter Raleigh® 
 fhewed the way, by planting a 
 colony in the Southern part, which 
 he called Virginia. 
 
 Early in the reign. of King 
 James I. a colony eftablifhed it- 
 felf at a place which they called’ 
 New Plymouth. They were but 
 few in number = near half of them 
 perithed by the fcurvy, by want,, 
 and the feverity of the climate, 
 But thofe who furvived, not dif- 
 pirited with their loffes, nor with 
 the hardfhips they were ftill to 
 endure, and finding themfelves- 
 out of the reach of the fpiritual 
 arm, reduced this favage country 
 to yield them a tolerable liveli- 
 hood, and by degrees a comfort=- 
 able fubfittence. . 
 
 Fhis little fettlement was made 
 in the year 1621. Several of their 
 brethren in England took the fame 
 methods, whereby the colony of 
 puritans infenfibly increafed; but 
 they had not extended themfelves 
 much beyond New -Plymouth. 
 In 1629 the colony began to floue, 
 rifh, fo that they foon became a 
 
 _confiderable people. By the clofe 
 
 of the enfuing year they had buil¢ 
 
 four towns, Salem, Dorchefter, 
 Charles-town, and « 
 
 G 3 
 
ENG 
 
 Thofe who found themfeives 
 tneafy upon a religious account 
 ~ in England, and feveral on account 
 of the then profitable-trade of furs 
 and fkins, and for the fake of the 
 fithcries, were invited to fettle in 
 New-England. But this colony 
 received ils principal afliftance from 
 the difcontent of feveral great men 
 of the puritan party, who were its 
 protectors, and who entertained a 
 defign of fertling among them in 
 New-England, if they fhould fail 
 in the meafures they were purfuing 
 for eftablifhing the liberty, and 
 reforming the religion, of their 
 mother-country. They folicited 
 for grants in New-England, and 
 were at a great expence in fettling 
 of them. Amongft thefe paten- 
 ‘tees we fee the Lord Brooke, the 
 Lord Say and Seal, the Pelhams, 
 the Hampdens, and the Pyms. 
 And Sir Mathew Boynton, Sir 
 William Conftable, Sir Arthur 
 Haflerig, and Oliver Cromwell, 
 were actually upon the point of 
 embarking for New-England ; 
 when archbifhop Laud obtained 
 an order for putting a ftop to 
 
 thefe emigrations. 
 
 The part of New-England cal- 
 led Maffaehufets- Bay had now fet- 
 tlements very thick all along the 
 fea-fhore, Some flips from thefe 
 were planted in the province of 
 
 ~ York and New-Hampfhire, being 
 torn from the original {tock by 
 that religious violence which was 
 the chief charaAeriftic of the firft 
 fettlers in New-England. The pa- 
 tentecs Jaft mentioned fettled upon 
 the river Connetticut, and efta- 
 blithed a feparate and independent 
 government there; fome perfons 
 having before that fixed them- 
 felves upon the borders of this 
 criver, who fled from the tyranny 
 of the Plymouth and Matiachu- 
 fets colonies. 
 
 * For a confiderable time the peo- © 
 
 ple of New-England had hardly 
 any regular form of government. 
 By their charter they were impow- 
 ered to, eftablith fuch o-der, and 
 make fuch laws, as they plafed, 
 
 - 
 - ” 
 
 
 
 ENG 
 provided they were not contrary te 
 the laws of England; a point not 
 eafily fettled, as they who com- 
 pofed the new colonies were of a 
 contracted way of thinking, and | | 
 moft violent enthufiafts. They 
 adopted the books of Mofes as - 
 the Jaw of the land; but the firft — 
 Jaws grounded upon thefe have’ © 
 fince fallen into difufe. 
 
 As to religion, it was, as has 
 been faid, the puritan. And as 
 foon as they found themfelves at\ 
 liberty in America, they fell into 
 a way very little different from 
 the independent mode. Some of 
 thefe people fettled.themfelves ta 
 the Southward, near Cape Cod, 
 where they formed a new govern- 
 ment upon their own principles, — 
 and built a town, which they cal- © 
 led Providence. This has fince © 
 made the fourth and fmalleft, but 
 not the worft inhabited, of the — 
 New-England governments, cal- _ 
 led Rhode-Ifland, from an ifland — 
 of that name forming q part of it. 
 
 The Britifh and India commo= | 
 dities annually imported into this — 
 colony, till the commencement of — 
 the prefent troubles,were eftimated — 
 at nearly 395,0col. and the ex- 
 ports to Great-Britain at 370,000} 
 but their fhip-building and fifhery — 
 trace was on the decline, 4 
 
 In their wars with the Indians 
 the people of New-England fhew= — 
 ed very little conduét : and though — 
 they prevailed in the end, in a 
 manner, to the extirpation of that 
 race of people, yet the Indians 
 had always great advantages in the 
 beginning ; and the meafures of 
 the Englith to oppofe them were 
 for the moft part injudiciowfly ta 
 ken. Their manner too of treat 
 ing them in the beginning was ft 
 indifereet, as to provoke them a 
 much to thofe wars as the French 
 influence has done fince that time 
 
 ENGLISH HARBOUR, one o 
 the ports of the ifland of Antigua 
 in the Weft-Indies, It is the beft 
 port in the ifland, and. is fituated 
 on the South fide; and at a great 
 expence has been rendered fit te 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 E'S K 
 
 receive the largeft fhips of war, 
 who find there a dock-yard with 
 ftores and all the materials for 
 repairing and careening, It is 
 but a fmall diftance from the town 
 and harbour.of Falmouth. 
 
 Erres, a nation of Indians 
 in Canada. About the year 1655 
 they were extirpated by the Iro- 
 guois : and though the beginning 
 of the war did not turn out in 
 favour of the latter; yet they were 
 not at all difcouraged by it; and 
 at laft they got fo much the ad- 
 vantage over the Eries, that were 
 it not for the great lake which 
 to this day bears the name of 
 that nation, one would not have 
 known that they ever exifted. 
 This Erie-lake empties itfelf into 
 that of, Ontario, by a canal called 
 the Leap of Niagara. 
 
 EscATARt, a fmall ifland a- 
 bout five leagues N. of Louif- 
 bourgh, in the ifland of Cape- 
 Breton. 
 
 EskiIMAu xX,orEsQuIMAUX, 
 one of the fierceft people of all 
 North-America, They dwell on 
 its moft Eaftern verge, beyond 
 the river of St. Laurence, and 
 {pread themfelves up N. and E. 
 into the large track called Terra 
 de Labrador, oppofite to New- 
 foundl:nd, from lat. 50’to 64, 
 and from long. 59 to 80. They 
 were at firft difcovered by the 
 Danes, who did not think it worth 
 their while to make any fettle- 
 ment, or éver carry on any traf- 
 fick among them. Their name is 
 fuppofed to be originally Efqui- 
 mantfic, which, in the Albenagin 
 dialect, fignifies eaters of raw fleth; 
 they being almoft the only people 
 in thofe parts that eat it fo, tho” 
 they ufe alfo to boil, or dry it in 
 the fun. By the complexions, 
 cuftoms, language, Kc. they feem 
 to be a quite different people from 
 all the other Americans, and pro- 
 bably are defcended from the 
 Groenlanders ; but they are of 
 fo favage and brutal a nature, that 
 no European nation cares to claim 
 Kindred with them, And fuch as 
 
 ESK 
 
 ‘trade among them for furs, the 
 
 only commodity they bring down 
 from the inland, and exchange for 
 knives, {ciflars, pots, kettles, &c. 
 are obliged to keep them ‘off at 
 ftaff’s length, and not fuffer them 
 to’ come in too great numbers ; 
 for when they do, they make no 
 fcruple of plundering, inftead of 
 bartering. They hate the Euro- 
 peans, and are always ready to do 
 them fome mifchief; fo that they 
 will come to the water-fide, and 
 cut their cables in the night, hop- 
 ing to fee them wrecked upon their 
 coaft againft the next morning. 
 They are generally tall, ftout, 
 and nimble, with a {kin as fair as 
 that of any European, becaufe they 
 always go covered, even in the 
 hotteft weather. Their hair and 
 beards are either fandy or brown, 
 and very bufhy; and the latter, 
 (thofe being almoft the only peo- 
 ple of this country who have any) 
 grows up almoft to their very 
 eyes; which gives them a very 
 dreadful look; at leaft one is at 
 a lofs to difcover the features of 
 their face. They have fimall eyes, 
 that look wild, large and very 
 dirty teeth ; hair commonly black, 
 
 fometimes brown; very much - 
 
 difordered, and a brutal appear- 
 ance all over, Their manners and 
 character do not belye this bad 
 phyfiognomy. They are fierce, 
 wild, diftruftful, reftlefs, and al- 
 ways difpofed to do ftrangers a 
 mifchief, who ought to be con- 
 tinually on their guard againft 
 them. With regard to their ge 
 nius, fo little traffick is carried om 
 with this nation, that.one knows 
 not yet what’ particular bias it 
 is of. However, they have al- 
 ways enough for doing mifchief. » 
 
 ‘Fhey make themfelves fhirts of 
 the wind-bladdess, guts, and {kins 
 of fihh, which they few in flips 
 neatly enough; but they come 
 down no Jower than the middle 
 with the men, and down to the 
 knees with the women: over that 
 they wear a fhort jacket, made of 
 the fkins of bears, or other wild 
 
 
 

 
 a 
 
 | ESK 
 eréatures, as alfo thofe-of: dogs, 
 and fea calves, with a cape hang- 
 ing behind, which they throw 
 over their heads in bad weather, 
 fo that fearce any. part of their 
 face'can be feen.. They wear al- 
 fo: breeches and boots made. of 
 the fame fkins, with the fur in- 
 ward; and the outfide they adorn 
 with fable, ermine, or other fine 
 fkins. The men’s jackets come 
 down only half to the thighs, 
 and thofe of the women, below 
 the calf. Both are tied with a 
 girdle, to, which: they commonly: 
 hang fome trinkets made of fifh 
 or other bone, or fuch other toys 
 as they barter with the Europeans. 
 In fammer they live in huts in 
 the open air, but in winter they 
 withdraw to their, caverns under 
 ground, The French at feveral 
 times, built fome forts and little 
 towns on their frontiers, fuch as 
 Gartier, St. Nicholas, Chicheque- 
 dec, Port Neuf, and Port Bean, 
 &c..in, hopes of civilizing, and 
 introducing atraffick among them, 
 as well.as for the fecurity of the 
 miffionaries who were to convert 
 them to chriftianity. 
 
 that thofe fettlements have fince 
 fallen to decay. 
 
 They are reckoned to be fo 
 numerous as to have at leaft 
 
 30,0co fighting men; but they: 
 
 are fo cowardly, that 500 Clifti- 
 nos of Hudfon’s-Bay, commonly 
 
 beat s or 60c0 of them. They: 
 
 are dangerous at fea, as well as 
 land; and with.their canoes, into 
 @ fort of which they fometimes 
 can throw 30 or 40 men,. they fo 
 infeft the cod and other fifheries, 
 that the Malowins on the N.. and 
 the Spaniards of Porto Chova, 
 are forced to arm fome of their 
 barco longos, im order to’ prote&t 
 their fifhermen; they making ro- 
 thing of crofling over into New- 
 foundland, by the ftraits of 
 Bellifle, -which are about feven 
 leagues broad: but they feldom 
 venture further, 
 
 | The Efquimaux.are ufed to 
 
 Tee On a es ee eee! ee Se Nes, ON 
 
 But they: 
 “were found fo fhy and indocile, 
 
 EiScR 
 
 drink falt water; and frequently 
 
 they have no.other.. This, how- | / 
 
 ever, is: not fea-water, but got 
 from fome brackifh ponds, fuck 
 as are fometimes to be met with 
 far up in the country.. 
 
 By fome Danifh veffels which, 
 in 1605, failed pretty high be- 
 yond: Hudfon’s - Bay, we learn 
 that they met with little men, 
 who had fquare heads, a tawny 
 complexion, and large protube- 
 rant lips ; thefe eat both fiefh and 
 fith quite raw, who could never 
 take to. bread, or drink boiled 
 victuals, and ftill lefs to wine ¢ 
 drank. whale-oil as we do water 3 
 and, devoured fichh by way of 
 dainty. > 
 
 The canoes of thefe pigmies 
 refemble a weaver’s fhuttle,. being 
 ten or twelve feet long: They 
 are conftructed of pieces of whale- 
 bone, about.the thicknefs of one’s . 
 finger, covered on both fides- 
 with the fkins of feals, or fea- 
 calves, fewed together ) with 
 finews:: two’ other {kins cover 
 the top of the canoe, fo that only 
 an opening is left im the middle 
 for the rower, and he draws iti 
 clofe round his loins like a-purfe 3: 
 fo that being fet down, and thus: 
 faftened by the middle, they do» 
 not receive onedrop of water into: 
 the canoe, though the waves 
 fhould roll over their heads, and: 
 be femetimes furrounded with! 
 them every way. The ftrength 
 of thefe machines confrfis in. the- 
 two ends, where the whalebone 
 is well faftened together by the 
 extremities; and the whole feo 
 compact, and well fewed, that 
 thefe fmall vefféls can weather 
 out the moft violent ftorms. In 
 thefe canoes, only one man gee 
 nerally manages each, in which 
 he his fitting, with his legs ex- 
 tended, his fleeves tied clofe about 
 his wrifts, and his head wrapped 
 in a kind of cowl faftened to his. 
 jacket: fo that whatever happens, 
 the water cannot penetrate it. 
 They hold with both hands an 
 gar, broad at cach end, and bew 
 
 
 
EST 
 tween five and fix feet long, 
 which ferves at the fame time 
 as an oar, rudder, and balance, 
 or counterpoife. In thefe canoes 
 the pigmies are very dexterous, 
 and move very fwiftly, 
 
 The Efguimaux, who ufe the 
 fame fort of canoes, have alfo o- 
 ther veffels, which are larger, 
 and nearly refembling the decked 
 chaloups.amongthe French. The 
 ribs of thefe are made of wood, 
 but covered with the fame fkins 
 as the other, They carry about 
 150 perfons, and go either with 
 fails or oars. 
 
 The Efquimaux are the only 
 natural inhabitants ever feen on 
 the coa(ts of Newfoundland, who 
 pafs thither from the main-land 
 of Labrador, in order to hunt, 
 and for the fake of traffic with 
 Europeans. One of their women 
 was brought to England and pre- 
 fented at court in the year 1773. 
 ~ EskiMauxX, or New-Bri- 
 TAIN, and TerrRA DE LA- 
 BRADOR, is the country of that 
 people bearing the firft name, 
 firuated: as above deferibed. It 
 was yielded to Great-Britain by 
 the peace of Utrecht, in 1713. 
 But no colonies have been fent 
 thither from thefe kingdoms, a 
 few fmall fettlements at the bot- 
 tom of Hudfon’s-bay excepted. 
 Here the Indians and Canadians 
 hunt for furs, though they have 
 ho colonies in the country. 
 
 Essex, a maritime county of 
 Maflachufets-bay, New-England, 
 the moft N. of the whole province, 
 through which runs Merimack- 
 river, and its eaftern point to 
 the Atlantic is Cape Ann. The 
 principal town in this county, 
 Salem, is now, the capital of the 
 province, fince the port is re- 
 nioved from Bofton hither. 
 
 Esse X, a county in New- 
 E. Jerfey, whofe principal towns 
 are Elizabeth and Newark, 
 
 Esrapa, or EsTape,atown 
 belonging to the province of Ta- 
 bafco, and audience of Mexico, 
 in New Spain, It is mentioned 
 
 
 
 ‘EU F 
 by Dampier as fituated on the 
 river Tabafco, four leagues be- 
 
 yond Villa de Mofc. It is‘faidto 
 
 be a place of good trade ; and fo 
 ftrong, that it repulfed captain 
 
 Hewet when heattacked it with 
 
 200 defperate buccaneers. 
 
 EsTHER-TOWN, a town in 
 Lancafter county, Penfylvania, 
 fituated on the E. bank of the 
 Sufquehannah - river, 10 miles 
 S. W. of Middle-town, and 12 
 miles N. E. of Carlifle. 
 
 EsTECHIMINES, favage na- 
 tions confining on Nova Scotia. 
 See Malecities. . 
 
 EusTAacer, or EUSTACYA, 
 IsLAND OF, called alfo’Metan-. 
 zas, or Slaughter, (from a but- 
 chering made on it by the Spa- 
 niards). It forms, with a long 
 point of land, the entrance to the 
 harbour of St. Auguftine, in 
 Florida, This ifland is long and 
 narrow, confifting principally of 
 fand and bufhes, and but one 
 mountain, of about 20 miles in 
 circuit. 
 
 St. EvsTar1a, or EustTA- 
 Turus, one of the Carribbee 
 Iflands. Iv ts about 5 leagues in 
 circuit, is properly a very fteep 
 mountain, which feems to rife 
 out of the fea, in the fhape of a 
 fugar-loaf. It is fituated in the 
 
 Atlantic Ocean, in America, five — 
 
 miles W. from St. Chriftopher’s 3 
 
 is a very fine, well cultivated 
 
 ifland, fubjeét to the Dutch, and 
 fomething largerthan Saba, which 
 
 has:the fame mafters, between ~ 
 
 which and St. Chriftopher’s rans 
 a narrow channel. It has no 
 harbour, only an open road on 
 the W. fide. Its principal pro- 
 duét is tobacco, which is planted 
 all round the mountain, by the 
 Dutch, who are’ well fortified 
 here; and have 1000 white peo= 
 ple. befides 1500 negroes: they 
 produce near 60,000 Ib. of fugar 
 here. With regard to fituation, 
 
 ic is reckoned the ftronge(t of all 
 
 the Caribbee Iflands, here being 
 only one good landing -place 
 which may be eafily defended by 
 
 A ee ee ee 
 
 
 
west 
 afew men; befides, the harbour 
 is commanded bya fort; mount- 
 ed with guns: only the very:top, 
 of the monntain is covered with 
 wood, all its circuit elfe being 
 manured, and planted, Though 
 the faid top looks as if it was bar- 
 ren; yet on it is a pretty. large 
 plain, where wild beafts harbour. 
 ‘T hough in this ifland are neither 
 {prings nor rivers, they, never 
 want proper fupplies of water 
 from their ponds and cifterns. In 
 the ifland is only one church ; 
 but feveral ftore - houfes, well 
 furniffied with all neceffaries, par- 
 ticularly the-commodities of Eu- 
 rope. The air here is healthy; 
 but fubjeét to terrible thunders, 
 earthquakes, and hurricanes: the 
 laft of which generally bappen in 
 the months of Auguft and Sept. 
 to the frequent ruin, of their 
 houfes, plantations, and thips. It 
 is faid that even the birds fore- 
 fecing, by initinét, the approach 
 of thefe hurricanes, lay themfelves 
 flat on the ground; and the rain, 
 which. precedes them is: always 
 bitter and jalt. 
 
 The Dutch took poffeffion of 
 this ifland in the year 1635; the 
 property of which the: States 
 
 ranted to fome merchants of 
 lufhing, who foon fettled a co- 
 lony on it of about 600 families, 
 or, as fome fay, 16co perfons, In. 
 1665, the Englifh, from Jamaica, 
 turned the Dutch out; but it was 
 foon retaken by the Dutch and 
 French, then united in war a- 
 gaiaft the Englifh; and; the 
 French placed a garrifon in it, 
 But by the treaty of Breda it was 
 reftored to the Dutch. In 1689, 
 it was taken from them by-the 
 French ; and from thefe it, was 
 taken the very next year by the 
 Englith, under Sir Timothy 
 Thornhill, having had only 8.of 
 his own men killed or wounded 
 in the attack, though the fort was 
 mounted by 16 great guns, and 
 -furrounded with a {trong double 
 pallifado, and defended on. one 
 fide by a deep ditch, and a nate 
 
 FAT 
 row bridge over; it. to the gate; 
 which admitted but one man at a 
 time. The iffand being again 
 reftored to. the Dutch, by the 
 treaty.of Ryfwick, they-have ré- 
 mained ever fince in. the quiet 
 pofleffion of it. Here they have 
 alfo fine fields of fugar-canes. 
 This ifland, as’ well as Curaffoa, 
 is engaged in the Spanifh contra- 
 band trade, for which, howe-- 
 ever it is not, fo-well fituated. 
 The ifland lies in latitude 17, 29. 
 long. 62, 56. 
 
 EXETER, a:town-in the pros 
 vince of New-Hampfhire, ina 
 New. England, on the W, branch 
 of the Pifcatagua river. 
 
 EXETER, atown in the coun- 
 ty of New Hanover, in N. Caro« 
 lina, fituated on the N.E. branch 
 of Cape Fear river, about 30 
 miles from Wilmington, and 22 
 from the New river. 
 
 ExuMA Iste, one of the 
 Bahama Ifles, fituated on the E. of 
 the Great Bank, between Stock- 
 ing Ifles, on the S. W. and Long 
 Ifle,,on the E, it is now uninha- 
 bited except by two families, yet 
 is one of the beftiof the Bahamas, 
 not only for its. fertility, but for 
 the excellency, of its anchoring- 
 places.in. the found to which it 
 gives name, where. all the Britifle 
 navy. could ride in fafety, The 
 only fugar plantation which has 
 ever been attempted, here; was! 
 abandoned laft-war, . It-lies under 
 the tropic.of Cancer, Longitude 
 74; 305 lat. 24, 30. 
 
 ExuMa SounbD, lies E. of 
 the Great Bahama Bank, between 
 it. and the ifle of Guanahani. 
 Lat. 24, long..75. 
 
 F 
 
 AIRFIELD, acountyon the 
 coalt of Connecticut, New- 
 England, Fairfield was formerly 
 the Mol-egin territory, and was 
 in part planted: by the. Dutch. 
 It is bounded all along to the 
 South by the province of New- 
 York; by New Haves to the 
 N.E, and New-York to the 
 
 i 
 ie 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PAE 
 
 S.W. The inland part of the 
 country, about eight or 10 miles 
 from the fhore, is: full of hills 
 and fwamps, which are uninha- 
 bited; but ufed to have good 
 game, and confequently a trade 
 of furs, Moft of the towns are 
 built in fmall creeks; but not 
 much noted for trade. 
 
 FairFIeELD, a town orrather 
 village of the county juft men- 
 tioned. It is fituated in a creek 
 on the fea-coaft. Lat. 41, 16. 
 Jong. 72, 12. 
 
 FaLtLen City, or OLD Jz- 
 RUSALEM, a range of rocks 
 among the Virgin Ifles in the W, 
 Indies, S. W, of Virgin Gorda. 
 Long: 62, 53. lat. 18, 10. 
 
 . FALMOUTH- Town and 
 Harsouwr, in the Ifland of An- 
 tigua, in the Weft Indies. It lies 
 on the S. fide of the ifland, and 
 is defended by two forts, which 
 shave a magazine. 
 
 FALMovurH, a fmall town in 
 the county of York, and pro- 
 vince of Maflachufets-Bay, in 
 New England, which was deftroy- 
 ed, January 1776, by the Britith 
 forces, for refufing to fupply ftores 
 when demanded. It-confifted of 
 600 families, and was divided in- 
 to 300 parifhess; New Cafco, Sapoo- 
 dock, and Stroud Water. The 
 principal part of the town was 
 fituated on a neck of land ftretch- 
 ing out L. from Stroud Water, 
 and formed akind of mole to the 
 Little Cove within it. This part 
 ‘confifted of a church and town- 
 houfe, with about 112 houfes, It 
 was laid out in lots forming two 
 ftreets parallel to the harbour, 
 and five at right angles to them ; 
 -on which: a great number of build- 
 ings were carryingon. The har- 
 -bour was extremely fine, large 
 and commodious, and mafts and 
 aval ftores were loaded here. 
 There was much trade carried on 
 from thence to the Weft India 
 Iflands, and many ships were 
 built here. 
 
 _-FALMovTH, atown and bay, 
 at the S, W. extremity of the 
 
 
 
 FES 
 
 peninfula in Barnftaple county, 
 Plymouth.Colony, New England, 
 16 miles S. W. from “Sandwich, 
 and 5 N.E. from Nawfhawn- 
 Ifland, at the mouth of Bnz- 
 zards-bay, one of the Elizabeth- 
 Iflands. 
 
 FALMOUTH, a town in King 
 ‘George’s county, Virginia, on the 
 N. fide of the Rappahanock river, 
 5 miles N. of Frederickfourg, and 
 29 S. of Dunrfries. 
 
 FarREWELL Cape, the moft 
 foutherly headland of Groznland, 
 
 at the entrance into Davis’s- 
 ftraits, Latitude 59, 37. long, 
 445 39) 
 
 FARMINGHAM, a town in 
 Hertford county, Conneéticut, N. 
 of New Cambridge, and W. of 
 Hertford. ‘ 
 
 Fre D’ANTIOCHIA, SANTA, 
 the moft northern town of Po- 
 pyan, a diftri€t of Terra Firma. 
 It is fituated about 200 miles to 
 the N. of Popyan city, near the 
 confines of the province of Car- 
 thagena, on the banks of the river 
 Santa Martha, and near 180 miles 
 to the S. of its confilux with the 
 Magdalena. ‘Thither the inha- 
 bitants removed from another 
 town called Antiochia, which was 
 15 leagues diftant from it; and 
 now but fmall, and thinly peo- 
 pled; whereas Santa Fe d’Antio- 
 chia is a confiderable place, being 
 the capital of a government called 
 the audience of Santa Fe. This 
 town had the addition of Antio- 
 chia annexed to it, to diftinguifh it 
 fromSanta FedeBogata,S: America. 
 
 Fr, or Foy, SanTA, a place 
 in the middle of Veragua, a pro- 
 vince in the audience of Guatima- 
 Ja, where the King of Spain keeps 
 officers for cating and refining 
 gold. 
 a river which runs into the North= — 
 Sea. a 
 
 Fr, Sanra, the capital of 
 New-Mexico. It is fituated 130 
 
 leagues from the fea, near the 
 fource of Rio del Nort, which 
 running a great way through the 
 country fouthward, and 
 
 then 
 
 
 
 It ftands at the fource of —~ 
 
FLO 
 
 bending eaft, falls into the gulf 
 of Mexico. Baudrand makes it 
 nine leagues from that river. It 
 is faid to be a rich city, regularly 
 built ; and is the fee of a bifhop, 
 who is fuffragan to Mexico, as 
 well as the feat of the governor of 
 the country, who holds his poft 
 for five years, and is then fuc- 
 ceeded by another. By fome it is 
 called Santa Fe de Granada, and 
 
 by others New Mexico, Lati- 
 tude 7, 29. long. 77, 20. 
 FisHERS IsLANnD. It is fi- 
 
 tuated about 5 miles from the 
 coaft of Conne@icut, near the 
 mouth of the Thames river; it 
 is E, and W. near § miles long, 
 and about 1 and Z broad N.and s. 
 ' FLoRIpDA, a country fituated 
 on the E. fide of the Miffifippi- 
 river, and extending to the fron- 
 tiers of Carolina and Georgia, 
 and forms an extenfive peninfula 
 from lat, 25 to 31. This was 
 difcovered by the Spaniards in 
 1512, and by the cruelties exer- 
 
 cifed on the natives, it foon be-- 
 
 came a defart, and the {mall num- 
 ber of fettlements Spain formed 
 here, which they never peopled, 
 ferved lefs to make any advan- 
 tage of the country, than to hin- 
 der another nation from fettling 
 in it; and fhe was obliged, in 
 1763, at the peace, to yield it to 
 Great-Britain, who divided it into 
 colonies or governments, under 
 the name of Eaft and Weft Flo- 
 rida, whofe limits were fettled by 
 proclamation, Oct. 7, 1763. 
 FLoRripda,East,comprehends 
 all the peninfula; it is bounded 
 on the N. by Georgia, and on the 
 W. bythe river Apalachicola. It 
 contains 12 million. of acres, 
 which is about the quantity of 
 Jreland. Its foil, except in the 
 middle, is very low, and cut into 
 lakes and rivers full of fifh; the 
 trees which cover it are not clofe 
 together, as in the American fo- 
 refts, but at a diftance from each 
 other without any underwood. 
 “Ihe fhores are fandy or marfhy to 
 a great diftance within land, The 
 
 FL.O | 
 agitation of the waters violently. 
 attacking with a continual force 
 its fouthern extremity, which they 
 inceflantly wear away, has divided 
 icintoa great number of iflands, 
 keys, banks, and rocks, whofe 
 mafs bending from the W. to- 
 wards the N. has followed the 
 dire€tion of the current. | Thefe 
 feparations, in which are formed 
 feveral channels for fmall veffels, 
 were named by the Spaniards ‘ihe 
 Iflands and Keys of the Martyrs. 
 Befides, the fituation of this co- 
 lony between two feas renders the 
 air colder, and the rains more 
 frequent, thanin thencighbouring 
 parts of the continent. ‘The mild- 
 nefs of the feafons,and the whole- 
 fome quality of the climate, be- © — 
 came a proverb among its firtt 
 matters, who ufed to refort thither 
 from the Havanna, Vera Cruz, 
 and feveral other places, for the 
 recovery of their impaired healths, 
 The country abounds with all 
 forts of timber and fruit trees, 
 efpecially oaks, firs, pines, but 
 thefe lait without bearing fruit, 
 nut-trees, {mall cherry- trees, mul- 
 berry trees, both white and red, 
 which here grow much larger than 
 in any other part of America, ma- 
 hogany, walnut, maple, ath, len- 
 tifques, limes, che{nut, cedar, lau- 
 rel, and palm-trees, with vines, 
 which grow naturaily, of which 
 laft is a kind whofe grapes are lar~ 
 ger betwixt the two tropics; and 
 it is reckoned as good as our man- 
 chet, and fix times cheaper. Al- 
 fo others that ferve for dying, as 
 fuftic, braziletto, logwocd, &c. 
 the faflafras and tolu-tree ufed ia 
 phyfic ; the magnolia, tulip lau- 7 
 rel, the tupelow-tree, &c. are be- 
 come the greateft ornaments of 
 gardens; and other fhrubs which 
 may become of great confequence 
 in trade, fuch as the myrtle-wax 
 fhrub, which grows in every foil, 
 the opuntia or cochineal fig-tree, 
 the fenna fhrub, &c. to this may — 
 be added, that Eaft-Florida hall 
 the greateft part of the fruit-tree 
 of the New World, and almof ab 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 P= = 
 
 FLO 
 
 thofe of Europe fucceed wonder- 
 
 fully there; where alfo may be 
 cultivated to advantage not only 
 all the produétions of the Antil- 
 les, but likewife filk, indigo, and 
 vines. In 1772 they exported 
 from this colony 30,000 weight 
 of indigo, of an excellent quali- 
 ty. It is the only Englith fettle- 
 ment that produces much of the 
 plant called Barilla or Kali, with 
 which pearl-afhes are made, and 
 of which the Englifh import a 
 confiderable quantity for manu- 
 facturing of glafs, foap, &c. All 
 the fhores and overflowed lands 
 are covered with it. When this 
 country was yielded to England, it 
 was defolate in fome degree ; and 
 as yet it contains but afmall num- 
 ber of planters. One of the moft 
 flourifhing fettlements is Mr. Boll’s, 
 which is S, of St. Auguftine, the ca- 
 pital ofthe colony. In 1770 E. Flo- 
 rida received 50 floops and fitted 
 out 62; fo flourifhing is it in its 
 infant ftate, Its ancient inha- 
 bitants were exterminated by the 
 Creeks; a favage nation who 
 lived further in-land. Here is a 
 fort of grain like our oats, and 
 when rightly prepared, exceeds 
 our beft oat-meal. It grows {pon- 
 taneoufly in marthy places, and 
 by the fides of rivers, like ruthes, 
 The Indians, when it is ripe, take 
 handfuls, and (hake them into their 
 canoes, and what efcapes them, 
 falling into the water, produces, 
 without any further trouble, the 
 next year’s crop. In Florida they 
 have alfo the tunas, a moft delicious 
 food, efpecially in hot weather; and 
 
 | fo wholefome, that, when ripe, Eu~- 
 
 ropeans call it the cordial julap. 
 There is good beef, veal, and 
 mvtton, with plenty of hogs, 
 efpecially on the fea-coaft; a- 
 corns, cocoa-nuts, and other 
 malts, Here are not only cattle 
 for draught of the Tartar breed, 
 but horfes for the faddle, the latter 
 incredibly cheap, Every where on 
 this coaft is fhelter for veflels, 
 
 _ and fometimes a little fihhing and 
 
 Fei. © 
 
 hunting. It appears that few 
 favages inhabit this part of the 
 country. But this coaft is the 
 kingdom, as it were, of oyfters, 
 as the great bank of Newfound- 
 land, the gulph and river of St. 
 Laurence, are that of cod and 
 haddock. All the low lands on 
 the coaft, as far as they can be 
 approached, are bordered with 
 mangler-trees, to which adhere a 
 prodigious quantity of finall oy- 
 {ters, of anexquifite tafte. Others 
 a great deal larger, and not fo de- 
 licious, are to be met with in the 
 fea; and that in fuch numbers, 
 that they form fhelves therein, 
 which at firft one takes for rocks 
 level with the furface of the water. 
 
 West FroripDa is feparated 
 from Eaft Florida by the river 
 Apalachicola on the Eat, by the 
 Gulf of Mexico on the South; 
 onthe North, by the 31 parallel 
 of latitude ; and on the Weft, by 
 the lakes Maurepas and Pontchar- 
 train and the river Miflifippi. It 
 is a long land of more than 80 
 leagues, in which fertlements are 
 enclofed, yielded to Great-Britain 
 at the peace in 1763. The cli- 
 mate is very hot, damp and un- 
 healthy, particularly near the fea; 
 the Strand takes up a great depth, 
 it is a white and dry fand. As 
 you advance into the country, 
 which is tolerably even, the cli- 
 mate becomes more healthy, and 
 the lands more fruitful ; they get 
 every year two harvefts of maize, 
 and have very good paftures with 
 plenty of cattle. The trees and 
 plants are nearly the fame as in 
 Eaft Florida, but this affords feye- 
 ral articles which are wanted there. 
 The inland parts are alfo much 
 better. 
 
 Pearls are to be found here in 
 great abundance; but the Indians. 
 value our beads more. Upon the 
 whole coaft, for 2co leagues, ar¢ 
 feveral vaft beds of oyfters; and 
 in the frefh-water lakes and rivers 
 is a fort of fhell-fifhh between 2 
 aes and a pearl-oyfter, in 
 
Hind 
 which’ is found abundance of 
 pearls, and many larger than or- 
 dinary ; and on the coaft they of- 
 ten gather ambergris.. Here are 
 two forts of cochineal; one the 
 wild fort, which is far inferior to 
 what is cultivated in the gardens 
 and fields; and) the plant of 
 which indigo is made, is very 
 common in moft of the S. parts 
 of this province. © Here is to be 
 found alfo, efpecially after high 
 S. winds, a fort of ftone-pitch, 
 which the Spaniards, who call it 
 copea, moiften with greafe, and 
 ufe it for their'veffels in the na- 
 ture of ‘pitch ; than which they 
 fay it is much better in hot coun- 
 tries, it: not being apt to melt. 
 ‘The high grounds contain mines 
 of copper, iron, lead, and coal, 
 and they find orpiment and fan- 
 darac in feveral places, Great 
 part of theinhabitantsare French, 
 who build thips and cultivate rice, 
 cotton, and indigo. Their cotton 
 is very fine, of a bright white, 
 ‘and their indigo is more briiliant 
 than that from St, Domingo, 
 ‘The inhabitants of this colony 
 amount to about 6coo3 but they 
 have lately increafed rapidly to- 
 ‘wards the Miffifippi, At prefent 
 their chief trade is in furs and 
 wood for dying and building, In 
 1768 their exports amounted ‘to 
 10,4951. the year following to 
 -¥o,806. In 1770 30 veflels-en- 
 ter.d their ports, and they fitted 
 out 41. 
 
 ~On the banks of the Miffifippi 
 are feveral fprings and lakes, 
 which produccexcellent falt, The 
 plants producing hemp and flax 
 are very common in this country; 
 and that fort of filk-grafs, of 
 which are made fuch ftuffs as 
 come from the Ealt Indies, called 
 herb-ftuffs, Vat flights of pi- 
 geons'come -hither at certain fea- 
 fons of the year, for above a 
 ldague’ in length, and half as 
 broads: which rooft on the trees 
 jn fuch numbers, that they often 
 break down the branches. In 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 FOR, 
 many places are mines of pit-coal, 
 and iron-ore jis often found near _ 
 the furface of the earth, whence 
 a metal is extraéted little infes 
 rior to fteel. Here are alfo fome — 
 mines of quickfilver, or rather — 
 the mineral from which it'isex- — 
 tracted, and only ufed by the na~ 
 tives to paint their faces and bo- 
 dies in time of war, or high fef- 
 tivals. 
 
 With regardto the rivers which 
 do not communicate with the 
 Miffifippi, only two large ones are © 
 betwixt it and the peninfula of © 
 Florida, namely, the Coza, Coufla, — 
 or Mobile, and Palache. The 7 
 diftance between thefe two rivers 
 to the E, is about 190 miles; and — 
 the coaft between them is very — 
 deep and bold. The chief hare 7 
 bour betwixt them alfo, and in- 
 deed the beft upon all this coaft 
 of the Gulph of Mexico, is Pen 7 
 facola, The other places in Flo- 
 rida may be feen under the re= — 
 {pective names, . 
 
 FoRBIsHeR’s STRAIT, fo © 
 called from the difcoverer of it, 7 
 Martin Forbifher, who in the ~ 
 year 1578 found it out, in lat. 62 — 
 N. when he went a voyage in” 
 queft of Groenland ; and from: 
 thence, forcing his way through 
 the ice, he arrived at a place in 
 thefe northern countries, which ~ 
 he called the Countef{s of Ware _ 
 wick’s Sound, where hedefignedto 4 
 build afort; but part of the timber | 
 which he brought from England 7 
 being loft, he returned home, — 
 loaded with a glittering fort of — 
 fand, which he had imagined to ~ 
 contain gold. (See Groenland.) © 
 
 FoRDHAM, @ manor in the — 
 county of Weft-Chetter, and pros _ 
 vince of New-York, u 
 
 Fort-RoyAt, the capital of | 
 Granada, one of the Caribbee™ 
 Iflands, in the Weft Indies, which ~ 
 lies at the bottom of a fpacious” 
 harbour, that is capable of con- © 
 taining 25 fhips of the line with 
 eafe and in perfe&t fecurity. It is” 
 fituated at the S, W, end of the: 
 

 
 
 
 FR A 
 ifland, where the feat of govern 
 ment is fixed, which retains the 
 French divifion of the ifland into 
 7 quarters or parifhes. 
 
 Fort-RovyAt, one of the 
 principal towns in the ifland, of 
 Martinico, in the Weft Indies. 
 It is the feat of government in 
 the ifland; its {treets are regular, 
 and houfes agreeable, and the in- 
 habitants addi@ed to luxury. To 
 the E. of the town, on a neck of 
 Jand, is an irregular fort, badly 
 built,-and worfe defigned, which 
 gives name to the town it poorly 
 defends.’ ©Since the peace, the 
 French have built a citadel, which 
 has coft 325 cool. fterl. Its har- 
 bour, where the men of war 
 winter, is one of the beft in the 
 Welt Indies. 
 
 FRANCKFORT, a town of 
 Philadelphia county, Penfylvania. 
 It is as weil built, and as large, as 
 Briftol town,in Buckingham coun- 
 ty. The inhabitants were at firft 
 Swedes and Dutch, who had dwelt 
 in feveral places of Penfylvania, 
 The former fettled themfelves 
 principally an the creeks near the 
 frefhes, and the latter planted 
 near Oxford, upon the bay. At 
 Franckfort is a Church-of-Eng- 
 Jand congregation; and in the 
 town are about 80 families. It 
 is about 4 miles E. of Philadel- 
 phia, on a branch of the Delawar 
 river. 
 
 FrANcIS, Lake of, St. in the 
 river of St, Laurence, belonging 
 
 | to Canada. It is 7 leagues long, 
 
 
 
 and at moft 3 in its greateft 
 breadth. The land on both fides 
 is low, but apparently pretty good. 
 The road from Montreal to it lies 
 a little to the S, W. and the Lac 
 de St. Francois runs W.S, W. 
 
 “and. E..N.E. 
 
 Francis, St. at the weftern 
 extremity of Lac de St. Pierre, 
 in Canada, is a vaft number of 
 ifles of all dimenfions, called De 
 Richelieu, In turning upon the 
 Jeft, as one comes from Quebec, 
 are particularly fix iflands, which 
 
 BRE 
 
 border ‘a deep'neck of land, inte 
 which a fine river difeharges itfelf, 
 whofe fource is in the neighbour- 
 hood. of New-York. The ifles, 
 the river, and the whole country 
 watered by it, all go by the name 
 of St.Francis. Each of the iflands © 
 is upwards of a large quarter of a 
 league in length, but of unequal 
 breadth; but the greateft part 
 of thofe called De Richelieu are 
 {maller. 
 
 In the river of St. Francis, and 
 at its mouth, they catch excellent 
 fith. In winter they make holes 
 in the ice, through which paffing © 
 nets five or fix fathoms in length, 
 they feldom draw them empty. 
 The fith which they commonly 
 take are; barbel, jilt-fith, achi- 
 gans, mafquinougez, a fpecies of 
 pike with a head larger than that 
 of ours, and a mouth’under a 
 crooked fnout.. ‘Vhe foil of St. 
 Francis, if we may judge of it by 
 the trees produced on it, and the 
 little which has hitherto been 
 cultivated, is very good ; yet the 
 inhabitants are poor. 
 
 FRANCOISE CAPE, in St. 
 Domingo. See Hifpaniola. 
 
 FRANKS-lTowN, in Cumber- 
 land county, Penfylvania, fitu- 
 ated among the mountains at the 
 N. W. extremity of the province, 
 22 miles S. W. of Huntingdon. 
 on the fame river, which runs in- 
 to the Sufyuehannah. 
 
 FRAYLES, an ifland near the 
 coaft of New Andalufia, on the 
 Terra Firma. , 
 
 FREDERICA, fo called from 
 Frederick late Prince of Wales, 
 a town of Georgia. It is fituated 
 in the middle of St. Simon’s 
 ifland, near the coaft. Round 
 the place are good fortifications, 
 at the mouth of the river Aha- 
 tamha, particularly a regular for- 
 trefs, {trengthened by four baf- 
 tions and a fpur-work, towards 
 the river, mounted with feveral 
 pieces of cannon. Here is a mas 
 giftracy as at Savannah, the ca- 
 at -ip the province, fupported 
 
 2 
 
FRO 
 
 at the expence of the truftees for 
 the colony of Georgia. 
 
 In 1742, the Spaniards, having 
 invaded St. Simon, took the fort 
 of that name; but, upon march- 
 ing to befiege Frederica, were re- 
 pulfed, and forced to quit the en- 
 terprize. This ifland is 13 miles 
 long, and 3 or 4 broad, 20 leagues 
 N..of St. Auguftine. The fort 
 of St. Simon is 7 miles from the 
 towm. Befides this are feveral 
 {mall iflands in the mouth of the 
 river, fortified, Lat. 31, 12. 
 Jong. 81, 42. 
 
 FREDERICK’s-ToWN, or 
 WINCHESTER, an inland town 
 in Frederick's county, Virginia, 
 near the head of Opeckon creck, 
 which runs into the Patowmack 
 river, 
 
 FREDERICKSBURG, a town 
 ~ in Spotfylvania, Virginia, 5 miies 
 S. of Falmouth, 107 N. of Wil- 
 liamfburg, on the S. bank of the 
 Rappahannock river. It is 26 
 miles S$. E. to Port-Royal, 52 
 §. E. to Hobb’s-Hole, 61 to Bel- 
 haven, 84 N. W. to Winchefter. 
 
 FREEHOLD, the chief town 
 of the county of Monmouth, in 
 New_E, Jerfey. 
 
 Frovsac CHANNEL,a ftrait 
 lying between Nova Scotia and 
 Cape Breton, which is no more 
 “than 5 common French leagues 
 in Jength by 1 in breadth, 
 
 FronTENAC, a fort built by 
 the French. Ir is fituated in Ca- 
 nada, on the river St. Laurence, 
 about 100 leagues above Quebec, 
 and at about a fhort league from 
 its mouth where it difcharges it- 
 felf on the lake Ontario, or Pretty 
 lake, called alfo Frontenac. It 
 was erected with a view to fup- 
 prefs the ravages of the Iroquois. 
 ‘The winter about sthis place is 
 much fhorter than at Quebec ; 
 and the foil is fo well cultivated, 
 . as to produce all forts of Euro- 
 pean and Indian corn, with other 
 fruits, The fort at firft. was but 
 indifferent, being only furround- 
 ed with mud banks and palli- 
 
 uN 
 
 fades; but afterwards its walls, 
 baftions, and other fortifications, 
 were built of {quare ftone, found 
 here in great plenty, and ready 
 polifhed by the beating of the 
 waves of the lake, on the N. fide 
 of which it is ereéted. It is a 
 f{quare of 4 baftions, a quarter of 
 a league in cireuit. Its fituation, 
 indeed, has fomething in it that 
 is very agreeable: the banks of 
 the river prefent every way a 
 landfcape beautifully variegated ; 
 as likewife does the entrance * 
 into the lake Ontario, which is — 
 fown with iflands of different 
 magnitudes, all well wooded, on 
 a peninfula; and near jt isa good 
 haven, where all forts of veflels 
 may ride in fafety. Some of 
 the colonies which came hither, 
 brought with them feveral forts 
 of horned cattle, fowl, and other ~ 
 ufeful animals; fo that there is 
 no want of any thing: and, bes 
 fides, the fortifications are greatly 
 improved. But the misfortune ~ 
 is, that the advantageous com= — 
 munication between this lake, — 
 Montreal, and Quebec, is fome= 
 what difficult and dangerous, on 
 account of the river being full 
 of rocks and waterfals, and may 
 be eafily obftruéted by the am- 
 bufcades of the Lroquois, who lie 
 on each fide: fo that the French — 
 abandoned the fort, and damaged 
 thofe works which they could not ~ 
 demolifh, in the year 1689. But 
 fince that time they retcok and 
 repaired the place, and were in 
 quiet poficffion of it till the Eng- 
 lifh, under the command of Co- 
 lonel Bradftreet, took it in th 
 year 1759, to whom it was con 
 firmed at the peace in 1763. 
 Funpy-Bay, a large bay on 
 the coaft of Nova Scotia, run 
 ning above 200 miles into th 
 land, from Cape Sable, the- moft 
 fouthern point of Nova Scotia,” 
 to the ifthmus which joins that” 
 province to the continent, Th 
 mouth of it lies in lat. 43, 12 
 long. 66, 4D. - g 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
beng: 
 
 GAN. 
 1 eget 
 
 Asor!i, BAy oF, ison the 
 S. E. coaft of Cape Breton. 
 The entrance into it, which is 20 
 leagues from the iffes of St.Pierre, 
 is a league in breadth, and lying 
 between iflands and rocks. To 
 every one of the former vefiels 
 may approach very near; fome 
 ftreich themfelves into the fea 
 about a Jeague and ahalf. The 
 depth of this bay inland is two 
 Jeagues, and here is good an- 
 chorage. 
 
 GALETTE, LA, a neck of 
 land in the river St. Laurence, 
 belonging to Canada. From the 
 point oppofite to Vifle de Mon- 
 treal a road might be made to 
 Galette, by which means 40 
 leagues of navigation would be 
 avoided, which the waterfals ren- 
 der almoft impra¢ticable, and al- 
 ways very tedious. ‘The land 
 about la Galette is very good 5 
 and in two days time a bark may 
 
 fail from Ja Galette to. Niagara, 
 
 with a good wind. ia Galette is 
 
 - a league and a half above the fall. 
 
 called les Galots.. 
 
 Gatots, a waterfal fo called, 
 which lies in the river St. Lau- 
 rence, in Canada. Et is the laft 
 ef the cafcades here. Betwixt 
 the neck of land la Galette and 
 Jes Galots is. an admirable coun- 
 try, and no where can be feen 
 finer forefts.. 
 
 GaLoTs, LISLE AUX, an 
 ifland in the river of St-Laurence, 
 in Canada. It is fituated 3 leagues 
 beyond J’ifle aux Cheyres, in lat.. 
 43, 33° 
 
 GANos, a place in Canada, 
 where the Qhio or Fair river 
 joins that of St. Laurence. It is 
 60 leagues above the mouth of 
 the Jatter, and 10 leagues more 
 by land to the right hand, before 
 one comes to the Ohio.. At Ga- 
 nos is a fpring, the water of 
 
 which is like oil, and taltes fer- 
 
 guginous, A little further is ano- 
 
 GAS 
 ther of quite the fame nature, 
 which the favages make ufe of 
 againft all forts of pains, . 
 
 GARDINER’S ISLAND,’ & 
 fmall iffand about’ 5 miles long, 
 and one broad, at the E. end of 
 Long Ifland, NewYork, on which 
 are two pretty villages... 
 
 Gasrez, or GACHEPE, THE 
 Ba¥ anp Hzapriawnp oF, lice 
 alittle to the S. of Cape des Ro- 
 fiers, in Canada. Below this bay 
 one fees a fort of ifland, which 
 in reality is no other than a fleep 
 rock, about 30 toifes long, 10 
 high, and 4 broad. One would 
 take it for the point er flope of 
 an old wali; and it is affured,, 
 that it was formerly joined to 
 Mount Joli, which lies oppofite 
 to it on the continent. Phis rock 
 has in its middle an opening in 
 the ferm of an arch, through . 
 which a Bifeayan chaloupe may 
 pafs under faik; and on this ac- 
 count it has had the name of Vifle 
 Percce.. The natives of the dif= , 
 triG& of Gafpé are commonly dif- ~ 
 tinguifhed by the names of the 
 rivers along whofe banks they: 
 live, the three principal of which 
 are St. Jean, Riftigonetie, and 
 Mizamiche, or Miramichi, and 
 by the French St. Croix, They 
 are tall and well fhaped, civil 
 and hofpitable; and their wemem 
 handfome and chafte.. 
 
 With regard to Gafpe itfelf, 
 it is not remarkablefor anything, 
 only that it takes its name from 
 the bay on which it is fituated,, 
 and which lies between the Cape 
 des-Rofiers,and l’ifle Percée, or the 
 Hollow Ifland, above mentioned. 
 Eefides this bay, are two other 
 noted ones upon the coa{t, name— 
 ly, des Chaleurs and Campfieug 5, 
 all which are moftly frequented: 
 by fifhermen, who commonly 
 catch falmon, jack, cod, porpoifes,, 
 and the like.. 
 
 Gasper, the capital of a terni- 
 tory called Gafpefia, in Canada 
 Proper, extending itfelf along the: 
 eaftern toafls of this. province, 
 
 Hy 
 
 
 
‘ 
 
 GEO 
 from Cape des Rofiers, at the 
 mouth of St. Lawrence river, to 
 another promontory which lies 
 oppofite to Cape Breton, about 
 310 leagues, and ftretches much 
 further inland. 
 
 Gemesir, Fort of, in the ri- 
 ver of St. John, after the taking 
 of Peutagoet, in 1674, by 110 
 ‘men under the command of an 
 Englithman in a Flemifh corfair, 
 by furprize, fell eafily into our 
 hands foon after. 
 
 GrorGia, a large tract of 
 Jand between Carolina and Flori- 
 da. It is feparated from South- 
 Carolina by the river Savannah 
 on the N, has the Atlantic Ocean 
 on the E, is bounded by the Miffi- 
 fippi on the W. and parted from 
 the Floridas on the S, Its extent 
 3s 170 miles from N. to S. near 
 the fea, but widens in the re- 
 moter parts to above 150. It is 
 divided into the following coun- 
 ties, viz. Savannah, which con- 
 tains the capital towns of Savan- 
 nah and Ebenezer; Halifax, has 
 the town of Queenfborough; Au- 
 gufta, which has Augufta and 
 Wrightfborough ; and Southern, 
 which has Sunbury, a port of en- 
 try, and Frederica. 
 
 George II. was pleafed to grant 
 a charter, dated the 9th of June, 
 1732, conftituting 4 corporation 
 under the name of Truftees for 
 eftablifhing a colony in Georgia; 
 which included all that country 
 fituated in South-Carolina, which 
 lies from the moft Northern ftream 
 of the river Savannah, along the 
 coat, to the moft Southern ftream 
 of the Alatamacha, and W. from 
 the fourees of the faid rivers, re- 
 fpectively in direét lines, as far as 
 the South or Pacific Sea. Georgia 
 fs but indifferently peopled, tho’ 
 it is now upwards of 4o years 
 fince its firft fettlement. Not 
 ene of our colonies was of fo flow 
 a growth, thovgh none had ‘fo 
 much of the attention of the go- 
 vernment, or of the people in ge- 
 neral, or raifed fo great expecta. 
 
 GEO 
 
 tions in the beginning. They 
 export fome cor and Jumber te 
 the Weft-Indies, they raife fome 
 rice, and of late have gone with 
 fuceefs into indigo, 
 
 After pafling the bars, hips 
 meet with a fecure and commo- 
 dious harbour in the mouth of 
 the Savannah river; and to the 
 S. of it is a ftill more capacious 
 road, called Teky-found, where 
 a large fleet may anchor in be- 
 tween 10 and 14 fathoms water, 
 being land-locked, and having a 
 fafe entrance over the bar. The 
 tide of flood generally rifes on this 
 coaft to feven feet. 
 
 This country produces Indian 
 corn, as alfo wheat, oats, and bar- 
 ley, of which the two laft grains 
 grow beft. Very good wheat is 
 likewife reaped in May; and they 
 mow the grafs in June. Here are 
 potatoes, pumpkins, water and 
 musk melons, cucumbers, all forts 
 
 of Englifh green peafe (which, . 
 with proper care and culture, may 
 be had almoft the whole year ~ 
 
 round), and garden-beans, but the 
 Windfor fort will not flourifh 
 here; Indian peafe, all forts of 
 falading the year round, and all 
 
 forts of {weet herbs and pot-herbs. 
 
 Here ave neétarines, plumbs, and 
 peaches; which three, efpecially 
 
 the laft, are almoft as common ag _ 
 apple-trees are in Herefordfhire. 
 ‘The plumbs are ripe the begin= — 
 
 ning of May; peaches and nec- 
 tarines the latter end of June. 
 
 Here are no hazle-nuts, but chin- 
 capins very fweet and good; wild 
 grapes in abundance, which are 
 ripe in June; as alfo four or five 
 forts of good wind-berries 3 pre- 
 fimmins, much like our medlars; 
 wild cherries, that grow in fprays 
 like currants, and are not much 
 larger, but tafte like a {mall black 
 cherry, and are ripe in May. 
 Here are a few Englifh cherries im 
 the gardens and orchards; alfo 
 apple, pear, and a few apricot 
 trees: many of the apple-trees 
 bear twice a year; but the latter 
 
 
 
 tal 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 GEC 
 _ erop is fmall. Here are great 
 quantities of white mulberry-trees, 
 the. fruit of which is not to com- 
 pare with thofe of England, tho’ 
 the leaves are the beft food for the 
 filk-worms. Olives flourifh here 
 in the greateft perfection ; and fo 
 do oranges, efpecially in the S. 
 part of the province, where an 
 orange-tree has been known, in 
 feven years, to rife 15 feet from 
 the root to the branchess The 
 chief timber-trees are, pines in a- 
 bundance, fix or feven fpecies of 
 oaks, hiccory, black walnut, ce- 
 dar, white and black cyprefs, 
 white and red laurels, bays, myr- 
 tle, of whofe berries they make 
 candles; faflafras, an infufion of 
 whith makes good drink ; beech 
 trees, and many others which have 
 no particular name. In fome places 
 here the land is as good as any in 
 England, were there but hands 
 enough to cultivate ir. 
 
 This country affurds a great 
 deal of wild game, pacticularly in 
 winter, front Nov. to March, fuch 
 as wild geefe, ducks, teals, and 
 widgeons, wild turkeys from 20 
 to 3c pounds weight, turtle-doves 
 in abundance, curlews, fand- birds, 
 woodcocks, and partridges, but 
 much fmaller than in England ; 
 deer, a creature between a rabbit 
 and a hare, which is very good 
 eating: and, when it is very cold 
 weather in the Northern parts of 
 America, here are vaft flights of 
 wild pigeons, which are very eafy 
 to fhoot. The chief game here in 
 the fummer feafon is deer and 
 ducks. Here are many tygers, 
 but fmall; and bears, the flefh of 
 whofe cubs eats like that of young 
 pigs. Here are wild cattle, and 
 
 _wolves, that often run away with. 
 the calves of the tame ones. In 
 the woods are abundance of {nakes, 
 but none venomous, except the 
 rattle-fnake. In the rivers are 
 ‘abundance of fharks and alliga- 
 tors. Here is plenty of fiih, With 
 regard to fhell-fish, here are oyfters 
 innumerable, but not fo good as 
 
 GEO 
 the Englith, crabs, clams, mufcles, 
 conchs, and very large prawiis. 
 Of all manufaétures, none feenis 
 {6 praéticable, and withal fo be- 
 neficial here, as the raifing of filk, 
 the foil of Georgia being extreme- 
 ly proper for the culture of mul- 
 berry-trees, and the climate no 
 lefs agreeable to filk- worms. The 
 principal rivers are the Savannah, 
 Altamaha or George, and St, Ma- 
 ry’s, in Georgia, the laft dividing 
 it from Florida; and its chief 
 harbours are the mouths of the 
 rivers Savannah and Altamaha. 
 The following account of the 
 exports for twenty-three years, 
 fhews the progrefs of the trade of 
 the province: In the firft column 
 is the year, the fecond contains 
 the number of veffels cleared, and 
 the third the value in fterling mo- 
 ney of the exports in each years 
 
 
 
 
 
 1750 3 20041, 
 1751 | 41 33810 
 3752} 17 | 4841 
 1753 | 23 | 6403 
 2 42 95°7 
 T755i{ Se Ear 
 31756} 42{ 16,766 
 1757 | 44] 45,649 
 3753: | SE acop ae 
 A 48 | 12,694 
 1760 | 37] 20,852 
 1761; 451 15,870 
 1762 | 574 27,021 
 ae 92} 47553 
 1764) 1151 55,025 
 1765} 148] 73,426 
 3766 | 154] 814,228 
 17671 154} 67,092 
 1768 | 186] 92,284 
 1769 | 181 | 86,480 
 1770 | 186] 99,383 
 1771 | 185 | 106,387 
 1772 | 217 | 121,677 
 
 
 
 Of the exports in 1772 about 
 20,000]. was from Sunbury, and 
 the reit from Savannah, 
 
 The number of white inhabi- 
 tants is very uncertain, The num- 
 ber of negroes and other flaves is 
 fuppofed to be 14,0003 that of 
 free negroes, mulattoes, &c, yery 
 inconfiderable, 
 
GER 
 
 The fum granted in 1773, to 
 defray the expences of govern- 
 ment for the three preceding years, 
 was 5171! 15s. tozd.; to raife 
 which, every. 100 acres of land, 
 and every flave, was taxed 2s, 6d. 
 goods imported, 7s. 6d. per cent: 
 which are the principal articles; 
 other fimaller articles. were taxed 
 in proportion. 
 
 _ The principal town of Georgia 
 is Savannah; which fee, 
 
 ~Georce Town Diftri&, in S. 
 Carolina, includes all places he- 
 tween Santee river, the fea, and 
 the line whieh divides the parifhes 
 of St. Mark and Prince Frederick, 
 which is continued in the fame 
 courfe acrofs Pedee river to the 
 N, Carolina boundary, 
 
 GrorGe Town, .a fea-port 
 in the above diftria, at the 
 mouth of the Pedee river, and 
 has a good harbour of its own 
 name, where refides a collector, 
 &c. to receive the duties; at the 
 mouth of which is Craven Ifland. 
 
 ST.GEORGE’s TowN,a 
 town in Newcaftle county, Dela- 
 war, Penfylvania, 9 miles N. of 
 Noxan, and 10 S. W. of New- 
 eafile. 
 
 ST. Groree’s Town, the 
 capital of the ifland of Granada, 
 in the Weft Indies. It began to 
 be conftruéted fince the peace of 
 ¥7€2, and was defiroyed in 
 1771, by a dreadful fire, and on 
 Nov. 3.1775, again fuffered the 
 like misforitine, when, as the 
 hovfes, which were become very 
 numerous, were built moflly of 
 wood, they were all deftroyed, to 
 the lofs of above s00,ccol. 
 
 ST. GrorGe’s River, inthe 
 county of Lincoln, in the pro- 
 vince of New Hamphhire, New- 
 England. It is 2 leagues S.W. 
 from Penobfcot- Bay, and is a 
 mile wide at the mouth, on which 
 is a fort of the fame name, 2 miles 
 above which the navigation’ is 
 obftructed by feveral falls. 
 
 GERMANTOWN, inthe coun- 
 ty of Philadejphia, and province 
 
 GO 7 
 
 of Penfylvania, is the moft con- 
 fiderable place, next to the city of 
 Philadelphia, in all this country; 
 and is a corporation, confifting of 
 High and Low Dutch: in. it are 
 between 2and 3co houfes: peach- 
 trees are planted all along before 
 the doors; and the town is very 
 pleafant, and well cleared from 
 trees : 5 miles N. from. Phila- 
 delphia. : 
 
 GinGeR IsLanD, one-of the 
 fmaller Virgin Hes, fituated be- 
 tween the Round Rock on the N. 
 and. Cooper’s Ifle on the S. be- 
 tween which isthe King’sChannele 
 Long. 62, 53. lat. 18, 5. 
 
 GLassENBURY, a town in 
 Hertford county, Connecticut, 
 about 1 mile E. of the Conneai-= 
 cut river, 4 miles S. E. of We-. 
 therfield, and 8 miles N, E. of 
 Hadham. 
 
 GLOCESTER, a county and 
 town in W. ferfey, not above 4 
 miles from Philadelphia, on the 
 river Delawar, 
 
 GLUOCESTER, amaritime town 
 in the county of Effex, Maflachu- 
 fets-Bay, New England. It is 
 fiuated on the ifthmus of the 
 peninfula that forms Cape Ann, 
 
 GLOCESTER, a maritime 
 town in Glocefler county, Vir- 
 ginia, on a point of Jand the Nu 
 frde of York River, which is de- 
 fended by a fort oppofite York 
 city. 
 
 GoLp River, according to ~ 
 Wafer, lies to the fouthward of 
 the river Santa Maria, in the 
 Terra Firma, or Ifthmus of Da- 
 rien, affording gold-duft in great 
 plenty ; whence it has obtained 
 its name, 
 
 GosTEN, a village in the 
 county. of Orange, and province 
 of New York. It is fruitful in 
 eattle, cheefe, pafture, and butter. 
 Near it are woods of white cedar 
 and black walnut-trees. 
 
 GoyoGouin, the third can- 
 ton of Nova Scotia, bordering on 
 New York to the weftward; and. 
 hence, with thofe of Onneyeuth,, 
 
 
 
Gory 
 
 Onantagne, and Tfonnouthonan, 
 following each other in order, are 
 called the Upper Cantons, unlefs 
 they have been fo denominated 
 from, meeting with them in the 
 arrangement as one goes up the 
 fiver of St, Iaurence, and the 
 lake Ontario, through which that 
 river runs. This canton of 
 Goyogouin furpaffesall the others 
 in the goodnefs of the foil, and 
 mildnefs of the climate : and the 
 inhabitants appear the moft trac- 
 table amongft all the Iroquois. 
 
 Over the whole extent of thefe 
 five cantons, our European fruit- 
 trees may be cultivated with fuc-~ 
 cefs : feveral grow of themfelves 
 there without culture ; and others 
 are to be found there which are 
 unknown to us. The forefts in 
 thefe parts abound with chefout 
 and filbert-trees of all forts: the 
 one bears a fruit which is quite 
 mild, and the other very bitter : 
 but paffing them through afhes, a 
 good oil is extracted from them 
 by means of a mill, fire, and wa- 
 ter, in the fame manner as we do 
 from linfeed. In feveral places 
 are cherries without kernels, very 
 good to eat; alfo a tree, the 
 bloffom of which refembles our 
 white lilly, and its fruit of the 
 fize and colour of an apricot, 
 with the tafte and fimell of a 
 Citron. 
 
 Here is alfo a wild citron-tree, 
 which is very fmall: its fruit, of 
 the magnitude of a china-orange, 
 is very agreeab‘e to the ta(te, and 
 very refrefhing : it iffues from the 
 middle of two leaves, which are 
 of the form of a heart ; but the 
 root of this plant is poifon. Here 
 arcapple-trees, the apples on which 
 are of the figure of a goofe-egg, 
 and the feed a kind of bean : this 
 fruit is {weet-fceated, and very 
 delicious: it is a dwarf-tree which 
 requires a rich and moift foil: the 
 Iroquois have brought it from the 
 country of the Eriez, Thefe dif- 
 tricts have a great many roots 
 which are fit for dying, and fome 
 
 eo ee eA 
 
 GRA 
 
 of them give a very lively colour. 
 See Iroquois. : : 
 
 GoroGcourns, BAY OF, in 
 Nova Scotia, lies 10 leagues from 
 the river of Onnontague, All the 
 coaft in this fpace is intermixed 
 with marfhes and high grounds a 
 little fandy, covered with very 
 fine trees, efpecially oak. A pe- 
 ninfula well-wooded ftretches out 
 tothe middle of a bay, and forms 
 a kind of theatre. On the left 
 hand, at entering it, one per- 
 ceives in a corner a little ifland, 
 which hides the mouth of a river, 
 by which the Goyogouins go 
 down into the lake. 
 
 Gracias a Dios, a town 
 belonging to the provinee-of Hon- 
 duras, or Comaiagua, and au- 
 dience of Guatimala. It is fituat- 
 ed at the mouth of a river upon @ 
 rocky mountain, which has fome 
 gold mines in its neighbourhood; 
 and it was built the fame year as 
 Vallidolidthe capital, from which 
 it lies about 27 Jeagues to the W, 
 for the fecurity of the miners, 
 
 GraNADA, IsLaND OF, or 
 GRENADA, one of the Caribbee 
 Iflands. It is fituated in latitude 
 12, 10. and longitude 43, 40, 
 about 20 leagues N. W. of To- 
 bago, and 20 N. of New-Anda- 
 lufia, on the continent of Ame- 
 rica, to which this is the neareft 
 of all the French iflands in the 
 Antilles, 30 leagues S. W. of 
 Barbadoes, and 7o from Marti- 
 nico. Its extent from N. to S. 
 being 9 leagues in Jength, and § 
 where broadeft, it is twicé as 
 Jarge as St. Chriftopher’s, and 
 about 24 leagues ia compafs. 
 
 This ifland, has a chain of 
 mountains, fome of which are very 
 high, croffes it from N.toS. It 
 enjoys a good air; and has a 
 foil fo fruitful, that all the trees 
 upon it, both for fruit and time 
 ber, are better, ftraighter, taller, 
 and larger, than thofe in the 
 neighbouring iflands, the cocoa 
 tree excepted, which does not 
 grow fo high here as in the other 
 
GRA 
 neighbouring iflands. ‘The moft 
 remarkable tree in this ifland is 
 the Latin-tree, which, has a tall 
 trunk; and, inftead of boughs, 
 bears leaves, like fans, in long 
 flalks, which, growing together in 
 bundles, ferve for the roofs of 
 poufes. Here are falt-pits, and 
 plenty of armadillos, whofe fleth 
 is as good as mutton, and is the 
 principal food of the inhabitants, 
 befides tortoifes and lamantins. 
 The coaft has abundance of fine 
 allies, watered with good rivers, 
 moft of which iflue from a lake at 
 the top of high. mountains in the 
 middle of the ifland : and one of 
 them runs into the fea on the 
 S.W. where the fhore_is low, 
 with good anchorage at the dif- 
 tance of 12 leagues; but an ex- 
 ceeding {trong current, which 
 both ebbs and flows in a few 
 hours. Round the ifland are fe- 
 veral little bays and harbours, 
 which ferve for mooring of fhips, 
 and landing of goods, and fome 
 of the harbours are fortified. The 
 whole E. coaft is very fafe clofe 
 by the fhore, and the ifland is not 
 fubje& to. hurricanes. In fhort, 
 the foil is capable of producing 
 all the commodities of the cli- 
 mate. Its particular articles, be- 
 fides cattle and wild fowl, are 
 fugar, ginger, indigo, and to- 
 baceo, with millet and peafe. 
 Along the fhore run mountains, 
 and alfo about the harbour, where 
 the habitations are; but all the 
 reft is a very fine country; and 
 here is good travelling either for 
 horfes or carriages. 
 
 Its principal port, called Fort 
 Royal, ftands in the middle of a 
 large bay on the S. W. fide of the 
 ifland, having a {andy bottom, 
 where 25 fhips of the line may 
 ride fecvre from (torms 3. and the 
 harbour. will contain roo fhips of 
 1co0o tons, moored, Near the har- 
 bour is alarge round bafon, parted 
 from it by a fand-bank, which, 
 if cut, would hold a vaft number 
 of veficls : by reafon of this bank 
 
 GRA 
 
 large fhips are obliged to pafe — 
 within 80 paces of one of the twé 
 little mountains at the mouth of 
 
 the harbour, and about half a a 
 
 mile afunder. Upon one of thefe 
 a French engineer ereéted a fort, 
 with a halfmoon in front, and 
 other regular works, all of good 
 ftone. 
 
 The Dominicans have a fettle< 
 ment 4 leagues N. of the forty 
 which is npwards of a mile in 
 breadth: through the middle of 
 it runs a Jarge river, abounding 
 with eels, mullets, and cray-fihh ; 
 as the adjacent countries do with 
 partridges, wood - pigeons, orto- 
 Jans, thrufhes, parrots, &c. ‘The 
 people here are fubje& to obfli- 
 nate fevers, which turn fometimes _ 
 to a dropfy.—One third cf the ~ 
 ifland is not cultivated; and tho’ 
 a great part of t!is fpace is taken 
 up by mountains incapable of © 
 being ploughed, yct many places 
 remain to be cultivated by induf- 
 try: however, thewhole exports of 
 Granada in 1770 were more than 
 506,000], flerling. Before the 
 year 1763, this was a neutral | 
 ifland, when the Englifh became — 
 poficfled of it by the peace. In — 
 1731 this ifland received a very ~ 
 confiderable lofs by a fire at St, 7 
 George’s town, the capital of the © 
 ifland, which. it had fcarcely re- 
 covered before another happened, 
 Noy. 1.1775, which burnt down ~ 
 the whole town, and the lofs was 
 eftimated at above 500,000]. Lat. 
 12,21. long. 61, 36. 
 
 GRANADA, NEw, a province ~ 
 
 of Terra Firma. It borders on © 
 Carthagena and St. Martha’s on 
 the N, Venezula on the E. Po- © 
 payan on the S, and Darien on © 
 the W. Its length is reckoned. — 
 to be 130 leagues, or 390 miles, 
 and its breadth abont 30 leagues, 7 
 or go miles. It is furrounded ~ 
 with favage nations, who inhabit — 
 a very hot country; though New — 
 Granada, generally fpeaking, is 
 cold, or at Jeaft temperate. _ 
 
 The natives ufe maize, or the — 
 
 
 
ByuRrN eS 
 
 pak eet Re aaa 1 REG Bea RA 
 
 GRA 
 
 eaffava root, inflead of bread.— 
 They have plenty of falt, which 
 they fell to great profit in the 
 neighbouring countries, particu- 
 larly thofe fituated in the moun- 
 tains, and along the river Mag- 
 dalena. They have ftore of game: 
 the lakes and rivers abound with 
 fifh. The natives are tall, and 
 wear black, white, or variegated 
 cloaks, which they tie round the 
 waift with a fafh. They adorn 
 their heads with {trings of painted 
 flowers very ingenioufly made of 
 cotton, Lhe country abounds 
 with gold and filver mines; and 
 as they have ftore of horfes and 
 mules, they fend a preat many of 
 them into Peru. The country 
 abounds with pafture, wheat and 
 other grain, and likewife with 
 fruit. 
 
 . GRANADA, a city in the pro- 
 vince of Nicaragua, and audience 
 of Guatimala, in Old Mexico, or 
 New Spain. It is fituated on the 
 S. fide of the Jake of Nicaragua, 
 60 miles S. E. of Leon; where 
 the Spaniards have mills for the 
 making of fugar, canes abound- 
 ing in that neighbourhood. It 
 is defended by a caftle, is more 
 populous and better byilt than 
 Leon, and the inhabitants carry 
 on a trade both to the North and 
 South Seas, It is the moft fre- 
 guented of any town in all-Gua- 
 
 ‘timaja, as the merchants of Gua- - 
 
 timala difpatch their goods from 
 hence by the way of Carthagena, 
 This town was taken in 1680 by 
 French and Englith freebooters, 
 who fet fre to it. “The interme- 
 diate country, lying between this 
 city and Leon, is very fruitful 
 and pleafant. Near Granada, on 
 ‘the fide of Nicaragua lake, is a 
 
 _ volcano which may be feen from 
 
 the North Sea, or at leaft a great 
 way in the lake towards that fea. 
 It isa frightful hill, being cleft 
 down almoft from the top to the 
 bottom, like a broken faw, and 
 our failors call it the Devil’s 
 Mouth, Granada lies 51 miles 
 
 a 
 
 GRA 
 
 W. from the city of ‘Mexico, 
 Bat, 18; 26.7 long."39, 722" : 
 
 -GRANADILLAS, or GRENA= 
 DILLAS, a knot of dangerous ~ 
 iflands and rocks near the Lee- 
 ward Iflands, where the greateft 
 channel is but 3 or 4 leagues 
 broad. ‘They lie about the 18th 
 degree of latitude, and are a range 
 of fmall iflands and rocks de- 
 pendent on Granada. This ar- 
 chipelago, whofe length is about 
 1q4 leagues, contains 23 iflands 
 fit to produce cotton, coffee, in- 
 dige, and even fugar. The air 
 is healthy, but there are no run- 
 ning fprings of frefh water. The 
 moft confiderable at the N. end 
 of the chain is not above 2 
 leagues from St, Vincent, and is 
 called Becouya, or Bequia, but the 
 French called it Little Martini¢o. 
 Befides this, there are the iflands 
 of Mofkitos and Cannaouan; Fri- 
 gate ifland, and Union ifland, are 
 between Becouya and Cariauacou. 
 The Grifon, and the Diamond or 
 Round ifland, are the two prin- 
 cipal ones among thofe which fill’ 
 up the interval between Cariaua- 
 cou and Granada. c 
 
 GRANVILLE CounrTyY, the 
 moft fouthern fubdivilion of S. 
 Carolina, of which the other 3 
 are Colleton, Berkley, and Cra- 
 ven. [tis fituated along the ri- 
 ver Savannah, and reckoned the 
 moft convenient and fruitful part 
 of all Carolinas Here a colony 
 of Scots fettled under Lord Car- 
 drofs, but were obliged to quit 
 it for fear of the Spaniards; fo 
 what the country continued un- 
 inhabited by any Europeans till 
 the year 1732, when one Monf, 
 Purry, a gentleman of Neuf- 
 Chattel, in Switzerland, being 
 encouraged by the Government 
 both in England and Carolina, 
 undertook to fettle a company of 
 Swifs there: and accordingly 172 
 perfons were tranfported thither 
 the aforefaid year, who were foon 
 followed by a great many more}; 
 fo that in a very little time the 
 
GRE 
 
 colony confifted of above 300 
 perfons. They fettled on the 
 northern bank of the river Sa- 
 vannah, where they built a town, 
 which they called Purryfburgh, 
 about 36 miles above the mouth 
 of the river, The fide which 
 M. Purry pitched on is in lat. 
 32,20. on a fpot of ground for- 
 merly called the great Yamafee- 
 Bluff. 
 
 In the county of Granville is 
 the river May, which joining with 
 the river Cambage, forms, toge- 
 ther with the fea, the ifland of 
 Edelano. The country lying up- 
 on the banks of the May was 
 formerly inhabited by an Indian 
 nation called the Veftoes. In it 
 alfo is a pleafant lake, and de- 
 lightful valley. Port-Royal river 
 Kes about 15 miles to the north- 
 wards of the river May: it has 
 a bold entrance, and 17 feet in 
 depth on the bar at low water, 
 The harbour is large, commo- 
 dious, and fafe for fhipping ; and 
 it runs up into a fine fruitful 
 country, preferable to any other 
 parts of Carolina. It fpends it- 
 felf, by various branches, into 
 other large rivers. ‘This port lies 
 not above 180 miles from St. Au- 
 guftine, — : 
 
 GRANVILLE CouUNTY, in 
 the diftri€ of Hillfborough, in 
 N. Carolina, and is one of the 
 moft N, fubdivifions of the pro- 
 vince. {t is divided from Vir- 
 ginia in fome parts by the river 
 Roanoke, by which it has com- 
 munication with the fea. 
 
 Gratias a Dios, or Gra- 
 c1as A Dros, the name Colum. 
 bus gave to a cape of Honduras, 
 in Mexico, upon his meeting with 
 a favourable wind. It is fituated 
 in lat. 14, 36. long, 84, 12. 
 
 GreEEN IsLAND, or Serpent 
 Ifland, one of the lefler Virgin 
 Ifles, which is claimed by the 
 Spaniards, and fituated near the 
 E. end of Porto Rico. 
 
