FSS7 F 6 si . B &(3> 36 O’HARRA’S HANDBOOK OF THE BLACK HILLS / AMONG THE HARNEY NEEDLES O’HARRA'S HANDBOOK OF THE BLACK HILLS BY CLEOPHAS C. O’HARRA Published by The Black Hills Handbook Company Rapid City, South Dakota September, 1913 Copyright. 1013. by Ci.eoph as C. O' Harr a The Rapid Citv Journal Print 1 5 1 0 U ? PREFACE This handbook is written for the purpose of placing- in convenient form for ready reference informaticn concerning the Black Hills region. Every one ap- preciates the multiplicity and varied nature of the questions arising concerning the history, geology, geography, climatology, resources, commercial enter- prises, educational features, social, religious and political conditions, scenic beauty and recreational advantages of this most interesting country. Too often answers are not at hand, and, indeed, are not obtainable except by diligent research, the time and opportunity for which few individuals can command. For many years the author has been called upon from far and near for information of this character and has constantly felt the need of a booklet convenient to carry and serviceable for every enquirer. In arranging the handbook effort has been made to eliminate matters of purely individual concern and to give as fully as possible local and regional facts of in- terest to all. IMiany things of a historical nature are given, but there has been no effort to write a historical treatise. The controlling idea has been rather to pre- sent active information concerning a living, growing country, beautiful in setting and magnificent in re- sources. In any work of this character errors are likely to creep in and omissions cannot well be avoided. The author will be pleased to have his at- tention called to omissions or statements of error, and will be further thankful for any reasonable suggestion that may seem to give promise of improving the use- fulness of the handbook. In gathering together the facts contained in the handbook many publications and many people have been consulted. In view of the wide field covered and the fact that the publication is intended for general reading and reference it has been necessary to omit detailed reference to the original sources of information. The author wishes here, however, to acknowledge credit for this service. For general descriptive purpose the Black Hills region is considered as including the counties of Lawrence, Butte, Meade, Harding, Perkins, Penning- ton, Custer, Fall River, Washington and Shannon in South Dakota, much of Weston and Crook counties in Wyoming and Dawes and Sioux counties in 'Nebraska, as well as the northeast corner of Converse county, Wyoming, and the southeast corner of Custer county, Montana. The general map accompanying the hand- book covers these areas. The statistical information is confined chiefly to the South Dakota counties. CLEOPHAS C. O'HARRA. September 1, 1913. CONTENTS Preface Introductory Publications on the Black Hills Early History Early Trading Posts Gold Discovery and Settlement Scientific Investigation Early Roads, Mail Routes and Telegraph Lines Indians The Cost of the Black Hills County Organization The Oldest Towns Origin of Place Names Latitude and Longitude of Places Height of One Hundred Places Geology The Badlands Fossils Minerals and Rocks Mineral Products Climate and Weather Artesian “Wells ••• Irrigation Springs and Water Supply Caves Gold Mines Metallurgical Plants Electric Power Plants ' Gas Plants Stone Quarries Brick Plants Stucco Mills and Lime Kilns Paint Mill Artificial Ice Plants Creameries Packing Plant Flouring Mills Saw Mills and Planing Mills Cone-seeding Plants Chief Grain Crops, Fruits and Vegetables Page IS 23 26 2S 31 32 O O' o o 37 40 40 40 44 45 47 50 55 55 58 61 69 72 75 76 78 84 88 90 90 90 91 91 92 92 92 92 93 93 94 Page Game Animals and Other Mammals 95 Birds 96 Flowers, Shrubs and Trees 9S Hunting 1,00 Trout Fishing 100 Grazing of Range Stock 101 State Institutions 104 State Lands 108 Federal Institutions 109 Postal Receipts 123 Legislative Districts 123 Judicial Circuits 124 Legal Holidays 125 Rates of Interest * 125 Weights and Measures 125 Votes for Governor 126 Population 12(1 Business Houses 128 Property Valuation 130 .Newspapers 132 Railroads, Telegraphs and Telephones 134 Distances by Railway 136 Religious Organizations 137 Public School Statistics 138 St. Martins Academy 139 Hospitals 139 Public Libraries and Museums -140 The Society of Black Hills Pioneers 14 0 Federation of Women’s Clubs 142 Technical Terms and Processes 142 Items of Historic Interest 145 Grigsby’s Cowboys 14S Infantry in the Philippines 14S Fires, Floods and Blizzards 149 Highways 1°- Sightseeing 154 ILLUSTRATIONS Page Among- the Harney Needles Frontispiece Relief Map of the Black Hills 12 Harney Peak 17 View on Spearflsh Creek 21 Custer, the Oldest Town in the Black Hills 27 Deadwood, the Well Known Mining City .. 29 Sioux Indians — On Dress Parade and in Camp 35 Rapid City, the Gateway 39 Hot Springs, the Health Resort 41 Lead City, the Home of the Homestake 43 Columnar Section of the Black Hills Region 49 School of Mines Canyon in the Badlands 51 Fossil Skeleton of a Badland Titanothere 53 Gold-bearing Ore from Ruby Basin 59 Rainfall Chart 66 Near Silver City on Rapid Creek - 71 Limestone Escarpment West of Rochford 73 Characteristic Surface of Cave Frostwork 77 The Beginning of a Mine 79 Ruby Basin as Seen from Terry Peak 83 Miners a Thousand Feet Under the Ground 85 Wasp No. 2 Mine and Tailings Dump 87 Twin Falls on Spearflsh Creek 89 Dark Canyon on Rapid Creek 99 High Grade Range Cattle 463 South Dakota State School of Mines 105 Belle Fourche Valley Under Irrigation Ill The Devils Tower 115 A Typical Valley Ranch on Lower Elk Creek 121 A Typical Mountain Ranch on Box Elder Creek 127 BlacKtail Gulch Between Deadwood and Lead 135 The Oldest Thing in the Black Plills HI Above the Clouds on Harney Peak 151 Who Cares for the City Today? 1°^ Spring Gulch (Pierre Lodge) in Rapid Canyon 155 Maps: Between Pages General Map of the Black Hills Region 16-17 Early Exploratory Routes 24-25 Indian Map 32-33 Heights Above Sealevel 48-49 Quadrangles Covered by U. S. Topographic Maps 112-113 Forestry Maps 112-113 RELIEF MAP OF THE BLACK HILLS INTRODUCTORY The Black Hills region 'is the gem of the central Northwest. Perhaps no area of equal extent in America more fittingly represents a well selected group of community in- terests. By geographic position, topographic configuration, natural resources and commercial facilities it is the controlling magnet of a great area for industry, trade and recreation. Except for the mere fact that in earliest days the 'Crows (Absarokas) controlled the region, and later the Cheyennes, everything prior to its occupancy iby the Dakota Sioux is shrouded in mystery. According to one of their old pictorial records begun by the grandfather of American Horse, painted on prepared skins and reproduced herewith, a famous chief, Standing Bull, visited the Hills during the winter of 1775-76 and, bearing home with him a sample pine tree never before observed by any of his tribesmen, proclaimed the discovery of this new and wonderful country. Frcm that time until the coming of white settlers the Black Hills region served the Dakota tribes as the strategic center of a great hunting ground and today the names of many of its mountains and valleys and springs and villages bear the imprint of the Indian’s poetic language. Lying outside the routes of early plains travel and surrounded by a broad expanse of prairie uninviting to the early voyageur the region remained unexplored long after localities less favorably gifted but for the time more advantageously situated had won their place on the western map. Trappers and traders who may have visited the region in the earliest days gave 14 O’H A R R A’S HANDBOOK 1 to the world little of their observation. Students of natural science, handicapped by every disadvantage occasionally sought its coveted secrets but were long- rewarded with cnly the varied riches of the surround- ing plains and an occasional view of the mysterious interior from the vantage ground of some distant landmark. The military man recognized in the region an important point in the control of border warfare while many a prospective miner building aircastles of the golden whispers w-afted from its virgin rocks and untrained streams sought eager entrance. The re- sistless day at last arrived and the gates of the New r Eldorado were thrown open to' the world. The geology lends itself in a most admirable man- ner to the development; of varied physiographic features and every landmark carries upon its face the reason for its existence. Structurally the region is an elliptical outwardly-dipping uplift, the mere distinct features of which show’ a maximum extent of aboiu 15 0 miles in length and SO miles in width. The longer axis approximately coincides with the meridian except in the northern portion, where the general direction is to the northwest. Standing on some com- manding peak one may survey almost the entire up- lift in one grand pane ramie view and with acquaint- ance countless familiar objects may be readily dis- tinguished. The system of drainage Is distinctly radial. The two enclosing arms of the Cheyenne river wholly separate the Hills from other drainage systems and receive the many smaller streams coming down from the more elevated mountainous portions, a high western limestone plateau being the main divide. In certain places the rapid erosicn of softer beds has modified the general radial arrangement, a good ex- ample being in the formation of the well-known Red Valley. This is a nearly continuous depression, separating the higher central portions of the uplift from the distinct but less elevated Cretaceous hog- back ridges of the foothills. Many cf the streams continue actively cutting their OF THE BLACK HILLS la beds. Each lithologic unit with its particular and sometimes striking color yields distinctive topo- graphic forms, the result being that in many places features of rare interest are produced. The Harney Peak area of the southern Hills, with its bold pin- nicals and shoulders of coarse, bare granite rising from their forest-clad base of me. amorphcsed sedi- mentary rocks, presents a beautiful landscape, while the steep-walled canyons of Spearfish creek. Rapid creek and Elk creek in the northern Hills are among the most picturesque that America can show. Again to the northwest along the upper Belle Fourche valley, where the nearly horizontal standstones and shales have been intricately carved by the various streams and where the brilliant and varied colors of the several formations, harmoniously blend with a wealth of forest and pasture overlooked here and there by the stately, somber forms of porphyry biLtes, there is presented a view well worth many a hardship to see. The prominent features, are a high central basin of granite and metamorphic rocks of Algonkian age, surrounded in concentric manner by a rugged in- facing escarpment of massive Carboniferous limestone, a wide depression in red Triassic shales and a high rim .of Cretaceous hogback lidges or foothills. Be- yound these are the later Cre.aceous shale formations which give rise to the nearly level plains. Farther away on almost every side, interrupting the otherwise monotonous approach to the Hills, there are abrupt tables and buttes of Tertiary clays, large portions of which have been carved into forms that bewilder the imagination of the most fanciful observer. In the northern (Hills Tertiary intrusive rocks have greatly modified the general topography and in not. a few instances have formed prominent landmarks. Terry peak, situated near the center of activity of in- trusion , reaches an altitude of 7,069 feet. Some distance to the west of this is the Bear Lodge range, which culminates in. Warren peaks, marking a sub- ordinate but important center of Tertiary disturbance. Several isolated igneous peaks, differing little in 16 O’HARRA’S HANDBOOK petrographic and structural nature from the prominent peaks of the more intricately disturbed districts al- ready mentioned, stand as tall sentinels among the lower peripheral ridges. Chief of these are Bear Butte, Crow Peak, Black Buttes, Inyan Kara, the Missouri Buttes, and the justly famed Devils Tower. The highest point within the entire Black Hills region, as it is also the highest point in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains, is Harney Peak. This is the culminating peak of the Harney granite range in the southern Hills. It reaches a height of 7,2 4 4 feet. The surrounding limestone escarpment rises high above much of the central por.ion of the Hills and considerable areas of the plateau along the western side in the vicinity of Crooks Tower closely approach the height of Harney Peak. The mean alti- tude of the plains immediately east of the Hills is little more than 3,000 feet. West of the Hills* it is generally above 4,000 feet. The average 1 elevation within the main Cretaceous hogback ridge is more than 5,00 0 feet. The climatic conditions of the Black Hills proper are scarcely excelled anywhere in the United States. The rainfall is not heavy but is generally sufficient and the chief precipitation comes during the planting and growing season when most needed. Aside from this clear, mild days prevail through much of the year. Extreme cold and extreme heat are exceptional and of short duration. Shows are seldom deep. The mining interests of the Hills are of paramount importance, but large industries, particular forestry, agriculture, horticulture, stock raising, dairying and manufacturing share in the fundamental occupations of the people. The mineral products are gold, silver, lead, copper, iron, tin, tungsten, mica, spodumene, am- blygonite, fullers earth, volcanic ash, and structural materials including clay, cement ingredients, and building stones. iGold is the chief mineral product and it occurs in a considerable number of different kinds of ore. Some is free-milling and some is refractory. Much of it is HARNEY PEAK -The Highest Point in the United States East of the Rockies 18 O’HARRA’S HANDBOOK low grade but some is high grade. It occurs in rocks of nearly all ages, in stream gravels, in conglomerates, in vein quartz, in schists, slates and quartzites, in sandstones and in limestones. The chief gold mining districts are in the northern IHiils in the immediate vicinity of Lead and Deadwood. In these cities also are situated a number of the more important mills for extracting the gold and many other mills are with- in easy reach. In management the mines and mills of the Black Hills are thoroughly up to date. Some of the most important processes known to modern metallurgists were developed here and for certain im- portant mining features the Black Hills region leads the world. The total gold production since the first mining in 1875 is more than $172,000,000, and of other mineral products nearly $30,000,000. One mine, the Homestake at Lead City, employes about tw'enty-five hundred men in mine, mills and forest, and is unique in being the world’s greatest producer of gold from low-grade ores. Tin in the form of cassiterite is found in the granite and in the stream gravels of the Harney Peak and the Nigger Hill districts. Iron ore occurs in many places but it has not been extensively mined. Copper is present and: in certain localities has received con- siderable attention but as yet important deposits have not been discovered. Tungsten of excellent quality in the form of wolframite occurs in the Harney Peak district and in the northern Hills near Lead. From the latter locality many carloads have been mined and sold. Lead and silver are found chiefly together and in a few places their occurrence has been such as to allow at times for noteworthy production. Of the non-metallic materials fullers earth and volcanic ash occur in abundance but they have not yet succeeded in competing with the more favored and better known deposits elsewhere. Excellent clays of various kinds are found. Limestones and shales of proper nature for the manufacture of cement are present also in unlimited quantities. Various kinds of building stones are found, the chief quarries being OF THE BLACK HILLS 19 in the Lower Cretaceous sandstones. Many of the finest buildings, in the Blaclt Hills and neighboring localities are made of this material, the stone coming chiefly from near Hot Springs. Mica is an extensively exploited mineral. During the past few years the mining and preparation of the mica for electrical and other purposes, particularly in the vicinity of Custer where it occurs in excellent quality, has assumed large proportions and the in- dustry gives promise of great possibilities for years to come. The lithium-ib earing minerals — spodumene, am- blygonite and lepidolite — occur in various places in the granite of the Harney Peak district, particularly near Keystone and Custer. Of these spodumene and amblygonife have been mined in large quantities for many years. The Black Hills are generally well timbered and much of the country is included within the National Forest. Favorable trade conditions have called for an extensive output of lumber and as a result many mills have been built and hundreds of men are em- ployed in the industry. The tree especially utilized is the western yellow pine. It yields excellent build- ing lumber, mine timbers, railroad ties, and fuel. Other trees occurring in the Hills in some abundance are the spruce, aspen, white-birch, bur-oak, box-elder, white-elm, ironwood, cottonwood, and red cedar. The agricultural conditions of the region are varied according to location of the available tracts. Within the forest reserve there are few large farm areas but there are many narrow fields along the various streams. Much of the soil is a rich earthy loam and is very productive. The chief products are oats, wheat, hay, and vegetables. In the Red valley and beyond the lower foothills there are extensive fields and here magnificent crops of a more varied nature are often produced. With the recent influx of settlers and with a more earnest effort to accommodate the tillage to the climatic conditions of the plains a far greater acreage will doubtless be planted. 