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 Caesar’s Civil War 
 Book UI Cha?. XLll- LXXII. 
 
 1S0O PatbUI 
 
 CAESAR'S ATTACK 
 ON THE CAMP WITH DOUBLE WALLS 
 
 Afteb GOiiSa 
 
C. JULII CAESARIS DE BELLO CIVILI. 
 
 CAESAR’S Civil War. 
 
 EDITED FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS, WITH REFERENCES TO THE 
 LATIN GRAMMARS OF GILDERSLEEVE, ALLEN AND 
 GREENOUGH, AND HARKNESS. 
 
 BY 
 
 B. PERRIN, Ph.D., 
 
 PROFESSOR OP GREEK IN ABBLBBRT (FORMERLY WESTERN RESERVE) COLLEGE, 
 
 NEW YORK AND NEW ORLEANS: 
 
 UNIVERSITY PUBLISHINU 
 
 1902. 
 
 COMPANY. 
 
 BOSTON COLLEGE LIBRARY 
 CHESTNUT HILL. MASS. 
 
Copyright, 
 
 1882 , 
 
 By university publishing company. 
 
 ***2553 
 
 Press of J. J. Little & Co. 
 Astor Place, New York 
 

 
 DEDICATION. 
 
 TO THE CLASPS OF ’83, OF THE HAHTFOHD HIGH SCHOOL, WITH WHOM HE 
 FIRST READ THE CIVIL WAR, AND TO WHOSE NEEDS MANY OF 
 THE PRESENT NOTES WERE ORIGINALLY ADAPTED, 
 
 THIS LITTLE VOLUME IS DEDICATED BY 
 THE EDITOR. 
 
 14745 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 In preparing the notes for this school edition of Caesar’s Civil War, the 
 freest use has been made of all available helps, especially the editions of 
 Doberenz and Kraner-Hofmann, and the commentaries of Goler. 
 
 Appendix I contains brief biographies of the principal persons men¬ 
 tioned in the history. Appendix II contains a condensed and connected 
 account of the constitution and working of the Roman government in 
 Caesar’s time, prepared specially for this edition by Mr. T. D. Goodell, of 
 the Hartford High School, following the authority of Lange. ' Appendix 
 III contains a brief summary of Caesar’s military organization, in the 
 preparation of which Hittenberger, Riistow and Gdler have been most ser¬ 
 viceable. These appendices are designed to make good, so far as possible 
 within narrow limits, a lack of the larger and expensive classical diction¬ 
 aries on the part of many students of Caesar who do not look forward to a 
 full course in Latin, and to serve as an outline-guide to further reading for 
 those who do. Appendix IV, finally, contains all important variations in 
 the text of the present edition from that of Nipperdey (Ed. minor, Lips., 
 1881 ). 
 
 Besides many corrections and suggestions from former colleagues in the 
 Hartford High School, and from other friends, the Editor is under special 
 obligation to Mr. T. H. Goodell, for cordial assistance in every part of the 
 work. Very valuable criticism has also been received from Professor 
 B. L. Gildersleeve, of Johns Hopkins University, to whom proofs of 
 the book have been submitted. 
 
 B. Perrin. 
 
 Hudson, Ohio, May, 188‘.2. 
 

E^TEODUCTIOK 
 
 (Translated freely prom Doberenz.) 
 
 1 Gaius Julius Caesar was born in July of the year 100 b.c. 
 During his youth therefore occurred the civil war between Marius 
 and Sulla, that bitter struggle between the aristocrats and the peo¬ 
 ple, between the rich and the poor, which ended with the conquest 
 of the latter, and the tyranny of Sulla, This conflict and its issue 
 must have made a great impression upon such a gifted youth as 
 Caesar, whose many talents had been most carefully trained and 
 developed, and who was led by the high position of his family (his 
 father was Praetor) to take a close interest in political affairs. He 
 craved honor and renown, influence and power. Sulla’s example 
 showed him that the republic had come into such a condition that 
 it was easy for a bold and resolute man, provided he could secure the 
 support of a strong party, to put himself at the head of the govern¬ 
 ment. Sulla had done this with the aid of the aristocrats; Caesar 
 put himself on the side of the people, and reached his ends by a con¬ 
 flict with the Senate and aristocratic party. This policy was no doubt 
 largely due to his relationship to Sulla’s great antagonist Marius, 
 who "was his uncle, and who had introduced him to public life. 
 His persecutions also at the hands of Sulla naturally drove him into 
 the opposite party. In 83 Caesar married the daughter of Cinna, a 
 supjiorter of Marius. Sulla ordered him to break the marriage. 
 Caesar refused to do it, and lost by his refusal the office of priest to 
 Jupiter, which Marius had caused to be given him in 87, the dowry 
 of his wife, and his own projierty. He fled the city, and wandered 
 about the Sabine mountains in a vain attempt to escape the spies of 
 Sulla. He was finally captured, and obliged to ransom himself with 
 a large sum of money. At last Sulla pardoned him, but said to 
 those who had begged him off, ‘ ‘ There is more than one Marius in 
 
 5 
 
0 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 him, find the nobles may well look out for this loosely dressed 
 boy.” 
 
 2 Caesa^ began his struggle against the nobility immediately after 
 Sulla’s death (78 b.c.), by accusing Dolabella, a supporter of Sulla, 
 of extortion in his province of Macedonia. He made a good im- 
 jiression on the people by his eloquence, and by his bold opposition 
 to the party in power. The acquittal of Dolabella by the Senate 
 increased the hatred of the people toward the nobles. 
 
 3 In the winter of 76 Caesar went to Rhodes to study under the 
 famous rhetorician Molo. From here the third Mithridatic War 
 (74-63) brought him into Asia Minor, where he raised troops on his 
 own authority, and upheld the Roman power. During his absence 
 from Rome he had been chosen into the college of pontiffs (see 
 App. II, 15), and on his return was elected military tribune by the 
 people, a choice which showed that he already stood high in their 
 favor. This favor steadily increased as he continued to uphold the 
 interests of the people against the party of the nobles, to favor all 
 laws intended to restore the political rights of the people which 
 Sulla had removed, and to delight the masses by unbounded gener¬ 
 osity, especially during his Aedileship (65). To rise by means of 
 the people, to break the power of the Senate and aristocracy, and 
 then to rule over both, this was Caesar’s deliberate plan, which he 
 gradually carried out with the greatest carefulness and precision. 
 
 4 Pompey had very great reputation and influence at Rome after 
 Sulla’s death. He was six years older than Caesar, had been an 
 eager supporter of Sulla, had helped to found and sustain his insti¬ 
 tutions, and ranked now as the greatest general of his age, and the 
 chief of the aristocratic party. But this party distrusted, envied, 
 and feared him, and he therefore sought to get the good will of the 
 people, esj^ecially during his consulship in 70, by restoring the 
 power of their tribunes which Sulla had curtailed. Caesar sup¬ 
 ported him in this measure, and so an alliance arose between them, 
 in which Caesar seemed to have a minor importance, and to serve 
 mainly the interests of Pompey, but in which he was really carrying 
 out his own private designs. The more Pompey was supported by 
 Caesar and the people, the greater became the distrust of the nobles 
 toward him, and the easier it was to deprive the aristocratic party 
 of their great leader. 
 
INTR OD UCTION. 
 
 7 
 
 5 After Caesar had served as Praetor in 62, he received Hispania 
 Ulterior as his province. He returned from there to Rome in 60, 
 with wealth and military fame, and was elected consul for the next 
 year. His colleague was the aristocrat Bibulus, who had almost 
 no influence at all compared with Caesar. In order now to carry on 
 his plans with greater success, Caesar makes an ally of Crassus, the 
 wealthiest man of his times, reconciles him to his former enemv, 
 Pompey, and forms what is called the First Triumvirate, a union of 
 shrewdness, renown, and riches, by which Caesar hoped to rise in 
 power, Pompey to maintain his power, and Crassus to make more 
 money. Nothing was to occur in the state which was displeasing 
 to either of the three. The marriage of Pompey to Caesar’s daughter 
 Julia, made the league the stronger. 
 
 0 With the help of these two allies, Caesar now, as consul, carried 
 measures which made him still more popular with the people, and 
 weakened the power of the Senate, while he appeared to be working 
 only for the interests of Pompey and Crassus. On motion of the 
 tribune Vatinius, the people voted that after his consulship Caesar 
 should have Gallia Cisalpina and Illyricum as his province, for five 
 years, with a force of three legions. Gallia Transalpina and a 
 fourth legion were soon added. Now Caesar had what he wished*, 
 a province where rich booty and great fame could be won, and yet 
 near enough to Rome to allow him to watch and manage what tran¬ 
 spired there. In 58 he began the Gallic war, by which he increased 
 the territory subject to Rome, won fame and wealth, and secured 
 a trained and devoted army, on which he could unhesitatingly rely. 
 
 7 Crassus and Pompey remained in Rome, arid supported the inter¬ 
 ests of the triumvirate. In 56 the three men met at Luca to arrange 
 their plans for the future. It was decided that Pompey and Crassus 
 should be consuls for the next year, and then receive provinces. 
 Caesar lent his support to this on condition that his own term of 
 office should be extended five years, i. e. from 53 to December 49, 
 that at the close of fliis period he should be consul for the second 
 time, and that the legions which he had raised without autliority 
 should be paid by the state. This was granted, and in 55 Pompey 
 and Crassus were consuls. Crassus went to Syria as his province, 
 but Pompey remained at Rome after his consulship had expired, 
 and had his legates manage his province (Spain), a tiling which was 
 contrary to all precedent. His excuse Avas that the oversight of the 
 
8 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 grain imports, which had. previously been committed to him, dC' 
 manded his presence. The real reason however was, that he wished, 
 now that he was alone in the capital, to create for himself a more 
 independent power than he had hitherto held. He had gradually 
 perceived that Caesar had been using him all along for his own ends, 
 and his dependence upon Caesar had become unbearable. The 
 death of Julia (54) also removed a great obstacle to any estrange¬ 
 ment, and when Crassus fell in 53, in his foolish war with the 
 Parthians, the question became simply this : should Pompey or 
 Caesar be first. 
 
 8 Atfairs were such at Rome that Pompey hoped he could obtain 
 the 23ower of dictator from the Senate. This body had become 
 alarmed at the frequent disturbances of the people, and looked to 
 Pompey as its leader the more he removed himself from Caesar and 
 the party of the people. It gave him orders to watch over the 
 safety of the city, and to raise troops in Italy. In 52 he was elected 
 sole consul, and began to take steps against Caesar, though indi¬ 
 rectly. Two obsolete decrees, wJiich would tell especially against 
 Caesar, he caused to be renewed, viz., that no one should be can¬ 
 didate for public office while absent from the city, and that no one 
 should receive a province for ffve years after holding a public office. 
 Pomj:)ey had however first secured his province of Spain for five 
 years more. Caesar, who designed to stand for consul again at the 
 exj)iration of the legal interval, ten years, complained of the provi¬ 
 sion that no one could stand for office without being in the city, 
 especially as this had been allowed Pompey. Thereupon it was 
 publicly voted that this law should not apply to Caesar. Pompey 
 was obliged to accede to this, but began to take measures to separate 
 Caesar from his now formidable army. Gains Marcellus, consul in 
 50, a bitter enemy of Caesar, moved that on November 13th Caesar 
 be recalled from his province and army. In the debate on this mo¬ 
 tion, Curio, the brilliant tribune of the people whom Caesar had 
 bribed over to himself, favored the thing, but proposed that a like 
 measure be passed concerning Pompey. Between these two propo¬ 
 sitions no vote was reached. Pompey, it is true, expressed to the 
 Senate his willingness to give up his province and dismiss his army, 
 but took no steps in the matter, and even secured a vote in the 
 Senate, by which, under pretext of the Parthian war, two legions 
 were taken from Caesar. These he retained near Rome. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 9 
 
 9 Shortly after tliis a rumor spread that Caesar had crossed the Alps 
 and was advancing on Rome. Upon this Marcellus, with the con¬ 
 suls who had been elected for the following year, Lentulus and Gains 
 Marcellus the younger, went to Pompey and authorized him in their 
 names to defend the republic, and to raise troops in Italy at his 
 pleasure. Curio now hurried to Caesar, who was at Ravenna, and 
 urged him to march at once on Rome. Caesar, however, wrote a 
 letter to the Senate and the new consuls, in which he set forth his 
 services to the state, defended himself from the charges made against 
 him by his enemies, and begged that he be not deprived of the priv¬ 
 ilege already granted him by the people, of standing for the con¬ 
 sular election while absent. At the same time he promised to dis¬ 
 miss his army whenever Pompey did so. If, however, Pompey 
 refused, then he too must keejo his army and defend himself. This 
 letter Curio gave to the consuls, in the Senate, and in the presence 
 of the tribunes of the people, January 1, 49. What followed is told 
 by Caesar. 
 
C. JULII CAESAEIS 
 
 DE BELLO OIV^ILI 
 
 COMMENTARIUS PRIMUS, 
 
 1. Litteris a Gaio Caesare consulibus redditis, aegre ab 
 Ilis impetratum est summa tribunorum plebis contentione 
 ut in senatu recitarentur; ut vero ex litteris ad senatum 
 referretur impetrari non potuit. Referunt consules de re- 
 publica infinite. L. Lentulus consul senatui reique publicae 5 
 se non defuturum pollicetur, si audacter ac fortiter senten¬ 
 tias dicere velint; sin Caesarem respiciant atque ejus gratiam 
 sequantur, ut superioribus fecerint temporibus, se sibi con¬ 
 silium capturum neque senatus auctoritati obtemperaturum; 
 habere se quoque ad Caesaris gratiam atque amicitiam re- 10 
 ceptum. In eandem sententiam loquitur Scipio : Pompeio 
 esse in animo reipublicae non deesse, si senatus sequatur; 
 si cunctetur atque agat lenius, nequiquam ejus auxilium, 
 si postea velit, senatum imploraturum. II. Haec Scipionis 
 oratio, quod senatus in urbe habebatur Pompeiusque ade- 15 
 rat, ex ipsius ore Pompeii mitti videbatur. Dixerat aliquis 
 leniorem sententiam, ut primo M. Marcellus, ingressus in 
 eam orationem, non oportere ante de ea re ad senatum 
 referri quam delectus tota Italia habiti et exercitus conscripti 
 essent, quo praesidio tuto et libere senatus quae vellet de- 20 
 cernere auderet; ut M. Calidius, qui censebat ut Pompeius 
 in suas provincias proficisceretur, ne qua esset armorum 
 causa : timere Caesarem ereptis ab eo duabus legionibus, ne 
 ad ejus periculum reservare et retinere eas ad urbem Pom¬ 
 peius videretur; ut M. Rufus, qui sententiam Calidii paucis 25 
 
 11 
 
12 
 
 DE BELLO CIVILI 
 
 fere mutatis rebus sequebatur. Hi omnes conyicio L. Len< 
 tuli consulis correpti exagitabantur. Lentulus sententiam 
 Calidii pronuntiaturum se omnino negavit. Marcellus per¬ 
 territus conviciis a sua sententia discessit. Sic vocibus con- 
 5 sulis, terrore praesentis exercitus, minis amicorum Pompeii 
 plerique compulsi, inviti et coacti Scipionis sententiam 
 sequuntur: uti ante certam diem Caesar exercitum dimit¬ 
 tat ; si non faciat, eum adversus rempublicam facturum 
 videri. Intercedit M. Antonius, Q. Cassius, tribuni plebis. 
 10 Kefertur confestim de intercessione tribunorum. Dicun¬ 
 tur sententiae graves; ut quisque acerbissime crudelissi- 
 meque dixit, ita quam maxime ab inimicis Caesaris col- 
 laudatur. III. Misso ad vesperum senatu omnes qui sunt 
 ejus ordinis a Pompeio evocantur. Laudat Pompeius at- 
 15 que in posterum confirmat, segniores castigat atque incitat. 
 Multi undique ex veteribus Pompeii exercitibus spe prae¬ 
 miorum atque ordinum evocantur, multi ex duabus legi¬ 
 onibus quae sunt traditae a Caesare arcessuntur. Com¬ 
 pletur urbs militibus, comitium tribunis, centurionibus, 
 20 evocatis. Omnes amici consulum, necessarii Pompeii atque 
 eorum qui veteres inimicitias cum Caesare gerebant, in 
 senatum coguntur; quorum vocibus et concursu terrentur 
 infirmiores, dubii confirmantur, plerisque vero libere de¬ 
 cernendi potestas eripitur. Pollicetur L. Piso censor sese 
 25 iturum ad Caesarem, item L. Roscius praetor, qui de bis 
 rebus eum doceant; sex dies ad eam rem conficiendam spatii 
 postulant. Dicuntur etiam ab nonnullis sententiae, ut 
 legati ad Caesarem mittantur, qui voluntatem senatus ei 
 proponant. IV. Omnibus bis resistitur omnibusque oratio 
 30 consulis, Scipionis, Catonis opponitur. Catonem veteres 
 inimicitiae Caesaris incitant et dolor repulsae. Lentulus 
 aeris alieni magnitudine et spe exercitus ac provinciarum 
 et regum appellandorum largitionibus movetur, seque al¬ 
 terum fore Sullam inter suos gloriatur, ad quem summa 
 35 imperii redeat. Scipionem eadem spes provinciae atque ex¬ 
 ercituum impellit, quos se pro necessitudine partiturum cum 
 
COMM. L CAP. II—VI. 
 
 13 
 
 Pompeio arbitratur, simul judiciorum metus, adulatio atque 
 ostentatio sui et potentium qui in republica judiciisque tum 
 plurimum pollebant. Ipse Pompeius, ab inimicis Caesaris in¬ 
 citatus et quod neminem dignitate secum exaequari volebat, 
 totum SG ab ejus amicitia averterat et cum communibus in- 5 
 imicis in gratiam redierat, quorum ipse maximam partem illo 
 affinitatis tempore injunxerat Caesari; simul infamia dua¬ 
 rum legionum permotus, quas ab itinere Asiae Syriaeque ad 
 suam potentiam dominatumque converterat, rem ad arma 
 deduci studebat. V. His de causis aguntur omnia raptim 10 
 atque turbate. Hec docendi Caesaris propinquis ejus spatium 
 datur, nec tribunis plebis sui periculi deprecandi neque etiam 
 extremi juris intercessione retinendi, quod L. Sulla reli- 
 cjuerat, facultas tribuitur, sed de sua salute septimo die 
 cogitare coguntur, quod illi turbulentissimi superioribus 15 
 temporibus tribuni plebis duodecimo denique mense suarum 
 actionum respicere ac timere consuerant. Decurritur ad 
 illud extremum atcj[ue ultimum senatus consultum, quo nisi 
 paene in ipso urbis incendio atque in desjDeratione omnium 
 salutis numquam ante descensum est: dent operam consules, 20 
 praetores, tribuni plebis, quique pro consulibus sint ad ur¬ 
 bem, ne quid respublica detrimenti capiat. Haec senatus¬ 
 consulto perscribuntur a. d. vii. Id. Jan. Itaque v primis 
 diebus quibus haberi senatus potuit, qua ex die consulatum 
 iniit Lentulus, biduo excepto comitiali, et de imperio Cae- 25 
 saris et de amplissimis viris, tribunis plebis, gravissime 
 acerbissimeque decernitur. Profugiunt statim ex urbe 
 tribuni plebis seseque ad Caesarem conferunt. Is eo tem¬ 
 pore erat Eavennae exspectabatque suis lenissimis postulatis 
 responsa, si qua hominum aequitate res ad otium deduci 30 
 posset. VI. Proximis diebus habetur extra urbem senatus. 
 Pompeius eadem illa quae per Scipionem ostenderat agit; 
 senatus virtutem constantiamque collaudat; copias suas ex¬ 
 ponit : legiones habere sese paratas x; praeterea cognitum 
 compertumque sibi alieno esse animo in Caesarem milites, 35 
 neque iis posse persuaderi uti eum defendant aut sequantur 
 
14 
 
 DE BELLO CIVILI 
 
 saltem. De reliquis rebus ad senatum refertur : tota Italia 
 delectus habeatur; Faustus Sulla propere in Mauritaniam 
 mittatur; pecunia uti ex aerario Pompeio detur. Kefertur 
 etiam de rege Juba ut socius sit atque amicus; Marcellus 
 5 yero passurum in praesentia negat. De Fausto impedit 
 Philippus tribunus plebis. De reliquis rebus senatuscom 
 sulta perscribuntur. Provinciae privatis decernuntur, duae 
 consulares, reliquae praetoriae. Scipioni obvenit Syria, L. 
 Domitio Gallia. Philippus et Cotta privato consilio prae- 
 10 tereuntur, neque eorum sortes dejiciuntur. In reliquas 
 provincias praetores mittuntur. Neque exspectant, quod su¬ 
 perioribus annis acciderat, ut de eorum imperio ad populum 
 feratur, paludatique votis nuncupatis exeunt. Consules, 
 quod ante id tempus accidit numquam, ex urbe proficis- 
 15 cuntur, lictoresque habent in urbe et Capitolio privati contra 
 omnia vetustatis exempla. Tota Italia delectus habentur, 
 arma imperantur, pecuniae a municipiis exiguntur, e fanis 
 tolluntur ; omnia divina humanaque jura permiscentur. 
 
 ^20 VII. Quibus rebus cognitis Caesar apud milites contio¬ 
 natur. Omnium temporum injurias inimicorum in se com¬ 
 memorat ; a quibus deductum ac depravatum Pompeium 
 queritur invidia atque obtrectatione laudis suae, cujus ipse 
 honori et dignitati semper faverit adjutorque fuerit. Novum 
 25 in republica introductum exemplum queritur, ut tribunicia 
 intercessio armis notaretur atque opprimeretur, quae supe¬ 
 rioribus annis esset restituta. Sullam nudata omnibus rebus 
 tribunicia potestate tamen intercessionem liberam reliquisse ; 
 Pompeium, qui amissa restituisse videatur bona, etiam quae 
 30 ante habuerint ademisse. Quotienscumque sit decretum, 
 darent operam magistratus, ne quid respublica detrimenti 
 caperet (qua voce et quo senatusconsulto populus Eomanus 
 ad arma sit vocatus), factum in perniciosis legibus, in vi 
 tribunicia, in secessione populi templis locisque editioribus 
 35 occupatis ; atque haec superioris aetatis exempla expiata 
 Saturnini atque Gracchorum casibus docet; quarum rerum 
 
C03TM. I. CAP. VI—IX. 
 
 15 
 
 illo tempore nihil factum, ne cogitatum quidem. Hortatur, 
 cujus imperatoris ductu yiiii annis rempublicam felicissime 
 gesserint plurimaque proelia secunda fecerint, omnem Gal¬ 
 liam Germaniamque pacaverint, ut ejus existimationem dig¬ 
 nitatemque ab inimicis defendant. Conclamant legionis xiii, 5 
 quae aderat, milites (hanc enim initio tumultus evocaverat; 
 reliquae nondum venerant), sese paratos esse imperatoris sui 
 tribunorumque plebis injurias defendere. ^ 
 
 VIII. Cognita militum voluntate Ariminum cum ea legione 
 proficiscitur ibique tribunos plebis qui ad eum confugerant 10 
 convenit; reliquas legiones ex hibernis evocat et subsequi 
 jubet. Eo L. Caesar adolescens venit, cujus pater Caesaris 
 erat legatus. Is, reliquo sermone confecto cujus rei causa 
 venerat, habere se a Pompeio ad eum privati officii mandata 
 demonstrat : velle Pompeium se Caesari purgatum, ne ea 15 
 quae reipublicae causa egerit, in suam contumeliam vertat. 
 Semper se reipublicae commoda privatis necessitudinibus 
 habuisse potiora. Caesarem quoque pro sua dignitate debere 
 et studium et iracundiam suam reipublicae dimittere neque 
 adeo graviter irasci inimicis, ut, cum illis nocere se speret, 20 
 reipublicae noceat. Pauca ejusdem generis addit cum ex¬ 
 cusatione Pompeii conjuncta. Eadem fere atque eisdem 
 verbis praetor EosCius agit cum Caesare sibique Pompeium 
 commemorasse demonstrat. IX. Quae res etsi nihil ad le¬ 
 vandas injurias pertinere videbantur, tamen idoneos nactus 25 
 homines, per quos ea quae vellet ad eum perferrentur, 
 petit ab utroque, quoniam Pompeii mandata ad se detulerint, 
 ne graventur sua quoque ad eum postulata deferre, si parvo 
 labore magnas controversias tollere atque omnem Italiam 
 metu liberare possint. Sibi semper primam reipublicae fuisse 30 
 dignitatem vitaque potiorem. Doluisse se, quod j)opuli Eo- 
 mani beneficium sibi per contumeliam ab inimicis extorque¬ 
 retur, ereptoque semenstri imperio in urbem retraheretur, 
 cujus absentis rationem haberi proximis comitiis populus 
 jussisset. Tamen hanc jacturam honoris sui reipublicae 35 
 causa aequo animo tulisse; cum litteras ad senatum miserit. 
 
16 
 
 DE BELLO CIVILI 
 
 ut omnes ab exercitibus discederent, ne id quidem impetra¬ 
 visse. Tota Italia delectus baberi, retineri legiones ii quae 
 ab se simulatione Parthici belli sint abductae, civitatem esse 
 in armis. Quonam haec omnia nisi ad suam perniciem per- 
 5 tinere ? Sed tamen ad omnia se descendere paratum atque 
 omnia pati reipublicae causa. Proficiscatur Pompeius in 
 suas provincias, ipsi exercitus dimittant, discedant in Italia 
 omnes ab armis, metus e civitate tollatur, libera comitia 
 atque omnis respublica senatui populoque Eomano permit- 
 10 tatur. Haec quo facilius certisque condicionibus fiant et 
 jurejurando sanciantur, aut ipse propius accedat aut se 
 patiatur accedere; fore uti per colloquia omnes controver¬ 
 siae componantur. X. Acceptis mandatis Eoscius a Caesare 
 Capuam pervenit ibique consules Pompeiumque invenit; 
 15 postulata Caesaris renuntiat. Illi deliberata re respondent 
 scriptaque ad eum mandata remittunt, quorum haec erat 
 summa : Caesar in Galliam reverteretur, Arimino excederet, 
 exercitus dimitteret; quae si fecisset, Pompeium in His- 
 panias iturum. Interea, quoad fides esset data Caesarem 
 20 facturum quae polliceretur, non intermissuros consules Pom¬ 
 peiumque delectus. XI. Erat iniqua condicio postulare ut 
 Caesar Arimino excederet atque in provinciam reverteretur, 
 ipsum et provincias et legiones alienas tenere; exercitum 
 Caesaris velle dimitti, delectus habere ; polliceri se in pro- 
 25 vineiam iturum, neque ante quem diem iturus sit definire, 
 ut, si peracto consulatu Caesaris non profectus esset, nulla 
 tamen mendacii religione obstrictus videretur; tempus vero 
 colloquio non dare neque accessurum polliceri magnam pacis 
 desperationem afferebat. Itaque ab Arimino M. Antonium 
 30 cum cohortibus v Arretium mittit; ipse Arimini cum duabus 
 subsistit ibique delectum habere instituit; Pisaurum, Fa¬ 
 num, Anconam singulis cohortibus occupat. XII. Interea 
 certior factus Iguvium Thermum praetorem cohortibus v 
 tenere, oppidum munire, omniumque esse Iguvinorum op- 
 35 timam erga se voluntatem. Curionem cum tribus cohortibus, 
 quas Pisauri et Arimini habebat, mittit. Cujus adventu 
 
COMM. I. GAP. IX—XIV. 
 
 17 
 
 cognito diffisus municipii voluntati Thermus cohortes ex 
 urbe reducit et profugit. Milites in itinere ab eo discedunt 
 ac domum revertuntur. Curio summa omnium voluntate 
 Iguvium recipit. Quibus rebus cognitis confisus munici¬ 
 piorum voluntatibus Caesar cohortes legionis xiii ex prae- 5 
 sidiis deducit Auximumque proficiscitur; quod oppidum 
 Attius cohortibus introductis tenebat delectumque toto 
 Piceno circummissis senatoribus habebat. XIII. Adventu 
 Caesaris cognito decuriones Auximi ad Attium Varum fre¬ 
 quentes conveniunt; docent sui judicii rem non esse ; neque 10 
 se neque reliquos municipes pati posse C. Caesarem impera¬ 
 torem, bene de republica meritum, tantis rebus gestis, 
 oppido moenibusque prohiberi; proinde habeat rationem 
 posteritatis et periculi sui. Quorum oratione permotus 
 Varus praesidium quod introduxerat ex oppido educit ac 15 
 profugit. Hunc ex primo ordine pauci Caesaris consecuti 
 milites consistere coegerunt. Commisso proelio deseritur a 
 suis Varus; nonnulla pars militum domum discedit; reliqui 
 ad Caesarem perveniunt, atque una cum iis deprensus L. 
 Pupius, primi pili centurio, adducitur, qui hunc eundem 20 
 ordinem in exercitu Cn. Pompeii antea duxerat. At Caesar 
 milites Attianos collaudat, Pupium dimittit, Auximatibus 
 agit gratias seque eorum facti memorem fore pollicetur. 
 XIV. Quibus rebus Eomam nuntiatis tantus repente terror 
 invasit, ut, cum Lentulus consul ad aperiendum aerarium 25 
 venisset ad pecuniam Pompeio ex senatusconsulto proferen¬ 
 dam, protinus aperto sanctiore aerario ex urbe profugeret. 
 Caesar enim adventare jam jamque et adesse ejus equites 
 falso nuntiabantur. Hunc Marcellus collega et plerique 
 magistratus consecuti sunt. Cn. Pompeius pridie ejus diei 30 
 ex urbe profectus iter ad legiones habebat, quas a Caesare 
 acceptas in Apulia hibernorum causa disposuerat. Delectus 
 circa urbem intermittuntur; nihil citra Capuam tutum esse 
 omnibus videtur. Capuae primum sese confirmant et colli¬ 
 gunt delectumque colonorum, qui lege Julia Capuam deducti 35 
 erant, habere instituunt; gladiatoresque, quos ibi Caesar in 
 2 
 
18 
 
 BE BELLO CIVILI 
 
 ludo liabebat, ad forum productos Lentulus spe libertatis 
 confirmat atque bis equos cattribuit et se sequi jussit; quos 
 postea monitus ab suis, quod ea res omnium judicio repre- 
 lielidebatur, circum familias conyentus Campaniae custodiae 
 5 causa distribuit. XV. Auximo Caesar progressus omnem 
 agrum Picenum percurrit. Cunctae earum regionum prae¬ 
 fecturae libentissimis animus eum recipiunt exercitumque 
 ejus omnibus rebus juvant. Etiam Cingulo, quod oppidum 
 Labienus constituerat suaque pecunia exaedificaverat, ad 
 10 eum legati veniunt, quaeque imperaverit se cupidissime 
 facturos pollicentur. Milites imperat: mittunt. Interea 
 legio XII Caesarem consequitur. Cum bis duabus Asculum 
 Picenum proficiscitur. Id oppidum Lentulus Spinther x 
 cohortibus tenebat; qui Caesaris adventu cognito profugit 
 15 ex oppido cobortesque secum abducere conatus magna parte 
 militum deseritur. Eelictus in itinere cum paucis incidit in 
 Vibullium Eufum missum a Pompeio in agrum Picenum 
 confirmandorum hominum causa. A quo factus Vibullius 
 certior quae res in Piceno gererentur, milites ab eo accipit, 
 20 ipsum dimittit. Item ex finitimis regionibus quas potest 
 contrahit cohortes ex delectibus Pompeianis; in his Came¬ 
 rino fugientem Lucilium Hirrum cum sex cohortibus, quas 
 ibi in jiraesidio habuerat, excipit; quibus, coactis xiii efficit. 
 Cum his ad Domitium Ahenobarbum Corfinium magnis iti- 
 25 neribus pervenit Caesaremque adesse cum legionibus duabus 
 nuntiat. Domitius per se circiter xx cohortes Alba, ex 
 Marsis et Pelignis, finitimis ab regionibus coegerat. XVI. 
 Eecepto Asculo expulsoque Lentulo Caesar conquiri milites 
 qui ab eo discesserant, delectumque institui jubet; ipse unum 
 30 diem ibi rei frumentariae causa moratus Corfinium con- 
 . tendit. Eo cum venisset, cohortes v praemissae a Domitio ex 
 oppido pontem fluminis interrumpebant, qui erat ab oppido 
 milia passuum circiter iii. Ibi cum antecursoribus Caesaris 
 proelio commisso celeriter Domitiani a ponte repulsi se in op- 
 35 pidum receperunt. Caesar legionibus traductis ad oppidum 
 constitit juxtaque murum castra posuit. 
 
COMM. L CAP. XIV—XIX. 
 
 19 
 
 XVII. Re cognita Domitius ad Pompeium in Apuliam 
 peritos regionum magno proposito praemio cum litteris 
 mittit, qui petant atque orent ut sibi subveniat: Caesarem 
 duobus exercitibus et locorum angustiis facile intercludi 
 posse frumentoque prohiberi. Quod nisi fecerit, se colior- 5 
 tesque amplius xxx magnumque numerum senatorum atque 
 equitum Romanorum in periculum esse venturum. Interim 
 suos cohortatus tormenta in muris disponit certasque cuique 
 partes ad custodiam urbis attribuit; militibus in contione 
 agros ex suis possessionibus pollicetur, quaterna in singulos 10 
 jugera et pro rata parte centurionibus evocatisque. XVIII. 
 Interim Caesari nuntiatur Sulmonenses, quod oppidum a 
 Corfinio Yii milium intervallo abest, cupere ea facere quae 
 vellet, sed a Q. Lucretio senatore et Attio Peligno prohiberi, 
 qui id oppidum yii cohortium praesidio tenebant. Mittit 15 
 eo M. Antonium cum legionis xiii cohortibus y. Sulmo¬ 
 nenses, simul atque signa nostra viderunt, portas aperuerunt 
 universique, et oppidani et milites, obviam gratulantes An¬ 
 tonio exierunt. Lucretius et Attius de muro se dejecerunt. 
 Attius ad Antonium deductus petit ut ad Caesarem mit- 20 
 teretur. Antonius cum cohortibus et Attio, eodem die quo 
 profectus erat, revertitur. Caesar eas cohortes cum exercitu 
 suo conjunxit Attiumque incolumem dimisit. Caesar primis 
 diebus castra magnis operibus munire et ex finitimis muni¬ 
 cipiis frumentum comportare reliquasque copias exspectare 25 
 instituit. Eo triduo legio Yiii ad eum venit cohortesque ex 
 novis Galliae delectibus xxii equitesque ab rege Xorico cir¬ 
 citer ccc. Quorum adventu altera castra ad alteram oppidi 
 partem ponit; his castris Curionem praefecit. Reliquis 
 diebus oppidum vallo castellisque circumvenire instituit. 30 
 Cujus operis maxima parte efiecta eodem fere tempore missi 
 a Pompeio revertuntur. XIX. Litteris perlectis Domitius 
 dissimulans in concilio pronuntiat Pompeium celeriter sub¬ 
 sidio venturum hortaturque eos ne animo deficiant, quaeque 
 usui ad defendendum oppidum sint parent. Ipse arcano cum 35 
 paucis familiaribus suis colloquitur consiliumque fugae ca- 
 
20 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 25 
 
 30 
 
 35 
 
 BE BELLO CLVILL 
 
 pere constituit. Cum vultus Domitii cum oratione non 
 consentiret atque omnia trepidantius timidiusque ageret 
 quam superioribus diebus consuesset, multumque cum suis 
 consiliandi causa secreto praeter consuetudinem colloquere¬ 
 tur, concilia conventusque hominum fugeret, res diutius tegi 
 dissimulari que non potuit. Pompeius enim rescripserat sese 
 rem in summum periculum deducturum non esse, neque suo 
 consilio aut voluntate Domitium se in oppidum Corfinium 
 contulisse ; proinde, si qua fuisset facultas, ad se cum om¬ 
 nibus copiis veniret. Id ne fieri posset, obsidione atque 
 oppidi circummunitione fiebat. XX. Divulgato Domitii 
 consilio milites qui erant Corfinii jorima vesperi secessionem 
 faciunt atque ita inter se per tribunos militum centuriones¬ 
 que atque honestissimos sui generis colloquuntur : obsideri 
 se a Caesare; opera munitionesque prope esse perfectas; 
 ducem suum Domitium, cujus spe atque fiducia permanse¬ 
 rint, projectis omnibus fugae consilium capere; debere se 
 suae salutis rationem habere. Ab his primo Marsi dissentire 
 incipiunt eamque oppidi partem quae munitissima videre¬ 
 tur occupant, tantaque inter eos dissensio exsistit, ut manum 
 conserere atque armis dimicare conentur; post paulo tamen 
 internuntiis ultro citroque missis, quae ignorabant de L. 
 Domitii fuga cognoscunt. Itaque omnes uno consilio Domi¬ 
 tium productum in publicum circumsistunt et custodiunt 
 legatosque ex suo numero ad Caesarem mittunt : sese para¬ 
 tos esse portas aperire quaeque imperaverit facere et L. 
 Domitium vivum ejus potestati tradere. XXI. Quibus rebus 
 cognitis Caesar, etsi magni interesse arbitrabatur quam 
 primum oppido potiri cohortesque ad se in castra traducere, 
 ne qua aut largitionibus aut animi confirmatione aut falsis 
 nuntiis commutatio fieret voluntatis, quod saepe in bello 
 parvis momentis magni casus intercederent, tamen veritus 
 ne militum introitu et nocturni temporis licentia oppidum 
 diriperetur, eos qui venerant collaudat atque in oppidum 
 dimittit, portas murosque asservari jubet. Ipse in iis ope¬ 
 ribus quae facere instituerat milites disponit, non certis 
 
COMM. L CAJ-. XIX—XXIIl. 
 
 21 
 
 spatiis intermissis, nt erat superiorum dierum consuetudo, 
 sed perpetuis vigiliis stationibusque, ut contingant inter se 
 atque omnem munitionem exqdeant; tribunos militum et 
 praefectos circummittit atque hortatur non solum ab erup¬ 
 tionibus caveant, sed etiam singulorum hominum occultos 5 
 exitus asservent. ISTeque vero tam remisso ac languido animo 
 quisquam omnium fuit, qui ea nocte conquieverit. Tanta 
 erat summae rerum exspectatio, ut alius in aliam partem 
 mente atque animo traheretur, quid ipsis Corfiniensibus, 
 quid Domitio, quid Lentulo, quid reliquis accideret, qui 10 
 quosque eventus exciperent. XXII. Quarta vigilia circiter 
 Lentulus Spinther de muro cum vigiliis custodibusque nos¬ 
 tris colloquitur : velle, si sibi fiat potestas, Caesarem con¬ 
 venire. Facta potestate ex oppido mittitur, neque ah eo 
 prius Domitiani milites discedunt quam in conspectum 15 
 Caesaris deducatur. Cum eo de salute sua agit, orat atque 
 obsecrat ut sibi parcat, veteremque amicitiam commemorat 
 Caesarisque in se beneficia exponit, quae erant maxima : 
 quod per eum in collegium pontificum venerat, quod provin¬ 
 ciam Hispaniam ex praetura habuerat, quod in petitione 20 
 consulatus erat sublevatus. Cujus orationem Caesar inter¬ 
 pellat : se non maleficii causa ex provincia egressum, sed uti 
 se a contumeliis inimicorum defenderet, ut tribunos plebis 
 in ea re ex civitate expulsos in suam dignitatem restitueret, 
 ut se et populum Eomanum factione paucorum oppressum 25 
 in libertatem vindicaret. Cujus oratione confirmatus Len¬ 
 tulus ut in oppidum reverti liceat petit: quod de sua salute 
 impetraverit, fore etiam reliquis ad suam spem solatio ; adeo 
 esse perterritos nonnullos, ut suae vitae durius consulere 
 cogantur. Facta potestate discedit. XXIII. Caesar, ubi 30 
 luxit, omnes senatores senatorumque liberos, tribunos mili¬ 
 tum equitesque Eomanos ad se produci jubet. Erant quin¬ 
 que ordinis senatorii, L. Domitius, P. Lentulus Spinther, 
 
 L. Caecilius Eufus, Sex. Quintilius Varus quaestor, L. Eu- 
 brius ; praeterea filius Domiti aliique complures adolescentes 35 
 et magnus numerus equitum Eomanorum et decurionum, 
 
22 
 
 DE BELLO CIVLLL 
 
 quos ex municipiis Domitius evocaverat. Hos omnes pro¬ 
 ductos a contumeliis militum conviciisque prohibet ; pauca 
 apud eos loquitur, quod sibi a parte eorum gratia relata non 
 sit pro suis in eos maximis beneficiis ; dimittit omnes inco- 
 5 lumes. hs lx, quod advexerat Domitius atque in publico de¬ 
 posuerat, allatum ad se a duumviris Corfiniensibus Domitio 
 reddit, ne continentior in vita hominum quam in pecunia 
 fuisse videatur, etsi eam pecuniam publicam esse constabat 
 datamque a Pompeio in stipendium. Milites Domitianos 
 10 sacramentum apud se dicere Jubet atque eo die castra movet 
 justumque iter conficit, vii omnino dies ad Corfinium com¬ 
 moratus, et per fines Marrucinorum, Frentanorum, Larina¬ 
 tium in Apuliam pervenit. 
 
 XXiy. Pompeius, his rebus cognitis quae erant ad Cor- 
 15 finium gestae, Luceria proficiscitur Canusium atque inde 
 Brundisium. Copias undique omnes ex novis delectibus ad 
 se cogi Jubet; servos, pastores armat atque iis equos attri¬ 
 buit ; ex his circiter ccc equites conficit. L. Manlius praetor 
 Alba cum cohortibus sex profugit, Kutilius Lupus praetor 
 20 Tarracina cum tribus ; quae procul equitatum Caesaris con¬ 
 spicatae, cui praeerat Vibius Curius, relicto praetore signa 
 ad Curium transferunt atque ad eum transeunt. Item re¬ 
 liquis itineribus nonnullae cohortes in agmen Caesaris, aliae 
 in equites incidunt. Keducitur ad eum deprensus ex itinere 
 25 N. Magius Cremona, praefectus fabrum Cn. Pompeii. Quem 
 Caesar ad eum remittit cum mandatis : quoniam ad id 
 tempus facultas colloquendi non fuerit, atque ipse Brun¬ 
 disium sit venturus, interesse reipublicae et communis salutis 
 se cum Pompeio colloqui ; neque vero idem profici longo 
 30 itineris spatio, cum per alios condiciones ferantur, ac si coram 
 / de omnibus condicionibus disceptetur. XXV. His datis 
 mandatis Brundisium cum legionibus yi pervenit, veteranis 
 III et reliquis quas ex novo delectu confecerat atque in 
 itinere compleverat; Domitianas enim cohortes protinus a 
 35 Corfinio in Siciliam miserat. Eeperit consules Dyrrhachium 
 profectos cum magna parte exercitus, Pompeium remanere 
 
COMM. L CAP. XXIII—XX VI. 
 
 23 
 
 Brundisii cum cohortibus viginti; iieque certum inveniri 
 poterat, obtinendine Brundisii causa ibi remansisset, quo 
 facilius omne Hadriaticum mare extremis Italiae j)artibus 
 regionibusque Graeciae in potestate haberet atque ex utra¬ 
 que parte beUum administrare posset, an inopia navium 5 
 ibi restitisset; veritusque ne ille Italiam dimittendam non 
 existimaret, exitus administrationesque Brundisini |)oi'Iu.s 
 impedire instituit. Quorum operum haec erat ratio. Qua 
 fauces erant angustissimae portus, moles atque aggerem ab 
 utraque parte litoris jaciebat, quod his locis erat vadosum 10 
 mare. Longius progressus, cum agger altiore aqua con¬ 
 tineri non posset, rates duplices quoquoversus pedum xxx 
 e regione molis collocabat. Has quaternis ancoris ex iiii 
 angulis destinabat, ne fluctibus moverentur. His per¬ 
 fectis collocatisque alias deinceps pari magnitudine rates 15 
 jungebat. Has terra atque aggere integebat, ne aditus 
 atque incursus ad defendendum impediretur ; a fronte atque 
 ab utroque latere cratibus ac pluteis protegebat; in quarta 
 quaque earum turres binorum tabulatorum excitabat, quo 
 commodius ab impetu navium incendiisque defenderet. 20 
 XXVI. Contra haec Pompeius naves magnas onerarias, quas 
 in portu Brundisino deprehenderat, adornabat. Ibi turres 
 cum ternis tabulatis erigebat easque multis tormentis et 
 omni genere telorum completas ad opera Caesaris appellebat, 
 ut rates perrumperet atque opera disturbaret. Sic quotidie 25 
 utrimque eminus fundis, sagittis reliquisque telis pugna¬ 
 batur. Atque haec Caesar ita administrabat, ut condiciones 
 pacis dimittendas non existimaret; ac tametsi magnopere 
 admirabatur Magium, quem ad Pompeium cum mandatis 
 miserat, ad se non remitti, atque ea res saepe tentata etsi 30 
 impetus ejus consiliaque tardabat, tamen omnibus rebus in 
 . eo perseverandum putabat. Itaque Caninium Eebilum le¬ 
 gatum, familiarem necessariumque Scriboni Libonis, mittit 
 ad eum colloquii causa ; mandat ut Libonem de concilianda 
 pace hortetur ; imprimis ut ipse cum Pompeio colloquere- 35 
 tur postulat; magnopere sese confidere demonstrat, si ejus 
 
24 
 
 BE BELLO CIVILI 
 
 rei sit potestas facta, fore ut aequis condicionibus ab armis 
 discedatur ; cujus rei magnam partem laudis atque existima¬ 
 tionis ad Libonem perventuram, si illo auctore atque agente 
 ab armis sit discessum. Libo a colloquio Canini digressus ad 
 5 Pompeium proficiscitur. Paulo post renuntiat, quod con¬ 
 sules absint, sine illis non posse agi de compositione. Ita 
 saepius rem frustra tentatam Caesar aliquando dimittendam 
 sibi judicat et de bello agendum. XXVII. Prope dimidia 
 parte operis a Caesare efiecta diebusque in ea re consumptis 
 10 Yiiii, naves a consulibus Dyrrhachio remissae, quae priorem 
 partem exercitus eo deportaverant, Brundisium revertuntur. 
 Pompeius sive operibus Caesaris permotus, sive etiam quod 
 ab initio Italia excedere constituerat, adventu navium pro¬ 
 fectionem parare incipit, et quo facilius impetum Caesaris 
 15 tardaret, ne sub ipsa ^profectione milites oppidum irrumpe¬ 
 rent, portas obstruit, vicos platcasque inaedificat, fossas 
 transversas viis praeducit atque ibi sudes stipitesque praea¬ 
 cutos defigit. Haec levibus cratibus terraque inaequat; 
 aditus autem atque itinera duo quae extra murum ad portum 
 20 ferebant, maximis defixis trabibus atque eis praeacutis prae- 
 sepit. His paratis rebus milites silentio naves conscendere 
 jubet, expeditos autem ex evocatis, sagittariis funditoribus¬ 
 que raros in muro turribusque disponit. Hos certo signo 
 revocare constituit, ciim omnes milites naves conscendissent, 
 25 atque iis expedito loco actuaria navigia relinquit. XXVIII. 
 Brundisini Pompeianorum militum injuriis atque ipsius 
 Pompeii contumeliis permoti Caesaris rebus favebant. Itaque 
 cognita Pompeii profectione concursantibus illis atque in 
 ea re occupatis vulgo ex tectis significabant. Per quos re 
 30 cognita Caesar scalas parari militesque armari jubet, ne 
 quam rei gerendae facultatem dimittat. Pompeius sub 
 noctem naves solvit. Qui erant in muro custodiae causa 
 collocati, eo signo quod convenerat revocantur notisque 
 itineribus ad naves decurrunt. Milites positis scalis muros 
 35 ascendunt, sed moniti a Brundisinis ut valhim caecum 
 fossasque caveant, subsistunt et longo itinere ab his circum- 
 
COMM. L CAP. XXVI—XXX. 
 
 25 
 
 ducti ad portum perveniunt duasque naves cum militibus, 
 quae ad moles Caesaris adhaeserant, scaphis lintribusque re¬ 
 prehendunt, reprehensas excipiunt. XXIX. Caesar, etsi ad 
 spem conficiendi negotii maxime probabat coactis navibus 
 mare transire et Pompeium sequi priusquam ille sese trans- 5 
 marinis auxiliis confirmaret, tamen ejus rei moram tempo¬ 
 risque longinquitatem timebat, quod omnibus coactis navibus 
 Pompeius praesentem facultatem insequendi sui ademerat. 
 Eelinquebatur ut ex longinquioribus regionibus Galliae 
 Picenique et a freto naves essent exspectandae. Id propter 10 
 anni tempus longum atque impeditum videbatur. Interea 
 veterem exercitum, duas Hispanias confirmari, quarum erat 
 altera maximis beneficiis Pompeii devincta, auxilia, equita¬ 
 tum parari, Galliam Italiamque tentari se absente nolebat. 
 
 XXX. Itaque in praesentia Pompeii sequendi rationem 15 
 omittit, in Hispaniam proficisci constituit; duumviris muni¬ 
 cipiorum omnium imperat ut naves conquirant Brundisium- 
 que deducendas curent. Mittit in Sardiniam cum legione 
 una Valerium legatum, in Siciliam Curionem pro praetore 
 cum legionibus ii; eundem, cum Siciliam recepisset, pro- 20 
 tinus in Africam traducere exercitum jubet. Sardiniam 
 obtinebat M. Cotta, Siciliam M. Cato ; Africam sorte Tubero 
 obtinere debebat. Caralitani, simul ad se Valerium mitti 
 audierunt, nondum profecto ex Italia, sua sponte Cottam ex 
 oppido ejiciunt. Ille perterritus, quod omnem provinciam 25 
 consentire intellegebat, ex Sardinia in Africam profugit. 
 Cato in Sicilia naves longas veteres reficiebat, novas civita¬ 
 tibus imperabat. Haec magno studio agebat. In Lucanis 
 Bruttiisque per legatos suos civium Romanorum delectus 
 habebat, equitum peditumque certum numerum a civitatibus 30 
 Siciliae exigebat. Quibus rebus paene perfectis adventu 
 Curionis cognito queritur in contione sese projectum ac 
 proditum a Cn. Pompeio, qui omnibus rebus imparatissimis 
 non necessarium bellum suscepisset et ab se reliquisque in 
 senatu interrogatus omnia sibi esse ad bellum apta ac parata 35 
 confirmavisset. Haec in contione questus ex provincia fugit. 
 
2G 
 
 DE BELLO CIVILI 
 
 XXXI. Xacti vacuas ab imperiis Sardiniam Valerius, Curio 
 Siciliam, cum exercitibus eo perveniunt. Tubero, cum in 
 Africam venisset, invenit in provincia cum imperio At¬ 
 tium Varum; qui ad Auximum, ut supra demonstravimus, 
 5 amissis cohortibus protinus ex fuga in Africam pervenerat 
 atque eam sua sponte vacuam occupaverat delectuque habito 
 duas legiones effecerat, hominum et locorum notitia et usn 
 ejus provinciae nactus aditus ad ea conanda, quod paucis 
 ante annis ex praetura eam provinciam obtinuerat. Hic 
 10 venientem Uticam navibus Tuberonem portu atque oppido 
 prohibet neque affectum valetudine filium exponere in ter¬ 
 ram patitur, sed sublatis ancoris excedere eo loco cogit. 
 XXXII. His rebus confectis Caesar, ut reliquum tempus a 
 labore intermitteretur, milites in proxima municipia dedu- 
 15 cit; ipse ad urbem proficiscitur. Coacto senatu injurias 
 inimicorum commemorat. Docet se nullum extraordina¬ 
 rium honorem appetisse, sed exspectato legitimo tempore 
 consulatus, eo fuisse contentum quod omnibus civibus pa¬ 
 teret. Latum ab x tribunis plebis, contradicentibus inimicis, 
 20 Catone vero acerrime repugnante et pristina consuetudine 
 dicendi mora dies extrahente, ut sui ratio absentis haberetur, 
 ipso consule Pom^oeio ; qui si improbasset, cur ferri passus 
 esset ? si probasset, cur se uti populi beneficio prohibuisset ? 
 Patientiam proponit suam, cum de exercitibus dimittendis 
 25 ultro postulavisset; in quo jacturam dignitatis atque honoris 
 ipse facturus esset. Acerbitatem inimicorum docet, qui 
 quod ab altero postularent, in se recusarent atque omnia 
 permisceri mallent quam imperium exercitusque dimittere. 
 Injuriam in eripiendis legionibus praedicat, crudelitatem et 
 30 insolentiam in circumscribendis tribunis plebis ; condiciones 
 a se latas, expetita colloquia et denegata commemorat. Pro 
 quibus rebus hortatur ac postulat ut rempublicam suscipiant 
 atque una secum administrent. Sin timore defugiant, illis 
 se oneri non futurum et per se rempublicam administratu- 
 35 rum. Legatos ad Pompeium de compositione mitti opor¬ 
 tere ; neque se reformidare, quod in senatu Pompeius paulo 
 
COMM. L CAP. XXXI—XXXV 27 
 
 ante dixisset, ad quos legati mitterentur, liis auctoritatem 
 attribui, timoremque eorum qui mitterent significari. Ten¬ 
 uis atque infirmi baec animi videri. Se vero, ut operibus 
 anteire studuerit, sic justitia et aequitate velle superare. 
 XXXIII. Probat rem senatus de mittendis legatis ; sed qui 5 
 mitterentur non reperiebantur, maximeque timoris causa 
 pro se quisque id munus legationis recusabat. Pompeius 
 enim discedens ab urbe in senatu dixerat eodem se habitu¬ 
 rum loco qui Komae remansissent et qui in castris Caesaris 
 fuissent. Sic triduum disputationibus excusationibusque 10 
 extrahitur. Subjicitur etiam L. Metellus, tribunus plebis, 
 ab inimicis Caesaris, qui hanc rem distrahat reliquasque res, 
 quascumque agere instituerit, impediat. Cujus cognito con¬ 
 silio Caesar frustra diebus aliquot consumptis, ne reliquum 
 tempus amittat, infectis iis quae agere destinaverat, ab urbe 15 
 proficiscitur atque in ulteriorem Galliam pervenit. 
 
 XXXIV. Quo cum venisset, cognoscit missum in Hispa¬ 
 niam a Pompeio Vibullium Eufum, quem paucis ante diebus 
 Corfinio captum ipse dimiserat; profectum item Domitium 20 
 ad occupandam Massiliam navibus actuariis septem, quas 
 Igili et in Cosano a privatis coactas servis, libertis, colonis 
 suis compleverat; praemissos etiam legatos Massilienses 
 domum, nobiles adolescentes, quos ab urbe discedens Pom¬ 
 peius erat adhortatus ne nova Caesaris ofl&cia veterum su- 25 
 orum beneficiorum in eos memoriam expellerent. Quibus 
 mandatis acceptis Massilienses portas Caesari clauserant; 
 Albicos, barbaros homines, qui in eorum fide antiquitus 
 erant montesque supra Massiliam incolebant, ad se voca¬ 
 verant ; frumentum ex finitimis regionibus atque ex omnibus 30 
 castelhs in urbem convexerant; armorum ofiicinas in urbe 
 instituerant; muros, portas, classem reficiebant. XXXV. 
 Evocat ad se Caesar Massilia xv primos. Cum his agit, ne 
 initium inferendi belli ab Massiliensibus oriatur : debere eos 
 Italiae totius auctoritatem sequi potius quam unius hominis 35 
 voluntati obtemperare. Keliqua quae ad eorum sanandas 
 
 BOSTON COUeSGlE 
 
 chestnut Hll-i*» 
 
2S 
 
 BE BELLO CIVILI 
 
 mentes pertinere arbitrabatur commemorat. Cujus orati¬ 
 onem legati domum referunt atque ex auctoritate haec 
 Caesari renuntiant: intellegere se diyisum esse populum 
 Eomanum in duas partes. Neque sui judicii neque suarum 
 5 esse yirium discernere utra pars justiorem liabeat causam. 
 Principes yero esse earum partium Cn. Pompeium et C. 
 Caesarem, patronos ciyitatis ; quorum alter agros Volcarum 
 Arecomicorum et Helyiorum publice iis concesserit, alter 
 bello yictos Sallyas attribuerit yectigaliaque auxerit. Quare 
 10 paribus eorum beneficiis parem se quoque yoluntatem tri¬ 
 buere debere et neutrum eorum contra alterum juyare aut 
 urbe aut portibus recipere. XXXVI. Haec dum inter eos 
 aguntur, Domitius nayibus Massiliam peryenit atque ab iis 
 receptus urbi praeficitur; summa ei belli administrandi per- 
 15 mittitur. Ejus imperio classem quoquoyersus dimittunt ; 
 onerarias nayes quas ubique possunt deprehendunt atque 
 in portum deducunt, parum clayis aut materia atque arma¬ 
 mentis instructis ad reliquas armandas reficiendasque utun¬ 
 tur ; frumenti quod inyentum est, in publicum conferunt ; 
 20 reliquas merces commeatusque ad obsidionem urbis, si acci¬ 
 dat, reseryant. Quibus injuriis permotus Caesar legiones 
 tres Massiliam adducit; turres yineasque ad oppugnationem 
 urbis agere, nayes longas Arelate numero xii facere instituit. 
 Quibus effectis armatisque diebus xxx a qua die materia 
 25 caesa est, adductisque Massiliam, his D. Brutum praeficit, 
 C. Trebonium legatum ad oppugnationem Massiliae relin¬ 
 quit. 
 
 XXXVII. Dum haec parat atque administrat, C. Fabium 
 legatum cum legionibus iii, quas Narbone circumque ea 
 30 loca hiemandi causa disposuerat, in Hispaniam praemittit 
 celeriterque saltus Pyrenaeos occupari jubet, qui eo tempore 
 ab L. Afranio legato praesidiis tenebantur. Eeliquas le¬ 
 giones, quae longius hiemabant, subsequi jubet. Fabius, ut 
 erat imperatum, adhibita celeritate praesidium ex saltu de- 
 35 jecit magnisque itineribus ad exercitum Afranii contendit. 
 XXXVIII. Adyentu L. Vibullii Eufi, quem a Pompeio mis- 
 
COMM. L CAP. XXXV—XL. 
 
 29 
 
 sum in Hispaniam demonstratum est, Afranius et Petreius 
 et Varro, legati Pompeii, quorum unus Hispaniam citeriorem 
 tribus legionibus, alter ulteriorem a saltu Castulonensi ad 
 Anam duabus legionibus, tertius ab Ana Vettonum agrum 
 Lusitaniamque pari numero legionum obtinebat, officia inter 5 
 se partiuntur, uti Petreius ex Lusitania per Vettones cum 
 omnibus co|)iis ad Afranium proficiscatur, Varro cum iis 
 quas habebat legionibus omnem ulteriorem Hispaniam tuea¬ 
 tur. His rebus constitutis equites auxiliaque toti Lusitaniae 
 a Petreio, Celtiberiae, Cantabris barbarisque omnibus qui 10 
 ad Oceanum pertinent, ab Afranio imperantur. Quibus 
 coactis celeriter Petreius per Vettones ad Afranium peryenit, 
 constituuntque communi consilio bellum ad Ilerdam propter 
 ipsius loci opportunitatem gerere. XXXIX. Erant, ut supra 
 demonstratum est, legiones Afranii iii, Petreii duae, prae- 15 
 terea scutatae citerioris provinciae et cetratae ulterioris 
 Hispaniae cohortes circiter Lxxx equitumque utriusque pro¬ 
 vinciae circiter v milia. Caesar legiones in Hispaniam prae¬ 
 miserat VI, auxilia peditum . . milia, equitum iii milia quae 
 omnibus superioribus bellis habuerat, et parem ex Gallia 20 
 numerum, quam ipse pacaverat, nominatim ex omnibus civi¬ 
 tatibus nobilissimo quoque evocato, huc . . optimi generis 
 hominum ex Aquitanis montanisque qui Galliam provinciam 
 attingunt. Audierat Pompeium per Mauritaniam cum le¬ 
 gionibus iter in Hispaniam facere confestimque esse ventu- 25 
 rum. Simul a tribunis militum centurionibusque mutuas 
 pecunias sumpsit; has exercitui distribuit. Quo facto 
 duas res consecutus est, quod pignore animos centurionum 
 devinxit et largitione militum voluntates redemit. XL. 
 Fabius finitimarum civitatum animos litteris nuntiisque ten- 30 
 tabat. In Sicore flumine j)ontes effecerat duos distantes 
 inter se milia passuum quattuor. His pontibus pabulatum 
 mittebat, quod ea quae citra flumen fuerant superioribus 
 diebus consumpserat. Hoc idem fere atque eadem de causa 
 Pompeiani exercitus duces faciebant, crebroque inter se 35 
 equestribus proeliis contendebant. Huc cum quotidiana 
 
30 
 
 DE BELLO CIVILI 
 
 consuetudine, egressae pabulatoribus praesidio, propiore 
 ponte legiones Fabianae duae flumen transissent impedimen¬ 
 taque et omnis equitatus sequeretur,- subito vi ventorum et 
 aquae magnitudine 23ons est intermistus et reliqua multitudo 
 5 equitum interclusa. Quo cognito a Pctreio et Afranio ex 
 aggere atque cratibus quae flumine ferebantur, celeriter suo 
 ponte Afranius, quem oppido castrisque conjunctum habe¬ 
 bat, legiones iii equitatumque omnem trajecit duabusquc 
 Fabianis occurrit legionibus. Cujus adventu nuntiato L. 
 10 Plancus, qui legionibus praeerat, necessaria re coactus, 
 locum capit superiorem diversamque aciem in duas partes 
 constituit, ne ab equitatu circumveniri posset. Ita congres¬ 
 sus impari numero magnos impetus legionum equitatusque 
 sustinet. Commisso ab equitibus proelio signa legionum 
 15 duarum procul ab utrisque conspiciuntur, quas C. Fabius 
 ulteriore ponte subsidio nostris miserat, suspicatus fore id 
 quod accidit, ut duces adversariorum occasione et beneflcio 
 fortunae ad nostros opprimendos uterentur. Quarum ad¬ 
 ventu proelium dirimitur ac suas uterque legiones reducit in 
 20 castra. 
 
 XLI. Eo biduo Caesar cum equitibus dcccc, quos sibi 
 praesidio reliquerat, in castra pervenit. Pons qui fuerat 
 tempestate interruptus paene erat refectus : hunc nocte 
 perfici jussit. Ipse, cognita locorum natura, ponti castrisque 
 25 praesidio sex cohortes reliquit atque omnia impedimenta, et 
 postero die omnibus copiis triplici instructa acie ad Ilerdam 
 ]3roficiscitur et sub castris Afranii constitit, et ibi paulisper 
 sub armis moratus facit aequo loco pugnandi potestatem. 
 Potestate facta Afranius copias educit et in medio colle sub 
 30 castris constituit. Caesar, ubi cognovit per Afranium stare 
 quominus proelio dimicaretur, ab infimis radicibus montis 
 intermissis circiter passibus cccc castra facere constituit et, 
 ne in opere faciundo milites repentino hostium incursu ex¬ 
 terrerentur atque opere prohiberentur, vallo muniri vetuit, 
 35 quod eminere et procul videri necesse erat, sed a fronte 
 contra hostem pedum xv fossam fieri jussit. Prima et 
 
COMM. I. CAP. XL—XLIV. 
 
 31 
 
 secunda acies in armis, ut ab initio constituta erat, permane¬ 
 bat ; post lios opus in occulto a iii acie fiebat. Sic omno 
 prius est perfectum quam intellegeretur ab Afranio castra 
 muniri. Sub vesperum Caesar intra lianc fossam legiones re¬ 
 ducit atque ibi sub armis proxima nocte conquiescit. XLII. 5 
 Postero die omnem exercitum intra fossam continet et, quod 
 longius erat agger j)etendus, in praesentia similem rationem 
 operis instituit singulaque latera castrorum singulis attribuit 
 legionibus munienda, fossasque ad eandem magnitudinem 
 perfici jubet; reliquas legiones in armis expeditas contra 10 
 hostem constituit. Afranius Petreiusque terrendi causa 
 atque operis impediendi copias suas ad infimas montis ra¬ 
 dices producunt et proelio lacessunt, neque idcirco Caesar 
 opus intermittit, confisus praesidio legionum trium et mu¬ 
 nitione fossae. Illi non diu commorati nec longius ab in- 15 
 fimo colle progressi copias in castra reducunt. Tertio die 
 Caesar vallo castra communit, reliquas cohortes, quas in 
 superioribus castris reliquerat, impedimentaque ad se traduci 
 jubet. XLIII. Erat inter oppidum Ilerdam et proximum 
 collem, ubi castra Petreius atque Afranius habebant, plani- 20 
 ties circiter passuum ccc, atque in hoc fere medio spatio 
 tumulus erat paulo editior; quem si occupavisset Caesar et 
 communisset, ab oppido et ponte et commeatu omni quem 
 in oppidum contulerant, se interclusurum adversarios con¬ 
 fidebat. Hoc sperans legiones iii ex castris educit acieque 25 
 in locis idoneis instructa unius legionis antesignanos procur¬ 
 rere atque eum tumulum occupare jubet. Qua re cognita 
 celeriter quae in statione pro castris erant Afrani cohortes 
 breviore itinere ad eundem occupandum locum mittuntur. 
 Contenditur proelio et, quod prius in tumulum Afraniani 30 
 venerant, nostri repelluntur atque aliis summissis subsidiis 
 terga vertere seque ad signa legionum recipere coguntur, 
 XLIV. Cenus erat pugnae militum illorum, ut magno impetu 
 primo procurrerent, amdacter locum caperent, ordines suos 
 non magnopere servarent, rari dispersique pugnarent; si pre- 35 
 merentur, pedem referre et loco excedere non turpe existi- 
 
32 
 
 BE BELLO CLVLLL 
 
 marent, cum Lusitanis reliquisque barbaris barbaro genere 
 quodam pugnae assuefacti; quod fere fit, quibus quisque in 
 locis miles inycterayerit, ut multum earum regionum con¬ 
 suetudine moyeatur. Haec tum ratio nostros perturbayit 
 5 insuetos liujus generis pugnae; circumiri enim sese ab 
 aperto latere procurrentibus singulis arbitrabantur; ipsi 
 autem suos ordines seryare neque ab signis discedere neque 
 sine grayi causa eum locum quem ceperant dimitti censue- 
 rant oportere. Itaque perturbatis antesignanis legio quae 
 10 in eo cornu constiterat locum non tenuit atque in proximum 
 collem sese recepit. XLV. Caesar paene omni acie perter¬ 
 rita, quod praeter opinionem consuetudinemque acciderat, 
 cohortatus suos legionem nonam subsidio ducit, hostem 
 insolenter atque acriter nostros insequentem supprimit rur- 
 15 susque terga yertere seque ad oppidum Ilerdam recipere et 
 sub muro consistere cogit. Sed nonae legionis milites elati 
 studio, dum sarcire acceptum detrimentum yolunt, temere 
 inseeuti longius fugientes, in locum iniquum progrediuntur 
 et sub montem in quo erat oppidum positum Ilerda succe- 
 20 dunt. Hinc se recipere cum yellent, rursus illi ex loco 
 superiore nostros premebant. Praeruptus locus erat, utra¬ 
 que ex parte directus, ac tantum in latitudinem patebat, ut 
 tres instructae cohortes eum locum explerent, ut neque sub¬ 
 sidia a lateribus summitti neque equites laborantibus usui 
 25 esse possent. Ab oppido autem decliyis locus tenui fastigio 
 yergebat in longitudinem passuum circiter cccc. Hac nos¬ 
 tris erat receptus, quod eo incitati studio inconsultius pro¬ 
 cesserant ; hoc pugnabatur loco, et propter angustias iniquo 
 et quod sub ipsis radicibus montis constiterant, ut nullum 
 30 frustra telum in eos mitteretur. Tamen yirtute et patientia 
 nitebantur atque omnia yulnera sustinebant. Augebatur 
 illis copia atque ex castris cohortes per oppidum crebro sum- 
 mittebantur, ut integri defessis succederent. Hoc idem 
 Caesar facere cogebatur, ut summissis in eundem locum 
 35 cohortibus defessos reciperet. XL VI. Hoc cum esset modo 
 pugnatum continenter horis quinque, nostrique grayius a 
 
COMM. I. GAP. XLIV—XLVni 
 
 33 
 
 multitudine premerentur, consumptis omnibus telis gladiis 
 destrictis impetum adversus montem in cohortes faciunt 
 paucisque dejectis reliquos sese convertere cogunt. Sum- 
 motis sub murum cohortibus ac nonnulla parte propter 
 terrorem in oppidum compulsis facilis est nostris receptus 5 
 datus. Equitatus autem noster ab utroque latere, etsi de¬ 
 jectis atque inferioribus locis constiterat, tamen summa in 
 jugum virtute connititur atque inter duas acies perequitans 
 commodiorem ac tutiorem nostris receptum dat. Ita vario 
 certamine pugnatum est. Nostri in primo congressu circiter 10 
 Lxx ceciderunt, in his Q. Eulginius ex primo hastato le¬ 
 gionis xiiii, qui propter eximiam virtutem ex inferioribus 
 ordinibus in eum locum pervenerat; vulnerantur amplius 
 DC. Ex Afranianis interficiuntur T. Caecilius, primi pili 
 centurio, et praeter eum centuriones iiii, milites amplius 15 
 cc. XLVII. Sed haec ejus diei praefertur opinio, ut se 
 utrique superiores discessisse existimarent: Afraniani, quod, 
 cum esse omnium judicio inferiores viderentur, comminus 
 tam diu stetissent et nostrorum impetum sustinuissent et 
 initio locum tumulumque tenuissent quae causa pugnandi 20 
 fuerat, et nostros primo congressu terga vertere coegissent; 
 nostri autem, quod iniquo loco atque impari congressi nu¬ 
 mero quinque horis proelium sustinuissent, quod montem 
 gladiis destrictis ascendissent, quod ex loco superiore terga 
 vertere adversarios coegissent atque in oppidum compulis- 25 
 sent. Illi eum tumulum pro quo pugnatum est magnis 
 oj)eribus munierunt praesidiumque ibi posuerunt. XLYIII. 
 Accidit etiam repentinum incommodum biduo quo haec 
 gesta sunt. Tanta enim tempestas cooritur, ut numquam 
 illis locis majores aquas fuisse constaret. Tum autem ex 30 
 omnibus montibus nives proluit ac summas ripas fiuminis 
 superavit pontesque ambo quos 0. Fabius fecerat uno die 
 interrupit. Quae res magnas difficultates exercitui Cae¬ 
 saris attulit. Castra enim, ut supra demonstratum est, 
 cum essent inter flumina duo, Sicorim et Cingam, spatio 35 
 milium xxx, neutrum horum transiri poterat, necessarioque 
 3 
 
34 
 
 DE BELLO CIVILI 
 
 omnes his angustiis continebantur. Neque civitates quae 
 ad Caesaris amicitiam accesserant frumentum supportare, 
 neque ii qui pabulatum longius jorogressi erant, interclusi 
 fluminibus reverti, neque maximi commeatus qui ex Italia 
 5 Galliaque veniebant in castra pervenire poterant. Tempus 
 erat autem difiicillimum, quo neque frumenta in hibernis 
 erant neque multum a maturitate aberant, ac civitates ex¬ 
 inanitae, quod Afranius paene omne frumentum ante Cae¬ 
 saris adventum Ilerdam convexerat, reliqui si quid fuerat, 
 10 Caesar superioribus diebus consumpserat; pecora, quod se¬ 
 cundum poterat esse inopiae subsidium, propter bellum fini¬ 
 timae civitates longius removerant. Qui erant pabulandi 
 aut frumentandi causa progressi, hos levis armaturae Lusi¬ 
 tani peritique earum regionum cetrati citerioris Hispaniae 
 15 consectabantur; quibus erat proclive tranare flumen, quod 
 consuetudo eorum omnium est, ut sine utribus ad exercitum 
 non eant. XLIX. At exercitus Afrani omnium rerum ab¬ 
 undabat copia. Multum erat frumentum provisum et con¬ 
 vectum superioribus temporibus, multum ex omni provineia 
 20 comportabatur; magna copia pabuli suppetebat. Harum 
 omnium rerum facultates sine ullo periculo pons Ilerdae 
 praebebat et loca trans flumen integra, quo omnino Caesar 
 adire non poterat. L. Hae permanserunt aquae dies com¬ 
 plures. Conatus est Caesar reficere pontes, sed nec magni- 
 25 tudo fluminis permittebat neque ad ripam dispositae cohortes 
 adversariorum perfici patiebantur; quod illis prohibere erat 
 facile, cum ipsius fluminis natura atque aquae magnitudine, 
 tum quod ex totis ripis in unum atque angustum locum tela 
 jaciebantur; atque erat difficile eodem tempore rapidissimo 
 30 flumine opera perficere et tela vitare. LI. Nuntiatur Afranio 
 magnos commeatus, qui iter habebant ad Caesarem, ad flu¬ 
 men constitisse. Venerant eo sagittarii ex Eutenis, equites 
 ex Gallia cum multis carris magnisque impedimentis, ut fert 
 Gallica consuetudo. Erant praeterea cujusque generis homi- 
 35 num milia circiter vi cum servis liberisque ; sed nullus ordo, 
 nullum imperium certum, cuni suo’ quisque consilio uteretur 
 
COMM. I. CAP. XLVIII—LIV. 
 
 35 
 
 atque omnes sine timore iter facerent, usi superiorum tem¬ 
 porum atque itinerum licentia. Erant complures honesti 
 adolescentes, senatorum filii et ordinis equestris; erant lega¬ 
 tiones civitatum; erant legati Caesaris. Hos omnes flumina 
 continebant. Ad hos opprimendos cum omni equitatu tri- 5 
 busque legionibus Afranius de nocte proficiscitur, impru- 
 dentesque ante missis equitibus aggreditur. Celeriter sese 
 tamen Galli equites expediunt proeliumque committunt. Ii, 
 dum pari certamine res geri potuit, magnum hostium nu¬ 
 merum pauci sustinuere; sed ubi signa legionum appro- 10 
 pinquare coeperunt, paucis amissis sese in proximos montes 
 conferunt. Hoc pugnae tempus magnum attulit nostris ad 
 salutem momentum; nacti enim spatium se in loca supe¬ 
 riora receperunt. Desiderati sunt eo die sagittarii circiter 
 cc, equites pauci, calonum atque impedimentorum non 15 
 magnus numerus. LII. His tamen omnibus annona crevit; 
 quae fere res non solum inopia |)raesentis, sed etiam futuri 
 temporis timore ingravescere consuevit. Jamque ad denarios 
 L in singulos modios annona pervenerat, et militum vires 
 inopia frumenti deminuerat, atque incommoda in dies auge- 20 
 bantur; et tam paucis diebus magna erat rerum facta com¬ 
 mutatio ac se fortuna inclinaverat, ut nostri magna inopia 
 necessariarum rerum conflictarentur, illi omnibus abunda¬ 
 rent rebus superioresque haberentur. Caesar iis civitatibus 
 quae ad ejus amicitiam accesserant, quod minor erat fru- 25 
 menti copia, pecus imperabat ; calones ad longinquiores 
 civitates dimittebat; ipse praesentem inoj^iam quibus poterat 
 subsidiis tutabatur. LIII. Haec Afranius Petreiusque et 
 eorum amici pleniora etiam atque uberiora Eomam ad suos 
 perscribebant. Multa rumor affingebat, ut paene bellum 30 
 confectum videretur. Quibus litteris nuntiisque Eomam 
 perlatis magni domum concursus ad Afranium magnaeque 
 gratulationes fiebant; multi ex Italia ad Cn. Pompeium 
 proficiscebantur, alii, ut principes talem nuntium attulisse, 
 alii, ne eventum belli exspectasse aut ex omnibus novissimi 35 
 venisse viderentur. LIV. Cum in his angustiis res esset 
 
36 
 
 BE BELLO CIVILI 
 
 atque omnes viae ab Afranianis militibus equitibusque ob¬ 
 siderentur nec pontes perfici possent, imperat militibus 
 Caesar ut naves faciant, cujus generis eum superioribus 
 annis usus Britanniae docuerat. Carinae ac prima statumina 
 5 levi materia fiebant; reliquum corpus navium viminibus 
 contextum coriis integebatur. Has perfectas carris junctis 
 devehit noctu milia passuum a castris xxii militesque his 
 navibus flumen transportat continentemque ripae collem 
 imj)roviso occupat. Hunc celeriter, priusquam ab adver- 
 10 sariis sentiatur, communit. Huc legionem postea trajicit 
 atque ex utraque parte pontem instituit, biduo perficit. Ita 
 commeatus et qui frumenti causa 23rocesserant tuto ad se 
 recipit et rem frumentariam exj)edire incij^it. LV. Eodem 
 die equitum magnam joartem flumen trajecit. Qui inopi- 
 15 nantes pabulatores et sine ullo dissipatos timore aggressi 
 magnum numerum jumentorum atque hominum interci¬ 
 piunt cohortibusque cetratis subsidio missis scienter in duas 
 partes sese distribuunt, alii ut praedae praesidio sint, alii ut 
 venientibus resistant atque eos propellant, unamque co- 
 20 hortem, quae temere ante ceteras extra aciem procurrerat, 
 seclusam ab reliquis circumveniunt atque interficiunt in- 
 columesque cum magna praeda eodem ponte in castra rever¬ 
 tuntur. 
 
 LVI. Dum haec ad Ilerdam geruntur, Massilienses usi 
 25 L. Domitii consilio naves longas expediunt numero xvii, 
 quarum erant xi tectae. Multa huc minora navigia addunt, 
 ut ipsa multitudine nostra classis terreatur. Magnum nu¬ 
 merum sagittariorum, magnum Albicorum, de quibus supra 
 demonstratum est, imponunt atque hos praemiis pollicita- 
 30 tionibusque incitant. Certas sibi deposcit naves Domitius 
 atque has colonis pastoribusque quos secum adduxerat com¬ 
 plet. Sic omnibus rebus instructa classe magna fiducia ad 
 nostras naves procedunt, quibus praeerat D. Brutus. Hae 
 ad insulam quae est contra Massiliam stationes obtinebant. 
 35 LVH. Erat multo inferior numero navium Brutus; sed 
 electos ex omnibus legionibus fortissimos viros, antesignanos. 
 
COMM. I. CAP. LIV—LIX. 
 
 37 
 
 centuriones, Caesar ei classi attribuerat, qui sibi id muneris 
 depoposcerant. Hi manus ferreas atque harpagones para- 
 yerant magnoque numero pilorum, tragularum reliquorum¬ 
 que telorum se instruxerant. Ita cognito hostium adyentu 
 suas nayes ex j)ortu educunt, cum Massiliensibus confligunt. 5 
 Pugnatum est utrimque fortissime atque acerrime; neque 
 multum Albici nostris virtute cede)>ant, homines asperi et 
 montani et exercitati in armis; atque hi modo digressi a 
 Massiliensibus recentem eorum pollicitationem animis con¬ 
 tinebant, pastoresque Domitii spe libertatis excitati sub 10 
 oculis domini suam probare operam studebant. LVIII. Ipsi 
 Massilienses et celeritate navium et scientia gubernatorum 
 confisi nostros eludebant impetusque eorum non excipiebant 
 et, quoad licebat latiore uti spatio, producta longius acie 
 circumvenire nostros aut pluribus navibus adoriri singulas 15 
 aut remos transcurrentes detergere, si possent, contendebant; 
 cum propius erat necessario ventum, ab scientia guberna¬ 
 torum atque artificiis ad virtutem montanorum confugie¬ 
 bant. Hostri cum minus exercitatis remigibus minusque 
 peritis gubernatoribus utebantur, qui repente ex onerariis 20 
 navibus erant producti neque dum etiam vocabulis arma¬ 
 mentorum cognitis, tum etiam tarditate et gravitate navium 
 impediebantur; factae enim subito ex humida materia non 
 eundem usum celeritatis habebant. Itaque, dum locus com¬ 
 minus pugnandi daretur, aequo animo singulas binis navibus 25 
 objiciebant atque injecta manu ferrea et retenta utraque 
 nave diversi pugnabant atque in hostium naves transcende¬ 
 bant et magno numero Albicorum et pastorum interfecto 
 partem navium deprimunt, nonnullas cum hominibus ca¬ 
 piunt, reliquas in portum compellunt. Eo die naves Massi- 33 
 liensium cum iis quae sunt captae intereunt viiii. 
 
 LIX. Hoc primum Caesari ad Ilerdam nuntiatur; cimul 
 perfecto ponto celeriter fortuna mutatur. Illi perterriti vir¬ 
 tute equitum minus libere, minus audacter vagabantur, alias 
 non longo a castris progressi spatio, ut celerem receptum 35 
 haberent, angustius pabulabantur, alias longiore circuitu 
 
38 
 
 DE BELLO CIVILI 
 
 custodias stationesque equitum vitabant, aut aliquo accepto 
 debrimento aut procul equitatu viso ex medio itinere pro¬ 
 jectis sarcinis fugiebant. Postremo et plures intermittere 
 dies et praeter consuetudinem omnium noctu constituerant 
 5 pabulari. LX. Interim Oscenses et Calagurritani, qui erant 
 cum Oscensibus contributi, mittunt ad eum legatos seseque 
 imperata facturos pollicentur. Hos Tarraconenses et Jace¬ 
 tani et Ausetani et paucis post diebus Illurgavonenses, qui 
 flumen Hiberum attingunt, insequuntur. Petit ab his om- 
 10 Ilibus ut se frumento juvent. Pollicentur atque omnibus 
 undique conquisitis jumentis in castra deportant. Transit 
 etiam cohors Illurgavonensis ad eum cognito civitatis con¬ 
 silio et signa ex statione transfert. Magna celeriter commu¬ 
 tatio rerum. Perfecto ponte, magnis quinque civitatibus 
 15 ad amicitiam adjunctis, expedita re frumentaria, exstinctis 
 rumoribus de auxiliis legionum quae cum Pompeio per Mau¬ 
 ritaniam venire dicebantur, multae longinquiores civitates 
 ab Afranio desciscunt et Caesaris amicitiam sequuntur. 
 LXI. Quibus rebus perterritis animis adversariorum Caesar, 
 20 ne semper magno circuitu per pontem equitatus esset mit¬ 
 tendus, nactus idoneum loCum, fossas pedum xxx in latitu¬ 
 dinem complures facere instituit, quibus partem aliquam 
 Sicoris averteret vadumque in eo flumine efficeret. His 
 paene effectis magnum in timorem Afranius Petreiusque 
 25 perveniunt, ne omnino frumento pabuloque intercluderen¬ 
 tur, quod multum Caesar equitatu valebat. Itaque consti¬ 
 tuunt ipsi locis excedere et in Celtiberiam bellum transferre. 
 Huic consilio suffragabatur etiam illa res, quod, ex duobus 
 contrariis generibus, quae superiore bello cum Sertorio stete- 
 30 rant civitates victae nomen atque imperium absentis Pom¬ 
 peii timebant, quae in amicitia manserant magnis affectae 
 beneficiis eum diligebant, Caesaris autem erat in barbaris 
 nomen obscurius. Ilie magnos equitatus magnaque auxilia 
 exspectabant et suis locis bellum in hiemem ducere cogita- 
 35 bant. IIoc inito consilio toto flumine Hibero naves conqui¬ 
 rere et Octogesam adduci jubent. Id erat oppidum positum 
 
COMM. 1. UJir. LIX—LXIV. 
 
 39 
 
 ad Hiberum miliaque passuum a castris aberat xxx. Ad 
 eum locum fluminis navibus junctis pontem imperant fieri 
 legionesque duas fiumen Sicorim traducunt, castra muniunt 
 vallo pedum xii. LXII. Qua re per exploratores cognita 
 summo laboro militum Caesar continuato diem noctemque 5 
 opere in fiumine avertendo buc jam reduxerat rem, ut 
 equites, etsi difficulter atque aegre fiebat, possent tamen 
 atque auderent fiumen transire, pedites vero tantummodo 
 humeris ac summo pectore exstare, et cum altitudine aquae 
 tum etiam rapiditate fluminis ad transeundum impedirentur. 10 
 Sed tamen eodem fere tempore pons in Hibero prope efiectus 
 nuntiabatur et in Sicori vadum reperiebatur. 
 
 LXIII. Jam vero eo magis illi maturandum iter existima¬ 
 bant. Itaque duabus auxiliaribus cohortibus Ilerdae prae¬ 
 sidio relictis, omnibus copiis Sicorim transeunt et cum duabus 15 
 legionibus quas superioribus diebus traduxerant castra jun¬ 
 gunt. Eelinquebatur Caesari nihil, nisi uti equitatu agmen 
 adversariorum male haberet et carperet. Pons enim ipsius 
 magnum circuitum habebat, ut multo breviore itinere illi 
 ad Hiberum pervenire possent. Equites ab eo missi flumen 20 
 transeunt et, cum de tertia vigilia Petreius atque Afranius 
 castra movissent, repente sese ad novissimum agmen osten¬ 
 dunt et magna multitudine circumfusa morari atque iter 
 impedire incipiunt. LXIV. Prima luce ex superioribus 
 locis quae Caesaris castris erant conjuncta, cernebatur equi- 25 
 tatus nostri proelio novissimos illorum premi vehementer ac 
 nonnumquam sustinere extremum agmen atque interrumpi, 
 alias inferri signa et universarum cohortium impetu nostros 
 propelli, dein rursus conversos insequi. Totis vero castris 
 milites circulari et dolere hostem ex manibus dimitti, bellum 30 
 necessario longius duci ; centuriones tribunosque militum 
 adire atque obsecrare ut per eos Caesar certior fieret ne 
 labori suo neu jiericulo parceret: paratos esse sese, posse et 
 audere ea transire flumen qua traductus esset equitatus. 
 Quorum studio et vocibus excitatus Caesar, etsi timebat 35 
 tantae magnitudini fluminis exercitum objicere, conandum 
 
40 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 25 
 
 30 
 
 35 
 
 DE BELLO CIVILI 
 
 tamen atque experiendum judicat. Itaque infirmiores mili¬ 
 tes ex omnibus centuriis deligi jubet, quorum aut animus 
 aut yires videbantur sustinere non posse. Hos cum legione 
 una praesidio castris relinquit; reliquas legiones expeditas 
 educit magnoque numero jumentorum in flumine supra 
 atque infra constituto traducit exercitum. Pauci ex his 
 militibus abrepti vi fluminis ab equitatu excipiuntur ac 
 sublevantur; interit tamen nemo. Traducto incolumi ex¬ 
 ercitu copias instruit triplicemque aciem ducere incipit. 
 Ac tantum fuit in militibus studii, ut, milium sex ad iter 
 addito circuitu magnaque ad vadum fluminis mora inter¬ 
 posita, eos qui de tertia vigilia exissent ante horam diei yiiii 
 consequerentur. LXV. Quos ubi Afranius procul visos cum 
 Petreio conspexit, nova re perterritus locis superioribus con¬ 
 stitit aciemque instruit. Caesar in campis exercitum reficit, 
 ne defessum proelio objiciat; rursus conantes progredi inse¬ 
 quitur et moratur. Illi necessario maturius quam constitu¬ 
 erant castra ponunt. Suberant enim montes, atque a milibus 
 passuum v itinera difficilia atque angusta excipiebant. Hos 
 montes intrare cupiebant, ut equitatum effugerent Cae¬ 
 saris praesidiisque in angustiis collocatis exercitum itinere 
 prohiberent, ipsi sine periculo ac timore Hiberum copias 
 ti^aducerent. Quod fuit illis conandum atque omni ratione 
 efficiendum; sed totius diei pugna atque itineris labore de¬ 
 fessi rem in posterum diem distulerunt. Caesar quoque in 
 proximo colle castra ponit. LXVI. Media circiter nocte, 
 iis qui adaquandi causa longius a castris processerant ab 
 equitibus correptis, fit ab his certior Caesar duces adversa¬ 
 riorum silentio copias castris educere. Quo cognito signum 
 dari jubet et vasa militari more conclamari. Illi exaudito 
 clamore veriti ne noctu impediti sub onere confligere coge¬ 
 rentur aut ne ab equitatu Caesaris in angustiis tenerentur, 
 iter supprimunt copiasque in castris continent. Postero die 
 Petreius cum paucis equitibus occulte ad exploranda loca 
 proficiscitur. Hoc idem fit ex castris Caesaris. Mittitur 
 L. Decidius Saxa cum paucis, qui loci naturam perspiciat. 
 
COMM. I. CAP. LXIV-^LXIX. 
 
 41 
 
 Uterque idem suis renuntiat : v milia passunm proxima in¬ 
 tercedere itineris campestris, inde excipere loca aspera et 
 montnosa; qni prior has angustias occupaverit, ab hoc hos¬ 
 tem prohiberi nihil esse negotii. LXVII. Disputatur in 
 consilio ab Petreio atque Afranio et tempus profectionis 5 
 quaeritur. Plerique censebant ut noctu iter facerent: posse 
 prius ad angustias veniri quam sentiretur. Alii, quod pridie 
 noctu conclamatum esset in Caesaris castris, argumenti 
 sumebant loco non posse clam exiri. Circumfundi noctu 
 equitatum Caesaris atque omnia loca atque itinera obsidere ; 10 
 nocturnaque proelia esse vitanda, quod perterritus miles in 
 civili dissensione timori magis quam religioni consulere con¬ 
 suerit. At lucem multum per se pudorem omnium oculis, 
 multum etiam tribunorum militum et centurionum prae¬ 
 sentiam afferre; quibus rebus coerceri milites et in officio 15 
 contineri soleant. Quare omni ratione esse interdiu per¬ 
 rumpendum ; etsi aliquo accepto detrimento, tamen summa 
 exercitus salva locum quem petant capi posse. Haec vincit 
 in consilio sententia, et prima luce postridie constituunt 
 proficisci. LXVIII. Caesar exploratis regionibus albente 20 
 caelo omnes copias castris educit magnoque circuitu nullo 
 certo itinere exercitum ducit. Nam quae itinera ad Hi¬ 
 berum atque Octogesam pertinebant castris hostium oppo¬ 
 sitis tenebantur. Ipsi erant transcendendae valles maximae 
 ac dilBScillimae, saxa multis locis praerupta iter impediebant, 25 
 ut arma per manus necessario traderentur militesque inermi 
 sublevatique alii ab aliis magnam partem itineris conficerent. 
 
 Sed hunc laborem recusabat nemo, quod eum omnium la¬ 
 borum finem fore existimabant, si hostem Hibero interclu¬ 
 dere et frumento prohibere potuissent. LXIX. Ac primo 30 
 Afraniani milites visendi causa laeti ex castris procurrebant 
 contumeliosisque vocibus prosequebantur: necessarii victus 
 inopia coactos fugere atque ad Ilerdam reverti. Erat enim 
 iter a proposito diversum, contrariamque in partem iri vide¬ 
 batur. Duces vero eorum consilium suum laudibus ferebant, 35 
 quod se castris tenuissent: multumque eorum opinionem 
 
42 
 
 DE BELLO CIVILI 
 
 adjuvabat quod sine jumentis impedimentisque ad iter pro¬ 
 fectos videbant, ut non posse inopiam diutius sustinere con¬ 
 ii derent. Sed ubi paulatim retorqueri agmen ad dextram 
 conspexerunt jamque primos superare regionem castrorum 
 5 animum adverterunt, nemo erat adeo tardus aut fugiens 
 laboris, quin statim castris exeundum atque occurrendum 
 putaret. Conclamatur ad arma, atque omnes copiae paucis 
 praesidio relictis cohortibus exeunt rectoque ad Hiberum 
 itinere contendunt. LXX. Erat in celeritate omne posi- 
 10 tum certamen, utri prius angustias montesque occuparent; 
 sed exercitum Caesaris viarum difficultates tardabant, Afra¬ 
 nii copias equitatus Caesaris insequens morabatur. Ees 
 tamen ab Afranianis huc erat necessario deducta, ut, si 
 priores montes quos petebant attigissent, ipsi periculum 
 15 vitarent, impedimenta totius exercitus cohortesque in castris 
 relictas servare non possent; quibus interclusis exercitu 
 Caesaris auxilium ferri nulla ratione poterat. Confecit 
 prior iter Caesar atque ex magnis rupibus nactus planiciem 
 in hac contra hostem aciem instruit. Afranius, cum ab 
 20 equitatu novissimum agmen premeretur, ante se hostem 
 videret, collem quendam nactus ibi constitit. Ex eo loco 
 iiii cetratorum cohortes in montem qui erat in conspectu 
 omnium excelsissimus mittit. Hunc magno cursu conci¬ 
 tatos jubet occupare, eo consilio, uti ipse eodem omnibus 
 25 copiis contenderet et mutato itinere jugis Octogesam per¬ 
 veniret. Hunc cum obliquo itinere cetrati peterent, con¬ 
 spicatus equitatus Caesaris in cohortes impetum fecit; nec 
 minimam partem temporis equitum* vim cetrati sustinere 
 potuerunt omnesque ab eis circumventi in conspectu utrius- 
 30 que exercitus interficiuntur. LXXI. Erat occasio bene 
 gerendae rei. Xeque vero id Caesarem fugiebat, tanto sub 
 oculis accepto detrimento perterritum exercitum sustinere 
 non posse, praesertim circumdatum undique equitatu, cum 
 in loco aequo atque aperto confligeretur; idque ex omnibus 
 35 partibus ab eo flagitabatur. Concurrebant legati, centuriones 
 tribunique militum: ne dubitaret proelium committere. 
 
COMM. I. CAP. LXIX—LXXIV. 
 
 43 
 
 Omnium esse militum paratissimos animos. Afranianos 
 contra multis rebus sui timoris signa misisse : quod suis non 
 subvenissent, quod de colle non decederent, quod vix equi¬ 
 tum incursus sustinerent collatisque in unum locum signis 
 conferti neque ordines neque signa servarent. Quod si 5 
 iniquitatem loci timeret, datum iri tamen aliquo loco pug¬ 
 nandi facultatem, quod certe inde decedendum esset Afra¬ 
 nio nec sine aqua permanere posset. LXXII. Caesar in 
 eam spem venerat, se sine pugna et sine vulnere suorum 
 rem conficere posse, quod re frumentaria adversarios inter- 10 
 elusisset. Cur etiam secundo proelio aliquos ex suis amit¬ 
 teret ? cur vulnerari pateretur optime de se meritos milites ? 
 cur denique fortunam periclitaretur ? praesertim cum non 
 minus esset imperatoris consilio superare quam gladio. 
 Movebatur etiam misericordia civium quos interficiendos 15 
 videbat; quibus salvis atque incolumibus rem obtinere male¬ 
 bat. Hoc consilium Caesaris plerisque non probabatur; 
 milites vero palam inter se loquebantur, t^uoniam. talis oc¬ 
 casio victoriae dimitteretur, etiam cum vellet Caesar, sese 
 non esse pugnaturos. Ille in sua sententia perseverat et 20 
 paulum ex eo loco degreditur, ut timorem adversariis mi¬ 
 nuat. Petreius atque Afranius oblata facultate in castra 
 sese referunt. Caesar praesidiis in montibus dispositis omni 
 ad Hiberum incluso itinere, quam proxime potest hostium 
 castris castra communit. LXXIII. Postero die duces adver- 25 
 sariorum perturbati, quod omnem rei frumentariae fluminis¬ 
 que Hiberi spem dimiserant, de reliquis rebus consultabant. 
 Erat unum iter, Ilerdam si reverti vellent; alterum, si 
 Tarraconem peterent. Haec consiliantibus eis nuntiantur 
 aquatores ab equitatu premi nostro. Qua re cognita crebras 30 
 stationes disponunt equitum et cohortium alariarum legiona- 
 riasque interjiciunt cohortes vallumque ex castris ad aquam 
 ducere incipiunt, ut intra munitionem et sine timore et sine 
 stationibus aquari possent. Id opus inter se Petreius atque 
 Afranius partiuntur ipsique perficiundi operis causa longius 35 
 progrediuntur. LXXIV. Quorum discessu liberam nacti 
 
44 
 
 DE BELLO CIVILI 
 
 milites colloquiorum facultatem yulgo procedunt, et quem 
 quisque in castris notum aut municipem liabebat, conquirit 
 atque evocat. Primum agunt gratias omnes omnibus, quod 
 sibi perterritis pridie pepercissent: eorum se beneficio vivere. 
 
 5 Deinde imperatoris fidem quaerunt, rectene se illi sint com¬ 
 missuri, et, quod non ab initio fecerint armaque cum bomi- 
 nibus necessariis et consanguineis contulerint, queruntur. 
 His provocati sermonibus fidem ab imperatore de Petreii 
 atque Afranii vita petunt, ne quod in se scelus concepisse 
 10 neu suos prodidisse videantur. Quibus confirmatis rebus se 
 statim signa translaturos confirmant legatosque de paee 
 primorum ordinum centuriones ad Caesarem mittunt. In¬ 
 terim alii suos in castra invitandi causa adducunt, alii ab 
 suis abducuntur, adeo ut una castra jam facta ex binis vide- 
 15 rentur; compluresque tribuni militum et centuriones ad 
 Caesarem veniunt seque ei commendant. Idem boc fit a 
 principibus Hispaniae, quos evocaverant et seeuni in castris 
 babebant obsidum loco. Hi suos notos bospitesque quaere¬ 
 bant, per quem quisque eorum aditum commendationis 
 20 haberet ad Caesarem. Afranii etiam filius adolescens de 
 sua ac parentis sui salute cum Caesare per Sulpicium lega¬ 
 tum agebat. Erant plena laetitia et gratulatione omnia, 
 eorum qui tanta pericula vitasse, et eorum qui sine vulnere 
 tantas res confecisse videbantur, magnumque fructum suae 
 25 pristinae lenitatis omnium judicio Caesar ferebat, consilium¬ 
 que ejus a cunctis probabatur. LXXV. Quibus rebus nun¬ 
 tiatis Airanio, ab instituto opere discedit seque in castra 
 recipit, sic paratus, ut videbatur, ut, quicumque aecidisset 
 casus, bunc quieto et aequo animo ferret. Petreius vero 
 30 non deserit sese. Armat familiam; cum hac et 2 :)raetoria 
 cohorte cetratorum barbarisque equitibus paucis, beneficia¬ 
 riis suis, quos suae custodiae causa habere consuerat, impro¬ 
 viso ad vallum advolat, colloquia militum interrumpit, 
 nostros repellit a castris, quos deprendit interficit. Eeliqui 
 35 coeunt inter se et repentino periculo exterriti sinistras sagis 
 involvunt gladiosque destringunt, atque ita se a cetratis 
 
C0M3I. I. CAP. LXXIV—LXXVIIL 
 
 45 
 
 equitibnsqiie defendunt castrorum propinquitate confisi 
 seque in castra recipiunt et ab iis cohortibus quae erant in 
 statione ad portas defenduntur. LXXVI. Quibus rebus 
 confectis flens Petreius manipulos circumit militesque ap¬ 
 pellat, neu se neu Pompeium imperatorem suum adversariis 5 
 ad supplicium tradant obsecrat. Fit celeriter concursus in 
 praetorium. Postulat ut jurent omnes se exercitum duces¬ 
 que non deserturos neque prodituros, neque sibi separatim 
 a reliquis consilium capturos. Princeps in haec verba jurat 
 ipse; idem jusjurandum adigit Afranium; subsequuntur 10 
 tribuni militum centurionesque ; centuriatim producti mi¬ 
 lites idem jurant. Edicunt, penes quem quisque sit Caesaris 
 miles, ut producat; productos palam in praetorio interfi¬ 
 ciunt. Sed plerosque ii qui receperant celant noctuque per 
 vallum emittunt. Sic terrore oblato a ducibus, crudelitas 15 
 in supplicio, nova religio jurisjurandi spem praesentis dedi¬ 
 tionis sustulit mentesque militum convertit et rem ad pris¬ 
 tinam belli rationem redegit. LXXVII. Caesar, qui milites 
 adversariorum in castra per tempus colloquii venerant, 
 summa diligentia conquiri et remitti jubet. Sed ex numero 20 
 tribunorum militum centurionumque nonnulli sua voluntate 
 apud eum remanserunt. Quos ille postea magno in honore 
 habuit; centuriones in priores ordines, equites Komanos in 
 tribunicium restituit honorem. LXXVIII. Premebantur 
 Afraniani pabulatione, aquabantur aegre. Frumenti co- 25 
 piam legionarii nonnullam habebant, quod dierum xxii ab 
 Ilerda frumentum jussi erant efferre, cetrati auxiliaresque 
 nullam, quorum erant et facultates ad parandum exiguae et 
 corpora insueta ad onera portanda. Itaque magnus eorum 
 quotidie numerus ad Caesarem perfugiebat. In his erat an- 30 
 gustiis res. Sed ex propositis consiliis duobus explicitius 
 videbatur Ilerdam reverti, quod ibi paulum frumenti reli¬ 
 querant. Ibi se reliquum consilium explicaturos confide¬ 
 bant. Tarraco aberat longius ; quo spatio plures rem posse 
 casus recipere intellegebant. Hoc probato consilio ex castris 35 
 proficiscuntur. Caesar equitatu praemisso, qui novissimum 
 
46 
 
 DE BELLO CIVILI 
 
 agmen carperet atque impediret, ipse cum legionibus subse¬ 
 quitur. Nullum intercedebat tempus, quin extremi cum 
 equitibus proeliarentur. LXXIX. Grenus erat lioc pugnae. 
 Expeditae cohortes noyissimum agmen claudebant pluresque 
 5 in locis campestribus subsistebant. Si mons erat ascenden¬ 
 dus, facile ipsa loci natura periculum repellebat, quod ex 
 locis superioribus qui antecesserant suos ascendentes pro¬ 
 tegebant ; cum vallis aut locus declivis suberat, neque ii qui 
 antecesserant morantibus opem ferre poterant, equites vero 
 10 ex loco superiore in aversos tela conjiciebant, tum magno 
 erat in periculo res. Eeliiiquebatur ut, cum ejusmodi locis 
 esset appropinquatum, legionum signa consistere juberent 
 magnoque impetu equitatum repellerent, eo summoto re¬ 
 pente incitati cursu sese in valles universi demitterent, atque 
 15 ita transgressi rursus in locis superioribus consisterent. Nam 
 tantum ab equitum suorum auxiliis aberant, quorum nu¬ 
 merum habebant magnum, ut eos superioribus perterritos 
 proeliis in medium reciperent agmen ultroque eos tuerentur; 
 quorum nulli ex itinere excedere licebat, quin ab equitatu 
 20 Caesaris exciperetur. LXXX. Tali dum pugnatur modo, 
 lente atque paulatim proceditur crebroque, ut sint auxilio 
 suis, subsistunt; ut tum accidit. Milia enim progressi iiii 
 vehementiusque peragitati ab equitatu montem excelsum 
 capiunt ibique una fronte contra hostem castra muniunt 
 25 neque jumentis onera deponunt. Ebi Caesaris castra posita 
 tabernaculaque constituta et dimissos equites pabulandi causa 
 animum adverterunt, sese subito proripiunt hora circitor 
 sexta ejusdem diei et spem nacti morae discessu nostrorum 
 equitum iter facere incipiunt. Qua re animum adversa 
 30 Caesar relictis impedimentis subsequitur, praesidio paucas 
 cohortes relinquit; hora x subsequi pabulatores equitesque 
 revocari jubet. Celeriter equitatus a:l quotidianum itineris 
 officium revertitur. Pugnatur acriter ad novissimum agmen, 
 adeo ut paene terga convertant, compluresque milites, etiam 
 35 nonnulli centuriones, interficiuntur. Instabat agmen Cae¬ 
 saris atque universum imminebat. LXXXI. Tum vero 
 
COMM. I. CAP. LXXVIII—LXXXII. 
 
