i3 *• PRACTICAL INTRODUCTION TO LATIN YEESE COMPOSITION. BY THOMAS KEECHEVEB ARNOLD, M.A. fS LATE EECTOE OP LYNDON, AND EOEMEELY PELLOW OP TEINITY COLLEGE, CAMBEIDGE. oO — i c iS 3 * &TOJV poueth Edition, consideeabl 3E U , : i t. *• ' eeof. of foetm« ! ^ 7 ?m\ > 7 / 7 * 1 1 < :i » Av* CgliA LONDON^ ^ EIYINGTONS, WATERLOO PLACE: AND HIGH STREET, OXFORD. 380 SCON CC^SQS LIBRaR¥ CH K £TNUT-LIXLL, MASS. LONDON t GILBERT AND RXVINGTON, PRINTERS, ST. JOHN’S SQUARE. PREFACE TO THE EIEST EDITION. The following Work supposes the pupil to have gone through the Author’s “ First Verse Book” or Carey ? s “ Batin Versification Simplified ;” and then to have pro¬ ceeded to some one of the various Introductions that give “ full sense,” as it is called at Eton. Its object is to facilitate his transition to original composition; and to teach him to compose the Alcaic and Sapphic stanzas. A Chapter is added on the other Horatian metres ; in each of which one or two exercises are proposed, chiefly for the purpose of fixing the rules in the memory. A short “ Poetical Phraseology” has been added, which the pupil should be encouraged to enlarge from his own observation. It need not he feared that such a collection will prove injurious to a boy of poetical mind : for there is no working without materials ; and a really inventive mind will he sure to form new combinations from what¬ ever materials it has received or collected. ± IV PREFACE. The Author has derived great benefit from Dr. Carey’s 1 Latin Prosody made easyfrom Dr. Tate’s Account of the Metres of Horace prefixed to his ‘ IToratius Eestitu- tus and from Dr. Herbert’s Eemarks in an article on Mitford’s Harmony of Language in the twelfth number of the Edinburgh Eeview. On the Alcaic Stanza an excellent paper has been drawn up for the use of Eton School by its very learned and accomplished Head- Master. T. K. A. PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION. In this Edition the whole work has been corrected, the translations carefully compared with the originals, and alterations made where necessary. The Alcaics and Sapphics have been arranged in stanzas, and the order of the Exercises altered, so that each kind of verse may stand in a Chapter by itself: at the same time the number of the Exercise in the former Editions is inserted in brackets, wherever any change has been made, so that the old and new Editions may be used together. The Notes to the Exercises have been removed to an Appendix, in order that the book may be more useful in School Examinations. Extracts have been made wherever Doederlein’s Handbook of Latin Synonymes, or the Introduction to Latin Prose Composition were referred to, in order that the book may be, as far as possible, complete in itself. TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE Introduction.—On the C^suras op the Hexameter and Pentameter.1 Chap. I.—Elegiacs . 11 Hexameters.36 Chap. II.—The Alcaic Stanza.49 Names of the feet ........ ib. Two first lines ......... 50 Third line . . . . . . .. 52 Fourth, line . . . . . . . . .54 Alcaics. .55 Chap. III.—The Sapphic Stanza . ... . .75 Sapphics.78 Chap. IV.—The other Horatian Metres .... 86 § 1. Iambic Trimeter ....... ib. § 2. Iambic Dimeter.88 § 3. Minor Asclepiad ....... 90 § 4. Second Asclepiadean System ..... 92 § 5. Third Asclepiadean System ..... 93 § 6. Fourth Asclepiadean System ..... 94 § 7. Longer Asclepiad ....... 97 § 8. Longer Sapphic System . . . . .98 § 9. First Archilocliian System ..... 99 § 10. Second Archilochian System.100 {Note on Versus Asynarteti, 100.) § 11. Third Archilochian System.102 § 12. Fourth Archilochian System ..... 103 Vlll TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE § 13. Alcmanian System .... . 106 § 14. First Pythiambic System . 107 § 15. Second Pythiambic System . 109 § 16. (1) Heptasyllabic Trochaic iV, (2) Iambic Trim. Catalectic / • • t 1m» § 17. loiiicus a Minore ... * . Ill APPENDIX I. Notes ok the Exercises. Supplying the Latin words where necessary, and other assistance . . . 113 APPENDIX II. Hikts OK Versification.145 APPENDIX III. Poetical Phraseology akd Vocabulary .... 153 A. Times oe the Day .ib. B. Seasoks.154 C. Trees, Herbs, &c.155 D. Aktmals.160 a. Beasts . . ..ib. b. Birds ........ 161 c. Insects, &c. . - . . . . . ib, d. Snakes. 162 E. Kustic Operatioks .ib. (1) Milking.ib. (2) Sowing . ib. (3) Ploughing.ib. (4) Digging, Harrowing, &c.ib. (5) Vintage. 163 (6) Harvest.ib. (7) Making cheese.ib. E. Games, Athletic Sports, &c .ib. (1) Driving.ib. (2) Boxing.ib. TABLE OF CONTENTS. ix (3) Wrestling • • PAGE . 164 (4) Hurling the Discus . . ib. (5) Shooting with the Bow . ib. (6) Running . . ib* (7) Hunting . . 165 (8) Fowling . . ib. G. House, Fuenituee, &c. . . ib. Beds, Couches, &c. . ib. Tables, Feasts, &c.. . 166 Drinking-Cups . ib. II. States of the Body, &c. . ib. (1) Disease . . ib. (2) Hunger . . 167 (3) Thirst . ib. (4) Sleep . ib. I. Natueal Agents . ib. Winds, Clouds, Rain, &c. J. The Ship, &c. . • • * ‘m . 169 APPENDIX IV. PEOSODIACAL REMAEKS AND TABLES .170 APPENDIX V. Pltjkals used by the Poets eoe the Singulae . . 173 APPENDIX VI. Declension of Geeek Nouns ..174 Index of Synonymes Distinguished ...... 177 - M/ . TABLE OE ENGLISH POEMS AND EXTRACTS ARRANGED EOR TRANSLATION. PAGE Lines on Venice. ( Smedley.) . 26 British Beauties.ib. “ He shall not dread/’ &c.28 “ By a blest husband guided/’ &c. ( Wordsworth .) . . ib. Lines from an Ode to May. ( Wordsworth .) .... 30 Sonnet on Mount St. Bernard. {Dr. Moir.) .... 31 Lines supposed to he found in a Hermitage. {Wordsworth.) . ib. Another version of the same.93 Lines on Evening. {Anon.) .33 Psalm cxiv., “ When Israel came out of Egypt/’ &c. . . 34 Shortness of Human Life. {Coivper.) .41 The face which Solitude wore to Grecian Swains. {Words¬ worth.) .......... 42 Paradise Lost. Book I. . . . . . . . .43 “The sun is couch’d/’ &c. {Wordsworth.) . . . .45 Lines from the Samson Agonistes.46 The Clyde, “Lord of the Vale.” {Wordsworth.) ... 84 “I travelled among unknown men/’ &c. {Wordsworth.) . 102 The Poet.—“But who is he with modest looks/’ f ;&c. {Words¬ worth.) .no 2 INTRODUCTION. tive conjunction connecting it with the following propo¬ sition. Examples. atque ipsre memores redeunt in tecta, suosque ducunt , et gravido superant vix ubere limen. G. iii. 317. comminus obtruncant ferro, graviterque rudentes ccedimt , et magno lseti clamore reportant. G. iv. 40. spiramenta linunt, fucoque et floribus oras explent , conlectumy^e hsec ipsa ad munera gluten. lb. 64. ( b ) When a repeated particle is nearly equivalent to a connective conjunction. sic canibus catulos similes, sic matribus hsedos n or am ; sic parvis componere magna solebam. Eel. i. 24. his ego ssepe lupum fieri et se condere silvis ELcerim , scepe animas imis excire sepulchris. Eel. viii. 98. (c) When the word so placed is very emphatic. -et telo lumen terebramus acuto inpens, quod torva solum sub fronte latebat. JEn. iii. 635. -divumque sibi poscebat honorem, demens ! qui nimbos, et non imitabile fulmen, &c. 2En. vi. 590. namque fore illustrem fama fatisque canebant ipsam ; sed populo magnum portendere bellum. JEn. vii. 80. •-quid me erepto, ssevissime, nato terres ? hsec via sola fuit, qua perdere posses. uEn. x. 879. ---solio turn Jupiter aureo surqit, coelicolse medium quern ad limina ducunt. Ib. 117. 7. A spondee consisting of a trisyllable with its final syllable elided, is sometimes found in this place. alternis igitur contendere versibus ambo coepere: alternos Musse meminisse volebant. Eel. vii. 19. INTRODUCTION. 3 fudifc equnm magno tellus percussa tridenti Neptune ; et cultor nemorum, &c. G. i. 14. 8. Obs. In -nec, si miserum fortuna Sinonem finxit, vanum etiam mendacemque improba finget, the finxit belongs to the sentence beginning with nec, which goes on to finget. In-et sarpe lapillos nt cymhee instabiles fluctu jactante saburram tollunt: his sese per inania nubila vibrant, the words that follow tollunt are necessary to complete the sentence; and perhaps the line may be intended to run heavily to suit the sense. (The second foot.') 9. The second foot may not be followed by a csesura without elision, unless it ends in a monosyllable or a £ pyrrhich ( ww ). 10. But when there is an elision, words that form a Sjipnylep, tribrach, &c., may terminate the second foot. 11. Such particles as et, ac, aut , generally follow this elision in Yirgil. Carey objects to a pause after a word of two short syllables terminating the foot, but allows that Virgil shows no dislike of the practice. 12. Examples. 1.) Second foot ending in a monosyllable. noil aliter qiigm j quum Libyca de rupe leones, et pudeat si j te qua syllaba parte moretur. O. tempus erat, quo | prima quies mortalibus segris. O. V. (2.) Second foot ending in a ivord of two short syllables. nunc tantum sinus , | et statio male fida carinis. V, hie Dolopum rnanus, | hie ssevus tendebat Achilles. V. objicitur magis, | atque improvida pectora turbat. V. Anchisss domus , | arboribusque obtecta recessit. V. tu glacie/reto | vincta tenes, et in aiquore piscis. O. exposnit mea | me populo fortuna videndum. O. perque vices modo, | Persephone! modo, Pilia! clamat. 0. turn positis novus | exuviis, nitidusque juventa. V. (3.) Second foot icith final syllable elided. in pejus mere. ] ac retro sublapsa referri. V, B 2 4 INTRODUCTION. semper enim refice , | ac ue post amissa requiras. V. hie vero subitum | ae dictu mirabile monstrum. V. remigio alarum, | ac Libyae citus adstitit oris. V. et patriam sola J et certos novere penates. V. principio costum j ae terras camposque liquentes. Y. turn pietate graven j ac mentis si forte virurn quem conspexere, &c. V. id vero horrendum | ac visu mirabile ferri. V. 13. In horrendo inter | se luctantur murmure venti the line is meant to labour; and a preposition followed by its case xnay be considered as nearly one word with it. 14. Virgil’s line, scilicet omnibus | est labor impendendus; et omnes, is very peculiar. {Third foot?) JT.JS. 15. The strong caesura in the third foot (called the pentbemimeral caesura) occurs in by far the greater number of Hexameter verses ; so that the absence of it is a deviation from the usual construction of the verse. 16. If the third foot has the weak (or trochaic ) caesura, both the second and fourth feet have generally the strong caesura. 17. Sometimes, however, the second foot is without the strong caesura, particularly if “the first foot be a dactyl followed by a pause.” {Carey.) {Examples. restitit Eurydi\cenque suam jam luce sub ipsa. V. occidit, occide\ritque sinas cum nomine, Troja. T r . Orpbei Callio 'pea, Lino formosus Apollo. V. Hermann says: “propter lenitatem haec [caesura] mollibus argumentis accommodatissima est.” 18. Verses divided in the exact middle were greatly objected to by the old critics ; but they are not of very uncommon occurrence. 