20 O’HARRA’S HANDBOOK A small but growing industry is that of fruit culture. Many orchards have been yielding apples, plums and cherries for years and thousands of new trees are set out annually. (Small fruits, both cultivated and wild, grow with little care and certain of the wild fruits such as raspberries, strawberries, chokecherries, buffaloberries and sei viceberries are not excelled anywhere. Stock raising, which for many years was the sole industry on the prairie lands, continues as a marked source of income. Recent patenting of much of the land has tended to break up the open range, but graz- ing over restricted areas occupies the attention of many of the newcomers. Dairying has grown into very considerable prominence, and this will doubtless continue. Manufacturing, long neglected on account of the newness of the country, has of late years been receiv- ing more attention and now bids fair to develop in course of time into an important feature of industry. Raw materials of many kinds are to be had in abund- ance, water-power is being made available and shipping conditions are becoming more and more favorable. In addition to the natural features of the region the political, social, educational and moral status of the people is commendable to a marked degree. Proper care is given to wholesome government and the officials in Charge are in general men of integrity, industry and high ideals. (Few new countries show a greater percentage of cultured men and women in- terested in the healthy advancement of a whole region and in the all-round development of every individual. Ocuntry and village schools are fairly convenient to most patrons and they are generally good. High schools are well equipped and in thorough touch with the needs of the pupils. At the head of the educa- tional system for the immediate region stand the State School of Mines for the training of men in the sciences which find application in the mining and metallurgical industries, and the Spearfish Normal School for the VIEW ON SPEARFISH CREEK 22 O’HARRA’S HANDBOOK training of teachers. Churches, hospitals, sanitariums and other religious and philanthropic institutions are well represented and there are societies — - learned, patriotic, fraternal, social, industrial — -suited to all classes. Newspapers of high order record the passing events and help to direct in wholesome manner the common trend of thought. Scientific investigation lias kept even pace with the general development. The United States Geological Survey has made a detailed topographic map of practically the entire uplift and the geological mapping under direction of the same organization is nearly completed. The 'Reclamation Service has for several years engaged in the measurement of the flow of water in the more important streams and the Department of Agriculture has investigated and mapped many of the more characteristic soils. The Weather Bureau al- most from the beginning has kept careful record of climatic conditions. The fully equipped station at Rapid City, where a full series of observations are made, is supplemented by observations of particular features at many other points. The national government is represented by many features of its work in addition to -those already given. Among these are the great irrigation system near Belle Fourche, the depository assay office at Dead- wood, the forestry headquarters at Deadwood, Custer, Sundance and Camp Crook, the fish hatchery at Spear- fish, the soldiers’ and sailors’ sanitarium at Hot Springs, Fort Meade near Sturgis, the Indian school at Rapid City, land offices at Rapid City, Belle Fourche, Sundance and Lemmon, the national park and monu- ments, Wind Cave, Jewel C-ave, and Devils Tower, etc. Communication with all parts of the Hills is facili- tated by excellent wagon roads, and railroads are convenient to every important district. The main lines connecting with other parts of the country are the Chicago & Northwestern railway, , the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy railway, and the Chicago, Mil- waukee & St. Paul railway. These conditions make travel easy and the beauty of the scenery annually OF THE BLACK HILLS 23 attracts its thousands of visitors searching for busi- ness, investigation and pleasure. Wages are good and money is plentiful. With all of these favorable con- ditions is it any wonder that those of us here are delighted with our surroundings and the sometime inhabitants now in other parts of the world have such a longing to return? This then is the Black Hills! The Black Hills, where nature shows so much of her beautiful handi- work! A mountainous country where abundant springs pour forth sparkling cold water and where rollicking trout-laden streams proclaim words of joy and health! 'Hills whose rocks give forth the riches of mineral wealth, whose surfaces are clothed with the flowers and fruits that can come only from the hands of a generous Creator and whose people with few faults and many virtues worthily stand with those who are moving the world! PUBLICATIONS ON THE BLACK HILLS It is impossible to give here a full list of the several hundred books, pamphlets, and special papers that have been published on the Black Hills region. The following publications are likely to prove of most value to the general reader and will serve to direct attention to other literature that may be desired. Dodge, Lieut. Col. Richard I. .The Black Hills; New York, 1876, 151 pp. with plates and maps. This is a delightful narrative of the Newton-Jenney expedition of 1875 and contains much information of value to those interested in the early development of the region. Newton, Henry, and Jenney, W. I*. Report on the Geology and Resources of the Black Hills of Dakota, etc.; U. S. Geogr. and Geol. Surv., Special Report, Washington, 188 0, 56 6 pp. with plates, figures and maps. This is a summary scientific report of the entire Black Hills. It describes the geology, mineralogy, fauna, flora, etc., in much detail and was for many years a standard reference work. 24 O’HARRA’S HANDBOOK Tallent, Annie D. The Black Hills; or the Last Hunting Ground of the Dakotahs; St. Louis, 189 9, 713 pp. with plates. An interesting popular history written by the first woman to enter the Black Hills for the purpose of settlement. O’Harra, C. C. The Mineral Wealth of the Black Hills, South Dakota State School of Mines, Bull. No. 6, 1902, 88 pp., 22 plates and 3 figures. Describes the economic mineral deposits of the region and includes a general summary of the history, conditions and apparent possibilities of their develop- ment. O’Harra, C. C. .The Badland Formations of the Black Hills Region; South Dakota State School of Mines, Bull No. 9, 1910, 152 pp., 5 0 plates and 2 0 figures. In addition to a general summary description of the Badlands and their fossils, including many plates, this bulletin gives a list of all of the fossils described, also a list of about 14 0 papers containing informa- tion about the Badlandts and the fossils found therein. Graves, Henry S. The Black Hills Forest Reserve U. S-. Geol. Sctrv., 19th Annual [Report, 1899, part 5, pp. 67-16 4, with plates and maps. This is a very full report on the forest conditions of the Black Hills made soon after the reserve was established. Barton, X. H. Preliminary Description of the Geology and Water Resources of the Southern Half of the Black Hills and Adjoining Regions in South Dakota and Wyoming. U. iS. Geol. Surv., 21st Annual Report, 1901, part 4, pp. 497-599, with plates and maps. Barton, X. H. Geology and Water Resources of the Northern Portion of the Black Hills and Adjoin- ing Regions in South Dakota and Wyoming. U. S. Geol. Snrv. Prof. Paper No. 65, 1909, 105 pp., with plates and maps. The above papers by Mr. Darton give in fairly com- plete form a general up-to-date summary description OP THE BLACK HILLS 25 of the geology and water resources of the entire Black Hills uplift. Irving, J. D., Emmons, S. F., and Jaggar, T. A. Economic 'Resources of the Northern Black Hills. U. S. Geol. iSurv. Prof. Paper 1 N 0 . 26, 1904, 222 pp., with plates and maps. This includes a detailed description of the rocks, ore deposits and mines of the principle mining dis- tricts of the Northern Hills. Coffey, George N., and Party. Reconnoissance Soil Survey of Western South Dakota. U. S. Dept, of Agr. Bureau of Soils, 1911, 80 pp., with plates and maps. Gives a general preliminary description of the soils of the western part of the state and maps their dis- tribution. Indicates briefly some of the agricultural possibilities of the various soils. Sager, George V.. Climatology of Rapid City, South Dakota. U. S. Weather Bureau, 1913. Gives a compilation of observations made at the Rapid City station since its opening, January 1, 1888. There are in all twenty-two tables: covering conditions of temperature, rainfall, snowfall, Humidity, wind velocity and direction, sunshine, barometric pressure, fogs, thunderstorms, killing frosts, excessive pre- cipitation, etcetera. Black Hills Mining Mens’ Association. A consider- able number of important papers on the geology, mineralogy, mining and metallurgy of the Black Hills were read before the Black Hills Mining Mens’ Association at their regular monthly meetings and these were in 19 04 published by the association in collected form under one cover. The papers constitute a fairly complete resume of the conditions among the mines and mills at that time. U. S. Geological Survey Geologic Atlas Folios. The following gelogic atlas folios published by the U. S. Geological Survey will be found most servicable for detailed geologic and geographic facts. Each folio covering approximately 850 square miles contains 26 O’HARRA’S HANDBOOK several maps generally on the scale of two miles to the inch: Darton, N. H. Oelrichs Folio, No. 85, 19 02. iDarton, N. H., and Smith, U. S. T. Edgemont Folio, No. 107, 1904. Darton, N. H. Newcastle Folio, No. 107, 19 04. Darton, N. H. Sundance Folio, No. 127, 1905. Darton, N. H., and O’Harra, C. C. Aladdin Folio, No. 128, 1905. Darton, N. OH., and O’Harra, C. 0. Devils Tower Folio, No. 15 0, 19 0’7. Darton, N. IH.., and O’Harra, C. C. Belle Fourche Folio, No. 164, 1909. Each of the above folios contains a topographic sheet (or map) covering the area described. Other sheets completed and published separately are the following: Deadwood, Rapid City, Harney Peak, Hermosa, Newell. Large scale maps, one inch to the mile, are published as follows: Sturgis and Spear- fish covering the northern half of the Deadwood quadrangle; St. Onge covering the southeast corner of the Belle Fourche quadrangle; and Vale covering the southwest corner of the Newell quadrangle. The U. S. Geological Survey, in 1911, published Bulletin 472, Results of Spirit Leveling in /South Dakota, in which there is given the carefully determined height above sea level of about 63 0 places in the counties j of Butte, Custer, /Lawrence, Meade and Pennington. Similar data is available elsewhere for the adjoining counties in Wyoming, Nebraska and Montana. In addition to the above the South Dakota Histori- cal Collections of which six volumes have been pub- lished contain many documentary and narrative facts of value concerning the Black Hills. EARLY HISTORY The earliest known inhabitants of the Black Hills region were the Crow (Absaroka) Indians. The re- motest date of their occupancy is unknown, but it is believed to have been several hundred years ago, The Poncas entered the country perhaps as much as two CUSTER, THE OLDEST TOWN IN THE BLACK HILLS 28 OHARRA’S HANDBOOK hundred years ago, but finding it occupied remained only a short time. Later the Cheyennes, giving way under pressure of the westward moving Sioux, crossed the Missouri river and proceeding in migratory man- ner up the Cheyenne river found the Crows and forced them from the Black Hills country. The Da- kota Sioux (Teton branch), in turn, continuing their migration westward found the Black Hills about 17 75. : Tradition has it that the Cheyennes vigorously de- i fended their possessions, but that after many a severe : encounter, chief of which was the conflict at Battle mountain near Hot Springs, they were driven out. The advent of the iSioux serves in a fair way to mark | the beginning of Black Hills history yet for nearly a century later the mythical and legendary far over- shadow the meagre gleaning of actual events. From the time of the discovery of the Black Hills by the Sioux in 1775 until the beginning of gold mining in 18 75 the authentic history of the country comprises little more than a flitting glimpse of the fur-trading industry and the official records of oc- casional exploratory expeditions. A brief review of a number of these expeditions is given below . Sub-1 sequent to 1875 events of importance have multiplied with increasing rapidity. Reference to many of these is given elsewhere. EARLY TRADING POSTS During the first half of the last century there was much trading done with the Indians by the agents of the American Fur Company and several trading posts within easy reach of the Black Hills were established. The better-known ones were located as follows: At the confluence of the Cheyenne and Belle Fourche rivers; on the Cheyenne near Pedro; on Cherry creek near where it joins the Cheyenne; near Thunder butte; on White river; on Bad river. GOLD DISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENT ^ The earliest authentic account of the finding of gold in the Black Hills dates from July 27, 1874, at DEADWOOD, THE WELL KNOWN MINfNG CITY OF THE NORTHERN BLACK HILLS 30 O’HARRA’S HANDBOOK which time (Mr. H. N. Ross and Mr. W. T. McKay, miners accompanying the expedition of General Custer, found small quantities of the precious metal in the -bed of French creek within the present sight of Custer. The report that gold had been found quickly reached the outside world and being greatly exaggerated as to- amount aroused much excitement among the frontiersmen. As a result only a few weeks after the Ouster expedition a party entered the Hills, reaching French creek December 23, 1874. This was the first party o-f white people ever to enter the Black Hills for the purpose of settlement. It left Covington on the Missouri river near Sioux City, October 6, 187 4. The party, known as the- Collins-Russel party, con- sisted of 2 6 men, one woman — Mrs. A. D. Tallent — - and one boy. They proceeded at once to build a strong enclosure known as the Gordon stockade, two and one-half miles- below the present site of Custer, for shelter and protection from the Indians. A few weeks later the government learned of their settle- ment and wishing to protect the rights of the Indians who had not yet relinquished the Black (Hills sent messengers requiring the party to leave the country. On April 6 under escort of a company o-f cavalry they left for Ft. Laramie. Almost at once after the Collins-Russel party was escorted out of the Hills by the soldiers a small num- ber of men from near Rled Cloud agency (now Camp Robinson, near Crawford, Ne,b.) secretly entered and some of them reoccupied the abandoned stockade on French creek. Those who remained at the stockade were soon found by soldiers and taken back to the agency. They later returned by a circuitous route and during subsequent weeks hundreds of others came in. Most of these were compelled to leave again in August by order of the military authorities. Short- ly thereafter the Indians gave indications of going onto the warpath and about December 1, 18 75, the soldiers were withdrawn from the Hills. Govern- mental opposition to the entrance of wmte men OP THE BLACK HILLS 31 practically ceased at this time and the great inrush then began. Notwithstanding the hostile attitude of the Indians more than 10,00/0 people are said to have entered the Hills during the winter and spring months. At first Ouster park on French creek was the goal to be reached, but a little later activity shifted to the northern Hills and Deadwood became the center of interest. SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION Scientific investigation of the Black Hills may be said to have begun in 185 5. Dr. F. V. Hayden in company with members of the American Fur Com- pany saw a good deal of the foot hills during the early part of that year and on March 9th he ascended Bear Butte. This and subsequent visits enabled him to publish important reports and maps of the country. Later in the same year Lieut. Warren, a member of the military expedition under command of General Harney made many observations on the geology, topography, meteorology, etc., while enroute along the old trail from Ft. Laramie to Ft. Pierre. He continued these studies during the two following years and published the results shortly thereafter. The Custer expedition in 1874 explored consider- able portions of the Hills including much of the dif- ficultly accessible and hitherto unexplored mountainous area. Captain William Ludlow was chief of engi- neers; Prof. N. H. Winchell, geologist; and Mr. G. B. Grinnell, naturalist. A valuable report was published as a result of this work, including numerous sections and an important geological map. In the following year, 1875, a party was sent out by the Secretary of the Interior under the auspices of the U. S. Geographical and Geological Survey of the Rocky Mountain region for the purpose of making * a topographical survey and of obtaining information regarding the geology, the mineral deposits and o;her natural resources of the Hills. It is commonly known as the Newton-Jenney survey, Mr. Walter P. Jenney having charge of the party and Mr. Henry Newton 32 O'HARRA’S HANDBOOK looking after the chief part cf the geological investi- gation. Dr. V. T. McGillicudy was chief topographer, and Col. R. I. Dodge was in command of the troops accompanying the 'party. The work, although limited as to time, was carefully done and the accumulation of facts was particularly satisfactory. Publication of the results was given to the public in the form of an elaborate monograph. Along with the preceding explorations, in fact antedating the earliest investigations of Hayden by I half a dozen years the Badlands received much at- tention from collecting parties from various eastern institutions of learning and this has continued with unabated interest to the present time. Subsequent to the Newton-Jenney survey scientific investigation in the Black Hills region has progressed along many lines and has been carried on by many in- dividuals and institutions. Special mention should be made of the work of the U. S’. Geological Survey, the U. S. Reclamation Service, the U. S. Department of Agriculture, the U. S. Weather Bureau, and the South Dakota State School of Mines. At the present time the amount and quality of scientific investigation as represented by published 'papers compares favorably with many an cider settled region. Reference to much of this work is found in various places in this handbook. EARLY ROADS, MAIL ROUTES AND TELEGRAPH LINES The following well known roads or trails were early established and used in coming to and returning from the Black Hills: 1 . The iS'ydney trail from Sydney, Nebraska to Custer. 