 GREENW1CH,atown in Green- 
 
 wich townfhip, Rhode Ifland, on 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 GUA 
 
 the W, bank of Narraganfet-bay, 
 oppofite which is Hope Ifland. | 
 GREEN WICH, a town in Weft 
 Jerfey, in Cumberland county, 
 15 miles S. W. from Salem, and 
 34 S. of Philadelphia, about 4 
 miles from the Delawar river. 
 GREENWICH, atown at the 
 W. extremity of Fairfield county, 
 Connecticut, 3 miles W. from 
 Rye, and 7 E. from Stamford, 
 on the coaft of Long-Ifland Sound, 
 off which lie Patrick’s Ifles. 
 GRENADA. See Granada. 
 Grison, one of the {maller 
 Granadillas Iflands. It is fitu- 
 ated between Diamond ifle and — 
 Cariauacou. It is not inhabited, 
 having no frefh water. ie 
 GROTON, atown in Middlee — 
 fex county, Maflachufets - Bay, 
 about 24 miles N. W. from Cam- ~ 
 bridge, at the head of a branch © 
 of the river Merimack, in the © 
 great road to Peterfburg, in New 
 Hampfhire. i 
 Groton, in New London © 
 county, Connecticut, New Eng- — 
 land, about 2 miles E. of the — 
 river Thames, and the fame N. © 
 of the fea-coaft, off which lies — 
 Fither’s Ifland. ct 
 GUADALAXARA, oneof the © 
 three diftri€s, governments, or ~ 
 courts of audience, into which ~ 
 Old Mexico, or New Spain, is © 
 divided : the other two are Mex- — 
 ico and Guatimalas This au- ~ 
 dience is alfo called the kingdom — 
 of New Gallicia. It lies the furs 
 theft to the N. of the three au= — 
 diences of New Spain, though — 
 fituated on the coaft of the South © 
 Sea. Its extent is between lat, — 
 20 and 25. On the E. and S. 7 
 it is bounded by Panuco, with — 
 feveral provinces of the audience 
 of Mexico; on the N. by the 
 kingdom of New Mexico; and — 
 on the W. it is wathed bw the © 
 South Sea and the Gulph of Ca= ~ 
 lifornia, on the coaftof which laft 
 it ftretches above 200 leagues — 
 from S, E, to N. W. but within ~ 
 

 
 
 
 GUA 
 
 N. part, -efpecially, is very nar- 
 fow; yet in fome places it is 
 feckoned 500 miles broad. 
 
 Its climate differs much, ac- 
 cording to its fituation, being 
 partly in the Temperate, and 
 partly in the Torrid Zone: yet it 
 is much more temperate than any 
 other part of New Spain; and in 
 the general it is reckoned healthy: 
 fo that it is common for people 
 to live here to roo years of age: 
 but it is much infefted with gnats, 
 bugs, and other vermin. The 
 foil is moftly mountainous and 
 woody: fo that the coaft looks 
 like a defert. It is faid, that the 
 Spaniards have quite forfaken the 
 coa{t on purpofe, that, if {trangers 
 fhould land, they may not find 
 any temptation to ftay, becaufe, 
 befides the filver mines in this 
 province, fome of gold have been 
 lately difcovered, which are of 
 ¥ery great value: and they chufe 
 to tranfport the ore on mules to 
 Mexico, rather than run the rifk 
 of expofing fo valuable a produét 
 to be intercepted by foreigners, 
 if they ventured to fend it in 
 fmall veffels by fea. With re- 
 gard to the reft, the country is 
 pretty fruitful; and it produces 
 European and Indian grain fo 
 plentifelly, that the latter yields 
 a hundred-fold, and the other 
 two hundred: but it is often de- 
 ftroyed by locufts, and valt num- 
 bers of pyes no larger than {par- 
 tows, as their olives are by ants. 
 In this country are all forts of 
 fruits, herbs, and roots, better 
 than thofe in Europe; plenty of 
 fugar-canes, cochineal, and bees 
 faid to be without fings. The 
 paftures abound with all forts of 
 cattle; and the woods with ve- 
 _nifon, pine and oak trees; yet 
 ‘they are infefted by wolves and 
 ¥corpions. Here is a medicinal 
 pepper, which cures all fores; 
 ‘green ftones, alfo, faid to be a 
 fpecific againft the gravel, fra- 
 grant flowers, valuable drugs, and 
 tich mines of filver, copper, and 
 
 HG A) A 
 lead. On the coaft alfo is a good 
 pearl-fifhery. The natives are 
 
 fubtle, treacherous, and lazy :. 
 
 they are armed with bows and 
 arrows; and often attack the 
 
 Spaniards. from the woods, ex-= 
 
 cept when the Spanifh officers are 
 
 in conjunétion with their caciques . 
 
 in the government, ‘The better 
 fort of Spaniards live here by 
 trade, and are matters of the 
 filver-mines:; the others follow- 
 ing tillage and grafing. 
 
 Such of the natives as pretend 
 to be civilized, are very indolent 
 and lazy, and will not work but 
 for preat- wages. Their apparel 
 is a fhirt, and {quare cloak of cot- 
 ton, faftened with two buttons 
 before: they have drawers and 
 coverlids of the fame, and lie 
 upon flags and matts made of 
 thefe: they wear green ftones 
 and fhells about their necks, 
 arms, and legs. Their chief re- 
 creation is dancing to the found 
 of a hollow ftick. Horfe-flefh, 
 and maize-cakes, are their prin- 
 cipal and moft delicious dainties ; 
 and chocolate and megney-wine, 
 their favourite liquors. 
 
 This audience of Guadalaxara 
 is fubdivided into the following 
 feven provinces, as they lie from 
 S. to N. namely, Guadalaxara 
 Proper, Xalifco, Chiametlan, Za- 
 cateens, New Bifcay, Culliacan, 
 and Cinaloa; all which fee, 
 
 GUADALAXARA PROPER, 
 which is the principal province, 
 and gives name to the whole au- 
 dience, is bounded on the E. and 
 S. by the province of Mechoacins 
 on the N. by that of Xalifco; and 
 a corner of it wafhed by the Pa- 
 cific Ocean on the W. Notwith- 
 
 ftanding its fituation under the . 
 
 Forrid Zone, it is healthy, tem- 
 perate, and fruitful; producing 
 not only good timber, but Euro- 
 pean and Indian wheat in great 
 plenty, and all the fruits found in 
 both countries; befides the vaft 
 treafures of filver commonly taken 
 out of its mines. It is not abuye 
 Ff 
 
 Se Re ee 
 
 paler Wa A wakes ae 
 
GUA 
 
 so leagues either in length or 
 breadth. 
 
 GUADALAXARA, a city of 
 Mexico, and capital of the latt 
 mentioned province, bearing its 
 name, or of New Gallicia, It is 
 the head of the audience, the 
 feat of the royal courts of juftice, 
 and a bifhop’s fee of a confidera- 
 ble revenue, which is a fuffragan 
 to Mexico. It isa large, popu- 
 Jous, and neat city, ftanding very 
 pleafantly on the banks of the 
 river Baranja, or Efquitlan, which 
 iflues from the lake of Mechoa- 
 can, whence it goes with a rapid 
 ftream towards the N. W. and at 
 4 leagues from this city it hasa 
 very high fall, after which it 
 haftens into the Pacific Ocean, be- 
 tween Xalifco andChiametlan. It 
 is no where fordable; fo that the 
 Spaniards crofs it in boats The 
 lake of Chapala, which is faid to be 
 4o leagues in circuit, lies on the 
 S. fide of this city. In this city 
 are feveral churches, befides its 
 ftately cathedral, and fome con- 
 vents for both fexes, Jtisreckon- 
 ed to lie 262 miles W. of the 
 city of Mexico; and ftands ina 
 plain which is not only watered 
 bythe abave-mentionedriver, but 
 by feveral brooks and fprings 
 that make it productive of great 
 ftore both of cern and grafs, 
 About § leagues from it is a 
 mountain of a prodigious height, 
 and fo fteepthat no beafts of bur- 
 then can climb its; and all the o- 
 ther mountains about it are crag- 
 gy, and full of large pineand oak 
 trees. It lies in latitude 20, 51. 
 long. 108, 20. 
 
 GUADALOUPE, one of the 
 Jargeft of all the Caribbees, in 
 that divifion of them called the 
 Leeward Iflands. It is fituated 
 in the Atlantic Ocean, It was 
 fo called by the great Colum- 
 bus, who firft difcovered it, from 
 the refemblance of’ its mountains 
 “to fthofe of that name in Old 
 Spain: the Caribbeans called it 
 Karukera, or Carriceura, As foon 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 as Columbus landed here, he and 
 his Spaniards were attacked by a 
 fhower of arrows, fhot by ie 
 women on the ifland, who were — 
 foon, however, difperfed by his 
 fire-arms: upon which his men 
 plundered and burnt their-houfes, 
 or huts, where were found great — 
 quantities of honey, wax, iron, 
 bows and arrows, cotton fpun and 
 unfpun, cotton-hammocks, and 
 looms for weaving; together with _ 
 pompions, or a fort of pine-ap= — 
 ples, maftic, aloes, fandal, gin- — 
 ger, frankincenfe, a fort of cin- 
 namon-trees, and various fruits 
 and herbs different from ours. 
 The birds he faw here were large 
 parrots, partridges, turtles, and 
 nightingales; befides daws, he- 
 rons, falcons, and kites. He 
 found the houfes bere better an 
 fuller of provifions than any h 
 had feen in thefe iflands. A 
 voyage made to Guadaloupe by 
 the Spaniards, in 1625, gives the 
 following account. The naked 
 Barbarians of this, as well as the 
 other iflands, ufed to be very ims 
 patient for the arrival of the 
 Spanifh fleets once a year: the 
 reckoned up their months b 
 moons ; and when they though 
 the time drawing near, prepare 
 fugar-canes, plantanes, tortoife 
 and other proyifions, in order t 
 barter with them for iron, knive 
 and haberdafhery - wares. Th 
 Indians had round canoes lik 
 troughs, painted with the Englif 
 Dutch, and French arms; th 
 being then a common port for all 
 nations that failed to America. 
 The hair of the natives hung dow 
 to the midde of their backs, and 
 their faces were flafhed and pink+ 
 ed, They had thin plates dan- 
 glingat their nofes like hog-rings, 
 and they fawned like childre 
 upon the Spaniards, 
 
 Itis upwards of 60 miles along 
 and about the fame _breadt 
 This ifland is 25 miles N. W. 0 
 Marigalante; and it is reckon 
 to be 65 miles N, of Martinic 
 
eg be ee 
 
 GUA 
 Till the year 1759, it was fubje& 
 to the French; when Commo- 
 dore Moor and General Barring- 
 ton. entirely reduced it to the 
 obedience of Great Britain. Gua- 
 daloupe is the largeft and one of 
 the fineft iflands which belonged 
 to the French in thofe parts ; be- 
 ing, near 60 leagues in circuit. 
 Ic is divided into two parts by a 
 channel not a league and a half 
 long, and from jc to 8 yards 
 broad, called the Salt-river, na- 
 vigable for barks of 50 tons bur- 
 then; which runs N. and S, and 
 communicates with the fea on 
 both fides, by a large bay at each 
 end, of which that on the N. is 
 called Grand Cul de Sac, and 
 that on the S. Petit Cul de Sac. 
 Vhe E. part of the ifland is called 
 Grande Terre, and is about 19 
 Jeagues from Antigaa point on 
 the N. W. to the point of Guada- 
 loupe on the S. E. and about 9 
 leagues and 1 in the middle, 
 where broadeft ; and about 50 
 Jeagues in circuit. The W. part, 
 which is properly Guadaloupe, is 
 fubdivided by a ridge of moun- 
 tains, into Cabes-terre on the W. 
 and Baffe-terre on the E, This 
 is 13 leagues and 2 from N. to 
 S. and 7 and 2 where broadeft ; 
 and 35 leagues in circuit, Both 
 parts would be joined by an ifth- 
 mus a league and a % in breadth, 
 were it not cut through by the 
 faid canal. The cold on thofe 
 rocks fuffers nothing to grow but 
 fern, and fome ufelefs trees co- 
 vered with mofs. Towards the 
 S. point at the fummit of them, 
 rifes fo high as to be loft out of 
 fight, in the middle region of the 
 air, 2 mountain called the Sulphur 
 Mountain, which exhales, out of 
 an opening too feet wide, a thick 
 and black fmoke, mixed with 
 Yparks, which are vifible in the 
 night. Out of thefe mountains 
 runa great many ftreams that car- 
 ry fruitfulnefs into the plains 
 which they water, aud temper the 
 Durning air of the climate, The 
 
 te 
 
 Go A 
 
 whole ifland is divided into 22 
 parifhes, 14 in Guadaloupe, and 
 $in Grand Terre. Grande Terre 
 is deflitute of frefh water, and 25 
 Jeagues in compafs: both iflands 
 togetherabout 60. The Salt-river 
 is about 50 toifes or 300 feet 
 over at its mouth, towards the 
 Great Cul de Sac, from whence it 
 grows narrower ; fo that in fome 
 places it is not above go feet over. 
 Ets depth is likewife as unequal as 
 its breadth; for in fome places it 
 will carry a fhip of sco tons, and 
 in others hardly bear a veflel of 
 go. It is a fmooth, cléar ftream, 
 from the one Cul de Sac to the 
 other, and finely thaded, for the 
 moft part, with mangroves. 
 
 The air is very clear and healthy, 
 and not fo hot as in Martinico. 
 Here is alfo plenty of water, and 
 as good as the foil is rich $ which 
 laft is not inferior to that of Mar- 
 tinico. It is as well cultivated, 
 and fortified with equal ftrength. 
 Its produce is the fame with that 
 of Mariinico, and its export of 
 fugar is a3 great, befides indigo, 
 cotton, and thofe other commo- 
 dities produced in all the iflunds 
 of that part of America called the 
 Welt Indies 
 
 The chief produ& of the foil, 
 is caffada tobacco, caffia, ban- 
 nanas, pine-apples, fore of rice, 
 maize, and potatoes. Some of the 
 mountains are overgrown with 
 trees; and at the foot of others 
 are large. plains, watered by freth 
 and fweet flreams, Here are fe- 
 veral boiling hot fprings; parti- 
 cularly one to the W. fide near 
 the ifland of Goyaves, The two 
 gulphs called the Culs de Sac, 
 abound with tortoifes, fharks, pi- 
 lots, and the other fifhh common 
 to thefe feas: and here is abun-. 
 dance of thofe called land-crabs, 
 with {warms of mufyuitos and 
 gnats. 
 
 The forts of this ifland, are, 
 1. Fort Lewis in the Grande Ter- 
 re, on the E. fide of the bay 
 called Petit Cul de Sac. It istoo 
 
 I 2 } 
 
 
 
GUA 
 
 high to defend the veffels that an- 
 chor at the bottem of it; and 
 therefore they have erected a re- 
 doubt below it, with a battery of 
 fix guns, which play into the 
 road. From this fort may be 
 {cen not only the greateft part of 
 the Cabes-terre, and Grand Cul 
 de Sac, and many fmall iflands 
 in the Petit Cul, with the iflands 
 of Xaintes, but alfo the moun- 
 tains of Dominica in clear wea- 
 ther. This fort lies in the parifh 
 of Gofier, on the Grande Terre. 
 Certain abyffes are in the Grande 
 Terre, which are great indentures 
 made in the land by the fea, af- 
 fording fhelter for veflels, in very 
 deep water, from the hurricanes 
 or an enemy; and where they 
 are moored to palmetto-trees on 
 each fide, 
 
 2, The Great Cul de Sac con- 
 tains a bafon five or fix Jeagues in 
 Jength, from the point of Groffe 
 Morne, in the Bafle Terre, to that 
 of Antigua, in the Grande Terre, 
 it is alfo nearly three leagues in 
 the broadeft part, and at leaft 
 one ih the narroweft; with fafe 
 riding for fhips of all rates. 
 
 3. The Petit Cul de Sac is a 
 populous, well cultivated, and 
 trading parifh, to the N. of that 
 of Goyaves: and both are in the 
 Cabes-terre, on the E, fide of 
 Gaudaloupe Proper. Here are no 
 lefs than eight rivers, befides near 
 as many brooks that run into the 
 - fea in the fpace of four leagues, 
 betwixt the river of Coin, which 
 ds to the W. of the Salt-river, and 
 the Brick-kiln river, 
 
 Ginger comes upextremely well 
 in the E, part of Gaudaloupe 
 Proper, betwixt the Great Cul de 
 Sac and the river of Cabes-terre; 
 and though the climate of thefe 
 iflands is very hot, the people eat 
 a vaft quantity of it, even when 
 green. The Cabes-terre river, 
 called the Great river, is in fome 
 places 180 feet wide. Its water 
 is very clear; but almoft impaffa- 
 ble by reafon of numerous rocks.” 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 GUA 
 - The next river to the S, is the 
 Grand Carbet, arid a little furthe 
 is the Grand Bananiers, that ter= 
 minates the quarter called Czbes- 
 terre, which is by much the fineft 
 part of the ifland. For fromthis | 
 river to the Grofs Morne, where | 
 begins the Grand Cul, it is a very 
 even country, near 20 leagues in 
 extent by the fea-fide; which is u 
 only a league in fome places, and 
 at moft but four from the moun- 
 tains. 
 The quarter of the Trois Ri- 
 vieres on the S. E. fide is four 
 miles broad, tvith a good foil for 
 fugar-canes, and feveral confider- 
 able fettlements. They have here | 
 at the-S. end, what they call the 7 
 Old Fort, for the fecurity of the 
 coaft, which is very even, has 
 good anchorage, and fmooth wa- 
 ter; where, thould an enemy make 
 a defcent, and poflefs themicives — 
 of this part, they might cut off 7 
 the communication betwixt. the — 
 Cabes-terre and Bafle-terre, and 
 fo make themfelvcs mafters of ihe 
 whole. In the fulphur moun- ~ 
 tains is a redoubt called Dos 
 @’Afne, to which, upon a de,cent, 
 they fend their beft effects, wives, 
 children, &c. But the country 
 here is fo full of woods and precie ~ 
 pices, that ahandful of men might ~ 
 keep off an army. : 
 The river of the Galleons on 
 the S. W. fide, where is another 
 fort, is a confiderable river; and 
 when fordable, the only paflage 
 from the Cabes terre to the Bafice 
 terre, Here is excellent anchor 
 age, but the water taftes of ful- 
 phur and vitriol, caufing fluxes. 7 
 The chief fort of the whole ~ 
 ifland is that at the town of Bufles 7 
 terre, two leagues N. from they 7 
 point of the old fort; which at 
 the firft peopleing confifted af” 
 two confiderable towns, one clofe © 
 by the river St, Louis, or the Ri-” 
 viere des Peres, i.e. the Jacobite” 
 Friars river; the other on both” 
 fides of the Bailiff siver, where 
 was at firlt a chapel, now turned” 
 

 
 ~~ ae ew et ee foe eee he ee; SU ae ee 
 
 
 
 GUA 
 to a parochial church. But the 
 former having been carried away 
 twice by the inundations of the 
 Fiver in hurricanes, the inhabi- 
 tants removed towards the fort, 
 where they built the town of St, 
 Louis, which is now the princi- 
 pal town of the ifland, having fe- 
 veral churches, monafteries, &c. 
 and a caftle with four bulwarks, 
 befides a fort on a neighbouring 
 mountain: yet it has been ruined 
 more than oneee In 1691 it was 
 burned by the Englith, together 
 with fome other forts; and when 
 entirely rebuilt, it was carried away 
 by an inundation of the river 
 Bailiff. It was begun to be re+ 
 built when the Englifh burnt it 
 again im 1703, together with 
 Magdalen and other forts. A con- 
 fiderable addition is planned to be 
 added to it, called Le Bourg, 
 which will make it the hanfomeft 
 of any in the.colony. This fort 
 ftands upon higher ground than 
 the town : its walls are wafhed on 
 the S. E. by the river Galleons 
 on the S.W. it faces the fea, be- 
 ing only 100 paces from it; and 
 on the N. W. fide it looks towards 
 
 - the town and the mountains. The 
 
 molt confiderable part of the 
 town is between the fort and the 
 river of Herbs; and this is pro~ 
 perly the town of Bafle-terre; and 
 that which extends from the river 
 to the brook of Billan, is called 
 the town of St. Francis, from a 
 eburch and convent of Capuchins 
 in it. In May, 1759; by the 
 unanimity between Commodore 
 
 Moore and General Barrington, 
 “together with the great valour of 
 the Britifh troops, this ifland came 
 gradually, and in a very fhort 
 time, into our hands; as did that 
 of Marigalante foon afters but 
 _ by the Peace in 1763 it was re- 
 turned to the French. 
 
 Betwixt the river Bailiff on the 
 W.and-the great river of Goyaves, 
 or St. Charles, on the E. are the 
 suins of another fortification de- 
 
 flroyed by the Englilh in- 1691, 
 
 
 
 GUA 
 
 All the ground between the Baie 
 liff river, and that of Pleffis, is 
 called the Marfh of St. Robert. 
 
 The top of the Sulphur moun 
 tain, to which you muft pafs 
 over the river St. Louis, is bare, 
 without any thing but fern, and 
 fome forry throbs full of mofss 
 From hence may plainly be feen 
 not osly Dominica, the Xaintes 
 iflands, and Marigalante, but a 
 clear view of Martinico one way, 
 as well as Monferrat, Nevis, and 
 the neighbouring iffands,the other. 
 Round the hij] are burnt ftones 
 and whitifh afhes, which fmell 
 {trong of fulphur, Thefe increafe 
 the higher you afcended; and at 
 the top, which is a vaft rugged 
 platform, covered with all fizes of 
 burnt ftones; fmoke iffues out 
 from fundry clefts and chinks» 
 On the E. fide of the mountain 
 are two mouths of this Sulphur 
 pit, one of which was oval, and 
 judged to be about roo feet in 
 its greateft diameter; every now 
 and then emitting thick clouds of 
 fmoke, with fparks of fire. The 
 negroes who fell brimftone fetch 
 it from this mountain. About 
 200 paces below the Jeaft and 
 loweft mouth are 3 little pools of 
 very hot water, 4 or’5 paces afun~ 
 der, the biggeft of which may be 
 about 6 feet in diameter. Its wa+ 
 ter is very dark-=coloured, and 
 fmells like that in a fmith’s forges 
 The fecond is whitifh, and has 
 the tafte of alum, ‘he third is 
 blue, and of a vitriolic tafte, 
 Here are alfo feveral fmall fprings, 
 which, uniting, form divers rivers 
 or torrents; one of them, called 
 the White river, from the afhes 
 and fulphur covering it, falls into 
 that of St. Louis» The middle 
 and bottom of this burning moun- 
 tain are as different from the top 
 as if in qui:e another country, be- 
 ing covered with a delightful ver- 
 dure of tall trees and herbage, 
 watered with abundance of rivu- 
 lets, and very carefully cultivated. 
 
 The French, when they fertled 
 
 13 
 
 a 
 
 
 
here in 1635, began by attacking 
 the Caribbs, who poffefled the 
 This war was followed, 
 _ during three years, by a horrible 
 famine that almoft deftroyed the 
 infant colony ; the inhabitants 
 were reduced to eat grafs, and to 
 dig up the dead corps ta live on. 
 After the famine fucceeded incur- 
 fions of enemies, difputes among 
 the chiefs and pianters, and fome 
 other fad difafters, which almoft 
 brought this colony to ruin, and 
 prevented it from making any 
 progrefs, fo that at the end of 60 
 years the mother-couotry hardly 
 perceived the exiltence of the co- 
 Jony. The fuccefs and profperity 
 of the ifland cannot be dated be- 
 fore the peace of Utrecht. 
 the end of 1555, Guadaloupe con- 
 tained 9624 whites, and 41,coo 
 ‘ The amount of its falea- 
 ble goods was produced by 334 
 fugar-plantations, 15 fquare fields 
 -of indigo, 46,840 cacao -trees, 
 11,700 tobacce-plants, 2,257,725 
 of coffee, and 12,748,447 of cot- 
 For its provifions they 
 cultivated 29 fyuares of rice, or 
 maize, and 1219 of potatoes and 
 yams, 2,028,520 bananas, and 
 32,577,950 holes of manioc or 
 ‘The cattle confilted of 
 4946 horfes, 2924 mules, 
 afles,13,716 horned beafis, 11,162 
 fheep and goats, and 2455 {wine. 
 The principal article is caflada or 
 manioc, of which they make 
 bread, and of this plant there is 
 more cultivated here than in all 
 the Englifh iflands taken together, 
 Tn 1763 it was rendered indepen- 
 dent of Martinico, and had a 
 governor of its own appointed, 
 and has Defirade ifland and Ma- 
 _ rigalante annexed to it, as well 
 as Xaintes. In 1767 Guadaloupe 
 contained 11,863 white inhabi- 
 tants, 752 free blacks, or mulat- 
 toes, 72,761 dlaves, in ail 85,376 
 Its cattle confitted of 
 5050 horfes,4854 mules, rrr affes, 
 78 horned beafts, 14,895 
 fheep and goats, and 2669 fivine, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 GUA 3 
 For provifions it had 30,476,213 
 holes of manioc, 2,819,262 ba= ~ 
 nanas, 2138 fquares of land with © 
 yams and potatoes, Among its ” 
 plantations were 72 anattas, 427 _ 
 caffia-trees, 134,204 caczo-trees, 
 5,881,176 coffee-trees, 12,156,769 - 
 plants of cotton, 21,474 iquares © 
 of land with fugar-canes. The © 
 woods take up 22,097 fynares of 
 land; there are 20,247 of patture 
 or favannas, and 6405 unculti- 
 vated or abandoned, 1582 planta= 
 tions of cotton, coffee, cacao, and © 
 provifions ; 401 of fugar-canes, © 
 which employ 140° water mills, ¥ 
 263 moved by oxen, and 11 by 
 wind, : 
 Its produétions, with thofe of © 
 its dependencies, amountannually 
 to 46 million ponnds of fugar, 7) 
 21 millions of coffee, 320,000 of 7 
 cotton, and $aco cacao, i 
 Guan ABAcOA.—See Haw 
 vaniah, 
 GUANAHANI, or Sr. SAL | 
 VADOR, now Catt-Ifland, one of 
 the Bahamas; fituated in the At- — 
 lantic Ocean. This was the firft 7 
 Jand which Columbus difcovered ~ 
 in the year 1492, whence he called © 
 it St. Salvador, his crew having | 
 given themfelves over for loft ia © 
 an immenfe ocean, till they faw ~ 
 this ifland. It lies in lat 24, 108 
 long. 76, 12, — 
 GU ARICO, a town fitnated on | 
 the N. fide of St. Domingo, one” 
 of the Antilles iflands, in the At 
 lantic ocean. It is alfo called Cap 
 Frangois, and lies in lat. 19, 55. 
 It is near haf a Jeague in length, © 
 and contains about 14 or 1500 in= | 
 habitants, being a mixture of 
 Creols, Europeans, Negroes, Mu- 
 Jattos, and Cafts. Hereisachurch, 
 a good fquare, a college of Jefuits, 
 a nunnery, an hofpital, and a” 
 convent of religious. The town” 
 lies open, without any other de= 
 fence than a fingle rampart: but) 
 it is well garrifoned within, 
 . The place is extremely. we 
 cultivated, being fown with ever 
 {pecies of grain, The fervi 
 

 
 
 
 Gea 
 work is all done by negroes, and 
 the people here are rich enough 
 to fend large returhs to France 
 for the European commod:tics 
 brotght hither, Vhe grounds here 
 are laid out in plantations of fu- 
 gar, indigo, tobacco, and coffee ; 
 the joint produce of which is fo 
 large, that 30,000 tons are an- 
 “nually exported to France. It is 
 in thefe refpects a very confidera- 
 ble colony to France, no leis than 
 160 fail, fmall and, great. coming 
 annually from France, from 3150 
 to 500 tons, to Guarico, All 
 thefe fhips come loaded with goods 
 and provifions ; and every one 
 returns with 30 or 40,000 dollars 
 in fpecie, Thofe only which go 
 from Gnuarico, excluiive of -the 
 ‘cargo, which confi(ts of the pro- 
 ducts of the colony, carry to 
 France every year haif a million 
 of dollars. Not one fourth part 
 of the cargo of fo many fhips 
 can be confumed in this colony 
 and its dependencies; and confe- 
 quently it muft find a great ac- 
 count in its trade with the Spanifh 
 fettlements, as the Havannah, 
 Carraccas, Santa Martha, Car- 
 thagena, Terra Firma, Nicaragua, 
 and Honduras.—See Cape Fran- 
 90'S. 
 
 GUASTACA,or PaNnu‘co, 
 (which fee, )a province which bor- 
 ders on New Leon and Mexico, 
 in which province they gather 
 cochineal and feveral grains, and 
 it abounds with very rich filver 
 mines, ill the fhores are low, 
 overflowed, unhealthy, and full of 
 falt marfhes ; in-other refpeéts it 
 is like Tiafcala, 
 
 GuaTimatra, Audience and 
 Province of, in New-Spain, is a- 
 bove-750 miles in length, and 
 450 in breadth. Tt is bounded 
 on the N. by Chiapa and Vera- 
 
 paz; on the S. and W, by the 
 
 South-Sea, and on the E, by 
 Honduras. It abounds in choco- 
 Jate, which they make ufe of in- 
 ftead of money. It has 12 pro- 
 vinces under it; and the native 
 
 of 
 
 Americans, under the dominions 
 
 of Spain, profefs chriftianity 3 
 bat it is mixed with a great many 
 
 of their own fuperftitions. There” 
 
 is a great chain of high moun- 
 tains, which run acrofs it from 
 E. to W. and it is fubjeét to 
 earthquakes and ftorms. It is, 
 however, very fertile, and pro- 
 duces great quantities of choco» 
 late, cochineal, cotton, and indi- 
 go. The merchandize of this 
 province are generally conveyed 
 to the port of St. Thomas, in the 
 bay of Honduras, to be fent to 
 Europe. The way acrofs this 
 province to the South-Sea is about 
 65 leapues, and is the next to 
 that from Vera Cruz to Acapulco, 
 St. Jago de Guatimala was the 
 capital of the whole audience; a 
 Jarge and rich town, with a bi- 
 fhop’s fee, and an univerfity, but 
 it was fwallowed up by an earth- 
 quake in April, 1773. It con- 
 tained about 60,000 inhabitants 
 of all colours, and was immenfe- 
 ly rich, but there are no traces of 
 it left. The lofs was eftimated 
 at 15 millions fterling, in mer- 
 chandize; and it was the third 
 city of the Spanifh empire in 
 America. 
 GuaTIMALA, the Vo!cano of, 
 is a mountain which throws out 
 fireand fmoke. St. Jago de Gua- 
 timala was almoft ruined by it in 
 1541. It was rebuilt at a good 
 
 diftance from this dreadful moun-- 
 
 tain, which totally demolithed it 
 in April, 1773. 
 GUAVES PETIT, in St. Dou 
 mingo.—See Hifpaniola. 
 GUAXACA, a province be- 
 longing to theaudience of Mexico, 
 or New Spain. It reaches from 
 the bay of Mexico on the N. to 
 the South Sea on the S. having 
 the province of Tlafcala on the 
 N. W. and thofe of Chiapa, Gua- 
 timala, and Tabafco, on the E, 
 It extends nearly 95 leagues along 
 the South Sea, 50 along the bay 
 of Mexico, and near 120, fay 
 fome, along the confines of Tlaf- 
 
 “iA 
 
 SS ee ee ee ee 
 
GUA 
 
 { 
 
 eala, but not above 50 on thofe 
 of Chiapa. The air here is good, 
 and the foil fruitful, efpecially in 
 mulberry-trees; fo that it pro- 
 duces more filk than any province 
 in America. Except the valley 
 of Guaxaca, the greateft part is 
 mountainous, yet abounding with 
 wheat, cattle, fugar, cotton, ho- 
 ney, cocoa, plantanes, and other 
 fruits. It has rich mines of goid, 
 filver, and lead; and all its rivers 
 have gold in their fands. Caffia, 
 cochineal, cryftal, and copperas, 
 abound alfo here. Were the peo- 
 ple of this province induffrious, 
 they might be the richeft in the 
 Weft Indies; but they are accuf- 
 tomed to a lazy life by theclergy, 
 who have 120 monatteries, befides 
 feveral hofpitals, fchools, and o- 
 ther places of public charity: in- 
 fomuch that the Indians purchafe 
 provifions principally by the gold 
 which the women pick up in the 
 rivers, This province was for- 
 merly reckoned to contain 150 
 confiderable towns, befides up- 
 wards of 300 villages; but now 
 it is faid to be thinly inhabited. 
 Great part of the eftates belong- 
 ing to the Cortez family lie in 
 this country. The leaft difficult 
 pafs from one fea to another is 
 through this province by the ri- 
 ver coteb a ey to the port De 
 Ja Ventofa, in the gulf Tequan- 
 tepec. The mountain of Cocola, 
 which feparates this province from 
 Tlafcala, has mines of gold, fil- 
 ver, cryftal, vitriol, and different 
 forts of precious ftones. 
 
 The vanilla, a drug ufed as a 
 perfume to give chocolate a fla- 
 vour, is the produce of Guaxaca, 
 It grows, indeed, in divers parts 
 of Mexico, but no where fo plen- 
 tifully as in this province, 
 
 Guaxaca, the capital of the 
 laft- mentioned province bearing 
 its name, in New Spain. It is 
 the fee of a biftop, and the re- 
 fidence of a governor, It lies 
 320 miles W. of Spirito Santo, 
 and 230 S. of the city of Mexico, 
 332 in the fame dire@ion from 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 GUI 
 
 the gulf of this laft name, and 
 S. of Vera Cruz, in the delight- 
 ful valley of Guaxaca, which is 
 18 miles in length, and 12 in 
 breadth, aud in the road leading 
 through Chiapa to Guatimala.— 
 Here is a very ftately cathedral, 
 and it contains feveral thoufand 
 families, both Spaniards and In- 
 dians. Of the former are feveral 
 which are rich, and defcended 
 from the old Spanifh governors, 
 This, though a middling city, 
 and but indifferently built, earries 
 on a confiderable trade both with 
 the North and South Seas, The 
 river here is not fortified; fo that 
 {mall veffels might eafily fail up 
 and fubdue the country. The 
 beft chocolate in America is made 
 here by the nuns, and exported 
 from hence to Spain. In this 
 valley, which Charles V- of Spain 
 gave Cortez, with the title of Mar- 
 quis del Velle, are feveral rich 
 towns, cloifters, and churches 3 
 with an excellent breed of horfes, 
 and great herds of black cattle 
 and fheep, which farnifh the clo- 
 thiers of Los Angelos with wool, 
 and Spain with hides, The Cre- 
 olian clergy here are as great ene- 
 mies to the Spanith clergy as the 
 native Americans are. Accord« 
 ing to fome, the proper name of 
 Guaxaca is Antiquera; but this 
 laft others make a feparate town, 
 and bifhop’s fee alfo, fituated a- 
 bout 80 miles to the 8. We It 
 is faid to have a ftately cathedral, 
 adorned with many Sarge and 
 high pillars of marble, each of — 
 which is as one entire ftone. Je. 
 is fitnated in Jat, 18, 2. longe 
 IOI, 10. 
 
 GUIARA, a town of Terra 
 Firma. It has.a harbour on the 
 Caracoa coaft, 212 miles E. of 
 Maracaibo; where, in the years 
 3739 and 1743, the Englifh were 
 twice repulfed, and loft fome men: 
 in attacking this place. It lies in 
 lat. 10, 39, S. long. 66, 5. 
 
 GuILDFORD, an inland coun- 
 ty in the diftri€t of Salifbury, in. 
 N, Carolina, ; 
 

 
 
 
 HAM 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 AcHA, Rro DE LA, on 
 the coaft of Terra Firma. 
 The Spaniards formerly called it 
 Nue(tra Senora de los Neieves, 
 and afterwards De los Remedios. 
 It is fituated on the banks of the 
 river of the fame name, namely, 
 Rio de la Hacha; and but a 
 fhort mile from the fea-coaft upon 
 a little hill, and containing not 
 much above roo houfes, It lies 
 -about 246 miles E. of Carthagena, 
 -It is fituated within the govern- 
 ment of St. Martha, and is the 
 fecond city of the province. It 
 is but fmall, but fortified, and 
 the Indians about it do not ac- 
 knowledge the yoke of the Spa- 
 niards ; they are generally fhep- 
 herds, and breed vatt Aoeks in 
 their fruitful paftures which their 
 plains and mountains afford them. 
 HADHAM, E. and W. two 
 towns in Hartford county, Con- 
 nedticut, near the banks of Con- 
 necticut river. E, Hadham_ is 
 8. E. 9 miles from Middletown, 
 and the fame diftance E. from 
 Durham. 
 - HADLEY, a town in Hamp- 
 fhire county, in Maflachufets- 
 Bay, on the E, bank of Connec- 
 ticut river, where it almof forms 
 an ifland. 
 HALIFAX, a town in the dif- 
 trict of Halifax, in N. Carolina, 
 It is fituated on the banks of 
 the Roanoke river, which runs 
 into Albemarle found. 
 HaxiFrAx, the capital of No- 
 va Scotia, on the W, fide of the 
 harbour of Chebuéto, which, tho’ 
 founded fo lately as in 1747, is 
 now a confiderable place, with 
 above 1000 houfes, laid out in 
 regular handfome ftreets. [t is 
 the refidence of the Governor and 
 other officers, and carried on a 
 confiderable trade. Here the Brie 
 tifh troops retired when they eva- 
 cuated Bofton in March, 1776, 
 HAMPSHIRE, a county, the 
 weftern extremity of Mailachu- 
 
 fe a Vv 
 fets-Bay, througlt which Connec- 
 ticut river runs; and it is the 
 leaft cultivated of any of the 
 counties of this province. — 
 
 HAM:P STEAD and HIGH=. 
 
 GATE, two villages, inland, be- 
 longing to Georgia. They are 
 about a mile afunder, and 4 miles 
 from Savannah, the capital of the 
 province. The inhabitants apply 
 themfelves principally to garden= 
 ing, and fupply the town with 
 greens, pot-herbs, roots, &e. 
 HAMPTON, a maritime town. 
 in Elizabeth county, Virginia, at 
 the bottom of a bay near the 
 mouth of James river, 15 miles. 
 S. E. from York. - 
 Hampron, East and 
 SouTH, two towns in Long 
 Iffand, in the province of New 
 York, and county of Suffolk, on 
 the S. E. coaft. : 
 HANOVER, a town in York 
 county, Penfylvania, 17 miles 
 S. W. of New York, 7 S. of 
 Berwick, and the fame diftance 
 N. from the limits of Maryland. 
 Harcrey, a village in the 
 county of Ulfter, in the province 
 of New York. ; 
 Har TForRD, a town in Chowen 
 county, and diftrict of Edenton, 
 in N. Carolina. It is fituated on 
 Perquimans river, which empties 
 itfelf into Albemarle found, from 
 whence it is diftant about 15 
 miles S,E, and about 13 N. from 
 Edenton, ’ 
 Harrrorr.—-See Hertford. 
 HarwicH, a town in Barns 
 ftaple county, Plymouth Colony, 
 New England, on the N. fide of 
 the peninfula, on a fmall creek 
 of Cape Cod or Barnftaple bay, 
 It is fituated near the middle of 
 the peninfula, 6 miles W. of Eafte 
 ham, and ro from Chatham, - 
 Hatriecp, a town in Hampe 
 fhire couaty, Maffachufets-Bay, 
 
 on Mill river, which runs into ~ 
 
 Conneéticut river. It is 5 miles 
 N. E. from Northampton, and 
 4 from Hadley. 
 
 HAVANNAH, a city fituated 
 
 on the N, W. part of the ifland, 
 
 a | ee oT > own 
 
 SS a ee ee 
 
NE Se et Ee, te ee ee ee er ed 
 
 
 
 HA V 
 
 of Cuba, one of the Greater An- 
 tilles, at the entrance of the gulf 
 
 of Mexico. The city and port of 
 
 Havannah ftands 191 miles almoft 
 directly S. of Cape Florida, and 
 confequently commands the gulf 
 of that name. It was built in 
 mg1x. It was originally called 
 the port of Carennas ; afterwards, 
 when the city, by its alteration of 
 fite, and encreafe of wealth, grew 
 confiderable, it was called St. 
 Chriftopher of the Havannah. In 
 1536 it was taken by a French py- 
 rate, and was of fo inconfiderable 
 a value, that it was ranfomed for 
 700 pieces of cight. It was taken 
 fometime after bythe Englith, and 
 a fecond time by the French; nor 
 was ir till the reign of Philip IL. 
 of Spain, that the importance of 
 it was thoroughly underflood, and 
 any care taken in fortifying it. 
 What was then done proved not 
 fofficient, and moft of the fortifi- 
 cations were in a very bad condi- 
 tion when Francis Coreal was 
 there in 1666; and very little ber- 
 ter when he vifited it again, 20 
 years afterwards. Since the ac- 
 ceffion of the Houfe of Bourbor 
 to the throne of Spain, more 
 pains have been taken about it, 
 and therefore we fhall defcribe 
 firft the city, and then the port, 
 in the condition they now are. 
 The city of Havannab, accord- 
 ing to the laft and exaét map of 
 thefe parts, lies in 23, 10, of lat. 
 and confequently within 22 of the 
 Tropic of Cancer; and its long. 
 from London is 82,13. Tt ftands 
 on the N. fide of the ifland, and 
 W. fide of the harbour, in a very 
 beautiful and pleafant plain, ha- 
 ving the fea before it, and being 
 furrounded on all fides by two 
 branches of the river Lagida. 
 The buildings, tho’ low, are built 
 of ftone, and make a very good 
 appearance, though but meanly 
 furnifhed, Here are feveral hand- 
 fome churches, monafteries, and 
 hofpitals. ‘The churches are rich 
 and magnificent, that dedicated 
 
 ‘as the other is under that of St. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 H A V. 
 
 to St. Clara having 7 altars, all — 
 adorned with plate to a great va- — 
 Jue; and the monaftery adjoining 
 contains 100 nuns, with their fer- — 
 vants, all habited in blue. It is — 
 not a bifhop’s fea, though the bi- 
 fhop generally refides there ; but 
 the cathedral is at St. Jago, and 
 the revenue of this prelate not 
 lefs than 50,000 pieces of eight 
 per annum. ‘The number of in- — 
 habitants in this city are about 
 15,000, One part of the ifland is 
 under the jurifdidtion of this city, 
 
 Jago; but the diftri& belonging — 
 to the Havannah is by far the beft 
 cultivated, and has the moft towns — 
 and villages in it; and thefe are 
 not above 6 in number. 
 
 The port is not only the beft 
 in the Weft-Indics, but perhaps ~ 
 ene of the fineft in the univerfe, 
 It is fo capacious, that roco fail, 
 of fhips may ride there commo-_ 
 dioufly, without either cable or 
 anchor; and there is, generally 
 fpeaking, 6 fathom water in the 
 bay. “the entrance is by a chan 
 nel about 2 fourths of a mile in 
 length, which is pretty narrow, 
 and of difficult accefs to an enemy, 
 heing well defended by forts, an 
 platforms of guns; which is ren 
 dered more difficult fince 1762, 
 when the governor ordered three 
 men of war to be funk there 
 and through it you come into th 
 bay, which lies like a bafon at _ 
 the bottom of it, with a fmall 
 ifland at the E. corner thereof. — 
 At the entrance of the channel — 
 there are 2 ftrong caftles, which 
 are fuppofed to be capable of de- ~ 
 fending the place againft any 
 number of fhips. Fhe firft of 
 thefe is called the Moro, and 
 ftands.on the E. fide of the chan- 
 nel, Jt is a kind of a triangle, 7 
 fortified with baftions, on which — 
 are mounted about 4o pieces of 
 cannon, ftiled the twelve apoftles, — 
 almoft level with the water, and ~ 
 carrying each a hall of 36 pounds, — 
 On the other fide of the chan- 
 

 
 roan “Vv 
 
 nel ftands a ftrong fort, called the 
 Punta, a regular fquare, with 
 good baftions, well mounted with 
 ¢annon 3 which fort, &c, ftands fo 
 very high above the level of the fea, 
 that it is impoffible for the largett 
 fhips to batter them. Between 
 this city and the fea there is a 
 watch-tower, where a man fits in 
 a round lanthorn at the top, and, 
 on the appearance of {hips at fea, 
 puts ovt as many flags from thence 
 as there are fail, The third is 
 {tiled the fort; it is a fmall, but 
 {trong work on the W. fide, to- 
 wards the end of the narrow chan- 
 nel, with four large baftions, and 
 a platform, mounted with 60 
 pieces of heavy cannon. Befides 
 thefe, there are two forts, one on 
 the E. fide, called Cajemar, the 
 other on the W. called the fort of 
 _Chorrera, of 12 gunseach. The 
 governor has a very numerous 
 garrifon, this being the key of the 
 
 Welt-Indies. 
 The commerce in this port is 
 the moft confiderable of any in 
 America, and for the fake of per- 
 f{picuity we will divide it into the 
 particular commerce of the ifle of 
 Cuba, and into the general by the 
 regifter-(hips. The former con- 
 fi(ts in hides, fugar, tobacco, gin- 
 ger, maftic, aloes, farfaparilla, o- 
 ther drugs, and great quantities 
 of cortoife-fhell. it mu{t be ob- 
 ferved, that the commerce of the 
 ifland of Cuba is not entirely con- 
 fined to the Havannah, burt ex- 
 tends itfelf to other ports, particu- 
 larly St. Jago, where there are 
 frequently many little veffels from 
 the Canaries, and other parts, 
 which trade entirely for the com- 
 modities of the country. As to 
 the general commerce, this port is 
 the place of rendezvous for all the 
 fhips, particularly from Porto 
 Bello, and Vera Cruz, which re- 
 turn into Spain from the Indies ; 
 fo that there'are frequently 50 or 
 60 fail in the port at once. While 
 ‘they ride bere, there is a fair 
 Kept on thore, where they trade 
 
 see a OE ee Ee Pe ee LL ee Me Te” Nl eee ee ye 
 
 ys lap: tm 
 
 for immenfe fums; and with fo 
 great honour, that it is faid they 
 never open the bales, but take 
 the goods according to the bills 
 of parcels, without any in{pettion. 
 While the fleet isin the bay, pro- 
 vifions are exceffively dear on 
 fhore, and money fo plenty, that 
 a Spaniard expects half a piece of 
 eight a day from a male flave, and 
 half fo much from a female, out 
 of what they earn by their la- 
 bour. The fleet generally fails 
 from thence through the channel 
 of Bahama, in the month of 
 Sept. and is the richeft in the 
 world, fince in filver and mer-~ 
 chandize there is feldom lefs than 
 30,000,000 pieces of eight on 
 board, or 6,750,000 pounds of 
 our money. 
 
 The town of Havannah is not 
 2 miles in circwit; and the num- 
 ber of inhabitants does not ex- 
 ceed 15,009 fouls, confifting of 
 Spaniards, mulattoes, and nes 
 groes, befides the garrifon, the 
 governor of which is {tiled Cap- 
 tain-general of the ifland. It be- 
 longs to Spain. Havannah lies 18 
 leagues from Cape de Sed, which 
 is 2 promontory on the N. fide of 
 the ifland. The heat here is ex- 
 treme, and more intolerable even 
 in the night than in the day time. 
 This port with the Spanih fleet of 
 war, and 25 merchantmen, who 
 had taken refuge there, the forts, 
 the city, its immenfe magazines, 
 3 millions of piafters, &c. were 
 all taken, July 30, 1762, by the 
 Englith, after a fiege of 29 days, 
 by 19 fhips of the line, 8 frigates, 
 and 10,0co men, under admiral 
 Pocock, and the earl of Albe- 
 marle. The Spaniards, having re- 
 covered it at the peace, rebuilt the 
 Moro Caftle and the Fort Punta, 
 befides other immenfe works, the 
 expence of which is incredible; 
 all which will not defend the 
 place fo much as its pernicious 
 climate. 
 
 HaverRsow, a town in New 
 York, on the W, bank of Hud- 
 
 '° 
 
 
 

 
 FER 1g 
 
 fon’s river, in which it has a fine New Cambridge, 6 miles S. of 
 “bay, 35 miles N. of New-York. W. Windfor, and 17 miles W,_ 
 HAVERILL, a town in Effex of Mansfield. 4 
 county, Mafflachufets-Bay, New- _ Heve, or La HArve, a port | 
 ‘England, on the river Merimack, of Nova Scotia, where the French 
 “and near Mitchell’s Falls. had a fort defended with palli- — 
 Hayes Istanp, in New fades, which the Englifh took by ~- 
 ‘South Wales, formed by the capitulation, with the lofs of — 
 rivers Nelfon and Hayes, which, fome of their people and their 
 after running a little way together, commander, in 1712, 
 feparate ayain. ‘The moft ner- H1iGHLANDS, a range of 
 “thern is Mill called Nelfon river, ~mountains, ftretching weltward_ 
 near the mouth of which ftands from Hud{fon’sriver, dividing the 
 Fort York, by the French called :county of Ulfter, in the province 
 Bourbon, as alfo is the river of New York, from that river § 
 Nelfon, The moft fouthern they are cloathed thick with tim= 
 “branch is called Hayes river by ber, and abound with iron-oreé, + 
 the Englifh, and St. Therefa by ponds, and fine flreams for iron 
 the French. On either branch, works. 
 the ftream is fo gentte that large HisPANIOLA, or St. Doz 
 *veffels end fhallops might be built MINGo. See Domingo.—One of 
 there to carry bulky “goods, and the Antilles Iflands, in the Atlan- 
 ‘ alfo return againft the ftream tic Ocean, in America. It is fituats 7 
 without any difficulty. ed between lat. 18 and 20, and b at 
 ' HENDRIC, a town at the W. tween long. 67 and 74; is ms 
 end of Long Ifland, New-York, of 4co miles long from E.te ‘ 
 ‘fituated in Queen’ s county, on the and 124 broad from N. to % | 
 coaft of the Nariows, 10 miles ‘Lhe ifland partly belongs to: the 
 “N, E. of Bedford, and 7 miles N. Spaniards, and paitly to the 
 of New-York, French; which latter (their bue= 
 * HENRICO, a county of Vir- caneers having fettled there be-: 
 ‘ginia, on the N.E, coaft of fore) obtained a legal right to” 
 James river. their fhare of the ifland by the — 
 ~ Henry Cape, the S. pro- ceffion which the Spaniards made)” 
 “montoly of Virginia, Itisfituat- them of the N. W. part of Hifpa-~ 
 
 
 
 
 oa 
 
 
 
 | “ed at the entrance of the Cheafa- niola, by the treaty of Ry{wick 
 * peak- -Bay. Lat, 36,57. longitude in 1697; the beft and mott fertile” 
 PDs n2 ae part of the beft and moft fertile 
 
 HERTFORD, or HartTForD,~ ifland in the Wefi Indies. ‘This 
 county in the diliri€t of Edenton, is the principal fettlement of the ~ 
 ~N. Carolina, French in all America. The 
 * HERTFORD, acovnty of Con- country is mixed; pretty moun- 
 necticut, bounded on the N. by tainous in fome parts; but many 
 Hamphhire, in Maflachufets-Bay, of thefe mountains are fertile, 
 W. by Litchfield county. E. by and covered with fine’ woods, 7 
 
 “Windham county, and Ssby New- Others, which are barren and 
 
 | . Haven and New-London covn- rocky, had anciently mines of” 
 “ties 5 haying the tiver running | gold: they are not worked now; 
 
 | through it. though it is judged they not on 
 
 HERTFORD, the chief town contain thofe of gold, but min 
 
 ‘of the foregoing county, is fituat- of filver, copper, and iron, But. 
 “edon the Weftern bank of Con- the French think their labour 
 “neicut river, near the center of better beftowed cn the culture of © 
 the county, not 6 miles N. W. of the plains for the rich commodi-_ 
 “Glaflenbory, z4 miles N.E. of ties which vend fo well in ema 
 
 
 

 
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 This country has likewife pro- 
 digious fine plains of a vaft ex- 
 tent, and extreme fertility, either 
 covered . with noble forefts of 
 timber and fruit trees, excellent 
 in their kinds, or filled with vaft 
 humbers of horned cattle, fheep, 
 and hogs. The air of Hifpaniola 
 is the moft healthy in the Weit- 
 Indies, “Phe country is admira- 
 bly watered with rivulets as well 
 ‘as navigable rivers. And it- is 
 fo wonder therefore that this 
 active nation, in pofleffion of fo 
 extenfive a country, has reaped 
 from it prodigious advantages, In 
 the year 1726, on this ifland were 
 no lefs than 100,000 negroes, and 
 20,000 whites; they made’ 60,000 
 hoztheads of fugar of 500 wt. each; 
 their indigo was half as much in 
 value as their fugar; they export- 
 
 xed large quantities of cotton; and 
 
 they fent befides to France cacao 
 and ginger in tolerable plenty. 
 Since that time they raife coffee 
 here to avery great amount, Sup- 
 pofe the fugar at 20 fhillings the 
 hundred, the whole muft yield 
 300,000 fterling, The indigo is 
 fomewhat_ fallen its price fince; 
 but as it has increafed largely in 
 its quantity, it is not too much to 
 value it at 100,0o00l. If to thefe 
 we add the produce of cotton, ca- 
 cao, ginger, and hides, it will not 
 be) too much to allow too,oool, 
 More; fo that'at this rate her 
 fhare of the ifland is worth to 
 France §50,cool. {terling, © But 
 confidering that thefe feveral ar- 
 ticles have greatly increafed fince 
 that time, it will not be exceffive 
 to rate the value of this colony at 
 750,000l. (terling a-year, 
 
 <The largef&t town in the French 
 part of Hispaniola is Cape Fran- 
 goife, which’ is fiiuated on the 
 northern part of the ifland; upon 
 avery fine harbour, It:is well 
 built, and contains about 80d0 in- 
 habitants, blacks and whites. But- 
 though this be the largeft town, 
 Leogane, on the weftern fide, is 
 a good port too, and a place ‘oft 
 contidcrable trade, being the {eat 
 
 
 
 HE W 
 of government, which here is. 
 lodged in the hands of a go- 
 vernor and the intendant, who 
 are mutually a check upon. each 
 other, ‘There are, befides, two 
 other towns confiderable for-theit 
 trade, Petit Gaaves on the W. 
 end of the ifland, and port Louis 
 on the S. W, part. : 
 
 The E. part of this ifland is 
 in the pofleffion of the Spaniards; 
 and this -is the largeft part, and 
 has moft towns. ‘Their capital is 
 St. Domingo, which was built firfk 
 by Columbus, on the S, fide of 
 the ifland, at the mouth of the 
 fiver Hayna, or Tfabella, as our 
 maps Cal] it,in a fine’plain, which 
 fhews it to great advantage from’ 
 the fea. In 1586, Sir Francis 
 Drake took it, who held it a 
 month, and then burnt part of it, 
 but fpared the reft for a ranfom 
 of 60,000 pieces of eight, This 
 and feveral other places were quit-'- 
 ted in the reign of Queen Eli 
 zabeth, as being judged unpo- 
 litic then to keep them. How-) 
 ever, Cromwell thought other 
 wife; for he fent his generals 
 Penn and Venables, with the 
 greatelt: force the Englith ever. 
 had in thofe feas, in order to pof= 
 fefs themfelves of St. Domingo ; 
 of which being difappointed, they: 
 afterwards, in 1654, reduced Ja=! 
 maica,’ The trade of St. Domin- 
 go, which was a confiderable one 
 in fugar, hides, tallow, horfes,: 
 hogs, and caflia, has decayed fince 
 the Spaniards have been’ tempted 
 to Havannah and other places: 
 yet for all that St. Domingo 
 makes a good figure, and its in-. 
 habitants, including Negroes, Xe: 
 are thought to exceed 25,000 3 
 thefe confitt of Spaniards, Mefe 
 tizoes, Mulattoes, and Albatraces, 
 of all which number a fixth pare? 
 is {uppofed to be Spaniards, x 
 
 HeEwrevutL, a village of Cae 
 nada, confifting of between 25) 
 and 30 houfeswell built, with 3° 
 fort; where was_a governor and: 
 a garrifon. It was taken by the 
 French ia the'year 1708, 
 
 
 
 
 
HOH 
 
 - HaLitss0 ROUGH, a town in 
 ‘the county of Orange, and diftrict 
 of Hillfoorough, N. Carolina. It 
 is fituated near the head of the 
 Nufe river, on a branch of the 
 fame. 
 
 _ Hiui-To wr, in Chefter coun- 
 ty, Penfylvania, is near the center 
 of the county, 28 miles W.of Phi- 
 Iadelphia, and 20 N. from Wil- 
 
 _mington, in Neweaftle county, 
 
 Delawar, and 21 miles N. W. 
 from Chefter. 
 HINGHAM, a town of Suffolk 
 
 county, Maffachufets-Bay, fitn- 
 
 ated on a fouthern creek of: Bof- 
 ton harbour, on the banks of the 
 river Way, 5 miles W. of Kono- 
 hhaffet, and the fame diftance E. 
 from Weymouth. 
 Hosss-HoLe, atown in Ef- 
 fex county, Virginia, on the W, 
 bank of Rappahanock river, 15, 
 miles N, E. from Walkerton, 32 
 S, E, of. Port-Royal, and 67 N. 
 of Williamfburg. 
 .HocHeLaGa,a village of wild 
 Indians in Canada. It is pretty 
 large, and fituated in the ifland at 
 this day. known under the name 
 of Montreal. It is of a round 
 figure, and 3 rows of pallifadocs 
 inclofe about so huts, each up- 
 
 ’ wards of 50 paces in length, and 
 
 14 or 15 in breadth, and made 
 am the form of funnels, The en- 
 trance to this, inclofure is by one 
 
 ate, over which, as well as the 
 Brit row of pallifadoes, is a fort 
 of gallery, the afcent to which is 
 by a ladder, and it is plentifully 
 provided with ffones and flints 
 for the defence of the place. The 
 
 - inhabitants of this village {peak 
 ‘the Huron language, It is fitu- 
 
 ated at the foot of a mountain 
 called Montroyal, now Montreal, 
 
 Howto, or Oxto, a famous 
 river, haying its fource in the 
 Apalachian mountains, near the 
 borders of Carolina and Virginia; 
 
 and after a S. W.. courfe falls into, 
 
 the river. Mififippi,. of which it 
 
 is, reckoned the: principal Rream. 
 wr See Ohio, bas 
 
 
 
 POMS ote tatty Shs oS) 13s eli 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 HON | 
 HoLursToN, a town in Mid- 
 dlefex county, Maflachvfcts-Bay, 
 about 4 miles N. from Medw 
 and the fame diftance S. W. from 
 Sherborn. 
 Honpweas, or CoMAIAGNA 
 a province of Old Mexico, 
 New Spain, which, including th 
 country of the Mofkitoes, is fitue 
 ated between lat. 12 and 13, an 
 between long. 35 and 94. Itha 
 the bay bedring its name, and th 
 North Sea, on the N. and E, is 
 bounded by Nicaragua and Gua: 
 timala on the §. and by Vera Pa 
 on the W. Itextends E. and W 
 along the. North Sea above 130 
 leagues, and in fome places is neat | 
 60. leagues over from N. to. S, but_ 
 it is narrower at both ends. The 
 Spaniards claim this country; but. 
 the Englifh have been long ig 
 poffefion of the logwood tract im 
 the Bay of Honduras, cutti 
 large quantities of it there ev 
 year. And the Mofkito Indians” 
 to the E. of this province hi 
 entered into treaties. with the 
 Englifh, received them into th 
 country, and done them fevera 
 fervices, Befides, the Spaniard 
 have no forts in this bay, or 
 the country of the Mofkitoes,onl 
 2 {mall towns. : 
 This country confifts in general” 
 of hills and deep dales, and hag” 
 a good air. It is rendered the 
 more fruitful by the inundations 
 of its rivers about Michaelm 
 when the natives convey the wa 
 ter by canals to their fields a 
 gardens, The foil in many pa 
 bears Indian corn thrice a ye 
 It alfo yields European wheat a 
 peafe, cotton- wool, called, 
 goion, &e, has excellent patty 
 with honey, wax, and abunda 
 of all forts of provifions, befide 
 mines of gold and filver, It, pres 
 duces alfo great quantities o: 
 trordinary large gourds or 
 bafhes, which the Hifpaniola Im 
 dians call_Hébueras. And the @ 
 difcoverer, feeing many of them 
 foat along the ceaft, called i 
 
es eS ee eee 
 
 
 
 Hee” 
 
 Golfo de Hibueras, and the pro- 
 vince itfelf Hibuera; yet after- 
 wards, finding very deep water 
 at the great eape of this country, 
 they called it Cabo de Honduras, 
 ij, e. the Promontory of Depth, 
 and the country itfelf Honduras. 
 The vineyards bear twice a year; 
 for immediately after the vintage 
 the vines are cut again, and the 
 fecond grapes are ripe before 
 Chriftmas. 
 
 HonpDuRAS, BAY OF, noted 
 
 for cutting of logwood, as that 
 
 of Campeachy formerly was, It 
 lies in the province of the fame 
 name, betwixt Cape Honduras, in 
 Fat. 15 4, and Cape Catoche, the 
 eaftermoft point of Yucatan, in 
 Hit. 21 F. Moll makes the dif- 
 tance between thefe capes above 
 270 miles. The great lake of 
 Nicaragua has an outlet into it 
 by a river catled Riv de Anuzelos, 
 6r Angelos, only navigable by 
 fmall craft. In this bay are fe- 
 veral fmall iflands, particularly 
 the Pear] Iffands, a little to the 
 N. bat the pearls fihhed up here 
 are not in fuch quantities zs for- 
 merly, nor fo large, Into thjs 
 _ bay runs alfo a fmall river from 
 the province of Veraguas, called 
 by the Spaniards Rio de Sucre, 
 i.e. Sugar river, from the fugar- 
 works here, with which the coun- 
 try fo abounds, that, did not the 
 Spaniards confumeé large quanti- 
 ties of it in fweetmeats and pre- 
 ferves, &c, they nmiipht fend fe- 
 veral fhip-loads of fugar into Eu- 
 fope. 
 
 _ The country where the Eng- 
 Jifh cut their logwood is all a flat, 
 and a great part of it a morafs, 
 with feveral lagunes, which are 
 very often overflown. In the 
 dry feafon, when the cutters have 
 found a good number of trees, 
 they build a hut near them, where 
 they live. After cutting down a 
 tree, they chip of the bark and 
 lay it in heaps, marking paths to 
 each, that, when the rains come 
 which overflow the ground, they 
 
 HON 
 
 are as fo many channels, where 
 they go with fmall currents and 
 Jand them, bringing them fomes 
 times 30 miles to the bareaderas, 
 whence the buyers fetch it at gl. 
 tis. 6d. fterl. aton. During the 
 floods, the cutters dwell at the 
 barcaderas, which are 42 miles 
 up the river, where they have 
 huts ‘built on high banks to fe- 
 eure them fronr the floods. As 
 foon as they have notice of any 
 veflel’s arrival at the mouth of 
 the river, they flock down to 
 purchafe whatever they want.—« 
 ‘They amotnt to 15 or 1600 men, 
 but form no regular colony; yet 
 they chufe a chief, who cannot 
 have lefs authority, luxury, or 
 enolument, or whofe fubjects are 
 more difobedient. 
 
 The quantity of wood annually 
 furnifhed by the Bay -has been 
 valued at 20,cea tons. The Eng- 
 ith export only about 6000, whofe 
 trade is carried om in general by 
 North American fhips, who fup- 
 ply the Bay with what merchan- 
 dize they want; bit-the principal 
 branch of the trade is carried om 
 
 by the Dutch, whofe annual clear ' 
 
 profit amounts to above go,oool, 
 fterl, The Bay is fprinkled with’ 
 an infinity of fhoals, rocks, and 
 elufters of drowned iflands, which 
 abound with great plenty of greem 
 turtles. There are feveral chan= 
 nels between them, among which 
 a fhip fhon!d not venture without 
 an experienced pilot. 
 
 Some trees of the logwood it- 
 felf grow very tall and ftraight 5 
 though moftly low and crooked. 
 They bear a {mall leaf, and 
 have a prickly underwood, like 
 our white-thorn in both thefe ree 
 fpets, It blofloms and. bears 
 feed ; which, by falling off, fows 
 the ground from which it fprings 
 up, and its vegetation is much 
 forwarded by the: inundations 
 bringing the foil over it. Att 
 the rivers and creeks in the Bay 
 of Honduras not only fwarm with 
 alligators and guans, but fith alfoa 
 
 K2 
 
 PS; 
 
BL APD 
 
 “Among other ‘fowls they have 
 
 guams, confos, Mufcovy ducks, 
 whiftling ducks, fomewhat larger 
 than our tea}, arid as good to eat, 
 cockatoos, macaws, parrots, two- 
 penny chicks, double and fingle 
 curlews, and crab-catchers. 
 
 With regard to land animals, 
 here are wild deer, but fmall and 
 Jean, tygers, and monkeys. A- 
 mong the little iflands in the Bay 
 are great numbers of green turtle, 
 moftly catched in nets. The ma- 
 natee is alfo frequently met with 
 here;-and that called: the jew- 
 fifh, which exceeds all the reft in 
 goodnefs, is fhaped fomething like 
 a cod, but thicker in proportion, 
 and much better eating. They 
 have very broad feales, and fome 
 of them weigh 8ol, 
 ~ ‘The principal towns: of this 
 province are, Valladolid, or Co- 
 Maiaga, which is the capital; 
 Trvxillo, or. Trugillo,. Gracias a 
 Dios, St. Pedro, Porto de Ca- 
 vallos, St. Jago, with the ifland 
 ef Ruatan, or Rattan, 
 
 ' From Cape Gracias a Dios, the 
 moft eafterly promontory of Hon- 
 dnras, the land falls off due §. 
 forming another great bay, which 
 runs along the coaft of Nicara- 
 gua, and then bends again EF. by 
 N. to Nombre de Dios and Porto 
 
 Bello. 
 
 Hooper’s Istanp, a long 
 nartow ifland in Cheafapeak bey, 
 Maryland, oppofite the entrance 
 of .Patuxen river. 
 
 Hovucve, LA, a little fort 
 fituated two leagues beyond the 
 Havanna, in the ifland-of Cuba. 
 From hence we begin to difcover 
 Le Pain de Matance, a mountain 
 whofe top refembles an oven or 
 a loaf, It ferves failors to know 
 the bay of Matance by, -which is 
 about 14 leagues from the Ha- 
 vannah, 
 
 Hupsown’s*BAy or STRAIT, 
 the N. part of Canada, where the 
 Englith company of the fame 
 name have feyeral fettlements and 
 forts, who, by their agents, carry 
 
 “2 
 
 MH U:D 
 on here a traffic with the nai 
 Indians: for beaver-fkins and 4 
 ther valuable furs to a confides 
 rable amount, being one of the: 
 moft profitable trades onr mer=— 
 chants.deal in, But the garrifons 
 and forts here feem not to be of © 
 a ftrength fufficient for holding 7 
 out long againft an attack, “This” 
 Bay is about .300 Jeagues wide 
 from S. to N. but above 570, 
 reckoning from the bottom 
 James-bay, in lat. 51, to that of © 
 Repuife-bay, in lat. 67, ro. Its © 
 breadth is unequal, being about ~ 
 130 leagues where broadeft ; but © 
 it grows narrower both to the © 
 fouthward and northward, being” 
 not much above 35 leagues broad 
 in fome places. At the meuth® 
 of Hudfon’s Bay is Refolution” 
 ifland, alfo Mansfield ifland ; and” 
 in the Strait are Charles ifland, 
 Salifbury ifland, and Nottingham) 
 ifland. From Refolution ifland” 
 to Cape Diggs, at the entrance 
 of the Bay, is about 1¢o leagues” 
 in ‘length, ‘The Jand on bou¥ 
 fides,namely Labrador and North 
 Main, are inhabited by. favages 
 of which we have little or: 
 knowledge, That part of the 
 Bay on the W. fide, in about 
 lat. 57, is called Button’s bay 
 and the eaftern part, from la 
 §5, 15. to lat 51, and the mof 
 fouthern part, are called James's) 
 bay. The coaft from Cape Hen- 
 rictta-Maria, in lat. 55,15, wheré 
 James’s bay begins, to the bottom 
 ‘of the bay, is about 100 leagu 
 ‘and of much the fame breadtha 
 the way, being between 50 ang 
 60 leagues over. ‘ 
 
 On the eaftern fhore, or Lab 
 dor coaft, lie feveral iflands, cal 
 led the North Sleepers, the We 
 Sleepers, Baker’s Dozen, Belchier 
 Ifles; and in James’s bay are Bea 
 ifland, Viner’s ifland, Charito 
 ifland, Cape-Hope ifland, &c. Al 
 the country from Button’s bay 
 and E. as far as Labrador, is 
 led New South Wales, 
 Hupson’s River, ata 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ice 
 

 
 
 
 HUD 
 
 tiver whofe fource has wot been 
 difcovered. Running fouthward, 
 it approaches the Mohawk’s river, 
 within a few miles of:Sacoundav- 
 ga. In general we know that 
 it has its fource in the mountainous 
 country between the lakes Onta> 
 rio and Champlain.. From its ap- 
 proach near Sacoundauga, it runs 
 N. and north -eafterly towards 
 lake St. Sacrament, now lake 
 George, withia ro miles of it. 
 The courfe then to New-York is 
 very uniform, being inthe main 
 S. 12 or 15° W. Phe diftance 
 from Albany to lake George’ is 
 computed at 65, miles; This river 
 in that in‘erval is navigable’ only 
 to batteaus, and interrupted by 
 Bifts, which’ occafion two poftages 
 of half a mile each. Fn the paf- 
 fage from Albany to Fort Edward 
 the whole land-carriageis 12 miles. 
 Fhere are 7 routes from Crowne 
 Point to Hudfon’s river, in the 
 way to Albany; one through: lake 
 George; another through a branch 
 of lake Champlain, bearing a 
 fouthern courfe,. and’ terminating 
 in a baton,. feveral miles F.. of 
 fake George, called the South bay. 
 The third is by afcending the 
 Wood-creek, a:fhallow ftream a- 
 bout 30 yards broad, which com- 
 ing from the S.E.. empties: itfelf 
 mto the S. bsanch of the lke 
 Champlaim. The place where 
 thefe routes meet on the banks of 
 Hudfon’s river is called the car— 
 rying-place. Phere Fort Edward. 
 js built; but Fort Henry, a much 
 ftronger garrifon, was erected. at 
 
 the S. end of Jake George, after 
 
 the repulfe of the French forces 
 under the conrmand of Baron 
 Diefkaw, ow the 8th of Sept. 
 ‘3755+ ‘Fhe paflage through the 
 highlands is about £6 miles 5 the 
 fide flows a few miles above Al- 
 bany. .The navigation: is- fafe, 
 and performed in floops of 4o 
 or soa tons burthen.. About €0 
 miles above the city of New York 
 the water is frefh, and in wet fea- 
 fous viry low, and abounds with 
 variety of ih, 
 
 HuMMEL’s-Town,. 2 town 
 in Lancafter county, Penfylvae 
 
 ‘nia, fituated on the Great Swae 
 
 tawro creek, 7 miles from the 
 Sufquchannah river, 5 N-of Mid- 
 djétown, 16 W.of Lebanon, 19 
 S. E. of Manheim, and $5 from: 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 HuNTERTON, 2 county im 
 New-Jerfey, near the Delaware 
 river, the principal town of which: 
 is Trenton. ; 
 
 HuN‘TInGDON, a town neat 
 the N.-W. extremity of Cumber= 
 land county, Penfylvania, fitua< 
 ted on the Hinlee: river, a branch: 
 of the Sufquéhannah river, 22 
 miles N. E.of Franksetown, 15 
 miles N. W. of Fort Shirley, and 
 66 from Cartiffe. 
 
 HuNTINGDON, @ town in 
 Long-Ifland,New-York, in King’s 
 county divifion, on’ the N, fide, 
 at the bottom of Brandon har- 
 bour, 7 miles W. of Smith-town, 
 the fame diftance E, of Oytter- 
 bay, and’ N, of Hampftead-plain. 
 
 Huron, Lake of, a large col- 
 le€tion of inland’ waters,. in Cana- 
 da. It lies betweem lJat..43 and’ 
 46. and between long. 34 and 
 $9. Fhis lake communicates: 
 with lake Michigan or Tilinois by 
 a ftrait, and’ is 350 leagues im 
 circuit. It is in' the form of a 
 triangle. The lands about this 
 Jake are called the country. of the 
 Hurons’ 
 
 Hurons, favages inhabiting 
 the country contiguous:to the lake 
 of the fame name, in Canada + 
 their true name is Yendats.. 
 
 The country inhabited by thefe 
 people, at the beginning. of the 
 lift century, had the lake Erie to 
 the S.. the lake Huron. to the W, 
 and lake Ontario to‘the H. It is 
 fitvated between Jat..42 and 4.5 N.- 
 Here they havea'good many can— 
 tons, or villages; and the whole 
 nation {till confifts of between 4@ 
 and 50,000-fouls, 
 
 In this country are large mea= 
 dows, which would Bear wheat 
 and all other grain that the natives 
 would fowin them, The forelts - 
 
 KZ : 
 

 
 oh AS 
 are full of very beautiful trees, 
 
 ‘efpecially cedars of a prodigious 
 magnitude, amd proportionable 
 tallnefs. The country is well 
 watered, and the water is very 
 -good. Here are fome {tones that 
 can be fufed like metal, and con- 
 tain veins of filver. 
 
 . This country is well fituated 
 for commerce: whence, by means 
 of the lakes with which it is almoft 
 furrounded, it would be an ealy 
 “matter to pufh on difcoveries even 
 to the extreme parts of North- 
 America, 
 
 . . Hyp, a maritime county in 
 ‘the diftri&t of Newbern, North- 
 Carolina, : 
 
 Jaco DE LEon, SANT, a 
 town of Venezuela, a province of 
 
 ‘Terra Firma, in South America. 
 It is Gtuated about 18. miles from 
 the fea-coaft to the S, Yo it are 
 two ways from the fea; the one 
 ‘Short and cafy; but may be eafily 
 guarded by a few people, being 
 about the middle pent in by inac- 
 tcffible mountains and groves, fo 
 that it is hardly 25 feet broad: 
 the other road is through craggy 
 mountains and precipices, whieh 
 the Indians generally ufe. After 
 pafling thofe mountains is a plain 
 in which the town is built. In 
 1599, the Englifh took this town, 
 efter making themfelyes mafters 
 
 of the Caraecas, 
 
 “ JAGo DE GUATIMALA, SF, 
 one of the principal towns of 
 New-Spain, the capital of the 
 province of Guatimala, The old 
 city was utterly deftroyed by a 
 hurricane and earthquake in rgqr, 
 when 10,000 Spaniards loft their 
 lives. It was built at the bottom 
 ef avoleano, with two tops, from 
 one of which iflued fire, and from 
 “the other water, It was rebuilt 
 in 1550, in a fine valley, on a ri- 
 ver, about three leagues from the 
 volcano, and was again totally de- 
 ftroyed by an earthquake in April, 
 1773; before which melancholy 
 accident it was the refidence of 
 the prefidents, ihe’ feats of ihe 
 royal courts, and of arich bifhop, 
 
 foffragan to Mexico. It had 
 univerfity; aad was the centero 
 
 . wide champaign towards the fe 
 
 
 
 UPA G " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 commerce in all thofe parts. 
 contained about 80co families 
 and the citizens carried on a con- 
 fiderable trade through ail the 
 provinces of Mexico, and event 
 into Pern, by the, ports of La 
 Trinidad and Realejo. Its trade 
 with Spain was from Golfo Dolce, 
 The priacipal. commodities in 
 whieh they dealt were hides, ine 
 digo, anatta, fylvefter, cochineal, 
 cocoa, &c, And indeed no city | 
 could ftand moré commodioully 
 for an extenfive trade, and be 
 fater from pirates and privateers, — 
 lying 8 leagues from the Souths — 
 Sea, and about go from the Gulp © 
 of Mexico: yet ftill was. liable 
 to frequent earthquakes, as welk 
 as to eruptions from a neighbou 
 ing voleano, which burns moft” 
 fiercely during the rainy feafon,” 
 and throws out huge {tones and 
 pieces of rock... This mountain) 
 is {cen a great way off at fea, it” 
 being g miles high. “The cathe. 
 dral and parifh churches here wer 
 extremely rich5 and. here were” 
 alfo 2 fine monaflerics, be fides a” 
 good hofpital. Vhe valley e 
 which the city ftood was about” 
 2 miles and 2 broad, opening 
 little beyond the old town into & 
 
 Though it was forroanded with 
 mountains, yet there were good™ 
 roads over them. 
 
 The government of the adjae 
 cent country, and of the pros! 
 vinees of Honduras, Soconufco 
 Vera Paa, Nicaragua, Cofta Ricay, 
 and Chiapa, was fubordinate to 
 the chancery here, which confilt= 
 ed of a prefident, who. had 
 great a power as the vicerays 
 Peru and Mexico, alfo of 
 judges, the King’s attorney, an 
 two chief ju(ticese’ They had all 
 handfome. falaries, which th 
 very much increafed by tradi 
 and bribes. The univerfiry he 
 was founded, in 1624, by Philip 
 IV. joined to the Dominican cons 
 

 
 JAG - 
 “revenue computed to be at leaft 
 “30,000 ducats 3 and its treafury 
 -would have made it 100,000, The 
 nunnery of the Conception confif- 
 ted of i000 women, including 
 . fervants and fcholars; and they 
 - “received none but fuch as brought 
 ‘with them from 50> to 1¢00 du- 
 ‘edts. Lat. 14, 10, Long-92, 18. 
 
 Jaco De NexapHa, ST. a 
 town of Guaxzaca, one of the pro- 
 “vinces in the audience of Mexieo. 
 It has the addition of Nexapha 
 -from the valley in which it is fi- 
 tuated, on the fide of a river, 
 -which falls into the Alvarado, 18 
 -miles S. of Iidefonfo. It has a 
 convent of Dominicans, much 
 enriched by prefents of votaries, 
 who come far and near to fee an 
 image of the Virgin Mary, and its 
 pretended miracles. 
 
 Jaco DE Los VALLES, ST. 
 atown of Panuco, a province of 
 New-Spain. Itis fituated 5 leagues 
 8. W. of Panuco city, on the ri- 
 ver of the fame name. Here the 
 Spaniards have a garrifon, and in 
 its neighbourhood are feit-works, 
 
 Jaco pe Cusa, ST. once 
 
 +he capital, though not the moft - 
 
 eonfiderable town of the ifland of 
 Cuba. “It is fiuated at the bot- 
 tom-of a fpacious bay, on the S. 
 fide of the ifland, about 2 leagues 
 front the fea, ©The entrance into 
 this -bay is narrow for feveral 
 miles; but within it are Jittle 
 ‘iflands forming a mot commo- 
 dious harbour, and fhelter from 
 ftorms, It was builc by Velafquez, 
 the firft conqueror, who made it 
 the feat of his government. The 
 eity is {till the fee of a hifhop, 
 with a cathedral, where the ca- 
 mons are refidentiary, but the mi- 
 tred head refides at the Havannah. 
 It bad once a good trades but 
 this is alfo removed to that city; 
 fo that St. Jago bas dwindled al- 
 moft to nothing; though it has 
 jarifdidtion over one ‘half of the 
 ifland, After the Engliih had left 
 the iflant, about 400 men were 
 «continually employed for fome 
 
 JAM 
 
 ‘time in repairing its fortifications. 
 ‘Within 3 Jeagnes of it, at Co- 
 
 very, is a rich coppermine, In 
 1766, a terrible eartHquake hap- 
 pened here, which cid confide 
 rable damage. Latitude 20, 15.. 
 long. 76, 4o. 
 