19* («) When the third foot has the strong caesura, it may be followed by a mo nosy llable or a word of two short syllables. ( b ) It is better (as a general rule) that the mono- INTRODUCTION. syllable should be preceded by a pause, and the dissylla¬ ble not followed by one (c) Hermann remarks, that the effect of this division of a verse into equal parts is still less pleasing when the third foot is a spondee. Examples. hsec ego vaticinor, quia sum deceptus ab illo. 0. non mihi Dulichium damns est, Ithaceve Sameve. F nec prosunt elegi, nee carminis auctor Apollo, scindit se nubes, et in aethera purgat apertum. F. luderet Aeneas, qui te tamen ore referret. F. 20. In a few instances a dissyllable with its final syllable elided produces this division of the verse into equal parts. Examples. vere madent udo terrce , ac pluvialibus austris. V. scilicet hue reddi deinde ac resoluta referri omnia. F. non equidem omnino capta ac deserta viderer. V. pars spoliant aras ,frondem, ac virgulta, facesque conjiciunt. F. 21. The third foot is very seldom entirely without caesura; as in degeneremque Eeoptolemum narrare memento. F. Anchisae domus, arboribusqne obtecta recessit. F 22. The accent must never fall on the first s}dlable of the third foot, unless that syllable be a monosyllabic or a trochaic word. Hence the third foot cannot consist of a dactylic or spondaic word. (.Fourth Foot.') E.B. 23. ( a ) When the third foot is without caesura, the fourth should have the strong caesura. '* The dissyllable is followed by a pause in •-aridus altis Montibus audiri fracor; aut resonantia longe. G. i. 357. B 3 G INTRODUCTION. 24. ( [b ) When the third foot has the wealc, the fourth should have the strong caesura. ^ 25. (c) When the fourth foot consists of one word, it is far more commonly a dactyl than a spondee ; but an emphatic spondaic word may stand here very well. J Examples. degeneremque Neoptolemum ] narrare memento. V. Anchisae domus, arboribuspue # | obtecta recessit. V. 26. The fourth foot should never have the weak caesura, unless a monosyllable precedes the dactyl or forms its second syllable. (a) Thus, quae pax longa remiserat arm a ] novare parabant is wrong. But, tempora quae messor, puce curvus | arator haberet. V. clamabat flebatque simul sect | utrumque decebat. O. are right. (b) Hermann says of the weak csesura in this foot, when a mono¬ syllable stands before the trochaic word : “ Apud Ovidinm et Calpur- nium frequentissima ha)c incisio est.” {Fifth foot.) -r 27. The first syllable of the fifth foot is nearly always an accented syllable. turn variae illudant pestes, saepe exiguus mus, &e. V. is an exception. X 28. Hence the fifth foot should not have the strong caesura, unless its first syllable is a monosyllabic word f. 29. Such monosyllables as a preposition before its case, non , &c., are occasionally found here. Fxample. ilia manus ut forte tetenderat in maxis undas. O. * “ Tenendum est, elisionem syllable neque apud Graicos neque apud Romanos csesura) officere.” {Hermann.) t rin exception is : ‘ funereas rapuere faces : luce/ [ via longo,’ &c. V. xEn. xi. 143. IHTKODTJCTIQH. 30. If the verse is a spondaic one (i. e. has a spondee in the fifth place), the fifth foot may have the strong caesura; and the fourth foot should then be a dactyl. (Sixth foot.) 31. The first syllable of the sixth foot is nearly always an accented syllable. 32. The sixth foot sometimes ends in est after an elision. 33. It sometimes, though very rarely, has a caesura. cur igitur currant, et cur — sic currere mos | est — &c. illic, ut perhibent, aut intempesta si let | nox. V. 34. When the sixth foot has a csesura, there must be a 'pause at the end of the line 35. Dr. Herbert (in the Edinburgh [Review, No. xii. p. 372) says: “ There are (according to our recollection) but three lines in the first Georgic ending like steriles dominantar avence , where four unaccented syllables stand together before the two last feet; although the form liquefactaque volvere sdxa, similar in quantity, occurs thirteen or fourteen times.” The Pehtametee. 36. The last word is nearly always a dissyllable ; some¬ times a quadrisyllable, but hardly ever a trisyllable. 37. The last word is comparatively seldom a dissyllable with a short final vowel (fks pede). 38. As in the Hexameter, est after an elision often stands as the last word. # “ Sexta dechna caesura ubi admittitur, necesse est vocem panluin subsistere in fine versus.” {Wagner .) B 4 8 INTRODUCTION. et jus | verten|di || cardinis | omne me|um est. | 39. An adjective word in simple agreement with a sub¬ stantive is seldom the last word, unless it happens to be emphatic. (a) But a possessive pronoun in agreement is very often the last word. addidit haec dictis ultima verba suis. (h) And an adjective forming the predicate with esse, facere, reddere, &c., may very properly stand as the last word : esse rudes, &c. Oes. Antithesis necessarily makes the adjective em¬ phatic. 40. An adverb is seldom the last word, unless it is emphatic. This does not apply to the adverb used with esse as a predicate : esse parum ; esse satis, &c. 41. When the sense of the first line overflows bv a single word into the second, that word is almost always dactylic or trochaic A (B. B.) Compare Buie 5. 42. In priori parte elegantior est spondeus dactylo subjectus quam spondeum sequens dactylus. ( Hermann .) 43. If the long syllable at the end of the first part is a monosyllable, the word before it is either a long mono¬ syllable, or a word of two short syllables. This does not apply to est with an elision before it. Examples. non tamen | est cur j sis || tu mihi | causa | ne|cis. | quae tibi | cur tria [ sint || consocilata ca|uam. | lucidijor vi\sa est || quam fuit j ante dojmus. || (On the Elegiac Couplet, Sfcd) 44. Generally speaking, the sense is completed in the couplet; but, at all events, the second line must termi¬ nate with some considerable pause. 45. A nominative case with its dependent words, a vocative, &c., may be followed by a clause which fills up # Tlie exceptions ai’e nearly always verbs. INTRODUCTION. 9 the couplet, so that the verb with the rest of the sentence is placed in the next couplet. Examples. r Nam pater armipotens , postquam nova moenia vidit, < Multaque Eomulea bella peracta manu, L Jupiter, inquit , habet Eomana potentia vires, &c. f Terribilem quondam fugiens Typhona Eione , < Tunc quum pro coelo Jupiter arma tulit, [_ Venit ad Euphratem comitata Cupidine parvo , Sfc. 46. It is also verj - common for one couplet to contain a particle with its dependent words, belonging to a verb in the next couplet, or even to a subject of which the first mention occurs in the next couplet. 47. A very short sentence, especially when it consists of a single wmrd, is often let into a dependent sentence; especially when the dependent sentence begins with an interrogative pronoun or adverb. quce fuerit nostri si quceris regia nati, &c. quce sit enim culti facundia sensimus oris, &c. 48. A dependent interrogative clause may be let into the principal sentence, as in the following example : Protinus a nobis, quce sit dea Muta , requires. 49. In the same way, relative sentences, short sentences expressing a purpose or consequence , time , manner , &c., may be let into the principal sentence. 50. A conjunction or interrogative is often placed after several words of its clause: such a word often begins the second half of the pentameter, instead of standing at the head of its clause. dirig at in medio quis mea vela freto ? nec, velit insidiis altas si claudere valles, dum placeas, humeri retia ferre negent. 51. Now and then que is placed after a verb in the second half of a pentameter, instead of after the first word of a sentence. mensibus antiquis adposuit^e * duos. # This sometimes occurs after a substantive: devorat: immersam visceribus^re tenet. Ov. (R. R.) B 5 10 INTRODUCTION. (On the place of Prepositions in poetry .) Besides the usual positions allowable in prose, 52. The preposition may stand before a governed geni¬ tive, preceding its noun, but separated from it by several words. As, fulmina de cceli jaculatus Jupiter arce. Q. 53. It sometimes stands before an oblique case governed by a participle or adjective in agreement with the substantive it belongs to. -et inter carcerihus missos ultimus ibit equos. O. This occurs now and then even in prose: e.g. ‘in bella gercn- tibus/ ( Cic. Brut. 12.) 54. Sometimes a conjunction follows the preposition. As, in que leves calathos. munera nostra legunt. O. Thus in prose: ‘post veto Sullse victoriam:’ ‘prseter enim tres disciplinas/ (Miscellaneous {Remarks .) 55. Ovid sometimes lengthens the final syllable of rediit, abiit, periit, &c., before a vowel; especially when they stand at the end of the first half of a pentameter: si modo, qui peri\U, j| ille perire potest. 56. This licence may now and then be taken with these ivords: i. e. with the perfect of the compounds of eo. 57. Remember plural JDi: and the ablatives clavi, febri, navi, jpuppi, securi, turri, which are more common than the forms in e. 58. Remember the accusatives herd, cetherd. 59. It is important to remember (1) that the third person plural of the perfect ends in ere as well as enmt; such a form as ceci\dere being often very convenient. (2) that the infin. asse, esse, isse, may be used for avisse, evisse, ivisse. f the pluperf. drat, erat, for dverdt, everdt. (3) < the pluperf. assem, essem, issem, for avissem, evissem, ( ivissem. (4) the gen. urn, for arum, orum (sometimes). 60. The forms nossem, nosse, for novissem, novisse, should also be remembered; and soluisse for solvisse. ELEGIACS. JSF.B.—For notes on the Fxercises, giving hints and the Latin words wherever there is any difficulty , see Appendix I. I. 1 You patted 5 as a calf the bull 9 which you now ° fear ; The tree 9 you lie under was a twig. 3 [ The river ] is born a little one, but acquires strength, And receives many waters. II. 1 One pleases, because he drives well; Another cuts the water with a snow-white breast; 3 Another has captivated, because he is bold; but another Bears girlish bashfulness in his cheeks. III. 1 Nor blame 12 my fickleness: not always with the same Wind does the ship 13 carry her passengers. 3 Bor now we run with the North-wind, now with the East; Often with the West-wind; often with the South. 5 Behold, how the charioteer now urges on his horses, —-- # now holds- 14 them -in. * The-means that part of the former line is to flow over into this. 12 ELEGTACS. IY. 1 For neither storm, nor the loss-of-my-right-course drove me hither;— The Taenarian land was that to which I was bound. 3 Nor do I sail in a vessel that carries merchandise: •-May the gods defend the wealth I have! 5 Nor do I come to the Grecian cities as a spectator; The towns of my own kingdom are richer. - < • Y. 1 There was once reverence for 15 the hoary head, And old age was had in honour. 3 Who would dare [to utter ] disgraceful words before an old man ? A Age gave the right-of-censuring. 5 Ttomiilus saw this; and called his selected personages, Fathers: To these the chief-authority in the new city was given. YI. 1 Indulgence especially captivates the mind; Harshness and cruel words cause hatred. 3 We hate the hawk because he lives in arms, And the wolves which 10 attack 5 the sheep; 5 But the swallow is free from the attacks of men, because she ° is ° gentle, And the pigeon has towers to dwell in. YII. 1 Neither do violets nor lilies always flourish; And the thorn, having lost its rose, stands-bare. 3 And you, too, 0 beautiful one! will soon have 11 grey hairs; Soon will wrinkles come to plough 18 your 7 person : 5 Even-now prepare a mind that will last, and add it to your beauty; It' alone continues till death. ELEGIACS. 13 VIII. 1 As numerous ants return and go along the long line When they carry their accustomed food; 3 Or as bees, when 16 they have met-with woodlands and 19 Pastures, fly amongst the flowers: 5 So the adorned 20 female rushes to the games, An abundance that has often delayed my judge¬ ment *. IX. 1 Whilst you may, and you are still spending {pi.) vernal years, * Play: years pass like 22 flowing water. 