 47 
 
 neque ad explorandum idoneum locum castris neque ad pro¬ 
 grediendum data facultate, consistunt necessario et procul 
 ab aqua et natura iniquo loco castra ponunt. Sed iisdem de 
 causis Caesar, quae su]Dra sunt demonstratae, proelio non 
 lacessit et eo die tabernacula statui passus non est, quo para- 5 
 tiores essent ad insequendum omnes, siye noctu siye interdiu 
 erumperent. Illi animadverso vitio castrorum tota nocte 
 munitiones proferunt castraque castris convertunt. Hoc 
 idem postero die a prima luce faciunt totumque in ea re 
 diem consumunt. Sed quantum opere processerant et castra 10 
 protulerant, tanto aberant ab aqua longius, et joraesenti 
 malo aliis malis remedia dabantur. Prima nocte aquandi 
 causa nemo egreditur ex castris; proximo die praesidio in 
 castris relicto universas ad aquam copias educunt, pabula¬ 
 tum emittitur nemo. His eos suppliciis male haberi Caesar 15 
 et necessariam subire deditionem quam proelio decertare 
 malebat. Conatur tamen eos vallo fossaque circummunire, 
 ut quam maxime repentinas eorum eruptiones demeretur; 
 quo necessario descensuros existimabat. Illi, et inopia pabuli 
 adducti et quo essent ad id expeditiores, omnia sarcinaria 20 
 jumenta interfici jubent. LXXXII. In his operibus consi¬ 
 liisque biduum consumitur; tertio die magna jam pars 
 operis Caesaris processerat. Illi impediendae reliquae muni¬ 
 tionis causa hora circiter yiiii signo dato legiones educunt 
 aciemque sub castris instruunt. Caesar ab opere legiones 25 
 revocat, equitatum omnem convenire jubet, aciem instruit; 
 contra opinionem enim militum famamque omnium videri 
 proelium defugisse magnum detrimentum afferebat. Sed 
 eisdem de causis, quae sunt cognitae, quominus dimicare 
 vellet movebatur, atque hoc etiam magis, quod spatii brevi- 30 
 tas etiam in fugam conjectis adversariis non multum ad 
 summam victoriae juvare poterat. Xon enim amplius pedum 
 milibus duobus ab castris castra distabant. Hinc duas partes 
 acies occupabant duae ; tertia vacabat, ad incursum atque 
 impetum militum relicta. Si proelium committeretur, pro- 35 
 pinquitas castrorum celerem superatis ex fuga receptum 
 
48 
 
 DE BELLO CIVILI 
 
 dabat. Hac de causa constituerat signa, inferentibus resis¬ 
 tere, prior proelio non lacessere. LXXXIII. Acies erat 
 Afraniana duplex legionum v, tertium in subsidiis locum 
 alariae cohortes obtinebant; Caesaris triplex ; sed primam 
 5 aciem quaternae cohortes ex v legionibus tenebant, has sub“ 
 sidiariae ternae et rursus aliae totidem suae cujusque legionis 
 subsequebantur ; sagittarii funditoresque media contineban¬ 
 tur acie, equitatus latera cingebat. Tali instructa acie 
 tenere uterque propositum videbatur : Caesar, ne nisi coactus 
 10 proelium committeret; ille, ut opera Caesaris impediret. 
 Producitur tum res, aciesque ad solis occasum continentur; 
 inde utrique in castra discedunt. Postero die munitiones 
 institutas Caesar parat perficere; illi vadum fluminis Sicoris 
 tentare, si transire possent. Qua re animadversa Caesar Ger- 
 15 manos levis armaturae equitumque partem flumen trajicit 
 crebrasque in ripis custodias disponit. LXXXIV. Tandem 
 omnibus rebus obsessi, quartum jam diem sine pabulo re¬ 
 tentis jumentis, aquae, lignorum, frumenti inopia colloquium 
 petunt, et id, si fieri possit, semoto a militibus loco. Tibi id 
 20 a Caesare negatum et, palam si colloqui vellent, concessum 
 est, datur obsidis loco Caesari filius Afranii. Venitur in 
 eum locum quem Caesar deligit. Audiente utroque exercitu 
 loquitur Afranius: non esse aut ipsis aut militibus succen- 
 sendum, quod fidem erga imperatorem suum Cn. Pompeium 
 25 conservare voluerint. Sed satis jam fecisse officio satisque 
 supplicii tulisse. Perpessos omnium rerum inopiam; nunc 
 vero paene ut feras circummunitos prohiberi aqua, prohiberi 
 ingressu, neque corpore dolorem neque animo ignominiam 
 ferre posse. Itaque se victos confiteri; orare atque obse- 
 30 crare, si qui locus misericordiae relinquatur, ne ad ultimum 
 supplicium progredi necesse habeant. Haec quam potest 
 demississime et subjectissime exponit. LXXXV. Ad ea 
 Caesar respondit: nulli omnium has partes vel querimoniae 
 vel miserationis minus convenisse. Eeliquos enim omnes 
 35 officium suum praestitisse : se, qui etiam bona condicione, 
 et loco et tempore aequo confligere noluerit, ut quam inte- 
 
COMM. 1. CAP. LXXXII-LXXXV. 
 
 49 
 
 gerrima essent ad pacem omnia; exercitum suum, qui in¬ 
 juria etiam accepta suisque interfectis, quos in sua potestate 
 liabuerit conservarit et texerit; illius denique exercitus 
 milites, qui per se de concilianda pace egerint, qua in re 
 omnium suorum vitae consulendum putarint. Sic omnium 5 
 ordinum partes in misericordia constitisse, ipsos duces a 
 pace abhorruisse; eos neque colloquii neque indutiarum jura 
 servasse et homines imperitos et ]3er colloquium deceptos 
 crudelissime interfecisse. Accidisse igitur his, quod ple¬ 
 rumque hominum nimia pertinacia atque arrogantia accidere 10 
 soleat, uti eo recurrant et id cupidissime petant quod paulo 
 ante contempserint. Neque nunc se illorum humilitate 
 neque aliqua temporis opportunitate postulare, quibus rebus 
 opes augeantur suae; sed eos exercitus quos contra se 
 multos jam annos aluerint, velle dimitti. Neque enim sex 15 
 legiones alia de causa missas in Hispaniam septimamque ibi 
 conscriptam, neque tot tantasque classes paratas neque sum- 
 missos duces rei militaris peritos. Nihil horum ad pacan¬ 
 das Hispania^, nihil ad usum provinciae provisum, quae 
 propter diuturnitatem pacis nullum auxilium desiderarit. 20 
 Omnia haec jam pridem contra se parari; in se novi generis 
 imperia constitui, ut idem ad portas urbanis praesideat 
 rebus et duas bellicosissimas provincias absens tot annis 
 obtineat; in se jura magistratuum commutari, ne ex prae¬ 
 tura et consulatu, ut semper, sed per paucos probati et 25 
 electi in provincias mittantur; in se etiam aetatis excusa¬ 
 tionem nihil valere, cum superioribus bellis probati ad ob¬ 
 tinendos exercitus evocentur; in se uno non servari, quod 
 sit omnibus datum semper imperatoribus, ut rebus feliciter 
 gestis aut cum honore aliquo aut certe sine ignominia do- 30 
 mum revertantur exercitumque dimittant. Quae tamen 
 omnia et se tulisse patienter et esse laturum ; neque nunc 
 id agere, ut ab illis abductum exercitum teneat ipse, quod 
 tamen sibi difficile non sit, sed no illi habeant quo contra se 
 uti possint. Proinde, ut esset dictum, provinciis excede- 35 
 rent exercitumque dimitterent; si id sit factum, se noci- 
 4 
 
50 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 25 
 
 DE BELLO CIVILI 
 
 turum nemini. Hanc unam atque extremam esse pacis 
 condicionem. LXXXYI. Id vero militibus fuit pergratum 
 et jucundum, ut ex ipsa significatione cognosci potuit, ut, 
 qui aliquid justi incommodi exspectayissent, ultro praemium 
 missionis ferrent. Xam cum de loco et tempore ejus rei 
 controyersia inferretur, et voce et manibus uniyersi ex yallo 
 ubi constiterant significare coeperunt ut statim dimitteren¬ 
 tur, neque omni interposita fide firmum esse posse, si in 
 aliud tempus differretur. Paucis cum esset in utramque 
 partem yerbis disputatum, res liuc deducitur, ut ei qui 
 habeant domicilium aut possessionem in Hispania statim, 
 reliqui ad Varum flumen dimittantur; ne quid eis noceatur, 
 neu quis inyitus sacramentum dicere cogatur, a Caesare 
 cayetur. LXXXVII. Caesar ex eo tempore, dum ad flumen 
 Varum yeniatur, so frumentum daturum pollicetur. Addit 
 etiam, ut, quod quisque eorum in bello amiserit, quae sint 
 penes milites suos, iis qui amiserant restituatur; militibus 
 aequa facta aestimatione pecuniam pro his rebus dissolyit. 
 Quascumque postea controyersias inter se milites habuerunt, 
 sua sponte ad Caesarem in jus adierunt. Petreius atque 
 Afranius cum stipendium ab legionibus paene seditione 
 facta flagitarentur, cujus illi diem nondum yenisse dicerent, 
 Caesar ut cognosceret postulatum est, eoque utrique quod 
 statuit contenti fuerunt. Parte circiter tertia exercitus eo 
 biduo dimissa duas legiones suas antecedere, reliquas sub¬ 
 sequi jussit, ut non longo inter se spatio castra facerent, 
 eique negotio Q. Fufium Calenum legatum praeficit. Hoc 
 ejus praescripto ex Hispania ad Varum flumen est iter 
 factum, atque ibi reliqua pars exercitus dimissa est. 
 
COMMENTARIUS SECUNDUS. 
 
 I. Dum liaec in Hispania geruntur, C. Trebonius legamus, 
 qui ad oppugnationem Massiliae relictus erat, duabus ex 
 partibus aggerem, vineas turresque ad oppidum agere in¬ 
 stituit. Una erat proxima portui navalibusque, altera ad 
 partem qua est aditus ex Gallia atque Hispania, ad id mare 5 
 quod adjacet ad ostium Rhodani. Massilia enim fere ex 
 tribus oppidi partibus mari alluitur ; reliqua quarta est quae 
 aditum habeat ab terra. Hujus quoque spatii pars ea quae 
 ad arcem pertinet, loci natura et valle altissima munita 
 longam et difficilem habet oppugnationem. Ad ea per- 10 
 ficienda opera C. Trebonius magnam jumentorum atque 
 hominum multitudinem ex omni provincia vocat; vimina 
 materiamque comportari jubet. Quibus comparatis rebus 
 aggerem in altitudinem pedum lxxx exstruit. II. Sed tanti 
 erant antiquitus in oppido omnium rerum ad bellum ap- 15 
 paratus tantaque multitudo tormentorum, ut eorum vim 
 nullae contextae viminibus vineae sustinere possent. As¬ 
 seres enim pedum xii cuspidibus praefixi, atque hi maximis 
 ballistis missi, per iiii ordines cratium in terra defigebantur. 
 Itaque pedalibus lignis conjunctis inter se porticus intege- 20 
 bantur, atque hac agger inter manus proferebatur. Ante¬ 
 cedebat testudo pedum lx aequandi loci causa facta item ex 
 fortissimis lignis, convoluta omnibus rebus quibus ignis jactus 
 et lapides defendi possent. Sed magnitudo operum, altitudo 
 muri atque turrium, multitudo tormentorum omnem admini- 25 
 
 51 
 
52 
 
 DE BELLO CIVILI 
 
 strationem tardabat. Crebrae etiam per Albicos emptiones 
 fiebant ex oppido ignesqiio aggeri et tnrribns inferebantur; 
 quae facile nostri milites repellebant, magnisque ultro illatis 
 detrimentis eos qui eruptionem fecerant in oppidum rejicie- 
 5 bant. III. Interim L. Nasidius ab Cn. Pompeio cum classe 
 navium xvi, in quibus paucae erant aeratae, L. Domitio 
 Massiliensibusque subsidio missus, freto Siciliae imprudente 
 atque inopinante Curione pervehitur, appulsisque Messanam 
 navibus atque inde propter repentinum terrorem principum 
 10 ac senatus fuga facta, navem ex navalibus eorum deducit. 
 Hac adjuncta ad reliquas naves cursum Massiliam versus 
 perficit praemissaque clam navicula Domitium Massilienses- 
 que de suo adventu certiores facit eosque magnopere hortatur 
 ut rursus cum Bruti classe additis suis auxiliis confligant. 
 15 IV. Massilienses post superius incommodum veteres ad eun¬ 
 dem numerum ex navalibus productas naves refecerant sum¬ 
 maque industria armaverant (remigum, gubernatorum magna 
 copia suppetebat) piscatoriasque adjecerant atque contexe¬ 
 rant, ut essent ab ictu telorum remiges tuti; has sagittariis 
 20 tormentisque compleverunt. Tali modo instructa classe, 
 omnium seniorum, matrum familiae, virginum precibus et 
 ■ fletu excitati, extremo tempore civitati subvenirent, non 
 minore animo ac fiducia quam ante dimicaverant naves con¬ 
 scendunt. Communi enim fit vitio naturae, ut invisis atque 
 25 incognitis rebus magis confidamus vehementiusque exterre¬ 
 amur ; ut tum accidit. Adventus enim L. Nasidii summa 
 spe et voluntate civitatem compleverat. Nacti idoneum 
 ventum ex portu exeunt et Tauroenta, quod est castellum 
 Massiliensium, ad Nasidium perveniunt ibique naves exj)e- 
 30 diunt rursusque se ad confligendum animo confirmant et 
 consilia communicant. Dextra pars attribuitur Massilien¬ 
 sibus, sinistra Nasidio. V. Eodem Brutus contendit aucto 
 navium numero. Nam ad eas quae factae erant Arelate per 
 Caesarem, captivae Massiliensium accesserant sex. Has su- 
 35 perioribus diebus refecerat atque omnibus rebus instrpxerat. 
 Itaque suos cohortatus, quos integros superavissent ut victos 
 
COMM. 11. CAP. II—VI. 
 
 53 
 
 contemnerent, plenus spei bonae atque animi adversus eos 
 proficiscitur. Eacile erat ex castris C. Treboni atque om¬ 
 nibus superioribus locis prospicere in urbem, ut omnis juven¬ 
 tus quae in oppido remanserat, omnesque superioris aetatis 
 cum liberis atque uxoribus aut in muro ad caelum manus 
 tenderent, aut templa deorum immortalium adirent et ante 
 simulacra projecti victoriam ab dis exposcerent. Neque erat 
 quisquam omnium, quin in ejus diei casu suarum omnium- 
 fortunarum eventum consistere existimaret. Nam et honesti 
 ex juventute et cujusque aetatis amplissimi nominatim evo¬ 
 cati atque obsecrati naves conscenderant, ut, si quid adversi 
 accidisset, ne ad conandum quidem sibi quicquam reliqui 
 fore, viderent; si superavissent, vel domesticis opibus vel 
 externis auxiliis de salute urbis confiderent. VI. Commisso 
 proelio Massiliensibus res nulla ad virtutem defuit; sed 
 memores eorum praeceptorum quae paulo ante ab suis ac¬ 
 ceperant, hoc animo decertabant, ut nullum aliud tempus 
 ad conandum habituri viderentur, et quibus in pugna vitae 
 periculum accideret non ita multo se reliquorum civium 
 fatum antecedere existimarent, quibus urbe capta eadem 
 esset belli fortuna patienda. Diductisque nostris paulatim 
 navibus et artificio gubernatorum et mobilitati navium locus 
 dabatur, et si quando nostri facultatem nacti ferreis mani¬ 
 bus injectis navem religaverant, undique suis laborantibus 
 succurrebant. Neque vero conjuncti Albicis comminus pug¬ 
 nando deficiebant neque multum cedebant virtute nostris. 
 Simul ex minoribus navibus magna vis eminus missa telo¬ 
 rum multa nostris de improviso imprudentibus atque im¬ 
 peditis vulnera inferebant. Conspicataeque naves triremes 
 duae navem D. Bruti, quae ex insigni facile agnosci poterat, 
 duabus ex partibus sese in eam incitaverant. Sed tantum 
 re provisa Brutus celeritate navis enisus est, ut parvo mo¬ 
 mento antecederet. Illae adeo graviter inter se incitatae 
 conflixerunt, ut vehementissime utraque ex concursu labo¬ 
 rarent, altera vero praefracto rostro tota collabefieret. Qua 
 re animadversa, quae proximae ei loco ex Bruti classe naves 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 25 
 
 30 
 
 35 
 
54 
 
 DE BELLO CIVILI 
 
 erant, in eas impeditas impetnm faciunt celeriterqne ambas 
 deprimunt. VII. Sed I^asidianae naves nullo usui fuerunt 
 celeriterqne pugna excesserunt; non enim bas aut conspec¬ 
 tus patriae aut propinquorum praecejDta ad extremum vitae 
 5 periculum adire cogebant. Itaque ex eo numero navium 
 nulla desiderata est; ex Massiliensium classe Y sunt depres¬ 
 sae, iiii captae, una cum ^^asidianis profugit; quae omnes 
 citeriorem Hispaniam petiverunt. At ex reliquis una prae¬ 
 missa Massiliam hujus nuntii perferendi gratia cum jam 
 10 appropinquaret urbi, omnis sese multitudo effudit, et re 
 cognita tantus luctus excepit, ut urbs ab hostibus capta 
 eodem vestigio videretur. Massilienses tamen nihilo secius 
 ad defensionem urbis reliqua apparare coeperunt. YIII. 
 Est animadversum ab legionariis qui dextram partem operis 
 15 administrabant, ex crebris hostium eruptionibus magno sibi 
 esse praesidio posse, si ibi pro castello ac receptaculo turrim 
 ex latere sub muro fecissent. Quam primo ad repentinos 
 incursus humilem parvamque fecerunt. Huc se referebant; 
 hinc, si qua major oppresserat vis, propugnabant; hinc ad 
 20 repellendum et prosequendum hostem procurrebant. Pate¬ 
 bat haec quoquoversus pedes xxx, sed parietum crassitudo 
 pedes Y. Postea vero, ut est rerum omnium magister usus, 
 hominum adhibita sollertia inventum est magno esse usui 
 posse, si haec esset in altitudinem turris elata. Id hac ra- 
 25 tione perfectum est. IX. Ubi turris altitudo perducta est 
 ad contabulationem, eam in parietes instruxerunt ita, ut, 
 capita tignorum extrema parietum structura tegerentur, ne 
 quid emineret ubi ignis hostium adhaeresceret. Hanc super 
 contignationem, quantum tectum plutei ac vinearum passum 
 30 est, latericulo astruxerunt, supraque eum locum ii tigna trans¬ 
 versa injecerunt non longe ab extremis parietibus, quibus sus¬ 
 penderent eam contignationem quae turri tegimento esset 
 futura, supraque ea tigna directo transversas trabes injece¬ 
 runt easque axibus religaverunt (has paulo longiores atque 
 35 eminentiores quam extremi parietes erant effecerunt, ut esset 
 ubi tegimenta praependere possent ad defendendos ictus ac 
 
C0M3I. II. CAP. VI—X. 
 
 55 
 
 repellendos, cuini inter eam contignationem parietes exstrue¬ 
 rentur) eamque contabulationem summam lateribus lutoque 
 constraverunt, ne quid ignis liostium nocere posset, cen¬ 
 tonesque insuper injecerunt, ne aut tela tormentis immissa 
 tabulationem perfringerent, aut saxa ex catapultis latericium 5 
 discuterent. Storias autem ex funibus ancorariis tres in 
 longitudinem parietum turris latas iiii pedes fecerunt easque 
 ex tribus partibus quae ad hostes vergebant, eminentibus 
 trabibus circum turrim praependentes religaverunt; quod 
 unum genus tegimenti aliis locis erant experti nullo telo 10 
 neque tormento trajici posse. Ubi vero ea pars turris quae 
 erat perfecta, tecta atque munita est ab omni ictu hostium, 
 pluteos ad alia opera abduxerunt; turris tectum per se ipsum 
 pressionibus ex contignatione prima suspendere ac tollere 
 coeperunt. Ubi, quantum storiarum demissio patiebatur, 15 
 tantum elevarant, intra haec tegimenta abditi atque muniti 
 parietes lateribus exstruebant rursusque alia pressione ad 
 aedificandum sibi locum expediebant. Ubi tempus alterius 
 contabulationis videbatur, tigna item ut primo tecta ex¬ 
 tremis lateribus instruebant exque ea contignatione rursus 20 
 summam contabulationem storiasque elevabant. Ita tuto ac 
 sine ullo vulnere ac periculo sex tabulata exstruxerunt, 
 fenestrasque quibus in locis visum est ad tormenta mittenda 
 in struendo reliquerunt. X. Ubi ex ea turri quae circum 
 essent opera tueri se posse sunt confisi, musculum pedes lx 25 
 longum ex materia bipedali, quem a turri latericia ad hos¬ 
 tium turrim murumque perducerent, facere instituerunt; 
 cujus musculi haec erat forma. Duae primum trabes in 
 solo aeque longae distantes inter se pedes iiii collocantur 
 inque eis columellae pedum in altitudinem v defiguntur. 30 
 Has inter se capreolis molli fastigio conjungunt, ubi tigna 
 quae musculi tegendi causa ponant collocentur. Eo super 
 tigna bipedalia injiciunt eaque laminis clavisque religant. 
 
 Ad extremum musculi tectum trabesque extremas quadratas 
 regulas iiii patentes digitos defigunt, quae lateres qui super 35 
 musculo struantur contineant. Ita fastigate atque ordinatim 
 
56 
 
 DE BELLO CIVILI 
 
 structo tecto, ut trabes erant in capreolis collocatae, lateribus 
 lutoque musculus, ut ab igni qui ex muro jaceretur tutus 
 esset, contegitur. Super lateres coria inducuntur, ne cana¬ 
 libus aqua immissa lateres diluere j)osset. Coria autem, ne 
 5 rursus igni ac lapidibus corrumpantur, centonibus conte¬ 
 guntur. Hoc opus omne tectum yineis ad ipsam turrim 
 perficiunt subitoque inopinantibus hostibus machinatione 
 navali, phalangis subjectis, ad turrim hostium admovent, ut 
 aedificio jungatur. XI. Quo malo perterriti subito oppidani 
 10 saxa quam maxima possunt vectibus promovent praecipi- 
 tataque muro in musculum devolvunt. Ictum firmitas ma¬ 
 teriae sustinet, et quidquid incidit fastigio musculi elabitur. 
 Id ubi vident, mutant consilium; cupas taeda ac pice re¬ 
 fertas incendunt easque de muro in musculum devolvunt. 
 15 Involutae labuntur, delapsae a lateribus longuriis furcisque 
 ab opere removentur. Interim sub musculo milites vectibus 
 infima saxa turris hostium, quibus fundamenta contineban¬ 
 tur, convellunt. Musculus ex turri latericia a nostris telis 
 tormentisque defenditur ; hostes ex muro ac turribus sum- 
 20 moventur; non datur libera muri defendendi facultas. Com¬ 
 pluribus jam lapidibus ex ea quae suberat turri subductis, 
 repentina ruina pars ejus turris concidit, pars reliqua con¬ 
 sequens procumbebat, cum hostes urbis direptione perterriti 
 inermes cum infulis se porta foras universi proripiunt, ad 
 25 legatos atque exercitum supplices manus tendunt. XII. 
 Qua nova re oblata omnis administratio belli consistit mili¬ 
 tesque aversi a proelio ad studium audiendi et cognoscendi 
 feruntur. Ubi hostes ad legatos exercitumque joervene- 
 runt, universi se ad pedes projiciunt; orant ut adventus 
 30 Caesaris exspectetur. Captam suam urbem videre; opera 
 perfecta, turrim subrutam; itaque ab defensione desistere. 
 Xullam exoriri moram posse, quominus, cum venisset, si 
 imperata non facerent ad nutum, e vestigio diriperentur. 
 Docent, si omnino turris concidisset, non posse milites con- 
 35 tineri quin spe praedae in urbem irrumperent urbem que 
 delerent. Haec atque ejusdem generis complura ut ab ho- 
 
COMM. II. CAP. X—XIV. 
 
 57 
 
 minibus doctis magna cum misericordia lletuque pronuntian¬ 
 tur. XIII. Quibus rebus* commoti legati milites ex opere 
 deducunt, oppugnatione desistunt; operibus custodias re¬ 
 linquunt. Indutiarum quodam genere misericordia facto 
 adventus Caesaris exspectatur. Xullum ex muro, nullum a 5 
 nostris mittitur telum; ut re confecta omnes curam et 
 diligentiam remittunt. Caesar enim per litteras Trebonio 
 magnopere mandaverat ne per vim oppidum expugnari pa¬ 
 teretur, ne gravius permoti milites et defectionis odio et 
 contemptione sui et diutino labore omnes puberes interfice- 10 
 rent ; quod se facturos minabantur, aegreque tunc sunt 
 retenti quin oppidum irrumperent, graviterque eam rem 
 tulerunt, quod stetisse per Trebonium, quominus oppido 
 potirentur, videbatur. XIV. At liostes sine fide tempus 
 atque occasionem fraudis ac doli quaerunt* interjectisque 15 
 aliquot diebus nostris languentibus atque animo remissis 
 subito meridiano tempore, cum alius discessisset, alius ex 
 diutino labore in ipsis operibus quieti se dedisset, arma vero 
 omnia reposita contectaque essent, portis se foras erumpunt, 
 secundo magnoque vento ignem operibus inferunt. Hunc 20 
 sic distulit ventus, uti uno tempore agger, plutei, testudo, 
 turris, tormenta flammam conciperent et prius baec omnia 
 consumerentur quam quemadmodum accidisset animadA^erti 
 posset. Xostri repentina fortuna permoti arma quae possunt 
 arripiunt; alii ex castris sese incitant. Fit in hostes im- 25 
 petus; sed e muro sagittis tormentisque fugientes persequi 
 prohibentur. Illi sub murum se recipiunt ibique musculum 
 turrimque latericiam libere incendunt. Ita multorum men¬ 
 sium labor hostium perfidia et vi tempestatis puncto tem¬ 
 poris interiit. Tentaverunt hoc idem Massilienses postero 30 
 die. Eandem nacti tempestatem majore cum fiducia ad 
 alteram turrim aggeremque eruptione pugnaverunt mul¬ 
 tumque ignem intulerunt. Sed ut superioris temporis 
 contentionem nostri omnem remiserant, ita proximi diei 
 casu admoniti omnia ad defensionem paraverant. Itaque 35 
 multis interfectis rcli(|uos infecta rc in oppidum repulerunt. 
 
58 
 
 DE BELLO CIVILI 
 
 XV. Trebonius ea qnae snnt amissa multo majore militum 
 studio administrare et reficere instituit. Xam ubi tantos suos 
 labores et apparatus male cecidisse yiderunt indutiisque per 
 scelus violatis suam virtutem irrisui fore perdoluerunt, quod, 
 5 unde agger omnino comportari posset, niliil erat reliquum, 
 omnibus arboribus longe lateque in finibus Massiliensium 
 excisis et convectis, aggerem novi generis atque inauditum 
 ex latericiis duobus muris senum pedum crassitudine atque 
 eorum murorum contignatione facere instituerunt, aequa 
 10 fere altitudine atque ille congesticius ex materia fuerat 
 agger. Ubi aut spatium inter muros aut imbecillitas materiae 
 postulare videretur, pilae interponuntur, transversaria tigna 
 injiciuntur, quae firmamento esse possint, et quidquid est 
 contignatum cratibus consternitur, crates luto integuntur. 
 15 Sub tecto miles, dextra ac sinistra muro tectus, adversus 
 plutei objectu, operi quaecumque sunt usui sine periculo 
 supportat. Celeriter res administratur; diuturni laboris 
 detrimentum sollertia et virtute militum brevi reconciliatur. 
 Portae quibus locis videtur eruptionis causa in muro relin- 
 20 quuntur. XVI. Quod ubi hostes viderunt, ea quae diu 
 longoque spatio refici non posse sperassent paucorum dierum 
 opera et labore ita refecta, ut nullus perfidiae neque erup¬ 
 tioni locus esset nec quicquam omnino relinqueretur, qua 
 aut telis militibus aut igni operibus noceri posset, eodemque 
 25 exemplo sentiunt totam urbem, qua sit aditus ab terra, muro 
 turribusque circummuniri posse, sic ut ipsis consistendi in 
 suis munitionibus locus non esset, cum paene inaedificata in 
 muris ab exercitu nostro moenia viderentur ac telum manu 
 conjiceretur, suorumque tormentorum usum, quibus ipsi 
 30 magna speravissent, spatio propinquitatis interire, parique 
 condicione ex muro ac turribus bellandi data se virtute nos¬ 
 tris adaequare non posse intellegunt, ad easdem deditionis 
 condiciones recurrunt. 
 
 35 XVII. M. Varro in ulteriore Hispania initio cognitis iis 
 rebus quae sunt in Italia gestae, diffidens Pompeianis rebus. 
 
COMM. II. CAP. XV—XVIIL 
 
 59 
 
 amicissime de Caesare loquebatur : praeoccupatum sese lega^ 
 tione ab On. Pompeio, teneri obstrictum fide; necessitu¬ 
 dinem quidem sibi niliilo minorem cum Caesare intercedere ; 
 neque se ignorare quod esset officium legati, qui fiduciariam 
 operam obtineret, quae vires suae, quae voluntas erga Cae- 5 
 sarem totius provinciae. Haec omnibus ferebat sermonibus 
 neque se in ullam partem movebat. Postea vero, cum Cae¬ 
 sarem ad Massiliam detineri cognovit, copias Petreii cum 
 exercitu Afranii esse conjunctas, magna auxilia convenisse, 
 magna esse in spe atque exspectari, et consentire omnem 10 
 citeriorem provinciam, quaeque postea acciderant, de an¬ 
 gustiis ad Ilerdam rei frumentariae, accepit, atque baec ad 
 eum latius atque inflatius Afranius perscribebat, se quoque 
 ad motus fortunae movere coepit. XVIII. Delectum habuit 
 tota provincia, legionibus completis duabus cohortes circiter 15 
 XXX alarias addidit. Frumenti magnum numerum coegit, 
 quod Massiliensibus, item quod Afranio Petreioque mitteret. 
 Xaves longas x Gaditanis ut facerent imperavit, complures 
 praeterea Hispali faciendas curavit. Pecuniam omnem om- 
 niaque ornamenta ex fano Herculis in oppidum Gadis con- 20 
 tulit ; eo sex cohortes praesidii causa ex provincia misit 
 Gaiumque Gallonium, equitem Eomanum, familiarem Do¬ 
 mitii, qui eo procurandae hereditatis causa venerat missus a 
 Domitio, oppido Gadibus praefecit; arma omnia privata ac 
 publica in domum Galloni contulit. Ipse habuit graves in 25 
 Caesarem contiones. Saepe ex tribunali praedicavit adversa 
 Caesarem proelia fecisse, magnum numerum ab eo militum 
 ad Afranium perfugisse : haec se certis nuntiis, certis aucto¬ 
 ribus comperisse. Quibus rebus perterritos cives Romanos 
 ejus provinciae sibi ad rempublicam administrandam HS 30 
 CLXXX et argenti pondo xx milia, tritici modios cxx milia 
 polliceri coegit. Quas Caesari esse amicas civitates arbitra¬ 
 batur, his graviora onera injungebat praesidiaque eo de¬ 
 ducebat et judicia in privatos reddebat; qui verba atque 
 orationem adversus rempublicam habuissent, eorum bona in 35 
 publicum addicebat. Provinciam omnem in sua et Pompeii 
 
60 
 
 DE BELLO CIVILI 
 
 verba jusjurandum adigebat. Cognitis iis rebus quae sunt 
 gestae in citeriore Hispania bellum parabat. Ratio autem 
 liaec erat belli, ut se cum ii legionibus Cades conferret, 
 naves frumentumque omne ibi contineret; provinciam enim 
 5 omnem Caesaris rebus favere cognoverat. In insula fru¬ 
 mento navibusque comparatis bellum duci non difficile exis¬ 
 timabat. Caesar, etsi multis necessariisque rebus in Italiam 
 revocabatur, tamen constituerat nullam partem belli in 
 Hispaniis relinquere, quod magna esse Pompeii beneficia 
 10 et magnas clientelas in citeriore jorovincia sciebat. XIX. 
 Itaque duabus legionibus missis in ulteriorem Hispaniam 
 cum Q. Cassio, tribuno plebis, ipse cum do equitibus magnis 
 itineribus progreditur edictumque praemittit, ad quam diem 
 magistratus principesque omnium civitatum sibi esse praesto 
 15 Cordubae vellet. Quo edicto tota provincia pervulgato nulla 
 fuit civitas, quin ad id tempus partem senatus Cordubam 
 mitteret, non civis Romanus paulo notior, quin ad diem 
 conveniret. Simul ipse Cordubae conventus j^er se portas 
 Varroni clausit, custodias vigiliasque in turribus muroque 
 20 disposuit, cohortes duas, quae colonicae appellabantur, cum 
 eo casu venissent, tuendi oppidi causa apud se retinuit. 
 Iisdem diebus Carmonenses, quae est longe firmissima totius 
 provinciae civitas, deductis tribus in arcem oppidi cohortibus 
 a Varrone praesidio, per se cohortes ejecit portasque j)rae- 
 25 elusit. XX. Hoc vero magis properare Varro, ut cum le¬ 
 gionibus quam primum Gades contenderet, ne itinere aut 
 trajectu intercluderetur ; tanta ac tam secunda in Caesarem 
 voluntas provinciae reperiebatur. Progresso ei paulo lon¬ 
 gius litterae Gadibus redduntur, simul atque sit cognitum 
 30 de edieto Caesaris, consensisse Gaditanos principes cnm tri¬ 
 bunis cohortium quae essent ibi in praesidio, ut Gallonium 
 ex oppido expellerent, urbem insulamque Caesari servarent. 
 Hoc inito consilio denuntiavisse Gallonio ut sua sponte, dum 
 sine periculo liceret, excederet Gadibus ; si id non fecisset, 
 35 sibi consilium capturos. Hoc timore adductum Gallonium 
 Gadibus excessisse. His cognitis rebus altera ex duabus 
 
COMM. II. CAP. XVIII—XXL 
 
 61 
 
 legionibus, quae yernacula appellabatur, ex castris Yarronis 
 adstante et inspectante ipso signa sustulit seseque Hispalim 
 recepit atque in foro et porticibus sine maleficio consedit. 
 Quod factum adeo ejus conventus cives Eomani comproba¬ 
 verunt, ut domum ad sc quisque hospitio cupidissime reci- 5 
 peret. Quibus rebus perterritus Varro, cum itinere converso 
 sese Italicam venturum praemisisset, certior ab suis factus 
 est praeclusas esse portas. Tum vero omni interclusus itinere 
 ad Caesarem mittit paratum se esse legionem, cui jusserit, 
 tradere. Ille ad eum Sextum Caesarem mittit atque huic 10 
 tradi jubet. Tradita legione Varro Cordubam ad Caesarem 
 venit; relatis ad eum publicis cum fide rationibus, quod 
 penes eum est pecuniae tradit et quid ubique habeat fru¬ 
 menti et navium ostendit. XXI. Caesar contione habita 
 Cordubae omnibus generatim gratias agit : civibus Eomanis, 15 
 quod oppidum in sua potestate studuissent habere ; Hispanis, 
 quod praesidia expulissent; Gaditanis, quod conatus adver¬ 
 sariorum infregissent seseque in libertatem vindicassent; 
 tribunis militum centurionibusque, qui eo praesidii causa 
 venerant, quod eorum consilia sua virtute confirmassent. 20 
 Pecunias quas erant in publicum Varroni cives Eomani 
 polliciti, remittit; bona restituit iis quos liberius locutos 
 hanc poenam tulisse cognoverat. Tributis quibusdam pub¬ 
 licis privatisque praemiis reliquos in posterum bona spe 
 complet biduumque Cordubae commoratus Gades proficis- 25 
 citur ; pecunias monumentaque quae ex fano Herculis col- 
 lata erant in privatam domum, referri in templum jubet. 
 Provinciae Q. Cassium praeficit ; huic iiii legiones attribuit. 
 Ipse iis navibus quas M. Varro quasque Gaditani jussu Var¬ 
 ronis fecerant Tarraconem paucis diebus pervenit. Ibi totius 30 
 fere citerioris provinciae legationes Caesaris adventum ex¬ 
 spectabant. Eadem ratione privatim ac publice quibusdam 
 civitatibus habitis honoribus Tarracone discedit pedibusque 
 Xarbonem atque inde Massiliam pervenit. Ibi legem de 
 dictatore latam seseque dictatorem dictum a M. Lepido prae- 35 
 tore cognoscit. 
 
62 
 
 DE BELLO CIVILI 
 
 XXII. Massilienses omnibus defessi malis, rei frumentariae 
 ad summam inopiam adducti, bis nayali proelio superati, 
 crebris eruptionibus fusi, gravi etiam pestilentia conflictati 
 ex diutina conclusione et mutatione victus (panico enim ve- 
 5 tere atque liordeo corrupto omnes alebantur, quod ad hujus¬ 
 modi casus antiquitus paratum in publicum contulerant), 
 dejecta turri, labefacta magna parte muri, auxiliis provinci¬ 
 arum et exercituum desperatis, quos in Caesaris potestatem 
 venisse cognoverant, sese dedere sine fraude constituunt. 
 10 Sed paucis ante diebus L. Domitius cognita Massiliensium 
 voluntate navibus iii comparatis, ex quibus duas familiaribus 
 suis attribuerat, unam ipse conscenderat, nactus turbidam 
 tempestatem profectus est. Hunc cons23icatae naves quae 
 missu Bruti consuetudine quotidiana ad jDortum excubabant, 
 15 sublatis ancoris sequi coeperunt. Ex his unum ipsius navi¬ 
 gium contendit et fugere perseveravit auxilioque tempestatis 
 ex conspectu abiit, duo perterrita concursu nostrarum na¬ 
 vium sese in portum receperunt. Massilienses arma tormen¬ 
 taque ex oppido, ut est imperatum, proferunt, naves ex 
 20 portu navalibusque educunt, pecuniam ex publico tradunt. 
 Quibus rebus confectis Caesar magis eos pro nomine et 
 vetustate quam pro meritis in se civitatis conservans duas 
 ibi legiones praesidio reliquit, ceteras in Italiam mittit; ipse 
 ad urbem proficiscitur. 
 
 25 
 
 XXIII. Iisdem temporibus C. Curio in Africam profectus 
 ex Sicilia et jam ab initio copias P. Atti Vari despiciens, 
 duas legiones ex iiii quas acceperat a Caesare, d equites 
 transportabat, biduoque et noctibus tribus navigatione con- 
 30 sumptis appellit ad eum locum qui appellatur Anquillaria, 
 Hic locus abest a Clupeis passuum xxii milia habetque non 
 incommodam aestate stationem et duobus eminentibus pro¬ 
 montoriis continetur. Hujus adventum L. Caesar fllius cum 
 X longis navibus ad Clupeam praestolans, quas naves Uticae 
 35 ex praedonum bello subductas P. Attius reficiendas hujus 
 belli causa curaverat, veritus navium multitudinem ex alto 
 
COMM. II. CAP. XXII—XXV. 
 
 63 
 
 refugerat, appulsaque ad proximum litus trireme constrata 
 et in litore relicta'pedibus Adrumetum perfugerat. Id op¬ 
 pidum 0. Considius Longus unius legionis praesidio tuebatur. 
 Eeliquae Caesaris naves ejus fuga se Adrumetum receperunt. 
 Hunc secutus Marcius Eufus quaestor navibus xii, quas 5 
 praesidio onerariis navibus Curio ex Sicilia eduxerat, post¬ 
 quam in litore relictam navem conspexit, lianc remulco ab¬ 
 straxit ; ipse ad Curionem cum classe redit. XXIV. Curio 
 Marcium Uticam navibus praemittit; ipse eodem cum exer¬ 
 citu proficiscitur biduique iter progressus ad fiumen Ba- 10 
 gradam pervenit. Ibi C. Caninium Eebilum legatum cum 
 legionibus reliquit; ipse cum equitatu antecedit ad Castra 
 exploranda Corneliana, quod is locus peridoneus castris habe¬ 
 batur. Id autem est jugum directum eminens in mare, 
 utraque ex parte praeruptum atque asperum, sed tamen 15 
 paulo leniore fastigio ab ea parte quae ad Uticam vergit. 
 Abest directo itinere ab Utica paulo amplius passus mille. 
 
 Sed hoc itinere est fons, quo mare succedit longius, lateque 
 is locus restagnat; quem si qui vitare voluerit, sex milium 
 circuitu in oppidum pervenit. XXV. Hoc explorato loco 20 
 Curio castra Vari conspicit muro oppidoque conjuncta ad 
 portam quae appellatur bellica, admodum munita natura 
 loci, una ex parte ipso oppido Utica, altera, a theatro quod 
 est ante oppidum, substructionibus ejus operis maximis, 
 aditu ad castra difficili et angusto. Simul animadvertit 25 
 multa undique portari atque agi plenissimis viis, quae re¬ 
 pentini tumultus timore ex agris in urbem conferantur. 
 Huc equitatum mittit, ut diriperet atque haberet loco prae¬ 
 dae ; eodemque tempore his rebus subsidio DC equites Xu- 
 midae ex oppido peditesque cccc mittuntur a Varo, quos 30 
 auxilii causa rex Juba paucis diebus ante Uticam miserat. 
 Huic et paternum hospitium cum Pompeio et simultas cum 
 Curione intercedebat, quod tribunus plebis legem promulga¬ 
 verat, qua lege regnum Jubae publicaverat. Concurrunt 
 equites inter se ; neque vero primum impetum nostrorum 35 
 Numidae ferre potuerunt, sed interfectis circiter cxx reliqui 
 
64 
 
 DE BELLO CIVILI 
 
 se in castra ad opj)idum recej)erimt. Interim adventn lon¬ 
 garum navium Curio pronuntiare onerariis navibus Jubet, 
 quae stabant ad Uticam numero circiter cc, se in liostinm 
 habiturum loco qui non e vestigio ad Castra Corneliana tra- 
 6 duxisset. Qua pronuntiatione facta temporis puncto sublatis 
 ancoris omnes Uticam relinquunt et quo imperatum est 
 transeunt. Quae res omnium rerum copia complevit ex¬ 
 ercitum. XXVI. His rebus gestis Curio se in castra ad 
 Bagradam recipit atque universi exercitus conclamatione 
 10 imperator appellatur, posteroque die exercitum Uticam ducit 
 et prope oppidum castra ponit. Xondum opere castrorum 
 perfecto equites ex statione nuntiant magna auxilia equitum 
 peditumque ab rege missa Uticam venire; eodemque tem¬ 
 pore vis magna pulveris cernebatur, et vestigio temporis 
 15 primum agmen erat, in conspectu. Xo vitat e rei Curio per¬ 
 motus praemittit equites, qui primum impetum sustineant 
 ac morentur; ipse celeriter ab opere deductis legionibus 
 aciem instruit. Equitesque committunt proelium et, prius-, 
 quam plane legiones explicari et consistere possent, tota 
 20 auxilia regis impedita ac perturbata, quod nullo ordine et 
 sine timore iter fecerant, in fugam conjiciunt equitatu que 
 omni fere incolumi, quod se per litora celeriter in oppidum 
 recepit, magnum peditum numerum interficiunt. XXVII. 
 Proxima nocte centuriones Marsi duo ex castris Curionis cum 
 25 manipularibus suis xxii ad Attium Varum perfugiunt. Hi, 
 sive vere quam habuerant opinionem ad eum perferunt, sive 
 etiam auribus Vari serviunt (nam quae volumus et credimus 
 libenter, et quae sentimus ipsi reliquos sentire speramus), 
 confirmant quidem certe totius exercitus animos alienos esso 
 30 a Curione, maximeque opus esse in conspectum exercitum 
 venire. et colloquendi dare facultatem. Qua opinione ad¬ 
 ductus Varus postero die mane legiones ex castris educit. 
 Eacit idem Curio, atque una valle non magna interjecta suas 
 uterque copias instruit. XXVIII. Erat in exercitu Vari 
 35 Sextus Quintilius Varus, quem fuisse Corfini supra demon¬ 
 stratum est. Hic dimissus a Caesare in Africam venerat, 
 
COMM. II. CAP. XXV—XXX. 
 
 65 
 
 legionesqne cas traduxerat Ourio quas superioribus tempori¬ 
 bus Corfinio receperat Caesar, adeo ut paucis mutatis cen¬ 
 turionibus iidem ordines manipulique constarent. Hanc 
 nactus appellationis causam Quintilius circumire aciem Cu¬ 
 rionis atque obsecrare milites coepit, ne primam sacramenti 5 
 quod apud Domitium atque apud se quaestorem dixissent 
 memoriam deponerent, neu contra eos arma ferrent qui 
 eadem essent usi fortuna eademque in obsidione perpessi, 
 neu pro bis pugnarent a quibus cum contumelia perfugae 
 appellarentur. Huc pauca ad spem largitionis addidit, quae 10 
 ab sua liberalitate, si se atque Attium secuti essent, exspec¬ 
 tare deberent. Hac habita oratione nullam in partem ab 
 exercitu Curionis fit significatio, atque ita suas uterque copias 
 reducit. XXIX. At in castris Curionis magnus omnium 
 incessit timor. Is variis hominum sermonibus celeriter au- 15 
 getur. Unusquisque enim opiniones fingebat et ad id quod 
 ab alio audierat, sui aliquid timoris addebat. Hoc ubi uno 
 auctore ad plures permanaverat, atque alius alii tradiderat, 
 plures auctores ejus rei videbantur. [Civile bellum ; genus 
 hominum quod liceret libere facere, et sequi quod vellet; 20 
 legiones eae quae paulo ante apud adversarios fuerant (nam 
 etiam Caesaris beneficium mutaverat consuetudo, qua offer¬ 
 rentur .) ; municipia etiam diversis 
 
 partibus conjuncta (aeque enim ex Marsis Pelignisque venie¬ 
 bant, ut qui superiore nocte.). 25 
 
 In contuberniis centuriones militesque nonnulli graviora 
 
 .sermones militum dubii durius 
 
 accipiebantur, nonnulli etiam ab iis qui diligentiores videri 
 volebant fingebantur. ] XXX. Quibus de causis consilio con¬ 
 vocato de summa rerum deliberare incipit. Erant sententiae 30 
 quae conandum omnibus modis castraque Vari oppugnanda 
 censerent, quod in hujusmodi militum consiliis otium max¬ 
 ime contrarium esse arbitrarentur; postremo praestare dice¬ 
 bant per virtutem in pugna belli fortunam experiri, quam 
 desertos et circumventos ab suis gravissimum supplicium 35 
 perpeti. Erant qui censerent de tertia vigilia in Castra 
 
66 
 
 DE BELLO CIVILI 
 
 Cornelia recedendum, nt majore spatio temporis interjecto 
 militum mentes sanarentur, simul, si quid gravius accidisset, 
 magna multitudine navium et tutius et facilius in Siciliam 
 receptus daretur. XXXI. Curio utrumque improbans con- 
 5 silium, quantum alteri sententiae deesset animi tantum 
 alteri superesse dicebat: bos turpissimae fugae rationem 
 habere, illos etiam iniquo loco dimicandum putare. Qua 
 enim,” inquit, fiducia et opere et natura loci munitissima 
 castra expugnari posse confidimus ? Aut vero quid profici- 
 10 mus, si accepto magno detrimento ab oppugnatione castro¬ 
 rum discedimus ? Quasi non et felicitas rerum gestarum 
 exercitus benevolentiam imperatoribus et res adversae odia 
 colligant! Castrorum autem mutatio quid habet nisi turpem 
 fugam et desperationem omnium et alienationem exercitus ? 
 15 Nam neque pudentes suspicari oportet sibi parum credi, 
 neque improbos scire sese timeri, quod illis licentiam timor 
 augeat noster, his studia deminuat. Quod si jam,” inquit, 
 ^^haec explorata habeamus quae de exercitus alienatione 
 dicuntur, quae quidem ego aut omnino falsa aut certe mi- 
 20 nora opinione esse confido, quanto haec dissimulari et occul¬ 
 tari quam per nos confirmari praestet ? An non, uti corporis 
 vulnera, ita exercitus incommoda sunt tegenda, ne spem 
 adversariis augeamus ? At etiam ut media nocte proficisca¬ 
 mur addunt, quo majorem, credo, licentiam habeant qui 
 25 peccare conentur. Namque hujusmodi res aut pudore aut 
 metu tenentur, quibus rebus nox maxime adversaria est. 
 Quare neque tanti sum animi, ut sine spe castra oppugnanda 
 censeam, neque tanti timoris, ut ipse deficiam, atque omnia 
 prius experienda arbitror magnaque ex parte jam me una 
 30 vobiscum de re judicium facturum confido.” XXXII. Di¬ 
 misso consilio contionem advocat militum. Commemorat 
 quo sit eorum usus studio ad Corfinium Caesar, ut magnam 
 partem Italiae beneficio atque auctoritate eorum suam 
 * fecerit. ^‘Vos enim vectrumque factum omnia,” inquit, 
 35 “ deinceps municipia sunt cecuta, neque sine causa et Caesar 
 amicissime de vobis et illi gravissime judicaverunt. Pom- 
 
COMM. II. CAP. XXX—XXXII. 
 
 C7 
 
 peius enim nullo proelio pulsus vestri facti praejudicio de¬ 
 motus Italia excessit; Caesar me^ quem sibi carissimum 
 habuit, provinciam Siciliam atque Africam, sine quibus 
 urbem atque Italiam tueri non potest, vestrae fidei commisit. 
 Adsunt qui vos hortentur ut a nobis desciscatis. Quid enim 5 
 est illis optatius quam uno tempore et- nos circumvenire et 
 vos nefario scelere obstringere ? aut quid irati gravius de 
 vobis sentire possunt quam ut eos prodatis qui se vobis om¬ 
 nia debere judicant, in eorum potestatem veniatis qui se per 
 vos perisse existimant ? An vero in Hispania res gestas 10 
 Caesaris non audistis ? duos pulsos exercitus ? duos superatos 
 duces ? duas receptas provincias ? haec acta diebus xl quibus 
 in conspectum adversariorum venerit Caesar ? An qui in¬ 
 columes resistere non potuerunt perditi resistant ? vos autem 
 incerta victoria Caesarem secuti dijudicata jam belli fortuna 15 
 victum sequamini, cum vestri officii praemia percipere de¬ 
 beatis ? Desertos enim se ac proditos a vobis dicunt et prioris 
 sacramenti mentionem faciunt. Vosne vero L. Domitium, 
 an vos Domitius deseruit ? Nonne extremam pati fortunam 
 paratos projecit ille ? nonne sibi clam vobis salutem fuga 20 
 petivit ? nonne proditi per illum Caesaris beneficio estis 
 conservati ? Sacramento quidem vos tenere qui potuit, cum 
 projectis fascibus et deposito imperio privatus et captus ipse 
 in alienam venisset potestatem ? Relinquitur nova religio, 
 ut eo neglecto sacramento quo tenemini, respiciatis illud 25 
 quod deditione ducis et capitis deminutione sublatum est. 
 
 At, credo, si Caesarem probatis, in me offenditis. Qui de 
 meis in vos meritis praedicaturus non sum, quae sunt adhuc 
 , et mea voluntate et vestra exspectatione leviora; sed tamen 
 sui laboris milites semper eventu belli praemia petiverunt, 30 
 qui qualis sit futurus ne vos quidem dubitatis ; diligentiam 
 quidem nostram aut, quem ad finem adhuc res jorocessit, for¬ 
 tunam cur j^raeteream ? An paenitet vos quod salvum atque 
 incolumem exercitum nulla omnino nave desiderata tra¬ 
 duxerim ? quod classem hostium primo impetu adveniens 35 
 profligaverim ? quod bis per biduam equestri proelio supe- 
 
08 
 
 DE BELLO CIVILI 
 
 raverim ? quod ex portu sinuque adversariorum cc naves 
 onerai-as adduxerim eoque illos compulerim, ut neque pedes¬ 
 tri itinere neque navibus commeatu juvari possint ? Hac 
 vos fortuna atque liis ducibus repudiatis Corfiniensem igno- 
 5 miniam, Italiae fugam, Hispaniarum deditionem, Africi belli 
 praejudicia sequimini! Equidem me Caesaris militem dici 
 volui, vcs mo imperatoris nomine appellavistis. Cujus si vos 
 poenitet, vestrum vobis beneficium remitto, mihi meum 
 nomen restituite, ne ad contumeliam honorem dedisse videa- 
 10 mini.” XXXIII. Qua oratione permoti milites crebro etiam 
 interpellabant, ut magno cum dolore infidelitatis suspicionem 
 sustinere viderentur, discedentem vero ex contione universi 
 cohortantur magno sit animo, necubi dubitet proelium com¬ 
 mittere et suam fidem virtutemque experiri. Quo facto 
 15 commutata omnium et voluntate et opinione consensu 
 summo constituit Curio, cum primum sit data potestas, 
 proelio rem committere, posteroque die productos eodem 
 loco quo superioribus diebus constiterat, in acie collocat. 
 Xe Varus quidem Attius dubitat copias producere, sive solli- 
 20 citandi milites sive aequo loco dimicandi detur occasio, ne 
 facultatem praetermittat. XXXIV. Erat vallis inter duas 
 acies, ut sujora demonstratum est, non ita magna, at difficili 
 et arduo ascensu. Hanc uterque si adversariorum copiae 
 transire conarentur exspectabat, quo aequiore loco proelium 
 25 committeret. Simul ab sinistro cornu P. Attii equitatus 
 omnis et una levis armaturae interjecti comjfiures, cum se in 
 vallem demitterent, cernebantur. Ad eos Curio equitatum 
 et duas Marrucinorum cohortes mittit; quorum primum im- 
 2 :)etum equites hostium non tulerunt, sed admissis equis ad 
 30 suos refugerunt; relicti ab his qui una procurrerant levis 
 armaturae circumveniebantur atque interficiebantur ab nos¬ 
 tris. Huc tota Vari conversa acies suos fugere et concidi 
 videbat. Tunc Ecbilus, legatus Caesaris, quem Curio secum 
 ex Sicilia duxerat, quod magnum habere usum in re militari 
 35 sciebat, ^^Perterritum,” inquit, ^Hiostem vides, Curio; quid 
 dubitas uti temporis opportunitate?” Ille unum elocutus. 
 
COMM. II. CAP. XXXII-XXXVI 
 
 69 
 
 lit memoria tenerent milites ea quae pridie sibi confirmas- 
 sent, sequi sese jubet et praecurrit ante omnes. Adeoque 
 erat impedita vallis, ut in ascensu nisi sublevati ca suis primi 
 non facile eniterentur. Sed praeoccupatus animus Attiano¬ 
 rum militum timore et fuga et caede suorum niliil de resis- 5 
 tendo cogitabat, omnesque se jam ab equitatu circumveniri 
 arbitrabantur. Itaque priusquam telum abjici jiosset aut 
 nostri propius accederent, omnis Vari acies terga vertit seque 
 in castra recepit. XXXV. Qua in fuga Fabius Pelignus 
 quidam ex infimis ordinibus de exercitu Curionis primum 10 
 agmen fugientium consecutus magna voce Varum nomine 
 appellans requirebat, uti unus esse ex ejus militibus et mo¬ 
 nere aliquid velle ac dicere videretur. Ubi ille saepius apjiel- 
 latus aspexit ac restitit et quis esset aut quid vellet quaesivit, 
 bumerum apertum gladio appetit, paulumque afuit quin 15 
 Varum interficeret; quod ille periculum sublato ad ejus 
 conatum scuto vitavit. Fabius a jiroximis militibus circum¬ 
 ventus interficitur. Hac fugientium multitudine ac turba 
 j)ortae castrorum occupantur atque iter impeditur, pluresque 
 in eo loco sine vulnere quam in proelio aut fuga intereunt, 20 
 neque multum afuit quin etiam castris expellerentur, ac non¬ 
 nulli protinus eodem cursu in oppidum contenderunt. Sed 
 cum loci natura et munitio castrorum aditum proliibebant, 
 tum quod ad proelium egressi Curionis milites iis rebus 
 indigebant quae ad oppugnationem castrorum erant usui. 25 
 Itaque Curio exercitum iii castra reducit suis omnibus prae¬ 
 ter Fabium incolumibus, ex numero adversariorum circiter 
 DC interfectis ac mille vulneratis; qui omnes discessu Cu¬ 
 rionis multique praeterea per simulationem vulnerum ex 
 castris in oj)pidum propter timorem sese recipiunt. Qua re 30 
 animadversa Varus et terrore exercitus cognito, bucinatore 
 in castris et paucis ad speciem tabernaculis relictis, de tertia 
 vigilia silentio exercitum in oppidum reducit. XXXVI. 
 Postero die Curio obsidere Uticam et vallo circummunire 
 instituit. Erat in oppido multitudo insolens belli diuturni- 35 
 tate otii, Uticenses pro quibusdam Caesaris in se beneficiis 
 
70 
 
 DE BELLO CIVILI 
 
 illi amicissimi, conventus is qui ex variis generibus constaret, 
 terror ex superioribus proeliis magnus. Itaque de deditione 
 omnes palam loquebantur, et cum P. Attio agebant, ne sua 
 pertinacia omnium fortunas perturbari vellet. Haec cum 
 5 agerentur, nuntii praemissi ab rege Juba venerunt, qui illum 
 adesse cum magnis copiis dicerent et de custodia ac defem 
 sione urbis hortarentur. Quae res eorum perterritos animos 
 confirmavit. XXXVII. Xuntiabantur haec eadem Curioni, 
 sed aliquamdiu fides fieri non poterat ; tantam habebat 
 10 suarum rerum fiduciam. Jamque Caesaris in Hispania res 
 secundae in Africam nuntiis et litteris perferebantur. Qui¬ 
 bus rebus omnibus sublatus nihil contra se regem ausurum 
 existimabat. Sed ubi certis auctoribus comperit minus v et 
 XX milibus longe ab Utica ejus copias abesse, relictis muni- 
 15 tionibus sese in Castra Cornelia recepit. Huc frumentum 
 comportare, castra munire, materiam conferre coepit, statini- 
 que in Siciliam misit, uti duae legiones reliquusque equitatus 
 ad se mitteretur. Castra erant ad bellum ducendum aptis¬ 
 sima natura loci et munitione et maris propinquitate et 
 20 aquae et salis copia, cujus magna vis jam ex proximis erat 
 salinis eo congesta. Xon materia multitudine arborum, non 
 frumentum, cujus erant plenissimi agri, deficere poterat. 
 Itaque omnium suorum consensu Curio reliquas copias ex¬ 
 spectare et bellum ducere parabat. XXXVIII. His con- 
 25 stitutis rebus probatisque consiliis ex perfugis quibusdam 
 oppidanis audit Jubam revocatum finitimo bello et contro¬ 
 versiis Leptitanorum restitisse in regno. Saburram, ejus 
 praefectum, cum mediocribus copiis missum Uticae appro¬ 
 pinquare. His auctoribus temero credens consilium com- 
 30 mutat et proelio rem committere constituit. Multum ad 
 hanc rem probandam adjuvat adolescentia, magnitudo animi, 
 superioris temporis proventus, fiducia rei bene gerendae. 
 His rebus impulsus equitatum omnem prima nocte ad castra 
 hostium mittit ad fiumen Bagradam, quibus praeerat Sa- 
 35 burra, de quo ante erat auditum ; sed rex omnibus copiis 
 insequebatur et sex milium passuum intervallo a Saburra 
 
COMM. IL CAP. XXXVI—XL. 
 
 71 
 
 consederat. Equites missi nocte iter conficiunt, impruden- 
 t3s atque inopinantes hostes aggrediuntur. Numidae enim 
 quadam barbara consuetudine nullis ordinibus passim con¬ 
 tuderant. Hos oppressos somno et dispersos adorti magnum 
 CDrum numerum interficiunt ; multi perterriti profugiunt. 5 
 Quo acto ad Curionem equites revertuntur captivosque ad 
 eum reducunt. XXXIX. Curio cum omnibus copiis quarta 
 vigilia exierat cohortibus v castris praesidio relictis. Pro¬ 
 gressus milia passuum yi equites convenit, rem gestam cog¬ 
 novit ; e captivis quaerit quis castris ad Bagradam praesit; 10 
 respondent Saburram. Keliqua studio itineris conficiendi 
 quaerere praetermittit proximaque respiciens signa, ^^Vide- 
 tisne,” inquit, milites, captivorum orationem cum perfugis 
 convenire ? abesse regem, exiguas esse copias missas, quae 
 paucis equitibus pares esse non potuerint ? Proinde ad 15 
 praedam, ad gloriam properate, ut jam de praemiis vestris 
 et de referenda gratia cogitare incipiamus.’’ Erant per se 
 magna quae gesserant equites, praesertim cum eorum exiguus 
 numerus cum tanta multitudine Xumidarum conferretur. 
 Haec tamen ab ipsis infiatius commemorabantur, ut de suis 20 
 homines laudibus libenter praedicant. Multa praeterea spolia 
 praeferebantur, capti homines equitesque producebantur, ut, 
 quidquid intercederet temporis, hoc omne victoriam morari 
 videretur. Ita spei Curionis militum studia non deerant. 
 Equites sequi jubet sese iterque accelerat, ut quam maxime 25 
 ex fuga perterritos adoriri posset. At illi itinere totius 
 noctis confecti subsequi non poterant, atque alii alio loco 
 resistebant. Xe haec quidem res Curionem ad spem mora¬ 
 batur. XL. Juba certior factus a Saburra de nocturno 
 proelio ii milia Hispanorum et Gallorum equitum quos suae 30 
 custodiae causa circum se habere consuerat, et peditum eam 
 partem cui maxime confidebat. Saburrae summisit; ipse 
 cum reliquis copiis elephantisque lx lentius subsequitur. 
 Suspicatus praemissis equitibus ipsum afiore Curionem, Sa¬ 
 burra copias equitum peditumque instruit atque his imperat 35 
 ut simulatione timoris paulatim cedant ac pedem referant; 
 
72 
 
 DE BELLO CLVLLL 
 
 sese^ cum opus esset, signum proelii daturum et quod rem 
 postulare cognoyisset imperaturum. Curio, ad superiorem 
 spem addita praesentis temporis opinione, liostes fugere arbi¬ 
 tratus copias ex locis superioribus in campum ducit. XLI. 
 
 5 Quibus ex locis cum longius esset progressus, confecto jam 
 labore exercitu xyi milium spatio constitit. Dat suis signum 
 Saburra^ aciem constituit et circumire ordines atque liortari 
 incipit; sed peditatu duntaxat procul ad speciem utitur, 
 equites in aciem mittit. Xon deest negotio Curio, suosque 
 10 hortatur ut spem omnem in yirtute reponant. Xe militibus 
 quidem, ut defessis, neque equitibus, ut j)aucis et labore 
 confectis, studium ad pugnandum yirtusque deerat; sed hi 
 erant numero cc, reliqui in itinere substiterant. Hi, quam- 
 cumque in partem impetum fecerant, hostes loco cedere coge- 
 15 bant, sed neque longius fugientes prosequi nec yehementius 
 equos incitare poterant. At equitatus hostium ab utroque 
 cornu circumire aciem nostram et ayersos proterere incipit. 
 Cum cohortes ex acie procucurrissent, Numidae integri cele¬ 
 ritate impetum nostrorum effugiebant rursusque ad ordines 
 20 suos se recipientes circumibant et ab acie excludebant. Sic 
 neque in loco manere ordinesque seryare neque procurrere et 
 casum subire tutum yidebatur. Hostium copiae summissis 
 ab rege auxiliis crebro augebantur; nostros yires lassitudine 
 deficiebant, simul ii qui yulnera acceperant neque acie exce- 
 25 dere neque in locum tutum referri poterant, quod tota acies 
 equitatu hostium circumdata tenebatur. Hi de sua salute 
 desperantes, ut extremo yitae tempore homines facere con¬ 
 suerunt, aut suam mortem miserabantur aut parentes suos 
 commendabant, si quos ex eo periculo fortuna seryare potu- 
 30 isset. Plena erant omnia timoris et luctus. XLII. Curio, 
 ubi perterritis omnibus neque cohortationes suas neque pre¬ 
 ces audiri intellegit, unam, ut in miseris rebus, spem reli¬ 
 quam salutis esse arbitratus proximos colles capere uniyersos 
 atque eo signa inferri jubet. Hos quoque praeoccupat missus 
 35 a Saburra equitatus. Tum yero ad summam desperationem 
 nostri peryeniunt et partim fugientes ab equitatu interficiun- 
 
COMM. II. CAP. XL—XLIV. 
 
 73 
 
 tnr, partini integri procumbunt. Hortatur Curionem Cu. 
 Domitius, praefectus equitum, cum paucis equitibus circum¬ 
 sistens, ut fuga salutem petat atque in castra contendat, et 
 se ab eo non discessurum j)ollicetur. At Curio numquam se 
 amisso exercitu quem a Caesare fidei commissum acceperit 5 
 in ejus conspectum reversurum confirmat, atque ita proelians 
 interficitur. Equites ex proelio perpauci se recipiunt; sed 
 ii quos ad novissimum agmen equorum reficiendorum causa 
 substitisse demonstratum est, fuga totius exercitus procul 
 animadversa sese incolumes in castra conferunt. Milites ad 10 
 unum omnes interficiuntur. XLIII. His rebus cognitis 
 Marcius Eufus quaestor in castris relictus a Curione cohor¬ 
 tatur suos ne animo deficiant. Illi orant atque obsecrant ut 
 in Siciliam navibus reportentur. Pollicetur magistrisque 
 imperat navium ut primo vespere omnes scaphas ad litus 15 
 appulsas habeant. Sed tantus fuit -omnium terror, ut alii 
 adesse copias Jubae dicerent, alii cum legionibus instare 
 Varum jamque se pulverem venientium cernere (quarum 
 rerum nihil omnino acciderat), alii classem hostium celeriter 
 advolaturam suspicarentur. Itaque perterritis omnibus sibi 20 
 quisque consulebat. Qui in classe erant proficisci propera¬ 
 bant. Horum fuga navium onerariarum magistros incitabat; 
 pauci lenunculi ad officium imperiumque conveniebant. Sed 
 tanta erat completis litoribus contentio qui potissimum ex 
 magno numero conscenderent, ut multitudine atque onere 25 
 nonnulli deprimerentur, reliqui hoc timore propius adire 
 tardarentur. XLIV. Quibus rebus accidit, ut pauci milites 
 patresque familiae, qui aut gratia aut misericordia valerent 
 aut naves adnare possent, recepti in Siciliam incolumes per¬ 
 venirent. Reliquae copiae missis ad Varum noctu legatorum 30 
 numero centurionibus sese ei dediderunt. Quarum cohor¬ 
 tium milites postero die ante oppidum Juba conspicatus, 
 suam esse praedicans praedam, magnam partem eorum in¬ 
 terfici jussit, paucos electos in regnum remisit, cum Varus 
 suam fidem ab eo laedi quereretur neque resistere auderet. 35 
 Ipse equo in oppidum vectus prosequentibus compluribus 
 
n 
 
 DE BELLO CLVILI 
 
 senatoribus, quo in numero erat Ser. Sulpicius et Licinius 
 Damasippus, paucis quae fieri vellet XJticae constituit atque 
 imperavit, diebusque post paucis se in regnum cum omnibus « 
 copiis recepit. 
 
 COMMENTAEIUS TERTIUS. 
 
 I. Dictatore babente comitia Caesare, consules creantur 
 Julius Caesar et P. Servilius; is enim erat annus quo per 
 leges ei consulem fieri liceret. His rebus confectis, cum 
 fides tota Italia esset angustior neque creditae pecuniae sol- 
 15 verentur, constituit ut arbitri darentur; per eos fierent 
 aestimationes possessionum et rerum, quanti quaeque earum 
 ante bellum fuisset, atque bae creditoribus traderentur. Hoc 
 et ad timorem novarum tabularum tollendum minuendum- 
 que, qui fere bella et civiles dissensiones sequi consuevit, et 
 20 ad debitorum tuendam existimationem esse aptissimum exis¬ 
 timavit. Itemque praetoribus tribunisque plebis rogationes 
 ad populum ferentibus, nonnullos ambitus Pompeia lege 
 damnatos illis temporibus quibus in urbe praesidia legionum 
 Pompeius babuerat (quae judicia aliis audientibus judicibus, 
 25 aliis sententiam ferentibus singulis diebus erant perfecta) 
 in integrum restituit, qui se illi initio civilis belli obtulerant, 
 si sua opera in bello uti vellet, proinde aestimans ac si usus 
 esset, quoniam sui fecissent potestatem. Statuerat enim 
 prius bos judicio populi debere restitui quam suo beneficio 
 30 videri receptos, ne aut ingratus in referenda gratia aut ar¬ 
 rogans in praeripiendo populi beneficio videretur. II. His 
 rebus et feriis Latinis comitiisque omnibus perficiendis xi 
 dies tribuit dictaturaque se abdicat et ab urbe proficiscitur 
 Brundisiumque |)ervenit. Eo legiones xii, equitatum om- 
 35 nem venire jusserat. Sed tantum navium reperit, ut anguste 
 XV milia legionariorum militum, DC equites transportare pos- 
 
COMM. III. CAP. I—IV. 
 
 75 
 
 sent. Hoc ,nnum Caesari ad celeritatem conficiendi belli 
 defuit. Atque bae ipsae copiae lioc infrequentiores impo¬ 
 nuntur, quod multi Gallicis tot bellis defecerant, longumque 
 iter ex Hispania magnum numerum deminuerat, et grayis 
 autumnus in Apulia circumque Brundisium ex saluberrimis 5 
 Galliae et Hispaniae regionibus omnem exercitum valetudine 
 tentaverat. 
 
 III. Pompeius annuum spatium ad comparandas copias 
 nactus, quod vacuum a bello atque ab boste otiosum fuerat, 10 
 magnam ex Asia Cycladibusque insulis, Corcyra, Atbenis, 
 Ponto, Bitbynia, Syria, Cilicia, Pboenice, Aegypto classem 
 coegerat, magnam omnibus locis aedificandam curaverat; 
 magnam imperatam Asiae, Syriae regibusque omnibus et 
 dynastis et tetrarchis et liberis Acbaiae populis pecuniam 15 
 exegerat, magnam societates earum provinciarum quas ipse 
 obtinebat sibi numerare coegerat. IV. Legiones efiecerat 
 civium Eomanorum viiii: Y ex Italia, quas traduxerat; 
 unam ex Cilicia veteranam, quam factam ex duabus gemel¬ 
 lam appellabat; unam ex Creta et Macedonia, ex veteranis 20 
 militibus qui dimissi a superioribus imperatoribus in bis pro¬ 
 vinciis consederant; duas ex Asia, quas Lentulus consul 
 conscribendas curaverat. Praeterea magnum numerum ex 
 Thessalia, Boeotia, Achaia Epiroque supplementi nomine in 
 legiones distribuerat; bis Antonianos milites admiscuerat. 25 
 Praeter has exspectabat cum Scipione ex Syria legiones ii. 
 Sagittarios Creta, Lacedaemone, ex Ponto atque Syria reli¬ 
 quisque civitatibus iii milia numero habebat, funditorum 
 cohortes sexcenarias ii, equitum Yii milia. Ex quibus DC 
 Gallos Deiotarus adduxerat, D Ariobarzanes ex Cappadocia; 30 
 ad eundem numerum Cotys ex Thracia dederat et Sadalam 
 filium miserat; ex Macedonia cc erant, quibus Ehascypolis 
 praeerat, excellenti virtute; D ex Gabinianis Alexandria, 
 Gallos Germanosque, quos ibi A. Gabinius praesidii causa 
 apud regem Ptolemaeum reliquerat, Pompeius filius cum 35 
 classe adduxerat; dccc ex servis pastoribusque suis suorum- 
 
DE BELLO CIVILI 
 
 i 
 
 G 
 
 que coegerat: ccc Tarcondarius Castor et Donnilaus ex 
 Gallograecia dederunt (horum alter una venerat, alter filium 
 miserat); cc ex Syria a Commageno Antiocho, cui magna 
 Pompeius praemia tribuit, missi erant, in his plerique hippo- 
 5 toxotae. Huc Dardanos, Bessos partim mercenarios, par- 
 tim imperio aut gratia comparatos, item Macedones, Thessalos 
 ac reliquarum gentium et civitatum adjecerat atque eum 
 quem supra demonstravimus numerum expleverat. V. Pru- 
 menti vim maximam ex Thessalia, Asia, Aegypto, Creta, 
 10 Cyrenis reliquisque regionibus comparaverat. Hiemare Dyr¬ 
 rhachii, Apolloniae omnibusque oppidis maritimis constitu¬ 
 erat, ut mare transire Caesarem prohiberet, ejusque rei causa 
 omni ora maritima classem disposuerat. Praeerat Aeg}q)tiis 
 navibus Pompeius filius, Asiaticis D. Laelius et C. Triarius, 
 15 Syriacis C. Cassius, Ehodiis C. Marcellus cum C. Coponio, 
 Liburnicae atque Achaicae classi Scribonius Libo et M. Oc¬ 
 tavius. Toti tamen ofiicio maritimo M. Bibulus praepositus 
 cuncta administrabat; ad hunc summa imperii respiciebat. 
 
 20 VI. Caesar, ut Brundisium venit, contionatus apud mili¬ 
 tes, quoniam prope ad finem laborum ac periculorum esset 
 perventum, aequo animo mancipia atque impedimenta in 
 Italia relinquerent, ipsi expediti naves conscenderent, quo 
 major numerus militum posset imponi, omniaque ex victoria 
 25 et ex sua liberalitate sperarent, conclamantibus omnibus 
 imperaret quod vellet, quodcumque imperavisset se aequo 
 animo esse facturos, ii Hon. Jan. naves solvit. Impositae, 
 ut supra demonstratum est, legiones vii. Postridie terram 
 attigit Germiniorum. Saxa inter et alia loca periculosa 
 30 quietam nactus stationem et j)ortus omnes timens, quod 
 teneri ab adversariis arbitrabantur, ad eum locum' qui appel¬ 
 labatur Palaeste, omnibus navibus ad unam incolumibus 
 milites exposuit. VII. Erant Orici Lucretius Vespillo et 
 Minucius Eufus cum Asiaticis navibus xviii, quibus jussu 
 35 D. Laelii praeerant, M. Bibulus cum navibus cx Corcyrae. 
 Sed neque illi sibi confisi ex joertu prodire sunt ausi, cum 
 
COMM. III. CAP. IV—IX. 
 
 77 
 
 Caesar omnino xii naves longas praesidio duxisset, in quibus 
 erant constratae iiii, neque Bibulus impeditis navibus dis- 
 persisque remigibus satis mature occurrit, quod prius ad 
 continentem visus est Caesar quam de ejus adventu fama 
 omnino in eas regiones perferretur. VIII. Expositis mili- 5 
 tibus naves eadem nocte Brundisium a Caesare remittuntur, 
 ut reliquae legiones equitatusque transportari possent. Huic 
 officio praepositus erat Fufius Calenus legatus, qui celerita¬ 
 tem in transportandis legionibus adbiberet. Sed serius a 
 terra provectae naves neque usae nocturna aura in redeundo 10 
 offenderunt. Bibulus enim Corcyrae certior factus de ad¬ 
 ventu Caesaris, sperans alicui se parti onustarum navium 
 occurrere posse, inanibus occurrit et nactus circiter xxx in 
 eas indiligentiae suae ac doloris iracundiam erupit omnesque 
 incendit eodemque igne nautas dominosque navium inter- 15 
 fecit, magnitudine poenae reliquos terreri sperans. Hoc 
 confecto negotio a Sasonis ad Curici portum stationes litora- 
 que omnia longe lateque classibus occupavit, custodiisque 
 diligentius dispositis ipse gravissima bieme in navibus ex¬ 
 cubans neque ullum laborem aut munus despiciens, ne quod 20 
 subsidium exspectanti Caesari in conspectum venire posset, 
 
 • • • » ' 
 
 • •••••• • • * •• 
 
 . . . . IX. Discessu Liburnarum ex Illyrico 
 
 M. Octavius cum iis quas babebat navibus Salonas pervenit. 25 
 Ibi concitatis Dalmatis reliquisque barbaris Issam a Caesaris 
 amicitia avertit; conventum Salonis cum neque pollicita¬ 
 tionibus neque denuntiatione periculi permovere posset, op¬ 
 pidum oppugnare instituit. Est autem oppidum et loci 
 natura et colle munitum. Sed celeriter cives Eomani, lig- 30 
 neis effectis turribus, bis sese munierunt et, cum essent 
 infirmi ad resistendum propter paucitatem bominum crebris 
 confecti vulneribus, ad extremum auxilium descenderunt 
 servosque omnes puberes liberaverunt et praesectis omnium 
 mulierum crinibus tormenta effecerunt. Quorum cognita 35 
 sententia Octavius quinis castris oppidum circumdedit at- 
 
78 
 
 DE BELLO CIVILI 
 
 que uno tempore obsidione et oppugnationibus eos premere 
 coepit. Illi omnia joerpeti parati maxime a re frumentaria 
 laborabant. Cui rei missis ad Caesarem legatis auxilium ab 
 eo petebant; reliqua, ut poterant, incommoda per se sustine» 
 5 bant. Et longo interposito spatio cum diuturnitas oppugna» 
 tionis neglegentiores Octavianos effecisset, nacti occasionem 
 meridiani temporis discessu eorum, pueris mulieribusquo in 
 muro dis|)Ositis, ne quid quotidianae consuetudinis desidera¬ 
 retur, ipsi manu facta cum iis quos nuper liberaverant, in 
 10 proxima Octavi castra irruperunt. His expugnatis eodem 
 impetu altera sunt adorti, inde tertia et quarta et deinceps 
 reliqua, omnibusque eos castris expulerunt et magno numero 
 interfecto reliquos atque ipsum Octavium in naves confugere 
 coegerunt. Hic fuit oppugnationis exitus. Jamque biems 
 15 appropinquabat, et tantis detrimentis acceptis Octavius de¬ 
 sperata oppugnatione oppidi D 3 rrrhacliium sese ad Pompeium 
 recepit. 
 
 X. Demonstravimus L. Vibullium Eufum, Pompeii prae¬ 
 fectum, bis in potestatem pervenisse Caesaris atque ab eo 
 20 esse dimissum, semel ad Corfinium, iterum in Hispania. 
 Hunc pro suis beneficiis Caesar idoneum judicaverat quem 
 cum mandatis ad Cn. Pompeium mitteret, eundemque apud 
 Cn. Pompeium auctoritatem habere intellegebat. Erat autem 
 haec summa mandatorum : debere utrumque pertinaciae 
 25 finem facere et ab armis discedere neque amplius fortunam 
 periclitari. Satis esse magna utrimque incommoda accepta, 
 quae pro disciplina et praeceptis habere possent, ut reliquos 
 casus timerent: illum Italia expulsum amissa Sicilia efc Sar¬ 
 dinia duabusque Hispaniis et cohortibus in Italia atque His- 
 30 pania civium Eomanorum centum atque xxx; se morte 
 Curionis et detrimento Africani exercitus tanto militumque 
 deditione ad Curictam. Proinde sibi ac reipublicae parce¬ 
 rent, cum quantum in bello fortuna posset, jam ipsi incom¬ 
 modis suis satis essent documento. Hoc unum esse tempus 
 35 de pace agendi, dum sibi uterque confideret et pares ambo 
 viderentur ; si vero alteri paulum modo tribuisset fortuna. 
 
COMM. III. CAP. IX—XII. 
 
 79 
 
 non esse usurum condicionibus pacis eum qui superior videre¬ 
 tur, neque fore aequa parte contentum qui se omnia habitu¬ 
 rum confideret. Condiciones pacis, quoniam antea convenire 
 non j)otuissent, Romae ab senatu et a populo peti debere. 
 Interea et reipublicae et ipsis placere ojoortere, si uterque in 5 
 contione statim Juravisset se triduo proximo exercitum dimis¬ 
 surum. Depositis armis auxiliisque, quibus nunc confiderent, 
 necessario populi senatusque judicio fore utrumque conten¬ 
 tum. XI. Vibullius his expositis Corcyrae non minus ne¬ 
 cessarium esse existimavit de repentino adventu Caesaris 10 
 Pompeium fieri certiorem, uti ad id consilium capere posset 
 antequam de mandatis agi inciperetur, atque ideo continuato 
 nocte ac die itinere atque mutatis ad celeritatem jumentis ad 
 Pomj)eium contendit, ut adesse Caesarem nuntiaret. Pom¬ 
 peius erat eo tempore in Candavia iterque ex Macedonia in 15 
 hiberna Apolloniam Dyrrhachiumque habebat. Sed re nova 
 perturbatus majoribus itineribus Apolloniam petere coepit,.ne 
 Caesar orae maritimae civitates occuparet. At ille expositis 
 militibus eodem die Oricum proficiscitur. Quo cum venisset, 
 
 L. Torquatus, qui jussu PomjDcii oppido praeerat praesidium- 20 
 que ibi Parthinorum habebat, conatus portis clausis oppidum 
 defendere, cum Graecos murum ascendere atque arma capere 
 juberet, illi autem se contra imperium populi Romani pug¬ 
 naturos esse negarent, oppidani autem etiam sua sponte 
 Caesarem recipere conarentur, desperatis omnibus auxiliis 25 
 portas aperuit et se atque oppidum Caesari dedidit incolu- 
 misque ab eo conservatus est. XII. Recepto Caesar Orico 
 nulla interposita mora Apolloniam proficiscitur. Cujus ad¬ 
 ventu audito L. Staberius, qui ibi praeerat, aquam compor¬ 
 tare in arcem atque eam munire obsidesque ab Apolloniatibus 30 
 exigere coepit. Illi vero daturos se negare neque portas con¬ 
 suli praeclusuros, neque sibi judicium sumpturos contra 
 atque omnis Italia populusque Romanus judicavisset. Quo¬ 
 rum cognita voluntate clam profugit Apollonia Staberius. 
 
 Illi ad Caesarem legatos mittunt o^^i^idoque recipiunt. Hos 35 
 sequuntur Bullidenses, Amantini et reliquae finitimae civi- 
 
80 
 
 DE BELLO CIVILI 
 
 tates totaqiie Epiros, et legatis ad Caesarem missis quae 
 imperaret facturos pollicentur. XIII. At Pompeius cog¬ 
 nitis Ilis rebus quae erant Orici atque Apolloniae gestae/ 
 Dyrrliacliio timens, diurnis eo nocturnisque itineribus con- 
 5 tendit. Simul Caesar appropinquare dicebatur, tantusque 
 terror incidit ejus exercitui, quod projierans noctem diei con¬ 
 junxerat neque iter intermiserat, ut paene omnes ex Epiro 
 linitimisque regionibus signa relinquerent, complures arma 
 projicerent, ac fugae simile iter yideretur. Sed cum prope 
 10 Dyrrliacliium Pompeius constitisset castraque metari jussis¬ 
 set, perterrito etiam tum exercitu princeps Labienus procodit 
 juratque se eum non deserturum eundemque casum subitu¬ 
 rum, quemcumque ei fortuna tribuisset. Hoc idem reliqui 
 jurant legati ; tribuni militum centurionesque sequuntur, 
 15 atque idem omnis exercitus jurat. Caesar praeoccupato 
 itinere ad Dyrrliacliium finem properandi facit castraque ad 
 flumen Apsum ponit in finibus Apolloniatium, ut castellis 
 vigiliisque bene meritae civitates tutae essent, ibique reli¬ 
 quarum ex Italia legionum adventum exspectare et sub pel- 
 20 libus hiemare constituit. Hoc idem Pompeius fecit et trans 
 flumen Apsum positis castris eo copias omnes auxiliaque con¬ 
 duxit. XIV. Calenus legionibus equitibusque Brundisi in 
 naves impositis, ut erat praeceptum a Caesare, quantum 
 navium facultatem habebat, naves solvit, paulumque a portu 
 25 progressus litteras a Caesare accipit, quibus est certior factus 
 portus litoraque omnia classibus adversariorum teneri. Quo 
 cognito se in portum recipit navesque omnes revocat. IJna 
 ex his, quae perseveravit neque imperio Caleni obtempera¬ 
 vit, quod erat sine militibus privatoque consilio administra- 
 30 batur, delata Oricum atque a Bibulo expugnata est; qui de 
 servis liberisque omnibus ad impuberes supplicium sumit et 
 ad unum interficit. Ita exiguo tempore magnoque casu 
 totius exercitus salus constitit. 
 
 XV. Bibulus, ut supra demonstratum est, erat cum classe 
 35 ad Oricum et, sicuti mari portibusque Caesarem prohibebat, 
 ita ipse omni terra earum regionum prohibebatur; praesidiis 
 
COMM. III. CAP. XII—XVI. 
 
 81 
 
 cnim dispositis omnia litora a Caesare tenebantur, neque 
 lignandi atque aquandi neque naves ad terram religandi po¬ 
 testas fiebat. Erat res in magna difiicultate, summisque an¬ 
 gustiis rerum necessariarum premebantur, adeo ut cogerentur 
 sicuti reliquum commeatum ita ligna atque aquam Corcyra 5 
 navibus onerariis supportare, atque etiam uno tempore ac¬ 
 cidit ut, difficilioribus usi tempestatibus, ex pellibus quibus 
 erant tectae naves nocturnum excipere rorem cogerentur ; 
 quas tamen difiicultates patienter atque aequo animo ferebant 
 neque sibi nudanda litora et relinquendos portus existima- 10 
 bant. Sed cum essent in quibus demonstravi angustiis, ac 
 se Libo cum Bibulo conjunxisset, loquuntur ambo ex navibus 
 cum M’. Acilio et Statio Murco legatis, quorum alter oppidi 
 muris, alter praesidiis terrestribus praeerat : velle se de 
 maximis rebus cum Caesare loqui, si sibi facultas detur. 15 
 Huc addunt pauca rei confirmandae causa, ut de composi¬ 
 tione acturi viderentur. Interim postulant ut sint indutiae 
 atque ab iis impetrant. Magnum enim quod afferebant 
 videbatur, et Caesarem id summe sciebant cupere, et pro¬ 
 fectum aliquid Vibulli mandatis existimabatur. XYI. Caesar 20 
 eo tempore cum legione una profectus ad recipiendas ulteri¬ 
 ores civitates et rem frumentariam expediendam, qua an¬ 
 guste utebatur, erat ad Buthrotum oppositum Corcyrae. 
 
 Ibi certior ab Acilio et Murco per litteras factus de postulatis 
 Libonis et Bibuli legionem relinquit; ipse Oricum revertitur. 25 
 Eo cum venisset, evocantur illi ad colloquium. Prodit Libo 
 atque excusat Bibulum, quod is iracundia summa erat inimi¬ 
 citiasque habebat etiam privatas cum Caesare ex aedilitate 
 et praetura conceptas : ob eam causam colloquium vitasse, # 
 ne res maximae spei maximaeque utilitatis ejus iracundia 30 
 impedirentur. Summam suam esse ac fuisse semper volun¬ 
 tatem ut componeretur atque ab armis discederetur, sed 
 potestatem ejus rei nullam habere, propterea quod de con¬ 
 silii sententia summam belli rerumque omnium Pompeio 
 permiserint. Sed postulatis Caesaris cognitis missuros ad 35 
 Pompeium, atque illum reliqua per se acturum hortantibus 
 
82 
 
 DE BBJLLO CIVILI 
 
 ipsis. Interea manerent indutiae dum ab illo rediri posset, 
 neye alter alteri noceret. Huc addit pauca de causa et de 
 copiis auxiliisque suis. XVII. Quibus rebus neque tum 
 respondendum Caesar existimavit, neque nunc, ut memoriae 
 5 prodantur, satis causae putamus. Postulabat Caesar ut 
 legatos sibi ad Pompeium sino periculo mittere liceret, idque 
 ipsi fore reciperent aut acceptos per se ad eum perducerent. 
 Quod ad indutias pertineret, sic belli rationem esse divisam, 
 ut illi classe naves auxiliaque sua impedirent, ipse ut aqua 
 10 terraque eos prohiberet. Si hoc sibi remitti vellent, remit¬ 
 terent ipsi de maritimis custodiis; si illud tenerent, se 
 quoque id retenturum. Nihilo minus tamen agi posse de 
 compositione, ut haec non remitterentur, neque hanc rem 
 esse impedimenti loco. Ille neque legatos Caesaris recipere 
 15 neque periculum praestare eorum, sed totam rem ad Pom¬ 
 peium rejicere ; unum instare de indutiis vehementissimeque 
 contendere. Quem ubi Caesar intellexit praesentis periculi 
 atque inopiae vitandae causa omnem orationem instituisse 
 neque ullam spem aut condicionem pacis afferre, ad reliquam 
 20 cogitationem belli sese recepit. XVIII. Bibulus multos dies 
 terra prohibitus et graviore morbo ex frigore ac labore im¬ 
 plicitus, cum neque curari posset neque susceptum officium 
 deserere vellet, vim morbi sustinere non potuit. Eo mortuo 
 ad neminem unum summa imperii redit, sed separatim suam 
 25 quisque classem ad arbitrium suum administrabat. Vibul¬ 
 lius sedato tumultu quem repentinus Caesaris adventus con¬ 
 citaverat, ubi primum e re visum est, adhibito Libone et L. 
 Lucceio et Theophane, quibuscum communicare de maximis 
 « rebus Pompeius consueverat, de mandatis Caesaris agere 
 30 instituit. Quem ingressum in sermonem Pompeius inter¬ 
 pellavit et loqui plura prohibuit. Quid mihi,” inquit, 
 ‘‘aut vita aut civitate opus est, quam beneficio Caesaris 
 habere videbor ? cujus rei opinio tolli non poterit, cum in 
 Italiam, ex qua profectus sum, reductus existimabor.” Bello 
 35 perfecto ab iis Caesar haec facta cognovit qui sermoni inter¬ 
 fuerunt ; conatus tamen nihilo minus est aliis rationibus de 
 
COMM. III. GAP. XVI—XX. 
 
 83 
 
 pace agere. XIX. Inter bina castra Pompeii atqne Caesaris 
 unum flumen tantum intererat Apsus, crebraque inter se 
 colloquia milites habebant, neque ullum interim telum per 
 pactiones loquentium trajiciebatur. Mittit P. Vatinium le¬ 
 gatum ad ripam ipsam fluminis, qui ea quae maxime ad 5 
 pacem pertinere yiderentur ageret, et crebro magna yoce pro¬ 
 nuntiaret liceretne ciyibus ad ciyes de pace legatos mittere, 
 quod etiam fugitiyis ab saltu Pyrenaeo praedonibusque licu¬ 
 isset, praesertim cum id agerent, ne ciyes cum ciyibus armis 
 decertarent ? Multa suppliciter locutus est, ut de sua atque 10 
 omnium salute debebat, silentioque ab utrisque militibus 
 auditus. Eesponsum est ab altera parte Aulum Varronem 
 proflteri se altera die ad colloquium yenturum, atque eundem 
 yisurum quemadmodum tuto legati yenire et quae yellent 
 exponere possent; certumque ei rei tempus constituitur. 15 
 Quo cum esset postero die yentum, magna utrimque multi¬ 
 tudo conyenit, magnaque erat exspectatio ejus rei, atqne 
 omnium animi intenti esse ad pacem yidebantur. Qua ex 
 frequentia Titus Labienus prodit, summissa oratione loqui 
 de pace atque altercari cum Vatinio incipit. Quorum me- 20 
 diam orationem interrumpunt subito undique tela immissa ; 
 quae ille obtectus armis militum yitayit ; yulnerantur tamen 
 complures, in his Cornelius Balbus, M. Plotius, L. Tiburtius, 
 centuriones militesque nonnulli. Tum Labienus : Desi¬ 
 nite ergo de compositione loqui ; nam nobis nisi Caesaris 25 
 capite relato pax esse nulla potest.’^ 
 
 XX. Iisdem temjDoribus M. Coelius Eufus praetor causa 
 debitorum suscepta initio magistratus tribunal suum juxta 
 C. Treboni, praetoris urbani, sellam collocayit et, si quis 
 apj)ellayisset de aestimatione et de solutionibus quae per 30 
 arbitrum flerent, ut Caesar praesens constituerat, fore auxilio 
 pollicebatur. Sed fiebat aequitate decreti et humanitate 
 Treboni, qui his temporibus clementer et moderate jus dicen¬ 
 dum existimabat, ut reperiri non possent a quibus initium 
 appellandi nasceretur. Xam fortasse inopiam excusare et 35 
 calamitatem aut propriam suam aut temporum queri et diffi- 
 
84 
 
 BE BELLO CIVILI 
 
 cultates auctionandi proponere etiam mediocris est animi; 
 integras yero tenere possessiones qui se debere fateantur, 
 cujus animi aut cujus impudentiae est ? Itaque lioc qui 
 postularet reperiebatur nemo. Atque ipsis ad quorum com- 
 5 modum pertinebat durior inventus est Coelius et, ab hoc 
 profectus initio, ne frustra ingressus turpem causam videre¬ 
 tur, legem promulgavit, ut sexenni die sine usuris creditae 
 pecuniae solvantur. XXI. Cum resisteret Servilius consul 
 reliquique magistratus, et minus opinione sua efficeret, ad 
 10 hominum excitanda studia sublata priore lege duas promul¬ 
 gavit ; unam qua mercedes habitationum annuas conduc¬ 
 toribus donavit, aliam tabularum novarum, impetuque 
 multitudinis in C. Trebonium facto et nonnullis vulneratis 
 eum de tribunali deturbavit. De quibus rebus Servilius 
 15 consul ad senatum retulit, senatusque Coelium ab republica 
 removendum censuit. Hoc decreto eum consul senatu pro¬ 
 hibuit et contionari conantem de rostris deduxit. Ille igno¬ 
 minia et dolore permotus palam se proficisci ad Caesarem 
 simulavit ; clam nuntiis ad Milonem missis, qui Clodio 
 20 interfecto eo nomine erat damnatus, atque eo in Italiam 
 evocato, quod magnis muneribus datis gladiatoriae familiae 
 reliquias habebat, sibi conjunxit atque eum in Thurinum ad 
 sollicitandos pastores praemisit. Ipse cum Casilinum venis¬ 
 set, unoque tempore signa ejus militaria atque arma Capuae 
 25 essent comprensa et familia Xeapoli missa, quae proditionem 
 oppidi appararet, patefactis consiliis exclusus Capua et peri¬ 
 culum veritus, quod conventus arma ceperat atque eum 
 hostis loco habendum existimabat, consilio destitit atque eo 
 itinere sese avertit. XXII. Interim Milo dimissis circum 
 30 municipia litteris, ea quae faceret jussu atque imperio facere' 
 Pompeii, quae mandafca ad se per Vibullium delata essent, 
 quos ex aere alieno laborare arbitrabatur sollicitabat. Apud 
 quos cum proficere nihil posset, quibusdam solutis ergastulis 
 Cosam in agro Thurino oppugnare coepit. Eo cum a Q. 
 35 Pedio praetore cum legione . . . . , lapide ictus ex 
 
 muro periit. Et Coelius profectus, ut dictitabat, ad Caesa- 
 
COMM. III. CAP. XX—XX V. 
 
 85 
 
 rem, pervenit Thurios. Ubi cum quosdam ejus municipii 
 sollicitaret equitibusque Caesaris Gallis atque Hispanis^ qui 
 eo praesidii causa missi erant, pecuniam polliceretur, ab his 
 est interfectus. Ita magnarum initia rerum, quae occupa¬ 
 tione magistratuum et temporum sollicitam Italiam habe- 5 
 bant, celerem et facilem exitum habuerunt. 
 
 XXIII. Libo profectus ab Orico cum classe cui praeerat 
 navium l, Brundisium venit insulamque quae contra por- 
 . tum Brundisinum est occupavit, quod praestare arbitrabatur 
 unum locum, qua necessarius nostris erat egressus, quam 10 
 omnia litora ac portus custodia clausos teneri. Hic repen¬ 
 tino adventu naves onerarias quasdam nactus incendit et 
 unam frumento onustam abduxit magnumque nostris terro¬ 
 rem injecit et noctu militibus ac sagittariis in terram expo¬ 
 sitis praesidium equitum dejecit, et adeo loci opportunitate 15 
 profecit, uti ad Pompeium litteras mitteret, naves reliquas, 
 si vellet, subduci et refici juberet; sua classe auxilia sese 
 Caesaris prohibiturum. XXIV. Erat eo tempore Antonius 
 Brundisii; qui virtute militum confisus scaphas navium 
 magnarum circiter lx cratibus pluteisque contexit eoque 20 
 milites delectos imposuit atque eas in litore pluribus locis 
 separatim disposuit navesque triremes duas, quas Brundisi 
 faciendas curaverat, per causam exercendorum remigum ad 
 fauces portus prodire jussit. Has cum audacius progressas 
 Libo vidisset, sperans intercipi posse quadriremes v ad eas 25 
 misit. Quae cum navibus nostris appropinquassent, nostri 
 veterani in portum refugiebant; illi studio incitati incautius 
 sequebantur. Jam ex omnibus partibus subito Antonianae 
 scaphae signo dato se in hostes incitaverunt primoque impetu 
 unam ex his quadriremem cum remigibus defensoribusque 30 
 suis ceperunt, reliquas turpiter refugere coegerunt. Ad hoc 
 detrimentum accessit ut equitibus 2 '>er oram maritimam ab 
 Antonio dispositis aquari prohiberentur. Qua necessitate et 
 ignominia permotus Libo discessit a Brundisio obsessionem¬ 
 que nostrorum omisit. 35 
 
 XXV. Multi jam menses erant et hiems praecipitaverat. 
 
86 
 
 BE BELLO CIVILI 
 
 neque Brundisio naves legionesque ad Caesarem veniebant. 
 Ac nonnullae ejus rei praetermissae occasiones Caesari vide¬ 
 bantur, quod certe saepe flaverant venti, quibus necessario 
 committendum existimabat. Quantoque ejus amplius pro- 
 5 cesserat temporis, tanto erant alacriores ad custodias qui 
 classibus praeerant, majoremque flduciam prohibendi habe¬ 
 bant, et crebris Pompeii litteris castigabantur, quoniam 
 primo venientem Caesarem non prohibuissent, ut reliquos 
 ejus exercitus impedirent; duriusque quotidie tempus ad 
 10 transportandum lenioribus ventis exspectabant. Quibus re¬ 
 bus permotus Caesar Brundisium ad suos severius scripsit, 
 nacti idoneum ventum ne occasionem navigandi dimitterent, 
 si ad litora Apolloniatium cursum dirigere atque eo naves 
 ejicere possent. Haec a custodiis classium loca maxime 
 15 vacabant, quod se longius a portibus committere non aude¬ 
 rent. XXYI. Illi adhibita audacia et virtute, administran¬ 
 tibus M. Antonio et Fuflo Caleno, multum ipsis militibus 
 hortantibus neque ullum periculum pro salute Caesaris re¬ 
 cusantibus, nacti austrum naves solvunt atque altero die 
 20 Apolloniam praetervehuntur. Qui cum essent ex continenti 
 visi, Coponius, qui Dyrrhachi classi Rhodiae praeerat, naves 
 ex portu educit, et cum jam nostris remissiore vento appro- 
 pinquasset, idem auster increbuit nostrisque praesidio fuit. 
 Xeque vero ille ob eam causam conatu desistebat, sed labore 
 25 et perseverantia nautarum et vim tempestatis superari posse 
 sperabat, praetervectosque DpThachium magna vi venti 
 nihilo secius sequebatur. Xostri usi fortunae beneficio tamen 
 impetum classis timebant, si forte ventus remisisset. Xacti 
 portum qui appellatur Xymphaeum, ultra Lissum milia pas- 
 30 suum III, eo naves introduxerunt (qui portus ab Africo tege¬ 
 batur, ab austro non erat tutus), leviusque tempestatis quam 
 classis periculum aestimaverunt. Quo simul atque intro est 
 itum, incredibili felicitate auster, qui per biduum flaverat, 
 in Africum se vertit. XXVII. Hic subitam commutationem 
 35 fortunae videre licuit. Qui modo sibi timuerant, hos tu¬ 
 tissimus portus recipiebat; qui nostris navibus periculum 
 
COMM. III. GAP. XXV—XXIX. 
 