 Jaco Dre tA VEGA, ST. 
 commonly called Spanifh- Town, 
 the capital of the ifland of Ja- 
 maica. It is fituated 5 miles N. 
 of Port-Paflage and the bay of 
 Port-Royal. ft is the refidence 
 of the governor, and the general 
 
 aflembly and courts of juftice are 
 
 held here. It is a fmall city, 
 with about 20 ftreets and 4000: 
 inhabitants, in a healthy fituations. 
 and the greateft part of the in- 
 habitants are people of fortune, 
 or rank, which gives it the air 
 of fplendor and magnificence 5: 
 but being 2 leagues diftant from 
 the fea, is deftitute of trade. It 
 is has a very handfome church, 
 a chapel, and a Jews fynagogue® 
 but the principal building is the 
 governors houfe,. one of the 
 handfomeft in all America, It 
 received great damage from a 
 ftorm, Joly 16, 1772, when the 
 hail{tones were as large as oranges, 
 Lat. 18, 26. long. 76, 32. 
 JAMAICA, one of the prin- 
 cipal towns on Long Ifland, 
 or Nafflau Ifland, belonging to 
 ueen’s county, in ‘New York. 
 It is fituated on the W, fide, 3 
 miles from Hampftead, -and the 
 fame diftance E. of Bedford, and 
 has a church in it. 
 JaMArcA, one of the Greater 
 Antilles, in the Weft Indies, and 
 fituated in the Atlantic Ocean. 
 This ifland being difcovered by 
 Columbus in the year 1494, in 
 his fecond voyage from Spain to 
 this part of the world, he changed 
 the name of Jamaica to that of 
 St. Jago, which it retained while 
 it was in the hands of the Spa- 
 niards; but they were difpoffefled 
 of it, in 1655, by the Englifh, 
 with a fleet primarily defigned for 
 the reduction of ‘Hifpaniola, un- 
 
JAM 
 
 der the command of Penn and 
 Venables : it yielded without much 
 oppofition, and recovered its old 
 appellation. Afterwards the Spa- 
 niards ceded the ifland to the 
 Britith court. The whole people 
 en the iffand did not exceed 
 3000, including even the flaves, 
 ‘who were 1500, Scon after the 
 Reftoration of Charles If. this 
 colony had enereafed the number 
 of its inhabitants to 18,000, who 
 had almoft no other trade but 
 their depredations on the Spa- 
 niards ; but they foon after be- 
 gan to make fugar and plant 
 cacao-trees, and erect falt works, 
 _ ‘This is the largeft of all the 
 Englith ifland-colonies, and even 
 of any of the Greater Antilles, 
 except Cuba and Hifpaniola. Et 
 extends itfelf between lat. x7 and 
 18,27. and between long. 76 and 
 79- fo that it is about 140 miles 
 in length from Point Negril on 
 the W. to Point Morant on the 
 E. and 60 in breadth where 
 broadeft, namely, from Gallina 
 Point on the N. to Portland Pitch 
 on the S. but, it being of an 
 oval form, i grows narrower to- 
 wards each end. The acres it con- 
 tains are computed at 4,000,000; 
 of which, fome fay, one half is 
 planted, and others 1,500,000.—~ 
 Htis placed in a moft happy fitu- 
 ation at 36 leagues to the S. of 
 Cuba, and 39 to the W. of St. 
 Dominge, The difpofition and 
 number of its harbours enable it 
 to trade with exber of the iflands 
 of the Weft Indies or the con- 
 tinent. Jt has about 16 principal 
 harbours, befides 20 bays, roads, 
 or good anchoring-places. 
 
 It is divided by a ridge of 
 mourtains which runs through 
 the whole ifland from E. to W. 
 The eaftern; part are called the 
 ** Blue Mountains,” They con- 
 tain the fprings of fine rivers, 
 ftored with fith of variows kinds; 
 and many of them navigable by 
 canoes, in which fugars are car- 
 tied from the plantations to the 
 
 Spring-water remote from the feat” 
 
 
 
 
 
 JAM 
 fea-fide. In feveral diftricts they 
 go byfeveral names, being crown 
 ed with trees of almoft 100 va- 
 rious kinds, particularly cedars, 
 lignum vitz, mahogany, &e. ever | 
 verdant, forming groves and cool 
 retreats, The tops of fome of 
 the. mountains are higher than 
 others ; on each fide of the ridge 
 are others much lower, which, 
 with the woods en their brows, 
 and the little plantations on their 
 fides, form at fea a very agreeable 
 profpeét. Thefe mountains con— 
 fit either of rock, or ftiff clay. 
 The vallies too are always ver- 
 dant being embetifhed with plan= 
 fations curioufly ; laid out, and 
 producing the richeft plants im 
 the univerfe. Several of its ri- 
 vers difappear, or alter their ~ 
 eourfe, after a ftorm, and lofe 
 their names; and fome of them 
 run for many miles under ground, 
 and then emerge again. En fome — 
 parts of the ifland, indeed, where — 
 it feldom rains, the water is 
 brackifh and unwholefome. The — 
 number of rivers in this ifland, 
 Sir Hans Sloane reckors to bs 
 near 10. Thefe may more pro- — 
 perly be called torrents; for they 
 come preeipitately down the moui- 
 tains, running but a few miles; 
 before they fall into the fea, and 
 carrying with them in their eourfé 
 large ftones, pieces of rock, and 
 timber, generally much clay or 
 earth, which fouls the water;. but 
 this, after fettling fome days im 
 jars, proves good. One frequently 
 fees cataracts in the rivers among 
 the mountains 50 or 60 feet high, ~ 
 
 is, preferred to that of rivers or — 
 ponds, ‘The well-water near the 
 fea, as particularly at Port-Royal. 
 
 ts brackifh, and oceafions fluxes 
 and other difeafes to fuch as drink 
 
 it, Some fprings in this ifland, 
 as well as rivers, petrify their 
 channels, and ftop their owm 
 courfe, The moft remarkable 
 river of this kind is at Abraham’s — 
 
 plantation on the Nefide of the 
 
 
 

 
 JAM 
 
 ifland. Near Port’ Morant, in 
 the E. part of the ifland, is’a hot 
 bath in: a wood, the water of 
 which has been ufed with. great 
 fuccefs, by drinking as weil as 
 bathing in it, for the cure of the 
 gripes, the common difeafe of the 
 coaotry. Ena level ground, un- 
 der the hills in Cabbage-tree bot- 
 tom, about two miles from the 
 fea, rife a great many f{alt-(prings, 
 which, uniting, form what is 
 ealled the Salt) river. Here {alt 
 is made in the ponds into which 
 the fea-water- comes, where the 
 moifture being exhaled by the 
 heat of the fun, leaves the falt 
 in great plenty, particularly at 
 the ponds about O!d Harbour, 
 &c. It isnot’ perfectly white, 
 nor granulated, but is in large 
 Jumps, with ‘a calt of red in it. 
 Here alfo are many lakes, one of 
 which, called Rio Hoa, receives 
 a preat deal of water by a river, 
 with no vifible outlet to it, 
 
 ‘The climate of Jamaica is more 
 temperate, and the weather more 
 various, than in the Caribbee 
 Iflands : and there’ is no country 
 between the Tropics ‘where the 
 heat is lefs’ troublefome, the air 
 being continually cooled by bree- 
 zes from the E. frequent rains, 
 and nofturnal déws. “The E. and 
 W. parts of the ifland are not fo 
 agreeable, on account of the thick 
 forefts there, 'as the S: and N. 
 parts, which arte not only more 
 open, but! much lefs fubjeét ‘to 
 
 ftorms of wind and rain. The 
 
 air in the mountainous parts is 
 cooler. “Though it rains’ fre 
 quently in January, yet May and 
 Otober or Novemrber:-are thofe 
 diftinguifhe 1. by the name of the 
 winter-months, on account of the 
 rain and thunder; more violent 
 at fome times than ‘others ;-and 
 fometimes the rains laf% for a for- 
 night together, without any in- 
 termiffion, laying the level grounds 
 feveral inches under water, and 
 rendering the roads almoft im- 
 
 paflable. - All the year round, 
 
 
 
 > JAM 
 
 ie t 
 the mornings are exceffively hot, 
 
 ill about eight o'clock, when the 
 
 eafterly breezes begin to blow, 
 Thefe are called the Doctor, the 
 people, while they laft, being 
 able to ftir about their bufinefs, 
 and the Negroes to work in the 
 fizlds.’ Thefe gales gently ap- 
 proach the ‘fhore, the fea before 
 them coming on’as fmooth as can” 
 be imagined. In half an hour 
 after the breeze has reached the 
 fhore, it fans pretty brifkly, and 
 gradually increafes till about 12, 
 when it is generally ftrongelt, 
 and lafts till 2 or 3, when it be- 
 gins‘to die away till aboat 5, 
 when it is quite fpent, and re- 
 turns no more till next morning. 
 About 8 in the evening begins a’ 
 land-breeze, which blows 4 leagues 
 into the fea, and continues ta- 
 creafing till r2 at night; after 
 which it decreafes till 4 in the 
 morning, when no more of it is 
 to be felt till next night, The 
 fea-breeze is more violent at fome 
 times than others; and particu- 
 larly at the change or full-moon,’ 
 when it gains very much oa the 
 land-winds. Avd in December, 
 January, and February, wsen the 
 N. winds reign, they blow over 
 the ridge of mountains with vio- 
 lence, and hinder the fea-breeze,’ 
 which blows ftronger and longer 
 near the fea, as at Port-Royal, 
 or Paffige- Fort, than withia+ 
 land, as at Spanifh-Town: as, 
 on the contrary, the lend-wind 
 blows harder at the: town’ than 
 it does at Paffage-Fort or, Port- 
 Royal. As the trade-wind be¢ 
 tween the Tropics comes not di- 
 re@tly from the E. but varies 
 from N. E. to S, E. according 
 to the place and pofition of the 
 fan; fo the fea-breeze here hag 
 the like variation, not coming 
 always from the fame point. On 
 the contrary, the land - breezes 
 come always from the ridge of 
 mountains, and from the fame 
 point of them, on the N, and S. 
 fides, Sometimes the {ea-breeze 
 
JAM 
 
 blows in the winter-months 14 
 days and nights together; and 
 then no clouds gather, but dews 
 fall: but, ifa N. wind blow, 
 which it fometimes does full as 
 Jong-in the winter-months, then 
 no dews fall, no clouds gather, 
 In the vallies among the moun- 
 tains neither of thefe breezes has 
 any great influence; but the N. 
 winds often blow down trees. 
 The land-wind blowing ct night 
 every way at once, and the fea- 
 breeze in the day-time, no fhip 
 can come into port, except in the 
 day; nor any go out, but foon 
 after day-break. The N. winds 
 come in when the fun is neareft 
 the Tropic of Capricorn, and 
 confequently moft to the S. ‘This 
 is a very cold, unhealthy wind, 
 and is moft viclent in the night, 
 when it has the additional force 
 of the land-wind. It checks the 
 growth of the fugar-canes, and 
 all vegetables, on the N. fide; 
 but it is hindered by the ridge 
 of mountains from venting much 
 of its fory on the S. where it is 
 Seldom accompanied with rain. 
 The \S, winds bring the moft 
 lafting rains; but none from the 
 land are lafting on the S. fide. 
 Storms ufed to be very rare here, 
 till within thefe 70 or 80 years, 
 that terrible hurricanes and earth- 
 quakes have extremely incom- 
 moded veffels on the coaft, The 
 nights here are fometimes pretty 
 cool, the fun being fo far under 
 the horizon, that fcarce any re- 
 flected rays enlighten the atmo- 
 fphere, which caufes an inereafe 
 of the cold. Every night here 
 are piercing dews, which are rec- 
 koned very unwholefome, efpe- 
 cially to new comers, who are 
 too apt to expofe themfelves : 
 but in the plains or fandy places 
 near the fea, there are few, if 
 any fogs, The rains are vio- 
 Jent, and the drops very large. 
 The tides are fearce difcernible, 
 their increafe or decreafe depend- 
 ing moftly on the winds, and not 
 
 
 
 
 
 JAM 
 according to the age of the moot. _ 
 The days and nights here are ale 
 moft of an equal length all the 
 year round; the longeft day o 
 all being a little above.13 hours, 
 and the night proportionably. 
 The twilight is not above three. 
 guarters of an hour. . 
 
 The months of July, Auguft, 
 and September, are called hurri-, 
 cane months, in which fearcely_ 
 a year but fome fuch ftorm hap- 
 pens in a greater or Jefs deprete — 
 The ftrong winds from the Ne 
 bring forms of very large hail- 
 ftones. It lightens almoft every 
 night, but without much thun- 
 der; which, when it does hap- 
 pen, roars very terribly, and 
 often does a deal of damage. 
 Earthquakes here are but too 
 common, as weil as in Hifpaniola, 
 and commit dreadful devaftations 
 in this ifland, particularly thofe 
 of 1688 and 16923; as did‘a fire 
 not Jong after, that burnt down 
 almoft the whole remaining town 
 at the point called Port-Royal, 
 which has never fince been rebuilt; 
 and moft deftruétive hurricanes, 
 cne in 21732, amd anether,, ace 
 companied with an earthquake, 
 in 3722, | Fhe vallies in Jamaica 
 are very level and fmooth, with- 
 out rocks or ftones, or fearcely 
 any rifing; and the mountaing 
 very fteep, and fome of them 
 impaflable, being furrounded om _ 
 both fides by deep -channels 
 caufed by the violent rains, 
 
 This ifland is fo far from being 
 all over cultivated, that it has as 
 much lying wafte as would pro- 
 duce about three times what it 
 does at prefent, One third of the — 
 ifland is uninhabiced, There are 
 plantations round the ifland ; but 
 none at any great diftance from 
 the fea, and even one half of the ” 
 ground in thefe is oyer-run. with 
 wood. The foil in fome places is — 
 fo fertile, that one acre has been 
 known to yield feveral hogheads 
 of fugar: yet here and there are 
 favannahs, or large plains, where — 
 
 ay 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 JAM 
 
 the Indians ufed to plant their 
 maize, and where the Spaniards 
 afterwards bred their cattle, grafs 
 growing there in fuch plenty, that 
 
 ‘the inhabitants have been forced 
 to burn it: fo that now they are 
 
 _ guite bare and barren. 
 “ther parts, however, the foil is 
 
 Tn all o- 
 
 “good and fruitful, efpecially in 
 
 the northern parts, where the 
 
 -mould is blackifh, and in many 
 
 placcs mixed with potters-earth: 
 but in others, efpecially towards 
 the S. Li. the foil is reddifh and 
 fandy. Jamaiea, as well as moft 
 of the fugar-iflands, has a fort of 
 white chalky foil, called marle, 
 lying two or three feet deep, 
 which is of fo hot a quality, and 
 that fo increafed by manure, that 
 their crops in all dry feafons fail. 
 in a wet year the leaves grow 
 rank, and never cometo maturity. 
 
 The natural produ@tions of Ja- 
 ‘maica are fugar, rum, ginger, 
 <otion, coffee, indigo, pimento, 
 called all-fpice, or Jamaica pepper, 
 cocoa, feveral kinds of woods, 
 fome medicinal drugs, and to- 
 baceo; but this Jatt of fo ordina- 
 ry a fort, that it is only cultivated 
 to ferve the negroes, who are 
 paflionately fond of it. Jamaica 
 bears no-fort of European grain : 
 yet it produces maize, or Indian 
 corn, Guinea corn, peafe of vari- 
 ous kinds, bat none like ours, 
 except fome Englith peafe in gar- 
 dens, with cabbages, and a vari+ 
 ety of roots. Fruits grow here in 
 great abundance, as the Seville 
 and China orange, the common 
 and fweet lemon, fhaddocks, ci- 
 trons, pomegranates, mamies, four- 
 fops, papas, pine-apples, cuftard- 
 apples, {tar-apples, prickly-pears, 
 Alicada-pears, pompions, melons, 
 guavas, and feveral forts of berries 
 to be found every wherein the 
 woods. But our common apple- 
 trees, it is: obferved, will not 
 grow here, or at leaft only in very 
 few places, as may be faid of o- 
 ther fruits which profper more in 
 colder climates. 
 
 JAM 
 Some of its produdtions deferye 
 a more particular defcription: a- 
 mong thefe, pimento and fugar, 
 with fome others as follow, claim 
 the principal regard. 
 They- have here the wild’ cina~ 
 
 mon-tree, the bark of which is fo" 
 
 ferviceable in medicine; the man- 
 chenille, a moft beautiful tree to 
 the eye, with the faireft apple in 
 
 the world, and, when cut down, a - 
 
 very fine ornamental wood forthe 
 joiners and cabinet - makers; but 
 the apple and juice, in every part 
 of the tree, contain one of the 
 rankeft poifons. Here is the ma+ 
 hogany, which is in fuch general 
 ufe with uss; of which in 1470 
 they exported to England to the 
 value of 50,000}, fterling. The 
 cabbage-tree, a tall plant which 
 has been known to grow 270 feet 
 high, famous for a fub{tance look- 
 ing and tafting likecabbage, which 
 grows on the very top, and pro- 
 duces but one in a year; for the 
 extreme hardnefs of its wood, 
 which, when dry, is incorrupti+ 
 ble, and hardly yields to any 
 tool. The palma, from which is 
 drawn a great deal of oil, much 
 efteemed by the negroes both in 
 food and medicine: the white 
 wood, which never breeds the 
 worm in fhips; the foap-tree, 
 whofe berries anfwer all the pur- 
 pofes of wafhing; the mangrove 
 and olive-bark, ufefal to tanners; 
 the fuftic and red-wood, to the 
 dyers; and lately the logwood, 
 Their forefts alfo fupply the apo- 
 thecaries with guaicum, farfapa- 
 rilla, china, caffia, and tamarinds ; 
 they have aloes too; and do net 
 want the cochineal plant. 
 
 The whole produce of the iflind: 
 may be reduced to thefe general 
 heads, viz, fugars, of which they 
 export near 100,000 hogtheads ; 
 30,000 puncheons, or three mil- 
 lion gallons of rum and 300,co00 
 gallons of molafles; 3,090,c0o 
 pounds weight of pimento, or Jas 
 maica pepper; soo bags of ginger 
 of soolb, weighteach ; 1000 bags 
 
 
 
 ee Se ee ee a 
 
a ees eee oe, 
 
 
 
 
 
 < a 
 ¢ 3 ~ 
 
 JAM 
 of cotton of 180lb. weight each; 
 and 800 cafks of coffee of 300]b. 
 weight each ; the indigo, former- 
 ly much cultivated, is now incon- 
 fiderable, With thefe they fend 
 home a confiderable quantity of 
 drugs for dyers and apothecaries, 
 {weatmeats, mahogany and man- 
 chenille plank. But fome of the 
 moit confiderable articles of their 
 trade are with the Spanifh conti- 
 nent of New Spain, end Terra 
 Firma; for in the former they 
 cut large quantities of logwood ; 
 ‘and both in the former and latter 
 they drive a large and profitable 
 trade in negroes, and all kinds of 
 the fame European goods. which 
 are carried thither from Old Spain 
 by the flota. 
 . Few colonies in Amierica are fo 
 well ftored with cattle as Jamaica, 
 Their horfes, affles, and -mules, 
 are very cheap; the oxen and cows 
 are large; and there would be 
 much greater quantities of thefe, 
 enaly that the Engiith mind. plant- 
 ing more than. grafing; fo that 
 they are.fupplicd with fiefh from 
 the northern colonies, as well as 
 the Leeward Iflands. ‘Tiseir fheep 
 are generally large and fat, andthe 
 fleth good, but the wool is worth 
 nothing. Here is an abundance of 
 goals, or cabrettos, rabbits and 
 hogs; and their pork is as good 
 as that of Barbadoes: but here are 
 no deer nor hares. 
 
 Their, bays, roads, and rivers, 
 abound with excelient fith. of all 
 Kinds ;. but the ‘tortoife is. by 
 much the moft valuable, both for 
 its fhell and fish. « 
 
 _ Here arc all forts of fow!s, wild 
 and tame; and more parrots than 
 in any of the other iflands ; be- 
 fides parroquets, {nipes, Guinea- 
 hens, pigeons, turkeys, geefe, 
 ducks, and powtry. The peiican 
 is about the fize of a goote, and 
 
 lives on the fmall fifh it picks out’ 
 
 of the fea; its: wings will extend 
 {even or eight feet. 
 
 The fire-flies, a fpecies of can- 
 tharides, fo called, as contracting 
 
 
 
 < 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 JAM 
 and expanding their ight as th 
 fly. ‘They look green in the day- 
 time, but glow in the‘night, ey 
 fome days after they are dead. © 
 
 Here is a great variety of birds 
 but the mott reaarkable is 
 colibry or humming-bird. 
 
 On the 7th of June 1692, © 
 of the moft violent! earthquak 
 happened at Jamaica that perhap 
 was ever felt, by. which Port 
 Royal was almoft entirely defiro 
 ed. The number of people who 
 perifhed on this dreadful day was 
 upwards of 30,cco; and a general 
 ficknefs happened after it, which 
 cut off a great many more 
 Though Jamaica fuffered moft by 
 this earthquake; yet it was felt 7 
 much about the fame time in moft 
 parts of the world, In the year” 
 1703 was an univerfal ficknets1 
 Jamaica, which carried off abun 
 dance of people: and about the” 
 begisning of the. following year 7 
 the whole town of Pert Royal” 
 was burnt to the ground in one” 
 afternoon; but, by the help 
 the men of war's beats, molto 
 the merchants faved: their beoks ~ 
 and. money, and fome of. them” 
 confiderable quantities of mer 
 chandize. 
 Auguft 28, 1712, arofe a hor 
 ricane here, which Jaffed from 37 
 at night till 2 in the morning,® 
 whereby 34. fhips  beionging toy 
 the ifland were lo#, together with 
 others from Lendon and’ Briflol, 
 and 400,of thei crews-drowned. + 
 
 Onthe 23th of Augull, 17227 
 happened another hurricane in Jas” 
 maica, almoft as ruinous as the 
 earthquake of 4692,. {Nhe inhabis_ 
 tants were pul inio a terrible con 
 fternation the day before,: b 
 prodigious fweil of the fea, 7 
 hurricane began, with. a “vie 
 rain, next morning.at $, and he 
 till ro at night, .Near half of 
 houfes at Kingfion were throw 
 down or fhattered. ‘The what. 
 at Port-Royal were all deftrey 
 and moft of the fugars and ot! 
 commodities walled away 
 

 
 JAM 
 
 26 top-fail veflels, and 10 floops 
 in the harbour, only 10 were to 
 be feen aftér the hurricane, and 
 of thefe only § or 6 repairable, 
 Though*the town-wall of Port- 
 Royal was 9 feet above the fur- 
 face of the water, and 7 feet 
 thick, the fea broke over it, car- 
 tying vaft numbers of large ftones 
 along with it. In fhort, above 
 half the town of Port-Royal was 
 éeftroyed, and near 4oo l|.ves loft. 
 
 Thee whole ifland is divided in- 
 to rg diftrifts or parifhes, which 
 fend each two members to the af- 
 fembly, and allow a competent 
 Maintenance to aminifter. The 
 
 arifhes are, St. Catherine's, Port- 
 Royal, Kingfion, St. Dorothy’s, 
 Clarémdon, Vere, St. Elizabeth’s, 
 Weftmoreland, St. Ann’s, St. 
 Thomas in the Eaft, St. Andrew’s, 
 St. John’s, and St. ‘Thomas. in 
 ‘the Vale; which have each a pa- 
 rochial church, St, Catherine’s, 
 Clarendon, and St, Anne’s pa- 
 rifhes, have alfo each a chapel of 
 ~ éafe; but the parifhes of Hario- 
 ver, St. George, St, James, St. 
 Mary’s, and Portland, have nei- 
 ther church nor chapel. 
 
 In the year 1736, there were fix 
 forts in Jamaica; namely, Fort 
 Charles at Port-Royal, the roc k- 
 port at the entrance of Kingflon 
 harbour, a fort at Port-Antonio, 
 Fort-William, Fort-Morant, and 
 a fort in Carlifiesbay. ‘The forces 
 of the ifland confifted then of g 
 regiments of nnilitia, horfe and 
 foot, containing about 3000 men, 
 which are under the direction of 
 officers appointed by the gover- 
 nor, and 8 independent compa- 
 nies in his Majefty’s pay, amount- 
 ing to 300. : 
 
 By the laws of the ifland, every 
 man between 16 and 6o is oblig- 
 ed to inlift in their militia, 
 
 ‘This and all the Britith colo- 
 mies of Amicrica, are under the 
 infpedtion of the Bifhop of Lon- 
 don; but learning is here at a 
 low ebb, there being no public 
 {chool in the whole iffaod, Read- 
 
 JAM 
 ing, writing, and cating accompts, 
 is all the education defired, 
 
 The adminiftration of public 
 affairs in Jamaica is by a govere 
 nor, who reprefents the King, a 
 council of 12, which form the 
 upper houfe, and the 43 repre- 
 fentatives of the people, which 
 compofe the lower houfe, and are 
 chofen by the parifhes. The 
 whole of the emoluments of the 
 governor in time of peace a- 
 mounts to soool, per annum, the 
 annual fupply required from the 
 colony is, abont 30,0001. befides 
 8000].the amount of its revenue; 
 and the total of all the taxes; 
 both public and parochial, is ne~ _ 
 ver above 60,000}, per ann. : 
 
 In 1673 Jamaica contained but 
 18,068 inhabicants,3564 of whom 
 weie whites, andgs5o4 were blacks. 
 In 1768 they reckoned 17,949 
 whites, and 166,904 blacks, in- 
 cluding free negroes and mualat- 
 toes. At prefent they eftimate 
 the number of plantations and 
 inhabitants as follows: 680 fugar- 
 plantations; 110 cotton-works ;: 
 roo pimento-Wwalks ; 30, gingers 
 plantations; §00 breeding-pens ; 
 600 polink and provifion places ; 
 150 coffee -plantations; and § 
 indigo-works: all which take up 
 andemploy 600,000 acres; 18,000 
 whites ; 170.000 blacks; and 
 136,cochorfes, mules, and horned, 
 cattle, ‘This number of negroes 
 require a recruit of 6000 ever 
 year. Among the whites, who 
 are all enrolled and form the mi- 
 litia, are reckoned 8 or goo Jews, 
 who are here permitted to poflefs 
 eftates. The commerce of Ja- 
 maica is very confiderable, as well 
 as univerfal throughout Europe 
 and America; and the whole of its 
 annual exports, are reckoned by 
 a mean proportion at 1,310,000), 
 fterling, while the total of the im-. 
 ports amount to only 1 o054,0col. 
 The annual flate of the {hipping 
 of the ifland is about 500, mak. 
 ing 58,000 tons, which employ 
 3000 white faildrs, 
 
JAM 
 
 AMES’-Bay, the eaftern part, 
 and the moft fouthern divifion of 
 Hudfon’s-Bay, in the northern 
 countries of America. The dif 
 tance from Cape Henrietta Ma- 
 ria, in lat. 55,15. where James’- 
 hay begins, to the bottom of the 
 bay, is about 100 leagues, and of 
 much the fame breadth all the 
 way, being between so and 60 
 Jeagues over. In James’-bay are 
 Bear-ifland, Viner’s-ifland, Charl- 
 ton-ifland, Cape Hope-ifland, 
 &e. 
 
 James-CounTy, a diftria 
 of Virginia. It lies to the eaft- 
 ward of Charles-county, and ex- 
 tends on both fides the river of 
 the fame name, ‘The number 
 of acres it contains amount to 
 308,362, and is divided into 5 
 parithes ; namely, Wallingford, 
 Wilmington, James-town, Mer- 
 ehants Hundred on the north 
 fide of the river, and Bruton on 
 the fouth fide, 
 
 JamEs-IsLAnD, See North- 
 Main. 
 
 James-River, Virginia ; it 
 has its rife within 40 miles of the 
 Kanhawa, a branch of the Ohio, 
 and extends as far as Augufta, “It 
 has feveral falls, notwith{tanding 
 it has a good inland navigation, 
 extends to New Virginia, and 
 empties itfelf intoCheafapeak-bay. 
 
 James-Town, formerly the 
 capital of James-county, is fi- 
 tuated on a peninfula upon the 
 north fide of James or Ponha- 
 tan river, forty-two miles above 
 its mouth. The buildings in this 
 
 lace are neither many nor conti- 
 guous,their number at prefent not 
 exceeding 70, and thofe princi- 
 pally inhabited by fea-faring-peo- 
 ple; the feat of the government 
 and the Courts of Juitice being 
 removed to William{burg, 8 miles 
 to the north of it, which is a dry 
 and healthy fituation; whereas 
 the water near James-town being 
 bbrackifh, produced flow and in- 
 rermitting fevers. It dies in lat. 
 37; 36. long. 76, 51 
 
 “guns may fafely ride, and for its 
 
 
 
 “JER 
 
 St.JAmes, Greatand Lit 
 TLE, two of the fmaller Virgin 
 Ifles, fituated in the King’s Chane 
 nel, E. of Tortula, and W. of — 
 St. Thomas, between which and _ 
 them is St, James’s-paflage, 
 
 JEKYL-SoOUND,a {mall bayof 
 St. Simon’s ifland, in the month 
 of the river Alatamha, in Geor- 
 gia. Here 10 or 12 fhips of 40 
 
 defence a {trong caftle and battery 
 were erected by General Ogle- 
 thorpe. 
 
 Jersey, New, one of the 
 provinces of America. It was at 
 its firft fettlement, in 1682, di- 
 vided into two provinces, namely, 
 Eaft and Welt -Jerfey; but. in 
 Q. Ann’s reign were united into 
 one. It is bounded on the N, by 
 New-York ; E. and S.E, by the 
 Atlantic Ocean; W. and S. W. by 
 the Delaware river and bay. Lat 
 betw. 39 & 42. long. betw. 74 & 
 76. from London, 160 miles long, 
 60 broad, It now forms once 
 al government, the king appoint- — 
 ing a governor and council, and 
 the freemen chufing the members 
 of the aflembly or reprefentative 
 body of thé commons. Some= — 
 times the governor of New-York 
 is alfo governor of New-Jerfey, 1 
 but by diftinét commiffions, 
 
 The climate of New-Jerfey, in 
 general, is fomewhat warmer than 
 that of New-England or New- 
 York, by reafon of its more 
 foutherly fituation. The produce — 
 of both the Jerfeys is all forts of — 
 grain, with horfes, black-cattle, 
 hogs, furs, fkins, and pipe-ftayes, 
 They ufed to export bread, corn, — 
 flour, beef, pork, and fiih, alfo * 
 hemp, fome butter, hams, beer, 
 flax-ieed, bar-iron,and lumber, to — 
 the Welt-Indies; for which they 
 receive rum, fugar, &c, in return, 
 They alfo, before the prefent un- 
 happy difturbances, exported furs, — 
 fkins, tobacco, pitch, tar, and 
 other productions to Old Enge 
 land; which they bartered for fure 
 niture, Cloathing, &c, The News 
 
 
 
 
 
fer 
 
 Jerfey thips alfo often took whales, 
 the oyl and bones of which they 
 fent to England. As the towns 
 generally lie up in the country, 
 the trade was chiefly over land to 
 New-York. ‘There are from, roo 
 to 150, or 200 families in one 
 -place, great part of which are 
 Dutch. There are in this colony 
 two copper mines, the ore of one, 
 which is on the Paffaick river, fold 
 for 7ol. fterl. per ton; and the ore 
 of the other, which is on the up- 
 per part of the Raritan, in 1754, 
 fold for 621. fterling, per ton. 
 Jersey, East, the largeft 
 and moft populous of the two, 
 extends eaft and north for 100 
 miles all along thefe coalts, and 
 Hudfon’s-river, from little Egg- 
 harbour, to that part of Hudfon’s 
 river which is in lat. 43. and is 
 » divided on the S. and W. from 
 Weft-Jerfey, by a line of parti- 
 tion paffing from Egg-harbour to 
 Crefwick-river, Stony-prook, and 
 the fouth branch of Raritan-river, 
 Its breadth is very unequal, being 
 in fome places much indented by 
 Wett-Jerfey. ’Tis, however, the 
 mott valuable part of the country, 
 and is fubdivided into Monmouth 
 county on the fouth of Raritan- 
 river, Middlefex and Effex coun- 
 ties on the north of it, and Ber- 
 gen county on Hudfon’s-river. 
 In this divifion are the following 
 counties: Middlefex ; — Mon-* 
 mouth ; — Effex ; —- Somerfet ; — 
 Bergen. 
 
 Jersey, WEsT?, is not fo well 
 planted as Eaft-Jerfey ; yet by 
 reafon of its navigable creeks ly- 
 ing at a convenient diftance, and 
 fome of them running up a good: 
 . way inland, this province is ren- 
 dered very commodious for trade, 
 Dr, Cox, with propriety, cavfed 
 feven counties to be laid out; 
 but his fucceffors dropped the 
 project, and, till lately, no part 
 of this province had the name of 
 a copnty, except that called Cape- 
 May county, being a tract betwixt 
 Cape-May, its moil eallerly point 
 
 JER 
 
 of land, at the mouth of Delas 
 ware-bay, and Little Egg-har- 
 bour, dividing the two Jerfeys. » 
 Oa this neck of land are feverat 
 ftraggting houfes, the principal 
 is Cox’s-hall. The-falls on Pa- 
 faic river deferves particular men- 
 tion. From a confiderable width 
 the channel becomes contratted to 
 that of about 4o yards, and the 
 current rans with great rapidity 
 till ic is crofled by 2 deep chafma 
 or cleft: here it falls in one en- 
 tire fheet, 70 feet perpendicularly ; 
 and one end of the cleft being 
 clofed up, the water rufhes out 
 at the other with incredible ve- 
 hemence, in an acute angle, to 
 its former direction and breadth, 
 Thirty yards above this is another 
 fall, over rocky ledges, each 2 or 
 3 feet perpendicular, Moft of the 
 inhabitants are fifhermen, there 
 being a whalery on both fhores 
 of the mouth cf Delaware-bay, 
 which, together with the river of 
 the fame name, waters all the 
 S. E, the S, and S, W. parts of 
 Weft-Jerfey; and the plantations, 
 fome of which are fo clofe that 
 they are called a town, lie all 
 along. on that bay and river; and 
 molt of them on creeks. Mav- 
 rice-river, betwixt Cape-May and 
 Cobanzy-river, is the largeit in 
 all the country; and the latter, 
 tho’ only a fmall river, is deep and 
 navigable for fimall craft. Ten or 
 12 miles up the river is a town of 
 the fame name, containmg about 
 80 families. Io this divifion are 
 the following counties: Burling- 
 ton ; — Glocefter; — Salem; —= 
 Cumberland ; —+Cape- May ; —- 
 Hunterdon ; —- Morris ; —-Suf- 
 fex. 
 
 There is no eftablimed religion 
 in this province; but here are 22, 
 churches, 57 Englifh and Scotch 
 Prefbyterian meeting-houfes, 22 
 Dutch, 39 Quakers, 22 Baptifts, 
 7 Lutheran, «1 Moravian, 2 Se- 
 paratifts, and 1 Rogereens mect- 
 ing-houfe. There are 130,co9 
 inhabitants, including negroes, 
 
 La 
 
INV 
 
 ILtrnois, anation of Cana- 
 da, dwelling near the lake and 
 ‘river fo named, The latter iflues 
 from Lake Dauphine, and after a 
 courfe of ahove 200 leagues falls 
 into the great river Miffifippi. 
 
 _ Atuinois LAKE, a large col- 
 Ieftion of waters, lying between 
 latitude 41, and 46, and between 
 lorg, 89, and 94. “It communi- 
 cates, by means of a narrow chan- 
 nel, with Huron lake. 
 
 _ INnagua, Great and Lit- 
 718, two iflands in the Wind- 
 ward Paflage, the N. W. end of 
 St. Domingo, and well known 
 among navigators. sf 
 
 _ Inpiane, the name of a {mall 
 harbour in the ifland of Cape 
 Sreton. 
 
 INVERNESS, New, a fettle- 
 ment of Georgia, fo called from 
 its having been pfincipally peo- 
 pled by Highlanders, and fervants 
 collected from the town and hhire 
 af the fame name in the north of 
 Scotland, and carried from thence 
 by Captain William Mackintoth, 
 in the year 1738, by order of the 
 Georgia truftees, and under the 
 command of Capt. George Dun- 
 bar. It lies.in the S. part of the 
 province, on the river Alatamha, 
 about 20 miles from Frederica. 
 
 Joun’s, St. an ifland in the 
 Gulf, at the entrance of ihe river 
 of St. Laurence. It has Nova- 
 Scotia on the S$. and W, and Cape 
 Breton on the E, Et is fituated 
 in long. 63. lat. 46, 30. and is 
 computed to be about 100 miles 
 long from E. to W. and about 
 26 broad from N.toS. It has 
 feveral commodious harbours for 
 carrying on the fithery, and a- 
 bounds with a variety of ufeful 
 timber, and moft kinds of game 
 common to the neighbouring 
 country. This ifland was fo well 
 improved, when. in the poffeffion 
 of the French, that it was juftly 
 calted the granary of Canada, 
 which it furnithed with plenty of 
 corn, beef, pork &c. and when 
 takea by the Englifh had up- 
 
 
 
 ERO 
 
 wards of 3y0,000. head of black 
 cattle, and fome of the farmers — 
 raifed 12,0c0 bufhels of cord — 
 annually, [t has feveral rie 
 vers, which abound with falmon, — 
 trout, eels, &c andthe furround- 
 ing fea affords plenty of ftur- 
 geon, plaice, and moft kinds of 
 fhell-fith. The ifland is divided 
 into three counties, viz. King’s, 
 Queen’s, and Prince’s counties, 
 which are fubdivided into 14 pa- 
 rifhes, confifting of 67 townfhips, 
 which in all_make 1, 363, 400 
 acres, the contents of the ifland. 
 The principal towns are, George- 
 town, Charlotte-town, and Prin 
 ces-town; befides which are Hilf 
 borough-town, Pownall-town, 
 Maryborough-town, &c. : 
 Jonas’s SounD,the moft nor- 
 thern inlet on the weftern coaft of 
 Sir Thomas Smith’s bay, lying 
 near the ardic circle, in lat. 76. 
 Ipswitch, New, a town of 
 Effex county, the moft northerly 
 part of the colony of Maflachu- — 
 fets-Bay. It lies on the northe ~ 
 fide of Cape Anne, on the banks — 
 of a fine river. 
 Troquoss, the moft confides 
 rable and beft known of all the — 
 Indians, as well as the flrongelt 
 and moft powerful, . 
 _ Their country lies between lat. 
 41, and 44, and extends 70 oF 
 80 leagues from E.to W. From 
 the fource ef the river of the Tro- — 
 quois, to that of Richelieu and 
 Sorel; from the lake of St. Sae — 
 crement to the Fall of Niagara; 
 and upwards of 40 leagues from 
 N. to. S. namely, from the fpring- 
 head of the river Agniers to the ~ 
 Ohio, which, together with Pen- — 
 fytvania, forms the fouthern boun= — 
 dary. It is terminated on the — 
 W. by lake Ontario, on the S. We 
 by lake Erie, on the N. by lake 
 George. and the river St. Laue 
 rence, and by New-York on the 
 N F mS 
 
 jyAaey the 
 
 They are divided into feveral — 
 cantons, the five principal of — 
 which are, the T{anantovans, Gon — 
 
 if : 
 
 
 

 
 Fos: 
 
 yogoans, Ounotagues, Ounogoats, 
 and Agniez. 
 
 * Thefe five nations have each a 
 large village, confifting of mean 
 huts, about 30 leagues from one 
 another, moftly feated along the 
 fouthern coaft of lake Ontario. 
 
 ST.JOHN, or JUAN DE Por- 
 “ro Rico, the capital of the 
 ifland of Porto Rico, inthe Weft- 
 Indies. —See Ports Rico. 
 
 St. Joun’s, the capital of the 
 ifland of Antigua, in the Weft- 
 Indies. It is a regular. built town, 
 on the W. Shore, with a good har- 
 bour of the fame name, whofe 
 entrance is defended by fort James. 
 Tt is the refidence of the Gover- 
 nor-General of the Caribbee Lee- 
 ward Iflands, and where the af- 
 fembly of this ifland is held, and 
 the port where the greateft trade 
 is carried on. It was fo flourifh- 
 ing as to receive a lofs by a ftorm 
 to the value of 400,000l. fterling 
 in 1772. 
 
 ST. JoHN’s, one of the Vir- 
 gin Iflands, about rz leagues E. 
 of Porto Rico. It is about 5 
 miles long, and ¥ broad, fituated 
 about 2 leagues S.of St. Thomas, 
 This is the beft watered of all the 
 Virgin Ifles, and its harbour the 
 reputation of being better than 
 that of St, Thomas, but paflés for 
 the belt to the leeward of Anti- 
 tigua : the Englifh give it the name 
 of Crawl-Bay. Notwithftanding 
 thefe advantages, there is fo little 
 good land in the ifland, that its 
 planting and exportations form 
 only a very trifling objedt. 
 
 JOHNSTON, aninland county, 
 in the diftri@ of Halifax, North- 
 
 -€arolina. 
 
 Jones’s-Fo wn, in Laneafter 
 county, Penfylvania, fituated on 
 the Great Swatawro creek that runs 
 into the Sufquehannah, 9 miles W. 
 of Tufpehocken-town, 5 miles N. 
 ‘of Lebanon, and 21 miles E. of 
 Efther-town. 
 
 JoserPuH, ST. a port on the W. 
 Side of the ifland of Trinidad, on 
 tthe coalt of Terra Firma, and 
 
 Ue 
 
 near the mouth of Orinoco river 
 It has a garrifon and governor, 
 but the inhabitants are few, and 
 trade but trifling. It lies in lat, 
 19, 38. long. 60, 27, and is fub- 
 ject to Spain. 
 
 JUCATAN,orYU CATAN, one 
 of the 7 provinces of the audience 
 of Mexico, It is a peninfula, 
 furrounded on the W, and N. by 
 the gulph of Mexico, between 
 the bay of Campeachy on the 
 S.W. and that of Honduras on the 
 
 S. E. having the little province of . 
 
 Tabafco on the S. W. and that of 
 Vera-Paz in the audience of Gua- 
 timala on the S, where it is joined 
 to the continent by an ifthmus 
 not 40 leagues broad. This, in 
 all refpeéts, is a very noble coun- 
 try: it extends from lat, 17 to 
 
 "21, 30. and from long. 91 to 95. 
 
 This climate is very warm in 
 fummer, which begins about A- 
 pril, and ends in September. Tt 
 rarely rains here during the winter 
 feafon, though the weather is to- 
 lerably cool, except in January 
 and February, which are almoft 
 as hot as im the middle of fum— 
 mer. Tt is, however, a very heal— 
 thy country, efpecially a large 
 mountainous tract,extending from. 
 Salamanea on the W. to the caft- 
 ern boundary, where is Cape Ca- 
 toche, and where the natives live 
 toa vaft age, The fouth fide of 
 this ridge is ill peopled, and worle 
 cultivated, for want of water; 
 but the north part is very popu- 
 lous, being rendered pleafant by 
 gentle breezes; though the fun 
 is very hot. The days and nights 
 are nearly equal all the year. “he 
 foil, when properly cultivated, 
 produces. great quantities. of corn,, 
 cotton, and indigo, All forts of 
 cattle, wild veatts, honey, wax, 
 and fowl, are here in great plen- 
 ty; and on the coaft are found 
 large pieces of amber: but as no 
 
 amines were ever difcovered in this 
 
 couotry, the Spaniards are not 
 
 fond of making fettlements heres. - 
 ‘fo that ivaboundsmofly withthe + 
 
 * 
 
 L3 
 
 ‘ 
 

 
 k-E WN 
 dians, fubjcét to the Spaniards, 
 who employ them in making falt 
 in the bay of Campeachy, where 
 ‘they are forced to endure all the 
 ‘extremitics of the weather, with- 
 out fo much as a hut to fhelter 
 them: they likewife keep their 
 cattle, and do eyery other fervile 
 ‘effice for them. This peninfula 
 -has very few rivers, but wells 
 without number; and wherefo- 
 _ever they dig up the land, abun- 
 _dance of fhells are found, which, 
 _with the lownefs of the country, 
 and fhallownefs of the fea about 
 ‘jt, has induced many to think 
 that the greateft part of it was 
 “once under water. ° 
 _. The capital of Yactian is Cam- 
 peachy; in the bay of whieh, and 
 of Honduras, the former lying on 
 the W. and the latter on the E. 
 * fide of this province, the Englifh 
 ' gut their logwood, See Campeachy 
 and Honduras. 
 
 K. 
 
 AP PAS, a favage tribe of 
 Illinois Indians, in Louifi- 
 “ana: they lie a little above the 
 “Sothonis, This nation was for- 
 merly very numerous, before the 
 ' difcovery of the Miffifippi. There 
 _is not, perhaps, in.all Louifiana, 
 a country more proper for pro- 
 ducing all forts of grain; and it 
 
 _ abounds in pafture for cattle. 
 
 . KenDERHOOKX,atown in New- 
 “York, 1 mile E. of Hudfon’s ri- 
 “yer, 4 N.E. of Lunenburg, 10 
 
 N. of Livingfton, and 35 from 
 
 Kingfton. 
 
 KENEBEG RIVER, the boun- 
 dary between Lincoln and York 
 counties,in New-Hampfhire, New- 
 England. This river begins in 
 dat. 45, 20. long. 69, so. where 
 
 ‘js a carrying-place to the river 
 
 Chandiere, which enabled Arnold 
 
 to approach St. Laurence river. 
 
 Jt rnns,nearly N.-and S. over fe- 
 
 veral falls. It has a communica- 
 
 tion by a carrying-place to the ri- 
 _yex Renobicot, Oa it is built 
 
 ae 
 
 the town, by means of wal 
 
 K EN 
 Fort Halifax, and Fort Weftcem, 
 where is a fall; and the head of _ 
 the Tyde-Water, and where floop? 
 of go tons burthen can arrive, 
 being 30 miles diltant from Merry=  ~ 
 meeting bay. ‘ie 
 
 Kent, a town in Litchfield 
 county, Connefticut, g miles N, 
 of Woodbury, and 7 S, of Corm- 
 wall. 
 
 KENT, a county in the E.. di- 
 vifion of Maryland, and an ifland 
 of the fame name in Cheafapeak 
 bay. 
 
 Kent IstanpD, an ifland 12 
 miles long from N, to S. and & 
 from E.to W. in Cheafapeak bay; 
 Maryland. : ; 
 
 Kicaprous, a favage people of 
 Canada, who, with the Mafiontins, 
 inhabit a very fine country, efpe- 
 cially that which extends itfelf S- 
 to the Illinois river. - 
 
 Kine’s, or PEARL ISLAND, 
 
 a fmall ifland in the bay of Papae — 
 
 ma: it belongs to Spain, and if 
 famous for its pearl fifhery, and 
 lies in lat. 7, 12- long. 81, 36. ES 
 
 KiLiistinons, a people of 
 Canada, otherwife called Crifti- 
 naux, or Creeks, 
 
 KinG's-County, in Newe | 
 York, lies oppofite to New-York, 
 on the N. fide of Long ifland. 
 The inhabitants are al! Dutch, 
 and, having a good foil near out 
 markets, are generally in eafy cir- 
 cumftances. The county which — 
 is very fmall, is fertile in every 
 part, and contains feveral pleafant 
 villages. i 
 
 KiInNGstTon, a pretty well 
 built and populous town, in the 
 province of New-York, fituated 
 on the banks of Hudfon’s 0 
 Iroquois-river, about go mil 
 from its mouth. It is mbhabite 
 by Englifh and Dutch, but th 
 honfes are {traggling, except 
 bout roo that are pretty com 
 peet; and thefe, indeed, are th 
 chief part of the town. The 
 ver CEfopus, from New-Jerfe 
 falls into Hudfon’s-river, né 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 KIN 
 
 there is a good communication 
 between the two provinces. 
 * KrNnesron,atownof Jamaica, 
 _ ene of the Antilles Eflands, in the 
 -Weft-Indies. Et ftands on the 
 N. fide of Port-Royal bay, in the 
 county of Surry, and is now tlre 
 ‘apital of the ifland ; at leaft the 
 -place where moft of the fhipping 
 of Jamaica load and unload: it 
 4s at prefent a feparate parith of 
 itfelf, but formerly belonged to 
 that.of St. Andrew’s ; it is about 
 five miles from Port Royal by 
 water, between which is Fort 
 Paflage, a village of 15 houfes, 
 but not lefs than 15 by land, and 
 withala very bad roadtoit. All 
 the way round by land from Spa- 
 nifh Town, on the N. W. it is 1g 
 miles, and only 12 another way ; 
 namely, 6 by water, and 6 more 
 by land. Et is feated at the bot- 
 tom of a deep bay on the S. coatt, 
 where fhips of 200 tons come up 
 to the key. 
 This town was built in 1692, 
 -from a plan of colonel Lilly’s, 
 after the great earthquake which 
 deftroyed Port-Royal. It has the 
 harbour of the latter place on the 
 S. W. and Sir-William Beefton’s 
 lands on the W. and N. This is 
 @ pretty town, containing 166% 
 -houfes, well fituated, and daily 
 . increafing. It/is laid out into little 
 . fquares, with wide regular ftreets 
 and crofs ftreets at right angles ; 
 being a mile and half long, and 
 half a mile broad. It is the re- 
 fidence of the moft confiderable 
 . merchants, whofe fhips load and 
 unload here : and its inhabitants 
 are 11,000, among whom are 
 saco0 whites, and 1200 free ne- 
 groes and mulattoes : this renders 
 it a place of vaft trade ; and there 
 are never lefs than zoo veffels in 
 the bay before it, infomuch that 
 it almoft vies with Port Roya), 
 The harbour is fpacious, is capa- 
 ble of admitting tooo fhips at a 
 . time; and the fhips lie land 
 locked ; but the peninfula which 
 - covers them from the fea being 
 , dow and narrow, they are not alto- 
 
 LAB 
 
 gether fafe from ftorms. Ft muf- 
 ters 10 companies of foot, and 
 2 troops of horfe, being in alk 
 about 1 hundred men. Here 
 is one church, a Jewifh fyna- 
 gogue, and a quaker’s meeting 
 houfe. It fends three reprefenta- 
 tives to the aflembly. Here are 
 held the quarter feffions, befides a 
 court of common-pleas every two 
 months; and a receiver-general, 
 naval officer, fecretary, and fur- 
 veyor of the ifland, are obliged 
 to keep offices here. Upon an 
 average of 20 years, the fhips that 
 go out annually from this port 
 amount to 400. Lat. 17,40. long, 
 755 52 
 
 Kincstown, the capital of 
 the ifland of St..Wincent, one of 
 the Caribbee Iflands, which ftands 
 on a bay of the fame name at the 
 5. W.end of the ifland.. It is the 
 refidence of the governor, and the 
 place where the aflembly of the 
 ifland meet, 
 
 K1itTeryY, a town in York 
 county, Maflachufets-Bay. It is 
 fituated the moft 8. of the whole 
 county, near Pifkataqua Harbour, 
 betweem York and Portfmouth, 
 
 KONOHASSET, a maritime 
 town with a harbour, in Suffolk 
 county, Maffachufets - Bay, off 
 which are feveral rocks that bear: 
 the. fame name. It is fituated 
 about 5 miles E. of Hingham, and 
 4. N. of Situate town and harbour, 
 
 KoNnonixut [fland, in Nar- 
 raganfet-bay, Rhode-Ifland, is a 
 long narrow ifland, being above 7 
 miles from N. to S, and not above: 
 one where broadett. 
 
 L. 
 
 ABRADOR, oneof the 
 
 northern countries, called 
 allo New Britain and Es- 
 KIMAUX. It les to the S. W. 
 of Groenland. It has Hudfon’s 
 Straits and part of the Atlantic 
 Ocean on the N, E, andthe latter 
 alfoon the E. Onthe 3. E. itis 
 divided from. Newfoundland by 
 the ftraits of Belleifle; on the 
 
a ae Sh ae 
 
 ~$, it has the gulph and river of St. 
 Laurence, with part of Canada ; 
 and on the W. Hudfon’s Bay. It 
 extends from lat. so to 63, N. 
 from long. 5: to 79, W. It is 
 almoft of a triangular form, bat 
 we have no knowledge of the in- 
 land parts of the country, and 
 only an imperfect oneof the coaft. 
 ‘The great poverty and ferocity of 
 
 the people who live near the fea-- 
 
 fhore, with the exceffive coldnefs 
 of the climate, have deterred 
 Europeans from fettling any colo- 
 nies here. The natives hunt for 
 furs, in which they carry on a 
 traffic with the Europeans. This, 
 with the coaft on Hudfon’s Bay, 
 and the neighbouring country, 
 was ceded by France to Great 
 Britain by the treaty of Utrecht, 
 in 1713. 
 
 Among allthe people known in 
 America, none are fo conform- 
 able to the idea,conveyed by the 
 word favages as the Efkimaux, 
 who are, in all refpects, a very 
 brutal people. —See EskiMau xX. 
 
 LABRADOR-LAKES; the 
 name of feveral collections of 
 water in Cape-Breton, which 
 empty themfelves caftward into 
 the fea, by two channels of une- 
 qual breadth, formed by the ifle 
 of Verderonne, or la Bourlarderie, 
 which is 7 or 8 leagues long, . 
 
 LANCASTER, a county and 
 town in Penfylvania. The county 
 is bounded on the E. by Chefter 
 county, N.E. by Berks county, 
 W. by Cumberland county, and 
 S. W. by York county. The 
 town is fituated near the great 
 ‘Coneftoge Creek, which runs into 
 the Sufquehannah River; 6 miles 
 ‘-§. of Lents, 10 miles E. of the 
 Sufquehannah River, and 60 W. 
 of Philadelphia, and contains 
 above s00 families, 
 
 LancasTer Bay, a found 
 er inlet on the weftern coalt of 
 
 Sir Thomas Smish’s Bay. The 
 ‘furthermoft part lies inlat. 74, 20. 
 N. the moft northerly is called 
 Alderman Jonas’s found, and lies 
 Mint lat. 76. Ny 
 
 
 
 CLEO- @ 
 
 Lapis Lazurr Rock, a 
 fmall rocky ifland, almoft co- 
 vered with the fea, near the coat 
 of Nova-Scotia. It lies about’ 
 3-4ths of a league from the ifle 
 Monano, and fhews the paflage 
 into St. John’s river, onthe north 
 fide of Fundy-bay, and La Plate, 
 
 LEBANON, a town in Lancaf- — 
 ter county, Penfylvania, 7 miles 
 N. W. of Heidelbergh, and the — 
 fame diftance S, W. of Tulpe= 
 hocken town, and 6 S. E. of 
 Jones’s, and 16 E. of Hummel’s 
 town, on a branch of the great 
 Swatawro Creek, which runs into 
 the Sufquehannah River. 
 
 LeEEDs, atown in Richmond 
 county, Virginia, on the N, fide — 
 of Rappahanock River, 14 miles 
 E. of Port-Royal. 
 
 LercxesTFR, a town in Wor- 
 cefter county, Maflachufets-Bay, 
 7 miles W. from Worcefter, 12 
 N. of Oxford,.and. 6 S. of Old 
 Rutland. 
 
 Lemaire, fee Maire Strait. 
 
 Lents, a town in Lancafter 
 county, Penfylvania, 6 miles N. 
 of Lanegafter, 7 S. W. of Euphrata, 
 5S. E. of Manheim, and 3 miles ~ 
 E. of a branch of the Coneftago — 
 Creek,which runs into the Sufque- 
 hannah River. z} 
 
 Leon, a town of the province 
 of Panuco, in Mexico. It has 
 rich mines, and fies 30 leagues 
 N. of Mechoacan, and 55. N. W. 
 of the city of Mexico. 
 
 St. Lron pe Caracas, acity, 
 the capital of the province of the 
 Caracas, fituated on a river, about 
 6 leagues S. from the ‘coaft, en— 
 clofed by mountains, The valley © 
 in which it ftands is afavanna, or — 
 meadow, well watered and very 
 healthy, about 3 leagues long and 
 one broad in,the middle; whofe 
 only entrance is througha crooked — 
 and fteep road. This valley: is. 
 bordered on the E. by mountains | 
 of an immente height; thofe on — 
 the W. and S, are not fo high. © 
 The city is near a mile long; the © 
 hovufes handfome -and well for- 
 
 smilhed, the ftreetsregular, (traight, 
 
LEW 
 
 and broad, cutting each other at 
 right angles, and terminating at a 
 magnificent fqnare in the center, 
 The number of inhabitants are 
 about 4 or 5000, moft of them 
 owners of the plantations of 
 cocoas, which 12 or 13,000 ne- 
 groes cultivate in the rich vallies, 
 which is the only cultivation they 
 have. 
 
 _ Lewis, the principal town of 
 Suffex, one of the Delawar coun- 
 ties of Penfylvania. It is large 
 and handfome, and fituated on 
 the beautiful bank of a river, the 
 mouth of which forms the har- 
 bour. Before Lewis is Cape Hin- 
 lopen, or Cape William; and 20 
 miles below that Cape James, 
 the boundary of Penfylvania. 
 
 Lewis BU RG,--See Louifbourg. 
 
 Lewtns, the chief port of 
 Granada, one of the .Caribbee- 
 Iflands, in the Weft-Indies, It 
 {tands in the middleof a large bay 
 on the W. fide of the ifland, with 
 a fandy bottom, where 1000 
 fhips, from 3 to 400 tons, may 
 ride fafe from ftorms. . The har- 
 bour is remarkably capacious, be- 
 ing fufficient for roo fail of 1000 
 tons to moor in. Near the har- 
 bour is a large round bafoo, part- 
 ed from it by a fand-bank, which, 
 if cut, would be capable of hold- 
 _ ing a very great number of vef- 
 fels ; but by reafon of this bank, 
 great fhips are obliged to pafs 
 within 80 paces of one of the two 
 little mountains which are at the 
 mouth of the harbour, and about 
 half a mile afunder. Upon one 
 of the’e a fort has been ereéted 
 with a half moon in front, and o- 
 ther regular works all of good 
 ftone. The fort between the har- 
 bour and the bafon is of wood, 
 25..feet {quare, and encompafled 
 with a ftrong palifado of entire 
 trees. At the two corners to- 
 wards the fea are two little wooden 
 pavilions, in one of which the 
 commander refides, .M. Parquet, 
 its firft proprietor, lived in a preat 
 -wildernefs encom paffing the moun- 
 
 LIM: 
 
 tain, near the harbour, at the foot 
 of which are magazines buile of 
 bricks and timber. The chureh, 
 which is rear the fort, is built of 
 canes laid upon forks, and the ine 
 fide has the fame mean appearance. 
 In Parguet’s time, at every 6th 
 cottage there was a little fentry- 
 box erected, two ftories high, to 
 which theinhabitants of every fix’ 
 habitations retired in the night, 
 to prevent their being furprized 
 by the favzges, 
 
 LEXINGTON, afmall town in 
 Middlefex county, in Maffachu- 
 fets-Bay, about 12 miles W. of 
 Charles Town, between which 
 place and Concord, about 4 miles 
 diftant, is the fpot remarkable 
 for the commencement of open 
 hoftilities in the prefent diftur- 
 bances in that part of the world 
 on April ro, 1775+ 
 
 Limes, atown in New London 
 county, Conneéticut, the coaft of 
 Long Ifland found, W. of New 
 London, and E. of Saybrook, 
 
 Lincotn, acounty the moft 
 northern of Maffachufets - Bay, 
 formerly part of the territory of 
 Sagadahok, bounded on the N; 
 by Canada, on the E, by Nova- 
 Scotia, W. by Cumberland, and 
 S. by the Atlantic. It is laid out 
 into townfhips, for which fee the 
 article Main. 
 
 LITCHFIELD, a county in 
 Conneticut ,whofe boundary N, is 
 Hampfhire in Maflachufets-Bay 3 
 on the E, Hartford county; S. 
 Fairfield and Newhaven counties3 
 and, on the W. part of New 
 York, 
 
 LitcHFIELD, the capital of 
 the foregoing county, and has 
 Woodbury $5 miles S, Kent the 
 fame diftance S. W. and New 
 Cambridge 17 miles S, E, 
 
 LiviInGsTON, atown on.the 
 BE. banks of Hudfon’s river, New 
 York, 25 miles N.E, from King- 
 fton, and 5 S. E. from Salifbury, 
 
 Lonpon, fee New London. 
 
 IonDON, a’town in the Wy 
 diyifion of Maryland, 6 S.-W, of 
 
oo ON. 
 
 Annapolis, on the S, bank of the: 
 South river. 
 
 Lonec-Istanp, fometimes 
 ~ called Naffau-ifland, a large ifland 
 in the province of New-York. It 
 has Staaten-ifland, and that in 
 which New-York lies, on the N. 
 and N. W. the colony of Con- 
 necticut on the N. and the Atlan- 
 tic ocean on the E. and S. It is 
 not above 16 miles in breadth, 
 but 130 in length, ftretching it- 
 felf along Fairfield-county, in 
 
 New-England, near the mouth of 
 Houdfon’s river, being furnifhed 
 -every where with convenient har- 
 bours. A channel of 100 miles 
 long, and 12 broad, divides it 
 from the continent. It contains 
 the counties of Suffolk, King’s, 
 and Queen’s county. The trade 
 which the Englih drive here is in 
 furs and fkins ; tobacco, as good 
 asthat of Maryland; horfes, beef, 
 pork, peas, wheat, and all forts 
 of Enghfh grain, which here yield 
 a very great increafe. Thefe they 
 fend to the fugar. colonies, and 
 have fugar, rum, cotton, and in- 
 digo, in return. The foil is like- 
 wife fo good, that all other fruits 
 and vegetables thrive here, toge- 
 ther with flax, hemp? pumpkins, 
 melons, &c. Jn the middle of 
 it is Jamaica or Hampftead plain, 
 24 miles long, and 4 broad, with- 
 out a {tick or a ftone on it. It is 
 , 20 mies from New-York; Con- 
 necticut oppofite to it; New-Jerfey 
 30 milesdiftant; Philadelphiar1o3 
 Maryland 130; Rhode-Ifland 150 
 mites; the land. fertile enough to 
 fupport an army, without fuccour 
 from elfewhere. 
 
 There being an excellent breed 
 of horfes in this ifland, the mili- 
 tia regiment is cavalry: and there 
 were races on the plain twice a 
 yeer fora fiver cup, to which the 
 gentryof New- Englandand New- 
 York reforted. There are alfo two 
 or three other plains, each about 
 a mile fquare, which are very 
 convenient to the neighbouring 
 towns. 
 
 . to England, in exchange for cloaths~ 
 
 EoU 
 
 Several iflands He off the coalt 
 particularly the eaftern; but none 
 of them are inhabited. = 
 
 They have alfo here a whales ~ 
 fifhery, fending the oil and bone 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 and furniture. The other fifhes 
 ries here are very confiderable, 
 LoREMBEC.—See Loui/bourg, 
 LoreTrTo, a fmall village of 
 Chriftian Indians, three leagues 
 N.E. of Quebec, in Canada. It” 
 has its name from a chapel built” 
 according to the model of the 
 Santa Cafa at Loretto, in Italy3"” 
 from whence an image of the 
 Holy Virgin has been fent to the 
 converts here, refembling that in 
 the famous Italian fan€tuary. ‘i 
 Loretto, Lavy oF, a place ~ 
 at the diftri& of St. Dennis, in — 
 the ifthmus of California; the 
 Indians call it Concho. Here is — 
 a {mall fort, ereéted by the mife 
 fionaries, confifting of four bafe 
 tions, and furrounded by a detp 
 ditch, tire 
 Loupon, Form, a caftle eo 
 reted in the country of the Chee 
 rokees, of 
 Love-coyve, a fine opening 
 to the weftward of Whale-cove, 
 in New N. Wales, and the Arétic 
 countries of America, and fup- 
 pofed to be the paflage into the 
 South-Sea, 
 _ Louis, Fort, a fettlement — 
 erected by the French near the _ 
 mouth of the river Coza, in Flos 
 rida, about 20 leagues N. E. of 
 the neareft mouth of the MiffiGp- — 
 pi, and till the late peace in 1763 
 the ufual refidence of the princi« 
 pal governor of Lovifiana. id 
 Louis, Sr. the capital town” 
 of Guadaloupe, Grand-Terre. It 
 has a fortreis 3 leagues to the 
 $.E. of the Salt-river. Several 
 confiderable additions have been 
 made to it fince the peace of 1763, — 
 and an additional town planned, — 
 to be called Le Bourg, which will — 
 be the handfomeft in the colony. _ 
 LouvissourG, the capital 
 the ifland of Cape-Breton. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Ow 
 harbour is one of the fineft in that 
 . country, being almoft 4 leagues in 
 » ircuit, and 6 or 7 fathom water 
 in every part of it. \ 
 
 The anchorage, or mooring, is 
 good, ‘and fhips.may run a-ground 
 without any danger, Its entrance 
 ds not above 300 toifes in breadth, 
 formed by two fmall iflands, and 
 is known 12 leagues off at fea, 
 by Cape Lorembec, fituated near 
 the N. E. fide of it. Here is vaft 
 plenty of cod, and the fifhery may 
 be continued from April to the 
 clofe of December. 
 
 It was taken from the French 
 by the English fleet, under Sir 
 Peter Warren, and our American 
 forces, commanded by Sir Wil- 
 liam Pepperel, in the year 1745, 
 but afterwards reftored to France, 
 by the treaty of Aix-la~Chapelle, 
 
 in 1748. 
 
 It was again taken by the Eng- 
 lith, under the command of Ad-= 
 miral Bofcawen and Lieutenant- 
 General Amherft, on the 27th of 
 July, 1758, and its fortifications 
 demolifhed. 
 
 The town of Louifbourg Rands 
 ‘on a point of land on the S. E, 
 fide of the ifland ; its {treets are 
 regular and broad, confi(ting for 
 the moft part of ftone hoxfes, 
 with a large parade at a little dif- 
 tance from the citadel; the infide 
 of which is a fine {quare, near 200 
 fect every way. On its N; fide, 
 while poffefled by the French, 
 ftood the governor’s houfe and 
 the church; the other fides were 
 taken up. with barracks, bemb= 
 proof; in which the French fe- 
 cured their women and children 
 during the fiege. The town is 
 near half an Englifh milein length, 
 and 2 in circuit. 
 
 ‘The harbour is more than half 
 an Englifh mile in breadth, from 
 N. W.to S,E. in the narroweft 
 part; and 6 miles in length, from 
 N.E.toS.W. Inthe N.E. part 
 of the harbour is a fine careening 
 wharf to heave down, and very 
 {ccure from all winds... On the 
 
 YOU 
 
 oppofite fide are the fifhing ftages, 
 and room for 2000 boats to cure 
 their fith. 
 
 In winter the harbour is total- 
 ly impratticable, being entirely 
 frozen up, foas to be walked over: 
 which feafon begins here at the 
 clofe of November, and lafts till 
 May or June: fometimes the frofts 
 fet in fooner, and are more in- 
 tenfe; as particularly in 1745, 
 when by the middle of Odtober 
 a great part of the harbour was 
 already frozen, 
 
 The principal, if not the only, 
 trade of Louifbourg is the cod- 
 fihery, from which vaft profits 
 accrued to the inhabitants; the 
 plenty of fifh being remarkable, 
 and at the fame time better than 
 any about Newfoundland. Their 
 wealth confifted in their ftoge- 
 houfes, fome within the fort, and 
 others along the fhore; and in 
 the number of fithing barks. 
 
 ‘One inhabitant maintained forty 
 
 or fifty, with 3 or 4 men to 
 each, with a fettled falary, but 
 were obliged to deliver a certain 
 number of ftandard fifth, Sothat 
 the cod {tore houfes never failed 
 of being filled againft the time 
 the fhips reforted hither with pro- 
 vifions and other goods in ex- 
 change for this fifh: veflels 
 alfo from the colonies brought 
 fugar, tobacco, coffee, rum, &c. 
 and returned loaded with cod; 
 and any furplus, after Louifbourg 
 was fupplied, found a vent in 
 Canada; the return from which 
 was made in beavers fkins and 
 other fine furs. 
 
 Lonifbourg lies in lat. 45, 55. 
 long. 59, 50. from the meridian 
 of London. 
 
 LovistIANA, a country of 
 pretty large extent, It is bounded 
 on the S. by the Gulph of Mex- 
 ico; onthe N, bythe river Illi. ~ 
 nois, and the territories of the 
 Paniaflus, Paoducas, Oiages, Tro- © 
 nonte, Tecagas, Chavanons, and 
 other wild Indians ; on the E. by 
 Weft Florida, Georgia, and Caro- 
 
OU 
 
 lina; and on the W. by New 
 Mexico, and New Spain. It 
 {tretches from N. to 8. about 15 
 deg. namely from lat. 25 to 40; 
 and from E.to W. about ro or 
 11 degrees; that is, from long, 
 $6 to 96 or 97, for the limits are 
 not precifely fixed. M. de Lifle 
 gives it a much greater extent, ef- 
 pecially on the N. fide, which he 
 joins to Canada : fo that part ofit 
 is bounded by New-York, Pen- 
 fylvania, Virginia, &c. and onthe 
 W. by the rivers Bravo and 
 Salado, 
 
 Notwithftanding the feveral 
 attempts of the Spaniards and 
 French to make fettlements in 
 this country, which generally mif- 
 carried, it appears that the-latter 
 had hardly any tolerable fetile- 
 ments in it tills 720,except that of 
 Tfle Dauphine, on the banks of 
 the Mobile, about 80 leagues E. 
 of the mouth of the Miffifippi. 
 They indeed increafed their jet- 
 tlements fince, both along fome of 
 the coafts, and the banks of the 
 Mobile and Miffifppi, which are 
 inconfiderable, that of Ife Dau- 
 phine and Fort Lewis excepted. 
 in 1769, the French gave up the 
 whole of the country to the Spa- 
 niards. 
 
 The inhabitants ef Louifiana 
 
 differ in general from thofe of 
 Canada, in being more {fprightly 
 and aétive, lefs thoughtful and 
 morofe ; their Chiefs are more 
 abfolute, and their government 
 more polite. They knew nothing 
 of any infiruments made of iron 
 and fteel, much lJefs of fire-arms, 
 *till the coming of the French, all 
 their cutting-tools being very in- 
 genioufly made of fharp flints, and 
 they ufed them with equal dexte- 
 rity. Their principal ornaments 
 vare bracelets, pendants, and col- 
 Jars; fome of pearl, but fpoiled 
 for want of knowing how to bore 
 them. 
 
 Several of the rivers, which 
 overflow at certain feafons, ren- 
 der the country very pleafant and 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 LUC iy 
 fertile. Nothing is more:delight. — 
 ful than the meadows, which are 
 well adapted to agriculture. In 
 fome parts the ground yields three 
 or four crops: for the winter cone 
 fits only in heavy rains, without 
 any nipping frofts. or 
 
 All the trees known in Europe 
 flourith here, together with a great 
 variety of others unknown to us} 
 fuch as the tall cedars, which 
 diftil an odoriferous gum; and. 
 the cotton-tree, which is here ofa- 
 prodigious height. a 
 
 The whole country abounds © 
 with variety of game, fowl, catile, 
 and every thing neceflary for 
 life. ; 
 
 Lovifiana abounds witb rivers, 
 the principal of which, befides the 
 Miffifippi, are, St. Francis, thé 
 river of Oxen, the Black river, 
 and the Mobile, which waters? 
 one of the fineft countries in the 
 world, and forms at its mouth 4 
 noble bay, Cie 
 
 Lu caAy.AS, or BAHAMA 
 IsLanpDs, a clofter of iflands in 
 the Atlantic Ocean, difcovered by 
 Columbus in his long fearch after ~_ 
 America.—See Bahama. i 
 
 LucayoIsLanbD, one of thé 
 Bahama ifles, about 70 leaguesy — 
 E. of the Coaft of Florida, and 6 
 from Bahama Ifle. It is about 
 9 leagues longand 2 broad, whofe 
 name has been given to the whole — 
 range, Long, 78, 5. latitude 
 27 p27 ; 
 
 Lu cayoNEQueE, another of 
 the Bahama Ifles which lies about ~ 
 g leagues further E. than the for= 
 mer, whofe length is 28 leaguesy 
 and breadth 3, and lies North 
 and South, | 
 
 Lucia, Str. by the French 
 called Sainte Aloufie, from its 
 being difcovered on St. Lucia’s 
 day ; one of the Caribbee Iflandsy 
 6 miles S, of Martinico, and 21 
 N. W. of Barbadoes, If is abou 
 27 miles long, N, ard S, and 32 
 broad. Here are feveral bills, 2. 
 of which being very round and’ 
 {tecp, are called the Pins-heads of 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 q 
 py 
 
LUC 
 
 St. Lucy, and were volcanos. At 
 the foot of them are fine valleys, 
 having a good foii, and weil 
 watered. In thefe are tall trees, 
 with the timber of which the 
 planters of Martinico and Barba- 
 does build their howfes and wind- 
 mills. Here is alfo plenty of co- 
 cao and fuftic. 
 
 The airis reckoned healthy, the 
 hills not being fo high as to inter- 
 cept the trade-winds, which al- 
 ways fan it from the E. by which 
 yaeans the heat of the climate is 
 moderated, and rendered agreea- 
 dle. 
 
 In St. Lucia are feveral com- 
 ' modious bays and harbours, with 
 
 ood anchorage; particularly one, 
 galled the Little Careenage, oneof 
 the principal inducements for the 
 French to prefer it to the other 
 Neutral Iflands. This port has 
 feveral united advantages ; there 
 is every where depth enough, and 
 the quality of the bottom is excel- 
 dent. Nature has formed there 
 three carezning-plates, which do 
 not want a key, and require no- 
 thing but a capftern to turn the 
 keel above-ground. Thirty fhips 
 of the lime might lie there, fhel- 
 tered from hurricanes, without 
 the trouble of being moored, 
 The boats of the country, which 
 have been kept a long time ia 
 this harbou-, have never been 
 eit by the worms; however, they 
 do not expect that this advantage 
 will iaft, whatever be the caufe. 
 For the other harbours, the winds 
 are always good to go out with, 
 and the largeft {qnadron might be 
 in the offing in lefs than an hour, 
 
 This ifland has been poflefled 
 and quitred by the Englith and 
 French alternately, more than 
 ence. But at lat the Courts of 
 both mations agreed, about the 
 year 1722, that St. Lucia, toge- 
 ther with St. Vincent and Do- 
 minica, fhould be evacuated, till 
 the right to them was amicably 
 determined. In .1763, it was 
 affured to the French by the trea- 
 ty of Verfailles, There are alrea- 
 
 MAD 
 
 dy 9 parithes in the colony, 8 to 
 the leeward, and only 5 to wind= 
 ward. This preference given to 
 one part of the ifland ntore that 
 another, does not proceed from 
 the fuperiority of the foil, but 
 from the greater or lefs con- 
 veniency in fending out or re- 
 ceiving fhips. A high road made 
 
 round the ifland, and 2 others, 
 
 which crofs it from E. to W. 
 afford all manner of facilities to 
 carry the commodities of the plan- 
 tations to the barcaderes. 
 
 In January, 1769, the free in- 
 habitants of the ifland amounted 
 to 2524; the flavesto 10 270, It 
 had in cattle 598 mules and 
 horfes, 1819 horned beafts, and 
 23738 fheep. Its plantations 
 were 1,279,680 plants of cacao, 
 2,463 880 of coffee, 681 fquares 
 of cotton, and 254 of canes 3 
 there were 16 fugar-works going 
 on, and 18 nearly compleated, 
 Its produce yielded 112,0001, 
 which by improvement might be 
 increafed to 500,000. Since Wu- 
 rope has acquired poffefiions in 
 the New World, none has been 
 more favourably treated than the 
 inhabitants of St. Lucia, who 
 enjoy a free trade, and encumber- 
 ed but with 50 troops ia the whole 
 ifland, and pay no tax whatever, 
 It lies in lat, 13, 45. long. 61. 
 
 LuMLeEY’s INLET, a gulph 
 ef the North-Main, in-the Arn-= 
 
 tic countries of America. It lies. 
 on the eaftern coaft, and is fituat- 
 
 ed E. of Whitebear-bay. 
 LyN, 2 market-town of Effex 
 
 county, and Maflachafet Proper, - 
 
 in New-England. It lies at the 
 bottom of a bay, S. of Marble- 
 head, and neara river, which, at 
 the breaking up of winter, and 
 the melting of the ice and fnow, 
 runs into the fea with a very rapid 
 current, 
 
 M. 
 
 ADRE DE POPA, a town 
 
 and convent of [Terra Fir-- 
 
 ma, iituated on the river Grande: 
 
 M 
 
 Pet 
 
eat 
 
 
 
 MAG 
 
 ‘The pilgrims in S, America refort 
 an great numbers to this religious - 
 foundation, which is there in 
 “almoft as great reputation as the 
 Santa Cafa, or Holy Houfe of Lo- 
 retto, is in Europe; great num- 
 bers of miracles “being faid to~ 
 have been wrought here, by the 
 Holy Virgin, in favour of the 
 Spanifh fleets and their failors, 
 who.are therefore very liberal-in 
 their donations at her fhrine. It 
 lies fifty four miles E, of Cartha- 
 gena, lat. 10 deg. 51 min. long. 
 76 deg. 15 min. 
 ~MacpdALenA,a large river, the 
 two prineipal fources of which 
 are at no great diftance from the 
 city of Popayan, in Terra Firma. 
 Belcazar, by going down this 
 river, found a paflage to the N. 
 fea: and returned to Old Spain, 
 in order co follicit the title of Go- 
 vernor of the country which he 
 had difcovered, conquered, and 
 peopled. This river, after unit- 
 ing its waters with the Cance, 
 takes the name of Grande, and 
 falls into the N. fea below the 
 
 _ town of Madre de Popa. 
 
 ‘The banks.of this great river 
 ‘are well inhabited, and it has a 
 courfe of above 200 leagues. Its 
 mouth is much frequented by 
 {mugglers, and conveys to Cartha- 
 gena the productions of New- 
 Granada, viz. gold and grain, 
 Among many other confiderable 
 places onits banks are, Malambito, 
 “Tenerife, Talaygua, Monpox, 
 Tamalameque, &c. 
 