3 The wave ■which is past cannot 21 be recalled, Xor can the hour, that is past, return. 5 We must use our time-of-life ; it 24 passes rapidly 23 : Xor does one so good, as 25 the first was, follow. X. 1 How soon, alas ! are our bodies wrinkled! And the colour we had 11 perishes! 3 Snakes strip-off 26 old age with their skin ; And the shedding 27 of their horns does not make stags old. 5 Our good things fly-away without help: pluck the flower, Which, if not pluckt, will fall of itself. XI. 1 It was hot-weather, and noon was past. I threw my limbs on the middle of a couch. 3 Half the window was open, the other half shut; Such a light as woods generally have 5 : 5 Like 28 the twilight which shines-dimly, when 10 the sun departs, Or when night is gone, but day not risen. * i. e. made me hesitate to decide which was the most heaatifdl. 14 ELEGIACS. » XIL (Even the childhood of heroes is heroic .) 1 Count 12 not the birth-days of gods : Valour has been granted to the Caesars before their day. 3 Heavenly genius [rises'] more quickly than its years, And ill brooks the loss of delay. 5 Hercules, when 29 he was little, [strangled] two snakes, And in his cradle was worthy of Jupiter. , > - XIII. 1 Wine prepares the minds, and makes them fit for warmth: Care flies, and is washed away by Wine; 3 Then laughter comes; then the poor man exults; Then grief, care, and the wrinkled forehead depart. 5 Then [simplicity], rare 29 in our age, opens minds, For 16 the god drives-away artifices. XIV. 1 [The son of Atreus] who had escaped Mars and Heptune Was the victim of his wife. 3 Who has not wept-for 26 the flame of Creusa, And a mother stained with her children’s blood ? 5 Phoenix was deprived of his eyes ; Maddened horses tore 30 Hippolytus to pieces. XV. 1 In time bullocks come to the plough (pi.) ; y And 40 horses are taught to bear the bit. 8 An iron ring is wasted away by using; The ploughshare perishes by the constant ground. 5 What is harder than a rock ? what softer than water F Yet rocks are hollowed by water. ELEGIACS. 15 XYI. 1 The fields of the Peligni are wandered over bv streams; And the luxuriant herbage is green. 3 The land is productive of corn, and more productive of grapes ; And even produces olives : 5 And through the herbage, renewed by gliding waters, The grassy turf shades the ground. XVII. 1 [The 'pine cut down on the top of JPeliori] (2) '[First taught bad] (1) ways, [whilst 10 the waves wondered ,] (1) 3 The pine ° which between the rocks that ran-together Carried the golden fleece. 5 "Would that (that so none might cross the seas) 1 The Argo had sunk! 7 Lo ! [Corinna] flies her home, And prepares to take a treacherous journey. XVIII. 1 You are naturally gentle to the wretched; and none 31 Has a milder disposition, Brutus, than you. 3 It belongs to you, though it seems contradictory, To be gentle to suppliants, fierce to the guilty. 5 May 32 your enemies [feel] how violent you are in arms, And undergo the weapons of your tongue! 7 But if you see any one hurt by fortune, Ho woman is softer than you 35 . XIX. {The sorceress .) 1 Iler have I seen drawing down the stars ; She' turns rivers with her incantation ; 3 She' cleaves the soil, and [ draws forth ] the manes from their sepulchres, And calls-down bones from the funeral-pile. 16 ELEGIACS. 5 Now she detains the magic troop ; Now she dismisses them sprinkled with milk. 7 When she pleases she' drives away clouds from the sky; When she pleases, she calls together snows m summer. XX. 1 Now [ D'lCtna ] (or 1 ) is in my estimation the first goddess; I myself ( fem .) follow your judgement. 3 I love to go into the forest, and, driving the stags into the nets 16 , Encourage the dogs over the hills; 5 To brandish the trembling lance, Or lay my body on the grass; 7 To turn the chariots in the dust, Pulling round the horse’s mouth. XXI. 1 Let kings and their 24 triumphs yield to song, Let the gold-bearing Tagus yield; 3 Let the vulgar admire what is common 35 : to me' may Apollo Minister cups of Castalian water! 5 Envy dwells among the living only ° ; after death it rests: Then his deserved honour protects every-man 36 ; 7 Therefore, even when the fire has consumed me, I shall live, and a large part of me will survive. XXII. 1 Whilst the new bough is growing-firm in the barb, Whatever 37 breeze shakes it, it will fall. 3 Presently the same [tree ] will resist winds, And bear adopted produce. ELEGIACS. 17 1 Whilst your strength permits, suffer (pi.) labours ; Presently old age will come. 3 Cleave the sea with oars, or the earth with the plough ; Or take arms in your warlike hands. XXIII. (An Indian funeral?) 1 Eastern husbands alone have a happy funeral, Whom Aurora with her horses dyes ; 3 Eor when the funeral torch is applied to the death¬ bearing couch, His dutiful wives stand with their hair cut-off, 5 And enter into a contest for death, which should follow Her husband; it is a disgrace not to have been allowed to die. 7 Those who conquer are-all-eagerness, and give them¬ selves to the flame; And apply their lips to their husbands. XXIV. (Anri sacra fames?) 1 But now the shrines are given up in the groves. Piety is conquered 16 and all worship gold. 3 Eidelity is banished by gold ; rights are purchaseable ; Law follows gold; and° presently shame follows it too °. 5 The thresholds dried-by-the-heat bear witness to the sacrilege 1 of Brennus, Whilst he attempted the god’s Pythian temple. 7 But Mount [ Parnassus ], shaken from its top, Scattered \dire\ snows on the Gallic troops. XXV. (Death the common lot.) 1 But we all (come)° hither. The first and last rank come ° ; It is a bad road, but must be trodden bv all. ' V IS ELEGIACS. 3 The three-necked dog must be soothed-by-prayer; "We must go into 20 the old man’s skiff. 5 Though a man hide himself in iron and brass, Yet death drags-forth his head thence. 7 Nlreus was not exempted 20 by his beauty, nor 38 Achilles by his strength, Nor 39 Croesus by the wealth of Pactdlus 38 . XXVI. 1 Diana takes you away by your passion for hunting. Oh! may the woods perish, and dogs.fail! 3 What madness it is that you, [ closing ] the mountains with your toils, Should choose to hurt your tender hands ! 5 Or what pleasure is it to enter the haunts of wild- beasts, And scratch your legs with brambles P 7 But yet, that I may wander with you, Cerinthus, I myself will bear the nets over the mountains; 9 I myself will seek for the footsteps of the stag, And unslip the hound. XXVII. (. Morning .) 1 Xow she is coming over the sea from her aged hus¬ band, She° who bears the day on her axle. 3 Whither hastest thou, Aurora ? Stay; so to Mem- non’s shade May the bird every year offer-obsequies! 5 Whither hastest thou, displeasing to men and 40 maidens ? Hold back your reins. 7 Before your rising [ the sailor ] is better able 41 to ob¬ serve his stars, And does not then wander in ignorance. 9 At your coming the traveller arises, The soldier handles his arms. ELEGIACS. 19 11 You are the first who sees the rustics with their hoes, And calls the oxen to the yoke. XXVIIT. 1 Do people affirm with truth that poets are insane ? And am I a confirmation of this ? 3 Who, though so often deceived by my barren field, Persist in sowing my seed ? 5 The-truth-is, every man is fond of his own pursuits, And likes to spend his time in a familiar art. 7 The wounded gladiator forswears the battle, and yet he, Porgetting his wound, takes his arms; 9 The ship-wrecked sailor says he will have nothing to do with the sea, And yet ° rows again ° in the water he lately swam in : 11 So I continue an unprofitable pursuit, And reseek the goddesses, whom I could wish not to have worshipped. XXIX. 1 Crush the seeds of disease whilst they are new, And let your horse be stopt, when he is only 0 beginning to go; 3 Dor delay gives strength ; delay ripens the grapes, And makes what was mere ° herbage crops-of-corn. 5 The tree which now affords a wide shade, When first planted, was a twig : 7 Then it might have been plucked up by the hand, Xow immensely increased it stands by its own force. 9 Oppose beginnings: it is too late to prepare 42 medi¬ cine When evils have grown-strong by delays. XXX. 1 Yulcan stood against Troy, "Apollo for it; Venus was partial to it, Pallas hostile: 20 ELEGIACS. 3 Juno, siding with Turnus, hated iEneas, But Yenus preserved him ; 5 Neptunus often attacked'"Ulysses, But Minerva snatched him from her uncle: 7 And [what forbids] that me' too, though far different to them, [Some] deity should defend, when a god is angry ? 9 I am losing unprofitable words; The waters sprinkle my face as I speak; 11 The south-wdnd tosses-away my words, Nor suffers my [prayers] to reach the Gods, to whom they are sent. .tr ■ - XXXI. 1 Unhappy Semele, why askest thou of thy lover gifts Which will hurt 43 you and 40 your son ? 3 If you ask 44 of Jupiter fit 38 rewards, You will receive fit rewards. 5 Your offspring is no plebeian 45 God, But equal 38 to Phoebus and Mercury 40 ; 7 One whom Saturn disdains not To know ; whom Jupiter approves. 9 Hail, dear to thy parent! mildest deity, Hail! thou source-of-rest, and parent of joy ! XXXII. 1 You' the country of rocky Petrmum holds, Which 48 was once made proud by my ancestors; 3 And you gaze-at the nymphs of Sinuessse, And the field 9 which smokes with sulphur. 5 But to me the rustic Muses dictate Songs, which love sings ; 7 And the w r ood answers my complaints, And the caves echo my voice. 9 Let the shepherds 47 approve-of me Whilst they invoke Pales with warm milk. XXXIII. 1 0 Bacchus, come! so may your [horns] be twined with ivy-berries, So may the grape hang from your hair. ELEGIACS. 21 3 Do you, 0 Father, take me from my cares, And lighten my breast with wine! 5 Whether Thebes now has you, or Ismarus, Or JSTaxus with its wooded hills, 7 Hither hasten with your thyrsus ; Hither, O Bacchus, direct your steps! 9 Do you bring calm sleep to my breast, And aid my weary eyes. XXXIY. 1 You will go, and to whom will you leave me,—• Who will be to me a gentle comforter 51 ? 3 May 10 I be devoured by an opening of the earth, Or burnt by the fire of a thunder-bolt, 5 Before the Phthian vessels sail without me, And I left-behind see your ships go. 7 If now both return pleases you, and your home, I am not a great burden; 9 I will follow you as a captive 52 , not as a wife 52 : I have a hand fit for spinning wool. XXXY. 1 Why do you rush, 0 rash crowd, against poets? And prepare to fight with sharp tooth ? 3 Cease to pour out your revilings, For the god himself defends his own. 5 But do you prepare wolfsbane for your companions/ And rob miserable houses, 7 Disturb the city with murders, And render its streets unsafe. 9 These pursuits you have learnt from your early years; Hot to touch the strings of the lyre. XXXYI. 1 Dear husband, trusting too much to your youth, O shade! to be lamented by me with tears, ELEGIACS. 90 j-u «J 3 "Who \bade\ you rush amongst so many enemies ? Was then ° one not enough ? 5 Alas! did no care for thy bride, Did not the ruin of thy house occur [to thee ] ? 7 Nay, I myself admonished you not [to rush] violently 2 into arms. Alas ! whither rushest thou ? 0 Whither dost thou dash-away ? whither is your regard for me gone ? Can you forget 4 your wife ? 11 So his wife bewailed Hector, so Achilles, So Laodamia her slain husband. XXXVII. 1 0 pure old man, whom neither contagious 1 wicked¬ ness, Nor the age has corrupted with its vices! 3 Who has equalled triumphs in thy poverty, Such 6 was thy love of simplicity ! 5 The wood was thy 7 seat; thy bed was of 8 turf; The river and herb supplied thy table. 