 87 
 
 intulerant^ de suo timere cogebantur. Itaque tempore com¬ 
 mutato tempestas et nostros texit et naves Ehodias afflixit, ita 
 ut ad unam omnes constratae numero xvi eliderentur et 
 naufragio interirent, et ex magno remigum propugnatorum¬ 
 que numero pars ad scopulos allisa interficeretur, pars ab 5 
 nostris detraheretur ; quos omnes conservatos Caesar domum 
 remisit. XXYIII. Xostrae naves duae tardius cursu con¬ 
 fecto in noctem conjectae, cum ignorarent quem locum reli¬ 
 quae cej)issent, contra Lissum in ancoris constiterunt. Has 
 scaphis minoribusque navigiis compluribus summissis Otaci- 10 
 lius Crassus, qui Lissi praeerat, expugnare parabat; simul 
 de deditione eorum agefiat et incolumitatem deditis pollice¬ 
 batur. Harum altera navis ccxx e legione tironum sustu¬ 
 lerat, altera ex veterana paulo minus ce. Hic cognosci licuit 
 quantum esset hominibus praesidii in animi firmitudine. 15 
 Tirones enim multitudine navium perterriti et salo nauseaque 
 confecti, jurejurando accepto nihil iis nocituros hostes, se 
 Otacilio dediderunt; qui omnes ad eum perducti contra re¬ 
 ligionem juris jurandi in ejus conspectu crudelissime inter¬ 
 ficiuntur. At veteranae legionis milites, item conflictati et 20 
 tempestatis et sentinae vitiis, neque ex pristina virtute re¬ 
 mittendum aliquid putaverunt, et tractandis condicionibus 
 et simulatione deditionis extracto primo noctis tempore 
 gubernatorem in terram navem ejicere cogunt, ipsi idoneum 
 locum nacti reliquam noctis partem ibi confecerunt et luce 25 
 prima missis ad eos ab Otacilio equitibus qui eam partem 
 orae maritimae asservabant, circiter cccc, quique eos ar¬ 
 mati ex i^raesidio secuti sunt, se defenderunt et nonnullis 
 eorum interfectis-incolumes se ad nostros receperunt. XXIX. 
 Quo facto conventus civium Eomanorum qui Lissum obtine- 30 
 bant, quod oppidum iis antea Caesar attribuerat munien- 
 dumque curaverat, Antonium recipit omnibusque rebus juvit. 
 Otacilius sibi timens ex oppido fugit et ad Pompeium per¬ 
 venit. Expositis omnibus copiis Antonius, quarum erat 
 summa veteranarum trium legionum uniusque tironum et 35 
 equitum cccc, plerasque naves in Italiam remittit ad reli- 
 
88 
 
 DE BELLO CIVILI 
 
 quos milites equitesque transportandos, pontones, quod est 
 genus nayium Gallicarum, Lissi relinquit, lioc consilio, ut, 
 si forte Pompeius vacuam existimans Italiam eo trajecisset 
 exercitum, quae opinio erat edita in vulgus, aliquam Caesar 
 5 ad insequendum facultatem haberet, nuntiosque ad eum 
 celeriter mittit, quibus regionibus exercitum exposuisset et 
 quid militum transvexisset. XXX. Ilaec eodem fere tem¬ 
 pore Caesar atque Pompeius cognoscunt. Xam praeter¬ 
 vectas Apolloniam Dyrrbaebiumque nares viderant, ipsi iter 
 10 secundum eas terra direxerant, sed quo essent eae delatae 
 primis diebus ignorabant. Cognitaque re diversa sibi ambo 
 consilia capiunt : Caesar, ut quam primum se cum Antonio 
 conjungeret; Pompeius, ut venientibus in itinere se op¬ 
 poneret, si imprudentes ex insidiis adoriri posset, eodemque 
 15 die uterque eorum ex castris stativis a flumine Apso exer¬ 
 citum educunt : Pom*peius clam et noctu ; Caesar palam 
 atque interdiu. Sed Caesari circuitu majore iter orat lon¬ 
 gius adverso flumine, ut vado transire posset; Pompeius, 
 quia expedito itinere flumen ei transeundum non erat, magnis 
 30 itineribus ad Antonium contendit, atqne eum ubi approj)in- 
 quare cognovit, idoneum locum nactus, ibi copias collocavit 
 suosque omnes in castris continuit ignesque fleri prohibuit, 
 quo occultior esset ejus adventus. Haec ad Antonium statim 
 per Graecos deferuntur. Ille missis ad Caesarem nuntiis 
 35 unum diem sese castris tenuit; altero die ad eum pervenit 
 Caesar. Cujus adventu cognito Pompeius, ne duobus cir¬ 
 cumcluderetur exercitibus, ex eo loco discedit omnibusque 
 copiis ad Asparagium Dyrrhachinorum pervenit atque ibi 
 idoneo loco castra ponit. 
 
 30 XXXI. His temporibus Scipio detrimentis quibusdam 
 circa montem Amanum acceptis imperatorem se appella¬ 
 verat. Quo facto civitatibus tyrannisque magnas impera¬ 
 verat pecunias, item ab publicanis suae provinciae debitam 
 biennii pecuniam exegerat et ab iisdem insequentis anni 
 35 mutuam praeceperat equitesque toti provinciae imperave¬ 
 rat, Quibus coactis, finitimis hostibus Parthis post se re- 
 
COMM. III. CAP. XXIX—XXXIIl. 
 
 89 
 
 lictis, qui paulo ante M. Crassum imperatorem interfecerant 
 et M. Bibulum in obsidione habuerant, legiones equites¬ 
 que ex Syria deduxerat. Summamque in sollicitudinem ac 
 timorem Parthici belli provincia cum venisset, ac nonnullae 
 militum voces cum audirentur, sese, contra hostem si duce- 5 
 rentur, ituros, contra civem et consulem arma non laturos, 
 deductis Pergamum atque in locupletissimas urbes in hiberna 
 legionibus maximas largitiones fecit et confirmandorum mili¬ 
 tum causa diripiendas his civitates dedit. XXXII. Interim 
 acerbissime imperatae pecuniae tota provincia exigebantur. 10 
 Multa praeterea generatim ad avaritiam excogitabantur. In 
 capita singula servorum ac liberorum tributum imponeba¬ 
 tur ; columnaria, ostiaria, frumentum, milites, arma, remiges, 
 tormenta, vecturae imperabantur ; cujus modo rei nomen 
 reperiri poterat, hoc satis esse ad cogendas pecunias vide- 15 
 batur. Xon solum urbibus, sed paene vicis castellisque 
 singulis cum imperio praeficiebantur. Qui horum quid acer¬ 
 bissime crudelissimeque fecerat, is et vir et civis optimus 
 habebatur. ■ Erat plena lictorum et imperiorum provincia, 
 difierta praefectis atque exactoribus, qui praeter imperatas 20 
 pecunias suo etiam privato compendio serviebant; dictita¬ 
 bant enim se domo patriaque expulsos omnibus necessariis 
 egere rebus, ut honesta praescriptione rem turpissimam tege¬ 
 rent. Accedebant ad haec gravissimae usurae, quod in bello 
 j)lerumque accidere consuevit universis imperatis pecuniis ; 25 
 quibus in rebus prolationem diei donationem esse dicebant.* 
 Itaque aes alienum provinciae eo biennio multiplicatum est. 
 Xeque minus ob eam causam civibus Eomanis ejus provin¬ 
 ciae, sed in singulos conventus singulasque civitates certae 
 pecuniae imperabantur, mutuasque illas ex senatusconsulto 30 
 exigi dictitabant; publicanis, ut in Syria fecerant, insequen- 
 tis anni vectigal promutuum. XXXIII. Praeterea E|)hesi 
 a fano Dianae depositas antiquitus pecunias Scipio tolli jube¬ 
 bat. Certaque ejus rei die constituta cum in fanum ventum 
 esset adhibitis compluribus senatorii ordinis, quos advoca- 35 
 verat Scipio, litterae ei redduntur a Pompeio, mare transisse 
 
90 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 25 
 
 30 
 
 35 
 
 DE BELLO CIVILI 
 
 cum legionibus Caesarem : properaret ad se cum exercitu 
 venire omuiaquo posthaberet. His litteris acceptis quos ad¬ 
 vocaverat dimittit; ipse iter in Macedoniam parare incipit 
 paucisque post diebus est profectus. Haec res Epbesiae 
 pecuniae salutem attulit. 
 
 XXXIV. Caesar Antoni exercitu conjuncto, deducta Orico 
 legione quam tuendae orae maritimae causa posuerat, ten- 
 tandas sibi provincias longiusque procedendum existimabat; 
 et cum ad eum ex Thessalia Aetoliaque legati venissent, qui 
 praesidio misso pollicerentur earum gentium civitates im¬ 
 perata facturas, L. Cassium Longinum cum legione tironum, 
 quae appellabatur xxvii, atque equitibus cc in Thessaliam, 
 C. Calvisium Sabinum cum cohortibus Y paucisque equitibus 
 in Aetoliam misit; maxime eos, quod erant propinquae re¬ 
 giones, de re frumentaria ut providerent hortatus est. Cn. 
 Domitium Calvinum cum legionibus duabus, xi et xii, et 
 equitibus d in Macedoniam proficisci jussit; cujus pro¬ 
 vinciae ab ea parte quae libera appellabatur Menedemus, 
 princeps earum regionum, missus legatus, omnium suorum 
 excellens studium profitebatur. XXXY. Ex his Calvisius 
 primo adventu summa omnium Aetolorum receptus volun¬ 
 tate, a praesidiis adversariorum Calydone et Xaupacto relictis 
 omni Aetolia potitus est. Cassius in Thessaliam cum legione 
 pervenit. Hic cum essent factiones duae, varia voluntate 
 civitatum utebatur : Hegesaretos, veteris homo potentiae, 
 Pompeianis rebus studebat; Petraeus, 'summae nobilitatis 
 adolescens, suis ac suorum opibus Caesarem enixe juvabat. 
 
 XXXVI. Eodemque tempore Domitius in Macedoniam 
 venit; et cum ad eum frequentes civitatum legationes con¬ 
 venire coepissent, nuntiatum est adesse Scipionem cum le¬ 
 gionibus, magna opinione et fama omnium ; nam plerumque 
 in novitate rem fama antecedit. Hic nullo in loco Mace¬ 
 doniae moratus magno impetu tetendit ad Domitium et, 
 cum ab eo milia passuum xx afuisset, subito se ad Cassium 
 Longinum in Thessaliam convertit. Hoc adeo celeriter 
 fecit, ut simul adesse et venire nuntiaretur, et quo iter ex- 
 
C0M3I. III. CAP. XXXIII—XXXVII. 
 
 91 
 
 peditius faceret, M. Favonium ad flumen Aliacmonem, quod 
 Macedoniam a Thessalia dividit, cum cohortibus viii prae¬ 
 sidio impedimentis legionum reliquit castellumquc ibi mu¬ 
 niri jussit. Eodem tempore equitatus regis Cotyis ad castra 
 Cassi advolavit, qui circum Thessaliam esse consuerat. Tum 5 
 timore perterritus Cassius cognito Scipionis adventu visisque 
 equitibus quos Scipionis esse arbitrabatur, ad montes se 
 convertit qui Thessaliam cingunt, atque ex his locis- Ambra¬ 
 ciam versus iter facere coepit. At Scipionem properantem 
 sequi litterae sunt consecutae a M. Favonio, Domitium cum 10 
 legionibus adesse neque se praesidium ubi constitutus esset 
 sine auxilio Scipionis tenere posse. Quibus litteris acceptis 
 consilium Scipio iterque commutat; Cassium sequi desistit. 
 Favonio auxilium ferre contendit. Itaque die ac nocte 
 continuato itinere ad eum pervenit tam opportuno tempore, 15 
 ut simul Domitiani exercitus pulvis cerneretur et primi 
 antecursores Scipionis viderentur. Ita Cassio industria Do¬ 
 mitii, Favonio Scipionis celeritas salutem attulit. XXXYII. 
 Scipio biduum castris stativis moratus ad flumen quod inter 
 eum et Domitii castra fluebat, Aliacmonem, tertio die prima 20 
 luce exercitum vado traducit et castris positis postero die 
 mane copias ante frontem castrorum instruit. Domitius 
 tum quoque sibi dubitandum non putavit, quin productis 
 legionibus proelio decertaret. Sed cum esset inter bina cas¬ 
 tra campus circiter milium passuum vi, Domitius castris 25 
 Scipionis aciem suam subjecit; ille a vallo non discedere 
 perseveravit. Ac tamen aegre retentis Domitianis militibus 
 est factum ne proelio contenderetur, et maxime quod rivus 
 difficilibus ripis subjectus castris Scipionis progressus nostro¬ 
 rum impediebat. Quorum studium alacritatemque pugnandi 30 
 cum cognovisset Scipio, suspicatus fore ut postero die aut 
 invitus dimicare cogeretur aut magma cum infamia castris se 
 contineret, qui magna cum exspectatione venisset, temere 
 progressus turpem habuit exitum et noctu ne conclamatis 
 quidem vasis flumen transit atque in eandem partem ex qua 35 
 venerat redit ibique prope flumen edito natura loco castra 
 
92 
 
 > DE BELLO CIVILI 
 
 posuit. Paucis diebus interpositis noctu insidias equitum 
 collocavit^ quo in loco superioribus fere diebus nostri pabu¬ 
 lari consuerant; et cum quotidiana consuetudine Q. Varus, 
 praefectus equitum Domitii, venisset, subito illi ex insidiis 
 5 consurrexerunt. Sed nostri fortiter impetum eorum tule¬ 
 runt celeriterque ad suos quisque ordines redit atque ultro 
 universi in liostes impetum fecerunt; ex his circiter lxxx 
 interfectis, reliquis in fugam conjectis, duobus amissis in 
 castra se receperunt. XXXVIII. His rebus gestis Domitius 
 10 sperans Scipionem ad pugnam elici posse, simulavit sese 
 angustiis rei frumentariae adductum castra movere, vasisque 
 militari more conclamatis progressus milia passuum iii loco 
 idoneo et occulto omnem exercitum equitatumque collocavit. 
 Scipio ad sequendum ^^aratus equitum magnam partem ad 
 15 explorandum iter Domitii et cognoscendum praemisit. Qui 
 cum essent progressi, primaeque turmae insidias intravissent, 
 ex fremitu equorum illata suspicione ad suos se recipere 
 coeperunt, quique hos sequebantur celerem eorum receptum 
 conspicati restiterunt. Xostri cognitis insidiis, ne frustra 
 20 reliquos exspectarent, duas nacti turmas exceperunt, quarum 
 perpauci fuga se ad suos receperunt ; in his fuit M. Opimius 
 praefectus equitum. Reliquos omnes earum turmarum aut 
 interfecerunt aut captos ad Domitium deduxerunt. 
 
 XXXIX. Deductis orae maritimae praesidiis Caesar, ut 
 25 supra demonstratum est, iii cohortes Orici oppidi tuendi 
 causa reliquit iisdemque custodiam navium longarum tra¬ 
 didit quas ex Italia traduxerat. Huic officio oppidoque 
 Manius Acilius legatus praeerat. Is naves nostras interiorem 
 in portum post oppidum reduxit et ad terram deligavit fauci- 
 30 busque portus navem onerariam submersam objecit et huic 
 alteram conjunxit; super quas turrim effectam ad ipsum 
 introitum portus opposuit et militibus complevit tuendam- 
 que ad omnes repentinos casus tradidit. XL. Quibus cog¬ 
 nitis rebus Cn. Pompeius filius, qui classi Aegyptiae praeerat, 
 35 ad Oricum venit submersamque navem remulco multisquo 
 contendens funibus adduxit, atque alteram navem, quae erat 
 
COMM. III. CAP. XXXVII—XLI. 
 
 93 
 
 ad custodiam ab Acilio posita, pluribus aggressus nayibus, 
 in quibus ad libram fecerat turres, ut ex superiore pugnans 
 loco integrqsque semper defatigatis summittens et reliquis 
 partibus simul ex terra scalis et classe moenia oppidi ten tans, 
 uti adversariorum manus diduceret, labore et multitudine 5 
 telorum nostros vieit, dejectisque defensoribus, qui omnes 
 scaphis excepti refugerant, eam navem expugnavit eodemque 
 tempore ex altera parte molem tenuit naturalem objectam, 
 quae paene insulam oppidum effecerat, quattuorque biremes 
 subjectis scutulis impulsas vectibus in interiorem portum 10 
 traduxit. Ita ex utraque parte naves longas aggressus quae 
 erant deligatae ad terram atque inanes, iiii ex his abduxit, 
 reliquas incendit. Hoc confecto negotio D. Laelium ab 
 Asiatica classe abductum reliquit, qui commeatus Bullide 
 atque Amantia importari in oppidum prohibebat. Ipse 15 
 Lissum profectus naves onerarias xxx a M. Antonio relictas 
 intra portum aggressus omnes incendit ; Lissum expugnare 
 conatus defendentibus civibus Romanis qui ejus conventus 
 erant militibusque quos praesidii causa miserat Caesar, tri¬ 
 duum moratus paucis in oppugnatione amissis re infecta 20 
 inde discessit. 
 
 XLI. Caesar, postquam Pompeium ad Asparagium esse 
 cognovit, eodem cum exercitu profectus expugnato in itinere 
 oppido Parthinorum, in quo Pompeius praesidium habebat, 
 tertio die ad Pompeium pervenit juxtaque eum castra posuit 25 
 et postridie eductis omnibus copiis acie instructa decernendi 
 potestatem Pompeio fecit. Ubi illum suis locis se tenere 
 animadvertit, reducto in castra exercitu aliud sibi consilium 
 capiendum existimavit. Itaque postero die omnibus copiis 
 magno circuitu difficili angustoque itinere Dyrrhachium pro- 30 
 fectus est, sperans Pompeium aut Dyrrhachium compelli aufc 
 ab eo intercludi posse, quod omnem commeatum totiusque 
 belli apparatum eo contulisset; ut accidit. Pompeius enim 
 primo ignorans ejus consilium, quod diverso ab ea regione 
 itinere profectum videbat, angustiis rei frumentariae com- 35 
 pulsum discessisse existimabat; postea per exploratores cer- 
 
94 
 
 DE BELLO CIVILI 
 
 tior factus postero die castra movit, breviore itinere se 
 occurrere ei posse sperans. Quod fore suspicatus Caesar 
 militesque adhortatus ut aequo animo laborem ferrent, parva 
 parte noctis itinere intermisso mane Dyrrhachium venit, cum 
 5 primum agmen Pompeii procul cerneretur, atque ibi castra 
 posuit. XLII. Pompeius interclusus Dyrrhachio, ubi pro¬ 
 positum tenere non potuit, secundo usus consilio edito loco, 
 qui appellatur Petra aditumque habet navibus mediocrem 
 atque eas a quibusdam protegit ventis, castra communit. 
 10 Eo partem navium longarum convenire, frumentum com¬ 
 meatumque ab Asia atque omnibus regionibus quas tenebat 
 comportari imperat. Caesar longius bellum ductum iri ex¬ 
 istimans et de Italicis commeatibus desperans, quod tanta 
 diligentia omnia litora a Pompeianis tenebantur classesque 
 15 ipsius, quas hieme in Sicilia, Gallia, Italia fecerat, mora¬ 
 bantur, in Epirum rei frumentariae causa Q. Tillium et L. 
 Canuleium legatum misit, quodque hae regiones aberant 
 longius, locis certis horrea constituit vecturasque frumenti 
 finitimis civitatibus descripsit. Item Lisso Parthinisque et 
 20 omnibus castellis quod esset frumenti conquiri jussit. Id 
 erat perexiguum cum ipsius agri natura, quod sunt loca 
 aspera et montuosa, ac plerumque frumento utuntur impor¬ 
 tato, tum quod Pompeius haec providerat et superioribus 
 diebus praedae loco Parthinos habuerat frumentumque omne 
 25 conquisitum spoliatis efiossisque eorum domibus per equites 
 comportarat. XLIII. Quibus rebus cognitis Caesar consilium 
 capit ex loci natura. Erant enim circum castra Pompeii 
 permulti editi atque asperi colles. Hos primum praesidiis 
 tenuit castellaque ibi communit. Inde, ut loci cu jusque na- 
 30 tura ferebat, ex castello in castellum perducta munitione cir- • 
 cumvallare Pompeium instituit, haec spectans, quod angusta 
 re frumentaria utebatur, quodque Pompeius multitudine 
 equitum valebat, quo minore periculo undique frumentum 
 commeatumque exercitui supportare posset, simul, uti pabu- 
 35 latione Pompeium prohiberet equitatumque ejus ad rem 
 gerendam inutilem efficeret; tertio, ut auctoritatem, qua 
 
COMM. III. CAP. XLI—XLV. 
 
 95 
 
 ille maxime apud exteras nationes niti yidebatur, minueret, 
 cum fama per orbem terrarum percrebuisset, illum a Caesare 
 obsideri neque audere proelio dimicare. XLIV. Pompeius 
 neque a mari Dyrrhacbioque discedere yolebat, quod omnem 
 apparatum belli, tela, arma, tormenta ibi collocayerat fru- 5 
 mentumque exercitui nayibus supportabat, neque munitiones 
 Caesaris prohibere poterat, nisi ;groelio decertare yellet; 
 quod eo tempore statuerat non esse faciendum. Kelinque- 
 batur ut extremam rationem belli sequens quam plurimos 
 colles occuparet et quam latissimas regiones praesidiis tene- 10 
 ret, Caesarisque copias quam maxime posset distineret; 
 idque accidit. Castellis enim xxiiii effectis xv milia pas¬ 
 suum circuitu amplexus, hoc spatio pabulabatur ; multaque 
 erant intra eum locum manu sata, quibus interim jumenta 
 pasceret. Atque ut nostri perpetuas munitiones addebant 15 
 perductas ex castellis in proxima castella, ne quo loco erum¬ 
 perent Pompeiani ac nostros post tergum adorirentur, ita 
 illi interiore spatio perpetuas munitiones efficiebant, ne quem 
 locum nostri intrare atque ipsos a tergo circumyenire pos¬ 
 sent. Sed illi operibus yincebant, quod et numero militum 20 
 praestabant et interiore spatio minorem circuitum habebant. 
 Quae cum erant loca Caesari capienda, etsi prohibere Pom¬ 
 peius totis copiis et dimicare non constituerat, tamen suis 
 locis sagittarios funditoresque mittebat, quorum magnum 
 habebat numerum, multique ex nostris yulnerabantur, mag- 25 
 nusque incesserat timor sagittarum, atque omnes fere milites 
 aut ex coaetis aut ex centonibus aut ex coriis tunicas aut 
 tegimenta fecerant, quibus tela yitarent. XLV. In occu¬ 
 pandis praesidiis magna yi uterque nitebatur: Caesar, ut 
 quam angustissime Pompeium contineret; Pompeius, ut 30 
 quam plurimos colles quam maximo circuitu occuparet; cre- 
 braque ob eam causam proelia fiebant. In his cum legio 
 Caesaris nona praesidium quoddam occupayisset et munire 
 coepisset, huic loco propinquum et contrarium collem Pom¬ 
 peius occupayit nostrosqiie opere prohibere coepit, et cum 35 
 una ex parte prope aequum aditum haberet, primum sagitta- 
 
96 
 
 DE BELLO CIVILI 
 
 riis funditoribusqiie circumjectis, postea levis armaturae 
 magna multitudine missa tormentisque prolatis munitiones 
 impediebat; neque erat facile nostris uno tempore propug¬ 
 nare et munire. Caesar, cum suos ex omnibus partibus 
 5 vulnerari videret, recipere se jussit et loco excedere. Erat 
 per declive receptus. Illi autem boc acrius instabant neque 
 regredi nostros patiebantur, quod timore adducti locum re¬ 
 linquere videbantur. Dicitur eo tempore glorians apud suos 
 Pompeius dixisse : non recusare se quin nullius usus im- 
 10 perator existimaretur, si sine maximo detrimento legiones 
 Caesaris sese recepissent inde quo temere essent progressae. 
 XLVI. Caesar receptui suorum timens crates ad extremum 
 tumulum contra hostem proferri et adversas locari, intra 
 has mediocri latitudine fossam tectis militibus obduci jussit 
 15 locumque in omnes partes quam maxime impediri. Ipse 
 idoneis locis funditores instruxit, ut praesidio nostris se 
 recipientibus essent. His rebus confectis legionem reduci 
 jussit. Pompeiani hoc insolentius atque audacius nostros 
 premere et instare coeperunt cratesque pro munitione ob- 
 20 jectas propulerunt, ut fossas transcenderent. Quod cum 
 animadvertisset Caesar, veritus ne non reducti sed rejecti 
 viderentur, majusque detrimentum caperetur, a medio fere 
 spatio suos per Antonium, qui ei legioni praeerat, cohor¬ 
 tatus, tuba signum dari atque in hostes impetum fieri jussit. 
 25 Milites legionis viiii subito conspirati pila conjecerunt et ex 
 inferiore loco adversus clivum incitati cursu praecipites Pom- 
 peianos egerunt et terga vertere coegerunt ; quibus ad reci¬ 
 piendum crates disjectae longuriiquc objecti et institutae 
 fossae magno impedimento fuerunt. Nostri vero, qui satis 
 30 habebant sine detrimento discedere, compluribus interfectis 
 v omnino suorum amissis quietissime se receperunt pauloque 
 citra eum locum aliis comprehensis collibus munitiones per¬ 
 fecerunt. XLYII. Erat nova et inusitata belli ratio cum 
 tot castellorum numero tantoque spatio et tantis munitioni- 
 35 bus et toto obsidionis genere, tum etiam reliquis rebus. Nam 
 quicumque alterum obsidere conati sunt, perculsos atque 
 
COMM. III. CAP. XLV—XLIX. 
 
 97 
 
 infirmos hostes adorti ant proelio superatos aut aliqua offen¬ 
 sione permotos continuerunt, cum ipsi numero equitum 
 militumque praestarent; causa autem obsidonis haec fere 
 esse consuevit, ut frumento hostes prohiberent. At tum 
 integras atque incolumes copias Caesar inferiore militum 5 
 numero continebat, cum illi omnium rerum copia abunda¬ 
 rent ; quotidie enim magnus undique navium numerus con¬ 
 veniebat, quae commeatum supportarent, neque ullus fiare 
 ventus poterat, quin aliqua ex parte secundum cursum habe¬ 
 rent. ' Ipse autem consumptis omnibus longe lateque fru- 10 
 mentis summis erat in angustiis. Sed tamen haec singulari 
 23atientia milites ferebant. Eecordabantur enim eadem se 
 superiore anno in Hispania perpessos labore et patientia 
 maximum bellum confecisse ; meminerant ad Alesiam mag¬ 
 nam se inopiam perpessos, multo etiam majorem ad Avari- 15 
 cum, maximarum gentium victores discessisse. Non, illis 
 hordeum cum daretur, non legumina recusabant ; pecus 
 vero, cujus rei summa erat ex Epiro copia, magno in honore 
 habebant. XLVIII. Est etiam genus radicis inventum ab 
 iis qui fuerant in vallibus, quod appellatur chara, quod ad- 20 
 mixtum lacte multum inopiam levabat. Id ad similitu¬ 
 dinem panis efficiebant. Ejus erat magna copia. Ex hoc 
 effectos panes, cum in colloquiis Pompeiani famem nostris 
 objectarent, vulgo in eos jaciebant, ut spem eorum minue¬ 
 rent. XLIX. Jamque frumenta maturescere incipiebant, 25 
 atque ipsa spes inopiam sustentabat, quod celeriter se habi¬ 
 turos copiam confidebant; crebraeque voces militum in vigi¬ 
 liis colloquiisque audiebantur, prius se cortice ex arboribus 
 victuros quam Pompeium e manibus dimissuros. Libenter 
 etiam ex perfugis cognoscebant eques eorum tolerari, reliqua 30 
 vero jumenta interisse ; uti autem ipsos valetudine non bona 
 cum angustiis loci et odore taetro ex multitudine cadaverum 
 et quotidianis laboribus insuetos operum, tum aquae summa 
 inopia affectos. Omnia enim flumina atque omnes rivos 
 qui ad mare pertinebant, Caesar aut averterat aut magnis 35 
 operibus obstruxerat, atque ut erant loca montuosa et ad 
 
98 
 
 DE BELLO CIVILI' 
 
 specus angustiae vallium, has sublicis in terram demissio 
 praesepserat terramque adjecerat, ut aquam contineret. 
 Itaque illi necessario loca sequi demissa ac palustria et 
 puteos fodere cogebantur atque hunc laborem ad quotidiana 
 5 opera addebant; qui tamen fontes a quibusdam praesidiis 
 aberant longius et celeriter aestibus exarescebant. At Cae¬ 
 saris exercitus optima valetudine summaquo aquae copia 
 utebatur, tum commeatus omni genero praeter frumentum 
 abundabat; cujus quotidie melius succedere tempus majo- 
 10 remque spem maturitate frumentorum proponi videbant. L. 
 In novo genere belli novae ab utrisque bellandi rationes re- 
 periebantur. Illi, cum animadvertissent ex ignibus nocte 
 cohortes nostras ad munitiones excubare, silentio aggressi 
 universi intra multitudinem sagittas conjiciebant et se con- 
 15 festim ad suos recipiebant. Quibus rebus nostri usu docti 
 haec reperiebant remedia, ut alio loco ignes facerent . 
 
 LI. Interim certior factus P. Sulla, quem discedens castris 
 20 praefecerat Caesar, auxilio cohorti venit cum legionibus 
 duabus ; cujus adventu facile sunt repulsi Pompeiani. Ne¬ 
 que vero conspectum aut impetum nostrorum tulerunt, 
 primisque dejectis reliqui se verterunt et loco cesserunt. 
 Sed insequentes nostros, ne longius prosequerentur, Sulla 
 25 revocavit. At plerique existimant, si acrius insequi volu¬ 
 isset, bellum eo die potuisse finire. Cujus consilium re¬ 
 prehendendum non videtur. Aliae enim sunt legati partes 
 atque imperatoris : alter omnia agere ad praescriptum; 
 alter libere ad summam rerum consulere debet. Sulla a 
 30 Caesare castris relictus liberatis suis hoc fuit contentus 
 neque proelio decertare voluit, quae res tamen fortasse ali¬ 
 quem reciperet casum, no imperatorias sibi partes sumpsisse 
 videretur. Pompeianis magnam res ad receptum difficulta¬ 
 tem afferebat. Nam ex iniquo progressi loco in summo con- 
 35 stiterant ; si per declivo sese reciperent, nostros ex superiore 
 insequentes loco verebantur ; neque multum ad solis occasum 
 
COMM. III. CAP. XLIX—LIV. 
 
 99 
 
 temporis supererat ; S23e enim conficiendi ^negotii prope in 
 noctem rem duxerant. Ita necessario atque ex tempore 
 capto consilio Pomi^eius tumulum quondam occupavit, qui 
 tantum aberat a nostro castello, ut telum termentumve 
 missum adigi non posset. Hoc consedit loco atque eum 5 
 communivit omnesquo ibi coj)ias continuit. LII. Eodem 
 tempore duobus praeterea loeis jragnatum est; nam plura 
 castella Pompeius pariter distinendae manus causa tentaverat, 
 ne ex proximis praesidiis succurri j)osset. IJno loco Volcatius 
 Tullus impetum legionis sustinuit cohortibus tribus atque 10 
 eam loco depulit; altero Germani munitiones nostras egressi 
 compluribus interfectis sese ad suos incolumes receperunt. 
 LIII. Ita uno die vi ]3roeliis factis, tribus ad Dyrrliacbium, 
 tribus ad munitiones, cum liorum omnium ratio haberetur, 
 ad duorum milium numero ex Pomj)eianis cecidisse reperie- 15 
 bamus, evocatos centurionesque complures (in eo fuit nu¬ 
 mero Valerius Flaccus L. filius, ejus qui praetor Asiam 
 obtinuerat); signaque sunt militaria sex relata. Hostri non 
 amplius xx omnibus sunt proeliis desiderati. Sed in castello 
 nemo fuit omnino militum quin vulneraretur, quattuorque 20 
 ex una cohorte centuriones oculos amiserunt. Et cum 
 laboris sui pcriculique, testimonium allerre vellent, milia 
 sagittarum circiter xxx in castellum conjecta Caesari re¬ 
 numeraverunt, scutoque ad cum relato Scaevae centurionis 
 inventa sunt in eo foramina cxx. Quem Caesar, ut erat de 25 
 se meritus et de republica, donatum milibus cc . . . atque 
 ab octavis ordinibus ad primipilum se traducere ]3ronuntiavit 
 (ejus enim opera castellum magna ex parte conservatum esse 
 constabat) cohortemque postea duplici stipendio, frumento, 
 veste, congiariis militaribusque donis amplissime donavit. 30 
 LIV. Pompeius noctu magnis additis munitionibus reliquis 
 diebus turres exstruxit et in altitudinem jicdum xv effectis 
 operibus vincis eam jDartem castrorum obtexit, et quinque 
 intermissis diebus alteram noctem subnubilam nactus ob¬ 
 structis omnibus castrorum portis et ad impediendum objec- 35 
 tis, tertia inita vigilia silentio exercitum eduxit et se in 
 
100 
 
 DE BELLO CIVILI 
 
 antiquas munitid^ies recepit. LV. Omnibus deinceps diebus 
 Caesar exercitum in aciem aequum in locum produxit, si 
 Pompeius proelio decertare yellet, ut paene castris Pompeii 
 legiones subjiceret ; tantumque a vallo ejus acies 
 
 5 aberat, uti ne telo tormentove adjici posset. Pompeius 
 
 autem, ut famam opinionemque bominum teneret, sic pro 
 castris exercitum constituebat, ut tertia acies vallum con¬ 
 tingeret, omnis quidem instructus exercitus telis ex vallo 
 abjectis protegi posset. 
 
 10 LVI. Aetolia, Acarnania, Ampliilocbis per Cassium Lon¬ 
 ginum et Calvisium Sabinum, ut demonstravimus, receptis 
 tentandam sibi Achaiam ac paulo longius progrediendum 
 existimabat Caesar. Itaque eo Calenum misit eique Sabinum 
 et Cassium cum cohortibus adjungit. Quorum cognito ad- 
 15 ventu Eutilius Lupus, qui Achaiam missus a Pompeio ob¬ 
 tinebat, Isthmum praemunire instituit, ut Achaia Fufium 
 prohiberet. Calenus Delphos, Thebas, Orchomenum volun¬ 
 tate ipsarum civitatum recepit, nonnullas urbes per vim ex¬ 
 pugnavit, reliquas civitates circummissis legationibus amicitia 
 20 Caesari conciliare studebat. In his rebus fere erat Fufius 
 occupatus. LVII. Haec cum in Achaia atque apud Dyr¬ 
 rhachium gererentur, Scipionem que* in Macedoniam venisse 
 constaref, non oblitus pristini instituti Caesar mittit ad eum 
 A. Clodium, suum atque illius familiarem, quem ab illo 
 25 traditum initio et commendatum in suorum necessariorum 
 numero habere instituerat. Huic dat litteras mandataque 
 ad eum, quorum haec erat summa: sese omnia de pabe ex¬ 
 pertum nihil adhuc arbitrari vitio factum eorum quos esse 
 auctores ejus rei voluisset, quod sua mandata perferre non 
 30 opportuno tempore ad Pompeium vererentur. Scii^ionem ea 
 esse auctoritate, ut non solum libere quae probasset exjDonere, 
 sed etiam ex magna parte compellere atque errantem regere 
 posset; praeesse autem suo nomine exercitui, ut praeter 
 auctoritatem vires quoque ad coercendum haberet. Quod si 
 35 fecisset, quietem Italiae, pacem provinciarum, salutem im- 
 j)ei’ii uni omnes acceptam relaturos. Haec ad eum mandata 
 
COMM. III. CAP. LIY—LX. 
 
 101 
 
 Clodius refert ac primis diebus, ut videbatur, libenter audi¬ 
 tus, reliquis ad colloquium non admittitur castigato Scipione 
 a Favonio, ut postea confecto bello reperiebamus, infectaque 
 re sese ad Caesarem recepit. 
 
 LVIII. Caesar, quo facilius equitatum Pompeianum ad 5 
 Dyrrbacliium contineret et pabulatione prohiberet, aditus 
 duos, quos esse angustos demonstravimus, magnis operibus 
 praemunivit castellaque his locis posuit. Pompeius, ubi 
 nihil profici equitatu cognovit, paucis intermissis diebus 
 rursum eum navibus ad se intra munitiones recipit. Erat 10 
 summa inopia pabuli, adeo ut foliis ex arboribus strictis et 
 teneris arundinum radicibus contusis equos alerent ; fru¬ 
 menta enim quae fuerant intra munitiones sata consumpse¬ 
 rant. Cogebantur Corcyra atque Acarnania longo interjecto 
 navigationis spatio pabulum supportare, quodque erat ejus 15 
 rei minor copia, hordeo adaugere atque his rationibus,equita¬ 
 tum tolerare. Sed postquam non modo hordeum pabulumque 
 omnibus locis herbaeque desectae, sed etiam frons ex arbori¬ 
 bus deficiebat, corruptis equis macie conandum sibi aliquid 
 Pompeius de eruptione existimavit. LIX. Erant apud Cae- 20 
 sarem equitum numero Allobroges ii fratres, Eaucillus et 
 Egus, Adbucilli filii, qui principatum in civitate multis annis 
 obtinuerat, singulari virtute homines, quorum opera Caesar 
 omnibus Gallicis bellis optima fortissimaque erat usus. His 
 domi ob has causas amplissimos magistratus mandaverat 25 
 atque eos extra ordinem in senatum legendos curaverat 
 agrosque in Gallia ex hostibus captos praemiaque rei pc- 
 cuniuriae magna tribuerat locupletesque ex egentibus fecerat. 
 
 Hi propter virtutem non solum apud Caesarem in honore 
 erant, sed etiam apud exercitum cari habebantur ; sed freti 30 
 amicitia Caesaris et stulta ac barbara arrogantia elati des¬ 
 piciebant suos stipendiumque equitum fraudabant et prae¬ 
 dam omnem domum avertebant. Quibus illi rebus permoti 
 universi Caesarem adierunt palam que de eorum injuriis sunt 
 questi et ad cetera addiderunt falsum ab his equitum nu- 35 
 merum deferri, quorum stipendium averterent. LX. Caesar 
 
102 
 
 DE BELLO CIVILI 
 
 neque tempus illud animadversionis esse existimans et multa 
 virtuti eorum concedens rem totam distulit; illos secreto 
 castigavit, quod quaestui equites haberent, monuitque ut ex 
 sua amicitia omnia exspectarent et ex praeteritis suis officiis 
 5 reliqua sperarent. Magnam tamen hacc res illis offensionem 
 et contemptionem ad omnes attulit, idque ita esse cum ex 
 aliorum objectationibus, tum etiam ex domestico judicio 
 atque animi conscientia intellegebant. Quo pudore adducti 
 et fortasse non se liberari, sed in aliud tempus reservari 
 10 arbitrati, discedere a nobis et novam tentare fortunam novas- 
 que amicitias experiri constituerunt. Et cum paucis col¬ 
 locuti clientibus suis, quibus tantum facinus committere 
 audebant, primum conati sunt praefectum equitum 0. Yolu- 
 senum interficere, ut ]oostea bello confecto cognitum est, 
 15 ut cum munere aliquo perfugisse ad Pompeium viderentur; 
 postquam id difficilius visum est neque facultas perficiendi 
 dabatur, quam maximas potuerunt pecunias mutuati, pro¬ 
 inde ac suis satisfacere et fraudata restituere vellent, multis 
 coemptis equis ad Pompeium transierunt cum iis quos sui 
 20 consilii participes habebant. LXI. Quos Pompeius, quod 
 erant honesto loco nati et instructi liberaliter magnoque 
 comitatu et multis jumentis venerant virique fortes habe¬ 
 bantur et in honore apud Caesarem fuerant, quodque novum 
 et praeter consuetudinem acciderat, omnia sua praesidia cir- 
 25 cumduxit atque ostentavit. Nam ante id tempus nemo aut 
 miles aut eques a Caesare ad Pompeium transierat, cum 
 paene quotidie a Pompeio ad Caesarem perfugerent, vulgo 
 vero universi in Epiro atque Aetolia conscripti milites 
 earumque regionum omnium quae a Caesare tenebantur. 
 30 Sed hi cognitis omnibus rebus, seu quid in munitionibus 
 perfectum non erat, seu quid a peritioribus rei militaris de¬ 
 siderari videbatur, temporibusque rerum et s]3atiis locorum, 
 custodiarum varia diligentia animadversa, prout cujusque 
 eorum qui negotiis praeerant aut natura aut studium ferebat, 
 35 haec ad Pompeium omnia detulerunt. LXII. Quibus ille 
 cognitis eruptionisque jam ante capto consilio, ut demon- 
 
COMM. III. CAP. LX—LXIII. 
 
 103 
 
 stratum est, tegimenta galeis milites ex viminibus facere 
 atque aggerem jubet comportare. His paratis rebus magnum 
 numerum levis armaturae et sagittariorum aggeremque om¬ 
 nem noctu in scaplias et naves actuarias imponit, et de media 
 nocte cohortes lx ex maximis castris praesidiisque deductas 5 
 ad eam partem munitionum ducit quae pertinebat ad mare 
 longissimeque a maximis castris Caesaris aberat. Eodem 
 naves, quas demonstravimus aggere et levis armaturae mili¬ 
 tibus completas, quasque ad Dyrrhachium naves longas habe¬ 
 bat, mittit et quid a quoque fieri velit praecipit. Ad eas 10 
 munitiones Caesar Lentulum Marcellinum quaestorem cum 
 legione viiii positum habebat. Huic, quod valetudine minus 
 commoda utebatur, Fulvium Postumum adjutorem summi- 
 serat. LXIII. Erat eo loco fossa pedum xv et vallum contra 
 hostem in altitudinem pedum x, tantundemque ejus valli 15 
 agger in latitudinem patebat; ab eo intermisso spatio pedum 
 DC alter conversus in contrariam partem erat vallus humi¬ 
 liore paulo munitione. Hoc enim superioribus diebus timens 
 Caesar, ne navibus nostri circumvenirentur, duplicem eo 
 loco fecerat vallum, ut, si ancipiti proelio dimicaretur, posset 20 
 resisti. Sed operum magnitudo et continens omnium dierum 
 labor, quod milia passuum in circuitu xyii erat complexus, 
 perficiendi spatium non dabat. Itaque contra mare trans¬ 
 versum vallum, qui has duas munitiones conjungeret, non¬ 
 dum perfecerat. Quae res nota erat Pompeio, delata per -25 
 Allobrogas perfugas, magnumque nostris attulerat incommo¬ 
 dum. Nam ut ad mare duae cohortes nonae legionis ex¬ 
 cubuerant, accessere subito prima luce Pompeiani ; simul 
 navibus circumvecti milites in exteriorem vallum tela jacie¬ 
 bant, fossaeque aggere complebantur, et legionarii interioris 30 
 munitionis defensores scalis admotis tormentis cujusque ge¬ 
 neris telisque terrebant, magnaque multitudo sagittariorum 
 ab utraque parte circumfundebatur. Multum autem ab ictu 
 lapidum, quod unum nostris erat telum, viminea tegimenta 
 galeis imposita defendebant. Itaque cum omnibus rebus 35 
 nostri premerentur atque aegre resisterent, animadversum 
 
104 
 
 DE BELLO CIVILI 
 
 est yitiiim munitionis, quod supra demonstratum est, atque 
 inter duos yallos, qua perfectum opus non erat, per mare na- 
 yibus expositi in ayersos nostros impetum fecerunt atque ex 
 utraque munitione dejectos terga yertere coegerunt. LXIV. 
 
 5 Hoc tumultu nuntiato Marcellinus . . cohortes subsidio 
 nostris laborantibus summittit ex castris; quae fugientes 
 conspicatae neque illos suo adyentu confirmare potuerunt 
 neque ipsae hostium impetum tulerunt. Itaque quodeumque 
 addebatur subsidio, id corrupturn timore fugientium terrorem 
 10 et periculum augebat; hominum enim multitudine receptus 
 impediebatur. In eo proelio cum grayi yulnere esset afiectus 
 aquilifer et a yiribus deficeretur, conspicatus equites nostros. 
 Hanc ego,’’ inquit, ^^et yiyus multos j)er annos magna 
 diligentia defendi et nunc moriens eadem fide Caesari res- 
 15 tituo. Xolite, obsecro, committere, quod ante in exercitu 
 Caesaris non accidit, ut rei militaris dedecus admittatur, in- 
 columemque ad eum deferte.” Hoc casu aquila conseryatur 
 omnibus primae cohortis centurionibus interfectis praeter 
 principem priorem. LXV. Jamque Pompeiani magna caede 
 20 nostrorum castris Marcellini appropinquabant non mediocri 
 terrore illato reliquis cohortibus, et M. Antonius, qui proxi¬ 
 mum locum praesidiorum tenebat, ea re nuntiata cum cohor¬ 
 tibus XII descendens ex loco superiore cernebatur. Cujus 
 adyentiis Pompeianos compressit nostrosque firmayit, ut se 
 25 ex maximo timore colligerent. Xeque multo post Caesar sig¬ 
 nificatione per castella fumo facta, ut erat superioris temporis 
 consuetudo, deductis quibusdam cohortibus ex joraesidiis 
 eodem yenit. Qui cognito detrimento cum animadyertisset 
 Pompeium extra munitiones egressum secundum mare, ut 
 30 libere j)abulari posset nec minus aditum nayibus haberet, 
 commutata ratione belli, quoniam propositum non tenuerat, 
 castra juxta Pompeium munire jussit. LXVI. Qua perfecta 
 munitione animadyersum est a speculatoribus Caesaris co¬ 
 hortes quasdam, quod instar legionis yideretur, esse post 
 35 silyam et in yetera castra duci. Castrorum hic situs erat. 
 Superioribus diebus nona Caesaris legio, cum se objecisset 
 
COMM, III. CAP. LXIII—LXVIII. 
 
 105 
 
 Pompeianis copiis atque opere, ut demonstravimus, circum¬ 
 muniret, castra eo loco posuit. Haec silvam quandam con¬ 
 tingebant neque longius a mari passibus ccc aberant. Post 
 mutato consilio quibusdam de causis Caesar paulo ultra eum 
 locum castra transtulit, paucisque intermissis diebus eadem 5 
 Pompeius occupaverat efc, quod eo loco plures erat legiones 
 habiturus, relicto interiore vallo majorem adjecerat muni¬ 
 tionem. Ita minora castra inclusa majoribus castelli atque 
 arcis locum obtinebant. Item ab angulo castrorum sinistro 
 munitionem ad flumen perduxerat, circiter passus cccc, quo 10 
 liberius a periculo milites aquarentur. Sed is quoque mutato 
 consilio quibusdam de causis, quas commemorari necesse non 
 est, eo loco excesserat. Ita complures dies manserant castra; 
 munitiones quidem omnes integrae erant. LXVII. Eo signa 
 legionis illata speculatores Caesari renuntiarunt. Hoc idem 15 
 visum ex superioribus quibusdam castellis confirmaverunt. 
 
 Is locus aberat a novis Pompeii castris circiter passus quin¬ 
 gentos. Hanc legionem sperans Caesar se opprimere posse 
 et cupiens ejus diei detrimentum sarcire reliquit in opere 
 cohortes duas, quae speciem munitionis praeberent ; ipse 20 
 diverso itinere, quam potuit occultissime, reliquas cohortes, 
 numero xxxiii, in quibus erat legio nona multis amissis 
 centurionibus deminutoque militum numero, ad legionem 
 Pompeii castraque minora duplici acie eduxit. Xeque eum 
 prima opinio fefellit. Xam et pervenit priusquam Pompeius 25 
 sentire posset, et tametsi erant munitiones castrorum mag¬ 
 nae, tamen sinistro cornu, ubi erat ipse, celeriter aggressus 
 Pompeianos ex vallo deturbavit. Erat objectus portis ericius. 
 
 Hic paulisper est pugnatum, cum irrumpere nostri conaren¬ 
 tur, illi castra defenderent, fortissime Tito Pulione, cujus 30 
 opera proditum exercitum C. Antoni demonstravimus, e 
 loco propugnante. Sed tamen nostri virtute vicerunt exciso- 
 que ericio primo in majora castra, post etiam in castellum, 
 quod erat inclusum majoribus castris, irruperunt et, quod eo 
 pulsa legio sese receperat, nonnullos ibi repugnantes inter- 35 
 fecerunt. LXVIII. Sed fortuna, quae plurimum potest cum 
 
106 
 
 DE BELLO CIVILI 
 
 in reliquis rebus tum praecipue in bello, parvis momentis 
 magnas rerum commutationes efficit; ut tum accidit. Muni¬ 
 tionem, quam pertinere a castris ad flumen supra demon¬ 
 stravimus, dextri Caesaris cornus cohortes ignorantia loci 
 5 sunt secutae, cum portam quaererent castrorumque eam 
 munitionem esse arbitrarentur. Quod cum esset animad¬ 
 versum conjunctam esse flumini, prorutis munitionibus de¬ 
 fendente nullo transcenderunt, omnisque noster equitatus 
 eas cohortes est secutus. LXIX. Interim Pompeius hac 
 10 satis longa interjecta mora et re nuntiata v legiones ab opere 
 deductas subsidio suis duxit; eodemque tempore equitatus 
 ejus nostris equitibus appropinquabat, et acies instructa a 
 nostris qui castra occupaverant cernebatur, omniaque sunt 
 subito mutata. Legio Pompeiana celeris spe subsidii con- 
 15 firmata ab decumana porta resistere conabatur atque ultro 
 in nostros impetum faciebat. Equitatus Caesaris, quod an¬ 
 gusto itinere per aggeres ascendebat, receptui suo timens 
 initium fugae faciebat. Dextrum cornu, quod erat a sinistro 
 seclusum, terrore equitum animadverso, ne intra munitionem 
 20 opprimeretur, ea parte quam proruerat sese reci23iebat, ac 
 plerique ex his, ne in angustias inciderent, ex x jiedum muni¬ 
 tione se in fossas praecipitabant, primisque oppressis reliqui 
 per horum corpora salutem sibi atque exitum pariebant. 
 Sinistro cornu milites, cum ex vallo Pompeium adesse et 
 25 suos fugere cernerent, veriti ne angustiis intercluderentur, 
 cum extra et intus hostem haberent, eodem quo venerant 
 receptu sibi consulebant, omniaque erant tumultus, timoris, 
 fugae plena, adeo ut, cum Caesar signa fugientium manu 
 prenderet et consistere juberet, alii demissis signis eundem 
 30 cursum confugerent, alii ex metu etiam signa dimitterent, 
 neque quisquam omnino consisteret. LXX. His tantis malis 
 haec subsidia succurrebant quominus omnis deleretur exer¬ 
 citus, quod Pompeius insidias timens, credo, quod haec 
 praeter spem acciderant ejus qui joaulo ante ex castris 
 35 fugientes suos conspexerat, munitionibus appropinquare ali¬ 
 quamdiu non audebat, equitesque ejus angustiis atque his ab 
 
COMM. III. CAP. LXVIII-LXXIL 
 
 107 
 
 Caesaris militibus occupatis ad insequendum tardabantur. 
 
 Ita parvae res magnum in utramque partem momentum 
 habuerunt. Munitiones enim a castris ad flumen perductae 
 expugnatis jam castris Pompeii propriam expeditamque Cae¬ 
 saris victoriam interpellaverunt, eadem res celeritate inse- 5 
 quentium tardata nostris salutem attulit. LXXI. Duobus 
 Ilis unius diei proeliis Caesar desideravit milites dcccclx et 
 notos equites Eomanos Tuticanum Gallum, senatoris filium, 
 
 C. Fleginatem Placentia, A. Granium Puteolis, M. Sacrati- 
 virum Capua, tribunos militum, et centuriones xxxii; sed 10 
 horum omnium pars magna in fossis munitionibusque et 
 fluminis ripis oppressa suorum in terrore ac fuga sine ullo 
 vulnere interiit; signaque sunt militaria amissa xxxii. Pom¬ 
 peius eo proelio imperator est appellatus. Hoc nomen ob¬ 
 tinuit, atque ita se postea salutari passus est, sed in litteris 15 
 numquam scribere est solitus, neque in fascibus insignia 
 laureae praetulit. At Labienus, cum ab eo impetravisset ut 
 sibi captivos tradi juberet, omnes productos ostentationis, ut 
 videbatur, causa, quo major perfugae fides haberetur, com¬ 
 militones appellans et magna verborum contumelia interro- 20 
 gans, solerentne veterani milites fugere, in omnium conspectu 
 interfecit. 
 
 LXXII. His rebus tantum fiduciae ac spiritus Pompeianis 
 accessit, ut non de ratione belli cogitarent, sed vicisse jam 
 viderentur. Xon illi paucitatem nostrorum militum, non 25 
 iniquitatem loci atque angustias praeoccupatis castris et an- 
 cipitem terrorem intra extraque munitiones, non abscisum 
 in duas partes exercitum, cum altera alteri auxilium ferre 
 non posset, causae fuisse cogitabant. Xon ad haec addebant 
 non concursu acri facto, non proelio dimicatum, sibique ipsos 30 
 multitudine atque angustiis majus attulisse detrimentum 
 quam ab hoste accepissent. Xon denique communes belli 
 casus recordabantur, quam parvulae saepe causae vel falsae 
 suspicionis vel terroris repentini vel objectae religionis magna 
 detrimenta intulissent, quotiens vel ducis vitio vel culpa tri- 35 
 buni in exercitu esset offensum; sed, proinde ac si virtute 
 
108 
 
 DE BELLO CIVILI 
 
 yicissent neque ulla commutatio rerum posset accidere, per 
 orbem terrarum fama ac litteris victoriam ejus diei concele¬ 
 brabant. LXXIII. Caesar a superioribus consiliis depulsus 
 omnem sibi commutandam belli rationem existimavit. Itaque 
 5 uno tempore praesidiis omnibus deductis et oppugnatione 
 dimissa coactoque in unum locum exercitu contionem apud 
 milites babuit bortatusque est ne ea quae accidissent graviter 
 ferrent, neve bis rebus terrerentur, multisque secundis proe¬ 
 liis unum adversum et id mediocre opponerent. Habendam 
 10 fortunae gratiam, quod Italiam sine aliquo vulnere cepissent, 
 quod duas Hispanias bellicosissimorum bominum peritissimis 
 atque exercitatissimis ducibus pacavissent, quod finitimas 
 frumentariasque provincias in potestatem redegissent; deni¬ 
 que recordari debere qua felicitate inter medias bostium clas- 
 15 ses, oppletis non solum portibus, sed etiam litoribus, omnes 
 incolumes essent transportati. Si non omnia caderent se¬ 
 cunda, fortunam esse industria sublevandam. Quod esset 
 acceptum detrimenti, cujusvis potius quam suae culpae de¬ 
 bere tribui. Locum se aequum ad dimicandum dedisse, 
 20 potitum esse bostium castris, expulisse ac superasse pugnan¬ 
 tes. Sed sive ipsorum perturbatio sive error aliquis sive 
 etiam fortuna partam jam praesentemque victoriam inter¬ 
 pellavisset, dandam omnibus operam, ut acceptum incom¬ 
 modum virtute sarciretur. Quod si esset factum, fore ut 
 25 detrimentum in bonum verteret, uti ad Gergoviam accidisset, 
 atque ei qui ante dimicare timuissent ultro se proelio offer¬ 
 rent. LXXIV. Hac babita contione nonnullos signiferos 
 ignominia notavit ac loco movit. Exercitui quidem omni 
 tantus incessit ex incommodo dolor tantumque studium in- 
 30 famiae sarciendae, ut nemo aut tribuni aut centurionis 
 imperium desideraret et sibi quisque etiam poenae loco gra¬ 
 viores imponeret labores, simulque omnes arderent cupiditate 
 pugnandi, cum superioris etiam ordinis nonnulli ratione 
 permoti manendum eo loco et rem proelio committendam 
 35 existimarent. Contra ea Caesar neque satis militibus per¬ 
 territis confidebat spatiumque interponendum ad recreandos 
 
COMM. III. CAP. LXXII—LXXVI. 
 
 109 
 
 animos putabat, et relictis ninnitionibus magnopere rei fru¬ 
 mentariae timebat. LXXV. Itaqne nulla interposita mora 
 sanciornm modo et aegrornm liabita ratione impedimenta 
 omnia silentio prima nocte ex castris Apolloniam praemisit. 
 Haec conquiescere ante iter confectum yetnit. His una 5 
 legio missa praesidio est. His explicitis rebus duas in castris 
 legiones retinuit, reliquas de quarta yigilia compluribus por¬ 
 tis eductas eodem itinere praemisit, paryoque spatio inter¬ 
 misso, ut et militare institutum seryaretur et quam serissime 
 ejus profectio cognosceretur, conclamari jussit statimque 10 
 egressus et noyissimum agmen consecutus celeriter ex con¬ 
 spectu castrorum discessit. Xeque yero Pompeius cognito 
 consilio ejus moram ullam ad insequendum intulit; sed id 
 spectans, si itinere impeditos perterritos deprehendere posset, 
 exercitum e castris eduxit equitatumque j)raemisit ad noyis- 15 
 simum agmen demorandum, neque consequi potuit, quod 
 multum expedito itinere antecesserat Caesar. Sed cum yen- 
 tum esset ad flumen Genusum, quod ripis erat impeditis, 
 consecutus equitatus noyissimos proelio detinebat. Huic 
 suos Caesar equites opposuit expeditosque antesignanos ad- 20 
 miscuit cccc, qui tantum profecerunt, ut equestri proelio 
 commisso pellerent omnes compluresque interficerent ipsique 
 incolumes se ad agmen reciperent. LXXVI. Confecto justo 
 itinere ejus diei quod proposuerat Caesar, traductoque exer¬ 
 citu flumen Genusum yeteribus suis in castris contra Aspa- 25 
 regium consedit militesque omnes intra yallum castrorum 
 continuit equitatumque per causam pabulandi emissum con- 
 festim decumana porta in castra se recipere jussit. Simili 
 ratione Pompeius confecto ejus diei itinere in suis yeteribus 
 castris ad Asparagium consedit. Ejus milites, quod ab opere 30 
 integris munitionibus yacabant, alii lignandi pabulandique 
 causa longius progrediebantur, alii quod subito consilium 
 profectionis ceperant magna parte impedimentorum et sar¬ 
 cinarum relicta, ad haec repetenda inyitati propinquitate 
 superiorum castrorum depositis in contubernio armis yallum 35 
 relinquebant. Quibus ad sequendum impeditis Caesar, quod 
 
110 
 
 DE BELLO CIVILI 
 
 fore proYiderat, meridiano fere tempore signo profectionis 
 dato exercitum educit duplicatoque ejus diei itinere viii 
 milia passuum ex eo loco procedit; quod facere Pompeius 
 discessu militum non potuit. LXXVII. Postero die Caesar 
 5 similiter praemissis prima nocte impedimentis de quarta 
 vigilia ipse egreditur, ut, si qua esset imposita dimicandi 
 necessitas, subitum casum expedito exercitu subiret. Hoc 
 idem reliquis fecit diebus. Quibus rebus perfectum est ut 
 altissimis fluminibus atque impeditissimis itineribus nullum 
 10 acciperet incommodum. Pompeius primi diei mora illata et 
 reliquorum dierum frustra labore suscepto, cum se magnis 
 itineribus extenderet et praegressos consequi cuperet, quarto 
 die flnem sequendi fecit atque aliud sibi consilium capiendum 
 existimavit. LXXYIII. Caesari ad saucios deponendos, sti- 
 15 pendium exercitui dandum, socios confirmandos, praesidium 
 urbibus relinquendum necesse erat adire Apolloniam. Sed 
 bis rebus tantum temporis tribuit, quantum erat properanti 
 necesse ; timens Domitio, ne adventu Pompeii praeoccupare¬ 
 tur, ad eum omni celeritate et studio incitatus ferebatur. 
 20 Totius autem rei consilium his rationibus explicabat, ut, si 
 Pompeius eodem contenderet, abductum illum a mari atque 
 ab iis copiis quas Dyrrhachii comparaverat, frumento ac 
 commeatu abstractum pari condicione belli secum decertare 
 cogeret; si in Italiam transiret; conjuncto exercitu cum 
 25 Domitio per Illyricum Italiae subsidio proficisceretur; si 
 Apolloniam Oricumque oppugnare et se omni maritima ora 
 excludere conaretur, obsesso Scipione necessario illum suis 
 auxilium ferre cogeret. Itaque praemissis nuntiis ad Cn. 
 Domitium Caesar scripsit et quid fieri vellet ostendit, prae- 
 30 sidioque Apolloniae cohortibus iiii, Lissi i, iii Orici relictis, 
 quique erant ex vulneribus aegri depositis, per Epirum atque 
 Athamaniam iter facere coepit. Pompeius quoque de Cae¬ 
 saris consilio conjectura judicans ad Scipionem properandum 
 sibi existimabat: si Caesar iter illo haberet, ut subsidium 
 35 Scipioni ferret; si ab ora maritima Oricoque discedere nollet, 
 quod legiones equitatumque ex Italia exspectaret, ipse ut 
 
COMM. III. CAP. LXXVI—LXXX. 
 
 Ill 
 
 omnibus copiis Domitium aggrederetur. LXXIX. His de 
 causis uterque eorum celeritati studebat, et suis ut esset 
 auxilio, et ad opprimendos adyersarios ne occasioni temporis 
 deesset. Sed Caesarem Apollonia a directo itinere averte¬ 
 rat ; Pompeius per Candaviam iter in Macedoniam expeditum 5 
 habebat. Accessit etiam ex improviso aliud incommodum, 
 quod Domitius, qui dies complures castris Scipionis castra 
 collata habuisset, rei frumentariae causa ab eo discesserat et 
 Heracliam, quae est subjecta Candaviae, iter fecerat, ut ipsa 
 fortuna illum objicere Pompeio videretur. Haec ad id tem- 10 
 pus Caesar ignorabat. Simul a Pompeio litteris per omnes 
 provincias civitatesque dimissis proelio ad DjTrhachium 
 facto, latius inllatiusque multo quam res erat gesta fama 23er- 
 crebuerat: pulsum fugere Caesarem paene omnibus copiis 
 amissis. Haec itinera infesta reddiderat, haec civitates non- 15 
 nullas ab ejus amicitia avertebat. Quibus accidit rebus, ut 
 pluribus dimissi itineribus a Caesare ad Domitium et a 
 Domitio ad Caesarem nulla ratione iter conficere possent. 
 
 Sed Allobroges, Eaucilli atque Egi familiares, quos perfugisse 
 ad Pompeium demonstravimus, conspicati in itinere expio- 20 
 ratores Domitii, seu pristina sua consuetudine, quod una in 
 Gallia bella gesserant, seu gloria elati, euncta, ut erant acta, 
 exposuerunt et Caesaris profectionem, adventum Pompeii 
 docuerunt. A quibus Domitius certior factus vix iiii hora¬ 
 rum spatio antecedens hostium beneficio 2 )ericulum vitavit 25 
 et ad Aeginium, quod est objectum Thessaliae, Caesari veni¬ 
 enti occurrit. LXXX. Conjuncto exercitu Caesar Gom¬ 
 phos pervenit, quod est oppidum primum Thessaliae venien¬ 
 tibus ab Epiro; quae gens paucis ante mensibus ultro ad 
 Caesarem legatos miserat, ut suis omnibus facultatibus utere- 30 
 tur, i^raesidiumque ab eo militum petierat. Sed eo fama 
 jam joraecLirrerat, quam supra docuimus, de proelio Dyrrha¬ 
 chino, quod multis auxerat j)artibus. Itaque Androsthenes, 
 praetor Thessaliae, cum se victoriae Pom^^eii comitem esse 
 mallet quam socium Caesaris in rebus adversis, omnem ex 35 
 agris multitudinem servorum ac liberorum in oppidum cogit 
 
112 
 
 DE BELLO CIVILI 
 
 portasque praecludit et ad Scipionem Pompeiumque nuntios 
 mittit, ut sibi subsidio yeniant: se confidere munitionibus 
 oppidi, si celeriter succurratur; longinquam oppugnationem 
 sustinere non posse. Scipio discessu exercituum ab Djrrrha- 
 6 cilio cognito Larisam legiones adduxerat; Pompeius nondum 
 Thessaliae apjiropinquabat. Caesar castris munitis scalas 
 musculosque ad repentinam oppugnationem fieri et crates 
 parari jussit. Quibus rebus effectis cohortatus milites docuit 
 quantum usum haberet ad sublevandam omnium rerum in- 
 10 opiam potiri oppido pleno atque opulento, simul reliquis 
 civitatibus hujus urbis exemplo inferre terrorem et id fieri 
 celeriter, priusquam auxilia concurrerent. Itaque usus sin¬ 
 gulari militum studio eodem quo venerat die post horam 
 nonam oppidum altissimis moenibus oppugnare aggressus, 
 15 ante solis occasum expugnavit et ad diripiendum militibus 
 concessit, statimque ab oppido castra movit et Metropolim 
 venit, sic ut nuntios expugnati oppidi famamque antecederet. 
 LXXXI. Metropolitae primum eodem usi consilio iisdem 
 permoti rumoribus portas clauserunt murosque armatis com- 
 20 pleverunt; sed postea casu civitatis Gomphensis cognito ex 
 captivis quos Caesar ad murum producendos curaverat, por¬ 
 tas aperuerunt. Quibus diligentissime conservatis, collata 
 fortuna Metropolitum cum casu Gomphensium, nulla Thes¬ 
 saliae fuit civitas praeter Larisaeos, qui magnis exercitibus 
 25 Scipionis tenebantur, quin Caesari parerent atque imperata 
 facerent. Ille idoneum locum in agris nactus plenis fru¬ 
 mentorum, quae prope jam matura erant, ibi adventum ex¬ 
 spectare Pompeii eoque omnem^ belli rationem conferre 
 constituit. 
 
 30 LXXXII. Pompeius paucis post diebus in Thessaliam 
 pervenit contionatusque apud cunctum exercitum suis agit 
 gratias, Scipionis milites cohortatur ut parta jam victoria 
 praedae ac praemiorum velint esse participes, receptisque 
 omnibus in una castra legionibus suum cum Scipione hono- 
 35 rem partitur classicumque apud eum cani et alterum illi 
 jubet praetorium tendi. Auctis copiis Pompeii duobusque 
 
COMM. III. CAP. LXXX—LXXXiV. 
 
 113 
 
 magnis exercitibus conjunctis pristina omnium confirmatur 
 opinio et spes yictoriae augetur, adeo ut, quidquid inter¬ 
 cederet temporis, id morari reditum in Italiam videretur, et, 
 si quando quid Pompeius tardius aut consideratius faceret, 
 unius esse negotium diei, sed illum delectari imperio et 5 
 consulares praetoriosque servorum habere numero dicerent. 
 Jamque inter se palam de praemiis ac sacerdotiis contende¬ 
 bant in annosque consulatum definiebant, alii domos bonaque 
 eorum qui in castris erant Caesaris petebant; magnaque 
 inter eos in consilio fuit controversia, oporteretne Lucili 10 
 Hirri, quod is a Pompeio ad Parthos missus esset, proximis 
 comitiis praetoriis absentis rationem haberi, cum ejus neces¬ 
 sarii fidem implorarent Pompeii praestaret quod proficiscenti 
 recepisset, ne per ejus auctoritatem deceptus videretur, reli¬ 
 qui, in labore pari ac periculo ne unus omnes antecederet, 15 
 recusarent. LXXXIII. Jam de sacerdotio Caesaris Domi¬ 
 tius, Scipio Spintherque Lentulus quotidianis contentionibus 
 ad gravissimas verborum contumelias palam descenderunt, 
 cum Lentulus aetatis honorem ostentaret, Domitius urbanam 
 gratiam dignitatemque jactaret, Scipio affinitate Pompeii 20 
 confideret. Postulavit etiam L. Afranium proditionis exer¬ 
 citus Acutius Rufus apud Pompeium, quod gestum in His¬ 
 pania diceret. Et L. Domitius in consilio dixit placere sibi 
 bello confecto ternas tabellas dari ad judicandum iis qui or¬ 
 dinis essent senatorii belloque una cum ipsis interfuissent, 25 
 sententiasque de singulis ferrent qui Romae remansissent 
 quique intra praesidia Pompeii fuissent neque operam in re 
 militari praestitissent: unam fore tabellam qui liberandos 
 omni periculo censerent; alteram qui capitis damnarent; 
 tertiam qui pecunia multarent. Postremo omnes aut de 30 
 honoribus suis aut de praemiis pecuniae aut de persequendis 
 inimicitiis agebant, nec quibus rationibus superare possent, 
 sed quemadmodum uti victoria deberent cogitabant. 
 
 LXXXIV. Re frumentaria praeparata confirmatisque mili¬ 
 tibus et satis longo spatio temporis a Dyrrhacliinis proeliis 35 
 intermisso, quo satis perspectum habere militum animum 
 
114 
 
 DE BELLO CIVILI 
 
 videretur, tentandum Caesar existimavit quidnam Pompeius 
 propositi aut voluntatis ad dimicandum haberet. Itaque ex 
 castris exercitum eduxit aciemque instruxit, primo suis locis 
 pauloque a castris Pompeii longius, continentibus vero diebus 
 5 ut progrederetur a castris suis collibusque Pompeianis aciem 
 subjiceret. Quae res in dies confirmatiorem ejus exercitum 
 efi&ciebat. Superius tamen institutum in equitibus, quod 
 demonstravimus, servabat, ut, quoniam numero multis par¬ 
 tibus esset inferior, adolescentes atque expeditos ex antesig- 
 10 nanis electis ad joernicitatem armis inter equites proeliari 
 juberet, qui quotidiana consuetudine usum quoque ejus ge¬ 
 neris proeliorum perciperent. His erat rebus effectum ut 
 equitum mille etiam apertioribus locis yii milium Pompeia- 
 norum impetum, cum adesset usus, sustinere auderent neque 
 15 magnopere eorum multitudine terrerentur. Namque etiam 
 per eos dies proelium secundum equestre fecit atque unum 
 Allobrogem ex duobus quos perfugisse ad Pompeium supra 
 docuimus, cum quibusdam interfecit. LXXXV. Pompeius, 
 qui castra in colle habebat, ad infimas radices montis aciem 
 20 instruebat, semper, ut videbatur, exspectans, si iniquis locis 
 Caesar se subjiceret. Caesar nulla ratione ad pugnam elici 
 posse PomjDeium existimans hanc sibi commodissimam belli 
 rationem judicavit, uti castra ex eo loco moveret semperque 
 esset in itineribus, haec spectans, ut movendis castris pluri- 
 25 busque adeundis locis commodiore re frumentaria uteretur, 
 simulque in itinere ut aliquam occasionem dimicandi nan¬ 
 cisceretur et insolitum ad laborem Pompeii exercitum quoti¬ 
 dianis itineribus defatigaret. His constitutis rebus signo 
 jam profectionis dato tabernaculisque detensis, animadver- 
 30 sum est paulo ante extra quotidianam consuetudinem longius 
 a vallo esse aciem Pompeii progressam, ut non iniquo loco 
 posse dimicari videretur. Tunc Caesar apud suos, cum jam 
 esset agmen in portis, Differendum est,” inquit, iter in 
 praesentia nobis et de proelio cogitandum, sicut semper de- 
 35 poposcimus. Animo simus ad dimicandum parati : non 
 facile occasionem postea reperiemusconfestimque expe- 
 
COMM. III. CAP. LXXXIV—LXXXVIL 
 
 115 
 
 ditas copias educit. LXXXVI. Pompeius quoque, ut ^^ostea 
 cognitum est, suorum omnium liortatu statuerat proelio 
 decertare. Xamque etiam in consilio superioribus diebus 
 dixerat, priusquam concurrerent acies fore uti exercitus Cae¬ 
 saris pelleretur. Id cum essent pleri que admirati, Scio 5 
 me,^’ inquit, paene incredibilem rem polliceri; sed rati¬ 
 onem consilii mei accipite, quo firmiore animo in proelium 
 prodeatis. Persuasi equitibus nostris, idque mibi facturos 
 confirmaverunt, ut, cum propius sit accessum, dextrum Cae¬ 
 saris cornu ab latere aperto aggrederentur et circumventa ab 10 
 tergo acie prius perturbatum exercitum pellerent quam a 
 nobis telum in hostem jaceretur. Ita sine periculo legionum 
 et paene sine vulnere bellum conficiemus. Id autem difficile 
 non est, cum tantum equitatu valeamus.” Simul denuntia¬ 
 vit ut essent animo parati in posterum et, quoniam fieret 15 
 dimicandi potestas, ut saepe cogitavissent, ne usu manuque 
 reliquorum opinionem fallerent. LXXXVII. Hunc Labie¬ 
 nus excepit et, cum Caesaris copias despiceret, Pompeii con¬ 
 silium summis laudibus efiterret, ^^Xoli,” inquit, existimare, 
 Pompei, hunc esse exercitum qui Galliam Germaniamque 20 
 devicerit. Omnibus interfui proeliis, neque temere incogni¬ 
 tam rem pronuntio. Perexigua pars illius exercitus superest; 
 magna pars deperiit, quod accidere tot proeliis fuit necesse, 
 multos autumni pestilentia in Italia consumpsit, multi do¬ 
 mum discesserunt, multi sunt relicti in continenti. An non 25 
 audistis, ex iis qui per causam valetudinis remanserunt cohor¬ 
 tes esse Brundisi factas ? Hae copiae quas videtis ex delectibus 
 horum annorum in citeriore Gallia sunt refectae, et plerique 
 sunt ex coloniis Transpadanis. Ac tamen quod fuit roboris 
 duobus proeliis Djrrrhachinis interiit.” Haec cum dixisset, 30 
 juravit se nisi victorem in castra non reversurum, reliquosque 
 ut idem facerent hortatus est. Hoc laudans Pompeius idem 
 juravit; nec vero ex reliquis fuit quisquam qui jurare dubi¬ 
 taret. Haec cum facta sunt in consilio, magna spe et laetitia 
 omnium discessum est; ac jam animo victoriam praecipie- 35 
 bant, quod de re tanta et a tam perito imperatore nihil 
 
IIG 
 
 DE BELLO CIVILI 
 
 frustra confirmari yidebatur. LXXXVIII. Caesar, cum 
 Pompeii castris appropinquasset, ad liunc modum aciem ejus 
 instructam animadyertit. Erant iii sinistro cornu legiones 
 duae traditae a Caesare initio dissensionis ex senatusconsulto ; 
 
 5 quarum una prima, altera tertia appellabatur. In eo loco 
 ipse erat Pompeius. Mediam aciem Scipio cum legionibus 
 Syriacis tenebat. Ciliciensis legio conjuncta cum cohortibus 
 nispanis, quas traductas ab Afranio docuimus, in dextro 
 cornu erant collocatae. Has firmissimas se habere Pompeius 
 10 existimabat. Eeliquas inter aciem mediam cofnuaque in¬ 
 terjecerat numeroque cohortes cx expleyerat. Haec erant 
 milia xlv, eyocatorum circiter duo, quae ex beneficiariis 
 superiorum exercituum ad eum conyenerant ; quae tota acie 
 disperserat. Eeliquas cohortes Yii in castris propinquisque 
 15 castellis praesidio disposuerat. Dextrum cornu ejus riyus 
 quidam impeditis ripis muniebat; quam ob causam cunctum 
 equitatum, sagittarios funditoresque omnes sinistro cornu 
 objecerat. LXXXIX. Caesar superius institutum seryans x 
 legionem in dextro cornu, nonam in sinistro collocayerat, 
 20 tametsi erat Dyrrhachinis proeliis yehementer attenuata, et 
 huic sic adjunxit octaxam, ut paene unam ex duabus effice¬ 
 ret, atque alteram alteri praesidio esse jusserat. Cohortes 
 in acie lxxx constitutas habebat, quae summa erat milium 
 XXII ; cohortes duas castris praesidio reliquerat. Sinistro 
 25 cornu Antonium, dextro P. Sullam, media acie Cn. Domi¬ 
 tium praeposuerat. Ipse contra Pompeium constitit. Simul 
 his rebus animadyersis quas demonstrayimus, timens ne a 
 multitudine equitum dextrum cornu circumyeniretur, cele¬ 
 riter ex tertia acie singulas cohortes detraxit atque ex his 
 30 quartam instituit equitatuique opposuit et quid fieri yellet 
 ostendit, monuitque ejus diei yictoriam in earum cohortium 
 yirtute constare. Simul tertiae aciei totique exercitui im- 
 perayit ne injussu suo concurreret: se, cum id fieri yellet, 
 yexillo signum daturum. XC. Exercitum cum militari more 
 35 ad pugnam cohortaretur suaque in eum perpetui temporis 
 officia praedicaret, imprimis commemorayit : testibus se mi- 
 
COMM. III. CAP. LXXXVII—XCIII. 
 
 in 
 
 litibus uti posse, quanto studio pacem petisset; quae per 
 Vatinium in colloquiis, quae per Aulum Clodium cum Sci¬ 
 pione egisset, quibus modis ad Oricum cum Libone dc mit¬ 
 tendis legatis contendisset. Neque se umquam abuti militum 
 sanguine neque rempublicam alterutro exercitu privare volu- 5 
 isse. Hac habita oratione exposcentibus militibus et studio 
 pugnae ardentibus tuba signum dedit. XCI. Erat Crasti¬ 
 nus evocatus in exercitu Caesaris, qui superiore anno apud 
 eum primum pilum in legione x duxerat, vir singulari vir¬ 
 tute. Hic signo dato, Sequimini me,inquit, ^^manipu- 10 
 lares mei qui fuistis, et vestro imperatori quam constituistis 
 operam date. Unum hoc proelium superest; quo confecto 
 et ille suam dignitatem et nos nostram libertatem recupe¬ 
 rabimus.” Simul respiciens Caesarem, Faciam,” inquit, 
 hodie, imperator, ut aut vivo mihi aut mortuo gratias agas.” 15 
 Haec cum dixisset, primus ex dextro cornu procucurrit, 
 atque eum electi milites circiter cxx voluntarii ejusdem cen¬ 
 turiae sunt prosecuti. XCII. Inter duas acies tantum erat 
 relictum spatii, ut satis esset ad concursum utriusque exer¬ 
 citus. Sed Pompeius suis praedixerat ut Caesaris impetum 20 
 exciperent neve se loco moverent, aciemque ejus distrahi 
 paterentur; idque admonitu C. Triarii fecisse dicebatur, ut 
 primus excursus visque militum infringeretur aciesque disten¬ 
 deretur, atque in suis ordinibus dispositi dispersos adoriren¬ 
 tur ; leviusque casura pila sperabat in loco retentis militibus 25 
 quam si ipsi immissis telis occucurrissent; simul fore ut 
 duplicato cursu Caesaris milites exanimarentur et lassitudine 
 conficerentur. Quod nobis quidem nulla ratione factum a 
 Pompeio videtur, propterea quod est quaedam animi incitatio 
 atque alacritas naturaliter innata omnibus, quae studio pug- 30 
 nae incenditur. Hanc non reprimere, sed augere imperatores 
 debent; neque frustra antiquitus institutum est ut signa 
 undique concinerent clamoremquc universi tollerent; qui¬ 
 bus rebus et hostes terreri et suos incitari existimaverunt. 
 XCIII. Sed nostri milites dato signo cum infestis pilis procu- 35 
 currissent atque animadvertissent non concurri a Pompeianis, 
 
118 
 
 DE BELLO CIVILI 
 
 usu periti ac superioribus pugnis exercitati sua sj)onte cur¬ 
 sum represserunt et ad medium fere sjDatium constiterunt, 
 ne consumptis yiribus appropinquarent, parvoque intermisso 
 temporis spatio ac rursus renovato cursu pila miserunt cele- 
 5 riterque, ut erat praeceptum a Caesare, gladios strinxerunt. 
 Neque vero Pompeiani huic rei defuerunt. Nam et tela 
 missa exceperunt et impetum legionum tulerunt et ordines 
 conservarunt pilisque missis ad gladios redierunt. Eodem 
 tempore equites ab sinistro Pompeii cornu, ut erat impera- 
 10 tum, universi procucurrerunt, omnisque multitudo sagitta¬ 
 riorum se profudit; quorum impetum noster equitatus non 
 tulit, sed paulatim loco motus cessit; equitesque Pompeii boc 
 acrius instare et se turmatim explicare aciemque nostram a 
 latere aperto circumire coeperunt. Quod ubi Caesar animad- 
 15 vertit, quartae aciei, quam instituerat sex cohortium, dedit 
 signum. Illi celeriter procucurrerunt infestisque signis tanta 
 vi in Pompeii equites impetum fecerunt, ut eorum nemo 
 consisteret omnesque conversi non solum loco excederent, 
 sed protinus incitati fuga montes altissimos peterent. Quibus 
 20 summotis omnes sagittarii funditoresque destituti inermes 
 sine praesidio interfecti sunt. Eodem impetu cohortes sinis¬ 
 trum cornu pugnantibus etiam tum ac resistentibus in acie 
 Pompeianis circumierunt eosque a tergo sunt adorti. XCIY. 
 Eodem tempore tertiam aciem Caesar, quae quieta fuerat et ' 
 25 se ad id tempus loco tenuerat, procurrere jussit. Ita cum 
 recentes atque integri defessis successissent, alii autem a 
 tergo adorirentur, sustinere Pompeiani non potuerunt atque 
 universi terga verterunt. Neque vero Caesarem fefellit, quin 
 ab iis cohortibus quae contra equitatum in quarta acie collo- 
 30 catae essent, initium victoriae oriretur, ut ipse in cohortandis 
 militibus pronuntiaverat. Ab his enim primum equitatus 
 est pulsus, ab iisdem factae caedes sagittariorum ac fundi¬ 
 torum, ab iisdem acies Pompeiana a sinistra parte circumita 
 atque initium fugae factum. Sed Pomioeius, ut equitatum 
 35 suum pulsum vidit atque eam partem cui maxime confidebat 
 perterritam animadvertit, aliis quoque diffisus acie excessit 
 
COMM. III. GAP. XCIII—XCVL 
 
 119 
 
 protimisque se in castra equo contulit et iis centurionibus 
 quos in statione ad praetoriani portam posuerat, clare, ut 
 milites exaudirent, Tuemini,” inquit, castra et defendite 
 diligenter, si quid durius acciderit. Ego reliquas portas 
 circumeo et castrorum praesidia confirmo.” Haec cum dix- 5 . 
 isset, se in praetorium contulit summae rei diffidens et tamen 
 eventum exspectans. XCV. Caesar Pompeianis ex fuga intra 
 vallum compulsis nullum spatium perterritis dare ojiortere 
 existimans, milites cohortatus est ut beneficio fortunae ute¬ 
 rentur castraque oppugnarent. Qui, etsi magno aestu (nam 10 
 ad meridiem res erat perducta), tamen ad omnem labo¬ 
 rem animo parati imperio paruerunt. Castra a cohortibus 
 quae ibi praesidio erant relictae industrie defendebantur, 
 multo etiam acrius a Thracibus barbarisque auxiliis. Xain 
 qui acie refugerant milites, et animo perterriti et lassitudine 15 
 confecti missis plerique armis signisque militaribus magis do 
 reliqua fuga quam de castrorum defensione cogitabant. Xe- 
 que vero diutius qui in vallo constiterant multitudinem 
 telorum sustinere potuerunt, sed confecti vulneribus locum 
 reliquerunt, protinusque omnes ducibus usi centurionibus 20 
 tribunisque militum in altissimos montes, qui ad castra per¬ 
 tinebant, confngerunt. XCVI. In castris Pompeii videre 
 licuit trichilas structas, magnum argenti pondus expositum, 
 recentibus cespitibus tabernacula constrata, Lucii etiam Len¬ 
 tuli et nonnullorum tabernacula protecta edera, multaque 25 
 praeterea quae nimiam luxuriam et victoriae fiduciam desig¬ 
 narent, ut facile existimari posset nihil eos de eventu ejus 
 diei timuisse, qui non necessarias conquirerent voluptates. 
 
 At hi miserrimo ac ^^atientissimo exercitu Caesaris luxuriem 
 objiciebant, cui semper omnia ad necessarium usum defuis- 30 
 sent. Pompeius, jam cum intra vallum nostri versarentur, 
 equum nactus detractis insignibus imperatoris decumana 
 porta se ex castris ejecit protinusque equo citato Larisam 
 contendit. Xeque ibi constitit, sed eadem celeritate paucos 
 suos ex fuga nactus, nocturno itinere non intermisso, comi- 35 
 tatu equitum xxx ad mare jocrvenit navemque frumentariam 
 
120 
 
 DE BELLO CIVILI 
 
 conscendit, saepe, ut dicebatur, querens tantum se opinionem 
 fefellisse, nt, a quo genere hominum yictoriam sperassct, ab 
 eo initio fugae facto paene proditus videretur. XCVII. 
 Caesar castris potitus, a militibus contendit no in praeda 
 ^5 occupati reliqui negotii gerendi facultatem dimitterent. Qua 
 re impetrata montem opere circummunire instituit. Pom- 
 peiani, quod is mons erat sine aqua, diffisi ei loco, relicto 
 monte universi jugis ejus Larisam versus se recipere coepe¬ 
 runt. Qua re animadversa Caesar copias suas divisit partem- 
 10 que legionum in castris Pompeii remanere jussit, partem in 
 sua castra remisit, iiii secum legiones duxit commodioreque 
 itinere Pompeianis occurrero coepit et progressus milia pas¬ 
 suum Yi aciem instruxit. Qua re animadversa Pompeiani 
 in quodam monte constiterunt. Hunc montem flumen sub- 
 15 luebat. Caesar milites cohortatus, etsi totius diei continenti* 
 labore erant confecti noxque jam suberat, tamen munitione 
 flumen a monte seclusit, ne noctu aquari Pompeiani possent. 
 Quo perfecto opere illi de deditione missis legatis agere coe¬ 
 perunt. Pauci ordinis senatorii, qui se cum iis conjunxerant, 
 20 nocte fuga salutem petiverunt. XCVIII. Caesar prima luce 
 omnes eos qui in monte consederant ex superioribus locis in 
 planiciem descendere atque arma projicere jussit. Quod ubi 
 sine recusatione fecerunt passisque palmis projecti ad terram 
 flentes ab eo salutem petiverunt, consolatus consurgere jussit 
 25 et pauca apud eos de lenitate sua locutus, quo minore essent 
 timore, omnes conservavit, militibusque suis commendavit, 
 ne qui eorum violaretur, neu quid sui desiderarent. Hac 
 adhibita diligentia ex castris sibi legiones alias occurrere et 
 eas quas secum duxerat in vicem requiescere atque in castra 
 30 reverti jussit, eodemque die Larisam pervenit. XCIX. In 
 eo proelio non amplius cc milites desideravit, sed centu¬ 
 riones, fortes viros, circiter xxx amisit. Interfectus est 
 etiam fortissime pugnans Crastinus, cujus mentionem supra 
 fecimus, gladio in os adversum conjecto. Xeque id fuit 
 35 falsum quod ille in pugnam proficiscens dixerat. Sic enim 
 Caesar existimabat, eo proelio excellentissimam virtutem 
 
COMM. III. CAP. XCVI—CI. 
 
 121 
 
 Crastini fuisse, optimeque eum de se meritum judicabat. Ex 
 Pompeiano exercitu circiter milia xv cecidisse videbantur, 
 sed in deditionem venerunt amplius milia xxiiii (namque 
 etiam coliortes quae praesidio in castellis fuerant sese Sullae 
 dediderunt), multi praeterea in finitimas civitates refuge- 5 
 runt; signaque militaria ex proelio ad Caesarem sunt relata 
 CLXXX ct aquilae Yiiii. L. Domitius ex castris in montem 
 refugiens, cum vires eum lassitudine defecissent, ab equitibus 
 est interfectus. 
 
 C. Eodem tempore D. Laelius cum classe ad Brundisium 10 
 venit eademque ratione, qua factum a Libone antea demon¬ 
 stravimus, insulam objectam portui Brundisino tenuit. Si¬ 
 militer Vatinius, qui Brundisio praeerat, tectis instructisque 
 scaphis elicuit naves Laelianas atque ex his longius produc¬ 
 tam unam quinqueremem et minores duas in angustiis portus 15 
 cepit, itemque per equites dispositos aqua prohibere classiarios 
 instituit. Sed Laelius tempore anni commodiore usus ad 
 ' navigandum onerariis navibus Corcyra Dyrrhachioque aquam 
 suis supportabat neque a proposito deterrebatur, neque ante 
 proelium in Thessalia factum cognitum aut ignominia amis- 20 
 sarum navium aut necessariarum rerum inopia ex portu insu¬ 
 laque expelli, potuit. CI. Iisdem fere temporibus Cassius cum 
 classe Syrorum et Phoenicum et Cilicum in Siciliam venit, 
 et cum esset Caesaris classis divisa in duas partes, dimidiae 
 parti praeesset P. Sulpicius praetor Vibone ad fretum, dimi- 25 
 diae M. Pomponius ad Messanam, prius Cassius ad Messanam 
 navibus advolavit quam Pomponius de ejus adventu cognos¬ 
 ceret, j)erturbatumque eum nactus nullis custodiis neque 
 ordinibus certis, magno vento et secundo completas onerarias 
 naves taeda et pice et stupa reliquisque rebus quae sunt ad 30 
 incendia in Pomponianam classem immisit atque omnes 
 naves incendit xxxv, e quibus erant xx constratae. Tan- 
 tusque eo facto timor incessit, ut cum esset legio praesidio 
 Messanae, vix oppidum defenderetur, et nisi eo ipso tempore 
 quidam nuntii de Caesaris victoria per dispositos equites 35 
 essent allati, existimabant plerique futurum fuisse uti amit- 
 
122 
 
 DE BELLO GLVLLI 
 
 teretur. Sed opportunissime nuntiis allatis oppidum est 
 defensum; Cassiusque ad Sulpicianam inde classem profec¬ 
 tus est Yibonem, applicatisque nostris ad terram navibus 
 circiter xl propter eundem timorem, pari atque antea ra- 
 5 tione secundum nactus ventum onerarias naves praeparatas ad 
 incendium immisit, et flamma ab utroque cornu comprensa 
 naves sunt combustae quinque. Cumque ignis magnitu* 
 dine venti latius serperet, milites, qui ex veteribus legionibus 
 erant relicti praesidio navibus ex numero aegrorum, igno- 
 10 miniam non tulerunt, sed sua sponte naves conscenderunt et 
 a terra solverunt impetuque facto in Cassianam classem quin¬ 
 queremes duas, in quarum altera erat Cassius, cej)erunt; sed 
 Cassius exceptus scapba refugit; praeterea duae sunt depres¬ 
 sae triremes. ^^Teque multo post de proelio facto in Thessalia 
 15 cognitum est, ut ipsis Pompeianis fides fieret; nam ante id 
 tempus fingi a legatis amicisque Caesaris arbitrabantur. Qui¬ 
 bus rebus cognitis ex bis locis Cassius cum classe discessit. 
 
 CII. Caesar omnibus rebus relictis persequendum sibi 
 Pompeium existimavit, quascumque in partes se ex fuga 
 20 recepisset, ne rursus copias comparare alias et bellum re¬ 
 novare posset, et quantumcumque itineris equitatu eflicere 
 poterat quotidie progrediebatur, legionemque unam mino¬ 
 ribus itineribus subsequi jussit. Erat edictum Pompeii 
 nomine Amphipoli propositum, uti omnes ejus provinciae 
 25 juniores, Graeci civesque Romani, jurandi causa convenirent. 
 Sed utrum avertendae suspicionis causa Pompeius proposu¬ 
 isset, ut quam diutissime longioris fugae consilium occul¬ 
 taret, an novis delectibus, si nemo premeret, Macedoniam 
 tenere conaretur, existimari non poterat. Ij)se ad ancoram 
 30 una nocte constitit et vocatis ad se Amphipoli hospitibus et 
 pecunia ad necessarios sumptus corrogata cognito Caesaris 
 adventu ex eo‘loco discessit et Mytilenas paucis diebus venit. 
 Biduum tempestate retentus navibusque aliis additis actuariis 
 in Ciliciam atque inde Cyprum pervenit. Ibi cognoscit con- 
 35 sensu omnium Antiochensium civiumque Romanorum qui 
 illic negotiarentur arcem captam esse excludendi sui causa 
 
COMM. III. GAP. Cl—CIV. 
 
 123 
 
 nuntiosque dimissos ad eos qui se ex fuga in finitimas civi¬ 
 tates recepisse dicerentur, ne Antiochiam adirent : id si 
 fecissent, magno eorum capitis periculo futurum. Idem 
 hoc L. Lentulo, qui superiore anno consul fuerat, et P. Len¬ 
 tulo consulari ac nonnullis aliis acciderat Rhodi; qui cum 5 
 ex fuga Pompeium sequerentur atque in insulam venissent, 
 
 oppido ac portu recepti non erant missisque ad eos nuntiis 
 
 « 
 
 ut ex his locis discederent, contra voluntatem suam naves 
 solverunt. Jam que de Caesaris adventu fama ad civitates 
 perferebatur. OIII. Quibus cognitis rebus Pompeius de- 10 
 posito^ adeundae Syriae consilio pecunia societatis sublata et 
 a quibusdam j)rivatis sumpta et aeris magno pondere ad 
 militarem usum in naves imposito duobusque milibus ho¬ 
 minum armatis, partim quos ex familiis societatum delegerat, 
 partim a negotiatoribus coegerat, quosque ex suis quisque ad 15 
 hanc rem idoneos existimabat, Pelusium pervenit. Ibi casu 
 rex erat Ptolemaeus, puer aetate, magnis copiis cum sorore 
 Cleopatra bellum gerens, quam paucis ante mensibus per 
 suos propinquos atque amicos regno expulerat; castraque 
 Cleopatrae non longo S23atio ab ejus castris distabant. Ad 20 
 eum Pompeius misit, ut pro hospitio atque amicitia patris 
 Alexandria reciperetur atque illius opibus in calamitate tege¬ 
 retur. Sed qui ab eo missi erant, confecto legationis officio, 
 liberius cum militibus regis colloqui coeperunt eosque hortari 
 ut suum officium Pompeio j^i’aestarent neve ejus fortunam 25 
 despicerent. In hoc erant numero complures Pompeii mili¬ 
 tes, quos ex ejus exercitu acceptos in Syria Gabinius Alex- 
 andriam traduxerat belloque confecto apud Ptolemaeum, 
 patrem pueri, reliquerat. CIV. His tunc cognitis rebus 
 amici regis, qui propter aetatem ejus in curatione erant regni, 30 
 sive timore adducti, ut postea praedicabant, sollicitato exer¬ 
 citu regio, ne Pompeius Alexandriam Aegyptumque occu¬ 
 paret, sive despecta ejus fortuna, ut plerumque in calamitate 
 ex amicis inimici exsistunt, bis qui erant ab eo missi palam 
 liberaliter responderunt eumque ad regem venire jusserunt; 35 
 ipsi clam consilio inito Acbillam, praefectum regium, singu- 
 
124 
 
 DE BELLO CIVILI 
 
 lari iLominem audacia, et L. Septimium, tribunum militum, 
 ad interficiendum Pompeium miserunt. Ab his liberaliter 
 ipse appellatus et quadam notitia Septimii productus, quod 
 bello praedonum apud eum ordinem duxerat, naviculam par- 
 5 vulam conscendit cum paucis suis; ibi ab Achilla et Sep¬ 
 timio interficitur. Item L. Lentulus comprehenditur ab 
 
 reere et in custodia necatur. 
 
 ^ » 
 
 OV. Caesar, cum in Asiam venisset, reperiebat T. Ampium 
 conatum esse pecunias tollere Epheso ex fano Dianae e jusque 
 10 rei causa senatores omnes ex provincia evocasse, ut his tes¬ 
 tibus in summa pecuniae uteretur, sed interpellatum adventu 
 Caesaris profugisse. Ita duobus temporibus Ephesiae pecu¬ 
 niae Caesar auxilium tulit. Item eonstabat Elide in templo 
 Minervae repetitis atque enumeratis diebus, quo die proelium 
 15 secundum Caesar fecisset, simulacrum Victoriae, quod ante 
 ipsam Minervam eollocatum esset et ante ad simulacrum 
 Minervae spectavisset, ad valvas se templi limenque conver¬ 
 tisse. Eodemque die Antiochiae in Syria bis tantus exer¬ 
 citus clamor et signorum sonus exauditus est, ut in muris 
 20 armata civitas discurreret. Hoc idem Ptolemaide accidit. 
 Pergami in occultis ac reconditis templi, quo praeter sacer¬ 
 dotes adire fas non est, quae Craeei advra appellant, tym¬ 
 pana sonuerunt. Item Trallibus in templo Victoriae, ubi 
 Caesaris statuam consecraverant, palma per eos dies inter 
 25 coagmenta lapidum ex pavimento exstitisse ostendebatur. 
 CVI. Caesar paucos dies in Asia moratus cum audisset Pom¬ 
 peium Cypri visum, conjectans eum Aegyptum iter habere 
 propter necessitudines regni reliquasque ejus loci opportuni¬ 
 tates, cum legione una, quam se ex Thessalia sequi jusserat, 
 30 et altera, quam ex Achaia a Q. Eufio legato evocaverat, equi¬ 
 tibusque Dccc et navibus longis Ehodiis x et Asiaticis paucis 
 Alexandriam pervenit. In his erant legionibus hominum 
 milia tria cc ; reliqui vulneribus ex proeliis et labore ac 
 magnitudine itineris confecti consequi non potuerant. Sed 
 35 Caesar confisus fama rerum gestarum infirmis auxiliis pro¬ 
 ficisci non dubitaverat, aeque omnem sibi locum tutum fore 
 
COMM. III. CAP. CIV—CIX. 
 
 125 
 
 existimans. Alexandriae de Pompeii morte cognoscit atque 
 ibi primum e naye egrediens clamorem militum audit, quos 
 rex in oppido praesidii causa reliquerat, et concursum ad se 
 fieri videt, quod fasces anteferrentur. In hoc omnis multi¬ 
 tudo majestatem regiam minui praedicabat. Hoc sedato 5 
 tumultu crebrae continuis diebus ex concursu multitudinis 
 concitationes fiebant compluresque milites hujus urbis omni¬ 
 bus partibus interficiebantur. CVII. Quibus rebus ani¬ 
 madversis legiones sibi alias ex Asia adduci jussit, quas ex 
 Pompeianis militibus confecerat. Ipse enim necessario ete- 10 
 siis tenebatur, qui navigantibus Alexandria sunt adversissimi 
 venti. Interim controversias regum ad populum Eomanum 
 et ad se, quod esset consul, pertinere existimans, atque eo 
 magis officio suo convenire, quod superiore consulatu cum 
 patre Ptolemaeo et lege et senatusconsulto societas erat facta, 15 
 ostendit sibi placere regem Ptolemaeum atque ejus sororem 
 Cleopatram exercitus quos haberent dimittere, et de contro¬ 
 versiis jure apud se potius quam inter se armis disceptare. 
 CVIII. Erat in procuratione regni propter aetatem pueri 
 nutricius ejus, eunuchus nomine Pothinus. Is primum 20 
 inter suos queri atque indignari coepit regem ad causam 
 dicendam evocari; deinde adjutores quosdam consili sui 
 nactus ex regis amicis, exercitum a Pelusio clam Alexan- 
 driam evocavit atque eundem Achillam, cujus supra me¬ 
 minimus, omnibus copiis praefecit. Hunc, incitatum suis 25 
 et regis inflatum j)ollicitationibus, quae fieri vellet litteris 
 nuntiisque edocuit. In testamento Ptolemaei patris heredes 
 erant scripti ex duobus filiis major et ex duabus filiabus 
 ea quae aetate antecedebat. Haec uti fierent, per omnes 
 deos perque foedera quae Eomae fecisset, eodem testa- 30 
 mento Ptolemaeus poiDulum Eomanum obtestabatur. Tabu¬ 
 lae testamenti unae per legatos ejus Eomam. erant allatae, 
 ut in aerario ponerentur (hae, cum propter publicas occu¬ 
 pationes poni non potuissent, apud Pompeium sunt de¬ 
 positae), alterae eodem exemplo relictae atque obsignatae 35 
 Alexandriae proferebantur. CIX. De his rebus cum agere- 
 
•126 
 
 DE BELLO CIVILI 
 
 tur apud Caesarem, isqiie maxime vellet pro communi amico 
 atque arbitro controversias regum componere, subito exerci¬ 
 tus regius equitatusque omnis venire Alexandriani nuntiatur. 
 Caesaris copiae nequaquam erant tantae, ut eis extra oppi- 
 5 dum, si esset dimicandum, confideret. Eelinquebatur ut se 
 suis locis oppido teneret consiliumqiie Acliillae cognosceret. 
 Milites tamen omnes in armis esso jussit, regemque hortatus 
 est ut ex suis necessariis quos haberet maximae auctoritatis 
 ' legatos ad Achillam mitteret, et quid esset suae voluntatis 
 10 ostenderet, A quo missi Dioscorides et Serapion, qui ambo 
 legati Eomae fuerant magnamque apud patrem Ptolemaeum 
 auctoritatem habuerant, ad Achillam pervenerunt. Quos 
 ille, cum in conspectum ejus venissent, priusquam audiret 
 aut cujus rei causa missi essent cognosceret, corripi atque 
 15 interfici jussit; quorum alter accepto vulnere occupatus per 
 suos pro occiso sublatus, alter interfectus est. Quo facto 
 regem ut in sua potestate haberet Caesar efficit, magnam 
 regium nomen apud suos auctoritatem habere existimans, et 
 ut potius privato paucorum et latronum quam regio consilio 
 20 susceptum bellum videretur. CX. Erant cum Achilla copiae, 
 ut neque numero neque genere hominum neque usu rei mili¬ 
 taris contemnendae viderentur. Milia enim xx in armis 
 habebat. Haec constabant ex Gabinianis militibus, qui jam 
 in consuetudinem Alexandrinae vitae ac licentiae venerant 
 25 et nomen disciplinamque populi Eomani dedidicerant uxo¬ 
 resque duxerant, ex quibus plerique liberos habebant. Huc 
 accedebant eollecti ex praedonibus latronibusque Syriae 
 Oiliciaeque provinciae finitimarumque regionum. Multi 
 23raeterea caj)itis damnati exulesque convenerant; fugitivis 
 30 omnibus nostris eertus erat Alexandriae recej)tus certaque 
 vitae eondicio, ut dato nomine militum essent numero ; si 
 quis a domino prehenderetur, consensu militum eripiebatur, 
 qui vim suorum, quod in simili culpa versabantur, ijosi 2 )ro 
 suo periculo defendebant. Hi regum amicos ad mortem de- 
 35 jioscere, hi bona locupletum diripere, stipendii augendi causa 
 regis domum obsidere, regno expellere, alios arcessere vetere 
 
COMM. III. CAP. CIX—CXIl. 
 