 MAGDALEN, CAPE oF, a 
 
 promontory in thecentreof Cana- © 
 
 da, where there is an iron-mine, 
 
 ~which promifes great advantages, 
 
 both with regard to the goodnefs 
 of the metal, and the plenty of 
 the ore. : 
 /MAGDALEN Istes, in the 
 Gulf of St. Lawrence, long, 61, 
 go. lat. 47, 30. They are fituated 
 about 50 milesiN. W. of St. 
 Lawrence’s Cape, the N. end of 
 Cape Breton. The* principal one 
 ae almcft round, aud is 5 miles 
 
 s rast 
 MAT. 7 
 over each way, and furrounded 
 rocks, ~ i : ; 
 MAGUELODN, themoft we 
 of the three iflands of Sr, 
 lying off Newfoundland. 
 is not fo high as the other ty 
 and its foil very indifferent. 1 
 about 3 quarters of a league it 
 length. a 
 MAINE, a province of Ni 
 England, by others made onl 
 county in the province of Mai 
 chufets-Bay, by the name of Y 
 County. It is bounded on» 
 N. E. by Nova Scotia ;~ on 
 S. by Maffachufets-Bay; and 
 the SW. and N. W.' by New 
 Hamphhire. F 
 It is divided into the countie 
 of York, Cumberland, and Line 
 coln, and contains the followi 
 Townfhips : a 
 Townfhips in York County, ~ 
 "a Kittery a 
 2 Berwick 
 3 Lebanon 
 4 Sandford 
 5 Buxton 
 6 Wells 
 7 Arundel 
 8 Biddeford 
 9 Naraganfet, N. 3. 
 10 Pepperelborough 
 _ 11 York; the county towm 
 Townjhips in Cumberland County 
 1 Scarborough a 
 2 New Cafco 
 3 New Yarmouth 
 4 Harpfwell 
 5 Brunfwick 
 6 New Bofton 
 _7 Windham 
 3 New Glocefter 
 9 Pearfontown 
 “10 New Marble-Head 
 ir Falmouth the county” 
 town. = 
 ~Townjfhips in Lincoln Countys 
 Bowdointown i: 
 Woolwich 
 George-Town 
 Naflalborongh 
 Winthorp oH 
 Winflow a 
 Biittol «at 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I Av Pw b 
 

 
 MAR 
 
 $ Gardners Town 
 
 9. Hollowell | 
 
 30 Edgecomb 
 
 11 Medumcook — 
 
 12 Boothbay 
 
 13 Waldoborough 
 
 14 St. George 
 
 15 Belfaft 
 
 16 Pownallfborough, 
 county town. 
 
 _ This and Cornwall being two 
 frontier counties, and chiefly ex- 
 pofed to the Indians, moft of the 
 towns are defended by regular 
 
 the 
 
 dlock- bhoufes, which are | Kept in. 
 
 good repair. 
 
 Maxpen,a town in Middilefex 
 county, Maflachufets- Bay, fituated 
 about.5 miles N. of Charles- 
 Towa, and has a river of the fame 
 name rans by it, which empties 
 itfelf into Myftic river, 
 
 MANHEIM, atown in Lan- 
 cafter county, Penfylvania, ona 
 branch of a creek which runs into 
 the Su(quehannah river at 10 
 miles diftance ; it is 9 miles N. 
 W. of Lancafter, 11 W. of Eu- 
 phrata, and 313 S. of Lebanon. 
 
 ManiTovatin,---See Man- 
 tovalin. 
 
 MANSFIELD IsitanD,afmall 
 ifland in the mouth of Hudfon’s 
 Bay. 
 
 MANSFIELD,a town in Wind- 
 ham ¢ounty, Connecticut, on the 
 river Willimant, which runs into 
 the Thames. It is 5 miles N. of 
 Windham, and gS. of Willing- 
 ton, 15 E. of Glaffenbury. 
 
 MANTovALIN, anifland in 
 the lake Huron, es Canada. It 
 lies along the northern coaft, is 
 upwards of thirty leagues long, 
 and about four or five Braea. 
 
 MaRAcalBo, or MARA- 
 
 cAYA,af{mall, butrich, city of 
 Venezuela, a province of Terra 
 Firma, fituated on the weftern 
 cbanks of the lake of the fame 
 name, about 18 miles from its 
 mouth, and 73S. W. of the ruins 
 of the city of Coro. It is ex- 
 tremely _well built, has feveral 
 
 ftately houles, very regular, and 
 
 adorned with 
 
 en? at. sae 
 
 MA Rk 
 
 h balconies, fron 
 which there is a profpect of the, 
 lake, which has the appearance of 
 afea. Here are about 5coo inha-) 
 bitants, of which 800 are able to 
 bear arms. It has'a Goyernor 
 fubordinate to the Governor of, 
 Terra Firma. Here isa large pa~ 
 rochial church, an hofpital, and 
 four. convents. Veflels from 
 25 to 30 tons are continually 
 coming hither, with manufaétures 
 and merchandifes from the places 
 near the lake, which are after- 
 wards put on board Spanifh fhips 
 that come hither to buy them, 
 Ships are built at Maracaibo, 
 which tradeall over America, and 
 even into Spain, this place being 
 very commodions for thip-builds 
 
 ing. It lies 338 miles E. of Rio 
 dela Hacha. Lat. 10, 51.,long. 
 795, 15s ‘ 
 
 MARACAI80 LAKE, OF ra. 
 ther Gulph, a large colleétion of 
 waters, on which the town above=. 
 mentioned i is fituated. It is near 
 6o miles long, and, in fome parts; 
 go in breadth, running from S.° 
 to N. and emptying itfclf into the” 
 N. fea ; the entrance of which is» 
 well defended by-ftrong forts 5 
 but Sir Henry Morgan pafled by 
 them, plundered feyeral Spanifh 
 towns on the coaft, and defeated 
 a fquadron which had been fent 
 to intercept him. 
 
 As the tide flows into this lake, 
 its water is fomething brackith, 
 notwithftanding the many rivers 
 it receives. It abounds with all 
 forts of filh, fome of which are 
 very large. By the navigation of , 
 this lake the inhabitants of, Ve- 
 nezuela carry on a_trade with , 
 thofe of New- Granada. 
 
 MARBLEHEAD, a town of 
 Effex county, and Maflachufet 
 Proper, in New-England. It 
 lies four miles to the S, of Salem, 
 has a {mail harbour, but.a rocky 
 fhore. Here the {ociety for pro-, 
 
 “pagation of the Gofpel have a 
 
 miffionary. Jt carries on an.cx— | 
 tenfive filhery.. 
 M 2 
 
 
 
MAR 
 
 MARGARETTA, or SANTA 
 MARGARITA DE LAS CARAC- 
 €as, an ifland of Terra Firma, 
 from which it is parted by a 
 ftrait, 68 miles W. of Paria, or 
 New-Andalufia. Columbus dif- 
 covered it in his 3d voyage, anno 
 3498. Itis about 50 miles long, 
 and 24 broad. The climate is 
 faid to be ushealehy, from the 
 frequent fogs with which the 
 ifland is covered. 
 
 “It produces Indian corn, with 
 the ufual fru’ts of the Torrid zone, 
 The N. parts are high land, and 
 have a foil proper for fugar-canes, 
 tobacco, &c. Here are feveral 
 forts of animals, particularly 
 wild hogs, with ffi and fowl. It 
 is firbjeét to Spain, and is remarked 
 for its pearl fifhery, having pro- 
 duced the fineft ever feen, valued 
 at 25,0001, fterling, bought by 
 the king of Spain. The inhabi- 
 tants are a mixture of Spaniards 
 and Indians, whoare lazy, thievifh, 
 ‘and fuperftitions. ‘This ifland is 
 N. of Cubagna, another ifland. 
 iat: r1, 46. long. 64, 12. 
 
 MAaARIGALANTE, one of the 
 Caribbee Hflands, in the Atlantic 
 Ocean ; fo called from the fhip’s 
 name in which Columbus difco- 
 vered it, in 31493. Itis of an 
 elliptical figure, 4 leagues and an 
 half from N, to S. and 3 from 
 KE. to W. It lies near Guada- 
 loupe: from which it is feparated 
 hy a channel 5 or 6 leagues broad, 
 It is covered with barren moun- 
 tains above half its furface. There 
 are only z parifhes, the principal 
 at the S, defended by a fort called 
 Bafle-terre. It is indifferently 
 watered, but produces 8c 0,o0c lb. 
 of coffee, 100,900 cotton, anda 
 million of fugar, Lat. 16, 32. 
 long. 60, 57. 
 
 Marrya’s VINEYARD, or 
 Duke’s County, an ifland near 
 Barnftaple county, Plymouth co- 
 lony, New-England, from whence 
 it ts diftant only 8 miles S. W. 
 and 76 miles S. of Bofton. Its 
 inbabitants, as welltas thofe of 
 
 MAR 
 
 Nantucket, another ifland, follow 
 the fifheries, iu which. they have 
 great fuccefs. In it are the fol- 
 lowing towns: Sherborn, Chil- 
 mark, Tifbury, and Edgar, the 
 county town. It is one of the 
 counties of Maflachufets-Bay, by 
 the name of Duke’s County. It 
 
 is a very peculiar fpot of ground, — 
 
 being a triangular piece of mea- 
 cow ground, hemmed in on the, 
 N. W. and N. E. by hilly rocky 
 
 fides. It {warms with inhabitants, - 
 
 and is a fettlement of confide- 
 ration. Lat. 41, 20. long. 70, 40. 
 
 Martaa, St. a province of 
 Terra Firma. It is bounded on 
 the N. by the N. fea; onthe E, 
 by Rio dela Hacha; on the S, 
 py New-Granada; and on the W, 
 
 by the territory of Carthagena. — 
 
 The air is colder here and more 
 pure than in the adjoining coun- 
 tries, 
 produce maize, withother grains 
 and fruits, efpecially oranges, le- 
 mons, pine-apples, grapes, &ce 
 alfo.a little indigo and cechineal, 
 and fome woods for dying. The 
 
 
 
 The vallies are fertile, and — 
 
 mountains, which are known to | 
 
 failors by the name of the Snowy 
 
 Mountains of St. Martha, produce 
 gold, emeralds, fapphires, chalce= — 
 
 donies, jafper, and curious mar- 
 
 bles. On the coafts, where {mug- 
 
 gling is carried on, are falt-works, 
 and 2 fitheries for pearls. It is 
 about 300 miles in length, and 
 200 in breadth, is a mountainous 
 country, and reckoned the higheft 
 land in the world. 
 
 MarTHaA, St. acity in the 
 province laft-mentioned, with a 
 harbour on the N. fea, at the 
 mouth of the Guayra ; about 124 
 miles N. E. of Carthagena, It 
 isa maritime city, and the refi- 
 dence of a Governor and Bifhop, 
 The houfes are built with canes, 
 and are very neat. Its harbour 
 is large, convenient, and fafe ; 
 and the environs agreeable and 
 fertile. ' At prefent it contains 
 about 30co inhabitants, who carry 
 
 onan extenfive rich trade, and 
 
; MAR 
 make a great.quantity of cottons, 
 ftuffs, &c. with earthen ware, 
 which is much efteemed. It has 
 a valuable pearl fihhery, wherein 
 a great number of flaves are em- 
 ployed, whofe dexterity in pro- 
 curing the oyfters is very extraor- 
 ‘dinary, fome of whom will re- 
 main for a quarter of an hour 
 under water, and will rife with a 
 bafket full, Lat. 21, 55. long.. 
 74, 56. 
 
 MARTINICO, one of the 
 Jargeft of the Caribbee, or Wind- 
 ward Iflands. It belongs to the 
 French, and isthe feat of their 
 Governor-general of the iflands.. 
 It is ahont 60 miles long, and 6 
 in breadth, and lies 4o leagues to 
 the N. W. of Barbadoes; 22 S- 
 of Guadaloupe. It is crofled by 
 a ridge of lofty mountains, efpe- 
 cially in the inland parts; from 
 which a numberof 1ivulets flow 
 into the valleys on every fide, 
 ‘beautifying the ifland, and rendet- 
 ing it remarkably fruitful. Its 
 ‘bays and-harbonrs are numerous, 
 fafe, and commodious ; and well 
 fortified. It is divided into 28 
 parifhes, which contain about the 
 fame number of towns and villa- 
 ges, and two priucipal towus, 
 Fort Royal and St. Pierre. 
 
 Thefoilis very fruitful, abound- 
 ing inthe fame produftions as are 
 secqmmon to our iflands: in that 
 part of the world. Sugar is the 
 principal commodity, of which 
 great quantities are made. Indigo, 
 cotton, pimento or all-fpice, gin- 
 ger, cocao, aloes, plantains, and 
 other fruitscommon to the Torrid 
 zone, are produced here; toge- 
 ther with great quantities of 
 coffee, which was -firft cultivated 
 in this ifland of any in the wef- 
 tern world. In 1736, thete were 
 in the ifland 11,953,232 coffee- 
 trees; and by fome calculations 
 made concerning the number of 
 inhabitants, as well as the arti- 
 ticles of culture and trade, the 
 ifland was then in a flate of pro- 
 
 MAR 
 
 fperity much fuperior to what it ist 
 
 at prefent. ; i 
 
 The air at Martinico is hotter 
 than at Guadaloupe ; 
 hurricanes lefs frequent and vio+ 
 Jent than im that and fome others 
 of the Garibbee Iflands. 
 
 It has no lefs than 40 rivers; 
 fome of which are mavigable a 
 great way up the country, and. 
 never dry; but at times overflow 
 their banks, and fweep away 
 
 houfes and trees with their cure: 
 
 rent. ‘Befidesthefe there are great 
 variety of ftreams,) which, in the 
 rainy feafon, water the dales and 
 favannas. Someof the hills are 
 cultivated, and others covered 
 
 with woods, which afford fhekter _ 
 
 to will beafts, and abundance of 
 
 ferpents and fnakes. The tobaaco: - 
 
 growing on the {teep declivities is. 
 preferable to that in the valleys, . 
 
 Befides: the difturbances occar 
 fioned here by frequent revolts of 
 the native favages,.a dreadful 
 earthquake fhaok it, O¢toberizg9,. 
 1727, which. continued for .14 
 hours wish very little intermithon; 
 and fhocks were felt for, feverak 
 days after. It was again in Angutt,, 
 1767, in a great meafure deflroyed 
 by another earthquake, when 
 1600 inhabitants loft their lives, 
 and a great number of the planta- 
 tions and:ibuildings were deftroyed.. 
 It alfo fuffered very feverely from 
 a hurricane on Sépiem beria2 .1766,, 
 and im. March 1772, by am earth- 
 quake that deftroyed the French 
 fortifications. 
 
 The town of Martinico is the 
 refidence of many merchants, 
 and. is umuch’ frequented: by thip~ 
 ping, efpecially » from Nantes, 
 whofe cargoes are fure of a quick 
 fale-here. The harbour is alfora. 
 fafe retreat in the hurricane fea- 
 fon, and «at the fame timeto wind= 
 ward of allthe iflands ; a circum— 
 ftance of great advantage to thips: 
 bound to Europe. Phe church 
 is only a wooden ftructare. sb 
 July, 1767, the ifland contained: 
 
 Bh 3 8 
 
 but the 
 
MAR 
 
 ¥2,450 white inhabitants, 3914 
 free blacks or mulattoes, 70,553 
 flaves, 443 fugitive negroes, in ail 
 $4,817 fouls. The number of 
 “births in 1767 was a 3oth part 
 among the whites, and a 25th 
 among the blacks. The cattle of 
 the colony are compofed of 3776 
 horfes, 4214 moles, 293 affes, 
 32,736 horned beafts, 975 fwine, 
 and 13,544 fheepand hogs. For 
 its provilions it has 17,903,596 
 holes of caflada, 3,509,048 bana- 
 mas, 406 fquares and a half of 
 yams and potatoes. The planta- 
 tions coniift of 11,444 fquares of 
 Jand with fugar-canes, 6,638,757 
 plants of coffee, 871,043 of cacao, 
 1,764,807 of cotton, 59,966 of 
 eaflia, and 61 of- anatta, The 
 paftures or favannas- take up 
 10,972 fguares of tand 3; there are 
 11,966 of wood, and 8448 uncul- 
 tivated or abandoned. The num- 
 ber of plantations for coffee, 
 eotton, cacao, and other objeéts, 
 is 1515, there are only 286 where 
 they make fugar. All thefe plan- 
 tations employ 116 water-miils, 
 32 wind mills, and 184 eattle- 
 mills. Before the hurricane in 
 3766, they reckoned 302 of the 
 Fmaller habitations, and1g fugar- 
 works, more than in 1767. The 
 produdts of this ifland at prefent 
 ate computed at 23 million Ib. 
 weight of fugar, 3 million !b. of 
 coffee, 600,0colb, of cotton, and 
 40,000lb. of caeao, Foreigners 
 edrry off privately about a sath 
 part of the product of the ifland, 
 and the reft goes to France; for 
 which exportation in 1766, 143 
 veflels were empioyed. Lat. 14, 
 33: long. 60, 54. 
 
 MARTIN, ST. oneof the Ca- 
 ribbee Iflands, firnated in the At- 
 lantit Occan, between Anguilla on 
 ‘the N. from whence it is firmated 
 aleayue anda half, and St. Bar- 
 tholomew on the S. E. 15 miles. 
 Ie isabout 5 leagues in cireumfe- 
 rence, with commodious bays and 
 yoads on the N. W. fide. ‘Here 
 arc good falt-pits, and lakes of 
 
 
 
 MAR 
 falt water, which run a great way 
 within the ifland; but has no ~ 
 frefh water but what falls from 
 the clouds, and is faved bythe in- 
 habitants in cifterns. The falt 
 lakes abound in good fifth, parti- 
 cularly turtle ; and the faltwater- 
 pools are frequented by vaft num- 
 bers of birds. In the woods are 
 wild hogs, turtle-doves, and par- 
 rots innumerable, Here are fe- 
 veral trees producing gums; and 
 plenty of the candle-tree, fplinters — 
 of which, when dry and lighted, 
 emit a very fragrant fmell. Its 
 tobacco, which is reckoned the 
 bef in all the Caribbee [flands, is 
 the prinsipal commodity and trade 
 of the inhabitants. 
 
 The Spaniards formerly kepta 
 garrifon here in a fort; but, about 
 the year 1650, they blew up the 
 fort, burned their houfes, and 
 abandoned the place. Then the 
 Dutch and the French fhared the 
 ifland between them, and they 
 lived very amicably. The French 
 had, however, the beft part of the 
 ifland ; but the fpot where the — 
 Spanith fort ftood fell to the — 
 Dutch, who ere&ed fine houfes, 
 with large ftore-houfes, and pur- 
 chafed a confiderable number of 
 negroes But in 1689, the French — 
 were attacked and plundered by — 
 Sir Timothy ‘Fhornhill ; and in _ 
 July, 1744, driven out by the ~ 
 Englifh, and did not return till — 
 after the peace 1763. They now — 
 enjoy about 35,000 acres out of © 
 the §5,0co which the whole ~ 
 ifand contains. Through this 
 Jarge fpace are feattered about 
 1oo white inhabitants, and 300 © 
 blacks 5 but it is capable of con=— 
 taining 4oo white families, and 
 10,000 flaves. The line of fe- 
 paration, lying from E. to W. 
 was agreed upon in 1684; the 
 two nations figning their treat 
 ona mountain, which makes it 
 
 +e | 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 felf a natural divifion, and has 
 : 
 
 been fince named, ** The Moun- 
 a! 
 
 ie 
 
 
 
 
 
 tain of Concord.’’ Their line, im 
 
 aligning a lefs part to the Dutchy” 
 
MAR 
 
 hhas fufficient!y made them amends 
 by the poffeflion of the only har- 
 bour in the ifland. ‘Theferepub- 
 licans have not, however, profited 
 more from this advaniage than 
 the French, fince their divifion 
 contains no morethan 60 families, 
 and about 200 flaves. The two 
 Colonies breed poultry and fheep, 
 which they fell to the other 
 ifands. They have always culti- 
 vated cotton, and lately planted 
 coffee, with fuccefs, Lat, 18, 6. 
 long. 62, 30. 
 
 MARY LAND, oneof the Britith 
 colonies ; it was always reckoned 
 part of Virginia, till K. Charles 
 J, made a grantof it to George 
 Calvert, Lord Baltimore, of Ire- 
 land ; who dying before the pa- 
 ’ tent was made out, his fon finifhed 
 it in 1632. The fettlement of the» 
 colony coft a Jarge fum, and 
 was made, at firft, with about 200 
 perfons, all Roman Catholics, and 
 moft of them of good families : 
 but the proprietary very wifely in- 
 troduced a general toleration for 
 
 all Chriftians:-a meafure that 
 - greatly tended to the flourifhing 
 {tate of the colony. 
 
 It is divided, by the north ex- 
 tremity of Chefapeak-Bay, into 
 two parts, called the eaftern and 
 weftern fhores 3: and lies between 
 lat. 33 and qo, and between long. 
 74.and 78. 
 
 It is divided in two by the Bay 
 of Chefapeak, into the following 
 counties : 
 
 W. Divifion. E. Divifion, 
 
 Arundel, Dorfet. 
 Baltimore. Somerfet. 
 Calvert. Worcetfter, 
 Charles. Talbot, 
 Prince George. Queen’s. 
 St. Mary’s. Kent, 
 
 Maryland is bounded by Pen- 
 fylvania on the N. by another 
 part of the fame province, called 
 Delawar, and the Atlantic Ocean, 
 on the -E. by the Apalachian 
 mountains onthe W. and by Vir- 
 ginia onthe S. [tis about 140 
 
 MAR 
 
 miles long, and nearly the fame 
 in breadth, 
 
 The lands next the fea are low, 
 but rife gradually "till they termi- 
 nate inthe Apalachian mountains, 
 Great part of the country was co- 
 vered with wood, 7till cut and 
 cleared by the planters; but in- 
 terfperfed with favannas and 
 meadows, watered with feveral 
 {mall {treams and fprings. 
 
 Maryland, like Virginia, has no 
 confiderable town, and for the 
 fame reafon ; namely, the num- 
 ber of its navigable creeks and 
 rivers. Annapolis, however, is the 
 feat of government ; it is fmall, 
 but beautifully fitrated on the 
 river Patuxent: and here is the 
 principal cuftom-houfe, and about 
 150 houfes. 
 
 The people of Maryland are of 
 the fame eftablifhed religion as 
 thofe of Virginia, that of the 
 church of England; but the 
 clergy are here provided for in a 
 
 -mreh more Jiberal manner. 
 
 At prefent the people of Mary- 
 land chiefly cultivate tobacco, as 
 they do in Virginia; and the plant- 
 ers live in farms feattered about 
 the country, and have the like 
 conveniency of thips coming up 
 to their very doors, by means of 
 Chetapeak-Bay, and its rivers. 
 
 Their tobacco, called Oroonoko, 
 which is ftronger than that of 
 Virginia, and on thar account 
 greatly in demand in the eaftern 
 and northern parts of Europe, 
 where it is preferred to the {weet- 
 feented tobacco of James and 
 York rivers, in Virginia, amounts 
 to about 40,coo hogtheads. The 
 white inhabitants are about 
 10,000, and the negroes upwards 
 of’ 260,000. 
 
 There is littl¢ or no woollen ma- 
 nufacture followed by any of the 
 inhabitants, except what is done: 
 in Somerfet county. Their com- 
 mon drink is eyder, which is very 
 good; and, when properly made, 
 not inferior to the belt white 
 
MAS 
 wine. They have rum from Bar- 
 badoes, wine from Madeira and 
 Bial; alfo beer, malt, and various 
 forts of wines, from England. 
 Plenty of geod grapes grow wild 
 in the woods, but no wine is 
 made from them. ; 
 
 Moft of the Indians live-on the 
 eaftern fhore, Some of them in- 
 deed come over to the other fide 
 in winter, to bunt for deer, in 
 which they greatly delight: and 
 it is very rare that any of them 
 will embrace the life or worfhip 
 of the Chriftians. But their num- 
 ‘ber is now inconfiderable, occa- 
 fioned ‘by the perpetual difcords 
 among themfelves. 
 
 The chief bay is Chefapeak, 
 including: many creeks.—Nume- 
 rous rivers interfect this province, 
 the chief of which are, the Pa- 
 Soaial Pocomac, Patuxent, Pa- 
 tapfico, Cheptonk, Sufquehanneh, 
 Severn, Saflafras, &c, 
 
 "Maryland, Penfylvania, and 
 Virginia, enjoy peculiar commer- 
 cial advantages from their nume- 
 rous harbours, creeks, and Jarge 
 navigable rivers; but, being def- 
 titute of fortifications, cannot but 
 
 “prove of equal difadvantage ina 
 
 war, if the enemy be matter of 
 the adjacent feas, who will have 
 it in his power, by thefe means, 
 to carry defolation into the beft 
 fettled parts of the feveral coun- 
 tries; as unhappily may be too 
 foon experienced. 
 
 Sr. Mary? s, a {mall maritime 
 town in a county of the fame 
 name, in the Weftern divifion of 
 Maryland, on the E. fide of St. 
 George’ s river, near St. George’s 
 
 “ifland, at the entrance of Patow- 
 “qmac river-and Chefapeak bay. 
 
 MAssACHUSET’S-BAY, a 
 province, the principal {ubdivifion 
 of New-England. It is bounded 
 on the N. by New-Hampfhire ; 
 ‘oh the E. and S. by the Atlantic 
 Ocean and Conneéticuts and on 
 the W..by New-York; producing 
 
 Indian corn in abundance, though. - 
 
 ‘bat little other grain. Here is 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 MAS 
 plenty of mutton,. beef,” pork, 
 fowl, and fith, with flaxand hemp: 
 and the inhabitants are employed 
 in manufa@ures of linen, woollen, 
 and leather, *They build great 
 numbers of hips, having plenty 
 ef timber-and other materials for 
 that purpofe, They*have coppe 
 and ‘iron mines, and fome of the 
 Jatter are manufa€tured; but their 
 fabrics in general, particularly 
 thofe of thats, are difcouraged by 
 the mother- -country, They fur- 
 nifh the fugar-iflands with falt 
 provifions, in ‘return for which 
 they take fugar and molaffés, 
 They have ftills. for making rum, 
 and fome fugar-houfes. 
 
 This province is divided into 
 the following counties, to each of 
 which we have atineked the towne 
 fhips that belong'to it. 
 
 County of Ham phhire. 
 
 Canada 
 Pequiong® 
 Salem 
 Peterfham 
 Narraganfet 
 Greenwich. 
 Brimfield 
 Kingfiow 
 Pelham 
 Sunderland! 
 Madley 
 N. Hadley 
 Northampton - 
 Northfield 
 Hatfield. 
 
 Deerfield 
 Blandford: 
 Granville 
 
 “Wellfield 
 Springfield, the:co, 
 County of Suffolk, 
 
 _ Roxbury : 
 Dorchelter 
 Needham 
 Medway. 
 Bilingham 
 “Wrentham. 
 Medfield 
 Walpcle 
 Stonghtom 
 Braintree 
 
 Weymouth: 
 
 WO ONY Min fo VY 
 
 Io 
 
 Len ian 
 wo YD 
 
 T4 
 
 4 
 Dur 
 
 Hy 
 “i 
 
 18 
 
 1] 
 io) 
 
 20 
 
 woud s 5 
 HOO OY Dubuo S wo 
 
MAS 
 
 x2 Higham 
 13 Milton 
 14. Deadham 
 
 15 Bofton, the county town, 
 
 County of Worcetter. 
 1 Dudley 
 
 2 Stourbridge 
 
 3 Weltern 
 4 Hardwick 
 5 New Ipfwich 
 6 Canada to Dorchefter - 
 7 Lunenburg 
 
 8 Bolton 
 
 9 Shrewfbury 
 
 10 Weftborongh 
 
 11 Hopkinton 
 
 12 Grafton 
 
 13 Menden 
 
 14 Uxbridge 
 
 5 Douglas 
 
 16 Oxford 
 
 17 Sutton 
 
 18 Gore 
 
 19 Brookfield 
 
 2o Braintree 
 
 21 Welt Wing 
 
 22 Rutland 
 
 23 Holden 
 
 24 Worcelter, the co. town. 
 County of Effex. 
 Beverley 
 
 Middleton 
 
 ‘Tapsfield 
 
 Andover 
 
 Bradford 
 
 Rowley 
 
 Newbury 
 
 A!mbury 
 
 Haverhill 
 
 Methuen 
 
 11 Dracut 
 
 12 Lynn, the county town, 
 County of Middlefex. 
 
 x Townfhend 
 
 Hollis 
 
 Dunttable 
 Chelmsford 
 
 Reading 
 
 Malden 
 
 Medford 
 
 Groton 
 
 9 Billarica 
 
 to Weftford 
 
 11 Bedford 
 
 12 Tewkibury 
 
 i 
 OW COI Arn pw WP w 
 
 COrA KAnPw HN 
 
 MAS 
 13 Lexington 
 14 Woburn 
 15 Martborough 
 16 Stow 
 17 Concord 
 18 Waltham 
 1g Welton 
 20 Sherborn 
 21 Hollifton 
 22 Charles-Town 
 
 23 Cambridge, co. town. 
 
 County of Briftol. 
 *3 Attleborough 
 
 2 Rehoboth, or Sea Rank 
 
 3 Barrington 
 
 4 Swanfey 
 
 5 Dighton 
 
 6 Rainham 
 
 7 Eafton 
 
 8 Norton 
 
 9 Berkley 
 
 10 Freetown 
 
 1r Dartmouth 
 
 12 launton, the co. towns 
 County of Plymouth. 
 
 1 Hanover 
 
 2 Abingdon 
 
 3 Duxbury 
 
 4 Kingfton 
 
 5 Halifax 
 
 6 Pembroke 
 
 7 Bridgewater 
 
 8 Middleborough 
 
 9 Rochefter 
 10 Wareham 
 11 Plympton 
 12 Plymouth, the co, towns 
 County of Barnftaple, 
 1 Sand wich 
 
 2 Falmouth 
 
 3 Yarmouth « 
 
 4 Harwich 
 
 5 Eaftham 
 
 6 Silver Spring 
 
 7 Bellingfgate 
 
 8 Truro 
 
 g Chatham 
 
 10 Barnftaple, the co. town. 
 
 Duke’s County, or Ifland of Mar- 
 
 tha’s Vineyard. 
 1 Chilmak 
 2 Vifbury 
 3 Edgar, the co. town. 
 
 County and [and of Nantukket. 
 
 Sherborn, the co. town. 
 

 
 M-A-Y;: 
 
 Befides the above, there belongs 
 to this colony the territary of Sa- 
 gadok, or York, Lincoin,, and 
 Cumberland, (which fee,) with 
 Elizabeth Iflands, viz. Nafhawn, 
 ‘Tinkers, Slokums, Mufkejet, No- 
 man’s, and Kuttihunt. ifles, 
 
 The inbabitants of this pro- 
 vince are computed at 400,coo, 
 of whom 80,0co are capable of 
 bearing arms, : 
 
 This is by far the moft power- 
 ful of the Britih colonies; to 
 which. there has lately been an- 
 nexed the counties of .Cumber- 
 land, York, and Lincoln... The 
 bubk of the-people are of the In- 
 dependent perfuafion,—See New- 
 England, 
 
 MAssEDAN, a, hay between 
 Acapulco and Aquacara, a port 
 near the Cape of California, where 
 Sir Thomas Cavendifh lay, after 
 
 ’ paffing the Magellan Straits. 
 ASTERKOUT, a fmall town 
 
 ia the county of Prince George, in 
 
 the weftern divifion of Maryland. 
 
 MATANE, a river of Canada, 
 the mouth of which is capable of 
 receiving veffels of 200 tons, All 
 this coaft of the river St. Law- 
 rence, efpecially neax Matane, for 
 upwards of 20 leagues, abounds 
 in cod, and might employ above 
 500 fhalops, or fifhing-fmacks, at 
 atime. ‘The fifh is very fine, and 
 fit. for. exportation, to the Straits, 
 Spain, and the Levant. © Great 
 numbers of whales haye been 
 feen here floating upon the water, 
 which may be ftruck with the 
 harpoon, and proye a very valua- 
 ble fithery. 
 
 Matrxias, St. the wefter- 
 
 ~ moft of the two iflands difcovered” 
 
 by Dampier, on the coaft of New- 
 Britain, and fouthern countries of 
 Anjerica, Itis about nine or ten 
 Jeagues in length, mountainous 
 and woody, but interfperfed with 
 feveral fayannas, and fome.fpots 
 which feemed to be cleared... 
 Maven’s Istann, or JOHN 
 Mavyen’s Istanp, an ifland ly- 
 ing S, W. of Spitzbergen, in, Jat. 
 71,23. ‘The fea which wathes its 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 IES 
 coaft was formerly frequented b 
 abundance of whales; but the 
 fith removing further to the N. th 
 ifland has been forfaken. A ver 
 high mountain, beginning near 
 its northern extremity, — calle 
 Beerenbergen, or Bear-mountain, 
 extends quite acrofs the ifland, 
 and may be feen.30 miles at fea. 
 Here are feveral good bays, and 
 the Jand is habitable, abounding 
 with fifh and deer. But the vat — 
 quantities of ice floating on all 
 fides, cfpecially. towards the Ee 
 render it abfolutely inaccefiible in 
 {pring. eri 
 
 MECHOACAN, @ province 
 the audience of Mexico. It 
 bounded on, the N. by. part of 
 Panuco, and the provinces of Za: 
 catecas and Guadalaxara; on the 
 E. by another part of Panuc 
 and Mexico Proper; on the S. — 
 by the latter and the South-Sea, 
 which, together. with Xalifco, 
 bounds it alfo on the W. and 
 
 inland, 
 The climate is extremely good, 
 and the foil remarkably fruitful, 
 In this province are mines of fil- 
 ver, and a few of gold and cop- 
 per. Among its numerous pr 
 du€tions are the cacao or choco- 
 late nut, the root mechoacan, fe- 
 veral “odoriferous. gums. and bale 
 fams, farfaparilla, ambergris, v 
 nillas, caffia, &c. = 
 The natives, now incorporated — 
 with the Spaniards, learn all kinds © 
 of. trades; and are particularly 
 curious in making cabinets, and 
 weaving filk: but their greate 
 art is in making images of {mal 
 feathers, equal to the moft exq 
 fite painting. The country is in-” 
 fefted with foxes, fquirrels, lions 
 wild dogs, and tygers, But it has 
 alfo a numerous breed of exc 
 lent horfes for the faddle or har 
 nefs ; -and produces plenty-of I 
 ney and wax}; and the fea and 
 vers are ftored with excellent fif 
 Mechoacan wasformerly aking 
 dom, but the Spaniards have re= 
 

 
 MER 
 
 . Giiced it to a bifhopric, in which 
 are about 200 towns of converted 
 natives, The greateft part of the 
 trade in this province is carried on 
 by land, there being hardly any 
 feaports deferving that name. 
 
 MecHoACAN, an_epifcopal 
 city, and the capital of the pro- 
 Vince of the fame name, fituated 
 on a large river, abounding in 
 fifh, near the weft fide of a lake, 
 about 120 miles W-of Mex'co, 
 It is a large place, beautifully de- 
 <orated with a fine cathedral, and 
 handfome houfes belonging to 
 rich Spaniards, who own the fil- 
 ver mines at Guanaxoato or Guax- 
 afiata. 
 
 MECKLENBURG, an inland 
 county, in the diftri€t of Salif- 
 bury, North-Carolina, whofe prin- 
 €ipal town is Charlotteburgh. It 
 is the moft S. limits of the pro- 
 vince, as boundary to the Cheraws 
 precind, S, Carolina. 
 
 MEDFIELD, a town in Suffolk 
 ~founty, Maffachufets-Bay, in the 
 inidway between Wrentham and 
 Deadham, being 7 miles diftant 
 from cach, and about 18 S. W. 
 from Cambridge, near the river 
 Charles. 
 
 MEDFORD, a town in Middle-_ 
 fex coynty, Maflachufets - Bay, 
 which ftands near the head of the 
 Myttic river, about 7 miles N. 
 of Cambridge, and g S. of Wil- 
 ington, 
 
 MED WAY, a town in Middle- 
 fex county, Maflachufets - Bay, 
 mear the river Charles, on the 
 principal road to Providence, 6 
 miles N, from Wrentham, and 
 about the fame diftance S. from 
 Sherburn. 
 
 MENDON, a town in Worcef- 
 ter county, Maffachufets-Bay, 5 
 miles E. of Uxbridge, and 4 
 N. W. from Bellingham. 
 
 MERIDA, ‘the -capital of Spa- 
 ~nifh Yucatan, a province in the 
 audience of Mexico. It is the 
 feat of the Governor, and the fee 
 of the bifhop, and lies near the 
 north fide of the province, be- 
 
 tween the gulphs of Mexico and 
 Honduras. It isa handfomecity, - 
 of a fquare form, with {traight and 
 f{pacious {treets, cutting each other 
 at right angles; the honfes.are of 
 ftone, and their artificial white, 
 nefs is very hurtful to the eyes in 
 this burning climate. There are 
 about 30 churches. The greateft 
 part of the inhabitants pafs their 
 lives in idlenefs, fupported by. the 
 continual labour of the Indians, 
 It ftands 45 miles fouth of the 
 ocean, and 135 north-eaft of the 
 city of Campeachy. Lat. 21, 38. 
 long. go, 36. , 
 MERIDa,atown of Venezuela, 
 a province of Terra-Firma. The, 
 foil round this place abounds with, 
 fruit of all forts, and there are 
 alfo gold-mines in the neighbours 
 hood, It lies about 54 miles from 
 the lake of Maracaibo, and 260 
 N. E. from St. Fé. “The inhabi- 
 tants carry their fruit and other, 
 merchandize to Truxillo. 
 MERRIMEETING - Bay, at, 
 the fork of Sagadahock and Ke- 
 nebeg rivers, on which is, built 
 Richmond fort. It is about 4 
 miles from point to point, and is. 
 about 12 inland from Cafco-bay, 
 in York county, in the province 
 of New- Hamphhire,. New- Eng- 
 land. 
 Mesassrppi. See Miffiippi. 
 MetaIncoGnifra,atraétof, 
 land which Sir Martin Forbifher, 
 
 ~in his third voyage to difcover a. 
 
 north-weit paflage, in 1578, took 
 pofl-fion of in the name of Queen, 
 Elizabeth; but has never been 
 
 thought worth looking after fince. 
 
 Mexico, called alfo New- 
 Spain, a large province, fubjeét to , 
 the crown of Spain. It forms a 
 powerful empire, and is fubdi-, 
 vided into two parts, Old or 
 South Mexico, and New or North , 
 Mexico. 3 +4 
 
 Mexico, OLD, is bounded on , 
 the W. by New Mexico; on the 
 N. and N. E. by fhe gulph of . 
 Mexico; on the S.E, by.Terra . 
 Firma; and on the S, W. by the’ 
 
MX 
 
 Pacific Ocean, or South-Sea. It is 
 upwards of 2000 miles in length, 
 and from, 71 to 550 in breadth, 
 occafioned, by its indentures, by 
 feveral bays on the north coaft, 
 and the gulph of California on 
 the weft. 
 
 Itis, in genera], a mountainous 
 country, chains of high hills run- 
 ning. through it from S E, to 
 N.W. Its eaftern fhore is a flat 
 plain country, full of morafles, 
 and overflown in the rainy feafon; 
 but fo covered with thickets of 
 bambou, mangroves, and buthes, 
 that the logwood - cutters make 
 their way through it with their 
 hhatchets, The barren trees are 
 continually verdant, and thofe 
 that are fru€tiferous bloflom and 
 bear almoft the whole year round. 
 The cochineal infeét for dying of 
 fearlet, is bred here in great quan- 
 tities. They have pine-apples, 
 pomegranates, oranges, lemons, 
 citrons, figs, and cocca-nuts, in 
 the greateft plenty and perfec- 
 tion. 
 
 The prefent inhabitants are na- 
 tive Indians, Spaniards, Creols, 
 Meftizoes, Negroes, and Mulat- 
 toes. 
 
 Mexico is governed by a Vice- 
 roy from Old Spain, who is def 
 potic. The forces in this coun- 
 try are not confiderable, nor are 
 there many fortified towns, and 
 even thofe have been taken and 
 plundered by buccaneers of fmall 
 force. 
 
 The revenues which the King 
 of Spain draws from this country 
 are prodigious, arifing from the 
 fifth part of gold and filver taken 
 from the mines, the cuftoms, ex- 
 cife, and other’ impofts, and the 
 rents and fervices by which all 
 lands are holden of the crown. 
 
 This is the firft country which 
 the Spaniards fettled on the con- 
 tinest of America; and it {till 
 continues their principal colony. 
 It is exceflively hot, lying moftly 
 within the Torrid zone, and on 
 the E. coaft extremely unbcalthy, 
 
 ME x. - 
 
 and encumbered with woods, which. 
 extend a confiderable way into the 
 water. 
 more agreeable, and the air of a 
 better temperament, 
 
 The number of horned cattle 
 is, in a manner, infinite, many 
 
 of them running wild; and a very 
 confiderable trade is carried on 
 in their hides and tallow; but 
 their flefh turns to little account’ 
 in.commerce, by reafon of the ex- 
 treme heat. Swine are equally 
 numerous, and their lard is much 
 in requeft, and ufed inftead of 
 butter all over the country. Sheep 
 are numerous, but their wool is 
 of no great confideration in their 
 trade, being hairy and fhort. Cot- 
 ton is here very good, and in 
 great plenty, of which there are 
 large manufaétures, and is the ge- 
 neral wear of the inhabitants; the 
 woollens and linens of Europe be- 
 ing worn only by perfons of fome 
 condition. Some provinces pro- 
 duce filk, but not in fuch abun- 
 
 dance or perfe@tion as to form a ~ 
 
 remarkable part of their export. 
 The gold and filver of this coun- 
 try engrofs the principal attention 
 of the inhabitants. The com- 
 modities of moft importance in 
 foreign commerce, are cochineal, 
 indigo, and cacao ; alfo fugar, to- 
 bacco, and logwood. 
 
 | Thetrade of Mexico may be 
 confidered as ccnfifting of three 
 great branches, yy which it com- 
 municates with the whole world: 
 
 namely, the trace with Eurcpe, 
 
 by La Vera Cruz; the trade with 
 the Faft-Indies, by Acapulco; and 
 
 the commerce of the South-fea, by_ 
 
 the fame port. 
 
 Old Mexico is divided into 
 three diftri€ts, or governments, 
 called audiences, as having fo- 
 veréign courts; .which, though 
 under the infpe€tion of the Vice- 
 roy, dec'de in all civil or crimi- 
 nal matters. Thefe are, 1. Gua- 
 dalaxara, conteining the provinces 
 of Cinaloa, Culiacan, Chamephan, 
 
 Xalifeo, Guadalaxara Proper, Za- a 
 
 Vhe inland country is- 
 
 
 
 
 pee en 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ME X 
 
 catecas, and New Bifcay. 2, Mexi- 
 co, including the provinces of 
 Mechoacan, Mexico Proper, Pa- 
 -nuco, Tlafcala, Guaxaca, Tabaf- 
 co, and Yucatan, 3. Guatimala, 
 which comprehends the provinces 
 of Chiapa, Soconufco, Guatimala 
 Proper, Vera Paz, Honduras, Ni- 
 caragua, Cofta Ricca, and Ve- 
 ragua, 
 
 Mexico audience is bounded on 
 the N. by New Mexico; on the 
 E, by the North-Sea, or gulph of 
 Mexico; has the South-Sea on 
 the S. and S. W. and on the S. 
 ER. fide it joins the provinces of 
 Chiapa and Soconufco, in the go- 
 vernment of Guatimala, It lies 
 between lat. 17, 23. wholly in 
 the Torrid zone. Its extent, from 
 the remoteft point of Panuco, on 
 the N.E, to that of Mechoacaa, 
 on the S. W. from fea to fea, is 
 200 leagues; and much the fame 
 from the N, part of Mechoacan, 
 on the N. W. to Chiapa, on the 
 S. E. yet it is hardly 60 leagues 
 from {ea to fea acrofs Guaxaca; 
 but this dimenfion is exclufive of 
 the peninfula of Yucatan, | 
 
 The province called Mexico 
 Proper has Tlafcala on the E. 
 Mechoacan on the W. Panuco on 
 the N. and the Pacific Ocean on 
 the S. It is 315 miles from S, 
 to N. and‘zoo where broadeft, on 
 the cozft; but narrower towards 
 the 3s 
 
 Mexico, a royal city, archie- 
 pifcopal fee, and the capital of the 
 province of the fame name, and 
 of the whole kingdom of Mexico. 
 It {tands on an ifland in the mid- 
 dle of a fpacious lake, about 30 
 leagues in circumference, and is 
 acceflible only by 5 caufeways of 
 a confiderable fength, It is of a 
 fguare form, aud about 7 miles 
 in circuit ; fome reckon the num- 
 ber of inhabitants to be about 50 
 or 60,000, who are compofed of 
 Spaniards, Mongrels, Indians,Ne- 
 groes, and Mulattoes; in fhort, 
 men of all the tints that the mix- 
 ture of white, copper colour, and 
 
 ME X 
 
 black, can produce, It is greatly” 
 admired for ftraight and fpacious 
 {treets and fquares, its cool fitua- 
 tion in fuch a hot climate, and 
 its natural ftrength. » It contains 
 29 convents, 22 nunneries, and 
 a greatnumber of parifh-churches, 
 befides the cathedral. Their enor- 
 mous riches, aad fhocking luxury, 
 can only be paralleled by the ex- 
 cefs of their fuperftition, and the 
 corruption of their morals. 
 
 It is the refidence of the Vice= 
 roy, the feat of the firft audience, 
 and one of the richeft and moft 
 f{plendid cities in the world. And 
 though it has no fea-port, nor 
 any communication with the fea 
 by navigable rivers, it enjoys a 
 prodigious commerce, and is it~ 
 felf the centre of all that is car- 
 ried on between America and Eue 
 rope on one hand, and between 
 America and the Eaft-Indies on- 
 the other. The goods from Aca- 
 pulco to La Vera Cruz, or from 
 La Vera Cruz to Acapulco, for 
 the ufe of the Philippines, and, 
 in a great meafure for the ufe of 
 Peru and Lima, pafs thro’ this city, 
 and employ an incredible number 
 of horfes and mules. Hither all 
 the gold and filver is brought to 
 be coined ; here the King’s fifth 
 is depofited ; and all that ime 
 menie quantity of ‘plate wrought, 
 which is annually fent into Eus 
 rope. The fhops glitter on all 
 fides with gold, filver, and jewels, 
 befides great chefts piled up to 
 the cielings, waiting for an op- 
 portunity of being fent to Old 
 Spain, &c. The city itfelf is re~ 
 gularlybuilt, and the houfes hand- 
 fome, though not lofty. The or- 
 naments of the churches are ex 
 travagantly rich, though the tafte 
 of their architecture is compari- 
 tively poor. It is 170 miles W, 
 of the gulph of Mexico, and 190 
 N. from Acapulco. Lat. 20, 15. 
 long. 103, 12. 5 
 
 Mexico, New, including 
 California, is bounded by uns 
 
 known lands on the N, by Flos 
 N 
 

 
 MIA 
 
 rida on the E. by Old Mexico on 
 the S. and by the Pacific Ocean 
 on the W, It is a temperate, and 
 in fome parts a fruitful country; 
 
 ‘though California is a mountain- 
 
 ous, craggy, and barren tract, 
 both in the outer and inner coafts 
 towards the guiph: and notwith- 
 ftanding the indefatigable pains of 
 
 the Jefuit miffionaries, among the 
 
 natives of this country, for con- 
 verting them to chriftianity, by 
 feeding them regularly every day, 
 and ufing all the endearing me- 
 thods to win them, they feem 
 ftill to retain their priftine brata- 
 lity : of whjch they have given 
 feveral inftances ; for after {cizing 
 upon a horfe belonging to one of 
 the miffionaries, killing and feaft- 
 ing on him, in a ring round the 
 carcafe, they not long after pro- 
 ceeded to a more fhocking extre- 
 mity, and barbaroufly maflacred 
 the fathers Caranco and famaral, 
 with many more perfons, fome of 
 whom were natives attached to 
 the miflionaries, who feli into 
 their hands, having totally ruined 
 four other miffionaries, the re- 
 maining twelve or thirteen nar- 
 rowly efcaping the fame fate. The 
 fathers, by their furveys, have 
 found California to be a penin- 
 fula, joined to New Mexico on 
 the N. E. near which are pearl- 
 fifheries; and thefe feem to be 
 the chief thing valuable ; tho’ the 
 paltry natives cannot b: made to 
 Jabour in queft of that treafure, 
 orany thing elfe. See California. 
 
 Tn Mexico are rich filver mines, 
 the principal of which are thofe 
 of St. Barbe. 
 
 Miamis, a favage nation of 
 Canada, at the bottom of lake 
 Michigan, where they have a vil- 
 Jage at Chicagov, the refidence of 
 the Chief, or Cacique, who can 
 saife between 4 and 5000 warriors, 
 and never goes abroad without a 
 guard of 4o foldiers, who keep 
 gentry day and night round his 
 hut or cabin, while he is there. 
 He feldom appears in perfon to 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a's Ni Bigs 
 
 his fubjeéts, but contents himfelf 
 with fignifying his orders to them 
 by one of his officers, 
 
 MicuiGan, one of the five 
 principal inland lakes of Canada 
 Between a point of the neighbour- 
 ing continent at Michillimakinae, 
 a Huron fettlement, extending ite 
 felf S. and oppofire to another, 
 which looks N, is formed a ftrait 
 through which the lake Huron 
 communicates with the lake Mi- 
 chigan, 
 
 This is an incommodious plac 
 for a fettlement, the cold being 
 exceflive; owing, undoubtedly, to 
 the ufnal agitation, by very tem- 
 peftuous winds, in the waters o 
 the three lakes among which i 
 lies; the leaft, namely, Michigan 
 being 300 leagues in circuit, with 
 cut reckoning the bay Des Puans 
 28 leagues more in depth ipland,” 
 that empties itfelf into it. 
 
 The inequality of the tides dif- 
 turbs very much the navigatio 
 of thefe lakes; for they are ob 
 ferved to keep no fort of regula 
 rity, and they are pretty (tron 
 in fome places Near the littl 
 ifland of Michillimakinac the 
 rife and fall once in 24 hours, at 
 full and new moor, always rune, 
 ning into lake Michigan. It i 
 no lefs certain, that, independently - 
 of thefe tides, there is a current 
 which is continually direéted from 
 Jake Huron into the other; a phe 
 nomenon apparently occafioned b 
 {prings, fuch’ as are frequently to 
 be met with in the open fea. 
 
 This current, however, does no 
 hinder the natural courfe of the 
 Michigan, which difcharges its 
 waters into the lake Huron, a 
 well as the Superior lake. The 
 firft of thefe two currents, name- 
 ly, that of lake Huron into lake 
 Michigan, is more perceptib 
 when the wind blows from th 
 oppofite quarter; namely, from 
 the S, at which time flakes of icé 
 are feen to be carried from the 
 former into the latter, with - 
 much velocity as a fhip before the 
 
 z 
 
MIC 
 
 wind, This is known to be ex- 
 adtly the cafe in the ftraits of 
 Bahama. 
 
 In the channel by which the 
 Superior lake throws its waters 
 into the Huron lake there are cur- 
 rents in great numbers under wa- 
 ter, and fo ftrong as fometimes 
 to carry away the fithermens nets: 
 from which it is conjectured, that 
 this large lake difcharges a part 
 of its waters into that of Michi- 
 gan by means of fubterraneous 
 channels, which it has hollowed 
 for this purpofe, in the fame man- 
 ner as it is thought the Cafpian 
 fea communicates with the Eux- 
 ine, and the latter again with the 
 Mediterranean. All this is the 
 more likely, as the Superior lake 
 receives into it at leaft 4o rivers, 
 Io or 12 of which are as large as 
 the ftraic itfeif, and would not 
 give out fo much water, by a great 
 deal, as it receives, had it no 
 other outlet than this channel. 
 
 The fame thing may be faid of 
 Michigan, which, befides the wa- 
 ters of the great lake, receives alfo 
 into its bofom a vaft number of 
 rivers, many of which are very 
 Jarge, and have a long courfe: 
 for, befides the vifible difcharge 
 of its waters into the lake Huron, 
 it moft neceffarily have hollowed 
 alfo a fabterraneous paflage for it- 
 felf, as has been faid already of 
 the Superior lake. A difcovery 
 which has been made on this head 
 corroborates the conjecture; name- 
 ly, that all the rocks which are 
 found at a certain depth in the 
 ftrait called the Sault or Fall 
 of St. Mary, are perforated, or 
 porous, like fponge, and many 
 of them are even hollow, in the 
 form of grottoes; and this ap- 
 parently owing to the currents 
 which have been already men- 
 tioned. 
 
 In failing from Michillimakinae 
 to the river St. Jofephy at the bot- 
 tom of lake Michigan, it is found, 
 though the wind is contrary, that 
 a vellel will go about eight or ten 
 
 
 
 MI¢ 
 
 lezgues in a day: and this proves 
 that the currents muft increaf 
 her velocity. The fame thing 
 has been obferved at entering the 
 bay Des Puans, There is no 
 doubt but that this bay, which 
 has no viftble outlet but on one 
 fide, difcharges itfelf imto lake 
 Michigan ; and that the Michigan,- 
 which is circum ({tanced in the fame 
 manner as that bay, empties its 
 waters into the lake Huron: and 
 the rather as Michigan and the 
 bay receive feveral rivers into 
 their befoms, efpecially the Mi- 
 chigan lake, to which there is an 
 acceflion of a very great number, 
 fome of them not inferior in mag- 
 nitude to the river Seine in Frances 
 Yet thefe currents are perceivable 
 only in the middle of the channel, 
 by a kind of eddy, or counter- 
 current, on both fides of their 
 banks, of which an advantage is 
 made by coafling along near the’ 
 fhore, as thofe are obliged to do 
 who fail in canoes made of bark. 
 
 At firft they run § leagues to 
 the W. in order to gain lake Mi- 
 chigan, and afterwards {teering to 
 the S. which is the only courfe 
 veflels have to take for 100 leagues 
 (theextent of this lake from N. 
 to S.) till they come to the river 
 St. Jofeph. 
 
 Nothing exceeds the beauty of 
 the country which feparates lake 
 Michigan from lake Huron, 
 
 MICHILLIMAKINAC,af{mall 
 ifland in the Huron Jake of Cana= 
 da. It lies in lat. 43, 30. Here is 
 only a middling village, in which, 
 however, a pretty good trade in 
 peltry was carried on till lately, 
 as being the pafs, or the place of 
 rendezvous, for feveral favage na- 
 tions; but this traffic is removed 
 to Hudfon’s-Bay, by the channek 
 of the river Bourbon, 4 
 
 The fituation of Michillimaki- 
 nac is very advantageous for the 
 purpofes of commerce. It lies 
 between three great lakes; name- 
 ly, Michigan, which is 300 leagues 
 in circuit, without faying any 
 
 N 2 
 
MID 
 
 thing of the great bay Puans that 
 empties itfelf into it; lake Hu- 
 ron, which is 350 leagues in cir- 
 cuit, and is in the form of a tri- 
 angle; and, laftly, the Superior 
 Jake, which is 500. All three are 
 navigable for the largeft barks: 
 and the two firft are feparated only 
 by a fmall ftrait, in. which there 
 is alfo abundant water for the 
 fame veflels to navigate through, 
 without obftru€tion, over all lake 
 Erie, as far as Niagara. There is 
 indeed a communication between 
 Jake Huron and the Superior lake, 
 only by means of a canal of 22 
 leagues in length, but very much 
 interrupted by cataracts or water- 
 fals: yet fo as not to hinder ca- 
 noes from coming to unload at 
 Michillimakinac all that they can 
 bring from the Superior lake.— 
 See Superior and the other lakes, 
 under their proper names; alfo 
 Canada. 
 
 MIDDLESEX, the moft con- 
 fiderable county in the province 
 of Malachufets-Bay. 
 
 Mippiesex County, in New 
 E. Jerfey, which has the provin- 
 cial town of Perth-Amboy in its 
 aiftrict. 
 
 MIDDLETON, a town in Berks 
 county, Penfylvania, fituated about 
 3 miles N. from Newman’s-town, 
 7 E. from Tulpehocken, and 12 
 8, W. from Reading: 
 
 MIDDLETON, a pretty good 
 town of Monmouth, the moft 
 fouthern county of Eaft-Jerfey. 
 It confifts of roo families, with 
 out-plantations of 30,000 acres. 
 The fhore near this place, winding 
 like a hook, and being fandy, is 
 denominated Sandyhook.- It lies 
 26 miles S. of Pifcatawey. 
 
 - MIDDLETOWN, a town in 
 * Lancafter county, Penfylvania, 
 on the Great Swatawro creek, 2 
 miles from the Sufquehannah ri- 
 ver, 5 miles S$. of Hummel’s- 
 town, and ro miles E,of Lifburn, 
 
 MibdDDLETOWN, a town in 
 Hartford county, Conneticut, on 
 the W. bank of Connecticut river, 
 
 e 
 
 14 miles S. of Hartford, an 
 N. of Hadham. 
 
 MILFORD, a town in N 
 haven county, Conneéticut, fitu 
 ted on the W. fide of a creek 
 its own name, that runs in 
 Long-Ifland Sound. It is 4 miles 
 E. from Stratford, and 6 W. 
 from Newhaven. 
 
 Mitton, a town in Suffolk 
 county, Maflachufets- Bay, fit 
 ated on a river of the fame nam 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 It is about 7 miles S. of Bofto 
 2 from Dorchefter, and 6 N.W : 
 from Bran:ree. 
 MINGAN [sLANDS, 
 N. fide of the mouth of the riv 
 St, Laurence, with the ifland of 
 Anticofti S. from whence it 
 diftant but 10 leagues, It is 
 very fecure harbour for fhips in 
 all weathers, with excellent an 
 chorage and plenty of cod-fifh, — 
 It is very convenient for the fifh- 
 ery 3 has the advantage of a level 
 good foil, and profitable Indian 
 trade; and has its tides rife 1¢ 
 or 12 feet. They lie in lo 
 63,25. lat. 50. 15. 
 Misassippr, MescHa 
 sIPPI, or Missisippr. It # 
 bounded on the N. by Canada 
 on the E. by the Britifh planta 
 tions; onthe S, by the gulph o 
 Mexico; and on the W, by Louw 
 fiana. 
 Alfo a large river of the fame ~ 
 name with the preceding country, — 
 rifing in Canada, and running to ~ 
 the fouthward, till it falls int 
 the gulph of Mexico. It is naw 
 vigable, and faid to run upward 
 of 2100 miles, in a very windin 
 courfe; which, as well as th 
 me gti country, the Frene 
 pofieffed from the year 1712 til 
 the peace of 1763. This rive 
 was then fixed on as the hou 
 between the Englifh and Spanifly 
 American dominions, the navie— 
 gation of it being left free to 
 the fubjects of both nations. 
 Upon founding the entrancé” 
 into the Miffifippi, it was foun¢ 
 
MIS. 
 
 to have 16 feet water upon the 
 
 bar; after which the Neptune, a 
 
 fhip juft arrived from France, was 
 immediately fent, and fhe eafily 
 failed up the river as far as New 
 Orleans, 24 leagues from the 
 mouths. 
 
 From Fort Crevecoeur the Mif_i- 
 
 fippi was entered by the Sieur 
 Dacan and Father Hennepin, who 
 failed up it as far as lat. 46, where 
 they were {topped bya pretty high 
 waterfal for the whole breadth of 
 the river, called by them Sault 
 de S. Antoine de Padoue, or St. 
 Anthony of Padua’s Leap. The 
 fource of the Miffiippi is. {till 
 unknown; but it runs almoft 
 quite through North America, 
 The lake Affiniboils is very far 
 from. the places where thefe two 
 voyagers were and it is certain 
 that the French had at that time 
 no fettlement on the banks of the 
 river which they failed down, 
 
 It receives a great number of 
 large rivers in its courfe, as the 
 Ohio (almoft equal to the Da- 
 nube), the Ouabache ({carcely 
 inferior toit), with the great ri- 
 vers Alibama, Mobile, &c. fome 
 of which bring down fach. pro- 
 digious quantities of mud and 
 flime, that it can hardly clear it- 
 felf in the courfe of 20 leagues. 
 It breeds vaft numbers of cro- 
 codiles, and other amphibious 
 creatures. It hath plenty of wa- 
 terfowl, and the country on both 
 fides is pretty fertile, and inha- 
 bited by a great variety of na- 
 tions. 
 
 It difcharges itfelf by two 
 branches, which form an ifland 
 ef a confiderable Jenoth. Its 
 mouths lie between. lat. 29 and 
 go, and long. 89 and go, being 
 filled with feveral other {mall 
 iflands. 
 
 The country on each. fide thefe 
 two mouths is quite unimhabita- 
 ble, on account of the frequent 
 inundations, as well as barrennefs 
 of the foil, producing nothing 
 but rufhes, canes, and fome kinds 
 
 ME iS: 
 
 of trees, great part of which lie 
 rooted up by the force of the 
 water, But a few leagues higher, 
 towards the ifland, it is a delight= 
 ful country, covered with vines — 
 and all forts of fruit-trees; the 
 ground producing plenty of In- 
 dian corn, pulfe, and other grain, 
 and yielding two crops in the 
 year. 
 
 About 60 leagues higher up o 
 the E. fide, is the river of Yafona, 
 which comes into the Miffifippi 
 2 or 300 miles out of the country $ 
 and its borders are inhabited by 
 the nations of the Yafones, Tous 
 nicas, Kowronas, &c. 60 leagues. 
 higher is the river and nation of 
 Chongue, with fome others to the 
 Li. 30 leagues higher the Miffi= 
 fippi receives a river which iffues 
 from a lake abcut 10 miles dif- 
 tant, 20 miles long; and receives. 
 4 large rivers: 1. Phe Cafqui, or 
 Cufates, the moft fouthern of 
 thefé, being the river of the Che- 
 rokees, a mighty nation, among — 
 which are its principal fources, 
 Tt comes from the S. E. and its 
 heads are among the mountains: 
 which feparate this country fronz 
 Carolina, and is the great road of 
 the traders from thence to the 
 Mififippiand intermediate places, 
 40 leagues above the Chiikazas, 
 this river forms four delicate 
 iflands, namely, Tahogale, Ka- 
 kick, Cochali, and Taly; and 
 thefe have each a nation inha- 
 biting them. 2. The river O- 
 nefpere, which, about 30 Ieagues. 
 to the N..E. of the Jake, divides: 
 into 2 branches, of which the 
 raoft fouthern is ealled the Black 
 river; -but with very few inha= 
 bitants upon either, thefe having 
 been deftroyed or driven away by 
 the [roquois.. The heads of this 
 river are fituated in that vaft ridge 
 of mountains which run on the 
 back of Carolina, Virginia, and 
 Maryland, through which moun= 
 tains is a: fhort paffage to the 
 fources of the great river Polo» 
 mack on the E, fide of them, — 
 
 N 3 
 
MIS 
 3. The river Ohio, or Hohio, js 
 moretothe N. It isa vaft river 
 which comes from the back of 
 New-York, Maryland, and Vir- 
 ‘ginia. In the Indian language it 
 tignifies a fair river, and is na- 
 vigable for 600 miles, It runs 
 through the moft pleafant coun- 
 tries in the world, and receives 
 Jo or 12, rivers, befides innume- 
 rable rivulets, Several nations 
 formerly dwelt on this river, as 
 ‘the Chawanoes, or Chonanons, a 
 great people, who, with many 
 others, were totally extirpated by 
 the Iroquois, who made this ri- 
 ver their ufual road, when they 
 entered into a war with the na- 
 tions either to the S. or W. 
 4. The moft northerly river, 
 which runs into the faid lake, 
 and which comes, like the reft, 
 from the N. E. is the Ouabache, 
 or St. Jeremy’s river. 25 leagues 
 above the Ohio is the great ifland 
 ‘of the Tamaroas, with a nation 
 oppofite to it that goes by its 
 wame; and another by that of 
 ‘Gatiokia, who dwell on the banks 
 of the Chepuffo. 30 leagues higher 
 is the river Checagou, or the river 
 of the Illinonecks. corruptly called 
 Hllinois ; which nation lived up- 
 on this river in about 60 towns, 
 and confifted of 20,000 fighting 
 "men, before they were deftroyed 
 ‘by the Iroquois, and driven to 
 the W. of the Miflifippi. This 
 ‘isa large pleafant river, and, a- 
 ‘bout 250 miles above its entrance 
 into the Miffifippi, is divided into 
 ‘two branches; the leffer comes 
 from N. and by E, and its. fource 
 is within 4 or 5 miles of the W. 
 fide of the great lake of the lI- 
 Jinonecks, or Michigan. The 
 Jargeft comes dire€tly from the E, 
 ‘and iffues from a morafs within 
 _two miles of the river Miamiha, 
 which. runs into the fame lake, 
 On the $. E, fide is a communi- 
 Cation between thefe two, rivers, 
 by a land-carriage of 2 leagues, 
 ‘about so miics tothe S. E. of 
 the lake, The ccurfe of the Che- 
 
 .and moft of the reft by floo 
 
 formerly the ufual road of th 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 MOB : 
 ¢agou is above 400 miles, navie 
 gable above half-way by thips 
 
 and barges. It receives man 
 fmall rivers, and forms 2 or 3 
 Takes; one efpecially called Pime 
 teovi, 20 miles long, and 3 broad 
 which affords great quantities of — 
 good fifh. On the S. E. bank of 
 the river Checagou, M,. de Sa 
 erected a fort, which he calle 
 Creveceeur, or Heart-breaker, 0 
 account of the troubles he met. 
 with here, The fort ftands about 
 half-way betwixt the gulph of 
 Mexico and Canada; and was 
 
 French to and from both, ti 
 they difcovered a fhorter and ea 
 fier paflage by the rivers Oua 
 bache and Ohio, which rife at 
 {mall diftance from the lake Erie 
 or fome rivers entering into it, 
 80 leagues higher, the Miflifippi 
 receives the Mifconfiag, a river 
 refembling that of the Iilino 
 necks in breadth, depth, an 
 courfe ; and the country adjacen' 
 to its branches is alike pleafan 
 and fruitful. 60 miles before 
 falls into the Miffifippi it is joine 
 by the river Kikapouz, which 
 alfo navigable, and comes a great 
 way from the N. W. 80 miles” 
 further, almoft dire@ly E. is a- 
 a communication, by land-ca 
 riage of two leagues, with the — 
 river Mifconqui, which runs to 
 
 the N. E, and, after a paflage 
 150 miles from the land-carriage 
 falls into the great bay of Pon 
 keontamis, or the Puans, whic 
 joins on the N. W, fide to th 
 
 river Chabadeba, above which a 
 the Miffifippi forms a fine — 
 
 river Tortoifes, a large fair river 
 which runs into the country 
 good way to the N. E. and & 
 navigable go miles by the largeft 
 boats. : 
 Moire, ariver of Canad 
 
MON 
 
 - and one of thofe confiderable. 
 ftreams which fall into the Miffi- 
 fippi. On its banks is the fertle- 
 ment of Dauphin Ifland, about 
 70 leagues E. of the latter river. 
 
 MoHAWKS, one of the Five 
 ‘Nations of the [roquois, in al- 
 Hance with Great Britain. Their 
 country lies between New-York 
 and the lake Ontario. 
 
 Of the fame name is alfo a 
 river, which runs through the 
 Mohawks country. 
 
 Mona, one of the Antilles 
 Jflands, not far from Hifpaniola,. 
 and due E. from St. Domingo, 
 in the way to Porto Rico; not 
 above 3 leagues in circuit; but 
 is faid to have an excellent cli- 
 mate and foil, bearing oranges, 
 much the largeft and fineft in 
 America, befides other froit— 
 Here is plenty of good water, and 
 the ifland is pretty populous, 
 
 MonAromy, a village in 
 Middlefex county, Maffachufets- 
 Bay, 3 miles N. of Watertown, 
 ‘and 4. N. W. of Cambridge. 
 
 Monuecan Istanpb, near 
 the coaft of the county of Lin- 
 coln, in the province of New 
 Hampthire, New England. It is 
 fituated between 3 and 4 leagues 
 S.S.E. from Duck harbour, and 
 forms the W. point of Penobfcot 
 bay. 
 
 MonMourTH, a county of 
 New E. Jerfey, whofe chief town 
 is Freehold. : 
 
 Mownrpqx, a large city on the 
 Terra Firma, in the province of 
 Carthagena, in New Spain, on 
 the river Magdalena, which is 
 a place of great trade, and receives 
 the products of New Granada, 
 by means of that river, which it 
 conveys to Carthagena, 
 
 _ MonTreEat, a town of Ca- 
 nada. It ftands in an ifland of 
 ‘the fame name, in the fiver St. 
 ‘Laurence, and’ 60 leagues (others 
 fay 100 miles) S. of Quebec, It 
 is a well-peopled place, of an cb- 
 long form, the ftreets very open, 
 
 and the houfts well built, The 
 
 MON. 
 fortifications are pretty rong, 
 being furrounded by a wall, flanks 
 
 ed with. 1r redoubts, which ferve 
 
 inftead of baftions; the ditch is- 
 about eight feet deep, and of « 
 proportionable breadth, but dry, 
 encompafling the town, except 
 
 that part which lies towards the _ 
 
 river. It has four gates, one of 
 them very fmall. It has alfo a 
 fort or citadel, the batteries of 
 which command the ftreets of the 
 town from one endto the other 
 and over the river St. Peter is a 
 bridge. 
 
 The bank of the river St. Laue 
 rence, on which the town of Mon- 
 trea] is built, rifes infenfibly from: 
 the water’s edge to tbe oppofite 
 pert of the town; which is di-- 
 vided into two parts, called the 
 Lower and the Upper Town; tho” 
 the afcent in pafling from the for= 
 mer to the latter is tearcely pers 
 ecivable. The merchants in ge 
 neral refide in the Lower Town 3. 
 and here is alfo the place of arms,. 
 the nunnery hofpital, and royal 
 magazines: but the principal 
 ftrudtures are in the Upper Town 3: 
 atnong which are the Recollets. 
 convent, the parifh-church and: 
 free-{chool, the Jefuits church and. 
 feminary, the palace ef the gover- 
 nor, and the honfes of moft of 
 the officers belonging to the gar- 
 rifon. The Recollets convent is- 
 a fpacious ftru€lure, and their 
 community very numerous. The 
 parifh-church is large and well. 
 built,.of hewn flone; the free. 
 fchool, which joins to it, very 
 commodious, but not magnificent, 
 The Jefuits feminary is fmall, 
 but their church is well orna- 
 mented, The governor’s palace 
 is a large building: and the fame 
 may be faid of feveral others in 
 the town of Montreal. The nun- 
 nery - hofpital is a commodiougs 
 firucture, and ferved by religious 
 fitters, who originally came from 
 La Fieche, a town of Anjou, in 
 Francé, Their falon in this 
 building is grand and well-finiiie 
 
MON 
 
 ed; and their church is well-built, 
 neat, and convenient, eet 
 
 Without the town, on the o- 
 ther fide of St. Peter’s river, are 
 feveral elegant houfes; particu- 
 larly one belonging to M. de Cal- 
 liere, and the General Hofpital, 
 called Jes Freres Charrons, from 
 its being eftablifhed by a gentle- 
 man of that name, who had af- 
 fociated with him feveral perfons 
 of piety and learning, for found- 
 ing fo ufeful a charity, and fur- 
 nifhing the country-parifh with 
 fchool-mafters for the inftruétion 
 of the Indian children. He had 
 the pleafure of fecing the General 
 Hofpital eftablithed before his 
 death, which happened in the year 
 3719, though his brethren had 
 deferted him’ fome time before, 
 The place formerly belonged to 
 the French, but the Enghfh took 
 it from them in 1760, having be- 
 fore made ihemfelves matters of 
 Quebec, It was taken by the 
 Provincials in 1775, but retakenin 
 1776, Lat. 46, ro. long. 75, 12. 
 
 The ifland of Montreal, in 
 which the town of the fame name 
 is built, is abort 10 leagues long, 
 and 4 broad, being very fruitful 
 in corn, and abounding with ele- 
 gant plantations, 
 from a mountain of great height, 
 fituated about the middle of the 
 ifland, which it feems to over- 
 Took, like a monarch from his 
 throne, and thence acquired the 
 appellation of the Royal Moun- 
 tain, a name which has been fince 
 given to the town itfelf, which 
 was originally called Ville Marie. 
 
 The river St. Laurence is here 
 about a league in breadth, and its 
 banks interfperfed with trees and 
 feats, containing feveral iflands : 
 fome of which are inhabited, and 
 others in their natural ftate, exhi- 
 biting to the eye the moft beau- 
 tiful profpe€t. Indeed the banks 
 of the river from Quebec to Mon- 
 treal are pretty well fettled. The 
 farms lie pretty clote all the way, 
 and feveral gentlemen’s feats thew 
 
 It has its name” 
 
 «ple from all parts, even thofe whe 
 
 MON 
 
 themfelves at intervals. The ti 
 ver is not navigable at Montrea 
 on account of feveral cataraé& 
 and rocks, which obftruct the 
 paffage. <3 
 
 Though the lands of Montreal 
 produce Indian corn in abundance, 
 and all the vegetables of Europe 
 flourifh in it; yet the French have 
 never been able to eftablifh any — 
 {taple commodity to anfwer their 
 demands on their mother-couns — 
 try. Their trade with the In- ~ 
 dians produces all theit returns to — 
 that market. The furs of the — 
 beaver, with thofe of foxes and 
 racoons, the {kins of deer, and — 
 all the branches of the peltry, to- 
 gether with what corn and lumber 
 they can fend to the Weft-Indies, — 
 conftitute their whole ftock of ~ 
 merchandife. And thefe have ~ 
 been found fufticient to render ~ 
 their lives agreeable in this fruit- — 
 ful country. ‘ 
 
 They have wine, brandy, cloth,. 
 linen, and wrought iron from Eu- 
 rope: and the Indian trade re- 
 quires brandy, tobacco, a fort of 
 duffil blankets, guns, powder and — 
 ball, kettles, hatchets,tomahawks, — 
 with feveral forts of toys and trin= — 
 kets. The Indians fupply the © 
 peltry ; and the French have tra- 
 ders, whom they call Coureurs de 
 Bois, who, like the original inha- 
 bitants, traverfing the vaft lakes 
 and rivers, which interfeét this 
 country, in canoes made of bark, _ 
 with incredible patience and in- 
 duftry, carry their goods into the _ 
 remoteft parts. of America, and 
 difpofe of them to nations entire- 
 ly unknown to us. This in re- 
 turn brings the market home to 
 them, as the Indians are by this 
 means encouraged to trade at 
 Montreal; for which purpofe peo- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 se aa: 
 
 
 
 
 
 dwell above rocco miles diftant, 
 come to the fair at Montreal, 
 which is annually holden in June; 
 and it fometimes continues for 
 three months together. Many fo- 
 lenmmnities are obferyed on this oce 
 
 : 
 L 
 i 
 < 4 
 
 
 
MON 
 
 eafion ; guards are planted in 
 proper ftations, and the governor 
 himfelf affifts in perfon to pre- 
 ferve order among fuch a vaft con- 
 courfe of favage nations. - Nor 
 are all thefe precautions fufficient, 
 as the favages too often find means 
 of intoxicating themfelves with 
 {pirituous liquors, which produces 
 a temporary madnefs,during which 
 they are guilty of the moft enor- 
 mous exceffes, 
 
 MoNsERRAT, one of the Ca- 
 ribbee - Iflands, and among the 
 finalleft of them in the Atlantic- 
 Ocean. Columbus difcovered it in 
 1493. It is of an oval form, a- 
 bout 3 leagues long, and 2 in 
 breadth, being 18 or 20 in cir- 
 euit; and contains about 50,000 
 acres, It was fettled in 1632, 
 The firft fettlers were Irifhmen, 
 and the prefent inhabitants are 
 their defcendants, or other natives 
 of-Ireland fince fettled there, by 
 which means the Irifh lauguage is 
 preferved there, even among the 
 negroes, The government of the 
 ifland is compofed of a Lieut. 
 Governor, a Council, and an Af- 
 fembly of 8 reprefentatives, 2 for 
 each of the 4 diftriéts which di- 
 vide the ifland. Its mountains 
 aré covered with cedars, &c. Its 
 valleys are well watered and fruit- 
 ful : but the climate and foil, the 
 latter being light and fandy, tho’ 
 highly fertile, are much the fame 
 with thofe of the other iflands; 
 as are alfo its animals and trade. 
 Its chief produce is indigo, but of 
 a very inferior kind, befides fome 
 fugar, and the commodities de- 
 rived from the cane. & is fo fur- 
 rounded with rocks, that the rid- 
 ing before it is very precarious 
 and dangerous on the approach of 
 a tofnado, having no haven, It 
 contains about 1500 Europeans, 
 who are matters of about 12,000 
 African flaves. The exports in 
 1770 amounted to go,cool. to 
 Great - Britain and Ireland, and 
 12,000 to N. America. It has 
 only 3 roads, viz. Plymouth, Old- 
 harbour, and Ker’s-key ; where 
 
 MOR 
 they are obliged to obferve the 
 fame methods as at St. Chrifto- 
 pher’s in loading or unloading the 
 veffels. } 
 
 On the 29th and 3oth of June, 
 1733, 2 hurricane happened here, 
 the whole damage of which, ex- 
 clufive of the thipping, was reckon- 
 ed not lefs than 50,0001. curren 
 cy. It lies 30 miles S, W, of An= 
 tigua, the fame diftance S,E. from 
 Nevis, and is fubject to Great- 
 Britain, Latitude 17, 10, longi- 
 tude 62, roo. 
 
 Moose River Facrory, 
 an Englith fettlement in New- 
 South - Wales,’ which has been 
 erected ever fince 1740, It is 
 built near the mouth of the river 
 Moofe, in lat. 51, 23, on a navie 
 gable river, which at 12 miles 
 diftance from the fort is divided 
 into 2 branches; the one comes 
 from the fouthward, and the other 
 from the S. W. Upon the fouthern 
 branch thrive all forts of grain, 
 as barley, beans, and peafe do at 
 the factory, thongh expofed to 
 the chilling winds from the ice 
 in the bay. Upon the fouthern 
 part above the falls grows natu- 
 rally along the river a kind of 
 wild oats, and rye like rice. In 
 the woods, at the bottom of the 
 bay at -Moofe and Albany, as 
 well as at Rupert’s-river, are very 
 large timber-trees of all kinds, 
 oak, afh, &c. as well as pine, ces 
 dar, and fpruce. They have ex- 
 ceeding good grafs for hay; and\ 
 they may have every where, with- 
 in land, pulfe, grain, and fruit. 
 trees, as in the fame climate ia 
 Europe, ; 
 
 The ice breaks up at Moofe 
 factory in the beginning of March, 
 but higher up about the middle 
 of that month, ‘The river is na- 
 vigable for canoes a great way up 
 among the falls. Ata confiderae. 
 ble diftance there is one fail of 50 
 feet ; but above that it is deep and 
 navigable a great way. The cli« 
 mate above the fall is very good. 
 
 Morris, a county of Newa 
 
 Jerfey, bounded on the E, by the 
 
¥ 
 
 MOS 
 
 Hudfon-river, and on the W. by 
 the Delawar. It is chiefly hilly, 
 nor has any very confiderable 
 town in its limits, but a town of 
 its own name. 
 