7 Happy the hills 9 which saw thee speak, The herb 9 which afforded thee a couch, 9 The tree or the rock which gave thee their shade, And the urn which now contains thy ashes! XXXVIII. \ 1 He who first endured to leave his home, And bear the weary 1 sea, and a long voyage, 3 Whom neither home nor parents could recall, Nor his beloved with dishevelled hair, 5 That man was born of rocks and oak, And brought forth amongst tigers. 7 My heart is not of iron, Mv breast is not of flint, 9 That I should be able [to leave ] home, and the house of my beloved, And seek a dwelling in an unknown world. ELEGIACS. 23 XXXIX. 1 The light arises ! The sun arises, Which so often has gladdened our ancestors. 3 Lo! the origin of a better year returns : Let all present utter a holy prayer. 5 Let Janus open his own temple, Let both his heads distil odours; 7 Let frankincense smoke upon his altars, Let him stand above and see his hearths. XL. 1 I have no mind to pray for the sands which the Pactolus Or the Tagus rolls : 3 Nor whatever [the Mede] gathers from his rich fields, Or the Arabian, burnt by the sun. 5 I pray for what is just: may \tJie enemy'] withdraw from Latium, And wander-about conquered! 7 Let him be forced to leave the land of Hydrus, And lament our country. XLI. J Oh, if my life were to out-last yours, (May the Gods make the omen void !) 3 I w r ould reverence your buried Bones, bearing wine and frankincense ; 5 And, a guard and priest to your tomb, Would sing mournful words ; 7 Xor should any one tear me from your urn, Without my kissing your ashes. 1 But if the fates had allowed you To close my eyes, 3 You would invoke my manes at my tomb, And gather my bones into your bosom ; 2-1 ELEGIACS. 5 And, cutfcing-off your hair at my grave, Would call-out my name: 7 Then paying the sacred rites to my ashes, Would scatter roses and lilies. 9 There [you would wish ] to spend nights and days, Nor would a second love overcome you. XLIT. 1 Glods of my country, by whose advice the foreign fleet Came hither, and built a Eubcean city, 3 Avert this pest from our shores, If you founded the city with good omens! 5 And you, innocent shades, whom poison Killed before your days, 7 Bring hither your avenging torches, and with fire Torment the causers of your death ! 9 And you, 0 Muses, the poets’ deities, Not to be profaned by my songs, 11 Spare, if I have hurt your ears for the first time, I have been provoked to take arms! XLIII. 1 Thee both young and old honour, teaching precepts Which Naples neglects Cicero to read : 3 What becomes a brave man; what are a prince’s arts; What gifts a bounteous hand may best give; 5 What are the laws of obedience and the laws of eloquence; How the tongue may utter polished wit; 7 What fortune gives to man, what prudence ; how. Passion drives on the mind ; 9 And what are the duties of a noble-minded man, Whether he cultivate peace or wage war. 11 0 old man, the oblivion of Lethe will not destroy thee, Nor greedy time turn thee 0 into ashes! ELEGIACS. 25 XLIY. 1 'We lovers are not tormented by gold ; He who can 54 bend his beloved will be rich. 3 He alone possesses whatever is brought from India And the banks of Hermus 30 . 5 Has a sorceress left her tombs 16 and devoted me ? Do incantations destroy my sleep ? 7 Incantation draws down the acorns, Closes the dog’s mouth, 9 [Stains'] the sun with blood, And stops the horses of the moon. 11 Why do I complain r would that [ incantations ] only injured me, And love were not in my breast! 13 He 7 can go beyond the enchantments of Circe, Or the poisons of iEmonian hills. 15 Spare, 0 boy ! you [ increase ] by my wounds, And exult in my blood. XLY. (X Dream .) 1 It was night, and sleep closed my eyes, A vision of this kind frightened me. 3 \There stood~\ beneath a hill a grove of ilex, And many 53 birds w r ere concealed therein ; 5 A very green plot of meadow-ground was beneath, Moist with a softly sounding brook. 7 I was avoiding the heat, But there was heat even under the boughs. 9 Behold ! seeking the flowery herbage, A white cow stood before me ; 11 Whiter than new-fallen snows, Which delay has not yet melted. 13 A bull accompanied her : happily the husband With his wife pressed the soft ground. 15 As he lay, and chewed the cud, I see that he has laid his head down. 17 Hither \_a chattering ] crow gliding-down Came, and sat on the ground ; c 26 ELEGIACS. 19 And thrice [dug ] the snowy cow’s breast with her beak, And removed the tufts. 21 And then she', after long delay, left the place and the bull; But there was a livid-spot in the cow’s breast. 23 And when she saw bulls grazing at a distance (Bulls were grazing at a distance), 25 She hurried thither, and joined those herds, And sought a more fertile soil. 27 Tell me, any augur of a nightly vision, If they have any truth, what that vision portends. r XLYI. [LI.] * (Venice.) When Neptune, towering o’er her Adrian wave, Saw Yenice rise, and Ocean’s rage enslave, “ Boast as thou wilt of Borne,” to Jove he cried, “ Her rock Tarpeian, and thy Mars her guide! Yet own, though Tiber lure thee from the seas, That Mortals reared those walls,—Immortals these!” (Smebley.) 1 Neptune had seen Yenice [ standing , inf.~\ in the Adriatic -, and giving laws to the sea. 3 “Now [taunt] me with the Tarpeian citadels, O Jupiter! And the walls of Mars,” he said: 5 “If you prefer Tiber to the sea, yet° if 44 you look at both cities, You would say the men built that , Gods this /” XLYII. [LYIII.] (British beauties.) Not always city-pent or pent at home I dwell; but when spring calls me forth to roam, * The number in brackets refers to the old edition. BOSTON COLLEGE LIBRARY ELEGIACS.CHESTNUT HILL, MASS.27 Expatiate in our proud suburban shades Of branching elm, that never sun pervades. Here many a virgin troop I may descry, Like stars of mildest influence gliding by. Oh, forms divine ! oh, looks that might inspire Even Jove himself, grown old, with young desire ! Oft have I gazed on gem-surpassing eyes, Out-sparkling every star that gilds the skies ; Necks whiter than the ivory arm bestowed By Jove on Pelops, or the milky road; Bright locks, Love’s golden snare, these falling low, Those playing wanton o’er the graceful brow; Cheeks, too, more winning sweet than after shower Adonis turned to Flora’s favorite flower! Give place, ye turbaned fair of Persia’s coast, And ye, not less renowned, Assyria’s boast! Submit, ye nymphs of Greece, ye once the bloom Of Ilion! and all ye of haughty Borne! To British damsels beauty’s palm is due; Aliens ! to follow them is fame for you. V 3 11 13 15 I' ( plur .) do not always hide under a roof or in the city; Nor does the season of spring pass in vain. A grove of elms receives me' too, And the shade of a suburban spot. 5 Often here [may you behold] like 0 stars, Virgin troops pass by. 7 How often have I admired miraculous 1 beauty, Such as might renew the old-age of Jupiter! How often have I seen eyes surpassing jewels And all the torches of heaven 1 And necks which surpass the arm of Pelops in whiteness ° And the milky way; And the grace of a forehead, and locks, Golden nets which Love spreads; And cheeks, to which [the purple ] of hyacinth is 9 poor, And the blush of the flower of Adonis 30 ! 17 Yield, Persian damsels with turbaned forehead, And all who inhabit Susa, or Memnonian Ninus ! c 2 T's'n n -tt Lr V 28 ELEGIACS. 19 Do ye too, Grecian nymphs, yield! And ye, Trojan and Boman brides! 21 The first glory is due to British damsels. Be thou satisfied, 0 foreign female! to follow. XLVIII. [LIX.] He shall not dread misfortune’s angry mien, Nor feebly sink beneath hej tempest rude, Whose soul hath learnt, through many a trying scene, To smile at fate, and suffer unsubdued. In the rough school of billows, clouds, and storms, Nursed and matured, the pilot learns his art: Thus fate’s dread ire, by many a conflict, forms The lofty spirit and enduring heart. 1 Happy who hath grown callous by suffering, And 40 learnt by suffering much to suffer more. 8 Him' the face of Fortune will not terrify: The storm will strike him 33 fearless. 5 And as the pilot, when the winds battle, Has the means of learning his arts ; 7 So we' learn by the wrath of Fortune, To despise 67 all Fortune’s threats. XLIX. [LXII.] (Epitaph.) By a blest husband guided, Mary came From nearest kindred # # # # her new name; She came, though meek in soul, in seemly pride Of happiness and hope, a youthful bride. O dread reverse ! if aught le so, which proves That God will chasten whom He dearly loves. Faith bore her up through pains in mercy given, And troubles that were each a step to heaven. Two babes were laid in earth before she died, A third now slumbers at the mother’s side: Its sister-twin survives, whose smiles afford A trembling solace to her widowed lord. ELEGIA.CS. 29 Header ! if to thy bosom cling the pain Of recent sorrow, combated in vain; Or if thv cherished grief had failed to thwart Time, still intent on his insidious part, Lulling the mourner’s best good thoughts asleep, Pilfering regrets we would but cannot keep ; Bear with him, judge him gently who makes known His bitter loss by this memorial stone; And pray, that in his faithful breast the grace Of resignation find a hallowed place. (WORDSWORTH.) 1 Once [Julia] sought this home, under the guidance of a husband, Joined in new wedlock. 3 Her face was calm, but 63 most joyful, Such as betrayed her hopes, even 64 when 15 the mouth was silent. 5 Alas;—but we must spare our° words: those whom 65 Pie loves The paternal anger of God punishes. 7 The Divine love sent-dowm sorrows 9 , by suffering 50 which She drew nearer and nearer to heaven. 9 She buried two sons in the same tomb. A daughter is buried with her mother. 11 One-only lives for her father’s comfort; The twin-sister of her who 10 was carried off by so hasty a death. 13 Thou who readest these memorials of grief,- Whether the care of new [sorrow] agitates thee, 15 Or Time 9 , which attacks all things with his treachery, Has begun to be the conqueror of your grief, 17 Snatching from your mind the sorrows 9 which You wish to retain, but C3 cannot, 53 - 19 [Sim] who hath chosen to carve these complaints on stone, Spare thou to pain with thy reproaches. 21 Pain him not with thy reproaches, but pray That Paith may 66 conquer this grief. c 3 30 ELEGIACS. V L. [LXXI.] (From an Ode to May.) Lo ! streams that April could not check, Are patient of thy rule, Gurgling in foamy water-break, Loitering in glassy pool: By thee, thee only, could be sent Such gentle mists, as glide Curling with unconfirm’d intent On that green mountain’s side. Season of fancy and of hope, Permit not for one hour A blossom from thy crown to drop, Nor add to it a flower! Keep, lovely May, as if by touch Of self-restraining art, This modest charm of not too much, Part seen, imagined part!— (Wobdswobth.) 1 The brooks which April could not 21 conquer Have learnt to bear thy yoke, 3 And the light water munnurs-against the pebbles, Or delaying unfolds its bosom to the sun. 5 Beliold, where the thinnest appearance of a mist, such-as None except thee can 69 send, 7 Wanders-over the whole side of the mountain With ambiguous endeavours and ambiguous delay. 9 Beautiful day! who persuadest hope and 40 sweet Dreams, a little while consent to be such-as thou art! 11 Let 1 * 3 * 5 * 7 * 9 * 11 12 13 * 15 no floweret fall from thy chaplet, No gem be added to thy head! 13 Let nothing that is ° not moderate please thee: let it delight thee with modest art— With thy art—to dissemble thy strength. 