2. The Cheyenne trail from Cheyenne, Wyoming, to Custer. 3. The Bismarck trail from Bismarck, North Da- kota to Deadwmod. 4. The Pierre trail from Ft. Pierre to Rapid City and Deadwood. 83 U < *3 0 83 B O 83 s £ |S «H gP 5 S •H S +- 4 > ^ £ « w r£rp ^2cc I § “ on MtT 2 ® i> C Si d •*-' 02 .s > ® rCrtl'S O -*> ,£2 •»-< 71 0^.2 ©S CI 73 GW-£ ® " K w | o-s 2 ® ® “ fimfl®P C 0 9« v- ■“ Ci a% v. 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OP THE BLACK HILLS 69 The drainage areas above the gaging stations men- tioned in the preceding table are as follows: Belle Fourche above the mouth of Redwater, 32 50 square miles. Redwater river at Belle Fourche, 1015 square miles. Spearfish creek near Spearfish, 230 square miles. Box Elder creek east of Blackhawk, 157 square miles. Rapid river at Rapid City, 410 square miles. Spring creek at Blair’s ranch, 2 05 square miles. Cheyenne river at Edgemont, 735 0 square miles. Little [Missouri river a: Camp Crook, 19 00 square miles. Moreau river at Bixby, 1600 square miles. ARTESIAN WELLS The artesian possibilities of the Black Hills region are by most people very much underestimated. The total number of flowing wells in the immediate Black Hill® region is about eighty. The most extensive de- velopment is in the Belle Fourche valley, particularly in the vicinity of Belle Fourche and Spearfish. In the earlier days the only formations considered worthy of attention were the Dakota and Dakota sand- stones. Later investigation has developed the fact that older formations are also available. For example, the successful wells at Spearfish and Rapid City which penetrate the Minnelusa formation ,the wells at Cam- bria which continue down into the Pahasapa, and the wells at Edgemont which go still deeper into the Deadwcod formation. The accompanying artesian map shows the areas in which there is a possibility of securing flowing wells from the Dakota-Lakota sandstones. Outside of the tracts there indicated, there are vast areas in which the water will rise under pressure to varying heights in the wells, but will not flow out on top. In addition to the available Dakota-Lakota forma- tions the most favorable so far as depth is concerned is the Minnelusa. For various reasons which cannot 70 O’HARRA’S HANDBOOK be readily explained here these waters are available chiefly on the lowlying lands of the Red Valley and favorable areas outside the valley closely connected therewith. Little is known as to how much op- portunity there is for securing flows by penetrating the Pahasapa and the Deadwood formations. In the case of the Pahasapa the uncertainty is increased by the tightness of the limestone in many places and by the almost universal cavernous nature of the rock outcroppings on the surface and to a considerable distance below the overlapping strata. The Dead- wood formation in some places is quartzitic, hence too tight for water percolation. The deep Edgemont wells, however, show abundant flow's and no doubt future observations will prove the avilability of this formation in other localities. The artesian conditions can perhaps be better in- dicated by giving illustrations from various localities. In the vicinity of Belle 'Fourche the w'ells which pene- trate the Dakota Dakota sandstones run ordinarily from 3 00 to 6 0>0 or 800 feet in depth East of Belle Fourche along the river they increase in depth though in certain places on account of slight folds in the rocks the depth is not so great. Ten miles north of Belle Fourche the depth required is about 2,O i OO feet. North- east of Belle Fourche on Indian creek it is approxi- mately the same. East of Belle Fourche on Indian creek it runs approximately 2,000 to 2,500 feet. At St. Onge the distance in places should not be more than 15 0 to 2 00 feet. At the big bend of the Belle Fourche river near Stoneville flats it should be from 2 00 to 5 00 feet. Near Newcastle it varies widely within short distances, running from shallow depths to 1,5 00 feet, or even 2,000 feet. A very few miles to the south and southwest of Newcastle it runs to 2,5 00 or 3,000 feet over a large area. Near the iS. & -or. ranch it varies from 10 0 to 500 feet. Near Hulett ranch on the Little Missouri river it is ap- proximately 15'0 to 250 feet. Near Yeast ranch at the head of the Little Missouri it varies with extreme rapidity from two or three hundred to two or three NEAR SILVER CITY ON RAPID CREEK 72 O'HARRA’S HANDBOOK thousand feet. In the large expanse of gently sloping land in Box Elder creek a few miles northeast of Rapid City the depth varies from about 1,400 to 2,000 feet, increasing fairly rapidly as one goes down the valley. In Pleasant valley east of Tilford k varies from about. 1,2 0 0 to 3,000 feet, the greater depths being to the east. At Brennan it is approximately 1,30'0 feet, the available area at this point being rather narrow. At Wasta it should ,be about 2,5 00 feet. On the State School of Mines grounds near the eastern edge of Rapid City it is about 800 or 9 00 feet. The Minnelusa formation affords- water at Spearfish at a depth of approximately 3 00 feet and there is no reason why many wells sunk on Centennial prairie, on lower Higgins gulch, Chicken creek, Beaver creek, and the vicinity of Beulah, Government valley and farther south on the western side of the Hills might not afford similar favorable conditions. The same may be said of many other places, as for example, the vicinity of Sturgis, Tilford, Piedmont, and Blackhaw'k in the northern Hills, a considerable area around and to the northwest of Minnekata, and in Martin valley in the southern Hills. Two wells recently put down near Rapid City obtain good flows at about 2 00 feet. IRRIGATION There are vast traces of prairie land surrounding the Black Hills long used for grazing that are suitable for growing crops but which need an artificial supply of water in order to place their cultivation on a sure basis. Many of the lower valley lands that have been supplied are veritable garden spots and in recent years a great impetus has been given to the utiliza- tion of available waters so as to reclaim the higher bench lands. The common method of irrigation has been simply to tap some running stream and convey the water over the land ,by means of flumes and ditches. In later and better development effort, is made to form storage reservoirs. This allows for the utilization of water which would otherwise flow away during the non-irrigating season. The result is that THE LIMESTONE ESCARPMENT WEST OF ROCHFORD 74 O’HARRA’S HANDBOOK there is a greater regularity in the flow of the water onto the land and a greater permanency to the system. With the exception of the Belle Fourche district irrigated under direction of the United States Recla- mation Service all of the land thus far reclaimed has been by means of private systems. Some of these are of considerable magnitude and have been in opera- tion for a considerable number of years. The follow- ing will serve as illustrations: The Redwater canal, begun in 18 78 and added to from time to time, takes water from Redwater river near the mou:h of False- bottom and extending down the south side of the valley continues into the Belle Fourche valley to one and one-half miles east of iSnoma. Its total length is 3 0 miles and it carries water sufficient to irrigate ap- proximately 5,0 00 acres. The cost per acre is said to be about $1.50 a year. The Edgemont canal, built in the early nineties, has not been in continuous use. It taps Cheyenne river near the northwestern corner of Fall River county and extends down the south side of the valley to near Edgemont, a distance of about 14 miles. It is now supplying about 2,000 acres. Cascade ditch utilizes the abundant water from Cas- cade springs situated ten miles southwest of Hot Springs. It accommodates about 2,01)0 acres at a cost of $1.50 per acre per annum. The Iowa ditch and the Hawthorne ditch are important ditches in Rapid valley below Rapid City. The Iowa ditch on the north side of the creek is six miles long and ir- rigates 1,000 acres. The Hawthorne ditch also on the north side is 8V 2 miles long and supplies approxi- mately 1,0 00 acres. There are countless other ditches, prominent among which are those of Spearfisli valley, which is perhaps the best cultivated; valley in all of the Black Hills, and there is scarcely an important stream leading from the Hills that is not utilized in some way for irrigating purposes. Several large pro- jects are now under consideration by the state, and some of these will doubtless be developed in the next few years. Important among these are the Little OF THE BLACK HILLS 75 Missouri project near Camp Crook, 40,000 acres; the Cheyenne valley project in eastern Pennington coun- ty, 10 0,000 acres; Rapid valley, 50,000 acres; White river near Kadoka, 2 0,0 00 acres, and extensive tracts on the Moreau and 1 the Grand as well as farther east on the lower Cheyenne, White and Bad rivers. In confirmation of the interest displayed in water con- servation and utilization it. may be stated that since the enactment of the State Irrigation Code in 19 05 more than 2 00 permits to appropriate water have been issued to land holders in Butte, Perkins, Harding, Meade, Lawrence, Pennington, Custer and Fall River counties and approximately 1,000 dry draw filings relating to the constructicn of dams across dry draws have been made from the same counties. SPRINGS AND WATER SUPPLY Few countries are better supplied with springs of ■good wholesome water than are the Black Hills. The nature and position of the many different rock strata are especially favorable for their development and much of the water carried by the streams is supplied in this way. Some of the towns have fcr many years obtained their supply directly from springs and many of the others have utilized streams that carry in the dry season little else than spring w T ater. Generally the water is cold and among the higher peaks it is often little above freezing temperature even in summer. The chief exception in temperature is in the case of the well known w r aters that give name to the city of Hot Springs. These vary from 92 degrees to 97 degrees, and are thus by nature ideal for bathing purposes. Not many of the Black Hills springs have Ibeen analyzed but a considerable num- ber are known to be mineralized. A few in a re- stricted locality near Cambria are highly saline and have furnished much common salt for commercial use. Many along the western side of the slate and schist area carry decomposition products of iron pyrite and other minerals. The springs at Hot Springs contain mineral matter of medicinal value, 76 O’HARRA’S HANDBOOK and this together with their temperature have given these waters their chief fame. They are known to contain sulphates of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium, chlorides of calcium, ammonium, mag- nesium and sodium, nitrate carbona.e and phosphate of magnesium, iron, alumina, silica, potassium chlo- rate, bromide and iodide of potassium, beside certain organic and volatile matters. OAVES The caves of the Black Hills are among the most beautiful and interesting known. Three of these, namely: Wind cave, near Hot Springs; Jewel cave, near Ouster, and Crystal cave, near Piedmont, have been extensively explored 1 , and Wind cave, the most accessible to the average tourist, is visited each year by several thousand people. Crystal cave, formerly visited with ease, is now not so readily reached. It was first opened to the public in 18 9 0, but w T ith the removal of the railway from Elk Creek canyon, at the side of which the cave is situated, and the relinquish- ment of private possession, publicity of its beauty practically ceased. Jewel cave, now a national monu- ment, is twelve miles west of Custer, and, as in the case of Crystal cave, its attractiveness has not been vigorously emphasized. Crystal cave is beautiful be- cause of its brilliant walls of facetted w'hite calcite crystals, Jewel cave because of its crystals, irregular coatings and stalactitic growths, and Wind cave especially because of its glittering aragonite frostwork and popcorn coating and its brownish and bluish calcite boxwork. In addition to the gorgeous nature of the latter cavern with its innumerable rooms and hallways an interesting feature and one liable to call forth a comment of astonishment from every visitor is the strong inflow or outflow of air currents, the direction depending upon the changing barometric pressure of the locality. Wind cave is readily reached from Hot Springs by team or automobile, daily trips being made through a pretty country over a smooth mountain road and competent guides see to it that A CHARACTERISTIC SURFACE OF FROSTWORK 78 O'HARRA’S HANDBOOK every visitor is properly oared for while in the cave or on the grounds. Pour routes in the cave are avail- able, namely: the Garden of Eden, the Pair Grounds, the Pearly Gates and the Blue Grotto. All may be travelled with safety and without undue faague. GOLD MINES It is impossible to give in this handbook a complete account of all of the gold mines, past and present, in the Black Hills, nor does it seem advisable to try to trace the varying importance of each one. Three classes of mines now 1 active stand out prominently, namely: those of the mineralized zones, chiefly free- milling, in the old Algonkian rocks, of which the Homestake at Lead is the type; those of the refractory siliceous red' and blue ores of the Cambrian sedi- mentaries, of which the Golden Reward in Ruby Basin may serve as example; and those of the free-milling quartz veins which intersect the Algonkian rocks especially where they are associated with granitic in- trusions. One of the most typical is the Holy Terror of Keystone, now inactive, but for some years very productive. The first class is represented chiefly in the northern Hills, the second only in the northern Hills, the third chiefly in the southern Hills. A brief description of the three mines named follows here- with: The Homestake Mine. The history of the Homestake mine is peculiarly instructive. There is opportunity here for but the briefest chronology. The Homestake Mining Com- pany was incorporated in California in November, 1877, the capital stock at the time consisting of 100,- 000 shares at $100 each. The interests represented were chiefly those of Messrs. Hearst, Haggin and Tevis. The original Homestake lode claim had been purchased from the locator, Moses Manuel, a few weeks earlier for $70,0 00. Several nearby claims were also purchased at that time, and later others were added. Work began with $2 00,000 actual cash. The first machinery, an eighty-stamp mill, made in ) THE BEGINNING OF A MINE so O’HARRA’S HANDBOOK San Francisco, was shipped by rail to Cheyenne, Wyoming, this being the nearest railroad point. Ox teams hauled it the remaining 3 00 miles. The total cost of the mill delivered was approximately $140,- 0 00. The mill w r as placed in commission in July, 1878, and yielded: good returns from the very start. PTorn time to time other mills were added until now the total number of stamps is 1,000. This includes the stamps originally purchased by the Father de Srnet, the Caledonia, the Highland, and the Dead- wood-Terry companies, the properties of which, in course of development, were merged into the Home- stake. Recent acquisitions have greatly increased the acreage on or near the lode, and the company also holds important timber tracts, water rights, etc., distant from the mine. In 188 0 the company began a narrow gauge railroad into the forested area along nipper Elk creek. This, the first railroad in the Black Hills, was gradually extended so that finally it con- nected Lead with the Chicago and Northwestern rail- road at Piedmont. In the year 19 01 the road was sold to the Burlington railway company. The mine is known as a low grade gold mine, and is one of the greatest gold mines in the world. In the early years the ore, chiefly free milling, averaged over $6 to the ton. During the past fifteen or twenty years it has generally been a little more than $4 a ton. To this should be added a few cents' in silver. Mining is by open cut and underground workings. Of the more than 10'0 miles of underground workings nearly half is tracked for the hauling of ore. For many years mine timbers were used in enormous quantity, but later methods of mining have required much less timbering. Several shafts serve to lift the ore to the surface and to lower men and mine supplies. Chief of these is the Ellison, which is about 2,000 feet deep and which has at its top what is said to be one of the finest hoisting plants and one of the best air compres- sors in America. For many years steam was the only -power available. This is now supplanted in large measure by electricity. To generate this electricity OF THE BLACK HILLS 81 the company has a 65'0-horse power plant at Engle- wood built several years ago and a much larger plant — 8,000 horse power — on iSpearfish creek, placed in commission about a year ago. Amalgamating stamp mills extract the free gold while the concentrates, including sands and slimes, are cyanided. The bul- lion, for many years, sent direct to New York City, is now deposited in the U. S. assay office in Deadwood. The total production of the mine to date is approxi- mately $125, 0000, 0'00. The total dividends approxi- mate $28, 000,00b. The company employs constantly