 MoskiTo or MusquiTo, a 
 country of Mexico, between Trux- 
 illo and Honduras. Lat. 13, 15- 
 long, 85, 88. It is bounded by 
 the North-Sea on the N. and E. 
 by Nicaragua on the S, and Hon- 
 duras on the W. This fpace takes 
 in 150 leagues +f the fhore, and 
 forms an obtufe angle at Cape 
 Gracias a Dios,. having one of 
 its fides expofed to the N. the 
 other to the E. The general name 
 of Mofkitos is given to all the 
 nations which occupy this extent, 
 as well as the inner {pace between 
 the coaft and the higher chain of 
 mountains. The whole of thefe 
 nations together, are above 30,000. 
 The Mufkitos are the moft nu- 
 
 merous and braveft. Theircoun-~ 
 
 try is one of the moft healthy and 
 beautiful {pots in the world; and 
 here the Europeans do not fuffer 
 by any of the diforders fo danger- 
 ous in the Weft-Indies, and live 
 here to a very old age. The 
 Spaniards, indeed, reckon this a 
 part of the province of Hondu- 
 ras, though they have no fettle- 
 ments in the Mofkito country. 
 When the Spaniards firft invaded 
 this part of Mexico, they barba- 
 roufly maffacred moft of the na- 
 tives, whence proceeds the infupe- 
 rable averfion of fuch of them as 
 efcaped into theinacceflible moun- 
 tains againft the Spaniards : and 
 
 for that reafon they have always 
 
 readily joined with any Europeans 
 that come upon their coaft in en- 
 terprifes againft the Spaniards, 
 particularly with the Englith, who 
 frequently come among them. 
 The Mofkito Indians being ex- 
 cellent markfmen, are employed 
 by the English to {trike the mana- 
 tee-fifh ; and many of them fail 
 in Englith veflels to Jamaica. 
 When the Duke of Albemarle 
 was governor of Jamaica, thefe 
 people put themfelves under the 
 
 MYR 
 
 protection of the crown of Eng 
 land, and their King received a 
 commiffion from him. Since whic 
 time, when their King dies, the 
 next male heir goes to Jamaica, 
 and receives a commiflion accord- 
 ingly ; but before that he is not 
 acknowledged as fuch by his coun-_ 
 trymen. 
 
 Like all other uncivilized na- 
 tions they have few wants, and 
 are very indolent: indeed, they, 
 never labour but when they are 
 hungry, then they hunt or fith, 
 exercifes in which they are very 
 dexterous. Their country pro- 
 duces woods of feveral kinds for 
 dying and cabinet-work; and — 
 from hence we procure tiger and — 
 buck-fkins, butin fmall quantitiese — 
 
 Mosxkito IsLanpb, oneofthe © 
 Smaller Virgin Iflands, inthe Weft — 
 Indies, fituated near the N, coaft 
 of Virgin Gorda, to whom it is — 
 dependent, Long. 63, 15, late 
 18, 25. : 
 
 Mount Desarr, a little 
 iffand of very high land at the — 
 mouth of Penobfcot-Bay, in the — 
 county of Lincoln, im New- — 
 Hamphhire, New-England, It is — 
 near the eaftern extremity of the 
 province, near Nova-Scotia, in 
 the territory of the Sagadahocks, 
 It is covered on the S. fide near 
 the continent with aftring of little 
 iflands that form a fine fafe har- — 
 bour ; the entrance of which is 
 on the E, where is a middle 
 ground, of which the navigator 
 much be careful. Lat. 68. long. 
 44, 50. Behind this ifland, which 
 lies near the fhore, is a very large 
 opening that forms the bay or 
 mouth of Mount Defart river. 
 
 MouNTJOY, a manor of 
 Newcaftle country, and Penfylva- — 
 nia, where the firft lime-ftone ~ 
 found in America was dug. This 
 whole county is remarkable for its 
 excellent gravel, a thing very © 
 rarely to be met with on theconti- 
 nent of America, 
 
 MyrTre Isitanp, an ifland — 
 in the bay of Naflau, in Florida== 
 See Naffau Bay, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 NAT 
 
 N. 
 
 ANTUCKET, an ifland 
 S. E. of the main-land of 
 New-England, 80 miles S. of 
 Bofton. Near it is one of the moft 
 confiderable fifheries in this pro- 
 vince, particularly for whales. 
 This ifland is become fo confi- 
 derable in its interefts and pro- 
 perty, as to form one of the coun- 
 tiesof Maflichufets-Bay. Itis a 
 hilly, fandy, bare ifland, which 
 of itfelf could give fubfiftence to 
 no {fpecies of beings but fifher- 
 men ; and is about 14 miles from 
 E.to W. and 4 from N. toS. 
 The town on Nantucket ifle flou- 
 rifhed in proportion to the traffic 
 the inhabitants carried on, there 
 being 60 or 80 fhips and veflels 
 belonging to its port. Lat. 41, 
 x2. long. 70, Io. 
 NARRAGANSET, a town and 
 diftriétin Hampfhire county, Maf- 
 fachufets-Bay, 5 miles E, of Sun- 
 derland, and 10 W. of Peterfham. 
 NARRAGANSET, ariver which 
 runs into a bay of the fame name 
 near Providence, Rhode-Ifland. 
 Nassau Bay, or SP1iRITO 
 
 SANcTO, a large bay in Florida. . 
 
 It is about a degree in length 
 from N. to S. containing four 
 iflands, fituated in a line from 
 S.W. to N. E. for 50 miles, with 
 openings between them a mile or 
 twoover. The moft northerly is 
 called Myrtle ifland; between 
 which and the continent is the en- 
 trance of the bay. Here are many 
 {prings of excellent water. The 
 bay is 15 miles broad, from Myr- 
 tle ifland to a row of iflands run- 
 ning parallel with the Main-land, 
 and another bay between thein 
 ftretching 50 or 60 miles to the 
 S. as far as one of the {maller 
 mouths of the Miffifippi. 
 
 NaTA, a town in the ifthmus 
 of Darien, a province of Terra 
 Firma, with a harbour in Panama 
 Bay. Here, asin the neighbour- 
 ing parts, they breed hogs, fowls, 
 cattle ; they alfo plant maife pur- 
 
 NEG 
 pofely for fupplying Panama with 
 provifions: it lies 67 miles S. W. 
 of that city. Lat. 9, 12. long, 82, 
 10. 
 
 Natick, a town in Middlefex 
 county, Maflachufets-Bay, on the 
 river Charles, 15 miles S. W. of 
 Cambridge, and 3 miles E. from 
 Sherborn, 
 
 NAvASIA, a fmall ifland in 
 the Windward Paflage, or ftrait 
 between Cuba and Hifpaniola, in 
 the W. Indies. Thither the in- 
 habitants of Jamaica come in 
 boats, to kill guanas, an amphi- 
 bious creature that breeds plenti- 
 fully at the roots of old. trees, 
 They are in the fhape of a lizard, 
 with {cales, but firm, white flefh, 
 which, failors fay, makes good 
 broth. Some of them are 3 feet 
 in length, — j 
 
 NAVIDAD, a town of Mecho- 
 acan, a province of Mexico, with 
 a harbour on the Pacific Ocean ; 
 156 miles W. of Mexico city, 
 and fubje@ to Spain. Lat. 18, 51. 
 long. 111, 10. 
 
 NawsHAwn’s Ifland, one of 
 the Elizabeth Iflands at the mouth 
 of Buzzard’s-bay, Plymouth Co- 
 lony, New-England, and is but 
 3 miles S. W. from the peninfula 
 of Barnftaplecounty, which forms 
 Cape-Cod-bay. 
 
 NAZARETH, a town in North- 
 ampton county, Penfylvania, 5 
 miles N. of Eafton, and 10 N. E.~ 
 of Bethlehem. 
 
 NEGADA, or ANEGADA, one 
 
 of the Caribbee Iflands. It is 
 
 low and defert, being encompafled 
 with fhoals and fand-banks ; and 
 lies 50 miles N. W. of Anguilla. 
 It is called Negada, from its being 
 moftly overfown by high tides, It 
 abounds with a remarkable bird 
 called the collibry, or humming 
 bird. Here are alfo painted crabs, 
 that creep down the hills in May, 
 and eat all the herbage, and after. 
 going feveral times to wath them- 
 felves, return again, But at a-cer- 
 tain feafon the females take to the | 
 
 fea, and there lay their eggs, _ 
 
 SLD paces Ser 
 
Wee Yi 
 
 which, being caft afhore and 
 warmed by the fun, produce young 
 Ones, that creep to the woods, 
 and as they grow bigger get up the 
 rocks. They come out of their 
 fhells through an opening at the 
 tail, almoft imperceptible, being 
 only covered with a thin fkin, 
 which at laft becomes as firm as 
 the fhells which they have caft, 
 Lat, 18, 6. long. 63, 5. 
 
 NeGrit- Point, the moft 
 wefterly cape of Jamaica. Lat, 
 18, 45. long. 78. ' 
 
 NELsON’s Form, a fettlement 
 on the W. fide of Hudfon’s-Bay, 
 in Canada, at the mouth of a 
 river of the fame name. It lies 
 250 miles S, E. of Churchill-fort, 
 and 600 N. W. of Rupert-fort, 
 belonging to Great Britain, and 
 in the pofleffion of the Hudfon’s- 
 Bay Company. Lat. 57, 12. long. 
 QI, 12. 
 
 Ne Urtra, or Str THOMAS 
 Ror’s WELCOME, a narrow 
 firait between Jat. 62 and 63. 
 in New North Wales, and the 
 Artic regions of America. 
 
 Nevis, an ifland about a league 
 8. from St. Chriftopher’s, one of 
 the Caribbees. The ifland is about 
 2 leagues long, and 1 broad, and 
 is only a vaft mountain rifing to 
 a great height. At the foot of it 
 the foil is very fine and fruitful, 
 and takes up in fome places near 
 half aleaguein breadth, but de- 
 creafes in goodnefs as well as ex- 
 tent, as one approaches the top. 
 Nevis was formerly more flourifh- 
 ing than at prefent, and before the 
 Revolution contained 30,000 in- 
 habitants: the invafion of the 
 French about that time, and fome 
 epidemical diforders, have ftrange- 
 ly diminifhed the number, fince 
 they ouly reckon at prefent 2 or 
 3000 whites, and 6 or 7000 ne- 
 groes. The productions are nearly 
 the fame as at St. Chriftopher’s, 
 and they furpafs thofe in that 
 ifland in aétivity and induftry, as 
 well as in the neatnefs of ; their 
 houfes, for which they are diftin- 
 
 34) Aa i) 
 
 NE W: 
 
 guifhed in the Weft-Indies. The 
 have three tolerable roads or bays 
 on which are fituated as many 
 towns, viz. Newcaftle, Little. ; 
 borough or Moreton-Bay, and — 
 Charles-Town, the capital of the 
 ifland. The ifland is divided into 
 3 parifhes, and its trade annually 
 employs about 20 veflels. Th 
 exportation to Great Britain, i 
 1770, in cotton and fugar, amount 
 ed to near 44,c0ol. to North 
 America, where they fent molaf- 
 fes, rum, and lemons, exceede 
 14,0001, Lat, 61, 55. long. 17,15 
 
 New ALBANY, called alfe 
 Orange-Fort, in the province o 
 New-York, Here is a ftrong fton 
 fort —See A/bany. 
 
 New ALBION, the nam 
 given by Sir Francis Drake t 
 California, in New Mexico, whe 
 he took pofleffion of it, anno ~ 
 1578, in Queen Elizabeth's name, 
 the. King of the country a€tually ~ 
 invefting him with its fovereignty, 
 See California, and Mexico 
 New. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 NEWARK, a‘town of Effex © 
 county in New Jerfey, Itis the 
 moft compact place in both the ™ 
 Jerfeys, confifting of about 109 7 
 
 families, with 50,000 acres laid 
 out for cultivation; about 6 or 7 
 7 miles N, ot Elizabeth, 7 mile 
 N. of Staten ifland, and 11 W 
 from New-York. 
 NEWBERN,.a town in the 
 county of Craven, in North-Caro- 
 lina, fituated on the E, fide of the 
 river Nufe, which at about 30 
 miles diftance empties itfelf into 
 the Pamtico Sound. It is a very ~ 
 thriving place, has the refidence” 
 of a Governor, and is not aboy 
 20 miles E. from Forst-Barnwell, 
 on the fame river, and nearly the © 
 fame diftance from Bathtown, 
 New Biscay, a province Of © 
 Guadalaxara andience, in Old” 
 Mexico, or New Spain. It is” 
 bounded by New Mexico, on the” 
 N. by part of Florida and Panuco ~ 
 on the E. by Zacatecas.on the Sy ~ 
 and by Caliacan onthe W. Itis 
 
 - 
 

 
 
 
 NEW 
 
 about 100 leagues from E. to W. 
 
 and 120 from N. to S._ From its 
 being well watered, it is fruitful ; 
 and being fituated a little above 
 the Tropic of Cancer, its climate 
 is temperate. Though part of it 
 is a mountainous, barren fpot, 
 moft of the country abounds with 
 all forts of provifions ; and tho’ 
 this province is inland, the inha- 
 bitants are very rich, not only in 
 corn, cattle, &c. but alfo in filver- 
 mines, and fome of lead. The 
 natives are not yet totally re- 
 
 duced : fo that between the mines. 
 
 of Zacatecas and thofe of this coun- 
 try, they have four large towns 
 fituated in moraffes. 
 
 “New BRUNSWICK, a town 
 in the county of Brunfwick, in 
 New E. Jerfey, fituated on the 
 Raritan river. 
 
 New Brunswick, in New- 
 York, on a W. branch of Hud- 
 -fon’s river, 20 miles N. of New- 
 Windfor, and the fame diftance 
 S. of Kingfton. 
 
 New BarrAin, comprehend- 
 ing Labrador, New North and 
 South Wales, &c. Bounded on 
 the N. by frozen feas and parts 
 unknown. €E. Atlantic Ocean, 
 S. Canada, W. parts unexplored. 
 
 No precife divifions have yet 
 been made in the country forming 
 this great portion of North Ame- 
 rica; but it confifts, indefinitely, 
 of New Britain and New South 
 Wales on the S. New Denmark, 
 New North Wales, and Prince 
 William’s Land, on the W, and 
 of unknown arétic parts on the 
 North ; on the E. lie New or 
 Welt Greenland, belonging to 
 Denmark, and part of the Atlan- 
 tic Ocean: the whole inclofing 
 the two vat bays called Hudfon’s 
 and Baffin’s, with the adjacent 
 ftraits, iflands, &c. &c. On the 
 lands bordering on Hudfon’s-Bay, 
 the company fo called (confifting 
 of about ro perfons) have feveral 
 forts and {mall fettlements for the 
 purpofe of defending and carrying 
 on their fur and peltry trade with 
 
 N E Wi 
 
 the Indians, and their fifhery ; the 
 chief are thofe on the rivers Chur- 
 chill, Nelfon, Albany, and Moofe, 
 The forts on New Severn and Ru- 
 pert rivers are deftroyed. The 
 boundary of the Hudfon’s-Bay 
 country runs from a certain pro- 
 montory on the Atlantic Ocean in 
 58° N. lat. S.W. to the lakes 
 Miftaflin and Abitibis, then S. W. 
 to lat. 49° N. and thence due W. 
 indefinitely. : 
 
 The principal rivers are St. 
 John’s, Efkimaux, Moofe, Alba- 
 nye New Severn, St. Therefas or 
 
 ayes, Nelfon, and Churchill. 
 
 Among others are the following 
 capes: Chudley, Churchill, Dobbs, 
 Hope, and Elizabeth’s; with the 
 great bay of Efkimaux, Hude 
 fon’s (including James’s, But- 
 ton’s, Piftol, Wager, Rupert’s or 
 Repulfe, the whole length about 
 530 leagues, breadth from 35 to 
 130), Baffin’ - bay, Miflaken- 
 bay (in the Ifle of Good For- 
 tune) ; and the ftraits of Belles 
 Ifle, Hudfon’s (between Labra- 
 dor and the Ifle of Good For- 
 tune), Sir Thomas Roe’s Wel- 
 come, Davis's (between James’s 
 Ifland and Weft Greenland), Baf- 
 fin’s, and Cumberland, 
 
 The fummer begins not till 
 July, and ends in September + 
 and, as {pring and autumn may be 
 faid not to be known here, the reft 
 of the year is winter, which reigns 
 with uncontrouled rigour.—The 
 foil isrocky, producing little more 
 than fpruce and pine-trees, 
 
 The animals are moofe and 
 rein-deer, bears, woives, foxes, 
 porcupines, mountain-cats, lynxes, 
 martins, beavers, otters, hares, 
 ermines, eagles, hawks, horn- 
 owls, {quirrels ; all kinds of wild 
 fowl, geefe, ducks, buftards, and 
 partridges. In winter all the 
 birds, beafts, &c. of thefe coun- 
 tries become white as the fhow 
 which then every where furrounds 
 them ; and, on thereturn of fam- 
 mer, they refume the differen’ coo 
 lours common to them in othe 
 
NEW 
 
 parts of the world: nay, what 
 may be thought more aftonifhing, 
 the dogs and cats carried to Hud- 
 fon’s-Bay from England experi- 
 ence the fame changes, and their 
 hair becomes much longer, fofter, 
 and thicker, In the feas are 
 whales, feals, morfes, cod-fith, 
 and a white fifh preferable to a 
 herring ; in the rivers, falmon, 
 pike, carp, trout, &c. 
 
 Newspury, a fmall town of 
 Effex, the northern county of 
 Maffachufets-Bay, pleafantly fi- 
 ¢uated at the mouth of the river 
 Merrimack, where abundance of 
 {turgeons are caught and pickled, 
 The fociety for propagating the 
 Gofpel have a miffionary here, 
 It lies 34 miles N. of Bofton, 
 
 New CAMBRIDGE, atown jn 
 Hartford county, Conneéticut, on 
 a branch of Conneticut river, 15 
 miles S, W, of Hertford, and the 
 fame diflance N. W. of Middle- 
 town, : 
 
 NEWCASTLE, a county and 
 town on the river Delawar, in 
 Penfylvania, 30 miles S, W. of 
 Philadelphia, It contains between 
 five and fix hundred houfes, well 
 built, and filled with inhabitants, 
 being the fecond place for trade in 
 the province ; and is 5 miles S, 
 of Wilmington, 
 
 NEWCASTLE, atown and a 
 cattle of the fame name, in Vir- 
 ginia, on the S, W, of Pamunk 
 river, 15 miles S. W. of Walker- 
 toh, and 590 N. W.of York. 
 
 New ENGLAND. =-See Eng. 
 land, New. 
 
 NEWFOUNDLAND, a large 
 ifland, difcovered by John Cabot, 
 inthe year 1494, and ftill in the 
 poflefiion of the Englith. 
 
 Jt is of a triangular form, about 
 the bignefs of Ireland, and 930 
 miles in circuit, On the N, it is 
 feparated from Terra de Labra- 
 dor, or New Britain, by the 
 firaits of Belle - Ifle; on the W, 
 it is wafhed by the Gulph of St, 
 Lawrence ; and on the S. and E, 
 by the Atlantic Ocean, Cape 
 Raze, the moft {cutherly point of 
 
 
 
 
 NEW 
 the ifland, lies in the lat. 46, 45, 
 the moft northern pointin 51, 30, _ 
 and Cape Raye, its weftermoft 
 point, in 47, 35. # 
 The ifland is full of hills and 
 mountains covered with pines, fo 
 that the country can be traverfed 
 only in thofe parts where the ine 
 habitants have cut roads through __ 
 the woods. Thetrees of this {pes — 
 cies of pine feldom exceed 18 or 
 20 feet in hejght, except thofe 
 growing in the valleys, where 
 they are fheltered from the picre — 
 cibg winds, which often are 49_ 
 feet high, The cold during the 
 winter is exceflive here; and the _ 
 frofts, which are remarkably fee 
 vere, fet in aboyt the middle of — 
 November, and foon after the i 
 harbours and bays are entirely — 
 frozer, = 
 The whole circuit of the ifland 
 is full of fpacious bays and har= — 
 bours, well fheltered by the mouns _ 
 tains, except their entrance; fo 
 that veflels lie in perfee& fecurity, % 
 Some of. thefe harbours are a” 
 league and a half or two leagies 
 in length, and near half a 
 league in breadth ; havin feveral 
 rivers and brooks of Acellentie 
 water falling into them from the ~ 
 adjacent mountains, They are ~ 
 alfo very near cach other, being — 
 only feparated by a point of land, 
 feldom above two leagues in © 
 breadth ; fo that the whole coaft i 
 of the ifland is a fucceffion ofhare 7 
 bours. But it muft not be ima- 
 gined that there are+towns or vile 
 lages at every harbour ; thefe are 
 only to be fousdon the Jargerand 
 more commodious bays, where the ~ 
 nature and difpofition of the coune — 
 try are molt convenient for a fet- — 
 tlement, the inhabitants being 
 few in number, confidering the ~ 
 great extent of the coaft, Cod- 
 fifhing isthe only bufinefs followed 
 here ; and the inhabitants, bea 
 fides their dwellings, have large 
 ftore-houfes for preparing and lay= 
 ing up their fifh ull the time are 
 rives for fending it-into Europe om — 
 their awn account, or bartering 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
NE W 
 
 for European goods, with the 
 hips that frequent the ifland for 
 
 that purpofe. None of thefe vil- 
 lages are without a fort or battery 
 for their fecurity in time of war 5 
 it being common for fmall priva- 
 teers to vifit them. 
 
 Newfoundland was formerly 
 peopled by a Face of favage Indi- 
 ans, who have fince retired to the 
 continent ; but fometimes pay a 
 vifit to their ancient abodes. 
 Thefe Indians generally live b 
 fifhing and hunting, and bot 
 Newfoundland and Cape Breton 
 abound with buftards and wild 
 pele. Here are alfo foxes, bears, 
 
 eavers, and other quadrupeds 
 found in Canada, though not in 
 any great plenty; the continual 
 fearch after them, for the fake of 
 their .furs, having greatly leflened 
 their number. 
 
 Notwithftanding the feverity of 
 the climate, the inhabitants are 
 hot de(titute of horned cattle, tho’ 
 they find it difficult to procure food 
 for them during. the feverity of 
 the winter. The inhabitants have 
 alfo their {mal] kitchen - gardens 
 for fummer-herbs ;_ but all the 
 other fpecies of provifions, as 
 flour, falt, meat, &¢. are brought 
 from other colonies- to the fouth- 
 ward; goods of other kinds are 
 brought from England. 
 
 Though all the coa(ts of New- 
 foundiand may be-faid to abound 
 with cod, yet in fome parts it is 
 found in greater plenty than in 
 others. This is owing to the qua- 
 lity of the bottom; for where it 
 is fandy the fifh are far more nu- 
 merous than where it is rocky ; 
 but if the bottom be muddy, on 
 are very fcarce. The depth of 
 water fhould be alfo confidered ; 
 
 -for though cod be found at. all 
 depths, yet they are not taken in 
 fuch plenty as between 30 and 4o 
 fathom. “ 
 
 When a fhip has taken her fta- 
 tion, the is immediately unrigged ; 
 and at the fame time a proper 
 place chofen for fecuring the fith, 
 as it is prepared ; buts are likewife 
 
 
 
 NEW 
 run up for the men who work 
 
 afhore, fo as to forma kind of 
 village ; and at the water’s edge a 
 
 large {tage or fcaffold is ereéted.. 
 
 Here the number of fhallops de- 
 ftined for the fijhery is got ready, 
 and,, when the feafon is over, left 
 there till the next year 3 when he 
 who firft enters the bay has the 
 privilege of applying them to his 
 own ufe. Every thing being ready, 
 the whole fhip’s company, officers 
 included, without any exception, 
 are divided into as many clafles as 
 there are different occupations ¢ 
 fome fifh, fome cut off the heads, 
 fome gut the fifh, and others have 
 the care of falting and laying them 
 up, The fifhérs go out early in 
 their boats, that they may be at 
 their {tation by break of day, and 
 do not return ’till the evening, 
 unlefs they happen to have loaded 
 their boat before. This fithery is 
 wholly carried on with a hook 5 
 
 and every boat is provided with a 
 
 fafficieut quantity of fafhing-tackic, 
 in cafe of any accident in break- 
 ing their lines, or lofing their 
 hooks. On their return, the fifh. 
 is delivered to thofe who. open 
 them ; and that this may be done 
 with the greater difpatch, a boy 
 ftands by tohand the fifh to them, 
 and take them away when finifhed. 
 
 This work is done ina very meq. 
 
 thodical manner; for he that be- 
 
 heads them does nothing elfe, . 
 
 They are opened with one cut 
 lengthways, the back-bone and 
 all their gntrails taken out, and 
 the oflals thrown into the water. 
 While fome open the fifh, others 
 are employed in _falting, and others 
 
 in laying them in heaps) The » 
 
 next day, or when the falt appears 
 fafficiently to have penetrated the 
 fifh, they wah them, to take off 
 the foum extraéted by the falt ; 
 afterwards, that the water may 
 drain off, they are piled up on 
 little boards ; then they are 
 ftretched out, one by one, with 
 the {kin upwards, for. drying, and 
 
 turned three or four times. When © 
 
 thoroughly dry they are piled up 
 O2 
 
N EW 
 in fmall parcels, that they may 
 Hot entirely lofe the heat commu- 
 Dicated to them by the firft falt ; 
 and now, being falted a fecond 
 time, they are piled up in regular’ 
 heaps on the ftage, where they re- 
 main till the time of thipping 
 them. As the boats go conftantly 
 every day, the work of the feve- 
 ral clafles may be imagined pretty 
 hard and fatiguing. On the re- 
 return of the boats they immedi- 
 ately begin with opening and falt- 
 ing the fifh, which takes up the 
 greater part of the night ; and the 
 fucceeding parts of the cutting 
 above-mentioned neceflarily em- 
 ploys them the following day, 
 when the return of the fhallops 
 calls upon them to renew their 
 tafk ; fo that they have very few. 
 hours left for fleep and refrefhment. 
 
 What is called the Great Bank of 
 Newfoundland is, properly fpeak- 
 ing, a vaft mountain under water. 
 about 530 miles in length, and 270 
 in breadth. ‘The depth of the 
 water is yery unequal, from 15 to 
 60 fathoms. The bottom is co- 
 vered with a vaft quantity of 
 fhells, and frequented by  vatt 
 fhoals of fmall fifth, moft of which 
 -ferve as foodto the cod, which are 
 here in amazing plenty ; for tho’ 
 2 oF 300 veffels have been annually. 
 Joaded with them, -daring the latt 
 and prefent centuries, yet the 
 prodigious confumption has not 
 yet leffened their plenty. And 
 we cannot help obferving, that this 
 fithery is a mine of greatér value 
 than any of thofe in Mexico or 
 Peru. : 
 
 New FarrFiErpb, a town in 
 Fairfield connty, Conneéticut, on a 
 branch of Stratford river, rq 
 miles N. of Danbury, 6 miles W, 
 of New Milford, and 12 S. W, 
 of Kent, and within 2 miles of the 
 equivalent lands granted New- 
 York, 
 
 New GorTTinGeENn, atown on 
 the river Savannah, in the county 
 of Savannah, 35 miles N. W, of 
 Ebenezar, in the province of 
 Georgia, 
 
 
 
 ee 
 
 
 
 NEW 
 
 - 
 New Granava.—See Gra. 
 nada, New. ] - 
 New HAMpsuHrre, adifting 
 province of Maflachufets - Bay, 
 New England. It is immediately _ 
 dependant on the Crown, whic 
 appoints the Governor, Deputy- 
 governor, Council, andMagiftrates, _ 
 It extends S. from Maffachvfets 
 to the limits of Quebec N, as __ 
 fettled by proclamation in 1774, 
 and onthe E. are the three an- — 
 nexed counties of Maflachofets, 
 of which Main or York is one, 
 and Lincoln the moft eafternly, — 
 from which it is divided by the 
 county of Cumberland. New | 
 Hampshire is not divided into 
 counties, but has the following — 
 townfhips : . 
 1 Kingfton 
 2 Windham 
 3 Pelham Z| 
 4 Nottingham @ 
 -s Dunftable 
 6 Hollis 
 7 Mafon 
 8 New Ip{wich 
 g Rindge 
 to Richmond 
 11 Henfdale 
 12 Swanfby a 
 13, Linfborough zs 
 14 Wilton 
 15 Amherft 
 16 Merrimack 
 17 Bedford se: 
 18 Derryfield aE 
 19 Poplin A 
 20 Kenfington 
 21 Rye 
 22 Durhem 
 23 Dover. 
 24 Canain 
 25 Epfom 
 26 Allenton 
 27 Goffstown 
 28 Bow 
 29 Wears 
 30 New Bofton 
 31 Frances Town 
 32 Dearing 
 33 Limbrick 
 34. Packersfield 
 35 Keene 
 36 Gilfome 
 
 
 

 
 NEW 
 37 Weltmoreland 
 38 Alftead ~ 
 39 Marlow 
 40 Hillfborough. 
 41 Bradford 
 42 Fifherfield - 
 43 Almfbury 
 44 Hennaker 
 45 Hopkintown 
 46 Concord 
 47 Barrington 
 48 Rochelter 
 49 New Durham 
 50 Gilmantown 
 51 Sambertown 
 52 Canterbury 
 53 London 
 
 £4 Bofcawen, or Cantoocock 
 
 55 Perry 
 56 Alexandria 
 
 «7 Saliibury 
 58 New Britain 
 59 New Chetter 
 60 Plymouth 
 61 Montonborough 
 62 Cockermouth 
 63 Grafton 
 64 Claremont 
 65 Plainfield 
 66 Lebanon 
 67 Hanover 
 68 Dorchefter 
 69 Rumney 
 70 Campton 
 71 Sandwich 
 7z Tamworth 
 73 Eaton 
 74 Thornton 
 75 Farfield 
 76 Pierrepont 
 77 Haverhill 
 78 Landaff 
 79 Warrén 
 $0 Lyman 
 81 Lloyd Hills 
 82 Chifwick 
 83 Whitefield 
 84 Bretton Woods: 
 85 Dartmouth 
 86 Lancafter 
 $7 Northumberland 
 33 New Stratford 
 89 Cockburntown 
 90 Colébroketown 
 -gi Stuart Town 
 93 Miilsfield 
 
 NE W. 
 ‘93 Errol” 
 94 Dummer 
 95 Cambridge 
 96 Paulfbourg 
 97 Mainfbourg 
 98 Succefs 
 _ 9g Durand ; 
 oo Shelburne. a te 
 
 This province fupplied the roya} 
 navy with mafts, yards, &c. The 
 inhabitants are eftimated 150,0005 
 and their chief exports are mafts, 
 {pars, thips about 200. annually, 
 cattle, fith, &c- 4 
 
 New Ha nove R, 4 maritime 
 county in the dictriét of Walser 
 ton, whofe coafts are lined wit 
 iflands and inlets, and its .princi- 
 pal town is Exeter. ‘ 
 
 New Haven, a town and 
 county in the provinceof Connec= 
 ticut, fituated at the bottom of a 
 bay in the ftrait that feparates 
 Long-Ifland from the continent, 
 The town. is the capital of. the 
 county, and in a very flourifhing 
 condition, with a well-furnithed 
 college for academical learning, 
 called Yare-hall, fituated 6 miles 
 N. E. of Milford. Lat. 41, 189 
 long. 72,42... | 
 New-Jersey. See Ferfeyy 
 New. i 
 
 New Lonpon, 2 county ip 
 Conneéticut, bounded on the Ey 
 by Providence and Rhode-Ifland, 
 on the S, by Long-Ifland Sound, 
 on the W, by Newhaven county, 
 and on the N, by Hertford. 
 
 Nrw Lonpon, the chief town 
 of the foregoing county, on the 
 W. of Thames - river, 1o miles 
 E. from Seabrook, and 3 W. from 
 Groton, 
 
 New MarregorovuGH, atown 
 in King George’s county, Virgi- 
 nia, on the W. fide of Patowe 
 
 _ mack-river, 1o miles E. of Fal- 
 
 mouth, and 22 S. of Dumfries. 
 New Mixrorpb, a town in 
 Litchfield county, Conneéticnt, 
 near the river Stratford, 7 miles 
 S.W. from Woodbury, 6 E. from 
 Fairfield, and g S, of Kent. _, 
 New NortTH-WALEs.  Se¢ 
 Wales. : i 
 oS 
 
Ne Pea 
 
 New OR.LzEAnS., Sce Orlears, 
 eW. 
 
 Newrort, the chief town 
 of Rhode-Ifland, fituated on the 
 S.W. part of it, having a fafe 
 commodious harbour, defended b' 
 a regular fort at the entrance, on 
 which are planted 300 pieces of 
 taninon, : 
 
 It has a very good trade, and 
 fome few yeays ago had above 70 
 fail of thips and veflels belonging 
 to it; it has alfo in time of war 
 acourt of Admiralty. It lies 60 
 miles S, of Bolton. Lat. 41, 30. 
 long. 71, 22. 
 
 Ew SCOTLAND. See No- 
 va-Scotia. 
 New SEVERN. See Severn, 
 New. 
 
 New Soutw Wates. 
 
 Wales. 
 ' New Savawnnag, a little flou- 
 yifhing town, in the diftri@ of 
 Augufta, in the province of Geor- 
 gia, 13 miles S.E. of Augufta 
 Town, on the river Savannah, 
 
 Newton, a fmall town of 
 Chefter county, Penfylvania. It 
 confifts of between 30 and 40 
 houfes, and lies 22 miles S, of 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 NEwTown, a town in Bucks 
 county, Penfylvania, 5 miles S, 
 “ef Wright{town, 10 W. of Tren- 
 ton, in New-Jerfey, and 11 N. 
 of Briftol. 
 
 NEwTown, a town in Fair- 
 field county, Conneétieut, near 
 the Stratford - river, 7 miles E. 
 of Danbury, and 16 N. of Strat- 
 ford. 
 
 New WINDSOR, a town in 
 New-York, in the county of O- 
 range, on the W, bank of Hud- 
 fon’s-river, 25 miles N. of O- 
 range, 
 
 New York. See York, New. 
 
 NiAGARA, a fort built by the 
 French on a river of the fame 
 name, at its influx into the lake 
 Ontario. 
 
 NraGARA, FALL OF, a fa- 
 mous cataract in the river of the 
 fame name, about mid-way be- 
 
 See 
 
 EG 
 
 tween the lakes Erie and Ontario, 
 
 This is fuppofed to be the greateft 
 cataract in the known world, the 
 
 water tumbling down’ a precipice _ 
 
 near 140 feet high. 
 the fall is near half a league in 
 
 
 
 The river at 
 
 breadth, and the water runs with 
 
 fuch rapidity a quarter of a league 
 above it, that all beafts attempt- 
 ing to crofs it are fwept away 
 by the ftream, tumble down the 
 precipice, and perifh, Above the 
 fall, in the middle of the river, is 
 an ifland, which divides the wa- 
 ter into two ftreams, and in that 
 manner it tumbles down the fall. 
 
 When the water has reached the _ 
 bottom of the fall, it jumps back — 
 to a great height in the air, andin 
 
 other places is as white as fnow, 
 and all in motion like a bailing 
 cauldron. Abundance of vapours 
 likewife arife, reprefenting a thick 
 fmoke, and on thefe, when the 
 fun fhines bright,-is painted a 
 beautiful rainbow. 
 
 NICARAGUA, a provinee of 
 New-Spain, bounded on the W. 
 by Guatimala Proper, and the 
 South-Sea; on the N. and E, by 
 Honduras and the North-Sea ; an¢ 
 on the S, by Cofta Rica and the 
 South-Sea, The winter in this 
 province is rainy and tempeftue 
 ous; the fummer exceffive hot, 
 but healthy. 
 moft woody part of New-Spain. 
 
 . 
 
 It is reckoned the — 
 
 It produces good flax and hemp, — 
 
 together with the wood ufed by 
 the dyers in Europe, called Nicae — 
 yagua wood ; but little wheat, It _ 
 abounds with black cattle and — 
 hogs, but fheep are fearce. Balm, ~ 
 cotton, fugar, American pepper, 
 liquid amber, and turpentine, are 
 here produced in very great plen- — 
 ty; with which, and the produce 
 
 of their filver mines, the imhabi- — 
 
 tamts carry on 2 confiderable trade — 
 with Panama and Nombre dé _ 
 Dios, It abounds in turkeys, and — 
 parrots are fo humerous they are 
 become a nuifance; and the coun= 
 
 try itfelf is fo pleafant, as well as 
 fruitful, that it is confidered a5 
 
 
 
NOM 
 
 the garden of America; the hills 
 and fands of the rivers abound 
 with gold, and the fields and 
 woods are perfumed; fo that when 
 the Spaniards firft vifited it, they 
 called it Mahomet’s Paradife. | 
 
 NickeRr, one of the fmall 
 Virgin - Iflands, fituated between 
 Anegada and Virgin Gorda, on 
 the latter of whom it is depen- 
 dant. Long. 65, 5. lat. 18, 30. 
 
 NICARAGUA LAKE, a large 
 colleétion of water in the province 
 of the fame name, 117 leagues in 
 circumference. The water in it 
 flows and ebbs like the fea, ‘is in- 
 terfperfed with feveral iflands, and 
 full of fith, but infefted with cro- 
 codiles, The weft end of it is 
 only a few leagues from the South- 
 Sea, andAt falls into the North- 
 Sea atthe port of St. Juan, by a 
 pretty broad channel, called alfo 
 
 jcaragua. 
 
 ' NricoyaA, a pretty large town 
 ps river Cipanfo, near its in- 
 flux into the South-Sea, on the 
 frontiers of Nicaragua. The in- 
 habitants fend from hence to Pa- 
 nama falt, honey, maize, wheat, 
 fowls, and the purple juice of a 
 fhell-fifh found in the bay of Sa- 
 linas, about 30 miles E. of the 
 town. The Spaniards have alfo 
 a pearl-fifkery here, Lat 9g, 50. 
 long. 85, 30. 
 
 Ninety -S1x District, 
 South-Carolina, includes the wef- 
 tern divifion of that colony, whofe 
 boundary is the Savannah-river S, 
 Orangeburgh diftriét E. Camden 
 N. and the Cherokees W. 
 
 Ninery-S1x, the principal 
 town of the above diftrié. 
 
 NomMaAns Isue, an ifland 2 
 miles broad, and 3 long, 5 miles 
 S, of Martha’s Vineyard, New- 
 England. 
 
 Nomsre Dz Dros, a large 
 populous town, a little to the N, 
 of the Tropic of Cancer, 60 miles 
 N. of. Guadalaxara. The Spanith 
 General who fabdued it having 
 granted the property of fome of 
 the filyer mines to the natives, it 
 
 NOR 
 
 drew fo many people hither, that 
 it foon became the moft populous 
 town in the province, Lat.23, 380 
 long. 104. 
 
 There was formerly another 
 place called Nombre de Dios, fi- 
 tuated on the ifthmus of Darien, 
 but deftroyed in its infancy by the 
 Indians of Darien. Some years 
 after, however, it was rebuilt, and 
 the inhabitants maintained their 
 ground ’till the year 1584, when 
 orders arrived from Philip II. for 
 their removing to Porto Bello, it 
 much better fituated for the coms 
 merce of that country. 
 
 Nomsre De Dios Bay, a bay 
 in the ifthmus. of Darien, at the 
 bottom of which the town of 
 Nombre de Dios ftood, and in 
 which are the iflands called Baftia 
 mentos. Sce Ba/ffimentos. 
 
 NoopreIsranp,afmallifland — 
 in Bofton-Harbour, Maffachufets-- 
 Bay. 
 
 NorFoLk, a maritime town, 
 in Princefs-Ann county, Virginia, 
 on the S. bank ef James-river, 
 and was burnt by the Liverpool 
 man of war, Jan. 3, 1776, to the 
 amount of 300,c00]. fterling da- 
 mages. The rents of the honfes 
 and warehonfes deftroyed amount- 
 ed, in 1773, to 8cool. in 1774 to 
 9313, in 1775 to near 10,000), in 
 fo flourifhing a condition was its 
 trade, 
 
 NORTHAMPTON, a county and 
 town in Penfylvania, The coun- 
 ty is bounded E, by Jerfey, S.W. 
 by Berkfhire, and S. by Bucks, 
 The town is 5 miles W. of Beth» 
 leham, and 30 E. of Reading, 
 
 NorRTHAMPTON, an inland 
 town in Hampfhire county, Maf- 
 fachufers- Bay, -about 2 miles W. 
 of Conneéticut-River, and 5 S.W, 
 of Hatfield. i 
 
 Nor THAMPTON CounTY, in 
 the diftri€t of Halifax, North-Ca- 
 rolina, whofe N. E, boundary is 
 Chawen-river, and its S.W. the’ 
 Roanoke- river. ; 
 
 Nor TAFIELD,atown in Hampe 
 
 fhire county, Maflachufets- Bay, 
 
NOV 
 
 on the E. fide of Conneéticut-ri- 
 ver, and near the boundary line 
 of New Hampibire, where the new 
 granted townfhips commenced, 
 Nortru- River, a river of 
 Old Mexico, which, after ranning 
 
 . a-long:courfe through the king- 
 
 dom of the fame name, falls into 
 the Gulph of Mexico. 
 Norton, an inland town in 
 
 - New Welt-Jerfey, on a branch of 
 
 the E. branch. of the Delawar, 
 
 » 20 miles E. of Philipfburgh. 
 
 { 
 
 NorRwWALk, a town, river, 
 and bay, on the coaft of Fairfield, 
 Conneéticut, off which, in the 
 Long-Ifland found, are fome {mall 
 iflands of the fame name. 
 
 Norwicw, a town in New 
 London county, Conneéticut, on 
 a branch of the Thames, near the 
 Falls, 15 miles N. of New-Lon- 
 don, and 11 S. of Canterbury. 
 
 NovrTiNGHAM, a town in the 
 eaftern divifion of Maryland, 6 
 miles N. of Charles and Chefa- 
 peak-Bay. 
 
 . Nova-Scoria,. a province 
 called by the French Acadie. It 
 is bounded on the N, by part of 
 Canada; E. Gulf of St. Laurence 
 and Atlantic: Ocean;.-S. Atlantice 
 Qcean; W. New-England.  Lati- 
 tude between 43 and 49. longi- 
 tude between 60, and 67.° Length 
 350.miles, breadth 250, Though 
 in a very favourable part of the 
 tempetate zone, it has a winter of 
 an almoft infupportable length 
 and coldnefs, continuing at leat: 
 7 months in the year: to ‘this 
 immediately fucceeds, without the 
 
 ‘intervention of any thing that 
 
 may be called {pring, a fummer, 
 when the heat is.as violent as the 
 
 ’ cold. was in the winter months ; 
 
 the heat indeed is of no long con- 
 tinuance, the country being wrapt 
 in the gloom of a perpetual fog, 
 long after the fummer feafon has 
 commenced, The foil in mott 
 parts is thin and barren, the corn 
 
 it produces of a fhrivelled kind’ 
 
 like rye, and the grafs intermixed 
 with a cold f{pongy mofs. It is 
 not, indeed, uniformly bad, there 
 
 NOV 
 
 being-traéts in Nova-Scotia not 
 inferior to the bef land in Newe 
 England, 
 
 But however unpromifing this 
 country may be, fome of the firft 
 Europeans, negleéting all the de- 
 lightful traés to the fouthward, 
 here formed their fettlements. The 
 French feated themfelves here be- 
 fore they made any eftablifhment 
 in Canada, and increafed largely 
 with very little affiftance from 
 Europe; whereas the colony we 
 have lately planted there, not- 
 withftanding the immenfe fums 
 expended in_its eftablifhment, 
 would, in all probability, fink into 
 nothing, if the fupport of the 
 royal hand was withdrawn. 
 
 The country round Halifax has 
 a flourifhing appeararce, and re= 
 wards the labours of the fettlers, 
 Among other particulars it has 
 the following Capes: Sable, Sr, 
 Mary,” Rofiers, Sambro, &c.— 
 Numerous fmall lakes without 
 names.—Bays (including Fundy, 
 Cheniéto, and Green): Gafpee,- 
 Chaleur, Chenibuéto, Verte, Chee 
 bucto, &c,——Rivers : Rifgouche, 
 Nipifiguit, St. John, and St. Croix, 
 (feparating this province from 
 New-England).—In Halifax har- 
 bour (in Chebuéto-bay), which is 
 capable of containing 1000 veflels 
 in fecurity.—The harbour of An- 
 napolis-Royal,. but for its very 
 difficult entrance, would be one 
 of the fineft in the world. 
 
 A very confiderable expence ate 
 tended this fettlement, to accom- 
 plith which the Britith Parlia- 
 liament granted, within the firft 
 7 years, for its fupport, no lefs a 
 fum than 415,841; 14s. 11d. 3, 
 and in April, 1775, 43461. 10s. 5d. 
 more was granted, ‘The Britifh 
 exports to Nova - Scotia confifts 
 chiefly of fithing -tackle, rigging 
 for thips, woollen and linen cloth, 
 to the value of about 26,500). an- 
 nually ; the imports in return are 
 timber, and the produce of the 
 fithery, to the amount of about 
 38,0001, 
 
 
 
 
 state iliac nh Bayt eae tt 
 

 
 ONS 
 
 Noxan, a town in Newcattle 
 county, Delawar, Penfylvania, 
 21 miles N. of Dover, and g S. 
 of St. George’s. 
 
 (HILO or Honto, a famous 
 
 river, rifing in the moun- 
 tains on the back of New-York, 
 Maryland, and Virginia, and after 
 a long courfe falling into the Mif- 
 fifippi. It is the boundary of Que- 
 bec government, Its mouthis 1164 
 miles from Fort Pitt, and near the 
 entrance of the Cherokee-river 3 
 it is between 700 and 800 yards 
 wide. The Mufkingam - river, 
 which runs into the Ohio, in lat. 
 39; 10, is 250 yards wide. The 
 Ohio, from 50 miles above this 
 river to Sioto, is moft beautiful- 
 
 ly interfperfed with numbers of, 
 
 iflands, and in fome places is 700 
 yards wide. The name is formed 
 from an° Indian word, fignifying 
 fair or pleafant, and hence it is 
 often called the Fair River, It 
 runs through the moft beautiful 
 and fertile countries in the world; 
 and receives 10 or 12 rivers, be- 
 fides’ an innumerable number of 
 rivulets, and is navigable above 
 * 600 miles, 
 
 Omasvos, a jurifdidtion in the 
 diocefe of La Paz, It begins al- 
 moft at the gates of La Paz, and 
 extends 20 leagues, being bounded 
 on the W. by tke famous lake of 
 Titi Caca. The air of this ju- 
 rifdi€tion is fomewhat cold, fo 
 that it produces little grain; but 
 that deficiency is abundantly com- 
 penfated by the great numbers of 
 cattle fed in its paftures; befides 
 a very advantageous trade carried 
 on in another jurifdittion by the 
 Indians living on the borders of 
 the lake, who are remarkably in- 
 duftrious in improving that ad- 
 vantage, 
 
 Omoa, 2 fmall fortified town, 
 upon the coaft of Honduras, in 
 pofleffion of the Spaniards. The 
 harbour is excellent for the lar 
 gelt veflels, 
 
 ORC 
 
 Onstow, a maritime county, 
 in the diftrict of Newbern, North- 
 Carolina, whofe weftern bounda- 
 ry is New-river. 
 
 Onrario, Laxe, 2 large cole 
 le€tion of frefh waters, above 270 
 miles in !ength from E. to W. 
 
 and 65 in breadth from N.toS. - 
 
 The fortrefs of Ofwego {tands on 
 the fouthern fhore of this lake. 
 It has a fmall rifing and falling of 
 the water, like tides, 12 or 18 
 inches perpendicular, The {now 
 is deeper on the S. fide of this 
 lake than any other, and its wa- 
 ter does not freeze in the fevereft 
 winter out of fight of land, 
 
 ORANGE, a county and town, 
 in New-York, on the W. bank 
 of the Hudfon-river, 25 miles Ns 
 of New-York. 
 
 OranGE, an inland county, in 
 the diftri& of Hillfborough, N. 
 Carolina, in which Hillfborough, 
 the county town, is fituated. 
 
 ORANGEBURGH DisTRiecT 
 includes all the places between 
 Savannah, Santee, Congaree, and 
 Broad - rivers, and a line from 
 Nelfon’s-ferry to Maithew’s bluff, 
 
 _on Savannah-river, to the mouth 
 
 of Rocky-creek, on Saluda-river; 
 
 and thence in the fame courfe to 
 
 Broad-river. 
 
 ORANGEBURGH, a county in 
 the above diltri€t, wherein ftands 
 the town of Orangeburgh, on a 
 branch of the Eddifto-river. It 
 has a court-houfe, and furnifhes 
 one of the regiments of the 
 militia. 
 
 ORCHILLA, an ifland on the 
 coaft of Venezuela, in the North 
 Sea, lying between the iflands of 
 Tortuga and Roca. It is divided 
 into feveral fmall iflands, the 
 greateft of which, being almoft 
 all low land, is in the form of 
 acrefcent, or half-moon. They 
 are all feparated from each other 
 by very fhallow canals. On the 
 E, and W. capes are fome hills, 
 and on thefe the goats chiefly 
 feed. On the S. W. fide of the 
 
 ifland the water is very deep, and: 
 
OXF 
 
 the thore perpendicular like a. 
 ‘wall, for which reafon fhips may 
 come very near it. The N. W. 
 fide has hatdly any trees or grafs3 
 but on the E, and N, fides plenty 
 of both. The foil, from its flate 
 nefs, is falt, and confequently 
 produces few plants. There is 
 very little freth water on the 
 ifland, and the only animals found 
 there are goats and lizards. Lat. 
 11,40. long, 66, 42. 
 ORLEANS, an ifland in the 
 Siver St. Laurence, at a fmall 
 diftance below Quebec. 
 ORLEANS, NEW, a town of 
 Louifiana, fituated between the 
 eaftern fhore of the Miffiippi and 
 the Fifh river, 24 leagues from 
 the fea. The foil abour it is 
 rich and fertile, and the climate 
 excellent, It is the metropolis 
 of this country, and the refidence 
 of.the Governor, Grand Council, 
 -and Courts of Juftice, as well as 
 the. grand emporium of Lovifi- 
 ana. Lat, 30, 5. long. 90, 7. 
 OsweEGo, a fortrefs erected 
 on the fouthern bank of the lake 
 Ontario, at the month of the 
 Onondaga river. Here the In- 
 dians carry on aconfiderable trade 
 with the Englith, exchanging their 
 “furs for the commodities they are 
 ip want of, This trade begins 
 in. May, and continues till the 
 Jatter end of July, It was taken 
 by the Englith from the French 
 in-1756, and confirmed to them 
 Ay the peace in 1763. Lat. 43, 
 18. long. 76, 30. : 
 OXForD, a {mall town in the 
 county of Taibot, in the eaftern 
 divifion of Maryland, on the N. 
 bank of the Choptank river, 
 OXFORD, a town in Worcefter 
 county, Maffachufets - Bay, 10 
 miles S, of Leicefter, and the 
 fame diftance S$. W. from Wor- 
 cefter, 5 W.. from Sutton, and 6 
 N. W..from Douglas, on a branch 
 of the French river, that runs 
 into the Thames in Connecticut 
 * colony. | 
 OxForD, in New W, Jerfey, 
 
 
 
 
 PAWN i 
 on a branch of the E. branch of 
 the Delawar river, 15 miles Ee 
 of Philipfburgh, and 7 N. W.of © 
 Norton, 
 
 P. 
 P* CHU Co,atown of Mexicé, 
 
 60 miles from the city 
 Mexico. It is famous for filver 
 mines: Gemelli fays, that in the 
 {pace of 6 leagues there are not 
 lefs than a thoufand. One of 
 them, called Trinity, is fippofed 
 as rich as any in Mexico, there 
 having been taken from it in 10 
 years time only above 4o millions 
 of filver. 
 
 PAKEPsEY, a town on the E, 
 bank of Hudfon’s river, 70 miles 
 N. of New York, 
 
 PALTZ Town, a town in New 
 York, 7 miles W. of Hudfon’s 
 river, and 8 miles N. W. of Paw — 
 kepfey, i 
 
 Panama, a large city, built 
 on the ifthmus of the fame name, - 
 and on the coalt of the South Sea, 
 The firt difcovery of Panama the ; 
 Spaniards owe to Tello de Guz- 
 man, who landed here in 1515, 
 This diftovery was, in the year 
 1518, followed by the fettl-ment 
 of acolony under the Governor 
 of Terra Firma, And in 3152 
 Panama was conftituted a city, 
 with the ufnal privileges. In the 
 year 1670 it was taken, facked, 
 and burned, by John Morgan, 
 an Engiifh adventurer, This mif- 
 fortune rendering it abfolutely 
 neceflary to rebuild the city, it 
 was removed to its prefent fitua- 
 tion, which is about a league and 
 a half from the former, and — 
 much more convenient, ft is 
 furrounded with a wall of freg- 
 ftane, and defended with a large 
 garrifon of regulars. The houfes 
 were at firft, in general, of wood, 
 having but one ftory and a tiled 
 roof, ‘Without the walls is an 
 open fuburb, larger than the city. 
 itfeif,.and the houfes of the fame 
 matcrials and conftrnétion, ‘The 
 
 
 
PAN 
 
 ftreets both of the city and fub- 
 urb are ftraight, broad, and for 
 the moft part paved. Though 
 the houfes were in general of 
 wood, fires were rarely known in 
 Panama, the nature of the tim- 
 ber being fuch, that, if any fire 
 is laid on the floor, or placed 
 againft the wall, it is productive 
 of no other confequence than that 
 of making a hole, without kind- 
 ling into a flame; and the fire 
 itfelf is extinguifhed by the athes, 
 But, notwithftanding this excel- 
 Jent guality in the wood, the city 
 was almoft entirely burned down 
 in the year_1737, the goodnefs 
 of the timber being unable to 
 fecure it from the ravages of the 
 flames. The fire began in a cel- 
 lar, where, among other goods, 
 were great quantities of pitch, tar, 
 naphtha, and brandy; {0 that the 
 fire being, as it were, faturated 
 with thefe fubftances, foon reached 
 the walls, and this fingular kind 
 
 of wood became a more eafy prey. 
 
 to the devouring flames. In this 
 conflagration the fuburb owed its 
 fafety to its diftance from the 
 city, which is above a mile and 
 a quarter, Since this misfortune, 
 it has been again rebuilt, and the 
 greate(t part of the houfes of 
 Sione, all kinds of materials for 
 buildings of that kind being here 
 in the greateft plenty. 
 
 In this city is a tribunal, or 
 royal audience, in which the Go- 
 vernor of Panama prefides; and 
 to this employment the captain- 
 fhip of Terra Firma is generally 
 annexed, Panama has alfo a cae 
 thedral and a chapter, confifting 
 of the Bifhop and a number of 
 Prebendaries; a corporation com- 
 
 pofed of Alcaldes and Regidores ; 
 
 three officers of the revenue, un- 
 der an accomptant, treafurer, and 
 agent; and a court of inquifition, 
 appointed by the tr?bunal at Car- 
 thagena. The cathedral and all 
 the convents are of {tone: indeed, 
 before the conflagration, feveral 
 of the latter wefe of wood; but 
 
 tay a 
 that terrible misfortune fhewed, 
 them the neceflity of ufing more. — 
 folid materials. 
 
 The harbour of Panama is 
 formed in its road by the fhelter: 
 of feveral iflands, where. hips lie; 
 very fafe, at about two and a half. 
 or three leagues diftance from-the. 
 city. The tides are. regular, and) 
 is high-water at the full and. 
 change at 3 0’clock. The water 
 rifes and talls confiderably.; fo 
 that the fhore, lying on a gentle. 
 flope, is at low water left dry to 
 a great diftance. The trade of 
 Panama is very confiderable; it: 
 is the port where the fhips from, 
 Lima, Guayaquil, &c. unload the 
 treafure fent to Old Spain, and,- 
 the ftaple for the goods brought, 
 up the river Chagre, The roads 
 here, though the diftance is but, 
 fhort, by crofling the chain of 
 mountains called the Cordillera, 
 are in fome parts fo narrow, that. 
 a beaft of burthen can hardly pafs 
 along, and confequently the em- 
 ploying mules in this fervice. 
 would be attended with imminent: 
 danger. } 
 
 But this is not the whole of its 
 commerce. Panama, even during 
 the abfence of the armada, is ne- 
 ver without ftrangers, it being the 
 thoroughfare for all_ going to-the 
 parts of Peru by the South Sea, 
 as alfo for the coming from thence 
 for Spain ; to which mutt be added 
 the continual trade carried on by; 
 the Peruvian fhips, which bring 
 variety of goods, as meal of dit- 
 ferent forts, wine, brandy, fugar, . 
 tallow, leather, olives, oil, and 
 the like, ‘The fhips from Guaya- 
 quil bring cacao, and quinguina, , 
 or jefuits-bark, which always meets, 
 with a quick exportation here, ef- 
 pecially in times of peace, The 
 coafting-barks, which make fre- 
 quent trips from the adjacent ports, 
 fupply the city with hogs, ponltry, 
 hung beef, hog’s lard, plantanes, 
 roots, and different kinds of ve- 
 getables, with which this city is, 
 plentifully fupplied, 
 
PAN 
 
 The dearnefs of provifions in 
 this city and its diftri€t, occa- 
 fioned by the large quantities con- 
 fumed, and the great diftance 
 from whence they are brought, 
 is amply compenfated by the mul- 
 titude and value of the pearls 
 found in the oyfters growing in 
 its gulph. The firft to whom 
 the Indians made this valuable 
 difcovery was Bafco Nunez de 
 Balboa, when, in his voyage thro’ 
 Panama, to make further difco- 
 veries in the South Sea, he was 
 
 fented with fome by Tumaco, 
 an Indian prince. At prefent 
 they are found in fuch plenty, 
 that there are few perfons of fub- 
 ftance near Panama, who do not 
 employ all, or at leaft part of 
 their flaves in this fifhery, which 
 _ is carried on in the following 
 
 manner: 
 The negroes who fith for pearls 
 muft be both expert fwimmers 
 and capable of holding their 
 breath 2 long time, the work 
 being performed! at the bottom 
 of the fea. Thefe flaves they 
 fend to the iflands in the gulph of 
 Panama, where they have huts 
 built for their lodgings, and boats 
 which hold 8, 10, or 20 negroes, 
 under the command of an officer. 
 In thefe, boats they go to fuch 
 parts of the gulph as are known 
 to produce pearls, and where the 
 depth of the water is not above 
 Jo, 12, or 15 fathoms. Here 
 they.come to an anchor, and the 
 negroes, having one end of a 
 rope faftened about their bodies, 
 and the other end to the fide of 
 the boat, take with them a fmall 
 “weight to accelerate their finking, 
 and plunge into the water. On 
 reaching the bottom, they take 
 wp an oyfter, which they put 
 under their left arm; the fecond 
 they hold in their left hand ; and 
 the third in their right: with 
 - thefe three oyfters, and fometimes 
 
 another in their mouth, they rife . 
 
 to breathe, and put them in a 
 
 bag. When they have refted 
 
 
 
 PAN 
 
 themfelves awhile, and recovered 
 their breath, they dive a fecond 
 time; and thus continue till they 
 have either compleated their talk, 
 or their ftrength fails them. E- 
 very-one of thofe divers is obliged 
 to deliver his mafter a certain 
 number of pearls daily ; fo that 
 when they have got the requifite 
 number of oyfters in their bag, 
 they begin to open them, and de- 
 liver the number of pearls to the 
 officer, till they have made up 
 the number due to their mafter 3 
 and if the pearl be but formed, 
 it is fufficient, without any re- 
 gard to its being fmall or faulty. 
 
 The remainder, however large 
 and beautiful, are the negro’s own 
 
 property; nor has the mafter the 
 leaft claim to them, the flaves 
 being allowed to fell them to 
 whom they pleafe, though the 
 mafter generally purchafes them 
 at a very fmall price, Sometimes 
 the negroes cannot make up their 
 number, as io many of the oyfters 
 the pearl is not at all, or but im- 
 perfectly formed, or the oyfter is 
 dead, whereby the pear! is fo da- 
 maged as to be of no value; and 
 as no allowance is made for fuch 
 pearls, they muft make up their 
 number with others. 
 
 Panama, from feveral accurate 
 obfervations, lies in. the lat. of 
 8, 57, 48. long. 82, 5, 14. 
 
 PANAMA, PROVINCE OF, 
 is not only the capital of Terra 
 Firma, but alfo gives its name 
 to a particular province in that 
 kingdom.  Moft of the towns 
 and villages of the provirce of 
 Fanamaare fituated in fmall plains 
 along the fhore, the reft of the 
 country being covered with enor- 
 mous and craggy mountains, un- 
 inhabited on account of their f{te- 
 rility. ‘This province contains 3 
 
 Cities, 12 villages, and a preat 
 
 number of rangherias or aflem- 
 blages of Indian huts, It has 
 alfo feveral gold mines; but they 
 are greatly neglected the Spaniards 
 chufing rather to applythem{clves 
 
 
 

 
 TP“A'R 
 
 to the pearl-fihhery, than to the 
 mines, as it affords a more cer- 
 tain profit, and at the fame time 
 is acquired with much greater 
 eafe. 
 
 PANUCO, or GUASTICA, a 
 province of Mexico, bounded on 
 the N. by New Leon, and part 
 
 of the audience of Guadalaxara;° 
 
 on the E. by the gulph of Mexico; 
 on the S. by the province of 
 Tlafcala and Mexico Proper; and 
 on the W. by the provinces of 
 Mechoacan and New Bifcay. The 
 Tropic of Cancer crofles this pro- 
 vince, which is fituated partly in 
 the Temperate, and partly in the 
 Torrid zone. It is about 55 
 leagues in length, and the fame 
 in breadth, ‘The part neareft to 
 Mexico is by much the beft and 
 richeft, abounding with provi- 
 fions, and having fome veins of 
 goid, and mines of filver. The 
 part adjacent to Florida is wretch- 
 edly poor and barren. The coun- 
 try was one of the firlt difcoveries 
 of the famous Cortez, who took 
 a great deal of pains to conquer 
 and plant it; though it is a coun- 
 try rather fruitful and pleafane 
 than rich; nor has it ever had 
 any great number of inhabitants. 
 Panuco, the capital of the 
 diftriét of the fame name; it is 
 the fee a bifhop, and ftands upon 
 a river of its own name, about 
 7 leagues from the fea, and 60 
 N. W. of Mexico. It was built 
 in the year 1520, by order of Cor- 
 tez, and called St. Iftevan del 
 Puerto. It contains about 500 
 families; and the houfes are ftrong 
 and clean, being built of ftone, 
 and neatly thatched with palmet- 
 to leaves. The river on which it 
 f{tands is navigable for large fhips 
 a great way above the city; but 
 the harbour has fo large a bar be- 
 fore it, that no .fhips of burden 
 can enter it; which has proved 
 of bad confequence to the com- 
 merce of the place. It lies in 
 Jat. 23, 5. long. 100, 2. 
 Paria, Guir oF, a ftrait 
 
 PA gy 
 lying between the N..W. part of 
 New Andalufia, or Cumana, and ! 
 the fouthern fhore of the ifland 
 Trinidada, Lat. 9, 12. longi- 
 tude 62, 1. 
 
 PAaARHAM Town and-Har- 
 BouR, on the N. fide of the 
 ifland of Antigua, in the Weft- 
 Indies. 
 PASAMAQUADA RIVER, 
 which runs into the bay of the 
 fame name, is the fuppofed boun- 
 dary between New-England and 
 Nova-Scotia. In and off this bay 
 are feveral fine iflands. 
 
 PASQUOTANK, a maritime 
 county, in the diftriét of Eden- 
 ton, N. Carolina, is a very {wam- 
 py fimation, and has a river of 
 the fame name, which runs into 
 Albemarle found. 
 
 PAssAGE, Great and Litr- 
 TLE, two, of the Virgin -Ifles, 
 near the E. end of Porto Rico, 
 and is claimed by the Spaniards. 
 Long. 64, 5. lat. 18, To. 
 
 PassaGe-Forvt, a {mall town 
 in Jamaica, fituated in the road 
 between Port-Royal and Spanith- 
 Town, 7 miles S. E. of the lat- 
 ter, and at the mouth of the ri- 
 ver Cobre, where it has a fort 
 with 10 or 12 guns. It has a 
 brifk trade, and contains about 
 400 houfes, the greateft part of 
 them houfes of entertainment, 
 
 PoTAMACK, a large river, 
 feparating Virginia from Mary- 
 land. It rifes in the Apalachian 
 Mountains, and after a courfe of 
 above 200 miles, falls into Che- 
 fapeak-bay, in the lat. of 37, 56. 
 
 PaTience Istawnp, io the 
 Bay of Narraganfet, Rhode-Ifland 
 Colony, is about 2 miles long, 
 and 1 broad, 
 
 PAaucar-CoitrA, a jurifdic- 
 tion in the bifhoprick of La Paz, 
 ‘bordering on Chucuito, It is 
 fituated among the mountains, 
 which renders the air very cold; 
 fo that it produces little grain and 
 
 efculent vegetables, but~abounds 
 
 in cattle both of the European 
 and sprig Kinds. It has &-« 
 
Pay 
 “weral filver mines, and particular- 
 ly one called Laycacota, which 
 ‘was formerly fo rich, that the 
 metal was often cut out with a 
 chiffel, but the waters broke in 
 and overflowed the works; nor 
 has any labour and expence been 
 “wanting to drain it: but it is now 
 entirely abandoned. 
 . Paur, SF. an ifland in the 
 {trait between Newfoundland and 
 ‘Cape Breton, It lies about 15 
 ‘miles N. E. of North- Cape, a 
 ‘promontory in the ifland of Cape- 
 Breton. 
 Paz, La, a fmall jurifdidtion 
 -of the audience of Charcas, fi- 
 tuated among the mountains, one 
 of which, called Illimani, con- 
 tains, in all human probability, 
 immenfe riches; for a crag of it 
 being fome years fince broken off 
 by a flath of lightning, fuch ‘a 
 quantity of gold was found among 
 the fragments, that it was fold 
 for fome time at La Paz for 
 eight pieces of eight the ounce, 
 But the fummit of this mountain 
 being perpetually covered with ice 
 ‘and fnow, no attempt has been 
 made to open a mine, 
 Paz, La, the capital of the 
 above jurifdiction, fituated among 
 the breaches of the mountains, 
 on the fide of a valley, through 
 which a pretty large river flows, 
 and about 12 leagues diftant from 
 the Cordillera. The ground on 
 which it ftands is not only une- 
 qual, -but furrounded by moun- 
 ‘tains, When the river is fwelled 
 ‘by rains, or melted foow from 
 the Cordillera, its current forces 
 along huge maffes of rocks, with 
 fome grains of gold, which are 
 _ found after the water has fubfid- 
 red. In the year 1730, an Indian 
 chappening to wash his feet in the 
 river, found a lump of gold of 
 fo large a fize, that the Marquis 
 ‘de Caftel Fuerte- gave 12,c0oo 
 ‘pieces of cight for it, and fent it 
 to Spain, as a prefent worthy the 
 -euriofity of his fovereigne The 
 ey of La Paz is of a middling 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 fide the cathedral and the parith= 
 church del Segrario, where 2 priefts_ 
 officiate, there are alfo thofe of 
 St. Barbada, St. Sebaftian, and 
 St. Peter. Here are alfo religious” 
 fraternities of Francifcans, Do- 
 minicans, Auguftines, and the 
 Fathers of Mercy ; a college of 
 Jefuits, and a convent and hof- 
 pital of St. Juan de- Dios; bee 
 fides a nunnery of the order of 
 the Conception, and another of 
 Santa Therefa. Here is alfo a 
 college of St. Jerom, for the edu- 
 cation of youth, whether defigned 
 for ecclefiaftical or civil employ- — 
 ments. Lat, 16, 10, long. 68, °5. 
 PencGuin Istanp, an ifland 
 in the Atlantic Ocean, about 10 
 miles to the N.E. of the coatt 
 of Newfoundland. It has its — 
 name from the multitude of birds 
 called penguins, which frequent 
 it. Lat 50, 5. long. 50, 30. 
 PEenoxscot-Bay, a large bay 
 in the county of Lincoln, in the 
 province of New-England. The — 
 mouth of this bay, which is ar 
 miles in breadth, and interfperfed 
 with feveral iflands, lies in lati- 
 tude 44, 9. Jong. 68, 15. 
 Prnosscot-River, a large 
 river in the government of Saga= — 
 dahock, or Lincoln county, News 
 England. It is formed by 3 
 {treams iffuing from 3 lakes in 
 the fame government ; and, after 
 a courfe of 130 miles, falls into 
 Penobfcot- Bay. It has a large — 
 ifland at the entrance into the — 
 channel, called Bethune - ifland. — 
 The land is high on each fide thi 
 river; and at 35 miles above the 
 mouth the river tumbles for 2 
 miles over falls, which puts 
 ftop to all marine navigation; and 
 2 miles further N, W. there are — 
 other falls. In the front of the 
 falls there run acrois the river 
 row of pointed rocks, that at low= 
 water appear like pickets acrofs 
 river. For g miles above th 
 falls the river has the appearan 
 of a lake 2 miles over, lying Ny 
 

 
 PE N 
 
 and S. being full of iflands: this 
 river and diftvi@ remaining laft 
 war in poficflion of the natives, un- 
 der the patronage of the French, 
 in 1759 the governor of Mafla- 
 chufets-Bay took poffeffion of it, 
 and built a fort, which he called 
 Pownall, and by it kept the coun- 
 tryin fubjeion. This was the 
 Jaft river and diftriét on the N, 
 American coat, which compleat- 
 ed the Britifh empire. 
 PENSACOLA, an excellent 
 harbour on the bay of Mexico, 
 in Weft Florida, 11 leagues E. 
 of Port Lewis and Mobile, and 
 158 W. of the ifland of Tortuga. 
 It is a large harbour, fafe from 
 all winds, and has 4 fathom wa- 
 ter at its entrance, deepening gra- 
 dually to 7 or 8, On the W. fide 
 of the harbour ftands. Penfacola, 
 the capital of the province, de- 
 fended by a fmall ftockaded fort 
 of 12 or 14 guns, cal'ed St. Ma- 
 ry de Galve, from its being ereat- 
 ed in the time of the Count de 
 Galve, A very fine river falls in- 
 to the bay of Mexico, on the E, 
 fide of this harbour, after run- 
 ning above 100 miles through the 
 country. The land here produces 
 plenty of trees, fit for mafts of 
 fhips, and accordingly many of 
 them are cut down and carried to 
 Vera Cruz for that purpofe. 
 Pxensspury, a fmall town in 
 the county of Buckingham, in 
 Penfylvania, fituated on a fmall 
 creek of the Delawar, It was a 
 manor Mr. Penn referved for 
 himfelf, and here he built a houfe, 
 and planted gardens and orchards, 
 The houfe is finely fituated, and 
 the fituation greatly improved by 
 the plantations and buildings. 
 PENSYLVANIJA, a flourifhing 
 province, fituated between New- 
 York on the N. New-Jerfey on 
 the E, Virginia and part of Cana- 
 da W. and Maryland on the S, 
 having no other communication 
 with the fea than by the mouth 
 of the river Delawar. It is a- 
 bout 300 miles in length, and 
 
 PEN 
 
 240 in breadth; lying between 
 38 and 43 degrees of latitude, 
 and 74 and 81 longitude. It has 
 but one remarkable cape, and 
 that is Hinlopen : as to harbours 
 or bays, the Delawar is the chicf, 
 Rivers it has feveral, the moft 
 
 confiderable of whom are, Dela- . 
 
 war, Sufquchanna, and Schuilkill. 
 The Delawar, whofe fource is far 
 N. in the country of the Indians 
 called Iroquois, is navigable 120 
 miles above Philadelphia, and 
 would he fo farther, but for a ca 
 taract in it above Briftol, which 
 hinders. veflels. from proceeding 
 highers at its mouth it is upwards 
 of 3 miles broad, and more than 
 
 1 at Philadelphia: the. Schuilkill . 
 
 and Sufquehanna rivers rife alfo in 
 the country of the Iroquois, and 
 are navigable far up the country ; 
 add to this that the largeft flcets 
 may ride in fafety in the creeks 
 
 and coves with which Delaware . 
 
 bay abounds; fo that this pro- 
 vince is happily circumftanced to 
 carry on a foreign as well as in- 
 land trade, 
 following counties: Philadelphia, 
 Chefter, Bucks, Berks, North- 
 ampton, Lancafter, York, and 
 Cumberland. 
 
 This province was granted to 
 the famous William Penn, fon to 
 
 Sir William Penn, Admiral of » 
 
 the Englith fleet, in the time of 
 Oliver Cromwell, and K. Cha, II, 
 
 It is divided into the - 
 
 On the Delawar - 
 -are Newcaftle, Kent, and Suffex. 
 
 Sir William, as fome reward for ; 
 
 his fervices, and in confideration 
 of fundry debts due to him from 
 the crown, was promifed a grant 
 of this country from K. Cha. 11. 
 but died before he obtained it. 
 His fon did not, for fome time, 
 apply himfelf ftrenuvoufly to foli- 
 cit the grant promifed to his fa- 
 ther; but at length finding his 
 friends, the Quakers, were har- 
 rafled in every part of England 
 by fpiritual courts, he renewed 
 his application to the court, and 
 
 having obtained his grant, went . 
 
 into America, and purchafed the 
 
 PZ 
 
 : 
 
PeECN 
 
 foil, at a very low rate, of the 
 Indians, its original poffeffors. By 
 this cheap act of juftice at the 
 beginning, he rendered all his 
 future dealings the more eafy, 
 the Indians having conceived very 
 favourable opinions both of him 
 and his defigns. Having thus fuc- 
 ceeded in the firft part of his 
 plan, he proceeded to the other, 
 namely, to people the country he 
 had thus obtained. And this was 
 greatly facilitated by the uneafi- 
 nefs of the Englifh Quakers; 
 who, from their high opinion of 
 the man, determined to follow 
 him over the vaft Atlantic Ocean 
 to a country uncultivated, and a 
 climate ftrange and unknown, 
 Nor was he himfelf wanting in 
 any thing that had a tendency to 
 encourage his followers; he ex- 
 pended large fums in tranfporting 
 and fupplying them with all ne- 
 ceflaries ; and not aiming at a 
 fudden fortune, by felling his 
 lands at a very eafy purchafe. By 
 this means, and the noble charter 
 of privileges he gave the fettlers, 
 the country was foon changed 
 from a wildernefs to a garden, 
 and is now one of the moft flou- 
 xifhing colonics belonging to the 
 New- World; and {till called after 
 his own name. 
 
 The climate of Penfylvania is 
 very agreeable, and the air fweet 
 and clear, The fall, or autumn, 
 begins about the 20th of O&ober, 
 and lafts till the begianing of 
 December, when the winter fets 
 4n, which continues till March, 
 Frofty weather, and extreme cold 
 feafons, are frequently known 
 here; fo that the river Delawar, 
 though very broad, is oftentimes 
 froze over ; but at the famé time 
 the weatherisdryand healthy. The 
 fpring lafts from March to June, 
 but the weather then is more in- 
 conftant than in the other feafons. 
 The heats are very great in the 
 months of July, Auguft, and 
 September, but mitigated-fo much 
 by:cool breezes that they are very 
 
 PiEEN: 
 
 tolerable. The wind is at §, W. 
 during great part of the fummer; — 
 but generally at N. and N.W. in — 
 the {pring, fall, and winter ; which ~ 
 blowing over the frozen lakes and 
 {nowy mountains of Canada, is — 
 the true caufe of the coldnefs o 
 the weather in the winter feafon. 
 The foil of this province is, in 
 fome places a yellow or black 
 fand; in fome a loamy gravel; 
 and in others a fat mold, like 
 the vales in England, efpecially 
 near the inland brooks and rivers. 
 The earth is fruitful, fat, and 
 eafy to be cleared, the roots of 
 the trees being but a fmall dif- 
 tance below the furface of the 
 ground. It is well watered with 
 rivers, and produces every thing 
 which can render life agreeable, 
 in the utmoft plenty. In fhort, 
 there is no part of North Ameri- 
 cain a more flourifhing condition 
 than Penfylvania ; mf in fome 
 years, more people have tranf= 
 ported themfelves into this pro- 
 vince, than into all the others, 
 In the year 1729, 6208 perfons 
 came to fettle there as paflengers 
 or fervants, four-fifths of whom, _ 
 at leaft, were from [reland; fo ~ 
 that it is no wonder that land has ~ 
 greatly rifen in its value fince the — 
 time of William’ Penn, it now 
 felling round Philadelphia at 20 — 
 years’ purchafe. Including the — 
 Delawar counties, it contains a< 
 bout 350,000 inhabitants. There 
 is no particular religion eftablithed 
 here, but a fifth part of the in 
 habitants are Quakers, Before — 
 the prefent difturbances there were 
 annually built here 25 veflels, and 
 they exported provifions of all 
 kinds, iron,furs, &c. to theamount 
 of 705,000!,and their imports from 
 Britain were about 641,000). 
 The foil is extremely ftrong 
 and fertile, producing, fpontane= — 
 oufly, an infinite variety of trees, 
 flowers, fruits, and plants of dif- 
 ferent fizes; and the mountains 
 are enriched with ore. ‘This pro- 
 vince is cultivated to greatem 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 " 
 
Pre R 
 
 perfection than-any other; and 
 in this ftate yields not only great 
 pleaty, but great variety of grain; 
 . alfo flax-feed, hemp, and various 
 other articles, 
 
 It muft be obferved here, that 
 in the fouthern the timher is not 
 fo proper for fhip-building as in 
 the northern colonies; for in a 
 comparative degree as they lie 
 nearer to the S, the wood becomes 
 lefs and lefs compact, and {plits 
 eafily ;—a quality, however, that, 
 though rendering it improper for 
 thips, makes it fitter for {taves.— 
 The land abounds with cattle, and 
 the rivers with fith, 
 
 PENTUSOK, atownin Hamp- 
 fhire county, Maffachufets-Bay, 
 the moft W. in the whole county, 
 on a branch of the Honfotonk- 
 river, which empties itfeif into 
 Long-Ifland Sound, 
 
 PERQUIMONS, a maritime 
 county, in the diftri€t of Eden- 
 ton, North-Carolina. It has a 
 river of its own name, which 
 runs into Albemarle Sound, 
 
 PERTH-AMBOY, the capital 
 of Middlefex county, in New- Jer- 
 fey, fo called from James Drom- 
 mond, Earl of Perth, one of its 
 ancient proprietaries, and Point- 
 Amboy, on which it ftands. Ir is 
 finely fituated at the mouth of Ra- 
 sitan-river, which here falls into 
 Sandy-hook-bay, and is capacious 
 enough to hold s00 fail of thips. 
 Bat though it is fo commodiouf{- 
 ly fituated for trade, and veflels 
 might alfo be built very cheap, 
 it is not in a flourifhing condi- 
 tion, confifting only of about go 
 {cattered houfes, befides that be- 
 Jonging to the Goveraor. Yet 
 the original plan, as laid out by 
 the Scotch proprietors, contains 
 1070 acres, divided into 150 
 equal fhares for purchafers to 
 build upon; 4 acres are referved 
 for a market-place, and 3 fora 
 public wharf. And had it been 
 built according to the defign, it 
 would have been one of the fineft 
 towns in North-America, 
 
 PHI 
 
 PETAPA, a town of the proe 
 vince of Guatimala, in New Spain, 
 fituated near the coaft, on the 
 river Guatimala, and 25 miles 
 S. E. of the town of that name. 
 It ftands at the weftern extremity 
 of the valley of Mexico, and is 
 reckoned one of the pleafanteft 
 towns in the province. The 
 river, which wafhes it, has a mill 
 erected on it, which ferves moft_ 
 part of the valley; and within 
 half .a mile of the town is a rich 
 plantation of fugar, the foil being 
 very proper for producing that 
 commodity. : 
 
 PETERSBURG, a town in 
 Prince George’s county, Virginia, 
 on a branch of James river, over 
 which it has a bridge, 16 miles S, 
 of Chefter, and 18 miles N. W. 
 of Bermuda. P 
 
 PETERSHAM, 2 town in 
 Hamphhire county, Maffachufets- 
 Bay, fituated at the fork of the 
 eaftern branch of the river Ware, 
 which runs into Conneéticut ri- 
 ver; 20 miles E, of Narraganfet, 
 
 PrTrer’s ISLAND, one of the 
 Virgin Iflands, which fee. 
 