 127 
 
 quodam Alexandrini exercitus instituto consuerant. Erant 
 praeterea equitum milia duo. Inyeteraverant lii omnes com- 
 2 :)luribus Alexandriae bellis ; Ptolemaeum patrem in regnum 
 reduxerant, Bibuli filios duos interfecerant, bella cum Aegyp¬ 
 tiis gesserant. Hunc usum rei militaris habebant. CXI. 5 
 His copiis fidens Achillas paucitatemque militum Caesaris 
 despiciens occupabat Alexandriani jiraeter eam oppidi par¬ 
 tem quam Caesar cum militibus tenebat, primo impetu 
 domum ejus irrumpere conatus; sed Caesar dispositis per 
 vias cohortibus impetum ejus sustinuit. Eodemque tempore 10 
 pugnatum est ad portum, ac longe maximam ea res attulit 
 dimicationem. Simul enim diductis copiis jhuribus viis 
 pugnabatur, et magna multitudine naves longas occupare 
 hostes conabantur : quarum erant L auxilio missae ad Pom¬ 
 peium proelioque in Thessalia facto domum redierant, illae 15 
 triremes omnes et quinqueremes aptae instructaeque omni¬ 
 bus rebus ad navigandum, praeter has xxii quae j)raesidii 
 causa Alexandriae esse consuerant, constratae omnes; quas 
 si occupavissent, classe Caesari erepta portum ac mare totum 
 in sua potestate haberent, commeatu auxiliisque Caesarem 20 
 prohiberent. Itaque tanta est contentione actum quanta agi 
 debuit, cum illi celerem in ea re victoriam, hi salutem suam 
 consistere viderent. Sed rem obtinuit Caesar omnesque eas 
 naves et reliquas quae erant in navalibus incendit, quod tam 
 late tueri parva manu non poterat, confestimque ad Pharum 25 
 navibus milites exposuit. CXII. Pharus est in insula turris 
 magna altitudine, mirificis operibus exstructa; quae nomen 
 ab insula accepit. Haec insula objecta Alexandriae portum 
 efficit; sed a superioribus regionibus in longitudinem pas¬ 
 suum Dcccc in mare jactis molibus angusto itinerant ponte 30 
 cum oppido conjungitur. In hac sunt insula domicilia 
 Aegyptiorum et vicus oppidi magnitudine ; quaeque ibi cum¬ 
 que naves imprudentia aut tempestate paulum suo cursu 
 decesserunt, has more praedonum diripere consuerunt. Iis 
 autem invitis a quibus Pharus tenetur, non potest esse prop- 35 
 ter angustias navibus introitus in portum. Hoc tum veritus 
 
128 
 
 DE BELLO CIVILI. 
 
 Caesar hostibus in pugna occupatis militibus expositis Pha¬ 
 rum prehendit atque ibi praesidium posuit. Quibus est rebus 
 eHectum ut tuto frumentum auxiliaque nayibus ad eum suj)- 
 .portari possent. Dimisit enim circum omnes propinquas 
 5 proyincias atque inde auxilia eyocayit. Eeliquis oppidi par¬ 
 tibus sic est pugnatum, ut aequo proelio discederetur et 
 neutri pellerentur (id efficiebant angustiae loci), paucisque 
 utrimque interfectis Caesar loca maxime necessaria com¬ 
 plexus noctu praemunit. In hoc tractu oppidi pars erat 
 10 regiae exigua, in quam ipse habitandi causa initio erat in¬ 
 ductus, et theatrum conjunctum domui, quod arcis tenebat 
 locum aditusque habebat ad portum et ad reliqua nayalia. 
 Has munitiones insequentibus auxit diebus, ut pro muro 
 objectas haberet neu dimicare inyitus cogeretur. Interim 
 15 filia minor Ptolemaei regis yacuam possessionem regni spe¬ 
 rans ad Achillam sese ex regia trajecit unaque bellum ad¬ 
 ministrare coepit. Sed celeriter est inter eos de principatu 
 controyersia orta; quae res apud milites largitiones auxit; 
 magnis enim jacturis sibi quisque eorum animos conciliabat. 
 20 Haec dum apud hostes geruntur, Pothinus, nutricius pueri 
 et procurator' regni, in parte Caesaris, cum ad Achillam 
 nuntios mitteret hortareturque ne negotio desisteret neye 
 animo deficeret, indicatis deprehensisque internuntiis a Cae¬ 
 sare est interfectus. Haec initia belli Alexandrini fuerunt. 
 
NOTES. 
 
REFERENCES AND ABBREVIATIONS 
 
 USED IN THE 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 Unless otherwise specified, all dates are b.c. References to the Bellum 
 Civile are made either by page and line of this edition (e.g. p. 13, 6), or by 
 book and chapter (e.g. iii, 79); to the Bellum Grallicum by the latter only. 
 The current abbreviations of grammatical terms generally explain them^ 
 selves ; the following only may need notice; 
 
 App. 
 
 — 
 
 Appendix. 
 
 B. G. 
 
 — 
 
 Bellum OalUcum. 
 
 Cf. 
 
 — 
 
 confer, compare. 
 
 ff. 
 
 = 
 
 (and) following. 
 
 G. 
 
 
 Gildersleeve’s Latin Grammar (1881). 
 
 Gr. 
 
 
 Allen and Greenough’s Latin Grammar (1881). 
 
 H. 
 
 
 Harkness’s Latin Grammar (1881). 
 
 Int. 
 
 
 Introduction. 
 
 lit. 
 
 
 literal, literally. 
 
 0. 0. 
 
 
 Oratio Ohliqua. 
 
 0. R. 
 
 
 Oratio Recta. 
 
 sc. 
 
 
 scilicet, understand. 
 
 subj. 
 
 
 subject, subjective. 
 
 subjv. 
 
 = 
 
 subjunctive. 
 
NOTES. 
 
 BOOK I. 
 
 A. OUTBREAK OP THE CIVIL WAR. CHAP. I—VI. 
 
 Chap, I. Caesar’s letter the consuls allow to be read before the senate, 
 but refuse to let a vote be taken upon its propositions. Len¬ 
 tulus and Scipio speak against Caesar and for Pompey. (Jan. 
 
 1st, B.c. 49, A.u.c. 705.) 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Lines 1-4. Litteris ... redditi s: abl. abs., after the letter from 11 
 Gains Caesar had been, etc., G. 409; Gr. 255, Note; H. 431,2. For the 
 letter spoken of, see last lines of Introduction.— consulibus: Lucius 
 Lentulus and Gains Marcellus the younger, elected for the year 49 
 because they were enemies of Caesar. See for these and all other 
 prominent characters the biographies in Appendix I.— redditis: = 
 traditis, losing the force of the re-. In hi. 79, Caesar uses the word 
 in the sense of render, make. — aegre. . . recitarentur: with difficulty 
 was permission extorted from them. . . to have it read in the senate. 
 
 2. impetratum est : used as an impersonal in the passive (G. 199, R. 2; 
 
 Gr. 146, c; n. 301,1), having lor its subject the clause ut. . . recita¬ 
 rentur. G. 557 (adverbial sentence of tendency) ; Gr. 332, a; II. 501, 
 i, 1.— tribunorum plebis: Marc Antony and Quintus Cassius. See 
 App. I, and App. II, 7.— contentione : effort, G. 401; Gr. 248, R.; H. 
 
 419, hi. 3. recitarentur: G. 510; Gr. 286; H. 493,1.—vero: and 
 indeed, G. 489; Gr. 156, k.; H. 569, hi.—ex litteris: in accordance 
 with the letter. The regular phrase for making a motion to the senate 
 is seen in the next sentence, de aliqua re referre. The consuls, 
 as presiding officers, had the right of refusing to put a question to 
 vote. Cf. App. II, 11. 4. referretur: a passive impersonal containing 
 
 its own subject, and with ut vero, etc. forming the subject of potuit, 
 on which impetrari depends ; that a motion should he made, or, per¬ 
 mission to make a motion . . . could not he extorted. Cf. impetratum 
 est . . . ut recitarentur above. 
 
132 
 
 CAESAR’S CIVIL WAR. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 11 4-10. Referunt: G. 220] Gr. 276, d; H. 467, iii, 1.— de republica 
 
 infinite : about the condition of the state in general, so as to avoid mo¬ 
 tions based on Caesar’s definite propositions (r e f e r r e de singulis 
 rebus finite), which would be likely to pass. Appendix II, 5, b. 
 5. senatui reique publicae: with non defuturum (desum), G. 345; 
 Gr. 231, a; H. 386. 6. se: G. 521; Gr. 196, a; H. 449,1.—From se non 
 
 defuturum to receptum (10), we have an example of indirect quotation, 
 indirect discourse (Oratio Obliqua). Something is stated not as a fact, 
 but only as thought or said by some one. The Latin, in such a case, 
 changes all the leading sentences of the person quoted from the indica¬ 
 tive into the infinitive, and puts all the subordinate sentences (and all 
 commands) into the subjunctive. Kemembering that indirect discourse 
 “ reports not the exact words spoken, but the general impression pro¬ 
 duced,” we may say that the original language (Oratio Recta) of Len¬ 
 tulus here reported by Caesar was senatui reique publicae non 
 deero si... vultis (or volunt). When this is put in indirect 
 form by Caesar, and made to depend on pollicetur, deero in the lead¬ 
 ing sentence becomes defuturum (esse), and vultis (or volunt) in 
 the subordinate clause becomes velint. If Caesar had used pollicetur 
 according to its sense as a historical tense, velint would have been 
 vellent. G. 511, R. 1; Gr. 287, e; H. 495, ii. — The clause se non 
 defuturum serves as object to pollicetur. G. 527; Gr. 330,1; H. 535, i. 
 —non deesse can be translated to help, by Litotes. G. 448, R. 2; Gr. 
 209, c; H. 637, viii. 7. sin . . . respiciant atque .. . sequantur : cor¬ 
 respond to si velint above, and se. . . capturum (esse) neque . . . 
 obtemperaturum (esse) to se non defuturum (esse), though the in¬ 
 finitives now depend on an idea of threatening to be supplied from 
 pollicetur. —respiciant, sequantur: have regard for, aim to secure. 
 8. ut. . . fecerint : as they had done. If pollicetur were used as a 
 historical tense, fecerint would be fecissent. Cf. si . . . velint 
 
 above. —sibi consilium capturum (esse) would take measures for his 
 own safety, look out for his own interests. — neque: and not. G. 482; 
 Gr. 156, a; H. 310,1. 10. habere: dependent on the idea oideclarmg 
 
 implied in pollicetur. — quoque: G. 481; Gr, 151, a; H. 569, iii. — re¬ 
 ceptum : acc. sing, of receptus, 4^’’ deck; habere receptum a d 
 aliquem, to have a retreat, i.e. to be able to retreat to any one. Cf. 
 B. G. vi, 9, ne ad eos Ambiorix receptum haberet. Len¬ 
 tulus threatens to ally himself with Caesar against the senate, if he 
 cannot bring the senate to hostile measures against Caesar. 
 
 11-14. in eandem sententiam: to the same effect. — Pompeio: G. 
 349; Gr. 231; H. 387. 12. esse: after loquitur, which it really serves 
 
 as object, having non deesse as its own subject; that Pompey pur- 
 
NOTES.—BOOK I. 
 
 133 
 
 PAGE 
 
 posed to help the state if the senate followed his lead. 13. lenius: 11 
 compar, of leniter; agere lenius, act too slowly. G. 312,2; Gr. 
 
 93, a; H. 444,1. 14. senatum: subj. of imploraturum (esse). 
 
 Chap. II. The senate is at last forced into voting that Caesar must 
 dismiss his army or be held a public enemy. The two tribunes 
 who are Caesar’s friends interpose a veto, which the senate 
 threatens to disregard. (Jan. 1st and 2d.) 
 
 15-25. quod: from the fact that, because, G. 540; Gr. 321; H. 516, 
 i.— aderat: was near hy. As proconsul of the Spanish provinces and 
 at the head of an army, it was illegal for him to enter the city. 16. 
 mitti: to issue. — aliquis: here and there one. 17. ut: as for instance. 
 
 So in 11. 21 and 25.— primo: he was afterwards frightened out of this 
 position. Cf. page 2, 3-4.—M. Marcellus : consul in 51, to be distin¬ 
 guished from Gaius Marcellus his brother, now consul, and also from 
 his cousin of the same name who had been consul in 50. See App. 
 
 I.— ingressus in earn orationem: who spoke to the following effect, 
 made the following speech, viz. non oportere. . . auderet; ingredi 
 in aliquid, to engage in, to perform anything. 18. oportere: 
 infin. in 0. 0. depending on the idea of saying implied in the pre¬ 
 ceding phrase. Its subject is referri, which is used impersonally like 
 referretur in 4; that a motion ought not to he made, etc.—ante . . . 
 quam: G. 576; Gr. 262; H. 520, footnote 1.—ea re: the matter of 
 requiring Caesar to dismiss his army, which would be a virtual decla¬ 
 ration of war. 19. delectus: levies, drafts. App. Ill, 1. — Italia: G. 
 
 386; Gr. 258, f; H. 425,2.— habiti (essent), conscripti essent: sub¬ 
 junctives in a subordinate clause of 0. 0., representing the fut. perf. 
 ind. of 0. R. G. 578; Gr. 337, a; H. 525,2. 20. quo praesidio: i.e. 
 
 ut eo praesidio. G. 632; Gr. 317; H. 497.—(ea) quae vellet: G. 666; 
 
 Gr. 342; H. 529, ii.; for the omission of the antecedent, G. 621; Gr. 200, 
 c; H. 445,6.— habiti and conscripti essent, vellet, auderet, conform 
 in tense to dixerat. In the 0. R. they are conscripti erunt, 
 velit, audeat. 21. censebat: proposed. —ut. . . proficisceretur: 
 
 G. 546; Gr. 331, d; H. 498, i. 22. provincias: Hispania Citerior and 
 
 H. Ulterior. See Int. 7.—ne esset: G. 545,3; Gr. 317; H. 497, ii.— 
 armorum: = belli. 23. timere: 0. R. depending on the saying 
 implied in censebat. Its subject is Cassarem. — ereptis ... legionibus : 
 abi. abs., now that two legions had been taken away from him. In 53, 
 while the two men were still on friendly footing, Pompey had lent 
 Caesar a legion to help make good heavy losse^i^Gaul. B. G. vi, 1. 
 
 In 50, the enemies of Caesar got the se:^;^^^^^^B||||||h^e calling. 
 
134 
 
 CAESAR'S CIVIL WAR. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 11 upon him and Pompey to contribute one legion apiece for the Parthian 
 
 war, and Pompey, who had at last recognized in Caesar his strongest 
 rival, demanded the return of the borrowed legion, Caesar, though he 
 saw that the design of the whole thing was simply to weaken him, sent 
 both legions to Rome, where they were now retained under Pompey’s 
 command. See Int. 8.—ne . . . videretur: Gr. 5C2; Gr. 331, f; 11. 498, 
 iii; lest Pompey should openly keep and hold these hack, etc. 24. ad 
 ejus periculum ; to endanger him (Caesar); ejus and eo (23), not s u i 
 and se, which would refer to Calidius. G. 521; Gr. 19G, a; H. 449,1. 
 —ad urbem: near the city. 25. paucis . .. rebus: abl. abs., with only 
 
 12 a few changes. 1. sequebatur: adopted, seconded. 
 
 2-12. correpti exagitabantur: were assailed and overvShelmed. G. 
 
 667, R. 1; Gr. 292, R; H. 549,5. 3. pronuntiaturum . . . negavit : 
 
 utterly refused to put to vote. App. II, 5, b. 4. sua sententia : 
 p. 11,18-21.— vocibus, terrore, minis: G.483, 2; Gr. 208, b; H. 554,6; 
 the majority (plerique), driven to it by the cries of the consul, etc., 
 against their wills and under compulsion adopt the motion of Scipio. 
 7. uti . . . dimittat : the complementary or object purpose of the cen¬ 
 seo implied in sententiam. Cf. ut. . . proficisceretur, p. 11, 21.—uti 
 . . . videri : 0. 0. after the idea of declaring implied in the vote of the 
 senate, the infin. having eum as subject, and representing videatur 
 in 0. R. G. 598; Gr. 307, b; H. 5C9; videor was used “in official 
 decisions, as a guarded opinion, instead of a positive declaration.” 
 9. Intercedit: G. 281, Exc. 1; Gr. 205, d; H. 463, i; entered his veto. 
 See App. II, 7. 10. refertur: the motion was to ignore the veto as 
 
 an illegal interference. 11. ut quisque . . . ita : G. 645, R. 2; Gr. 
 107; H. 458,2. 12. quam maxime: G. 317; Gr. 93, b; H. 444,3; the 
 
 more bitterly ... so much the more especially, etc. 
 
 Chap. III. The senate is dismissed (Jan. 2d) without deciding upon 
 the legality of the tribunes’ veto. Pompey’s friends are rallied 
 in such numbers for the next session (Jan. 5th), that Caesar’s 
 friends are overav/cd. Some however venture to propose that 
 the senate communicate further with Caesar. 
 
 13-23. ad vesperum: towards evening. A vote could not be taken 
 after sunset. App. II, 5, b. 14. or’dinis: body, rank. G. 365; Gr. 
 214, c; H. 402.— evocantur: i.e. out of the city. See on aderat p. 11, 
 15.— Laudat: supply as object some word like acriores, the opposite 
 of segniores. 15. in posterum: sc. tempus, for the future. 17. 
 ordinum : cent um onshins . Cf. App. Ill, 11, a.— duabus legionibus : 
 see on p.^.Ui^^^^^^^^^'uitium : here = forum. In a narrower 
 
NOTES.—BOOK I. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 sense the word denotes the N. W. part of the forum, where the tribes 12 
 formerly assembled to vote.— tribunis : sc. militum. See App. 
 
 Ill, 9. 20. evocatis : veterans, called forth from their retirement. 
 
 See App. Ill, 12. 20. necessarii : followers, whether kinsmen or not. 
 
 21. inimicitias cum aliquo gerere: to he on had terms with any 
 one. 23. infirmiores: the less resolute of the senators, dubii, the 
 wavering friends of Pompey.—plerisque: with eripitur. G. 34G, last 
 Ex.; Gr. 229; H. 380,2.— decernendi : of voting, used of the individual 
 senator’s act; in p. 11, 20, of the whole senate’s. 
 
 24-28. censor, praetor ; App. II, 10,13. 25. qui . . . doceant : 
 
 G. 632; Gr. 317 ; H. 497, i. Translate by an infinitive. 26. sex dies 
 . . . spatii: G. 367; Gr. 216, a, 1; H. 397,1; six days’ term or time, 
 three to go to Eavenna (p. 13, 29), and three to return. Both time and 
 space are denoted by spatium .—ad earn rem conficiendam: G. 428; 
 
 Gr. 296, 300; H. 542, iii, 544,1. 27. nonnullis : G. 448, R. 4; Gr. 
 
 150; H. 553,1.—ut. . . mittantur : follows in the object relation the 
 multi censebant implied in the preceding passive phrase. See 
 on uti. . . dimittat, p. 12, 7. These sentences may be regarded also as 
 substantive appositive. 28. qui . . . proponant: cf. qui . . . doceant, 
 
 I. 25. 
 
 Chap. IV. But Caesar’s enemies refuse, especially Cato, Lentulus and 
 Scipio, whose motives for wishing war are explained, as well as 
 those of Pompey. 
 
 29-34. resistitur: G. 345,11.3; Gr. 230; 11.384,5. 31. Caesaris: 
 
 G. 361,2; Gr. 217; II. 396, iii.—dolor repulsae: the chagrin arising 
 from his defeat, viz. in his canvass for the consulship. See Biog. G. 
 
 361,1; Gr. 214; H. 396, ii. 32. aeris alieni : gen. of aes alienum, 
 the money of another, i.e. debts. If war was successfully made against 
 Caesar, Lentulus could hope for tabulae novae, i.e. official release 
 of debtors from their debts, and he would be sure of the customary 
 province after his consulship, from which to extort wealth. . Cf. App. 
 
 II, 12. 33. regum appellandorum largitionibus: hy the prospective 
 
 hrihes for entitling Icings, i.e. of those who wished the title of Icing. 
 
 The senate voted the title of rex, or amicus populi Romani, 
 or both, to a foreign prince whom it wished to keep on friendly terms, 
 and was often induced to do this by bribes. Cf. App. II, 1. Lentulus 
 thought that in case cf war such titles would be bestowed more freely 
 than usual, and that the customary bribes would pass through his 
 hands, as consul and presiding officer of the senate.— appellandorum: 
 
 = quas ex appellando reges capturus sit. G.429; Gr.298; 
 
 / 
 
PAGE 
 
 12 H. 542, i, 544, 1.— alterum fore Sullam: that he would he a second 
 Sulla, i.e. would, lead the aristocratic party to power again. 34. 
 ad quern... redeat: to whom the sovereignty would fitly fall, Gr. 633; 
 Gr. 320; H. 500, i. The same in 0. R. 
 
 36—p. 13, 3. pro necessitudine : hy virtue of his relationship. 
 Pompey had married Scipio’s daughter Cornelia after the death of 
 
 13 Julia. See on illo... tempore, p. 13, 6. 1. judiciorum metus: Scipio 
 
 feared the courts, because if men of Caesar’s party should get power 
 in them, he might be convicted of some of his notorious political 
 briberies.— adulatio atque ostentatio: each of these nouns is limited 
 by both the genitives sui and potentium ; his flattery was exercised 
 on himself as well as on the men of influence, and he made a display of 
 his friendship with them, as well as of himself. 3. plurimum: G. 
 331, R. 3; Gr. 240, a; H. 378,2. 
 
 4-9. quod : as in p. 11, 15.— dignitate: G. 398; Gr. 253; H. 424.— 
 secum: G. 414, R. 1; Gr. 99, e; H. 184,6. 5. totum: adverb, like pluri¬ 
 
 mum above.— ejus : same gen. as Caesaris, p. 12, 31.— cum aliquo 
 in gratiam redire: to become reconciled to one. 6. illo affinitatis 
 tempore: G. 292,2; Gr. 102, b; H. 450,4. About 59, Pompey married 
 Caesar’s daughter Julia. She died in 54, and the enmity between 
 the two men began soon after. See Int. 5, 7. 7. injunxerat Cae¬ 
 
 sari : had loaded upon C. 8. legionum : see on repulsae, p. 12, 
 31; the disgrace coming upon him from the detention of, etc. See 
 alsoonp.il, 23.— Asiae Syriaeque: into Asia and Syria. G. 357, 
 R. 1; Gr. 217; H. 396, iii. The genitives might be represented by 
 adjectives, Asiatico, Syriaco. G. 357; Gr. page 146, note; H. 
 393. 9. dominatumque: G. 478; Gr. 156, a; H. 554, i, 2. —rem 
 
 . . . studebat : was eager to have the matter (the question between 
 Caesar and the senate) brought to the issue of war. Contrast ad otium 
 deduci, 1. 30. 
 
 Chap. V. No delay is granted Caesar or his friends, but a decree 
 virtually declaring war is hurried through the senate, when 
 Caesar’s tribunes fly the city to escape violence, and join him 
 at Ravenna (Jan. 7th). 
 
 10-17. His de causis: G. 415; Gr. 345, a; H. 569, ii, 1. 11. docendi 
 
 Caesaris : the gerundive construction (p. 12, 33) dependent on spa¬ 
 tium; time to inform C. 12. periculi deprecandi, extremi juris . . . 
 retinendi; also gerundive constructions, but dependent on facultas, 
 1. 14:, power to avert, to retain, etc. 13. intercessione: denotes the 
 means of retinendi, to retain their highest right by exercising the veto. 
 
NOTES.—BOOK 1. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 The opportunity to exercise their highest right, viz. the veto, amounts 13 
 of course to a retention of it. See p. 12, 9. The veto is set aside, and 
 the tribunes threatened with violence.— quod reliquerat: “the tri- 
 bunician authority had arisen out of the right to annul the official acts 
 of the magistrates by veto, and, eventually, to fine any one who should 
 oppose that right and take steps for his farther punishment; this was 
 still left to the tribunes, excepting that a heavy fine, destroying as a 
 rule a man’s civil existence, was imposed on the abuse of the right of 
 intercession.” 14. septimo die: i.e. of this debate, which had begun 
 Jan. 1st. But as the tribunes came into office on the 10th of Dec., the 
 debate was virtually the beginning of their official career. 15. quod: 
 object of respicere and timere. Its antecedent is the phrase de sua 
 salute .. . cogitare, a thing which, etc. G. 616, B. 2; Gr. 200, e; H. 
 445,7.— illi. . . plebis: those notorious (cf. illo, 1. 6) tribunes of former 
 times who were most factious. Caesar means the brothers Tiberius and 
 Gains Gracchus, who were killed by the senatorial party at the close of 
 their tribuneships, the first 133 b.c., the second ten years after, having 
 devoted their lives to the cause of the poorer classes in Rome, upon 
 whom they tried to have part of the public lands bestowed which the 
 aristocrats were monopolizing. Lucius Saturninus may also be in¬ 
 cluded, a corrupt demagogue,- who, after a long and bloody career in 
 Roman politics, was killed by a senatorial mob in 100 b.c., at the close 
 of his second tribuneship.— turbulentissimi : contains a contrast to the 
 moderate demands of Caesar’s tribunes. 16. denique: = demum, 
 only, not until. 17. actionum : official acts. Even tribunes who 
 had tried unlawful changes, had not been threatened with punishment 
 until the close {twelfth month) of their sacred office. 
 
 17-22. Decurritur ad: hasty recourse was had to, etc. 18. The 
 senatus consultum ultimum was a decree of the senate in 
 times of civil dissensions, giving the consuls, and sometimes other 
 magistrates expressly mentioned, a dictatorial power “exercitum 
 parare, bellum gerere, coercere omnibus modis socios 
 atque cives, domi militiaeque imperium atque judi¬ 
 cium summum habere.” It was expressed in the words “ v i d e- 
 ant, or dent operam consules (praetores etc.) ne quid 
 res publica detrimenti capiat,” or “ut imperium po¬ 
 puli Romani majestasque conservetur.” —quo: adverb; 
 ivhither, to which the state had never before resorted, except, I had 
 almost said (paene), in an actual (ipso) conflagration of the city, and 
 amid a universal despair of safety. 19. omnium salutis: G. 361, R. 
 
 2; Gr. 217, b; H. 398,2. 20. dent. . . capiat: the actual decree. It is 
 
 given in 0. 0. p. 14, 31.—dent: G. 256,3; Gr. 266; H. 484, iv. 21, 
 
-T" CAESAR’S CIVIL WAR. 
 
 ■PAGE 
 
 13 quique. . . sint: G. 633; Gr. 320; H. 503, i. Pompey is of course 
 specially meant. 22. detrimenti: G. 371; Gr. 216, a, 3; H. 397,3.— 
 capiat: negative purpose after the verbal phrase dent operam. G. 
 546; Gr.331; H. 498, ii. 
 
 22-30. Haec senatusconsulto perscribuntur ante diem septimum 
 Idus Januarias : these things were officially recorded in accordance 
 with the senate’s decree, or, this decree of the senate was put in writing 
 on the seventh of Jan. Cf. App. II, 5, b, end. For the Poman date, 
 G. page 387; Gr. 376; II. 642-644. 24. diebus: G. GC2; Gr. 256; II. 
 
 429. Jan. 1st, 2d, 5th, 6th and 7th.—qua ei*! die: = eii ca die qua, 
 counting from the day when. G. 618; Gr. 200, b; II. 445,9. See also 
 on 1. 10. 25. biduo— comitiali : abl. abs., omitting the two election 
 
 days. On these it was unusual for the senate to convene. The two 
 days, Jan. 3d and 4th, were probably occupied with the preparations 
 described in p. 12,16-22.—et de . . . et de. . . decernitur : a most im¬ 
 portant and hostile decree was passed, regarding both . . . a7id . . . 
 29. Ravennae : G. 412; Gr. 258, c; H. 425, ii. An ancient town in 
 S. E. Gallia Cispadana, built, like Venice, partly in the v/ater. At 
 this time it was small and unimportant, but under Augustus it was 
 enlarged and beautified. In the fifth and sixth centuries a.d. it be¬ 
 came the chief city of Italy, but declined with the rise of the Papal 
 power. 30. si. . . posset: to see if in any way, etc. G. 462,2; Gr. 
 334, f; H. 529,1, N. 1.—qua : abl. and adv., not nom. as in p. 11,22.— 
 res ad otium deduci: cf. 1. 9. 
 
 Chap. VI. Pompey encourages the senate by exaggerating his own 
 forces and depreciating Caesar’s, so that it votes to raise levies 
 in all Italy and put the public money into his hands. The pro¬ 
 vinces are given to his supporters. (Jan. 8th and 9th.) 
 
 32—p. 14, 6. quae . . . ostenderat: p. 11,11-14. 34. habere: see 
 
 on timere, p. 11, 23.— legiones ... decem: it is uncertain whether Pom¬ 
 pey means to include his seven veteran legions in Spain or not. As he 
 had received the privilege of raising troops in the previous October, 
 and is evidently over- rather than underrating his forces, the number 
 may refer to troops in Italy alone, including the two legions taken 
 from Caesar.— cognitum compertumque (esse): that it ivas ascer¬ 
 tained and known hy him, a repetition of the same verbal idea for 
 emphasis; that he knew very ivell. The subjects are the infin. clauses 
 following, that Caesar’s soldiers were (esse) disloyal to him, and could 
 (posse) not he induced to defend him, or even to follow him. 35. 
 alieno . . . animo : G. 402; Gr. 251; H. 419, ii. 36. iis : dat. after 
 
NOTES.—BOOK I. 
 
 139 
 
 . PAGB 
 
 the impers. pass, persuaderi, which depends on posse ; literally, and 13 
 that it could not he persuaded them. —uti. . . sequantur : subject of 
 posse. 2. habeatur, mittatur, detur: dependent on refertur, with 14 
 ut supplied. Gr. 331, f, R.; H. 499,2; see on ut. ..proficisceretur, 
 p. 11, 21, and cf. refertur. .. ut... sit, below, 11. 3 and4.— Mauritaniam: 
 a country on the N. W. coast of Africa, now Morocco and Algiers, 
 subject respectively to Spain and France. Its princes at this time were 
 two brothers, Bocchus and Bogud, friends of Caesar, and soon after 
 this made “ kings ” by him. See on p. 12, 33. Sulla would try to win 
 them over to Pompey, who would then control their country’s immense 
 corn supplies. 3. pecunia: abl. with uti, G. 405; Gr. 249; H. 421, i; 
 that the use of the money .. .he given, etc. 4. socius atque aixiicus: 
 see on p. 12, 33.— Marcellus: the present consul; see note on p. 11,17. 
 
 5. passurum (esse) in praesentia: would not alloiv it to be put to 
 vote at present. Marcellus may have thought it dangerous to bring 
 these powerful Numidian and Mauritanian princes together, even as 
 allies of the senate, for they might combine against it.—De Fausto: 
 Philip vetoed the embassy of Faustus. This Philip was a son of the 
 one mentioned in 1. 9. Besides this action in Caesar’s favor, we know 
 only that he was praetor in 44. 6. De reliquis rebus: the motions 
 
 to raise levies in all Italy, and to put the public money at Pompey’s 
 disposal, pass, and are formally recorded after the session. See on 
 p. 13, 22. 
 
 7-18. decernuntur: were sorted out for, i.e. the senate decided which 
 provinces should be governed by ex-consuls, and which by ex-praetors. 
 These ex-magistrates are meant by privatis. They afterward decided 
 by mutual agreement or by lot, what particular man should have each 
 province. 9. praetereuntur: because they were connections of Cae¬ 
 sar. As consulars of longer standing, they would naturally have been 
 preferred before Scipio (52) and Domitius (54), according to Pompey’s 
 own law. Cf. App. II. 12. 10. dejiciuntur: sc. in urnam; they 
 
 were not allowed to take part in the lot. 11. neque: its correspond 
 dent is —que in 1. 13; neither . . . and,= and not . . . hut. G. 482, R. 
 
 2; Gr. 155, A; H. 554, i, 5.— exspectant: they, i.e. all who had received 
 provinces, proconsuls and propraetors.—quod : its antecedent is the 
 sentence in the midst of which it stands. See on p. 13,15. 12. ut 
 
 . . . feratur: object of exspectant. They did not wait to have their 
 command conferred upon them, or ratified by vote of the people. 
 
 13. paludatique : hut they donned their generaVs cloak, performed 
 their vows to Jupiter on the Capitol, and set out. Cf. App. Ill, 3, a, 6. 
 
 14. quod: cf. quod in 1. 11.—numquamc rhetorical exaggeration cer¬ 
 tainly, for it was only since the time of Sulla that the consuls were 
 
140 
 
 CAESARIS CIVIL WAR. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 14 required to pass their year of actual o3ice in the city. Wars were more 
 and more managed by proconsuls and propraetors. 15. lictores : 
 the object, and privati the subject of habent; for privati, see on de¬ 
 cernuntur, 1. 7. These ex-magistrates (Caesar will not recognize their 
 assumed authority enough to call them proconsuls and propraetors), 
 appeared in the city with the symbols of their authority, which was 
 unlawful without a special decree of the people, and the people had 
 not even voted them their authority. See on aderat, p. 11, 15. 17. 
 
 fanis : the votive otierings of worshippers made popular temples store¬ 
 houses of vast treasures. 18. omnia . . . permiscentur: Notice these 
 last five sentences without any connective (Asyndeton). Such an omis¬ 
 sion gives an impression of haste and excitement. Caesar reaches here 
 the climax in his description of the hostile and illegal acts of Pompey 
 and his party. In the next chapter the scene changes abruptly from 
 Rome to Ravenna. 
 
 B. THE CAMPAIGN IN ITALY. CHAP. VII—XXXIII. 
 
 a. Caesar’s Address to his Soldiers. Chap. vii. 
 
 Chap. VII. Caesar addresses the soldiers of the 13th legion—setting 
 forth his wrongs, the ingratitude of Pompey, the revolutionary 
 acts of his enemies—and summons them to avenge him and the 
 tribunes of the people. 
 
 20-29. Quibus rebus cognitis : by private messenger Caesar could 
 have heard of the senate’s declaration of war (chap. 5) by Jan. 12th; 
 see on p. 12, 2G. He seems however to have waited several days (cf. 
 proximis diebus, p. 13, 31) before making this speech to his soldiers, 
 until news of the preparations for war, described in chap. 6, reach him. 
 Meanwhile his other legions are coming up. It is not until the 20th, 
 after he has crossed the Rubicon and occupied Ariminum, that he gets 
 official notice of the senate’s decree against him. See on p. 15, 13. 
 For quibus, see G. 612; Gr. 201, e; H. 453. — milites: cf. p. 15, 5-7. 
 21. omnium temporum, inimicorum: both limit injurias, the first as 
 gen. of quality, G. 304; Gr. 215; H. 396, v. The second ? 22. de¬ 
 
 ductum ac depravatum: sc. esse. G. 653; Gr. 336; H. 523, i. 23. 
 cujus: = cum ejus, i.e. Pompey’s, and would be followed by the 
 subjv. (cujus faverim) even in 0. R. G. 637; Gr. 320, e; H. 515, 
 hi. 24. adjutorque fuerit: = ad juver it que. See on p. 17, 35, 
 lege Julia. 25. introductum: cf. deductum, etc., in 1. 22.— ut. . . 
 opprimeretur : simple result, G. 554, or explaining exemplum. Gr. 
 
N0TE8.—B00K L 
 
 141 
 
 PAGE 
 
 332, f; H. 501, iii. Translate freely, o/etc. The tense 14 
 shows that queritur is now treated as a historical tense; contrast its 
 use in the preceding sentence. Gr. 511, E,. 1; Gr. 287, e; H. 495, ii. 
 
 26. quae . . . restituta : by Pompey himself. Int. 4. 27. Sullam 
 
 ...ademisse: sc. queritur. — nudata ... potestate : abi. abs.—omni¬ 
 bus rebus: in every way. Caesar uses this adverbial phrase quite often 
 as = omnibus modis (p. 65, 31); cf. p. 18, 8, p. 23, 31. G. 401; Gr. 248, 
 
 E.; H. 419, iii. 28. liberam: pred. adj. G. 324; Gr. 186, b; II. 438,2. 
 
 29. Pompeium : by the action of his supporters, chap. 5, who had gone 
 further than even Sulla.— videatur: is thought, has the reputation of, 
 etc. Indie, in 0. E.—bona : the tribunitial powers taken away by 
 Sulla.—(ea) quae ante habuerint: the tribunitial powers left by Sulla. 
 
 G. 621; Gr. 195, b; H. 445,6.— habuerint ^ habuerunt in 0. E. 
 
 Its subj. is (they, i.e.) a pron. referring to the Eoman people. 
 
 30—p. 15, 1. Quotienscumque. . , occupatis: 0. 0. after a que¬ 
 ritur supplied; factum (esse). . . occupatis is the princ. and there¬ 
 fore inlin. clause, quotienscumque sit decretum is a subord. and 
 therefore subjv. clause, to which the sentence darent . . . caperet (its 
 form in 0. E. may be seen p. 13, 20-22) serves as subject, and this subj. 
 clause is qualified by another subord. and parenthetical clause, qua 
 . . . sit vocatus. 33. in: in the case of .— perniciosis legibus: the 
 agrarian laws of the Gracchi (see on illi. . . plebis, p, 13, 15) caused 
 bitter conflicts between the popular and aristocratic parties. In 
 121 a tumult arose from an attempt to abolish them, and the senate 
 passed the decree dent consules, etc. The popular party withdrew 
 (secessione) to Mt. Aventinus, which, like the Capitol and the temples 
 (locisque editioribus), was often the scene of political struggles. In 
 one of these, which took place on the Capitol in 100, Saturninus was 
 killed.—^vi tribunicia: as when Tiberius Gracchus unlawfully tried to 
 depose a hostile colleague, or to have himself re-elected tribune, though 
 in these particular cases we read of no senatusconsultum ulti¬ 
 mum. 35. expiata (esse): depends on docet, sc. Caesar. 36. 
 casibus: deaths .— quarum rerum: viz. legibus, vi, secessione. 1. 15 
 illo tempore: at the present time. In 0. 0. the pronoun would be 
 hoc. G. 663,3; H. 526.—factum, cogitatum : depend on docet. —ne 
 , . . quidem: G. 447, E. 2; Gr. 151, e; H, 569, iii, 2. 
 
 2-6. cujus . . . pacaverint : a relative clause preceding its corre¬ 
 lative ejus (4) for emphasis. G. 622; Gr. 201, c; H. 453,2. The 
 object of hortatur (1) is the clause ut. . . defendant, which should be 
 translated first : he exhorts them to def md... of him (ejus) under 
 whose (enjus) command, etc. (lit. under the lead of whom as general ).— 
 viiii anni.s: the campaigns in Gaul from 58 to 49. Int. 6.—rempubli- 
 
142 
 
 CAESARIS CIVIL WAR. 
 
 cam gerere: here = bellum reipublicae causa gerere. 5. 
 legionis xiii : Caesar had sent it from Gaul into the province north of 
 Italy (Gallia Cisalpina) in place of the 15th, which the senate had taken 
 ostensibly for the Parthian war. See on p. 11, 23, B. G, viii, 54. 6. 
 
 evocaverat: sc. ex hibernis. 
 
 b. Caesar’s Advance to Corfinium. Chap, viii—xvi. 
 
 Chap. VIII. Assured of their support, Caesar crosses the Bubicon 
 and advances to Ariminum. Here messengers from Rome come 
 to him, bearing the decrees of the senate, and certain private 
 messages from Pompey (about Jan. 20th). 
 
 9-14. Ariminum: G. 342,2; Gr. 258, b; H. 380, ii. The first town 
 in Umbria south of the Rubicon (the boundary between Italy and the 
 province), and of the greatest military importance, since it commanded 
 the province to the north, Etruria to the west, the whole eastern sea- 
 coast, and a direct road (via Flaminia) to Rome. Caesar’s first step 
 was a telling one. Plutarch, in his life of Caesar, makes quite a dra¬ 
 matic scene out of the crossing of the Rubicon. Caesar does not even 
 mention it. 10. confugerant: p. 13, 27. 11. reliquas legiones; 
 
 four from among the Belgians, and four from among the Aedui in 
 Gaul. B. G. viii, 54. Of these however only two, the 12th (p. 18, 12) 
 and 8th (p. 19, 26), join him in the Italian campaign, making, with the 
 13th (p. 15, 5), the three veteran legions (p. 22, 33) which were at the 
 siege of Corfinium and afterwards at Brundisium. The rest of his 
 forces were raw recruits (pp. 19, 27; 22,33). Of the remaining six 
 legions now summoned out of their winter quarters in Gaul, Caesar 
 afterwards sent three to winter near Narbo (p. 28, 29), on the road to 
 Spain, where Pompey had seven veteran legions, and three to winter 
 somewhere between Narbo and their former quarters among the Aedui 
 (p. 28, 33), while he relied more and more on new recruits and on 
 deserters and prisoners from Pompey’s troops, to master Italy. 12. 
 eo: thWher. 13. reliquo sermone: the announcement of the sen¬ 
 ate’s decrees; see on p. 14, 20.— cujus rei causa: G. 372; Gr. 245, c; 
 H. 416, footnote 2. 14. privati officii mandata: commissions in a 
 
 private capacity, of a private nature; obj. of habere. For the gen. 
 see on temporum, p. 14, 21. 
 
 15-23. velle, habuisse (18), debere; 0. 0. in appos. with, or depen¬ 
 dent on a verb of saying imphed in mandata; see on videri, p. 12, 7.— 
 se Caesari purgatum (esse): to he justified in Caesar’s eyes. The 
 dat. is that of the person with reference to whom anything is done. 
 
NOTES.—BOOK I. 
 
 143 
 
 PA.GB 
 
 G.343; Gr.235; H.384,4, N. 3. 16. egerit: the same in 0. R. G.631; 15 
 
 Gr. 342; H. 529, ii. Its subj. is a pron. referring to Pompey.— in . . . 
 vertat: he (i.e. Caesar) construe as a personal insult. 17. reipubli- 
 cae commoda: the public interests ; obj. of habuisse. — necessitudini¬ 
 bus: with the pred. adj. potiora. G. 399; Gr. 247; H. 417. 18. 
 
 pro sua dignitate: as befitted his high position. 19. reipublicae; 
 to lay aside in the interests ofi the state both his seljish aims (studium) 
 a7id his anger, and not (neque), etc. 20. cum (qnum)... speret: 
 
 =1 sperat in 0. R. The fut. infin. is more common with spero in 
 the sense of hope, expect. With the pres, infin. it may be translated 
 think, flatter oneselfi that one is doing something. 22. Eadem: 
 obj. of agit and commemorasse. For the latter, G. 151,1; Gr. 128, a; 
 n. 235. 23. agere cum aliquo: to state to anyone. — Roscius: 
 
 p. 12, 25.— sibique . . . demonstrat : and declared that Pompey had 
 communicated them to him. 
 
 Chap. IX. Caesar replies, proposing that Pompey go to his provinces, 
 that both armies disband, and that the government be freed 
 from military influence; he thinks these matters can be ar¬ 
 ranged in an interview. 
 
 24-28. Quae . . . videbantur: although these things (Pompey’s mes¬ 
 sages) manifiestly had no refierence to, etc. See on Quibus, p. 14, 20.— 
 nihil: G. 331, R. 3; Gr. 238; H. 378,2. 25. idoneos . . . per quos: 
 
 idoneus is followed in Caesar by the dat., by ad with acc., or, as 
 here, by qui and the subjv. G. 556, R. 2; Gr. 320, f; H. 503, ii, 2; per 
 quos = ut per eos. Translate freely by the active : suitable men 
 to convey, etc.—nactus: G. 669; Gr. 292; H. 549,1. The word often 
 denotes, in Caesar, some unexpectedly favorable gain. 26. ea quae 
 vellet: his wishes', cf. quae vellet, p. 11, 20.—eum: Pompey. 27. 
 petit. . . ne graventur : G. 546; Gr. 331, a; H. 498, i.— detulerint: 
 
 G. 541; Gr. 321, a; H. 516, ii; since, as he said, they had conveyed, 
 etc. 28. si.. . possint: (to see) ifi they could, etc. See on posset, 
 p. 13, 30. 
 
 30— p. 16, 4. Sibi semper, etc.: the rest of this chap, is ind. disc, 
 dependent on a word of declaring implied in petit (27). Apply G. 653; 
 
 Gr. 336; II. 523, 524.— primam, potiorem: pred. adjs., the latter fol¬ 
 lowed by vita, as potiora, in 1. 18, by necessitudinibus. Indeed this 
 whole sentence seems almost an echo of that. 31. quod: because. — 
 populi Romani beneficium: the privilege of standing for office while 
 away from the city, as explained by cujus . . . jussisset below. Cf. 
 
 Int. 8. 32. sibi: see on plerisque, p. 12, 23. — per contumeliam; 
 
144 
 
 CAESAR'S CIVIL WAR. 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 15 insultingly. — extorqueretur, retraheretur: conform to the real tense 
 
 of petit (27). See on queritur, p. 14, 25. The mood is that of 
 a subord. clause in 0. 0. 33. erepto . . . imperio, etc.: abl. abs.; 
 
 and because (quod) after being robbed of six months’ command, he was 
 being dragged bach into the city, although the people had ordered his 
 claims to be considered (e j u s rationem haberi) at the next election, in 
 spite of his absence. 34. cujus: = cum ejus; see on cujus, p. 14, 
 23.— absentis: partic. of absum , agreeing with cujus, and expressing 
 concession. Gr. 670; Gr. 292; H. 549,2. To be present at the elections 
 for the year 48, which would occur in July of 49, would oblige Caesar 
 to leave his army six months before his command expired. Int. 7. 
 36. aequo animo: patiently. —cum (quum) . . . miserit : when how¬ 
 ever he had sent, etc. In 0. 0. — cum ... mi si. G. 582; Gr. 325; 
 
 16 H. 521, i. 1. ne id quidem : see on p. 15, 1.— impetravisse : its 
 
 subj. is se to be supplied. 2. legiones ii: see on p. 11, 23. 3. 
 
 simulatione: under the pretence of; abl. of manner. 4. Quonam 
 . . . pertinere: InO. R. = quo haec omnia nisi ad meam per¬ 
 niciem pertineant? whither do all these things tend unless to my 
 destruction 9 This is a rhetorical question, having the same force as 
 the assertion haec vero omnia... pertinent, and therefore 
 takes the infin. in 0. 0., as the equivalent assertion would do. G. 654, 
 R. 1; Gr. 338; H. 523, ii, 2. 
 
 5-12. paratum (e s s e): introduces the infins. descendere and pati. 
 G. 424 (p. 216); Gr. 273, b; H. 533, ii, 3. 6. proficiscatur: this and 
 
 the other subj vs. of the sentence, as well as accedat and patiatur of the 
 next, represent commands. G. 655; Gr. 339; H. 523, iii. If the verb 
 on which they depend were thought of as in a historical tense, they 
 would be imperf. instead of pres, subjv., like reverteretur in 1. 17. 
 7. ipsi : sc. ductores or imperatores, i.e. Caesar and Pompey. 
 G. 297, R. 1; Gr. 195, i; H. 452. 8. libera: pred. adj. after sint to 
 
 be supplied. 10. quo : G. 554,2; Gr. 317, b; H. 497, ii. 2. 12. 
 
 fore uti. . . componantur : the result would be that, etc.; a favorite 
 circumlocution of the Latin for compositum iri with subj. acc. 
 G. 240; Gr. 147, c, 288, f; H. 537,3.— componantur: the leading verb 
 again thought of as in a principal tense. See on proficiscatur above. 
 
 Chap. X. Pompey replies that he will not go to' Spain until Caesar 
 retires to his province and disbands his army, and that the 
 levies in Italy will continue till Caesar gives surety that he will 
 keep his promises. 
 
 14. Capuam : see on Ariminum, p. 15, 9. The chief city of Cam- 
 
NOTES.—BOOK I. 
 
 145 
 
 PA<3B 
 
 pania, large and wealthy. Originally Etruscan, it was conquered 16 
 first by the Samnites, and then, in 340, by the Romans, 16, scripta 
 . . . mandata: propositions in writing. 17. summa: the substance. 
 
 —Caesar. . . delectus (21): 0, 0. in apposition with haec, the tenses 
 as dependent on the historical tense erat.— reverteretur, excederet, 
 dimitteret; see on proficiscatur, 1. 6. 18. fecisset, esset data: fut. 
 
 perfs. in 0. R. Gr. 516, 660,4; Or. 286, R., end; H. 525,2. 20. fac¬ 
 
 turum (esse) : depends on fides, surety. —quae polliceretur : pol¬ 
 liceatur in 0. R, O. 631; Or. 342; H. 529, ii. 
 
 Chap. XI. The injustice of Pompey’s demands, and the hopelessness 
 of a conference with him, lead Caesar to continue his advance 
 (Jan, 26th), 
 
 21-28. Erat : the subj. is postulare, and the following infins, 
 tenere, velle, habere, polliceri, definire. We anticipate such infin. 
 subjects in English by “eY;” it ivas an unfair proposition to demand, 
 etc. The subj. of postulare is a pronoun referring to Pompey, with 
 which ipsum (23) agrees; while he himself held, etc. 23. alienas: 
 Caesar’s; cf. 1. 2.— tenere: and yet remain at Rome with his army, to 
 influence the politics of the state, and especially the coming consular 
 elections, 24. habere: sc. ipsum; while he himself, etc. 25. 
 ne ^he . . . definire: hut not to fix a day before which he would return; 
 diem, the antec. of quern, has been incorporated into the relative 
 clause. O. 618; Or. 200, b; H. 445,9,— iturus sit: partial ind. disc, 
 after definire, preserving the tense of the speaker, for greater liveli¬ 
 ness of style. O. 657; H. 525,1. 26. consulatu; that which Caesar 
 
 wished to canvass for in the coming July, according to agreement. 
 Int. 7.— ut. . . videretur : the purpose (in Pompey’s mind), and also 
 the conclusion of si, . , non profectus esset, O. 660,6; Or, 307, c ; 
 H. 525,2- The time of profectus esset is past only with reference to 
 peracto consulatu ; if, when Caesar'’s consulship was over, he should not 
 have gone. —nulla . . . obstrictus : fettered by no scruple against lying. 
 Pompey’s declining to set a definite time for his departure, would 
 leave the way clear for him to stay at Rome as long as he pleased with¬ 
 out really breaking his word. Caesar with no office or command, could 
 not compete with Pompey at the head of an army, 27. mendacii; 
 obj. gen. 28. non dare neque . . , polliceri: subjects of afferebat; 
 dare has tempus as its object, polliceri has (se) accessurum (esse), 
 afferebat has desperationem; translate freely, rendered peace almost 
 hopeless. 
 
 10 
 
146 
 
 CAESAR’S CIVIL WAR. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 16 29-32. Itaque: Caesar represents that he waited lor the reply of 
 
 Pompey and the consuls before advancing; but Cicero’s letters repre¬ 
 sent the reply as following the flight of the consuls to Capua described 
 in chap. 14, and the flight as caused by Caesar’s advance from Ari¬ 
 minum to Arretium, Ancona and Auximum, chap. 12-13.—ab ; “the 
 preposition is generally used when the vicinity, rather than the town 
 itself is meant.” G. 411, B,. 1; Gr. 25S, f, B; H. 412,3, Note. 30. 
 cum: G. 391, B. 1; Gr. 248, a; H. 419, i, and 1.— Arretium: one of the 
 large towns of Etruria, on the direct road from Ariminum to Borne, 
 commanding the valleys of the Tiber and Amus, and the northern and 
 western entrances to Italy.— Arimini: G. 412; Gr. 258, c; H. 425, ii. 
 — duabus: sc. cohortibus. 31. Pisaurum, Fanum (Fortunae): 
 large towns of Umbria on the highway by the seacoast S. B. of Arimi¬ 
 num. From Fanum Fortunae the Via Flaminia led directly to Borne. 
 32. Anc5nam: a large seaport of Picenum, with a famous harbor pro¬ 
 tected by an elbow of land. Hence the name of the town (Gr. dyncov 
 = elbow). Caesar obtains complete command of the country as he ad¬ 
 vances. He could march on Borne, or meet Pompey advancing against 
 him, by every feasible route. 
 
 Chap. XH. Caesar sends. Curio against Iguvium, which is abandoned 
 to him, and then advances himself against Auximum, where 
 soldiers were being recruited for Pompey by Attius Varus. 
 
 33. certior factus : this phrase is followed in Caesar by an in¬ 
 finitive clause as here, or by a subjv. clause, or by de with the abl. 
 In other writers a gen. is also used.— ^Iguvium : a large and strong 
 town in the heart of Umbria, a little west of the summit of the 
 Apennines, 3 ust off the Via Flaminia. — ^Thermum: subj. of tenere; 
 see App. I. 35. voluntatem: and that the sentiments of all the 
 Iguvini were v&ry friendly toward him, 36. mittit: sc. eo, thither. 
 
 17— cujus: translate as = ejus vero; see on quibus, p. 14, 20. 1. 
 
 diffisus : Caesar uses diffido with the dat. only, but confido (4) 
 with the abl. of the thing, and the dat of the person or an expression 
 implying persons.— voluntati : cf. p. 16, 35. 3. domum : G. 410; 
 
 Gr. 258, b; H. 380, ii, 2.— summa . . . voluntate: with the greatest good 
 will on the part of all; voluntate here = b o n a voluntate; omnium 
 is subj. gen. 4. municipiorum : mentioned p. 16, 31-32. 6. 
 
 Auximum: a strong town on a lofty hill about twelve miles S. W. of 
 Ancona, commanding Picenum. —quod: see on cujus, p. 16, 36. 7. 
 
 delectumque . . habebat : App. Ill, 1. 
 
NOTES.—BOOK 1. 
 
 147 
 
 TAGE 
 
 Chap. XIII. When the citizens of Auximum refuse to keep Caesar 17 
 out, Varus abandons the town, is pursued by some of Caesar’s 
 soldiers, and deserted by his own troops. 
 
 9. decuriones : the name given to members of the senate in the 
 free towns.— ^frequentes: in great numbers. 10. sui judicii: G. 365; 
 
 Gr. 214, c; H. 402.—rem: cf. p. 13, 9; the question whether Caesar 
 or Pompey was in the right. They had no wish to close their city 
 against either. They thought the dispute was not for them to settle. 
 
 11. pati posse . . . prohiberi : could allow .. .to be Tcept out of, etc. 
 
 12. meritum: mereor. — tantis rebus gestis: abi. abs. ; after such 
 great exploits. 13. oppido moenibusque: from the town and its for¬ 
 tifications. G. 478; Gr. 156, a; 11.554, i, 2.— habeat: a command in 0. 
 
 R.; therefore he should have regard for, etc. See on p. 16, 6. 14. 
 
 posteritatis: the future. 16. Hunc: Varus, as leader of his troops. 
 
 —ex . . . milites : construe, pauci milites Caesaris ex primo ordine 
 consecuti; for primo ordine see App. III, 2. 18. nonnulla pars : a 
 
 considerable part. G. 448, R. 4; Gr. 150, a; H. 553,1. 19. una:adv. 
 
 —deprensus: with adducitur; is brought as a prisoner. 20. primi 
 pili centurio: the highest centurion in his legion; see App. Ill, 11, b. 
 
 21. ordinem : = pi 1 um, or centuriam; App. Ill, ibid., and 2, a. 
 
 23. eorum facti: what they had done; the first is gen. subj., the 
 second depends on memorem. G. 373; Gr. 218, a; H. 399, i, 2.— 
 fore: = futurum esse. 
 
 Chap. XIV. The news of Caesar’s advance causes such a fright at 
 Rome, that the consuls and other officials hurry off to Capua, 
 which they now make their headquarters. (Feb. 4th.) 
 
 24-32. Romam: when tidings of these events were brought to Rome; 
 see on Ariminum, p. 15, 9. 25. invasit: sc. urbem. —cum. . . 
 
 venisset: G. 586; Gr. 325; H. 521, ii, 2. Lentulus returned to Rome 
 from Capua, where the propositions of Caesar had been brought by 
 Roscius, p. 16, 14. 25. aerarium: the treasure chamber for the 
 
 public moneys, in a portion of the temple of Saturn, under the care of 
 the quaestors (App. II, 8). A fund for special emergencies was kept 
 apart in the aerarium sanctius (27), or special treasury. 26. 
 senatusconsulto: p. 14, 3. 27. aperto. . .aerario: abi. abs. ex¬ 
 
 pressing tline ; after opening, etc. 28. Caesar: subj. of falso 
 nuntiabatur understood, or, with equites, subj. of nuntiabantur. 
 Translate impersonally, it was falsely reported that, etc.— adventare: 
 an intensified advenire. G. 787,1; Gr. 167, b; H. 336.—jam jamque: 
 
148 
 
 CAESARIS CIVIL WAR. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 17 Caesar was said to be coming straightway, and his horsemen to be 
 
 already 30. diei : depending on pridie priore die. Gr. 
 
 214, g; H. 398,5. 31. profectus iter . . . habebat: had set out and 
 
 was on the way to, etc.—quas . . . acceptas . . . disposuerat : which 
 he had received . . . and stationed ... . G. G67, R. 1; Gr. 292, R; 
 
 H. 549,5. 32. hibernorum causa; = nbi hibernarent. 
 
 34—p. 18, 4. primum: for the first time. G. 324, R. 7; Gr. 151, d: 
 H. 304, i, 3; primo = at first, as p. 11,17. 35. lege Julia: in accord¬ 
 
 ance with, etc.; abl. of cause. Tip to the year 59 Pompey had vainly 
 tried to get the senate to help him fulfill his promises of land to his 
 soldiers in the Mithridatic war. Disgusted with the senate Pompey 
 turned to Caesar, then at the head of the popular party, and by his 
 help got a law passed dividing the state lands in Campania among 
 about 20,000 of the poorer Roman citizens who had families. Among 
 these Pompey’s veterans were largely provided for. Cf. Int. 4.—de- 
 
 18 ducti erant: established in a colony at, etc. 1. ludo; in training; 
 
 while Caesar was aedile (App. II, 9) in 65, he spent immense sums 
 (of borrowed money) for games and shows to entertain the people. 
 This training-school of gladiators was for such purposes.— ^productos : 
 see on acceptas, p. 17, 31. 2. quos: obj. of distribuit (5); see on 
 
 cujus, p. 16, 36. 3. quod : because. — reprehendebatur : “it was 
 
 only twenty years since Spartacus, at the head of 30,000 gladiators, 
 had waged a civil war in Italy not second to Hannibal’s in its formid¬ 
 able character, and held command of the whole country for two years.” 
 These gladiators too, might prefer to fight for their master, Caesar. 
 4. circum familias conventus Campaniae: round among the slaves of 
 the society of Campania. Conventus was the name given to a 
 league or confederation of Roman citizens in a province or provincial 
 town. Its object was to promote the business and social advantages of 
 its members. The word also means a legal district in a province, 
 and its court or assize.— custodiae causa: see on hibernorum causa, 
 p. 17, 32. 
 
 Chap. XV. Caesar’s forces overrun all Picenum, and Pompey’s offi¬ 
 cers and supporters, with as many soldiers as they can collect 
 and keep, throw themselves into Corfinium. 
 
 5-12. Auximo: see on p. 17, 6. G. 411; Gr. 258, a; H. 412, ii. 
 6. praefecturae: Italian towns with the rights of Roman citizenship, 
 but presided over by officers (praefecti) sent annually from Rome. 
 A municipium, or a colonia, had its own senate (decuriones, 
 p. 17, 9) and chief magistrates (duumviri, p. 22, 6). 8. omnibus 
 
NOTES.—BOOK 1. 
 
 149 
 
 TAGE 
 
 rebus: see on p. 14, 27.—quod oppidum: G. G18; Gr. 201, d; H. 445,9; 18 
 as an antecedent proper, oppidum would be in the abl. in appos. with 
 Cingulo. 9. suaque pecunia: the sale of Gallic prisoners of war 
 into slavery had been a source of immense wealth to Caesar and his 
 officers. 10. imperaverit : plupf. if pollicentur were used as a 
 historical tense; see on fecisset, p. 16,18. 11. imperat: mittunt: 
 
 The asyndeton (see on p. 14, 18) expresses the promptness with which 
 his commands were obeyed. 12. legio xii : see on p. 15, 11.—his 
 duabus: the 12th and 13th, for Antony and Curio had probably joined 
 him with their cohorts.— Asculum: a strong town in the heart of 
 Picenum, distinguished by its adjective from a town of the same name 
 in Apulia. It had been the capital of the country before its subjuga¬ 
 tion by the Romans in 268. 
 
 13-26. Lentulus Spinther: to be carefully distinguished from Len¬ 
 tulus the acting consul, whose surname was Crus. See App. I.— x 
 cohortibus : equal in numbers to a legion, but not under organization 
 as such. 16. deseritur : cf. p. 17, 17. Caesar’s fame as a general, 
 won during his campaigns in Gaul, made soldiers either fear to fight 
 against him, or long to fight for him. — incidit in: fell in with. 18. 
 confirmandorum . . . causa : G. 429, R. 2; Gr. 298; H. 542, i; trans¬ 
 late by an infin. as if = ut homines confirmaret, to encourage 
 the inhabitants. 19. certior quae . . . gererentur: see on p. 16, 33, 
 
 For the subjv. G. 469; Gr. 334; H. 529, i. 20. ipsum: their com¬ 
 mander; Lentulus also goes to Corfinium. Cf. p. 21,10 and 12. 23. 
 
 in praesidio: in garrison. — quibus . . . efficit: and when these forces 
 were united (cogo), he mustered thirteen (cohorts). 24. Domitium; 
 p. 14, 8.— Corfinium: the English idiom is “to come to one at a place.” 
 
 G. 410, R. 5. C. was the chief city of the Peligni, and commanded a 
 direct road to Rome. It had been the capital of the confederates in the 
 Social War, b. c. 90.— magnis itineribus : by forced marches; the abl. 
 expresses manner and means. 26. per se: by his own efforts. — cir¬ 
 citer: with numerals an adv.; about twenty. —Alba: abl. of “place 
 from which,” with coegerat. The full name was Alba Fuc ensis, 
 because near lake Fucinus. It was a town of the Aequi. 
 
 Chap. XVI. Caesar spends a day at Asculum collecting men and 
 stores, then presses on to Corfinium and encamps under its 
 walls. (Feb. 13th.) 
 
 28. recepto: occupied; the re- losing its full force, as in redditis, 
 p. 11, 1.—expulsoque Lentulo: cf. 1. 14. 30. diem: G. 337; Gr. 
 
 256; II. 379. 31. Eo cum venisset: see on p. 15,12, and 17, 25.— 
 
150 
 
 CAESARIS CIVIL WAR. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 18 praemissae: translate by a relative danse. G. 671; Gr. 292;. H. 
 
 549,4. 32. fluminis: the Aternns.— interrumpebant: were trying to 
 
 break. G. 224; Gr.277,c; H. 469, ii, 1. 33. milia: G. 308, 335,2*, 
 
 Gr. 94, e, 257; H. 178, 379. 
 
 c. Siege of Corfinium, Chap, xvii—xxiii. 
 
 Chap. XVII. Domitius sends to Pompey for help, makes preparations 
 to defend the city, and spurs up his soldiers by promising them 
 great rewards. 
 
 19 1. ad Pompeium in Apuliam: to P. into, where we would say in 
 
 Apulia. Cf. p. 17, 32, and see on p. 18, 24. 2. peritos regionum: so 
 
 well acquainted with the country that they could evade Caesar’s out¬ 
 posts and sentinels.— magno . . . praemio : abi. abs.; under promise 
 of a large reward. 3. qui petant atque orent: G. 632; Gr. 317; 
 H. 497, i. Translate by the infin. —ut subveniat: G. 546; Gr. 331, a; 
 H. 498, i. Translate here too by the infin.— Caesarem . . . posse: 
 claiming that Caesar could, etc, 4. duobus exercitibus : that of 
 Domitius himself, and the one he begs Pompey to send.— angustiis: 
 G. 387; Gr. 248, 258, f; H. 425, ii, 1. — intercludi : the word is here 
 used absolutely, hemmed in. Other constructions occur in Caesar, viz. 
 acc. and abl. with ab, p. 31, 24, acc. and abl., p. 43, 10. Other writers 
 use the acc. and dat. 5. fecerit: perf. subj. representing f e c e r i s 
 (fut. perf.) in 0. R. If dependent on a histor. tense it would have been 
 fecisset; see on imperaverit, p. 18, 10. 6. amplius xxx: more 
 
 than thirty. G. 311, R. 4; Gr. 247, c; H. 417,1, Note 2. Cf. p. 18, 
 23, 26. At first then the forces of Domitius outnumbered those of 
 Caesar, who at this time had only two legions, i.e. twenty cohorts. 
 8. certasque cuique partes . . . attribuit: and assigned a fixed post 
 to everyone. — ad custodiam urbis := ad custodiendam urbem. 
 10. possessionibus : Domitius had acquired large property under SuUa. 
 He was rich enough to fit out a private fleet, p. 27, 20-23.— in singulos: 
 redundant after the distributive numeral quaterna. 11. pro rata 
 (r e o r) parte : in accordance with a fixed proportion, proportionally. 
 We use often the first two words of the phrase. Centurions and vet¬ 
 erans received double the pay of an ordinary private soldier, and so 
 probably double their share of a bonus. Cf. App. Ill, 12. 
 
 Chap. XVIII. Antony takes possession of Sulmo for Caesar, who re¬ 
 ceives reinforcements from Gaul and determines to invest Cor¬ 
 finium. His works are nearly done when the messengers sent 
 by Domitius to Pompey return. 
 
NOTES,— BOOK 1. 
 
 151 
 
 PAGE 
 
 12-21. Sulmonenses quod oppidum: the name of the people is used 19 
 for that of the town. With this oppidum would be in app. if not in¬ 
 corporated into the rel. clause. See on p. 18,8. Sulmo lay S. E. of 
 Corfinium, and was an important town of the Peligni. 13. milium: 
 sc. passuum. The gen. limits intervallo, which is abl. of “measure 
 of diff.” G. 400; Gr. 250; H. 423.— ea facere quae vellet: wished to 
 do his will, i.e. to join his cause. See on imperaverit, p. 18, 10, and 
 on ea quae vellet, p.l5, 2G. 15. tenebant: an explanation added by 
 
 the writer, not part of the 0. 0. G. 630, R. 1; Gr. 336, b; H. 524,2. 
 
 17. simul atque: like simul ac often written as one word; as soon 
 as. 18. obviam . . . exierunt: went forth to meet; the dat. Antonio 
 is due to the prep, ob- in the verbal phrase. Gr. 228, b. 21. cohor¬ 
 tibus : the seven mentioned in 1.15. 
 
 22-32. cum . . . conjunxit: compounds with cum commonly repeat 
 the prep. G. 346, R. 1, end. 23. primis diebus : at first; cf. reliquis 
 diebus, at last, 1. 29. 24. magnis operibus: very strongly; the abl. 
 
 expresses both manner and means. 25. reliquasque copias exspec¬ 
 tare: see on p. 15, 11. 26. Eo triduo: lit. within this three-days, 
 
 the eo referring to the time implied in exspectare instituit. G. 392; 
 
 Gr. 256; H. 429. Freely, within the next three days, or, three days 
 after. —cohortesque . . . xxii : not yet trained in the tactics of the 
 legion. 27. GaUiae: sc. Cisalpinae; here Caesar was immensely 
 popular.— rege Norico: the Icing of Noricum, apparently an ally of 
 Caesar. See App. Ill, 5. Noricum comprised what is now Austria, 
 Southern Bavaria and the Tyrol. It was not subjugated by the Ro¬ 
 mans until B.c. 13. Its inhabitants were Celts, which may explain 
 their relation to Caesar, the conqueror of Celtic Gaul. A Norican king 
 named Voccio is mentioned B. G. i, 53. 28. Quorum adventu: upon 
 
 their arrival; the abl. expresses both time and cause. 29. Reliquis 
 diebus: see on primis diebus, 1. 23. 30. vallo castellisque: an 
 
 earthen wall with a moat in front, perhaps surmounted with palisades, 
 strengthened by redoubts at important points ; with a rampart and 
 redoubts. 31. missi: a participle used as a noun, instead of a relative 
 clause, qui missi erant. G. 438; Gr. 113, f; H. 441, Cf, 11. 1-3. 
 
 32. revertuntur: since Caesar’s works were not quite done they could 
 slip into the city. 
 
 Chap. XIX. Domitius pretends that Pompey is coming to his relief, 
 but his actions belie his words, and it soon leaks out that Pom¬ 
 pey had ordered the town to be abandoned. 
 
 33 —p. 20, 5. dissimulans: concealing its real contents. — subsidio: 
 
152 
 
 CAESARIS CIVIL WAR. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 19 Gr. 350; G-r. 233; H. 390, i; ii, Note 2; so usui in 1. 35. The second 
 datives ei and eis are readily supplied. 34. hortaturque: this verb 
 has two object clauses, ne . . . deficiant, and (ut) parent (ea) quae usui 
 . . . sint. The ut with parent, is implied in the preceding ne. For 
 the subjv. in the rel. clause quaeque . . . sInt, G 633; Gr. 320; H. 503, i. 
 36. familiaribus suis: appos. to pauc's, instead of the part, gen which 
 the English familiarly uses; strictly, with a few, who were his intimates. 
 
 G. 368, R. 2; Gr. 216, e; H. 397,2, Note.—ccnsiliujnque . . . constituit: 
 and expressed his determination to take measures for flight. With 
 
 20 consilium fugae capere, cf, consilium sibi capturum, p. 11, 8, 1. 
 
 cum (quum): introduces non consentiret, ageret, colloqueretur, and 
 fugeret. —cum oratione: see on p 19, 22. 3. quam . . . consuesset: 
 
 attraction of mood, where the indie, is more common. G. 666; Gr. 342; 
 
 H. 529, ii. For the form see on commemorasse, p. 15,22,— superiori¬ 
 bus diebus : previously .— suis : sc. familiaribus, p. 19, 36. 5. con¬ 
 
 cilia . . . fugeret: while at the same time he avoided all meetings and 
 general assemblies. An adversative conjunction is omitted lor rhetori¬ 
 cal effect. —^res: the real answer of Pompey. 
 
 6-10. re-scripserat: had written hack, replied. The letter of Pem- 
 pey, written Feb. 17th, is preserved among those of Cicero. 7. rem: 
 his cause .— neque . . . voluntate: and that it was not at his advice or 
 wish that, etc. 9. fuisset: fuerit inO. R ; see on p. 16, 18. 10. 
 
 veniret: see on p. 16, 6.—Id . . . fiebat: a remark of Caesar’s; literally, 
 that this (viz. joining Pompey) could not he done, was hrougJit about by 
 the siege, and the enclosure of the town. The idea of preventing con¬ 
 tained in the clause obsidione . . . fiebat, justifies the use of ne with 
 posset, instead of ut non. Freely, the impossibility of doing this 
 was owing to, etc. 
 
 Chap. XX. The soldiers in Corfinium now take matters into their own 
 hands, and, after some discordant counsels, arrest Domitius, and 
 send word to Caesar that they will open the town to him. 
 
 12. prima vesperi : sc. hora ; about 5 o’clock p.m., at this season. 
 — secessionem faciunt: held a separate conference. 13. ita: with 
 colloquuntur, pointing forward to the obsideri, etc.—inter se: with 
 one another. G. 212; Gr. 99, d, 196, f; H. 448, Note. 14. honestis¬ 
 simos sui generis: the most reputable of their own number, i.e. of the 
 common soldiers. 16, cujus: obj. gen.; freely, through hope and 
 trust in whom they had remained at their posts. 17. projectis: = 
 proditis ; ivas betraying them all and, etc.— debere . . . habere: the 
 conclusion which follows from the preceding facts; they ought there- 
 
NOTES.—BOOK I. 
 
 153 
 
 PAGE 
 
 fore to plan for their own safety. 18. Marsi: p. 18, 27. 19. quae 20 
 
 . . . videretur : contains the thought of the Marsi. G. 630; Gr. 340; 
 
 H. 516, ii, N. 21. post paulo: G. 400, R. 3; Gr. 250; H. 423, N. 2; 
 afterwards hy a little, after a little. The reverse order is more com¬ 
 mon, as p. 24, 5. 22. ultro citroque : to and fro. 24. produc¬ 
 
 tum . . .custodiunt: hring forth and surround with guards. See on 
 acceptas, p. 17, 31. 26. quaeque imperaverit: see on p, 18, 10. 
 
 Chap. XXI. Caesar defers entering the town till morning, and re¬ 
 mains with all his troops under arms and on the watch. 
 
 28—p. 21, 5. etsi . . . arbitrabatur : although he thought it very 
 important to, etc. G. 382; Gr. 252, a; H. 408, iii.—quam primum: as 
 soon as possible. G. 317; Gr. 93, b; H. 170,2. 29. oppido: G. 405; 
 
 Gr. 249; H. 421, i.—cohortesque: of the enemy. 30. qua: adv., 
 Qesf) in any way. 31. quod . . . intercederent: because (as he then 
 reflected) great events often happen in war from small impulses. Caesar 
 the actor is here distinguished (in the use of the subjv.) from Caesar 
 the writer. G. 541; Gr. 341, R.; H. 516, ii. 33. temporis: subj. 
 gen., afforded by the night. 35. jubet: these orders are given to the 
 soldiers of Domitius. 36. certis spatiis intermissis: abi. abs., leav¬ 
 ing fixed intervals. 2. sed . . . expleant: but in a continuous line of 21 
 outposts and detachments, so that they were in contact with each other 
 and manned the whole of the ramparts. 3. tribunos militum et 
 praefectos : App. Ill, 9, 10. 5. caveant, asservent : G. 546, R. 3; 
 
 Gr. 331, f, R; H. 499,2; Caesar uses also cavere aliquid, in the 
 sense of quardinq against anything, and other writers cavere ali¬ 
 quo. Cf.p. 24,36. 
 
 6-10. Neque vero . . . quisquam omnium: and not a single one in 
 /uc^.—animo: G. 402; Gr. 251; H. 419, ii. 7. qui . . . conquieverit: 
 as to fall asleep during that night. For the perf. instead of the imp. 
 subjv., G. 513; Gr. 287, c; 11.495, vi. 8. summae rerum: the decisive 
 result. —ut. . . traheretur : that one was hurried in one direction, 
 another in another by his thoughts and feelings, = that all were carried 
 away by various thoughts and feelings, as they wondered what would 
 happen, etc. G. 306; Gr. 203, c; H. 459, 1. 10. Lentulo: cf. p. 18, 
 
 20, with note.— accideret, exciperent: subjv. in ind. questions, repre¬ 
 senting accidat and excipiant in O.R., which are really futures; 
 excepturi essent would have been also correct. G. 514, 515, R. 3; 
 
 Gr. 110, a; H. 496, i.—qui quosque : what fate would overtake (lit. 
 receive) each. 
 
154 
 
 CAESARIS CIVIL WAR. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 21 Chap. XXII, Towards morning Lentulus Spinther comes to Caesar 
 to beg for his own personal safety, and goes back re-assured. 
 
 11-21. vigilia: The Romans divided the time from snnset to sun¬ 
 rise into four equal parts, 12. Lentulus Spinther : see on p. 18,13. 
 15. prius . . . quam . . . deducatur : Gr. 579; Gir, 340; H. 520, i, 2. 
 The verb really contains the purpose of the soldiers in accompanying 
 Lentulus so closely. 19. quod per eum . . .venerat: in that hy 
 his (Caesar’s) efforts he had entered, etc. This, and the following 
 illustrations of the beneficia Caesaris, are verified by Caesar himself, 
 as the indie, shows. They may also have been specified by Lentulus. 
 —collegium pontificum : App. 11,15.—quod . . quod . . . quod: repe¬ 
 
 tition for ironical emphasis; the per eum is to be used with all three 
 clauses. 20. ex praetura : after his praetor ship, in 60, The 
 
 Spains had been assigned to Caesar, but by getting the people to vote 
 him Glaul (Int. 6), he was able to pass Spain over to Lentulus. —in 
 petitione consulatus : in his canvass for the consulship, in 57. 
 
 22-30. maleficii causa: for the saJee of doing injuries, bearing 
 the same relation to egressum (esse) as the following subjv. clauses. 
 Translate all by theinfin., to do injury, etc. 24. in ea re: in the 
 course of this quarrel, for supporting Caesar, p, 13, 27.— expulsos: 
 translate by a relative sentence; so oppressum below. 27. ut . . . 
 liceat petit: sc sibi ; begged for permission to return, etc.—quod 
 . . . impetraverit fore: the fact that he had obtained his request, etc., 
 would be, etc.; quod is a conj., the verb used absolutely, and the whole 
 clause is subj. of fore. 28. reliquis ... solatio: G. 350; Gr. 233; H. 
 390, i.—ad suam spem: with a view to their own hope (of safety). 
 29. ut . . . cogantur: that they felt constrained to take their own lives; 
 consulere durius in aliquid, de aliqua re, or simply alicui 
 r e i , = ^0 take measures too severely against something, which is an 
 euphemism for, or softened way of saying, to destroy. 
 
 Chap. XXIII. In the morning Caesar dismisses his prisoners un¬ 
 harmed. He scorns to use the money even of his worst enemy, 
 Domitius, but enlists his soldiers and marches into Apulia 
 towards Brundisium (Feb. 20th). 
 
 34. Lucius Rubrius : mentioned only in this place. 36. decuri- 
 22 onum : see on p, 17, 9. 1. Hos omnes : Caesar does not even 
 
 mention Vibullius Rufus, whom we know to have been captured 
 also. Cf. Chap. 15 and 34. 2. a . . .prohibet: shielded from. 3. 
 
 quod: namely that, giving the contents of pauca. —a parte eorum: 
 
NOTES.—BOOK 1. 
 
 155 
 
 PAGB 
 
 on their part. Gr. 388, R. 2; Gr. 260, b; H. 434, i. 4. incolumes: 22 
 not even requiring an oath not to serve against him. Cicero’s letters 
 show us that this conduct of Caesar after his capture of Corfinium won 
 him hosts of friends throughout Italy. People were dreading a repeti¬ 
 tion of the horrors of the last civil war, v/hen indiscriminate murder 
 followed victory. 5. HS LX : = sestertiorum sexagies cen¬ 
 tena milia, 6,000,000 sestertii, or about $250,000. See Lex. 
 sestertius.—in publico: sc. aerario. 6. duumviris: the full 
 title was duumviri juri dicundo. They were often called freely 
 consules or praetores. See on p. 18, 6. 7. ne . . .videatur: 
 
 i.e. that he might be seen to be just as loath to take the money of his 
 enemies as their lives. 9. in stipendium: for wages, to pay the 
 soldiers.— Milites . . .jubet: Caesar requires the soldiers of the enemy, 
 who had just been fighting against him, to take the oath of enlistment 
 and allegiance to him, and then boldly trusts them as he does his own 
 tried troops. He sends them to Sicily (34), whence Curio takes them 
 with him to Africa. They cause him trouble there. See ii, chap. 28- 
 33. 11. juslumque iter : though he does not start until after noon, 
 
 Caesar hastens so as to make a full or ordinary day’s march of nearly 
 twenty miles. For Pompey, who had been planning for two years 
 what he would do in case of a civil war, and had decided to imitate 
 Sulla and raise a vast army in the East with which to return and con¬ 
 quer Italy—Pompey was hurrying on to Brundisium. Domitius had 
 saved him from ignominious capture by delaying Caesar seven days at 
 Corfinium. Still, even without ships, Caesar hopes to prevent Pom- 
 pey’s flight to Greece, and even to capture him and so put a speedy 
 end to the war. 12. The Marrucini, Frentani, and Larinates, like 
 the Marsi and Peligni, were originally independent though closely re¬ 
 lated peoples, which had gradually passed from being enemies, to allies 
 and subjects of Rome, and had received the Roman franchise. 
 
 d. The vain Attempt to intercept Pompey at Brundisiam« 
 
 Chap, xxiv—xxix. 
 
 Chap. XXIV. Pompey now hurries off to Brundisium, collecting his 
 troops as he goes. Some of them go over to Caesar, who sends 
 to Pompey another request for a personal interview. 
 
 14-23. his . . . cognitis: according to Cicero, Pompey started from 
 Luceria for Brundisium before the fate of Corfinium was known, and 
 this is probable. See on justumqueiter, 1.11.—ad Corfinium: about or 
 
156 
 
 CAESARIS CIVIL WAR. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 22 Cii- Cf. ad urbem, p. 13, 21. 15. Luceria: a very important strong¬ 
 
 hold in N. W. Apulia, made a Roman colony about 314, connected 
 directly by road with Capua. Pompey had made it his headquarters 
 for some time. The distance from here to Brundisium was about 130 
 miles S. E.— Canusium : another important town of Apulia, famous 
 for having served as a refuge to the Roman armies after the fatal 
 battle at Cannae. 16. Brundisium: in Calabria, colonized by the 
 Romans in 244. It had a famous harbor commanding the Adriatic, 
 and became the chief naval station of the Romans for the East, being 
 almost always the point of departure for and return from Greece and 
 Asia. The distance across to Dyrrhachium (1. 35) was only about 90 
 miles. 17. jubet: in a letter to the consuls, Lentulus and Marcellus, 
 which has been preserved among Cicero’s letters.— iis equos attribuit: 
 converts them into cavalry. Cf. p. 18,2. 19. Alba: see on p. 18, 26. 
 
 20. Tarracina: an ancient town of Latium, at the foot of the Pomp- 
 tine marshes, a halting place for travelers over the Appian Way. 21. 
 Vibius Curius: mentioned only in this connection. 23. nonnullae 
 . . . aliae: = aliae . . . aliae.—agmen: infantry. 
 
 24-31. Reducitur. . . deprensus ex itinere: was captured on the 
 march and brought. See on p. 22, 3, a parte eorum. 25. N. Magius 
 Cremona: Numerius Magius of Cremona (Cremonensis is more 
 common than the simple abl. of place from which), Romyey's chief 
 engineer, or commander of the “sappers and miners.” App. Ill, 14. 
 He was probably sent out by Pompey from Brundisium to reconnoitre; 
 cf. re-mittit, 1. 26. Caesar was therefore nearing the city, —fabrum : = 
 fabrorum. 26. ad id tempus: up to that time, — ad hoc tempus 
 in 0. R. See on illo tempore, p. 15, 1. 27. atque ... sit venturus: 
 
 naive and innocent, as though he was coming for anything but to cap¬ 
 ture Pompey. 28. reipublicae, salutis : G. 381; Gr. 222; H. 406, iii. 
 29. se . . . colloqui: subj. of interesse.— neque . . . disceptetur: nor 
 indeed was the same advantage gained at a long journey’’s distance, 
 when their terms were carried to and fro by others, as would be 
 gained if they discussed all these terms face to /acc.—idem: acc. of 
 the inner object, subj. of the passive profici, and correlative to ac 
 si. G. 604; Gr. 312; H. 513, ii.— profici : proper compounds of 
 facio form the regular passive, instead of using f i o.— longo . . . 
 spatio: abl. abs., implying a condition parallel to ac si. . . discep¬ 
 tetur. 31. disceptetur: pass, impers. 
 
 Chap. XXV. Caesar also hastens to Brundisium, and finding that 
 Pompey is still there with a part of his troops, attempts to 
 blockade the harbor (Mar. 9th). 
 
NOTES.—BOOK 1. 
 
 157 
 
 PAGE 
 
 32-35, veteranis iii: the 8th, 12th, and 13th, making 30 co- 22 
 horts; see on p. 15,11. 33. ex novo delectu: p. 16, 31; 18, 29.— in 
 
 itinere compleverat: about 8 cohorts who deserted Lentulus (p. 18,15) 
 and were afterwards enlisted by Caesar (p. 18,28); the 7 of Lucretius 
 and Attius (p. 19, 15, 21); the 6 of Manlius (1. 19); the 3 of Lupus 
 (1.20); 24 cohorts in all. The six cohorts still necessary to make up the 
 3 legions besides the veterans, are easily accounted for by such indefi¬ 
 nite references as p. 17,18; 18,11; 22, 23. This leaves the 22 cohorts 
 of new recruits from the province (p. 19, 37) and all the cohorts formed 
 from the new drafts in Italy (see above on ex novo delectu) to be used 
 as garrisons for towns or for commanding Rome, and does not include 
 the 30 cohorts captured at Corfinium (p. 19, 6), of which those enlisted 
 specially under Domitius (p. 18, 26; 22, 9) had been sent to Sicily (1. 34). 
 Remembering the 6 legions still in Gaul (see on p. 15,11), we can esti¬ 
 mate the troops now under Caesar’s command at 172 cohorts, or over 
 60,000 men. Of these, 58 cohorts, or over 20,000 men, had been Pom- 
 pey’s, and might have been retained by energetic measures on his 
 part. As- matters turned out he left Brundisium with only 50 co¬ 
 horts ; the two legions given up by Caesar, whom he dared not trust, 
 
 14 cohorts which Cicero tells us he had with these at Luceria, and 
 the remainder collected on his way to Brundisium. Cf. 1.16. If Pom- 
 pey had concentrated his troops at Corfinium and shown a bold 
 front, Caesar’s campaign in Italy would not have been such a “prom¬ 
 enade. ” 
 
 35—p. 23, 7. consules . . .profectos: urged on to this course by 
 Pompey, who feared that in their faintheartedness they might agree to 
 some of Caesar’s propositions for peace.— Dyrrhachium: on the coast of 
 lUyria, famous in Greek history as Epidamnus. It put itself in charge 
 of the Romans about 312. They changed its name to one which 
 sounded less ill-omened to them. 1. neque . . . veritusque (6): neither 23 
 could it he found out for certain whether (-ne). or (an)...; and fear¬ 
 ful lest, etc., etc. The indirect disjunctive or double question (G. 460, 
 
 463; Gr. 211; H. 353,1), together with the intermediate clause of pur¬ 
 pose quo . . . posset (see on p. 16,10) serve as subject of poterat. 3. 
 extremis . . . Graeciae: locative abl., expressing also means; hy occu¬ 
 pying the extreme (or prominent) points on the Italian and Greek coasts. 
 
 G. 387; H. 425, ii, 1. 4. ex utraque parte: on both sides; see on 
 
 a parte eorum, p. 22, 3; this chapter contains five other examples. 
 
 6. ne . . . non existimaret : lest he should not feel compelled to abandon 
 Italy. G. 552; Gr. 331, f; 11.498, iii, N. 2.— dimittendam (esse): G. 
 
 243; Gr. 129; H. 234. Caesar probably hoped to capture Pompey, but 
 by stating his purposes thus, he makes his failure (chap. 28) seem of 
 
158 
 
 CAESARIS CIVIL WAR. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 23 less consequence. 7. exitus administrationesque : the departure 
 from and free use of. 
 
 8-20. haoc erat ratio: an extract from a letter of Caesar, describing 
 these works briefly, is quoted in a letter of Cicero: Pompeius se 
 oppido tenet. Nos ad portas castra habemus. Conamur 
 opus magnum et multorum dierum propter altitudinem 
 maris. Sed tamen nihil est quod potius faciamus. Ab 
 utroque portus cornu moles jacimus, ut aut illum quam 
 primum trajicere quod habet Brundisii copiarum co¬ 
 gamus, aut exitu prohibeamus.—qua: rei. adv. of place. 9. 
 moles atque aggerem: a dam; moles = the foundation of heavy stones 
 thrown into the water, and agger = the earth, wood and small stones 
 piled upon it. 11. liongius: further out, i.e. from the shore into the 
 water.—altiore aqua: because the water was too deep. See on p. 57, 20. 
 
 continexi'. held in place. 12. rates. . .xxx: double rafts dO feet 
 square; one was placed above the other, to increase the buoyancy. 
 13. e regione: in a line with; see on ex utraque parte, 1. 4. The 
 rafts were thus a continuation of each dam, stretching out into the 
 water towards each other. 16. aggere: rubbish; see on 1. 9. 18. 
 
 cratibus ac pluteis : wicTcer-work and breastworks, probably cov¬ 
 ered with skins to make them fireproof.—in quarta quaque earum: 
 on every fourth one of these rafts, and so at intervals of about 100 
 feet. 19. quo commodius: see on p. 16, 10. 20. defenderet: 
 
 sc. e a s, the rafts with their covering of earth and rubbish. Portions 
 of these works of Caesar are thought to have been recently excavated 
 at the narrow entrance to the inner harbor of Brindisi, which is now 
 choked with sand. 
 
 Chap. XXVI. Pompey’s counter-preparations. Caesar, who has all 
 along been restrained by the hope of coming to terms with Pom- 
 pey, after another fruitless attempt to bring about an interview, 
 enters on the war in earnest. 
 
 22. Ibi:=:in eis. 23. cum ternis tabulatis: cf. the descriptive 
 gen. used in 1.19. 27. haec: these military operations.—ut. . . non 
 
 existimaret : as not to feel compelled to abandon his propositions for 
 peace. — dimittendas (esse): see on 1. 6. 30. miserat: sometime after 
 
 p. 22, 26, for Caesar himself writes, in a letter quoted by Cicero: misit 
 ad meN. Magium; quae visa sunt respondi. To this an¬ 
 swer of Caesar’s Magius brings no reply. 31. omnibus rebus: see 
 on p. 14, 27.—in eo: in this course. 32. perseverandum: sc. sibi. 
 G. 353; Gr. 232; H. 388. Cf. dimittendam, 1.6, dimittendas, 1.28, where 
 
NOTES.—BOOK I. 
 
 159 
 
 PAGB 
 
 datives are also to be supplied, like sibi, p. 24, 8. Translate by the 23 
 active personal construction, that he must, etc. 34. eum: Libo. 
 
 35. ipse: Caesar.—coiloqucrotur: he allowed to confer with, as if = 
 ut colloqui liceret. Observe that in the sequence of tenses, the 
 two histor. presents mandat and postulat are differently used. 1. 24 
 fore ut. , , discedatur: the result would he that they would Jay down 
 their arms on even terms; see on p. 16,12. 2. cujus rei: subj. gen., 
 
 accruing from this result. 3. illo . . . agente: abl. abs., through his 
 influence and activity. 5. quod . . . absint: a part of the message, 
 really repeated by the sine illis. 7. aliquando: at last. 8. et de 
 bello agendum: and that he must prosecute the war in earnest, as if 
 indeed his splendid successes up to this point had been gained with no 
 really serious effort. 
 
 Chap. XXVII. On the return of his ships from Dyrrhachium, Pompey 
 himself prepares to cross, and to prevent Caesar’s interference. 
 
 15. sub ipsa profectione: in the midst of his very departure; con¬ 
 trast sub noctem, 1.31, towards night. 16. inaedificat: barricaded 
 houses and streets; 'vicos = hlochs of houses, or even quarters oi the 
 city. 17, ibi: = in eis fossis; cf. p. 23, 22. 18. Haec : sc. 
 
 opera.— inaequat: levels off, i.e. makes even with the rest of the 
 street. 20. maximis : very large. G. 316; Gr. 93, b; H. 444,1.— 
 atque eis: and that too, sharp ones, and sharpened at that. G. 293, 
 R. 2; Gr. 195, c; H. 451,2. 22. expeditos: App. Ill, 3, c, end. 23. 
 
 raros: pred. adj., here and there. 24. constituit: arranged. 25. 
 expedito : free from obstacles, open, convenient. — actuaria navigia: 
 row-boats, in which a sail could be rigged when wanted. 
 
 Chap. XXVIII. Favored by the citizens, Caesar enters the city just 
 after Pompey sets sail, but succeeds in capturing only two ships 
 with their crews (March 17th). 
 
 27. Caesaris rebus: Caesar's cause. 28, cognita: to the citizens. 
 
 — concursantibus . . . occupatis : abl. abs., by their (the troops of 
 Pompey) assembling and getting ready for this. 29. vulgo . . . sig¬ 
 nificabant : they (the citizens) signaled it (earn rem, i.e. profec¬ 
 tionem) generally from the tops of their houses. 31. quam . . . 
 facultatem : any chance for action. — sub noctem: see on 1. 15. 33, 
 
 quod convenerat: which had been agreed upon. 35. vallum cae¬ 
 cum : the hidden palisades; cf. 1. 17. 2, reprehendunt repre- 26 
 
160 
 
 CAESAR\S CIVIL WAR. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 25 hensas : seize and at once overpower; the participle indicates that the 
 action of the verb of which it is a repetition is quickly over. 
 
 Chap. XXIX. Caesar’s reasons for not at once pursuing Pompey. 
 
 3. ad spem: with a view to his hope. 4. maxime probabat : thought 
 it hy far the best. 6. confirmaret : see on deducatur, p.21,15.— 
 ejus roi: involved in this course; see on cujus rei, p. 24, 2. 8. prae¬ 
 
 sentem . . . sui: the immediate power of pursuing him, i.e. the power of 
 immediately pursuing him. 9. relinquebatur ut. . . essent ex¬ 
 spectandae: lit., it remained that ships must be waited for (hj'him, 
 see on perseverandum, p. 23, 32); freely, the only alternative was that 
 he must wait for ships, viz. in case he decided to pursue Pompey as 
 soon as possible. 10. a freto : sc. Siculo ; the ships are meant 
 which carried the cohorts of Domitius to Sicily, p. 22, 34. 12. vete¬ 
 
 rem exercitum : sc. confirmari in fide Pompeii; the seven 
 veteran legions of Pompey in Spain. If Caesar pursued Pompey, these 
 might march on Home.—duas Hispanias: H. Citerior, and II. Ulterior, 
 acquired in 206 by Scipio from the Carthaginians, and ever since then 
 regarded as of almost equal importance with Italy. The richer and 
 stronger province, H. Citerior, was bound to Pompey by his great ser¬ 
 vices in putting an end to the Sertorian war twenty years before this, 
 and in reorganizing the government. In H. Ulterior Caesar had made 
 many friends during his governorship in 61. See Int.5. 14. tentari: 
 be tampered with, and perhaps won over by larger promises than Caesar 
 had made. 
 
 e. Caesar’s Movements and Measures in Italy before setting out 
 upon the Spanish Campaign. Chap, xxx—xxxiii. 
 
 Chap. XXX. Caesar sends troops to Sardinia and Sicily, which are 
 both then abandoned by their Pompeian governors. 
 
 15-23. in praesentia : for the present; cf. praesentem, 1. 8. 16. 
 
 duumviris: see on p. 22, 6. 18. deducendas curent: have them 
 
 brought to B. G. 431; Gr. 294, d; H. 544, U. 2. — Sardiniam : this island, 
 formerly subject to Carthage, had been made a Homan province about 
 238, though the inhabitants were not fully subdued or thoroughly gov¬ 
 erned for a century after. Caesar’s first efforts are to secure the three 
 great grain provinces, Sardinia, Sicily, and Africa. Pompey’s design, 
 on the other hand, was to raise a large fiect with which to cut off all 
 grain convoys and so starve Italy into dissatisfaction with Caesar, then 
 
NOTES.—BOOK L 
 
 161 
 
 PAGK 
 
 to invade and conquer it with his Eastern armies. 19. legatum: as 25 
 legate, pred. appos.; cf. pro praetore, as propraetor. See App, II, 12. 
 
 — Siciliam: acquired by the Romans in 241. Its enormous productive¬ 
 ness made it of the utmost importance to them, though it led to the 
 most wanton abuse and plunder by Roman officials. 20. legionibus 
 ii: from the six engaged at Brundisium (see on p. 22, 32); the three 
 not mentioned in this sentence Caesar afterwards takes to Marseilles 
 (p. 28, 21), garrisoning Italy, so far as was necessary, with troops from 
 new levies. Curio finds the two legions of Domitius already in Sicily 
 (see on p. 22, 33), and so has a force of four legions at his command. 
 
 Cf. p. 62, 28. 21. Africam: this province embraced now the terri¬ 
 
 tory of Carthage at the close of the third Punic war in 146, viz., the 
 two districts of Zeugitana and Byzacium, or the north and east parts 
 of what is now the regency of Tunis, recently occupied by the French, 
 to the disgust of Italy.— traducere exercitum: this campaign of Curio 
 is described at length in ii, chap. 23-44. 22. M. Cotta: mentioned 
 
 only here.— sorte: see on p. 14,10. 23. obtinere debebat: ought to 
 
 have 'been holding, and would have held, had he not been prevented 
 from doing so, as narrated in the next chapter. G. 246, R. 2; Gr. 308, 
 c; H. 476,4; 537,1. 
 
 23-36. Caralitani: the people of Caralis, the chief city of Sardinia, 
 in the southern part.— simul :r=simul atque; see on p. 19,17. 24. 
 
 profecto: abl. abs. with eo supplied, referring to Valerius. 27. re¬ 
 ficiebat: was having repaired. 28. Lucanis Bruttiisque: the names 
 of the peoples are used for the countries, as often. These two most 
 southern districts of Italy had suffered terribly from both parties in the 
 second Punic war, and the Bruttii were not admitted to alliance with 
 Rome, but kept in a menial state on account of their sympathy with 
 Hannibal. The Lucani were virtually wiped out of existence as a 
 separate people by Sulla, in revenge for their having aided Marius. 
 Citizenship had been bestowed in 89 upon all Italians who did not 
 revolt in the Social War, or who laid down their arms within a certain 
 time. 33. qui suscepisset: G. 627; Gr. 320, e; H. 517. 35. omnia 
 
 . . . confirmavisset : had assured them that he had everything com¬ 
 pletely ready for war. For the repetition of the same idea for emphasis 
 in apta ac parata, projectum ac proditum {utterly betrayed), see on 
 cognitum compertumque, p. 13, 34. 
 
 Chap. XXXI. The state of affairs in Sardinia, Sicily and Africa. 
 
 1. Nacti: see on p. 15, 25; the word here agrees with the two subjects 26 
 of perveniunt, and vacuas with the two objects of nacti. These sub- 
 11 
 
162 
 
 CAESARIS CIVIL WAR. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 26 jects and objects are arranged in chiastic order. G. 684; Gr. 344, f; 
 H. 562; cf. p. 17, 28. 2. Tubero: cf. p. 25, 22. 3. cum imperio: 
 
 acting as governor, though the imperium had not been legally given 
 him. 4. supra: chap. 13. 5. exfuga: inflight; see on p. 23, 4 
 
 6. vacuam: it had been abandoned by the propraetor of the previous 
 year. 7. hominum. . .conanda: having found means (aditus) to 
 do this l)y reason of his hnowledge of men and places and his acquaint¬ 
 ance with this province. 9. annis: see on paulo p. 20, 21.—ex 
 praetura: see on p. 21, 20. The year of his praetorship is not known. 
 12. sublatis ancoris: transl. by an infin. coord, with excedere. 
 
 Chap. XXXII. Caesar quarters his army, goes to Rome, and presents 
 his case and his demands to the senate (April 1-3). 
 
 13-23. reliquum tempus : the time remaining before the intended 
 campaign in Spain. 14. intermitteretur :=vacuum relinquere¬ 
 tur. 15. ad urbem: not in urbem; see on aderat, p. 11,15.— 
 Coacto senatu: i.e. those members of it who had not gone with Pom- 
 pey, a mere remnant. The tables are turned now, and, in the absence 
 of the consuls, the two tribunes who had been violently expelled three 
 months before, convene the senate, outside the city (cf. p. 13, 31). 
 17. legitimo tempore : the legal time, viz. ten years, counting from 
 his first consulship in 59. See Int. 7. 19. Latum (esse). . . ut. . . 
 
 haberetur : that a motion had been made . . . that his claims (upon the 
 consulship) should he considered, etc. See on p. 15, 33-34, and Int. 8.— 
 ab X tribunis plebis: i.e. unanimously. Cf. App. II. 7. 21. dicendi 
 
 . . . extrahente: often consumed time hy delay in speahing, i.e. by 
 talking, as every senator had the right to do, “against time,” i. e. 
 about matters not connected with the motion under discussion, in order 
 to delay and possibly prevent its passing on that day; cf. our “filibus¬ 
 tering.” 22. cur. . .passus esset: the infin. is the more usual 
 idiom in such a rhetorical question in 0. 0.; see on p. 16, 4. 23. se 
 
 uti populi beneficio : an obj. clause with prohibuisset ; his enjoying, 
 etc. Cf. p. 15, 31. 
 