15 Let the seen part of thee ° reveal the unseen: Oh, what an ornament it is to be willing to lie hid! ELEGIACS. 31 LI. [LXXVII.] (Mount St. Bernard.) Where these rude rocks on Bernard’s summit nod, Once heavenwards sprung the throne of Pennine Jove, An ancient shrine of hospitable Love, Now burns the altar to the Christian’s God. Here peaceful Piety, age on age, has trod The waste; still keeps her vigils, takes her rest; Still, as of yore, salutes the coming guest, And cheers the weary as they onward rove, Healing each way-worn limb; or oft will start, Catching the storm-lost wanderer’s sinking cry, Speed the rich cordial to his sinking heart, Chafe his stiff limbs, and bid him not to die. So task’d to smooth stern Winter’s drifting wing, And garb the eternal snows in more eternal Spring. (A.) X 1 Where you see these rocks on Bernard’s mountain Were the temples of Pennine Jove; 3 An ancient place-of hospitality, and long memorable ; How the altar of the true God is worshipped. 5 Por here formerly [ Religion ] wished to dwell, And rejoices to be-present in a known spot, 7 And, as before, salutes the coming, And ministers help to the way-worn, 9 And recruits their strength, And cherishes their frost-bitten limbs, 11 Or [ snatches ] those, whom an avalanche may have buried, Prom the mass, and forbids to die. 13 Both tempers Boreas, and softens hoar-frosts, And makes the snows be warm with spring. LII. [LXXXII.] (Lines sujygosed to he found in a hermitage.) Hot seldom, clad in radiant vest, Deceitfullv goes forth the Morn: c 4 32 ELEGIACS. Not seldom Evening in the west Sinks smilingly forsworn. The smoothest seas will sometimes prove To the confiding bark untrue: And if she trust the stars above, They can be treacherous too. The umbrageous oak in pomp outspread Eull oft, when storms the welkin rend, Draws lightning down upon the head It promised to defend. But Thou art true, incarnate Lord, Who didst vouchsafe for man to die; Thy smile is sure ; thy plighted word No change can falsify.— (Wordsworth.) 1 Often Aurora, opening the gates of heaven, Goes forth beautiful, but also deceitful. 3 Often like one ° smiling on one ° but also perfidious, Evening languishes and departs in the west, 5 If the credulous 71 bark trust the tranquil water, It will be deceived by the tranquil water; 7 And if it had trusted the stars, It would have known that the stars can deceive. 9 [You seek ] the hospitable-shade of an umbrageous oak When the storm rages in the sky, 11 And [the oak ] itself, betraying whom it seemed to defend, draws down The lightnings on your ° head. 13 [Sure faith] is owed to Christ, but to Christ only, Since Tie alone cannot deceive. 15 He' cannot not keep his promise; [And] do not think that there can be [tricks] be¬ neath the words of God. ELEGIACS. 33 .LIII. [LXXXVI.] (Evening.') Hail, meek-eyed maiden, clad in sober grey, "Whose soft approach the weary woodman loves, As homeward bent to kiss his prattling babes, Jocund he whistles through the twilight groves. When Phcebus sinks behind the gilded hills, You lightly o’er the misty meadows walk, The drooping daisies bathe in honey dews, And nurse the nodding violet’s tender stalk. The panting Dryads, that in day’s fierce heat To inmost bowers and cooling caverns ran, Return to trip in wanton evening dance; Old Silvan too returns, and laughing Pan. To the deep wood the clamorous rooks repair, Light skims the swallow o’er the watery scene; And from the sheepcote and fresh-furrowed field Stout ploughmen meet to wrestle on the green. The swain, that artless sings on yonder rock, His supping sheep and lengthening shadow spies \ Pleased with the cool, the calm, refreshful hour, And with hoarse humming of unnumbered flies. How every passion sleeps: desponding Love, And pining Envy, ever-restless Pride. A holy calm creeps o’er my peaceful soul, Anger and mad Ambition’s storms subside. O modest Evening ! oft let me appear A w'andering votary in thy pensive train ; Listening to every wildly-warbling throat That fills with farewell sweet thy darkening plain. (Afof.) c o 34 ELEGIACS. 1 Thee, 0 maiden, with placid look and in grey vest, The tired ploughman loves ; 3 He' prepares kisses for his lisping offspring, And sings joyfully in the dark. 5 "When the sun hides his light beneath the mountains, Thou' coverest the meadows with vapour, 7 Bathest the lilies with honey dew, Thou' cherishest the nodding and frail violet. 9 The Dryades, who fled from [the force] of the sun In cavern and grotto, 11 Hasten to leap in wanton dance, And festive Pan with Silvanus is present. 13 Lo! the swallow flies-round the lakes, The rooks seek the woods; 15 Husbandmen, from their folded flock and the fresh furrow, Meet to contend ( supine) on the green. 17 The shepherd, artlessly singing, sees How the shadow of his supping sheep is falling longer; 19 Him', too, the silence soothes, -, and the numerous flies with their ° hoarse sound. 21 How minds are hushed; Pride sleeps, The pain of Envy, and Love deserted by hope. 23 The holy quiet pours peace into the breast; Too-great hopes fly ; nor does Anger swell. 25 May 32 I wander with thee through the fields ! Add me, 0 virgin, to thy companions! 27 May I often delight in the complaining of birds, Which re-echoes-through the fields, “Farewell /” LIV. [XCII.] (fPsalm cxiv.) 1 When Israel came out of Egypt, And the house of Jacob from among the strange people, 2 Judah w T as his sanctuary, And Israel his dominion. ELEGIACS. 35 3 The sea saw that, and fled; Jordan was driven back. 4 The mountains skipped like rams, The little hills like young sheep. 5 "What aileth thee, O thou sea, that thou fleddest ? And thou, Jordan, that thou wast driven back ? 6 Ye mountains, that ye skipped like rams; And ye little hills like young sheep ? 7 Tremble, thou earth, at the presence of the Lord, At the presence of the God of Jacob; 8 Who turned the hard rock into a standing water, And the flint-stone into a living well! 1 When the race of the Hebrews was returning, And leaving the fields of Egypt, 3 God himself \_mode ] Judah safe; He w T as himself the standard-bearer of his people. 5 The sea saw, and cleft-asunder its waves; Jordan drove his waters to their source. 7 The summits leapt on the mountains, As the leader of the flock among the full-fed sheep. 9 And the hills moved their tops, As the lambs wanton 5 in the meadows. 11 What, 0 sea, hast thou beheld, that thou retirest ? Why, 0 wave of the river, dost thou fly to thy sources ? 13 Why have ye leapt, ye mountains, As the leader of the flock exults among the sheep ? 15 Why have ye leapt, ye hills, As the lamb wantons in the meadows ? 17 Because the presence of God frightened the world, To whom victims fall at the altars of Jerusalem, 19 Who loosened the veins of stones for the purpose of w r ater, Eor whom the flint-rock flowed with a stream. 36 HEXAMETERS. [In a copy of Hexameter verses care must be taken to study varie ty in the structure of the verses and the place of the pauses.— Obs. Numerals following a word, or a series of words in itali cs, give the number of the line in which such word or words are to be placed.] LV. [XLYI *.] {The cutting down of a wood.) 1 Immediately the wood unlopped before ° has its aged foliage 2 Strewn down: a wood ° than which none more-rich in ‘Y '31 shade 3 Among the wood-lands of Arcadia and Argolis 4 Had raised its head: it stands saci ed from the divine - 'power (5) of old-age, 5 And is said (6) to have outlived not only the grand- sires (6) of men, 6 But even the nymphs, 7 And flocks of the Eauni. A miserable destruction (8) impended. 8 The beasts fled: from their warm nests 9 The birds dart away : the beech falls, 10 And the oaks; the cypress, unhurt by winter. 11 The pitch-trees fall down for aliment to the funeral flames. 12 And mountain-ashes, and holm-oaks, and the yew (13) with its dreadful 57 sap, 13 And the ash destined to drink blood, 14 And the red-oak, invincible by decay. 15 The fir, and the pine with fragrant wound 16 Is cut down. To the ground their tops 17 The alder, good for ship-building, and the elm incline (16). 18 The earth groans. Ismarus (19) is not so over¬ thrown 19 When Boreas breaks through his cave. 20 The nightly flame (21) when the south-wind blows, does not more quickly destroy 21 The grove. Pales and Silvanus who preside over shade (22) # The number in brackets refers to the old Editions. HEXAMETERS. 37 22 Leave with tears the beloved, rest of the place (21) ; 23 And so do ° the half-god race. The ivood (24) groans with them, 24 And the nymphs refuse to tear their arms from the trees. LYI. [XL VII.] (The modern garden .) 1 In the mean time before the house, at the beginning of the garden, 2 A spo f is chosen where beguiling. (3) the weariness of winter, 3 And spending lazy hours inactively 20 , 4 You may (5) walk on a terrace, and receive (5) the breezes, 5 And anticipate vernal suns. 6 Let a free prospect be open on every side (7) 7 -. here laid-down with bright pebbles, 8 Between the herbage and flowers, 9 Let a path run with winding course. 10 On the neighbouring bank also 11 Mix 12 various (10) shrubs, and mark 12 the whole 12 Spot with art, and all the differences of leaves. 13 That the innumerable shrubs, thus placed, may vary their mingled colours 14 ---— ; as many odorous * 15 Trees, and always decked in fresh foliage, 16 As (14) either the woods of the Arabians or deep forests 17 Of "America or India has introduced. LVII. [XL VIII.] (The shrubbery .) 1 Why should I mention the trees which the cultivator 2 Principally enquires for and desires ? 3 Behold ! from Eastern woods 4 The plane extends its branches, and protects with its hospitable boughs (5) 38 HEXAMETERS. 5 Those who lie beneath it (4), and hangs over with wide shade. 6 Here the strong larch, many 55 of° which 7 Project themselves around (6) Alpine summits; and the poplar (9) which, 8 Bejoicing in the neighbourhood 1 2 3 4 of river and marsh, 9 Pringes the vast stream of the Po. 10 Here too is the fir, once on its native mountains 11 Placed beneath the northern sky and blasts, 12 Therefore no winters, no colds 13 Oppress it: though shaken by the storm, 14 And vexed by the north winds, it clings 15 To the sterile soil, and despises the winds. 16 Here elms, and birches, and the oak (18), which more than all 53 17 Boasts itself a native, and to the sky 18 Baises its head and stands for ages. 19 Also the chesnuts and smooth-barked beech (20) 20 Weave a shade with their branches (19). 21 Ho other tree either in early spring more greenly 22 Clothes itself (21) in blossom, or at the beginning of Autumn 23 Spreads-out (24) such beautiful varieties of colour, 24 And clothes the woods with yellow fight. 25 Such as, hanging over his stream, 26 The Thames beholds, and with calm stream 27 Washes, and glides-between with his pure waves. LVIII. [XLIX.] (Hylas appears to Hercules.') [On the coast of Mysia a beautiful youth, named Hylas, a favorite of Hercules, having gone to a spring to draw water, was seized as he stooped to dip his urn, by its nymphs, who were enamoured of his beauty, and dragged down into it. Keightley, p. 155.] 1 He spoke, and he in ivhose power is quiet and sleep (2) 2 Bore-down (3) dew redolent of nectar (1) 3 And bathed his wandering son’s temples. 4 He', having (5) his eves heavy, and his lips (5) tired 0 with calling Hylas HEXAMETEBS. 39 5 (As there is no power to overcome the god of sleep °), 6 Lies down: at length peace was restored to the woods. 