 Petit GuAvyESs, in St, Do- 
 mingo.—See H'fpaniola. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA, the capital 
 of the province of Penfylvania, 
 fituated on a neck of land at the 
 confluence of the two fine rivers 
 Delawar and Schuilkill. It isdaid 
 out in the form of a parallello- 
 gram, or long fquare, extending 2 
 miles from river to river, and 
 com pofing 8 long ftreets, interfect- 
 ed at right angles by 16 others, 
 each a mile iu length, broad, 
 fpacious, and even ; with proper 
 {paces for the public buildings, 
 churches, and market-places.. In, 
 the center is a {quare of 10 acres, 
 round which the public buildings. 
 are difpofed.. The two principal 
 ftreets, called High - ftreet, and 
 Broad-ftreet, are each soo feet in 
 breadth, and moft of the horfes. 
 have a {mall garden and orchard, 
 From the rivers are cut fmall 
 canals, equally agreeable and be~ 
 
 B 3 
 
 
 
PHI 
 
 nefidial. ‘The wharfs are fine and 
 Spacious ; the principal 200 feet 
 wide; and the water fo deep, that 
 a veffel of soo tons burden may 
 Jay her broad-fide to it, The ware- 
 houfes are large, numerous, and 
 commodious ; and the docks for 
 fhip-building are fo well adapted 
 to their purpofes, that 20 thips 
 have been feen on the ftocksat the 
 fametime. The city at prefent, 
 exclufive of warehoufes and out- 
 houfes, confifts of about 3000 
 houfes, moft of them of brick, 
 well-built, and very {pacions; and 
 the number of inhabitantsamounts 
 to above 18,000. The original 
 plan is far from being completed ; 
 but fo far as it is built, the ftruc- 
 tures are erected conformable to 
 ir; and the buildings are daily 
 increafing, both in number and 
 beauty: fo that there is great 
 reafon to believe that it will ina 
 few years be one of the fineft pla- 
 ces in all Ametica. 
 
 A great number of very wealth 
 merchants inhabit Philadelphia ; 
 which is three-quarters of a mile 
 ‘broad. The ftreets are well light- 
 ed, and watched: a pavement of 
 hroad ftones run along each fide 
 for foot-paflengers, 
 
 Befides the quantities of all 
 kinds of provifions produced in 
 this province, which is brought 
 down the rivers Delawar and 
 Schuilkill, the Dutch employ be- 
 tween 8 and goco waggons, each 
 drawn by four horfes, in bringing 
 the produdt of their farms to the 
 market of Philadelphia. In the 
 year 1749, 303 veflels entered in- 
 wards at this port, and 291 cleared 
 outwards. ‘There are cuftom- 
 honfe officers at other ports of this 
 province, but the foreign trade in 
 thefe places is not worth notice. 
 Tat. 40, 50. long. 74. 
 
 ‘There are in this city 2 chur- 
 ches, 1 Swedifh, 1 Romifh Cha- 
 pel, 3 Quaker’s meeting-hovfes, 
 2 Prefby‘erian, x Lutheran, 1 
 Dutch Calvinift, 1 Annabaptift, 
 and 1 Moravian meeting-houfe, 
 
 APTS 
 
 PHILADELPHIA-CoUNTY 
 one of the divifions of Penfylva 
 nia, fo called from the capital of 
 the whole province round which 
 it lies. 
 Buek’s county, S. E. by Jerfey, 
 
 
 
 S. W, by Chefter, and N. W. by 
 
 Berk’s county. 
 PHILIPSBURG, a town and 
 
 mancr of New-York, on the E. ~ 
 
 fide of Hudfon’s river, oppofite 
 Orange, about 23 miles N. of 
 New-York ,and 15 from Stamford, 
 in Conneéticut. 
 
 PHILIPSBURG, a town ‘in 
 New Weft Jerfey, on the E. bank 
 
 It is bounded N. E, by 
 
 
 
 
 
 of Delawar river, oppofite Eaton, — 
 
 in Penfylvania. 
 PHILIPPINA,a fmall town of 
 the province of Guatimala, in New 
 
 Spain, fituated on a bay of the — 
 
 South-Sea, in lat. 12, 50. longs 
 91, 30+ 
 
 St. Prerre, the firft town — 
 
 built in the ifland of Martinico, — 
 It is five | 
 
 in the Welt-Indies. 
 
 leagues S. of Fort-Royal, in a 
 
 round bay on the W. coaft of the 
 ifland. It isthe place of commv- 
 
 nication between the colony and — 
 
 mother-country. It is the refie 
 dence of the merchants, as well — 
 as the center of bufinefs; and, 
 notwithftanding it has been ree 
 duced four times to afhes, it con- — 
 tains near 2000 houfes. A port 
 
 
 
 
 
 fituated along the fea-fide on the — 
 Strand is the anchoring-place, but — 
 very unhealthy. Another port of | 
 the towii is feparated from it by a — 
 
 river, and is built on a low hill, 
 
 which is called the Fort, from 2 
 
 {mall fortrefs which defends the 
 road, which is very good for the 
 loading and unloading the fhips, 
 and the facility of coming in and — 
 going out; but the thipping are 
 
 obliged in winter time to take ~ 
 
 fhelter at Fort-Royal, the capital 
 of the ifland, | 
 
 PIsCATAQUA, ariver of the 
 province of New Hamphhire, in 
 New-England, which after a courfé — 
 of 40 miles falls into Pifcataquas — 
 harbour, near Portfmouth, It is 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
_ 
 
 PLA 
 
 the only port of the province, and 
 for 15 miles has more the appear- 
 ance of a deep bay than a river. 
 There is in the mouth of it the 
 iftand of Newcaftle, 1 3 long, and 
 1 i broad. It ismavigable up the 
 
 ' firlt courfe for fhips of any bur- 
 
 then, for 9 miles more up the W. 
 branch to Exeter it is navigable for 
 floops, and alfo up the E. branch 
 to the falls, This river makes the 
 boundary between York and New 
 Hampbhire. 
 
 Piscataway, a town of the 
 county of Middlefex, in New 
 Jerfey, confifting of go families, 
 and 40,0co acres of land, fituated 
 on the Raritan river, 6 miles 
 from its mouth, 
 
 Pracenria, afamous bay and 
 harbour in Newfoundland, greatly 
 frequented by thips employed in 
 the cod-fifhery. ‘The entrance of 
 it is a narrow channel, through 
 which but one fhip can pafs at a 
 time; but the wateris deepenough 
 for the largeft, and the harbour 
 capacious enough to hold 150 fail 
 of fhips, which are there fecure 
 again{t all winds, and can fifh as 
 quietly as inariver. Before the 
 narrow channel is a road of a 
 league and a half in extent; but 
 expofed to the wefterly winds, 
 which here often blow with great 
 violence, What renders the chan- 
 nel fo narrow, is a ridge of dan- 
 gerous rocks, which muft be left 
 upon the ftarboard fide in going 
 into the bay, and on this ridge the 
 French had formerly a fort, cal- 
 led St. Lewis. The currents are 
 very {trong here; fo that thips 
 muft be towed through the chan- 
 nel. The great firand, or drying 
 place for fifh, which is about a 
 league in extent, lies between two 
 very fteep hills, one of which, 
 on the S. S. W. is feparated from 
 the Strand by a fmall rivulet, 
 which runs out of the channel, 
 and forms a kind of lake, called 
 the Little-Bay, in which plenty 
 of falmon is caught. The great 
 ftxand is capacious enough to dry 
 
 Por 
 fith fufficient to load 60 hips, 
 Befides this there is another called 
 The Little Strand, ufed by the ine 
 habitants in drying their fifh, 
 which they catch all along the 
 coaft. On both thefe places fiflz 
 may be laid to dry without any 
 danger. Along the above-men- 
 tioned rivulet the French buile 
 little huts with branches of pine- 
 trees for drying their fifh in rain 
 weather, Near this are the houfes 
 of the inhabitants, which forma 
 village called Placentia. Lat. 47, 
 Io. long. 52, 20. 
 - Pitt County, in the diftri@ of 
 Newbern, North-Carolina, is itu 
 ated between the Pamtico river 
 N. and Nufe River S. and has 
 Tarrburg its principal town. 
 
 PLAINFIELD, a town in 
 Windham county, Conneéticut, 
 New-England, fituated on the 
 Thames river, 23 miles N. of 
 New-London, and 2 S. W. of 
 Canterbury. 
 
 PrymouTx, New, Colony, a 
 fubdivifion of the Maffachufets- 
 Bay. It extends about 100 miles 
 along the coaft from Cape Cod to 
 the northward, and near 50 broad, 
 It was called Plymouth colony 
 from its firft town being built by 
 the Council of Plymouth, in De- 
 vonthire, the firft adventurers to 
 this American continent. It is 
 fubdivided into three counties, viz, 
 Briftol, Plymouth, and Barnftaple, 
 
 PryMmouTnH, a fubdivifion of 
 the colony of the fame name, 
 fituated in the fouthern part of the 
 colony, and watered by 2 or 3 
 fmall rivers ; the foil in general is 
 rich, and confequently fertile, 
 
 Prymoutu, New, the capital 
 of the fame, fituated near a bay, 
 formerly called the guiph of Pa- 
 tuxet, now Plymouth-Bay. It 
 contains about sco families, or 
 3000 fouls; but the lands adja- 
 cent are not very fruitful, Lat, 
 41, 56, long. 70, 30. 
 
 PrymouTuH, oneof the roads 
 in the ifland of Monferrat, one of 
 the Caribbee Iflands, 
 
 an eel 
 
POR 
 
 PocomoAk, ariver of Mary- 
 land, on the E, fide of Chefapeak- 
 Bay... It rifes near the borders of 
 Penfylvania, and, after a courfe of 
 45 miles, falls into Chefapezk-Bay, 
 in the lat. of 37, 55. 
 
 PoMFRET, a town in Wind- 
 ham county, Connedéticut, New- 
 England, on the Nathumy branch 
 of the Thames river, 5 miles 
 S. W. of Killingley, and 10 N. 
 of Canterbury. 
 
 PorT-ANGEL, a harbour on 
 the coaft of the South-Sea, in the 
 Kingdom of Mexico, in the mid- 
 dle between St. Pedro and Com- 
 pelita. It is a broad open bay, 
 with good anchorage, but bad 
 landing. The Spaniards reckon 
 it as good a harbour as Guatulco, 
 
 Lat. 13,32. long. 97, 4. 
 
 Port-Maraquis, a harbour 
 on the coaft of the South-Sea, in 
 the kingdom of Mexico, a league 
 to the eaftward of Acapulco, which 
 fhips from Peru generally frequent 
 to land their contraband goods. 
 Lat.17, 27. long, 102, 26. 
 
 . PortTo-BeLLo, a $€a- port 
 town, on the ifthmus of Darien, 
 in the kingdom of Terra Firma, 
 It ftands near the fea, on the de- 
 clivity of a mountain, which fur- 
 rounds the whole harbour. Moft 
 of the houfes are built with wood. 
 In fome the firft {tory is of ftone, 
 and the remainder of wood. The 
 are about 130in number, but mof 
 of them remarkably fpacious. 
 ‘The town is under the jurifdiction 
 of a Governor, with the title of 
 Lientenant- General, as being fuch 
 under the Prefident of Panama. 
 
 The town confifts of one prin- 
 cipal ftreet, extending along the 
 Strand, having feveral others crof- 
 fing it, and running from the de- 
 clivity of the mountain to the 
 fhore ; together with fome lanes 
 parallel to the principal ftreet, 
 where the ground will admit of it. 
 It has 2 fquares, 1 oppofite to the 
 cuftom-houfe, which is a ftone- 
 ftruéture built on the quay; the 
 other faces the great church, which 
 
 POR 
 
 is alfo of ftone, large and decently 
 ornamented, and ferved by a Vicar — 
 and fome other priefis, who are — 
 natives of the country. Befides 
 the great church, there alfotwo — 
 others, one belonging to the Fa- 
 thers of Mercy, whefe convent is ~ 
 contiguous to it; the other dedi- — 
 cated to St, Juan de Dios, and was 
 intended for an hofpital. The 
 church belonging to the Fathers 
 of Mercy is of ftone, but very — 
 mean, and in a ruinous condition; 
 anid the convent fo greatly decayed, 
 that the religious are obliged to 
 live in the town, difperfed in pri- 
 vate honfes. That of St. Juan de 
 Diosisa fmall building refembling 
 an oratory, and, like the other, in 
 a very ruinous condition, © 
 
 At the eaft end of the town, in 
 the road to Panama, is a quarter 
 called Guinea, being the place 
 where all the negroes of both 
 fexes, whether flaves or free, have 
 their habitations, This quarter. 
 was greatly crowded when the gal- 
 leons were zt Porto-Bello, moft of 
 the inhabitants of the town re- 
 tiring hither forthe fake of letting 
 their hovfes. At the fame time 
 great numbers of mechanics, who 
 then flock hither from Panama, 
 lodge in this quarter for cheap- 
 nef:, 
 
 Porto Bello, whieh is but very 
 thinly inhabited, became at the 
 time when the galleons were there, 
 one of the moft populous places 
 in the world. Its fituation on the 
 ifthmus between the South and 
 North Sea, the goodnefs of its 
 harbour, ard its fn-all diftance 
 from Panama, have given it the 
 preference to all other places fer 
 the rendezvous of the joint come 
 merce of Spain and Peru at its 
 fair 3; but this trade is difconti- 
 nued, ear 
 
 As foon as advice arrived at 
 Panama that the fleet from Peru 
 had unloaded their merchandize 
 at Panama, the galleons made the 
 beft of their way to Porto Eello, 
 in order to ayoid ihe many cif 
 
 j 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ae ee eee 
 
PO R 
 
 tempers which affect the feamen, 
 _and derive their fource from idle- 
 nefs, The concourfe of people 
 on this occafion was fuch, that 
 the rent of lodgings was raifed to 
 an exceflive height, the price of 
 a'middling chamber and a {mall 
 clofet, during the fair, being often 
 1000 crowns, and that of fome 
 large houfes 4, 5, or 6000. 
 
 While the feamen and Euro- 
 pean traders were employed, the 
 Jand was covered with droves of 
 mules from Panama, each drove 
 confifting of above 100, loaded 
 with chefts of gold and filver, 
 on account of the merchants at 
 Peru. Some of thefe were un- 
 loaded at the exchange, and o- 
 thers in’the fquare; but, notwith- 
 ftanding all the hurry and con- 
 fufion attending fuch prodigious 
 crouds, no lofs or difturbance was 
 ever known, He who had feen 
 Porto-Bello at other times, foli- 
 tary, poor, and a perpetual fi- 
 lence reigning every-where, the 
 harbour without fhips, and ever 
 place wearing a melancholy at. 
 pect, muft be filled with aftonih- 
 ment at this fudden change, to 
 fee the buftling multitudes, every 
 houfe crouded, the fquares and 
 ftreets full of bales and chefts of 
 gold and filver ; the harbour full 
 of fhips and veffels, fome bring- 
 ing, by the way of the river Cha- 
 gre, the goods of Peru, as cacao, 
 prea ee vicuna- wool, and 
 ezoar - {tones ; others coming 
 from Carthagena, loaded with 
 provifions ; in fhort, a fpot at 
 other times detefted for its dele- 
 terious qualities, became the fta- 
 ple of riches of the old and new 
 world, and the foene of one of 
 the moft confiderable branches 
 of commerce in the whole earth, 
 
 The fhips being unleaded, and 
 the merchants of Peru, together 
 with the Prefident of Panama, 
 arrived, the fair came under de- 
 liberation ; and for this purpofe 
 the deputies of the feveral par- 
 ties repaired on board the thip be- 
 
 POR 
 
 longing to the commodore of the 
 galleons, where, in the prefence 
 of that commander, and the Pre- 
 fident of Panama, the former as 
 patron of the Europeans, and the 
 latter of the Peruvians, the prices 
 of the feveral kinds of merchan- 
 dize were fettled, and the contra¢ts 
 were figned and made public, that 
 every-one might by them regu-. 
 late the fale of his effe€ts ; and” 
 by this means all fraud was pre- 
 cluded. The purchafes and fales, 
 as well as the exchanges of mo- 
 ney, were tranfaéted by brokers 
 from Spain and Peru. After this 
 every merchant began to difpofe 
 of his own goods, the Spanith 
 brokers embarked their chefts of 
 money, and thofe of Peru fent 
 away the goods they had pur- 
 chafed by veffels up the river 
 Chagre; and thus the fair of 
 Porto-Bello ended. 
 
 The harbour of Porto-Bello 
 was difcovered on the 2d of Nos 
 vember, 1502, by Columbus, who 
 was fo charmed with its extent, 
 depth, and fecurity, that he called 
 it Puerto-Bello, or the Fair Har- 
 bour, Its mouth, though three- 
 quarters of a mile broad, is well 
 defended by. Fort St. Philip de 
 Lodo Hierre, or Iron-Caftle, fie 
 tuated on the N. point of the en= 
 trance ; for the S. fide being full 
 of rocks, thips are obliged to 
 keep in the middle, and confe- 
 quently within 660 yards of the 
 caftle, where there is from 9 to 
 15 fathoms water, aid a bottom 
 of clayey mud mixed with chalk 
 and fand, 
 
 On the fouth fide of the har- 
 bour, and about 200 yards from 
 the town, is a large caftle, called’ 
 St. Jago de la Gloria, having bee 
 fore it a fmall point of Jand pro- 
 jecting into the harbour, and on 
 it is a fmall fort called St. Jerom, 
 within 20 yards of the houfes, 
 All thefé were demolifhed by Ads 
 miral Vernon, in the year 1739, 
 with 6 {hips only. ‘The anchors 
 ing: place for large fhips is ta the 
 
BrQiR 
 north-weft of Gloria caftle, near 
 the center of the harbour ; but 
 {mall veflels come farther up, 
 taking care to avoid a bank of 
 fand, ftretching off 300 yards 
 from St. Jerom’s point, there 
 being only a fathom and a half 
 or 2 fathoms water on it. North- 
 weft of the town is a little bay, 
 called Iia Caldera, or the Kettle, 
 having four fathoms and a half 
 water. 
 
 Among the mountains which 
 farround the harbour of Porto- 
 Bello, beginning from the Iron 
 caftle, and extending to the op- 
 pofite point, is one particularly 
 remarkable for its fupcrior height, 
 and its being confidered_as the 
 barometer of the country, by 
 foretelling every change of wea- 
 ther. This mountain, diftin- 
 guifhed by the name of Capiro, 
 ftands at the bottom of the har- 
 bour in the road to Panama. Its 
 top is always covered with va- 
 pours of a denfity and darknefs 
 Seldom feen in the clouds of the 
 atmofphere; and from thefe, 
 which are called the Capillo, or 
 cap, the changes of the weather 
 are indicated; for when thefe 
 clouds thicken, increafe in their 
 blacknefs, and fink below their 
 ufual ftation, it is a fure fign of 
 a tempeft; while, on thé other 
 hand, their clearnefs and afcent 
 as certainly indicate the approach 
 of fair weather. It muft, how- 
 ever, be obferved, that thefc 
 changes are both very frequent 
 and very fubitaneous. Nor is 
 the fummit hardly ever free from 
 clouds; and when this does hap- 
 pen, it is only as it were for an 
 inftant. 
 
 The inclemency of the climate 
 of Porto-Bello is well known, 
 The heat is exceffive, being greatly 
 augmented by the fituation of the 
 town, which is furrounded with 
 high mountains, without any in- 
 terval forthe current of the winds, 
 which would otherwife refrefh it. 
 The trees on the mountains fland 
 
 -impetuofity feem to threaten a 
 
 
 
 
 
 POR | 
 
 } 
 
 fo thick, that they intercept the — 
 rays of the fun, and confequently — 
 prevent the earth under their — 
 branches from being dried: hence — 
 copious exhalations, which form — 
 large heavy clonds, and precipi-+ — 
 tate in violent torrents of rainy 
 but thefe are no fooner over than 
 the fun breaks out afrefh, and 
 fhines with his former {plendor; — 
 though before the aétivity of his 
 rays has dried the furface of the 
 ground not covered by the trees, 
 the atmofphere is again clouded 
 with another colleétion of thick 
 vapours, the fun is again con- 
 cealed, and another torrent of 
 rain fucceeds. In this manner it 
 continues night and day, without 
 any fenfible diminution of the 
 heat. Thefe torrents of rain, 
 which by their fuddennefs and 
 
 fecond deluge, are often accom- 
 panied with fuch tempefts of thun= 
 der and lightning, as muft terrify 
 the moft intrepid ; efpecially as 
 this dreadful noife is prolonged 
 by repercuflions from the caverns . 
 in the mountains, and augmented 
 by the howlings and fhrieks of 
 the multitudes of monkeys of all 
 kinds inhabiting the adjacent foe 
 refts, 
 
 This continual inclemency of 
 the feafon, added to the fatigue 
 of the feamen in unloading the 
 fhips, carrying the goods on fhore 
 in barges, and afterwards drawing 
 them along on fledges, caufe a 
 very profufe tranfpiration, and 
 confequent!y render them weak 
 and faint; while they, in order 
 to recruit their fpirits, have re- 
 courfe to brandy, of which there 
 ie on thefe occafions an. incre- 
 dible confumption. The excef- 
 five labour, immederate drink— 
 ing, and the inclemency and un- 
 healthinefs of the climate, muft 
 jointly injure the beft conftitu- 
 tions, and produce thefe dele- 
 terious difeafes fo common in 
 this country. But it is not the 
 feamen alone who are fubje&t to 
 

 
 POR 
 thefe difeafes: others, who are 
 ~ {trangers to the feas, and not con- 
 
 cerned in the fatigues, are alfo 
 attacked by them ; which abun- 
 
 dantly demonftrates, that the 
 caufes of thefe difeafes have their 
 rife in the unhealthinefs of the 
 ~climate, though Jabour, fatigue, 
 and drinking to excefs, tend to 
 {pread and inflame them, 
 
 The number of the inhabitants 
 of Porto-Bello is, therefore, very 
 inconfiderable, and the greateft 
 part of thefe negroes and mu- 
 lattoes; the whites continuing no 
 longer here than they can acquire 
 a moderate fortune, when they 
 retire to Panama to enjoy it. 
 
 Provifions are fcarce at Porto- 
 Bello, and confequently dear. The 
 only thing in plenty here is fith, 
 of which there is a great variety, 
 and extremely good. It alfo a- 
 bounds in fugar-canes, fo that 
 the miferable cottages in the 
 country are built with them, 
 Frefh water pours down in ftreams 
 from the mountains, fome run- 
 ning without the town, and others 
 croffing it. "hefe waters are light 
 and digeftive ; qualities which in 
 any other part of the world would 
 be valuable, but are here perni- 
 cious. The country feems to be 
 curfed by nature, fo that what is 
 in itfelf good is here deftrudtive ; 
 for this water, being too fine and 
 active for the {tomachis of the in- 
 habitants, produces dyfeiiteries, 
 the laft {tage of other diftempers, 
 and which the patient feldom or 
 never recovers, 
 
 As the foreft borders almoft 
 on the houfes of the town, the 
 tigers often make incurfions into 
 the ftreets, during the night, car- 
 rying off fowls, dogs, and do- 
 meftie animals; even children 
 have often fallen a prey to thefe 
 ravenous creatures. Serpents are 
 alfo very numerous and remark- 
 ebly deftructive, But the num- 
 ber of toads exceeds any-thing 
 of that kind hitherto known, 
 When it has rained more than 
 
 POR | 
 common in the night, the ftreets 
 and {quares in the morning are 
 paved with thefe reptiles, fo that 
 you cannot ftep without treading 
 on them, which is fometimes pro- 
 ductive of troublefome bites, for, 
 befides their poifon, they are large 
 enough for their teeth to be fe- 
 verely felt. They are generally 
 about fix inches in length, and 
 their number is fo great, that 
 nothing can be imagived more 
 di’mal than their croakings during 
 the night in all parts of the town, 
 woods, and caverns of the moun- 
 tains. 
 
 Porto-Bello was peopled from 
 Nombre de Dios, a city built by 
 Diego de Niquefa at the Bafti- 
 mentos; but that place being of- 
 ten ruined by the ufconquered 
 Indians of Darien, the inhabi- 
 tants, by order of Philip IT, re- 
 moved hither in the year 1584, 
 as a place of more fecurity, and 
 at the fame time much better fi- 
 tuated for the commerce of that 
 country. . Lat. 9, 34, 35. long, 
 799 45° 
 
 PorTo-CABELO, a maritime 
 town in the province of the Ca- 
 raccas, in the W. Indies, which 
 was attacked without fuccefs in 
 1743 by Admiral Knowles. It 
 is inhabited chiefly by fifhermen, 
 failors, and faétors; and is fix 
 leagues from Leon, the capital of 
 the province. 
 
 Porto-CavALo.—See Ca- 
 valo. 
 
 PorTo-RIco, one of the 
 Antilles Iflands, belonging to the 
 Spaniards, fituated 54 miles to the 
 weltward of St, Domingo. It is 
 about 120 miles in length from 
 E. to W. and 36 in breadth from 
 N.to S. The middle of the ifland 
 lies in lat. 18,14. It was dif- 
 covered by Columbus in the year 
 1493, yet it did not attraét the 
 
 “notice of the Spaniards till 15c9, 
 
 who then came in crouds from 
 St. Domingo. It coft the Spa- 
 niards a great deal of trouble to 
 reduce it, the inhabitants being a 
 
POR 
 
 brave people, extremely fond of 
 liberty. They, however, fucceed- 
 edat laft, and not only conquered, 
 but extirpated the natives to the 
 amount of 600,000: at prefent it 
 contains no more than 6000, of 
 ‘whom only 15 or 1600 are Spa- 
 niards, or Mulattoes. This moun- 
 tainous and unequal ifland, fub- 
 ject to exceffive drynefs, as well 
 as very deftructive hurricanes, is 
 neverthelefs fruitful; but its pro- 
 duétions do not exceed the necef- 
 faries of its lazy inhabitants, 
 
 The rains, which generally ren- 
 ‘der the feafon unhealthful, fall in 
 June, July, and Anguft, when the 
 weather would otherwife be ex- 
 tremely hot. About midfummer, 
 or the beginning of harveft, vio- 
 Jent hurricanes are frequent ; when 
 the plants fuffer greatly by a N.E. 
 wind. From 8 in the morning 
 till 4 in the afternoon, the fea- 
 ‘breeze continues; but from 6 till 
 $ in the morning, and from 4 to 
 6 in the afternoon, it is extremely 
 hot. : 
 
 The foil, which is beautifully 
 diverfified with woods, hills, val- 
 leys, and plains, is extremely fer- 
 tile, abounding with fine mea- 
 dows, well ftocked with wild cat- 
 tle, which were brought original- 
 Jy from Spain. A ridge of moun- 
 tains runs through the ifland 
 from E. to W. from whence great 
 numbers of brooks and _ rivers 
 iffue, which water the plains, and 
 cloath them with the fineft paf- 
 tures. The fides of the hills are 
 covered with trees of various 
 kinds, proper for building fhips, 
 and other ufeful purpofes. But 
 its principal commodities for com- 
 merce are fugar, ginger, a little 
 cotton, thread, caffia, maftick, and 
 hides, of which they export only 
 about 2c0o per ann. and a few 
 mules, whe pafs by ftealth to St. 
 Cruz, Jamaica, and to St. Domin- 
 go. The idlenefs of this colony 
 is proteéted by a garrifon of 200 
 men, who, with the priefts and 
 magiftrates, coft the government 
 
 P-O:R 
 
 50,000. piafters a year, Allt 
 utility accruing to the mother- 
 country from this colony, is to 
 have a place where the fleets it — 
 fends to Mexico may get water 
 and refrefhments, Great quanti- 
 ties of falt are alfo made on the © 
 ifland ; which, with the great ya- _ 
 riety of fine fruits it produces, — 
 adds greatly to the value of its — 
 exports, 4 
 Porto Rico, or St. John de 
 Porto Rico, the capital of the 
 ifland of the fame name, isfituated 
 in a {mall ifland onghe N. fide o 
 the ifland of Porto Rico, to which 
 it is joined by a caufey, running 
 acrofs the harbour, which is very _ 
 capacious, and where the iareel Oe 
 fhips may lie with the utmoft ~ 
 fafety. It isthe fee of a bithop, 
 large, well-built, and as badly in- — 
 habited as moft Spanifh cities, and 
 is the center of the contraband 
 trade carried on by the Englifh ~ 
 and French with the fubjeéts of — 
 Spain, notwithftanding the feve- 
 rity of the laws, and extraordi- — 
 nary precautions taken to prevent — 
 it. On the S.W. fide of the 
 city isa very {trong citadel, called 
 St. Anthony, which at once com- 
 mands and defends it; while the 
 mouth of the harbour is protected 
 by a large, well- fortified caftle. 
 In the year 1595 Sir Fra. Drake 
 burned all the fhips in the hare — 
 bour ; but finding it impoffible to 
 keep’ the place without abandon- 
 ing all his other defigns, he did 
 not attempt to make himfelf maf- 
 ter of it. Three years after, the 
 Earl of Cumberland reduced the 
 ifland, and had fome thoughts of 
 keeping it; but lofing 400 men in 
 the fpace of a month, by a conta- 
 gious difeafe, he was glad to de- 
 part, Carrying away with, him 70 
 pieces of cannon, and an im- — 
 menfe booty in plate. In 1615 
 the Dutch fent a ftrong fleet a- ~ 
 gainft Porto Rico, but with no 
 great fuccefs; for they only took — 
 and plundered the city, not being 
 able to reduce the caftle, The 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
POR 
 
 city of St. Juan de Porto: Rico 
 Ves in lat. 18, 20, long. 65, 35. 
 
 PORTO DEL PRINCIPE, @ 
 fea-port town on the northern 
 coalt of Cuba, 300 miles S.E. 
 of the Havanna, and 186 N. W. 
 of Baracoa, It was formerly a 
 large and rich town, but being 
 taken by Captain Morgan, with 
 his buccaneers, after a {tout re- 
 fiftance, it never recovered itfelft 
 Near it are feveral fountains of bi- 
 tumen. Lat.20,55, long.75,27- 
 
 Port-Roy atu, a fmall ifland 
 at the mouth of a river of the 
 fame name, in South-Carolina, 
 confifting of about roco acres of 
 excellent land. The town of 
 Beaufort ftands in this iflands See 
 Beaitfort. Wat. 32,23. long. 79, 13. 
 
 PortT-Roy AL, a fine river in 
 South-Carolina, about 15 miles to 
 the northward of the river May. 
 It has a bold entrance, and 17 
 feet on the bar at low water. 
 This harbour is large, commodi- 
 ous, and fafe for ihipping, and 
 the river runs through a fine fruit- 
 ful country, preferable to mioft 
 others in this colony. The ifland 
 of Port-Royal, mentioned in the 
 preceding article, lies at the 
 mouth of it, 
 
 Port-RoYAt, anciently the 
 capital of the ifland of Jamaica, 
 fitrated on the very point of a 
 narrow neck of land, which, to- 
 wards the fea, formed part of the 
 border of a very noble harbour 
 of its own name. In this har- 
 bovr above r1ooo fail of fhips 
 could anchor with the greateft 
 convenience and fafety ; and the 
 water was fo deep at thexkey of 
 Port-Royal, that veffels of the 
 greateft “burden could lay their 
 broadfides to the wharfs, and load 
 or unload with little trouble, and 
 fmall expence. This convenience 
 had fuch weight with the inhabi- 
 tants, that they made choice of 
 this fpot for their capital, though 
 the place was a hot dry fand, 
 which did not produce one of the 
 -neceflaries of life, nor even a 
 
 
 
 POR 
 
 drop of frefh water. However,’ 
 its advantageous fituation, and the 
 refort of the pirates, foon render- 
 ed it a very confiderable place. It 
 contained 20co houfes, very hand= 
 fomely built, and as high-rented 
 as thofe of London, In: fhort, 
 few places in the world could be 
 compared to this town for trade, 
 wealth, and entire corruption of 
 manners. In this flourifhing fate 
 it continued tillthe oth of June, 
 1692, when a dreadful earthquake, 
 which feemed to fhake the very 
 foundations of the ifland, over- 
 whelmed Port-Royal, and buried 
 nine tenths of it 8 fathoms under 
 water. They, however, rebuilt the 
 town after this deftructive fhock ; 
 but about ro years after it was 
 laid in afhes by a terrible fire. 
 Notwithftanding this fecond ca- 
 taftrophe, the extraordinary con= 
 venience of the barbour tempted * 
 them to rebuild it again. But in 
 the year 1722 one of the moft 
 dreadful hurricanes ever known 
 reduced it a third time to a heap 
 of rubbith, Warned by thefe 
 extraordinary calamities, which 
 feemed to mark out this place as a 
 fpot devoted to deftruétion, the ~ 
 
 cuftom-houfe and- public offices 
 
 were removed, by an aét of the 
 afflembly, and no market fuffered 
 to be held there for the future, 
 The harbour, joining to the bay 
 of Kingfton, is now very large and 
 deep: it isithe ftation of our fleet 
 in the time of peace, and has a 
 good careening place; but when 
 there is a war with Spain the fleet 
 is {tationed at Point Negril, the 
 W. end of the ifland. On the 
 
 ‘extremity of the neck of land is 
 
 Fort Charles, mounted with 126 
 guns, which defend the entrance 
 of the harbour. Port-Royal, at 
 prefent, has only 3 ftreets, and z 
 or 3 Janes, with about 200 houfes, 
 Lat. 17, 40. long. 75, 52. 
 Port-RoYAL, a town in Ca. 
 roline county, Virginia, on the 
 S. fide of Rappahanock-River, 20 
 miles E, of Frederick{burg, 14 We 
 
rot. 
 of Leeds, and 93 N.E. of Wil- 
 liamfburg. 
 
 PorRTsMoUTH, a fea-port 
 town in the county of Carteret, 
 in North-Carolina. It is fituated 
 on Core-bank, on the N. end, 
 near Occacoke inlet, having Pam- 
 tico-found to the N. and W. the 
 Atlantic to the E. and the re- 
 mainder of Core-bank to the W. 
 
 PoRTSMOQUTH, a town in 
 Rhode-Ifland, fituated near its N. 
 end, 5 miles S, E. of Briftol, and 
 _is a flourifhing place. 
 
 PoRTSMOUTH, 2 new town 
 building in Prince Rupert’s-bay, 
 in the ifland of Dominica, be- 
 tween the Salt-works and coaft. 
 
 PortTsmMovuTH, a town in Vir- 
 ginia, lately deftroyed by the Bri- 
 tifh forces under Lord Dunmore, 
 
 PorTsMOUTH, one of the 
 principal towns of the govern- 
 ment of New-Hampfhire, a pro- 
 vince of the colony of New- 
 England, fituated in the harbour 
 - of Pifkataque, 60 miles N. of 
 Bofton, the chief town of the 
 province, where the courts are 
 held, and where the governor re- 
 fides. Lat. 43,22. long. 70, 35, 
 
 Port Sr. Joun, afmall town 
 in the province of Nicaragua, in 
 _ New-Spain, fituated at the mouth 
 of a river on the coaft of the 
 South-Sea, 30 miles N. W. from 
 Leon, to which city it is the 
 port-town, ‘The harbour is fafe 
 and capacious, and formerly the 
 Spanifh fhips intended for the 
 South-Sea were built here. Lati- 
 tude 12, 10. long. 87, 38. 
 
 PorowMack, a riverof which 
 one of its branches has its rife in 
 the Endlefs Mountains, where, 
 by a fhort porterage, it has com- 
 munication with the Ohio, and 
 in the late war was the chief con- 
 veyance of the heavy baggage to 
 Fort Cumberland, as well as fup- 
 
 lies to Pittfburg. It has another 
 Cracks which is fuppofed its 
 principal, that rifes in Penfylva- 
 nia, and empties itfelf into Che- 
 fapeak-Bay. 
 
 ‘and to this fettlement he gave the _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Prickry. Pear, one of the — 
 fmaller Virgin-Iflands, in the W. 
 Indies, fituated near the northern ~ 
 coaft of Virgin-Gorda, on which 
 it is dependant. Long. 63, 10, 
 lat 18, 25. - 
 
 Princess-Ann, a {mall town — 
 in the county of Worcefter, in — 
 the eaftern divifion of Maryland. — 
 
 PRovIDENCE, @# fmall plantas — 
 tion belonging to the government — 
 of Rhode - Ifland, firft founded — 
 by Mr. Roger Williams, paftor 
 of a church of Brownifts, i 
 Maflachufets-Bay; but being ba- 
 nithed by the magiftrates for his 
 preaching and principles, he was 
 followed by a confiderable num=- — 
 ber of people, and fettled at a — 
 place without the government; | 
 
 Te 
 
 ait 
 
 name of Providence, where he ~ 
 lived above qo years, and behaved — 
 fo well that he regained the good — 
 opinion of his countrymen, was — 
 recommended to the favour of the — 
 Maflachufets government by fome 
 of the Englifh nobility, wrote a- 
 gainft the principles and pra¢tices 
 of the Quakers, was diligent in 
 the converfion of the Indians, — 
 and very ferviceable in obtaining 
 a charter for the government of — 
 Rhode-Ifland. This plantation 
 is a diftri€&t of about 20 miles 
 {quare, feparated from Conneéti- 
 cut on the W. by an imaginary © 
 line drawn from N, to S. and from 
 Maflachufets by another imagi- 
 nary line drawn from E,. to We 
 See Rhode-Ifland. a 
 ProvipEeNcE, the capital of 
 the plantation of its own name, 
 in Rhode-Ifland colony, fituated 
 near the mouth of the river Pa- 
 tuxit, 4 miles W. of Rehoboth, — 
 and about g miles N. of War- 
 wick, It is tolerably large, full 
 of inhabitants, and in a very 
 flourifhing condition. Lat. 41, 55 
 long. 71, 29. } 
 PRrovipence, the fecond, with — 
 regard to magnitude, of the Bas — 
 hama-Iflands, It is about 36 — 
 miles in length, and 18 in breadth, - 
 
PRO 
 
 and is now the refidence of the 
 Governor; at the Town of Naf- 
 fau. It lies in the center of fome 
 hundreds of other iflands, fome 
 of them very large, and others 
 no bigger than rocks or knolls 
 rifing above the furface of the 
 water. The ancient name of this 
 ifland was Abacoa; but Mr. Sayle, 
 who was twice caft away upon it, 
 called it the firft time by his own 
 name, and the fecond by that of 
 Providence, which it ftill cone 
 tinues. Its chief commerce arifes 
 from the misfortune of thofe fhips 
 that are driven on its coaft, or, in 
 making winter voyages to the con- 
 tinent of America, are forced to 
 put in for provifions, for want of 
 which they are frequently in great 
 diltrefs. The provifions they pur- 
 chafe here are fent from Carolina, 
 and laid up im {torehoufes for that 
 purpofe; the ifland producing lit- 
 tle elfe than limes, falt, and Bra- 
 filette-wood, which they carry o- 
 ver to Carolina.. They fow peafe 
 and Indian wheat; the former are 
 fit to gather in 6 weeks, and the 
 latter in 12. Fifh of various kinds 
 are found in the utmoft plenty on 
 the coa(t; and in fome parts of 
 the ifland are vaft numbers of 
 trees and plants. The principal 
 
 harbour in this ifland is rendered © 
 
 dangerous by a bar, on which 
 there is not above 16 feet water, 
 Indeed the whole coaft is fo dan- 
 gerous, not only on account of 
 the ftrength and various direc- 
 tions of its currents, which con- 
 found the experteft navigators, 
 but alfo by the roughnefs of the 
 fea, the frequent and dreadful, 
 though fhort, ftorms of thunder, 
 lightning, and rain, which feem 
 to threaten the diflolution of the 
 world ; to fay nothing of the vatt 
 rocks that lie every where feat- 
 ‘tered, fome above, fome level 
 with, and others below the fur- 
 face of the water. Thefe are fuch 
 obftacles to the adventurers of all 
 nations, that they never approach 
 the Bahama - Iflands, but when 
 
 POE 
 
 driven on them by ftrefs of wea 
 ther, or to procure a fupply of 
 provifions and water. Providence 
 lies in the lat. of 25. long. 775 306 
 
 PRovVIDENEE, an iftand in the 
 North-Sea, near the coaft of Hon- 
 daras, in New-Spain. It is a- 
 bout rz miles in length, and 4 in 
 breadth, buf pot inhabited. It 
 was much celebrated in the hifto- 
 ry of the buccaneers, who forti- 
 fied it, and made it for fome time 
 their principal retreat. Its nor= 
 therly point is called St. Catha- 
 rine’s-ifland, is feparated from the 
 main body by a narrow channel, 
 over which the buccaneers built 
 a bridge, 
 fmallnefs of this ifland, it may 
 be confidered as one of the beft 
 
 in the Weft-Indies, both for its. 
 
 fruitfulnefs and the falubrity of 
 its air; to which we may add, the 
 facility of. fortifying its fhores. 
 I: has plenty of frefh water, and 
 abounds with pigeons, and has no 
 ferpent, or other venomous rep- 
 tile found there. Lat. 13, 26. 
 long, 80, 5. 
 
 PRovincz,a {mall villagenear 
 Cape-Cod harbour, at the N, ex- 
 tremity of Barnftaple county, Ply-~ 
 mouth Colony, New - England, 
 where is a carrying-place, 
 
 PrRupDENCE-IsLAND, in Nar- 
 raganfet-Bay, Rhode-Ifland. Ie 
 is about 5 miles long from N. to 
 S. but triangular, being near x 
 broad at one end, and above 3 at 
 the other. Its N. end is about 
 5 miles from Briftol. 
 
 PUEBLA LA VEGA, once a 
 famous place in the province of 
 Guatimala, in New-Spa‘n, thred 
 leagues above Realego; but hav- 
 ing been feveral times taken, the 
 Bithop publifhed an excommuni- 
 cation againit it, in conformity to 
 which it was totally deferted, and 
 has never fince been rebuilt. 
 
 PUEELA DE Los ANGELOS, 
 the prefent capital of the province 
 of Flafcela, or Los Angelos, in 
 Mexico, fituated in the road from 
 
 Vera Cruz to Mexico, 130 leagues - 
 
 Q2 
 
 Notwithftanding the’ 
 
 \ 
 
QUE 
 from the former, and 60 from the 
 
 Jatter. The buildings are in ge- 
 neral of {tone, lofty and elegant; 
 
 and the ftreets, which ave broad, 
 
 clean, and regular, crofs each o- 
 ther at right-angles. In the cen- 
 ter of the city is 4 large fquare, 
 faid to be equal, if not fuperior, 
 to that of Mexico. It is adorned 
 on three fides with uniform porti- 
 cos, where are fhops filled with 
 all kinds .of rich commodities : 
 and on the other is its grand ca- 
 thedral, which has a very beauti- 
 ful front, and two lofty towers, 
 al) built of ftone, and in the mo- 
 dern tafte. It is now the fee of a 
 bifhop, which was tranflated hi- 
 ther from Tlafcala, Befides the 
 cathedral there are feveral other 
 churches and convents, well-built, 
 and finely adorned; the beft felts 
 in the country are made in this 
 city, which has alfo a mint anda 
 glafs-houfe. The clergy of this 
 city are fo exceffive rich, that the 
 Bitbop’s revenue alone is 240,000 
 piafters per ann. .The houfes are 
 compu'ed at about 16 or 1700, 
 and the families at about 1oco. 
 A. fmall river runs through the 
 town, andthe adjacent valley pro- 
 dyces vines, and all forts of Eu- 
 ropean fruits. Several forts of 
 mineral waters are alfo found in 
 its neighbourhood. Lat. 19, 55. 
 long. 110, 3. - 
 -PURRYSBURG, a fettlement 
 on the N. fide of the river Sa- 
 vannah, in Granville county, the 
 diftrit of Beaufort, in South-Ca- 
 rolina, 89 miles $. W. of Charles- 
 Town, It has its name from 
 Monfeur Purry, a gentleman of 
 Nevfchatel, who being encouraged 
 by the government, both in Eng- 
 land and Carolina, undertook to 
 fettle a colony of Switzers here. 
 See Granville County. Purryfourg 
 lies in the lat. of 32,15. long. 81. 
 
 Per 
 
 “((\Uesec, the capital of Ca- 
 nada, fitnated at the con- 
 
 fluence of the rivers of St, 
 
 QUE 
 
 Laurence and St. Charles, on t! 
 N. fide of the former, and abo 
 112 leagues from the fea. The 
 bafon is very {pacious, being fuf- 
 ficient to contain 100 fail of men 
 of war of the line. The river © 
 St. Laurence, which is about 4 ~ 
 leagues wide above the town, here 
 fhrinks itfelf at oncetothe breadth 
 of a fingle mile, and on this ac- ~ 
 count the city was called Quebec, 
 which, in the Janguage of the — 
 Indians of that country, fignifies — 
 a fhrinking or growing narrower. 
 The firft object that falutes the ~ 
 eyein failing uptothetownis afine ~ 
 cafcade, called by the French the — 
 Leap of Montmorency, fituated at 
 the entrance of the little channel — 
 of the ifland of Orieans, which © 
 is about 4o feet high, and 30 ~ 
 bread, though caufed only bythe — 
 fall of an inconfiderable brook. 
 
 
 
 A little above this cafcade the ~ 
 
 city of Quebec is fituated, on the — 
 narroweft part of the river; but — 
 
 between it and the ifle of Orleans 
 
 is a fpacious bafon, extending a 
 league every way, and into this 
 bafon the river St. Charles dif- 
 charges its waters, fo that Quebee 
 is fituated between that river and 
 Cape Diamond, a lofty promon- 
 
 tory. The harbour, which faces 
 the town, is fafe and commodi- 
 
 ous, and the water about 25 fae 
 thom deep. At the time when 
 the city was founded, in 1608, 
 the tide reached the foot of the 
 rock; but fince that time the ri- 
 ver has funk fo far, that a large | 
 {pot of ground is left dry, and on 
 this a large fuburb is built, called 
 the Lower-Town, which ftaads at © 
 the foot of a rocky precipice, a-— 
 bout 48 feet high. The houfes — 
 in the Lower-town are of ftone, 
 
 {trong, well-built, and chiefly in- 
 
 habited by merchants, forthe con- 
 veniency of their trade,» It con- 
 tains 12 or 1sgoco inhabitants. 
 The fortifications. are extenfive, 
 but far from being regular; tho” 
 the place, from its fituation, is 
 capable of making a {tout defence, 
 
QUE 
 
 “if attacked by fhips from the ri- 
 ver, as their guns canrot injure 
 the works of the Upper=Town, 
 while they themfelves muft fuf- 
 fer greatly from the cannon and 
 bombs from thefe lofty ramparts. 
 The Lower-Town is defended by 
 a platform, flanked with two ba- 
 ftions, which at high water and 
 fpring-tides are almoft level with 
 the furface of the water. A lit- 
 tle above-the baftion, to the right, 
 is a half-baftion, cut out of the 
 rock ; a little higher a large bat- 
 tery; and higher ftill a fquare fort, 
 the moft regular of all the forti- 
 fications, and in which the Gover- 
 nor refides. The paflages which 
 form a communication between 
 thefe works, are extremely rugged. 
 The rock which feparates the 
 Upper from the Lower Town, ex- 
 tends itfelf, and continues, with a 
 bold and fteep front, a confidera- 
 way to the weftward, along the 
 siver St. Laurence. 
 
 The Upper-town is alfo well. 
 built, and abounds with noble 
 edifices, as churches, palaces, ef- 
 pecially that of the bifhop; the 
 courts of juftice, the houfe of the 
 Hoipitallers, whichisa noble build- 
 ing of {quare ftone, faid to have 
 coft 40,000 livres; feveral mo- 
 nafteries, nunneries, chapels. &<, 
 which would take up too much 
 room todefcribe. But the nobleft 
 ftruéture of the whole is the pa- 
 lace, where the Governor refides, 
 where the Grand Council of the 
 colony, while Quebec was in the 
 hands of the French, and where 
 all the royal ftores are depofited, 
 ‘The cathedral is rather a clumfey 
 building, and its architeAure, 
 choir, painting, and carving, are 
 all in.a mean tafte, The only 
 thing beastiful is its tower, which 
 is very large) and: well-built, and 
 fo advantageoufly fituated as to be 
 feen at a great diftance. The {e- 
 minary and cloifters are defigned 
 in a better tafte, but were never 
 finifhed, having been twice con- 
 fumed by fire, namely, in 1703, 
 
 QUE 
 
 and 1705. The chapter - honfe,, 
 
 once a famous edifice, was alfo 
 confumed, fo that the communi-~ 
 ty had hardly room for lodgings. 
 
 Befides the Lower Town above 
 mentioned, there is another be~ 
 
 yond the Upper Town, fituated - 
 
 on the banks of the river Ste 
 Charles, which are decorated with 
 country-feats and hoafes of plea- 
 fare, gardens and orchards, that 
 river flowing in beautiful means 
 ders through a fpacious plain. 
 There-is another fort that ftands 
 on the brow. of a rugged hill, 
 about 40 fathoms above the town 3 
 but is an irregular fortification, 
 having no ditch towards the city. 
 There is alfo another fort, called 
 Diamant, or Fort of Cape Diae 
 mant; a very confiderable place 
 both for ftrength and beauty 
 Befides thefe there are alfo fe- 
 veral other fortifications, which 
 add to the flrength of the place, 
 Cape Diamant, which is a folid 
 rock, 400 fathoms high, owes its 
 
 name to a vaft nunvber of fine » 
 
 ftones found on it, fome of whicly 
 want only the hardnefs of the 
 diamond to make ‘them pafs for 
 fuch. ‘The Jefuits here, as in 
 moft places, were beft accommo- 
 dated; their church fine and large, 
 though the convent is finall ; but 
 both are well built, and advan- 
 tageoufly fituated in the Upper 
 Town: their garden is large and 
 well planted, and at the ead of 
 it a pleafant little copfe. Though 
 the principal ftru@tures are in the 
 Upper Town, from its being ori- 
 ginally the only place, yet the 
 Lower Town has greatly the ad- 
 vantage, the former ftanding fo 
 very bleak, that the cold is double 
 to whit it is in the latter. Befides 
 this, the Lower Town has plenty 
 of water, which is fometimes 
 fearce in the Upper Town. ‘This 
 city, the capital of Canada, was 
 befieged by the Englifh in 1711, 
 when they were repulfed ; but ic 
 was taken in September, 1759, by 
 
 the army under the command of 
 
 Q3 
 
Rn? 
 
 Lieut. Gen, Wolfe, who perithed 
 in the glorious conqueft ; and with 
 the reit poffefled by the Englith. 
 ~—It was befieged by the provin- 
 cials in December, 1775, who 
 were repulfed. with confiderable 
 Jofs, befides the death of Gen, 
 Montgomery. Quebec lies in the 
 lat. of 46, 55. long. 69, 48. 
 QUEENSBOROUGH, a town 
 
 _ in the county of Halifax, in the 
 
 province of Georgia. 
 . QUEEN’S-Town, a fmall 
 town in a county of Talbot, iu 
 the eaftern divifion of Maryland. 
 5 miles from Kent ifland, 
 . QuEeeEn’s Country, in New- 
 York, comprehends the N, fide 
 ef Long Mand. 
 
 QUESNE, ForT DU, a for- 
 tification ereéted by the Marquis 
 du Quefne, on the banks of the 
 
 ‘siver Ohio, inthe territories of 
 
 Penfylvania, 232 miles W. of 
 Philadelphia, About g miles 
 from this fort, Gen. Braddock’s 
 army was defeated, and himfelf 
 flain, on the oth of July, 1755. 
 Jt was, however, afterwards taken 
 in the year 1760, fince which the 
 fortifications have been greatly 
 augmented, and its name changed 
 into Pittfburg. Lat. 46, 11. 
 long. 79, 57+ : 
 QUIVA, a province in Cali- 
 
 “ fornia, very thin of inhabitants, 
 
 and thofe very barbarous, It is 
 little known, but lies between 
 30 and 35 degrees of latitude, 
 
 R. 
 
 ADNOR, a {mall town of 
 Philadelphia county, in 
 Peniylvania. 
 very pleafantly fituated, and con- 
 tains about 80 families. Here is 
 a congregation of the church of 
 England. It was originally called 
 Amftel by the Dutch, who be- 
 gan building here., : 
 RAPPAHANOCK RIVER, a 
 large river of Virginia, rifing in 
 a low marshy ground, at the foot 
 
 It is well built,’ 
 
 REA 
 of the blue ridge of the Apala- 
 chian mountains ; 
 courfe of about 130 miles, falls 
 into Chefapeak-Bay, in lat. 37, 35. 
 It is very broad, deep, and navi- 
 gable, above 4c miles from its 
 mouth .— - 
 
 RaPPAHANOCK CoUNTY,a 
 divifion of Virginia, fometimes 
 called Effex County. It lies on 
 the banks of the river of the fame 
 name, and contains 140,920 acres, 
 and 3 parifhes. Part of the great 
 fwamp or bog, called Dragon- 
 fwamp, lies in this county, 
 is 60 miles long, and covered 
 with briars and thorns, which 
 afford a fecurd retreat for wild 
 beafts, the place being almoft in- 
 acceffible to the inhabitants. The 
 fouth fide of this county is wa- 
 tered by a navigable river, called 
 Mattapayne, the weftern branch 
 of York river. 
 
 RARITAN RIVER, a fine na- 
 vigable river of New Jerfey, fal- 
 ling into Sandy-hook bay, The 
 town of Perth-Amboy ftands at 
 its mouth,—See Perth-Amboy. 
 
 RATTAN IsLAanD.—See Rus 
 atan Ifland. 
 
 RAYNHAM, an inland town 
 in Briftol county, Plymouth Co- 
 lony, New-England, 3 miles N. 
 of Taunton, on the river Rayn-' 
 ham, 25 miles S. from Bofton. 
 
 Reav’s BAy, aroad for fhips 
 in the ifland of Barbadoes, about. 
 midway between Hole-town and 
 Speight’s-town. It is about half 
 
 ~amile over, but more in depth. 
 
 Ships may anchor here very fafely, 
 there being from 6 to 12 fathom 
 water, the ground a foft onze, 
 
 and be defended from all winds, | # 
 
 except the weft, which blows right 
 into the bay. Lat, 13, 7. long. 
 59, 47+ ' 
 
 READING, a pretty, populous, 
 well-built town in the county of 
 Middlefex, Maffachufets- Bay, § 
 miles E. of Wilmington, com- 
 modioufly fituated on the banks 
 of a large lake, and has two mills, 
 one for grinding corn, and the 
 
 and, after a ~ 
 
 Tt_ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 REA. 
 
 ether for fawing deal-boards, large 
 quantities of which are fent to 
 the Weft-India Iflands. .Lat.42, 
 40. long: 71. 
 
 READING, a town in Berks 
 county, Penfylvania, fituated on 
 the Schuylkill river, 12 miles 
 S. E. from Middleton, and 12 
 N. E. from Adam’s Town, 
 
 REALEGO, a town in the pro- 
 vince of Nicaragua, in New Spain, 
 fituated in a plain, on the eaftern 
 bank of a river of the fame name, 
 near its influx into the South Sea, 
 30 miles N>W. of Leon, to which 
 it ferves as an harbour. The ri- 
 ver at this town is deep and ca- 
 pacious, capable of receiving 200 
 fail of fhips; and the fhips in- 
 tended for the South Seas were 
 fome years ago built here. There 
 are large intrenchments for de- 
 fending the town, and very fine 
 docks for building and repairing 
 fhips ; but the place has fuffered 
 confiderably from the buccaneers, 
 It is a. pretty large town, has 3 
 churches, and an hofpital fur- 
 rounded by a very fine garden; 
 but the place is fickly, from the 
 creeks and ftinking f{wamps in its 
 neighbourhood. Its chief trade 
 is in pitch, tar, and cordage, for 
 which it is the moft noted place 
 in all Spanith America. The ad- 
 jacent country is well watered 
 with rivers, whereof that which 
 runs into this harbour has eight 
 branches, whereby goods are car- 
 ried to and from the villages, 
 farms, and fugar-plantations, be- 
 longing to the inhabitants of 
 Leon and other towns. Dampier 
 fays, the land here is the mof 
 remarkable of any on all the 
 coaft, there being a high burning 
 mountain, called the Old Volcano, 
 feven leagues up the country, and 
 may be feen 20 leagues at fea. 
 The creek which leads to Leon 
 is on the fouth-ealt fide of the 
 harbour; but the lands on both 
 fides of it are fo low, that they 
 are overflowed every tide, and fo 
 thick with mangroye-trees, as to 
 
 
 
 
 
 RHO 
 
 be almoft impaflable. The port, 
 however, is the nroft frequented 
 by fhipping of any between Aca- 
 pulco and Panama, hips coming 
 to it from al] parts of the South 
 Seas. At the mouth of the har- 
 bour is an ifland, which breaks 
 off the fea, and. renders it. fafe 
 and commodious. This ifland, 
 by lying in the month of the 
 harbour, forms two channels; 
 but that on the north-weft fide 
 is much the beft. Lat. 12, 17. 
 long. 87, 36. 
 
 RepDonpo, a rock between 
 Monferrat and Nevis, Caribbee: 
 Iflands, It is about a league in 
 circuit, of a round form, where 
 is neither culture or inhabitants, 
 Long. 61, 35. lat. 17, 6. 
 
 Reems-Town, in Lancafter: 
 county, Penfylvania, on a branch: 
 of the great Coneftogo creek,, 
 whichruns into the Sufquehannah 
 river, It is 12 miles S, W. of 
 Reading; 5 miles N. E. of Eu- 
 phrata, 20 from Lancafter, and 
 10 S.of Newmanftown. 
 
 REHOBOTH, a town in Briftol 
 county, in New.England, fettled 
 about 130 years ago, by a num- 
 ber of Englifh families, who, 
 being flraitened for room at Wey= 
 mouth, removed hither, and cal- 
 led the place Rehoboth, but is. 
 frequently known by that of Sa- 
 conet, its Indian name. It is a 
 large, populous town, of a cir- 
 cular form,ftanding in the middle 
 of a plain, and about a mile and 
 a half in diameter, having the 
 church, the minifter’s houfe, and 
 the fchool in the center. It is 
 a.very thriving place, and the 
 town of Attleborough, 6 miles 
 to the N. of it, has grown out 
 of the increafe of its inhabitants. 
 
 Reruxise-Bay. See Wales, 
 North, 
 
 RHODE-IstawnpD, a {mall 
 ifland in the river Delawar, in 
 Newcaftle county, in Penfylvania, 
 oppofite a pretty village, called St. 
 George. 
 
 Ruopa-Isrann, the {mallet 
 
 hs Si eS ees 
 
 \ 
 

 
 RHO 
 
 of the provinces which compofe 
 New-England, lying off Mount- 
 Hope. It confifts of a fmali ifland 
 of that name, and the old planta- 
 tion of Providence. It is a diftiné 
 _ government, by virtue of a char- 
 ter granted by King Charles IT. 
 The ifland, whence the province 
 has. its name, lies in Narragan- 
 fet-Bay, and is about rg or 16 
 miles in length, and 4 or § in 
 breadth. Its firft inhabitants were 
 thofe that were banifhed from 
 Bofton, in the year 16393 and 
 was for fome -years the general 
 afylum for fuch as fuffered from 
 the fpirit of perfecution, There 
 were for many years great conten- 
 tions between them and their 
 neighbours the Maflachnfets ; but 
 ‘fince there have been 2 churches 
 in the ifland, theone Prefbyrerian, 
 and the other according to the 
 Church of England, they. are to- 
 lerably good neighbours, 
 
 Rhode-Ifland is, with, juftice, 
 called the Paradife of New-Eng- 
 Jand, for the fruitfulnefs of the 
 foil, and the temperatenefs of the 
 climate ; which, tho’ not above 60 
 miles S. of Bofton, is much warmer 
 in the winter, and, being furround- 
 ed bythe ocean, is not fo much 
 affeGed by the land-breezes as the 
 towns on the continent are. There 
 was a very confiderable trade car- 
 ried on from hence to the fugar- 
 colonies, with butter and cheefe, 
 horfis, fheep, beef, pork, tallow, 
 timber, frames for houfes, &c. 
 till the late troubles. The plea- 
 fantnefs of the ifland invited fo 
 many planters hither, that it was 
 in a few years over-ftocked, and 
 ‘fome of them were obliged to re- 
 turn to the continent, where they 
 purchafed a tract of land, now 
 covered with the towns ef Provi- 
 dence and Warwick. 
 
 _ The province is divided into the 
 following counties and townfhips ; 
 County of Providence. 
 
 1 Smithfield 
 2 Warwick 
 3 Glocefter 
 
 et Ss te te Ries © eke) Je ed eh 
 
 ROA 
 
 4 Scituate 
 
 5 Coventry 
 
 6 Providence, 
 
 towne . 
 
 King’s County. 
 
 1 Greenwich Weft 
 
 2 Exeter 
 
 3 Wefterly 
 
 4 Richmond 
 
 s North Kingfton 
 
 6 South Kingfton 
 
 7 Eaft Greenwich 
 Newport County. 
 
 the county 
 
 1 Fortfmouth : 
 
 2 Middleton § 1, (node 
 3 Newport . 
 
 4 Tiverton 
 
 5 Fagland 
 6 Little Compton 
 Briftol County. 
 
 1 Briftol 
 
 2 Mount-Hope. 
 With the iflands Providence, Pao 
 tience, Dutch, Hope, Goat, and 
 Kononikut. ‘lhe number of in- 
 habitants is 59.700. 
 
 Ricuyrev Istanps, actufter 
 of iflands in the-river Sr. Lan- 
 rence, about 12 leapues above the 
 town of the Three Rivers, and 
 where the government of Montreak 
 begins. There are near an hun- 
 dred of them, forming a kind of 
 Archipelago, ferving as a retreat 
 to the wild Indians. They abound 
 with a variety of game, particuy 
 larly the mufk-rat, which they 
 hunt in the month of April, Lat. 
 46,22. long. 91, 7- 
 
 RrcuLtiev Fort, a fmall 
 fortification built by the French 
 on the north bank of the river 
 Sorrel, at its influx into the river 
 St. Laurence, oppofite the iflands 
 of Richlieu above-defcribed. 
 
 Ricumonp Counry, a dif- 
 
 tri@t of the province of New- 
 
 York, confifting of Staten Ifland. 
 
 —See Staten Ifland. 
 RiDGEFIELD,a townm Fair- 
 fickd county, Conneéticut, on the 
 W. boundary of the colony, 10 
 miles S. from Dunbury, and 14 
 N. from Norwalk. 
 Roanoke, a river in Northe 
 
 
 
 

 
 ROG 
 
 Carolina, rifingin the Apalachian 
 mountains in Virginia, and falling 
 into the ocean in the lat. of 33,44. 
 where it forms a kind of long and 
 narrow bay, called Albemarle 
 Sound, where its mouth is barred, 
 which prevents its receiving fuch 
 Jarge fhips as it would otherwife 
 bear. It is paflible to the falls 
 with fhallops. From thence up- 
 wards it is generally placid and 
 wide, interrupted with a few in- 
 confiderable falls, It is liable to 
 very great frefhes, and has not 
 been as much improved as it is 
 capable, as the commerce of the 
 country is in general on James 
 river, 
 
 Roanoke, a fea-port town and 
 ifland, at the mouth of Alber- 
 marle Sound, where there is a cuf- 
 tom-houfe with a collector. 
 
 RoBert-Bay, agulph or bay 
 in the ifland of Martinico, near 
 2 leaguesin depth. It is formed 
 by 2 points, that on the E. called 
 Point a la Rofe, and that on the 
 W. called Point of the Gallcons, 
 At the mouth of it are two lictle 
 iflands, one behind the other, 
 which, by breaking the waves of 
 the fea, render this bay the more 
 quiet and fecure for fhipping; and 
 indeed it is one of the fineft natu- 
 ral harbours that canbe imagined, 
 being capable of admitting the 
 largeft fleet with fach convenien- 
 cy, that the fhips may ride fo near 
 the thore as to reach it bya plank. 
 
 Roca IsrAanps, a clutter of 
 uninhabited iflands, lying off the 
 coaft of the province of Venezue- 
 la, in the kingdom of Terra Fir- 
 ma, about 120 miles N. W. by 
 W. of Tortuga. Thefe iflands 
 {trecch themfelves E, and W, 
 about 5 leagues, and about 3 
 leagues from N. to S, Theinorth- 
 ero ifland in this little Archipela- 
 go is the molt remarkable, by rea- 
 fon of a high, white, rocky hill at 
 the W. end of it, which may be 
 {een at a great diftance. 
 
 ' On the S, fide of the northera 
 
 ; ROS 
 
 ifland is a freth- water ftream; 
 flowing from the fide of the abovee 
 mentioned hill, but of aa alumi- 
 nous tafte, which renders it very 
 unpleafant. The middle of the 
 ifland is low, and over-grown with 
 long grafs, among which are mul- 
 titudes of fall, grey fowls, not 
 bigger than a black-bird, but lay 
 eggs as large as a magpye. The 
 E, end of the ifland is overgrown 
 with black mangrove-trees. The 
 foil there is a light fand, and 
 overflown by the fea at f{pring- 
 tides. The road ison the S, fide, 
 neat the middle of the ifland, The 
 reft of the Roca iflands are low ; 
 the next to the northernmoft is 
 fmall, flat; and even, without 
 trees, bearing only grafs, About 
 a league from this are two other 
 iflands, not 200 yards diftant from 
 each other, yet the channel be- 
 tween them has water fufficient for’ 
 large thips to pafs, They are both 
 covered with red mangrove-trees, 
 which flourifh prodigioufly in low 
 drowned land. The other iflands 
 are alfo low,and covered with red 
 mangrove-trees, There is good 
 riding in many places between the 
 iflands, but not without, except! 
 to the weltward or S. W. For on 
 the E, and N. E. of thefe iflands, 
 the trade-wind blows, and makes 
 a great fea ; and to the fouthward 
 of them there is no ground under 
 70,80, or too fathom, clofe uader 
 the Jand, 
 
 The Roca Iflands lie in the lat, 
 of 11, 40. long. 67, 39. 
 
 RocueEsTeR, a town in Brie 
 tol county, in Plymouth Colony, 
 New-England, about 5 miles N. 
 from the fea-coaft, and 5 miles W. 
 from Wareham. ; 
 
 Rose, Sr. a bay in Louifiana, 
 fheltered by a very long ifland of 
 the fame name, extending to the 
 bay of Penfacola, The channel’ 
 between the ifland and the conti- 
 nent i fufficiently wide for thipsto 
 
 : pafs from one of thofe bays to the 
 
 other. The ifland is well-watered, 
 
ROX 
 
 and abounds with a variety of 
 game. ‘The tides here are more 
 regular than in other parts of the 
 Gulph of Mexico, andthe tide 
 flows regularly every 12 hours, 
 Lat. 33, 32. long. 86, 42. 
 RosAttA, a fort on the Miffi- 
 fippi, in the country of the Nau- 
 chees, an Indian tribe inhabiting 
 that country, It ftands about 
 105 miles N. of New Orleans, in 
 avery pleafant and fertile coun- 
 try, but thinly inhabited, Lat. 
 31, 9. long. go, 25. 
 Rosgau, the capital of the 
 ifland of Dominica, one of the 
 Garibbee Iflands. It is fituated 
 on the S, W. part of the ifland, on 
 the N. fide of a bay, oppofite to 
 which is Charlotte-town, 
 -» Rounp Rock, one of the 
 fmaller Virgin Ifles,.in the Weft- 
 Indies, fituated a little to the N, 
 of Ginger Ifland, and to the S. 
 of the clufter of rocks called the 
 Fallen City, or Old Jerufalem. 
 ong. 62, 53. lat. 18, 10. 
 Rowan, an inland county, in 
 the diftri& of Salifbury, North- 
 Carolina, in which the town of 
 Salifoury, the principal of the dif- 
 trict, is fituated, 
 RoxBorovucn, a town of Suf- 
 folk county, in thecolony of Maf- 
 achufets, fituated at the bottom 
 of a fhallow bay, without any 
 harbour, but is well-watered, The 
 river Smelt runs through -it, and 
 the river Stony a few miles to the 
 N. of.it. It has a good free- 
 fchool, and is in a flourifhing con- 
 dition. Lat. 42, 36. long, 70, 30. 
 RoxsBu Ry, a village in Suffolk 
 eounty, in Maffachufets - Bay, 
 about a mile W. of Bofton Neck, 
 where a camp was formed at the 
 commencement of the prefent dif- 
 turbances, \ 
 RoyAt-Isiex,an ifland in the 
 river St. Laurence, about 60 miles 
 below lake Ontario, The foil is 
 very fertile, and produces great 
 quantities of grain. It had a 
 ftrong fort on it built by the 
 French, which was taken by Ge- 
 
 
 
 RUA 
 neral Amherft, on the 23d of 
 Augutt, 1760, two days after the 
 firft firing of his batteries. 
 
 RvaTAN, or RATTAN, at 
 ifland in the bay of Honduras, 8 
 leagues from the Mofquito Shore, — 
 and about 200-W. and by S, from 
 Jamaica. Itis about 3omiles long, 
 and 13 miles broad, and contains 
 about 250,000 acres, naturally for- 
 tified with rocks and fhoals, ex- 
 cept the entrance into the harbour 
 of Port Royal, which is fo nar- 
 row that only one fhip can pafs at 
 atime; but the harbour is one of 
 the fineft in the world, being fuf- 
 ficiently capacious for 500 fail of 
 fhips to ride in the utmoft fafety- 
 The 'ifland is overgrown with 
 wood, but festaskatsty healthy, 
 and not near fo hot as Jamaica, 
 there being continually a breeze at” 
 
 E, which keeps the atmofphere 
 cool, It has plenty of excellent 
 water, a great number of wild 
 hogs and deer, ducks, teal, pix 
 geons, and parrots; and the fea 
 abounds with fith of all kinds, 
 particularly crab-fifh and fine tur- 
 tle, Here are great quantities of 
 cocoa-nuts, wild figs, and excellent 
 grapes. But there are alfo ferpents, 
 called owlers, as big as a man’s 
 waift, and 12 or 14 feet long, with 
 a very wide mowh; when they 
 lie ftretched out at length, they 
 appear like old fallen trunks of 
 trees, covered with a fhort mofs. 
 This ifland was totally uninhabit- 
 ed till the year 1742, when the 
 Englifh, under the command of 
 Major Crawford, began a fettle- 
 ment, in order to proteét the log- 
 wood cutters, and fecure a trade 
 with the Spaniards of Guatimala, 
 for cochineal, indigo, &c. On — 
 the S, fide it has feveral good har- 
 bours, the principal of which is 
 Port Royal. The N. coaft is de- 
 fended throughout by a continued 
 reef of rocks, between which there 
 are very few paflages for fmall vef= 
 fels. This ifland is fo well fituated 
 that it may be regarded as the key 
 of the bay of Honduras, and 
 
SAB 
 
 might command the trade of all 
 ‘the provinces round the bay. On 
 the W. end of the iflands are mea- 
 dows of feveral hundred acres, 
 where they breed mules, which is 
 the beft part of the ifland. Rua- 
 tan lies in the lat. of 17, 6. long. 
 $8, 12. 
 
 Ruperr’s River, afiverin 
 Hudion’s Bay, where that Com- 
 pany havea fettlement. Lat. 57, 
 20. long. 78, 2. 
 
 RuperRvt’s Bay, in the ifland 
 of Dominica, one of the Caribbee 
 Iflands, where is excellent fhelter 
 from the winds, Itis atthe N. W. 
 fide of the ifland, and is deep, ca- 
 pacious, and fandy, and is the prin- 
 cipal one on the ifland, where a 
 fleet in the time of war with 
 
 France may eafily intercept all 
 their Weft-India trade, On this 
 bay has been traced ont a new 
 town, which is to be called Portf- 
 mouth. 
 
 RUTLAND,a town in Worcef- 
 ter county, Maflachufets-Bay, 14 
 miles N. of Leicefter, and 5 N. 
 of Old Rutland, near an EK. branch 
 of Ware river, which runs into 
 Connedticut river. 
 
 Orp RuTLanpD, atown near 
 the former, near the head of Half- 
 way river, which runs-into Nar- 
 raganfet river. 
 
 RYE, a town on the S, coaft 
 of New-York, in Long Ifland 
 Sound, 22 N. W. of New-York, 
 abd to from Eaft Chefter. 
 
 S. 
 
 ABA, one of the Caribbee 
 
 Iflands, fmall, but very plea- 
 fant, 13 miles N. W. of Euftatia, 
 and zo S. W. ‘of St. Bartholo- 
 mew. It is between 4 and 5 
 leagues in compafs, and belonged 
 formerly to the Danes.. It ap- 
 pears at firft fight to be only a 
 rock; but a Dutch colony ient 
 to manure it from St. Euftatia, 
 found a valley in it large enough 
 to employ and fubfift many fae 
 
 SAB 
 
 milies; but the misfortune is, that 
 this delightful place has no port, 
 The fifhing about ir, efpecially 
 for the bonetta, is very advan- 
 tageous ; nor is there any want 
 of other neceffary refrefhments, 
 The fea is fo fhallow near its 
 coafts, that the ftones may be 
 feen at the bottoms fo that only 
 floops can come near it, nor even 
 they any where but at a fmall 
 fandy creek on the fouth fide of 
 the ifland, where the inhabitants 
 lay up their canoes. There is a 
 road cut out of the rock to the 
 top of it, fo fteep, that it feems 
 to be a fortification rendered im- 
 pregnable by nature, -it admitting - 
 only one perfon to pafs at a time. 
 The inhabitants have in many 
 places, for their greater fecurity, 
 piled up large heaps of ftones on 
 fcaffolds, fo difpofed, that by 
 only pulling a rope the f{caffolds 
 fall, and difcharge fuch a fhower 
 of ftones into the road, as would 
 crufh a whole army to pieces, 
 The ifland is divided into two 
 parts, containing about 50 fami. 
 lies, and 130 flaves, who acquire 
 a genteel livelihood by making 
 thoes, in which their principal 
 trade confifts, They alfo culti- 
 vate cotton, which they manu- 
 facture into ftockings. They have 
 alfo a little indigo and cotton, 
 They live in harmony with each 
 other, and their houfes are cone 
 venient and well furnifhed: Lat. 
 17,37- long. 62, 50, bs 
 
 LirTLe SABA, one of the 
 fmaller Virgin Ifands, fituated 
 to the S. of St. Thomas, and 
 
 ‘belongs to the Danes. 
 
 SaBLe, an ifland in the Atlan 
 tic-Ocean, 35 leagues S.E. of 
 Cape-Breton. It is fmall, and 
 without any port, or produét, ex- 
 cept briars. It is very narrow, 
 and has the fhape of a bow. In 
 the middie of it is a lake ¢ leagues 
 in compafs, and the ifland itfelf 
 not more than ten, It has a fand« 
 bank at each end, one of which 
 runs N,E, the other S,W. It 
 
“SAG 
 has lofty fand-hills, which may 
 be feen, in clear weather, 7 or 8 
 leagues off.. Lat. 44, 15. longi- 
 
 tude 59, 2. ~ 
 Saco-RIVER, ariver'in New- 
 England, rifing in) New-Hamp- 
 thire, and, after a courfe of about 
 80 miles, falls into the Atlantic 
 Ocean, between Cape Porpus and 
 
 - Cape Elizabeth, in the province 
 
 f 
 
 of Main. 
 SaconeT.—See Rehoboth. 
 SACRAMENT, LAKE ST. now 
 called: Lake George, a large col- 
 
 Jetion of waters, connected by a ~ 
 
 ftrait. with lake Champlain, a- 
 ‘bout 120 miles E. of Ofwego. 
 At the S. end of this lake, Sir 
 William: Johnfon gained a victory 
 over the Baron Diefkau, com- 
 mander of the French forces, in 
 the year 1765. 
 Sacririces-IsLanpD, a {mall 
 ifland in the Guiph of Mexico, 
 about half a mile from the land. 
 Grifolva, who difeovered it in the 
 year 1518, gave it» this’ name, 
 from his finding’ on it a bloody 
 altar and feveral dead bodies, 
 which he fuppofed the Indians 
 had facrificed the night before. It 
 is very fmall, and uninhabited, 
 Lat. 19, 10 long. 96, 52. 
 SAGADAHOC, a jurifdiction of 
 Maffachufets-Bay, in New-Eng- 
 jand, granted by King Charles IT, 
 in the year 1634, to his brother, 
 the. Duke of York, and thence 
 formerly called the Duke of York’s 
 Property. This territory, or tra@ 
 of land, was then defcribed in 
 the following manner: ‘ all that 
 * part of the main land of New- 
 ‘¢ England, beginning at a certain 
 “© place called St. Croix, adjoining 
 6¢ to New-Scotland; in America; 
 ** and from thence extending a- 
 * Yong the fea-coaft, to a certain 
 ‘* place’ called Pimaquin, or Pi- 
 ** maquid, and fo up the river 
 ** thereof to its furtheft head as 
 ®¢ it tends to the northward, and 
 “extending from thence to the 
 ** river Quenebec, and fo up by 
 the fhorteft courfe to the river 
 
 SAG a 
 
 of Canada northward.” This _ 
 territory was then annexed to the — 
 government of New-York: but — 
 the Duke, on the demife of his- — 
 
 brother, Charles TT. afcending the 
 throne of England, thefe lands, 
 on: his abdication, reverted to the 
 crown. It is now called the 
 county of Lincoln, in the pro- 
 vince of Maffachufets-Bay, New- 
 England, to which government it 
 belongs; who have lain it out 
 into townfhips, as may be feen 
 under the article Main. 
 