 24—p. 27, 4. cum . . . postulavisset: since the proposal to dismiss 
 both armies had come from him. Cf. p. 16, 7. 25. in quo: i.e. di¬ 
 
 mittendo exercitum. 26. isLctvocw.^ esset', would incur. G. 515, 
 and R. 1; H. 496, ii, N. 2. 27. (id) in se recusarent: since they re° 
 
 fused in their own case, what they required of an opponent .—omnia 
 permisceri: utter confusion, anarchy ; cf. p. 14,18. 29. in . . . legi¬ 
 onibus: cf. p. 11, 23. 30. in . . . tribunis : cf. chap. 5.— condici¬ 
 ones . . . latas : cf. chap. 9. 31. expetita colloquia : cf. p. 16,11; 
 
NOTES.—BOOK I. 
 
 1G3 
 
 pion 
 
 22, 29 ; 23,35. 33. illis. . . non futurum: he would not hurden 27 
 
 them; the pronoun = vobis in 0. R. 1. ad quos . . . significari : the 
 contents of Pompey’s remark; that those who had ambassadors sent 
 them were thereby recognised as the lawful authority. Pompey was 
 arguing against sending 1 e g a t i to Caesar. Cf. p. 12,28. 3. haec 
 
 . . . videri: such hesitation clearly hetohened, eic .—aiiimi: G. 365; Gr. 
 
 214, c; H.402.— operibus : = rebus bello gestis. 4. studuerit: 
 
 = studui in 0. R.; see on miserit, p. 15, 86. 
 
 Chap. XXXIII. The senate delays to act on Caesar’s recommenda¬ 
 tions through fear of Pompey, and Caesar, after several days of 
 fruitless waiting, sets out for Spain (April 5th). 
 
 5. rem . . . de mittendis: the motion to send, etc.—sed . . .non 
 reperiebantur: hut men could not he found to send. G. 632; Gr. 317; 
 
 11. 497, i. 6. timoris causa: = timore. 8. eodem. . .loco: 
 that he would treat alike. 9. remansissent, fuissent: fut. perfs. in 
 0. R. 11. subjicitur . . . qui . . . distrahat : was instigated . . . to 
 delay. —L. Metellus : the most known of him is in this connection. 
 
 12. hancx'em: cf. 1. 5.—reliquasque res: among these was the taking 
 possession of the public treasury (see on p. 17, 25), from which Caesar 
 is said to have taken about $17,000,000, overcoming the opposition of 
 Metellus by threats of death. Cicero claims that this conduct made 
 Caesar very unpopular in Rome. People had thought him rich enough 
 to carry on the war at his own expense. 15. ab urbe: see on ad 
 urbem, p. 26,15, and ab Arimino, 16, 29. Caesar left the praetor M. 
 Lepidus in charge of affairs. Cf. p. 61,35. 
 
 C. THE CAMPAIGN IN SPAIN AND INVESTMENT OF 
 MASSILIA. CHAP. XXXIV—LXXXVII. 
 
 a. The Investment of Massilia. Chap, xxxiv-xxxvi. 
 
 Chap. XXXIV. On the way to Spain Caesar learns that Massilia has 
 closed its gates against him. 
 
 20. Corfinio: with dimiserat; cf. p. 22,4. 21. Massiliam: a 
 
 very ancient city, probably founded by Greeks before the Persian wars. 
 
 Its Greek name was Massalia. It had always been on friendly terms 
 v/ith Rome, giving and receiving favors ever since the second Punic war. 
 
 It was now the port of entry and exit for Gaul, and could not be left in 
 allegiance to Pompey without endangering that province. Cf. p. 25,14. 
 
 22. Igili: an island between Corsica and Etruria. The name is con- 
 
164 
 
 CAESARIS CIVIL WAR. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 27 strued here like those of towns. G. 412; Gr. 258, c; H. 426,1.— Cosano: 
 the territory of Cosa, a town in S. W. Etruria, opposite Igilium. — 
 colonis : tenants. 23. praemissos . . . domum : seni liome (from 
 Rome) in advance (prae-). 25. nova oflicia, veterum . . . benifici- 
 orum: some of these are mentioned in the next chapter. Massilia had 
 helped the Romans greatly during the campaigns in Gaul, and Caesar 
 had not left them unrewarded. Pompey’s favors were nearly thirty 
 years old. See p. 28, 7 if. 28. antiquitus erant: had long been 
 under their protection. 31. Castellis: outlying fortresses to protect 
 the territory of the city. 
 
 Chap. XXXV. Caesar’s arguments with the chief men of Massilia 
 produce merely a doubtful declaration of the city’s neutrality as 
 between him and Pompey. 
 
 1 
 
 33 —p. 28, 5. XV primos: the senate of Massilia consisted of 600 
 members; fifteen of these formed a special committee, and three of 
 these latter were the chief executive ofiBcers of the city. 35. auctori- 
 28 tatem: example. 2. ex auctoritate: officially, i.e. by decree of the 
 whole senate. 4. Neque. . .virium: it was neither for their 
 judgment nor strength to decide, etc. The dispute did not come within 
 their jurisdiction, and they were not powerful enough to interfere. 
 For the genitives, see on p. 17,10. 5. habeat: subjv. in an ind. 
 
 question; why not haberet? 
 
 7-12. patronos: peoples and cities were wont to select certain 
 prominent men at Rome to represent their interests there. Such were 
 called patroni, a title which was often a mere matter of compliment. 
 — civitatis: i.e. Massilia. — quorum alter. . . auxerit: no mention of 
 these things is made elsewhere. It is most probable that the first alter 
 ' refers to Caesar (taking up the preceding names in inverse order), con¬ 
 sidering his great influence in southern Gaul. The conquest of the 
 S a 11 y e s was perhaps made by Pompey on his way to the Sertorian war 
 in Spain, in 77. Cf. p. 27,25.— Volcarum Arecomicorum : the Are- 
 c o m 1 e i were a part of the powerful tribe of Volcae, who dwelt 
 between Narbo and the Rhone. Translate therefore the first name as 
 an adj. The Helvii lived further north, on the west bank of the 
 Rhone. 8. publice: in the name of the state, i.e. by decree of the 
 (Roman) senate.— iis: strictly we expect sibi, since the language is 
 that of the Massaliots, but Caesar says iis from his own point of view 
 as narrator. G. 521, R. 5; H. 449,1, 2). 9. Saliyas: a Greek noun 
 
 of the 3’^ ' deck 10. paribus . . . beneficiis : abl. abs ; since, etc.—• 
 
NOTES.—BOOK I. 
 
 165 
 
 PAGE 
 
 tribuere : sc. i i s, viz. Pompey and Caesar. 12. urbe aut portibus : 28 
 see on partibus, p. 23, 3. 
 
 Chap. XXXVI. Even this declaration the Massaliots at once violate 
 by receiving Domitius. Caesar then hastens to invest the city. 
 
 13. pervenit : cf. profectum, p. 27,20. 14. summa . . . permit¬ 
 
 titur : he was made commander-in-chief. 16. quas ubique pos¬ 
 sunt: as many as they could anywhere. 17. parum . . . instructis: 
 sc. iis ; those whose iron work, or wood work and tackling were 
 incomplete; abl. with utuntur. 19. frumenti: G. 371; Gr. 216, a, 3; 
 H.397,3.— in publicum conferunt: they made public property, confis¬ 
 cated. 20. accidat: sc. ea, referring to obsidionem ; in case this 
 happened. 21. legiones tres: probably the forces mentioned p. 26, 
 
 14. See also on p. 25, 20. Caesar seems to have arrived at Massilia 
 towards the end of April, and begun the negotiations with the city 
 which were broken off by their reception of Domitius. These soldiers 
 then could have taken a few days to rest after their hard work in the 
 Italian campaign, and then have proceeded by slow marches towards 
 Spain, arriving near Massilia just as Caesar saw that the place must be 
 besieged. 22. turres vineasque: the former were built up in stories 
 to overtop the walls of a besieged city and enable the besiegers to drive 
 away the city’s defenders, and. even to storm the walls over draw¬ 
 bridges let down from the towers; sometimes the battering ram was 
 worked in the lower story. Vineae were covered and movable gang¬ 
 ways, made fire and missile-proof, under which the besiegers could 
 work close up to the enemies’ walls and undermine them; both were 
 built at a distance and then moved on rollers up to the city walls. 
 
 23. Arelate: abl. of “place v/here a large and powerful city at the 
 head of the delta of the Rhone, formerly the chief city of the Sallyes, 
 modern Arles. It is first mentioned in history here. 24. a qua die: 
 
 =ab ea die qua ; see onp. 13, 24.—materia: timber; cf. 1.17. 25. 
 
 D. Brutum, C. Trebonium: two of Caesar’s murderers. 
 
 b. Opening of the Spanish Campaign by Fabius. Chap, xxxvii—xl. 
 
 Chap. XXXVII. While thus delayed at Massilia, Caesar sends Fabius 
 forward to occupy the mountain passes into Spain. 
 
 28. Fabium: slightly mentioned in the B. G., now assigned to a 
 very important duty. 29. legionibus iii : see on p. 15,11.— Nar¬ 
 bone: a very old commercial town commanding a fertile valley and 
 
166 
 
 CAESARIS CIVIL WAR. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 28 the main road to Spain, made so strong by Roman favor and Roman 
 
 colonists as to rival Massilia successfully. It gave its name to the ' 
 province. It lay just opposite Massilia on the Gallic gulf. 32. 
 Reliquas legiones: see also on p. 15,11. 34. ex saltu: not the pass 
 
 near the sea-coast through which the great Roman road to Tarraco 
 passed, but a smaller one toward the west, opening directly into the 
 valley of the Sicoris, on whose west bank Pompey’s legates were posted. 
 35. magnisque itineribus: see on p. 18, 24. 
 
 Chap. XXXVIII. The arrangements of Pompey’s legates to defend 
 Spain. 
 
 29 1. demonstratum est : cf. p. 27,19. 2. Hispaniam citeriorem 
 
 . . . ulteriorem: see on p. 25,12. The further province seems here to 
 have been divided into two districts. These were made separate prov¬ 
 inces by Augustus, Baetica andc^Lusitaniu (Portugal). 3. alter . . . 
 tertius : = Varro, Petreius, as appears from what follows. — saltu Cas¬ 
 tulonensi : a mountain range named after the town of Castillo in 
 southern Spain, part of the modern Sierra Morena. 4. Vettonum: 
 a tribe X. E. of the Lusitani. 10. Celtiberiae : the central part 
 of H. Citerior or Tarraconensis, modern Arragon ; dat. after 
 imperantur, like Lusitaniae, Cantabris and barbaris. The Canta¬ 
 bri were on the extreme northern coast of this province, 13. ad 
 Ilerdam: near Ilerda, a city of X. E. Spain, modern Lerida, in a com¬ 
 manding position made impregnable by rivers and mountains. 
 
 Chap. XXXIX. Enumeration and partial description of the opposing 
 forces. 
 
 16. scutatae . . . et cetratae . . . cohortes : the soldiers equipped 
 with large and heavy shields (scutum), or v/ith small and light ones 
 (cetra), i.c. heavy-armed and light-armed troops, not organized into 
 . legions, and serving as auxiliaries. 10. legiones . . .vi: cf. p. 28, 
 29, 32. 19. Auxilia : as auxiliaries Tic had sent - thousand foot¬ 
 
 men, etc. The word is contrasted with legiones, and includes all the 
 troops mentioned in the rest of the sentence. Cf. App. Ill, 4. 20. 
 
 superioribus bollis : his previous campaigns in Gaul. This body of 
 horse he had taken from Gallia Xarbonensis, at the beginning of his 
 governorship in 58, the second he had enlisted in that part of Gaul 
 wLich ho had himself conquered in 53-49. 22. nobilissimo quoque 
 
 evocato: G. C05; Gr. 93, c; II. 458,1. —hue . . . optimi generis homi¬ 
 num: in addition to these {he had sent) - of the very best leind of 
 
NOTES.—BOOK I. 
 
 167 
 
 PAGE 
 
 men, etc. The numeral on which hominum depends has fallen out 29 
 here, as in 1. 19. The hue implies an adjecerat in the leading verb 
 praemiserat. 23. Aquitanis : a people just west of Gallia Narbo¬ 
 nensis, inhabiting one of the three parts into which Caesar divides the 
 yet unconquered Gallia, B. G.,i, 1. They had given hostages to Cae¬ 
 sar during his last campaign.— Galliam provinciam: i. e. Gallia 
 Transalpina, or Narbonensis, to be carefully distinguished 
 from Gallia Cisalpina, since both, as well as the country which 
 Caesar conquered, are often loosely called simply Gallia. Cf. Int. 6. 
 
 24, per Mauritaniam . . . iter. . . facere ; it was not an improbable 
 rumor, that Pompey, hearing that Caesar had gone to Spain, was sail¬ 
 ing thither with re-enforcements, stopping on the way at Mauritania to 
 break its alliance with Caesar. See on p. 14, 2. 26. mutuas pecunias 
 
 sumpsit : borrowed money. 28. quod : in that. 29. voluntates ; 
 see on p. 17,3. 
 
 Chap. XL. The first skirmish of the campaign. The forces of Fabius 
 become separated by the breaking of one of his two bridges over 
 the Sicoris, and a part of them is at once attacked by the enemy, 
 but soon re-enforced by the other part, which comes by the second 
 bridge to their relief. 
 
 30. litteris: letters, as p. 86, 7; more often a single letter, as p. 11,1. 
 
 32. inter se : from each other; see on p. 20,13.—His pontibus: by 
 means of, over these; see on p. 23, 3. 33. citra flumen: on this 
 
 side, i.e. from the standpoint of Fabius, who had marched down on the 
 west bank, and was now foraging on the east. See on p. 28,34. 35. 
 
 faciebant: crossing the river by the great stone bridge of Ilerda, next 
 to which city they had pitched their camp. Cf. p. 30, 7. 36. Hue: 
 
 i.e. to this eastern bank of the river. 1. egressae . . . praesidio: 30 
 mdrchioig out as convoy for the foragers. 2. transissent, sequere¬ 
 tur : had crossed, was following, and therefore reliqua multitudo (4) 
 is the part not yet over the bridge. 6. aggere atque cratibus : the 
 crates were here thrown over the large timbers of the bridge and 
 strewn with earth (agger). In p. 23,18, they served as a frame for 
 breastworks.—quae: G. 616, R. 5; Gr. 187, b (pronouns are like adjec¬ 
 tives in this); H. 445,3, N. 1.—suo ponte: see on p. 29, 35. 7. con¬ 
 
 junctum habebat: denotes the continuance of the completed action 
 which would be expressed by conjunxerat. G. 230; Gr. 292, c; 
 
 H. 388,1, N. 11. diversamque . . . constituit: formed in hollow 
 square, lit. a double front in two directions, i.e. a double front on a line 
 
168 
 
 CAESAR’S CIVIL WAR. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 30 north and south, and also on a line east and west. 17 . ut . . ute¬ 
 rentur : namely that, etc., a clause appositive to id. 
 
 c. Caesar’s Straits before Ilerda. Chap, xli-iv. 
 
 " Chap. XLI. Caesar arrives at the camp of Fabius, takes command, 
 marches to Ilerda, in front of which, after offering battle, he 
 intrenches himself. 
 
 21. Eo biduo : see on p. 19, 26.— sibi . . . reliquerat : had Jcept as a 
 tody guard. 24. Ipse ; taking command in person. 25. impedi¬ 
 menta : App. Ill, 16. 26. triplici instructa acie : App. Ill, 2, d. 
 
 27. castris Afranii : its position is given p. 31,19-20. 29. Potes¬ 
 
 tate facta : characteristic of Caesar’s precise style; translate, upon 
 this .— in medio colle: halfway down the hill. G-. 287, R.; Glr. 193; 
 H. 440,2, X. 1. 30. per. . .dimicaretur: that it was Afranius’ s 
 
 fault that there was no decisive fight. Gr. 549; Gr. 331, e; H. 497, ii, 2. 
 32. intermissis : at a distance of. 34. vallo : see on p. 19, 30. 35. 
 
 videri : he seen, not in its usual meaning to seem. 36. pedum xv : 
 sc. in latitudinem, of fifteen feet in width., fifteen feet wide. G. 
 364, R.; Gr, 215, b; H. 396, v. The earth from this moat could be 
 31 strewn about so as not to attract notice. 3. prius . . . quam intel¬ 
 legeretur : see on p. 21,15. 4. Sub vesperum : see on p. 24, 31. 
 
 Chap. XLII. Caesar completely fortifies his position in the face of 
 the enemy, and is merely threatened by them. 
 
 6. quod . . . petendus : since the material for a rampart would have 
 had to he brought from too far, i.e. in case he had determined to make 
 a vallum at once, instead of a fossa. G. 599, R. 3; Gr. 308, c; 
 H. 511,1, X. 3, and 2. For agger, see on p. 23, 9. 7. similem . , . 
 
 instituit: adopted a similar plan of operations, i.e. like the one de¬ 
 scribed in 11,1-2, in that part of the soldiers dug and part stood guard. 
 
 8. singulaque . . . munienda: that is (-que), he allotted the three sepa¬ 
 rate sides of the camp which were as yet unprotected by moats to 
 separate legions to he fortified. For the gerundive, see on p. 25,18. 
 
 9, ad eandem magnitudinem: see on p. 30, 36. 10. perfici: see on 
 
 profici, p. 22, 29, and cf. fieri, p. 30, 36.— expeditas : see on p. 24, 22. 
 13. proelio lacessunt: made an attack, sc. Caesaris milites. — 
 neque: =:nec tamen, and yet Caesar did not, etc. G. 482, R. 4; cf. 
 p. 16, 25. 14. confisus praesidio : see on diffisus, p. 17,1. — legio- 
 
NOTES.—BOOK 1. 
 
 1G9 
 
 PAGB 
 
 num, fossae: subj. gen., afforded hy. 15. longius : very far. 17. 31 
 vallo : at last then the camp was as completely fortified as if the enemy 
 had been miles away. Cf. App. Ill, 19. 18. reliquerat: p. 30, 25. 
 
 These were probably auxiliary cohorts ; cf. p. 29, 19. 
 
 Chap. XLIII. In an attempt to seize a position between the enemy 
 and the town, Caesar’s soldiers are worsted. 
 
 20. collem: just S. W. of the city, the present Fort Garden. 21. 
 medio : see on p. 30,29. 22. paulo editior : a little higher than 
 
 the rest of the level space, someivhat prominent. — occupavisset: see 
 on fecisset, esset data, p. 16,18. 23. ponte : see on suo ponte, 
 
 p. 30, 6. 25. Hoc sperans : therefore; see on potestate facta, 
 
 p. 30, 29. 26. antesignanos : App. Ill, 18. 28. quae . . . co¬ 
 
 hortes :=eae cohortes quae. ‘‘ An indefinite substantive, which 
 the relative proposition defines, is sometimes drawn into the relative 
 proposition, taking the same case with the relative.” G. 618 ; Gr. 
 200, b ; H. 445,9. 31. aliis . . . subsidiis : when the enemy sent up 
 
 reinforcements. 
 
 Chap. XLIV. The enemy have such a strange style of fighting that 
 Caesar’s soldiers become demoralized. 
 
 33. ut. . . pugnarent: these subjv. clauses serve really as subjects 
 of erat, and may be translated by the infin.; the style of fighting which 
 the enemy used, was to charge rapidly, etc. Genus is then predicate. 
 
 36. existimarent: also depends upon the ut of 33; (was) to deem it no 
 dishonor, in case they tvere hard pressed, to retire and abandon a posi¬ 
 tion. 1. genere: assuesco and assuefacio commonly take the 32 
 abl. G. 403, F. 2 ; Gr. 248 ; H. 386,2 ; having become wonted to a sort 
 of heathen style of fighting. 2, quod.. .moveatur: smce it generally 
 
 happens that every soldier is much influenced by the practice of those 
 districts in which he has long served. — quibus quisque: “when a rela¬ 
 tive and demonstrative proposition are combined, quisque almost 
 always stands in the relative proposition, commonly (without emphasis) 
 immediately after the relative.” Gr. 202, e. 5. generis: G. 373; 
 
 Gr. 218, a; H. 399, i, 2. — ab aperto latere: see on p. 23, 4. 6. pro¬ 
 currentibus singulis : when the enemy charged helter-shelter. 7. 
 
 neque . . . neque: not correlative = neither . . . nor, but = and not. . . 
 nor, the first introducing simply a negative explanation and para¬ 
 phrase of suos ordines servare, the second an additional duty, viz. 
 
170 
 
 CAESARIS CIVIL WAR. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 32 ^hat of tenacity.— signis: App. Ill, 17. 8. dimitti; translate as if 
 
 active, parallel with servare and discedere, aJl three depending on 
 censuerant oportere, had made up their minds that they must, etc. 
 
 Chap. XLV. Caesar charges upon the enemy with the ninth legion, 
 and routs them, but his men pursue too far to effect a safe 
 retreat. 
 
 12. quod . . . acciderat; sc. res ; because things had turned out con¬ 
 trary to their expectation and wont. Pompey’s old veterans did not run 
 away from the enemy as readily as his raw recruits in Italy had done. 
 17. dum . . . volunt : = volentes. Gr. 572, R.; Gr. 290, c; II. 4G7, hi, 
 4. 18. longius : too far, limiting insecuti. — fugientes; the fugitives. 
 
 21. Praeruptus locus erat: the place (apparently a narrow terrace) had 
 a sharp pitch toward the plain from which Caesar’s soldiers had 
 charged, was perpendicularly steep on both sides, and so narrow that 
 three cohorts inline of battle completely filled it. 25. Ab oppido 
 autem: but from the town down to this terrace, or narrow neck of 
 land, the ground sloped gently for a distance of, etc. 26. Hac; adv., 
 along this terrace our men were retreating. 27. studio; cf. 1. 17. 
 28. iniquo; which was an unfavorable one, both on account of its nar¬ 
 rowness and because, etc. 30. virtute . . . nitebantur ; struggled 
 bravely. 32. illis: their number was constantly increased. 
 
 Chap. XLVI, After a long and desperate retreating fight, Caesar’s 
 men draw their swords and charge up the slope toward the 
 town, and while the enemy are still in flight, turn and cross the 
 dangerous terrace to the plain and their camp. 
 
 36. horis quinque; duration of time is sometimes expressed by the 
 33 abl. G. 392, 11.2; Gr. 256, b; H. 379,1. 1. telis: = pilis. App. 
 
 Ill, 3, b. 4. cohortibus: of the enemy, as cohortes in 1. 2.— non¬ 
 nulla parte; partially, though it might be the collective subj. of com¬ 
 pulsis, instead of cohortibus. 7. dejectis atque inferioribus ; very 
 low ; see on cognitum compertumque, p. 13, 34.—in jugum . . . con- 
 nititur: clambered up to the ridge, i.e. the steep slope to the plain from 
 the terrace ; see on p. 32, 21. 9. vario certamine : now one side, 
 
 and now the other seemed victorious. 10. Nostri: we would use a 
 part, gen.; see on p. 19, 36. 11. ex primo hastato; App. Ill, 11, c. 
 
 12. ex inferioribus ordinibus : App. Ill, 11, a, end. 13. amplius; 
 see on p. 19, 6. 14. primi pili centurio : see on p. 17, 20. 
 
NOTES.—BOOK L 
 
 171 
 
 PAGH 
 
 Chap. XLVII. Both sides claim a victory. 33 
 
 16. praefertur: sc. ab utrisque, which has been incorporated in 
 the appositional clause as utrique; was advanced hy hotli parties, viz. 
 that they had come off victorious. 17. se . . . discessisse exis¬ 
 timarent : the latter word repeats with great preciseness the opinio. 
 Translate as if discessissent. 20. locum tumulumque: the 
 second an explanation of the first; that is, the mound. See on p. 31, 
 
 8.—quae: Cr. 616, R. 3, ii; Gr. 199; H. 445,4. 22. quod. . . quod 
 
 . . . quod: repeated for emphatic enumeration, as p. 21,19-20. Caesar 
 seems unwilling to adra it an evident defeat. 
 
 Chap. XLYIII. The rivers are suddenly flooded, and Caesar’s sup¬ 
 plies cut off. 
 
 28. biduo quo: two days after. See on p. 19,26; quo and eo are 
 used where we expect postquam and post. H. 430, N. 2. 31. 
 
 montibus: the snow-capped Pyrenees.— proluit, superavit: sc. ea, 
 referring to tempestas, rain storm. 34. supra demonstratum est : 
 to be inferred from chap. 41, but not definitely stated there. 2. sup- 34 
 portare, reverti: dependent on poterant (5). 3. pabulatum; G. 436; 
 
 Gr. 302; H. 546; cf. pabulandi . . . causa, 1.12. 4. commeatus ; pro¬ 
 
 vision trains. 5. Tempus: season of the year. 6. hibernis: the 
 word must mean here winter granaries, but is not used in that sense 
 elsewhere. Some editors therefore alter to acervis. The grain had 
 not been harvested, and yet was not so green that it could be used as 
 fodder for the beasts. 7. ac . . . exinanitae (erant) : coordinate 
 with the clause Tempus . . . difficillimum. The civitates must be 
 such as lay between the Sicoris and Cinga, on Caesar’s line of march. 
 
 9. reliqui: see on frumenti, p. 28,19; anything of a remainder, any¬ 
 thing left. 10. quod : see on quae, p. 33, 20 ; which might have 
 afforded the next lest relief for the scarcity, i.e. if they had not been 
 removed. See on p. 31, 6, and cf. App. Ill, 3, c. 14. regionum: cf. 
 p. 19, 2.— cetrati: see on p. 29,16. 15. quibus: for whom it was 
 
 easy, etc. 16, utribus: inflated leathern bags or bottles, on which 
 they swam. 
 
 Chap. XLIX. The enemy, however, is abundantly supplied. 
 
 18. copia ; G. 389; Gr. 248, c; H. 421, ii. 19. provincia : His¬ 
 pania Citerior. See on p, 25,12. 20. pabuli : for the beasts. 
 
 21. facultates: acc., supplies. —pons Ilerdae: see on p. 29, 35. 22. 
 
172 
 
 CAESAR'S CIVIL WAR. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 34 integra: pred. attributive of loca, the object of praebebat; gave ac¬ 
 cess to the regions across the river still intact. Gr. 324; Grr. 186, c; H, 
 443.—quo: to which; the rel. adv. is common in Caesar for the reL 
 pron. with a prep.— omnino . . . non poterat: was utterly unable. 
 
 Chap. L. Caesar makes a vain attempt to repair his broken bridges. 
 
 26. perfici: see on p. 22, 29; its subj. is id understood, referring to 
 reficere pontes; to these words also quod refers. 27. cum . . . turn: 
 not only . . . but also. 29. rapidissimo flumine; abi. abs.; since the 
 river was very swift. Cf. p. 23,11, and see on p. 57, 20. 
 
 Chap. LI. A convoy of provisions on the way to Caesar from Gaul 
 is attacked and dispersed by Afranius. 
 
 31. habebant: an explanation of Caesar’s, not part of the 0. 0. G. 
 630, R. 1; Gr. 336, b; H. 529, ii, N. 1, 2).— flumen: the Sicoris. 32. 
 Rutenis: a tribe on the northern border of Gallia Narbonensis. 33. 
 Gallia: i.e. the part conquered by Caesar. See on p. 29,23.—fert; 
 requires. 34. cujusque generis: of every class, of all sorts. 35. 
 nullus ordo: sc. iiserat. 36. suo quisque: se and suus gen¬ 
 erally stand before quisque, in prose. Cf. quibus quisque, p. 32, 2. 
 36 1. usi: allowing themselves, etc., although within twenty miles of the 
 enemy. 2. honesti: of noble birth, as shown by the next clause. 
 3. legationes: these were coming in response to the appeals of the 
 legati Caesaris. — erant . . . erant. . . erant: see on p. 33, 22. 4. 
 
 flumina: must mean here the swollen waters of the river; cf. ad flu- 
 men, p. 34, 31. 6. de nocte: while it was yet night. G. 393, R.; H. 
 
 434, i. 7. sese . . . expediunt: put themselves infighting trim; see 
 on expeditos, p. 24, 22. 9. dum.. .potuit: as long as a struggle of 
 
 the same nature for both parties could be made, i.e. cavalry against 
 cavalry. 10. pauci: though few in number. — sustinuere : Caesar uses 
 this form of the perf. 3'''* plur. only once more in this history, p. 103, 
 28. 12. Hoc . . . momentum : the time which this cavalry fight 
 
 occupied contributed much to the salvation of our party. — nostris : the 
 crowd which the archers and knights were escorting. 14. sagit¬ 
 tarii : see on Nostri, p. 33,10. 15. calonum : App. Ill, 16.— im¬ 
 
 pedimentorum: pach-horses; cf. B. G. vii, 45, magnum numerum 
 impedimentorum. . .mulorumque. 
 
 Chap. LII. The famine prices of grain in Caesar’s camp, and his 
 efforts to relieve the scarcity. 
 
NOTES.—BOOK I. 
 
 173 
 
 PAGB 
 
 16. tamen: although so few were lost in the affair just described, 35 
 still, in consequence of all these trouUes, the price of grain rose, 17. 
 quae. . .res; i.e. annona. —fere; generally. 18. ingravescere con¬ 
 suevit; is wont to mount up. Gr, 238,2; Gr. 279, d, E.; H. 471, ii, 3.— 
 ad denarios . . . pervenerat; App. Ill, 3, d. 19. vires . . . demin¬ 
 uerat; App. Ill, 3, c. 20. in dies; differs from quotidie in always 
 denoting increase or decrease. 21. tarn; with magna, and also se 
 . . . inclinaverat, and so much had fortune changed for the worse. 
 
 24. superioresque haberentur; cf. p. 33,18. 28. tutabatur; tried 
 
 to relieve ; the use of the verb elsewhere is in the idiom suos ab in¬ 
 opia, to relieve from. 
 
 Chap, LIII. The effect of the news of these things at Eome. 
 
 29. pleniora . . . uberiora: freely, with additions even and exagger~ 
 ations. G. 312,1; Gr. 93, a; H. 444,1, Cf. p. Ill, 13, where the stand¬ 
 ard of comparison is expressed.— Romam ad suos : see on p. 18,24. 
 
 So domum ... ad Afranium below (32), = ad domum Afranii. 30. 
 perscribebant; wrote in detail (per-). 32. magni . . . fiebant: great 
 
 throngs with warm congratulations came to the residence of Afranius 
 at Eome. 34. principes : = p r i m i, to have been the first to bring, 
 etc. 35. ex omnibus: instead of the part. gen. G. 371, E. 5; Gr. 
 
 216, c; H. 397, 3, N. 3. 
 
 Chap. LIV. Caesar extemporizes boats, crosses the river, fortifies a 
 position on the other side, builds a bridge, and brings into camp 
 his provision train. 
 
 3, cujus generis: = ejus generis quod, attraction and incorpora- 36 
 tion of the pronoun.—eum: G. 333; Gr. 239, c; H. 374.— superioribus 
 annis : 55 and 54. B. G. iii and iv, 4. usus Britanniae ; his ex¬ 
 perience in Britain;, cf. p. 26, 7.— prima statumina; lowest ribs, next 
 the keel, forming the bottom of the boat. 5. reliquum corpus: the 
 rest of the hull (i.e. the sides) was woven together out of withes, and 
 covered with hides. 6. carris junctis : one supporting the bow and 
 another the stern of the boat. 7. militesque , . . flumen: G. 330, 
 
 E. 1; Gr. 239, b; H. 376. 8. continentemque ripae collem ; a 
 
 hill which formed part of the river-banh. 9. priusquam . . . sen¬ 
 tiatur: sc. ut, too soon to be perceived by. See on p.31, 3. 12. 
 commeatus ; cf. p. 34,31.—qui . . . processerant: cf, p. 34,3-5. 13. 
 
 expedire : relieve. 
 
174 
 
 CAESARIS CIVIL WAR. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 36 Chap. LV. By means of this bridge too Caesar makes a successful 
 
 foraging expedition. 
 
 14. partem flumen: see on 1. 7 above. 17. cohortibusque. . . 
 missis: and when light armed cohorts were sent to their aid, i.e. the 
 enemy’s foragers. See on p. 29, 16. 21. seclusam : translate as a 
 
 fini te verb coordinate with circumveniunt, etc. 22. eodem ponte : 
 see on p. 29, 33. 
 
 d. The Siege of Massilia (continued from chap, xxxvi). The first 
 
 Sea-fight. Chap. Ivi—Iviii. 
 
 Chap. LVI. The Massaliots under the lead of Domitius prepare to 
 attack the fleet of Brutus. 
 
 24. usi: G. 278, B.; Gr. 390, b; H. 550, N. 1. 26. tectae: i.e. with 
 
 decks over the rowers for their protection.— huc: = ad has naves; 
 see onp. 29, 33. 28. supra :'’p. 27, 38-30. 31. has. . .complet: 
 
 cf. p. 27, 31-33. 
 
 Chap. LVII. The counter-preparations of Brutus, and the opening of 
 the battle. 
 
 36. antesignanos : App. Ill, 18. The tactics adopted by Brutus made 
 their fighting qualities just as available on sea as on land. See below, 
 p. 37,34-38. By these same tactics Brutus had won a naval victory 
 
 37 over the Veneti, B. G. iii, 14-15. 1. id muneris : that as a special 
 
 privilege; see on p. 34,9, and cf. id munus legationis, p. 27, 7. G. 
 371, R. 1. 2. manus ferreas atque harpagones: grappling irons 
 
 am,d drags, both with chains or ropes attached, by which they could be 
 hauled back after being hurled, and with them whatever they fastened 
 to. 7. nostris virtute cedebant: yield to our men in valor, i.e. be 
 inferior to them. . 8. modo: hut just now. 11. suam probare 
 operam : to show what they could do. 
 
 Chap. LVIII. In spite of superior dexterity, the Massaliots are forced 
 to close quarters and totally defeated. 
 
 13. confisi: see on pp. 17, 1 ; 36, 34.— nostros . . . non excipiebant: 
 
 dodged our sailors and so avoided their attacTcs. 14. quoad licebat : 
 as long as they were allowed to, etc. 15. circumvenire nostros: i.e. 
 attack them on the flanks. 16. transcurrentes: as they dashed past. 
 17. cum . . . ventum: when they had heen forced into close quarters, in 
 
NOTES.—BOOK I. 
 
 175 
 
 PAGK 
 
 their various tricks of attacking. 19. cum. . . turn (22): not only 37 
 . . . hut also, 21. erant producti: had been transferred, or promoted. 
 
 — neque . . . vocabulis . . . cognitis: abi. abs., but best translated as 
 if coordinate with producti erant, = vocabula . . .cognoverant, 
 and who did not yet (dum) hnow even the names of the taclcUng. 23. 
 subito: cf. p. 28,24.—non.. .habebant: lit., had not the same advan¬ 
 tage from speed, i.e. were not so swift. Caesar often dwells at length 
 on the disadvantages under which he or his men labor, as if to enhance 
 the glory of the victory which follows in spite of them. So he seems 
 fond of describing the arrogant confidence which his enemies feel after 
 a victory over him, since it only heightens the effect of his ultimate 
 triumph over them. Cf. chap. 53, and especially iii, 72, 82-83. 24. 
 
 dwax.. .di?ixet\xx’. provided only they got a chance, etc. Gr, 575; Gr. 
 
 328; H. 513, i. 25. aequo animo: calmly. 27. diversi: in both 
 directions, off both sides of their own ship; see on p. 30,11. 31. in¬ 
 
 tereunt: were lost. 
 
 e. Caesar’s Successes before lierdu. Chap, lix—Ixii, 
 
 Chap. LIX. Caesar’s cavalry keep the enemy more and more shut up 
 in the city. 
 
 32. Hoc primum . . . simul: first this good news was brought. . . 
 and at the same time, etc. 33. lUi: the enemy. 34. alias . . . pabu¬ 
 labantur, alias . . . fugiebant : sometimes .. .at other times, now. . . 
 
 ' now, etc. The first explains minus libere, the second, minus audacter. 
 
 36. angustius: within narrower limits. 2. ex medio itinere: see on 38 
 p. 22,24. 3. sarcinis: App, III, 3, c.— fugiebant: its conjunction is 
 
 omitted, and they were wont to flee either when ... or when, etc.— Pos¬ 
 tremo : at last. 
 
 Chap. LX. Many neighboring Spanish peoples join Cupar’s cause. 
 
 5. Oscenses, Calagurritani, etc.: all tribes and cities of X. E. Spain. 
 Some of the names still remain, as in Huesca, Calahorra, Tarragona, 
 Spanish cities of to-day. 13. signa: App. Ill, 17, b.—ex statione: 
 cf. p. 31, 28. 15. expedita: see on p. 36,13. 16. auxiliis legio- 
 
 niun: the re-enforcing legions ; see on p. 31, 14. 17. dicebantur: see 
 
 on p. 29, 24. 
 
 Chap. LXI. Caesar begins works designed to make the Sicoris forda¬ 
 ble near Ilerda, and the enemy thereupon decide to evacuate 
 the city. 
 
176 
 
 CAESARIS CIVIL WAR. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 38 20. magno circuitu: cf.p. 36, 7. 21, locum: about tria milia 
 
 passuum up the river, as we gather from p. 40,10-11. 26. mul¬ 
 tum . . . valebat: cf. p. 29,19-22. 27. ipsi . - . excedere: to retreat 
 
 themselves, instead of forcing Caesar to do so, as they had hoped.— 
 Celtiberiam: see on p. 29,10. 28. ilia res, quod: that well hnown 
 
 fad, that, etc. 29. quae . . . civitates : the noun incorporated in the 
 rel. clause from the preceding generibus civitatum; see on p. 31, 
 28w— bello: 80-72 B. C. See App. I, Sertorius. 30. victae: because 
 conquered by him (Pompey).— absentis: see on p. 15,34. 31. in ami¬ 
 
 citia : i.e. loyal to Rome and the party of Sulla. 33. Hie: in Celti¬ 
 beria. 34. suis locis : see on p. 23, 3, partibus ; by choosing their 
 own positions; suis often = idoneis in this connection. 35. con¬ 
 quirere : translate freely as a passive, which is more usual with jubeo. 
 Cf. p. 32, 7-8, and note. 36. Octogesam : somewhat below the junc- 
 
 39 tion of the Sicoris and Hiberus, S. W. of Ilerda (Lerida). 2. navibus 
 junctis pontem: a pontoon bridge. 4. pedum xii: sc. in altitu¬ 
 dinem. The enemy’s design was to put the Hiberus between them 
 and Caesar. They would then be in a fresh and fruitful country and 
 could bring Yarro up to their support (p. 29, 7-9). 
 
 Chap. LXII. Caesar hurries on his works so that by the time the 
 enemy’s bridge over the Hiberus is reported nearly ready, his 
 cavalry can ford the Sicoris. 
 
 5. continuato . . . opere: abi. abs. 6. huc . . . rem: had brought 
 matters so far at last; for reduxerat, see on redditis, p. 11,1. 8. 
 
 pedites . . . exstare : but only the shoulders and upper part of the 
 breast of the foot-soldiers could be above water. For humeris and 
 pectore, G. 400; Gr. 250; H. 423. The infin. depends on possent sup¬ 
 plied from the preceding clause. 9. cum . . . turn: not only , . . but 
 also. 10. ad transeundum: with reference to, instead of from 
 crossing,=: 2 i\) transeundo, a construction used with verbs of hin¬ 
 dering, delaying, etc. Cf. p. 71, 28. 11. tamen: though Caesar’s suc¬ 
 
 cess was only partial, since only cavalry could cross the river, still, etc. 
 
 f. Retreat and Surrender of Afranius and Petreius. Chap. 
 
 Ixiii—Ixxxvii. 
 
 Chap. LXIII. As soon as the enemy begin their retreat, Caesar sends 
 his cavalry to hang on their rear and harass them (July 25th). 
 
 13. eo magis: so much the more; for the abl. see on humeris above, 
 L 8. 16. traduxerant: cf. 1. 3. 17. Relinquebatur . . . nihil nisi 
 
NOTES.—BOOK I. 
 
 177 
 
 PAGE 
 
 uti no alternative was left Caesar hut to, etc. See on p. 25, 9. 39 
 18. male haberet et carperet: annoy and harass. —Pons . . . ipsius: 
 his own bridge, i.e. the crossing by this. 19. habebat: required, in¬ 
 volved a long circuit; see on p. 38,20.— itinere: for the distance see 
 1. 1. A two days’ march. 21. de tertia vigilia: see on pp. 21,11; 
 
 35, 6. Between one and two o’clock in the morning. 22. novissi-» 
 mum agmen: the rear. 23. morari: sc. illos. 
 
 Chap. LXIV. Caesar’s foot-soldiers clamor to pursue, and- at last 
 successfully cross the river and overtake the enemy. 
 
 25. equitatus nostri proelio : hy the attacks of our cavalry, 26. 
 novissimos illorum : the same as novissimum agmen, 1. 22, of which 
 extremum agmen, 1. 27, is a part. The cavalry overwhelmed detach¬ 
 ments of the rear guard, but were driven back when the whole rear 
 guard (universarum cohortium impetu) faced about and charged on 
 them. But a delay of the rear guard meant a delay of the whole army. 
 
 27. nonnumquam . . . alias: = alias . . . alias; see on pp. 22, 23; 37, 
 
 34.— sustinere : intransitive, = halted; agmen is subj. 28. inferri 
 signa: a charge was made. 29. conversos: i.e. nostros. For the 
 interchange of active and passive infin. cf. p. 32, 7-8. 30. circulari, 
 
 dolere, adire, obsecrare: historical infins. with milites as subj. nom., 
 gathered in knots and lamented, etc. Gr. 650; Gr. 275; H. 536, 1. 
 
 32. obsecrare . . . parceret : and begged them to tell Caesar not to be 
 chary of, etc. 36. tantae magnitudini fluminis: highly emphatic 
 for tanto flumini. 2. centuriis: App. Ill, 2, a. 3. sustinere 40 
 non posse: unable to hold out; see on p. 39,27. 5. supra, infra: the 
 
 first to break the force of the current, the second, 11. 6-8. 9. tripli- 
 
 cemque aciem: see on p. 30, 26. The three lines marched in columns 
 of course (each cohort in the figure App. Ill, 2, d, to the right face), 
 one after the other, or parallel to each other, and did not deploy into 
 line of battle until near the enemy. 11. addito, interposita: abi. 
 abs. expressing concession, though, etc. See on p. 38, 21. 12. qui.. . 
 
 exissent: G. 637; Gr. 320, e; H. 515, iii.—ante horam diei viiii: i.e. 
 between three and four o’clock, p. m. ‘ ‘ The hour, being uniformly 
 of the day or of the night, of course varied in length with the length 
 of the day or night at different seasons of the year.” A very large 
 proportion of the time must have been occupied by botli armies not in 
 marching, but in crossing the river, one party by a narrow bridge, the 
 other by a dangerous ford. Instead of following the Sicoris down to 
 the Hiberus, and this then down to Octogesa, Afranius and Petreius 
 evidently tried a short cut through the hills. 
 
 12 
 
178 
 
 CAESARIS CIVIL WAR. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 40 Chap. LXV. The enemy halt and assume the defensive. 
 
 13. procul visos: as they came into sight a long way off. 16. ne 
 . . . objiciat : so he had rested them after the march down to Ilerda, 
 p. 30, 27-28.—conantes: sc. illos. 18. a.. .v; ct distance of, or, 
 jive miles off. 0. 335, R. 2; H. 379, 2, N. 19. excipiebant: lit, 
 received those taking this route, hence, followed, came next. —Hos 
 montes intrare cupiebant, ut . . . traducerent: the hills along the 
 Sicoris are here separated from a range stretching east and west by a 
 narrow and rugged pass, extending south to the Hiberus (Ebro). See 
 note at end of chap. 64. 23. Quod . . . conandum: this they ought 
 
 to have tried and put through at all hazards. See on erat . . . peten¬ 
 dus, p. 31, 6. 
 
 Chap. LXVI. Caesar checks the enemy’s attempt to march on by 
 night. Both sides reconnoitre. 
 
 28. equitibus: sc. nostris. 29. signum. . . conclamari: App. 
 111,16. 31. impediti: explained by sub onere = sub sarcinis. 
 
 41 App. Ill, 3, c, end. 1. proxima intercedere: directly intervened. 
 2. excipere: see on p. 40, 19. 3. qui: see on p. 42, 10.—ab . . . 
 
 negotii : he would have no trouble in, etc. 
 
 Chap. LXVII. Afranius and Petreius discuss whether to advance by 
 night or by day. 
 
 7. prius . . . quam sentiretur : too soon to he discovered; see on 
 p.21, 15. 8. conclamatum esset: cf. p. 40, 30.— argumenti. . .loco: 
 
 tooh it in place of proof, tooh it for granted. 9. exiri: pass, impers. 
 like veniri, 1. 7, representing the simple action in the abstract, with no 
 reference to the persons performing it; translate as if act.— Circum¬ 
 fundi: used in a reflexive or “middle” sense; scattered themselves 
 about. 0. 0. after a verb of saying understood. 11. in civili dissen¬ 
 sione : because all restraints seem weakened then, more than in a war of 
 defence or even of conquest. 12. timori . . . consuerit: usually paid 
 more heed to his fright than to his military oath. 13. At lucem . . . 
 aflerre: hut daylight of itself, they argued, produced much restraint, 
 because all are looking, much also was produced by, etc. 16. omni 
 ratione: see on p. 40, 23. 17. etsi: even thoiigh ; the abl. abs. alone 
 
 might express this relation.— summa exercitus : sc. p a r t e ; the greater 
 part of; abl. abs. with salva. 
 
N0TE8.—B00K I. 
 
 179 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Chap. LXVIII. Caesar starts on a detour over the hills to cut off the 41 
 enemy from the Hiberus. 
 
 20. albente caelo: when the shy was getting gray, i. e., at early 
 dawn, for the more usual prima luce, p. 39, 24. 24. Ipsi: he 
 
 himself had to cross, etc. G. 353; Gr. 232; H. 388. 26. per manus 
 
 . . . traderentur : were passed along from hand to hand. — inermi: 
 oftener of 3'’'' decl. = inermes. 27. alii ab aliis: hy one another ; 
 see on p. 21, 8. 28. eum: attracted from id by finem. G. 202, R 
 
 5; Gr, 195, d; H. 445,4. The pronoun is explained by the appositional 
 clause si . . . potuissent. 
 
 Chap. LXIX. Caesar deceives the enemy at first into a belief that he 
 is retreating, but soon his design is perceived, and both armies 
 engage in a race for the pass leading to Octogesa. 
 
 32. prosequebantur: sc. nostros.— necessarii, . .reverti: gives 
 the gist of vooibus.— victus: gen. sing. 34. iri: sc. a nostris, 
 and see on p. 41, 9. 35. laudibus ferebant: mentioned with praises, 
 
 i.e. extolled, congratulated themselves on. 36. castris: see on par¬ 
 tibus, p. 23, 3. 1. quod: its antecedent is strictly id understood as 42 
 
 subj, of adjuvabat; without this antecedent quod. . . videbant serves 
 as subj., the fact that, etc.—sine. . .jumentis. . .profectos (esse): 
 cf. p. 40,4. 3. retorqueri agmen : Caesar probably marched down 
 
 from the hill on which his camp was pitched (p, 40, 26) directly towards 
 Ilerda, but then veered slowly to the east, when the hills themselves 
 concealed his further march till the head of his column appeared 
 marching S. E. and already past the camp (superare regionem castro¬ 
 rum) of the enemy. 5. animum adverterunt :=:animadver te¬ 
 runt ; see on militesque . . . transportat, p. 36, 7.— fugiens laboris: 
 “this is the only participle which Caesar uses like an adj. with the 
 gen., and he does it only in this place.” 6. quin.. . . putaret: as 
 not to think it necessary to leave the camp at once and head Caesar off. 
 
 Chap. LXX. In spite of great disadvantages Caesar wins the race, 
 occupies the pass, and cuts off a detachment of the enemy with 
 his cavalry. 
 
 9. Erat. . . occuparent : the whole struggle as to which should oc¬ 
 cupy, etc., depended on their speed. 10. utri: which of two ; so 
 prius, first of two. G. 315, and R. A rare exception in p. 41, 3, qui 
 prior. 12. Res . . . hue erat. . . deducta: the case was reduced to 
 
180 
 
 CAE8AB.’8 CIVIL WAB. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 42 this dilemma. 16. relictas: cf. 1. 8. 18. ex: after issuing from. 
 
 19. aciem instruit: between the enemy and the pass which they had 
 so eagerly desired to reach (p. 40,19), while his cavalry were between 
 them and Ilerda or their camp. See next sentence. 22. in montem 
 . . . excelsissimus : the highest hill anywhere in sight. G. 618, 3'''* ex¬ 
 ample; Gr. 200, d; H. 453,5. 24. eodem .... contenderet: might 
 
 try to gain the same position. 25. jugis: along the ridges; see on 
 pontibus p. 29, 32. 28. minimam partem temporis: an instant. 
 
 Chap. LXXI. Caesar’s soldiers are eager to make a general attack 
 while the enemy are partially demoralized. 
 
 30. bene gerendae rei : for a successful lilow. 32. sustinere : 
 used absolutely, as in pp. 39, 27; 40, 3; hold their ground. Cf. 1. 28. 
 The sentence is explanatory of id, 1. 31. 33. cum . . . confligeretur: 
 
 when the struggle should he carried on in the plain, as it would be the 
 moment the enemy were dislodged, or descended from their hill for 
 water, provisions, or a retreat. 34. idque: i.e. an attack which 
 should so dislodge them. 36. ne dubitaret: crying do not hesitate 
 
 43 to attach. 2. contra: adv., on the other hand. — multis rebus . . . 
 
 quod: in many ways, viz. hy, etc. See on omnibus rebus, p. 14, 27.— 
 suis: cf. p. 42, 21-30. 4. collatisque... signis : the abl. abs. denotes 
 
 the cause of conferti, and this the cause of neque . . . servarent ; and 
 because their standards were all huddled together, they were crowded, 
 and so kept neither their companies nor cohorts intact. For signis, 
 ordines, signa, App. Ill, 2, a; 17, b. 5. Quod si: as for which, if 
 — hut if. G. 612, R. 1, end; Gr. 156, b; H. 453,6. 6. datum iri; 
 
 less common than fore ut daretur with the nom. See on p. 16,12. 
 
 Chap. LXXII. But Caesar is not willing to attack, hoping to come to 
 terms without loss of life. 
 
 8. in earn spem venerat: had begun to hope. 10. quod . . . in¬ 
 terclusisset: see on p. 20, 31. 11. Cur . . . amitteret: why, thought 
 
 Caesar, should he lose, etc. 0. 0. after a histor. tense supplied.—ex 
 suis: see on p. 35, 35. 12. optime . . . meritos: who had served him 
 
 most faithfully ; cf. p. 17,12. 13. cum non minus esset imperatoris: 
 
 since it was no less the duty of Oj general, since it showed no less general¬ 
 ship, etc. G. 365 ; Gr. 214, d ; H. 402. 14. consilio : strategy. 
 
 15. interficiendos : must he slain, in case of a battle. 16. rem 
 obtinere: to win the struggle. 17. plerisque non probabatur: G. 
 352, R.; Gr. 232, b; H. 388, 3; cf. p. 44, 26; did not please the major- 
 
NOTES.—BOOK I. 
 
 ISl 
 
 PAGE 
 
 tty, viz. of the officers, who nevertheless held their peace. The soldiers 43 
 however (vero) did not restrain their feelings. 22. castra: cf. p. 42,6. 
 
 23. referunt: for the more usual recipiunt. 
 
 Chap. LXXIII. The perplexity of the enemy, and their efforts to get 
 water without danger of attack. 
 
 27. de reliquis rebus: concerning the courses still open to them. 
 
 28. Erat. . . si vellent: G. 599, R. 2; Gr. 311, c; H. 511,1. 29. 
 
 Tarraconem: hut this had joined Caesar; cf. p. 38, 7.— nuntiantur: 
 personal for the impersonal construction, it was announced that, etc. 
 
 G. 528; Gr. 330, b; H. 534,1, X. 1. 31. cohortium alariarum: App. 
 
 Ill, 4. 35. ipsique: and in person. 
 
 Chap. LXXIV. While Afranius and Petreius are away from the 
 camp, the soldiers of both armies arrange an armistice, and 
 Caesar’s hopes of avoiding loss of life seem fulfilled. 
 
 1. vulgo: in crowds. —quern quisque: see on p. 32,2. 3. omnes 44 
 
 omnibus: put side by side for rhetorical effect. G. 683; Gr. 344, g; 
 
 H. 563. Cf. p. 43, 25. 4. pepercissent : cf. p. 43, 20-22. 5. 
 
 fidem quaerunt : inquired about the trustworthiness of, etc.—rec- 
 tene: whether . . . safely, etc.—illi: i.e. imperatori, Caesar. 6. 
 fecerint : sc. id, referring to se commissuri. — armaque : we would 
 use an adversative conj., but had, etc. See on p. 14, 13. 8. provo-' 
 
 cati: encouraged, because Caesar’s men answered favorably.— fidem. .. 
 de . . . vita: a pledge to spare the life of, etc. Cf. 1. 5. 9. in se 
 
 . . . concepisse : to have taken to themselves, i.e. to have harbored, 
 planned. 11. signa translaturos: see on p. 38, 13. 12. primorum 
 
 ordinum: App. Ill, 11, a, end. 13. invitandi causa: to show them 
 
 hospitality. 14. binis: G. 95, R. 2; Gr. 95, b; H. 174, 2, 3). 17. 
 
 evocaverant: sc. illi, i.e. Afranius and Petreius. 19. aditum 
 commendationis: an introduction. 20. haberet: after per quern 
 = ut per eum. 22. laetitia: “Caesar uses the abl. with plenus 
 only here; elsewhere the gen.”—omnia: the hearts of all. 25. pris¬ 
 tinae lenitatis: chap. 72. 26. a cunctis: see on p. 43,17. 
 
 Chap. LXXV. Afranius gives up all for lost, but Petreius breaks up 
 the parley and forces the soldiers into their respective camps. 
 
 27. opere: cf. p.43, 30-36. 28. sic paratus . . . ut. . . ferret: sc. 
 
 animo, disposed to bear. Afranius was afterwards accused of 
 
182 
 
 CAESARIS CIVIL WAR. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 44 treachery by the more ardent friends of Poinpey; iii, 83, 21. 30. 
 
 non deserit sese: did not lose Ms presence of mind .— familiam : see 
 on p. 18, 4.— ^praetoria cohorte: App, III, 13. 31. beneficiariis: 
 
 soldiers who, like the evocati, were exempted by their commander 
 from the more menial camp duties; favorites. 35. exterriti: though 
 frightened. — sagis: App. HI, 3, a. The garment here serves as a shield. 
 
 45 2. in statione: cf. p. 31, 28, 
 
 Chap. LXXVI. Petreius constrains his soldiers to swear renewed 
 allegiance to Pompey, and brings matters back to the old 
 footing. 
 
 4. manipulos: App. Ill, 2. 5. neu se neu. . .obsecrat: i.e. et 
 
 obsecrat n e se neu, etc.— adversariis . . . tradant : allow their ene¬ 
 mies to injure. 6. Pit concursus : stronger than concurritur. 
 7. praetorium: App. Ill, 19. 8. sibi . . . consilium capturos: see 
 
 on p. 11, 8. 10. ju^urandum: a second acc. with adigit, instead of 
 
 a dat., or the acc. with ad ; see on flumen transportat, p, 36, 7. 11. 
 
 centuriatim: App. Ill, 2, a. 12. idem : G. 331, R. 2; Gr. 240, a; 
 H. 371, ii.—quern quisque: see on p. 32, 2. 13. productos: see on 
 
 reprehensas, p, 25,2. 16. nova religio: the fresh restraint. 
 
 Chap. LXXVII. Caesar’s course toward the enemy’s soldiers found 
 in his camp. 
 
 18. qui milites . . . venerant: see on p. 31, 28. 23. priores or¬ 
 
 dines: App. Ill, 11, a.—in , . . honorem: which they had held under 
 Pompey. App.III, 9. All tribuni militum were equites, but 
 not vice versa. 
 
 Chap. LXXVIII. The enemy are driven to an attempt to regain 
 Ilerda, but Caesar follows and harasses them. 
 
 25. pabulatione: when they tried to forage. 27. frumentum . . . 
 efferre: App. Ill, 3, c. 28. facultates ad parandum: means, money 
 to huy, sc. hoc, i.e. frumentum. 29. insueta ad: “elsewhere 
 Caesar uses the gen.”; cf. p. 32, 5. 31. consiliis duobus : cf. p. 43,28. 
 
 33. reliquum consilium explicaturos: develop a plan for the future; 
 
 46 see on p. 43, 27. 34. quo: ie. ettanto. 2. quin. . .proelia¬ 
 
 rentur : without. . . fighting. G. 551, 1, S'"** Ex. ; Gr, 319, d; H. 
 504,1, N. -• 
 
NOTES.—BOOK I. 
 
 183 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Chap. LXXIX. The tactics of the pursued. 46 
 
 4. cohortes : of the enemy. —pluresque . . . subsistebant : on level 
 ground where Caesar’s cavalry could harass them, more cohorts than 
 usual were put at the rear, so that the main body could go on un¬ 
 molested. 7. qui antecesserant ; = antecedentes. The omitted 
 antecedent is subj. of protegebant; cf. next line. 9. morantibus: 
 i.e. iis qui succedebant. — equites: of Caesar. 13. eo sum- 
 moto: and when this had been dispersed to suddenly cross the valley 
 in a body on the double quick, and make a stand on the other side. 
 
 16. tantum . . . aberant : so far from getting help from their own horse¬ 
 men were they. In this sense the sing, of auxilium is more common. 
 
 G. 75, C ; Gr. 79, c ; H. 132. 18. ultroque: and protected them 
 
 besides, instead of being protected by them. 19. quin . . . excipere¬ 
 tur : see on 1. 2. 
 
 Chap. LXXX. As the enemy try, by a ruse, to hasten forward, Caesar 
 threatens them with infantry as well as cavalry. 
 
 22. turn . . . enim: in this instance . . . namely. 23. peragitati: 
 ‘‘used only here by Caesar, and seldom by any one else.” 24. una 
 fronte contra hostem: only on the side toward the enemy, as Caesar 
 had done, p. 30, 35, but here as a mere feint. 25. neque: but. . . 
 not; see on p. 44, 6. 26. constilntdii pitched. 27. animum ad- 
 
 verterimt: see on p. 42, 5. Cf. 1. 29. 31. hora x: this order applied 
 
 only to the pabulatores, the equites he orders to follow at once, 36. 
 universum : in a body. 
 
 Chap. LXXXI. The enemy are forced to encamp unfavorably, and 
 Caesar begins to hedge them in. 
 
 1. idoneum locum castris: App. Ill, 19. 3. natura iniquo : nat- 47 
 
 urally unfavorable. 4. supra: cf. chap. 72. 7. erumperent : sc. i 11 i, 
 
 a sudden change of subj.; if they tried to hurry on. 8. proferunt: 
 pushed forward, i.e. toward Caesar’s position, in order to avail them¬ 
 selves of some more commanding ground.—castraque . . . convertunt: 
 and exchanged one camp for another. G. 404; Gr. 252; H. 422, N. 2. 
 
 12. malo, malis : dat. and abl.; one evil is cured by undergoing others. 
 
 14. pabulatum: see on p. 34, 3. 15. male haberi: see on p. 39, 18. 
 
 16. quam proelio decertare: rather than decide the issue by a battle. 
 
 19. quo . . . existimabat: and to this (viz. repentinas eruptiones) he 
 
184 
 
 CAESARIS CIVIL WAR. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 47 thought they would have to resort; quo =ad quas. 20. ad id: 
 
 1. e. pabulationem implied in pabuli, or eruptiones, 1. 18. 
 
 Chap. LXXXII. To hinder Caesar’s siege-works the enemy offer 
 battle, but neither side attacks. 
 
 27. contra. . . afferebat: for the appearance (videri) of avoidi^ig 
 battle, contrary to the good opinion which his soldiers had of him, and 
 to his reputation as a general in the eyes of all, was sure to damage 
 him gpeatly. G. 224, 246, R. 2; Gr. 308, c; H. 476, 4. 29. cognitae : 
 
 see on 1. 4.— quominus . . . vellet: follows movebatur only as this 
 contains the negative idea of being prevented, Tcept back from; he was 
 rendered unwilling to fight. See on p. 30, 30. 30. hoc etiam magis: 
 
 so much the more also; see on p. 39, 13.— spatii brevitas : sc. inter 
 bina castra, as the next sentence shows. No decisive victory was to 
 be won when the vanquished could so soon retreat within fortifications. 
 31. non multum. . .poterat: could not help much toward, i.e. must 
 hinder greatly a decisive victory. The mood of poterat like afferebat 
 in 1. 28. 32. Non . . . distabant: see on 1. 8. 33. Hinc: = ex eo 
 
 spatio. 35. Si., .committeretur: the thought of Caesar, treated 
 
 48 as dependent on a hist, tense. 1 . dabat : see on p. 47, 27.— signa 
 inferentibus : if they attacked. 
 
 Chap. LXXXIII. At sunset both armies retire to camp without a 
 battle. Next day the enemy try in vain to cross the Sicoris. 
 
 2. Acies . . . duplex . . . triplex: App. Ill, 2, d. 3. in subsidiis: 
 as reserve, forming really an acies tertia. 4. alariae cohortes : 
 see on p. 43, 31.— sed: but on a different plan, inasmuch as he had 
 legionary cohorts even in the third line, and brought his auxiliaries 
 farther to the front, while his cavalry, not rendered useless by fright 
 as was that of the enemy (p. 46,15-18), protected the wings. 5. v 
 legionibus: one had been left at the camp before Ilerda, p. 40, 3. 6. 
 
 suae cujusque legionis : of their own legion in each case ; cf. App. Ill, 
 
 2, d, end. 7. media acio: may mean in the second line, or, in the 
 
 intervals of his battle lines, i.e. between the legionary cohorts of all 
 three lines; better the latter. 9. tenere propositum : abide by his 
 determination, the substantive explained by the clauses ne . . . com¬ 
 mitteret and ut . . . impediret ; Caesar not to .. . Afranius to, etc. 
 14. tentare: either histor. infin. (see on p. 39, 30), or dependent on 
 parat. — si. . .possent: see on p. 13,30. 15. partem flumen: so 
 
 p. 36,14. 
 
NOTES.—BOOK I. 
 
 185 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Chap. LXXXIV. At last the enemy confess themselves beaten, and 48 
 ask for merciful terms. 
 
 17. omnibus rebus: see onp. 14, 27. 18. jumentis: the horses of 
 
 the cavalry; cf.p. 47,19-21. 20. et: we would say hut. 23, non 
 
 esse . . . succensendum: no anger ought to he cherished against, etc. 
 
 25. satis . . . officio: they had satisfied the claims of duty. H. 384,4, 
 
 X. 1. 26. supplicii: cf. p. 47,15. G. 371; Gr. 216, a, 4; H. 397,4. 
 
 28. ingressu: moving about. 30. si . .. relinquatur: if any room 
 for pity was left. —ne . . . habeant : that they might not he obliged to 
 commit suicide ; see on p. 21, 29. 
 
 Chap. LXXXV. Caesar’s answer, and his terms. 
 
 33. nulli , . . convenisse: for no one in the world was this complain¬ 
 ing or pitiful role less fitting than for Afranius and Petreius. 34. 
 reliquos omnes : viz. Caesar (se), exercitum suum, illius exercitus 
 milites. 36. confligere noluerit: cf. chap. 72. 2. interfectis: see 49 
 
 p. 45, 13, and cf. 1. 9. 3. conservarit: cf. chap. 77.—illius: agrees 
 
 with exercitus; of the opposing army, as contrasted with exercitum 
 suum, 1.1. 4. per se: of their own accord; see chap.74. 5. suorum: 
 
 sc. imperatorum, p.44, 8-10.—Sic . . . constitisse: thus the conduct 
 of all clashes had been based upon pity, had been merciful. 7. induti¬ 
 arum : the word for a formal truce, which, of course, had not been made. 
 
 12. humilitate, opportunitate : abis, of cause. 13. quibus rebus; 
 
 = aliquas res quibus. 16. alia de causa: for any other reason 
 than contra se. 17. tot tantasque classes : perhaps a rhetorical 
 exaggeration of what is mentioned p. 54, 7; otherwise the allusion can¬ 
 not be explained. 18. pacandas: conquering, as p. 15, 4; p. 29, 21. 
 
 20. diuturnitatem pacis: since the close of the Sertorian war in 72. 
 
 21. in se: acc., against him, like contra se just before ; so in 11. 24 
 
 and 26, but 1. 28, in se uno, abl., in his case alone. —novi generis im¬ 
 peria: commands of a new sort, i.e. allowing the general to be absent 
 from his army like Pompey (idem). Int. 7. 23. tot annis : since 
 
 55; see on p. 32, 36. 24. ex praetura et consulatu: men who had 
 
 been praetors and consuls. 25. per paucos probati : cf. p. 14, 
 7-10. 27. cum. . . evocentur: when, for the salce of raising armies, 
 
 veterans of former wars were called hack to service. In his anxiety to 
 get evocati (App. Ill, 12), Pompey had compelled many to serve who 
 were really too old and feeble. 23. non servari: that privilege had 
 not been observed which, etc. 31. exercitumque dimittant: and 
 then dismiss their army, perhaps after having entered Rome in tri- 
 
186 
 
 CAESARIS CIVIL WAR. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 49 umphal procession, whereas Caesar had been required to leave his army 
 
 in the province, p. 12, 7-9. Cf. Int. 8. 34. quo: abl. with utl; its 
 
 antec. is obj of habeant. 35. Proinde . . . dimitterent : Caesar 
 suddenly gives his orders (excedite, dimittite), which become 
 imperf. subjv. in 0. 0., respondit, p. 48, 33, which up to this point has 
 served as a principal, now being treated as a histor. tense. In the 
 next clause the old form is resumed.—ut esset dictum: as had been 
 said, viz. 11. 14-15. 
 
 Chap. LXXXVI. The soldiers of Afranius force an immediate accept¬ 
 ance of these terms (Aug. 2d). 
 
 50 2. Id : explained by the clause ut, qui . . . ferrent. 3. ut. . . 
 
 potuit : as could he seen from their very expressions, both by word and 
 gesture, as explained in the next sentence. 4. qui . . . exspectavis¬ 
 sent: see on p. 40,12.— ultro: not only received no punishment, but a 
 reward cf. p. 46,18. 5. ejus rei: i.e. missionis. 8. ne¬ 
 
 que . . . posse: and said it (the dismissal) might prove uncertain, in 
 spite of every hind of pledge. 10. res hue deducitur : the question 
 was thus settled, 12. Varum flumen: the eastern boundary of 
 Gallia Narbonensis. —ne quid . . . cavetur : Caesar guaranteed that 
 they suffer no harm, and that no one he forced to enlist under him. 
 
 Chap. LXXXVII. The justness with which the enemy are treated 
 until their final dismissal. 
 
 16. quae . . . sues: so far as such things were in the hands of his 
 own soldiers. 17. iis qui amiserant: to the losers. For the indie, 
 see on p. 34, 31. 20. in jus: for a decision. 21. stipendium . . . 
 
 flagitarentur : the passive construction with verbs of demanding. G. 
 333, R, 1; Gr. 239, c, R.; H. 374,1. Translate freely, when the legions 
 demanded their pay from Petreius, etc. 22. cujus : = et cum ejus 
 (i.e. stipendii). 23. cognosceret: consider the case. 24. Parte 
 . . . dimissa: viz. those who had homes in Spain, 11. 10-11. 25. 
 
 duas legiones . . .jussit: from ii, 19, 11, we learn that Caesar sent two 
 of his six legions into southern Spain; two he now sends on ahead 
 of the defeated army, and behind it the two still remaining. For the 
 case of legiones suas, see on p. 33,10. 27. Hoc ejus praescripto; 
 
 following these directions of his, i.e. thus escorted, the defeated army 
 between two divisions of their conquerors. 
 
 In forty days (ii, 32, 10-13) Caesar had conquered the veteran army 
 of Pompey, commanded by experienced officers, strongly intrenched, 
 
NOTES,— BOOK II. 
 
 187 
 
 PAGE 
 
 and abundantly supplied. His clemency was even greater than at 50 
 Corfinium, since the defeated veterans were not even required to enlist 
 under him, but dismissed on parole. This officers and men most dis¬ 
 honorably broke to join Pompey in Grreece (iii, 88, 7-10). 
 
 BOOK II. 
 
 N. B.—In the commentaries on the Gallic War, each book narrates 
 the events of a single year; in those on the Civil War, the events of 
 the year 49 occupy books i, ii, and iii, 1-5. 
 
 A. SIEGE OF MASSILIA. CHAP. I—XVl. 
 
 Chap. I (a continuation of i, 34-36, 56-58). Trebonius makes the 
 usual preparations for a siege, 
 
 2. duabus ex partibus : on two sides; seeonp. 23,4. 3. aggerem: 51 
 
 a siege-mound, not rubbish for one as p. 23, 9.— vineas turresque; see 
 on p. 28, 22. 4. Una; sc. pars; on the east of the city.—altera 
 
 . . . Rhodani : the other side where Trebonius brought his engines to 
 bear on the city, was at that portion of the city where the road comes 
 into it from Oaul and Spain, near that arm of the sea which is next to 
 the mouth of the Rhone, i.e. on the north of the city. 7. quae ... 
 habeat: such as to afford access hy land. “Massilia lay on a recess of 
 the Gallic gulf, upon a peninsula-like promontory, and was connected 
 on its fourth side with the mainland by an isthmus only 1500 paces 
 wide.” 10. habet: rendered a siege long and difficult, or, required a 
 long, etc. See on p. 39,19. 13. materiam: see on p. 28, 24. 14. 
 
 aggerem . . . exstruit : probably begun at some distance from the city, 
 increasing in height as it approached nearer, and designed eventually 
 to support siege-engines of all kinds on a level with the city walls, or 
 even above them. 
 
 Chap. II. but unusual preparations are made necessary. 
 
 16. tormentorum : engines for hurling missiles of various shapes 
 and kinds. The propelling force in all was the same as that of a bow. 
 
 17. vineae: see on 1. 3. 18. atque hi: see on p. 24, 20. 19. bal- 
 
188 
 
 CAESARIS CIVIL WAR. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 51 listis : strictly this was the name of a tormentum specially adapted 
 
 to throwing stone missiles, but by later writers it is often used like 
 catapulta, which was the tormentum built to throw heavy darts, 
 as here. So catapulta for ballista, p. 55,5.— cratium: hurdles; 
 see on p. 23,18; the same as viminibus in 1.17, of which they were 
 made, 20. porticus; several heavily built vineae Joined together 
 under cover of which the stuff for the siege-mound was brought up, 
 and so this pushed forward, proferebatur. See on p. 47, 8. 21. 
 
 hac:=rsub his.— inter manus: hy hand. 22. testudo: a tortoise. 
 Strictly it was the name of the battering ram (aries) with its root 
 covering. The head of the battering ram then reminded people by its 
 motions of the head of the tortoise. But the word is used here of the 
 heavy roof covering alone, made of enormous size (60 feet square), and 
 furnished with a sloping front to ward off missiles from the city. 
 It was sent on ahead of the long galleries of vineae (porticus), to 
 level off the surface of the ground (aequandi loci causa) so that they 
 could be easily moved forward on rollers.—pedum lx: sc. quoquo¬ 
 versus. 25. administrationem: prosecution {of the siege). Of. p. 56, 
 
 52 26. 1. Albicos: see p, 27, 28-30, i, 56-58. 3. quae: refers to 
 
 eruptiones and ignes; see on p. 30, 6.— ultro: see on p. 50, 4. 4. 
 
 fecerant, rejiciebant ; both actions are repeated (iterative), but the 
 first before the second. Gr. 569. 
 
 Chap. III. Nasidius is sent by Pompey with a fieet to aid the Massa- 
 liots, 
 
 6. aeratae: bronze-plated. 7. freto: with pervehitur as abl. of 
 place and means; see on p. 29,32. 8. Curione; cf. p. 26,1-2.— Mes¬ 
 
 sanam: modern Messina, in N. E. Sicily, always an important city, 
 with a wonderful harbor. About 282 it was seized by some Campanian 
 mercenary troops returning home from Syracuse. These called them¬ 
 selves Mamertini, or children of Mars. Through their appeals for 
 aid against the Carthaginians Borne finally secured the city and all 
 Sicily in the first Punic war (264-241). 
 
 Chap. IV. and they eagerly prepare to fight Brutus again. 
 
 15. superius incommodum : cf. i, 58.—ad eundem numerum : to 
 make up the original (p. 36,25) number. 16. productas: translate as 
 a plup. coordinate with those following. 21. matrum familiae : Caesar 
 never uses the gen. in -as ; G. 27, R. 1; Gr. 36, b; H. 49,1. 22. sub¬ 
 
 venirent : gives the contents of precibus ac fletu, = subveniatis in 
 
NOTES.—BOOK IL 
 
 189 
 
 PAGE 
 
 0. R.; tearful prayers to help the state in Us extremity. 24, invisis : 52 
 unseen, a rare meaning. 25. rebus: abl. with both verbs. 26. ut 
 
 turn accidit: cf. p. 46, 22, and note. Of course only the first part 
 (confidamus) of Caesar’s general statement is illustrated by the Massa- 
 liots. They magnified the help which Nasidius was bringing them, 
 before they had seen the ships or learned the temper of their crews. 
 
 28. Tauroenta: acc. of Tauro is, gen. -entos, Greek 3"'' dec!. It 
 was on the coast S. E. of Massilia, modern Tarente. For the case, see 
 on p. 19,1. 31, consilia communicant: took common counsel. 
 
 \ 
 
 Chap. V. Brutus sails against them, while those left in the city 
 devote themselves to prayer for the success of their fleet. 
 
 33. quae . . . Caesarem : see p. 28, 23. 34. captivae . . . sex: 
 
 cf. p. 37, 29-31. 36. quos . . . contemnerent: for the position of the 
 
 relative clause see on p. 15, 2-5. Supply eos with victos. 3. pro- 53 
 spicere in urbem ut: to look down into the city and see how, etc. 4. 
 superioris aetatis: = senes. 5. aut. ..tenderent: said of the 
 juventus; aut . . . exposcerent of the old and unwarlike. The subjvs. 
 are in indirect or dependent questions, introduced by ut (3) = quo¬ 
 in o d o, G. 469; Gr. 334; H. 529, i, last Ex. but one. Madvig quotes 
 under this rule, Vides, ut (how) alta stet nive candidum 
 Soracte, from Horace. So Harper’s Diet. 8. quin . . . existi¬ 
 
 maret : hut thought, who did not think (quin = qui non) that his 
 existence depended on the fortune of that day. For in . , . casu . . . 
 consistere, cf. p, 49, 6, and note. 9. honesti : refers to good birth, 
 as p. 35,2 ; amplissimi to authority in the state, most influential. 11. 
 ut. . . viderent : so that they saw that in case of defeat, there would 
 he nothing left for them even to attempt. 14. confiderent : also 
 dependent on ut in 1,11. 
 
 Chap. VI. Both sides fight desperately, but two triremes of Massilia 
 are accidentally disabled and sunk. 
 
 16. acceperant; cf. p. 52, 21-22, 17. hoc animo ut: with this feel¬ 
 
 ing, that they seemed likely to have, etc. 18. ad conandum: used ab¬ 
 solutely as in 1. 12.—et quibus: sc. ut, which introduces existima¬ 
 rent; the antec. of the rel. is se. 20. antecedere existimarent: 
 translate as = antecederent, the existimarent repeating with a 
 preciseness foreign to our idiom what is already implied in animo 
 above. See on p. 33,17.— quibus . . . patienda : since, as they rea¬ 
 soned, in case the city should he taken, they (the rest of the citizens) 
 
190 
 
 CAESAR’S CIVIL WAR. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 63 would have to suffer the same fortune of war. They had provoked 
 Caesar greatly, and they knew that on Gallic cities his vengeance had 
 fallen terribly. 21. diductisque . . . navibus ; as our ships gradu¬ 
 ally got parted. 22. et artificio . . . dabatur: here the Massaliots 
 excelled; cl i, 58. 23. forreis manibus : seeonp. 37, 2. 25. suc¬ 
 
 currebant : the imperf. shov»"S that religaverant also denotes repeated 
 action ; see on p. 52, 4.— comminus . . . deficiebant : nor were they 
 unequal to a hand to hand fight. For the dat. in pugnando, G. 430, 
 345; Gr. 299, a; H. 542, ii. 26. neque . . . nostris: see on p. 37, 7. 
 28. imprudentibus atque impeditis: translate by a rel. clause, who 
 were, etc. 29. inferebant: G. 202, Excep. 1); Gr. 205, c; H. 461,1. 
 30. ex insigni: the commander’s vessel carried a red streamer (vex¬ 
 illum rubrum). 31. tantum. ..enisus est: lit. struggled so 
 much with the speed of his ship, i.e. crowded his ship on so swiftly, that 
 he just got out of their way, and then of course they ran into each 
 other. 34. utraque . . . laborarent : ‘ ‘ Caesar has the plural with 
 uterque only once besides,” p. 88, 16. 35. tota collabefieret: 
 
 became a total wrecTc. 
 
 Chap. VII. Nasidius ignominiously sails off and leaves the Massa¬ 
 liots to a severe defeat. 
 
 54 2. nullo usui : G. 35, R. end, 350; Gr. 83, footnote, 233; H. 151, 
 
 N. 1, 390, N. 2. 7. quae . . . petiverunt : this happened toward the 
 
 close of Caesar’s campaign in Spain, and may possibly serve as basis 
 for the exaggerated tot tantasque classes, p. 49,17, where see note. 
 11. excepit: arose. 12. eodem vestigio : on the very spot, at that 
 very instant. Cf. p. 56, 33. 
 
 Chap. VIII. The besiegers decide to build a tower. 
 
 14. Est animadversum: its subj. is the whole passage ex crebris 
 . . .fecissent. 16. pro: to serve as. 17. latere: nom. later.— 
 fecissent: represents fecerimus in the thoughts of the soldiers; see 
 on p. 16,18, and cf. p. 53,12 and 13.—quam: see on p. 14, 20, end.— 
 primo: contrast primum, p. 55,28. See on p. 17, 34. 19. oppres¬ 
 
 serat, propugnabant: see on p. 53, 25; propugnare means to fight 
 defensively from a ship or fortified place. 24. si . . . elata: the order 
 is, si haec turris elata esset in altitudinem, should be raised. 
 
 Chap. IX. The way in which the tower was built in the face of the 
 enemy. 
 
NOTES.—BOOK II. 
 
 191 
 
 Fig. 1. 
 
 Fig. 2. 
 
 25-28. The tower is begun under cover of plutei and vineae 
 (29), and when its walls have been built up to the proper place for the 
 first floor (ad contabulationem), the beams of this floor are imbedded 
 in the brick walls so as not to project beyond 
 the outer layer (extrema . . . structura). — ubi . . . 
 adhaeresceret : here and in 1. 36 ubi = u t i b i, 
 where. Elsewhere in the chap, it means when. 
 
 28—p. 55,11. Above this floor (contignationem 
 — contabTolationem) they carry the brick walls 
 up as far as the men can work under the plutei 
 and vineae, and then construct what is finally 
 to be the roof of the tower as follows : on the 
 walls thus far built (supra eum locum), they lay 
 duo tigna transversa (Fig. 1), to serve as a sup¬ 
 port (quibus suspenderent) for the skeleton 
 frame-work of the roof (Fig. 2), and over this 
 skeleton frame-work they put cross-pieces at right 
 angles with each other, and fasten them down 
 with planks (axibus) so as to project over the 
 walls of the tower on the three sides exposed to 
 the enemy (Fig. 3), so that protections against 
 missiles can hang down from these projections 
 after the movable roof is raised up and while the 
 walls are being built up to it (cum inter earn 
 contignationem parietes exstruerentur). This 
 movable roof they cover so as to be fire- and 
 missile-proof. Then cable-curtains (storias ex 
 funibus ancorariis) are made to hang from the 
 projecting cross-pieces.— catapultis: see on p. 51, 
 
 19.—in longitudinem parietum: cf. p. 54, 21.— 
 praependentes: a pred. part.; fastened them on 
 the projecting beams (cross-pieces) so as to hang down around the tower. 
 — tormento (11): the missile hurled by an engine. So in 1. 23. 
 
 11-24. At last the plutei and vineae, under which the work 
 has thus far gone on, are removed, and the movable roof, which now 
 takes their place as a protection, is raised up with levers (pressionibus) 
 by itself (per se ipsum) as high as the width of its rope-curtains, 
 from the walls on which it had been resting. Then the walls are built 
 up to it, under cover of the rope-curtains. By raising the movable 
 roof with a second leverage (alia pressione) they mahe space for them¬ 
 selves to build the walls still higher, and so on until it is time to put 
 in a second fiooring (alterius contabulationis), which they make like 
 
 PAGB 
 
 54 
 
 Fig. 3. 
 
 65 
 
192 
 
 CAESAR'S CIVIL WAR. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 55 the first (p. 54, 26-28), and then from this flooring (contignatione = 
 contabulatione), or, standing on this flooring, they raise the mov¬ 
 able roof (summam contabulationem) with its protecting cable-cur¬ 
 tains still higher up, and so on for six stories, leaving windows in the 
 masonry at the best points (quibus in locis visum est). 
 
 Chap. X. The building of a huge musculus. 
 
 25. musculum: a covered gallery, longer and stronger than a vinea, 
 used to protect the soldiers while levelling ground for the approach of 
 other structures, digging trenches, etc., but here of extraordinary size 
 and put to an extraordinary use. It was built as massive as the testudo 
 (p. 51, 22), but long and narrow, 60x4 instead of 60x60. 26. quern 
 
 . . . perducerent : rel. clause of purpose. The per- shows that the 
 musculus was to reach from tho new brick tower of the besiegers 
 up to the city walls, and hence its unusual length. It was built, how¬ 
 ever, by the tower, and then rolled forward to the wall (p. 56, 6-9). 
 28. primum: see on primo, p. 54,17. 31, capreolis: rafters of 
 
 slight slope. 32. ponant : see on quae vellet, p. 11, 20. So stru¬ 
 antur, 1. 36, jaceretur, p, 56, 2,— Eo super : on these rafters more¬ 
 over, etc. 34. Ad . . . defigunt : along the edge of the roof and 
 of its beams they fastened strips of wood four inches square. 36. 
 Ita . . . tecto : after the roof had thus been made with a regular slope. 
 
 56 1 . ut: as soon as. 3. canalibus: pipes, from the walls of the city. 
 The bricks were unburnt. 7. machinatione navali : on a launching 
 frame. 9. aedificio: i.e. the outer wall of the enemy’s tower. See 
 on p. 55,26. G. 346, R, 2; Gr. 248, a, R.; H. 385, 4, 3). 
 
 Chap. XI. Under cover of this musculus a tower of the city wall 
 is undermined, when the besieged beg an armistice. 
 
 9, subito: with malo. 10. praecipitataque muro : translate as = 
 praecipitabant muro. G. 388; Gr. 243; H. 414,1. 14. devol- 
 
 vimt— Involutae, labmitur— delapsae : related to each other as repre° 
 hendunt— reprehensas, p. 25, 2, where see note. 17. continebantur: 
 were held in place, cf. contineri, p. 23,11. 22. consequens pro¬ 
 
 cumbebat: threatened to follow. 23. direptione: the anticipated 
 pillaging. 24. cum infulis : flocks of white and red wool, intertwined 
 with white fillets or bands, wound round the head or carried on wands 
 as symbols of inviolability, in this case something like our flag of truce. 
 Priests wore them as a sign of their sacred office. The corps of sur- 
 
NOTES.—BOOK II. 
 
 193 
 
 PAGE 
 
 geons on a modern battle-field are secured from willful injury by the 56 
 red cross on their uniform. 
 
 Chap. XII. Their plea is heard, 
 
 26. administratio belli: cf. p. 51, 25, and note. 27. ad studium 
 . . . feruntur: are carried away with eagerness to, etc. 30. videre: 
 sc. se ; they said they saw that their city was as good as tahen. 32. 
 NuUam . . . diriperentur: that no obstacle could arise to prevent their 
 being instantly (e vestigio) plundered, when he (Caesar) came, if they 
 did not obey his orders implicitly (ad nutum). See on p. 54, 12. 34. 
 
 omnino: cf. pars turris, 1.22. —contineri quin . . . delerent: hept from 
 destroying, etc. 36. ut ab hominibus doctis: as was to be expected 
 of cultured people. The Massaiiots wereG-reeks (see on p. 27, 21), and 
 inherited Greek culture and gifts of speech, probably also Greek con¬ 
 tempt for the “ barbarous ” Homans. 1. mi&exicoxdiB.: pitif ulness, 57 
 pathos; cf. miserationis, p. 48, S4. In 1. 4, out of pity. 
 
 Chap. XIII. and granted, to the disgust of the Roman soldiers. 
 
 3. oppugnatione: active prosecution of the siege, i.e. the opere of 
 the preceding line, which = officio, work or task. 8. ne . . . 
 pateretur, ne . . . : not to suffer, lest, etc. 9. et. . . sioi: both by the 
 hatred which they felt on account of the city’s desertion of Caesar, and 
 by the disdain the Massaliots had shown toward them. 12. 
 
 quin . . . irrumperent: see on p. 56, 34. 13. quod . . . videbatur: 
 
 namely that, etc., a clause explanatory of earn rem.— stetisse per . . . 
 quominus : see on p. 30, 30. 
 
 Chap. XIV. The Massaliots break the truce and destroy the works of 
 the besiegers on one side of the city. 
 
 17. ex: after. 19 contectaque: with special ref. to the shields, 
 which, when not in use, were kept in leathern cases.—.^e erumpunt : 
 “used only here by Caesar, and seldom by any one else.” Cf. se . . . 
 proripiunt, p. 56, 24. 20. vento: abl. abs., while a favorable and 
 
 high wind was blowing. ^.408; Gr. 255, a; H. 431,4. Cf. altiore 
 aqua, p. 23,11, rapidissimo flumine, p. 34, 29. 25. Fit. . . impetus: 
 
 see on p. 45, G. Translate personally, they attack. 28. multorum 
 mensium: not more than three certainly. 32. alteram turrim ag- 
 geremque: cf. p. 51,2-6, with notes.— eruptione pugnaverunt: made 
 a sally. 33. Sed ut. . .remiserant: but just as completely as our 
 13 
 
194 
 
 CAESAR'S CIVIL WAR. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 67 men had relaxed the zeal which they had shown in the time preceding 
 the truce, so now, etc. 
 
 Chap. XV. The besiegers rapidly construct a second agger. 
 
 58 2. ubi . . . perdoluerunt : when they saw , . . and bitterly lamented 
 
 that, etc. The conclusion is aggerem . . . facere instituerunt (9), then 
 they determined, etc., the intermediate clause, quod . . . reliquum, 
 giving the reason why the new agger had to be novi generis 
 atque inauditum (7), and the abl. abs., omnibus . . . convectis, 
 the reason of that reason. 5. unde: =ut inde, no place remained 
 whence, etc. 9. eorum murorum contignatione: with a flooring 
 over these walls. — aequa . . . atque . . . agger: of about the same height 
 as the former {iWe) mound built up (congesticius) with wood had been. 
 G. 646, and R. 1; Gr. 156, a; H. 554, i, 2, N. 11. Ubi . . . videre¬ 
 tur : as often as, etc.; a rare use of the subjv. G. 569, R. 2; Gr. 309, 
 b; H. 518,1. 12. pilae. . .injiciuntur: spiles were driven perpen¬ 
 
 dicularly into the ground between the two walls and in rows parallel 
 with them, and beams were laid from top to top of these spiles, to prop 
 up the flooring, or roofing (contignatione, 1. 9, quidquid est contigna- 
 tiun, 1. 13), which was laid from wall to wall. 15. tecto: i.e. this 
 contignatio laid from wall to wall and propped here and there by 
 rows of spiles. — adversus plutei objectu: in front by the interposition 
 of a pluteus, i.e. by an interposed pluteus, which in this case was a 
 sloping mantlet of hurdles hung across the ends of the two walls of the 
 agger, which was being run toward the city-wall, at right angles with 
 it. See on p. 51, 14. 17. diuturni laboris detrimentum: the loss of 
 
 their long labor, i.e. the loss of what had cost them such long labor, viz. 
 the works which had been burnt; cf. p. 57, 29. 18. brevi reconcili¬ 
 
 atur: was quickly made good, by the new agger, etc. 19. quibus 
 locis videtur: see on p. 55, 23. 
 
 Chap. XVI. The Massaliots are discouraged at the rapidity with 
 which the besieging works are repaired, and think again of 
 surrender. 
 
 20. Quod: a rel. pron. explained by the clauses ea . . . posset.—ubi: 
 introduces viderunt, sentiunt (25), and intellegunt (32), and the con¬ 
 clusion of all these temporal clauses is ad . . . recurrunt (33). The 
 chapter contains then but a single sentence.— diu longoque spatio : in 
 a very long time; repetition for emphasis. See on p. 13, 34. 21. 
 
 sperassent: see on p. 40, 12. 23. nec . . . posset; and so that there 
 
NOTES.—BOOK II, 
 
 195 
 
 PAGB 
 
 was absolutely no spot left where either our soldiers could he hurt hy 58 
 missiles or our works hy fire. 24. eodemque exemplo: after the 
 same pattern, i.e. with an agger built of brick instead of wood; in 
 the same way, to be taken with urbem . . . circummuniri posse, 25. 
 
 qua. . .terra: see on p. 51,7. The subjv. in partial 0. 0. 27. 
 
 esset: for sit, there would not he, etc., in case the city w?ere so sur¬ 
 rounded.—cum. . . conjiceret'or: since the walls of the agger were 
 seen to he almost huilt into their ramparts, etc. The imperf. for the 
 pres, subjv. here, not like esset above, but because sentiunt is all at 
 once thought of as a histor. tense. 29. suorumque . . . interire : a 
 second obj. clause to sentiunt, like urbem , . . posse.— quibus : abl. of 
 cause; we say in which. 30. magna: acc. of inner object (cog. acc.), 
 had had great hopes .— spatio propinquitatis: on account of the dis¬ 
 tance, viz. the nearness, i.e. the short distance. G. 359; Gr. 214, f; 
 
 H. 396, vi. Too short, as well as too long a distance rendered these 
 engines useless.—parique: the -que joins sentiunt (25) and intellegunt 
 (32), as in eodemque (24) it ‘joined viderunt (20) to sentiunt. The 
 agger, gradually raised to a level with the city-wall, and built up to 
 it, made the condicio bellandi to be par. 31. se: probably ob¬ 
 ject of adaequare, and to be supplied as subj. of posse. 
 
 B. CONQUEST OF FURTHER SPAIN. CHAP. XVH—XXI. 
 
 Chap. XYII. Marcus Varro rather courts Caesar’s favor at first, but 
 on hearing of his straits at Ilerda, becomes zealous for Pompey. 
 
 35. M. Varro: cf. i,38.— ulteriore Hispania: see on p. 25,12,—initio: 
 like primo, at first. 1. praeoccupatum: his accepting the office 59 
 of legatus had hound him in advance to Pompey, 2. necessitu¬ 
 dinem . . . intercedere : that no less a tie indeed existed between him 
 and Caesar. 4. esset : ind or depend, question.—qui . . . obtineret : 
 since he legatus) held a position of trust. 5. quae vires suae: 
 sc. neque se ignorare. . .essent. So esset is to be supplied 
 with quae . . . provinciae. Varro balances the motives for adhering 
 to Pompey and those for joining Caesar. 10. magna: sc. auxilia, 
 subj. of the two foil, infins. 11. quaeque: the -que joins cognovit 
 (8) with accepit (12). 13. latius . . . perscribebat: cf. p. 35, 28-30, 
 
 with notes.—se . . . movere : to veer with fortune. 
 
 Chap. XVIII. Varro’s preparations against Caesar. 
 
 15. legionibus . . . duabus: cf. i, 38. 16. alarias: see.^n p. 43, 31. 
 
196 
 
 CAESAR’S CIVIL WAR. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 59 18. Gaditanis: Grades, modern Cadiz, was an old Phoenician city just 
 
 off the S. W. coast of Spain, the Venice of the West. It came into 
 friendly alliance with Rome at least as early as 78. 19. Hispali: 
 
 modern Sevilla, in S. W. Spain, about 60 miles from the mouth of the 
 river Baetis. Caesar made it a colony. It ranked next to Gades and 
 Corduba. — faciendas : sec on p. 25, 18. 20. fano Herculis: this 
 
 stood on the S. E. promontory of the island on which Gades was built. 
 See on p. 14,17. 22. Gallonium : this is all we know of him. 23, 
 
 procurandae hereditatis causa: to loolc after an inheritance for him. 
 30. HS CLXXX: seeonp. 22, 5; sestertium centies octogies, 
 18,000,000 sestertii, about $750,000. Remembering that the pur¬ 
 chasing power of money was at least four times as great in Caesar’s 
 time as now, some idea can be had of the wealth of this province, from 
 which Caesar got enough in two years to pay his heavy debts and make 
 him rich (Int. 5). 31. pondo: originally an abl. of specification, but 
 
 used as an indecl. noun for all cases,, here for the acc. plur.— modios: 
 see App. Ill, 3, d. 33. his . . . injungebat : see on p. 13, 7. 34. 
 
 judicia. . .reddebat: judicium dare or reddere is properly said 
 of the Praetor, who received a complaint and assigned it to some judge 
 or court for trial; appointed suits. 35. adversus rempublicam: i.e. 
 from the standpoint of friendship for Pompey.—in publicum addice- 
 
 60 bat: confiscated. 1. jusjurandum adigebat: see on p. 45,10; in 
 
 . . . verba follows as if jusjurandum were jurare. 5. insula: see 
 on p. 59, 20. 8. partem: remnant. 10. magnas clientelas: and 
 
 ' that his bodies of clients were large, etc. 
 
 Chap. XIX. Caesar advances into Further Spain, which mostly wel¬ 
 comes and obeys him. 
 
 13. ad quam diem: stating on what day ; cl. 11. 16,17. Lit. up to, 
 or as we say, by what day. 15. Cordubae: modern Cordova. It 
 was X. E. of Hispalis (see on p. 59,19), on the river Baetis, and was 
 regarded as the capital of the province Baetica. It ranked in commer¬ 
 cial importance second only to Gades. 17. paulo notior: of any 
 note. 18. conveniret: {who did not) join the throng. — conventus: 
 see on p. 18, 4. 20. colonicae: formed of Roman citizen colonists. 
 
 App. Ill, 4. 21. eo: adv.; when they had come there by chance. 
 
 22. Carmonenses, quae . . . civitas : cf. Sulmonenses, quod oppi¬ 
 dum, p. 19,12, with note. Carmo, or Carmona, was about 20 miles 
 X. E. of Hispalis. Caesar describes it sufficiently here. 24. ejecit, 
 praeclusit: agree with civitas rather than with Carmonenses, a rare 
 
NOTES.—BOOK II. 
 
 197 
 
 PAGE 
 
 construction, since civitas is not in apposition, but predicate in a rel. 60 
 clause. 
 
 Chap. XX. Varro is forced to surrender to Caesar. 
 
 25. properare: see on p. 39, 30. 27. trajectu: see on pp. 59, 20; 
 
 19, 4. 29. simul atque . . . excessisse (36): the contents of the 
 
 letter in 0. 0. 30. tribunis cohortium: i.e. tribunis militum 
 
 who had come in command of the cohorts. App. Ill, 9. Cf. p. 59, 21. 
 
 31. Gallonium : see on p. 59, 22. 35. Hoc timore : = hu jns rei 
 
 timore. G. 357, R. 2; H. 450,4, X. 3. 1. vernacula: provincial, as 61 
 
 distinguished from colonica, p. 60, 20. 2. inspectante : “in clas¬ 
 
 sical Latin this verb occurs only in the abl. abs., as here, and once in 
 the infln.” 3. porticibus : the covered passages extending round the 
 forum and opening out into it. 5. domum ad se: see on p. 35, 29. 
 
 7. Italicam: six miles X. W. of Hispalis (see on p. 59,19), on the river 
 Baetis. It was founded by Scipio Africanus in 207, and peopled with 
 his veterans. It is now in ruins.— praemisisset: had sent on word; so 
 mittit, 1. 9. 9. cui jusserit: to whom he should command him to 
 
 surrender it. 13. eum: instead of se, from Caesar’s standpoint as 
 narrator. See on p. 28, 8.—pecuniae, frumenti et navium: part.gens, 
 with quod and quid. 
 
 Chap. XXI. After politic measures at Corduba, Gades and Tarraco, 
 Caesar returns to Massilia (about Sept. 9th). 
 
 15. generatim: severally. — civibus Romanis: i.e. Cordubae con¬ 
 ventui, p. 60,18-21. 16. quod. . .studuissent : because, as he 
 
 said, etc. Caesar the historian is reporting the words of Caesar the 
 the general.— Hispanis: i.e. Carmonensibns, p. 60, 22-25. This 
 does not include Gaditanis (17), who were of Phoenician origin (see on 
 p. 59,18), and dwelt on an island distinct from Sp^in. 17. quod 
 . . . vindicassent: cf. p. 60, 29-36. 19. eo: i.e. to Gades; cf. pp. 59, 
 
 21; 60,30-31. 20. eorum: = Gaditanorum . 21. Pecunias: 
 
 cf. p. 59, 29-32. 22. liberius locutos: causative; /or having spohen 
 
 too freely. Cf. p. 59,34-36. 23. hanc poenam: implied* in and ex¬ 
 
 plained by bona restituit.—Tributis: partic. in abl. abs. with praemiis, 
 and governing quibusdam in the dat., with which reliquos contrasts. 
 
 24. in posterum: see on p. 12,15. 26. monumentaque: the same 
 
 as the ornamenta, p. 59, 20, where see on ex fano Herculis. 20. 
 iiii legiones : viz. the two of Varro (pp. 29,4 ; 60, 3 and 25), and the 
 two which came with Cassius (p. 60, 11). 29. quas . . .fecerant: 
 
198 
 
 CAESARIS CIVIL WAR. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 61 p. 59,18-19. 30. Tarraconem: cf. p. 38, 7. 32. privatim . . . 
 
 honoribus: cf. 11. 23-24, habitis hero being used like Tributis there; 
 after rewards of a public and private nature had been bestowed on 
 certain cities. 33. pedibusquo: by land, as navi bus = “by sea.” 
 34. Narbonem: see on p. 28,29.—legem . . , praetore : regularly a 
 dictator must be declared by a consul, after a special decree of the 
 senate. See App. II, 14. Lepidus, who had been in charge of the city 
 since Caesar’s departure in April (see on p. 27,15, and cf. App. II, 10), 
 had thought of holding the consular comitia himself, but as this was 
 unprecedented, he proposed a special law (lex Aemilia de dicta¬ 
 tore creando) to the popular assembly (App. II, 2), which em¬ 
 powered him to nominate a dictator. Caesar then, as dictator, could 
 hold the consular comitia. Cf. iii, 1. All this was shrewdly man¬ 
 aged by Caesar, to avoid the appearance of violent usurpation. 
 
 C. THE SURRENDER OF MASSILIA. CHAP. XXII. 
 
 62 3. fusi : weakened by. 5. quod . . . contulerant: cf. pp. 27, 30; 
 
 28, 19. 7. auxiliis. . . desperatis: “only in the abl. abs. does 
 
 Caesar use the construction desperare rem; otherwise desperare 
 de re, or, with the dat. (twice only), desperare rei.” The Massa- 
 liots had counted on Caesar’s failure in Spain. 9. sine fraude : cf. 
 sine fide, p. 57,14. 15. Ex his: refers to the three ships of Domi¬ 
 
 tius; illis would be clearer. 16. contendit: struggled on. 21. 
 pro nomine . . . conservans : out of consideration for the fame and 
 age of the city, Caesar did not utterly destroy it, nor allow it to be 
 plundered, but left it “to be intellectually the centre of Hellenic cul¬ 
 ture in that distant Celtic country.” 23. ceteras: four had returned 
 from Spain with the captured legions of Afranius and Petreius (see on 
 p. 50, 25); these, with one of the three legions left for the siege of 
 Massilia (p 28, 21), now return into Italy and concentrate near Brun¬ 
 disium for the campaign in the East. 
 
 D. CURIO’S CAMPAIGN IN AFRICA. CHAP. XXIII—XLIV. 
 
 Chap. XXIII. Curio’s arrival in Africa (about Aug. 13th). 
 
 26. Iisdem temporibus : i. e. during the latter part of the campaign 
 in Spain and the siege of Massilia. —in Africam profectus: cf. p. 25, 
 20-21, with note. He probably started soon after the favorable turn 
 in Caesar’s fortunes at Ilerda. 27. jam ab initio: from the very 
 
NOTES.—BOOK II. 
 
 199 
 
 TAGE 
 
 start. — ^Vari: cf. i, 31. 28. ex iiii quas acceperat: see on p. 25, 20. 62 
 
 29. biduoque: abl. abs. with consumptis, like noctibus. 30. ap¬ 
 pellit: sc. naves, beached Ms ships, landed at, eic. The simple acc. 
 follows this verb p. 52, 8.— Anquillaria : exact location uncertain; 
 perhaps on the S. W. side of the promontorium Mercurii, which 
 was at the eastern entrance of the bay of Carthage. 31. Clupeis: 
 Clupea (or Aspis, from the Gr. aditii — shield) was a stronghold com¬ 
 manding a good harbor on the coast S. of prom. Merc. During the 
 Punic wars it had been of great importance as a landing-place and base 
 of operations. Its name was given it from the shield-like shape of the 
 hill on which it stood. 34, Uticae: cf. p, 26, 10. 35, ex prae¬ 
 
 donum bello: the pirates of Crete and Cilicia, who had long made all 
 navigation unsafe, were subdued and colonized in 67 by Pompey, who 
 had received extraordinary powers for the conduct of the war by the 
 lex Gabinia. — subductas: drawn up onshore, the opposite of de¬ 
 ductas, “launched.” — reficiendas: see on p, 25, 18. 1. constrata: 63 
 
 = tecta ; see on p. 36, 26. 2. pedibus : see on p. 61, 33.— Adrume¬ 
 
 tum : a very old Phoenician city, once a rival of Carthage, on the coast 
 south of Clupea. It was now the capital of the province Byzacium. 
 