7 The rivers and breezes were heard on the lone mountains. 8 Lo, the boy seemed to raise himself from the wave, 9 Adorned with saffron leaves and the present of the nymph, 10 And, standing over Hercules''s ° head, to utter these words: 11 Why, my father, do you waste your time in com¬ plaints ? 12 This is now my home, whither 13 The nymph snatches me by Juno’s advice:- 14 She now is obtaining (15) for me a profitless (13) approach to Jove, and admission to the sky; 15 And adds prayers and the honours of the fountain. 16 Lise ; and fail not in adverse circumstances 0 . 17 Thou' shalt presently be in heaven (16) : be thou always 18 Mindful of our ° love (17), and let not the recollection of thy companion depart! MI. [L.] (Hyp sipyle finds the body of Archemorus, whom a serpent had hilled in her absence. See Lempriere.) 1 And now after wandering-over the fields the Lemnian damsel °, 2 When the place is freed from the serpent, on a bank 3 Beholds (4) the herbs stained with bloody dews. 4 Hither she rushes impetuously ; 5 And recognizes the cruel-deed. Dashing herself on the earth 6 Like lightning she has (7) neither 60 words at first 7 Nor tears ; but ° only redoubles kisses 8 -, and searches over his limbs for where his soul had fled 9 -: his mouth, his breast, are not in their natural state; 40 HEXAMETERS. 10 His skin is torn, his bones exposed, and the ligaments wet 11 "With fresh blood; and his whole body a wound. 12 And as when a serpent has robbed in a holm-oak (13) 13 The nest and young of a bird (12) 14 She' returns, and wondering-at the quiet of her home, 15 Stands over it °, and flings away (16) 16 [From her ° mouth the food (pi-) she had brought (15) —there being in the tree 17 Blood only (16), and feathers straying about the place of her captured nest: 18 When she received his limbs on her lap, 19 And wrapt them in her hair, her voice (20), loosened, 20 Bound a way, and her groans formed themselves into words. LX. [LXI.] (The Manger at Bethlehem .) 1 0 holy child! thee' no halls (2) ‘with Pharian columns, 2 Ho garments of Phrygian texture, 3 Beceived,—thou liest not to-be-gazed-at in gold,— 4 But a narrow stall, inconvenient 71 dwelling, 5 And frail reeds, and marsh-gathered herbs, 6 Give a chance couch: let fretted roofs (7) 7 And tapestry receive tyrants (6)! 8 Thee the Bather hath enriched with eternal honour 9 -: thee' the dwelling of the sky 10 Applauds, and Nature prepares triumphs. 11 And yet kings shall seek ° this dwelling; great nations shall seek (12) 12 These (11) caves; whom Calpe 13 Brom her western shore, and the rising sun (14) shall urge hither ° from India 14 -: whom the north-wind and the south-wind 15 Shall send from opposite poles. 16 Thou, a shepherd, sent (17) to recall the dispersed 17 Sheep, and offer thyself to dangers, 18 Too prodigal of life, through darts and enemies HEXAMETEES. 41 19 Bursting-into the grove, shalt restrain (20) the mouths of wolves, 20 -, and bring back thy full-fed flock. 21 0 thou, born of God, thyself God, light of light, 22 Thee', thee', I and thy mother and glad attendants 23 Sing, and are ° the first who ° celebrate thy honours, 24 And proclaim thy festival to all ages! LXI. [LXVII.] (On the shortness of human life.) Suns that set, and moons that wane, Bise and are restored again; Stars that orient day subdues, Night at her return renews. Herbs and flowers, the beauteous birth Of the genial womb of earth, Suffer but a transient death Brorn the winter’s cruel breath. Zephyr speaks; serener skies "Warm the glebe, and they arise! We, alas! earth’s haughty kings, We that promise mighty things, Losing soon life’s happy prime, Droop and fade in little time. Spring returns, but not our bloom; Still ’tis winter in the tomb. Cowpee (from Moschus). 1 Alas! the sun sets and rises again, 2 And the moon repairs the losses of her shape ; 3 And the stars, extinguished by the darts of day, 4 Again shine at night. The foster-children of the earth, 5 The grass and painted offspring of flowers, 6 Whom wiuter has devoured with cruel consumption, 7 When the voice of Zephyr calls, and 8 The temperature of the—year has returned (7) rise from the turf. 42 HEXAMETERS. 9 We the lords of the world, we who threaten great things, 10 When the short spring of life has passed, 11 Fail; nor does any again-returning order 12 Restore us (11) to the light (11), or open the bars of our ° prison. LXII. [LXXXIL] {The face lohich solitude wore to Grecian swains.') In that fair clime, the lonely herdsman stretch’d On the soft grass through half a summer’s day, With music lull’d his indolent repose; And in some fit of weariness, if he, When his own breath was silent, chanced to hear A distant strain, far sweeter than the sounds Which his poor skill could make, his Fancy fetch’d, Even from the blazing chariot of the Sun A beardless youth who touch’d a golden lute, And fill’d the illumined groves with ravishment. The nightly hunter, lifting up his eyes Towards the crescent moon, with grateful heart Call’d on the lovely wanderer who bestowed That timely light, to share his joyous sport; And hence a beaming Goddess with her nymphs Across the lawn and through the darksome grove (Xot unaccompanied with tuneful notes By echo multiplied from rock or cave) Swept in the storm of chase, as moon and stars Glance rapidly across the clouded heavens When winds are blowing loud. Wordsworth, {Excursion , p. 179. 1 When a shepherd (2) had flung himself on Arcadian grass, 2 And spending lazily the summer hours 3 Beguiled them with song; if by chance he thought that he (4) heard 4 Songs surpassing human voices, 5 Flying with rapid mind, he brought from the chariot HEXAHETE3S. 43 6 Of the Sun a youth who, with hair 7 Unshorn, struck (8) the sacred chords, 8 Sounding no mortal strain °. 9 The woods, penetrated with light, were amazed-at (8) the God. 10 The nightly (11) hunter, looking-up-to the horns of the Moon, 11 "Where she journeyed wandering through ° the sky, 12 And assisted his joyous labour with her light, 13 Invited to a share of his pursuit 14 The Goddess with suppliant vows; and a Goddess (15) was present 14 15 With her nymphs. With what storm of chase, 16 With what noise of feet, through dark places 68 , 17 Over hills, through valleys—not now without divine- influence— 18 Does the work glow!—the hills resound, 19 And the dark caves ! So the turbid south-wind 20 Vexes the labouring Moon through the clouds, 21 And the stars rush with their fires confounded. LXIII. [LXXX.] (Paradise Lost. Book I.) Thus far these beyond Compare of mortal prowess, yet observed Their dread commander: he above the rest In shape and gesture proudly eminent Stood like a Tower: his form had yet not lost All her original brightness, nor appear’d Less than archangel ruin’d, and th’ excess Of glory obscured: as when the sun new-risen Looks through the horizontal misty air Shorn of his beams ; or from behind the moon In dim eclipse disastrous twilight sheds On half the nations, and with fear of change Perplexes monarchs : darken’d so, yet shone Above them all th’ Archangel. But his face Deep scars of thunder had intrench’d, and care Sat on his faded cheeks, yet under brows 44 HEXAMETERS. Of dauntless courage, and considerate pride, Waiting revenge. Cruel his eye, but cast Signs of remorse and passion, to behold The fellows of his crime, the followers rather, (Tar other once beheld in bliss !) condemn’d Tor ever now to have their lot in pain; Millions of Spirits, for his fault amercedi Of heav’n, and from eternal splendours flung Tor his revolt: yet faithful how they stood, Their glory wither’d ; as when heaven’s fire Hath scathed the forest oaks or mountain pines, With singed top their stately growth, though bare, Stands on the blasted heath. He now prepared To speak: whereat their doubled ranks they bend Trom wing to wing, and half enclose him round With all his peers: attention held them mute. Thrice he assay’d, and thrice, in spite of scorn, Tears such as angels weep burst forth; at last Words interwove with sighs found out their way. 1 The celestial spirits (2) conquered these and all mortal force, 2 But with silent fear 3 Observe their commander: he', 4 Out-topping all (3), stands with kis° proud bulk 5 Like a tower: all the glory of his countenance (6) had not departed; 6 The cloudy (7) image of his former beauty remains, 7 And mighty ruins on his forehead. 8 As the sun surveys from the east the misty 9 Air, shorn of his rays, or hidden 10 Behind the moon, and bearing disastrous (11) twilight to the world 11 Announces (12) enemies and wars to tyrants; 12 Noticeable before all others, 13 But less than before 0 , with injured brightness, the mighty leader (14) raised himself. HEXAMETERS. 45 14 Many a scar (15) with the lightning’s fire 15 Had ploughed Ms ° intrenched/hcd (14). 16 Care sat on his faded cheeks; but the ridges (acc.) of his forehead 17 Pierce valour held, and 18 Pride meditating revenge. Then with their 0 cruel flame 19 He rolls his eyes; but even they, from time to time, 20 Manifestly showed suffused mists of sorrow, 21 "When he beholds (22) his companions, who 13 had attempted (22) any thing at his exhortation, 22 Punished with this ° ruin. 23 When he considers that so many heroes (24) 24 Who 16 once drank the immortal beam of heaven (23) had fallen 25 Prom their thrones, for his fault. He pities 26 These ° minds, constant after all their glory (27) has withered, 27 As sometimes the greatest oak (28) that puts-forth- leaves, 28 Or mountain fir, struck by lightning, 29 Baises its limbs deprived of foliage: in the blasted fields 30 Stands the majesty of the naked trunk. 31 When 16 the king is about to speak, the doubled lines (32), the wings being brought together, 32 Bun-to him °, and enclose with a ring 33 The listening chiefs. Thrice he begins to speak,— 34 Thrice tears, such as celestial eyes weep, 35 Burst-forth, pride struggling against them °. 36 At length a passage is made for his words. LXIV. [LXXXIII.] The sun is couch’d, the sea-fowl gone to rest, And the wild storm hath somewhere found a nest; Air slumbers; wave with wave no longer strives, Only a heaving of the deep survives, A tell-tale motion ! soon will it be laid, And by the tide alone the water swayed. 46 HEXAMEIEB3. Stealthy withdra wings, interminglings mild Of light with shade in beauty reconciled,— Such is the prospect far as sight can range, The soothing recompense—the welcome change ! (WOKDSWOBTH.) 1 The sun is gone down; that (2) crowd of sea (2)-fowl 2 Is resting in caverns. 3 And the unbridled violence of the storm is lulled-to- sleep, 4 The air is lulled-to-sleep. The waves (o) do not now fight, 5 -; but with trembling motions 6 Conscious Ocean (7) confesses its wrath scarcely 70 appeased. 7 But Nature (8) will soon reduce it 8 To her laws and alternate commands. 9 Wherever I look, the appearance (10) of things is withdrawn 10 Erom my eyes by-stealth: with light 11 Darkness contends (10), and pale (12), light inter¬ mingled with the beginning of darkness. 12 Thus the whole order of things is changed, 13 And nature makes up for her wrath by joy. LXY. [LXXXIX.] (From Milton's Samson Agonistesi) ^Nothing is here for tears, nothing to wail Or knock the breast; no weakness, no contempt, Dispraise or blame ; nothing but well and fair, And what may quiet us in a death so noble. Let us go find the body, where it lies Soak’d in his enemies’ blood; and from the stream With layers pure and cleansing herbs wash off The clotted gore. I with what speed the while (Gaza is not in plight to say us nay) Will send for all my kindred, all my friends, HEXAMETERS. 