about 2,500 men, the payroll aggregating more than $2 00, (MM) a month. It is of interest to note in this connection that 115 men, known as the “Homestake Veterans,” now employed have been on the payroll for more than twenty-one years. Mr. T. J. Grier has been superintendent since 1884. The company has always had a care for the welfare of its employes. For nearly thirty-five years a well equipped hospital has been provided by it which for the past three years has been free in every respect to the operatives of the company and all of those de- pending on them for support. A free public library, named the Hearst Free Library, is maintained by Mrs. Hearst, one of the largest stockholders, who has al- ways shown a hearty interest in the community. At the present time a magnificent free recreation build- ing is being erected by the company. In addition to all these, provision is made by Mrs. Hearst for free kindergarten training for the young children, and religious teaching has been fostered 1 . The Golden Reward Mine. The Golden Reward mine, or group of mines as it may !be considered, comprises more than 3,000 acres of highly productive mineral lands lying chiefly to the south of Bald mountain in what is commonly known as Ruby basin. Terry is the central town of the district and Deadwood is only five or six miles away. The company has been one of the most active in the Black Hills and, with the exception of the much greater output of the Homestake already mentioned, 82 O’HARRA’S HANDBOOK its production has been more than that of any other company. Much of the property is now under lease and some of it is inactive, but during the height of development there were over fifty miles of under- ground workings, about two-thirds of which were on ore bodies. The shoots, as the ore bodies are called, reach commonly a vertical thickness of several feet, a width of sometimes one hundred feet or more, and one was continuous in length for more than a mile. The company began mining in 1889 when the metallurgy of the siliceous ores was still in the ex- perimental stage. In 1891 they were operating a barrel chlorination plant with a capacity of fifty tons a day. The Deadwood and Delaw'are smelter, built in Deadwood in 189 0, later came under control of the company, and after having been rebuilt and enlarged to 5 0b-ton capacity, was kept in active operation for a considerable number of years. Much of the ore is oxidized (red or brown ore) but a considerable part is uncxidized (blue ore). It is ail refractory, but che gold is more easily extracted from the oxidized ere. The oxidized ores are now treated chiefly by cyanidation, the company having a 2 00-ton dry crushing cyanide plant in Deadwood. Such of the blue ores as require smelting are now sent out of the Hills for treatment. The ore varies considerably in value, most of it ranging between five dollars and twenty dollars a ton. The mining of the ere, which is in what is known as the “flat formation,” is done chiefly by means of tunnels or adits conveniently located with reference to the gulches which cut below the general ore levels. Such shafts as have been necessary are generally not more than about two hundred feet deep. A large body of sulphide ore found near the south- eastern border of the basin several years ago, but not then utilized because of the special treatment required, has during the past two or three years received much attention. A roasting plant recently erected near it for the purpose of recovering the values is to be in- RUBY BASIN AS SEEN FROM TERRY PEAK 84 O’HARRA’S HANDBOOK creased in capacity as the development of the ore body may require. The Holy Terror Mine. The Holy Terror mine at Keystone, located in 189 4 and in vigorous operation for about nine years, is now inactive. It had, however, a longer aproximately con- tinuous production than any other mine of the central Hills. Humorously named by the discoverer ‘‘The Holy Terror,” for his wife, the mine’s startling name was evenly matched by the startling richness of the ore, and during the days of its activity was one of the best known mines of the region. The ore was free-milling quartz in the form of a steeply dipping, narrow vein, and was mined by means of cross cuts from a vertical shaft. Much of the ore was excessively rich and many fine specimens found their way in o private collections or into public museums. For some years the mine, although working a small number of men, paid handsome dividends, totalling, it is said, about $ 2'0'0 , 0 00 . The statement has (been made that by means of its ten-stamp mill the production reached ais high as $70,000 in one week. Owing to the narrow- ness of the vein sinking progressed rapidly, and in 1 903 litigation due to accidents, expense of deep mining, etcetera, necessitated the closing down of the works. The shaft at the time operations ceased w r as approximately 1,2 00 feet deep. METALLURGICAL PLANTS The metallurgical plants of the Hills may be classed as amalgamating plants, cyanide plants, smelters and one roaster. Chlorination plants were once import- ant but none are now in operation. There are also no smelters actively at work. Two small chloridizing plants w r ere in operation for awhile — one at Galena, erected in 1881, and one at Carbonate, erected in 1887. Amalgamating Plants. The ores of the Homestake belt and of the central and southern Hills are largely free milling and stamp mills have been the usual MINERS A THOUSAND FEET UNDER THE GROUND S6 O’HARRA’S HANDBOOK method of crushing the ore. The Homestake has several mills and a total of 1,00 0 stamps. The num- ber of amalgamating mills that have been built is in- definite and the life of several has been of short dura- tion. Doubtless several thousand stamps have been placed in commission at one time or another in the Hills. Smelters. The first smelter in the Black Hills was erected at Galena in 1881. A second was erected at Carbonate in 188 7. The first was in operation more or less continuously for ten years and the latter for about two years. The Deadwood and Delaware smelter was built in Deadwood in 188 8. This burned March 10, 1898 and a larger one wias built. Later this plant came under the control of the Golden Re- ward Company. It continued a successful run for several years. In 19 01 a smelter was built in Rapid City. It ran intermittently for awhile, but has been idle for several years. A small smelter was recently erected at Galena, but at present writing it has not .been placed in commission. A small smelter for copper ores was erected several years ago near Sheridan, but was in use only a brief time. Chlorination Plants. Although no longer used in the Black Hills it will doubtless be of interest to re- cord that a chlorination plant — The Golden Reward — • was- erected at Deadwcod in 1887, another at Rapid City in 1890, and a third, the Kildonan, at Pluma in 1896. Cyanide Plants. The oxidized siliceous ores of the northern Hills which are wholly refractory and the concentrates from the Homestake belt are now gen- erally cyanided in order to extract the gold. It is perhaps unnecessary here to give even a list of the two or three dozen plants that have been built. Im- portant ones now in active operation are the three Homestake plants at Lead, Deadwood and near Terra- ville, the Lundburg, Dorr & Wilson at Terry, the Wasp No. 2 and the Bismarck near Lead, the Trojan near Portland, and Roaster. A roaster recently erected near Terry by THE WASP NO. 2 AND TAILINGS DUMP The Bismark on the Left 88 O’HARRA’S HANDBOOK the Golden Reward Company treats a highly pyritifer- ous siliceous ore. The plant has been in operation but a brief time, but seems to have demonstrated its usefulness in very satisfactory manner. Ore Dressing: Plants. During the days of the early tin development — 1883-1892 — several tin concentrat- ing plants were erected in the Harney Peak district. Chief of these were one near Plill City, one near Key- stone, and one near Glendale. More recently a plant was erected at Tinton in the northern ITills. ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS The water power of the Black Hills streams is a valuable asset, but until recent years little attention was given .to its utilization except in a small way in sluicing or in driving mills. Two small hydro-electric plants were built in the early days, one at Rapid City and one at Hot Springs, but recently much larger plants have been erected, notably the one of 15 00 horse power on Redwater creek, owned by the Con- solidated Power and Light Company; the one of 5,000 horse power on Spearflsh creek, owned by the Homestake Mining Company; and the one of 25 O'O horse power on Rapid creek, owned' by the Dakota Power Company. There is also at Englewood a smaller plant owned by thei Homestake company and used in connection with their Spearfish plant. Several steam electric plants are or have been in operation, the most important of which are the plant cf the Consolidated Power and Light Company at Pluma, between Deadwood and Lead, and the auxiliary plant of the Dakota Power Company at Rapid City. It has been estimated that without excessive cost fully 15 0,000 horse power can be developed from the streams of the Black Hills. Surveys to cover the development of 30,0'00 horse power are already made. The chief present use of the power is for city and home lighting and for general mining and milling purposes. Recent line connection made between the Rapid City plant and the plants of the northern Hills gives opportunity to utilize the power to best ad- TWIN FALLS ON SPEARFISH CREEK 90 O’HARRA’S HANDBOOK vantage and provides against inconvenience in case one plant suffers injury. Spearfish is supplied from the Homestake plant; Deadwood, Lead, Belle Fourche, Whitewood, and other towns of the northern Hills from the Consolidated plant. Sturgis, Edgemont, and offier places have their local steam plants. Newcastle and Cambria are suplied by the plant of the Cambria Coal Company. Practically all of the mines of the northern Hills now use electricity, the Homestake being the largest consumer on account of its many stamps in constant operation as well as its extensive underground workings. The stucco plant at Black- hawk is supplied from the Dakota power plant. GAS PLANTS There are two gas plants in the Black Hills serving general city needs, one at Pluma and one at Rapid City. The Pluma plant supplies Deadwood and Lead. The combined capacity of the two plants is sufficient to supply, if necessary, about 40,000 people. STONE QUARRIES The chief building stone at present utilized is the Dakota sandstone. This is quarried in large quantity near Hot Springs and it has entered into the construc- tion of many fine buildings within and outside of the Black Hills. The Dakota and the very similar Da- kota sandstone have also been quarried in some con- siderable quantity at or near Rapid City, Sturgis, Whitewood, Spearfish and Edgemont. The Unkpapa sandstone, the Minnekahta limestone, the Deadwood quar;zite and the Pahasapa limestone have received some attention, but in most cases the convenience and suitability of the Dakota-Lakota stone has made it unnecessary or undesirable to exploit the others. Large quantities of the Minnekahta and Pahasapa are quarried for use as railroad ballast and for general concrete work. BRICK PLANTS Common building brick has been made in some OP THE BLACK HILLS 91 quantity from alluvial clays in nearly all of the im- portant towns of the Hills. For many years there was an extensive plant (between Deadwood and Lead. Rapid City has had a plant for approximately a quarter of a century, and recently a -sand-lime brick plant was also placed in commission. Sturgis, Spear- fish, Hill City, Hot Springs, Newcastle and other towns have all produced brick more or less con- tinuously. Fire brick was made in a small way for several years at Rapid City. STUCCO MILLS AND LIME KILNS There are now two plants in the Hills actively en- gaged in the manufacture of gypsum products — one at Rapid City, built in 19 08 and owned by the U. S. Gypsum Company, and one at Blackhawk, built in 1911 and owned by local capitalists. A plant was in operation for a number of years at Hot Springs and another for a short time at Sturgis. Both the Rapid City mill and the Blackhawk mill have been in practically continuous operation ever since their con- struction. The gypisum is of excellent qualify and the quantity is practically unlimited. It outcrops as a nearly continuous band all around the Hills and varies in thickness from a few feet up to thirty or more. The Minnekahta limestone supplies practically all of the lime used in the /Hills. Kilns are now in ope- ration near Rapid City, Doyle, Newcastle, Hot Springs, Pringle and Spearfisih. Some of the lime, especially that burned near Doyle, is used in the cyanidation of gold ores. At Rapid City considerable quantities have been used in the manufacture* of sand-lime brick. PAINT MILL There was for several years a paint mill at Custer. Soft limonitic bog ore chiefly from near Rochford was roasted and ground. The mill used only a few hundred tons* each year, lienee was in operation usually only a few weeks or months at a time. The mill was destroyed by fire about three years ago. 92 O’HARRA’S HANDBOOK ARTIFICIAL ICE PLANTS There is a well appointed artificial ice plant and cold storage house at Pluma. This has .been in suc- cessful operation for several years and was es- tablished for general commercial purposes. Another smaller ice plant is in operation in connection wfitfi the Soldiers’ and Bailors’ Sanitarium at Hot Springs, ibut this serves the needs only of the one institution. CREAMERIES Dairying has become a substantial industry in the Black Hills country and gives promise of growing to greater prominence. Creameries are now located at Belle Fourche, Deadwood, Marcus, Rapid City, St. Onge, Sundance and Wfhitewood. Others are nearing completion at Strool and Bison. The Deadwood, Marcus and St. Onge creameries make only butter. The others make butter and ice cream. In addition to the great amounts of cream sold to the above named creameries large quantities are purchased by the creameries of other places, especially, Minneapolis, Omaha and Sioux City. PACKING PLANT There is one packing plant in the Black Hills. This plant built at Rapid City by local capitalists in the fall of 19 09, was placed' in commission in January 1910 and lias been in continuous operation since then. Many of the dealers in the various cities and towns prepare their own meot products and the larger pack- ingcompanies of Chicago, Omaha, Sioux City, etc. are represented by well stocked warehouses. FLOURING MILLS There are nine flouring mills in the Black Hills country, one at each of the following places: Belle Fourche, Beulah, Newcastle, Philip, Rapid City, Spearfish, Sturgis, Sundance, Whitewood. The total capacity of these mills is approximately 6 00 barrels a day. The oldest is the Spearfish mill, built in 18 79. The largest is the Rapid City mill, built in 18 89. Its OF THE BLACK HILLS 93 capacity is 175 'barrels a day and lias a bin storage for wheat of 80,000 bushels, in addition to elevators at Sturgis and Fruitdale, which together hold 13,000 bushels. The mills use almost only home grown spring wheat, which because of the soil and the cli- matic conditions is the fines! wheat grown in the United States. SAW MILLS AND PLANING MILLS The lumber business has been of importance in the Black Hills from the earliest days of their occupation by white men. There are at the present time twenty- three mills east of the South Dakota-Wyoming line using Black Hills lumber, seven of them being sup- plied from the Black Hills national forest and sixteen from the IHarney national forest. Others are supplied from the Sundance national forest. A considerable part of the cut-over land is privately owned but most of it is under the control of the government. The capacity of the mills varies greatly. The largest mill, erected at Rapid City during the winter of 19 07-08 and in continuous operation since then, is sawing from 1,200,000 to 1,5 00, 0 O'O feet a month. The Home- stake Mining company recently completed a large mill at Nemo and this will soon be placed in operation. Some of the larger mills have narrow gauge or stand- ard gauge railways extending into the forest thus fa- cilitating the collection of sawed logs. Much of the lumber is used within the Hills but large quantities are shipped to more distant points. CONE-SEEDING PLANTS One of the unique plants of the country is the cone- seeding plant at Custer. This was built two years ago and is operated by the U .S. Forest Service. It is especially constructed for the purpose of extracting the seeds from pine cones. The seeds are used in re- foresting areas in the Black Hills and elsewhere on which the timber has been accidentally destroyed or otherwise removed. Last year 8,000 bushels of cones yielded at the plant approximately 11,000 pounds of 94 O’HARRA’S HANDBOOK seeds. The plant was in operation nearly four months. A private plant, owned by J. Y. Valentine and situ- ated nine miles east of Custer, has also extracted large quantities 00 a year for maintenance. There are now several buildings con- structed on plans best suited to the treatment of tuberculosis, and recent liberal appropriation will add much to the capacity and usefulness of the instiu- tion. Only those persons are received who are af- flicted with plumonary tuberculosis in the incipient stage and who show a reasonable probability of im- provement therein. A charge is made to cover cost of treatment. In addition to the 160 acres of ground owned by the state the federal government has leased to the institution free of cost for a term of 9 9 years about 8 00 acres of the adjoining forest land, thus in- suring abundant pasturage, fuel and desirable seclusion. Dry Farming Experiment Stations. The stave legislature in 19 07 authorized the selec- tion of certain lands fcr experimental farm purposes. Accordingly the Cottonwood experiment farm of 6 40 acres — section 16, township 1 south, range 19 east — about one mile east of Cottonwood, was located in 1908. In 1911 the legislature authorized the location of a dry farming experiment station in Fall River county. In conformity with this a section of land — - section 3 6, township 10 south, range 7 east — about two and one-half miles south of Oelrichs, was selected. Buildings have been erected at each of these stations and experimental work is now in progress. In addi- tion to these the federal government has two stations in the region — one near Ardmore and' one near Orman. State Forest Reserve South Dakota has recently come into possession of a valuable timber tract in 'Custer county which was received in lieu of school sections claimed by the state within the national forest reserves. The president of the United States on February 15, 1912, issued a proclamation granting the transfer. The tract lies near the eastern edge of the Black Hills forested area in Custer county and is in townships 3 and 4 south, ranges 5 and 6 east, Black Hills meridian. A smaller 108 O’HARRA’S HANDBOOK tract representing part of the exchange and embracing about 12,2 00 acres iis in Short Pine Hills in Harding county, but this is nearly free from timber. The Custer county reserve contains more than 2 00,000,00 0 hoard feet of mercantable timber gesides much young timber. Recent legislative action provides for fencing the tract and using the reserve as a scale big game preserve. STATE LANDS 'South Dakota at the time of admittance into the Union received from the government certain lands for particular purposes. These are classed as common school and indemnity lands, endowment lands, and public buildings lands. The common school lands include sections 16 and 36 in each township for the support of common schools- — an original of approxi- mately 2,811,32 8 acres. Whenever the state lost any of these sections or any part thereof, either through homesteads, Indian allotments or otherwise as autho- rized by congress, it was permitted to indemnify itself by taking from any unappropriated government lands in the state lieu lands of equal acreage to those lost. Such lands are known as indemnity lands. The en- dowment lands were granted for the maintenance of the charitable and higher educational institutions of the state and were not specifically located when granted. They now include about 580,000 acres and Table Showing Total Number of Acres of Unsold Common School, Indemnity, Public Buildings and Endowment Lands in the Black Hills Counties, June JO, 1912. Com’ on Indem- Public Endow- 1 School nity Bldgs. ment | Total Butte 78,161.00 53,132.70 10,916.74 89,076.74 56,850.46 9,703.04 54,509.91 121,063.41 201,434.56 Harding 93,018.03 21,121.00 48,110.43 18,283.88 42,022.22 Meade 115,343.82 9,439.20 1,913.20 54,985.23 1S1,6S1.45 Pennington Perkins. 