 See on Afiricam, p. 25, 21. 4. ejus fuga: = postquam fugit, 
 
 upon his flight. 5. Marcius Rufus : not to be confounded with M. 
 Coelius Rufus, p. 11, 25. Mentioned oply once again, p.73, 12. 7. 
 
 remulco abstraxit: towed away. 
 
 Chap. XXIV. Curio reconnoitres for a camp. 
 
 9. eodem: for the same place, i.e. Utica. 12. Castra . . . Corne¬ 
 liana: the camp of Cornelius Scipio Africanus the elder, during the 
 second Punic war. 14. Id: G, 202, R. 5; Gr. 195, d; H. 445,4. 
 16. ab ea parte : see on p. 23, 4. 17. paulo . . . mille : see on pp. 20, 
 
 21; 19,6. 18. quo. . . .longius : through which the sea worJcs 
 
 inland for quite a distance. 
 
 Chap. XXV. Curio wins in a cavalry skirmish, and gets possession of 
 the enemy’s transports. 
 
 23. altera: sc. ex parte; this phrase is then explained by a thea¬ 
 tro, the prep, a being used just like ex, where we use on or at; on the 
 other side, viz. at the theatre which stands before the town, by the mas¬ 
 sive masonry of this structure (i.e. the theatre). 25. aditu . . . 
 angusto : abl. abs,; the approach to the camp being thus rendered difli- 
 
'^00 CAESAR'S CIVIL WAR. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 63 and narrow, running as it did between the walls of the town and 
 
 the masonry of the theatre. 28. habere loco praedae: to consider 
 as booty, to rob. So p 94, 24. 29. his rebus subsidio: to aid these 
 
 attempts, viz. to bring property into the city. 32. paternum . . . 
 Pompeio: the Romans had conquered Jugurtha, the usurping king of 
 Rumidia, in 106, and in 81 Pompey had secured the kingdom for 
 Hiempsal II, the rightful heir, and the father of Juba. 33. inter¬ 
 cedebat : with Huic . . . cum Pompeio . . . cum Curione ; between 
 him and Pompey there existed a feeling of gratitude for the kindness 
 shown to his father, and between him and Curio hostility, because, etc. 
 Cf. p. 59, 2-3, with note. 34. qua lege : G. 617; Gr. 200, a; H. 
 445,8.— publicaverat: had confiscated, i.e. reduced to a province. Cf. 
 
 64 in publicum addicebat, p, 59, 35. 2. pronuntiare: see on p. 38, 
 
 35. 3. stabant: were lying at anchor. — in . . . loco: oftener without 
 
 in, as pp. 27, 9; 63, 28, where see notes. 4. e vestigio: see on 
 p. 54,12.—(eum) qui non. . .traduxisset: sc. naves. Fut. perf. 
 indie, in 0. R. 
 
 Chap. XXVI. With his cavalry alone. Curio routs an advance guard 
 of troops sent by Juba to aid Varus. 
 
 10. imperator appellatur: a title of honor bestowed by the soldiers 
 of a commander after a great victory. Here absurdly premature. 
 Still more so, p. 88, 31. 15. Novitate rei: emphatic for nova re; 
 
 see on p. 39, 36. 19. explicari et consistere: extend themselves into 
 
 battle array. 21. equitatuque: i.e. of the enemy; though these es¬ 
 caped, still the enemy’s infantry suffered. 
 
 Chap. XXVII. Deserters persuade Varus that Curio’s soldiers are 
 disaffected. 
 
 24. Marsi: cf. pp. 18, 27; 20,18-23. 27. auiibus Vari serviunt: 
 
 ticJcled the ears of Varus, told such stories as they knew would please 
 him.—nam . . . speramus: the order is, et credimus ea quae volu¬ 
 mus, et speramus reliquos sentire ea quae ipsi sentimus, where et 
 ... et both . . and, the first giving an explanation of sive . . . 
 
 serviunt, the second, of sive . . . perferunt. 29. confirmant qui¬ 
 dem certe: whatever was their motive, they assured him at any rate 
 for certain, that, etc.— animos ... a Ourione: cf. p. 13, 35. 30. 
 
 maximeque . . . exercitum: and that his (Varus’s) army must by all 
 means show itself. 
 
NOTES.—BOOK 11. 
 
 201 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Chap. XXVIII, Curio's soldiers are publicly entreated to be faithful 64 
 to the oath they had sworn Domitius and Pompey, rather than 
 to that afterwards sworn Caesar. 
 
 35. supra; p. 21, 34. 1. legionesque . , .Caesar: see on p. 22, 66 
 
 32-35. 3. ordines manipulique : App. Ill, 2, a-b. With the ex¬ 
 
 ception of a few centurions, these remained the same. 5. primam 
 sacramenti . . . memoriam: primi sac. mem. would seem more nat¬ 
 ural to us (cf. p. 67,17), but the noun and dependent gen. form one 
 idea, with which the adj. agrees; not to forget their first oath, etc. 7. 
 neu. . . neu: i.e. et ne. , . neu. 8. perpessi; sc, essent. 10. 
 Huc: see on p. 29, 22.—ad: with reference to, i.e. to stimulate their 
 hope of a reward. —quae . . . deberent : appos. to pauca, viz. what 
 they ought, etc. 12. nullam . , , significatio : no demonstrationi was 
 made either way, i.e. of loyalty to Pompey or Caesar, Varus or Curio. 
 
 Chap. XXIX. Curio’s soldiers are filled with fear and discontent. 
 
 14. At: though the speech of Varus led to no demonstration either 
 way, still, etc.—omnium: strictly subj. g(dn.,= on the part of all; trans¬ 
 late freely, everywhere. 15. incessit: spread. 16. fingebat: kept 
 inventing. 17. Hoc: the opinio, thus exaggerated.—uno auc¬ 
 tore: abl. abs., though only one person started it. 
 
 The rest of this chapter has come down to us in such a confused 
 state, that it cannot be satisfactorily restored or translated. It con¬ 
 tains, evidently, the reasons why Curio’s soldiers felt disturbed and 
 afraid. 
 
 Chap. XXX. A council of Curio’s officers is held, in which opinions 
 are divided between attacking the camp of Varus, and retreating 
 to Castra Corneliana. 
 
 30. summa rerum: the general situation. 31. conandum: sc. 
 esse ; used absolutely, that efforts must he made in every way. —om¬ 
 nibus modis: see on p. 14,27. 32. censerent; G. 634; Gr. 320, a; 
 
 H. 503, i. The word is used of the sententiae, though of course strictly 
 applicable only to those who held them. 33. contrarium: pernicious. 
 
 —arbitrarentm: the verb of thinking in the subjv. instead of the verb 
 expressing the thought. G. 541, R. 2; Gr. 341, d, R.; H. 516, ii, 1.— 
 praestare . . . quam: that it was better . . . than, etc. - 36. de tertia 
 vigilia: see on p. 39, 21.— Castra Cornelia: see on p. 63,12. 2. 66 
 
 simul : sc. u t, introducing daretur (4). 
 
202 
 
 CAESARIS CIVIL WAR. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 06 Chap. XXXI. Curio’s speech in the council, disapproving of both 
 propositions. 
 
 5. quantum. . . dicebat: said that one proposition was as rash as 
 the other was cowardly; animi is gen. part, with both quantam and 
 tantum. The sententia is said to have an animus, and, bolder 
 still, censere, p. 65, 32. 6. hos . . , illos: the holders of the sen¬ 
 
 tentiae, the former. . .the latter; with the same meaning but a 
 more usual order in 11. 16-17. G. 292, R. 1; Gr. 102, a, b; H. 450,2. 
 — rationem habere: proposed. 8. et opere et natura loci: cf.p. 63, 
 20-25. 11. quasi non: as if forsooth it were not true that, etc. 
 
 13. quid habet nisi: what does that mean hut, etc. 14. omnium: 
 neuter. 15. pudentes: honorable soldiers.—sibi parum credi: verbs 
 which govern the dat. in the act. must be used impersonally in the 
 passive; see on p. 12, 29; that very little confidence is placed in them. 
 17. augeat: would increase, viz. si sciant se timeri. Supply the 
 corresponding ellipsis for deminuat, —quod si jam: hut if at once; see 
 on p. 43, 5. 18. explorata habeamus : consider certain. 20. 
 
 opinione: than is supposed. —quanto. . .praestet: how much better 
 would it he, etc. See on p. 65, 33. 21. An non: what! ought not, 
 
 etc. G. 459; Gr. 211, b; H. 353, X. 4. 24. addunt: to their 
 
 proposition, desire also .—credo: I suppose, inserted ironically, as be¬ 
 low, p. 67, 27. 25. hujusmodi res: i.e. insubordination, mutiny. 
 
 29. magnaque . . . confido : and I trust that we shall soon agree, 
 essentially, in our decision about the matter; jam, as ini. 17, referring 
 to the immediate future. 
 
 Chap. XXXII. Curio’s harangue to his soldiers. 
 
 33. auctoritate: see on p. 27, 35. 34. inquit: an unusual position 
 
 after so much of what is said. G. 651, R. 2; Gr. 345, c; H. 569, v. 
 36. gravissime : what was Caesar’s gain was loss to his enemies (illi). 
 
 67 1. praejudicio : by the prophetic significance, the example of your con"- 
 duct; this led Pompey to distrust all his soldiers. 2. Caesar , . . 
 commisit: this sentence illustrates the amicissime of p. 66, 36, as the 
 preceding does gravissime. — quem. . .habuit: see on p. 42, 22. 4. 
 
 tueri non potest: because dependent on them for grain supplies. See 
 on p. 25, 18. 8. eos, eorum : Caesar’s and Pompey’s representa¬ 
 
 tives. 10. An vero: what indeed! hadnH you heard, etc.; see on 
 p. 66, 21. So below, 11. 13, 33. 12. quibus: = postquam ; see on 
 
 p. 33, 28. 14. resistant: G. 251; Gr, 268; H, 486, ii. 15. incerta 
 
 victoria: abl. abs. 16. cum: concessive, whereas. 17. prioris 
 
NOTES.—BOOK IL 
 
 203 
 
 PAGE 
 
 sacramenti: cf. p. 65,5. 20. projecit: cf. p. 20,17.—clam vobis: 67 
 
 ‘ ‘ the only instance in classical prose where e 1 a m is used as a prep, with 
 the abl.” Gr. 417, R. 1; Gr. 261, c; H, 437,3. 22. qui: interrog. adv., 
 how. 24. Relinquitur : ironical; there remains then lor them to ap¬ 
 peal to, a new hind of sacred obligation. Cf. pp. 16,27; 45,16. 25. 
 
 respiciatis: regard, as p. 11, 7. 26. quod . . . sublatum est: which 
 
 was annulled by your former leader’’s surrender and consequent loss of 
 civil rights. A Roman soldier had no civil rights while in captivity, 
 and regained them after being freed only by a special legal process. 
 
 The fact however that Domitius was taken prisoner in a civil war, and 
 that he had been at once released (p. 22,4), weakens the argument. 
 
 27. in me offenditis: you find fault with me. —Qui: = ego vero, 
 
 30. eventu belli: at the end of the campaign. 32. quom . . .pro¬ 
 cessit : limiting fortunam: so far as the campaign has as yet been 
 conducted. 35. adveniens: by my mere approoNi. 2. eoque ... 68 
 compulerim: and drove them to such straits. 4. vos: subj. of se¬ 
 quimini (6).— repudiatis: abl. abs. with fortuna and ducibus.—Cor¬ 
 finiensem . . . deditionem : i. e. the leaders who were disgraced at 
 Corfinium, who fled from Italy, who surrendered Spain. 6. prae¬ 
 judicia : in appos. with the three aces. preceding; prophetic precedents 
 for tbe war in Africa. Cf. p. 67,1. 7. imperatoris : cf. p. 64,10.— 
 
 Ciijus . . . poenitet: G. 376; Gr. 221, b; H. 409, iii. 9. nomen: i.e. 
 miles Caesaris, 1. 6. 
 
 Chap. XXXIIl. Curio wins his soldiers back, and offers battle to 
 Varus. 
 
 13. sit, dubitet : G. 546, R. 3; Gr. 331, f, R.; H. 499,2. Or, the 
 subjvs. may represent commands, sis, dubites, in 0. R.— necubi: 
 
 = ne alicubi. 17. productos: translate as if producit . . . et 
 (collocat). 18. constiterat : cf. p. 64, 33-34. 19. Ne Varus 
 
 quidem : Varus also did not hesitate, etc.—sive. . . detur : see on 
 p. 13,30. 
 
 Chap. XXXIY. The troops of Varus are driven back into their camp. 
 
 22. supra: p. 64, 33. 23. Hanc: sc. vallem, obj. of transire. 
 
 —si . . . conarentur: see above on 1.19. 24. aequiore loco; in the 
 
 better position, since higher, if the enemy tried to climb up to their side 
 of the ravine. 25. Simul: presently. 26. una: adv., with inter¬ 
 jecti, interspersed. Cf. 1. 30.—cum . . . cernebantur : were seen to 
 
204 
 
 CAESAR’S CIVIL WAR. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 68 plunge, etc. 28. Marrucinorum: see on p. 22,12. 29. admissis 
 
 equis: gme their horses the rein and galloped hack, etc. 32. Huo 
 . . . conversa . . . videbat : thither . . . turned and saw, etc, 36. 
 
 69 unum elocutus : with hut a single exhortation. 1. quae . . . con- 
 
 firmassent: p. 68,13-14. 4. eniterentur: struggled out of the ravine 
 
 to the plain beyond.—animus: collective; contrast p. 64, 29. 
 
 Chap. XXXV. Varus narrowly escapes being killed by a rash soldier 
 of Curio. In the night he abandons his camp for the town. 
 
 9. Pelignus: cf. p. 18, 27. 10. ex infimis ordinibus: a centurion 
 
 of the lowest rank. App. Ill, 11, a.— primum: = novissimum, as 
 p. 39, 22. 15. humerum. . .appetit: sc. Fabius; struck at his 
 
 exposed shoulder, etc.—paulumque . . . interficeret : and there was 
 little lacking hut he had killed, i.e. he narrowly missed killing Y.; 
 paulum = minimum, or baud multum, and so implies a negative; 
 cf. 1. 21. Gr. 551,1, last ex.; Gr. 319, d; H. 504. 18. Hac multi¬ 
 
 tudine : connects closely with 1. 9, after the episode of Fabius has been 
 told. 22. eodem cursu: without stopping. 23, cum. . .turn 
 quod: not only . . . hut also the fact that, etc. G. 589; Gr. 326, b; H. 
 521, 2), N. 1. 24. egressi : since they had gone out to fight. 25. 
 
 usui: see on p. 19, 33. 29. per simulationem: under the pretence, = 
 
 simulatione. 31. bucinatore: App. Ill, 15, 32. ad speciem: 
 
 to keep up appearances, for show. The ruse was to prevent Curio from 
 attacking during the evacuation of the camp. 
 
 Chap. XXXVI. The town also is likely to surrender to Curio, when 
 news comes that King Juba is near with large forces. 
 
 35. multitudo: the peasants of the neighborhood, who had flocked 
 into the city for safety. Cf. p. 63, 25-27. From these are distinguished 
 the citizens, Uticenses (36), and the Roman colonists, conventus, 
 p. 70,1.— insolens . . . otii: unaccustomed to war through long enjoy- 
 
 70 ment of peace. Cf. p. 32, 5. 1. is qui . . .constaret: of such a 
 
 nature that it consisted of men of all political opinions, and so was not 
 specially opposed to Caesar’s cause. 
 
 Chap. XXXVII. As soon as Curio is convinced of Juba’s approach, he 
 retires to Castra Cornelia. 
 
 9. fides fieri non poterat: belief could not he created in him, i.e. he 
 could not he made to believe them. 11. nuntiis et litteris: official 
 
NOTES.—BOOK II. 
 
 205 
 
 PAGE 
 
 news; private messages had come to Curio at least two days before 70 
 this, p. 67, 10-13. 14. milibus: sc. passuum; abl. of meas. of 
 
 diff.; see on amplius, p. 19, 6; longe is redundant in this idiom, and 
 rare. 16. materiam: see on p. 28, 24, and cf. 1. 21. 17. duae 
 
 legiones: see on p. 62, 28. 21. salinis : salt-vats, made in low 
 
 ground near the sea, for the manufacture of salt from sea-water by 
 evaporation. 
 
 Chap. XXXVIII. Curio is lured by a false report from his impregna¬ 
 ble position, again assumes the offensive, and routs with his 
 cavalry an advance guard of the enemy under Saburra. > 
 
 / 
 
 25. ex perfugis: instructed of course by Juba. 27. Leptitano¬ 
 rum: the people of Leptis (Minor), a flourishing city of Phoenician 
 origin Just S. E. of Hadrumetum (see on p. 63, 2.) A still more flour¬ 
 ishing city of the same name, Leptis (Major), lay further S. E. on the 
 coast. 30. Multum . . . adjuvat : contributed much to the adoption 
 of this course. Caesar was very fond of Curio, and speaks of his rash¬ 
 ness almost with admiration. 32. proventus: much less common in 
 this meaning than eventus, or successus. 33. prima: see on 
 medio, p. 30, 29. 36. intervallo: at a distance of, etc. So spatio, 
 
 p. 72,6. 3. nullis ordinibus: pell-mell. 71 
 
 Chap. XXXIX. Curio is infatuated by the success of his cavalry, and 
 pursues the enemy hotly. 
 
 9. convenit, cognovit, quaerit: the asyndeton expresses haste and 
 excitement. 11. respondent Saburram: sc. praeesse castris. — 
 Reliqua: all further details. 12. signa: = cohortes. App. Ill, 
 
 17, b. 13. cum perfugis : a condensation for cum perfugarum 
 oratione. 15. potuerint: subjv. .of characteristic. 16. jam: 
 at once; see on p. 66, 17.— praemiis: cf. p. 67, 80. 17. perse: of 
 
 themselves, without any exaggeration, still (tamen) they had to be ex¬ 
 aggerated. 20. inflatius: too boastfidly; see on p. 59, 13. 22. 
 
 praeferebantur: were exhibited. —ut. . . videretur: so that whatever 
 time elapsed in making cautious or even needful preparations, all this 
 seemed only to delay their victory. 25. quam maxime . . . perter¬ 
 ritos : while in the greatest possible panic after their flight. 27. 
 alii alio loco: see on p. 21, 8. 28. ad spem: see on p. 39, 10. 
 
 Chap. XL Juba advances slowly after reinforcing Saburra, who lures 
 Curio into rash pursuit by feigned retreat. 
 
206 
 
 CAESAR\S CIVIL WAR. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 71 33. elephantisque: The Carthaginians had sent elephants even into 
 Italy, and at Zama Hannibal had placed eighty in front of his lines of 
 battle. They were always an unwieldy and dangerous ally. They 
 were used for the last time by Juba at Thapsus. 34. praemissis . . . 
 Curionem: that after sending on his cavalry Curio himself would 
 come. 36. ut. . .refeirant: to feign fear and gradually yield and 
 
 72 retreat. 3. praesentis . . . opinione: his misunderstanding of the 
 present manoeuvre. 
 
 Chap. XLI. The enemy turn and attack Curio after his men are ex¬ 
 hausted by pursuing. 
 
 6. spatio: see on p. 70,36; sixteen miles from 8. ad spe¬ 
 ciem: see on p. 69, 32. 9. Non deest negotio: was not wanting to 
 
 the occasion, did not fail to do his duty. 11. ut defessis, confectis: 
 weary, worn out as they were, though weary, etc. 13. numero cc: 
 sc. tantum, only 200. Cf. p. 71,26-28. 17. aversos proterere: 
 
 to ride them down from behind. 18. procucurrissent: see on p. 58, 
 11. 19. rursusque . . . se recipientes: sc. nostros. 22. casum 
 
 subire: risk an attack. 26. de . . . desperantes: see on p. 62,7. 
 29. commendabant, si quos: expresses more uncertainty than iis 
 quos, commended to their comrades, in case any should happen to 
 succeed in saving themselves, etc. 
 
 Chap. XLII. Curio and all his men except a few horsemen are slain. 
 
 32. ut in miseris rebus: as happens in disasters, yiz. that men seize 
 on slight hope of rescue. 33. universos: sc. milites, subj. of 
 
 73 capere. 1. integri procumbunt: fell without a wound, from sheer 
 
 exhaustion.—Cn. Domitius : mentioned only here. 2. praefectus 
 equitum : App. Ill, 5,10. 9. demonstratum est: p. 71,26-28. 10. 
 
 ad unum: to a man. 
 
 Chap. XLIII. The cohorts left to guard the camp are panic-stricken 
 and wildly try to embark for Sicily. 
 
 12. Marcius Rufus; see on p. 63, 5, and cf. p. 71, 8. 15. primo: 
 
 used like prima, p. 70, 33. 16. appulsas habeant: more precise than 
 
 appellant, land and keep on shore. See on p. 30, 7. 19. classem 
 
 hostium; p. 62, 33 tf. 23. ad ofEcium imperiumque convenie¬ 
 bant : reported for duty. 24. qui . . . conscenderent: as to who 
 
NOTES.—BOOK III. 
 
 207 
 
 PAGE 
 
 in particular should embarh; depend, question. 26. hoc timore: 73 
 see on p. 60, 35. 
 
 Chap. XLIV. Few succeed, the rest surrender to Yarns, only to be 
 murdered (nearly all) by command of Juba, who enters Utica in 
 triumph. 
 
 28. patresque familiae: see on p. 52,21.—qui . . .valerent: who 
 
 vrevailed through their popularity or pitiful entreaties. 29 . recepti: 
 were taken onboard and came at last, etc. 31. numero : = loco ; 
 see on p. 64, 3. 34. cum: although. 35. suam fidem: the pledge 
 
 of safety which he (Yarns) had given them at their surrender.— neque 
 . . . auderet: but still did not dare, etc. 1. senatoribus: Homan sen- 74 
 ators in the train of a petty African prince, who was insulting a Homan 
 provincial capital! Nothing more is known of them, except that Lici¬ 
 nius perished in trying to escape to Spain after Thapsus. 2. paucis: 
 sc. verbis, i.e. briefly, haughtily. 
 
 BOOK III. 
 
 Last months of 49, and most of 48. See N. B. at beginning of Book ii. 
 
 A. CAESAR AT ROME AND BRUNDISIUM. CHAP. I—II. 
 
 Chap. I. Caesar’s political and economical measures at Rome. 
 
 11-20. Dictatore: as dictator; see on p. 61, 34-36. The narrative, 
 interrupted by the story of Curio’s campaign, is a continuation of ii, 
 22, 1. 23, ipse ad urbem proficiscitur. — comitia : App. II, 3.— con¬ 
 sules : for the year 48, though in the absence of Marcellus and Lentu¬ 
 lus they acted also for the remainder of 49. 12. per leges: since 
 
 342 the legal interval between two consulships of the same man had 
 been ten years. See Int. 6-7. 13. consulem: the dat. would be 
 
 more regular. Gr. 535, R. 3; Gr. 272, a; H. 536, 2, 3), N.—cum fides 
 . . . esset angustior: since credit was quite restricted, etc. Owing to 
 the uncertainty of the future, capitalists would not lend money even 
 on good security. 14. neque . . . solverentur : those who owed 
 money delayed paying it because they hoped that one result of the 
 civil war would be tabulae novae (see below on 1. 18).— creditae 
 
208 
 
 CAESAB’S CIVIL WAB. 
 
 74 pecuniae: = aes alienum, see on p. 12, 32. 15. ut arbitri daren¬ 
 
 tur: that assessors should he appointed, i.e. men to decide on the value 
 of property not legally, as j u d i c e s, but after their own ideas of what 
 was fair and right.— fierent: sc. ut. 16. possessionum: real estate. 
 —rerum: personal effects. — quanti . . . fuisset: Gr. 379; Gr. 252, a; H. 
 404; at that value which each of these articles had had before the war. 
 All values had fallen heavily in consequence of the outbreak of the 
 war, so that a man whose property in good times was more than enough 
 to balance his debts, might find himself now unable to pay them even 
 by parting with his property. Caesar’s plan was an arbitrary one, it is 
 true, but it favored both classes, the debtor by increasing the value of 
 what he could oUer in payment of his debts, the creditor by securing 
 him some payment, instead of none at all (tabulae novae). 17. 
 hae: i.e. these possessiones and res at their ante-bellum value. 
 18. novarum tabularum: fresh accounts, involving the cancelling of 
 the old ones by summary decree, abolition of debts. 20. ad . . . ex¬ 
 istimationem: and for preserving confidence in the debtors, i.e. in their 
 ability and willingness to pay their debts. 
 
 21-30. rogationes: bills. 22. nonnullos: obj. of restituit (26). 
 — ambitus: G. 377; Gr. 220; H. 409, ii; convicted of bribery sX elec¬ 
 tions, by the lex Pompeia, which was brought forward in 52 to 
 serve as a political weapon against the friends of Caesar (1. 26). It 
 modified the existing laws against bribery (Cato was about the only 
 prominent man in Pome who would not be amenable to some bribery 
 law) by increasing the penalty from ten years to perpetual banishment, 
 but it so arranged the process of trial that it was almost impossible for 
 the jurors finally selected to decide the case (sententiam ferentibus) to 
 have heard (audientibus) the witnesses and the arguments. For the 
 whole panel of jurors (judices) numbered 360, but after the case had 
 been argued before them three days, 51 from the whole number were 
 selected by lot to give the final decision. Some of these would nat¬ 
 urally have been absent during parts of the testimony. The 51 ought 
 to have been selected to begin with. 23. illis temporibus: the time 
 during Pompey’s sole consulship (52) when the murder of Clodius by 
 Milo and the consequent excitement, led to the “proclamation of mar¬ 
 tial law ” in the city and its occupation by Pompey’s soldiers. 24. 
 judicia: implied in damnatos. 26. in integrum restituit : restored 
 to the position they had held when condemned for bribery, to their 
 former status. —qui: its antec. is nonnullos (22). 27. si. . . vellet: 
 
 see on p. 13, 30.— proinde . . . potestatem: ranking them just as high 
 (proinde) in his favor as (ac) he would have done if he had employed 
 them, since they had placed themselves at his disposition. See on p. 58, 
 
NOTES.—BOOK III. 
 
 209 
 
 PAGE 
 
 9.—sui facere potestatem = se . , . offerre, 1. 26. 29. prius ... 74 
 
 quam: rather than. 30. ingratus : to have done it on his own au¬ 
 thority as dictator would not have been so great a favor to these ban¬ 
 ished friends of his, as to have it done by formal vote of the people. 
 
 Chap. II. Caesar goes to Brundisium, where he finds too few ships 
 and a diminished army. (About the middle of December, 49.) 
 
 31. His rebus. . . perficiendis: G. 430, R.; Gr. 299, a; H. 544,2. 
 
 See also on p. 79, 7. 32. feriis Latinis: Latin holidays; a religious 
 
 festival, founded, according to legend, by Tarquinius Superbus, to 
 celebrate the union of the Romans with the Latin league. It was in 
 honor of Jupiter Latiaris (God of the Latins), and was celebrated an¬ 
 nually from one to four days on the Alban mount, under the lead of 
 the newly-elected consuls. All Latin cities sent delegates. By holding 
 this festival now, Caesar “was making himself the supreme imperso¬ 
 nation of the laws against Pompey with his hordes of Oriental auxili¬ 
 aries.”—comitiisque: for the election of other officers besides the 
 consuls. App. II, 2. 34. legiones xii: five who had served in the 
 
 Spanish campaign and before Massilia (see on p, 62, 23), to which were 
 possibly added the two veteran legions which Curio had left in Sicily 
 (p. 62, 28), the veteran legion wbich had been in Sardinia (p. 25,18), 
 the two veteran legions which had been temporarily left at Massilia 
 (p. 62, 22-23), one legion from the 22 cohorts mentioned p. 19, 27, 
 who had been doing garrison duty in Italy, and were now no longer 
 tirones, and the legion of tirones mentioned expressly p.87,35. 
 
 As recruiting had probably been going on in Italy all through the 
 Spanish campaign, legions of new recruits may have been sent to 
 replace the veterans withdrawn from Sicily, Sardinia and Massilia. 
 
 The fifteen cohorts lost at Curicta (see on p. 75,25) may have been 
 made up of part of the Gallic levies mentioned p. 19,27, and of still 
 newer recruits. Of course this is all pure guess-work, since Caesar 
 gives no particulars. Caesar has besides, in Spain, four veteran legions 
 (p. 61,28), two of wliich had been Yarro’s. 35. tantum navium: 
 so few ships. 1. Hoc . . . defuit: freely, this alone prevented Caesaris 75 
 quickly finishing the war. See on p. 39,10. G. 429; Gr. 298; H. 542, 
 i, 544,1. 2. infrequentiores: quite depleted in numbers ; from p. 76, 
 
 28, we see that seven legions had only the above total of 15,000, whereas 
 if they had been full the number would have been from 20,000 to 
 25,000. 3. defecerant: sc. viribus; had broken down. 5. ex 
 
 . . . regionibus : after their stay in, etc. 
 
 14 
 
210 
 
 CAESARIS CIVIL WAR. 
 
 ^AGE 
 
 75 B. POMPEY’S PREPARATIONS. CHAP. Ill—V. 
 
 Chap. III. Pompey’s ships and money. 
 
 9. annuum spatium : Tery nearly; since the middle of March; cf. i, 
 28-29. 11. ex Asia, etc.: this and the two following chapters are 
 
 highly colored by the liberal use of Eastern geographical, political and 
 personal names, for rhetorical effect in contrasting Caesar’s scanty 
 forces with Pompey’s immense and motley hordes, drawn from every 
 nook and corner of the Roman Empire in the East. Asia as a Roman 
 province (which is here meant), comprised Caria, Lydia, Mysia and 
 Phrygia.—Corona, Athenis : prominent naval powers still, as they 
 had been the leading ones at the opening of the Peloponnesian war, in 
 431. 15. dy nastis et tetrarchis : petty monarchs dependent on 
 
 Rome, but not honored with the title of “ rex.” See on p. 12, 33.— 
 liberis Achaiae populis : Achaia was the name given to Greece proper 
 (i.e. all south of the province of Macedonia) as a Roman province, made 
 subject to the Roman governor of Macedonia soon after the destruction 
 of Corinth by Mummius, in 146. See on p. 90,8. “A fixed land-tax 
 to be paid to Rome was imposed on each community, yet they retained 
 ‘freedom,’ that is, a formal sovereignty which involved the property 
 of the sod and the right to a distinct administration and jurisdiction 
 of their own.” 16. societates: sc. publicanorum, guilds of 
 bailiffs or revenue-collectors. 
 
 Chap. IY. Pompey's infantry and cavalry. 
 
 18. traduxerat: cf. p. 22, 35. 19. ex duabus: formerly under 
 
 Cicero as proconsul of Cdicia, 56-55 b. c. 24. supplementi nomine: 
 as substitutes for those who had in any way been lost, thus keeping the 
 legions up to the normal number. 25. Antonianos milites : Gaius An¬ 
 tonius is meant, who, while legatus for Caesar in Illyricum during the 
 latter’s Spanish campaign, had been hemmed in with Dolabella on the 
 island of Curicta (off the coast of Illyricum) by Octavius and Libo, naval 
 commanders of Pompey, and forced^to surrender with fifteen cohorts. 
 Sec on p. 74, 34. Caesar speaks elsewhere as though he had narrated this 
 disaster (cf. pp. 78, 31-32; 105,30-31), probably in the portion of the 
 history lost between chap.*8and 9, where see note. 26. cum Scipione 
 ex Syria: cf.p. 14,8. 30. Gallos: i.e. Galatas or Gallograe¬ 
 
 cos. About 280 B. c., the Galli invaded Greece, and part of them 
 were taken over to Asia Minor in 278, as mercenaries. Once there th 3 y 
 conquered a settlement for themselves. Deiot^us was one of their 
 
NOTES.—BOOK III. 
 
 211 
 
 PAGE 
 
 tetrarchs. Cf. p. 76, 2. 33. ex Gabinianis: of the troops of Oa- 75 
 
 hinius at Alexandria. See the biog. of Gabinius in App. I, and cf. 
 p. 126, 23. 35. Pompeius filius: i.e. Gnaeus, the elder and less 
 
 famous son. See App. I. 2. alter . . . alter: refer to the preceding 76 
 names in reverse order, as we learn from Cicero’s oration pro Deio- 
 taro, X, 28. 5. Hue: see on p. 29, 22.— partim imperio . . . com¬ 
 
 paratos : partly conscripts or volunteers. 8. supra: p. 75, 29, 
 equitum vii milia. Pompey controlled 11 legions, 7000 cavalry, 5000 
 archers and slingers, and 500 ships. 
 
 Chap. V. Pompey’s supplies, and the disposition of his fofees on land 
 and sea. 
 
 10. Dyrrhachii : see on p. 22, 35. It was a free town in the Roman 
 province of Macedonia, much as Massilia had been in Gallia Narbo¬ 
 nensis. 11. Apolloniae: S.of Dyrrhachium, a short distance inland. 
 
 (See Map I.) It was a very ancient city but not prominent at all in 
 Greek history. At this time it was a famous seat of learning to which 
 wealthy Romans sent their sons. 13. omni ora maritima: all along 
 the sea-coast, omni here, like tot a, making the prep, in improper; 
 see on Italia, p. 11, 19. 14. Pompeius filius: see on p. 75, 35. 15. 
 
 Marcellus : the consul in 49. See App. I. 17. Toti . . . officio 
 maritimo: over the whole naval service. 18. ad hunc . . . respicie¬ 
 bat: on him devolved the command-in-chief. 
 
 C. THE CAMPAIGN IN THE EAST. CHAP. VI—CXIV. 
 
 a. Caesar’s Passage to Greece and Surprise of the Pompeians, 
 
 Chap, vi—viii. 
 
 Chap. VI. The passage from Brundisium to Greece (Jan. 4th, 48). 
 
 20. Caesar : subj. of solvit (27), while ut. . . venit, contionatus 
 . . . sperarent, conclamantibus . . . facturos all denote actions prior 
 to this; quoniam . . . sperarent gives in 0. 0. the contents of Caesar’s 
 harangue (contio), relinquerent, conscenderent and sperarent rep¬ 
 resenting commands in 0. R. So imperaret (26) represents the im¬ 
 perative in the shout (conclamantibus) of the soldiers. 27. ii Non. 
 Jan.;=:ante diem secundum Nonas Januarias, or, pridie 
 Nonas Januarias. See on p. 13, 22. 28. supra: cf. p. 74, 36, 
 
 and see on p. 75, 2. 29. Germiniorum: the name of an otherwise 
 
 unknown people, if the text is right, somewhere near the ilcroceraunian 
 
212 
 
 CAESARIS CIVIL WAR. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 76 range. See Map I.—Saxa inter: a rare position for the prep. 31. 
 arbitrabantur: usually deponent, here passive. 32. Palaeste: a sea¬ 
 port of Epirus, at the southern foot of the Acroceraunian prom.—ad 
 unam: cf. p. 73,10. 
 
 Chap. VII. The surprise of the Pompeians guarding the coast. 
 
 33. Orici : just noilh of Caesar’s landing place, a convenient harbor 
 for those coming from or going to Brundisium. See Map I. 34. 
 Minucius Rufus: this is all that is definitely known of him. 35. 
 Corcyrae : «about thirty miles south of Caesar’s landing place, the 
 
 77 modem Corfu; see on p. 27, 22. 1. praesidio: as a convoy for the 
 
 transports. 2. constratae: see on p. 63,1,— neque. . .occurrit: 
 nor was B. on hand soon enough, 'because his ships were not sea-ready, 
 etc. 
 
 Chap. VIII, Bibulus burns most of Caesar’s transports on their way 
 back, and then more carefully guards the whole coast. 
 
 6. naves: sc. onerarias, as p. 92,26-27 clearly shows. 8. qui 
 . , . adhiberet; with orders to hasten; rel. clause of purpose, 11. 
 oflFenderunt: met with mishap, came to grief. 12. onustarum: 
 while still laden, i.e. with soldiers, opposed to inanibus, empty, i.e. 
 after having landed the troops. 13. in eas . . . erupit: wreaked on 
 them the wrath which his own carelessness and mortification caused 
 him. 16. terreri: that he was frightening the rest by, etc. See on 
 p. 15, 20. 17. a Sasonis: sc. portu ; Saso was the small island just 
 
 north of the Acroceraunian prom., and a very important naval position, 
 commanding Oricum and Apollonia. —Ourici: a town on the island 
 of Curicta; see on p. 75, 25. 19. gravissima hieme: abi. abs., though 
 the winter was very severe. 21. posset: the main verb of the sen¬ 
 tence has fallen out, as has also probably the account of Gaius Antony’s 
 surrender; see on p. 75,25. Of such an account the opening words of 
 the next chap, are a natural continuation. 
 
 b. The Surrender of Gains Antony at Curicta to Libo and Octavius 
 
 (probably narrated here but lost out. See last note. The ac¬ 
 count concludes with chap. 9). Chap.—ix. 
 
 24. Discessu Liburnarum: sc. navium. Cf.p. 76,16. On these 
 Libo probably brought to Pompey the fifteen cohorts of Antony from 
 Curicta, 25. Salonas: near the modern Spalatro, on the coast of 
 
NOTES.—BOOK III. 
 
 213 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Illyricum, little known before this time, but soon of importance as a 77 
 great road center. Here Grabinius died in 48 (see biog.), and here the 
 great Emperor Diocletian, after his abdication in 305 a. d., built a 
 splendid palace and spent the last years of his life. 26. Issam; an 
 island south of Salona, early settled by Greek colonists. In 229 b. c. 
 it was made independent of the main-land by the Romans, and its peo¬ 
 ple treated as Roman citizens. 30. Sed: used as if the preceding 
 sentence were parenthetical. 33. ad extremum auxilium: to des¬ 
 perate measures. 34. praesectis . . . crinibus : to twist into strings 
 for the tormenta; see on p. 51,16. 36. quinis: see on p. 44,14. 
 
 1. obsidione et oppugnationibus: hy Mockade and storming attacks. 78 
 
 2. perpeti: see on p. 16, 5. 6. nacti . . .eorum: taking advantage 
 
 of the opportunity which noon gave hy their withdrawal (from the 
 siege-works into the tents for rest or food). Cf. p. 57,17-19. 9. 
 
 manu: sallymg party. 10. His: i.e. proxima castra. — eodem im¬ 
 
 petu: see on p. 69, 22, eodem cursu. 11. altera; se. castra. G. 
 
 306; Gr. 203, a; H. 459. 14. hiems appropinquabat: comparison 
 
 with p. 77,19, shows that Caesar went hack in point of time from chap. 
 
 8 to narrate the surrender of Antony, which took place about the time 
 of Curio’s disaster in Africa, i.e. in August of 49. The siege of Salona 
 was protracted until winter was approaching, i.e. until shortly before 
 Caesar crossed into Greece, and while Pompey was still at Dyrrhachium 
 (1. 16). This is not contradicted by the date of Caesar’s crossing given 
 p. 76, 27, for at this time the Roman calendar had become some sixty 
 days ahead of the seasons, so that Jan. 4th, 48, was really about Nov. 
 
 6th, 49, according to the reformed calendar, which Caesar himself in¬ 
 troduced in 46. This variation between the calendar date and the 
 season of the year, must be borne in mind in connection with all dates 
 given for the events of the war. 
 
 c. Caesar secures firm Footing in Greece. Chap, x—xiv. 
 
 Chap. X. Caesar had informally commissioned Vibullius Rufus to 
 propose once more to Pompey a peaceful settlement of the issue 
 between them. 
 
 18. praefectum: perhaps the same office as that of Magius, p. 22, 25. 
 
 20. ad Corfinium ; cf. p. 27,19-20.—in Hispania: though not ex¬ 
 pressly mentioned, he was among those dismissed at the Varus, p. 50, 
 
 29. Cf. p. 28, 36. 21. judicaverat; had deemed, viz. after he had 
 
 been thus dismissed at the Varus. 22. mitteret ; see on p. 15, 25. 
 
 27. quae . . . timerent: which they could consider as instruction and 
 
214 
 
 CAESARIS CIVIL WAR. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 78 warning to fear further disasters. 28. ilium: sc. satis incom¬ 
 
 moda accepisse, of which the partic. expulsum denotes the cause, 
 just as the abls. morte, detrimento, deditione below give the cause of 
 se satis incom. accepisse. 30. centum atque xxx: no ex¬ 
 aggeration; seventy in Spain, more than thirty at Corfinium (p. 19, 5), 
 and others as explained in note on p. 22, 33-34. 32. ad Curictam: 
 
 see on p. 75, 25.— parcerent: represents a subjv. of exhortation in 
 0. R., “let us spare,” etc. 34. satis essent documento: had proved 
 
 79 clearly; see on p. 19, 33, for the dat. 3. Condiciones: subj. of de¬ 
 bere. — quoniam . . . non potuissent: since they (condiciones) had not 
 heen able to he agreed upon, convenire as in p. 24, 33; since it had not 
 been possible to agree upon them. 7. Depositis: strictly applicable 
 only to armis, but with the meaning dismiss to be taken also with 
 auxiliis, by Zeugma. Gr. 690; Gr. p. 298; H. 636, ii, 1. So p. 74, 32, 
 perficiendis is to be taken in a slightly different meaning {performing 
 celebrating, holding) with rebus, feriis and comitiis. 
 
 Chap. XI. But Vibullius is the man who informs Pompey of Caesar’s 
 arrival in Greece. Pompey then hurries toward Apollonia, and 
 Caesar takes Oricum. 
 
 9. his expositis Corcyrae: having set forth these propositions of 
 Caesar to the naval officers of Pompey at Corcyra in the absence of 
 Pompey himself. 11. ad id: i.e. the adventus of Caesar. 12. 
 mandatis: the message of Vibullius from Caesar, chap 10. 15. Can¬ 
 
 davia: a mountainous district just east of Dyrrhachium. 19. Oricum: 
 see on p. 76, 33. 21. Parthinorum: inhabitants of the small Greek 
 
 city Parthus, near Dyrrhachium. Hence Graecos in the next line. 
 Caesar’s capture of the town is mentioned p. 93,23-24. 22. cum: 
 
 introduces juberet, negarent and conarentur, and finds its conclusion 
 in aperuit, etc., 1. 26. 23. contra imperium pop. Rom.: Caesar’s 
 
 observance of the forms of law in taking the consulship made him the 
 representative of the Roman people. See on p. 74, 32. 24. autem: 
 
 moreover. 
 
 Chap. XII. Caesar takes Apollonia also before Pompey can get 
 there. 
 
 29. Staberius : mentioned only in this connection. 31. negare: 
 histor. infin.; neque daturos se dicebant, neque, etc. 32. sibi 
 . . . atque: presume to decide otherwise than, etc. See on p. 58, 9. 
 
NOTES.—BOOK III. 
 
 215 
 
 PAGE 
 
 36. Bullidenses, Amantini: insignificant Illyrian towns whose site is 79 
 no longer precisely known. 
 
 Chap. XIII. Pompey succeeds in throwing himself between Caesar 
 and Dyrrhachium, and the two armies encamp on opposite sides 
 of the river Apsus. 
 
 4. Dyrrhachio: since all his supplies were there (p. 93, 32). 6. ejus: 80 
 
 i.e. Pompey’s, to whom the subjects of the following pluperfs. also 
 refer; the forced marches showed the soldiers what a serious thing 
 Caesar’s arrival seemed to Pompey. 10. metari: used by Caesar only 
 here, instead of muniri. App. Ill, 19. 11. etiam turn: even after 
 
 accomplishing the object of their haste and heading Caesar off. 13. 
 
 Hoc idem: see on p. 45,12. The fresh oath revives their loyalty as it 
 had also done for Petreius, i, 76. 15. praeoccupato; sc. a Pom¬ 
 
 peio. 16. ad flumen Apsum: on the south bank, so as better to 
 protect Apollonia and Oricum (bene meritae civitates). 19. sub 
 pellibus: in ordinary tents (made of skins), instead of the barracks 
 (hibernacula) usually built in hibernis. 
 
 Chap. XIV. The troops of Caesar left at Brundisium are prevented 
 in the nick of time from trying to cross to Greece. 
 
 22. Calenus: cf. p. 77, 8. 23. quantum . . . habebat: so far as he 
 
 had a supply of ships, i.e. as many as his ships would hold. 29. 
 privatoque consilio : and was being run on private responsibility, going 
 over on business under convoy of the ships of war. 31. ad impu¬ 
 beres : down to, i.e. including even, etc. 32. ad unum ; see on p. 
 
 73,10. —magnoque casu: the great piece of luck was the arrival of 
 Caesar’s letter just in time. 33. constitit: depended on; cf. p. 49,6, 
 with note. 
 
 d. Caesar’s successful Tactics against the blockading Fleet of 
 
 Pompey. Chap, xv—xix. 
 
 Chap. XV. Caesar’s troops keep the crews of Bibulus and Libo from 
 landing for supplies, until at last the commanders beg an ar¬ 
 mistice. 
 
 34. supra: implied but not distinctly stated in 1. 30 above. 6. uno 81 
 tempore: = aliquando, once, not at one and the same time, as 
 
 p. 78,1. 11. in quibus . . . angustiis: = in iis angustiis in quibus 
 
 eos esse demonstravimus. 16. ut. . .viderentur: so that they 
 
216 
 
 CAESARIS CIVIL WAR. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 81 really seemed about to sue for terms. 19. videbatur: sc, iis, i.e. 
 Acilius and Murcus. — profectum: sc. esse, perf. infm. pass, of pro¬ 
 ficio (see on p. 22, 29); that some good had resulted from, etc. 20 
 Vibulli mandatis: cf. chap. 10, and p. 79, 9-14. 
 
 Chap. XVI. Libo’s proposition to confer with Pompey about a settle¬ 
 ment of the war 
 
 22. rem . . .expediendam: see on p. 36,13. 28. ex aedilitate 
 
 . . . conceptas: see biog. of Bibulus. 31. suam: Libo’s, and, since 
 he represented Bibulus, the latter’s also. 33. de consilii sententia: 
 in accordance with the decision of the council, i.e. the group of senators 
 and ex-magistrates about Pompey, who styled themselves the Roman 
 Senate, and pretended to keep up the only legitimate forms of govern¬ 
 ment. Of course Libo would not speak of them so in addressing 
 
 82 Caesar. 34. summam belli: cf.p. 28,14, with note. 2. de causa: 
 the question at issue between Caesar and Pompey. 
 
 Chap. XVII. is refused by Caesar when he discovers it to be a mere 
 ruse to extricate the fleet from its hardships. 
 
 3. Quibus rebus: the pauca of the previous line, which Libo must 
 have said rather boastfully, and with a desire to impress Caesar with 
 Pompey’s power. Caesar thought such boasts unworthy of answer at 
 the time, and, now that he writes his history, unworthy of mention. 
 6. idque . . , reciperent: and that they as commanders guarantee 
 that this be done, or take the envoys themselves and conduct them to him 
 (Pompey). 8. Quod: adv. acc.; as to what. 10. Si . . . custodiis : 
 if they wished this restriction removed from them, they must remove 
 (imper. in 0. R.) from him that of guarding the coast. 11. illud: 
 refers to de marit. oust., and would probably be istud in 0. R. G. 
 663,3; H. 526. 12. id: refers to hoc in 1. 10, and that to the pre¬ 
 
 ceding ut. . .prohiberet. 13. ut: although these restrictions were 
 not removed. —hanc rem: the fact implied in non remitterentur. 14. 
 Ille: Libo, speaking also for Bibulus. 15. periculum praestare: 
 go surety for their danger, i.e. guarantee their safety; cf. fore reci¬ 
 perent, 1. 7. The infins. in this whole sentence are historical. See on 
 p. 39, 30. 16. unum . . . contendere: in one matter (acc. of spec.), 
 
 viz. the truce, he was persistent, and strove very hard to secure it. 
 
 Chap. XVIII. Death of Bibulus. Pompey’s reception of Caesar’s 
 njessage by Vibullius Rufus. 
 
NOTES.—BOOK III. 
 
 217 
 
 PAGE 
 
 24. ad neminem unum: on no one man alone did the chief command 82 
 devolve. 25. Vibullius: cl chap. 10 - 11 , p. 81, 20 . 27. ubi . . . 
 
 visum est: as soon as it seemed worth while ; ere = ex usu, lit. in 
 accordance with, i.e. adapted to the case in hand, expedient, proper. 
 
 28. Lucceio et Theophane ; see App. I. It had become the fashion for 
 great generals to have historians accompany them in order to narrate 
 their campaigns (Cic. pro Archia, ix—x). These two seem to have 
 even advised Pompey in military matters, so much so that the Roman 
 nobles became very Jealous of them. 30. ingressum in sermonem : 
 see on p. 11,17 . 33. cujus rei opinio: and yet people's belief in this, 
 
 viz. that I owe my salvation to Caesar. 34. reductus : brought bach, 
 by the kindess of Caesar, to the country from which I set out as an in¬ 
 dependent commander of all her resources. 
 
 Chap. XIX. An attempt of Caesar to win over Pompey’s soldiers is 
 frustrated by Labienus. 
 
 2. unum flumen tantum : simply a river only, and nothing more. 83 
 The tantum is really redundant; cf. p. 64,33. 3. per pactiones 
 
 loquentium : by mutual agreement on the part of, etc. 4. Mittit : 
 sc. Caesar. 6. et. , . pronuntiaret liceretne: and to cry out . . . 
 was it not right, etc. G. 654 ; Gr. 338 ; H. 523 , ii, 1. 8. fugitivis: 
 
 the remnants of the followers of Sertorius (see on p. 38, 29), who were 
 allowed by Pompey to found a city in southern Gaul.— ^praedonibus- 
 que: the pirates, see on p. 62, 35 . 9. ne . . . decertarent: a clause 
 
 in appos. with id. 12. Aulum Varronem: a minor character. 13. 
 atque . . . visurum: and that he would see how, etc., i.e. would see to 
 it that, etc. 16. Quo . . . ventum: when it had been come to this 
 time, i.e. when this time came, etc. 19. summissa oratione: in 
 subtle phrases. 20. atque altercari : after pretending to fall in with 
 the general desire on both sides for peace, he cunningly argues the case 
 (altercari) so as to work up the minds of his soldiers into renewed hos¬ 
 tility to Caesar. 22. ille: Vatinius. 23. M. Plotius, L. Tibur- 
 tius : othei’wise unknown. 25. nisi Caesaris capite relato : unless 
 Caesar's head is brought us, i.e. as long as Caesar lives. 
 
 e. The Sedition of Coelius Rufus in Itaiy. Chap, xx—xxii. 
 
 Chap. XX. Coelius tries to excite dissatisfaction with Caesar’s finan¬ 
 cial measures, and, failing in this, 
 
 27. praetor, praetoris urbani (29): App. 11,10. 
 
 28. juxta O. 
 
218 
 
 CAE SAB‘S CIVIL WAR. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 83 Treboni . . . sellam: Gr. 393, R. 3; Gr. 195, b. 29. si quis . . . pol* 
 licebatur : interfering in the financial measures of Caesar described in 
 chap. 1, Coelius promised to help any one who protested (appellavisset) 
 to*the praetor urbanus against the estimates of the assessors and 
 refused to pay his debts. 34. ut. . . nasceretur : that none could he 
 found to begin protesting. 35. excusare; to plead as an excuse (ior 
 not paying one’s debts); this and the two following infins. form the 
 
 84 subject of est (p. 84,1); is characteristic even of a moderate boldness; 
 hut that men should heep their property intact, who yet confess that 
 they are in debt, of what boldness, or rather of what shamelessmss is 
 that a token. 2. tenere: subj. of est (3); cf. excusare, etc., above. 
 3. hoc: i.e. integras tenere possessiones, etc. 4. ipsis: abi. after 
 the compar, durior; and so Coelius was found to be more severe toward 
 the creditors than those very men in whose interests he was engaged, 
 viz., the debtors who were loath to pay their debts. He would absolve 
 them from still more of their debts than the lenient plan of Caesar had 
 done, and even from more than any of them had the boldness to de¬ 
 mand. 7. ut. . . solvantur: appos. with legem. See on p. 14,25. 
 — sexenni die: six years from date. This would give the debtors the 
 use of the money they owed for six years free of charge. 
 
 Chap. XXI. proposes two seditious laws, for which he is deposed 
 from office, when he joins Milo in trying to excite a revolution. 
 
 8. resisteret: see on p. 12, 9. 9. efficeret: i.e. Coelius. 10. 
 
 sublata : withdrawn; cf. 1. 7. 11. qua . . . donavit : by which he 
 
 gave tenants a yeaVs rent; a bid for their political support. . 12. 
 aliam: less common in such a case than alteram.— tabularum nova- 
 rum: see on p. 74,18. 15. ab republica removere: to deprive of 
 
 all official rights. 19. simulavit: pretended. Quae non sunt 
 simulo; quaesunt ea dissimulantur. Cf. p. 19,33, with note. 
 —Milonem, Clodio: ruffian tools of Pompey and Caesar respectively, 
 whose deadly feud long filled Rome with brawls. See on p. 74, 23, and 
 cf. Cicero pro Milone, a speech which represents what Cicero wished 
 to say at the trial which resulted in Milo’s banishment (1. 30). Milo 
 was living at Massilia. 20. eo nomine: on that charge, = 
 nomine. G. 377, R. 3; H. 410, ii, 1. 21. muneribus datis: since 
 
 he had given the people great shows, during the year before he ran for 
 the consulship. See for this, as well as for familiae, on p. 18,1 and 4. 
 22. conjunxit: its obj. is the same as the one expressed with the follow¬ 
 ing verb.— Thurinum: sc. agrum (1. 34), on the gulf of Tarentum. 
 Thurii, as the city used to be called, had been one of the prosperous 
 
NOTES.—BOOK III. 
 
 219 
 
 PA.GK 
 
 Greek cities in Magna Graecia, or Southern Italy, but after becoming 84 
 an ally and dependent of Rome, about 282, it declined, and was now the 
 seat of a small Roman colony. 23. Casilinum: a town of Campania 
 near the ancient Capua, important only from a military standpoint, as 
 commanding the principal bridge of the river Vulturnus. Caesar after¬ 
 wards established a colony of veterans there. The modern Capua is on 
 its site. 25. et. . . appararet: together with his troop of gladiators 
 which had been sent from Naples to arrange for the surrender of the 
 town (Capua),— Neapoli: ‘''the Greek city,” since 327 slowly sinking 
 into actual dependence on Rome, though nominally independent. In 
 59 it became an ordinary municipium (see on p. 18, 6), and even 
 now was already Rome’s fashionable watering-place. 28. eo itinere: 
 i.e. to Capua. 
 
 Chap. XXII. Death of Coelius and Milo. 
 
 30. litteris : see on p. 29,30.—ea . . . delata essent : the contents 
 of Milo’s letters. 31. quae mandata: implied in jussu atque im¬ 
 perio above.—per Vibullium : who had probably stopped at Massilia 
 (see on 1. 19) on his way to or from Spain (cf. p. 27,18-19, and see on 
 p. 78,20). 33, quibusdam solutis ergastulis: hebrohe open a few 
 
 slave-pens, and began, etc. The ergastula were strong pens or 
 cellar-dens in which field-slaves were kept at night to prevent conspi¬ 
 racies or escape. Milo failed, it seems, to enlist the peasants (1. 23) in 
 his scheme, and so had to content himself with slaves, 34, Cosam: 
 distinguished by the following words from Cosa in Etruria; cf. p. 27, 
 
 22, with note. 35. cum legione: something has fallen out here, 
 perhaps ventum esset, 36, dictitabat; cf. 11. 18-19. G. 787,1; 
 
 Gr, 167, b; H. 336, i. 1. Thurios: see on p. 84, 22. 4. magna- 85 
 
 rum initia rerum: the nucleus of a revolution. —quae. . .habebant; 
 which rendered Italy anxious on account of the distraction of the offi¬ 
 cials (obj. gen.) and of the times (subj. gen.); “cum magistratus 
 aliis rebus occupati essent, et tempora homines occu¬ 
 parent,” 
 
 f. Liho’s fruitless Attempt to blockade Marc Antony at Brundisium. 
 
 Chap, xxiii—xxiv. 
 
 7. ab Orico: cf. pp. 80,35; 81,12, and see on p. 16, 9, prae¬ 
 stare . . . quam: see on p. 65, 33. 15. dejecit: dislodged, routed. — 
 
 adeo . . , profecit : took such advantage of, etc. 16. naves . . . 
 prohibiturum: the contents of his letter, where juberet represents a 
 
220 
 
 CAi:SAB’S CIVIL WAR. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 85 j^beas in 0. R., “you can order if you wish to,” etc. G. 250; Gr. 
 
 311, a; H. 485. 17. subduci: see on p. 62,35. 19. Brundisii; 
 
 cf. p. 77, 5-7. 20. cratibus pluteisque; see on p. 23, 18.— eoque; 
 
 = et in eas. Cf. p. 55,32. 23. per causam: in Caesar this differs 
 
 from causa in always giving feigned reason. 32. ut. . . prohi= 
 berentur: see on ut. . . recitarentur, p. 11, 2. This was the policy by 
 which Caesar also had turned the tables on Libo (and Bibulus). Cf, 
 chap. 15. 
 
 g. Antony crosses to Greece and joins Caesar. Chap, xxy—xxx. 
 
 Chap. XXV. Caesar blames Antony and Calenus for not crossing 
 sooner, and gives them positive orders to improve the first 
 favorable wind. . 
 
 36. praecipitaverat: had begun to draw toward a close. It was now 
 about April 1st, i.e. Feb. 1st by the seasons and the reformed calendar 
 (see on p. 78,14), and Pompey had allowed Caesar, .with only half his 
 
 86 army, to hold him in check at the Apsus for nearly three months. 3. 
 
 quibus . . . existimabat ; to which he thought they must necessarily 
 intrust themselves. Caesar relied fearlessly on his felicitas, or 
 fortuna, which Cicero speaks of as one of the requisites in a great 
 general, and as possessed in a high degree by Pompey (pro lege Manilia 
 xvi, 46); other historians tell how, during this anxious time of waiting 
 for the rest of his forces, Caesar began to suspect that Antony was pur¬ 
 posely delaying, and so, on a stormy day, entered an open boat, pre¬ 
 tending to be a messenger of Caesar’s, and forced the unwilling crew to 
 put out to sea for Italy. The sea grew so violent that the boatman 
 refused to proceed, and even put about, when Caesar ordered him on, at 
 the same time disclosing who he was, and saying, “be not afraid, you 
 carry Caesar and his fortune. ” In spite of renewed attempts, however, 
 the boat was actually driven back into the mouth of the Apsus. 4. 
 Quantoque . . . tanto : freely, the more {of) this season had passed by, 
 the more, etc. The winter season is meant, when the winds were strong 
 and favorable for the sailing transports. As spring came on the winds 
 grew lighter, and so the season was more difficult for transporting the 
 troops (11. 9-10), while Pompey’s ships of war could better remain out 
 at sea on guard. 7. quoniam . . . impedirent; the contents of Pom¬ 
 pey’s letters, urging them to hinder, etc. 10. lenioribus ventis: 
 abi. abs. 13. si. . . possent: see on p. 13, 30. 14. ejicere: here 
 
 of a hurried beaching of the ships, perhaps under pursuit of the enemy; 
 naves ejiciuntur is elsewhere used of shipwreck. 15. a porti- 
 
NOTES.—BOOK III. 
 
 221 
 
 PAGE 
 
 bus : the chief naval stations of Pompey’s fleet were Corcyra and Dyr- 86 
 rhachium; midway between were the litora Apolloniatium, in stormy 
 weather therefore least under guard. 
 
 Chap. XXVI. They obey, cross, evade the enemy, and gain a harbor. 
 
 20. praetervehuntur : the wind was too strong for them to venture 
 ejicere naves (1. 14). 22. Ooponius: cf. p. 76,15. 25. et vim 
 
 tempestatis : by having his men row hard, he hoped that the force of 
 the storm also could be conquered. Coponius had war ships, which 
 could go faster than the transports only when the wind was light. 
 
 See on 1. 4. 29. Nymphaeum, Lissum: insignificant havens on the 
 
 Illyrian coast north of Dyrrhachium. 33. felicitate: see on 1. 3, and 
 cf. 1. 35, and p. 80, 32-33. 
 
 Chap. XXVII. The enemy’s war ships in pursuit are wrecked. 
 
 ' 35. m.odo‘. just now. 1. tempore: circumstances, the situation. 87 
 In this sense more often plural. 4. propugnatorumque : the soldiers 
 on the ships, marines. See on p. 54,19. 
 
 Chap. XXVIII. Only two of Antony’s ships fall into the enemy’s 
 hands, and the soldiers on board one of these escape. 
 
 7. Nostrae naves: we would use the gen. See on p. 33,10. 8. 
 
 in noctem conjectae: overtahen hy night. 10. Otacilius Crassus: 
 known only from this passage. A Eoman of the same name had been 
 a naval commander in the second Punic war. 12. deditis : if they 
 would surrender. G. 670; Gr. 292; H. 549,2. 13. tironum: App. 
 
 Ill, 12, a See on p. 74, 34 . — sustulerat: had on hoard. 15. esset: 
 attracted from sit, there is, by the histor. tense in licuit. 16. salo 
 nauseaque: = sali nausea, sea-sickness. G. 695 ; Gr. p. 298, Hen¬ 
 diadys; H, 636 , iii, 2 . 21. vitiis: discomforts. —neque . . .et: neither 
 
 . . . but rather. 22. tractandis . .. tempore: in discussing the terms 
 and feigning surrender they prolonged the first hours of the night, and 
 then, etc. 24. navem ejicere: see on p. 86,14. 27. quique eos 
 
 armati: i.e. armatisque ex praesidio (missis) qui eos, etc. 
 
 Chap. XXIX. Antony occupies Lissus and notifies Caesar. 
 
 31. attribuerat: during the years when he was proconsul of the two 
 Gauls and Illyricum, in which latter country Lissus lay. Int. 6. 34, 
 
222 
 
 OAI/SAB’S CIVIL WAR. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 87 quarum . . . legionum: both gens, limit summa, of which forces the 
 sum total was one of, etc. Instead of the second gen, Caesar also uses 
 the nom., legiones, etc. 36. reliquos: there were still left one 
 veteran legion and one more of tirones, recruited during the winter; 
 
 88 see on p. 74, 34, and cl p. 76, 28. 1. quod est genus: Gr. 616, R. 3, ii; 
 
 G-r. 199; H. 445,4. 6. quibus . . . exposuisset: telling him in what, 
 
 etc. 7. quid militum: cf. quid . . . navium, p. 61, 13, with note. 
 
 Chap. XXX. Pompey’s vain attempt to prevent a junction between 
 Caesar and Antony. 
 
 10. secundum eas terra; after them hy land, i.e. along the shore in 
 the same direction. 13. venientibus: sc. Antonianis militibus. 
 14. si . . . posset; to see whether, etc. See on p. 13, 30. 15. castris 
 
 stativis: App. Ill, 19, end. 16. educunt: the plur. after uterque 
 is strange, especially as eorum follows. See on p. 53, 34, and cf. 
 p.lll, 2. —clam et noctu: it was contrary to military etiquette, and 
 even dishonorable, to leave a camp without the customary signals. 
 App. Ill, 15. 17. Sed . . .flumine: hut Caesar had quite a long 
 
 and roundabout march up stream, in order, etc.— circuitu majore: 
 Gr. 402; Gir. 251; H. 419, ii. 18. adverso flumine: abi. abs., see 
 on p. 57, 20. The river was too large and strong to be bridged so 
 near its mouth. Pompey had tried it, as Dio Cassius relates, but 
 when he tried to cross and attack Caesar, the bridge broke, those 
 who were on it were drowned, and those who had crossed were cut 
 down by Caesar’s soldiers. 19. quia: used by Caesar only here; 
 because his march was unimpeded (i.e. he had good roads), and he had 
 no river to cross. App. Ill, 16, end. 23. ejus adventus: see on 
 iis, p. 28, 8. 25. castris : Antony had probably made a detour into 
 
 the interior, since the coast north of Dyrrhachium was in Pompey’s 
 power, and had now crossed the Genusus river at a point about opposite 
 the ford in the Apsus (1. 18) where Caesar had crossed that river, so 
 that he was about equi-distant from friend and enemy. 28. Aspara¬ 
 gium: on the river Genusus, between Apollonia and Dyrrhachium, pro¬ 
 bably on the left or south bank. Pompey probably bridged the river 
 at his camp, and thought he had thus secured communications with 
 Dyrrhachium, his great base of supplies. 
 
 h. Tarioiis Operations carried on by Officers of Pompey and Caesar, 
 in the Interior and on the Coast, Chap, xxxi—xxxiii, xxxiv 
 — XXXV, xxxvi—xxxviii, xxxix—xl. 
 
NOTES.—BOOK III. 
 
 223 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Chap. XXXI. Scipio levies moneys in Syria, and comes into Asia, 88 
 
 30. Scipio : cf. p. 75, 26, with note.— detrimentis . . . acceptis: 
 Caesar is always severe on Scipio. He had, he cuttingly says, no claim 
 to the title of imperator except that based on a few defeats. 31. 
 Amanum: the range separating Cilicia and Syria.— imp. se appella¬ 
 verat ; had had himself dubhed imperator. See on p. 64, 10. 33. 
 
 publicanis: see on p. 75, 16. 35. mutuam: sc. pecuniam ; had 
 
 taken in advance (prae-) the money due for the coming year. Cf. p. 29, 
 26-27, with note. 36. finitimis . . . relictis: sarcasm again. Scipio 
 might better have devoted his attention to the arch-enemy of the Ro¬ 
 mans in the Egst, than abandon his province to them in order to help 
 Pompey. 1. interfecerant: Int. 7. 2. in obsidione: see biog. 84 
 
 in App. I. 5. sese . . . non laturos: the gist of the voces; cf. p. 41, 
 
 32-33. 7. Pergamum: the strong and rich capital of the kingdom 
 
 of the same name embracing most of Asia Minor, which became the 
 Roman province of “Asia” in 130. See on p. 75, 11, end. 
 
 Chap. XXXII. whence, after most ruinous exactions of money, 
 
 10. provincia: see last note. 11. generatim: according to the dif¬ 
 ferent classes of tax-payers. Cf. p. 61,15.—ad avaritiam: to satisfy 
 his greed. Cf. ad celeritatem, to increase his speed, p. 79,13.—In 
 capita singula . . . tributum: a poll-tax on slaves, etc. 13. colum¬ 
 naria, ostiaria : sc. tributa; duties on pillars and doors. 14. 
 vecturae: transportation, as p. 94,18.— cujus . . . poterat: if only a 
 name could he discovered fur any thing, this was deemed good ground 
 for levying a tax on it; i.e. countless objects besides columnae and 
 ostia were taxed. 17. cum imperio: sc. homines; this phrase 
 is subj. of praeficiebantur. There were so many ex-consuls and ex¬ 
 praetors (these only could be cum imperio) among Pompey’s followers, 
 that, in order to give them all commands, some had to h&put in charge 
 not only of cities, hut, I had almost said (paene, cf. p. 13,19, with 
 translation), of villages and separate forts, instead of provinces. Of 
 course this is scornful exaggeration. 19. imperiorum: i.e. homi¬ 
 num cum imperio, the abstract for the concrete. 20. praefec¬ 
 tis: App. Ill, 10. 21. compendio: worked for their own private 
 
 gain also. 23. praescriptione:— praetextu, ea’cwse, referring to 
 the clause se .. . rebus, which served them as an apology for their 
 private plundering (rem turp.). 25. universis: dat., the usual case 
 with imperare; cf. p. 29, 9-11. 26. diiei: pay-day. 29. sed; 
 
224 
 
 CAESAR'S CIVIL WAR. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 89 Roman citizens too were taxed, hat by societies and cities, not per 
 capita like the slaves (1. 12). 30. mutuasque illas: that loan which 
 
 had oeen authorized hy the senate, in a decree passed probably at the 
 same time as the motions mentioned p. 14, 1-7. 31. pubUcanis: sc. 
 
 imperabatur; cf. p. 88, 33-35. These harpies would take good 
 care to collect from the provincials a generous interest on the money 
 thus advanced. 32. promutuum: in advance; pred. adj.with the 
 implied imperabatur. 
 
 Chap. XXXIII. he is summoned into Greece by Pompey. 
 
 32. Sphesi: a Greek city in Lydia, near the mouth of the Caystrus, 
 always most famous for the temple mentioned in the next line. Cf. 
 Acts of the Apostles, 19, 21-41. 33. pecunias: see on p. 14, 17. 34. 
 
 ventum esset : sc. a Scipione, which is rendered unnecessary by 
 the Scipio in 1. 36, and cf. p. 84, 35, with note. Translate freely by 
 the personal construction, when Scipio had come, etc., accompanied hy 
 several senators whom he had summoned, to be witnesses as to the sums 
 90 of money taken; cf. p. 124, 10, with note. 1. properaret, postha¬ 
 beret: see on p. 16, 6. 2. omniaque posthaberet: and make every¬ 
 
 thing else subordinate to this. 5. salutem attulit: Caesar tries to 
 make it appear that it was he who saved the famous temple from 
 plunder. Cf. p. 124, 8-13. 
 
 Chap. XXXIV. Caesar sends troops to secure the neighboring coun¬ 
 tries. 
 
 6. conjuncto: sc. sibi, and cf. p. 88, 25. 7. posuerat: cf. pp. 79, 
 
 27; 81,13. 8. provincias: the relations of the various districts of 
 
 Greece to Rome in Caesar’s time are quite uncertain. Macedonia, 
 which under Alexander had won the command of all Greece, was con¬ 
 quered and governed like a province in 149, Achaia, the confederation ' 
 of southern Greece, most hostile to Macedonia, in 140. Thessaly, 
 Aetolia, Acarnania and Epirus had not yet been incorporated in either 
 province, but were left to govern themselves under the guidance of 
 Rome. 9. CiUi . . .pollicerentur: to promise that if he would send 
 them garrisons, etc. 11. legione tironum: cf. p. 87, 35. 15. de 
 
 re frumentaria: can be taken either with providerent or hortatus 
 est. With providere Caesar oftener uses the acc. or dat. 18. 
 libera: independent, the name of western Macedonia. 20. excel¬ 
 lens: pred. adj. 
 
f . 
 
 NOTES.—BOOK III. 
 
 225 
 
 PAGH 
 
 Chap. XXXV. Their reception in Aetolia and Thessaly. 90 
 
 21. primo adventu : = cum primum advenisset. — voluntate: 
 see on p. 17, 3. 22. Calydone et Naupacto: in southern Aetolia, 
 
 famous in Greek history; the former in the legendary period as the 
 home of most celebrated heroes, the latter in the time after the Persian 
 wars, as an important naval station commanding the Corinthian gulf. 
 
 — relictis: abl. abs. with the two names preceding. 24. varia. . . 
 utebatur : found the sentiments of the cities divided. 
 
 Chap. XXXVI. Scipio suddenly appears in Macedonia, but is check¬ 
 mated by Caesar’s two legions under Domitius. 
 
 30. adesse Scipionem : cf. 1. 3. 31. magna . . . omnium : the 
 
 manner of nuntiatum est, with large estimates and reports of what he 
 covldi diO on the part of all. 32. rem fama antecedit: rumor goes 
 beyond fact. 34. cum . . . afuisset: when he had come within twenty 
 miles of him. — ad Cassium Longinum: who had only one legion, and 
 that a raw one (1. 11). 3. impedimentis: App. Ill, 16. 4. Cotyis: 91 
 
 cf. p. 75, 31. 5. qui: i.e. equitatus, a border guard. 8. Ambraciam: 
 
 in southern Epirus. It was almost destroyed by the Athenians in the 
 early part of the Peloponnesian war, but under Pyrrhus was enriched 
 and beautified. It held out famously against the Romans in 189, but 
 was taken, stripped of its wealth, and soon became insignificant. 11, 
 praesidium : here the same as castellum, 1. 3. 
 
 Chap. XXXVII. The two threaten each other, without coming to a 
 decisive battle ; Scipio finally retreats, and is worsted in a cav¬ 
 alry fight. 
 
 23. turn quoque: even then, though Scipio had come back, whereas 
 he had designed to attack only Favonius, thought he ought not to hesi¬ 
 tate to lead out his legions and fight a decisive battle. 27. Ac tamen: 
 and still, though Domitius invited a battle, and though his soldiers 
 could scarcely be held back, circumstances prevented a battle, and espe¬ 
 cially the fact that (quod), etc. 23. est factum no: for this use of 
 ne, see on p. 20, 10. 33. qui: although he, etc., see on p. 40,12.— 
 
 temere . . . exitum : after a rash advance he beat a shameful retreat. 
 
 34. ne . . . vasis : see on p. 88,16. 3. Q. Varus : probably the 92 
 
 Quintus Atius Varus mentioned B. G.viii, 28, as singularis 
 et animi ct prudentiae vir. He has been identified with sev* 
 
 15 
 
22G 
 
 CAESAR’S CIVIL WAR. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 92 eral famous men of the same name in later years. 6. ultro: see on 
 p. 46,18. 
 
 Chap. XXXVIII. Domitius tries in vain to entice Scipio into an 
 ambush. 
 
 10. simulavit: see on p. 84,19. 16. turmate: App. Ill, 5. 18. 
 
 quique hos sequebantur: i.e. the other turmae of Scipio’s cavalry. 
 19. cognitis insidiis : by the enemy. 20. duas . . . exceperunt : 
 since they had two squadrons within their ambuscade, closed on them. 
 21. M. Opimius : mentioned only here. 
 
 Chap. XXXIX. Arrangements are made for the protection of Caesar’s 
 ships of war at Oricum, 
 
 24. ut supra dem. est: applies only to Deductis praesidiis, and not 
 to the main clause Caesar . . . reliquit. Cf. p. 90, 6-7. 27. quas 
 
 . . . traduxerat: cf. chap. 7, and see on p. 77, 6. 28. Manius Aci¬ 
 lius: cf. p. 81,13-14. 29. post oppidum: Oricum was on a jutting 
 
 peninsula formerly an island, but now connected with the main-land by 
 a narrow sand-bar formed by the action of the waves. Cf. p. 93, 8-9. 
 30. submersam objecit : sank as an obstruction. 
 
 Chap. XL. but Gnaeus Pompey Junior burns or captures them, and 
 also the transports of Antony at Lissus. 
 
 35, remulco . . . adduxit : sc. ad se, and cf. p. 63, 7; by dint of 
 great exertions (contendens) hauled off with a tow-line and many 
 cables. 36, atque: connects adduxit with nostros vicit, p. 93, 6, for 
 which ut pugnans {since he fought, etc.), (ut) summittens, (ut) ten- 
 tans give reasons; aggressus then, 1.1, is a participle, having attacked. 
 
 93 2. ad libram: lit. according to the line, i.e. of equal height. —ex supe¬ 
 
 riore . . . loco : in order not to contradict ad libram, the compar, must 
 here be used absolutely, = very high ; the phrase then = ex turribus. 
 3. reliquis partibus: at other points. 8. ex altera parte: on the 
 other side of the city, i.e. from the sea; see on p. 92, 29.— objectam: 
 thrown up by the waves. 10. subjectis scutulis : by putting rollers 
 underneath ; cf. p. 56, 8. 13. ab Asiatica classe: cf. p. 76,14. 14. 
 
 Bullide atque Amantia; see on p. 79,36. 16. relictas: cf. p. 88, 
 
 1-2. 20. re infecta : Caesar would thus weaken the effect of the pre¬ 
 
 ceding narrative of disaster. A crushing blow had been dealt him. 
 
NOTES.—BOOK III. 
 
 227 
 
 PAGE 
 
 He was now cut off from Italy, unless he marched round through Illyri- 93 
 cum, and from supplies, except as he foraged or levied them in Greece, 
 while Pompey’s fleet kept him easily in communication with all the 
 world. Cf. p. 97, 7-10. 
 
 i. Caesar’s Siege of Pompey near Hyrrhachiiim. Chap, xli—Iv. 
 
 Chap. XLI. After vainly offering battle to Pompey, Caesar gets be¬ 
 tween him and Dyrrhachium by feigned and forced marches. 
 
 22. ad Asparagium : cf. p. 88, 27-29, with note. 24. oppido 
 Parthinorum: see on p. 79, 21. 26. decernendi: sc. proelio, 
 
 opportunity for a decisive hcMle. 30. magno circuitu : Caesar pro¬ 
 bably marched all day in an easterly direction, so that Pompey was 
 deceived into thinking him bound for Macedonia to get supplies. To¬ 
 wards night, however, Caesar turned N. W. toward Dyrrhachium, over 
 the mountains. Pompey’s scouts discovered this on the following day 
 and brought him word in time for him to start late on the same day 
 toward Dyrrhachium. In two days and two nights (resting only the 
 first night) Caesar marched about sixty miles over rough roads. In the 
 second of these nights Pompey marched about twenty-five miles, only 
 to find himself outstripped. Caesar calculated that even if his ruse 
 failed, Pompey would be driven back upon (compelli) Dyrrhachium, 
 hecaitse this was his base of supplies, and if it succeeded he would be 
 cut off (intercludi) from Dyrrhachium, a thing of great importance to 
 Caesar because this was Pompeifs base of supplies. The clause quod 
 . . . contulisset in this way gives a reason for both compelli and in¬ 
 tercludi. 34. diverso . . . itinere : in the opposite direction, viz. 
 from Dyrrhachium. Caesar had fooled Afranius and Petreius in Just 
 this way. Cf. i, 68-70. 3. parva . . . intermisso : halted only a 94 
 
 small part of the night, i.e. the second night after leaving his camp. 
 
 Chap. XLII. Pompey intrenches himself on the coast south of Dyr¬ 
 rhachium, and has his fleet bring him stores; Caesar tries hard 
 to secure supplies. 
 
 8. Petra: see Map III. Though cut off from Dyrrhachium, Pompey 
 could thus establish communication with it by sea. 9. castra com¬ 
 munit: Map III, c. 10. convenire: as if jubet were to follow 
 (cf. p. 38, 35-36), instead of which imperat is loosely used, with 
 which either the pass, infin. or ut v.dth the subjv. are the only regular 
 
228 
 
 CAESARIS CIVIL WAIL 
 
 PAGE 
 
 94 constructions. 15. fecerat: i.e. facien da s curaverat ; so 
 
 constituit, 1.18, = constituenda curavit. 16. Tillium, Canu- 
 leium: mentioned only here. 18. vecturas: see on p. 89,14. 19. 
 
 descripsit : assigned to. 21. cum . . . turn (23) : see on p. 69, 23. 
 24. praedae . . . habuerat: see on p. 63, 28. 
 
 Chap. XLIII. Caesar begins to wall Pompey in (Map III, dd). 
 
 29. Inde: i.e. ex his collibus. 30. ferebat: see on p. 34, 33. 
 33. quo: i.e. ut eo equitatu; and therefore could, etc. 34. 
 simul : groups together two of the designs Caesar had in mind (haec 
 spectans), viz. uti . . . prohiberet, and (uti) . . . eiSceret. 35. ad 
 rem gerendam inutilem: unable to strike a blow; cl p. 42, 30-31.— 
 qua. . .videbatur: on which he clearly placed very great reliance, 
 etc. G. 405; Gr. 249; H. 421, i. Pompey had made his military repu- 
 
 95 tation in the East (Int. 4), Caesar in the West. 2. cum . . . per- 
 crebuisset: this represents cum. , .percrebuerit in the thoughts 
 of Caesar; the subjv. is to be explained on the principle of partial ind. 
 disc.; when (as he planned) it should have been noised abroad over the 
 worl\ etc. G. 584, 516; Gr. 327, a, 286, R., end; H. 521, i, 4th Ex., 
 525,2. 
 
 Chap. XLIV. Pompey builds counter-walls (Map III, ee). 
 
 6. neque . . . poterat, nisi . . . vellet: G. 598, R. 1; Gr. 307, f; H. 
 509, X. 3, 511,1. 8.’ Relinquebatur ut. . . sequens . . . occuparet. 
 
 all he could do was to resort to the only plan left for carrying on the 
 war, and occupy as many hills as possible, 12. idque accidit: 
 Caesar has been censured by military critics for having tried such a 
 hopeless task as the siege of Pompey proved to be, but this passage 
 clearly shows that he hoped at first to surround Pompey with a much 
 shorter line of works than he was subsequently and gradually forced to 
 build. 13. multaque: those kinds of grain are meant which were 
 used for fodder; frumentum could be brought from Dyrrhachium. 
 15. perpetuas : continuous. 22. quae cum . . . loca : and when 
 such places, i.e. as those described p. 94, 27-28. 23. suis locis: see 
 
 on p. 38, 34. 24. magnum . . . numerum: cf. p. 75, 27-29. 27. 
 
 coactis: the neut. of coactus (cogo) used as a noun, coarse and 
 heavy felt. 
 
 Chap. XLV. In one case Caesar’s escape from a position attacked by 
 the enemy is made impossible, 
 
NOTES.—BOOK III. 
 
 229 
 
 PAGE 
 
 29. praesidiis: the colies of p. 94, 28. 32. In his: sc. proe- 95 
 
 liis ; as a specimen of these. 33. praesidium quoddam: Map III, f. 
 
 36. prope aequum: almost level, whereas the other side was steep 
 (Erat per declive receptus, p. 96,5). 6. hoc acrius . . . quod: so 96 
 
 much the more fiercely because, {as), etc. The abl. denotes meas. of 
 diff. 8. videbantur: i.e. nostri. 9. non recusare . . . existi¬ 
 maretur : he did not object to being considered a good-for-nothing gen¬ 
 eral. 10. legiones : not only the 9th (1. 25), but all the rest in trying 
 to rescue this. 
 
 Chap. XLVI. until he orders a sudden dash forward, and then a 
 retreat while the enemy’s motions are obstructed. 
 
 12. extremum tumulum: the edge of the hill. 18. hoc: as in 1. 6. 
 
 20. fossas : plur. with ref. to the different parts or sections. 22. a 
 medio fere spatio: about half-way down the slope, cf. 1. 6, per declive. 
 
 24. tuba: App. Ill, 15. 25. conspirati: with one accord. 26. 
 
 incitati cursu: cf. p. 46, 13-14, with note.— praecipites: pred. adj. 
 with Pompeianos, drove headlong and routed. 28. longuriique 
 objecti: and the staJces (to hold the crates) which stood in their way. 
 
 29. fossae: see on 1. 20. 31. pauloque citra eum locum: Map III, g. 
 
 —This was a sample of the tactics by which Pompey forced Caesar to 
 extend his siege-walls. Had Caesar succeeded in holding this position, 
 he might have hindered Pompey’s men from getting water out of the 
 Palamnus. 
 
 Chap. XLVII. The difficulty of Caesar’s undertaking, and his lack of 
 provisions. 
 
 33. cum. . .turn: see on p. 69, 23. 1. offensione: mishap, cf. 97 
 
 p. 77,11, with note. 2. continuerunt: shut in; the perl, as in 
 conati sunt and consuevit, denotes what has been, and probably will 
 be generally the case, and may be rendered by a pres. G. 228, K. 2; 
 
 Gr. 279, b, c; H. 471,3. 9. haberent: its subj. is eae supplied from 
 
 quae naves (8). 13. in Hispania: i, 48 and 52. 14. ad Alesiam, 
 
 ad Avaricum (15): as described in B. G. vii, 71 and 17. 16. victores 
 
 discessisse: cf. p. 33, 17, with note.—Non: sc hordeum recusa¬ 
 bant. 17. cum daretur: see on p. 58, 11. 18. magno in honcre: 
 
 cf. p. 35, 26, and App. Ill, 3, c. 
 
 Chap. XLVIII. Caesar’s soldiers invent a new kind of bread. 
 
230 
 
 CAESARIS CIVIL WAR. 
 
 vjt Gi; 
 
 97 20. fuerant in vallibus: the Mss. reading valeribus is uncertain, 
 
 and no other very satisfactory improvements have been made. Sam¬ 
 ples are vacabant ab operibus, fuerant valetudinarii ex 
 vulneribus, fuerant vacui ab operibus.— chara: do not try 
 to translate. Botanists differ as to what the plant was. 23. panes: 
 loaves. 
 
 Chap. XLIX. Some facts encouraging to Caesar. 
 
 25. maturescere: it was now getting toward July. Pompey was 
 kept shut up for about four months. 29. victuros: vivo. 30. 
 tolerari: barely kept alive. 31. uti: infin. 32. cum . . .turn: 
 as above, p 96, 33-35. 33. insuetos laborum: see on p. 45, 29. 35. 
 
 magnis operibus: Map III, hh. All running water was turned either 
 southward into the Palamnus, or northward into a stream flowing into 
 the sea above Dyrrhachium. 36. ad specus angustiae vallium: like 
 montuosa, a predicate phrase to loca, usually explained as = ad spe¬ 
 cuum similitudinem angustae valles, {tvll oi) narrow cave- 
 98 like valleys. 1. has: i.e. valles. 3. loca. . . demissa: probably 
 near the Palamnus, at least six miles from Pompey’s main camp; cf. 
 11. 5-6. 5. qui tamen fontes : referring to the puteos of 1. 4; these 
 
 springs however, etc. 8. turn: and besides. 9. succedere: wets 
 approaching. 
 
 Chap. L. Devices of the enemy to cause, and of Caesar’s soldiers to 
 avoid trouble. 
 
 13. ad munitiones excubare : bivouacked along the lines. 14. 
 universi: all together, before Caesar’s men could protect themselves. 
 16. ut. . . facerent: supply immediately after these words alio (loco) 
 excubarent. The two clauses are in appos. with remedia, and 
 should be translated by inflns. The fires were probably for signalling 
 between different parts of the long siege-lines. 
 
 Besides the words alio excubarent, there has fallen out here a 
 description of Caesar’s defeating an attempted sally of Pompey’s cav¬ 
 alry from Dyrrhachium, or, as another historian says, of his vain at¬ 
 tempt to take Dyrrhachium by surprise, and of Pompey’s then attacking 
 with four legions one of the besieging forts, whose garrison, though 
 consisting of one cohort only, held out successfully several hours, and 
 was finally relieved by Sulla, whom Caesar had left in command of the 
 siege-lines. 
 
NOTES.—BOOK III. 
 
 231 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Chap. LI. Sulla relieves the cohort under attack, and drives the 98 
 enemy back into an unfavorable position, where they are forced 
 to fortify themselves. 
 
 19. discedens: to attack Dyrrhachium. See last note.— Castris: the 
 main camp of Caesar, between Pompey’s main camp (Map III, c) and 
 Dyrrhachium ; cf. p. 94, 5. 26. potuisse: its subj. is readily supplied, 
 
 and is referred to by the following Cujus, and yet his plan, etc.; finire 
 belliim “ is used only here for the usual conficere bellum.” 27. 
 aliae . . . atque: other than, different from. See on p. 58, 9. 29. ad 
 
 summam rerum: according to the general state of affairs, on general 
 principles. 31. quae res tamen: which, even though chance seemed 
 to favor it, still, as he thought, might perhaps turn out hadly; reci¬ 
 peret represents recipiat in the thought of Sulla. G. 250; Gr. 311, 
 a; H. 485. 35. reciperent . . . verebantur: see on p. 95, 6. The 
 
 relative position of the two parties is now just the reverse of what it 
 was in chap. 45. 2. rem: the attack on the fort.— necessario atque 99 
 
 ex tempore: as the necessities of the instant demanded. 3. tumulum 
 quendam : Map III, i; between his own line of works and that of 
 Caesar. 
 
 Chap. LII. Meanwhile conflicts take place at two other points. 
 
 8. pariter: as well, besides .— distinendae manus causa: cf. p. 93,5. 
 
 11. Germani; cf. p. 75, 34.— munitiones . . . egressi : the direct acc. 
 after egredior, instead of the usual abl. with or without ex ; hav^ 
 ingpenetrated, gone beyond, as if = extra mun. 
 
 Chap. LIII. The losses on both sides, and the rewards of Caesar’s 
 soldiers. 
 
 13. tribus ad Dyrrhachium: see last note on chap. 50. 15. ad 
 
 duorum milium numero: ad is used adverbially like circiter with 
 numerals, = about, and the gen. is dependent on numero ; there had 
 fallen of Bompeffs men to the number of about SOOO; a tempting cor¬ 
 rection is ad duo milia numero, “as many as 2000 in number.” 
 17. L (u c i i) filius, ejus qui : the son of that Lucius (Valerius Flaccus) 
 who, etc. See App. I. 18. signaque: App. Ill, 17.— Nostri: see 
 on p. 33,10. 23. renumeraverunt : counted out, not necessarily 
 
 one by one, but in packs of a thousand each perhaps; cf. p. 75,17. 
 26. donatum milibus cc: sc. sestertium, about $8000. See on 
 pp. 22, 5, and 59, 30. After the numeral something like pro con- 
 
232 
 
 GAE8AR’8 CIVIL WAR. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 99 ti one laudavit seems to have fallen out-, presented with 200,000 
 sesterces, “and publicly praised.” 27. ab octavis ordinibus, etc.: 
 App. Ill, 11, c. 29. duplici stipendio: App. Ill, 3, d. 30. con¬ 
 giariis ; ‘ ‘ literally, ‘ congius ’ measures, i. e. about six pints of oil or 
 wine; hence the name was extended to other donations of oil, wine, and 
 money; ” here probably extra and immediate presents of money, pour- 
 hoire, besides the promised double wages. 
 
 Chap. LIV. Pompey succeeds at last in regaining his old camp. 
 
 33. vineis . . . obtexit: protected, i.e. lined that side of his camp 
 where the towers had been built with vineae, which served to connect 
 the towers together, and afiord safe passage from one to another. See 
 on p. 28, 22. 34. obstructis . . . et. . . objectis : barricaded and 
 
 left in the way to hinder the advance of Caesar’s men. Similar tactics, 
 but on a vastly larger scale, to those of Caesar described in chap. 46. 
 
 100 1* antiquas munitiones: Map III, c. 
 
 Chap. LV. Caesar in vain offers Pompey battle. 
 
 2. si. . . vellet: see onp. 13, 30. 4. tantumque . . . aberat: was 
 
 Icept at just such a distance. Cf. p. 74,35, with note. 5. uti ne: 
 rare for ne. G. 545, P. 1; Gr. 317, 6th Ex.; H. 499,1. Cf. Map 
 III, k. 
 
 j. Caesar’s Cause in southern Greece, and his Attempt to use 
 Scipio as Peacemaker, Chap. Ivi—Ivii. 
 
 10-19. Amphilochis: this people, just south of Epirus, were allied 
 with Acarnania during the Peloponnesian war (431-404), then con¬ 
 quered by the Aetolians, and later included in the Roman province 
 Epirus. 11. ut demonstravimus : not directly nor fully. Cf. how¬ 
 ever chap. 31r-35. 12. Achaiam: see on p. 75,15. 13. eique . . . 
 
 adjungit: and put under his command. 16.. Achaia: here the north¬ 
 ern district of the Peloponnesus, which had given its name, first to the 
 Achaean league (see on p. 90, 8), and then to the Roman province com¬ 
 prising southern Greece. 17. Delphos : in Phocis, the seat of the 
 most famous Greek oracle and temple of Apollo.— Thebas, Orchome¬ 
 num: one the capital, the other the oldest city of Boeotia. 19. ami¬ 
 citia : abi. of manner, opposed to per vim (18), by hindness. 
 
 22-36. venisse: cf. p. 90, 28-32. 23. pristini instituti: his de- 
 
NOTES.—BOOK III. 
 
 233 
 
 PAGE 
 
 termination from the start, viz , to make peace with Pompey if possible. 100 
 25. traditum. . . et commendatum: introduced and recommended; 
 cf. p. 44, 19. 26. instituerat: had made it a practice, i.e. was wont, 
 
 = solebat. 27. sese . . . voluisset: since he had tried every plan 
 for peace, he thought the failure to accomplish anything up to this time 
 (factum esse) due to the fault of those whom he had wished to bring 
 this thing (peace) about. Between adhuc and arbitrari some would 
 supply [effecisse; id]. 29. quod . . . vererentur: the excuse of 
 these messengers to Caesar, Cf. p. 82, 25-34. 30. ea esse auctori¬ 
 
 tate: was a mail of such influence. 33. suo nomine: as proconsul 
 of Syria independent of Pompey. 36. uni . . . relaturos: all would 
 have to thank him alone for, etc.; lit. would acknowledge as received. 
 Notice the rhetorical position of uni omnes. 
 
 k. Pompey^’s victorious Sally. Chap. Iviii—Ixxi. 
 
 Chap. LVIII. Pompey is unable longer to keep his cavalry horses 101 
 alive, and determines to break the siege. 
 
 5. quo . . . contineret: see last note on chap. 50. 6. aditus duos: 
 
 two ravines leading down to the tongue of land on which the city lay. 
 
 Map III, b. 7. demonstravimus : in the portion lost at the close of 
 chap. 50. 13. sata: cf. p. 95,14. 16. hordeo adaugere: to increase 
 
 it (the pabulum) adding barley,= \i.oYd.Qum admiscendo au¬ 
 gere. 17. tolerare: see on p. 97, 30. 
 
 Chap. LIX. Two of Caesar’s most trusted Gauls are found guilty of 
 dishonesty. 
 
 21. Allobroges: a tribe in S. E. Gaul, subdued by the Eomans as 
 early as 121, but always suspected. They had joined but afterwards 
 betrayed the conspiracy of Catiline in 63 (Cic. in Catilinam, Or. iii). 
 Caesar had defended them against more powerful neighbors. B. G. i, 
 11 ff. 22. multis annis: see on p. 32, 36. 23. quorum opera . . , 
 
 eratusus: freely, who had served Caesar, etc., most excellently and 
 bravely. 26. senatum : of the Allobroges. 27. rei pecuniariae : 
 of a pecuniary nature, = pec uniaria. 31. amicitia : G. 373, E. 1; 
 Gr. 254, b; H. 425,1, 1), N. 32. stipendiumque equitum frauda¬ 
 bant: embezzled the wages of the horsemen, both by deducting a certain 
 per cent, for themselves, and by drawing pay for men who had been 
 killed as if they still belonged to the force, keeping their names on the 
 
234 
 
 CAESAM^ S CIVIL WAR. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 101 lists (11. 35-36). The usual construction with fraudare, is all- 
 quern aliqua re.— praedam . . . avertebant : instead of distributing 
 it among their men. 33. illi: the equites . 
 
 Chap. LX. Caesar’s rebuke and the contempt of their fellows lead 
 them to desert to Pompey. 
 
 102 1- tempus illud animadversionis esse: that that time was th.Q-pio- 
 
 per one for punishment, when he was straining every nerve to hold 
 Pompey fast.— multa . . . concedens : making many allowances for. 
 3. quaestui: G. 350; Gr. 233; H. 390, ii, X. 2; freely, had made money 
 at the expense of their horsemen .—ex sua amicitia : instead of e x 
 fraudatione. 4, ex. . . officiis : on the basis of, in proportion to 
 past favors. 5. reliqua: sc. officia, future favors. 6. ad omnes: 
 
 among all. 7. domestico : of their own countrymen. 8. quo 
 pudore: = cujus rei pudore; see on p. 60,35. 9. se non liberari 
 
 sed. . . reservari: sc. a poena, ad poenam. 12. clientibus 
 suis: see on p. 19, 36. 15. cum munere aliquo: after doing him 
 
 some service. 17. proinde ac (si): see on p. 74, 27. 
 
 Chap. LXI. Pompey welcomes them and their traitorous information. 
 
 21. honesto : see on p. 35, 2. 23. quodque . . . acciderat : and 
 
 because things had turned out unexpectedly and unusually ; cf. p. 32, 
 12, with note. 24. (Quos) praesidia circumduxit: see on p. 36, 7. 
 27. perfugerent: i.e. milites equitesque.— vulgo vero universi: 
 soldiers had deserted singly, and indeed all in a body who belonged in 
 Epirus, etc. 29. regionum: limiting milites directly, instead of 
 in eis regionibus conscripti, corresponding to the previous 
 line. 32. temporibusque rerum et spatiis locorum: abls. in explan, 
 appos. with omnibus rebus; the time when everything was done, and 
 the distances between the posts, viz. all along Caesar’s lines. 34. 
 ferebat: operated; cf. p. 94, 30, with note. 
 
 Chap. LXII. Pompey prepares to break through Caesar’s lines, 
 
 103 36. ut dem.: p. 101, 19-20. 1. tegimenta: as a protection against 
 
 missiles; cf. 11. 33-35. 2. aggerem: rubbish, to be used in filling 
 
 up Caesar’s moats. 5. ex maximis castris: Map III, c. 6. (de¬ 
 ductas . . .)ad mare: Map IV, a. 7. maximis castris Caesaris; 
 right opposite Ppmpey’s as above denoted. 8. naves . . . mittit : 
 Map lY, b. 11. Lentulum Marcellinum, Fulvium Postumum (13); 
 
NOTES.—BOOK III. 
 
 235 
 
 PAGE 
 
 known only from this incident. 12. positum habebat: see on 103 
 p. 30, 7. 
 
 Chap. LXIII. and succeeds, by taking advantage of a gap not yet 
 filled up. 
 
 14. pedum xv: see on p. 30, 36.— contra hostem: i.c. facing north. 
 
 17. vallus humiliore paulo munitione: Map IV, c; vallus generally 
 means the palisading on the rampart, here = vallum. 18. Hoc: 
 explained by ne . . . circumvenirentur. 20. ancipiti: viz. from the 
 lines of the besieged, and from a party sent round by ship to the rear 
 of the besiegers’ lines, as was now actually done. 23. spatium: of 
 time; see on p. 12, 26.— contra mare transversum vallum: Map IV, d. 
 
 27. excubuerant: had been, and so were still hivouacJcing. Gr. 233,2; 
 
 H. 471,4. 28. accessere: see on p. 35, 10. 29. navibus circum¬ 
 vecti milites . . . complebantur: Map IV, e. 30. legionarii: Map 
 IV, a; the milites above were levis armaturae (1.3). 32. mul¬ 
 
 titudo sagittariorum: MapIV, ff. 34. viminea tegimenta: cf. 1. 1. 
 
 35. omnibus rebus; see on p. 14, 27. 36. animadversum est: was 
 
 discovered. The Allobroges had told them of it. 1. supra: p. 103, 104 
 23-25.— vallos: see on p. 103, 17. 2. per mare navibus expositi: 
 
 Map IV, g. 3. aversos : trying to repel the attacks from the north 
 and south. 4. terga vertere : Map IV, h. 
 
 Chap. LXIV. Caesar’s guards are panic-stricken. Gallant death of a 
 color-bearer. 
 
 5. . . . cohortes : the numeral has fallen out. Map IV, i. 6. 
 castris : viz. of the ninth legion, p. 103, 12, 27; Map III, q. From 
 this the guard at the shore had been detailed. 12. aquilifer: App. 
 
 Ill, 17, a. —a viribus deficeretur : felt that his strength was leaving 
 him; a semi-personification in the passive of the idiom vires aliquem 
 deficiunt, p. 121, 8; deficeret v i r i b u s would be the commoner 
 usage, cf. pp. 19, 34; 73, 13. 15. Nolite . . . committere: G. 264, 
 
 ii; Gr. 269, a; H. 489,1); the obj. is ut. . . admittatur. 19. princi¬ 
 pem priorem : App. III, 11, c. 
 
 Chap. LXV. Antony brings relief and checks the enemy. Caesar 
 abandons most of his siege-lines and encamps opposite Pompey. 
 
 20. ca.stris: see onl. 6. 21. proximum locum: Map III, m. 26. 
 
 per castella: from fort to foj't. — fumo: see on p. 98, 16. 29. extra 
 
236 
 
 CAESARIS CIVIL WAR. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 104 munitiones egressum: see on p. 99,11, 31. propositum: had not 
 
 carried out his plan, viz, to prevent Pompey from foraging. 32, 
 castra juxta Pompeium : Pompey’s position is now Map III, n (Map 
 V, a), Caesar’s, Map III, o (Map V, b). 
 
 Chap. LXVI. Pompey re-occupies with one legion an old camp, which 
 now threatens Caesar’s flank. 
 
 34. quod. . .videretur: which looked as large as a legion; both 
 pron. and verb attracted into agreement with the pred. noun. G. 616, 
 R. 3, ii; Gr, 199; H. 445,4. 35. vetera castra: Map III, p (Map 
 
 106 V, c). 1. ut dem.: chap. 45-46.— circummuniret: its obj. is to be 
 
 supplied from Fompeianis copiis. 4. paulo ultra eum locum: Map 
 III, g, the same as citra eum locum, p. 96, 32. 5. eadem: i.e. the 
 
 vetera castra abandoned by the 9th legion. 7. relicto ; left standing. 
 10. munitionem; Map V, fl.—ad flumen: the Palamnus, which Caesar 
 had not diverted from its course with the other streams (chap. 49). 12. 
 
 quas . . . non est: this was probably a ruse, and part of Pompey’s ad¬ 
 mirable plan for surprising the position of the 9th legion. It succeeded 
 so well that Caesar does not like to describe it. 
 
 Chap. LXVII. This Caesar attacks, at first with success ; 
 
 14. Eo;i.e. in ea vetera castra. 17. novis Pompeii castris ; 
 see on p. 104, 32. 20. munitionis: of fortifying, building fortifica¬ 
 
 tions. 22. numero xxxiii: not all of Caesar’s forces; some were 
 still stationed at various points along the siege-lines. Cf. p. 108, 5-6. 
 24. castraque minora: i.e. the vetera castra above described, now 
 distinguished from Pompey’s main camp secundum mare, p. 104, 32. 
 Cf. 1. 8.— duplici acie: App. Ill, 2, d; a longer line of battle was here 
 better, in order to surround the enemy’s position. 27. sinistro cornu: 
 Map V, d. 28. ericius: a beam bristling with iron spikes, and so 
 called a porcupine. 30. Tito Pulione . . . propugnante : abl. abs. 
 31. demonstravimus: in the part lost at the close of chap. 8, where 
 see note. 33. primo . . post; contrasted as in p. 20,18-21.— ma¬ 
 jora castra . . . castellum: cf. 11. 6-9. 
 