47 To fetch him hence, and solemnly attend With silent obsequy and funeral train Home to his father’s house. There will I build him A monument, and plant it round with shade Of laurel ever green, and branching palm With all his trophies hung, and acts enroll’d In copious legend or sweet lyric song. Thither shall all the valiant youth resort, And from his memory inflame their breast To matchless valour and adventures high: The virgins also shall on feastful days Visit his tomb with flowers, only bewailing His lot unfortunate in nuptial choice, Prom whence captivity and loss of eyes. 1 Let such disaster ° (pi.) neither move tears, nor 2 Knocking of the breast (1) : nor aught base or weak 3 Or miserable do I see; but the glory of death 4 The honour, and solaces abound. 5 Come, let us be doing : do you' (pi.) 6 Seek the corpse (5), and the clotted gore 7 Wash-off. In the mean while be it° my 7 care to _ •/ assemble (8) my relations 8 (For Gaza does not now hinder (9) us ° wishing it c ) 9 And my accompanying friends, 10 That they may bear (11) him 7 to his paternal halls 11 With the proper silence (pi.) of a solemn procession. 12 Presently I will surround with laurel a monument Qfc) 13 Built with this hand; and under the shade 14 Of a plane-tree all the trophies (13) shall hang, which 15 He hath borne-off; and inscribed thereon ° the en¬ dowments (ace.) of the man 16 Will I place, or with the sweetness of lyric song. 17 Perchance the valiant youth may resort to this monument (pi.) 18 And kindle their spirits, by the imitation 27 of such 6 an example (pi.), 48 HEXAMETEES. 19 To affect (20) the summit of renown 20 "With new valour ; and on festal days 21 Virgin troops shall scatter garlands, 22 And lament that an ill-fated marriage 23 Inflicted chains (22) on his limbs and darkness his eyes. CHAPTER II. OH. THE HAMES OF THE FEET. (Tivo Syllables.) 1. pede pyrrhichius ponto spondeus ( spondee ) meos iambus calce trochseus ( trochee ) (Three Syllables .) 2. legite tribrachys ( tribrach ) mirarl molossus dlscere dactylus {dactyl) ^ ^ ammos anapsestus ( anajpest ) labore amphibrachys ^ ^ torqueant creticus {cretic) ^ _ parentes bacchius ^ cantare palimbacchius (Four Syllables '. lapidibus proceleusmaticus extorquentes dispondeus piaverint diiambus expiare ditrochseus amavere antispastus Herculeos clioriambus rapientes ionicus a minori confllximus ionicus a majori dlfficilis pseon primus ) faclllimus pseon secundus i ( O 5? trepidantS pseon tertius j hs % celeritas pseon quartus > f > o r*" r—i piaverunt epitritus primus " V e> ^5 expiarant epitritus secxsndus 1 r o & > . - 4-3 extorserant epitritus tertius j ( -3 r—4 extorslsse epitritus quartus > r *> two pyrrliiclis two spondees two iambuses two trochees iambus -j- trochseus (trochseus -f- iambus t (dactyl + long syllable) j pyrrhichius + spondeus \ (anapsest + l° n g syllable) spondeus -j- pyrrhichius trochseus -j- pyrrhichius iambus + pyrrhichius pyrrhichius + trochseus pyrrhichius -f- iambus iambus + spondeus trochseus + spondeus spondeus + iambus spondeus -j- trochseus S IliLVtJ U11C L UIL'J ' have one short syllable out of four. D 50 ALCAIC STANZA. 4. THE FEET ARRANGED FOR EXAMINATION *. {Simple feet.) pede dlscere calce mirarl labore animos legite me os parentes pdntd cant are torqueant. ( Compound feet.) rapientes dlfficilis amavere extorquentes expiare ' expiarant trepidante extorserant Herculeos extorslsse lapidibus pTaverunt celeritas confllxTmus facillimus. piaverlnt The Alcatc Stanza. The two first lines. Destric[fcus enjsis || cui super | impia ] 5. The first half consists of five syllables: * * spondee, iambus, long syllable: (or) iambus , iambus, long syllable {much less commonly). “ The liberty of using a short syllable to begin the three first lines must be taken very sparingly —Eton Rules. 6. The second half consists.of two dactyls, or a dactyl and cretic. 7. If the last syllable of the verse is a vowel or diphthong, Horace generally begins the next verse with a consonant, especially if the final syllable is a short vowel, ancl not followed by a pause . (. Hermann.) 8. After the long syllable there should be a caesura. 9. Sometimes there is an elision after the caesura ; as, mentem sacerdotjtm incola Pythius. Hor. Od. I. 16. 6. (a) Of such examples there are not quite twenty in Horace. {Tate.) * The student should take them in different orders of succession: sometimes going down, sometimes up the columns, sometimes taking them horizontally, and that either from right to left, or from left to right, &c. ALCAIC STANZA. 51 (b) Quo pertinent etiam lii duo versus in quibus simul syneephone- sis est [ut in Fhmorum rex Eridanus]. vos lene consiliwm et datis, et dato. bine omne principmm, hue refer exitum. (Hermann.) 10. The few instances where Horace neglects the caesura are generally in the case of compound words. hostile aratrum ea'jercitus insolens. I. 16. 21. antehac nefas c?e proinere Csecubum. I. 37. 5. utrumque nostrum m|credibili modo. II. 17. 21. (a) Once in the case of an uncompounded word: spectandus in certamine Martio. IV. 14/7. (b) In I. 37. 14: mentemque lymphatam Mareotico, Hermann thinks it possible that a Mareotico is the true reading. 11. ‘JSTon magnopere laudanda est vox monosyllaba, in caesura-- posita, praesertim si interpunctio praece- dat.’ Hermann. non est meum, si mugiat Africis. III. 29. 57. There is, however, no objection to such a monosyllable, if another monosyllable precedes it. 12. It is remarkable that, though Horace seems, in several instances, to have imposed severer laws upon himself in the two last books than in the two first, there are two odes of the fourth book which contain each of them three instances of monosyllables in this position. Lib. IY. 4. quid debeas, O Eoma, Neronibus. 37 CarthaginiyTm non ego nuutios. 69 nil Clauaiae non perficient manus. 73 Lib. IY. 14. te copias, te consilium, et tuos. 33 te Cantaber non ante domabilis. 41 te fontium qui celat origines. 45 It follows, I think, that it would be absurd to reject the happy expression of a spirited thought, merely from its requiring a mono¬ syllable to stand in this place. 13. * Neque elegans est in fine posita vox monosyl¬ laba ut II. 11. 13.’ cur non sub alta vel platano, vel hdc pinu jacentes. d 2 ALCAIC STANZA. rr9 OjJ (a) But Horace lias one instance even in tlie fourth book : ne forte credas interitura, quce, &c. IV. 9. 1. ( 'b ) And so many instances occur of et standing as the last word after an elision, that it may occasionally be admitted in this position by the most scrupulous imitator of Horace. Fortuna ssevo lseta negotio, et ludum insolentem ludere pervicax. III. 29. 49. 14. The excellent Eton paper on this metre says, “ It is better not to end this verse with two dissyllables ” It does not appear to me that this termination is found less frequently in Horace, than we should expect to meet with it if no pains had been taken to avoid it. In looking through the first and part of the second book, I find: ligna super foco; cunque dabit lucro; cunque notes modum; cunque domat metus ; quicquid habes age; falce quibus dedit ; rara Fides colit i musa procax jocis; ferre jube rosce; ferre jugum valet ; currit enim ferox; ssepe diem mero ; redde Jovi dapem. Nor are such terminations less frequent in the fourth book : regnum in aves vagas; est in equis patrum occur in one ode, the fourth : so, spirat adhuc amor: move patrum duces. (The third line.) deprd|me qua|drlmum | Sabljua | spargent | olijvetis | odo|rem An iambic verse of four feet and a syllable: tbe second and fourth feet always iambuses; the first and third feet spondees, with the occasional (but very rare ) use of an iambus for the first foot. Of the initial iambus there are not more than ten instances in Horace; and only two in the third and fourth books: and in none of these, except in ‘ puer quis’ (I. 29. 7), does the verse take a dissyllabic beginning. (Tate.) / 16. Avoid, <§ir {a) To begin with a word of four syllables, or with two dissyllables. [This would be a positive fault.] Hence avoid (as wrong), ilium viros inter decorse. fraternitas , non in secundis. (Hermann.) y ( b) To end with any monosyllable, except et after an elision # An example in Horace is : depone sub lauru mea, nec. ALCAIC STANZA. 53 (c) Et after an elision is by no means uncommon : sedesque discretas piorum, et — (d) In Lib. III. 29 there are two instances of a final et in the third line, and one in the first line, in the three first stanzas : cum flore, Maecenas rosarum, et — declive contempleris arvum, et — fastidiosam desere copiam, et — (e) The preposition in is also found in this position : incude diffingas retusum, in Massagetas, Arabasque ferrum. 17. Avoid as inelegant, and as forms tliat occur only .as exceptions to Horace’s usual practice : (a) To begin with a monosyllable and cretic. (b) To end with a quadrisyllable # . [A cretic, with an enclitic, as omniumque, should be avoided, for the same reason as a quadrisyllable ; and is, moreover, without example.'] ( c ) Endings with two dissyllables should be very sparingly used. 18. Hence avoid, (a) liunc Lesbio | sacrare plectro ( b ) nodo coerces viperino (three times in Books I. II. T.) j- (c ) pronos relabi posse rivos (eight examples in Books I. II.; none in the others. T.) But of (c) two instances occur in one ode: parce Liber ; aiqiie truncis. II. 19. 19. The remark given in ( a ) must be attended to. i 20. Accent , which affects the rhythm of verse, must be attended to as well as quantity. (a) Dissyllables have always the accent on the penult. (b) Polysyllables have the accent on the penult, when that syllable is long ; on the antepenult when it is short: (1) dico, cano, meos, { dicare, abdicare, dicere, contradicere. * Hermann, the great authority on metres, has perpetrated these lines: Tu das amicam oblivionem ! Quondam tuos si lacrimantes ! D 3 rare 54 ALCAIC STANZA. 21. The principal forms of the third foot are 1,1. _ __ deprome quadrfmum Sabina A_ L w |_ L - | VJ -L_ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 I 1 , v__ spargent olivetis odorem B JL _ I W _L _ | W — — 1 2 34567 89 D ' w — — w f -w- h--.lv,- declive contempleris arvnra 12345 678 9 portus Alexandria supplex 1 2 3 4 5 67 8 9 non ernbescendis adurit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 non decoloravere cae'dos 1 234567 8 9 deproeliantes nec cupressi 1 2 34 5 . 6 7 8 9 Frater Megilloe, quo b°atus 12 345 6 78 9 Ace. Syll. 2 , 5 , 8 1 , 5,8 2 , 6 , 8 1 , 6,8 1.5.8 1 . 6.8 4,6,8 1, 4,6, 8 (a) Enclitics with the words to which they are attached, preposi¬ tions with their cases, &c., are, in this classification of the forms, con¬ sidered as single words. (b) Obs. The accents never fall on the third, seventh, or ninth syllable. (c) A is the most common of all the forms. (T.) (d) The form C is of ten times more frequent occurrence in the third and fourth books than in the earlier ones. (T.) ( e ) G. There is no instance in Horace of a monosyllabic noun or verb occupying the sixth syllable. ( T .) 22. (The fourth line.') Two dactyls followed by two trochees : Dedecojrum pretijosus ( emptor } 23. Almost the only necessary rule for the construc¬ tion of this verse is this : ■f iHT If the first dactyl terminates a word, the second must not. [i. e. the second must leave a syllable or two syllables over.] This rule will exclude such verses as oraque | jungere | quacrit ori. 24. Examples. (I.) With the first dactyl not terminating a word. f Composite repetantur bora. A < Nec veteres agitantur orni. I Nee virides metuunt colubri. } the most numerous form. ( Tate .) ALCAICS. 