102,802.70 100,481.00 12,365.75 480.00 5,600.93 121,249.38 100,480.00 OP THE BLACK HILLS 109 have been selected in such a way as to throw them more or less into tracts of considerable size. The public buildings lands, granted' for the purpose of erecting public buildings at the capital were selected in much the same way as the endowment lands. They originally totalled 82,000 acres. The above table shows the distribution of the various kinds of lands among the several Black Hills counties: FEDERAL INSTITUTIONS The federal government has been an important factor in the development of the Black Hills. It is not represented in any similar area elsewhere in the United States by so many or such varied enterprises. From the days when the military exploring parties first enrered' the region to the present time a constant series of investigations have been carried on and several of the more important undertakings have re- sulted in the establishment of permanent institutions. National Forests In pursuance of a policy inaugurated by the United States government in 1891 for the creation of national forest reserves the main forested areas of the Black Hills were withdrawn from entry by executive order February 22, 18 97, and later, September 19, 1898, the Black Hills Forest Reserve was established. The area has been modified from time to time and other reserves have been organized. This has been due in part to convenience in administration, in part to early omissions of forested lands and inclusion of farming lands, and in ipart to the recent segregation of state school lands into a state forest reserve. The Sun- dance forest was: established in 1908. This includes the main body of the Bear Lodge mountains and a small portion of the original Black Hills reserve. The Sioux forest was established in (....?) This in- cludes the timbered areas of Short Pine Hills, Cave Hills and Slim Buttes in South Dakota and Long Pine Hills, Blue Hills and Chalk Buttes in Montana. In 1911 the original Black Hills reserve was divided into two nearly equal divisions, the Black Hills base .110 O’HARRA’S HANDBOOK line serving for the most part as the line of separa- tion. The northern portion retains the name “Black Hills National Forest,” while the soother n portion received the name “Harney National Forest.” The adminisrative organization of the several reserves consists of a central: controlling office of forest supervisor, supplemented by forest officers stationed throughout the forest in charge of range districts. The object is to provide such supervision as will allow' for proper protection of the forest and at the same time allow for proper utilization of its resources of timber, water, minerals, and grass and agricultural lands. IT. S. Reclamation Service. The United States Reclamation Service is repre- sented in the Black Hills, country by the great Belle Fourche irrigation project, the reconnoissance survey for which was begun July 8, 1903. The construction of the project was authorized by the secretary of the interior May 10, 1904. Final surveys and plans were made during the summer of 1904, and in April, 1905, contracts were let for the construction of a con- siderable part of the work. The chief features of the project are: First, a concrete diversion dam 4 00 feet long and 23 feet high, extending across the Belle Fourche river a short distance below the city of Belle Fourche. This has also a stone-faced earth wing 1,30b feet long. Second., a main supply canal 6% miles long and 40 feet wide on the bottom, to carry the water from the river to the main reservoir in Owl Creek valley. Third, the storage dam of earth with concrete revetment, having a length on top of 6,2 00 feet and a maximum height of 115 feet. Fourth, two mum feeder canals with a total length of 100 miles — the North canal and the South canal — which carry the water from the reservoir to the lands. Fifth, la.eral canals having a total length of 125 miles and sub-lateral canals totalling 1,000 miles. The reser- voir when filled will cover more than S,00 0 acres, its capacity being more than 200,000 acre feet. The land to be irrigated approximates 100,000 ALFALFA AND GRAIN FIELDS UNDER IRRIGATION IN THE BELLE FOURCHE VALLEY. Belle Fourche diversion canal in the distance beyond the river. Redwater canal in the foreground. I 112 O'HARRA’S HANDBOOK acres, and is intended to be broken up into about 2,5 00 farms. In order to obtain one of these farms the entryman must comply with the require- ments of the homestead and reclamation laws. At the time of filing he must make application for a water right and pay the first and second installments of the construction charge, $2.00 each per acre, to- gether with an annual charge for maintenance and operation of 6 0 cents per acre. In addition he is re- quired to pay the usual filing fee for making home- stead entries. The cost of water right is $40 per acre, payable in graduated installments, as follows: First and second installments, $2.00 each per acre, payable at the time of filing; third and fourth install- ments, $3.00 each per acre; fifth and sixth install- ments, $4.00 each per acre; seventh and eighth in- stallments, $5.00 each per acre; ninth and tenth in- stallments, $6.00 each per acre, without interest or' deferred payments. The United States Geological Survey The United States Geological Survey began work in the Black Hills in the year 189 0, at which time the initial astronomical point on which the triangulation ■of the region depends was established in the court house yard in Rapid City, the object -being to prepare a topographic map of the region suitable for use in subsequent detailed geologic investigation. A base line was laid out in 1891 in the valley of the Box Elder, northeast of Rapid City. This line was care- fully measured in 189 3 and a system of triangulation was extended over much of the region. This was followed the same season by topographic mapping. 'The topographic work continued through a consider- able number of field seasons and topographic maps covering the most important quadrangles of the Hills are now available for the use of all who may wish them. A quadrangle, as defined by the Survey, is hounded by parallels and meridians and on the scale used in the Black Hills contains one quarter of a square degree, or approximately 1,000 square miles. The published topographic map of the quadrangle is Quadrangles of Wliich U. S. Geological Survey Topographic Maps are Available. 1 — Devils Tower. 2 — Aladdin. 3 — Belle Fourche. 4 — Newell. 5 — Sundance. 6 — Deadwood. 7 — Rapid. 8 — Newcastle. 9 — Harney Peak. 10 — I-Iermosa. 11 — Edgemont. 12 — Oelrichs. A— St. Onge. B — Vale. C — Spearfish. D — Sturgis. Forest Reserves, Military Reserves, Parks and Monuments. Solid Black — National Forest Reserves. Diagonal Lines — U. S. Military Reserves. Dotted Lines— State Forest Reserve. Horizontal Lines— National Monuments and Parks. OF THE BLACK HILLS 113 known as a topographic sheet. It gives the varying heights of the area covered, the location of all streams, wagon roads, railroads, towns and country houses, section lines, county and state boundary lines, etc. It is one of the most serviceable maps obtainable for the traveler and with a little practice may he used with great ease and satisfaction. After having completed! a considerable part of the topographic mapping the Survey in 18 9 8 entered upon a thorough investigation of the geology of the region. Geologic atlas folios containing much descriptive matter are published for the Oelrichs, Edgemont, Newcastle, Sundance, Devils Tower, Aladdin and Belle Fourche quadrangles and much work has been done on the Deadwood, Rapid City, Hermosa and Harney Peak quadrangles. In addition to the above several important general papers have been published by the Survey, reference to which is given on an earlier page under the head of Publications on the Black Hills. Soil Survey. The Bureau of Soils in co-operation with the Bureau of Plant Industry and of the United States Department of Agriculture began in 19 07 a study of the soils of western South Dakota, the work of the first year being confined to the connected tract of ir- rigable lands covered by the Belle Fourche reclama- tion project and of the Redwater irrigation canal, a total of about 121,00 0 acres. Of the seven varieties of soil represented in the area the Pierre clay made up 41,088 acres; Pierre clay loam, 24,192 acres; meadow, 11,392 acres; Orman clay, 14,912 acres; Vale loam, 3,52 0 acres; Vale fine sandy loam, 23,936 acres; Vale gravelly sandy loam, 2,3 04 acres. In general it may be said that the soil of that part of the surveyed tract on the north side of the Belle Fourche river is clayey loam and cn the south side is sandy loam. The survey was continued in 19 09 by the field study of all the soils in the state west of the Missouri river. This resulted in the classifying and mapping of many 114 O'HARRA’S HANDBOOK different kinds of soils, the chief classification being based on the rock materials which give rise to the soils. The following are the main groups: Residue Soils — Soils from sandstones and shales; soils from unconsolidated calcareous deposits; rough stony land and undifferentiated soils. Transported Soils — Soils of aeolian origin; soils of gravel terraces; alluvial soils. The soils vary from loose sands, to heavy clays, giving opportunity for a wide range of crops. The clays are productive soils but are often difficult to cultivate. Most of the loams are excellent for general farming. The sandy loams afford sometimes only fair farming soils, but are often well suited to truck- ing. A few of the soils are of most service for grazing or forestry. The alluvial soils along the streams are nearly always markedly productive. For an adequate knowledge of the character and distribution of the individual soils the reader will find it necessary to consult the original publications. National Park and Monuments. One national park and two* national monuments have been established in the Black Hills as follows: Wind Cave National Park — Established January 9, 19 03; area, 10,522 acres'. Devils Tower National Monument — Established September 24, 1906 ;area, 1,152 acres. Jewel Cave National Monument — 'Established Feb- ruary .7, 1908; area, 1,280 acres. The base of Devils Tower covers about twenty acres. For the preservation of the a’rea a temporary forest reservation of 60.5 square miles was created February 19, 18 92. A few months later about two-thirds of this was restored to entry. The remaining one-third stood withdrawn until the Devils Tower national park as now known was established. It is located in town- ship S 3 north, ranges 65 and 6 6 west of sixth prin- cipal meridian, Crook county, Wyoming. Jew r el Cave national monument is situated twelve miles west of Ouster, in townships 3 and 4 south, range 2 east, Black Hills meridian. It contains two THE DEVILS TOWER - 116 O’HARRA’S HANDBOOK caverns — Jewel cave and Jasper cave — 'both of which were discovered by Albert and F. M. Michaud. Passages one and one-half miles in length and six hundred feet deep are said to have been traversed in Jew r el cave. In both caverns the wind blows, alternat- ing inward and outward, much as at Wind Cave. Wind Cave National Park, established by act of congress approved January 9, 1903, takes its name from Wind Cave situated near its center. The cave entrance is eight and one-half miles, as the crow' flies, north of Hot Springs. The park contains an area of sixteen and one-half square miles within its boundary lines, a small part of which is privately owned, it having been homesteaded before the park was established. The cave was discovered in 1881. For some years little importance was attached to the find, hue in 1890 the land covering the entrance was settled upon, considerable exploratory work was done, including the selection of scenic routes, and effort was inaugurated to direct visitors to the place. After seme litigation the land reversed to the government, and later it was set apart as a national park. Today the cave is recognized as one of the most beautiful of its class and a brief description of it is given else- w'here in this handbook. Recently appropriation was made for placing a high fence around the park in- cluding some additional forest reserve land on the north where there is a constant flow of gcod water. When completed a considerable number of buffalo are to be placed in the enclosure. A record of visitors to the cave has been kept, be- ginning with July, 19A5, the number for the various years, ending June 3 0, being as follows: 1906, 2,8-87; 1907, 2,751; 1908, 3,171; 1 909, 3,26: 1910 1 , 3,387; 1911, 3,887; 1912, 3,199; 1913, 3,988. Hand Offices. The first United States land office for the Black Hills country w r as established at Sheridan, Penning- ton county, by presidential order March 10, 1 877, but before any business was transacted a second order on OF THE BLACK HILLS 117 May 12 transferred it to Dead wood. On December 13, 1888, the office was removed to Rapid City. For many years the district under supervision of the Rapid City office comprised all of South Dakota west of the one hundred second meridian. This includes the counties of Butte, Ouster, Fall River, Harding, Lawrence, Meade, Pennington, Perkins, Shannon, and Washington — a total of 13,181,000 acres. With the establishment of the Lemmon office May 29, 1908, and of the Belle Fourche office February 6, 1909, the original area was greatly lessened. The tables below serve not only to show the large business of the land offices, 'but they give also a fair idea of the general development of the country. The number of entries have recently decreased but the decrease at the Rapid City office since 1908 is due in considerable measure to the establishment of the Belle Fourche and Lem- mon districts. The Belle Fourche district was carved entirely out of the Rapid City district, and the Lem- mon district, in addition to outside areas, took over all of Perkins county and more than half of Harding county. Most of that part of the Black Hills lying in Wyoming is included in the Siundance district, the Sundance office having been established April 3, 18 90. Summary of Business Transacted in Recent Years at the Rapid City, Sundance, Lemmon and Belle Fourhe Land Offices : Rapid City Office Sundance Office Tear Ending June 30 Acres Entered Amounts Received Acres Entered Amounts Received 1896 35,878.05 $ 20,307.23 20,183.93 $ 3,477.58 1897 46,477.94 17,145.27 19,470.28 3,025.62 1 898 52,917.00 32,662.53 44,001.27 7,707.97 1899 44,844.23 29,594.45 66,018.08 6,643.62 1900 67,740.06 30,309.53 59,204.66 10,928.29 1901 98,105.69 37,430.63 40,397.08 11,819.76 1902 11 0,2 31. If 53,204.69 99,668.23 24,822.06 1903 170,691.43 61,951.99 106,207.78 37,715.08 1904 150,744.12 66,725.95 66,356.52 42,666.06 1905 161,874.04 48,560.27 76,359.35 26,889.03 1906 359,936.22 69,531.09 97,028.90 41,372.00 1907 583,046.75 149,345.78 109,144.41 55,404.20 1908 1,285,133.10 317,058.80 152,891.12 123,361.86 1909 928,194.06 295,046.27 169,778.52 90,253.06 1910 681,561.78 242,814.27 489,201.95 78,268.08 1911 308,584.40 431,690.09 209,473.80 90,236.04 1912 174,728.69 309,313.66 107,736.45 71,187.04 118 O’HARRA’S HANDBOOK Year Ending June 30 Lemmoi Acres Entered n. Office Amounts Received 1909 601,463.56 877,218.02 240,190.69 89,736.94 $328,083.06 382,959.73 462,05S.76 386,887.35 1910 1911 1912 Belle Fourche Office Acres Amounts Entered 538,152.61 273,769.87 83,180.10 Received '85,895'. 