 SaGcapDauoc-River, the W. 
 branch of the river Kenebeg, in 
 York county, Maffachufets- Bay, 
 New-England. It rifes in lat. 44, 
 50. N. 1. of the White-Hills, not 
 far from the head of Conne€ticut- 
 River, and empties itfelf into 
 Merrymeeting-bay, after having 
 run a courfe of above 200 miles, 
 nearly N. and S. 
 
 SAGUENAY, a province of Cana- 
 da, bounded on the W. and $S.W. 
 by the river of the fame name; 
 on the N. E. by a nation of In- 
 dians, called Kilefhinoas ; on the 
 N. W. by that of the Efquimaux ; 
 and on the S, E. by the river 
 St. Laurence, The territory and 
 lands on each fide of the river 
 were found fo indifferent, and the 
 1ft colony that fettled at Tadouflac 
 fuffered fo much there, that the 
 French were for al-ng time dif- 
 couraged from fettling in Canada; 
 but at length failing up as high 
 as Quebec, they fourd frefh en- 
 ccuragement, and have fince that 
 time flourifhed’ remarkably, till 
 the whole country, together with 
 Quebec, its capital, fell into our 
 hands in the year 1759, It yields 
 the greateft plenty of marble of 
 feveral kinds, fo that even the 
 houfes of private perfons are ge- 
 nerally built with it. 
 
 “SAGUENAY¥-RIVER, a river 
 of Canada, having its fource in 
 the river of St. John, and, after 
 a confiderable’ courfe, falling in- 
 to that of St. Laurence, at the 
 town of Tadovflac, It is not 
 
 
 
 

 
 SAL 
 
 above 3 quarters of a mile wide 
 at its month, and about 80 or go 
 fathoms deep; but higher up it is 
 much wider, and this leffening of 
 its breadth at its mouth gives it 
 more than a common rapidity ; 
 though it is navigable for the 
 Jargeft veffels above 25 leagues 
 from its mouth, The harbour is 
 faflicient to contain 25 fail of men 
 “of war, has good anchorage, and 
 ‘is well theltered from ftorms, be- 
 ing of a circular figure, deep, and 
 
 furrounded at a diftance with very. 
 
 high rocks. 
 SAINTS, 2 iflands near Gua- 
 daloupe.—See Xaintes. 
 SALAMANCA DE BACALAR, 
 a fmall, but thriving town of 
 Mexico, tolerably well built, and 
 fituated on the E. fide of the ifth- 
 mus, which joins the peninfula of 
 Yucatan to the continent. It con- 
 tains about 120 houfes, with a 
 bad fort, anda {mall garrifon, de- 
 figned to hinder the contraband 
 ‘trade, and the excurfions of the 
 wood - cutters, or baymen, but 
 awithout effeét. It ftands in a low 
 fenny country, every where cover- 
 ed with water.. The air is un- 
 healthy, and infefted with mufke- 
 toes, and the waters {warm with al- 
 ligators. Lat. 17, 2. long. go, 30. 
 SALEM, a town of Welt-Jer- 
 fey, in North- America, fituated 
 about half-way wp the river Sal- 
 ham, from which it has its name. 
 ‘It contains about 120 families, 
 and is confidered as one of the 
 beft towns in Welt-Jerfey, with 
 regard to its Gtuation, buildings, 
 and trade ; it onee gave name to 
 a country. It lies 30 miles to 
 the fouthward of Philadelphia, 
 and about 2 miles W. of the De- 
 lawar. Lat. 39,35. long. 75, 51. 
 SALEM, a town in the parith 
 and county of Dobbs, in the in- 
 dand part of N. Carolina. 
 SaveM, the chief town of Ef 
 “fex - county, Maflachufets- Bay, 
 New-England, 18 miles N. of 
 Bolton, having one of the fineft- 
 built churches in the whole coun- 
 
 7 
 
 -New - Hamphhire. 
 
 SA Ts 
 
 ty. _It ftands on a plain between 
 2 rivers, and has 2 harbours, 
 called Winter-harbour and Sum- 
 met-harbour. It was here that 
 the planters of Maflachufets-Co- 
 lony made their firft fertiement 3 
 and here the parliament, in 1774, 
 removed the port frem Bofton, 
 when the prefent troubles in ‘A- 
 merica commenced. This town 
 is very famous for building thips 
 and fithing-ketches, A good trade 
 is carried on from hence to the 
 fugar-iflands. Latitude 42, Ao. 
 long. 70, 32. 
 
 SALISBURY, a town in Effex. 
 county, in the province of Mafla- 
 chufets-Bay, in New-England, fi- 
 tuated on the N. fide of Merri- 
 mack-river, which is there about 
 half a mile broad, and over which 
 there is a ferry. It ftands near 
 the fea-coaft, 40 miles N. of Bof- 
 ton, and zo from Portfmouth, in 
 Lat. 42, 55. 
 long. 70, 35. yee 
 
 SALISBURY, a2 town in the 
 county of Rowan, in N. Carolina, 
 fituated in a trading path of Fre- 
 derick{burg, in S. Carolina, 
 
 SALISBURY, or WIATIAK,.a 
 town in Litchfield county, Con- 
 necticut, 2 miles N. W. of the 
 Falls in Stratford-river, 8 miles 
 S. of Shefield, and 10 N.E. of 
 Sharon. 
 
 SALISBURY, in New-York, 
 
 on the W. bank of Hudfon’s-ri- 
 
 ver, 24 miles N. of Kingfton, 7 
 miles S, W. of Lunenburg, and 
 5 N. W. of Livingfton. 
 SALT-ISLAND, one of the 
 fmaller Virgin-Ifles. It is fituated 
 W. of Cooper’s - ifland, in the 
 King’s-channel, and Sir Francis 
 Drake’s-bay, and E. of Peter’s- 
 ifland. Long. 63. Lat. 18, 4. 
 SALUDA, a county in S, Caro-' 
 lina, which provides one of the 
 regiments of militia. 
 Saryapor, Sr. a fmall city 
 in the province of Guatimala, in 
 Mexico, fituated at the head of 
 a river, which at about 12 miles 
 diftance falls into the South-Seas 
 R 
 
SAM 
 
 ¥t has a Spanifh governor, but 
 wery little trade, and a fmall num- 
 ber of honfes. On the N, fide of 
 it are lofty mountains, called the 
 Chantales, inhabited by poor In- 
 dians. Inthe bottom, where the 
 -town ftands, are plantations of 
 fugar-canes and indigo, with a 
 few farms for breeding cattle, 
 Lat. 13, 5. long. 90, 3. 
 
 - SALVATEON DE YG6UEY, a 
 {mall town in the ifland of Hif- 
 paniola, 28 leagues E. from St. 
 Domingo. It is famous for its 
 fugar-works and luxuriant paf- 
 tures, in which vaft numbers of 
 -cattle feed. Latitude 28, 6. lon- 
 gitude 67, 58. 
 
 SAMBALLAS PoIN?’, arocky 
 point, remarkably long and low, 
 on the N, fide of the ifthmus of 
 Darien, and fo guarded with rocks 
 for a mile off at fea, that it is 
 very dangerous coming near it. 
 Lat. 9, 40. long. 78, 43. - 
 
 SAMBALLAS-ISALNDS, a 
 multitude of fmall iflands featter- 
 ed at very unequal diftances, fome 
 only 1, fome 2, fome 3, and fome 
 4 miles from the fhore, and from 
 one another, extending a very con- 
 fiderable diftance along the nor- 
 thern fhore of the ifthmus of Da- 
 rien, and with the adjacent coun- 
 try, its hills and forefts, of perpe- 
 tual verdure, form a lovely prof- 
 peat from the fea. Thefe iflands 
 feem to lie as it were parcelled out 
 ju clufters; and between mof of 
 them are navigable channels, by 
 which fhips may pafs through, 
 and range along the coaft of the 
 ifthmus, the fea between them 
 and the fhore being navigable 
 from one end to the other, and 
 affords every where good anchor- 
 ing in firm fandy, ground, with 
 good landing either on the iflands 
 er the main. In this long chan- 
 nel a number of fhips may always 
 find fhelter, be the wind which 
 way it wills fo that it was the 
 general rendezvous for the priva- 
 icers on this coaft. Moft of thefe 
 iflaads arg low, flat, and fandy, 
 
 mouth, on the ifthmus that forms 
 
 {trait between the. main land and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 SAWN 
 
 covered with a variety of tree 
 and abound with fhell-fith of & 
 veral kinds: fome of them alfo — 
 afford {prings of frefh water, and 
 convenient places for careening 
 fhips. The long channel between © 
 the Samballas and the ifthmus is 
 from 2 to 4 miles in breadth, ex- 
 tending from Point Samballas to 
 the gulph of Darien and the © 
 coaft of the ifthmus, full of fandy 
 bays, with many brooks of water, 
 
 SANDWICH, a town in Barn- 
 ftaple county, Plymouth Colony, 
 New-England, 5 miles E. of Buz- 
 zard’s-bay, and ro N. E. of Fal- 
 
 the peninfula, near a river of the 
 fame name, at the bottom of 7 
 Cape-Cod-bay,whencerunsa point 
 of land called Sandy-Point; and 
 notwithftanding its fituation is 
 but an inconfidcrable place, hav- 
 ing no harbour, and the approach 
 to it impeded by fands. 
 Sawpy Poin‘, a cape, or point 
 of land, in Barnftaple county, Ply- 
 mouth Colony, New - England, 
 forming the northern cape of the 
 
 Nantucket-ifland, A pretty large 
 fand ftretches off from the point 
 to the eaftward, and thence it had 
 itsname, Latitude 41,24. lon- 
 gitude 92, 35. 
 
 SanbDyY PoinT, aconfiderable - 
 town on the ifland of St. Chrif- 
 topher’s. It is firuated on the 
 N. W.. corner of the ifland, and 
 was the capital of the Englih 
 divifion of the ifland before 
 the treaty of Utrecht, when the 
 ifland became the property of the 
 Englifh. <4 
 
 SanTa Cruz, a fmall town 
 on the ifland of Cuba, 63 miles 
 E. of the Havannah. It has a 
 good harbour at the bottom of the 
 bay of Matanzas, Lat. 23, Ite 
 long. 81, 5. 
 
 Santa Cruz, one of the 
 Caribbee-Iflands, 8 leagues S. E, 
 from Porto Rico, and 5 S. of 
 St, John. It is triangular, about 
 8 org leagues in length, and 
 
SAN 
 Zin breadth. It is a flat ifland, 
 without mountains, and badly wa- 
 tered. It was occupied by the 
 Dutch and Englifh, who having 
 foon quarrelled, the Dutch were 
 beaten, and expelled in 1646, af- 
 ter a very bloody engagement ; 
 —*1200 Spaniards drove out 
 the Englifh in their turn; and 
 _ foon after the French came, who 
 expelled the . Spaniards. The 
 French, remaining matters of the 
 ifland, fet fire to the woods, and 
 the conflagration, upon whieh 
 they gazed from the fhips, lafted 
 feveral months; as foon as it was 
 extinguithed, they landed and efta- 
 blithed their fettlement. The foil 
 is remarkably fertile; producing 
 tobacco, cotton, anatta, indigo, 
 and fugar, equally weil; and the 
 progrefs of this colony was fuch, 
 that, in the fhort fpace of 11 
 “years after its foundation, it con- 
 tained $22 white inhabitants, with 
 a proportionable number of flaves. 
 It foon after belonged to the Or- 
 der of Malra, who, in 1664, fold 
 it to the French Weft-India com- 
 pany. The regulations of thiscom- 
 pany were fo injarious, that this co- 
 lony went to decay, and in 1636 the 
 whole of the inhabitants, amount- 
 ing only to 300 whites and 400 
 blacks, quitted the ifland ; when 
 it was left deftitute and uncul- 
 tivated till 1733, when France 
 fold its property to Denmark for 
 164,000 rixdollars. The Danes at 
 fir{t reftriGted the trade; but in 
 1754, this and their other iflands 
 were opened to all the Danith 
 fubjeéts, who began to import ne- 
 groes, by paying 4 rix-dollars per 
 head tax. There are now above 
 30,000 flaves, who pay cach a ca- 
 pitation of 1 crown. The la- 
 bour of thefe negroes furnifh the 
 cirgoes of 4o fhips, whofe bur- 
 then is from 120 to 300 tons. 
 The plantations yield little cof- 
 fee, and ginger, fome wood for 
 inlay-work, 800 bales of cotton, 
 and 12 millions weight of rough 
 fugar, This ifland is divided into 
 
 SAN 
 
 350 plantations, each plantation 
 containing 150 acres, of 46,606 
 fquare feet each. Two thirds of 
 the land are fit for fugar. It hag 
 only one town, called Chriftiae- 
 fted, which is defended by the 
 cannon of a fortrefs, as well as 
 the principal harbour om the N- 
 coaf¥; but another town is now 
 building on the W. coaft, to be 
 called Frederickftad, The greateft 
 part of the inhabitants confift of 
 Englith, with Trifh, Germans, 
 Moravians, and a few Danes, The 
 Englith and Dutch poflefs the beft 
 plantations in the ifland, and the 
 chief part of its riches pafs inte 
 the hands of foreigners. It re= 
 ceived confiaerable damage by a 
 ftorm, Aug, 30, 1772, when the 
 fea {welled above 70 feet above 
 the ufal height, and the wind 
 tore all the houfes near the fhore 
 even to the foundations; beants, 
 planks, &c. flew through the air 
 like feathers. The walt round 
 the King’s ftorehoufes, though a- 
 bove a yard thick, was totally 
 fwept away, and the trees torn 
 up by the roots, which lefe 
 holes in the earth 6 feet déep. 
 250 perfons were overtaken by 
 the fea in their flight to the 
 mountains; and at Chriftianfted 
 460 honfes were demolithed. All 
 the magazines and {tores were ru- 
 ined; and the fhips in the harbours 
 were drove on fhore, 50 and 160 
 yards on Jand 5 and the whole da- 
 mage computed at above 5,000,000 
 of dollars. On the N. fide there 
 is a large bay, having in the mid- 
 dle of it a little ifland; and on 
 the W. fide of this bay the Go- 
 vernor’s houfe is ereéted. Lati- 
 tude 17, 49. long. 63. 33. 
 
 SANTA Fr.—See Fe, 
 
 Santa MARIA, a river in 
 the ifthmus of Darien, falling 
 into the gulph of St. Michael, in 
 the South-Sea. The tide flows 
 up it 3 or 9 leagues, and fo far it 
 is navigable; but beyond thae 
 the river divides into 2 branches, 
 and is only fit for canoes, 
 
 R2 
 
SAWN 
 Santa Marta, a town on 
 
 the river of the fame name, a- 
 bout 6 leagues from its mouth. 
 
 It is a confiderable town, occa- . 
 
 fioned by the gold-mines in its 
 neighbourhood, which are worked 
 to great advantage; but the coun- 
 try about it is low, woody, and 
 very unhealthy. Latitude 7, 30. 
 long. 82, 20. 
 
 Santa Martua, a province 
 of Terra Firma, in South-Ame- 
 rica, bounded on the E. by Rio 
 . de la.Hacha;, on the S. by New 
 
 _ Granada; on the W. by Cartha- 
 gena; and on the N. by the 
 North-Sea. Its extent from E. 
 to W. is about ¥40 miles, and a- 
 bove 200 from N.to$, The cli- 
 mate is fultry and hot, efpecially 
 
 near the fea-coaft; but the tops. 
 
 of the high mountains are cover- 
 
 ed with fnow, which render the 
 
 inland parts much colder. 
 Santa Maxtua, the capital 
 
 of the above province, fituated - 
 
 near the fea, at the foot of a 
 prodigious mountain, whofe fum- 
 mit is generally hid in the clouds, 
 but in clear weather, when the 
 top appears, it is covered with 
 fnow. The city was formerly very 
 populous, but is now much de- 
 cayed, occafioned by the Spanith 
 fleets not touching there, as they 
 anciently ufed todo, The houfes 
 in general are built with canes, 
 and covered with palmetto-leaves 5 
 fome are covered with pantiles, 
 The Governor of the province, 
 together with the other officers, 
 refides here. It is the fee of a 
 bifhop, fuffragan to the metro- 
 politan of New- Granada. The 
 juhabitants trade with the In- 
 dians in the neighbourhood, who 
 bring hither earthen-ware and cot- 
 ton-{tuffs. The country round the 
 city produces but few cattle, be- 
 ing extremely mountainous, and 
 the Spaniards who inhabit it are 
 but few. At a league and a half 
 diftance from Santa Martha are 
 large falt - ponds, from whence 
 they extract very good falt, and 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 SAV 
 carry it into the neighbouring pro- 
 vinces, Between the city and the 
 mountains of the Andes, which 
 are rocky and barren, the land is 
 level, and produces abundance of 
 oranges, lemons, pine-apples, and 
 grapes. In fome places there are 
 gold-mines, and in others precious 
 
 ftones of great value, Lat. 11,37. 
 
 long. 74, 15+ 
 
 Saona, a {mall ifland near the 4 
 
 S. E. point of the ifland of St. 
 Domingo, abounding with plea- 
 fant woods and paftvres, but is at 
 prefent uninhabited, and frequent- . 
 ed only by fithermen, at the time 
 when turtles come on fhore to lay | 
 their eggs. It lies but § miles 
 from the neareft part of St. Do- 
 mingo ifland, and 3 E. of St. Ca- 
 taline. The N.and S. fides of 
 the ifland are fou! and rocky; nor 
 is the E. fide, where fhips may 
 ride in 7 or 8 fathom water, well- 
 fheltered from the winds. It is 
 between 7 and 8 leagues in length, 
 and about 4 in breadth. 
 
 SavaGE-Istanp. See Wales, 
 North. 
 
 SAVANNAH, a river in Caro- 
 lina, rifing in the Apalachian 
 ‘Mountains, and, after a S. E, 
 courfe of 200 miles, falls into the 
 ocean about 32 miles to the fouth~ 
 ward of Port-Royal; the lower 
 part of it feparates the colonies 
 of Carolina and Georgia. 
 
 Savannan, the capital of 
 Georgia, finely fituated for trade, 
 on the river of the fame name3 
 the navigation being very fafe, 
 and fhips of 300 tons burden may 
 lie clofe to the town, and, if ri- 
 quifite, go 200 miles above it. It 
 is about 10 miles from the fea, 
 It has, befides a church, a court- 
 houfe, a ftore-houfe, a goal, a 
 wharf, a guard-houfe, where are 
 feveral cannon mounted, and a 
 conftant wateh ; befides fome o- 
 ther public buildings, and above 
 250 houfes, which are regularly 
 built 22 feet by 16, at fome dif- 
 tance from each other, for the 
 fake of being more airy, and form 
 
 
 
ig Gee 
 feveral {pacious fquares and ftreets. 
 There is a regular magiftracy fet- 
 tled in it, confifting of 3 bailiffs, 
 and a recorder, 2 conftables, and 
 2 tything-men, with a prefident, 
 and 4 affiftants of the ccuncil, 
 whofe board-days are commonly 
 _ once a fortnight, and the courc- 
 days 4 or 5, and fometimes 6 in 
 the year. The firft houfe in this 
 town was begun on the gth of 
 February, 1733. The river here 
 forms a half-moon, with banks on 
 the S. fide 4o feet high, having on 
 the top a flat, which failors call 
 a bluff, at leaft 60 feet high from 
 the river, and extending 5 or 6 
 miles into the country. In the 
 center of this half-moon the town 
 is fituated, and over-againft it is 
 an ifland, confifting of very rich 
 pafture-land. On July 4, 1758, 
 a dreadful fire broke cut in the 
 public Folature, or cuftom-honfe, 
 which deftroyed the whole build- 
 ing with fuch irrefiftible fury, 
 that 30,000 lb. of cocoons werede- 
 flroyed, with other goods of value, 
 and it was with the utmoft difficulty 
 that the council-houfe, public re= 
 cords, ftores, &c. were preferved. 
 Lat. 32, 5- long. 81, 
 SayBRoox, the oldeft town in 
 the county of New- London, in 
 the colony of Conneéticut, in 
 New-England, fituated on the W.. 
 fide of the mouth of Conneéticut- 
 river, 14 miles from New Lon- 
 don, and 17 from Brentford E, 
 it owes its name to the Lord Vif- 
 count Say and Seal, and the Lord 
 Brook, by whofe agent the town 
 was built. Ets fort was the fecu- 
 rity againft the Pequet Indians,. 
 who. attacked them in the year 
 1637- The fort has alfo been of 
 great ufe fince, in defending the 
 entrance of Connedtieut-river a- 
 gainft enemies more formidable 
 than the Indians. Lat. 41, 35. 
 long. 71, 50. 
 
 ScaRBorouGu, the capital of 
 
 - the ifland of Tobago, one of the 
 Caribbee-Iflands. It is but in its 
 infant ftate, having been began 
 
 S06. 
 
 fince the year 1763, when the 
 ifland was ceded by the Frencls 
 to the Englith; however, it flou- 
 rifhes beyond the moft fanguine 
 expectation. 
 
 ScATAR?, a fmall iffand on the 
 eaftern coat of Cape Breton, It is 
 6 miles in length, and 2in breadth, 
 but uninhabited. Latitude 46, 5. 
 long. 59, 15: ° 
 
 ScHENECTADY, a town in the 
 county of Albany, in the pro- 
 vince of New-York, fituated on 
 the banks of the Mohawks-river, 
 #8 miles N. W. of Albany. It 
 is compact and regular, built prin- 
 cipally of brick, on a rich flat of 
 low Jand, furrounded with hills. 
 Tt has a large Durch church, with 
 a fteeple and town-clock near the 
 center.. The windings of the ri- 
 ver through the town and fields, 
 which are often overflowed in the 
 {pring, form, about haryeft, a 
 moft beautiful profpect. The 
 lands in the vale of Schenectady 
 are fo fertile, that they are com— 
 monly fold at 4sl..per acre. Tho" 
 the farmers ufe no manure, they 
 till the fields every year, and they 
 always produce full crops of wheat 
 or peafe. Theirs church was in- 
 corporated’ by Gen. Colby and 
 the town has the privilege to fend 
 a member to the aflembly. From 
 this town our Indian traders fet 
 out for Ofwego, Latitude 42, 35. 
 long, 74, 20. 
 
 ScHUCADER®O, a finall vil- 
 
 -lage, fituated on the eaft fide of 
 
 the mouth of the river Santa Ma— 
 ria, in the ifthmus of Darien. IJt 
 
 -ftands upon a rifing ground, open 
 
 to the gulph of St. Michael, fo 
 that it is fanned with freth breezes 
 from the fea, which renders it 
 very healthy. Is has a fine ri- 
 vulet of freth water, and feryes 
 as a place of refrefhment -for the 
 miners. Lat, 7, 50. longi 32,\ 5. 
 SCHUYLKILL, ariver in Pen= 
 fy!vania, which has the tide above 
 5 miles above Philadelphia, where 
 
 _there is an impaflable fall; and 
 
 3 miles higher another not much 
 
\ 
 
 SEV 
 Better; but from thence to Read- 
 ing is a fine gliding current, with 
 a gravelly and even bottom all 
 the way. 
 
 SciTUATE, a mafitime town 
 and harbour in Plymouth county 
 and Colony, in New England, 
 fituated at the N. E. corner of 
 the county, 5 miles S. of Hing- 
 ham, and 8 E. of Abingdon. 
 
 ScOoTLAND, NEW.—See No- 
 va Scotia. 
 
 ScRivAW, a-good harbour on 
 the eaft fide of the ifthmius of 
 Darien, but fo full of rocks at 
 the entrance, that none can pafs 
 with fafety but fuch as are ac- 
 quainted there. Lat. 9, 12. long. 
 78, 40. 
 
 SHesA Istanod.—See Saba. 
 
 ScruB ISLAND, one of the 
 fmaller Virgin Iflands, fituated to 
 the W. of Virgin Gorda, and E. 
 of the north end of Tortula, on 
 which it depends. Long. 62, 57. 
 lat. 18, 25. 
 
 SEaBROOK.—See Saybrook. 
 
 Srcovia, NEw, aImall city 
 in the jurifdi@ion of Guatimala, 
 in New Spain, 30 miles N.of New 
 Granada. It has feveral gold- 
 mines in its neighbourhood, tho’ 
 the city is fmall and thinly peo- 
 pled. Lat. 12, 42. long. 87, 31. 
 
 SEGURA DE LA FRONTERA, 
 a large town in the province of 
 Tlafcala, and kingdom of Mexico, 
 70 miles W. of Xalappa, and in 
 the road from Vera Cruz to Mex- 
 ico, It ftands in a temperate cli- 
 mate, ae a country remarkably 
 
 fertile, producing large quantities 
 
 of corn and fruits, particularly 
 grapes; but the Spaniards will 
 not fuffer any wine to be made 
 from them, that they may be the 
 better able to keep the Indians 
 in fubjection. Lat, re, 28. long. 
 100, 10. 
 
 SENECAS, atribe of Indians 
 near the banks of lake Erie, 
 
 SEVEN-ISLANDS BAY, on 
 the N. fide of the river St, Lau- 
 rence, and is a very fecure har- 
 bour for fhips im any wind, 25 
 
 lst 
 
 leagues from the W. end of An- 
 ticofti, in Jat. 50,20. and was 
 one of the French King’s pofts 
 for trading with the Indians. 
 
 SHARON, atown on the weft- 
 
 ern boundary of Litchfield coun- 
 ty, Connecticut, 10 miles S. We 
 of Salifbury, on a branch of the 
 Stratford river,and 12 miles N.W. 
 of Kent. 
 
 SHEFFIELD, a town in Hamp- 
 fhire county, Maflachufets - Bay, 
 in the S. W. corner of the county, 
 near the boundary of the colony 
 of Conneéticut, 19 miles N. of 
 Salifbury, on a braneh of the 
 Houfatonik river. 
 
 SHELTER ISLAND, an ifland 
 in the bay at the E. end of Long 
 Ifland, New York, 5 miles from 
 E. to W. and 7 from N. to S. 
 
 SHERBORN, a town-in Mid- 
 dlefex county, Maflachufets-Bay, 
 3 miles W.of Natick, on a branch 
 of the Charles river, 9 milesS.E, 
 from Marlborough, and 6 N. from 
 Medway. 
 
 SHERBORN, the only town 
 in the ifland of Nantucket, New 
 
 England, and is fituated on the 
 
 N. fide of the Ifland, whofe chief 
 inhabitants are fifhermen. 
 
 SHIPPENSBURG, a town in 
 Cumberland county, Penfylvania, 
 fitnated about 12 miles N.E. from 
 Chambers-Town, and 24 S.W. 
 som Carlifle, on a branch of the 
 Sufquehannah. 
 
 SHREWSBURY, the principal 
 town of thecounty of Monmouth, 
 in New Jerfey, fituated on the 
 fouthern bank of a river of its 
 own name, and near the fea. It 
 is a confiderable place, confifting 
 of near 200 families, with out- 
 plantations of 30,000 acres. Lat. 
 40, 18. long. 74, 38. 
 
 SILLERY, acolony on the N. 
 fide of the river St. Laurence, 
 about a mile above Quebec, fo 
 called from a gentleman of that 
 name who,eltablithed it. It has 
 nothing confiderable but a fort 
 belonging to the Jefuits before it 
 was taken by the Englihh. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$.0°C 
 
 SILVER SPRING, atown in 
 Barnftaple county, Plymouth Co- 
 lony, New England, on the pe- 
 
 _-ninfula that forms Cape-Cod bay, 
 fituated between Belinfgate and 
 Eaftham on the W. fide, where 
 the peninfula is about § miles over. 
 
 Simon, St. an ifland near 
 the north mouth of the Alata- 
 maha river, in the colony of 
 Georgia. It is about 45 miles 
 in length, and from 2 to 4 in 
 breadth. . It has a {trong battery, 
 erected on it in the year 1742, 
 for the defence of Jekyl found, 
 in which ro or 12 forty-gun ships 
 may ride in fafety. his ifland 
 has a rich, fruitful foil, full of 
 oak and hickery trees, intermixed 
 with meadows and old Indian 
 fields. In the middle of this 
 ifland is the town of Frederica. 
 
 SIMSBURY, a town in Hart- 
 ford county Connecticut, to which 
 belong fome copper-mines. It 
 is fituated W. of Windfor, and 
 N. of Farmington. 
 
 SLo KU Ms-ISLAND, the third 
 in fize of the Elizabeth Iflands, 
 at the mouth of Buzzard’s bay, 
 Barnftaple county, Plymouth Co- 
 lony, New England. It is almoft 
 circular,being near 5 miles round, 
 and lies W. of Tinkers-Ifle. It 
 is near the fame diftance from 
 Brifto! county as Barnftaple coun- 
 ty, viz. 12 miles. 
 
 SMITHTOWN, in King’s 
 county, Long Ifland, New York, 
 is fituated on the N. coaft of the 
 ifland, near the Sound, at the 
 bottom of acove, 7 miles E. of 
 Huntingdon. 
 
 Snow-Hixu, a fmall town 
 in the county of Somerfet, in the 
 eaftern divifion of Maryland. 
 
 SoCONUSCO, a province of 
 New Spain, running 7o leagues 
 along the coaft of the South Sea, 
 bounded on the N, by the pro- 
 vince of Chiapa, on the E. by 
 thofe of Vera Paz and Guatimala, 
 and on the W. by the -Pacific 
 Ocean and part of the province 
 of Tlafcala. The climate is very 
 
 SOR 
 
 hot; the rainy feafon long, names — 
 
 ly from April to September ; and 
 {torms are very frequent: fo that 
 the country is very far from being 
 either healthy or pleafant. Nor 
 does the foil produce much corn, 
 but great quantities of indigo and 
 cocoa-nuts, which are fent by 
 fea to all the other parts of New 
 Spain, 
 
 SOLIDAD, LA, or the Dre- 
 SERT, a cloyfter of bare-footed 
 Carmelites, fituated on a hill 3 
 leagues N. W. of Mexico, inclofed 
 with a high ftone-wal!, 7 leagues 
 in compafs, The hill, on which 
 the monaftery ftands, is furround- 
 ed withrocks, in which they have 
 dug caves for oratories. Here the 
 provincial Chapter of the Order is 
 held, and here are gardens and 
 orchards 2 miles in compafs, filled 
 with the choiceft European fruit- 
 trees. 
 
 SomMBIERO, a fimall ‘defert 
 ifland among the Caribbees, 18 
 miles'N, W. of Anguilla, depen- 
 dant on Barbuda. It confifts of 
 an eminence, to which the Spa 
 nith difcoverers gave the name, 
 as it bore the refemblance of a 
 hat. Itis about 1 league long, 
 and near as much broad. Lat. 
 18, 30. long. 62, 30. 
 
 SomMER.or SUMMER IsLEs.—= 
 See Bermudas, 
 
 SoMERs, atown in Hartford 
 county, Conneéticut, near the ri- 
 ver Wiilimanti, which runs inte 
 the Thames. It is 19 miles S,E. 
 of Springfield, and 46 N. of New 
 London, 
 
 SOMERS@T, a town-in the 
 county of the fame name, in Ma- 
 ryland, Delawar, 
 
 SoMERSET CouNTY, the 
 moft fouthern diftrict in Mary- 
 land, containing one parith only, 
 
 SorREL RIVER, a river in 
 the province of New York. It 
 rifes-in lake Champlain, and, af- 
 ter a courfe of about 69 miles, 
 falls into the river St, Laurence, 
 in the lat, of 46, 10. long. 72, 
 256 
 
 2 
 
5, Pak 
 
 SoRREL Fort, a fmall fort 
 Built by the French on the weft- 
 ern point of the mouth of Sorrel 
 river. 
 
 SPANIARD’sS Bay, an excel- 
 Jent harbour on the eaftern coaft 
 of the ifland of Cape-Breton. Its 
 mouth is only a thoufand paces 
 wide, but grows broader within, 
 and, at a league’s diftance from 
 its mouth, divides itfelf into 2 
 arms, both which are navigable 3 
 leagues up, and are very fafe har- 
 _ bours, Lat. 46,20. long.58, 29. 
 
 SPANISH- Town, formerly 
 the capital of the ifland of Ja- 
 maica, being the refidence of the 
 Goverror, and the place where 
 the Affembly and grand Courts 
 of Juftice are kept. It was found- 
 ed by Chriftopher Columbus, who 
 received the title of Deke de la 
 Vega, from this town, which he 
 called St. Jago de Ja Vega. And, 
 being an inland town, it has 
 much lefs trade than Kingfton, 
 but more gaiety. Many perfons 
 of large fortunes refide here, and 
 make a figure proportionable; the 
 number of coaches kept here ts 
 very great.—See Fago de la Vega, 
 St. : 
 
 SPANISH-TowNn.—See Vir- 
 gin Gorda, 
 
 SPEIGHT’s Town, a place in 
 the ifland of Barbadoes, formerly 
 much frequented by the Briftol 
 traders, and thence called Lit- 
 tle Briftol. It is a very pretty 
 ‘town, containing about 350 well- 
 puilt houfes, difpofed mto four 
 regular and fpacious ftreets, of 
 which the longeft is called Jew’s- 
 ‘ftreet, and, with the other three, 
 leads down to the water-fide, The 
 planters in that part of Barbadoes 
 ‘called Scotland, ufed te thip off 
 ‘their goods here for Engiand, 
 which occafioned the building of 
 ‘ftorehoufes, and a concourfe of 
 people refort hither, to the great 
 ‘advantage of the rown; but mofl 
 of the trade is now removed to 
 Bridgetown. It has a church, de- 
 dicated to St. Peter, which gaye 
 
 Si A 
 
 name to its precinét, and is the 
 place where the monthly feffions 
 are held. The town is detended 
 by two forts, befides another in 
 Heathcote’s bay, fome diftance 
 S. of the town. One of the above 
 forts ftands in the middle of the 
 town, and is mounted with 14 
 guns 5 the other, which hath 32, 
 ftands at the N. end of it. But 
 there are, befides thefe, feverak 
 platforms on the fea-fhore, erected 
 after the commencement of the 
 late war, Latitude 10, 9. long, 
 59, 21. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, East and 
 West, two towns in Hamphhire 
 county, Maflachufe:s-Bay, have 
 their diftin@ions from being fitu- 
 ated on each fide of Conneéticut 
 river, near where W eft-Springfield 
 river branches off, about 8 miles 
 below the falls. 
 
 Squam, a large creek on the 
 N. E. fide of Cape Ann, a few 
 leagues from Bofton, in New- 
 England. 
 
 StTaMFoRD, a town and river 
 in Fairfield covnty, Conneéticut, 
 on the N. coafl of Long Ifland 
 Sound, 7 miles from Greenwich, 3 
 and 10 from Norwalk. 
 
 STANINGTON, a town and 
 harbour in New London county, 
 Connedtient, 8 miles E. of New- 
 London. 
 
 STATEN-IsSLAND, an ifland. 
 forming the county of Richmond, 
 in the province of New York, 
 about 9 miles N,W. of New-York 
 city. It is about 12 miles long, 
 and at a medium 6 in breadth. 
 
 On the §S, fide ‘is a eonfiderable 
 tract of good level land; but the 
 ifland is in general rough, and 
 the hills high, but pleafant and 
 fruitful. The inhabitants aze 
 principally Dutch and French. 
 The former have a church; but 
 the latter, having been long withe 
 out a minifter, refort to an epif- 
 copal church in Richmond town, 
 
 
 
 i 
 ; 
 
 a poor mean place, and the only 
 
 one in the ifland. The minifter 
 receives gol, per annum, rafed 
 
SUN 
 
 by a tax upon the county. Lat. 
 40, 34. long. 74,22. . 
 
 STeEPHEN’s Fort, a fquare 
 fort in the provinceof New Hamp- 
 fhire, fituated on the eaftern bank 
 of Connecticut river, 30 miles N, 
 of the village of Northfield, and 
 59 S. W.of Crown-Point. 
 
 STOUGHTON, a town in Suf- 
 folk county, Maflachufets-Bay, 5 
 miles S. of Milton, and 10 N, E, 
 of Walpole. 
 
 Stow, a town in Middlefex 
 county, in Maffachufets-Bay, ona 
 branch of the river Concord, 
 about 20 miles W. of Cambridge. 
 
 SuDBURY, atownin Middle- 
 fex county, Maflachufets - Bay, 
 fituated on a river of the fame 
 name, which runs into Concord 
 river, It is about 5 miles S, of 
 Concord, and 14 W. of Cam- 
 bridge. 
 
 Surrork Country, adivifion 
 in Maffachufets - Bay, including 
 Bofton, Bofton-harbour, &c. 
 
 SUFFOLK CounTY, 4 divifion 
 of the province of New-York, 
 including all the eaftern part of 
 Long - Ifland, Shelter - Ifland, 
 Fifher’s-Iffand, Plum-Ifland, and 
 the Ifle of Wight. This large 
 county has been long fettled, and, 
 except a {mall epifcopal congre- 
 gation, confifts entirely of Englifh 
 Prefbyterians, The farmers are, 
 for the moft part, graziers, and, 
 living ata great diftance from New 
 York, ‘the principal part of their 
 produce is fent to the markets of 
 Bofton and Rhode-Hfland. The 
 Indians, who were formerly nu- 
 merous here, are now very incon- 
 fiderable ; and thofe that remain 
 generally bind themfelves fervants 
 to the Englifh. 
 
 SUNBURN, a town in New 
 Weft Jerfey, on the E. bank of 
 the E. branch of the Delawar 
 river, 12 miles S, E. of Philip{- 
 burgh. 
 
 * SUNBURY, a town in the dif- 
 triét of Southern, in the province 
 of Georgia. 
 
 SUNDERLAND, a town in 
 
 Su Fr 
 Hampfhire county, Maflachufets- 
 Bay, on the E. fide of Connecticut 
 river, 8 miles N. E. of Hatfield, 
 and 2 S. E. from Deerfield. 
 
 SurgrR1IoR Lake, a large 
 colletion of waters, or rather a 
 frefh-water fea, being near roo 
 leagues in length,and7oin breadth, 
 and interfperfed with feveral very 
 
 confiderable iflands. The middle: 
 
 of it lies in the lat, of 47, 10. 
 long. 85, 10. The country round 
 it is very little known, being fre- 
 quented only by the Indians in 
 their huntings. It is 500 leagues 
 in circuit, 
 
 SuRRyY, an inland county in . 
 
 the diftri& of Salifbury, North 
 Carolina. 
 
 SuRRY, one of the counties of 
 Virginia, lying to the N. of that 
 called Ifle of Wight county. It 
 
 contains 111,050 acres of land, 
 
 and has two parifhes, namely, 
 Southward, and Lyon’s Creek, 
 
 Sussex, a county in New 
 Welt Jerfey. 
 
 Sussex, oneof the counties. 
 
 in Penfylvania, and had its name 
 from Mr. Penn’s feat in the coun- 
 ty of Suffex, in England. It lies. 
 along Delawar-Bay, and is inha- 
 bited by planters, whofe plantati- 
 ons lie fcatrered at a diftance from 
 one another, according as the fete 
 tlers made choiceof different fpot 
 of ground, a 
 S¥sQUEHANNA, a river who. 
 rifes near the lakes in the country 
 of the Mohawks, in New York, and 
 running S, has feveral falls, which, 
 prevents its having any extenfive 
 navigation inland; yet one of its 
 branches extends itfelf near the 
 head of the Ohio, where is a car- 
 rying-place for 40 miles, and 
 makes way for a communication 
 with that river. It empties itfelf 
 into Chefapeak-Bay, in Maryland. 
 SuTTON, a townin Worcefter 
 county, Maffachufets-Bay, on a 
 
 branch of Mumford river, 7 miles: — 
 
 N. of Uxbridge and Douglas, and 
 the fame diftance E. from Oxford, 
 and g S, from Worcefter, 
 
 Te . SO 
 
EAB 
 
 SwWANSEyY, a town of New- 
 England, in New-Plymouth Co- 
 lony, fituated at the mouth of 
 Providence river. It is a large 
 {cattering town, but carries on a 
 tolerable trade. Lat. 42, 5. long. 
 71, To. 
 
 T. 
 
 ge are or ToBAGO, one 
 ® of the Carribbee-Iflands.— 
 See Tobago. 
 
 *Tagasco, a province of Mex- 
 ico in New Spain, bounded on the 
 
 W. by that of Guaxaca; on the ° 
 
 E. by that of Yucatan; on the N. 
 by the Gulph of Mexico, and bay 
 of Campeche, along which it ex- 
 tends about 40 Jeagues from E. to 
 W. It is a narrow flip running 
 along the fea-fhore ; but neither 
 very healthy, nor the foil remark- 
 ably froirful. The fea-fhore of 
 Tabafco is quite deftirute of har- 
 bours, but has the mouths of two 
 large rivers, both’ rifing in the 
 neighbourhood of the South-Sea, 
 one of which is ealled Tabafco, 
 and has the capital of its province 
 fituated on its banks; as well as 
 further W. the city Chiapa, the 
 capital of that province. They 
 
 have alfo great plenty of cocoa-. 
 
 nuts, which they fend to Vera 
 Cruz. Moft of the country is flat 
 and moift, has many marfhes and 
 Jakes well (tocked with fifth. It 
 rains 9 months out of the 12, fo 
 that the air is exceflively damp, 
 and in Feb, March, and April, 
 remarkably ~hot, when infinite 
 fwarms of gnats and other infects 
 are produced. The coaft, from 
 the begining of September to the 
 end of March, is fubjeét to tem- 
 peftuous northerly winds, which 
 render failing dangerous during 
 that feafon., TheSpaniards brought 
 
 hither vines, Jemon, orange, and ~ 
 
 fig trees, which all thrive here, 
 Here are large thickets of man- 
 groves and bamboes, and great 
 woods of cedar, Brafil, &c. fre- 
 quented by lions, tigers, wild 
 
 TAD 
 
 bears, and deer. They have great 
 numbers of rabbits, apes, and 
 fquirrels, with the common fruits 
 of America, befides rice, barley, 
 and garden-herbs, different {pes 
 cies of European fowls, and others 
 to us unknown. On the banks 
 of ariver, called alfo Tabago, are 
 great numbers of cabbage-trees, 
 ico feet high, and the largeft cot- 
 ton-trees ever feen in any part of 
 the world. 
 
 Tasasco, or VILEA HER- 
 mMosa, the contemptible capital 
 of the above province, called alfo 
 by the Spaniards Nueftra Sennora” 
 de la Vittoria, from a great victory 
 obtained here by Cortez on his 
 firft arrival. It ftands on an ifland 
 at the mouth of the river Grijalva, 
 go miles E. of Efpirito Santo, 
 and 160 S. E. of Mexico. The 
 river Grijalva divides itfelf, near 
 the fea, into 2 branches, of whiclr 
 the weftern falls into the river 
 Tabafco, which rifes in the moun- 
 tains of Chiapa; and the other 
 continues its courfe till within 4 
 leagnes of the fea, where it fub- 
 divides, and feparates the ifland 
 above mentioned from the con- 
 tinent, The ifland of Tabafco, 
 on which the town of that name 
 is built, is about 2 leagues long, 
 and 2 and 2 broad, The town 
 is not very large, but well built, 
 and confiderably enriched by a 
 conftant refort of merchants and 
 tradefmen at Chriftmas. Lat. 17, 
 40. long. 93, 39- 
 
 TacunGa.—See Latacunga. 
 
 Tapousac, a fmall place on 
 the banks of the river St, Lau- 
 rence, at the mouth of the river 
 Saguenay. It is a place of great 
 traffic and refort for the wild 
 natives, who bring hither large 
 quantities of furs to exehange tor 
 woollen cloths, linen, iron and 
 brafs utenfils, ribbands, and other 
 trinkets. The mouth of the ri- 
 ver on which it ftands is defended 
 by a fort ereéted on a rock, al- 
 moft inacceffible, Lat. 46, So 
 long, 68, 3. 
 
 
 
fhe hae 
 
 Tartsot County, a diftri& 
 of Maryland, lying on the W. of 
 Kent, from which it is divided 
 by a double row of trees, and is 
 bounded on the S. by Cecil coun- 
 ty. In this county, the’ capital, 
 formerly called Oxford, but now 
 Williamitadt, is fitnated. — See 
 Williamftadt. 
 
 TAMAROAS, or TAMAROS, 4 
 large ifland of Florida. It lies a- 
 bout 25 leagues above the Ohio, 
 with an Indian nation oppofite to 
 it on the ¢ontinent, of the fame 
 name; alfo another denominated 
 Cahokia, who dwell on the banks 
 of Chepiffo.—See Florida. 
 
 TAMALEQUE, an inland city, 
 in the province of St. Martha, on 
 the coaft of Terra Firma. It is 
 fituated on the banks of the river 
 Magdalena, and carries on a trade 
 on that river from New Granada 
 to Carthagena, from whence it is 
 above 250 miles, 
 
 TAPANATEPEQUE,a town of 
 Guaxaca, and audience of Mexi- 
 co, in the province of this name. 
 Tt {tands at the foot of the moun- 
 tains Quelenos, at the bottom of a 
 bay in the South-Sea; and is one 
 of the pleafanteft places in this 
 country, and the beft- furnithed 
 with fieth, fowl, and fifth, being 
 contiguous both to the fea and a 
 river, amidft rich farms ftocked 
 each with between 1000 and 4000 
 head of cattle. Here are delight- 
 ful walks of orange, lemon, ci- 
 tron, fig, and other frnit-trees, 
 
 Taunton, a town in Briftol 
 county, Plymouth Colony, New- 
 England, on the river Titiquit, 
 4 miles S. W. from Rainham, 
 and 6 'N.E. from Dighton, 
 
 TECOANTEPEQUE, a town 
 of Guaxacg and Mexico. It lies 
 at the foot of a mountain, on the 
 top of which is a volcano. 
 
 ‘TENERIFFE, a town of San- 
 ta Martha and Terra Firma, It 
 ftands on the eaftern bank of the 
 
 reat river Santa Martha, below 
 its junction with that of Magda- 
 kena, about 135 miles from the 
 
 TER 
 
 city of Santa Martha, towards the 
 
 §, the road from which capital to 
 
 Teneriffe is very difficult by land 
 but one may go eafily enough. 
 from one to the other, partly by 
 
 fea, and partly by the above-men- 
 
 tioned river. 
 
 Trquajo, or Tiquas, a pro- 
 vince of Mexico; according to 
 the accounts of fome Spanifh tra- 
 vellers, being about lat. 37, where 
 they found 16 villages. 
 
 TrnecumM, a place of Penfyl- 
 vania, where the Swedes have a 
 meeting-houfe, but whether lying 
 on the borders of the county of 
 Buckingham, or thofe of Phila» 
 delphia, does not appear. 
 
 TERRA DE. LATRKATON, ie ¢, 
 the Ploughman or Labourer’s 
 Land, one of the northern coun- 
 tries, which the Englifh call 
 New- Britain. It lies S. W. of 
 Groenland, with Hudfon’s Straits 
 and part of the Atlantic-Ocean 
 on the N.E.and the latter alfo 
 on the E. on the S.E. it is divided 
 from Newfoundland by the ftraits 
 of Belleifle; on the S. it has the 
 gulph and river of St. Laurence, 
 with part of Canada; and on the 
 W. Hudfon’s- Bay. {It extends 
 from lat. 50 to 63, and from 
 long. §1 to 79. It is nearly of a 
 triangular form. We. have no 
 knowledge of its inland parts, and 
 but an imperfeét one of its coafts, 
 The extreme poverty and brutal 
 fiercenefs of the people dwelling 
 near the fea-fhore, with the very 
 pinching coldnefs of the climate, 
 have deierred the Europeans from 
 making any fcttlements there, 
 
 This country is inhabited by a 
 
 fierce and favage people, called 
 Efkimaux,—which fee, 
 
 Not long ago, a new fea-or 
 ftrait was difcovered on the weft- 
 ern fide of this land from Hud- 
 fon’s-Bay ; but whether it be. 
 only a gulph, or communicates 
 with Hudfon’s-Bay, or the North 
 Sea, is a point not yet afcertained, 
 Ali that we find from the belt 
 maps is, that the entrance into 
 
' 
 
 TER 
 
 that fea lies between lat. 58 and 
 59- E 
 Terra Firma, a kingdom of 
 South America. It begins north- 
 wards at the river of Darien, and 
 ftretching itfelf along by Nombre 
 ‘de Dios, Bocas de Toro, Bahia del 
 Almirante, and is terminated weft- 
 “ward by the river de los Dorados, 
 “in the North Sea. Towards the 
 ~ South Sea, beginning on the weft- 
 ern part, it extends from Punta 
 Gorda in Cofta Rica, by Punta 
 de Mariatos, Morro de Puergos, 
 to the Gulph of Darien, whence 
 _it continues fonthward along the 
 coaft, by Puerto de Pinas and 
 “Morro Quemado, to the Bay of 
 St. Bonaventura. Its length from 
 E. to W, is 180 leagues, but, if 
 meafured along the coaft, it ex- 
 “ceeds 2303 and its breadth from 
 N. to S is the fame with that of 
 the ifthmus, including the whole 
 province of Panama, and past of 
 that of Darien. It contains the 
 three provinces of Panama, Da- 
 rien, and Veraguas: which others 
 fubdivide, from W. to E. into 
 Popayan, New Granada, or Santa 
 Fé, or Caftello del Oro, and New 
 Andalufia on the S. then, going 
 from E. to W. Venezuela, Rio 
 de la Hacha, Santa Martha, Car- 
 thagena, and Terra Firma Proper, 
 “which is the ifthmus of Darien, 
 on the N. 
 
 Terra Firma, has part of Pern, 
 the Amazon’s country, and part 
 of Guiana, on the S, the river 
 Oroonoko, which parts it-from 
 Guiana, on the S.E. the Atlantic 
 Ocean on the E. and that part of 
 it called the North Sea on the N. 
 and the South Sea on the W. 
 where the ifthmus of Darien alfo 
 parts it from Mexico, or New 
 Spain. 
 
 _ The narroweft part of the ifth- 
 mus is from the rivers Darien and 
 ‘Chagre, on the North Sea, to 
 thofe of Pito and Caymito on the 
 
 South Sea ; and_here the diftance - 
 
 ‘from fea to fea is about 14 leagues: 
 
 _ afterwards it increafes in breadth 
 
 t HOA 
 
 towards Choco and Sitara; and 
 the fame weftward, in the pro- 
 vince of Veraguas, forming an 
 interval of 40 leagues from fea 
 to fea, 
 
 Along this ithmus run thofe 
 famous chains of lofty mountains 
 called the Andes; which, begin- 
 ning at {uch a prodigious diftance - 
 as the Terra Magellanica, traverfe 
 the kingdom of Chili, the pro- 
 vince of Buenos Ayres, through 
 Peru and Quito; and from the 
 latter province they contract them- 
 felves, as it were, for’a paflage 
 through this narrow ifthmus : 
 afterwards, again widening, they 
 continue their courfe through Ni- 
 earagua, Guatimala, Cofta Rica, 
 St. Miguel, Mexico, Guajaca, la 
 Puebla, and others, with feve- 
 ral arms and ramifications for 
 {trengthening, as it were, the 
 fouthern with the northern parts 
 of America. 
 
 The capital of the whole king- 
 dom of Terra Firma, as well as 
 of its particuJar province of the 
 fame name, is Panama; befides 
 which are the two cities of Porto- 
 Bello and Santiago de Nata de los 
 
 . Cavalleros, with one town, fome 
 
 few forts, feveral villages and 
 country-feats, &e. The other 
 places in the two remaining dif 
 tricts are not very confiderable. 
 
 TERRA FirMA PROPER. 
 See Darien. 
 
 TesTiGoeEs, iflands near the 
 coaft of New Andalufia, in Terra 
 Firma, in South America. 
 
 TewkKeEsBuRyY, a village in 
 Middlefex county, Maffachufets- 
 Bay. 
 
 THAMES, a river of New~ 
 England, which, rifing in a lake 
 N. of the Maflachufets country, 
 runs directly fouth, and falls in- 
 to the fea, below New London, 
 and E. of Conneéticut river. This 
 is a confiderable ftream, with fe- 
 veral fmall branches, the princi- 
 pal of which are called Glafs ri- 
 ver, Ruffel’s Delight, and the 
 Indian river, 
 
 
 
 
 
T40:. 
 
 Tuomas, St. or the Danes 
 Istanp, the largeft and moft 
 northerly ifle ro leagues to the 
 E. of Porto Rico, one of the Vir- 
 gin-Ifles, in the Weft-Indies. It 
 is about 3 leagues in length, and, 
 on an average, one in breadth. 
 The foil is fandy, and badly wa- 
 tered. It abounds with potatoes, 
 millet, mandroca, and moft forts 
 of fruits and herbage, efpecially 
 fugar and tobacco; but is ex- 
 tremely infefted with mufketoes, 
 and other troublefome vermin. 
 This ifland produces oranges, ci- 
 trons, lemons, guavas, bananas, 
 - and fig-trees; but they have few 
 horfes or black cattle, yet are fur- 
 nithed with flefh-meat enough from 
 Porto Rico. Here are excellent 
 kids, and all forts of wild-fowl, 
 but from the numbers of people, 
 and great plenty of money here, 
 provifions are, as is moft com- 
 monly the cafe, dear, Here is a 
 fafe and commodious harbour, 
 with 2 natural mounds on it, cal- 
 culated, as it were, for placing 2 
 batteries for the defence of its 
 entrance. ‘Though the ifland is 
 only 6 or 7. leagues in circuit, it 
 has 2 mafters; the Danes and 
 Brandenburghers, the latter of 
 which are under the protection of 
 the former; though all the trade 
 here is carried on by the Dutch, 
 under the name of the Danes, 
 Nearly in the center of the har- 
 bour is a fmall fort, without ditch 
 or out-works; and the town, 
 which begins about 50 or 60 paces 
 W. of. it, confifts chiefly of one 
 long ftreet, at the end of which 
 is the Danifh factory, a large 
 building, with convenient ware- 
 houfes for the ftowage of the 
 goods, as well as the reception of 
 negroes, in which article they 
 trade with the Spaniards. On the 
 the right fide of this factory is the 
 Brandenburg quarter, confifting of 
 2 little {treets, full of French re- 
 fugees from Europeand theiflands, 
 Molt of the houfes are of brick, 
 being built and tiled in the Dutch 
 
 = ‘Te 
 
 fafhion; yet but of 1 ftory high, on 
 
 account of the foundation, where, 
 
 before they dig to the depth of 3 
 
 feet, they meet with water and 
 
 quickfands. ‘The trade of this 
 
 {mall ifland, particularly in time 
 
 of peace, is very confiderable : 
 
 this being the ftaple for fuch traf 
 
 fic as the French, Englifh, Dutch, 
 
 and Spaniards, dare not carry on 
 
 publicly in their own iflands : 
 
 and in war-time privateers bring 
 
 their prizes hither for fale. A 
 
 great number of veflels trade from 
 
 hence along the coaft of Terra- 
 Firma, and return with a great 
 
 deal of fpecie, or bars, and valua- . 
 ble merchandize; fo that the place 
 is wealthy, and always well-ftock- 
 ed with all forts of goods. 
 1688 the Danifh factory here was 
 attacked and plundered by the 
 French buccaneers. A large bat- 
 tery has fince been erefted, mount- 
 ed with 20 pieces of cannon. In 
 Aug. 30, 1772, it fuffered 200,000 
 dollars damage, by a moft violent 
 ftorm. ‘ 
 
 THREE RIvERS.—See Treble 
 River. 
 
 TisERON CAPE, a round 
 black rock, which is the moft 
 weftern point of the whole ifland 
 of Hifpaniola, in the Weft-Indies. 
 See Hifpaniola and St. Domingo. 
 
 TIcKLE-ME-qucKLy Har- 
 BowR, fo called by the Englith, a 
 fine little fandy bay of Terra Fir- 
 ma Proper, on the ifthmus of 
 Darien, at the N.W. end of a 
 riff of rocks, with good anchorage 
 and fafe landing, the extremity of 
 the rocks on one fide, and the 
 Samballas iflands (the range of 
 which begin from hence) on the 
 other fide, guard it from the fea, 
 and fo form a very good harbour, 
 It is-much frequented by pri- 
 vateers. 
 
 TICONDERAGO, a fort, built 
 by the French in the year 1756, 
 on the narrow paflage, or com- 
 munication, between the lakes 
 George and Champlin. It had all 
 the advantages that art or nature 
 
 gore : 
 
 In ~" 
 
ides Cage, a 
 
 could give it, being defended on 
 3 fides by water furrounded by 
 rocks, and. by half of the fourth 
 by a fwamp, and where that fails 
 the French erected a breaft-work 
 9 feet high. 
 _ Tinkxers-Istanp, the fecond 
 largeft of the Elizabeth-iflands, at 
 the entrance of Buzzard’s-bay, and 
 is the middlemoft of the three. It 
 is about 1 mile W. from Nafhawn- 
 ifland, and about 8 from the neareft 
 Jand of Barnftaple county, ‘This 
 jfland is about 3 miles from N, to 
 S, and 1 and t from E. to W. be- 
 tween it and Nafhawn is a chan- 
 nel for floops, as well as between 
 jt and Slokums-ifle, about 1 mile 
 further W. i z 
 
 Tispury,atown onthe S, fide 
 of the ifland of Martha’s Vine- 
 yard, New- England; fituated a- 
 bout 9 miles from Chilmark, oa 
 a convenient creck, and inhabited 
 by fifhermen. 
 
 TrLascaLa,ortos ANGELOS, 
 a province of New- Spain.—See 
 Angelos, 
 
 Trascata, the antient capital 
 of Angelos, once the fee of a bi- 
 fhop, 45 miles E. of Mexico, and 
 60 N. of Los Angelos, its mo- 
 dern capital. It bas a pleafant 
 fite on the banks of a river which 
 runs into the Sonth-Sea; but is 
 moftly inhabited by Indians, who 
 in general are very rich, being 
 free from all taxes and duties, as 
 we obferved before; and having 
 . been entirely converted to chrif- 
 tianity, they have feveral good 
 churches and monafteries, In 
 Gage’s time there were no lefs 
 than 28 towns and villages under 
 the jurifdiction of this city, con- 
 taining 150,000 families: he writes 
 that it was worth all the towns and 
 villages between La Vera Cruz 
 and Mexico, the former being 
 140 miles S$. E. of it. When the 
 Spaniards firft arrived here, it con- 
 tained 300 ooo inhabitants ;. and 
 it hada market place large enough 
 to hold:30,000 buyers and fellers; 
 that in the fhambles were feldom 
 
 year. 
 
 _the town, and, running N.in a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 “FO B 
 
 Jefs than 15,000 theeps, 4000 oxe — 
 en, and 20cco hogs. But matters © 
 were fo much altered, that Gee” 
 melti, who was here in 1698, fays, © 
 it was then become an ordinary 
 village, with a parifh-church, in 7 
 which hangs up a picture of the ~ 
 fhip which brought Cortez to La © 
 Vera Croz. This city, according © 
 to Captain Cook, ftands in the 7 
 valley of Atlifco, which is a league — 
 and an half over, producing above 
 100,000 bnfhels of wheat in a 
 Lat, 19, 51. long. 102, 5. 
 
 TOA, one of the 2 rivers (Bajae © 
 mond being the other) which 7 
 empties itfelf into the harbour of © 
 Porto Rico, in the Antilles ifland 
 of the fame name. It rifes from 
 Mount Guiame, on the S. fide of 
 the ifland, about 16 leagues from 
 
 large ftream to Mount Curvas, dis 
 vides itfelf into 2 branches, be- 
 twixt which the other river Bajae 
 mond has its fource. 
 
 Toxpaco, or TABAGO, one of 
 the Caribbee-Iflands, 30 miles N, 
 of Trinidad, and 120 S. of Bar- 
 badoes. It is about 72 miles long, 
 and 12 broad. It was firft peo- 
 pled by the Dutch, who made an 
 eftablifhment there in 1632, who 
 were expelled by the Indians, and 
 foon after the Courlanders took 
 their place, under the protection 
 of the Englifh. The French con- 
 quered this ifland, and returned it 
 to the Dutch, who they expelled 
 in 1677, and left it@efolate, From 
 this period it continued as a neue 
 tral ifland till the peace of 1763, , 
 when it became the property of 
 the Englith, It is about 25 
 leagues in circumference, and a- 
 bounds throughout with little hills 
 that might be cultivated, and has 
 a few craggy mountains at the 
 N. E. end, out of which run nue 
 merous ftreams and rivers. ‘The\ 
 air is cooled by the fea-breezes, © 
 that, notwithftanding its vicinity 
 to the line, it becomes very fup- 
 portable to Europeans, The coaft 
 affords 10 or 12 large and convee 
 
 * 
 f 
 
TOM. 
 
 _bient bays, among whom are 2 
 where the largeft fhips may an- 
 chor, All forts of vegetables and 
 ufeful trees are very abtindant 
 here, and fome of the laft grow 
 to a prodigious fize; there aré be- 
 
 ~ fides whole thickets of faffafras of 
 
 .a fuperior quality, as well as of_ 
 thofe trees which afford the true 
 gum-copal. There is produced a 
 baftard kind of the nut-meg, and 
 cinnamon trees, and the woods ate 
 full of game and wild hogs. The 
 foil, thouch fometimes fandy, is 
 always black, deep, and as fruit- 
 fal as in atiy other of the Carib 
 bees; and it is aftonithing to fee 
 the ativity and fuccefs with which 
 the culture of this ifland has a« 
 rifen andincreafed fince the peace, 
 The whole ifland is comprized in 
 7 divifions, and contains §2,058 
 acres. They reckon at preferit. 
 286 plantations, among whom 4o 
 for fugar, of which the ifland ex- 
 ports already above 3000 hogf- 
 heads a year, On the S. fide is 
 the rifing town of Scarborough. 
 Near the coaft, and principally to- 
 wards the S, are fome families of 
 the Caribbs. Tobago is not lia- 
 ble to hurricanes, like the other 
 Caribbee-Iflands, owing to its vi- 
 cinity to the continent.  Lati- 
 tude 11, 36. long. 59, 10, 
 
 Touv, a town of Terra-Fir- 
 ma, with a harbour on a bay of 
 the North-Sea. The famous bal- 
 f2m of the fame name comes from 
 this place; 114 miles S. W. of 
 Carthagena, Lat. 9, 36. longi- 
 tude 77, 5s 
 
 Tomaco, a large river of Po- 
 payan, and Terra Firma, about 
 3 leagues to the N. E. of Galla- 
 ifle. And about a league and an 
 half within the river is an Indian 
 town of the fame name, tho’ but 
 
 {mall, the inhabitants of which 
 commonly fupply little veffels 
 with provifions, when they put in 
 here for refrefhment, At this ri- 
 ver begins a preat wood, extend-~ 
 
 . ing to or 12 leagues to the fouth- 
 
 ward. All along this coaft are fe- 
 
 TOR 
 
 veral rivers, at whofe heads both, 
 the Spaniards and Indians wait 
 for gold which wafhes down from 
 the mountains. ‘This is a very 
 rainy place, efpecially from April 
 td October, which is the winter 
 feafon here: at which time from 
 hénee all northward along the 
 coalt of Mexico is continual thun- 
 der and lightning, with rain, and 
 feveral violent tornadoes or whirl- 
 winds. The land-marks here are, 
 that the land is higher than the 
 coalts of Gorgona, and very full 
 of hills and trees, particularly one 
 very high mount. 
 
 Torta, a motintainous barren 
 part of New-Bifcay province, in 
 Mexico; yet moft of the neigh- 
 bouring parts are pleafant, abounds 
 ing with al] manner of provifions. 
 
 TorsKietb, a town near the 
 middle of the county of Effex, 
 the moft N. of the Maflachufets- 
 Bay. It has a very pleafant fitua- 
 tion, bat no river near it, and is 
 
 t 
 
 the midway between Reading and _ 
 
 Rowley. 
 
 ToRTorstés, THE RIVER OF; 
 lies 10 miles above a lake 20 miles 
 long, and 8 cr 10 broad, which 
 is formed by the Miflifppi, in 
 Louifiana, or Carolana, and Flo- 
 rida. It is a large fine river, 
 which runs into the country a 
 good way to the N. E, and is na- 
 vigable 40 miles by the Jargelt 
 boats. 
 
 TorRTOLA IsLe, one of the 
 Virgin -Iflands, near Porto Rico, 
 on which depend the little iflands 
 of Joft Van Dykes, Little Van 
 Dykes, Guana-ifland, and Beef 
 and Thatchiflands. Inthis, which 
 is the principal’ of the Englith 
 Virgin=Iflands, is almoft all the 
 trade carried on; it is near § 
 leagues long, and 2 broad, but 
 badiy watered, and reckoned un- 
 healthy. ‘They cultivate cotton’ 
 here, which is much efteemed by 
 the mannufadiurers. Long. 63, 35» 
 Lat. 18, 15. 
 
 TortuGa, SaLt,-or SAL 
 TortuGa, an iflund on the W. 
 
 S 2 
 
oO R 
 
 of New-Andalufia, and Terra Fire 
 
 ma, fo called in contradiftin@ion 
 to the fhoals of Dry Tortugas, 
 near Cape Florida, and to the ifle 
 of Tortuga, near that of Hifpa- 
 niola, Itis pretty large, uninha- 
 bited, and abounds with falt,- It 
 lies in lat. 31, 36. and long. 64. 
 14 leagues northerly from Marga- 
 rita, and 17 or 18 from Cape Blan- 
 co onthe main. The E, end of 
 ‘Tortuga is full of rugged, bare, 
 and broken rocks, which ftretch 
 themfelves a little way out to fea. 
 At the S. E. part is an indifferent 
 good road for thipping, and much 
 frequented in peaceable times by 
 merchantmen, who come hither 
 to lade falt, from May to Auguit. 
 For at the E. end is a large falt- 
 pond within 200 paces of the fea. 
 Near the W. extremity of the 
 ifland, on the S. fide, there is a 
 imall harbour and fome frefh wa- 
 ter. That end of the ifland is 
 full of thrubby trees; but the E, 
 end is rocky, and bare of trees, 
 producing only coarfe grafs. The 
 turtles, or tortoifes, come into 
 the fandy bays to lay their eggs, 
 and from hence the ifland has its 
 name. There is no anchoring 
 any where but in the road where 
 the falt-ponds are, or in the har- 
 bour. 
 TortuGas, or ToRTUDAS, 
 one of the Antilles-Ifles, in, the 
 Weft-Indies, near the N. coaft of 
 Hifpaniola, At was formerly the 
 great vefidence of the buccaneers, 
 and lies off Cape St. Nicholas, 86 
 miles N, of Petit Guaves, and 35 
 ‘Spanith leagues E, from Cuba. It 
 is furrounded with rocks on the 
 N. and W. fides; and the road 
 on the E. fide is very hard to 
 find, and very difficult and dan- 
 gerous when found, by reafon of 
 rocks and fands; and the difficul- 
 ty of accefs, probably, made this 
 the retreat of the bnecaneers. 
 The Spaniards, however, deftroy- 
 ed their fettlements here in 1638, 
 with extreme cruelty; notwith- 
 ftanding which the buccaneers re- 
 
 _from time to time by 
 
 TOR 
 
 turned, and fettled here again, — 
 
 under the command of Capt. Wile 
 
 les, an Englifhman : but not long 
 after he was obliged to abandon it _ 
 to the French, who were harrafled 
 many years by the Spaniards, and ~ 
 driven off the ifland more than ~ 
 once. The French, however, hav-- — 
 
 ing conftant fupplies from their 
 their iflands, and being joined 
 adven= 
 turers of all nations, they {till 
 
 kept up their claim, and at laft 
 
 not only fixed themfelves in this 
 little ifland, but began to make 
 fettlements on the W. end of St. 
 Domingo, where they built fome 
 villages and feveral forts, It is 
 rocky, efpecially on the N. fide 5 
 yet full of tall palms and other 
 trees, producing not only tobacco, 
 
 but yellow fanders, guiacum, gum- — 
 
 elemi, china-root, aloes, fugar, 
 indigo, cotton, ginger, oranges, 
 
 citrons, apricots, bananas, maize, - 
 
 aromatic laurels, and moft of the 
 fruits which grow on the other 
 iflands, together with peafe, and 
 the ufual roots for food. 
 
 cifterns. Here are great numbers 
 of wild boars, which they are for- 
 bid to hunt, as ferving for pro- 
 vifions whenever an invafion o- 
 bliges the inhabitants to. retire 
 into the woods, Befides parrots, 
 
 thrufhes, and other birds, here 
 
 are wild or wood pigeons, which 
 are very good at a certain feafon, 
 but at other times are lean and 
 bitter. Here is {tore of land and 
 fea crabs, which, if eaten fre- 
 quently, occafion giddinefs, and 
 dimnefs of fight. The N. part of 
 the ifland is defolate, from the air 
 being unhealthy, as well as the 
 coaft rugged ; but the S. part is 
 pretty populous, with good an- 
 chorage, and abounds with fith, 
 It has but 1 convenient harbour, 
 the entrance into which is by 2 
 channels, and is capable of re- 
 ceiving large fhips. It lies at the 
 bottom of a deep bay in that part 
 
 But 
 from want of fprings the people 
 are forced to fave rain-water in 
 
 
 

 
 \ 
 
 TRE 
 
 of the country called the Low- 
 Lands, And the town of Cayo- 
 na is defended by fort Dageron, 
 fo called from a French Gover- 
 nor, the founder of this now flou- 
 rifhing colony. - Latitude 20, 10. 
 Fong. 73, 15. | - 
 Tovutouse Port, formerly 
 called Port St. Peter, on the coalt 
 of Cape Breton, juft at the en- 
 trance of the Strait of Fronfac. 
 Tt lies between a fort of gulph, 
 called little St. Peter, and the ifles 
 of St. Peter, oppofite to thofe of 
 Madame, or Maurepas. 
 TowNnsHEND, a village at the 
 N. extremity of Middlefex coun- 
 ty, Maflachofets-Bay, near the N. 
 branch of the Nathnay-river. 
 Tresre-River, fo called 
 from 3 rivers which center thcir 
 ftreams about a quarter of a mile 
 below the town, and fall into_the 
 great one of St. Laurence, It 
 ftands in Canada Proper, and was 
 formerly the capital of the French 
 
 government, and much reforted ~ 
 
 to by feveral nations, which come 
 down thofe rivers to it, and trade 
 in varicus forts of furs. The 
 town has pallifades round it, be- 
 ing commodioufly fituated ia the 
 center of the country, and con{e- 
 quently free from the eruptions of 
 the Iroquois. It was the refidence 
 of the Governor, who kept a ma- 
 jor under him, with a monattery 
 of Recollets, who are the curates 
 of the place. It was likewife the 
 common emporium, or mart, to 
 which the natives ufed to bring 
 their furs and other commodities 
 
 to fell, before the Englifh firft ~ 
 
 feized it and the fettlement at 
 Montreal. The town itfelf is 
 faid to be but thinly peopled, 
 though the inhabitants are weal- 
 thy, and- the houfes very large 
 and richly furnifhed. The coun- 
 try round it is pleafant, and fer- 
 tile in corn, fruits, &c. and has a 
 good number ~of lordfhips, and 
 handfome feats belonging to it: 
 on each fide of the river are great 
 numbers of genteel houfes, hard- 
 
 ZT Rit 
 
 ly a gun-fhot from one another, 
 and the river is covered with plea- 
 fure and fifhing-boats, which catch 
 vaft quantities of fith, efpecially 
 cels of a prodigious fize. Thete 
 commonly come in with the tide, 
 and are caught in bafkets laid for 
 the purpofe ; and being falted and 
 barrelled will keep good a years 
 The town is about 50 miles S, 
 from Quebec, and the failing up - 
 and down from one to the other 
 extremely pleafant, and even 15 
 leagues further up. Lat. 46, 51. 
 long. 75, 15. 
 
 TRENTON, the county town 
 of Hunterdon, in New-Jerfey, It 
 is fi:uated on the Delawar-river, 
 27 miles N. of Philadelphia, and 
 is a pretty well-built town, where 
 the bufinefs of the county is tranf- 
 acted. 
 
 Trieste, an ifland of Yuca- 
 tan, in Mexico. Tt lies on the 
 W. fide of Port- Royal-ifle, and 
 is about 3 leagues from W. to E. 
 
 TRINIDAD, or TRINITY, a 
 town of New2Granada, and Ter- 
 ra- Firma, about 23 miles N. E. 
 of St, Fé. ‘It ftands on the eaftern 
 bank of the river Magdalena. 
 The fite is very convenient, but | 
 the inhabitants have had frequent 
 wars wiih the neighbouring In- 
 dians, who are of a martial and 
 turbulent difpofition. 
 
 TRINIDAD, TRINIDADA, OF 
 Tiny, an ifland of New-An- 
 dalufia, in Terra-Firmay It part- 
 ly forms the ftrait of Paria, or 
 Bocca de Drago, and is much lar- 
 ger than any of thofe on this 
 coat. Its eaftermoft point lies in 
 lat. 10, 38. long. 60,27. This 
 ifland is 36 leagues ia length, and 
 18 or 20 in breadth. Its climate 
 is unhealthy, the ifland being very 
 often covered with thick fogs. 
 Sir Walter Raleigh, who was 
 there fome time in the year 1598, 
 and examined the ifland, gives an 
 account thet the northern part of 
 it is high land; but that its foil 
 was good, proper for planting of 
 fugar-canes, tobacco, &c, Here 
 
 23 
 
Ten 
 
 are feveral forts of animals, plen- 
 ty of wild hogs, fith, fowl, and 
 fruit. It alfo produces maize, 
 caflava, and other-reots, and in ge- 
 neral all that is commonly found 
 in America. The port of St. Jo- 
 feph, on the W. fide, is the prin- 
 cipal one on the ifland.. The in- 
 habitants are a mixture of Spa- 
 niards and Indians, who are lazy, 
 thievith, and fuperftitious. It is 
 fubject to Spain. 
 
 . TRINIDAD, La, an opentown 
 of Veragua, and audience of Mexi- 
 co. It ftands on the banks of the 
 river Belen, 3 leagues from the 
 fea, but the inland way to it is 
 almoft impaffable: it lies 8 leagues 
 E. from La Conception, and 124 
 miles S. E. of Guatimala, and 
 belongs to Spain. Lat, 13, 12. 
 Jong. 94, 15. 
 
 TRINIDAD, or LA SoNSO- 
 NATE, a port-town of Guati- 
 mala Proper, in Mexico, or New 
 Spain. It ftands on a bay of the 
 South Sea, about 4 leagues from 
 Acaxatle, 65 miles S. KE, of Pe- 
 tapa, and 162 from Guatimala, 
 It contains 4 or 500 Spanifh fa- 
 milies, befides Mulattoes and In- 
 dians, with 5 churches and a mo- 
 naftery. To this place are tranf- 
 ported all the gocds which are 
 brought to Acaxatla from Peru 
 and Mexico, It is 3 leagues from 
 the town to the harbour, which 
 is of great refort, as being the 
 chief place of trade, as has been 
 jutt mentioned, between New Spain 
 and Peru, and the neareft landing 
 harbour to Guatimala, for thips 
 which come from Panama, Peru, 
 and Mexico, But it is a place of 
 no defence. In the neighbour- 
 hood are 3 volcanoes. The coaft 
 is low, but with good anchorage. 
 
 TRINIDAD, LA, one of the 
 #ea-ports and towns on the fowh 
 part of the ifland of Cuba, in the 
 Weft-Indies, which is under the 
 jurifliction of the diftrict of Spi- 
 ritu Santo, 
 
 TrRiniTy Port, a large bay 
 of Martinico, oge of the Carib- 
 
 Porn u 
 
 bee Iflands, It is formed on the 
 S. E. fide by the point Caravelle, 
 which is 2 leagues in length; and 
 on the other fide by a very high 
 hill, about 350 or 400 paces in 
 length, which only joins to the 
 main-land by an ifthmus not a- 
 bove 200 feet broad. The E. 
 fide, oppofite to the bottom of 
 this bay, is topped up by a chain 
 of rocks, which appear level with 
 the water when the ebb-tide is 
 fpent, 
 
 The town here is a very thriving 
 place, being the refidence of {e- 
 veral merchants, as- well as of 
 the Lieutenant governor of the 
 Cabes-Terre,and much frequented 
 by thipping,efpecially from Nantz, 
 the cargoes of which are fure here 
 to meet with a quick fale; the 
 people, who are very numerous 
 in the adjacent parts, chufing ra- 
 ther to buy what they want near 
 at hand, than to fend for it from 
 the Baffe-Terre. Befides, during 
 the hurricane feafon, fhips have 
 a fafe ftation in this port. Ano- 
 ther advantage they have here is, 
 that, when they fet out for Eu- 
 rope, they are to the windward 
 of all the iflands, and fave above 
 300 leagues in their paflage which 
 they would find by the way of 
 St. Domingo or Porto Rico. Tho’ 
 this parifh takes in all the reft of 
 the Cabes-Terre, the church is 
 only a wooden ftruéture, Great 
 quantities of cocoa, fugar, cotton, 
 &c. are made here and in the 
 neighbourhood. 
 
 Trois Rivieres, the fame 
 with Treble River,—which fee. 
 
 Tropic Keys, are fmall 
 iflands or rocks on the N. of Crab 
 Ifland, and off the E. coaft. of 
 Porto Rico, and have their name 
 from the great number of Tropic 
 birds which breed there, and are 
 never feen but between the Tro- 
 pics. = is 
 
 Truro, a village in Barnftaple 
 county, Plymouth Colony, New 
 England, near the northern exe 
 tremity of Cape-Cod harbour, ~ 
 
 
 
 
 
Tuc 
 
 TruxILzto, or Nostra SE- 
 | NIORA DE LA Paz, a town of 
 New Granada (Venezuela), and 
 Terra Firma, 125 miles S. of 
 Maracaibo lake, and fubject to 
 Spain. Onthe fouthernmoft bank 
 of the laft-mentioned lake is a 
 village calied Truxillo, depending 
 on this city, and whither its in- 
 habitants ufed to carry meal, bif- 
 cuit, bacon, and other provifions, 
 which they embark on that river, 
 where they are tranfported into 
 other provinces of South Ame- 
 ‘rica, by which means they drive 
 a very profitable trade. This they 
 do twice a year, in May and No- 
 vember, he city is in lat. 9, 
 21. long. 69, 15. 
 