55 C { Sardinia segetes feracis. Mittere equum medios per ignes. J Concutitur, valet ima summis. ^ O'mne capax movet urna nomen. p f Telegoni juga parricide. \ Bite Deos prius apprecati. a favorite form in Books II. III. ( Tate.) (ii.) With the first dactyl terminating a word. Flumina constiterint acuto. Proe'lia, nec metues protervum. Fiinus et imperio parabat. Pelion imposuisse Olympo. Levia personuere saxa. Pernici em opprobriumque pagi. Farre pio et saliente mica. ALCAICS. LXYI. [LII.] [.Arrange the following words in Alcaic stanzas .] 1 . Ergo sancta cohors Deum Bupit insblentes (1) catenas, et revisit (3) j Pdtriam domum (2), cognatasque sedes, Loca “Italise fabiilosae. 2 , Et vox Deorum respondet (2) lene sonantibus Auris ; qua temere Naiades (4) incolce, Sub umbra impendentis silvae, Incubuere ripis. 3. Dixit; sed fervidus Minister Anglici fulminis rupit freta cdrind (1) Et Batavus conjuncta classe, iEquorei pericli socius. D 4 56 ALCAICS. 4. Probavit dextra, quid semulus furor, Et vincula restituti foederis Possent, quid Tyranno ejecto, Pia jura legitimi regni. LXVII. [LIII.] 1 . To-day thrusts away yesterday, A changer of affairs, taking away what was before °, And bringing-forth what was ° not hoped for (pi.) : the urn (4) mingles The vicissitudes of either lot. 2 . But if the adamantine law (2) reclaims The mortal gift which it had before given (1), Yet true virtue hath learnt (4) neither to perish Nor to vary her countenance. 8 . Now he' walks (3) in the Elysian fields, Adorned as to ° his ° sacred (1) head with the deserved laurel, And associates (4) With the high-souled shadows of pious kings (3), 4. An accepted guest'; whom good Rodolph (2) accom¬ panying, Noble amongst the shades below, Admires, and the ancient Othos, and Witichind stem with his rugged arms. ALCAICS. 57 LXVIII. [LIY.] 1 . Now learn (2) to adapt (3) unusual measures to your songs, O Saxons, having suffered great afflictions 0 , And, your strings being changed, Celebrate the joyous day. 2 . Now it is fitting ° to add chaplets to the temples, now it is fitting That before all the altars both the people and the fathers Should dedicate, with gratulations, their guileless Yows, as° monuments of dutiful affection ; 3. Singing, “ Hail, 0 best of princes! Who to he called (3) just and {quid) the father of your country In every (2) age, Shalt be celebrated through (3) the histories of posterity (3). 4 . Thee' may God, who governs the affairs of men, Grant (3), we pray, to preside (3) over thy faithful Saxons To distant years, Strong in thy ° Nestorian old-age!” LXIX. [LV.] 1 . Hail! O good king, your citizens { 2) require thee', And approve the desired omen, That your° brother’s sceptre and management of affairs (4) Should he held hy a brother's (3) hand. 58 ALCAICS. 2 . Thou shunnest neither labours nor the heavy Cares, which in troops surround (3) on every side The royal throne (2), Each desiring to obtain the first (3) place. 3. The Muses rejoice in your protection: Thee' they celebrate as ° their ° hope, thee' as their sup¬ porter, And deliver up to thee their temples (4) marked By the tooth of devouring Time (3), 4. O king, protect with thy ° propitious influence The chaste sisters! Under thy auspices Let signal honours (4) be preserved and increased Eor the liberal arts ! LXX. [LVI.] {Feelings of a traveller in Italy against France , for carrying off the worJcs of arid) 1 . But though, amongst impeding stones, sweetly The water runs down with its prattling ripples ; And pressing (4) the knots of her fragrant hair With the tender flower of roses, 2 . t Pleasure laughs, whilst wandering at will The bee spreads her wings heavy with fresh (1) dew, And its odour betrays the violet (4) in vain Frequenting secret (3) recesses, . ’ 3. Among the rustlings of the nodding poplar, and The vineyard rejoicing in the fruitful vine, Why did the traveller (4) wander (imp erfd) in sadness, Forgetting (IY. 1) the fair (3) spring and the Italian ALCAICS. 59 --- coast, while he gazed (3) where the south-wind (2) Parent of storms (1) batters the cloud-bearing Alps, Indignant at the arms And tricks of a treaty-breaking tyrant ? 5. O Trance, conqueror by fraud, of thee', of thee' He demands back thy prey with groans (1) ! Ho! The violated majesty of ancient cities (2), Stript of her trophies, complains. HXXI. [LVII.] (Russia and the nations rise up against France .) 1 . When (3) many (2) aflame (3) applied To the ancient citadel of Moscow, By daring deeds never before seen (1) Was seizing ( subj.' ) the fretted roofs in the royal palace (3), 2 . Pierced with a smarting wound, The lofty mind of the great Czar Jcindled into flames (1) ; And ‘Enough ’ (2), he said, £ of ruins ! I will be (4) a severe Punisher and avenger of crime.’ 3 . We have seen the nations (2), excited by-this-wrong, Plow together from-all-quarters, to horrible (1) war (pH) ; And the arrow-bearing Bechires go (4) Mixed with the hardy Geloni (3), 4 . And thee, 0 thou ° who drinking-of the snow-fed Hon, Trusting in the point of thy spear, careless (3) of-all-else, Governest with-accuracy (4) thy long-maned Steed with flowing (3) bridle. x> 6 GO ALCAICS. 5. A martial race (2) came from the stream of the Danube, Trained by long warfare ; And changing his plough for the sword, The Boian soldier has unaccustomed arms. 6 . Yea, and Sweden burning (2) to add her transmarine [Forces to the mighty (1) war, Hath come ; and they break-down "With constant defeats the tyrant wearied-out (3). 7 . And now the Dutch too commence their battles ; And the great leader (3) commands (4) The unconquered Spaniards strengthened by British service (2), To increase their glory with new 0 glory. LXXII. [LX.] (On the Convention of Cintra.) 1 . But why, hushed in unbefitting silence, Do the murmurs of the iron storm cease ? Why is (4) that sleep (4), prophetic of evils Present, and ivhy does that ° torpor- 2 . Better deserved (T. 4) anger (pi.) ? Woe is me ! I perceive treaties (1) drawn up (3) with unbecoming terms : And the conquered conqueror Hath himself laid aside his own crown. 3. Thus, thus, thou triumphest, 0 Gaul! Why Do we boast of our energetic spirit (1), and hearts That cannot be shaken (2) when we are 0 defeated by crafty Councils, and silent fraud ? ALCAICS. 61 4. Be it so. Triumph ! But a fugitive Thou withdrawest from the forbidden (1) land: but the people Exults snatched from thy (2) chain, and Eree enjoys its paternal fields. LXXIII. [LXIX.] (The Egyptian Thebes .) 1 . JNTow a more skilful Stranger carried thither ° from the Italian shores, Or the far removed shores 0 of the Britons, Erequents the realms of Busiris (1), and surveying the footsteps (II. 1) of an ancient 2 . Age walks (2) through the darkness With bold step (1) where the deep sleep (4) Of Orcus presses (4) with perpetual loeiglit (4) The ranks (2) of kings (3) once 0 to be feared (3). 3. Shining in vain (2) with the loathsome honours of death, Why does it delight us to spend (3) our toil And cares on uncertain Eunerals ? Surely, even to sepulchres (IY. 1) them¬ selves 4. Their own (III. 4) fates are given. God overthrows at will the short (1) darings of men (1), And to no labour of ours does not Impartially prepare one and the same 0 overthrow. 62 ALCAICS. LXXIY. [LXX.] ( Continued '.) 1 . Xot now slowly dissolving (2) the twilight with fresh Does Aurora (3) hear The tuneful utterance (4) borne-forth into the air (2), And a voice (II. 2) worthy of the harp 2 . Elicited from (2) the breathing mouth (2) of brute marble With which formerly the Ethiop Wonderfully saluted The light-bearing rising of his returning parent (3). Among recesses and mountain-hollows The daring robber divides amongst his companions The plunder snatched either from a traveller Or the trembling master of sheep. 4 . And cruel wild-beasts watch in their dens, and The crocodile (4) tyrant (3) of the river-shore (4) Commits to the bosom (2) of the sunny soil (2) The hope of its future offspring (2). LXXY. [LXXIY.] {On the Campaign of 1813 .) 1 . 0 if any inhabitant of the air stands-by, And striking a lute worthy of Elysium, Inspires a passion (4) not granted before Into the amazed (3) mind, ALCAICS. 63 2 . Go and 0 being borne to the bright courts, tell, Tell to the Manes of Arminius now° enjoy in g-happy- ease, "With what a war, with what auspices (4) the Germans A-second-time weary-out (3) a tyrant! 3. What wonder when both shame and their allegiance Changed not without much glory Beguiles them (1) toiling, and Old-age itself ° helmeted loves (3) the war P 4. What wonder, when the whole of the ° Volga (2) mindful Of its wrong 0 , with the Von (1) rushes on with auspicious impetuosity; And Moscow, the altar of Liberty, Still breathes her infuriated blast ? LXXVI. [LXXV.] ( Continued .) 1 . [Repaying deaths with a just death, Avenging force is at hand ; with free-born impetuosity All Europe now rises-again, And hurls-down the tyrant headlong. 2 . / Io! it is accomplished! 0 Erance, thou art con¬ quered {pres.) ! Who may endure the attack of the free ? Press on, ye ° conquering masses ! Smite the trembling robber to the ground. 3. So-then that madness of thine now ceases, ° That 10 imitated in-vain the torch (.1) of-the-lightning (gdj.) ; nor 64 ALCAICS. A conqueror, as before, dost thou shake (4) the triumphed-over Nations with thy blood-stained axle. 4. Incensed Gaul demands (2) of thee her ° glory; of thee Her sons not entrusted (1) to thee ° for-this (1) ; And the royal jewel now ° insecure 71 (4), Is snatched (pres.) from thy bloody (3) forehead. LXXVII. [LXXIX.] (Fassage of the led Sea.) 1 . The main divided on either side by the artist lyre Leapt-asunder with stiffening tide, and The deep seas (4) hung around them ° as 16 they went, With marble walls. 2 . The waves saw (2) thee', O God, raging with wondrous onset: And with liquid foot Tied. Fear itself froze (4) The waves stretched out on high (3). 3. And amidst the strokes of the frequent hail, And waves and flames, and The wars of tumultuous (2) winds, The rein-bearing wings of proud (3) Pharaoh 4. And his chariots and spears the bloody sea, Now with no empty name, overwhelmed Being poured widely over them °; The mindful wave still preserves the bloody (3) furrows. ALCAICS. 65 LXXVIII. [LXXXI.] 1 . 0 who despises (2) the sacred admonition of places (2) to be reverenced ? "Who, 0 ancient mother (3) of cities, Hath unmoved passed-by (4) thee, lying prostrate, With flying foot ? 2 . In vain excited to madness by the avenging (2) deity, The Persian conqueror (4) hurled (3) hostile destruc¬ tion (4) Against thy walls (2) and roofs set on fire, And burst through (III. 1) thy empty 3. Courts with barbarian foot; In vain the fierce soldier (4) triumphing Overthrew the sanctuaries and images (4) of the Gods With unpitying (2) right hand. 4. If now divine (2) Mnemosyne rules the human Breast; if sacred poets (3) yet Have played any-thing (2) ° that 16 will live, Thou ° to be celebrated through recording annals Shalt flourish hereafter : and a great part of thee Will despise the rapid violence of time, And the traveller often (4) contemplating the shadow Of thy pride (3) - 6 . Will learn the sweet love of Wisdom (IV. 4) ; and As° the first nurse of Arts (1), thou' once-more (4) Wilt be sung of, thou' as° the great parent (4) of Wis¬ dom (2) With a Muse not to-be-ashamed-of (3). 66 ALCAICS. LXXIX. [LXXXIV.] (