5 4 206,706.93 290,390.25 Government Fish Hatchery. The United States fish hatchery is located in a beau- tiful little nook at the side of Spearfish creek in the southern suburbs of the city of Spearfish. It was es- tablished in 189 9. The purpose of the hatchery is to breed fish, hatch fish eggs and develop the young fishes until they may be safely transported and planted in the various suitable waters within the Hills and elsewhere. Trout are the chief fishes handled, but other varieties receive attention. The hatchery proper includes breeding open air pools, indoor propagation tanks, office rooms, storage rooms, etc. The residence of the superintendent, Mr. D. C. Booth, is also on the ground. See elsewhere for trout distribution in the Black Hills. Military Posts. There are two military reservations in the Black Hills region — IFort Robinson near Crawford, Ne- braska, and Fort Meade near Sturgis, South Dakota. Fort Meade, earlier known as Camp Sturgis, has been a military camp since the Indian disturbances of 1876. It was first garrisoned as a military fort August 31, 1878, at which time it received its present name in honor of General George C. Meade, the com- mander of the federal forces at the battle of Gettys- burg. The reservation was established in December of the same year. This: includes a north-south rectangular area of approximately twelve square miles just east of Sturgis. Bear Butte creek flows across the tract, and the buildings, situated a little south of the stream, are near the center of the reservation. Bear Butte, only a few miles away, rises from the prairie in stately majesty and overlooks the post in a most interesting manner. Fort Meade is one of the best of the western military posts. Many OP THE BLACK HILLS 1 19 of the buildings are large, substantial stone and brick structures and are beautifully grouped on well paved roadways. They comprise offices, a hospital, officers’ quarters, men’s barracks, storage bouses, feed barns, wagon sheds, etcetera. There are usually several hundred men at the post, mostly cavalrymen, but the number varies considerably. U. S. Depository Assay Office. The United States assay office at Dead wood was es- tablished under the act of February 19, 1897, and was opened for business April 2 0, 1898. Its chief purpose is to receive gold and silver from local sources and transmit the same to such place or places as the United States treasury officials may direct. The fol- lowing table gives the amount of deposits yearly since date of opening: Gold Silver Total April 10 to June 30, 1898 S 28,223.05 $ 278.95 $ 28,502.00 Year Ending June 30, 13 99 . . 1900 281,721.73 2,620.4.l 284,342.14 1901 307,708.92 4,883.05 312,592.87 1902 540,452.93 13,770.13 554,223.06 1903 964,184.22 24,552.35 988,736.57 1904 1905 1,042,823.51 37,720.92 1,080,544.43 1906 548,188.95 18,880.03 567,068.98 1907 470,150.17 23,612.80 493,762.97 1908 1,195,032.70 83,194.42 1,278,227.12 1909 1,216,795.57 113,169.86 1,329,965.43 1910 676,465.60 58,468.93 734,934.53 1911 5,821,046.00 68,720.34 5,889,766.34 1912 7,592,073.78 98,174.77 7,690,248.55 Battle Mountain Sanitarium. -This is a national sanitarium conducted, under the management of the National Home for Disabled Volun- teer Soldiers. It is located at Hot Siprings and is in- tended for the treatment of honorably discharged officers, soldiers and sailors who have served in either the regular or the volunteer army. The sanitarium occupies a commanding position in a tract of about 3,00 0 acres at the western base of Battle Mountain. The sanitarium proper, which follows the old Spanish Mission style, is a group of attached buildings beauti- fully constructed of Hot Springs pink sandstone with red roofing tile and black wood work and is magnifi- 120 O’HARRA’S HANDBOOK cently appointed in every way. It has a central ar- cade 2 00 feet in diameter, connected with which on the front is the administrative building five stories high, on the opposite side the service building four stories high, and radiating from the remaining sides six great oblong ward, buildings three stories high. In addition to this there are detached dwellings for the governor and his staff, a central heating plant, barns and store houses, dairies, conservatories, tuberculosis detention buildings, outdoor recreation facilities, etc. There are accommodations for about 5 00 members. Dr. iMadison is now governor of the institution. The Rapid City Indian School. 'The Rapid City Indian school is a co-eduational in- stitution established, by the United States government in 18 97 for the purpose of giving general elementary and industrial instruction to Indian boys and girls. The first, appropriation amounted to $2 5,000 and with this 160 acres of land were purchased and a building erected. From year to year odrer buildings have been added until now there are about thirty. Additional purchases of land have also been made, the total present acreage being 1,3 7 0, of which 400 are under cultivation. With the exception of the gymnasium, which is frame, all the larger structures are of brick. The school has its own water system, central heating plant, work shop, etc. The older Indians quickly learned to appreciate the advantages it had to offer their children and from the very first the enrollment has been almost or quite to- the full limit. At prese there are about 160 boys and 13 0 girls in atten ance. The school since 190 4 has been in charge Superintendent J. F. House. Indian Reservations. There is given elsewhere in this handbook undef the subject of Indians and’ on the map accompanying the same some brief information in regard to the Indian reservations of western South Dakota. Of these the Pine Ridge reservation has been most closely associated with Black Hills history. It i3 TYPICAL VALLEY RANCH ON LOWER ELK CREEK 122 O’HARRA’S HANDBOOK divided into six districts as follows: Wakpamni White Clay, Wounded Knee, Porcupine, Medicine Root, Pass Creek. Four counties are represented, namely: Washington, Shannon, Washabaugh, Ben- nett. The Indians, numbering approximately 7,000, are Brule Sioux, Northern Cheyennes and Oglala Sioux. Nearly 5,000 speak English and about 2,500 can read and write. The value of the property and bunds belonging to them amounts to about $16,000,- 000. Tihe local administrative headquarters are at Pine Ridge. Mr. John Brennan is superintendent. Federal Court Deadwood has been the seat of the federal court since the early days of its importance as a mining town. Court is held in the federal building there twice a year as follows: First Tuesday in May and first Tuesday in September. U. S. Experiment Stations The federal government has two experiment stations in the Black Hills country. One of these, established in 1907, is near Newell and one, established in 1912 is near Ardmore. The purpose of these is to provide means for working out the best methods of tilling the soil where there is demanded a high conservation of moisture and to develop knowledge concerning the grains, fruits, vegetables, grasses, and trees most fa- vorable for the region. Weather Bureau The U. l S, Weather Bureau is represented in the Black Hilils region by the well equipped station at Rapid City, at which station most of the records given in this handbook were made, and by numerous ob- servers at other places where rainfall and temperature changes are recorded. At some of these, as for ex- ample, Ft. Meade, Ft. Robinson, Camp Crook, Spear- fish, iSundiance, Deadwood, Oelriohs, Hermosa, Farm- in gdale, Cherry Creek and Pine Ridge observations have continued through a considerable series of years. Post Offices The Black Hills region is fairly well supplied with OP THE BLACK HILLS 123 post offices. Many of those on the prairie plains were established in recent years and owing to the conditions of new settlement changes there are not infrequent. At present the number of post offices in the several South Dakota counties iis as- follows: Butte, 18; Custer, 13; Fall River, 14; Harding, 28; Lawrence, 22; Meade, 43; Pennington, 29; Perkins, 38. POSTAL RECEIPTS The receipts of the postoffices in the Black Hills region measure in a fair way the business growth of the country. Rapid City, with a .population in 19 0 0 of 1342, and in 1910 of 3‘854, may be considered a representative office. It shows annual postal receipts for the various years ending June 3 0, as follows: 1901 $ 5 , 118.60 1902 5 , 804.39 1903 6 , 279.41 1904 6 , 175.07 1905 6 , 907.24 1906 8 , 608.59 1907 11 , 606.25 1908 $ 14 , 293.60 1909 15 , 683.29 1910 19 , 578.07 1911 18 , 553.50 1912 17 , 663.72 1913 19 , 011.11 LEGISLATIVE DISTRICTS The State of South Dakota is at present divided into- three congressional districts, forty-two senatorial districts and fifty-nine representative districts. Each congressional district has one representative. The senate consists Gf forty-five members and. the house of representatives of one hundred three members. The arrangement of counties for the Black Hills dis- tricts is as follows: Senatorial Districts. No. 3 9 — Butte and (Lawrence — two senators. No. 4 0 — Pennington — -cne senator. (No. 41 — (Meade (and Ziebach) — one senator. No. 42 — Custer and Fall River — one senator. No. 14 — ‘Harding and Perkins — one senator. Representative Districts. No. 45 — Custer — one representative. No. 46 — Fall River — one representative. No. 47 — Pennington— two representatives. No. 48 — Lawrence — fcur representatives. O'HARRA’S HANDBOOK 124 No. 49 — Meade — two representatives. No. 50 — Butte — one representative. No. 55 — Harding — one representative. No. 56 — Perkins — two representatives. Congressional District No. 3. This includes the following counties: Bennett, Butte, Corson, Cluster, Dewey, Fall River, Gregory, Harding, Lawrence, Lyman, Meade, Mellette, Penning- ton, Perkins, Shannon, Stanley, Tcdd, Tripp, Washa- baugh, Washington, Ziebach. JUDICIAL CIRCUITS South Dakota has twelve judicial circuits. Three of these, namely the seventh, eighth and twelfth, in- clude the counties of the Black Hills. The following shows' the territory included in each circuit together with the date of convening court in each of the Black Hills counties: Seventh Judicial Circuit. Pennington County — Second Tuesday in May and first Tuesday in November. Custer County — Third Tuesday in March and sec- ond Tuesday in October. Fall River Uounty — Second Tuesday in April and third' Tuesday in November. (And unorganized counties of Bennett, Shannon, Washington, Waishabaugh. ) Eighth Judicial Circuit. Lawrence County — First Tuesday in February and first Tuesday in September. Meade Councy — First Tuesday in June and first Tuesday in December. Butte County — First Tuesday in May and first Tuesday in November. Twelfth Judicial Circuit. Harding County — First Tuesday in May and first Tuesday in October. Perkins County — Third Tuesday in May and third Tuesday in October. (Also Corson, Dewey and Ziebach.) OF THE BLACK HILLS 125 LEGAL HOLIDAYS Holidays legally recognized as such in South Da- kota are as follows: Sunday, the first day of every week. New Years Day, January first. Lincoln’s Birthday, February twelfth. Washington’s Birthday, February twenty-second. Memorial Day, May thirtieth. Independence Day, July fourth. Labor Day, first Monday in September, or such other day asi the governor of the state may appoint. Christmas Day, December twenty-fifth. And every day on which an election is held through- out the state, and every day appointed by the presi- dent of the United States, or by the governor of the state for a public fast, thanksgiving or holiday. When- ever Lincoln’s birthday, Washington’s birthday or Independence day falls on a Sunday the Monday fol- lowing is a legal holiday. RATES OF INTEREST The legal rate of interest, when payment of in- terest is obligated but no rate specified, is seven per cent, per annum. The highest rate of interest al- lowed under any contract is twelve per cent, per annum. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES By recent enactment of the state legislature a bushel of each of the articles enumerated below con- sists of the number of pounds respectively affixed to each : Alfalfa Apples Barley Beans Beets Bran Broom Corn Seed Buckwheat Clover Seed Coal Corn, Sweet Corn, Shelled . . . Corn on Cob . . . . Flax Seed .60 Lime SO .48 Oats 32 .48 Onions 57 .60 Parsnips 42 .56 Peas 60 .20 Potatoes, White . . . 60 . 50 Potatoes, Sweet . . . . 48 Rve .60 Salt 80 .80 Speltz 50 Timothy Seed .56 Tomatoes 50 .70 Turnips Wheat 60 126 O'HARRA’S HANDBOOK One ton of hay consists of 2,000 pounds; or by measurement, 3 43 cubic feet after the same shall have been stacked thirty days or such other time as agreed upon. One tperch of mason work or stone contains 25 cubic feet. VOTES FOR GOVERNOR Shews the total number of votes cast in the Black Hills counties for gubernatorial candidates since South Dakota was admitted into the Unicn, November 2, 1889. 1SS9 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 Butte 326 391 388 566 499 498 914 766 1126 1333 2725 1238 1456 Custer .... 924 1156 1023 1046 948 738 847 743 790 702 968 874 933 Pall River. 686 1106 1119 1063 1092 773 944 824 1073 S34 1267 1387 1702 Lawrence . 3382 4223 4038 4012 5128 4822 6078 4826 6402 4387 5260 4668 4507 Meade .... 1121 1339 11641174 1345 11041113 901 1126,1069 1836 2560 2136 Penningtoi 1625 2259 18741555 '1774 1532 1679 1472 1613 16 17 1 2928 2578 2402 Harding- . . 963 1118 Perkins . . . 1 ! 1 1 2951 2087 The following men were 1589 — Arthur C- Mellette 1590 — Arthur C. Mellette 1892 — Charles H. Sheldon 1894— Charles H. Sheldon 1896 — Andrew E. Lee 1S98 — Andref E. Lee 1900 — Charles N. Herreid elected governor: 19 02 — Charles N. Herreid 1904— Samuel H. Elrod 1906 — Coe I. Crawford 1908 — Robert S. Vessey 1910 — Robert S. Vessey 1912 — -Prank M. Byrne Population of Counties. 1880 1830 1900 1910 Butte 1,037 2,907 4,993 Custer 995 4,891 2,728 4,458 Pall River 4,478 3,541 7,768 Harding 4,228 Lawrence . . .13,248 11,673 17,S97 19,684 Meade 4,640 4,907 12,640 Pennington . . . 2,244 6,540 5,610 12,453 Perkins 11,348 Pine Ridge Reservation... 6,827 6,607 Population of Incorporated Cities and Towns. Ardmore Belle Pourche Buffalo Gap . Camp Crook . 1900 1910 146 451 1,352 280 120 A TYPICAL MOUNTAIN RANCH ON BOXELDER CREEK ] 2 8 O'HARRA’S HANDBOOK 1900 1910 Central City 290 Custer 599 602 Deadwood 3,498 3,653 Bdgeraont 479 816 Galena 109 Hermosa 77 114 Hill City 271 Hot Spring’s 1,319 2,140 Kadoka 222 Lead 6,210 8,392 Lemmon .1,255 McIntosh 409 Morristown 222 Oelrichs 150 Philip 578 Rapid City 1,342 3,854 Spearfish 1,166 1,130 Sturgis 1,100 1,739 Wall 167 Whitewood 311 390 Newcastle 975 Sundance 281 Ohadron 2,687 Crawford 1,323 BUSTNESS HOUSES The Black Hills have always been noted for their excellent business houses. Commercial enterprises of a varied kind are represented and every city, town and village, without exception, can show surprisingly good stock® of merchandise. Banks with large deposits are common, wholesale houses at Deadwood and Rapid City furnish retailers over a large territory with much of their supplies and traveling representatives of many firms from eastern cities have their permanent head- quarters in Rapid City, Deadwood and Hot Springs. Banks. Following is a list of the banks of the Black Hills region together with their capitalization and their deposits as of February 4, 1913, as compiled in the Bank Directory prepared by the First National Bank of Minneapolis: Capitai- Ardmore — Ization Ardmore State Bank $ 5,000 Belle Fourche — Belle Fourche State Bank 25,000 Butte County Bank 25,000 First National Bank 25,000 Bison — Bison State Bank 10,000 Farmers State Bank 10,000 Deposi ts $ 25,000 38,000 500.000 350.000 46,770 34,164 OF THE BLACK HILLS Buffalo — Harding County Bank Buffalo Gap — Buffalo Gap State Bank Citizens Bank Camp Crook — Little Missouri Bank Chance — Perkins County State Bank Coal Springs — Citizens State Bank Cottonwood — Cottonwood State Bank Custer — Custer County Bank First National Bank Daviston — Bank of Daviston First State Bank Deadwood — First National Bank Black Hills Trust (and Savings Bank Edgemont — Bank of Edgemont Fall River County Bank Faith — Farmers State Bank First State Bank Farmingdale — First State Bank Fruitdale — Fruitdale State Bank Hermosa — Hermosa State Bank Hill City — Hill City Bank Hot Springs — Stockmans Bank Bank of Hot Springs Peoples National Bank Interior — - State Bank of Interior Kadoka — Farmers State Bank Keystone — Keystone Bank Lead — First National Bank Miners and Merchants Savings Bank Lemmon — Lemmon State Bank First National Bank First State Bank Meadow — Meadow State Bank Newell — First State Bank Northwestern State Bank Reclamation State Bank 12 9 Capital- ization Deposits 10,000 76,700 5,000 15,000 39,500 25,000 10,000 150,000 10,000 22,730 10,000 21,000 10,000 42,000 25,000 25,000 85,500 133,240 10,000 10,000 7,920 19,000 150.000 100.000 1,250,000 300,000 20,000 15,000 110,000 63,000 10,000 10,000 112,000 25,000 10,000 10,000 15,000 10,000 12,000 75,000 10,000 65,207 25.000 15.000 25.000 100,000 259,653 75,000 15,000 52,000 12,500 45,000 10.000 31.170 50.000 23.000 1.602,767 137,000 10,000 25,000 25,000 60,000 269,112 150,000 10,000 32,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 35,00-.' 21,000 56,000 130 O’HARRA’S HANDBOOK Capital- ization Deposits New Underwood — • Underwood State Bank 10,000 40,000 Nisland — Farmers State Bank 10,000 11,175 Irrigators State Bank 10,000 19,300 Oelrichs — Atwell Bank 10,000 36,000 Owanka — Owanka State Bank 7,500 30,000 Philip — Seurity Bankink and Trust Co 30,000 27,000 Bank of Philip 20,000 70,156 First State Bank of Philip 20,000 56,000 Quinn — • First State Bank 5,000 30,000 Rapid City — - First National Bank 50,000 957,000 Merchants Doan and Trust Co 75,000 120,000 Pennington County Bank 50,000 857,555 Security Savings Bank 37,400 100,000 St. Onge — St. Onge State Bank 10,000 39,500 Scenic — State Bank of Scenic 10,000 20,865 Smithwick — Bank of Smithwick 10,000 Sorum — - First State Bank 10,000 12,000 Spearfish — - American National Bank 25,000 270,000 Bank of Spearfish 25,000 190,000 Strool — First State Bank 6,000 38,649 Sturgis — Bear Butte Valley Bank 25,000 Commercial National Bank 50,000 324,600 Underwood — See New Underwood. Vale — Belle Fourche Valley Bank 10,000 30,000 Wall — First State Bank 10,000 45,000 Wasta — Bank of Wasta ... 