 Chap. LXVIII. but his right wing is misled by a portion of the 
 fortifications, 
 
 106 36. fortuna: see on p. 86, 3 and 33. 1. parvis momentis, etc.: 
 
 cf. p. 20, 31-32. 3. supra: p. 106, 10, where see note. 4. dextri 
 
NOTES,— BOOK III. 
 
 237 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Caesaris cornus cohortes: Map V, e. 6. Quod: see on p. 58, 20, 106 
 9. est secutus : Map V, gg. 
 
 Chap. LXIX. and when Pompey comes to help his legion with a 
 large force, a panic ensues among Caesar’s soldiers, and a dis¬ 
 astrous retreat. 
 
 ■ 10. V legiones . . . duxit: Map V, hh.— ab opere: of fortifying the 
 main camp by the sea. 11. equitatus ejus: Map Y, i. 12. acies 
 instructa: the live legions of 1. 10. 14. Legio Pompeiana: Map Y, 
 
 k, and cf. pp. 104, 33-35; 105, 15, 34-35. 15. decumana porta: 
 
 App. Ill, 19.— ultro: see on p. 46, 18. 16. Equitatus Caesaris: 
 
 Map Y, gg.— quod . . . ascendebat: a breach had been made in the 
 long wall running down to the river (1. 7), through which the cavalry 
 and the infantry of the right wing had slowly passed, and they were 
 now on the way up to the central fort and over its moats and walls 
 (per aggeres). The panic made them all try to get back through the 
 narrow breach in a hurry, and hence the following disaster. 21. 
 angustias: i.e. between the enemy and the long wall.— x pedum: this, 
 with the depth of the ditch, would make a leap of about twenty feet. 
 
 25. angustiis: i.e. between the outer and inner fortifications of the 
 camp they had stormed. 26. extra et intus: the relieving force of 
 Pompey, and the legion which had taken refuge in the inner camp or 
 castelliim, 11. 14-16.— eodem . . . consulebant : tried to save them¬ 
 selves hy retreating the same way they had come; receptui itinere 
 se recipientes, of which itinere belongs with quo venerant. 
 
 27. omniaque . . . plena: cf. p. 72, 30. 29. demissis signis: lowered 
 
 their colors, so that Caesar might not see them and check them, and 
 ran on. 30. etiam signa dimitterent : even threw their colors away. 
 
 App. Ill, 17, b. 
 
 Chap, LXX. The same wall which had caused Caesar’s defeat, hinders 
 the enemy from following up their victory. 
 
 32. haec . . . quod Pompeius . . . tardabantur : these facts were 
 helpful and prevented the whole army from being destroyed, namely 
 that Pompey, etc., and that his horsemen, etc, 36. angustiis atque 
 his: by the narrow breach (see on 1. 16), especially as that was held by 
 Caesar’’s soldiers. See on p. 24, 20. 1. ad insequendum: see on 107 
 
 p. 39, 10. 4. propriam expeditamque: certain (his own) and com- 
 
238 
 
 CAESAR’S CIVIL WAR. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 107 Chap. LXXI, Caesar’s losses. 
 
 8, equites Romanos, tribunos militum : App. Ill, 9. All are 
 known only from this mention of their death. 9. Placentia, Puteo¬ 
 lis, Capua: for the case, see on p. 22, 25. The first was one of the 
 chief towns of Gallia Cispadana, and the military centre of the pro¬ 
 vince. The second was an old Greek maritime city of Campania, on 
 the bay of Neapolis. For the third, see on p. 16, 14. — Fleginatem, 
 Sacrativirum: noms.--Fleginas, Sacrativir. 14. imperator: 
 see onp. 64, 10. 15. sed . . .praetulit: the victory was won in a 
 
 civil war, so Pompey did not officially use the title of Imperator, nor 
 have the fasces of his lictors wreathed with laurel, as victors usually 
 did. 19. perfugae : as a renegade and traitor, he wished to show 
 Pompey how utterly he had broken with his old comrades-in-arms. 
 20. contumelia: with magna, an abl. of manner. 
 
 1. Caesar’s Retreat into Thessaly. Chap, Ixxii—Ixxxi, 
 
 Chap. LXXII. Special reasons for Caesar’s defeat. 
 
 23. spiritus : ; gen. sing. 24. ratione: conduct of 
 
 the war. 25. Non . . . non . . . non: repetition for rhetorical effect; 
 see on p. 21, 19. 27. abscisum . . . exercitum: sc. esse, the sepa¬ 
 
 ration of the army, etc. 29. causae: sc. militibus Caesaris 
 fugae. G. 350; Gr. 233; H. 390, i. '30. dimicatum: sc. esse; 
 pass, impers.— ipsos: sc. nostros. 31. multitudine: thronging, 
 does not contradict paucitatem in 1. 25. Caesar’s men had no room to 
 fight in. 32. communes belli casus : war’s impartial fortunes. G. 
 375, R. 2; Gr. 219, R., end; H. 407, N. 1. 33. quam: namely how 
 
 triflmg reasons; like quotiens (35) introducing a clause explanatory 
 of casus. 34. suspicionis, terroris, religionis: either in the way of 
 groundless suspicion, sudden fright, or opposing religious scruples ; the 
 gens, may be regarded thus as appositional, or as subjective, arising 
 from, etc. 36. esset offensum: pass, impers., disaster had occurred; 
 cf. p. 77, 11. 
 
 Chap. LXXIII. Caesar’s address to his defeated soldiers, 
 
 108 9. opponerent: set off against. 10. fortunae: see on p. 86, 3, and 
 cf. 11.14, 22.— aliquo: any considerable; ullo would mean “any what¬ 
 ever.” 12. ducibus: abl. abs. expressing concession, on which depends 
 the gen. hominum (11); in spite of leaders who were very experienced 
 
NOTES.—BOOK III. 
 
 239 
 
 PAGE 
 
 and skillful and had very warlike soldiers. 13. provincias: Sicily 108 
 and Sardinia; cf. i, 30-31. 18. cujusvis . . . culpae: to any one’’s fault 
 
 rather than to his own. 22. partam (pario) . . . interpellavisset: 
 cf. p. 107, 4-5. 23. dandam (esse) . . .\xi: all must exert themselves 
 
 ^ 0 , etc. 24. Quod: i.e. operam dare.—fore ut. . .verteret: see 
 onp. 16, 12; vertere is here intrans, 25. ad Gergoviam: B. Gr. 
 vii, 51, ff. Here he had been obliged to raise the siege, after a severe 
 defeat, but soon won the crowning victory of Alesia. Cf. p. 97,14-16. 
 
 26. ultro . . . offerrent : Caesar prophesies well; Pompey, who has 
 hitherto avoided battle, soon takes the offensive and pursues him, 
 although strongly urged to cross over to Italy and strengthen himself 
 there against the enfeebled army of Caesar, which would have had to 
 march round the head of the Adriatic. He thought that would look 
 too much like retreating before a conquered enemy. Caesar’s defeat 
 was then a necessary prelude tc his great victory at Pharsalus. 
 
 Chap. LXXIV. and its stimulating effect. 
 
 28. ignominia . . . movit: disgraced (by lowering their pay, or ex¬ 
 posing them publicly before the commander’s tent) and degraded. This 
 was really mercy, for the military punishment was death. App. HI, 
 
 17, b. 31. desideraret: needed, waited for a command from, etc. 
 
 33. cum . . . nonnulli: while some of the higher officers even, such as 
 tribunes, legates and quaestors, as distinguished from centurions.— 
 ratione permoti: the soldiers burned to fight at once and wipe out 
 their disgrace; the higher officers, after due deliberation, thought they 
 ought to remain there and eventually the decisive battle. 35. 
 Contra ea: for the more usual contra as adv.; neque . . , putabat 
 is Caesar’s objection to the desire of the soldiers, and et. . . timebat to 
 the opinion of the officers. 
 
 Chap. LXXV. Caesar abandons his camp and is pursued by Pompey. 
 
 4. prima nocte: see on medio, p. 30, 29. 5. ante iter confectum: 109 
 
 = antequam iter confectum esset, before the conclusion of their 
 march; so ante urbem conditam. G. 324, R. 3; Gr. 292, a; H. 
 549,5, N. 2. 7. reliquas: four in number, for seven had crossed with 
 
 Caesar (p. 76, 28), and Antony had brought him four more (p. 87, 35), 
 but one legion had been sent into Thessaly (p 90, 11), two into Mace¬ 
 donia (p. 90, 16), five cohorts into Aetolia (p. 90, 13), three cohorts had 
 been left to guard Oricum (p. 92, 25), and one was at Lissus (p. 110, 30). 
 
240 
 
 CAESARIS CIVIL WAR. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 109 — compluribus portis: to hasten matters. 9. institutum: practice. 
 
 Caesar did not wish to disgrace himself by departing stealthily, and 
 yet wished to get the start of Pompey. See on p. 88, 16, and cf. p. 91, 
 34.— serissime: a Very rare superl. of sero. 10. ejus: see on p. 28, 
 8.— conclamari: App. Ill, 16. 13. moram . . . intulit: delay at all 
 
 to follow; for ad insequendum, see on p. 39, 10.— id spectans: with 
 this intention, viz. to see if he could, etc.; cf. p. 94, 31, and for the 
 pronoun, p. 11, 18. 14. impeditos: App. Ill, 3, c, end. 16. nequos 
 
 =:que is often used where we expect an adversative conj. Cf. pp. 14, 
 13; 108,8; 113,27. 17. multum: with antecesserat; adv. acc. in¬ 
 
 stead of abl. of meas. of difl.— expedito 'itinere: cf. p. 88, 19, with 
 note; owing to his unohstructed march. 20. antesignanos admis» 
 cuit: App. Ill, 5, 18. 
 
 Chap. LXXVI. Both armies resume their old camps at Asparagium, 
 but Caesar by a ruse gets another start of Pompey. 
 
 23. justo: see on p. 22, 11; the army had started very early (11.4-8). 
 25. Asparagium: see on p. 88, 28, and cf. p. 93, 25. 27. per cau¬ 
 
 sam : the foraging was only a ruse, to make the enemy think he was 
 not going to march any further that day. See on p. 85, 23. 28. de¬ 
 
 cumana porta: where the enemy would least notice it; App. Ill, 19. 
 33. imped, et sarcinarum: App. Ill, 3, c, 16. 35. contubernio: 
 
 110 App. Ill, 19. 36. ad . . . impeditis : incapable of pursuing. 2 . 
 
 duplicatoque . .. itinere : and in addition to the full day'^s march 
 already made ; he did not march twice as far, but made a second march. 
 The ruse of Caesar so successful here, had been tried on him by Af¬ 
 ranius and Petreius, i, 80, but without avail. 
 
 Chap. LXXVII. Caesar goes so fast that Pompey at last gives up the 
 pursuit. 
 
 5. similiter: cf. p. 109, 3-4. 7. expedito exercitu: App. Ill, 16, 
 
 end. 9. altissimis . . . itineribus : abls. abs.; in spite of, etc.; see 
 on p. 57, 20. Caesar’s veterans could outmarch as well as outfight 
 Pompey’s. 10. mora illata: having suffered the first day's delay to 
 intervene ; cf. 11. 3-4, and p. 109,13. 11. se . . . extenderet : = p r o- 
 
 grederetur, though he hept malcingforced marches. Others render, 
 exerted himself. 
 
 Chap. LXXVIII. Reasons of both Caesar and Pompey for transfer¬ 
 ring the struggle eastward. 
 
NOTES.—BOOK III. 
 
 241 
 
 PAQB 
 
 15. praesidium . . . relinquendum: only one change in this respect HO 
 is mentioned in 1.30, viz. the garrisoning of Apollonia, which had been 
 safe enough while Caesar was near it or besieging Pompey (see on 
 p. 80, 16). Lissus and Oricum had garrisons already (pp. 92, 25 ; 93, 
 
 19). 17. tantum: only so much. — properanti : lit. for Mm in a 
 
 hurry, i.e. considering his haste. 18. Domitio: who was in Mace¬ 
 donia (chap. 36-38), and while Caesar remained at Apollonia, farther 
 from him than from Pompey. 19. ad eum . . . ferebatur: hurried 
 (lit. was carried) towards him with all speed and with passionate eager¬ 
 ness. 20. Totius . . . explicabat : he formed his plan for the whole 
 campaign on the following considerations, viz. that if, etc. 21. 
 eodem: to Macedonia, where he could join Scipio, and perhaps cap¬ 
 ture Domitius. 22. copiis: stores. 24. si . . . transiret: see last 
 note on chap. 73. 27. obsesso . . . cogeret: then he (Caesar) would 
 
 ieset Scipio and force him (Pompey) to help his ally. 29. praesidio : 
 see on 1.15. 32. Athamaniam: a district of southern Epirus. 33. 
 
 conjectura: abl. of means used adverbially. 36. legiones: see on 
 p. 87,36. These troops afterward marched round the head of the 
 Adriatic into Illyricum, arriving after the battle of Pharsalus. 
 
 Celap. LXXIX. Caesar’s lucky junction with Domitius (Calvinus). HI 
 
 3. ne . . . deesset: not to miss a good chance. 4. Apollonia: i.e. 
 his march to A. 5. Candaviam: see on p. 79, 15.— iter . . . habebat: 
 almost due east, over the great Egnatian road from Dyrrhachium to 
 the Hellespont, while Caesar followed the river Aous S. E. to its source, 
 then crossed the mountains to the sources of the Thessalian river 
 Peneius, near which was the stronghold of Aeginium, where Domitius 
 joins him (L 26). 8. collata habuisset: for the subjv. see on p. 40, 
 
 12; for the compound form, on p. 30, 7. 9. Heracllam: the chief 
 
 town of Macedonia libera (p. 90,18), at about the middle of the via 
 Egnatia. — subjecta: Candavia was a mountainous region. 13. latius 
 inflatiusque: cf. p. 59, 13, and see on p. 35, 29. 15. reddiderat: see 
 
 on p. 11, 1. 17. dimissi: messengers sent; see on p. 19, 31. 20. 
 
 demonst. : chap. 59-61. 21, consuetudine: companionship. 22. 
 
 gloria: boastfulness. 26. Aeginium: see on 1. 5.— objectum: nea/r 
 the borders of, but still in Epirus. 
 
 Chap. LXXX. Caesar storms and plunders Gomphi, 
 
 27. Gomphos : a strong town commanding two mountain passes 
 toward the south. It had been of importance in the Roman wars with 
 
242 
 
 CAESARIS CIVIL WAR. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 111 Philip of Macedon (200-197). 28. veni entibus: as you come. G. 
 
 343; Gr. 235, b; H. 384, 4, N. 3. 32. supra: 1. 14. 33. quod 
 
 . . . partibus : and had exaggerated it (proelium) hy a great deal. 
 The subj. is still fama, the abl. denotes meas. of diff.; cf. f). 114, 8. 
 34. praetor: so the Romans called the highest military officer of Thes- 
 
 112 saly, the 6rpctT7]y6<i. 2. munitionibus: what case? see on p. 17, 1. 
 
 5. Larisam: in the great central plain of Thessaly. 7. musculosque: 
 see on p. 55, 25. The’ word seems here =:vineas. 9. quantum . . . 
 haberet : how advantageous it {was, i.e.) would he : the subjs. of habe» 
 ret are potiri (10), inferre (11) and fieri.—omnium rerum inopiam : 
 Plutarch says that Caesar’s soldiers were so worn out by their hard- 
 ^ips and scant living, that a pest had broken out among them, but 
 that they were all completely cured by drinking their fill of the wine 
 they found in Gomphi. Cf. what Caesar says p. 98, 6-10. 15. ad 
 
 diripiendum: contrast the treatment of Massilia. 16. MetropSlim : 
 about 20 miles S-. E. of Gomphi. 
 
 Chap. LXXXI. and this course prevents the other cities of Thessaly 
 from deserting him. 
 
 18. primum: used like primo, contrasting with postea (20); see 
 on p. 17, 34. 23. Metropolitum: = —arum. G. 27, R. 1; Gr. 36, 
 
 d; H. 49, 3. 24. magnis exercitibus r must be translated large 
 
 forces, as Scipio had only one army. Cf. p. 86, 9. 26. Ille: Caesar. 
 
 —in agris : the plains of Pharsalia, at least four days’ march from 
 Metropolis. See Map I. 28. eoque. . .conferre: and to transfer 
 thither the whole conduct of the war. Cf. p. 108,4. 
 
 m. The Infatnatioii of Pompey^s Followers. Chap. Ixxxii— 
 
 Ixxxiii. 
 
 Chap. LXXXII. Pompey joins Scipio in Thessaly, his followers al¬ 
 ready dividing up the civil offices as if they had done away with 
 Caesar, 
 
 32. parta jam victoria: cf. p. 108,22. 35. classicum apud eum 
 
 cani: that the usual signals he Mown before his tent. App. Ill, 15.— 
 113 praetoriimi: App. Ill, 19. 2. adeo ut. . . videretur: cf. p. 71, 22- 
 
 24. 3. et: introduces (ut) dicerent (6), whose subj. is a pron. refer¬ 
 
 ring generally to the nobles in the company of Pompey (the omnium 
 of 1. 1), and whose obj. is unius . . . numero. 4. si quando . . . 
 
NOTES.—BOOK III. 
 
 243 
 
 dicerent: as often as Pompey did anything rather slowly and cau¬ 
 tiously, they said it was only a day^s worh, hut that he was delighted 
 with his power, and treated ex-consuls and ex-praetors like slaves; 
 faceret is attracted into the subjv. from fecerat ; see on pp. 52, 4; 
 73, 31, and cf. p. 53, 23. It was this contemptuous haste of the nobles 
 which ruined Pompey. 8. in annosque: for years in advance. 10. 
 oporteretne: its subj. clause is rationem haberi (12), on which the gen. 
 Hirri depends. Cf. p. 15, 33, with note, and translate freely, whether 
 Hirrus ought to stand for the praetor ship, etc. 11. ad Parthos: to 
 win over their king to Pompey; see on p. 88, 36. 13. praestaret: 
 
 sc. u t; in appos. with fidem ; hegged from Pompey a promise to grant 
 what he had guaranteed Am (Hirrus) on his departure. For reci¬ 
 pere in this sense, cf. p. 82, 7, with note. 14. reliqui: the other 
 party to the controversia (10), the opponents of the necessarii (12) 
 of Hirrus. 15. ne . . .antecederet recusarent: objected to having 
 one favored above all; recusarent depends on cum (12), just like im¬ 
 plorarent. 
 
 Chap. LXXXIII. and fighting over the spoils of an assumed vic¬ 
 tory. 
 
 16. sacerdotio Caesaris: since 63 Caesar had been pontifex 
 maximus. App. 11, 15. — Domitius: L. Ahenobarbus, to be 
 distinguished carefully from Domitius Calvinus, Caesar’s officer, chap. 
 34, 36-38, etc. See biog. 17. Spintherque: see on p. 18, 13. 19. 
 
 ostentaret, jactaret : see on adventare, p. 17, 28; one boasted of the 
 respect due his age, the other bragged of his popularity in the city. 
 
 20. affinitate: see on p. 12, 36. 21. postulavit . . . proditionis ex¬ 
 
 ercitus : accused of betraying his army; cf. p. 44, 26-29, with notes. 
 For the gens., G. 377, 361,2; Gr. 220, 217; H. 409, ii, 396, iii. 22. 
 Acutius Rufus : mentioned only here.—quod . . . diceret : a thing 
 which he declared had been done, etc. G. 541, R. 2; Gr. 341, d, 
 R.; H. 516, ii, 1. 24. adjudicandum: to vote with. 26. senten- 
 
 tiasque . . . ferrent: the second obj. clause after dixit, instead of an 
 infin. corresponding to placere. 27. neque: see on p. 109,16. 28. 
 
 unam dixit fore tabellam iis qui, etc.: one ticTcet would be for those 
 who voted that they (qui Romae remansissent, etc ) be freed from all 
 penalty, a second for those, etc. 29. capitis: see on proditionis, 1. 
 
 21. — damnarent = damnandos censerent; so multarent = m u 1- 
 tandos censerent. The idiom is like that noticed in diceret, 1.23. 
 30. pecunia : G. 377, R. 1; Gr. 220, b; H. 410, iii.— Postremo : in 
 short. 
 
244 
 
 CAESARIS CIVIL WAR. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 113 n. The Battle at Palaepharsalus. Chap. Ixxxiv—xcix. 
 
 Chap. LXXXIV. Caesar begins to tempt Pompey to join battle. 
 
 35. temporis: unnecessary with spatium; see on p. 12, 26. 36. 
 
 quo: = ut in eo.— perspectum habere: = perspexisse ; see on 
 
 114 p. 30, 7; for him to clearly understand the temper of his soldiers. 3. 
 
 castris: Map II, a.—suis locis: see on p. 38, 34. 4. castris Pompeii: 
 
 Map II, b; Pompey’s march with Scipio from Larisa to the Pharsalian 
 plains is implied but not distinctly stated p. 112, 30 fif. Caesar had 
 chosen a good position, supported by the river Apidanus, with the rich 
 Pharsalian fields at his back to forage in.— continentibus vero diebus : 
 hut during successive days, i.e. gradually, contrasting with primo, 
 5. ut: in such a way that; with instruxit. — collibusque Pomp.: Pom¬ 
 pey, coming down into the Pharsalian plains from Larisa, had chosen 
 a strong position on the slope stretching from Palaepharsalus down to 
 the Apidanus, about four miles from Caesar. 6. in dies: see on p. 
 35,20. 7. superius. . .institutum: his former practice ; ef. p.l09, 
 
 20. 8. ut. . . juberet (11): see on p. 14, 25.— multis partibus : see on 
 
 p. Ill, 33. 10. electis . , . armis: abi. abs.; to choose arms adapted 
 
 to speed (i.e. light armor) and fight, etc. 13. mille: here used as a 
 subst. like the plur. Gr. 308; Gr. 94, e, N.; H. 178, and X. 14. 
 cum adesset usus: whenever there was need. G. 585; Gr. 322; H. 
 521, ii, 1. The subjv. is due to attraction. 16. unum: either Egus 
 or Raucillus (pp. 101, 21-22; 111, 19). 
 
 Chap. LXXXV. At last Pompey accepts the challenge (Aug. 9th, 48). 
 
 19. in colie: see on 1. 5. 20. instruebat: hept forming, during 
 
 the time mentioned in 11. 2-7.— exspectans si: watching to see whether; 
 cf. p, 68, 23, with note. 23. uti . . . moveret . . . esset: viz. to move 
 . . . and always he, etc., clauses in appos. with hanc; so below haec is 
 explained by the appos. clauses ut. . . defatigaret ; with these designs, 
 viz. to, etc. Cf. pp. 94,31; 109,13. 27. insolitum ad: elsewhere 
 
 followed by the gen.; see on p. 45, 29. 29. detensis: struck; for 
 
 the opposite, see p. 112, 36. 31. non iniquo: = aequo, by Litotes 
 
 (see on p. 11, 6, end). 36. expeditas . . . educit: App. Ill, 3, c, end. 
 
 Chap. LXXXVI. Pompey’s boastful promise to his officers. 
 
 115 2. hortatu: see on p. 113, 4. 6. rationem: outline. 8. persuasi: 
 
 as if their consent was all that was necessary. 10. ab latere aperto : 
 
NOTES.—BOOK III. 
 
 245 
 
 PAGK 
 
 Caesar’s left and Pompey’s right were covered by an impassable brook; 115 
 cf. p. 116, 15, and Map II. 11, perturbatum , . , pellerent: to rout 
 and 'put to flight. 14. tantum: Caesar had 800, Pompey 7000 when 
 the campaign began. . 16. usu manuque: in actual conflict, opposed 
 to cogitavissent. 17. reliquorum: the soldiers not present at the 
 officers’ council (1. 3), who had not seen these gay young nobles fight. 
 
 Chap. LXXXVII. Labienus’s disparagement of Caesar’s army. 
 
 18. excepit: took up, i.Q. followed in speaking; see on p. 40, 19. — 
 cum . . . despiceret: while he expressed contempt for, etc. 19, lau¬ 
 dibus eflferret: extolled; cf. p. 41, 35, with note.— Noli. . . existimare: 
 see on p. 104, 15. 20. Pompei: vocative. G. 29, R. 2; Gr. 40, c; 
 
 H. 51,5. 24. pestilentia: malarial fever ; cf. p. 75, 4-5. 25. An 
 
 non: see on p. 66, 21. 26. per causam: actually sick ? see on p. 85, 
 
 23. 28. horum: these last two. — citeriore Gallia: see on p. 19, 27. 
 
 29. Ac tamen: see on p. 91, 27; so here, though Caesar must have 
 brought some veterans to Greece with him, still, etc. 35. animp . . . 
 praecipiebant: pictured to themselves. 36. nihil frustra confirmari: 
 no assurances could he given in vain. 
 
 Chap. LXXXVIII. Pompey’s order of battle. 
 
 3. legiones duae: see on p. 11, 23. 7. Ciliciensis legio: cf. p. 75, 116 
 
 19, 8. quas . . . docuimus : perhaps in the portion lost between 
 
 chap. 50 and 51. Of course this was a gross violation of a soldier’s 
 parole, 9. Has . . . habere: that these were the most reliable cohorts 
 he had. 11. cohortes cx: i.e. 11 legions. Caesar’s estimate is thus 
 consistent with chap. 4, where Pompey musters 11 legions, including 
 Scipio’s. These were quite full, since he had put in a large number of 
 substitutes (p. 7 5, 23-25), so that the cohorts had on the average over 
 400 men (1. 12). Since Caesar’s previous estimate Pompey had added 
 to his forces 2000 evocati (1. 12), and an indefinite number of cohorts 
 which Afranius had brought him (1. 8), and which might well equal in 
 number the seven cohorts detailed to guard the camp (1.14), and those 
 left under Cato at Dyrrhachium (sec biog. of Cato). Of the Asiatic 
 auxiliaries so rhetorically enumerated in chap. 4, Caesar makes only a 
 brief mention in 1. 17. 12. evocatorum, beneficiariis: cf, App. Ill, 
 
 12, and see on p. 44, 31. 15. castellis: Pompey had connected his 
 
 camp with the hill and with water-sources by lines of forts.— rivus 
 quidam : Map II, d. The topography of the battle-field is not fully 
 
246 
 
 CAESAB^S CIVIL WAE. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 116 certain. Caesar nowhere mentions the city of Phars^ns from which 
 the battle took its name, nor the Enipens, which has been by some 
 supposed to be the rivus quidam. But Hirtius, Caesars legate and 
 intimate friend, the probable writer of the 8th book of the Bellum 
 Gradicum, and of the Bellum Alexandrinum, speaks of Palaepharsalus 
 (i.e. Old Pharsalus, in distinction from a Xew Pharsalus Dear by) as 
 the place where the great battle was fought. See the remarks at the 
 close of the notes. 
 
 Chap. LXXXIX. Caesars order of battle. 
 
 18. superius institutum: ef. p. 114, 7, with note; here the former 
 practice was that of giving his pet 10th legion the post of honor. 20. 
 attenuata: ef. p. 105, 22—23. 22. Cohortes . . . Ixxx: see on p. 109, 
 
 7; four cohorts had since then been left at Apollonia (p, 110, 30), and a 
 junction made with Domitius Cal^-inus and his two legions (p. Ill, 26). 
 This would give 110 cohorts (— 10, — 5, — 3, — 1, — 4, =) — 23 = 87 
 cohorts which Caesar ought to have had now; so that either duas (11) 
 in 1. 24 is a mistake of the MSS. for septem 0^)» must suppose 
 that Caesar had detached five cohorts for some special service which he 
 does not mention. 23. milium xxii: this gives an average of only 
 275 for each cohort, much less than that of Pompey ; see on 1. 11. 
 26. praeposuerat: used absolutely, had made commander on the left, 
 on the right, in the centre. —contra Pompeium: Le. on his own right, 
 opposite Pompews left wing. 29. ex tertia acie: Caesar’s line of 
 battle was then trip lex ; see App. Ill, 2, d,— singulas cohortes: six 
 in all; ef. p. 118, 15. 30. quartam . . . opposuit: Map II, c. 32. 
 
 constare: depended on. 33. injussu suo: icithout orders from him; 
 the noun is used only in the abb G. 40?; Gr. 245; H. 416. 34. 
 
 vexillo: hg waving a flag; cf. App. Ill, 17, c. 
 
 Chap. XC. Caesar’s harangue to his men before the battle-signal. 
 
 34. cum: while; conjunc., not prep. G. 401; Gr. 248, R.; H. 419, 
 iii. 35. suaque . . . oflBcia: his constant services to it; cf. p. 14. 21, 
 note on omnium temporum. 36. testibus . . . posse: he coidd call 
 the soldiers to witness, lit, use as witnesses. G. 324; Gr. 185; H. 363. 
 
 117 1. per Vatinium: chap. 19. 2. per Aulum Clodium: chap. 57. 
 
 3. cum Libone: chap. 16-17. 5. exercitu: G. 389; Gr. 243, a; H. 
 
 414, i. 7. tuba: this was the signal for the general advance against 
 the enemy ; when the distance between the two armies was small 
 
NOTES.—BOOK III. 
 
 247 
 
 PAGE 
 
 enough for a charge at double-quick (1. 19), then the special signal for 117 
 this was given with the vexillum (p. 116, 34). 
 
 Chap. XCI. A veteran centurion leads the charge for Caesar. 
 
 9. primum pilum . . . duxerat: had teen primipilus of the tenth- 
 legion; cf. App. Ill, 11, b. 10. manipulares . . . fuistis : my old 
 comrades. The centurio prior commanded the whole maniple, and 
 not merely his own century. 11. quam . . . date; give proof of your 
 resolves. 14. Faciam . . , ut. . . agas: = an emphatic future of ago ; 
 you will surely thank, etc. G. 557; Gr. 332, e; H. 498, ii, X. 2. 17. 
 
 qjusdem centuriae : if the preceding numeral is right, this gen. must be 
 rendered attached to, stationed with the same century, viz. the century 
 on the extreme right and front; cf. App. Ill, 12, end. 
 
 Chap. XCII. Pompey has his men, instead of charging too, await in 
 their places the onset of Caesar’s soldiers; 
 
 19. ad concursum: the word used for the charge upon each, other of 
 two opposing lines; if one only charged, and the other awaited the 
 attack, such an attack was called incursus; impetus was the 
 shock of meeting, or the attack in general. The troops of Caesar had 
 now advanced until only about 250 paces separated them from Pom- 
 pey’s front ranks; see on 1. 7. 21. distrahi: to become disordered, 
 
 or uneven in the charge. 23. militum; sc. Caesaris. 24. dis¬ 
 positi: i.e. Pompey’s men.— dispersos: Caesar’s men. 25. casura: 
 sc. esse; would fall more lightly, i.e. he less deadly. —pila: i.e. of 
 Caesar’s men; cf. App. Ill, 3, b. 26. immissis telis occucurrissent: 
 should run into the flying missiles. — simul fore ut, etc.: sc. spera¬ 
 bat. 28. Quod nobis, etc.: Caesar now gives his critical estimate 
 of this policy of Pompey.—nulla ratione : injudiciously. 32. signa: 
 nom.; cf. App. Ill, 15, end. 
 
 Chap. XCIII. but these halt, get breath, and charge afresh, while 
 Caesar’s special cohorts rout Pompey’s cavalry and attack his 
 legionaries in the rear. 
 
 35. dato signo: i.e. for the charge (concursus); cf. p. 116,33-34, 
 and see on 1. 7.— infestis pilis: with poised javelins. 6. rei defue- 118 
 runt: see on p. 72, 9. 9. ut erat imperatum: cf. p. 115, 8-12. 10. 
 
 omnisque multitudo: cf. p. 75, 27-29. 13. turmatim: hy squadrons; 
 
248 
 
 CAESARIS CIVIL WAR. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 118 App. Ill, 5.— a latere aperto: see on p. 115, 10. 15. quartae aciei 
 
 . . .dedit signum: cl. p. 116, 29-34, with notes. 16. infestisque 
 signis : with flying colors, of a body of men charging in good order; 
 cf. infestis pilis, p. 117, 35. — tanta vi: Caesar ordered these cohorts to 
 use their javelins like spears, and aim at the faces of the horsemen, and 
 Plutarch speaks as though this was meant to frighten the gay young 
 Roman nobles serving in the cavalry, who could not bear to have their 
 pretty faces disfigured, and so rode off the field of battle holding their 
 hands before their eyes. But the order was necessary in the unusual 
 case of infantry acting on the offensive against cavalry. 19. incitati 
 fuga : at the top of their speed. Labienus led the cavalry; his speech 
 and oath (chap. 87) must now have been a pleasant memory.— Quibus 
 summotis: when these (the horsemen) were out of the way; cf. p. 46, 
 
 13. 20. destituti: left in the lurch, and so sine praesidio. —iner^ 
 mes: i.e. with no arms suitable for a hand to hand fight. 
 
 Chap. XCIV. Caesar now orders up his reserves, which carry all 
 before them. 
 
 25. loco: i.e. where it stood when the signal was given for the con¬ 
 cursus, p. 117, 35. 26. alii: cf. 11. 21-23. 27. sustinere: see 
 
 on p. 40, 3. 31. pronuntiaverat: p. 116, 30-31. 34. initium 
 
 fugae factum: the beginning of the enemy’s rout {was) made; elsewhere 
 
 119 the phrase is used of those who run first, as p. 120,3. 2. in statione: 
 
 on guard, as p. 31,28. — praetoriam portam: App. Ill, 19. 4. si 
 
 quid durius acciderit: an euphemism for if we lose the day. 6 . 
 praetorium: App. Ill, 19.— summae rei : probably dat. of summa 
 rei (not summa res), the issue. 
 
 Chap. XCV. Caesar storms Pompey’s camp. 
 
 8. dare: the pass, infin. is more usual with oportere. 10. etsi: 
 really superfluous ; see on p. 41, 17. 13. relictae : cf. p. 116, 14. 
 
 14. barbarisque auxiliis: and barbarian allies; these were not 
 mentioned in chap. 4, and their number is uncertain. 21. in altis- 
 simos montes: after the cavalry, p. 118, 19. 
 
 Chap. XCVI. The appearance of Pompey’s camp, and Pompey’s 
 flight. 
 
 23. trichilas : summer-houses. — argenti : silver-ware. 25. non¬ 
 nullorum : sc. aliorum .— protecta edera : against the heat of the 
 
NOTES.—BOOK III. 
 
 249 
 
 PAGE 
 
 sun. 28. non necessarias: Litotes; see on p. 11,6, end. 29. At 119 
 hi . . . objiciebant: and yet these very men were in the habit of re¬ 
 proaching Caesaris wretched and long-suffering army with wanton 
 excesses. At the proper time Caesar often allowed his army to have 
 a carousal; exercitu is dat. G. 67; Gr. 68, N.; H. 116. 32. equum 
 
 nactus: cf. 1.1.— ^insignibus imperatoris: the purple cloak and toga 
 trimmed with purple. App. Ill, 3, a, end. 33. equo citato : at 
 full gallop. 35. sues: see on p. 19, 36.— ex fuga: cf. ex itinere, 
 p. 22, 24. 1. opinionem: his estimate of his cavalry had so/arl20 
 
 deceived him that, etc. 3. initio . . . facto: see on p. 118, 34. 
 
 Pompey’s flight was cowardly. He had not even tried to defend his 
 impregnable camp. He had lost the battle it is true, “but the army 
 was still substantially intact, and his situation was far less perilous 
 than that of Caesar aftei the defeat of Dyrrhachium. While in Cae¬ 
 sar’s great nature despair only developed still mightier energies, the 
 feebler soul of Pompey under similar pressure sank into the infinite 
 abyss of despondency.” 
 
 Chap. XCVH. Caesar pursues and hems in the remnants of Pompey’s 
 army, 
 
 4. contendit: begged. 8. jugis ejus: along its ridges; see on 
 p. 42, 25. 14. flumen : probably the Onchestus. 
 
 Chap. XCVIH. and after their surrender proceeds to Larisa. 
 
 23. passisque palmis: with outstretched hands, as a token of suppli¬ 
 cation. Cf. p. 56, 25. 26. omnes: i.e. soldiers and lower officers. 
 
 “ The common soldiers were incorporated in the army, fines or confis¬ 
 cations of property were inflicted on the men of better rank; the sena¬ 
 tors and equites of note who were taken, with few exceptions, suffered 
 death. The time for clemency was past; the longer the civil war lasted, 
 the more remorseless and implacable it became.” According to one 
 historian, however, it was only those senators and knights who had 
 been pardoned once before, who were now put to death. The corre¬ 
 spondence of Pompey, which fell into his hands, Caesar burned without 
 reading. 27. ne qui: the indef. pron.; lest any one, etc.— quid sui: 
 any of their property. 
 
 Chap. XCIX. The losses in the battle. 
 
 33. supra: chap. 91. 34. in os adversum: directly into his face. 
 
250 
 
 CAESARIS CIVIL WAR. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 121 3. in deditionem: cl chap. 98. 4. in castellis: see on p. 116,15.— 
 
 Sullae: clp. 116, 25. 6. signaque . . .aquilae: App. Ill, 17.— They 
 
 would have it so, Caesar is said to have cried when he looked over the 
 bloody field, hoc voluerunt; tantis rebus gestis condem¬ 
 natus essem, nisi ab exercitu auxilium petiissem. 
 
 0 . Further Operations of Pompey’s Fleets. Chap, c—ci. 
 
 Chap. C. Brundisium is blockaded a second time. 
 
 11. antea: chap. 23-24. 12. Similiter: as Antony had done, chap. 
 
 24. 13. Vatinius: he had been sent after Caesar’s remaining troops. 
 
 20. factum: = quod factum est.— cognitum: see on p. 109, 5. 
 
 Chap. CI. Caesar’s Sicilian fleet is more than half destroyed. 
 
 25. praeesset: the force of the et cum continues.—P. Sulpicius: 
 cf. p. 44, 21.— Vibone : at Yibo near the strait. Vibo was an old Greek 
 city on the west coast of Bruttium, made a Eoman colony in 192, at 
 present a haven of considerable importance. 26. Pomponius: men¬ 
 tioned only here.— Messanam: see on p. 52, 8. 29. magno vento: 
 
 see on p, 57,20. 30. ad incendia: combustible. 33. cum: al¬ 
 
 though. 35. per dispositos equites : by relays of couriers. 36. futu¬ 
 rum fuisse uti amitteretur: that it (the town) would have been lost. 
 
 122 G. 240, E. 2; Gr. 308, d; H. 527, iii, N. 1. 4. eundem timorem: 
 
 the same panic-fear which the garrison of Messana had shown, led 
 Sulpicius to beach his ships near Vibo.—pari . . . ratione: in the same 
 manner, or by the same method as before, viz. p. 121,29-32; for the 
 use of atque, see on p. 58,9. 15. ut. . . fieret: so that the Pom¬ 
 
 peians themselves believed it; see on p. 70, 9. 
 
 p. The Wanderings and Death of Pompey. Chap, cii—civ. 
 
 Chap. CII. Pompey vainly seeks refuge in Syria, 
 
 24. Amphipoli : a city famous in Greek history as one of the most 
 valued possessions of Athens, on the river Strymon, commanding an 
 entrance from the sea into the plains of Macedonia.— propositum : yjwJ- 
 lished. 25. juniores: App. II, 3.— jurandi: the military oath of en¬ 
 listment, as 1. 28 shows. 29. existimari: be determined. 32. My¬ 
 tilenas: the capital of Lesbos, famous in history and poetry. Pompey 
 had left here his wife Cornelia (see on p. 12,36) and his youngest son 
 
NOTES.—BOOK IIL 
 
 ?.51 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Sextus. Plutarch describes at length their sad meeting, in his life 122 
 of Pompey. 34. Cyprum : this island, the latest acquisition of 
 England, had been wrenched by Pome from its young Egyptian prince 
 in 5S, and was now governed in connection with Cilicia. It became a 
 full imperial province with separate governor in 22 b.c., after Caesar, 
 and then Marc Antony, had given it back for a time to its rightful 
 owners. The best collection of Cypriote antiquities in the world is in 
 New York, the Cesnola collection. 35. Antiochensium': the splendid 
 capital of the Greek kings of Syria, built about 300 B-C. on the river 
 Orontes. Pompey himself had given the city its independence when 
 Syria was made a Poman province in 64. 2, dicerentur: see on 123 
 
 p. 65, 33. 5. Rhodi: the capital city of the rich and powerful island 
 
 of the same name, famous for its Colossus, a memorable siege, and as a 
 seat of learning. It had large territories on the main-land, and had 
 been devoted to Caesar from the first. Cf. Int. 3. 
 
 Chap. CIII, then comes to Egypt and begs protection from its usurp¬ 
 ing boy-king. 
 
 11. societatis: see on p. 75,16. 14. familiis: see on p. 18, 4. 16,. 
 
 Pelusium : a city on the east mouth of the Nile, the key to Egypt on 
 the N. E. In all the East Pompey the Great had been as good as 
 Poman Emperor ; now all forsook him for the coming conqueror. 
 Pompey himself, we are told, wished to take refuge in Parthia (see on 
 p. 113,11), but followed the advice of his favorite, Theophanes (see 
 biog., and on p. 82,28), to go to Egypt, as likely to be most mindful of 
 favors from him in the past, 17. Ptolemaeus : In 51 Ptolemy 
 Auletes died, a corrupt and vicious king who had been expelled from 
 his kingdom by his own subjects, and re-instated, in consequence of 
 immense bribes, by Pompey’s tool Gabinius (see his biog.) in 55. At 
 his death he left his kingdom jointly to his ten-year-old son Ptolemy, 
 and his sixteen-year-old daughter Cleopatra. The brother, under the 
 influence of his guardian Pothinus, had driven the sister out of the 
 kingdom, and she was at this time in Syria, threatening to win her 
 way back by force of arms. She it was who afterwards charmed even 
 Caesar for a while, and then Marc Antony (see biog, of the latter). 
 
 27. Gabinius . . . traduxerat: see on p. 75, 33. 
 
 Chab. CIY. He is received with kind promises but basely murdered 
 (Sept. 28, 48). 
 
 30. amici regis: the above mentioned Pothinus, the young king’s 
 
252 
 
 CAESAR’S CIVIL WAR. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 123 tutor Theodotus of Chios, and Achillas, the prefect mentioned just 
 
 below, who all perished miserably after Caesar got the upper hand in 
 Egypt. 31. sollicitato: cf. 11.23-26. 32. Alexandriam: see on 
 
 124 p. 124,32. 4. bello praedonum: see on p. 62, 35.— ordinem dux¬ 
 
 erat: App. Ill, 2, a.— naviculam parvulam: the scornful diminutives 
 apparently contrast with the former greatness of Pompey. 6. inter¬ 
 ficitur: on the day before his fifty-ninth birth-day. “As he was 
 stepping ashore the military tribune Lucius Septimius stabbed him 
 from behind, under the eyes of his wife and son, who were compelled 
 to be spectators of the murder from the deck of their vessel, without 
 being able to rescue or revenge. On the same day on which thirteen 
 years before he had entered the capital in triumph over Mithridates, 
 the man who for a generation had been called the Great, and for years 
 had ruled Rome, died on the desert sands of the inhospitable Casian 
 shore by the hand of one of his soldiers.” 
 
 Q, Caesar’s Proceedings in Asia and Egypt. Chap, cv—cxii. 
 
 Chap. CV. Prodigies which heralded Caesar’s victory. 
 
 8. in Asiam: by way of Thrace and the Hellespont; see on p. 75,11, 
 end, and cf. biog, of Cassius. 9. Epheso ex fano Dianae : see on 
 p. 89, 32. 10. his testibus. . .uteretur: they were to witness to 
 
 the amount borrowed, and so afterwards to its repayment; cf. p. 116, 
 36, with note. 13. Item: twice had the sacred temple-treasure at 
 Ephesus been wonderfully saved through Caesar; likewise other won¬ 
 derful things happened, showing how the gods were on the side of 
 Caesar.—Elide: chief city of the district of the same name in the 
 western Peloponnesus. 14. repetitis . . . diebus : reckoning and 
 counting hack the days from the time when the news of the victory 
 came. 18. Antiochiae: see on p. 122, 35. 20. civitas: collectively 
 
 used for cives. — Ptolemaide: a city of Phoenicia south of Tyre. Its 
 real name was Ace (Arabic Akka), known from the period of the cru¬ 
 sades as St. Jean d’Acre, or simply Acre. 21. Pergami: see on 
 p. 89, 7.— occultis ac reconditis: sc. partibus; rare in Caesar. 
 G. 371, R. 7; Gr. 266, b ; H. 397, 3, K 4. 22. «dura: = loca non 
 
 adeunda, well paraphrased therefore by the preceding quo . . .fas 
 non est. 23. Trallibus: a wealthy city of Caria, in the valley of 
 the Maeander. 
 
 Chap. CVI. Caesar comes to Alexandria with a few troops (about 
 Oct. 1st). 
 
NOTES.—BOOK III. 
 
 253 
 
 PAGB 
 
 27. Oypri: see on p. 122, 34.— Aegyptum: G. 342, R. 1; Gr. 258, 124 
 b; H. 380, ii, 3. 28. necessitudines regni: his claims upon that 
 
 kingdom; cf. p. 123,21, and 17, with note. 30. Fufio: sc. Caleno; 
 cf. p. 100,13. 32. Alexandriam: the famous capital of Egypt, 
 
 having a large, mixed and turbulent population, and consisting of two 
 parts, the royal citadel, called Brucheion, and the city proper, Rhaco- 
 tis. The harbor was divided into two parts by a breakwater built from 
 the island Pharus, on which stood a famous lighthouse, to Rhacotis. 
 
 1. cognoscit: Theodotus (see on p. 123, 30) brought to Caesar the head 125 
 and ring of Pompey, but gained only Caesar’s hatred for it. 4. 
 quod fasces anteferrentur : because (as consul) he was having the 
 fasces carried before him ; Caesar entered the Egyptian capital with * 
 all the insignia of power. This aroused the resistance of the popula¬ 
 tion, especially as they knew that it was Caesar who, in 65, had pro¬ 
 posed that Egypt be made a Roman province.—In hoc: i.e. Caesar’s 
 entering with so much pomp. 
 
 Chap. CVII. Caesar proposes to settle the royal quarrel himself. 
 
 9. ex Pompeianis militibus: see on p. 120, 26. 10. etesiis: N. 
 
 W. winds blowing through the dog-days and even later. 14. officio 
 suo convenire : /eZ? within his jurisdiction. 15. societas erat facta: 
 it was to gratify Pompey, while the two men were as yet friends, that 
 Caesar got a decree from the people recognizing Ptolemy Auletes as 
 socius at que amicus ; cf. Int. 6, and see on p. 14, 4. 
 
 Chap. CVIII. Plots to entrap Caesar in Alexandria. 
 
 21. ad causam dicendam: in self-defense. 23. Pelusio: see on 
 p. 123,16. 24. meminimus: made mention, a rare meaning; cf. 
 
 p. 123, 36. 27. In testamento. . .antecedebat: see on p. 123,17. 
 
 29. Haec uti fierent: to enforce these provisions. 31. Tabulae . . . 
 unae: one copy. 35. alterae eodem exemplo: a second copy, a fac¬ 
 simile. 
 
 Chap. CIX. Achillas advances against Caesar with a large force, and, 
 orders the envoys sent to him to be killed. 
 
 1. pro: in the capacity of, as. 15. occupatus . . . sublatus: was 126 
 hurriedly seized by his friends and carried off for dead. 18. suos: 
 i.e. the Egyptians. 
 
254 
 
 CAESARIS CIVIL WAR. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 126 Chap. CX. The forces of Achillas. 
 
 21. ut: = tales ut. 23. Gabinianis militibus: see on p. 75, 33, 
 and cf. p. 123, 26-29. 25. dedidicerant: had unlearned, forgotten; 
 
 dedisco.— uxores: i.e. Aegyptias. 29. fugitivis: sc. servis. 
 31. ut. . . numero : viz. to hand in their names and become soldiers. 
 33. (vim) suorum: offered to their comrades. 36. vetere . . . insti- 
 
 127 tuto: in accordance with a certain time-honored practice, etc. 4. 
 Bibuli filios duos: while proconsul of Syria in 50 (see biog.), he had 
 sent his two sons on an embassy to Egypt, where the soldiers of Gabi¬ 
 nius killed them, probably on account of their father’s hostility to the 
 plan for restoring Ptolemy Auletes. 
 
 Chap. CXI. The struggle in the streets and harbor of Alexandria. 
 
 7. earn . . . partem: the citadel; see on p. 124, 32. 24. incendit: 
 
 a large part of the city next the ship-yards, and the famous library 
 with 400,000 volumes, were also burnt. 
 
 Chap. CXII. Caesar occupies Pharus and fortifies himself in the 
 citadel. 
 
 26. Pharus: see on p. 124, 32. 29. a superioribus regionibus: 
 
 i.e. from Rhacotis. 32. oppidi magnitudine: G. 402, last Ex.; Gr. 
 251; H. 419, ii, last Ex. So more praedonum below.— quaeque . . . 
 
 128 cumque: tmesis for quae cumque. G. 720; Gr. p. 298; H. 636, v, 3. 
 
 15. filia minor: Arsinoe, who thought it a good time, now that her 
 older brother was Caesar’s prisoner, and her sister an exile, to seize the 
 throne. Cf. p. 125, 28-29. 17. inter eos : Achillas and Arsinoe. 
 
 19. jacturis: expense, viz. in giving the soldiers the necessary largi¬ 
 tiones. 21. in parte Caesaris: i.e. in that part of the city where 
 Caesar had fortified himself, or, pretending to be on Caesar's side. 
 24. Haec initia belli Alexandrini fuerunt : So far Caesar himself 
 wrote before his death in 44. The Bellum Alexandrinum, which 
 carries on the story from this point, is thought by some to have been 
 written by Aulus Hirtius (see on p. 116,15, end). The Bellum Af¬ 
 ricanum, and Bellum Hispaniense, of uncertain and inferior 
 authorship, have also come down to us in connection with Caesar’s 
 commentaries. 
 
 Won by the charms of the beautiful Cleopatra, Caesar resolved to 
 restore her to her rightful share in the throne, and so became involved 
 in a war which detained him in Egypt until March, 47, and in which 
 
NOTES,— BOOK III. 
 
 255 
 
 he narrowly escaped defeat and even death by drowning. But he suc¬ 
 ceeded at last in his attempt, and, since her older brother and rival 
 had fallen in the struggle, Cleopatra became queen of Egypt with a 
 younger brother. 
 
 Then Caesar passed rapidly into Pontus and annihilated Pharnaces, 
 the son of the great Mithridates, who had defeated Domitius Calvinus, 
 Caesar’s legate. From thence he passed through the several provinces 
 back to Romo in September, 47. But Cato and Scipio had collected a 
 large army in Africa, in connection with the King Juba who had de¬ 
 stroyed Curio. So even before the end of the year Caesar hastens 
 thither, and though here he narrowly escaped Curio’s fate, at last 
 brought the campaign to an end by his victory at Thapsus, April 6th, 
 46. (See biographies of Scipio, Cato, Juba, Petreius.) 
 
 One more desperate struggle remained before Caesar was undisputed 
 master of the world. After celebrating his triumphs, and while pro¬ 
 moting the most helpful reforms of various kinds, news came of an 
 insurrection in Spain, headed by Pompey’s two sons, Gnaeus and Sex¬ 
 tus, who had gathered there all the remnants of Pompey’s soldiers and 
 friends. In the bloody battle of Munda, March 17th, 45, Caesar 
 wrested victory from defeat and crushed the Pompeian party again. 
 (See biographies of Gnaeus Pompey and Labienus.) 
 
 Then Caesar came back to Rome, but not to rest. The Senate made 
 him Dictator, Censor and Imperator for life, and, practically, perpet¬ 
 ual Consul and Tribune, besides heaping upon him every right, honor 
 and decoration which submissiveness and flattery could suggest. This 
 absolute power Caesar now labored to establish on such a firm basis, 
 that it could be handed down to his successor as the legitimate order 
 of things, a Monarchy, instead of the old Republic which had come to 
 an end with the battle of Pharsfdus. 
 
 He reduced the Senate to the level of a mere advisory council, and 
 the sanction of the popular assemblies to a mere matter of form ; he 
 busied himself with countless reforms—reforms in the army, in finance, 
 in the government of the provinces, in the judiciary, and even in the 
 religious system and the calendar; he projected many vast plans— 
 plans to fix the imperial frontier, to take final vengeance on the Parthi- 
 ans, to remodel and adorn Rome in a style worthy of the world’s capi¬ 
 tal, to elevate the farmer class again, and to restrain undue luxury and 
 vice in the cities. If he had been ambitious to conquer the v/orld, he 
 was still more ambitious to govern it well. 
 
 But his ambition displeased men who perhaps mistook jealousy for 
 patriotism, and who, at any rate, allowed themselves to be used as the 
 tools of Caesar’s deadly enemies. They knew that he could crush all fair 
 
256 
 
 CAI^^SAIi’S CIVIL WAR. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 128 and open attacks upon him, and that he scorned to guard himself 
 against secret plots ; so a band of conspirators, most of whom had 
 received nothing but kindness at his hands, murdered Caesar in the 
 name of Liberty (March 15, 44). 
 
 “Thus he worked and created as never any mortal did before or 
 after him ; and as a worker and creator he still, after well-nigh two 
 thousand years, lives in the memory of the nations—the first, and the 
 unique. Imperator Caesar/’ 
 
APPENDIX I. 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL. 
 
 Here follow brief biographies of all the personages of any importance 
 mentioned in the Bellum Civile, arranged alphabetically according to the 
 name most prominently used by Caesar, or by the ^e?is-name if he makes 
 no distinction. 
 
 “A Roman citizen usually had three names. The first, or praenomen, 
 designated the individual [our ‘ Christian name’]; the second, ov nomen, 
 the gens or trihe ; and the third, or cognomen, the family. Thus Publius 
 Cornelius Scipio was Publius of the Scipio family of the Cornelian gens, 
 and Gains Julius Caesar was Gains of the Caesar family of the Julia/n 
 gens. The praenomen was often abbreviated : 
 
 A. 
 
 = Aulus. 
 
 M. 
 
 = Marcus. 
 
 S. 
 
 = Sextus. 
 
 Ap. 
 
 = Appius. 
 
 M.’ 
 
 = Manius. 
 
 Ser. 
 
 = Servius. 
 
 C. 
 
 = Gaius. 
 
 Mam. 
 
 = Mamercus. 
 
 Sp. 
 
 = Spurius. 
 
 Cn. 
 
 = Gnaeus. 
 
 N. 
 
 = Numerius. 
 
 T. 
 
 = Titus. 
 
 D. 
 
 = Decimus. 
 
 P. 
 
 = Publius. 
 
 Ti. 
 
 = Tiberius. 
 
 L. 
 
 = Lucius. 
 
 Q. 
 
 = Quintus. 
 
 
 
 Sometimes an agnomen or surname was added. Thus Scipio received 
 the surname Africanus from his victories in Africa : Publius Cornelius 
 Scipio Africanus. An adopted son took (1) the full name of his adoptive 
 father, and (2) an agnomen in -anus formed from the name of his own 
 gens. Thus Octavius when adopted by Caesar became Gains Julius Caesar 
 Octavianus. Afterward the title of Augustus was conferred upon him, 
 making his full name Gains Julius Caesar Octavianus Augustus. 
 
 Women were generally known by the name of their gens. Thus the 
 daughter of Julius Caesar was simply Julia; of Tullius Cicero, Tullia; of 
 Cornelius Scipio, Cornelia. Three daughters in any family of the Cornelian 
 gens would be known as Cornelia, Cornelia Secunda or Minor, and Cor¬ 
 nelia Tertia.^' 
 
 For Caesar (C. Julius), Crassus, Marius, Pompey (Magnus), Sulla (tha 
 Dictator), see the Introduction, and Plutarch’s Lives. 
 
258 
 
 APPENDIX 1. 
 
 Acilius ; Manius . . . Glabrio. A son of the Aemilia whom Sulla the 
 Dictator forced Pompey to marry while pregnant by her husband Glabrio. 
 After the services rendered Caesar in the Civil War, iii, 15, 16, 39, 40,* he 
 served him also as governor of Sicily and Achaia. 
 
 Afranius : Lucius. Had already served in Spain as legate under Pom¬ 
 pey in the Sertorian war (77 f),. and had been made consul in GO through 
 Pompey’s influence and money. When Pompey in his second consulship 
 (55) obtained the Spanish provinces (see Int. 7), he sent Afranius and Pe- 
 treius thither to govern for him. At the close of the campaign narrated in 
 the Civil War, i, 38-87, Afranius broke his parole and joined Pompey in 
 Greece, iii, 83, 88. After Pharsalus he fled to Africa, and after Thapsus 
 he tried to flee to Mauritania, but was captured and killed by Caesar’s sol¬ 
 diers (see historical conclusion to the Notes). 
 
 Ampius : T. . . . Balbus. An ardent friend of Pompey, and bitter foe 
 of Caesar. Had been tribunus plebis in 63, praetor in 59, and governor of 
 Cilicia. He was banished by Caesar after the war, iii, 105, but finally par¬ 
 doned at Cicero’s request. 
 
 Antonius : Marcus. One of the ablest but most dissipated men Rome 
 ever produced. His father died while Marc was young, and his step-father, 
 Cornelius Lentulus, was put to death in 63 by Cicero, as one of Catiline’s 
 fellow-conspirators. After a corrupt boyhood and youth, he began, when 
 about 25 years old, to win credit as a military officer in Syria (58). Four 
 years after this he won Caesar’s favor in Gaul, and through him became 
 quaestor, augur, and finally tribunus plebis (50); i, 2. Caesar mentions 
 him quite often as an enterprising and competent officer; i, 11, 18; iii, 24, 
 26, 29, 30, 34, 40, 46, 65, 89. Afterward Antony’s terrible dissipation and 
 greed for money nearly separated the two men, but the trouble was healed, 
 and Antony remained devoted to Caesar till the latter’s death, and could 
 not be won over by the conspirators. Indeed he seemed to be the proper 
 successor of Caesar, and was acting as such, when Octavianus, Caesar’s 
 nephew and adopted son, set up claims against him. A war between them 
 ended in Antony’s defeat at Mutina (43). But Octavianus now deserted 
 the senate, and formed a league with Antony and his supporter Lepidus, 
 known as the “second triumvirate.” The Roman world was divided be¬ 
 tween these three men, and the senatorial army defeated at Philippi (42). 
 Antony took the East, but here fell under the witchery of Cleopatra, lost his 
 fame as a soldier, became very luxurious and un-Roman in his ways, quar- 
 
 * References in the biographies are to book and chapter, 
 t Unless otherwise given all dates are b.c. 
 
APPENDIX I. 
 
 259 
 
 reled with Octavianus, and was finally crushed by him at the battle of 
 Actium (31). In the following year he took his own life in Egypt, on a 
 false report of Cleopatra’s death. 
 
 Attius : C. . . . Pelignus. The most that is known of him is stated i, 
 18. 
 
 Attius : P. . . . Varus. One of Pompey’s most efficient helpers. He 
 had been propraetor in Africa, and after the events described in i, 12-13, 
 went there again and raised troops for Pompey, i, £1. Kis campaign there 
 with Curio is described in ii, 23-44. After the battle at Thapsus, which 
 left Africa in Caesar’s power (see historical conclusion to the Notes), he 
 joined the Pompeians in Spain, where he perished at the battle of Munda. 
 
 Bibulus : 31. Calpurnius. Obtained the three great civil offices in the 
 same years as Caesar, viz. the aedileship in 65, the practorship in 62, and 
 the consulship in 59. He succeeded Crassus (Int, 7) as proconsul of Syria, 
 where the Parthians worried him badly, iii, Cl. His career as naval com¬ 
 mander under Pompey is quite fully described, iii, 5, 7, 8,14,15,16,18. Cf. 
 also iii, 110. He is mainly famous for that pig-headed opposition to all 
 measures of Caesar, which began in his aedileship and culminated in his 
 consulship. 
 
 Brutus : D. Junius (not to be confounded with the more celebrated con¬ 
 spirator 3Iarcus Junius Brutus). He had served under Caesar in Gaul, 
 and once very successfully as naval commander against the YenUi. After 
 the events in his life told in this history, i, 36, 56-58; ii, 3, 5, 6, 22, ho was 
 richly rewarded by Caesar with the highest political favors, but never!heless 
 joined Caesar’s murderers, who used him to lure their victim to the senate- 
 house on the fatal day. After Caesar’s death he retired to his province, 
 Gallia Cisalpina, where he became involved in a war Avith Antony, then 
 with Octavianus also. He was at last deserted by his own soldiers and 
 killed by order of Antony (43). 
 
 Caecilius : L. . . . Rufus. Mentioned only i, 23. An obscure member 
 of the aristocratic party, perhaps the one who was tribunus plebis in C3 and 
 praetor in 57. 
 
 Caesar ; L. Julius. Distinguished by adolescens or filius from his 
 father of the same name. Their relation to Oaius Julius Caesar is un¬ 
 certain. The father was an uncle of Marc Antony, and had been consul in 
 64. He did not get the usual consular province, and in 52 was one of Gains 
 Caesar’s legates in Gaul. Though naturally belonging to the aristocratic 
 party, he broke with it at the beginning of the Civil War, and favored 
 
260 
 
 APPENDIX I. 
 
 Gaius Caesar, though remaining in Rome. His after career was quite un¬ 
 important. 
 
 The son joined Pompey and appears as his legate, i, 8, 9, 10; as one of 
 his naval commanders, ii, 23. He was pardoned by Gaius Caesar at the 
 close of the war, but soon after murdered. Cicero had a mean opinion of 
 him, and called him scopae solutae, i.e. “ an old broom.” 
 
 Caesar : L. Julius; ii, 20. An amicus et necessarius^’ of Gaius Caesar. 
 His grandfather of the same name, an uncle of the dictator, was consul in 
 91. In 47 he received Syria as a province, but was killed there in the fol¬ 
 lowing year by his mutinous soldiers. 
 
 Calenus : see Fufius. 
 
 Calidius : M.; i, 2. A famous orator, much praised by Cicero. He had 
 been praetor, but lost his canvass for the consulship (51). After the debate 
 in the senate above referred to, he joined Caesar’s party, and was made 
 governor of Gallia Cispadana, where he died (48). 
 
 Calvinus : see Domitius. 
 
 Calvisius : C. . . . Sabinus ; iii, 34, 35, 56. After what is here told of 
 him, he received from Caesar the province of Africa (45), was praetor in 
 44, and consul in 39. He served Octavianus as naval commander in the 
 struggle with Sextus Pompey. 
 
 Caninius : C. . . . Rebilus. Had been a prominent legate of Caesar’s in 
 Gaul (52-51). After what is told in i, 26, he went to Africa with Curio, 
 whom he survived ; ii, 24, 34. In 46 he fought again in Africa under 
 Caesar himself. On the last day of the year 45, after the sudden death of 
 the consul Fabius, Caesar made Rebilus consul for the rest of the year. 
 
 Cassius : C. . . . Longinus. Had distinguished himself in the fatal cam¬ 
 paign of Crassus against the Parthians (Int. 7), and governed Syria most 
 rapaciously till Bibulus came as successor to Crassus, although he did 
 bravely repel an invasion of the Parthians which Bibulus was too feeble to 
 cope with. He was tribunus plebis in 49, and did Pompey good service in 
 the Civil War as naval commander; iii, 5,101. It is said that while Caesar 
 was crossing the Hellespont with a few small boats, on his way into Asia 
 after the battle of Pharsalus, Cassius bore down upon him with ten ships 
 of war, but was so overpowered by the boldness with which Caesar faced 
 him demanding his surrender, that he gave himself up at once. Caesar 
 pardoned him, and raised him to office and power, in return for which he 
 devised the conspiracy against Caesar’s life, and helped murder him with 
 
APPENDIX 1. 
 
 261 
 
 his own hand, out of mere jealousy and hatred—“yon Cassius has a lean 
 and hungry look.” He took his own life after being defeated at Philippi 
 (42). He was able, but greedy and mean. 
 
 Cassius : L. , . . Longinus. A younger brother of the above. After 
 serving Caesar as told iii, 34-36, 56, he became tribunus plebis in 44, and 
 later supported Octavianus against Antony. 
 
 Cassius : Q. . . . Longinus. A man of avarice and cruelty. He had 
 been Pompey’s quaestor in Spain (54), and in 49 was tribunus plebis with 
 Antony, and a foe of the aristocracy, i, 2. Caesar took him into Spain, and, 
 after the defeat of Pompey’s forces, left him there as governor of the fur¬ 
 ther province, ii, 19, 21. Here he was so greedy and harsh that his life was 
 always in danger from insurrection. When he had been removed from his 
 place in 47, and tried to leave the province with his ill-gotten wealth, the 
 ship on which he had embarked sank, and he was drowned at the mouth of 
 the Iberus. 
 
 Cato : M. Porcius . . . Uticensis ; i, 4, 30, 32. Great-grandson of Cato the 
 Censor, surnamed Uticensis from the place where he took his own life after 
 Caesar’s final victory over him. He was born in 95, but early became an 
 orphan. In youth he showed many of the qualities which marked his politi¬ 
 cal career. He was slow, stubborn and unmanageable. Though far inferior 
 to his famous ancestor, he took him for his model in all things, and became 
 a type of ancient frugality and severity. He served creditably in the army, 
 but showed no military taste or genius. The one tender feature of his life 
 was his love for his half-brother Caepio, whose early death he passionately 
 mourned. This grief and his unhappy experiences with women, did much 
 to sour his nature. He served now as quaestor, and reformed many abuses 
 of the ofiice, so that he won general admiration. In 63 he was elected tri¬ 
 bunus plebis, in open hostility to Pompey. His whole political career was 
 now a long but vain opposition to the influence of any one particular man as 
 opposed to that of the senate. Thus he violently opposed Pompey, Crassus 
 and Caesar, only to be used by all in spite of himself. He had no system 
 or definite aim in his opposition, and so wasted his strength. In attempts 
 to do away with political bribery, he more than once suffered personal vio¬ 
 lence at the hands of a mob. In 54 he obtained the ofiice of praetor, but in 
 51 lost an election to the consulship, through the influence of Caesar and 
 Pompey, though he had favored Pompey’s being made sole consul in 52. 
 During the Civil War, though siding with Pompey, he gained no credit, 
 being no soldier, and thinking more of the horrors of the war, than of the 
 best way to stop it. After the battle of Pharsalus he went to Africa from 
 Dyrrhachium, where he had been left in command, and in 47 joined the 
 
262 
 
 APPENDIX 1. 
 
 other friends of Pompey. After the defeat at Thapsus (46) he retired to 
 Utica and took his own life, rather than fall into the hands of Caesar. The 
 manner of his death, of which Plutarch gives a full account, led to his 
 being unduly glorified by his friends. He was a stern martyr to his con¬ 
 victions, although a great modern historian calls him “the Don Quixote of 
 the senatorial party,” and a “fool.” 
 
 Clodius : Aulus; iii, 57, 90. Possibly the son of the famous demagogue 
 (see on p. 84, 19), but little is known of him. 
 
 Coelius : M. . . . Rufus. One of the most dissipated and worthless of 
 Caesar’s supporters. He had been intimate with the conspirator Catiline, 
 though Cicero says he had no part in the conspiracy. In 52 he was tribunus 
 plebis, and one of the supporters of Milo (see on p. 84,19). He wavered 
 between Caesar and Pompey until he saw that Caesar was the stronger, 
 then joined him. The part he took in the discussion described in i, 2, marks 
 his break with the senatorial party. He served Caesar in minor capacities 
 and received a praetorship in 48, but being overwhelmed by jealousy of a 
 more favored rival (C. Trebonius), and by disappointment because Caesar’s 
 financial measures did not allow him to get rid of paying his heavy debts, 
 he tried to raise a sedition against Caesar during the latter’s campaign 
 against Pompey in Greece. What happened to him then, Caesar himself 
 relates, iii, 20-22. 
 
 Considius : (7. . . . Longus; ii, 23. Had been propraetor in Africa, and 
 had just returned from Home, where he had tried to get elected consul. 
 He remained in Africa during the war without accomplishing much for 
 Pompey, and was killed in trying to flee to Mauritania after the battle of 
 Thapsus (46). 
 
 Coponius : C. ; iii, 5, 26. One of the praetors when the war broke out, 
 but known chiefly from what is said of him in this history. 
 
 Cornelius \ L. . . .Balbus {Minor)', iii, 19. The Minor distinguishes 
 him from his more famous uncle of the same name, who, for his fidelity to 
 Rome in the Sertorian war in Spain, received from Pompey the citizenship for 
 himself, his brotner, and his brother’s sons, and who rose to great influence 
 at Rome through Pompey’s favor. The family was from Gades, in Spain, 
 v/here Balbus Minor was quaestor in 44r-43, after serving Caesar throughout 
 the civil wars. Twenty years afterward he is mentioned as proconsul of 
 Africa, and he celebrated a triumph in 19 for a victory there. He became 
 so rich that he could build a costly theatre at Rome at his own expense. 
 
APPENDIX L 
 
 2b3 
 
 Cotta : L. Aurelius ; i, 6. Had been consul in 65, was a great friend of 
 Cicero, and yet on Caesar’s side in the Civil War, though he took no active 
 part. He was a relation of Caesar’s mother. 
 
 Curio : C. Scribonius. Like Marc Antony, a very gifted, but a very 
 dissolute man. Though an aristocrat by birth and disposition, Caesar suc¬ 
 ceeded in bribing him over to his side by paying his enormous debts for 
 him. As tribunus plebis in 50, he very cunningly served Caesar while 
 seeming neutral (Int. 8). His subsequent career is told by Caesar; i, 12, 
 18, 30, 31; ii, 3, 23-44. Cf. iii, 10. 
 
 Decidius : L. . . . Saxa; i, 66. A native of Celtiberia who was made 
 not only Koman citizen through Caesar’s favor, but even tribunus plebis in 
 44. After his patron’s death he joined Antony, who made him governor of 
 Syria, where he died. 
 
 Domitius : L. . . . Ahenobarbus. Brother-in-law of Cato, to whom he 
 was closely allied in politics also. Like him he opposed both Caesar and 
 Pompey until the friendship between them was broken, and then took sides 
 with Pompey. He had been consul in 54. On the outbreak of the Civil 
 War he was the only member of the aristocratic party who showed anything 
 like energy, but he was left in the lurch by Pompey. Caesar describes the 
 rest of his career; i, 6, 15-23,34, 36, 56; ii, 3, 18, 22, 28, 32; iii, 83, 99. 
 
 Domitius : L. . . . Calvinus. Had been opposed to Caesar as tribunus 
 plebis in 59, was guilty of shameful bribery when running for consul in 54, 
 and would have suffered for it but for Pompey. In the Civil War however 
 he fought on Caesar’s side; iii, 34, 36-38, 78, 79, 89. After the war he re¬ 
 ceived the province of Asia, where he was badly defeated by Pharnaces (see 
 historical remarks at close of Notes). He was to have been magister equi¬ 
 tum (App. II, 14, end) in 44, but the death of Caesar prevented. He served 
 Octavianus feebly, was consul a second time in 40, governed Spain poorly 
 as proconsul, and celebrated a triumph in 36. 
 
 Favonius : M.; iii, 36, 57. Called the ‘‘Ape of Cato.” Like him he op¬ 
 posed both Caesar and Pompey and all their designs, though belonging 
 really to the aristocratic party. At last we find him serving Pompey in the 
 war, in spite of his hatred of him, and, to his credit be it said, after the 
 disaster at Pharsalus he showed him every kindness. He was pardoned by 
 Caesar, but after the latter’s murder joined the conspirators, whom he 
 bothered as much as he had Caesar and Pompey, After Philippi (42) Oc¬ 
 tavianum had him killed. 
 
264 
 
 APPENDIX I. 
 
 Fufius : Q. . . . Calenus. Mentioned once in the Bellum Gallicum as 
 Caesar’s legate. As tribunus plebis also in 61, and as praetor in 59, he had 
 been a mere tool in Caesar’s hands. After what is told of him in this his¬ 
 tory, i, 87; iii, 8, 14, 26, 56, he was made consul by Caesar in 47, and after 
 Caesar’s death served Antony as legate. He died in 41. 
 
 Gabinius : A.; iii, 4, 103. As tribunus plebis in 66 he had proposed and 
 helped carry the famous law giving Pompey sole command of the war 
 against the pirates (see on p. 62, 35). He was consul in 58, and then pro- 
 consul in Syria. During his administration of this province, supported by 
 Pompey, he illegally assisted the worthless Ptolemy Auletes (see on p. 123, 
 17) to regain his throne in Egypt. For this he was tried on his return to 
 Home, and at last banished. In 49 he returned and joined Caesar’s party. 
 After Pharsalus Caesar sent him to assist his legate Cornificius in Illyricum, 
 but he was here defeated, and forced to shut himself up in Salona (see on 
 p. 77, 25), where he died. 
 
 Juba : first king of Humidia of that name. He was strongly attached 
 to Pompey out of gratitude for favors received, and out of hatred for 
 Caesar’s pet officer Curio, who, when tribunus plebis, had proposed to make 
 Numidia a Homan province. Juba’s triumph over Curio is told in ii, 23-44. 
 Cf. i, 6. After Pharsalus he supported the Pompeians in Africa, and after 
 Thapsus had Petreius kill him, because refused entrance into his own 
 stronghold of Zama (see historical remarks at close of Notes). 
 
 Labienus : T. Atius; i, 15; iii, 13,19, 71, 87. Had been tribunus plebis 
 in 63, and Caesar’s most trusted and able legate all through the Gallic cam¬ 
 paigns (58-50), but at the outbreak of the Civil War deserted his old leader 
 and entered the service of Pompey, where he displayed a most cruel and 
 venomous hatred toward Caesar and his old comrades-in-arms. He was 
 prominent in the battles of Pharsalus, Thapsus and Munda, in each of 
 which he was thoroughly beaten by Caesar, and in the last of which he was 
 killed, having himself, by a singular fatality, produced the disorder in the 
 Pompeian ranks which turned the desperate struggle in Caesar’s favor. 
 
 Laelius : D.; iii, 5, 7, 40, 100. The most known of him is told in this 
 history. 
 
 Lentulus : L. Cornelius . . . {Crus). Consul in 49 with Gains Marcellus 
 the younger, defeating Caesar’s friend Sergius Galba. His career after the 
 outbreak of the Civil War Caesar describes ; i, 1, 2, 4, 6, 10, 14; iii, 4, 96, 
 102, 104. 
 
APPENDIX I. 
 
 265 
 
 Lentous : P. Cornelius . . . {Spinther). A very wealthy patrician, prae¬ 
 tor in 60, propraetor in Spain through Caesar’s favor in 59-58, consul in 
 57. Here he abandoned Caesar and took sides with the aristocracy. His 
 consular province was Cilicia, where he remained during 56-53. In the 
 Civil War he took Pompey’s part. What more is known of him Caesar 
 himself relates; i, 15, 16, 21, 22, 23; iii, 83, 102. 
 
 Lepidus : M. Aemilius; ii, 21. See on p. 61, 34. In return for this ser¬ 
 vice Caesar made him proconsul of Hispania Citerior in 48, and magister 
 equitum (App. II, 14, end) in 46. After Caesar’s death Lepidus joined An¬ 
 tony, and became one of the ‘ ‘ second triumvirate ” (see biog. of Antony), 
 but was always an inferior member. 
 
 Libo : L. Scribonius ; i, 26; iii, 5, 15, 16, 18, 23, 24, 90,100, Father-in- 
 law of Sextus Pompey. His career during the Civil War is quite fully de¬ 
 scribed by Caesar himself. At Caesar’s death he was still in Spain with his 
 son-in-law, between whom and the ‘ ‘ second triumvirate ” (see biog. of An¬ 
 tony) he effected a peace in 39. In 35, however, he abandoned his hopeless 
 cause, and in 34 was consul with Antony. 
 
 Lucceius : L.; iii, 18. A historian, candidate for the consulship with 
 Caesar in 60, but defeated by Bibulus. He then devoted himself to writing 
 a history of Rome. After the war he was pardoned and returned to Rome 
 by Caesar. 
 
 Lucilius : C. . . . Hirrus; i, 15; iii, 82. Apparently one of Rome’s un¬ 
 lucky politicians. He had been tribunus plebis in 53, but had failed to get 
 elected aedile, and so was shut out of the usual line of political promotion. 
 His embassy to the Parthians resulted simply in his being imprisoned by 
 them, and nothing more is known of him. 
 
 Lucretius : Q.; i, 18. This is the most that is known of him. 
 
 Lucretius : Q. . . . Vespillo; iii, 7. We know further of his being pro¬ 
 scribed by the ‘‘second triumvirate ” (see biog. of Antony) in 43, but after¬ 
 ward pardoned, and of his being consul in 19. 
 
 Manlius : L. . . . Torquatus ; i, 24 ; iii, 11. A very cultured aristocrat, 
 and friend of Cicero. After the events told in this history he joined the 
 Pompeians in Africa, where he was slain in trying to escape to Spain. 
 
 Marcellus : M. Claudius. Consul in 51 through the favor of Pompey, 
 whom he sought to repay by urging the senate to take strong measures 
 against Caesar. He outran his master even in his zeal, but gradually be- 
 
266 
 
 APPENDIX L 
 
 came more temperate as his violent proposals failed of support, so that in 
 49 we find him trying to act as a check on his own party, i, 2. But he was 
 now carried away by the eagerness of Caesar’s enemies, which he had done 
 all he could to fan. He fled to Greece with Pompey, but seems to have 
 foreseen Caesar’s triumph, and to have acted with no enthusiasm. After 
 Pharsalus he withdrew to MytilGne (sec on p. 122, 82) and gave himself up 
 to literary pursuits. He was himself too proud to ask Caesar for pardon, 
 but his friends did it for him, and Caesar restored him to all his posses¬ 
 sions. On his way home, however, he was murdered by a servant. He is 
 said to have been second only to Cicero in oratory. 
 
 Marcellus : C. C laudius (1); i, 6, 14; iii, 5. A younger brother of the 
 preceding. His hatred of Caesar seems to have been his only political 
 capital, in consequence of which he was elected consul with Lentulus Crus 
 for 49. He probably perished in the war, as nothing further is heard of 
 him. 
 
 Marcellus : (7. Claudius (2). First cousin of the two preceding, consul 
 in 50, the year after Marcus Marcellus. Like him he was a great friend of 
 Cicero, and warmly attached to Pompey, although he married Caesar’s 
 niece Octavia. His activity as consul was very like that of his cousin Mar¬ 
 cus, i.e. he went beyond the support of his own friends in hostility to 
 Caesar. He continued the attempt begun by Marcus to deprive Caesar of 
 his command, but succeeded so far only as to get a decree of the senate 
 withdrawing two legions from him (Int. 8). After failing to get the senate 
 to array Pompey and his soldiers formally against Caesar, he did so on his 
 own personal authority, seconded only by the two consuls elected for the 
 next year (49), viz. his cousin Gains and Lentulus Crus (Int. 9). After the 
 war broke out he played the coward more than even Cicero. He remained 
 in Italy, and succeeded, perhaps on account of his relationship, in getting 
 Caesar to pardon him. He died probably in 41. 
 
 Murcus : see Statius. 
 
 Nasidius : L.; ii, 3-5. Besides wbat Caesar says of him little is known. 
 He subsequently followed the fortunes of Sextus Pompey, and then those 
 of Antony. 
 
 Octavius : M.; iii, 5, 9. After Pharsalus he tried to secure Illyricum 
 for the Pompeian party, besieging Gabinius (see his biog.) in Salona, but, 
 failing in the attempt, fled to Africa, He afterward commanded part of 
 Antony’s fleet at the battle of Actium (31). 
 
APPENDIX L 
 
 261 
 
 Pedius ; Q. A nephew of Caesar, and one of his legates in Gaul. Caesa? 
 raised him to the praetorship after the outbreak of the Civil War, and left 
 him in Italy during the campaign in Greece. Here he suppressed Milo’s 
 insurrection; iii, 22. He was afterward given a triumph in 45 for good 
 service in Spain, was one of Caesar’s principal heirs, and was consul with 
 Octavianus in 42, during which year he died, just after the formation of 
 the “second triumvirate” (see biog. of Antony). 
 
 Petreius : 31. A man of great military experience and capacity. He 
 conquered Catiline in 62. His career after surrendering to Caesar in Spain 
 (i, 38-87; cf. ii, 17-18) is like that of Afranius. He too broke his parole 
 and joined Pompey in Greece, fled to Africa after Pharsalus, and after 
 Thapsus fled with King Juba (see his biog.) to Zama. On being refused 
 admittance to the town, they took each other’s lives. 
 
 Philippus : L. llarcius; i, 6. Had been consul in 56. He was the sec¬ 
 ond husband of Caesar’s niece, and step-father of Octavianus (Augustus). 
 Although thus closely connected with Caesar, he seems to have remained 
 neutral during the Civil War, without, however, forfeiting Caesar’s good¬ 
 will. He lived to see his step-son master of the world. 
 
 Piso : L, Calpurjiius; i, 3. Father of Caesar’s fourth wife, Calpurnia, 
 a corrupt and wanton man. He had been consul in 58 through Caesar’s 
 influence, as his colleague Gabinius (see his biog.) was through that of 
 Pompey. He helped banish Cicero. Although the official plundering of 
 the provinces had come to be almost the privilege of a consular, his extor¬ 
 tions in Macedonia were so shameless as to bring about his recall by the 
 senate, after he had been in office only two years of the customary five (57- 
 56). In 50 he was censor at Caesar’s request. When the Civil War broke 
 out he remained neutral. After Caesar’s murder he became a friend of 
 Antony. 
 
 Pompeius ; Gnaeus . . . {Filius) ; iii, 4, 5, 40. The eldest son of Pompey 
 the Great, named after his father. After Pharsalus he went to Africa, then 
 to Spain, where Caesar defeated him and his more famous younger brother 
 Sextus in the bloody battle of Munda (see historical remarks at close of 
 Notes). Gnaeus was captured and killed. 
 
 Quintilius : 8. .. . Varus; i, 23; ii, 28. After these events he was par¬ 
 doned by Caesar, but fought on the side of Brutus and Cassius at Philippi, 
 after which battje he had his freedman kill him, 
 
 Rebilus : see Caninius. 
 
268 
 
 APPENDIX L 
 
 Roscius ; L. Formerly a legate of Caesar in Gaul, praetor urhanus 
 when this history opens, mentioned i, 3, 8, 9,10. 
 
 Rufus : see Coelius. 
 
 Rutilius : P. . . . Lupus; i, 24; iii, 56. Had been tribunus plebis in 56, 
 and was one of Caesar’s bitterest enemies. 
 
 Scipio : Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius. A man of the highest aristocratic 
 connections, belonging to the great family of the Scipios by birth, and to 
 that of the Metelli by birth and adoption. He was perhaps the most bitter, 
 unjust and dishonest of all the senators opposed to Caesar. He was tribunus 
 plebis in 59, and in 53 candidate for the consulship, in that campaign so 
 corrupt and violent that Pompey had to be appointed sole consul. After 
 order had been restored, Pompey made Scipio his colleague, and from this 
 time on used him as a pliant tool against Caesar, having also married his 
 daughter Cornelia (Scipio’s name before his adoption was P. Cornelius 
 Scipio Nasica) after the death of Julia. Scipio headed the movement in 
 the senate against Caesar, which resulted in the scene described i, 1-2. 
 Caesar makes frequent mention of him in this history, and often with ill- 
 concealed scorn; i, 4, 6; iii, 4, 31-33, 36-38, 57, 78-83, 88, 90. After Phar¬ 
 salus Scipio fled to Africa and took command of the Pompeians there with 
 King Juba. After Thapsus he tried to escape by sea, but was driven 
 back by adverse winds, and when overpowered by Caesar’s fleet killed, 
 himself. 
 
 Sertorius : Q.; i, 61; cf. iii, 19,1. 8. One of the most important partisans 
 of Marius in the first Civil War. After his praetorship in 83 he received 
 Spain as his province, whither he withdrew as he saw the coming fall of 
 his party. In 81 Sulla expelled him from this province, but he came back 
 in the same year on invitation of the Lusitani, and at their head waged 
 successful war against Rome’s best generals till 72, when he was treach¬ 
 erously murdered. After his death Pompey speedily put an end to the 
 war. See Plutarch’s Life. 
 
 Servilius : P. . . . Vatia {Isauricus) ; iii, 1, 21. Son of the famous con¬ 
 queror of the Cilician pirates (78-74). He was a political turncoat. Before 
 the outbreak of the Civil War he had been on the side of the aristocrats, 
 afterward, while Caesar lived, he served him faithfully, and was proconsul 
 of Asia in 46. After Caesar’s death, however, he joined the aristocratic 
 party again. Later he deserted them and served Octavianus, through 
 whom he was made consul again in 41. 
 
APPENDIX L 
 
 269 
 
 Statius : L. . . . Murcus; iii, 15-16. Praetor in 45, and received Syria as 
 his province, where he went over to the Pompeian party, and did them good 
 service, but, on joining Sextus Pompey with his fleet in 42, he was ungrate¬ 
 fully murdered. 
 
 Sulla : Paustus Cornelius ; i, 6. A feeble son of the great dictator. He 
 belonged to the party of Pompey not only as an aristocrat, but because he 
 had married his daughter Pompeia. The highest otflce which he reached 
 was that of quaestor (54). His political career was cut short by the outbreak 
 of the war. He was with Pompey at Pharsalus, then escaped to Africa. 
 After the battle of Thapsus he was seized and brought to Caesar’s camp, 
 where he was killed in a tumult of the soldiers. 
 
 Sulla : P. Cornelius; iii, 51, 89, 99. A nephew of the great dictator who 
 had so persecuted Caesar (Int. 1). He had been elected consul in 66, but 
 convicted of bribery, so that he never held the otflce. He had also barely 
 escaped conviction as one of Catiline’s fellow-conspirators. He was given 
 posts of great honor in Caesar’s campaign in Greece, but died in great 
 odium shortly after the close of the war, 
 
 Sulpicius : P. . . . Rufus; iii, 101. Had been a legate of Caesar in Gaul, 
 with important trusts. 
 
 Theophanes : a Greek of Mytilene, a writer of history, whose acquaint¬ 
 ance Pompey had made in Asia. He was honored by him with the Roman 
 citizenship, and assumed the surname of Gnaeus Pompeius. He had the 
 greatest influence over his patron, and was much courted in Rome on that 
 account. He wrote a very partial history of Pompey’s campaigns (Cic. pro 
 Archia, x, 24). He too was pardoned by Caesar after the war. 
 
 Thermus : Q. Minucius; i, 12. Propraetor in Asia in 51-50. After 
 Caesar’s death he joined the party of Sextus Pompey, the famous son of 
 the great Pompey. 
 
 Trebonius : C. Had been tribunus plebis in 55, and a ready tool of the 
 triumvirate. He was rewarded by Caesar with the office of legate in Gaul, 
 where he stayed till the outbreak of the Civil Y/ar. After what is said of 
 him in this history, i, 36; ii, 1, 4, 13,15, 17, 18; iii, 20, 21, Caesar had him 
 made praetor at Rome, then governor of Further Spain, then consul in 45, 
 with Asia as his province. In return for this kindness he joined the con¬ 
 spirators against Caesar’s life. It was he who was detailed to keep Antony 
 engaged while the murder of Caesar was going on. He v/ent to his pro¬ 
 vince after Caesar’s death, but was killed there by Antony’s orders in 43. 
 
270 
 
 APPENDIX 1. 
 
 Triarius : see Valerius. 
 
 Tubero : L. Aelius. A literary friend and relative of Cicero. After 
 what is told of him in i, 39-31, he joined Pompey in Greece, but was 
 afterward pardoned by Caesar, and returned to Kome to pursue his 
 studies. 
 
 Valerius : ( 7 . . . . Triarius. Praised as an orator by Cicero, but known 
 mostly from this history, iii, 5, 92. He probably perished in Africa. 
 
 Valerius : L. . . . Flaccus ; iii, 53. The father had been praetor in 03, 
 and assisted Cicero in crushing the conspiracy of Catiline. In 59 Cicero 
 had defended him successfully, in an oration which has been preserved, 
 from the charge of extortion in his province of Asia, of which he was 
 doubtless guilty. At this trial his son, though a mere boy, was introduced 
 into court by Cicero, to excite pity for his father. 
 
 Varus : see Attius. 
 
 Valerius : Q.; i, 30-31. Had been praetor in 56, and proconsul in Asia 
 in 55. 
 
 Varro : M. Terentius. The most learned Roman scholar, the most volu¬ 
 minous Roman author, and yet no literary recluse. He had held a naval 
 command under Pompey in the war against the pirates (67), and had also 
 served him in the Mithridatic War, as had Afranius. He, too, after this 
 campaign (i, 38; ii, 17-21), joined Pompey in Greece, but after Pharsalus 
 threw himself on Caesar’s mercy, was pardoned by him and restored to 
 literary activity. He was at this time nearly seventy years old. 
 
 Vatinius : P.; iii, 19, 90, 100. One of the many hirelings of Caesar. It 
 was he who, as tribunus plebis, brought forward the bill by which Caesar 
 obtained his northern provinces (Int. 6). He was made Caesar’s legate for 
 this service, and praetor in 55 through the influence and money of the 
 triumvirate. After what is said of him in this history, he was made tem¬ 
 porary consul by Caesar in 47, and waged war successfully for his master 
 in Illyricum against the Pompeians, while Caesar was in Africa. After 
 Caesar’s death he remained faithful to his party and the “second trium¬ 
 virate.” 
 
 Vibullius '. L. . . . Rufus. A senator and strong friend of Pompey, his 
 praefectus fabrum (App. Ill, 14) at the breaking out of the Civil War. 
 
APPENDIX L 
 
 271 
 
 Most that we know of him is told by Caesar in this history; i, 15, 34, 38; 
 iii, 10, 11, 15, 18, 22. 
 
 Volusenus : C. . . . Quadratus ; iii, 60. Had been tribunus militum 
 (App. Ill, 0) for Caesar in Gaul, and is called vir et consilii magni et vir¬ 
 tutis. He became tribunus plebis in 43, and supported Antony. 
 
272 
 
 APPENDIX II. 
 
 THE CONSTITUTION OF THE LATER ROMAN REPUBLIC. 
 
 t 
 
 1. Gives Romani. Before the outbreak of the civil war between Caesal 
 and Pompey, Rome had extended her power quite around the Mediterranean. 
 To save herself trouble she still left some portions of this ‘ ‘ circle of lands ” 
 under the sway of native princes, like the kings of Egypt, Numidia, and 
 Mauritania; these play-kings were independent just so far as Rome gra¬ 
 ciously permitted them to be. The rest of the empire, except Italy, was 
 organized into about a dozen provinces, each under the military rule of a 
 proconsul or propraetor, sent out by the Roman Senate. The inhabitants 
 of Italy itself—of course excluding women, children, and slaves—were cives 
 Romani, the rulers of the Roman world. But wherever a Roman citizen 
 lived, he must go to the city, if he wished to vote, or be voted for. No one 
 had yet thought of our simple device of casting the votes at any number of 
 convenient places, and merely sending the result to the capital. In theory 
 the entire Populus Romanus met in the Campus Martius to elect their 
 consuls; although in fact only a small fraction of them could possibly be 
 present. It was really, in ordinary cases, a city mob, to whom the sale of 
 their votes was a chief source of income, that chose magistrates and made 
 the laws. Finally, the nobility, consisting of a few wealthy families, who 
 had degenerated no less than the common people, were able to keep the 
 offices pretty much in their own hands. The result of the Civil War was to 
 overturn this corrupt and selfish aristocracy, supported by a degraded city 
 rabble, and put in its place Caesar, supported by an army drawn from the 
 still uncorrupted portions of the empire. 
 
 2. Of the three popular assemblies the Comitia Tributa, or assembly by 
 tribes, was at this time by far the most important. In it the people acted 
 upon all projects of law proposed by the magistrates, and elected the tri¬ 
 bunes, aediles, quaestors, and certain inferior officers. The city itself was 
 divided into four wards, or tribus, and a certain part of the adjoining ter¬ 
 ritory into 31 more ; in these 85 tribes all citizens were enrolled. Each 
 division had a single vote, determined, of course, by a majority of the tribe 
 
^APPENDIX II. 
 
 273 
 
 members. The tribunes, consuls, and praetors could summon and preside 
 over this assembly, and only the presiding magistrate could bring business 
 before it. All public discussions took place in meetings {contiones), previ¬ 
 ous to the comitia proper. At the time for voting, the people arranged 
 themselves by tribes in certain pens, marked otf by cords or other barriers 
 {saepta). One tribe, selected by lot, voted first, each man handing his 
 ballot to a rogator, as ho went through a narrow passage called pons into a 
 larger enclosure called ovilc, or ‘‘shcepfold.” These ballots were counted at 
 once and the result announced; then the other tribes voted in the same 
 manner and probably all at the same time, each passing through a separate 
 pons. The vote of the first tribe often had more influence over the succeed¬ 
 ing voters than any number of arguments. A majority of tribal votes 
 decided the matter. 
 
 3. In the Comitia Centuriata, or assembly by classes and centuries, the 
 people elected the consuls, praetors, and censors. In each of the 35 tribes, 
 the citizens who had property worth 11,000 asses (about $220) or more, 
 were divided into five classes, according to wealth, the richest in the first 
 class, and the poorest in the fifth. Each class in every tribe was further 
 divided into two companies {centuriae), one of seniores, or men above 
 forty-five years of age, the other of juniores, or men between seventeen and 
 forty-five. Thus every tribe contained 10 centuriae, each having one vote. 
 Above these 350 companies were 18 centuries of equites —that is those pos¬ 
 sessed of 400,000 sestertii (about $16,000), or more. There were, besides, 
 four centuries of workmen and musicians, and below all one century of 
 proletarii, or citizens having less than 11,000 asses. The number of cen¬ 
 turiae, then, was properly 373; by the arrangement described above, it is 
 plain that wealth and mature age had more weight in the comitia centuri¬ 
 ata than in the comitia tributa. In voting, which was done in the same 
 way as in the comitia tributa, one of the 70 centuries of the first class was 
 selected by lot to vote first; after the announcement of this result, the other 
 centuries of the first class voted, together with the equites ; then came the 
 other classes in order. Further, with each of the four latter classes, there 
 voted a century made up of those who had arrived too late to vote in their 
 proper classes. Thus there were in all 377 votes, a majority of which 
 decided. During this period it was almost always a consul who sum¬ 
 moned and presided over meetings of the comitia centuriata. 
 
 Both these assemblies were often as thinly attended as the town-meeting 
 in a Hew England city, sometimes not more than five voters appearing 
 for each tribe. 
 
 4. The Comitia Curiata was the ancient assembly of patricians only; 
 it still survived as a mere form, but possessed no political power 
 whatever. 
 
 18 
 
274 
 
 APPENDIX II. 
 
 5. The Senatus superintended the entire administration, while the mag« 
 istrates were practically its ministers. 
 
 a. Indirectly the senate was filled by popular election. For, under 
 the Sullan constitution (b.c. 81-70) the 20 quaestors became senators at 
 the close of their year of office ; and when the censors were restored in 
 B.c. 70, and their ancient right of revising the list of senators revived, 
 the censors were obliged to choose all who had held the quaestorship or 
 any higher office. Thus the senate contained all the statesmanship 
 and all the military ability that was known to exist in the state. A 
 senator held his position for life, unless removed by the censors, and that 
 rarely happened. The quaestors and higher magistrates attended the 
 meetings of the senate as members of the government, and gave their 
 opinion when asked, but could not vote. That is, they were not full 
 senators, even though they had been before, and again became full senators 
 after their year of office; but they had the/ws serdentiae dicendae. 
 
 b. The right of calling the senate together, of presiding over its ses¬ 
 sions, and of bringing business before the meeting, belonged to consuls 
 and tribunes, and to praetors with the consent of the consuls. Usually 
 nothing was said about a quorum; but at this time sessions were often 
 thinly attended, so that Cato Uticensis was conspicuous for being always 
 present. At a full meeting over 400 appeared. The magistrate who had 
 called the meeting presided, and had complete control of the business of 
 the session.. He brought before the senate {referre ad senatum)^ in what¬ 
 ever order he chose, the subjects on which he desired advice ; no one 
 could make a motion Avithout his permission, and no one could give an 
 opinion until called upon by him. In introducing business, the chairman 
 might ask advice on particular subjects {referre finite de singulis rebus), 
 or, in general terms, ask the senate to consider the condition of the state 
 {infinite de repuUica referre). If he chose to allow debate, he called on 
 the senators for opinions in a fixed order, naming first those highest in 
 rank. But as this order depended merely on custom, it was often vio¬ 
 lated; e.g. Caesar, during his first consulship, always called on one of the 
 triumvirs first. A senator could respond by making a speech, longer or 
 shorter {sententiam dicere), or by stating his agreement with a previous 
 speaker (e.g. Cn. Pompeio adsentior), or by simply taking his place near 
 a previous speaker, in token of agreement with him {pedibus in senten¬ 
 tiam alienam ire). A senator might stave oil a vote by talking against time 
 until sunset {diem dicendi mora extrahere)', for after sunset a vote could 
 not be taken. Such “filibustering” Aras sometimes preA^ented by the 
 senators voting ut sententiae breviter dicerentur —as Congress sometimes 
 enforces a “five minutes rule.” Before calling for a final division, the 
 chairman recapitulated the various opinions {pronuntiare sententias), fix- 
 
APPENDIX IT. 
 
 275 
 
 ing the order in which he would put them to vote ; of course, it was easy 
 to pass over any proposal displeasing to him, and thus prevent its accept¬ 
 ance. The senate voted by dividing into two groups, one for and one 
 against the proposal; and each sententia was taken up in the fixed order, 
 until one received a majority, and thus became a senatus consultum. After 
 the senate was dismissed, and not till then, the decree was written down 
 {perscribere) by the clerks of the presiding magistrate, while a number of 
 senators stood by to prevent falsification. 
 
 c. Any administrative business might come before the senate ; but its 
 especial sphere included religion, foreign affairs, and the state finances. 
 Its direction of foreign affairs included the assignment of provinces, con¬ 
 duct of war, all diplomatic machinery—ambassadors were always senators 
 —and the conferring of titles on foreign princes. Practically it was the 
 senate that declared war and made peace, unless some provincial governor 
 got ahead of them, and then induced the senate to ratify his unauthorized 
 proceedings. In financial matters, the senate, like our Congress, regulated 
 taxation, and had to make appropriations before the magistrates could use 
 the public funds. The senate influenced legislation in various ways. 
 According to old custom, magistrates were expected to obtain its approval 
 before proposing a law in the comitia tributa (2); but popular leaders 
 often disregarded completely the authority of the senate, and brought all 
 sorts of business directly before the people for their decision. Finally, the 
 senate could declare martial law in times of especial danger by passing the 
 senatus consultum ultimum, which conferred dictatorial power on the 
 consuls. 
 
 6. The ordinary Magistratus, except the censors, were elected for one 
 year; and all but the tribunes and quaestors entered on their duties Jan. 1. 
 The official year of the quaestors began Dec. 5; that of the tribunes Dec. 
 10. The consuls, censors, praetors, and curule aediles, together with the 
 dictator, were called magistratus curules, because they had the right of 
 using on public occasions a peculiar ivory stool called sella curulis. This 
 chair of state had formerly been a symbol of royalty, like a modern throne, 
 and continued to be used by those magistrates who inherited any part of 
 the old kingly power. The tribunate stood by itself; the other magistra¬ 
 cies formed a regular gradation of honors through which one must pass 
 if he desired the consulship, and the earliest age for holding each one was 
 fixed by the lex annalis. This age was twenty-seven for the quaestorship, 
 the thirty-seventh year for the aedileship, the fortieth for ihe praetorship, 
 and the forty-third for the consulship. As no one received any pay for 
 serving as magistrate, only the wealthy could aspire to political honors. 
 
 7 . The Tribuni Plebis were at this time the most powerful personages 
 in Rome. They were 10 in number, elected in the democratic comitia 
 
276 
 
 APPENDIX II. 
 
 tributa (2), and always from the plebeian order, which now vastly out¬ 
 numbered the patricians. The root of their power lay in the intercessio. 
 This had originally been simply the right and duty of protecting any ple¬ 
 beian against the unjust decision of a patrician magistrate, and Sulla in his 
 dictatorship (c.c. 82-80), had reduced the tribunate to these ancient limits. 
 But when Pompey restored the office in b.c. 70, he restored all the other 
 powers which had gradually grown out of that early germ. From protect¬ 
 ing individuals they had assumed the duty of protecting the state as a 
 whole against the action of any part of the government; and so the jus 
 intercessionis had come to include the right of vetoing any decree of the 
 senate, any law of the comitia, and in general any public act of a magis¬ 
 trate, if, in the Judgment of a tribune, it would be injurious to the people. 
 Their persons were sacred; that is, no one could hinder them in the fulfill¬ 
 ment of their duty under pain of death. The tribunes themselves, on the 
 other hand, had various means of carrying into effect their tremendous 
 veto-power, sometimes even sending a consul to prison. Besides, any tri¬ 
 bune could call meetings of the senate, and bring business before that body 
 as presiding officer; and in the right of assembling the comitia tributa, for 
 elections, or for legislation, a tribune took precedence of all others. 
 Through this assembly, which was their especial instrument, the tribunes 
 were able to interfere in the most important affairs of the state. For 
 the people were the final source of all authority ; and by inserting a 
 clause requiring every senator to take oath within a given period to 
 support the law, all effective opposition could be stiffed. Thus the tri¬ 
 bunes were at times the real rulers of Rome; and the only means of quell¬ 
 ing the anarchy which such a tribune as Clodius Pulcher could raise, 
 was a military ruler backed by an army. The only constitutional check 
 upon the power of a tribune was the shortness of his term and the veto 
 of his colleagues. 
 