 Truxitto, a town of Hon- 
 - duras and Guatimala audience, It 
 ftands high, about a league from 
 the North Sea, and between two 
 rivers, the mouths of which, with 
 fome iflands before them, form 
 the harbour at the bottom of St. 
 Giles’s bay, above two leagues 
 broad, being deep and fecure, and 
 defended by a caftle, but its trade 
 is inconfiderable, The country 
 is excecding fruitful in corn and 
 grapes, and, notwithftanding the 
 heat of the climate, very popu- 
 lous. The city is defended by 
 a thick wall towards the fea, and 
 is inacceffible but by a narrow, 
 {teep afcent. The caftle joins to 
 the wall, and ftands on a hill. 
 Behind the city are very high 
 mountains. It lies 300 miles N.E. 
 of Amapalla, Lat. 15, 36. long. 
 88, 36. 
 . Tryon Counry,inthe diftria 
 of Salifbury, the moft weftern of 
 ‘all North Carolina, which «has 
 its W. boundary the Tryon or 
 White Ohe Mountains, and is 
 the boundary on the S. to South 
 Caro!ina. 
 
 Tucuyo, atown of New Gra- | 
 
 nada and Terra Firma. It ftands 
 in a valley of the fame name, 
 every where furrounded by moun- 
 tains, and not above half a league 
 in length and breadth, A xiver 
 
 VAC 
 divides the place in two, The 
 air is very healthy, and the foil 
 fruitful, producing plenty of pros 
 vifions, wheat, fruit, fugar-canes, 
 &e. The woods abound with 
 game. It lies 200 miles S. of 
 Maracaibo city. Lat. 7,10. long, 
 68, 36. { 
 
 TULPEHOCKEN-Town, @ 
 town in Lancafter county, Pen- 
 fylvania, on a branch of Schuyl- 
 kill river, 6 miles W. of Middle- 
 town, 5 miles N, of Heidelberg, 
 6 N.E.of Lebanon, and 65 N.W,. 
 of Philadelphia. 
 
 Turks [sanps, feveral fmall 
 iflands in poffeffion of the Eng- 
 lihh, N.E. of St. Domingo about 
 35 leagnes, and 60 S. E. from 
 Crooked Ifland, where the Ber- 
 mudans come and make a great 
 quantity of falt. The thips which 
 fail from St Domingo frequently 
 pafs in fight of it, 
 
 TUSCARORAS, a nation of 
 Indians, fituated near the Mo- 
 hawks river, in the province of 
 New York. ; 
 
 Ty Bry, an ifland at the mouth 
 of the river Savannah, in Georgia, 
 to the fouthward of the bar. It 
 is very pleafant, with a beautiful 
 creek to the W. of it, where a’ 
 fhip of any burthen may lie fafe 
 atanchor, Here is great plenty 
 of deer, and a lighthoufe 80 feet 
 high,—See Savannah. 
 
 TYRREL, a Maritime county 
 in the diftri@t of Edenton, North 
 Carolina, fituated in a low, fwam- 
 py fituation, with Albemarle Sound 
 N, and Pamtico Sound S. the At- 
 lantic E. and Bertie county W, 
 In it is fituated Bath town, 
 
 ~ 
 
 Ve 
 
 AcHE or Cow’sIsLAanp, 
 
 about 3 leagues from the 
 ifland of St, Domingo, one of 
 the Antilles. The foil is very 
 good, wth two or three-tolerable 
 ports, It lies very convenient for 
 a trade with the Spanith colonics 
 
VEN 
 on the continent and with Cay- 
 eone.. Only black cattle and hogs 
 are kept on it. 
 
 Vatpivia.—See Baldivia. 
 
 VALLADOLID, a town of Yu- 
 catan, and audience of Mexico, in 
 New Spain. It is called by the 
 Indians Comayagna, and is fitu- 
 ated on a river. The feat of a 
 bifhop has been lately transferred 
 hither from Truxillo; it is the 
 refidence of a.governor, and they 
 worked fome filver mines in the 
 neighbourhood; but they are o- 
 bliged to defift, as it depopulated 
 the province, which otherwife en- 
 joyed a good air and a fruitful 
 foil. ‘Their chief trade, befides 
 logwood, is maize, cotton, wheat, 
 honey, and wax, in abundance; 
 and its paftures feed an incredible 
 number of cattle. They export 
 fkins, caffia, farfaparilla, wool of 
 the guanaco, and filver in {mall 
 quantities. It is little known to 
 ftrangers, but lies 30° miles W. 
 of the gulph of Honduras, 170 
 S. W. of Truxillo, and 65 S.E. 
 of Merida, Lat. 14, 10. long. 
 Sane zt 
 
 Van Dykes, Josr and 
 Tirtte, two of the fmaller 
 Virgin Iflands, fituated to the 
 N.W. of Tortola, Long. 63, 
 15. lat. 18, 25. 
 
 VEGA, Sr. JAGo DE La.— 
 See Spanifo Town, in the iffand 
 cf Jamaica. 
 
 VENEZUELA, a province of 
 Terra Firma. It is bounded on 
 the E. by Caraceas ; on the S. by 
 New Granada; on the W. by Rio 
 de la. Hacha; and onthe N. by- 
 the North Sea. It abounds with 
 wild beafts and game. producing 
 plenty of corn twice a year, with 
 fruit, fugar, and tobacco, and the 
 beft cocoa-plantations in America. 
 Here are very good meadows for 
 cattle. It fpreads round a gulph 
 of the fame name, that reaches 
 near 3o leagues within land; and 
 the middle of this country is 
 taken up by a lake 20 leagues 
 Jong, and 30 broad, with a cir- 
 
 yas 
 
 cumference of 80, and deep e- 
 notgh for veflels of go tons: it 
 communicates with the gulph by 
 a ftrait, on which is built the city 
 of Maracaibo, which gives name 
 
 to both lake and ftrait, which is _ 4 
 
 defended by feveral forts, who 
 were attacked in the laft century 
 by Sir Henry Morgan, and the 
 whole eoaft laid under contribu- 
 tion, and Maracaibo ranfomed. 
 The length of this province is 
 about ico leagues, and its breadth 
 equal, It had its name from its 
 fmall lagoons, which make it ap- 
 pear like Venice at the entrance 
 of the lake, It was the fcene of 
 cruelties in 1528, when above a 
 million of Indians were maflacred 
 by fome Germans, who_were ex- 
 tirpated by the natives. - This 
 
 maflacre was renewed iN 1550,- 
 
 when it -was again depopulated, 
 when a great number of Black 
 flaves were brought from Africa, 
 and was one of the principal e- 
 pochs of the introdudtion of Ne- 
 groes into the Weft-Indies. Soon 
 after a revolt of the Negroes was 
 the reafon of, another maflacre, 
 and Venezuela became again a de- 
 fert. At prefent #¢ is inhabited 
 
 y 106,000 inhabitants, who live 
 tolerably happy, and feed vaft 
 quantities of European fheep. They 
 cultivate tobacco and fugar, which 
 are famous over all America. 
 ‘They manufacture alfo feveral cot- 
 ton ftuffs. And in this province 
 are gold-fands, with many po- 
 pulcus towns, 
 
 Its capital of the fume name, 
 or Coro, (which fome diftinguith 
 as two,) ftands near the fea-coaft, 
 about 50 miles S. E. of Cape St. 
 Roman. Lat. 10, 30. long. 70, 
 15. 
 
 VENEZUELA, afpacious gulph 
 in the fame province, communi- 
 cating by a narrow ftrait with 
 Maracaibo lake, 
 
 VENTA De Cruz, a town 
 on the ifthmus of Darien and 
 Terra Firma. Here the Spanith 
 merchandize from Panama to Pors 
 
 Te ee Re As ee 
 
 
 
A 
 to-Bello is embarked on the river 
 Chagre, 40 miles S, of the latter, 
 and 20 N. of the former. Lat, 
 9,26. long. $1, 36. 
 
 Vera Cruz, the grand port 
 of Mexico, or New Spain, in the 
 E. extremity of the province of 
 Tlafcala, or los Angelos, with a 
 harbour which will only contain 
 30 or 35 fhips, and thofe fome- 
 times expofed to terrible accidents 
 from the fury of the N.E. winds: 
 it is defended by a {qQuare caftle 
 upon a rock of a neighbouring 
 ifland, called St, John d’Ulua, in 
 the gulph of Mexico, which is 
 furnifhed with a numerous artil- 
 lery and a fmall garrifon. This 
 is a place of very great extent, 
 and perhaps one of the moft con- 
 fiderable in. the world for trade, 
 it being the natural center of the 
 American treafure, and the ma- 
 gazine of all the merchandize fent 
 from New Spain, or of that tranf- 
 ported hither from Europe. It 
 yeceives a prodigious quantity of 
 Eaft India goods over land from 
 Acapulco, being brought hither 
 from the Philippine Ifles. Upon 
 the annual arrival of the flota 
 here from Old Spain, a fair is 
 opened, which lafts many weeks, 
 when this place may be faid to 
 be immenfely rich. Its fituation 
 is-unhealthy, from the rank bogs 
 
 around it, and the barrennefs of 
 
 the foil, The rains make it very 
 unhealthy from Apri! to Novem- 
 ber. Moft of its houfes are built 
 of wood, and the number of Spa- 
 nifh inhabitants is about 3000, 
 Mulatroes and Mungrels, who call 
 themfelves whites. Vera Cruz 
 having been taken and plundered 
 feyeral times by the buccaneers, 
 the Spaniards have built forts, 
 and placed centinels along the 
 coaft, their ordinary garrifon con- 
 fitting only of 60 horfe, and 2 
 companies of foot. At the Old 
 Town, 15 or 16 miles further W, 
 Cortez landed on -Good-Friday, 
 1518, when, being determined to 
 conquer Mexico or die, he funk 
 
 Y LR 
 
 the fhips that tranfported his 
 handful of men hither, La Vera 
 Cruz f{tands 215 miles $. E, of the 
 city of Mexico, Lat. 18, 41. 
 long. 102, 15. 
 
 VeRaGua, by Ulloa made a 
 province of Terra Firma, but o- 
 thers have it~as a province of . 
 Guatimala and New Spain; join- 
 ing on the W, to Cofta Rica, on 
 the E. to Panama, with the North 
 Sea on the N. and the South Sea 
 onthe S, The coaft was firft dif- 
 covered by Chriftopher Columbus 
 in 1495, to whom it was granted 
 with the title of Duke, and his 
 pofterity ftill enjoy it. This pro- 
 vince is very mountainous, woody, 
 and barren; bur has inexhauftible 
 mines of filver, and fome of gold, 
 the duft of the latter being found 
 among the faads of the rivers. 
 Santiago de Veraguas, or Santa Fe, 
 is the capital, but a poor place; 
 and in this province is the river 
 Veragua, on which that town 
 {tands, 
 
 VzRaA PAz, a province of 
 Guatimala audience, ‘and New 
 Spain.- It has the bay of Hon- 
 duras and Yucatan on the N, Gua- 
 timala on the S. Honduras on the’ 
 E. and Soconufco, with part of 
 Chiapa, on the W. is 48 leagues 
 long and 28 broad, One half of 
 it is healthy, and the other not. 
 The-country is fubjeét to earths 
 quakes, thunder, and nine months. 
 rain. The foil is mountainous, 
 yielding little corn, but abounding. 
 in cedar, &c. Here are wild 
 beafts. The principal commo- 
 ditiés are drugs, cocoa, cotton, 
 wool, honey, &e. 
 
 Its capital of the fame name, 
 or Cosan, ftands onthe wef fide 
 of a river, which runs into Golfo. 
 Dolce, 184 miles eat’ of Guati- 
 mala. Lat, 15, 10. long: 93, 15. 
 
 VereE, one of the parithes of. 
 Jamaica, having Manury-bay in 
 it, a very fecure road for thipping. 
 
 VERMILLION, Purple, or 
 Rep Sea, the name given by 
 fome to the guiph of California. 
 
V. LN 
 
 Vinzta Rica, or ALMERIA, 
 a town of Tlafcala and New 
 Spain. It ftands on the coaft, and 
 on a fimall river, with an indiffe- 
 rent port, but in a better air_than 
 Vera Craz, 20 leagues north of 
 the latter. A clandeftine trade 
 is catried on here between fome 
 Spanifh merchants on fhore, and 
 the French of St. Domingo and 
 Martinico. 
 
 ~ViILtra, LA, a town and river 
 of Veragua and Guatimala audi- 
 ence, in New Spain. Its fite is 
 ‘good, the ftreets regular, and 
 
 oufes pretty, with feveral farms, 
 and fine favannahs in the neigh- 
 bourhood. The river is very 
 large, and at low water breaks at 
 the mouch as on a flat fhore; fo 
 that great fhips anchor within can- 
 
 hon-ihot, but barks of about 40 
 
 tons may go up a leasue and a 
 half. The harbour is higher about 
 a quarter of a league from the 
 town. And about .a league to 
 windward is a large rock elways 
 covered with valt numbers of 
 fea-fowl, bas 
 VINCENT, DE LA PazEs, 
 Sr. or Onpda, a town.of Po- 
 payan and Terra Firma; about 25 
 mies eaftward of San Sebaftian, 
 with ‘a port where canoes from 
 Carthagena and Santa Martha un- 
 Joad their merchandize, 
 VINCENT, ST. one of the 
 Caribbee Iflands, in the American 
 ocean, It lies about 60 miles 
 W. from Barbadoes. It is about 
 4 leagues long and 2 2 broad.’ On 
 it there are feveral mountains, 
 which croffes it from N. to S, 
 from which iffme feveral rivers 
 full of .fifhs among which, are 
 twenty-two capable of turning 
 fugar-mills: thefe mountains in 
 general, are‘of an eafy afcent; 
 the vallies fertile and extenfive, 
 and the clearing the ground has 
 rendered the climate healthy. It 
 is more favourable than any other 
 for the culture of fugar, coffee, 
 cacao, and anatta, ‘The part in- 
 
 habited by the Englith, is divided 
 
 Val R 
 
 into. four parithes; of which, 
 Kingftown is the capital, For a 
 long time after the difcovery of | 
 this ifland, it was the general 
 rendezvous of the Red Caribbs,- 
 who formerly poflefled all the 
 Antilles; and it now is the only 
 one, where their fmall remains 
 exift in the form of a -naiion, as 
 they have heen almoft entirely ex 
 terminated by the Black Cuaribbs. 
 Notwithftanding the-neutrality of 
 this ifland, the Freneh made fe- 
 veral plantations here, whofe cul- 
 ture confifted chiefly in coffees 
 and before its ceflion to Great 
 Britain, in 1763, they exported 
 above 3,000, coolb. weight of 
 that commodity, when their num« 
 ber confifted of about 800, who 
 had 3000 negroes on the ifland, 
 At the peace the government fold 
 the lands of St. Vincent, asit had 
 thofe of Tobago, and left the 
 French, whom the fear of confif- 
 cation had not driven away, thofe. 
 they poflcfied, paying a moderate 
 fine, and a yearly rent (till more 
 moderate. Thefe proceedings, en- 
 croaching on the pofileffions of 
 the Caribbs, occafioned their ree 
 fiftance, which the troops fent 
 againft them could not fubdue, 
 and a peace was concluded with 
 them in 1773, when the N. part 
 of the ifland, making a third, was 
 affigned them; fince then, St. 
 Vincent has enjoyed tranquility. 
 The exports from this ifland in 
 1779 produced 110,000]. ‘fter- 
 ling, which has fince confiderably 
 increafed ; among which coffce 
 made but 16,oco}, It is the only 
 one of the Antilles, where they 
 have cultivated cinnamon, mango, 
 fefamum, vanilla, China tallow- 
 tree, camphire, gum-ftorax, &c. 
 Lat. 19, 5. long. 60, 50. 
 
 VirGcin ISLANDS, a groupe 
 of twelve or more little iflands 
 of the Antilles, moftly barren, 
 craggy, and uninhabited. They 
 lie E. of Porto Rico, and W. of 
 Anquilla, Though the pafluge 
 through them is pretty difficult, 
 
 
 
: Vert te 
 and formerly reckoned very ha- 
 zardous, Sir Francis Drake went 
 through them with fafety, when 
 he made his attempt on St. Do- 
 mingo, in 1580. One of the 
 ifles is called Bird-Ifland, where 
 
 the booby birds are fo tame, that 
 
 a man may catch enough with his 
 hand in a fhort time to fervea 
 flect. They belong to Spain, and 
 take up a fpace from E. to W. of 
 24 leagues long, quite to the E. 
 coalt of Porto Rico, witha breadth 
 of about 16 leagues. They are 
 compofed of a great number of 
 iflands, whofe coafts are every way 
 dangerous to navigators, and fa- 
 mous for fhipwrecks, particularly 
 feveral galleons. Happily for trade 
 and navigation, nature has placed 
 in the middle of them a bafon of 
 3 or 4 leagues broad, and 6 or 7 
 Jong, the fineft that can be ima- 
 gined, and in which fhips may 
 anchor, land-locked and fheltered 
 from all winds, called the Bay of 
 Sir Francis Drake. The poffeifion 
 of thefe iflands is divided between 
 the Englifh asd Danes; but the 
 Spaniards claim thofe near Porto 
 Rico, The Englith poflefs Virgin 
 Gorda, on which depend Anegada, 
 Nicker, Prickly-pear, and Mofkito 
 iflands, Cammanoes, Dog iflands, 
 the Fallen City, with the round 
 Rock, Ginger, Coopers, Salt 
 ifland, Peter’s ifland, and Dead 
 Cheft; Tortula, to which belongs 
 Joft Van Dykes, and Little Van 
 Dykes, Guana ifland, with Beef 
 and Thatch iflands; all which 
 iflands, within a few years, have 
 been put under a regular form of 
 government. 
 
 The Danes poflefs -St.. Thomas, 
 on which depend the ifland of 
 Brafs, Little Saba, Buck ifland, 
 Great and Little St. James, and 
 the Bird Keys; St. fobn, to which 
 belong, Lavango, Cam ifland, and 
 Witchifland; Santa or Saint Croix, 
 
 The Spaniards claim Serpents 
 ifland, which the Englith call 
 Green ifland, the Tropic Keys, 
 Great and Little Paflage ifland, 
 and particularly Crab ifland, 
 
 VIR 
 
 Vircin Gorpa, one of the 
 principal of the above ifles. It 
 lies 4 leagues to the E. of Tortula, 
 of a ay irregular fhape, whofe 
 greateft length from E, to W. is 
 about 6 leagues, is {till worfe wa- 
 tered than Tortula, and has fewer. 
 inhabitants. A mountain which 
 rifes in its center, is affirmed to 
 contain a filver mine. Long. 63. 
 io. lat, 18, 20. 
 
 VirGiniA, one of the Britith 
 colonies, Itis remarkably pleafant 
 and commodious; having theriver 
 Patowmack on the N. E. which 
 feparates it from Maryland; the 
 Atlantic Ocean on the E. Caro- 
 lina on the S, and the Apalachian 
 mountains on the W. which die 
 vide it from a vaft traét of land. 
 in Canada, and then Louifiana. 
 The extent of Virginia is from 
 lat. 36, 30.- to 39, 30. on the 
 
 'W. fide of Chefapeak bay, but 
 
 on the E, fide only from Cape 
 Charles, in lat..37, 13. to 38. It 
 is 750 miles long; 240 broad ; but 
 to the weftward it has no bounds, 
 which by our late conqueft of Ca- 
 nada are pretty fecure now from 
 the invafion of the French, and 
 their Indian allies. 
 
 The air of Virginia, depending 
 very much on the winds, is of 
 various temperaments; for thofe ~ 
 from the N. or N. W. are ex- 
 tremely fharp and piercing, or - 
 tempeftuous, while the S. and 
 S. E. are hazy or fultry, The 
 winter in this country is dry and 
 clear; fnow falls in great quanti- 
 ties, but feldom lies above a day 
 or two3 and the froft, tho’ keen, 
 is feldom of any long duration. 
 The fpring is fomething earlier 
 than in England; May and June 
 are pleafant, July and. Auguft 
 fultry, while September is noted 
 for prodigious fhowers of rain, 
 Towards the coaftthe landis low, 
 and for an hundred miles inland, 
 with hardly a hill or ftone to be 
 feen allthat way. Here are trees 
 of various fpecies, and of an in- — 
 credible fize, with abundance of 
 
VIR 
 
 pafture grounds. The foil pro-" 
 
 duces rice, hemp, Indian corn, 
 flax, filk, cotton, and wild grapes. 
 But tobacco, the ftaple commodity 
 of Virginia, is fo much cultivated, 
 that the inhabitants hardly mind 
 any thing elfe, fo this plant 
 may be brought to a tolerable 
 market. And this trade is brought 
 to fuch perfection, that the fweet- 
 feented tobacco which grows on 
 James and York riversis reckoned 
 the beft in the world, and gene- 
 rally vended in Great Britain for 
 home confumption, in various 
 forts of {nuffs and fmoaking. The 
 other fort, called Aranoacke, turns 
 to as good an account, being ex- 
 ported to Holland, Denmark, 
 Sweden, and Germany. 
 
 Though the common way of 
 
 traffic here is by bartering of one. 
 
 commodity for another, or of any 
 one for their ftaple tobacco, they 
 have fome filver coin amongthem, 
 both Englith and Spanifh, Not- 
 withftanding the great plenty of 
 excellent timber and naval ftores 
 in Virginia, andthe whole country 
 being but one continued harbour, 
 after entering Chefapeake key be- 
 tween Capes Charles and Henry, 
 
 ~ yet they build no fhipping. 
 
 They bave few’ towns; the 
 priocipal are James-town and Mid- 
 dle Plantation, now William{f- 
 burg, in the latter of which there 
 is a college. ‘This is the capital, 
 and feat of the governor, aflembly, 
 and courts: fo that the Virginia 
 planters refiding on their eftates or 
 farms, moft of which lie conti- 
 guous to fome great river that falls 
 into the bay abovementioned, 
 fhips can come up almoft to their 
 doors, and take in their cargoes 
 of tobacco. ; ; 
 
 Virginia is divided into the fol- 
 lowing counties, viz. 
 
 Amherft 
 Henrico 
 Richmond 
 William fburg 
 Prince William 
 Spotfylvania 
 
 VIR 
 
 Charlotte 
 James 
 Northumberland 
 ‘ Nanfemond 
 Buckingham 
 King and Queen 
 Stafford 
 Mecklinburg 
 Loudoun 
 Louifa 
 Dinwiddie E 
 Effex, or Rappahanock 
 York 
 
 Prince Edward 
 
 Lancafler 
 
 Fairfax 
 
 Goochland 
 
 Cumberland 
 
 Brunfwick 
 
 Fauquier 
 
 Frederick 
 
 Middlefex 
 
 Northampton 
 
 Hampbhire 
 
 ~ Prince George 
 
 Augutta 
 
 Surry * 
 
 Bedford 
 
 Ifle of Wight 
 
 Hanover 
 
 King George 
 
 Gloucefter 
 
 Princefs Ann 
 
 Warwick 
 
 Albemarle 
 
 Caroline 
 
 New Kent 
 
 Southampton 
 
 Lunenburgh 
 
 Culpeper 
 
 King William 
 
 Halifax 
 
 Suffex 
 
 Norfolk - 
 
 Amelia 
 
 Elizabeth 
 
 Chefterfield 
 
 Pittfylvania 
 
 And in thefe are §4 parifhes, 
 
 30 or 40 of which are fupplied 
 with minifters, and to each parifh 
 belongs a church, with chapels of 
 eafe in fuch of them as are of 
 large extent, The minifter’s 
 maintenance is commonly fettled 
 
 
 
VIR 
 at.16,000 pounds of tobacco an- 
 nually, befides perquifites. 
 
 The revenue from tobacco in 
 Great Britain, was above three 
 hundred thoufand pounds fter- 
 ling per annum, till the prefent 
 unhappy difturbances: and the far 
 greater part of ‘the profits of ex- 
 ported tobacco comes to the Bri- 
 tifh merchants, which brings nearly 
 as great a fum every year into the 
 kingdom, the whole weight falling 
 on the planter, who is kept down 
 by the lownefs of the original 
 price. To fay nothing of the 
 great advantage which we derive 
 from being fupplied by our own 
 colonies with that for which the 
 reft of Europe pay ready money, 
 befides the employment of 330 
 large veflels, and a proportionable 
 number of feamen, which are oc- 
 cupied in this trade; from us the 
 Virginians take every article for 
 convenience or ornament which 
 they ufe; their own manufactures 
 not deferving mention. 
 
 This colony and Maryland, be- 
 fore the commencement of the 
 prefent difturbances, annually ex- 
 ported into Gr. Britain, of tobacco 
 only, to the value of 768,0001. 
 in 96,000 hogtheads : 13,500 
 ferved for home confumption, 
 yielding a duty of 351,675|. to 
 therevenue; the remaining 82,500 
 were exported, It employed 330 
 fail of fhips, which contained 
 4000 feamen. Their whole ex- 
 ports in naval ftores, iron, &c, to 
 Great Britain, was 1,040,000}. 
 annually, and their return from 
 Great Britain in manufactures 
 swas 865,000, 
 
 The number of people in Vir- 
 ginia is 650,000, In Virginia are 
 confiderable numbers of French 
 refugees; but the negroes are by 
 much the larger part of the inha- 
 bitants, who cannot‘’e fewerthan 
 500,000, of which are imported 
 into the 2 tobacco colonies only 
 between 7 or $000 annually, 
 
 Virginia Capes are the two 
 head-lands, viz, of Henry and 
 
 
 
 UX B 
 Charles, opening a pafiage into 
 the bay of Chefapeak, one of the 
 largeft and fineft in the world, 
 being 18 miles broad at its mouth 
 and 7 or 8 throughout a length of 
 near 300 miles which it runs N. 
 up the country, and receiving from 
 the weftern fhore feveral large na- 
 vigable rivers, and a few {maller 
 ftreams both from thence, and 
 from the peninfula which divides 
 the bay from the Atlantic Ocean. 
 Its chief rivers are James, York 
 or Pamunky, Rappahannock, and 
 Patowmack, whofe noble and ma- 
 jeftic appearance cannot, perhaps, 
 be exceeded in the known world ; 
 for they not only admit large 
 fhips into the very heart of the 
 country, but abound with fo many 
 creeks, and receive fuch a multi- 
 tude of inferior yet navigable ri- 
 vers, that Virginia feems unrivalled 
 throughout the univerfe for con 
 venience of inland navigation : 
 indeed it has been obferved, and 
 with reafon, that every planter. 
 here has a river at his door, which. 
 renders the conveyance of come 
 modities extremely eafy. ‘ 
 
 ULsTeR, a county in New- 
 York, on the borders of Penfyl- 
 vania, S, of Albany, and N. of 
 Orange counties, without any con- 
 fiderable town in it, 
 
 VoLuNTUN, a town in 
 Windham county, Conneéticut, 
 2 miles W. of Canterbury, 15 
 S. of Killingfley, 12 E. of Wind- 
 ham,. and 29 N, of New London, 
 with which it has communication 
 by the Thames. 
 
 URBANNO,a town in Middlee 
 fex county, on the S. W. bank 
 of the Rapahannock river, 
 
 UTRECHT, a fmail village on 
 the N. W. end of Long-lfland, 
 New-York, 3 miles E. of Hen- 
 dric, and 8 N. W. of New-York, 
 
 UXBRIDGE, a town in Wor 
 cefter county, Maflachufets- Bay, 
 near Blackftone-river, 5 miles W, 
 of Mendon, and 5 miles E. of 
 Douglas, and about 7 S. from 
 Sutton. ie 
 
 — 
 
 wad uv 
 
 *p 
 
WAL 
 W. 
 
 AGER’S-STRAITS. See 
 the following article of 
 
 Wares, New NortTH, one 
 of the northern countries. It has 
 Prince-William’s-Land on the N, 
 part of Baffin’s-bay on the E, 
 an undifcovered country, called 
 New-Denmark, on the S. and 
 another unknown land on the W, 
 Provided Wager’s-Straits commu- 
 nicates with the eaftern ocean, or 
 South-Sea, as is very probable, 
 then North-Wales muft be entire- 
 feparated from the continent of 
 America: for it lies beyond the 
 polar circle, whereas the mouth of 
 Wager’s-Straits is about lat. 66. 
 ‘This country of New North Wales 
 is very little known, nor are we 
 much better acquainted with the 
 land lying fouthward of Wager’s- 
 Straits. 
 
 WAKE, an inland county, in 
 the diftrié& of Hillfborough, N. 
 Carolina. 
 
 “WaLes, New Sournu, one 
 of the northern countries, ~It 
 is of vaft extent, lying all round 
 the fouthern part of Hudfon’s- 
 bay, and makes upwards of 100 
 Jeagues. It is bounded by Cana- 
 da on the E.and §. a large traét 
 of unknown countries on the W, 
 which are inhabited by feveral In- 
 dian tribes, who come hither to 
 trade; but its extent cannot be 
 afcertained, the Englifh, who a- 
 Jone trade here, having no fettle- 
 ments inland but in their forts 
 and near the coaft. Acrofs the 
 country from St. Margaret’s-river, 
 which runs into that of St, Lau- 
 ‘rence, to Rupert’s-river, at the 
 
 bottom of Hudfon’s-bay, there is 
 
 not above 150 mils. 
 
 Labrador is called the E, Main, 
 arid New Wales the W. Main. 
 
 The Hudfon’s- bay company 
 have feveral forts and fettlements 
 on New-Wales, or that called the 
 2eft- Main (which fee), 
 
 fibout § or 6 leagues frem the 
 
 WAL 
 
 Weft-Main, there is an ifland call- 
 
 “ed the Little Rocky Ifle, it being 
 
 a mere heap of rocks and {tones, 
 with fome fmall brufhwood grow- 
 ing upon it. This is fuppofed tobe 
 overflowed with high N.W, winds, 
 which ogcafion a great tide all 
 over the bay. In this ifle is plen- 
 ty of gulls and fwallows. About 
 3 miles from the §. E. part of 
 the ifland lies a dangerous reef of 
 fand, dry at low-water. 
 
 Charlton ifland is a dry white 
 fand covered over with a white 
 mofs, full of trees, juniper, and 
 fpruce, though not very large, 
 This ifle affords a beautiful prof- 
 peét in fpring, to fuch as are near 
 it, after a long voyage of 3 or 4 
 months on the moft uncomfortas 
 ble feas in the world, occafioned 
 by the vaft mountains of ice in 
 the bay and ftraits: againft which, 
 if fhips happen to ftrike, they are 
 dafhed in pieces, as certainly as if 
 they ran againft rocks, thefe being 
 petrified by the violence of the 
 continual froft, To fee one day 
 
 -the fhore on the W, Main bare, 
 
 the mountains covered with fnow, 
 and nature looking as if frozen to 
 death, and the next day to behold 
 Charlton-ifland {pread with trees, 
 forming, as it were, a green tuft 
 of the whole, is a change capable 
 of giving the greateft pleafure, af- 
 ter the fatigues of an intolerable 
 winter-voyage. ‘The air even at 
 the bottom of Hucfon’s-bay is 
 exceflively cold for g months, and 
 the other 3 very hot, except with 
 a N.W. wind, 
 
 The commodities for trade here 
 are puns, powder, fhot, cloth, 
 hatchets, kettles, tobacco, &c, 
 which the Englith exchange with 
 the Indians for furs of beavers, 
 martens, foxes, moofe, &c. The 
 great profits acquired by this trade, 
 and the profpeét of engroffing it 
 wholly, engaged the new company 
 to profecute their meafures vigor- 
 oufly, and to fettle a good corref- 
 pondence with the natives, whom 
 they found very tractable, and 
 
 
 
WAT 
 
 willing to do any thing upon rea- 
 fonable terms. For the Indians 
 about Rupert’s-river, and other 
 places in the bay, are more fim- 
 ple than the Canadians, who have 
 had longer commerce with the 
 Europeans. They are generally 
 peaceable either among themfelves 
 or with others, except the Nod- 
 ways, a wild barbarous nation 
 on the confines of Hudfon’s - 
 Straits. 
 
 WALKERTOWN, in King and 
 Queen county, Virginia, on the 
 N, fide of Mattapony - river, 15 
 miles N. E. from Newcaftle. 
 
 WALLINGFORD, a town in 
 Newhaven county, Conneéticut, 
 8 miles S. W. from Durham, 13 
 N. from Newhaven, and 21 from 
 Newtown, 
 
 WaLTHAM, a fmall town in 
 Middlefex county, Maflachufets- 
 Bay, about 5 miles S. E, from 
 Concord, 4 S. from Lexington, 
 and 8 W. from Cambridge, and 
 was the thoroughfare for the New- 
 Hampfhire rangers, for the battle 
 of Banker’sshill, 
 
 Watporg, a town in Suffolk 
 county, Maflachufets-Bay, on the 
 moft confiderable road from Pro- 
 vidence for Bolton; about 6 miles 
 N.E. from Wrentham. ~ 
 
 WARwICckx, a county of Vir- 
 ginia. It lies $.E. of York coun- 
 ty, containing 33,444 acres, in 2 
 parifhes, Denbury and Mulberry- 
 ifland. 
 
 Warwick, a thriving town of 
 Providence and Rhode-Ifland co: 
 lony, near the mouth of the’river 
 Patuxet. It fuffered much in the 
 Philippic war, every houfe in it 
 but one having been deftroyed : 
 re it foon recovered, The inha- 
 
 itants are faid to be fo hofpitable 
 as to entertain ftrangers at their 
 houfes gratis, It is g miles W. 
 of Briftol, and the fame diftance 
 S$. from Providence. caer 
 
 WaTERTOWN, a village in 
 Middlefex county, Maffachufets- 
 Bay, fituated on the river Charles, 
 about 3 miles W. of Cambridge, 
 
 WES 
 
 near which was an encampment 
 at the beginning of hoftilities at 
 Bofton, 
 
 Wetcome, Sir Thomas Roe’s, 
 or Ne Ultra, a narrow ftrait fo 
 called in New N, Wales, and the 
 arctic countries of America, which 
 opens between lat. 62 and 63. 
 On the W. or N. fhore of the 
 Welcome is a fair headland, lati« 
 tude 66, 30, called the Hope, 
 from Capt. Middleton, expecting 
 this to be the extreme part of A- 
 merica ; but, after walking round 
 it, he faw land further, forming 
 what, upon this difappointment, 
 he denominated Repulfe-bay. 
 
 Wetcu Tracy, lands fo call- 
 ed in Newcaftle county, and Pen- 
 fylvania, where near 40,000 acres 
 have been planted by Welchmen, 
 It is thick-fown-with fmall towns, 
 as Haverford - Weft, Merioneth, 
 &c, It is populous, and the pec- 
 ple are very induftrious, who have 
 cleared this part of the country, 
 Here are feveral large plantatioss 
 of corn, with abundance of car- 
 tle: fo that this fettlement is ia 
 as thriving a condition as any in 
 the province. 
 
 WELLs,a pretty town, witha _ 
 bay on the coalt of York county, 
 10 miles from York, in the pros 
 vince of New-Hampfhire, New- 
 England. Its nor:hern point is 
 Cape Porpoife, and fouthern point 
 Cape Nidduck, and the Kene- 
 buck-river runs into it. 
 
 WENHAM, a town in Effex 
 county, the moft northerly coun- 
 ty of Maffachufets-Bay. It is fte 
 tuated between Ipfwich and Be= 
 verly, and near it is a pend that 
 bears the fame name. 
 
 WESTBOROUGH, a town in 
 Worcefter county, Maffachufets- 
 Bay, 5 Miles W. from Marlbo- 
 rough, and g E. from Worcefter, 
 in the great road from thence to 
 
 . Bofton. 
 
 WESTCHESTER, a town and 
 county in New-York, 11 miles 
 N. E. of New-York, and ftands 
 ona re that runs into the ftrait 
 
 2 
 
bee ans & 
 
 of Hell-Gate, the W. entrance of 
 Long-Ifland Sound. 
 
 WEsTFORD, a village in Mid- 
 dlefex county, Maflachofets-Bay, 
 where is a bridge that crofles 
 €ave’s branch of the Merimack- 
 river.» It-is 11 miles N. W. of 
 Concord, and 3 S.E. of Groton. 
 
 WEsTHAM, a town in’ Henri- 
 ¢o county, Virginia, fituated on 
 the N. fide of James- river, 4 
 miles N. W. of Richmond. 
 
 West-Matin: fo New Wales, 
 in the northern countries of A- 
 merica, is commonly called. Here 
 the Hudfon’s-Bay company have 
 feveral forts and fettlements ; 
 namely, 1, at Church-hill-river, 
 about lat. 59. and long. 95. from 
 London: 2. York fort, at the 
 mouth of Nelfon’s-river: 3, At 
 the New Severn: 4. At Albany- 
 yiver: §. At Hayes-ifland: and, 
 6, At Rupert’s- river. Not far 
 from Weft-Main are Rocky-ifle, 
 and Charlton-ifland. 
 
 * The air at the bottom of the 
 bay, though by latitude nearer the 
 fun than London, namely, in 51 
 degrees, is extremely cold for 9g 
 months, and the other 3 months 
 very hot, except when a N. W. 
 wind blows. The foil on the 
 Eaft-Main, as well as the Weft, 
 bears no manner of grain. Some 
 Vo lata laa ed aa dew- 
 
 erries, grow about Rupert’s-ri- 
 ver, in lat. s2. 
 
 WesTon,a {mall town in Mid- 
 dlefex county, Maflachufets-Bay, 
 about 12 miles W, from Cam- 
 bridge, and about 2 or 3 miles N. 
 ef the falls of Charles river. 
 ~ Weston-Istanp, Lord, an 
 ifland fo called by Capt. Thomas 
 James, in his voyage for finding 
 aN. W. paffage. This navigator 
 continuing to rove up and down, 
 gave names to divers places, and 
 
 this among the reft; but where 
 fituated does not exactly appear, 
 unlefs in a bay to the weftward of 
 Port Nelfon, in the northern 
 countries of America, ; 
 WETHERSFIELD, a town in 
 
 WIL 
 Hartford county, Conne@icut, fi 
 tuated on the W, fide of Con- 
 necticut river, 3 miles W. of 
 Glaffenbury, the fame S. of Hart- 
 ford, and 7 E. of Farmingtan, 
 
 Wey MouTS, the oldeft town 
 of all Suffolk county, in Mafla- 
 chufets Bay; but it is not fo con- 
 fiderable as it was formerly. Here 
 is a well-frequented ferry for 2d. 
 in the day-time, and 4d. in the 
 night. It ftands between Baintree 
 and Hingham, which is 3 miles 
 diftant from each, 
 
 WHALECOVE, inthe north. 
 ern countries of America, the 
 moft northerly ifland of two, 
 the other being Lovegrove, which 
 is a fair opening to the weftward 
 of ‘it. Whalecove lies S. of 
 Brook-Cobham, or Marble ifland, 
 the latter being in lat. 63. 
 
 Write RIveER, a terrent if- 
 fuing from the mountain of ful- 
 phur in Guadaloupe, one of the 
 Caribbee Iflands. It is fo called 
 as it often affumes that colour from 
 the afhes and fulphur covering it, 
 and falls into the river of St, 
 Louis. 
 
 Wrco, a Swedith fettlement, 
 about halfa mile from the town 
 of Philadelphia and Penfylvania. 
 Here the people of that nation 
 have a meeting-houfe: they have 
 another of the fame religion at 
 Tenecum. 
 
 Wicut IsLe, a county in 
 Virginia. It lies N. of Nanfa- 
 mund, containing 142,796 acres 
 in two parifhes, namely, War- 
 wick-fqueek and Newport. _ Here 
 is a {pring, with as plentiful @ 
 fource of water as Holy-well in 
 Wales, - 
 
 Witrtam KinG,a county of 
 
 Virginia. It lies N. W. of New 
 Kent, and contains $4,324 acres 
 of land in one parith, namely, St. 
 John’s. Pamunky river, the 
 fouthermoft branch of that of 
 York, runs through this county. 
 
 ’ WirtrttaMm, Form, on Caftle 
 ifland, in the main channel. lead- 
 ing to the harbour of Boften, in 
 
 
 

 
 WIth 
 
 New England. It isthe moft re- 
 gular fortrefs in the Britifh plan- 
 tations, and has its name from 
 
 being ereéted in the reign of king 
 
 ‘William, by Colonel Roemer, a 
 famous engineer. It {tandsabout 
 a league from the town, and built 
 in fo proper a place, that it is not 
 poflible for an enemy's {hip to ap- 
 proach the town without the 
 hazard of being fhattered to pieces 
 by the ordnance on it: of which 
 there are 100 pieces; 20 whereof 
 were given to the province by Q. 
 
 _ Anne, and placed on a platform 
 near high-water mark, fo as to 
 rake a thip fore and aft, before 
 fhe can bring her broadfides to 
 bear againft this caftle. Itis a 
 quadrangle, furrounded with a 
 covered way, and joined by a line 
 of communication from the main 
 gate to a redoubt, and two others 
 from the main battery, which is 
 fo near the channel, that no fhips 
 can enter it, without pafling even 
 within piftol-fhot of it. 
 
 WILLIAMSS8URGH, a town- 
 fhip in S. Carolina, in George 
 
 _town precinét, which received 
 confiderable damage by a ftorm in 
 July 9, 1758, when feveral of the 
 hail-ftones were as large as hen’s 
 eggs. 
 
 WiLLramsspurGuH, formerly 
 Middle plantation, in James coun- 
 ty, Virginia; about fix miles N. 
 of James Town, and fifty W. of 
 cape Charles. It is the capital of 
 Virginia, the feat of the governor, 
 general affembly, and judicial 
 courts, tho” not very confidera- 
 ble; the planters of this colony 
 generally chufing to live on their 
 eitates or plantations in the coun- 
 try. Itis firuated between two 
 creeks, the one falling into James, 
 the other into York river, and 
 contains above 200 honfes, which 
 have the advantage of being free 
 from mofquitos. Here is an aca- 
 demy or college, towards endow- 
 ing of which king William and 
 queen Mary gave 2000]. and 
 20,000 acres of land, with the 
 
 WIL 
 duty one penny per pound on all 
 tobacco exported. The college 
 was burnt down + but it has been 
 fince rebuilt, nicely contrivedand 
 adorned, being not altogether un- 
 like Chelfea college, W.of London. 
 
 In Williamfburgh is a fmall 
 fort, or rather battery, mounted 
 with ro or 12 guns, Colonel Ni- 
 cholfon caufed a ftatehoufe or ca- 
 pitol to be erected here, and fe- 
 veral ftreets to be laid out in the 
 form of a W. 
 
 Fronting the college, near its 
 whole breadth, is extended a noble 
 ftreet, juft three quarters of a mile 
 in length, at the upper end of 
 which ftands the capitol, a beay- 
 tiful and commodious pile. Here 
 is kept the fecretary’s office, with 
 all the courts of juftice and law. 
 The building isin the form of 
 an H, 2 
 
 Parallel to the main ftreet juft 
 mentioned is one upon each fide, 
 but neither ftreet quite fo long 
 nor broad; and at proper diftances 
 are fmall crofs-ftreets for the con= 
 veniency of communication. 
 
 Near the middle of the town 
 {tands the church, which isa large 
 and {trong piece of brick-work, 
 built in the form of acrofs. Near 
 it is a large oftagon tower, a ma- 
 gazine for armsand ammunition : 
 and not far from thence is a large 
 fquare for a market-place, and 
 near it a bowling-green, and a 
 play-houfe, Here is alfo a coun- 
 ty-prifon for criminals, and near 
 it another for debtors. The pri- 
 vate buildings havealfo been very 
 muchimproved, feveral gentlemen 
 having built large brick-houfes of 
 many rooms ona ffoor, but not 
 high, becaufe they have room 
 enough, and are now and then 
 vifited with high winds. From. 
 hence it is 12 miles E, to Yorks 
 24S, E. to Hampton; 42 S. E. 
 acrofs the haven to Norfolk, now 
 deftroyed; 30 N, W. to Delawars 
 50 N. W.to Newcaltle; 67 N. to 
 Hobb’s-hole; 93.N. W..to Port 
 Royal; 107 N,to Frederick (burg ; 
 
 ¢ Yi ¥ 
 
ee 
 
 
 
 wreL , 
 168 N. to Belh.ven; 194 N. W. 
 to Winchefter. 
 
 WiLtram’s LAND, Prince, 
 a country lyinground Baffin’sbay, 
 in North Main, and the arétic 
 countries of America. 
 
 WILLIAMSTAPDT, the name 
 given by att ofaffembly to Oxford, 
 the capital of Talbot county in 
 ‘Maryland. It was made a port- 
 town at the fame time. The fe- 
 cond fehoo! to be built was ap- 
 pointed for this town, anda ¢e.- 
 Ieftor and naval officer ordered to 
 refide here. 
 
 WILLINGTON, a town in 
 Hartford county, Connecticut, fi- 
 tuated near Willimanti river, 6 
 miles S, of Somers, 9 miles N. of 
 Mansfield, 3 miles W.of Affiford, 
 and 17 E. of Windfor. 
 
 WrLLouGHBY Bay, near 2 
 leagues S. E, from Green ifland 
 
 -and Antigua, one of the Caribbee 
 
 Tfles in the American ocean. It 
 has a very wide mouih, little lefs 
 than a league over; but is above 
 two thirds blocked up with a fand 
 er fhoal ftretching from the N. 
 point dire€tly to the 8, point: 
 whence another point called Sandy 
 point, with an iffand in it, fpits 
 off as if it would meet the firft, 
 and block up the harbour, Be- 
 tween thefe, however, there is an 
 open cliannel, where thips of good 
 burthen may enter; and when 
 they are in, there is very good 
 riding almoft every where except 
 $n the very entrance; and on the 
 larboard-fide there is a little thoal 
 called the Horfe-fhoe: but it is 
 above water, and plainly to be 
 
 difcerned by the rippling of the 
 fea. 
 
 WILMINGTON, in Newcaflle 
 ‘county, Delawar, Penfylvania, 
 firmated on a river 2 miles N. W. 
 of Delawar river, 5 miles N, of 
 Neweaftle, 12 miles S. W. of 
 Chefter, and 25 E. of Notting- 
 ham in Maryland, _ 
 
 WILMINGTON, a town in 
 Middlefex county, Maflachafets- 
 Bay, fituated about 25 miles N. 
 
 WIN 
 of. Cambridge, and 11 S, of 
 
 Andover, through -which the 
 troops from New Hamphhire 
 
 . marched for the battle of Bunker’s 
 
 hill. 
 
 WILMINGTON, a confide- 
 rable town in the county of New 
 Hanover, in N. Carolina, It is 
 fitnated at the fork of the N. W.. 
 and S. W. branches of the river 
 Cape Fear, at the head of the 
 harbour, 1 miles S. from Brunf- 
 wick, and about 8 from the At- 
 lantic E. 
 
 Witton, byfome called New 
 London, a little town of Colletom 
 ceunty, in Carolina. It confifts 
 of about eighty-houfes. It was 
 built by the Swifs, under the di+ 
 re€tion of a gentleman of that na- 
 tion. It ftands on the N. bank 
 of the river North Ediftew, about 
 12 miles from its mouth. The 
 building of this town has prov- 
 ed detrimental to Purryfburgh, 
 which lies on the frontiers of the 
 county. About 22 miles above 
 Wilton is fort North Ediftow, to 
 keep the Indians in awe, 
 
 WINDHAM, a county in Con- 
 neéticut, New England, who is 
 bounded on the N. by Worcetter, 
 in Maflachufets-Bay, E, by Pro- 
 videnee and Rhode-Ifland colony, 
 S. by New London, and W. by 
 Hartford county, in Conneéticut. 
 
 WiInDHAM, the principaltown 
 in the foregoing county, fituated 
 on ariver of its own name that 
 runs into the Thames river. It 
 is about ro miles W. of Canter- 
 bury, 5 S. of Mansfield, and 23 
 N. of New London. 
 
 WINDWARD PASSAGE, @ 
 courfe of above 160 leagues, fo 
 called from cape Morant, the eaft 
 point of Jamaica, to the north 
 fide of Crooked ifland,in the Ame- 
 rican ocean. 
 
 Ships may and haveoften failed 
 through this channel, from the 
 N. fide of it te Cuba, or the bay 
 of Mexico, notwithitanding the 
 common opinion, on account of 
 the catrrent, which is againft it, 
 
 
 
 
 
WOR 
 
 that they keep the Bahama fhore 
 a-board, and that they meet the 
 wind in fummer for the moft part 
 -of the channel eafterly, which 
 with acounter current on fthore 
 puthes them eafily through it, 
 
 Winpsor, East and WesT, 
 2 towns in Hartford county Con- 
 netticut, on each fide the river 
 Conneéticut, North of Hartford 
 6 miles. 
 
 WinGEN, a fmall river be- 
 tween thofe of Winyan and Cla- 
 rendon, im the county of the 
 latter name, andCarolina. Upon 
 it is a fmall fettlement called 
 Charles-town, thinly inhabited. 
 
 WINISINIT, a town on the 
 N, fide of Bofton harbour, in the 
 county of Middlefex, Maffachu- 
 fets-Bay. There fs a ferry of 
 about 3 miles from Bolton to this 
 place, to the W. of which was 
 Charles-town, from which it was, 
 divided by Myftic river. 
 
 WINYAN, or Watery river, in 
 
 ‘Clarendon county, and N. Ca- 
 Folina. It is about 25 leagues 
 from Afhley tiver, and capable 
 of receiving large hips, but in- 
 ferior to Port Royal, nor are there 
 yet any fettlements upon it. 
 
 WoBURN, atown in Middle- 
 fex county, in Maflachufets- Bay, 
 between Medford and Wilming- 
 ham, 10 miles N. of Cambridge, 
 and 7 N. E. from Lexington. 
 
 WooDBRIDGE, a good town 
 of Middlefex countyand E. Jerfey. 
 It (tands on a creek within the 
 found formed by Staten ifland and 
 this county. It has 120 families, 
 and 30,000 acres of plantation; 
 and lies about 7 or 8 miles from 
 Pifcataway. 
 
 WoopsuRY,atown in Litch- 
 field county, Conneéticut, near the 
 river Shepoag, which suns into 
 Stratford-river, 15 miles N. of 
 Newtown, 7 N.E, from New- 
 Milford, and 8 S.W. of Litch- 
 field. 
 
 WORCESTER, a county ih 
 Maflachnfets - Bay, bounded by 
 Hampthire on the W, Suffolk on 
 
 XAT 
 the E. Providence and Rhode 
 Ifland on the S. and New-Hamp- 
 fhire on the N. ae 
 . WRENTHAM, a town in Suf- 
 
 folk county, Maffachufets- Bay, _ 
 
 6 miles S. W. from Walpole, on 
 the principal road to: Providence, 
 and about 10 N-. of Attlebo- 
 rough. 
 
 W RIGHTSBO ROUGH, a town: 
 in the diftri€ of Augufta, in the 
 
 - province of Georgia. 
 
 WRIGHTSTOWN, in Bucks 
 
 county, Penfylvania, 4 miles N.~ 
 
 of Newtown, and 4 W. of Delae 
 war-river. : 
 & si 
 AINTES,SANTOS,OFALL= 
 Saints -IsLAnDs, patt 
 
 of the government of Guadaloupe, 
 one of the Caribbees. Thefe are 
 2 {mall ifles on the S.E. fide of 
 Gaadaloupe, the moft wefterly of 
 which is called Terra de Bas, or 
 the Low - ifland, and the moft 
 eafterly Terre de Haut, or the 
 
 -High-ifland: the third, which lies 
 
 exactly in the middle, between the 
 other two, feems to be nothing 
 more than a large barren rock, 
 and helps to form a very good 
 harbour, 
 
 In’ 1696, there were about go 
 inhabitants on the 2 iflands fit 
 to bear arms. Terra de Bas is 3 
 leagues in circuit; Terre de Haut 
 is the largeft, 
 
 There is good land in the val- 
 leys and on the other fide of the 
 hills, the tops of which, though 
 {tony, are covered with wood. 
 The air here always blows frefh, 
 let the wind be from what quarter 
 it will. Mandioco, potatoes, peafe, 
 cotton, and tobacco, thrive here 
 to perfection, with plenty of hogs 
 fed, as well as goats and poultry. 
 In the wild-grain feafon come 
 great flights of wood- pigeons and 
 parrots ; and at other times here 
 is abundance of turtle - doves, 
 
 ‘thrufhes, and fea-fow!; but they 
 have here no freth water, Aihowe 
 
 
 
 Dn a fie Pee 
 
ry. ACR 
 
 the rocks there is fhell-fifh, lob- 
 fters, grigs, and congars. On 
 land are fome few black cattle, 
 On the Terre de Bas is a neat 
 wooden church, with two very 
 ‘convenient creeks both for an- 
 chorage and landing. The prin- 
 ‘cipal trade of the inhabitants is 
 in cotton, pulfe, tobacco, and 
 poultry. 
 
 They are fituated 2 leagues from 
 Guadaloupe, and 5 from Marie- 
 _galante, and their produce in 1767 
 was 50,000 lb. of coffee, and 
 “go,000 Ib. of cotton. 
 
 Xatxtisco, the moft fouthern 
 province on the coaft of Guada- 
 Jaxara audience, and New-Spain. 
 It is wafhed by the S. Sea on the 
 S.and W. bounded on the E, by 
 .Guadalaxara Proper, and Mecho- 
 acan, and feparated from Chia- 
 ‘metian on the N. by a narrow 
 flip of land belonging to Guada- 
 laxara, and running out into the 
 fea, It is not above 50 leagues 
 in extent either way. 
 
 It abounds with Indian wheat 
 and filver mines, but has very 
 few cattle of any fort. 
 
 _ The Xalifco, an ancient city, is 
 the capital of the provinces yet 
 the moft confiderable place in it 
 is Compoftella. 
 
 XKERES DE LA FRONTERA, 
 a town in the moft fouthern part 
 of Zacatecas, a province of Gua- 
 _ dalaxaraaudience,and New-Spain., 
 It is garrifoned by Spaniards for 
 defending the mines againft the 
 ‘favage Indisns on the frontiers 
 of Guadalaxara. 
 
 Y 
 
 ARMOUTH Toww and 
 HARBOUR, in Barnftaple 
 county, Plymouth Colony, is fi- 
 tuated on the S. fide of the Pe- 
 ninfula that forms Cape-Cod- bay, 
 of which this is one of the har- 
 bours. It is but 5 miles from 
 Barnftaple, on the S, fide of the 
 
 peninfula. ; 
 YARMOUTH, a maritime town, 
 in the county of York, New- 
 
 Y¥30;R 
 Hampfhire. It is fituated- at the 
 bottom of Cafco-bay, at the 
 mouth of the river Royal, and is 
 a fmall town, the midway between 
 Brunfwick and Falmouth. 
 
 Yasouva, a river of Florida, 
 It lies about 60 leagues higher on 
 the E. fide of the Miffifippi, into 
 which it comes 2 or 300 miles 
 out of the country. Upon it 
 dwell the nations of the Yafoues, 
 Tounicas, Kowrouas, &c. 
 
 YORK, a county and town in 
 Penfylvania, whofe S$. boundary 
 is Maryland, its N. W. Cumber- 
 land county, and it is divided by 
 the Sufquehannah - river, on the 
 N. E. from Lancafter county. 
 The town is a flourifking place, 
 on a branch of the Sufquehannah, 
 from whence it is diftant ro miles 
 W. and 25 S.E. from Carlifle, 
 
 YorK, one of the counties of 
 Mafflachufets-Bay, New-England, 
 to which it is now joined, tho’ 
 formerly diftinét, under the title 
 of the Province of the Main, 
 —which fee. 
 
 York, the capital of the above 
 county, a maritime town, with a 
 river of the fame name nearit, It 
 is 6 miles N. from Portfmouth, and 
 26 from Salifoury, in Mafflachaoe- 
 fets-Bay, and 70 from Bofton, 
 
 YORK, a county of Virginia, 
 Tt lies S. EF. of James’s county, 
 between James - river and York- 
 river, containing 60,767 acres of 
 Jand, in the 3 parifhes of York, 
 Hampton, and New-Pokofou. The 
 latter ftands at the mouth of 
 York-river. 
 
 York - River, by the Indians 
 called Pamunky, in Virginia. The 
 name Pamunky, the upper branch 
 of this river, in King William’s 
 county, ftill retains. It is navi- 
 gable 60 miles by large fhips; 
 and by ketches and floops, 30 
 more, By croffing the neck of 
 land to Pokofou, one comes to 
 its mouth. It runs the fame 
 courfe with James-river for 100 
 miles; and fo near it, that in 
 fome places it is not abcve 5 
 
 
 
YOR 
 
 miles over land, from one to the 
 other: which land between them 
 being fo well accommodated for 
 Navigation, and fo near 2 fuch 
 great rivers, is beft inhabited ; 
 and here the richeft planters are 
 feated. Forty miles up this river 
 it divides itfelf into 2 branches, 
 navigable each a confiderable way 
 for floops and barges. The {mall 
 flip of Jand which divides James - 
 river from York-river,is reckoned 
 a very rich foil, producing the 
 beft tobacco in that country, 
 known by the name of Sweet- 
 fcented; which is ftripped from 
 the ftalk, before it is packed up 
 in the hogthead ; and then fo clofe- 
 Jy preffed, that a hogfhead will 
 fometimes weigh about 14 or 1500 
 weight. And fome particular crops 
 of the moft careful planting of 
 this commodity, have frequently 
 been fold at the key for 12 pence 
 per pound. ‘This fpot of ground, 
 fo happily fituated, has alfo the 
 conveniency of 2 inlets, naviga- 
 ble by flat-bottomed boats; the 
 one runs from James-river, and 
 extends to the northward, about 
 5 miles acrofs the country, to a 
 fafe landing-~place. The other 
 runs S. from York-river, up into 
 the land; fo that the {pace be- 
 tween the Janding-places of thefe 
 2 rivulets is only a mile, and the 
 foil gravelly; and here William- 
 fburgis fituated: which, by means 
 of thefe 2 inlets or creeks, com- 
 mands the navigation of James 
 and York rivers. 
 
 ' York, New, acity and pro- 
 vince, formerly called Nova Bel- 
 gia, from its being planted by the 
 Dutch. 
 
 The province of New-York, at 
 prefent, contains Long - ifland, 
 Staten Ifland, and the lands on 
 the £. fide of Hudfon’s-river, to 
 the bounds of Conneéticut: on 
 the W. fide of Hudfon’s - river 
 from the fea, to lat. 41, lies New- 
 Jerfey : bounded N. by Canada ; 
 on the E, by New-England; on 
 the S. by the Atlantic-Ocean and 
 
 YOR 
 New-Jerfey; and W. and N. Ww. 
 
 by Penfylvania and Canada, La- 
 titude between 40 and 45. lone 
 
 gitude between 72 and 76 W. - 
 
 from London. 300 miles long, 
 150 broad. Long- Ifland, 100 
 miles long; 25 broad, 
 
 The city of New-York, at firft, 
 included only the ifland, called by 
 the Indians, Manhatans, Man- 
 ning’s-ifland 5; the 2 Barn-iflands, 
 and the 3 Oyfter-iflands, were in 
 the county. But the limits of the 
 city have fince been augmented 
 by charter. The ifland is ‘very 
 narrow, not a mile wide at a me- 
 dium, and about 14 miles in 
 length. The S.W, point projects. 
 into a fine {pacious bay, g miles 
 long, and about 4 in breadth; 
 at the conduence of the waters 
 of Hudfon’s-tiver, and the ftrait 
 between Long-Ifland and the nore 
 thern fhore, he Narrows, at the 
 S. end of the bay, is. fearce 2 
 miles wide, and opens the ocear 
 to full view. The paffage up to 
 New-York, from Sandy Hook, 
 a point that extends fartheft into 
 the fea, is fafe, and not above 25 
 miles in length. The common 
 navigation is between the E. and 
 W. banks, in 22 or 23 feet waters. 
 An 80 gun thip may be brought 
 up, through a narrow, winding, 
 unfrequented channel, between the 
 N, end of the E. bank and Cos 
 ney-ifland. ‘ 
 
 ‘The city has, in’reality, no na- 
 tural bafon or harbour. The fhips 
 lie off in the road‘on the E. fide 
 of the town, which is docked out, 
 and better built than the fide, be- 
 caufe the frefhes in Hudfon’s- river 
 fill it in fome winters with ice. ’_ 
 
 The city of New-York confifts 
 of about “3000 houfes. It is a 
 mile in length, and not above 
 half that in breadth. Such is its 
 figure, its center of bufinefs; and 
 the fituation of the honfes, that 
 the mean cartage from one part 
 to another, does not exceed above 
 one quarter Of a mile; than which ~ 
 nothing can be more advantage. 
 
; 
 . 
 
 
 
 YOR 
 
 eus to a trading city. But-one 
 great natural evil is, the inhabi- 
 tants are obliged to fitch their 
 water from fprings at a confidera- 
 ble diftance from the town. 
 
 It is thought to be as healthy 
 a fpot as any in the world. The 
 E. and S. parts, in general, are 
 low, but the reft is fituated on a 
 dry, elevated foil. The ftreets 
 are irregular, but, being paved 
 with round pebbles, are clean, and 
 lined with well-built brick houfes, 
 many of which are covered with 
 tiled roofs, and have rows. of 
 trees before them. 
 
 No part of America is fippli- 
 ed with markets abounding with 
 greater plenty and variety. They 
 have beef, pork, mutton, poultry, 
 burter, wild fowl, venifon, fith, 
 roots, and herbs of all kinds, in 
 their feafons, Their oyfters are a 
 confiderable article in the fup- 
 port of the poor, Their beds are 
 within view of the town; a fleet 
 of 200 {mall craft are often feen 
 there, at a time when the weather 
 is mild in winter; and this fingle 
 article is compyted to be worth, 
 annually, 10 or 12,000}. 
 
 This city is the metropolis and 
 grand mart of the province, and, 
 by its commodious fituation, com= 
 mands alfo all the trade of the 
 weftern part of Conneéticut, and 
 that of Eaft-Jerfey. No feafon 
 prevents their fhips from launch- 
 ing out into the ocean, During 
 the greateft feverity. of winter, an 
 equal, unreftrained aétivity runs 
 through all ranks, orders, and 
 employments. 
 
 Upon the S. W. point of the 
 city ftands the fort, which is a 
 {guare with 4 baftions. Within 
 the walls is the hovfe in which 
 the Governors ufually refide; and 
 oppofite to it brick-barracks, built 
 formerly for the independent com- 
 
 ‘panies. ‘Ihe Governor’s-houfe is 
 
 in height 3 ftories, and fronts to 
 the W. having, from the fecond 
 ftory, a fine profpeét to the bay 
 and the Jerfey fhore. At the S. 
 
 YOR 
 
 end there was formerly a chapel, 
 but this was burnt down in the 
 negroe comfpiracy of the fpring, 
 1741: as was the whole of the 
 Governor’s-houfe, Dec. 29, 1774, 
 which deftroyed, in a few hours, 
 all the public and private papers, 
 and valuable furniture. Accord- 
 ing to Governor Burnet’s obfer- 
 vations, this fore flands in lati- 
 tude 4o, 42. \ 
 
 Below the walls of the garri+ 
 fon, near the water, they have 
 lately raifed a line of fortification, 
 which commands the entrance in- 
 to the eaftern road, and the mouth 
 of Hudion’s-river. This battery 
 is built of ftone, and the merlons 
 confift of cedar-joifts, filled with 
 earth. It mcunts 92 cannon, and 
 thefe are all the works they have 
 to defend the place. About 6 fure 
 longs S. E. of the fort, lies Not- 
 ten-ifland, containing about 100 
 Or 120 acres, referved by an aé& 
 of aflembly as a fort of demefne 
 for the Governors, 
 
 The inhabitants of New-York 
 are a mixed people, but moftly 
 defcended from the original Dutch 
 planters. There are {till 3 churches, 
 in which religious worfhip is per- 
 formed in that language. The old 
 building is of ftone, and ill built, 
 ornamented within by a fmall or- 
 gan-loft, and brafs branches, The 
 new church is a high heavy edi- 
 fice, has a very extenfive area, and 
 was completed in 1729. It has 
 no galleries, and yet will, per- 
 haps, contain 1000 oF .200 au- 
 ditors. The fteeple of this church 
 affords a moft beautiful profpect, 
 both of the city beneath, and the 
 furrounding country. The Dutch 
 congregation is more numerous 
 then any other; but as the lan- 
 guage becomes difufed, it is much 
 diminifhed; and unlefs they change 
 their worfhip into the Englith 
 tongue, muft foon fuffer a total 
 diffipation. Their church was in- 
 corporated May 11, 1696, by the 
 name of the minifter, elders, and 
 deacons, of the reformed protef- 
 
 
 

 
 2 ie, Dy 
 tant Dutch church of the city of 
 New-York; and its eftate, after 
 the expiration of fundry long 
 leafes, will be worth a very great 
 income. 
 
 All the Low Dutch congrega- 
 tions in this and the province of 
 New -Jerfey, worthip after the 
 manner of the reformed churches 
 in the United Provinces, With 
 refpect to government, they are 
 in principle Prefbyterians. ‘There 
 are, befides the Dutch, 3 epifco- 
 pal churches in this city, upon 
 the plan of the eftablifhed church 
 in South-Britain. Trinity church 
 was built in 1696, and after- 
 wards enlargedin 1737. It ftands 
 very pleafantly upon the banks 
 of Hudfon’s river, and has a large 
 cemetery on each fide. Before it 
 a long walk is railed off from the 
 broad-way, the pleafanteft ftreet 
 ‘of any in the whole town. This 
 building is about 148 feet long, 
 including the tower and chancel, 
 and 72 feet in breadth. The ftee- 
 ple is 175 feet in height, and over 
 the door facing the river is a La- 
 tin infcription, 
 
 The church is, within, orna- 
 mented beyond any other place of 
 public worfhip in New-York. 
 
 This congregation, partly by 
 the arrival of ftrangers from Eu- 
 rope, but principally by profelytes 
 from the Dutch churches, is be- 
 come fo numerous, that though 
 the old building will contain 2000 
 hearers, yet a new one was ereéted 
 in17§2. ‘This, called St, George’s- 
 chapel, is a very neat edifice, faced 
 with hewn ftone, and tiled. The 
 fteeple is lofty, but irregular; and 
 its fituation in a new, crowded, 
 and ill-built part of the town, 
 
 The Prefbyterians have an ele- 
 gant meeting-houfe, ereéted in 
 47483 but the French church is 
 greatly gone to decay. 
 
 The German Lutheran churches 
 are 2. Both their places of wor- 
 fhip are fmall: one of them has 
 a tupola and bell. 
 
 The Quakers have a meeting- 
 
 Tor 
 
 houfe, and the Moraviansa church, 
 confifting. principally of female 
 profelytes from other focieties. 
 Their fervice is in the Englith 
 tongue. 
 
 The Anabaptifts affemble at a 
 
 {mall meeting-houfe, but have as 
 yet no regular fettled congrega- 
 tion. The Jews, who are not 
 inconfiderable for their numbers, 
 worthip in a fynagogue eteéted in 
 a very private part of the town, 
 plain without, but very neat 
 within. 
 
 The city hall is a ftrong brick 
 building, 2 ftories in height, in 
 the fhape of an oblong, winged 
 with one at each end, at right an- 
 gles with the firft. The floor be- 
 low is an open walk, except 2 
 jails, and the jailor’s apartments, 
 The cellar underneath is a dun- 
 geon, and the garret above a com- 
 mon prifon, This edifice is ereét- 
 ed in a place where q ftreets meet, 
 and fronts, to the S.W. one of the 
 
 moft fpacious ftreets in the town. 
 
 The eaftern wing, in the fecond 
 ftory, confifts of the aflembly- 
 chamber, a Jobby, and a fmall 
 room for the fpeaker of the houfe, 
 The weft wing, on the fame floor, 
 forms the council-room and a li- 
 brary; and inthe fpace between 
 the ends, the Supreme court is 
 ordinarily held. 
 
 The library confifts of 1000 
 volumes, which were bequeathed 
 to the fociety for the propagation 
 of the Gofpel in foreign parts, by 
 Dr. Millington, rector of New- 
 ington, in 1728. 
 
 In 1754, a fet of gentlemen 
 undertook to carry about a fub- 
 {cription towards raifing a public 
 library; and in a few days colleét- 
 ed near 600). which were laid out 
 in purchafing about 700 volumes 
 of new, well-chofen books, 
 
 Befides the city hall, there be- 
 long to the corporation, a large 
 alms-houfe or piace of correction, 
 and the exchange, in the latter of 
 which there is a large roem, raifed 
 upon brick-arches, generally ufed 
 
 t 
 : 
 
 iis err eee ik.) oy AMMA i AM eS: meer 
 
_ 
 
 YOR 
 
 for public entertainments, con-. 
 
 certs of mufic, balls, and aflem- 
 blies. 
 
 Though the city was put under 
 the government of a mayor, &c. 
 in 1665, it was not regularly in- 
 corporated till 1686. Since that 
 time feveral charters have been 
 paffed : the laft was pasted by 
 Governor Montgomerie, on the 
 r5th of January, 1730. , 
 
 It is divided into 7 wards, and 
 is under the government of a 
 mayor, recorder, 7 aldermen, and 
 as, many afliftants, or common- 
 councilmen. * 
 
 _ The nerth-eaftern part of New-. 
 
 York-Ifland is inhabited princi- 
 pally by Dutch farmers, who 
 have a {mall village there called 
 Harlem, pleafantly fituated on a 
 flat cultivated for thecity-markets, 
 
 The province of New-York is 
 not fo populous as fome have ima- 
 gined. Scarce a third part of it 
 is under cultivation. The colony 
 of New-York contains about 
 250,000 inhabitants, the greateft 
 part of whom are defcended from 
 the Dutch. The exports of this 
 colony confift chiefly of grain, 
 flour, pork, fkins, furs, &c. Thofe 
 to Great-Britain, before the pre- 
 fent difturbartces, amounted, an- 
 nually, to 526,cool. and the im- 
 ports from thence 531,000]. 
 
 Englifh is the moft prevailing 
 language in New-York, but not a 
 little corrupted by the Dutch dia- 
 leét, which is ftill fo much ufed in 
 fome counties, that the fheriffs 
 find it difficult to obtain perfons 
 fufficiently acquainted with the 
 Englith tongue, to ferve as jurors 
 in the courts of law. 
 
 The manners of the people dif- 
 fer as well as their language. In 
 Suffolk and Queen’s county, the 
 firft fettlers of which were either 
 natives of England, or the imme- 
 diate defcendants of fuch as be- 
 gun the plantations in the eaftern 
 colonies, their cuftoms are fimilar 
 to thofe prevailing in the Englih 
 counties from whence they ori- 
 
 Ss. oor 
 
 YOR 
 ginally fprung. In the city of 
 New-York, through their inter- 
 courfe with the Europeans, they 
 follow the London fafhions ; tho’ 
 by the time they adopt them they 
 become difufedin England. Their 
 affluence, during the late war, in- 
 troduced a degree of |uxury in 
 tables, drefs, and furniture, with, 
 which they were before unac- 
 quainted. But ftill they are not 
 fo gaya people as their neighbours 
 in Bofton, and feveral of the 
 fouthern colonies. The Dutch 
 counties, in fome meafure, follow 
 the example of New-York, but 
 ftill retain many modes peculiar 
 to the Hollanders, 
 
 The city of New-York confifts 
 principally of merchants, fhop- 
 keepers, and tradefmen, who. fuf- 
 tain the reputation of punctual 
 and fair dealers. With refpeé to 
 riches, there is not fo great an 
 inequality amongft them, as is 
 common in Bofton, and fome 
 other places. 
 
 The inhabitants of this colony 
 are in genera! healthy and robuft, 
 taller, but fhorter lived than Eu- 
 ropeans, and, both with refpect to 
 their minds and bodies, arrive 
 fooner to an age of maturity. 
 Breathing a ferene dry air, they 
 are more fprightly in their natural 
 tempers than the people of Eng- 
 land, and hence inftances of fuicide 
 are here very uncommon. Few 
 phyficians fettled at New - York 
 are eminent for their {kill. Quacks 
 
 abound like locufts in Egypt, and | 
 
 too many of them have recom- 
 mended themfelves to a full prac- 
 tice and profitable fubfiftence. 
 
 This is the lefs to be wondered at, | 
 
 as the profeffion is under no kind 
 of regulation. Loud as the call 
 is, they have no law to protect the 
 lives of the King’s fubjeéts from 
 the malpractice of pretenders. Any 
 man at his pleafure fets up for 
 phyfician, apothecary, and chirur- 
 geon, No candidates are either 
 examined or licenced, or even 
 
 {worn to fair practice. 
 
 
 
 
 ae vee 
 
 
 

 
 YOR 
 
 York Ifland is 15 miles long, 
 and 3 broad, at the extreme North 
 end of which is King’s-bridge, 
 which joins it to the continent, 
 over a river about as wide as the 
 ‘Thames at Fulham, the oppofite 
 fhore of which is high, where 
 Gen. Wafhington had his camp, 
 22 miles from Horfeneck, in Con- 
 neticut, New England. This 
 ifland and city were defended by. 
 the Provincials with great refolu- 
 tion, but abandoned to the King’s 
 troops, who took pofleffion of it 
 and the city the 15th of Sept, 
 1776, when the enraged Provin- 
 cials fet fire to it in feveral places, 
 _ which deftroyed a great number 
 of houfes, &c. from the Weft of 
 the New Exchange along. Broad- 
 {treet to the North River, as high 
 as the City Hall, and from thence 
 along the Broad Way, North Ri- 
 ver, and King’s College. Among 
 other public buildings, the fine 
 edifices of TrinityChurch,the Lu- 
 theran Church, Parfonage Houfe, 
 and Charity School were deftroyed 
 by incendiaries on Novy. 20 fol- 
 lowing. 
 
 The fituation of New-York, 
 with refpect to foreign markets, 
 is to be preferred to any of our 
 colonies, It lies in the center of 
 the Britifh plantations on the con- 
 tinent, has at all times a fhort eafy 
 acce{fs to the ocean, and com- 
 mands almoft the whole trade of 
 Connecticut and New-Jerfey, two 
 fertile and well-cultivated colonies. 
 The projection of Cape Cod into 
 the Atlantic renders the naviga- 
 tion from the former to Botton, 
 “at fome feafons, extremely peri- 
 lous; and fometimes the coafters 
 are driven off, and compelled to 
 winter in the Weft Indies. But 
 the conveyance to New - York, 
 from the eaftward, through the 
 Sound, is fhort, and unexpofed to 
 fuch dangers. Philadelphia re- 
 ceives as little advantage from New 
 Jerfey, as Bofton from Conneéti- 
 cut, becaufe the only rivers which 
 roll through that province difem- 
 
 YOUR 
 bogne not many miles from the. 
 very city of New-York. Several 
 attempts have been made to raife 
 Perth Amboy into a trading port, 
 but hitherto it has proved to be 
 an unfeafible project. New-York, 
 all things confidered, has a much 
 better fituation; and,were it other- 
 wife, the city is become too rich, 
 and confiderable to be eclipfed by 
 any other town in its neighbour- 
 hood, ; : 
 
 ‘Their exports to the Weft-In- 
 dies are bread, peafe, rye-meal, In 
 dian corn, apples, onions, boards, 
 ftaves, horfes, fheep, butter, checfe, 
 pickled oyfters, beef, and pork. 
 Flour is alfo a main article, of 
 which there is fhipped about 80000 
 barrels perannum. The returns 
 are chiefly rum, fugar, and mo- 
 laffes, except cafh from Curacoa, 
 and when mules from the Spanifh 
 main are ordered to Jamaica and 
 the Windward-Iflands, which are 
 generally exchanged for their na~ 
 tural produce; for they receive 
 but little cafh from the Engliflr 
 iflands. 
 
 The fur-trade ought not to be 
 pafled over in filence. The build- 
 ing of Ofwego has conduced more 
 than any-thing elfe to the prefer- 
 vation of this trade. Peltry of 
 all kinds is purchafed with rum, 
 ammunition, blankets, ftrouds, 
 and wampum, or conque -~ fhell 
 bugles. 
 
 Their importation of dry goods 
 from England, till of late, was fo 
 very great, that they were obliged 
 to betake themfelves to all poffible 
 arts to make remittances to the 
 Englifh merchants. It is for this 
 purpofe they imported cotton from 
 St. Thomas’s and Surinam; lime- © 
 juice and Nicaragua wood from 
 Curacoa; and logwood from the 
 bay, &c, and yet it drained them 
 of allthe filver and gold they could 
 colleét. It is computed, that the 
 
 annual amount of the goods pur- 
 chafed by this colony in Great 
 Britain, was in value not lefs than 
 pero fterling; and the sum 
 
 
 
 
 
Yivean Og 
 would have been much greater, had 
 a {top been put toclandeftinetrade, 
 
 This colony is divided into the 
 following counties: New-York, 
 Albany, Ulfter, Duchefs, Orange, 
 Weftchefter; and in Long-Ifland 
 are King’s, Queen’s, and Suffolk 
 counties; befides which is Rich- 
 mond, or Staten-Ifland. 
 
 The only capes are May, San- 
 dy-Hook, and Montock points 3 
 and the only ftraits are the Nar- 
 rows and Hell-gate. Through the 
 latter, about 80 yards wide, it is 
 extremely dangerous failing, on 
 account of the different rapid cur- 
 rents ; for if a veffel gets into any 
 but the right one, fhe inevitably 
 runs into a fhoal of rocks on one 
 fide, or is whirled round and fwal- 
 lowed up by a dreadful vortex on 
 the other. There are alfo the fol- 
 lowing rivers: Hudfon’s or the 
 North,-Mohawk, and Sorrel. On 
 the Mohawk is a Jarge cataraét, 
 called Cohoes, which falls 70 feet 
 perpendicularly. 
 
 YUCATAN, a province and 
 peninfula-in Mexico. See Fuca- 
 san. 
 
 ee 
 ACATECAS, a province in 
 New - Spain, bounded by 
 New-Bifcay on the N. by Panuco 
 
 ZAC 
 
 on the E. Mechoacan, Guadas 
 Jaxara, and Chiametlan on the S. 
 and by part of Chiametlan and 
 Culiacan on the W. It is well 
 inhabited, and abounds with large 
 villages. Part of it lies in the 
 temperate, and part in the torrid 
 zone; it is about roo leagues 
 in length, and 45 in breadth. 
 The weftern part of it is an arid 
 tract, and would not be inhabited, 
 were it not for the mines, which 
 are reckoned the richeft in Ame-+ 
 ricas but the eaftern part abounds 
 with corn, and fruits of various 
 kinds, and its foretts are full of 
 deer, 
 
 ZACATECAS, the capital of © 
 
 the above province, fituated under 
 the tropic of Cancer, goleagues N. 
 of Guadalaxara, and 80 N. W. of 
 Mexico. Its garrifon confifts of 
 rooo men; and there are about 
 800 families of flaves, who work 
 in the mines, and perform other 
 laborious works for their Spanifh 
 mafters. Latitude 23, 29. longi- 
 tude 103, 20. 
 
 ZACATULA,a {mall port-town 
 of the province of Mechoacan,. 
 
 fituated at the mouth of a river © 
 of the fame name, on the coaft of ~ 
 
 the Pacific Occan. 
 
 Laat, 17, 22- 
 long. 304, 58: 
 
 
 
 
 

 

 
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