15,000 96,000 White Owl — First State Bank 25,000 58,000 Whitewood — • Whitewood Banking Company 20,000 14S,270 PROPERTY Y \ 1/ RATION The table given on the following page represents assessment of personal property in the Black Hills counties in South Dakota, based on about one-third valuation. Beginning with 1913 the law requires as- sessment on estimated actual values. Assessed Valuation oi' All Property by Counties for 1912. g r-H +J G c5 CM rH 00 05 tO 05 GO CO CD CO CO i— i O CM L— tO O CD rH CO OO 05 tH 05 -*-> 3 oS Eh cS cidoodeooHO t^00rHCDLOO5CD00 OCOCOL— 05rH05CM > CO T- H CO r-i CO tO CD lO Sleepin’ Car Co. s • rH CM CO CM O • • CD 05 • CD to CM • • CO T— 1 • rH 05 05 • •to 00 *. CM CD • Express Co.s 5,303 8,636 14,225 19,163 5,254 42,074 1,388 43 »03 ® o t0 05OCM^b*C0CM to to O to CD 1> P- ^ rHTHCOl''-LOrHCMCD ®o EH CD CD 00 t'- 05 rH CO CM CM ti be bj ® 6 (MHO • © t- CM CD 05 Tf 05 -Or- ICON rHf-05 •tOp-oo^ ®U H CM CM ' CO • CM CM CO" • T— 1 Rail- roads 179,251 481,298 937,426 068,360 230,506 ,599,124 46,732 • i—l tH Personal Property 844,038 479,989 613,496 654,290 1,346,977 911,814 1,118,527 79.6,021 S “ CO O CO CD LO rH CM O CD00O5rHrHO5rH00 05H-CMIHHC0050 pH c o OH^O OO 05 tO 05 CO t- ^ CO ^ H H CO rH tH to rH CO CM CM CM rH m ^5 G d 1.560.560 724,967 1.188.561 1,074,531 4,338,663 3716,315 2,940,516 4,199,649 % -U o! v £ I* 0 =f- 01 O V 2 o 55 O 'C w 0) 4-> X O G o fiOfid u 7 cc 05 CO tH be ‘o 05 CD Jh co~ o 0> 05 CD O rH CD LO rH CO CM OO P- CM pH CO - CD CO oT > 05 TH 05 tH G tH rH 00 05 j cm CD LO* 00 'G G be 0) 0) Q N S3 N M b O c O fl o 2 tH P-i G >7 G ^ be £ 03 bc^ G 00 be 05 w Ph ?H Ph O 0 O Sh ’’d 0) LO CO 05 i> N T— 1 o CM •1—1 rH L- CD £ ° s CO 05" 7 — 1 dr G rH 05 IH r-H bfi rH CO G Ph O tH rH cm" 55 3 02 O/ 0? crj cc O -H GO rH L- OS O tt 00 N ^ t>- CD O o' CM rH GO CO LO tH CM CM G ph • ’ • o Q • 3) • ^_3 > to g -tom ^ oi.S ® - 00 to r- 00* CO CD CD CD OO 05 o r — 1 IS- CO o CM o Is— to 00 o O to CD CM to CM rH tH CO IS- OO oo CM 05 CD CD o CD CO CD rH CD 1 — 1 oo cm’ to’ to '■ J o o CM o CM IS- CO CQ o 00 05 O CD -h CD rH 05 00 CD cm CM cm CO to CD CD o o 00 CM CD ts- CM o Tf rH to to o lO CO rH cq" r— 1 05 rH is- F- rH CM CM 05 IS- CO CD CM CO IS- rH r— 1 lO O 00 CD CD CO to O rH O CD CO o tH O 00 CD 05 CO cm’ CO CO* CO rH 05 CO CM l'- o CD CD to o r— CD CD rH rH LO rH to CD 00 CM tH tH o O o O <“> 05 LO o o CO O o 00 tH to o CO o rH ts- oo Is- is— o CM CD rH CO IS- CM tH rH o o o f- O o O lO o o CO o o O 00 is- 05 to tH CM 1 — 1 OO rH rH 05 rH o I s - CO CM CO CM to CD rH o o GO o CD o lO to T— 1 CO to 00 o CO CM -H CM 05 CD CD IS- IS- CD CD to O o f- o 05 O rH ts- CM to o CD rH IS- tH rH CD 05 IS- rH to rH rH rH rH rH to rH rH rH , — > o CD O 05 o CM 00 CO CO 1 — 1 rH CM OO cq CM T — 1 -H F- o rH T — 1 to 00 CD GO IS- CO 05 to o CO CD o -H r ~ rH CM —H tH rH rH CO frq S 0 TaBaqiT[ ,3m ■dap up -AEH siooips IBanH 48 37 59 40 10S 89 panoaug siidnR JO 'ON IT3JOX •dopuj 540 158 618 2544 431 1005 328 IBany 89/ 656 765, 929 1190 1 1770 1 1597 1 1473 oSy jooqos JO SUOSjaR •dapup OO 05 t- 4 CD lO F- O CM CM tH 05 tH OO CD CM 00 • to CO rH CM CO tH IBann O CO CD 05 CM O tO CO 'TNl-~rH050rHrHr'- CM 00 © CM ID CO F- 00 —H t— I- t— i tH CM rH tH U0ISS8S UT siooqos ■dapui I'Bjuh 58 23 47 63 41 130 100 97 Butte Custer Pall River . . Harding-. . . . Lawrence . . . Meade Fennington . Perkins OF THE BLACK HILLS 139 more houses of worship. For many years little effort was made to cover the prairie plains surrounding the (Hills, but with the passing of the open range and the settlement of the range lands a great expansion of religious organization became necessary. The strongest protestant organizations are the Congregational, Methodist, Presbyterian, Baptist, Episcopal and Lutheran. In addition to these other churches serve the varying preferences of the protestant people and few are at a loss to find an ap- propriate church home. The Roman Catholic church -was early in the field and a number of years ago established the Black Hills diocese. It eontans a number of strong churches and is doing not only effective religious work but is supporting important hospital and educational institutions. ST. MARTINS ACADEMY St. Martins Academy, founded in 1888 by the Roman Catholic church, is -situated at Sturgis. It is a eo-educational preparatory school. Temporary quarters were used the first year, but during that time a substantial three-story -stone building was erected and made ready for -occupancy. In 1898 a second building — the counterpart of the first — was erected. The institution is well supported and has been markedly successful. One noteworthy feature is its provision for orphaned and half-orphaned children. The attendance, including day pupils and boarders, is usually one hundred and fifty or more. The school was established largely through the labors of Rev. Father Rosen. It is under the direction of Mother Angela, principal. HOSPITALS There are several well appointed hospitals in the Black Hills. Two are under the direction of the Catholic churclb — the St. Joseph at iDeadwood and Our Lady of Lourdes at Hot -Springs. The Methodist Deaoones-s hospital at Rapid City is under the direc- 140 O’HARRA’S HANDBOOK tion of the Methodist Episcopal church, and the Homestake hosipital at Lead, under the direction of the Homestake Mining Company,. There are large private hospitals at Hot Springs and hospital accom- modations' are found in some of the smaller towns. PUBLIC LIBRARIES AND MUSEUMS There are several public libraries in the Black Hills, chief among which are the Hearst Free Library at Lead, the Carnegie Library at Deadwood, and the city libraries of Rapid City and Hot Springs. Other avail- able libraries are those of the State School of Mines, the Spear fish Normal School, the Hot Springs High School, the Deadwood High School, the Lead High School, etc. The School of Mines library is largely scientific and technical. The others are of a general character. There are several private collections of minerals, fossils and ores in the Hills, and from time to time important collections of ores have been made for temporary exhibition. The only (permanent geological museum of considerable size open to the public is at the State School of Mines, Rapid City. This is one of the finest geological museums west of the Missis- sippi river, and many of its collections of Black Hills minerals, recks, ores and fossils have never been equalled. The buildings are open between the hours of 9:00 a. m. and 5:00 p. m. every day of the w T eek except iSunday. Visitors are always welcome. One private collection of mounted birds deserves especial mention- — that of Mr. Henry Behrens, on Spring creek, eighteen miles from Rapid City. This contains only birds found on the eastern side of the Hills and is perhaps the finest collection of Black Hills birds in existence. It is represented by 160 different species, carefully labelled, 1 2 0 of which are repre- sented by bo h the male and the female. THE SOCIETY OF BLACK HILLS PIONEERS The Society of Black Hills Pioneers was organized at Deadwood January S, 1S89. Membership is re- THE OLDEST THING IN THE BLACK HILLS A boulderlet from Algonkian conglomerate on Upper Box Elder creek. 142 OHARRA’S HANDBOOK stricted to those persons who became residents of the Black Hills region on or before December 31, 187 6, and the wives and children of such persons. The purpose of the society is to cultivate social inter- course among its members, to create a fund in behalf of those who may need it, to perpetuate the memory of those who have died, and to collect and preserve information connected with the early settlement of subsequent history of the country. The follow- ing members have served as president of the organization: Thos. H. Russell. . . 1889-1S90 Seth Bullock 1890-1892 A. R. Z. Dawson .. 1892-1SS 1 .Tames W. Allen. . 1894-1896 John Gray 1896-1898 P. A. Gushurst. .. 1898-1899 Geo. V. Ayres 1899-1900 James Conzett. ... 1900-1904 J. W. MDonald. . .1904-1906 John A. Blatt 1906-1908 Jacob Goldberg. . .190S-1910 Kirk G. Phillips .. 1910-1913 FEDERATION OF WOMEN’S CLUBS The Black Hills Federation of Women’s Clubs was organized January 8, 1897. It is made up of all of the women’s literary clubs of the Black Hills of which there are now ten, as follows: Deadwood — Round Table, Thursday. Hot Springs — Mother’s, Shakespeare, Traveller’s. Dead — Dead Woman’s. (Rapid (City — Current Events, Fortnightly. Spearfish — Treble Clef. (Sturgis — Sturgis Literary. The Round Table club, organized February 14, 1887, was the first women’s literary club in the Black Hills. This club initiated the movement resulting in the organization of the Black Hills Federation. The work of the individual clubs is chiefly literary, but social features and philanthropic enterprises also receive attention. The individual societies meet ordinarily every two weeks except during the sum- mer months. The federation convenes once a year. TECHNICAL TERMS AND PROCESSES 'Scientific and industrial terms of every day use in the Black Hills are often little understood by the casual visitor to the region. The following seem OF THE BLACK HILLS 14a worthy of explanation. In so far as possible the de- scriptions are given without technical expression and without reference to modifications of processes: Assaying for Gold and Silver. The common method of determining the amount of .gold' and silver in an ore is toy what is known as the fire assay. This in brief is as follows: The ore to be assayed is first finely ground and a sample of some particular weight taken. This, after toeing thoroughly mixed with certain fluxes, the na- ture of which, depends somewhat upon the kind of ore, is placed in a fire clay crucible and subjected to very high heat in a muffle furnace. The purpose of the fluxes is to reduce the melting point, to produce a good liquid fusion, and to produce a collector for the gold and silver. The fluxes ordinarily used are soda, silica, litharge (lead oxide) and a reducing agent, commonly argol or flour. During the process of heat- ing the lead is reduced to small globules throughout the mass, and coming into contact with the gold and silver in the ore, takes them up, and because of high specific gravity, carries them to the bottom of the erucitole. When the fusion is completed the crucible is removed from the furnace and the contents poured into an iron mold where the lead carrying the gold and silver again sinks to the bottom. The lighter material floating above is known as slag. This is re- moved and discarded. The lead, generally hammered into cubical shape in order to free it from all im- purities, is then placed in a small (bone ash receptacle known as a cupel, returned to the furnace and again heated. The lead is driven off, the bone ash absorbing much of it, and the gold and silver are left in the cupel as a bright globule. This is weighed, after which the silver is dissolved in nitric acid and the re- maining globule, which is gold, is again weighed. This gives the weight of the gold in the original sample, and subtracted from the weight before, gives the amount of silver in the sample. The weight of the original sample of ore and the market price of the 144 O’HARRA’S HANDBOOK metals being known, the amount and value per ton of the precious metals are then determined. Stamp Milling and Amalgamation. Ores containing -gold in appreciable quantity in the native state are commonly treated in some way so that by the application of mercury, which has an af- finity for gold, this metal may be extracted and saved. The ore must first be finely pulverized then washed over surfaces containing the mercury. The crushing apparatus ordinarily used is the stamp mill and the process of taking -up the gold (by mercury is known as amalgamation. The ore is first coarsely broken by some sort of jaw -crushers, then passed into mortar boxes above which vertically suspended steel cylinders known as stamps are systematically raised and dropped -on the ore. Water, and sometimes mercury, is fed into the mortar boxes with the ore, and when the latter is of sufficient fineness it is carried through a screen at the side of the mortar and onto long slop- ing copper plates, the surfaces of which are coated, with mercury. At proper times these plates are scraped, the resulting amalgam highly heated to drive off the mercury, and the gold remaining, together with any silver that it may -have associated with it, is then melted and molded into bars. Cyanide Process. Some important ores do- not have the gold in the native state and others have only a part of it in this form. Such ores (refractory ores) or remnants of ores from which only the native gold has been re- moved must be treated by some more complicated process' than that of amalgamation. The cyanide pro- cess is now the common method of treatment for such ores in the Black Hills, and this briefly is as fol- lows: The ore is first crushed, the degree of fineness depending somewhat on the nature of the ore. The crushed ore is then placed in tanks, often of very great size, where it is leached for several hours or days in a weak solution of the very poisonous chemi- cal, potassium cyanide. This solution after having dissolved the gold from the ore is drawn from the OF THE BLACK HILLS 145 tank and passed through small apartments filled with zinc shavings, known as zinc boxes. The zinc pre- cipitates the gold. The precipitated material, which is commonly in the form of a black powder, is then heated and fluxed, the zinc removed and the gold melted and molded into bars. Alkali. Alkali as commonly understood by the farmers and ranchmen in the vicinity of the Black Hills has refer- ence to deleterious soluble salts of any kind within the soil. It does not necessarily mean that the salts are alkaline in the chemical sense. Two kinds are recognized, namely: black alkali and white alkali, but the black alkali seems to be far less abundant than the other. Black alkali is chiefly sodium carbonate (sal soda). White alkali is any or all of the follow- ing: sodium chloride (common salt) ; sodium sul- phate (iGlauber’s salt) ; sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) ; magnesium sulphate (Epsom salt) ; magne- sium chloride (bittern); calcium sulphate (gypsum). So far as observation has gone ic seems that the chlorides, Ibicanbonates, and potassium salts are very rare. Calcium sulphate is very plentiful, and this in the form of clear, transparent crystals known as gyp- sum or selenite may be observed in many places. The various salts are produced during the process of rock weathering and their occurrence in objectionable quantity in the soil is due to slow drainage or rapid evaporation, or both. ITEMS OF HISTORIC INTEREST Custer’s Massacre (June 25, 1876). This was the most noted event in the Sioux iwar of 1876 in which the Indians fought to retain the Black Hills. General Sheridan, early in the year, planned a campaign against Sitting Bull, who with Crazy Horse was in command of the Indians near the Juncture of the Rosebud and the Yellowstone. There were about 6, 0(0 0 of the Indians but at the time the number was not. known by the government and was greatly under- estimated. Three divisions were sent toward them: 146 O’HARRA’S HANDBOOK (Gen. Crook from Ft. Fetterman; Gen. Gibbons from Ft, Ellis, and Gen. Terry from Ft. Abraham Lincoln — a to- tal of about 6,000 troops. Cluster’s regiment of 800 men formed part of! Terry’s force. Subsequent to a slight skirmish with Crook on the Rosebud the Indians moved to the Little Bighorn, where on the west bank they encamped. Terry having discovered them sent Custer to> prevent their escape to the east and ar- ranged that the full force should unite again at the junction of the Big and Little Horn on June 2 6. Custer, by hurried marches, reached the place one day early, and having located the Indians impetuously decided to attack them at once. Dividing his troops into' three divisions Custer with nearly 3 00 men dashed out of sight and sound of the other divisions directly toward the main encampment. The other two divisions having been sent off at different angles were unable to keep in touch with Custer. Custer and every man of his force were killed. Only one Crow scout and one horse lived to get out of the battle. Battle of Slim Buttes. The battle of Slim Buttes, September 9 aand 10, 18 76, between the Sioux and Cheyenne Indians under American Horse, Crazy Horse and Roman Nose, and the United States military forces under General George Crook, was of much local importance at the time and is considered by many as the most im- portant military event of South Dakota. General Crook, marching as rapidly as possible from the head of Heart river, 2 00 miles north of the Black Hills, with jaded horses and meagre provisions and much of the time in a deluging rain, encountered the Indians near Slim Buttes and defeated them. Many of the Indians, including American Horse, were killed and a large amount of provisions and other property was captured. The purpose of the march was to render aid to the people of the Black Hills whom the Indians, fresh from their victory on the Little Big Horn, were intent upon harassing and driving from the country. The command, after the encounter, pushed on with great difficulty on account of the rain OF THE BLACK HILLS 147 and mud and nearly famished, crossed the Belle Fourche river on the 13th. Here the troops were met by a relief train. A few days later they reached Deadwood, much to their own satisfaction and greatly to the relief of the people of the Hills. The Messiah Craze. The Messiah Craze, a religious halucination among the Indians, beginning in 1889 and continuing for more than a year, necessitated for several weeks military operations in western South Dakota and caused the death of a considerable number of Indians and soldiers. The delusion started among the Paiutes of Nevada in connection Avith the total sclipse of the sun January 1st. Growing into a great religious fervor it spread to other tribes and reached the Pine Ridge Indians during the summer. Investigation by a delegation sent to Nevada for the purpose fanned their interest into a flame and shortly after the return of the delegation in April, 189 0, a great council was held on White Clay creek near Pine Ridge agency. Here the ghost dance was inaugurated. Discontent had for some time been developing in the minds of the In- dians on account of their real or imaginary mistreat- ment by the government and by the white settlers, and this in connection with the craze soon led to dis- turbances of various kinds. These were confined to Pine Ridge, Rosebud, Hump’s band of Minneconjous on Cherry creek and Sitting Bull’s band on Grand river. Sitting Bull, while resisting arrest December 15th, was killed, also seven of his followers and six Indian policemen. Battle of Wounded Knee. Early in the month the Pine Ridge Indians in large numbers' fled into the Bad- lands. Big Foot with a considerable band from near the forks of the Cheyenne, while being closely watched, attempted to join them. He failed to locate them as they without his knoivledge had been induced to re- turn to the agency. In arranging to disarm him and his band on Wounded Knee creek an unfortunate clash occurred December 2 9th in which Big Foot together with 200 Indians, men, Avomen and children, and sixty 148 O’HARRA’S HANDBOOK soldiers Avere killed. This is what is known as the ‘Battle of Wounded Knee.” Early in January the Indians gave up their guns and returned to their homes and quiet was restored. GRIGSBY’S COWBOYS The United States government at the breaking out of the Sipanish-American war in April, 1898, au- thorized the organization of three regiments of cavalry to be composed exclusively of frontiersmen (possessing special qualifications as horsemen and marksmen. Melvin Grigsby, of Sioux Palls, having received the appointment of colonel was authorized to organize one of these regiments. — the third; hence the name, ‘‘Grigsby’s. Cowboys.” South Dakota furnished five of the twelve troops which made up the regiment. The Black Hills furnished three of these. Seth Bullock, of Dead-wood, was appointed captain of Troop A; George E. Hair, of Belle Founche, captain of Troop C, and John E. Hammond, of (Sturgis, captain of Troop D. The three troop®, known a;s the Black Hills squadron, were assembled at Fort Meade and mder command of Major L. H. French left for Chickamauga (Camp Thomas.) May 2 3, 1898 — a total of 2'51 officers and men. Here they remained until the war closed and were mustered out September 8 th. INFANTRY IN THE PHILIPPINES The Black Hill® furnished three companies of the First South Dakota Infantry, United States Volun- teers, which served for approximately one year in the Philippines during and subsequent to the Spanish- American war. These companies — earlier a part of the National Guard — were Company I of Ouster; Company DL of Spearfish; Company M of Rapid City, Responding promptly to the call for volunteers they joined the state rendezvous at Sioux Falls on May 7, 189 8, and left for Camp Merrit, San Francisco, May 2 9. After encamping at San Francisco for several weeks Company D and Company M embarked on the Rio de Janeiro July 2 3rd and arrived in Manila OF THE BLACK HILLS 149 August 2 4th. Company I embarked on the St. Paul July 2 9 th and arrived at Manila August 31st. The 'companies, after reaching Manila, were placed in service against the Philipino insurrectos and they continued in active and honorable service for nearly twelve months. The captain of Company M was F. W. Medbery; of Company L, William McLaughlin; of Company I, C. S. Denney until wounded, and later Paul D. McClelland. The companies were relieved early in August, 189 9, and returned home on the U S. transport Sheridan, reaching San Francisco in September. FIRES, FLOORS AND BLIZZARDS The Black Hills, like most ocher sections of the world, have had occasional disastrous fires, floods and storms. The following are recognized as being severe: The Deadwood Fire — The great Deadwcod fire, as it is often called, occurred on the night of September 25, 1879. The fire originated in a bakery and spread to an adjoining store containing considerable gun- powder. This exploded and hastened the conflagra- tion. Owing to the inflammable nature of the build- ings and the lack of a proper water system almost every structure in the city was burned. With worthy energy the people, although far removed from every base of supply for new goods, immediately began the erection of new buildings and by the end: of the year substantial structures had replaced those that had burned. The Lead Fire — A very disastrous Are occurred in Lead March 8, 1900, at whcih time approximately a quarter of a million dollars’ wmrth of property was destroyed. The fire consumed nearly all of the busi- ness section and many residences, but did no: reach the mining and milling properties of the Homestake As in the Deadwood fire the devastated district was quickly covered again by good buildings. Floods- — The rains of the Black Hills sometimes come in sharp, heavy local showers and at such times the narrow stream valleys are flooded. Since these O’HARRA’S HANDBOOK 15 0 valleys are often attractive places for settlement the floods may do- much damage. One of the greatest of these floods occurred in (May, 188-3, when rapidly melting ©nows and vigorous showers in the northern Hills combined to raise the streams to abnormal volume. At Deadwood three persons were dmwned, several (buildings were destroyed and much other dam- age was done. The aggregate money loss' has been estimated at $25 0,000. Another flood occurred in June, 19 04. This was pretty general over the north- ern Hills country. The total estimated damage was $200,000, and this was confined chiefly to Lawrence county. On June 5 the Redwater reached a maximum discharge of 8050 -second feet, and on the following day the Belle Fouirche above the mouth of Redwater reached a maximum discharge of 62 70 second feet. The precipitation at Spearfish June 1-5 was 5.55 inches. The total discharge during June for the Belle Fourche river, including the Redwater, was 8,050 acre feet. -One of the severest results of these oc- casional floods has been interference with railway traffic. The railways along Rapid creek, Spearfish creek, Elk creek, Deadwood creek, and Fall river have all suffered damage in this way. Blizzards — -The Black Hills have a mild climate. Occasionally abrupt changes of temperature occur and out on the prairie plains a marked lowering of the mercury may sometimes be accompanied by a high wind. Once in a while the conditions partake of the nature of a blizzard, but this is- rare. The occasional deaths resulting from such storms are due chiefly to- ignorance of climatic conditions or to indifference in preparing for quick temperature changes in a sparsely inhabited region where shelter may not be readily reached. People have sometimes lost their way and been frozen to death, and in a few instances large numbers of range stock have perished. Now that the days of big open ranges have gone by -and travel more generally restricted to regular roadways the hardships of these storms have largely disappeared. Cyclones are almost unknown. ABOVE THE CLOUDS ON HARNEY PEAK 152 O’HARRA’S HANDBOOK The Homestake Fire. The Homestake fire, the most troublesome mine fire that ever occurred in the Black Hills, started by accident as a result of blasting' in an old heavily tim- bered slope on the ninth floor of the 600-foot level about 4:30 p. m. March 2 5, 19 07. The fire was dis- covered about one hour later and steps were at once taken to extinguish it. Streams of water from hose lines were first used and later smothering by steam was attempted, but neither was successful. In trying under great difficulty to get access to the fire red- hot rock was mined for thirteen days and rock tem- peratures of approximately loflO degrees Fahrenheit were observed. With the exception of two mules and two horses no lives were lost. The fire proving to be inaccessible and wholly beyond control flooding be- came necessary. Mining and, milling operations were suspended April 22d, and all available water, including that from the mill and city mains and from White- wood creek, was turned into the mine. On May 2 9 th the water had reached 78 feet and 8 inches above the 300-foot level. The deepest part of the mine at the time was 1 700 feet and there were approximately 10i0 miles of underground workings. The space filled was estimated at 8'0v0- O'O 1 , 0'0 0 cubic feet. The fire having been extinguished, un watering began May 3 0th. This continued! to October 7th, when the mine down to the lowest working level, 1,5 5 0 feet, was again empty and in good condition. The total amount of water removed was approximately 640',000,0 ! 00 gallons — enough to fill a pipe ten inches in diameter extending around the earth at the equator. Mining had started on surface ore and on the higher levels soon after unwatering began. The mills started up one after another until on July 12tli all of the 1,000 stamps were crushing ore. The complete shut down lasted- only 3 7 days. HIGHWAYS The necessity for better roads so strongly empha- sized throughout the country in recent years, has met WHO CARES FOR THE CITY TODAY? 154 O’HARRA’S HANDBOOK “with earnest response by the people of the Black Hills. More intelligent work and larger sums of money have been expended in putting the roads. in good condition and much publicity has been given to certain highways conecting with distant parts of the country. Three of these are of especial importance, namely: the Chicago, Black Hills and Yellowstone Park highway, commonly known as the Black and Yellow trail; the Twin Cities-Aberdeen-Yellowstone Park highway, or the Yellow trail; and the South Dakota Scenic highway, a part of the great Waubonsie trail. The first passes from east to wrnst through South Dakota, following closely the Chicago & North Western railway through Pierre to Rapid City, thence north and west through Whitewood, Deadwood, Spear- fish, Sundance and beyond. The second follows cicsely the Puget Sound line of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul system, passing through the northeast corner of Perkins county, thence on into North Dakota and Montana. The third follows the Chicago, Milwaukee & iSt. Paul railway through Sioux Falls, Chamberlain, Interior and the heart of the Big Badlands to Rapid City, where it connects with the Black and Yellow trail. SIGHTSEEING Every .part of the Black Hills has its particular features of beauty and interest, and any city, village, ranch or camping ground may serve as a suitable point from which to make observational trips. Answer as to what one can see to best advantage must take into consideration the great abundance and variety of at- tractions, the time at ones disposal and the personal preferences of the individual. Rather than attempt here to outline trips to cover everything a few of the most commonly visited places may be mentioned. It will be found that in going to any of these, countless intervening places of little less importance will add pleasure to the journey. Strangers may readily ob- tain from any Black Hills resident courteous direc- tion in regard to features not mentioned here or .. SPRING GULCH [Pierre Lodge! IN RAPID CANYON 156 O’HARRA’S HANDBOOK referred to elsewhere in this handbook. Individual cities and towns need not be named. They are all of interest. A is many as possible- of the following places should be seen, the number and the order being selected by the individual in such way as may ib-est serve his pleasure: Harney peak, Terry peak, Crow peak, Custer peak, Sundance mountain, Inyan Kara, Devils Tower, Bear Butte, Bear Lodge range, Sylvan Lake, Belle Fourche irrigation works, Rapid canyon and Dark canyon, Spearfish canyon and falls, Stockade Beaver canyon. Geology canyon, Elk canyon, -Castle creek, Wind cave, Jewel cave, Crystal cave, Hot Springs plunge- baths, Battle Mountain sanitarium, State .School of Mines museum, United (States Indian School, United States Fish Hatchery, Fort Meade, Home-stake mills and open cuts, Bald mountain — Ruby Basin mining dis- trict, Mica mines near Custer and Keystone, and the Badlands east of the Cheyenne river. All of these may be visited with ease either by rail or wagon road and most of them may be reached by automobile. OF THE BLACK HILLS 157 Agriculture Alkali American Fur Co. ...28, Amalgamation .. 81, 84, Artesian Wells.. 69, 70, Assaying Assessment Valua- tion 130, 131 Automobiles 102 Badlands 24, 50-55 Banks ... 128-130 Barometric Pressure 65, 67 Battle Mountain 28 Battle Mountain Sani- tarium 22, 92, 119 Battle Slim Buttes 36, 146 Battle of Wounded Knee 36, 147 Belle Fourche Irriga- tion 22, 74, 111, 113 Birds 96-98, 140 Bismarck Trail 32, 33 Black Hills Pioneers 140, 142 Black Hills Treaty.... 37 Black Hills Forest 109, 110 Blizzards 149, 150 Brick Plants 90 Building Stone. ..18, 58, 9 0 Bureau of Soils 113 Business Houses 128 Camp Sturgis 118 Cattle 101, 102 Caves 76 Cement 18, 58 Cheyenne Trail 32, 33 Cheyenne Indians ... 28, 33 Cheyenne Agency 36 Chinook Winds 61, 67 Chlorination Plants... 86 Churches 22, 137, 139 Clays 18, 58 Climate .... 16, 25, 52, 61-69 Coal 58 Collins-Russell Party. . 30 Cone Seeding Plant 93 Congressional Districts 124 Copper IS, 58, 61 Cost of Black Hills... 37 County Organization.. 40 Crystal Cave \ ... 76 Creameries 92 Custer’s Expedition 30, 31, 33, 98 Custer's Trail 33 Custer's Massacre .. 36, 145, 146 Cyanide Plants 82, 86 Cyanide Process 144 Dairying 20, 92 Deadwood Fire 149 Devils Tower 22, 115 Devils Tower National Monument . Ill Distances by Rail- way 136, 137 Drainage 14, 69 Early History ... 13, 26, 36 Economic Resources 24, 25, 49 Edgemont Wells 70 Electric Power Plants 81, 88 Ellison Hoist 80 Experiment Sta- Farming 114 Federal Court . 122 Federal Institutions... 109 Fish Hatchery 22, 101, 118 Fires 149 Floods . . 149, 150 Flora 98 Floral Valley 98 Flouring Mills 92 Flowers 98 Folios 25, 26 Forestry 22 Forest Reserves24, 107, 109, 110 Fossils 54, 55 Fort Meade 118 Fort Robinson 118 Frosts 65 Fruit Culture 20, 94 Fullers Earth... 18, 58, 61 Gaging Stations 69 Game 95, 100 Gas Plants 90 Geology. .. 14-16, 24, 47, 48, 49 Geologic Folios ....25, 113 Geologic Museum . .104, 140 Gold Discovery 28 Gold Mines and Mining 18, 7 8 Gold Production 18, 58, 60, 61 Golden Reward Mine 78, 81 Gordon Stockade 30 Grain 94 Grazing 20, 5 0, i 01 Grigsby’s Cowboys.... 148 Growing Season ...... 65 Gypsum 58, 91 Harney Forest 110 Hearst Free Library. . 81 Heights of Places. ,.45, 40 Highways 152 History 26, 28, S6 Holy Terror Mine. ..78, 84 ITomestake Fire 152 INDEX 19 145 31 144 72 143 15 8 O’HARRA’S HANDBOOK Homestake Mine 18, 78, 93, 140 Homestake Hospital.. . 140 Homestake Veterans... 81 Horses. 101, 102 Hospitals 22, 81, 139 Hunting - 100 Hydro - Electric Plants 88 Ice Plants 92 Indians 33, 122 Indian Education 122 Indian Reserva- tions 120, 122 Indian School 120 Infantry in the Philip- pines 148 Irrigation 22, 72, 74 Jewel Cave 22, 76, 114, 116 Jewel Cave National Monument 114, 116 Judicial Circuits 124 Land Offices 116, 117 Latitude of Places.. 44, 45 Laramie-Bozeman Trail 33 Lead City 43 Lead Fire 149 Legal Holidays 125 Legislative Districts.. 123 Libraries 81, 140 Lithium 19, 58, 61 Lime Kilns 91 Longitude of Places 44, 45 Lumber 19, 93 Mail Routes 32 Mammals 95 Manufacturing 20 Messiah Craze 36, 147 Metallurgical Plants... 84 Military Posts 118 Mica 19, 58, 61 Minerals ....16, 55, 56, 57 Mineral Production 58, 60, 61 Mineral Springs 75 Mining Men’s Associa- tion 25 Montana Road 33, 36 Mules and Asses 102 Museum 104, 140 National Forests 109 National Parks 22, 114 National Monu- ments 22, 114 Newspapers ....22, 132, 133 Newton-Jenney Sur- vey 23, 31 Oldest Towns 40 Orchards 20, 95 Ore Dressing Plants... 88 Origin of Place Names 40 Owl Creek Reservoir.. 110 Packing Plant 92 Paint Mill 91 Personal Property 130, 131 Pianos 102 Pierre Trail 32 Pine Lumber 19 Pine Ridge 50 Pine Ridge Agency 36, 147 Pine Ridge Reservation 120 Pioneers 140, 142 Placers 60 Population ....... .126, 128 Postal Receipts 123 Postoffices 122, 123 Precipitation 62, 65, 66, 67 Property Valuation 130, 131 Publications 23, 113 Public School Statistics 138 Public Libraries 140 Railroads 22, 134 Rainfall 62 Range Stock 103 Kates of Interest 125 Red Cloud 37 Red Cloud Agency.. 30, 36 Red Cloud War 33, 36 Red water Canal ....74, 113 Religious Organiza- tions 137, 139 Representative Dis- tricts 123 Reservoirs 72, 110 Roads 22, 32, 33 Roasting Plant ....82, 86 Recks 47, 55, 57, 58 Ruby Basin S3 Salt 37, 5 8, 61 Sanitariums 22, 92, 119, 120 St. Martins Academy.. 139 Saw Mills 93 School of Mines 20. 32, 104, 105 School of Mines Canyon 51 Schools 20 Scenery ....15, 22 154, 155 Scientific Investigation 31 Senatorial Districts. . . 123 Sheep 101, 102 Sightseeing 154, 155 Silver 18, 5S, 60, 61 Sioux 13, 28, 34, 35 Sioux Forest 109 Sioux Leaders 37 Sioux Reservation .... 36 Sioux War 36 Sitting Bull 36 37, 147 Smelters 82, 86 Snowfall 62, 64, 67 Societies 22 Soil Survey 25, 113 Soldiers’ Home 104, 106 Spanish -American War 148, 149 OF THE BLACK HILLS 15 9 Spear fish Normal Springs 75 Stamp Mills 84, 144 State Forest Re- serve 107, 108 State Institutions .... 104 State Lands 108 State School of Mines ....20, 32, 104, 105 Stock Raising 20 Stone Quarries 18, 90 Stream Flow 68, 69 Stucco Mills 91 Sundance Forest 109 Sunshine Record .... 62, 65 Sydney Trail 32, 33 Sylvan Lake 159 Swine 1G2 Tallent, Mrs. A. D. 24, SO Telegraph Lines 32, 33, 134, 136 Telephones 136 Tetons 28, 34 Temperatures .... 62, 63, 64, 65, 67 Tin 18, 58, 61 Topographic Maps.. 22, 26, 45, 112, 113 Trading Posts 28 Trails 32 Trees 98, 100 Tria.ngulation 112 Trout Fishing 100 Tuberculosis Sani- tarium 104, 106 U. S. Assay Office 22, 81, 119- U. S. Department of Agriculture ...22, 32, 113- U. S. Experiment Sta- tions 22, 122 U. S. Forest Service 22, 93 U. S. Geologic Survey 22 25, 32, 44, 45, 46, 112 U. S. Land Offices 22, 116, 117, 118 U. S. Reclamation Ser- • vice. ...22, 32, 74, 110-112 U. S. Weather Bureau 22 32 122 ” Valentine Trail 33 Volcanic Ash. ...18, 51, 52, 5 8 Votes for Governor.... 126 Wages 23 Water Power 20' Water Supply 75 Weather 61-67 Weights and Measures 125 Wind Velocities 62, 63, 64, 67 Wind Cave 22, 76 Wind Cave National Park 114, 116 Wireless Telegraph... 136 Women’s Clubs 142: Wounded Knee 147 Yellow Pine 19, 98 Date Due HA'f CO : 59 K / I *2 Ih ? ) m -6 tg B6 9 BOSTON COLLEGE 3 9031 ' 01614540 ON COLLEGE UNIVERSITY HEI CHESTNUT HILL, M