 8. The QuaestSres, 20 in number, were elected in the comitia tributa (2), 
 and had a variety of duties, all connected more or less closely with the 
 care of the public treasury. On the first day of office they divided their 
 duties by lot. Those who remained at Rome were called quaestSres 
 urbani. They had charge of the treasury, which was in the temple of 
 Saturn, and of the laws, decrees of the senate, and other archives, deposited 
 there for safe keeping. A permanent bureau of clerks, under their author¬ 
 ity, kept the accounts, received the taxes, and in accordance with decrees 
 of the senate paid out money; the consuls, when present in Rome, could 
 receive funds from them even without a decree of the senate. Every 
 general in the field was accompanied by a military quaestor, who acted as 
 paymaster of the troops. A quaestor was also connected with every pro¬ 
 vincial governor ; his duties in the province were similar to those of the 
 
APPENDIX II. 
 
 277 
 
 quaestores urbani, to whom, at the close of his year of office, he handed 
 in his accounts. 
 
 9. The Aediles, elected in the comitia tributa (2), were four in number, 
 two plebeian and two curule. ISTot withstanding this distinction in name, 
 however, they were essentially equal in rank, and the difference in their 
 duties was but slight. (1) They were the regular inspectors of the markets, 
 and tribunals were erected in the forum, from which they decided petty 
 cases arising in the market. (2) Their superintendence of grain {cura an¬ 
 nonae) included especially the charge of distributing among the people, at 
 a low price, the grain sent to the capital by provinces and foreign states. 
 (3) They were a board of police-, water-, street-, and fire-commissioners, 
 rolled into one—in Latin, curatores urbis. That is, they had an oversight 
 of public order, the aqueducts, the streets and squares, and of night-watch¬ 
 men to guard against fires. (4) They had the management of the public 
 games, especially the ludi magni. This portion of their duties involved 
 important consequences ; for the rabble delighted in the circus and gladia¬ 
 torial contests, and each aedile vied with his fellows and predecessors in the 
 magnificence of his shows, in order to win popularity and votes. Hence 
 the small grant of public money for defraying the expense, even when one 
 was made, was vastly exceeded, so that no one could be an aedile without 
 great wealth, or the ability to get deeply in debt. This, of course, kept 
 all but the wealthy out of the higher offices. 
 
 10 . The Praetores corresponded to our higher judges. They were eight 
 in number, elected in the comitia centuriata (3), and after election their 
 spheres of duty were assigned by lot. The praetor urbanus had jurisdic¬ 
 tion in civil cases between Roman citizens; the praetor peregrinus in civil 
 c4ses between citizens and aliens {peregrini), and between aliens alone; the 
 other six praetors presided in the regular criminal courts, as our judges 
 preside at jury trials. The praetor urbanus stood at the head of the 
 Roman judicial system; and while possessing little more of actual power, 
 he was invested with higher dignity than the others. In the absence of 
 both consuls from the city, it was he who acted in their place. Each prae¬ 
 tor was attended by two lictors in the city, and by six outside the city. 
 
 11. The two Consules, elected in the comitia centuriata (3), wnre the 
 highest ordinary magistrates, and the chiefs of the administration. Their 
 power was equal, and each had a veto, which was seldom exercised, over 
 the official acts of the other. The consuls took precedence of all others in 
 their rights of summoning the senate and the comitia ccnturioJ.a; they 
 could also legislate through the comitia tributa (2). When both consuls 
 were present in Rome, they usually took turns in acting as head of the 
 administration, each holding the power for a month, beginning with the 
 elder; and during his one month the consul was always accompanied in 
 
278 
 
 APPENDIX II. 
 
 public by twelve lictors, who strode before him in single tile, eacli carrying 
 on his shoulder a bundle of rods {fasces), to signify the power of the mag¬ 
 istrate to scourge criminals. Outside the city, these fasces showed an axe 
 projecting from each bundle, signifying the power of the magistrate to 
 behead criminals. The actual power of the consuls was much restricted 
 by their dependence on the senate, whose decrees it was their business to 
 execute. But when clothed with dictatorial power by the senatus consultum 
 ultimum (5, c, end), their authority, both civil and military, was nearly 
 absolute. 
 
 12. After serving in the city for a year in their civil capacities, the im¬ 
 perium of consuls and praetors was prolonged, and they were sent out by 
 the senate, under the title of proconsuls and propraetors, to rule in the 
 various provinces. Thus the duration of their term became two years or 
 more. A propraetor wielded the same power as a proconsul, except that 
 the senate usually gave the more* lucrative provinces to the consuls. The 
 provincial governor was supreme within his territory, at once commander 
 of the army, chief executive, and the judge in both civil and criminal 
 cases. In such a position there were abundant means of gaining immense 
 wealth. If a war was on hand, there were cities to be plundered, and 
 captives to be sold as slaves ; and always there were a thousand methods 
 of extortion, none of which was left untried. A provincial governorship 
 was looked upon by the aristocracy as the mine from which debts were to 
 be paid, and further pleasures and honors to be gained. By a law of Pom- 
 pey’s, passed in b.c. 52, and aimed especially at Caesar, an interval of five 
 years was required before a consul or praetor could receive a province, 
 and the imperium had to be renewed by popular vote ; but the Pompeian 
 leaders themselves, in b.c. 49, violated these requirements. 
 
 13. The Censores, previous to Sulla’s dictatorship, had enjoyed exten¬ 
 sive powers, and their office was deemed the highest in dignity, although 
 legally not superior to the consulship. Two censors were elected every five 
 years, and for generations none were chosen but consulares. They held the 
 office for eighteen months, and their duties may be classified under three 
 heads. (1) They took the census, which was a register of the citizens with 
 their families and the amount of their property, revised the lists of the 
 tribes, centuries and classes, according to this census, and filled the vacancies 
 in the senate. (2) They exercised a general control of the finances, subject 
 to the authority of the senate—something as our Secretary of the Treasury 
 does. They let out the collection of the taxes for five years to the highest 
 bidder, and made contracts for the construction of public works, as roads, 
 aqueducts, and temples. (3) They had a certain oversight of the morals 
 of the citizens. That is, according to their own judgment of public expe¬ 
 diency, without any special enactment, they could punish any public or 
 
 1 . 
 
APPENDIX II. 
 
 279 
 
 private immorality, or any practice which they deemed inconsistent with 
 the dignity of a Roman. Their mode of punishment was by degrading the 
 delinquent from his rank in the state, removing senators and equites from 
 their orders, and sometimes depriving a citizen of his vote. Sulla prac¬ 
 tically abolished the censorship; and after it was restored in b.c. 70, under 
 the lead of Rompey, its dignity and power were not what they had formerly 
 been. 
 
 14. The Dictator, during the early republic, was nominated to the people 
 by one of the consuls, at the command of the senate, in times of special 
 danger. The office could be held no longer than six months, and generally 
 was laid down much earlier. While in office the dictator possessed the 
 sole, unrestricted power of the early kings. Sulla’s and Caesar’s dictator¬ 
 ships differed from each other, and both differed from the primitive one. 
 The ancient title was used to give a familiar appearance to a power that v/as 
 really a kind of military despotism, the beginning of the empire; even the 
 old forms were not altogether observed. Thus Sulla compelled the senate 
 to declare an interregnum, and elect an interrex, which officer then, at his 
 direction, nominated him to the people as dictator, but for an unlimited 
 time and with practically unlimited powers. So Caesar was nominated to 
 his first dictatorship in 49 b.c., not by a consul, but by a praetor expressly 
 authorized to do so by a special law. The magister equitum was an officer 
 —practically a vice-dictator—always appointed with the dictator, in much 
 the same manner as the dictator himself, and generally at his nomination. 
 
 15. The Collegium Pontificum stood at the head of the complicated 
 religious machinery of the state. The president of the college, which con¬ 
 sisted of 15 members, was the pontifex maximus ; Caesar held that joosition 
 from B.c. 63 till his assassination. During this period the pontiffs were 
 practically elected by the tribes, though in a little different way from the 
 magistrates; they held office for life, and within their sphere were respon¬ 
 sible to no one, not even the senate. Their extensive powers in religious 
 matters, especially in regard to the calendar, gave them great influence 
 politically. 
 
APPENDIX III. 
 
 THE ORGANIZATION OP CAESAR’S ARMY. 
 
 1 , Delectus : drafts, levies. Lists were made of all Roman citizens in 
 Italy and the provinces who were liable to military duty, and recruiting 
 officers conducted the requisite drafts in the several municipia, by au¬ 
 thority of consuls or (in the provinces) proconsuls. In the civil wars such 
 drafts were made without the usual authority, but according to the usual 
 form. Thus delectus are made for both Caesar and Pompey in Picenum, 
 i, 12,8,*; 16,29. 
 
 Down to the final defeat of Hannibal (b.c. 202), the Roman armies were 
 composed of citizens, who returned to the ways of peace as soon as the 
 particular campaign for which they had been drafted was over. There 
 was no soldier class. But the rich rewards which the soldiers won by the 
 conquest of the East (b.c. 200-133), the great increase in the number of 
 Roman citizens after the Social War (b.c. 90 88), and the admission to the 
 legions of the very poorest citizens, to whom military service was really 
 promotion, produced a large class who were only too glad to make war 
 their profession. Thus the armies of Caesar and Pompey were composed 
 to a large extent of hirelings rather than patriots. 
 
 2 . Legio : regiment (in formation), brigade (in point of size). It was 
 divided into 10 cohorts (cohortes = battalions), each cohort into 3 maniples 
 (manipuli = companies), and each maniple into 2 centuries (centuriae, or¬ 
 dines =platoons). Theoretically a legion numbered 6000 : 2 centuries 
 (centum) x 3 maniples x 10 cohorts ; but practically it had seldom more 
 than 4000, and in Caesar’s army probably about 3600 on the average. 
 
 Note. —At the battle of Pharsalus Pompey’s cohorts average over 400, and Caesar’s 
 only 275 (iii, 88, 11-12 ; 89, 23-24), but Pompey’s were unusually full, owing to a 
 plentiful supply of “substitutes” (iii, 4,23-25), while Caesar’s were unusually 
 depleted even at the beginning of the campaign in Greece (iii, 2, 33 : 6, 28). 
 
 a. centuria, ordo : platoon, century, == 50-60 men. The first word Cae- 
 
 * References in this Appendix are to book, chapter, and line of page in the text of thi 
 edition. 
 
APPENDIX III. 
 
 281 
 
 sar uses only three times: i, 64,2; 76, 11 (adverbially); iii, 91,17. Instead 
 he generally has the second : i, 13,16, ex primo ordine, sc. primi man¬ 
 ipuli primae cohortis; 74, 12, primorum ordinum centuriones ; 
 ii, 28, 3, ordines manipulique. Hence ordinem ducere = ^d5ea cen¬ 
 turion; hunc ordinem duxerat, i, 13,20-21. 
 
 b. manipulus: company, = 100-120 men. In earlier times the three 
 maniples of a cohort had different armor, and were called pilani, prin¬ 
 cipes, hastati; but in Caesar’s army all the legionary soldiers were 
 armed alike, and these words denoted the centurions and (probably) the 
 soldiers of the first, second, and third maniples respectively. Instead of 
 pilani the word triarii came into use. 
 
 c. cohors : hattalion, cohort, = 300-360 men. When drawn up in order 
 of battle the three maniples of a cohort stood side by side, giving a total 
 front of 120 feet, and a depth of 40 feet. 
 
 H. Pr. Tr. Pi. 
 
 5 
 
 CO 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 d. acies : line of hattle. In the more usual order of battle each legion 
 was formed in three lines, the first of four cohorts, the second and third of 
 three each. This Caesar calls acies triplex, and describes it quite fully in 
 i, 83, where five legions are placed side by side in this order: 
 
 _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ 
 
 7 6 5 
 
 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 
 
 Caesar uses an acies duplex iii, 67, 24. Here of course each legion had 
 5 cohorts in each of its two lines. Cf. i, 83, 2-4, where auxiliary troops 
 really form a tertia acies. Caesar wins the battle of Pharsalus by skilfully 
 using a quarta acies (iii, 89, 93). Cohorts ranked according to their posi¬ 
 tion in the order of battle, the first standing at the front and right (see 
 above fig.), and containing the flower of the legion. 
 
 3. Equipment. 
 
 a. Defensive. All three maniples had full armor: a helmet, either of 
 metal (cassis) or leather (galea), a shield (scutum) 2i ft. broad and not less 
 
282 
 
 APPENDIX III. 
 
 than 4 ft. long, and often greaves and corselets of various material. The 
 corselets (lorica) were of leather strengthened with metal, and were worn 
 over the ordinary under-garment (tunica), which reached down to the 
 knees, and was fastened round the waist by a girdle (cingulum), to which 
 the sword (gladius) was hung. The outer garment of the ordinary soldier 
 and lower officer was the sagum, i, 75, 25, a sort of woolen blanket arranged 
 so as also to be fastened about the shoulders with a clasp. The higher 
 officers wore a longer cloak of purple, ornamented according to rank (i, 6, 
 13, paludatique, and cf. 7). The feet were protected by half-boots (caligae). 
 
 b. Offensive. (1) A short, straight, two-edged sword (gladius), used 
 more like a dagger at close quarters. It was about 2 ft. long, and worn by 
 the common soldier on the right side, so as not to interfere with the shield 
 on the left arm, but by officers on the left side. (2) The javelin (pilum), 
 a heavy wooden shaft into which an iron head was fitted, the whole nearly 
 7 ft. long and weighing about 10 pounds. After hurling this the soldier 
 drew his sword and rushed to close quarters with the enemy. 
 
 c. Sarcinae. Besides this heavy armor each soldier carried (1) rations of 
 unground grain for from 1 to 17 and even 22 (i, 78, 26) days, allowing nearly 
 2 pounds to the day ; (2) baskets, cooking utensils, foraging and entrench¬ 
 ing tools of various kinds, making, exclusive of the armor, a weight of from 
 30 to 45 pounds. Each soldier ground and cooked his own grain, and it 
 was considered a hardship if meat had to be substituted for this food. Cf. 
 i, 48, 10; iii, 47,17. The men did not thrive on a meat diet, i, 52, 19. 
 Marius introduced the long forked pole (furca), to the prongs of which 
 these various articles of the soldier were fastened in a bundle (sarciiia). 
 The whole was carried over the right shoulder, the pilum in the left hand, 
 the shield on the left arm, while the helmet hung suspended from the neck 
 before or behind. Thus loaded the soldier was naturally impeditus ; carry¬ 
 ing his weapons only, expeditus, ready for hattle. When forced to fight 
 on the march, the sarcinae were laid in a pile together and put under a 
 guard. They were left in the camp (castra) when the soldiers marched 
 out to an immediate battle. 
 
 d. Pay. Caesar paid his legionaries 225 denarii (a silver coin of about 
 the value of our twenty-cent piece) a year, in three installments (stipendia) 
 of 75 denarii. Regularly, from 30 to 35 denarii per annum were deducted 
 from this amount, if the state supplied the soldier with frumentum. But 
 this was often given the soldier in the provinces, or, at least, sold him at 
 reduced rates. The monthly allowance of grain for each man was 4 modii, 
 i.e. about a bushel. In cheap times a modius of corn cost the state, in 
 Sicily, a denarius or less. A famine price is 50 denarii, i, 52. 
 
 Ca«sar assigns double pay to a gallant cohort, iii, 53, i.e. doubles their 
 next installment; and very often the soldiers increased their profits by the 
 
APPENDIX HI. 
 
 283 
 
 booty which they took, or by presents received from their commander, 
 especially if they lived to celebrate a triumph with him, 
 
 4. Auxilia. All regular legionary soldiers must be Homan citizens and 
 heavy armed (milites gravis armaturae). But auxilia were hired or drafted 
 from the natives of provinces subject to Home, and of the country where 
 war was being waged. Sometimes they were furnished by allied princes 
 and peoples gratuitously. They were light armed (milites lovis arma- 
 turae), left to their native methods of warfare if serving for a short time 
 only, but, when accompanying a particular general for a longer time, par¬ 
 tially drilled into Homan tactics. They were thus divided into cohorts, 
 distinguished from those of the regular legions (legionariae cohortes) as 
 cohortes auxiliariae, or cohortes alariae (i, 73, 31; 83, 4), from the posi¬ 
 tion formerly occupied by such troops on the wings (alae). Cf. cohortes 
 cetratae and scutatae, i, 39, 10, cohortes colonicae, ii, 19, 20. Of the 
 auxilia the hired slingers (funditores) and archers (sagittarii) were most 
 important; i, 83, 7; hi, 4, 27-28. 
 
 Legions composed not of Homan citizens, but of provincials, were called 
 vernaculae; ii, 20, 1. 
 
 5. Equitatus. The cavalry of Caesar consisted entirely of auxiliary 
 troops, Gauls, Spaniards and Germans, either drafted in spring for a single 
 campaign, or hired for constant service. The former were divided by 
 tribes, the latter into regular military divisions : alae, “regiments” about 
 303 strong, turmae, “squadrons” of uncertain number, and decuriae, 
 “ decades.” The cavalry as a body was commanded by a Homan, generally 
 a legatus (3); the lower divisions by praefecti equitum (10), either Homans 
 or natives of the country where the cavalry was raised ; iii, 59, 60. Caesar 
 imitated the Germans in distributing foot-soldiers among his cavalry; iii, 
 75,20; 84,7-11. The weapons of the regular cavalry were metal corse¬ 
 lets, leathern greaves, helmet, shield, lance, and long sword. Compare the 
 modern German Uhlan. 
 
 6. Dux belli. In Caesar’s time the consul never left the city during his 
 year of actual office, but as proconsul he received by vote of the people an 
 imperium militare, after which he assumed the general’s paludamentum, 
 a cloak of scarlet cloth embroidered with gold, performed reKgious vows on 
 the capitol, received a body-guard of 12 lictors, and left the city, in which 
 he could not remain, and which he could not enter again without resigning 
 his imperium, unless by special permission. After a victory he was hailed 
 imperator by his soldiers, ii, 26, 10; iii, 31,31; 71, 14. The senate de¬ 
 cided how many legions a general might have, as well as upon treaties of 
 peace or declarations of war (see App. II, 5, c). Of course in the Civil War, 
 as well as in Gaul to some extent, Caesar acted independently. 
 
 7 . Legati. These were the higher ‘ ‘ stall-officers ” of the general, nom- 
 
284 
 
 APPENDIX III. 
 
 inaliy appointed by the senate. The usual number was 3, but Caesar had 
 10 in Giaul, and assigned a legion to each. They were of senatorial rank, 
 and completely subject to the general’s orders, so that they would not un¬ 
 dertake anything on their own responsibility; ii, 17, 4-5; iii, 51, 25-33. 
 If they succeeded or failed, their general alone received the credit or blame. 
 They commanded divisions of the army in battle, and often received for 
 longer or shorter periods independent commands ; iii, 34. 
 
 8. Quaestor (cf. App. II,8). This ofiicer, coiTespondingto our “quarter¬ 
 master, ” accompanied a proconsul or propraetor into his province to man¬ 
 age his finances, and, in war, took charge of the military supplies, payment 
 of the soldiers, sale of booty and prisoners, etc. He could be used also in 
 the quality of legatus. 
 
 9. Tribuni militum. There were six in each legion, mostly young men 
 of the equestrian order, chosen by Caesar from the cohors praetoria (13) 
 after one or two years’ service, more on account of family connections and 
 personal friendship than military capacity. They are seldom mentioned, 
 and only as leaders of small detachments, or as assisting in general military 
 duties. Cf. ii, 20, 30. 
 
 10 . Praefecti. These, like the tribuni militum, were of the equestrian 
 order, appointed by Caesar, and having various subordinate commands over 
 the auxilia (4) and the cavalry (5); i, 21,4; ii, 42,2; iii, 37,4; 60, 13. 
 Sometimes the title of praefectus was given to Romans in the civil service 
 of a province, to increase their authority ; iii, 32, 20. 
 
 11 . Centuriones. Order of rank and promotion. The officers described 
 in 8 - 11 , were all of senatorial or equestrian rank, and had never served as 
 private soldiers. They correspond to our “ commissioned officers.” The 
 centurions, on the other hand, who were of far more authority and impor¬ 
 tance than the lowest of our “non-commissioned officers,” were promoted 
 from the ranks to their positions, for efiective service. They almost never 
 rose any higher. The sixty centurions of a legion (2) then, were appointed 
 and advanced by Caesar through all the successive grades, for their rank 
 varied according as they commanded maniples of hastati, principes or 
 triarii (2, b) in each of the 10 cohorts, and the first or second century of 
 the maniple— princeps prior, posterior; hastatus prior, posterior. These 
 titles and rankings remained after the names hastati, principes and triarii 
 had lost their original meaning (2, b) and virtually gone out of use. 
 
 a. There were thus 6 centurionships in the 10th or lowest cohort, through 
 which a centurion must regularly pass before being promoted to the lowest 
 centurionship of the 9th or next highest cohort. The centurions of the 
 lOth cohort were called, in order of rank, decimus hastatus posterior, 
 dec. hast, prior; decimus princeps posterior, dec. princ. prior; decimus 
 pilus (see b) posterior, and dec. pilus prior. In the 9th cohort the names 
 
APPENDIX III. 
 
 385 
 
 would be the same after substituting nonus for decimus, in the 8th oc¬ 
 tavus, and so on up to the first cohort (primus hastatus posterior, etc., 
 etc.). 
 
 The centurionships in the lowest cohort (perhaps those in the three rear 
 cohorts in the order of battle, see 2, d), Caesar calls infimi ordines, using 
 the word ordo not only for the century (2, a) but also for the office of cen¬ 
 turion, and even for the centurion himself ; i, 3, 17; ii, 35,10. So the six 
 centurionships of the first cohort (possibly those of the four front cohorts in 
 the order of battle) are primi ordines, priores ordines, and those between 
 these and the infimi ordines are inferiores ordines ; i, 46 , 12. 
 
 b. The triarii (2, b) used to be called pilani, from the weapon (pilum) 
 which they alone wielded, and a century or ordo of them was and continued 
 to be called pilus, a name which, like ordo (see a, above) was given to the 
 centurion himself. Hence decimus pilus prior = centurio prioris ordinis 
 primi manipuli (triariorum) decimae cohortis. So primus pilus prior 
 (abbreviated to primus pilus and primipilus) = centurio prioris ordinis 
 primi manipuli (triariorum) primae cohortis. This was the highest cen- 
 turionship in the legion, a post of great responsibility, honor, and rewards. 
 
 c. Caesar loses a centurion (i, 46 , 11) ex primo hastato, i.e. ex manipulo 
 hastatorum cohortis primae, the fifth or sixth (according as he was has- ' 
 tatus prior or posterior) centurionship in the legion, to which he had been 
 promoted for “rare valor.” Caesar promotes a centurion (iii, 53, 27) for 
 the greatest bravery ab octavis ordinibus (i.e. from an ordo in the 8th 
 cohort) ad primipilum (i.e. to the very first ordo of the whole legion). A 
 first cohort loses (iii, 64 , 18) all its centurions except the princeps prior, 
 
 i e. the centurion of the first ordo of the principes, the third in rank in the 
 whole legion. 
 
 12. Evocati. These were soldiers who had served out their time, and so 
 were legally exempt from further military duty, but who had been specially 
 invited (nominatim evocati) by a general to re-enter his service, and en¬ 
 couraged to do so by rewards, exemption from the more menial duties of 
 the common soldier, increased wages, and the prospect of centurionships; 
 i, 3,16-17. They ranked with the lower centurions, probably received as 
 much pay, and are often mentioned with them as of special importance ; 
 i, 3, 20; 17,11; iii, 53, 16. At the battle of Pharsalus, whatever may have 
 been his practice before this, Caesar’s evocati formed a body of picked 
 troops, detached for special service, and stationed at the right of the first 
 cohort of the 10th legion, at the post of honor; iii, 91. 
 
 a. Large bodies of troops remaining in the service after their term had 
 expired were called veterani, not evocati, as were ako experienced sol¬ 
 diers even if their time of service had not expired, in distinction from 
 tirones, raw recruits; iii, 28. 
 
286 
 
 APPENDIX III. 
 
 13. Cohors praetoria. This was the general’s body-guard, composed of 
 picked troops, both cavalry and evocati. The term is sometimes made to 
 include those Eoman youth of noble birth who accompanied a general to 
 learn the art of war under his command, and who were his intimate asso¬ 
 ciates (contubernales, 20). They correspond to our lower '‘staff-officers ” 
 or “adjutants.” From their number came usually tribuni militum, and 
 praefecti equitum. 
 
 14. Fabri. A corps of engineers, smiths, carpenters, “sappers and 
 miners,” under a praefectus fabrum (i, 24, 25), chief of engineers. They 
 built bridges, winter barracks, siege-engines and works, and repaired and 
 manufactured weapons and armor. They were not incorporated into the 
 legions. 
 
 15. Musical Instruments and Signals. 
 
 Signals for falling into line, attacking or retreating, were blown by the 
 tubicines on the trumpet (tuba). Signals for the four military watches of 
 the night (vigiliae) were blown by bucinatores on the buema, a curved 
 trumpet or “bugle;” ii, 35, 31. Signals for the cavalry were given by the 
 liticines upon the shrill-sounding lituus, a tuba curved at the larger end. 
 The chief signals were blown in front of the general’s tent (classicum 
 ' canere). Poinpey divides the honor with his father-in-law, iii, 82, 34-36. 
 To terrify the enemy or incite the soldiers all the instruments sounded 
 together, iii, 92, 32-34, i.e. signals sounded all along the lines. 
 
 16. Impedimenta. The heavy army baggage, tents, the heavier camp 
 implements, siege-machines, artillery, etc., etc., were transported by pack- 
 animals, about 50 to the cohort, each tended by a “driver” (calo), who also 
 did the more menial duties of the camp. When the army set out, the first 
 si^al was for striking the tents and packing into bundles (sarcinae, 3, c) 
 the personal baggage (vasa conclamare, = conclamare ut vasa colli¬ 
 gantur, i, 66, 30; iii, 37, 34-35). At the second signal the heavy baggage 
 was put upon the pack-animals, and at the third the soldiers fell into line 
 and began the march. It was a disgrace to a general to leave his camp 
 without these regular signals ; iii, 75, 9-10; 37, 34-35. A body of soldiers 
 taken collectively was said to be expeditus when unaccompanied and un¬ 
 hampered by a baggage-train (cf. 3, c, end). An iter expeditum is a march 
 over good roads, without obstacles, unhindered by the enemy. 
 
 17. Signa : standards, colors. 
 
 a. Signum legionis. This was an eagle perched with outstretched wings 
 upon a pole, and often holding in the claws gold or silver thunderbolts 
 (arrows). The bearer, aquilifer, was selected from all the soldiers of the 
 legion for size, strength and courage ; iii, 64,11-19; 99,7. The primipilus 
 (12, b) had special charge of the eagle. Legions were often counted by, 
 and named from their aquilae. 
 
APPENDIX III. 
 
 287 
 
 b. It is certain that each cohort had its signum, and probable that each 
 maniple did also. The signum of each first maniple would then serve 
 for the whole cohort, and that of each first cohort for the whole legion. 
 These signa were of different devices, often representations of animals, 
 often streamers or banners, carried aloft on poles like the aquilae. The 
 bearer of one was called signifer; iii, 74, 27. The signa were sacred, and 
 their loss a great disgrace, punishable with death if the result of cow¬ 
 ardice or neglect. 
 
 Cohorts are called signa, as legions aquilae ; ii, 39,12. A special place 
 in camp was set apart for the eagles of the legions, and held sacred. In 
 peace they were kept by the quaestors in the aerarium. So the colors of 
 regiments in our Civil War are religiously preserved, 
 
 c. Vexillum. A small banner or streamer, of different color according 
 to the division of the army, carried aloft as a standard by cavalry, and, pro¬ 
 bably, by the auxilia (4 and 5). 
 
 A red vexillum was waved at the battle of Pharsalus as a signal for the 
 general attack, and also for the charge of a reserve body of troops ; iii, 89, 
 34; 93, 35 and 15, 
 
 18. Antesignani : sTcirmishers. With Caesar, a special corps of picked 
 soldiers in each legion, who left the ranks for special and important ser¬ 
 vices, such as seizing suddenly an important point, i, 43, 26-27, supporting 
 the cavalry, iii, 75, 20; 84, 7-14, manning ships, i, 57, 36. This corps was 
 probably devised by Caesar. 
 
 19. Castra. A Roman army never spent the night outside of a camp 
 more or less completely fortified. Even after exhausting marches the sol¬ 
 diers intrenched themselves. Ordinarily a detachment was sent forward 
 to select a favorable spot on some slope within easy reach of wood, water 
 and fodder. The form of the camp was oblong, the length to the width as 
 3 to 2. Two streets crossing each other at right angles were laid out. The 
 longest, the via praetoria, ended on the side toward the enemy in the porta 
 praetoria, on the other side in the porta decumana. The shortest street, 
 the via principalis, ended in the porta principalis dextra and sinistra. 
 The camp varied of course in size with that of the army. It was surrounded 
 by a moat (fossa) and rampart (agger, vallum), the latter two-thirds as 
 high as the former was wide (iii, 63,14-15). The rampart was often topped 
 with palis*ades (valli). Inside the wall a broad space was left all around, 
 then the tents (tentoria, pelles) were set in such a manner that the legionary 
 cohorts encircled the cavalrjq the general and his staff, and the auxilia. 
 Ten men (contubernales) occupied one tent together, forming a contu¬ 
 bernium. This tent is itself called contubernium; iii, 76, 35. The gen¬ 
 eral’s tent, and sometimes the open space about it, was called praetorium ; 
 i, 76, 7 and 13. Pompey has a second praetorium stretched for his father- 
 
288 
 
 APPENDIX 111. 
 
 in-law, Scipio, iii, 82, 86. A camp which was occupied longer than one 
 night was called castra stativa, iii, 30,15, and received extra fortifications, 
 either of walls or redoubts (castella). In the castra hiberna, huts (hiber¬ 
 nacula ) were built. 
 
 Flaxi 
 
 OF 
 
 CAESAR’S CAMP. 
 
 porta praetoria 
 
 a a legionary ?oldiers. 
 b b part of the cavalry and the archers, 
 c c Legati and Tribuni militum, 
 d praetorium, commander’s tent and large open place, 
 e e part of the cavalry, and picked troops, 
 f f lower staff-officers, 
 g quaestorium . 
 b h auxilia- 
 
389 
 
 APPENDIX IV. 
 
 IMPORTANT VARIATIONS FROM THE TEXT OP NIPPERDEY. 
 
 Note. —No notice is here taken (1) of Nipperdey’s own emendations in his notes of words 
 or passages marked in his text as corrupt; (2) of words or passages marked as corrupt, 
 or bracketed as glosses in Nipperdey’s text, but regarded as correct and retained by 
 the great majority of more recent editors ; (3) of words or passages printed in italics 
 in Nipperdey’s text as supplied without MSS. authority, when the great majority of 
 editors agree to such insertious ; (4) of the omission of such italicized words or pas¬ 
 sages in Nipperdey’s text when the great majority of editors agree in such an omis¬ 
 sion ; (5) of orthographical variations, or variations in punctuation not materially 
 affecting the sense. In referring to the editors consulted for this edition, the follow¬ 
 ing abbreviations are used : Do. = Doberenz, Dr. = Dinter, Dii. — Diibner, H. = Hof¬ 
 mann, K. = Kraner, N. = Nipperdey. The citations are by book, chapter, and line 
 of the page in this edition. 
 
 Book i, 1, 1, a Gaio Caesare, with Dr. and H. for \a Fabio C.'\ Caesaris. 
 
 “ “ 1, 5, infinite, for [in civitate'], an early correction, adopted 
 
 by H. 
 
 “ “ 6,16, duodecimo, for VIII, with Dii., thus agreeing in sense with 
 
 Mommsen’s conjecture toto denique emenso spatio, which 
 is adopted by Do. and H. 
 
 “ “ 5, 20, salutis . . . numquam, omitting as a gloss with Dr. ^(latorum 
 
 audacia. 
 
 “ “ 6,34, legiones . . . x, with MSS. and Dr. Dh. H., for . . . IX. 
 
 “ 6,11, quod . . . acciderat, retained with Dr. Dii.; N. in brackets. 
 
 “ “ 6,14, quod . . . numquam, retained with Do. Dr. Dii., though Dr. 
 
 and Dii. have clam ex urbe proficiscitur, and Do. joins 
 with the preceding sentence, where he omits quod. . . 
 acciderat ; H. and N. in brackets. 
 
 “ “ 7.26, quae . . . restituta, for the [quae superioribus annis armis 
 
 esset restituta] of Do. Du. H. N. This text follows Dr., 
 who regards the armis as a dittograph. 
 
 “ 7,29, bona . . . habuerint, with Do. Dr. Dii. H. for [dona . . . 
 
 habuerint]. 
 
 19 
 
290 
 
 APPENDIX lY. 
 
 Book i, 14, 1, productos, for deductos, with Do, Dr, Dli. H, and good MSS, 
 
 “ “ 23,34, Caecilius, with MSS, and editors, for YihuUius, who 'S'ms 
 
 not a senator. 
 
 ‘‘ “ 30,20, legionibus ii, for . . . IIII, with all the editors. 
 
 “ “ 34,18, in Hispaniam, supplied from 38,1, with Do, Dr. H. 
 
 “35, 5, discernere, for decernere, with MSS. and editors. 
 
 “ “39, this chapter has been restored after Hofmann’s text and 
 
 suggestions. 
 
 “ “ 44, 1, barbaro, inserted with K. 
 
 “ “ 44, '’B, censuerant, with MSS. and editors, for consuerant. 
 
 “ “ 46, 7, summa in jugum virtute, for in summum jugum virtute, 
 
 with Porchhammer followed by Do. H. K. 
 
 “ “ 53,30, rumor affingebat, for rumore affingebatur, with MSS. Do. 
 Dr. Dii. H. 
 
 “ “ 57,10, Domitii, for indomiti, with Da. followed by H. and Mo- 
 berley. 
 
 “ “ 58,13, non excipiebant, for decipiebant, with Do. Dii. H. K. 
 
 “ “ 61, 1, aberat xxx, for . . . XX, with Goler followed by Dr. H. 
 
 “ “ 64, 27, interrumpi, for irrumpi, with MSS. Do. Dr, Dii. H. 
 
 “ 76,13, producat, for producatur, with MSS. and Dii. 
 
 “ “ 80, 30, relictis impedimentis, for relictis legionibus . . . praesidio 
 
 impedimentis, with H., Dii. approving. 
 
 “ “ 81,15, suppliciis male haberi, for supplicis malis habere, with 
 
 Vielhaber followed by Do. Dr. H., supported by one 
 good MS. 
 
 “ “ 82,23, reliquae munitionis, for rei, with Porchhammer and K., 
 
 followed by Do. Dr. Du. H. 
 
 Book ii, 3,10, navem, supplied with K., followed by Do. Dr. (notes, not 
 
 text) H. 
 
 “ “ 5, 5, uxoribus . . . aut in, for a corrupt passage uxoribus fea; 
 
 publicis custodiis quae muro, with Dii. 
 
 “ “ 10,36, fastigate, lor fastigato, with K. followed by all the editors, 
 
 “ “ 10, 1, tecto, supplied with K. followed by Do. Dr. Dii.; H. sug¬ 
 
 gested musculo. 
 
 “ “ 16,24, telis, for vi (MSS. efs), with Porchhammer followed by Dii. 
 
 H. K. 
 
 “ “ 25, 4, traduxisset, lor vela direxisset, with Dr. Dii. and good MSS. 
 
 “ 29,19-29, this corrupt passage is given after Dii., without, how¬ 
 ever, supplying his conjectures for the lacunae. 
 
 “ “ 31, 20, dissimulari, for dissimulare, with Do. Dr. H. K. 
 
 “ “ 35, 28, mille, supplied with Do. Dr, Dii. H. 
 
 “ 39, 22, equitesque, for equique, with MSS. Do. H. 
 
 ii 
 
APPENDIX IV. 
 
 291 
 
 Book iii, 6, 28, legiones vii, for . . . VI, with MSS. and editors, exc. Do. 
 
 “ “ 6,32, Palaeste, for \ Pharsalia, with all the editors. 
 
 “ 8,17, Sasonis ad Ourici, for Salonis ad Oricum, with Momm¬ 
 
 sen, followed by Do. Dr. H. K. 
 
 “ “ 10, 32, Curictam, for Corcyram, with Mommsen, followed by all 
 
 the editors. 
 
 “ “ 10, 8, contentum, dropping as a gloss a following sentence, Haee 
 
 quo facilius Pompeio probari possent, omnes suas ter¬ 
 restres \urbiumque copias dimissurum, which is brack¬ 
 eted by Dr. Dii. H. 
 
 “ “ 12, 30, arcem, for arce, with good MSS. and all the editors. 
 
 “ “ 13, 3, gestae, for gesta, with good MSS. and all the editors. 
 
 “ “ 15,15, sibi, for eis, with good MSS. and all the editors. 
 
 “ “ 16, 31, Summam, for Pompeii, with all the editors. 
 
 “ “ 20, 5, Ooelius et, for Coelius. Sed, with good MSS. Do. H. K. 
 
 “ “ 21, 25, missa . . . appararet, with II., followed by Dii. 
 
 “ “ 25,10, exspectabant, for non spectabat, with good MSS. Do. 
 
 Dii. H. 
 
 “ “ 25,13, si, for si vel, where the MSS. have sive, and H. supplies 
 
 the alternative sive ad Labeatium, followed by Dr. Dii. 
 
 “ “ 36, 32, antecedit, for excedit, with good MSS. and all the editors. 
 
 Dr., however, reading rei. 
 
 “ 36,36, adesse, for abisse, with good MSS. and all the editors. 
 
 “ 38,20, quarum . . . receperunt, supplied by Freudenberg, fol¬ 
 
 lowed by Do. Dr. (essentially) Dii. II. 
 
 “ “ 40,10, scutulis, for suculis, with MSS. and editors. 
 
 “ “ 40,10, portum, for partem, with Forchhammer, followed by Do. 
 
 Dii. n. 
 
 “ 40,15, prohibebat, for prohibeat, with MSS. and editors. 
 
 “ “ 41, 25, tertio die ad Pompeium, omitting in Macedoniam, all 
 
 the editors. 
 
 “ “ 44,15, addebant, for \videbant, with Weber, followed by Do. II. 
 
 “ “ 45,10, legiones and plur. verbs, for legio and sing, verbs, with 
 
 MSS. and all the editors (Do. in notes). 
 
 “ 46,17, confectis, for with Markland, followed by Do. H. 
 
 “ “ 46, 28, disjectae, for directae, with H. followed by all the editors. 
 
 “ “ 49, 9, cujus . . . succedere, for quibas . . . \cubtercre, with II. 
 
 followed by Do. Dii. (retaining, however, quibus). 
 
 “ “ 51, 4, tormentumve, for tormento, vnth good MSS. and all editors 
 
 exc. Dr. 
 
 ‘‘ 53,3), veste, congiariis, for \vespeciariis {\h.c unintelligible read¬ 
 ing of the MSS.), with H. followed by Dii. 
 
292 
 
 APPENDIX IV. 
 
 Book iii, 55, this chapter comes after 56 in the MSS., but has been 
 
 transposed, with Dr., all the other editors noticing the 
 apparent displacement in the MSS. 
 
 “ 63, 27, duae, for nostrae, with Do. Dr. Dii. 
 
 “ ‘‘ 65,29, secundum mare, here instead of after castra, 1. 32, with 
 
 Dr. Dii. H. 
 
 “ “ 67,14, signa . . . illata . . . renuntiarunt, for signo . . . illato . . . 
 
 rem nuntiarunt, with Dii.; renuntiarunt also Dr. Do.H. 
 
 “ ‘‘ 69, 29, demissis signis . . . confugerent, for [dimissis equis'\ . . . 
 
 conjungerent, with Oehler, followed by Do. Dii. (but 
 conjicerent) H. 
 
 “ “ 71, 7, et notos equites Romanos, etc., for et equites. . . , Tuti 
 
 canum Gallum, senatoris jilium, notos eq. Rom., etc., 
 with H., omitting, however, a Fleginatem before Tuti- 
 canum. 
 
 “ “ 71,15, passus est, sed . . . numquam, for passus neque .. . quas, 
 
 with H. following Madvig. 
 
 “ “ 73, 24, fore ut. . . verteret, for the simple verteret, with Dii. 
 
 “ “ 79, 26, objectum, for oppidum oppositum, with Dr. Dii. 
 
 “ “ 81,26, plenis frumentorum, supplied with Kergel, followed by 
 
 Dii. H. 
 
 •• 89, 22, Cohortes . . . Ixxx, for . . . LXXV, with MSS. and all 
 the editors exc. Do. 
 
 ** “112, 9, In hoc, for Haec, with Do. Dr. H. 
 
 ✓ 
 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 Note. —This vocabulary is, iu the main, a condensation of Eichert’s dictionary to the 
 writings of Caesar and his continuators. Proper names of biography or geography 
 are not given when sufficiently explained in the notes and App. I. Words 
 marked with an * occur only once in the Bellum Civile. Only vowels long by 
 nature are marked, and not even these always when long by position also, or 
 final. All abbreviations used are thought to explain themselves. 
 
 A. 
 
 A, ab, (abs): prep, with abl., from ; 
 on (see on p. 22, 3) ; off (see on p. 
 40, 18). 
 
 ab-dico* : (1), reg., renounce; se 
 . . . dictatura, resign. [hide. 
 
 ab-do : (3), -didi, -ditum, put away ; 
 ab-duco ; (3), -xi, -ctum, lead away ; 
 
 carry offy remove. [ish . 
 
 ab-eo : (4), -ii, -itum, go away ; van- 
 ab-horreo : (2), -ui, shrmk from; 
 a, ab) he averse to. 
 
 abjicio (abicio) : (3), -jSci, -jectum, 
 
 throwaway; hurl, [jacio.] 
 abripio : (3), -pui, -eptum, snatch 
 away, [rapio.j 
 
 abscido : (3), -eidi, -cTsum, cut off; 
 
 separate, [abs, caedo.] 
 absens : see on p. 15, 34. 
 abs-traho : (3), -xi, - ctum, drag 
 away ; separate. 
 
 ab-sum : abesse, afui (abfui), he 
 away ; he distant, far off; he lack¬ 
 ing. 
 
 ab-undo : (1), reg., {flowoff),abound. 
 ac, atque : and {too); and {so); as (see 
 on pp. 22, 29 ; 58, 9). 
 accedo: (3), - cessi, -cessum, ap¬ 
 proach; ad amicitiam Caesaris, 
 join C.'s side; he added, [ad, 
 cedo.] 
 
 accelero : (1), reg., hasten. [ad, 
 celero.] 
 
 accido : (3), -eidi, fall {to); happen, 
 turn out. [ad, cado.] 
 accipio : (3), -cepi, -ceptum, take {to); 
 receive ; accept; sustain; hear. 
 [ad, capio.J 
 
 ''acer: -cris, -ere, sharp; vigorous. 
 acerbe : adv., sharply, bitterly, se- 
 ^ verely. [verity. 
 
 acerbitas : -atis, f ., sharpness, se- 
 acerrime : super!, of acriter, 
 [acervus] : -i., m., heap; see on p. 
 34, 6. 
 
 acies : -ei, f., {edge), line of battle; 
 
 battle array ; battle. 
 acriter : adv., sharply, impetuously. 
 actio* : -onis, 1, {official) act. 
 actuarius : -a, -um, {easy to move), 
 light, swift, [ago.] 
 ad: prep, with acc. I. Of Space: to, 
 towards, against, at, near, among. 
 II. Of Time: towards, up to, on, at, 
 till. III. In Numerical Relations : 
 towards, about, up to, down to. IV. 
 Of Purpose and Reference : to, 
 for, with reference to, in consid¬ 
 eration of, according to. 
 ad-aequo* : (1), reg., make equal to. 
 ad-aquor* : (1), dep., get water. 
 ad-augeo* : (2), -xi, -ctum, see on p. 
 101, 16. 
 
 293 
 
294 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 ad-dico* : (8), -xi, -ctum, award to ; 
 
 see on p. 59, 35. \add. 
 
 ad-do : (3), -didi, -ditiim, {jpui to), 
 
 ad-dnco : (3 ), -xi, -ctum, lead to; 
 
 hring {on, to, up, against); influ¬ 
 ence, induce. 
 
 ad-eo: (4), -ii, -itum, go to, ap- 
 proach ; resort to. [;inuch. 
 
 adeo : adv., to that {degree); so, so 
 ad-haeresco: (3), -haesi, -haesum, 
 stick {to). 
 
 adhibeo: (2), -ui, -itum, hold to ; ap¬ 
 ply, use, employ ; invite to accom¬ 
 pany or help, [habeo.] 
 ad-hortor : (1), dep., urge {to); en¬ 
 courage, exhort. 
 adhiic : adv., thus far, as yet. 
 adigo : (3), -6gi, -actum, {drive to); 
 
 send, drive, force, [ago.] 
 adimo : (3), -emi, -emptum, take {to 
 one’s self, i. e.) away, [emo.] 
 aditus : -us, m., approach, access, 
 entrance ; means, [adeo.] 
 ad-jaceo : (2), -ui, lie near, border. 
 adjicio (adicio) : (3), -j5ci, -jectum, 
 throw {to), cast {upon); add. 
 ad-jungo : (3), -nxi, -nctum, join to ; 
 add, win over to. 
 
 adjutor :-5ris, m., helper, supporter ; 
 from 
 
 ad-juvo : (1), -juvi, -jutum, help, sup¬ 
 port; he of use. [ment; use. 
 
 (administratio: -onis, f., manage- 
 •< ad-ministro: (1), reg,, manage, 
 ( conduct, take charge {of). 
 ad-miror : (1), dep., wonder {at, acc.; 
 
 that, acc. & inf.). \c^dd. 
 
 ad-misceo : (2), -scni, -xtum, mix in ; 
 ad-mitto: (3), -misi, missum, {send) let 
 to ; let go ; let come {ad^nit); suffer 
 to happen, allow. [^suggest. 
 
 i ad-moneo : (2), -ui, -itum, ivarn, 
 admonitus* : -us, m., suggestion ; 
 used only in abl 
 
 ad-moveo : (2\ -movi, -motum, move 
 {forward) to; apply. 
 ad-no* : (1), reg., swim to. 
 adolescens : -tis, young; a young 
 man (anywhere from about 15 to 
 about 30 years old) ; hence 
 adolescentia* : -ae, f., youth. 
 ad-orior : (4), dep., (me against), 
 attack. 
 
 ad-orno* : (1), reg., {prepare for), 
 equip. 
 
 ad-sto* : (1), -stiti, stand near. 
 ad-sum (assum) : adesse, adfui, (af¬ 
 fui), he present; come up ; occur. 
 adulatio* : -onis, f., flattery. 
 ad-veho* : (3), -xi, -ctum, bring {to)~ 
 ''ad-venio* : (4), -vEni, -ventum, 
 
 come to, arrive. 
 
 advento* : (1), reg., see on p. 17, 
 1 28. 
 
 adventus : -us, m., approach, ar¬ 
 rival. 
 
 adversarius : -a, -um, {turned to- 
 icard); unfavorable to ; as subst. 
 masc., enemy ; from 
 adversus : -a, -um, {turned toward), 
 j opposite; in front; {over) 
 
 ' against; contrary, unfavorable. 
 
 [ad, verto.] 
 
 adversus : prep, with acc., against. 
 ad-verto : (3), -ti, -sum, turn to-^ 
 ward. 
 
 ad-voco : (1), reg., call to, summon. 
 ad-volo : (1), reg., {fly to); hurry 
 {to). 
 
 aedifico : (1), reg., build, [aedes, 
 facio.] 
 
 aedilitas : -^tis, f., aedileship; 
 App. II, 9. 
 
 aeger : -gra, -grum, sick, weak; 
 
 subst. masc., a sick man. 
 aegre : adv., ^cith difficulty or effort. 
 Aegyptus : -i, f, Aegypt. 
 aeque : adv., equally, just as. 
 [aequus.] 
 
 aequitas: -atis, f., {equality); jus¬ 
 tice, fairness. 
 
 aequo : (1), reg., {make equal), 
 
 {ynake) level. 
 
 aequus : -a, -um, even, level; favor¬ 
 able ; equal; drawn (h?vti\d)', just, 
 fair ; well balanced, calm. 
 'aerarium : -i, n., see on p. 17, 25. 
 aeratus* : -a, -um, see on p. 52, 6 ; 
 from 
 
 aes : aeris, n., bronze ; money ; 
 hence 
 
 aestimatio : -onis, f., valuation, ap¬ 
 praisement ; from 
 aestimo : (1), reg., value, rate. 
 aestus : -us, m., heat. \tiQ7i. 
 
 aetas: -atis, f., age; time, genera- 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 295 
 
 Aetolia : -ae, f., a S. W. district in 
 upper Greece; Aetoli,* -ovwm^Aeto- 
 Uans. 
 
 aflfero : atlerre, attuli, allatum, bring 
 {to); produce, cause, [ad, fero.] 
 afficio : (3), -feci, -fectum, affect, 
 treat, visit with or by (aliquem 
 aliqua re), [ad, facio.] 
 affingo* : (3), -finxi, -fictum, invent 
 in addition, add falsely. [ad, 
 fingo.] 
 
 affinitas : -iitis, f., relationship by 
 marriage, [affinis. ] 
 affligo : (3), -xl, -ctum, {strike 
 
 against), damage, [ad, fligo.] 
 affore : = affuturum esse (ad- 
 sum). 
 
 Africus : -a, -um, African; as 
 masc. proper name, south-west 
 wind. 
 
 ager : -gri, m., field, land ; the coun¬ 
 try about a city (plur.) ; territory. 
 agger : -eris, m., rubbish; mound, 
 wall: sieqe-mound (see on p. 51, 
 3 and 14). 
 
 aggredior : (3), dep., (-gressus), {go 
 to); attack; undertake, begin. 
 
 [ad, gradior.] 
 
 agmen : -inis, n., army (in motion), 
 column, [ago.] 
 
 agnosco : (3), -novi, -nitum, distin¬ 
 guish, recognize, [ad, gnosco.] 
 ago : (3), egi, actum. A. Put in 
 MOTION : (1) drive off, carry away ; 
 (2) pursue; (3) push forward, 
 move up (turres vineasque), B. 
 Ply anything: (1) express, state 
 (gratias) ; cum aliquo, treat 
 with; (2) do, perform, manage, 
 transact, hold; (3) intrans., act, 
 proceed {diO, aliqua re), 
 alacer* : -cris, -ere, lively, eager; 
 
 hence [ness. 
 
 alacritas, -atis, f., liveliness, eager- 
 alarius : -a, -um, on the wing; aux¬ 
 iliary (App. ni, 4). 
 albeo* : -Bre, be white {gray), [al¬ 
 bus.] 
 
 Albici : -drum, a mountain people 
 near Massilia. 
 
 Alesia* ; -ae, f., a city of Gaul. 
 Aliaemon ; -onis, m., a river of 
 Macedonia. 
 
 " alias: adv., at another time /alias 
 . . . a 1 i a s, 07ie time ... at 
 another; now . . . now. [alius.] 
 J alienatio* : -onis, f., aversion, de- 
 1 sertion (in sympathy) ; from 
 alienus : -a, -um, of another (alius) / 
 strange, fo7xign ; estranged, dis¬ 
 loyal. 
 
 aliquamdiu* : adv., for some time. 
 aliquandb* : adv, {after some time); 
 at last. 
 
 aliqui : -qua, -quod, indef. adj. 
 
 pron., some, any (considerable), 
 aliquis : -quid, indef. subst. pron., 
 some 07ie, any one; some thing, 
 any thing ; once like aliqui, er¬ 
 ror aliquis. [eral. 
 
 aliquot* : indef. indecl. num., sev- 
 alius : -a, -ud, another; alii . . . 
 
 alii, some . . . others. 
 allido*: (3), -llsi, -lisum, dash 
 against, [ad, laedo.] 
 
 Allobrox : -ogis, see on p. 101, 21. 
 alluo^ : (3), -ui, wash {against), [ad, 
 luo.] [pass., live {on, abl.). 
 
 alo : (3), alui, altum, alitum, feed; 
 alter : -era, -erum, the other (of 
 two), second; alter . . . alter, 
 the one . . . the other; hence 
 altercor* : (1), dep., wraiigle. 
 alter-uter* : -tra, -trum, either (of 
 two). 
 
 altitudo : -inis, f., {height), depth; 
 from 
 
 altus : -a, -um, {high); as neut. 
 
 subst., the high sea ; deep, [alo.] 
 Amantini* : -drum, inhabitants of 
 Amantia. [bribery, [ambio.] 
 ambitus* : -us, m., {a going round ); 
 ambo : -ae, -o, both {together). 
 'amicissime : adv., very kindly; 
 
 superb of amice. [ance. 
 
 4 amicitia: -ae, i., friendship; alli- 
 amicus: -a, -um, friendly ; as masc. 
 subst., 
 
 a-mitto : (3), -misi, -missum, {send 
 off), let slip, let pass; lose. 
 amplector* : (3), dep., -plexus, en¬ 
 close, embrace. 
 
 amplissime : adv., very generously, 
 superb of ample. 
 
 amplius : adv., more; further. See 
 on p. 19, 6. Compar, of ample. 
 
296 
 
 VOCABULARY, 
 
 amplus ; -a, -um, {large), influential; 
 see on p. 13, 9. 
 
 an : or (in second part of disjunctive 
 questions) ; what f what then f 
 (see on p. 66, 21). 
 
 Anas* : -ae, m., a river in Spain, the 
 modern Guadiana. 
 anceps : adj., -cipitis, twofold, 
 double, [an-, = ambi, caput.] 
 ancora : -ae, 1, anchor; hence 
 anc orarius* : -a, -um, pertaining to 
 an anchor; funis a., cable. 
 angulus ; -i, m., corner, angle. 
 Androsthenes* : -is, p. Ill, 33. 
 anguste : adv., within narrow limits; 
 narrowly; a. sexcentos, barely 
 600 ; scantily, sparingly. 
 angustiae : -arum, f., narrow pass; 
 narrowness, narrow limits ; scarci¬ 
 ty ; straits, difficulties; from 
 angustus : -a, -um, narrow ; scanty. 
 animadversio* : -onis, f., {unfavor¬ 
 able notice, i. e.) punishment, cen¬ 
 sure; from 
 
 animadverto : (3), -ti, -sum, {— ani¬ 
 mum adverto, turn the mind 
 toward), observe, notice; see on 
 p. 42, 5. 
 
 animus : -i, m., mind, heart, spirit, 
 disposition, feeling ; courage ; pur¬ 
 pose. 
 
 annona : -ae, f., {yearly produce, 
 provisions), price of grain, from 
 annus : -i, m., year; hence 
 annuus : -a, -um, lasting a year; 
 annual. 
 
 ante : adv., before, ahead; prep. 
 
 with acc., before, up to (of time), 
 ante-cedo : (3), -cessi, -cessum, go 
 before, precede; get the start, ar¬ 
 rive before (some one else), antici¬ 
 pate; surpass. 
 
 antecursor ; -oris, m., {forerunner), 
 scout, sent out ahead to reconnoi¬ 
 tre. 
 
 ante-eo* : (4), Ivi and ii, {go before), 
 surpass. 
 
 ante-fero* : -ferre, -tuli, -liitum, car¬ 
 ry before. [send ahead. 
 
 ante-mitto* : (3), -misi, -missum, 
 antequam : conj., before, sooner 
 than, oftener ante . . . quam ; 
 see on p. 11 , 18. 
 
 antesignanus : -i, m., {before the 
 standards). See App. Ill, 18. 
 Antiochea : -ae, f., see on p. 122, 
 35 ; adj. , Antiochenses, -ium, citi¬ 
 zens of Antioch. 
 
 Antiochus* : -i, m.. King of Com¬ 
 magena, a district in Syria, hence 
 Commagenus A. 
 
 antiquitus : adv., of old, for a long 
 time; a long time ago, from time 
 immemorial; from 
 antiquus* : -a, -um, old, former. 
 
 [ante.] 
 
 aperio : (4), -perui, -pertum, open; 
 hence 
 
 apertus : -a, -um, uncovered, unpro¬ 
 tected ; open, free. 
 
 Apoll5niates : -ium, m., citizens of 
 Apollonia. 
 
 apparatus : -us, m., engines and 
 material of war, equipments, works; 
 from 
 
 apparo : (1), reg., make ready, pre¬ 
 pare. [ad, paro.] 
 
 appellatio* : -onis, f., appeal; from 
 appello : (1), reg., appeal to, ad¬ 
 dress; protest; call, name, entitle. 
 appello : (3), puli, -pulsum, drive or 
 piish to, hence of ships, land; see 
 on p. 62, 30. [ad, pello.] 
 appeto : (3), -ivi and -ii, -itum, seek 
 after ; strike at. [ad, peto.] 
 applico* : (1), reg., of a ship, land, 
 like appello, [ad, plico.] 
 appropinquo : (1), reg., draw near, 
 approach, [ad, propinquo.] 
 aptus : -a, -um, suitable, Jit, proper ; 
 ready. 
 
 apud : prep, with acc., in the neigh¬ 
 borhood of, with, in presence of, 
 before. 
 
 Apulia : -ae, f., the S. E. district of 
 Italy. 
 
 aqua : -ae, f., water. [bringer. 
 aquator* : -oris, waterer, water- 
 aquila: -ae,f., eagle. App. 111,17, a. 
 aquilifer* : -erl, rn., do. do. 
 aquor : (1), dep., get water. [sor. 
 ''arbiter; -tri, m., appraiser, asses- 
 arbitrium* : -i, n., {estimate), will, 
 pleasure. [believe. 
 
 arbitror : (1), dep., think, suppose, 
 arcano* ; adv., secretly. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 297 
 
 arcesso : (3), -sivi, -situm, send for, 
 summon. \eager. 
 
 ardeo : (2), -si, -sum, lyurn, i. e., he 
 arduus* ; -a, -um, steep. 
 argentum : -i, n., silver. 
 argumentum^: -i, n., proof. 
 Ariobarzanes'^: -is, m., king in Cap¬ 
 padocia. [war. 
 
 arma : -orum, n., arms, weapons; 
 armamenta : -orum, n., (ship) tack¬ 
 ling. 
 
 armatura : -ae, f., equipment, armor. 
 armo : (1), reg., equip, arm. 
 arripio* : (3), -ripui, -reptum, seize. 
 
 [ad, rapio.] 
 
 arrogans*: -ntis, presumptuous; [ad, 
 rogo] ; hence 
 
 arrogantia : ae, f., presumption. 
 artificium : -i, n., skill. 
 arundo* : -dinis, f., reed. 
 arx : -cis, f., citadel. 
 ascendo : (3), -di, -sum, climh, as- 
 cmd; [ad, scando] ; hence 
 ascensus* : -us, m., slope, ascent. 
 asper: -era, -erum, rough, unev&n; 
 wild. 
 
 aspicio* : (3), -exi, -ectum, look to¬ 
 ward, hehold. [ad, specio.] 
 asser : -eris, m., beam. 
 asservo : (1), reg., guard, watch. 
 assuefacio* : (3), feel, factum, 
 
 {make wonted), pass., he wonted. 
 astruo* : (3), -xl, -ctum, huild [in 
 addition), [ad, struo.] 
 at : conj., hut {on the other hand); 
 however. 
 
 Athenae* : -arum, f., Athens. 
 attenuo* : (1), reg., make thin, weak¬ 
 en. [ad, tenuo.] 
 
 attingo : (3), -tigi, tactum, reach; 
 
 border on. [ad, tango.] 
 attribuo : (3), -ul, -titum, assign, al¬ 
 lot, entrust to ; impute to. 
 auctionor : (1), dep., sell at auction. 
 auctor: -oris, m., maker, author; 
 adviser; authority for a report; 
 [augeo]; hence 
 
 auctoritas : -atis, f., influence, ex¬ 
 ample ; declaration^ decree; re¬ 
 pute, authority. 
 
 "audacia : -ae, f., boldness, bravery. 
 audacter : adv., boldly, bravely. 
 
 ^ audeo : (2), ausus ?,mn.,dare, venture, i 
 
 audio : (4), reg., hear {of); listen to ; 
 follow, obey. 
 
 augeo : (2), -xl, -ctum, increase, 
 
 magnify, strengthen, enlarge; 
 pass., be increased, grow. 
 aura* : -ae, f., breeze. 
 auris* : -is, f., ear. 
 auster* : -tri, m., the south wind. 
 aut : conj., or; aut . . . aut, either 
 ... or. [positive), 
 
 autem : conj., but, moreover (post- 
 autumnus : i, m., autumn, [auc- 
 tus-annus.] 
 
 auxiliaris : -e, aiding, auxiliary; 
 App. Ill, 4 ; from 
 
 auxilium : -i, n., aid, support, help ; 
 plur., forces; auxiliary troops; 
 App. Ill, 4. [Auximum. 
 
 Auximates* : -um., m., citizens of 
 Avaricum : -i., n., a city of Gaul, 
 avaritia* : -ae, f., greed, avarice. 
 aversus : -a, -um, {turned away), 
 from behind, in the rear; from 
 averto : (3), -ti, -sum, turn off, away, 
 aside; send off (from the proper 
 course), embezzle; remove, es- 
 trange. 
 
 axis* : -is, beam. 
 
 B. 
 
 Bagrada : -ae, m., a river of Africa 
 near Utica. 
 
 ballista : -ae, f., see on p. 51, 19. 
 barbarus : -a, -um, foreign, strange 
 (to the Romans); masc. subst., 
 barbarians, i. e., any people outside 
 the Roman civilization ; barba¬ 
 rous, i. e., customary among such 
 peoples. [tial. 
 
 [bellicosus : -a, -um, warlike, mar- 
 I bellicus* : -a, -um, of war, and 
 - bello* : (1), reg., carry on war, 
 fight; fi’om 
 
 bellum : -i, n. , war. [duellum.] 
 bene : adv., well. [31 ; from 
 
 beneficiarius : -i, m., see on p. 44, 
 beneficium : -i, n., favor, kindness. 
 [bene, facio.] 
 
 benevolentia* : -ae, f., good-will. 
 [bene, volo.] 
 
 Bessi* : -orum, m., a tribe of N. E. 
 Thrace on the river Strymon. 
 
298 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 biduum ; -i, n., two days; see on p. I 
 19, 26. [bis, dies.] 
 biennium : -i, n., two years, [bis, 
 annus.] [p. 44, 14). 
 
 bini : -ae, -a, two {each); two (see on 
 bipedalis* : -e, two feet {thick). 
 biremis* : -e, sc. navis, a ship with 
 two banks of oars, hireme. [bis, 
 remus.] 
 
 bis*: twice, [duis.] 
 
 Bithynia* : -ae, f., a district in the 
 north of Asia Minor. 
 
 Boeotia : -ae, f., a district in Central 
 Greece. 
 
 bonus : -a, -um, good, favorable, 
 well-disposed; neut. subst., advan¬ 
 tage; plur., goods, property. 
 brevis : -e, short; hence 
 brevitas* : -atis, shortness. 
 bucinator* : -oris, bugler ; App, III, 
 
 15. [Bullis. 
 Bullidenses* ; -ium, m., citizens of 
 Buthrotum : -i, n., a city in Epirus. 
 
 C. 
 
 Cadaver*: -eris, n., corpse; from 
 cado : (3), cecidi, casum, {fall), 
 strike ; turn out, happen ; perish, 
 fall (in battle). 
 
 caecus* : -a, -um, blind (that cannot 
 be seen). 
 
 caedes : -is, f., slaughter; from 
 caedo* : (3), cecidi, caesum, fell, cut 
 down. 
 
 caelum : -i, n., heaven, the sky. 
 caespes : -itis, m. , turf, [caedo.] 
 calamitas : -atis, f., disaster. 
 calo* : -onis, m., driver ; App. III, 
 
 16. [bria. 
 Camerinum* : -i, n., a town of Um- 
 campester: -tris, -tre, through a 
 
 plain, level ; from 
 campus : -i, m., plain, open field. 
 canalis* : -is, jn., {ws^ier-) pipe. 
 cano*: (3), cecini, cantum, sound, 
 blow. 
 
 capio : (3), cepi, captum, take, seize, 
 capture ; reach ; undertake, form ; 
 receive, suffer. 
 
 Capitolium* : -i, n., the Capitol, \. e. 
 the S. W. peak of the Capitoline 
 hill, with its temple of Jupiter. 
 
 ! Cappadocia* : -ae, 1, the eastern dis- 
 I trict of Asia Minor, 
 capreolus* : -i, m., {young roebuck), 
 rafter. 
 
 captivus : -a, -um, captured ; subst., 
 captive. [citizenship. 
 
 caput : -itis, n.. head, tip, end; life ; 
 caiina* : ae, f., keel. [of Carmo. 
 Carmon enses* : -ium, m., citizens 
 carpo : (3), -psi, -ptiirn, harass. 
 carrus : -i, m., wagon. 
 carus : -a, -um, dear, beloved. 
 castellum : -i, n , fort, redoubt. 
 castigo : (1), reg., chide, reprove, 
 
 blame. [^19. 
 
 castra : -orum, n., camp; App. Ill, 
 casus : us, m., {fall), hap, fortune, 
 chance (good or bad), fate ; death. 
 [cado.] 
 
 catapulta : -ae, f., catapult, see on p. 
 51,19. 
 
 causa : -ae, f., cause, reason, pre¬ 
 text; cause, issue, party, side, ques¬ 
 tion; causa with gen., on account 
 of, for the sake of. 
 caveo : (2), cavi, cautum, guard 
 against; give security. 
 cedo : (3), cessi, cessum, go away, 
 retire, retreat; yield {to). 
 celer ; -eris, -ere, swift, speedy; 
 hence 
 
 celeritas : -atis, f., swiftness, speed. 
 celo* : (1), reg., conceal. 
 censeo : (2), -sui, -sum, think, be of 
 the opinion {that, etc.); vote ; hence 
 censor* : -oris, m., censor; App. II, 
 13. 
 
 cento: -onis, m., mat, matting (of 
 coarse, heavy cloth). [Ill, 2. 
 
 centuria: -ae, f., century; App. 
 centuriatim* : adv.,- by centuries. 
 centurio : -onis, m., centurion; 
 App, III, 2, 11. [ceive. 
 
 cerno : (3), crevi, crGtum, see, per- 
 certamen: inis, n., battle, fight, 
 struggle, [certo.] 
 certe : adv., surely ; at least; from 
 certus : -a, -wm, fixed, set, appointed, 
 agreed upon ; sure, safe, reliable ; 
 certain, clear; aliquem certio¬ 
 rem facere, to inform one. 
 cespes : see caespes, 
 ceterus : -a, -um, other, remaining. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 299 
 
 cetratus : -a, -um, light-armed; see 
 on p. 29, 16. 
 
 chara* : -ae, f., genus radicis. 
 Cilices*: -um, m,, (sing. Cilix), CiU- 
 cians. 
 
 Cilicia : -ae, f., the S. E. district of 
 Asia Minor ; adj., Ciliciensis, -e. 
 cingo : (3), cinxi, cinctum, sur¬ 
 
 round, enclose, protect. 
 circa : prep. w. acc., near, about. 
 circiter : adv., about, towards, near. 
 circuitus : -us, m., roundabout way, 
 circuit, circumference, [circum¬ 
 eo.] 
 
 circulor* : (1), dep., gather in circles. 
 circum : adv. and prep. v,\ acc., 
 around {in, among''. 
 circumcludo : (3), -si, -sum, shut in, 
 enclose, [claudo.] 
 circum-do: -dare, -dedi, -datum, 
 {put around), surround. 
 circum-duco : (3), -xi, -ctum, lead 
 around. 
 
 circum-eo (circueo) : (4\ -ii, itum, 
 go around; surround, enclose; 
 make the round of. 
 circum-fundo : (3), -fudi, -fusum, 
 {pour) scatter around, spread out. 
 circumjicio* : (3), -jeci, -jectum, 
 
 {throw) station around, [jacio.] 
 circum-mitto : (3), -misi, -missum, 
 send around, everywhere. 
 circum-munio, (4), reg., wall in; 
 
 enclose, shut in ; hence 
 circummunitio*: -onis, f., enclosure. 
 circum-scribo* : (3). -psi, -ptum, 
 {mark around), restrict, limit. 
 circum-sisto : (3), -steti, {stand 
 
 around), surround. 
 circum-vallo* : (1), reg., surround 
 with a vallum, wall in. 
 circum-vehor* : -vehi, -vectus sum, 
 dep., go around. 
 
 circum-venio : (4), -venl, ventum, 
 {come around), surround, outflank ; 
 surprise; outwit, entrap. 
 citatus* : -a, -um, urged on, at full 
 speed, [cito.] 
 
 citerior : -us, ( oris), on this side 
 (to one in Italy), hither. 
 citra : prep. w. acc., on this side 
 (viz., towards the speaker or actor). I 
 citro* : adv., hither. ‘ 
 
 civilis: -e, citizen, civil; internal; 
 from 
 
 civis : -is, m., citizen; hence 
 civitas : -atis, f., {citizenship), city, 
 state (the citizens collectively), 
 clam : adv. and prep., secretly, un¬ 
 beknown to. 
 
 clamor : -oris, m., shout, battle-cry. 
 dare* : adv. from clarus, distinctly. 
 classiarius* : a, -um, belonging to a 
 fleet (classis), masc. plur. subst., 
 crews. 
 
 classicum* : -i, n., signal. 
 classis : -is, f., fleet (ships and crews), 
 claudo : (3), -si, -sum, shut, close; 
 
 shut in, beset. 
 clavus : -i, m., nail. 
 clementer* : adv., mildly. [de- 
 mens.] 
 
 diens*: -entis, m., a depeyident, re¬ 
 tainer. 
 
 clientela*: -ae, f., body of clients or 
 retainers. 
 clivus* : -i, m., slope, ascent. 
 coacta : -orum, n., see on p. 95, 27. 
 coagmentum*: r\.,joint, crevice. 
 
 [cogo.] 
 
 co-emo* : (3), -emi, -emptum, buy 
 {together) up. 
 
 co-eo* : (4), coii, coitum, go togeth¬ 
 er; . . . inter se, unite in a body. 
 (coepio : -ere,) coepi, coeptum, be¬ 
 gin. 
 
 coerceo : (2), -cui, -citum, {drive to¬ 
 gether), restrain; enforce, [arceo.] 
 cogitatio* : onis, f., thought, plan¬ 
 ning ; from 
 
 cogito: (1), reg., think, consider, 
 ponder; think of, plan, purpose. 
 
 [agito, ago.] 
 
 co-gnosco : (3), -ndvT, -nitum, learn, 
 notice, perceive, hear {of); in per¬ 
 fect tenses, know ; discover, find out 
 about. 
 
 c5go: (3), co3gI, coactum, {drive) 
 bring together, assemble, collect; 
 summon ; force, compel, constrain. 
 
 [ago.] 
 
 cohors : -tis, f., cohort. App. Ill, 
 2, c. 
 
 cohortatio* : -5nis, f, appeal; from 
 co-hortor : (1), dep., appeal to, urge, 
 incite, harangue. 
 
300 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 collabefio* : -fieri, -factus, collapse, 
 go to pieces, [con, labo, fio.] 
 collaudo : (1), reg., praise warmly, 
 extol, [con, laudo.] 
 
 'collega*: -ae, m., companion in of¬ 
 fice, colleague. 
 
 collegium* : -i, n., hoard, college. 
 - colligo : (3), -legi, -lectum, assem¬ 
 ble, collect; acquire, win ; se . . . 
 colligere, regain one’s senses 
 or courage, [con, lego.] 
 collis : -is, m., hill. 
 colloco : (1), reg., place, put, set; 
 
 post, station, [con, loco.] 
 colloquium: -i, n., conversation, 
 
 conference, interview; from 
 colloquor: -loqui, -locutus, tcdk, con¬ 
 verse. [con, loquor.] 
 
 'colonia : -ae, f., colony ; hence 
 col5nicus* : -a, -um, colonial. 
 colonus: -i, m., colonist; tenant. 
 [colo.] [fr. columna], 
 
 columella^-: -ae, f., pillar; [dim. 
 columnarius* ; -a, -um, adj. from 
 columna, pillar. 
 
 comburo* : (3), -bussi, -bustum, 
 
 hum up. [com, uro.] 
 comes* : -itis, companion; [com, 
 eo] ; hence 
 
 comitatus : -us, m., escort. 
 comitialis* ; -e, pertaining to the co¬ 
 mitia ; from 
 
 comitium : -i, n., see on p. 12 , 19 ; 
 
 plur., election-assemblies, elections. 
 Commagenus : see Antiochus, 
 commeatus: -us, m., supply-train ; 
 
 supplies, provisions, [commeo.] 
 com-memoro : (1), reg., (call to 
 mind and) make mention of, state, 
 recount. 
 
 commendatio* : -onis, f., commen¬ 
 dation; from 
 
 commendo: (1), reg., commend, re¬ 
 commend. [mando.] 
 commiles* : -itis, m., fellow-soldier. 
 commilito* ; -dnis, m., comrade. 
 comminus : adv., hand to hand, at 
 close quarters, [con, manus.] 
 com-mitto: (3), -misT, -missum, 
 
 firing together), entrust to, impute 
 to ; suffer, allow ; se . . . c o m - 
 mittere, venture; proelium 
 com., jom battle. 
 
 commodus: -a, -um, {inproper meas^ 
 ure), apt, fitting ; convenient, good. 
 [modus.] [delay. 
 
 com-moror : (1), dep., halt, pause, 
 com-moveo : (2), -movi, -mdtum, in¬ 
 duce, impel. 
 
 communico : (1), reg., {make com¬ 
 mori), share; converse. [commu- 
 nis.] 
 
 com-munio : (4), reg., build (strong- 
 ly), fortify (on all sides), 
 communis : -e, common, general. 
 commutatio : -onis, f., alteration, 
 change ; from 
 
 com-muto : (1), reg., alter, change. 
 com-paro : (1), reg., procure; pre¬ 
 pare. 
 
 com-pello : (3), -puli, -pulsum, {drive 
 together), force, drive, compel. 
 compendium* : -i, n., profit, gain; 
 lit., what is saved in weighing, 
 [con, pendo.] 
 
 com-perio : (4), -peri, -pertum, find 
 out, learn, become sure of. 
 com-plector : -ti, -plexus, embrace, 
 include, enclose. 
 
 com-pleo : (2), -plOvI, plEtum, fill 
 {out or up); cover. [numher. 
 
 complures : -a, several, quite a 
 
 com-pono : (3), -posui, -positum, 
 
 {put together), settle, heal. 
 com-porto : (1), reg., bring together ; 
 collect. 
 
 compositio : -onis, f., settlement (of 
 disputes), treaty, [compono.] 
 com-prehendo : (3), -di, -sum, seize, 
 catch, capture, occupy. 
 comprimo : (3), -pressi, -pressum, 
 {press together), check, hem in. 
 [premo.] 
 
 com-probo : (1), reg., approve. 
 conatus : -us, m., attempt, under¬ 
 taking. [conor.] 
 
 con-cedo : (3), -cessi, -cessum, give 
 up, yield, alloiv, give permission. 
 con-celebro* : (1), reg., noise abroad. 
 concido : (3), -cidi, fall {in, or to 
 pieces), [cado.] [doum. [caedo.] 
 conoido : (3), -cidi, -cisum, strike 
 concilio : (1), reg., win over {to); 
 procure, secure. 
 
 concilium : -i, n., assembly, council. 
 [concieo.] 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 301 
 
 concino* : (3), -cinui, play or 
 
 sound (all at once), [cano.] 
 concipio : (3), -cGpi, -ceptuin, catch; 
 bring (in se, upon one's self) : 
 cherish, [capio.] 
 
 concitatio* : -onis, f., tumult; from 
 con-cito : (1), reg., set in motion; 
 
 excite. [from 
 
 conclamatio* : -onis, f., outcry ; 
 con-clamo : (1), reg., cry out, call; 
 
 vasa concL, App. Ill, 16, 
 conclusio* : -onis, 1, shutting up, 
 siege, [claudo.] 
 
 con-curro ; (3), -cucurri and -curri, 
 -cursum, run together, hasten up, 
 assemble; come to close quarters, 
 meet (in battle) ; charge, attack; 
 hence the intensive 
 con-curso* : (1), reg., run about, and 
 concursus : -us, m., ruyining to¬ 
 gether, assembly, concourse; shock 
 (of battle), see on p. 117, 19 ; 
 charge, attack. 
 
 condicio : -onis, f.. {putting togeth¬ 
 er), proposition, demand, condition, 
 terms; position, relation, state, 
 condition, [condo.] 
 con-duco : (3), -xl, -ctum, lead to¬ 
 gether, assemble; hence 
 conductor* : -oris, m., tenant. 
 confercio ; (4), -si, -turn, crowd to¬ 
 gether. [farcio.] 
 
 con-fero : conferre, contuli, colla¬ 
 tum, bring together, collect; put 
 near, bring, carry, convey; com¬ 
 pare ; castra castris a^l i c u j u s 
 e o n f. , to encamp near anyone ; 
 arma cum aliquo conf., to 
 wage war with anyone. 
 confertus : -a, -um, see confercio, 
 confestim : adv., at once. 
 conficio : (3), -fCcI, -fectum, make 
 ready, do, prepare, complete, finish; 
 levy, raUe ; wear out, exhaust. 
 con-fido :(3), -fisus, trust, rely upon; 
 have confidence 
 
 confirmatio* : -onis, f., encourage¬ 
 ment, strengthening; from 
 con-firmo : (1), reg., strengthen, sup¬ 
 port, confirm; encourage, cheer; 
 declare, affirm. 
 
 confiteor* : (3), -fessus, admit, con¬ 
 fess. [fateor.] 
 
 conflicto: (1), reg., pass., be op¬ 
 pressed, harassed ; intens. from 
 con-fligo : (3), -xl, -ctum, dash to¬ 
 gether, fight. 
 
 con-fugio : (3), -iZ\g\, flee for refuge; 
 resort to. 
 
 con-gero : (3), -gessi, -gestum, bring 
 together, collect; hence [gether. 
 congesticius* : -a, -um, heaped to. 
 congiarium* : -i, n., see on p. 99, 30. 
 congredior : -gredi, -gressus, come 
 together, meet; fight; [gradior] ; 
 hence 
 
 congressus : -us, m., shock, onset. 
 conjecto : (1), reg., guess, conjecture; 
 intens. from 
 
 conjicio (conicio): (3), -j6el, -jectum, 
 cast, throw, hurl, drive. 
 conjunctus : -a, -um, joined with, 
 united to ; extending to, bordering 
 on, next to ; from 
 
 con-jungo : (3), -xi, join with, 
 
 unite {to), add. 
 
 con-nitor* : -niti, -nisus and -nixus, 
 (brace one's self firmly), clamber up. 
 conor : (1), dep., attempt, begin. 
 con-quiesco : (3), -evi, -etum, rest. 
 conquiro : (3), -sivi, -situm, seek, 
 hunt up, search for. [quaero.] 
 consanguineus* : -a, -um, related by 
 blood. 
 
 conscendo : (3), -di, -sum, climb {up 
 or into); embark, [scando.] 
 conscientia* : -ae, f., (guilty) con¬ 
 sciousness. [con, scio.] 
 con-scribo : (3), -psi, -ptum, {write 
 together), enlist, enroll, levy. 
 consecro* : (1), reg., dedicate, [sa¬ 
 cro.] 
 
 consector : (1), dep., pursue eagerly. 
 
 [intens. of consequor.] 
 consensus : -us, m., common consent, 
 from 
 
 con-sentio ; (4), -sensi, -sensum, 
 
 agree, be of one mind, vote unani¬ 
 mously. 
 
 con-sequor: -sequi, -secutus, ; 
 
 overtake, reach; obtain, secure. 
 con-sero* : (3), -serui, -sertum, {join 
 together); manum cons. , join 
 battle. 
 
 •con-servo : (1), reg., preserve, keep, 
 save ; observe. 
 
302 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 consideratius : adv., comp, of con¬ 
 siderate, rather cautiously. 
 con-sido ; (3), -sedi, -sessum, sit 
 down, establish one’s self; encamp, 
 talce position. 
 
 consilior : (1), dep., take counsel, de¬ 
 liberate {upon); from 
 consilium : -i, n., assembly, council 
 (for deliberation); counsel, strategy; 
 decree, vote, decision; purpose, 
 plan; advice. ^ 
 
 con-sisto : (3), -stiti, station one's 
 self, take position, form (a body of 
 men); stand still, halt; of ships, in 
 ancoris, lie at anchor ; be made of, 
 depend upon, be based upon. 
 con-s51or* : (1), dep., re-assiire. 
 conspectus : -us, m., sight; pres¬ 
 ence, neighborhood ; from 
 conspicio : (3), -exi, -ectum, see, es¬ 
 py. [specio.] 
 
 conspicor : (1), dep., catch sight of, 
 see. 
 
 con-spiro* ; (1), reg.,{breathe togeth¬ 
 er), be of one accord. [sto.] 
 
 constantia : -ae, f., firmness, [con- 
 con-sterno : (3), -stravl, -stratum, 
 strew, cover. 
 
 constituo : (3), -ui, -utum, station, 
 form (battle array), draw up; 
 erect, build, pitch; establish, ap¬ 
 point; decide, determine, [statuo.] 
 con-sto : -are, -stiti, consist of, be 
 made of; depend upon, be based 
 on; remain (unchanged), be estab¬ 
 lished or certain ; constat w. infin., 
 it is well known that, etc. 
 constratus : -a, -um, see consterno, 
 con-suesco : (3), -suGvi, -suetum, 
 become accustomed; perf. tenses, 
 be accustomed or wont; hence 
 consuetudo : -inis, f., wont, custom, 
 habit, usual experience, practice; 
 intercourse. 
 
 consul : -ulis, m., consul, App. 11, 
 11; hence 
 
 consularis : -e, consular, and 
 consulatus : -us, m., consulship. 
 consulo : (3), -sului, -sultum, delib¬ 
 erate, take measures ; advise, assist, 
 look out for ; hence the intens. 
 consulto^ ; (1), reg., deliberate. 
 consultum : -i, n., decree, edict. 
 
 con-sumo : (3), -sumpsi, sumptum, 
 employ, use up, consume; destroy, 
 exhaust. [rise up. 
 
 con-surgo ; (3), -surrexi, -surrectum, 
 contabulatio : -onis, f., floor. 
 con-tego : (3), -xi, -ctum, cover, pro¬ 
 tect. 
 
 con-temno: (3), -tempsi, -temptum, 
 despise, scorn ; hence [tempt. 
 contemptio : -onis, f., scorn, con- 
 con-tendo : (3), -di, -turn, strive 
 (with all one’s might); hasten; 
 eagerly desire; struggle, fight; 
 contend, quarrel; hence 
 contentio : -onis, f., effort, struggle ; 
 strife. 
 
 contentus : -a, -um, satisfied, con¬ 
 tented. [gether. 
 
 con-texo ; (3), -ui, -turn, tveave to- 
 contignatio: -onis, f., floor, plat¬ 
 form ; from [platform. 
 
 contigno: (1), reg., build floor or 
 continens : -ntis, partic. adj, united 
 with; successive ; unbroken, con¬ 
 tinuous; fern, subst., mainland, 
 continent; self-restrained, moder¬ 
 ate ; hence 
 
 continenter : adv., continuously, 
 
 without pause ; both from 
 contineo : (3), -tinui, -tentum, hold 
 together or in place; bound, en¬ 
 close; hem in, surround; hold, 
 keep ; pass. , stand (so se contin¬ 
 ere) ; keep back, prevent, [teneo.] 
 contingo: (3), -tigi, -tactum, reach 
 to, touch, be' in communication 
 with, [tango.] 
 
 continuo: (1), reg., keep on. continue. 
 continuus: -a, -um, successive. 
 contio : -onis, f., public assembly, 
 mass-meeting; harangue, address 
 (before such a meeting) ; [ = con¬ 
 ventio] ; hence [a speech. 
 
 contionor: (1), dep., harangue, make 
 contra : adv., on the other hand, 
 however; contra . . . ac, other¬ 
 wise than; prep. w. acc., over 
 against, opposite to, towards; 
 against; contrary to. 
 contra-dico* : (3), -xi, -ctum, speak, 
 in opposition. 
 
 con-traho: (3).-xl, -ctum, bring to¬ 
 gether, collect. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 303 
 
 contrarius: -a, -um, lying opposite, 
 opposite; opposing, different; in¬ 
 jurious. 
 
 con-tribuo“ : (3), -ui, -utum, {share 
 with), unite with. 
 
 controversia : -ae, f., strife, dispute, 
 quarrel, [contra, verto.] 
 contubernium : -i, n., tent (with its 
 occupants). App. Ill, 19. 
 contumelia: -ae, f., insult, disgrace, 
 abuse; hence 
 
 contumeliosus*: (3), -a, -um, insult¬ 
 ing. 
 
 con-tundo*: (3), -tudi, -tusura, 
 
 br uise, grind. 
 
 con-veho : (3), -xT, -ctum, bring to¬ 
 gether, collect. 
 
 con-vello*: (3j, -velli, -vulsum, tear 
 out, loosen. 
 
 con- venio : (4), -v5nl, -ventum, come 
 together, assemble, meet; come 
 upon, find; be agreed upon, suit 
 (all parties) ; tally with, agree 
 with; belong to, devolve upon; 
 hence 
 
 conventus: -tis, m., assembly, 
 group; society, league; see on p. 
 
 18, 4. 
 
 con-verto : (3), -ti, -sum, turn {about 
 or aside), wheel; change, alter; 
 turn toward, direct. 
 convicium : -i, n., tau7it, insult. 
 con-volvo*; (3), -volvi, -volutum, 
 wrap up, envelop. 
 
 co-orior*: -iri. -ortus, arise (sud¬ 
 denly), break fo7'th. 
 copia : -ae, f., abundant supply, 
 abundance ; number, force ; plur., 
 forces, troops. 
 
 coram: adv., face to face, personally. 
 Corfiniensis : -e, of Corfinium ; 
 
 masc. plur. subst., men of C. 
 corium : -i, n., hide. 
 cornu : -us, n., {horn), wing, flank 
 (of army). 
 
 corpus : -oris, n., body, corpse ; hull 
 (of a boat). 
 
 corripio : (3), -ui, -eptum, seize, cap¬ 
 ture ; assail, [rapio.] 
 corrogo : (1), reg., (beg together), 
 levy, raise, [con-.] 
 corrumpo : (3), -rupi, -ruptura, in¬ 
 jure, destroy,ruin; weaken, [con-.] 
 
 cortex* : -icis, m., bark. 
 crassitudo : -inis, f., thickness. 
 crates : -is, f., wicker-work, hurdle. 
 creber : -bra, -brum, frequent, nu¬ 
 merous ; crebro, frequently. 
 creditor* : -oris, m., lender, creditor; 
 from 
 
 credo : (3), -didi, -ditum, entrust, 
 lend; trust, believe; think, sup¬ 
 pose. 
 
 creo : (1), reg., elect, choose, create. 
 cresco : (3), crevi, cretum, increase, 
 rise. 
 
 crinis* : -is, m., hair (of the head), 
 crudelitas: -atis, 1, C7‘uelty. 
 crudeliter: adv., cruelly. 
 culpa : -ae, f., blame, favdt. 
 
 (1) cum: prep. w. abl., with, together 
 with, at the same time with. 
 
 (2) cum: A. temporal conj., when, 
 
 after that, as often as ; cum pri¬ 
 mum, as soon as. 
 
 B. causal conj., since, because; 
 although, smce however. 
 
 C. copulative conj., cum . . . turn, 
 not 07ily . . . but also {especial¬ 
 ly)- 
 
 cunctor : (1), dep., delay, hesitate. 
 cunctus : -a, -um, all, entire, whole. 
 
 [= conjunctus.] 
 cupa* : -ae, f., cask, hogshead. 
 "cupide : adv., eageriy, impetuous¬ 
 ly; gladly. 
 
 cupiditas : -atis, f., desire, eager¬ 
 ness. 
 
 cupidus : -a, -um, desi7'0us, eager 
 {for); 
 
 cupio : (4), -ivi, -ii, -itum, desire, 
 crave. 
 
 cur: interrog. adv., why 9 where¬ 
 fore .^ [= cui rei.] 
 
 "cura: -ae, f., ca,7'e, solicitude. 
 curatio* : -onis, f., {care for), ad¬ 
 ministration. 
 
 euro : (1), reg., care for; w. acc. 
 and gerund., have a thing done ; 
 cure, heal. 
 
 cursus : -us, m., run, course, voyage. 
 [curro.] 
 
 cuspis* : -idis, f., peak, head. 
 custodia : -ae, f., watch, watching, 
 custody; plur., outposts,pickets. 
 custos : -odis, m., sentinel. 
 
304 
 
 VOGABULABT. 
 
 Cyclades insulae : the group of 
 islands in the Aegaean sea cluster¬ 
 ing round DeJos —the Cyclades. 
 Cyrenae : -arum. f., a city on the 
 N. coast of Africa, giving its name 
 to a province. 
 
 D. 
 
 Dalmatae: -arum, m.. Dalmatians, 
 on the east coast of the Adriatic, 
 damno : (1), reg., pronounce guilty, 
 sentence, condemn. 
 
 Dardani: -orum, m., a tribe in Moe¬ 
 sia, modern Servia. 
 de : prep, w, abl., down from, away 
 from; of time, {beginning from, 
 i. e.) while yet; from, of; on ac- 
 couni of, for; according to; con- 
 cerning, about, with referenee to, 
 involving. 
 
 debeo : (2), -ui, -itum, {have from), 
 owe (pass., be due), be a debtor; 
 ought, must, [de, habeo] ; hence 
 debitor : -oris, m., debtor. 
 de-cedo : (3), -cessi, -cessum, go 
 away, leave ; withdraw, retreat. 
 de-cerno: (3), -crGvI, -crstum, de¬ 
 cide ; order, decree ; give an opin¬ 
 ion ; assign, picls out {for); decide 
 an issue (by battle), 
 de-certo : (l^reg., contend, fight {to 
 the end); proelio, fight a decisive 
 battle. 
 
 decipio : (3), -cepi, -ceptum, {tahe 
 away), deceive, delude. 
 declivis : -e, steep, sloping, [clivus.] 
 decretum : -i, n., decision, edict, de¬ 
 cree. 
 
 decumanus : -a, -um, (^belonging to 
 the tenth legion)', porta d., App. 
 Ill, 19. 
 
 decurio : -onis, m., see on p. 17, 9. 
 de-curro: (3), -cucurri and -curri, 
 -cursum, run down {from); have 
 hasty recourse to. 
 
 dedecus : -oris, n., disgrace, shame. 
 de-disco* : (3), -didici, milearn, for¬ 
 get. 
 
 deditio : -onis, f., surrender, sub¬ 
 mission; from 
 
 de-do : (3), -didi, -ditum, give over, 
 deliver up, surrender. 
 
 de-duco : (3), -xi, -ctum, lead down 
 from or away, withdraw; of colo¬ 
 nists, lead forth; take away, re¬ 
 move (forcibly) ; bring, lead (to). 
 de-fatigo : (1), reg., tire cut, exhaust. 
 defectio : -onis, f., revolt, secession. 
 [deficio.] 
 
 de-fendo : (3), -di, -sum, ward off, 
 repel; defend,protect{ffo, against); 
 hence 
 
 defensio : -onis, f., defence, and 
 defensor : -oils, m., defender. 
 de-fero : -ferre, -tuli, -latum, carry 
 down, bring, convey; drive; an¬ 
 nounce, report, declare. 
 defessus : -a, - um, worn out, ex¬ 
 hausted. [defetiscor.] 
 deficio : (3), -feci, -fectum, fail, be 
 lacking, be unequal to; animo, 
 lose heart, courage; trans., desert, 
 abandon, fail. 
 
 de-figo; (3), -xi,-xum, {down), 
 plant, thrust; 'psiss.,plunge. 
 de-finio : (4), {bound off), fix, deter¬ 
 mine. [avoid, decline. 
 
 de-fugio : (3), -fugi, {flee away), 
 degredior : -gredi, -gressus, retire. 
 [gradior.] 
 
 dein (deinde) : then, thereupon. 
 deinceps : adv., one after another, 
 in succession. 
 
 dejectus* : -a, -um, low, from 
 dejicio (deicio) : (3), -jeci, -Jectum, 
 cast down, overthrow; drive off, 
 dislodge ; cast; slay, [jacio.] 
 de-labor* : -lilbi, -lapsus, slide or 
 roll off. [of delicio.] 
 
 delecto : (1), reg., delight, [intens. 
 
 (1) delectus : -a, -um, see deligo. 
 
 (2) delectus : -us, m., draft, levy. 
 App. Ill, 1. [deligo.] 
 
 deleo : (2), reg., destroy, ruin. 
 delibero : (1), reg., weigh, consider, 
 take counsel, [libra, balanced] 
 
 (1) de-ligo : (1), reg., bmd down, 
 fasten. 
 
 (2) deligo : (3), -egi, -ectum, pick 
 out, select, choose, [lego.] 
 
 Delphi : -orum, m., city in rhocis. 
 de-minuo : (3), -ui, -utum, lessen, di¬ 
 minish; weaken, restrain, restrict; 
 hence 
 
 deminutio* ; -Onis, f., lessening. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 305 
 
 "demississime* : adv., superi, from 
 demisse, very humbly. 
 demissio* :-onis, f., {Jetting doum), 
 J suspensioji, drop. 
 
 * demissus : -a, -um, sunken, low. 
 de-mitto ; (3), -misi, -missum, let 
 down, lower, sink ; se demittere, 
 descend. 
 
 de-monstro : (1), reg., {point out, 
 show); mention, narrate, speak, 
 write, [check. 
 
 de-moror : (1), dep., delay, hinder, 
 de-moveo* : (2), -mcjvl, -motum, 
 drive off, remove. 
 
 denarius* ; -i, m., App. Ill, 3, d. 
 The coin was originally a multiple 
 of ten. [deni.] 
 de-nego ; (1), reg., refuse. 
 denique : adv., at last, finally ; in 
 short. 
 
 denuntiatio : -onis. 1, threat; from 
 de-nuntio : (1), reg., {announce), de¬ 
 mand. 
 
 de-pello : (3), -puli, -pulsum, drive 
 away, dislodge ; a consiliis, com¬ 
 pel to abandon. 
 
 de-pereo* : (4), -il, be utterly ruined 
 
 or lost. 
 
 de-p5no : (3), -posui, -positum, 
 off, remove ; lay aside, lay down ; 
 put away for safety, deposit; re¬ 
 sign ; give up, renounce. 
 de-porto : (l),reg., carry {off), bring. 
 de-posco : (3), -poposci, {ask from), 
 demand, beg. 
 
 de-pravo* : (1), reg., spoil, corrupt. 
 de-precor : (1), dep., {beg off), peti¬ 
 tion against, beg to escape. 
 de-prehendo (deprendo) ; (3), -di, 
 -sum, arrest, seize ; surprise, catch. 
 deprimo : (3), -pressi, -pressum, 
 
 {press down), sink, [premo.] 
 descendo : (3), -di, -sum, {climb 
 down), descend; resort {to), [scan- 
 do.] 
 
 de-scisco ; (3), -scivi and -scii, -sci¬ 
 tum, revolt {from), abandon. 
 de-scribo : (3), -psi, -ptum, {write 
 down), allot, assign. 
 de-seco* : (1), -ui, -ctum, cut (off). 
 de-sero: (3), -ui, -turn, forsake, 
 abandon, leave in the lurch, desert; 
 give up ; se, lose all heart. 
 
 20 
 
 desidero: (1), reg., wish, need, de¬ 
 sire, demand; miss, lack ; pass., 
 be lost. 
 
 de-signo : (1), reg., mark, indicate. 
 de-sino : (3), -sivi and -sil, -situm, 
 cease. 
 
 de-sisto: (3), -stiti, -stiturn, stop, 
 cease, desist {from) ; pause in (w. 
 abl.). 
 
 desperatio : -onis, f., hopelessness, 
 despair; from 
 
 de-spero: (1), reg., give up hope, 
 despair {of). 
 
 despicio ; (3), -exi, -ectum, {look 
 dow7i); despise, scorn ; depreciate. 
 [specio.] 
 
 destino : (1), reg., fasten ; determine. 
 destituo : (3), -ui, -utum, {place 
 away), abandon, [statuo.] 
 de-stringo : (3), -nxi, -ctum, {strip 
 off), di'aw forth. 
 
 de-sum : -esse, -fui, be lackmg, fail; 
 
 neglect, miss ; be unequal to. 
 de-tendo* : (3), -di, -sum, {stretch 
 off), sh'ike (tents). 
 
 de-tergeo* : (2), -tersi, tersum, {wipe 
 off), break off. 
 
 de-terreo : (2), -ui, -itum, frighten 
 off ; ab a 1 i (j u o, make give up. 
 detineo : (2), -tinui, -tentum, hold 
 back, detain, [teneo.] 
 de-traho : (3), -xl, -ctum, take away ; 
 
 rescue; remove, separate. 
 detrimentum : -i, ii., damage, loss, 
 mischief, harm; defeat, [detero, 
 wear away.[away. 
 de-turbo: (1), reg., drive off or 
 deus : -i, m., god, divinity. 
 de-veho: (3), -xT, -ctum, {carry 
 away), transport. 
 
 de-vincio : (4), -nxl, -nctum, (find 
 down), attach, secure, bind. 
 de-vinco : (3), -vici, -victum, subdue 
 (completely). ‘ [down. 
 
 de-volvo : (3), -volvi, -volutum, roll 
 dexter: -tra, -trum, on the right 
 hand, right; fern, subst., the right 
 hand. 
 
 Diana; -ae, f., daughter of Jupiter 
 and Latona, sister of Apollo, 
 dico : (3).-xT, -ctum. say, me7ition; 
 speak, plead,proclaim ; name, call; 
 hence 
 
306 
 
 VOCABULABY, 
 
 i 
 
 dictator ; -Oris, m., dictator, App. 
 II, 14 ; and 
 
 dictatura* . -ae, f., dictatorship ; and 
 the intens. 
 
 dictito : (1), reg., say repeatedly, in- 
 diduco : (8), -xi, -ctuin, {lead apart), 
 distribute, detail, divide. [dis, 
 duco.] 
 
 dies : -ei, m. and f., (plur. m.)> day ; 
 in dies, from day to day, see on p. 
 35,20 ; {appointed) day ; time, 
 differo : -ferre, distuli, dilatum, {car¬ 
 ry apart), spread; put off, post¬ 
 pone, defer ; differ, [dis, fero.J 
 differtus* : -a, -um, stuffed full, 
 crowded, [dis, farcio.] 
 f difficilis : -e, hard, severe, difficult; 
 unfavorable, [dis, facilis.] 
 difficultas : -iltis, f., difficulty, 
 hardship. [difficulty. 
 
 difficulter* : adv., not easily, with 
 diffido : (3), -fisus, distrust, despair 
 of. [dis, fido.] 
 
 digitus: -i, m..,fi7iger; finyer-breadth. 
 dignitas : -fitis, f., repute, esteem, 
 dignity, honor ; position, rank. 
 digredior : -gredi, -gressus, go away, 
 depart, [gradior.] 
 di-judico* : (1), reg., decide. [ous, 
 'diligens*: -entis, eager, industri- 
 diligenter: adv., eagerly, indus¬ 
 triously, carefully. 
 diligentia : -ae, f., eagerness, in¬ 
 dustry, carefulness. 
 diligo : (3), -lexi, -lectum, hold 
 dear, love, [dis, lego.] 
 di-luo*: (3), -ui, -utum, dissolve, 
 soften. 
 
 dimicatio : -onis, f., combat, strug¬ 
 gle ; from 
 
 dimico ; (1), reg., struggle, contend, 
 fight, [dis, mico (quiver) f 
 d^idius : -a, -um, half, [dis, me¬ 
 dius.] 
 
 dimitto : (3), -misi, -missum, {send 
 apart), send out, away, around; 
 send off, dismiss, let go ; disband ; 
 let slip, lose; give up, renounce. 
 
 [dis, mitto.] 
 
 directo*: adv., at right angles; from 
 directus; -a, -um, straight, direct 
 (either horizontal or perpendicu¬ 
 lar) ; steep, [dirigo.] 
 
 [ direptio* ; -onis, f., pillaging, [di¬ 
 ripio ] 
 
 dirigo : (3), -rexi, -rectum, {make 
 straight); point toward, direct. 
 [dis, rego.] 
 
 dirimo : (3), -emi, -emptum, {take 
 apart), break up, put an end to. 
 [dis, emc.] 
 
 diripio : (3), -ripui, -reptum, {tear 
 apart),plunder, sack, [dis, rapio.] 
 dis-cedo: (3), -cessi, -cessum, {go 
 apart), separate, go off, depart; re¬ 
 tire, retreat, withdraw; come off 
 or out; desist from, give up. 
 discepto : (1), reg., decide, settle. 
 
 [dis, capto.] [tinguish. 
 
 dis-cerno* : (3), -crevi, -cretum, dis- 
 discessus : -us, m., departure, ab- 
 se7ice. [discedo.] 
 
 disciplina: -ae, f., instruction; 
 
 training, discipline, [disco, learn.^ 
 dis-curro* : (3), -cucurri and -curri, 
 -cursum, run about. 
 discutio : (3), -eussi, -cussum, {strike 
 apart), smash, [quatio.] 
 disjicio* : (3), -jeci, -jectum, {cast 
 apart), scatter, [jacio.] 
 dispergo : (3), -si, -Bvem, scatter ; dis¬ 
 tribute. [spargo.] 
 dis-p5no : (3), -posui, -positum, {set 
 apart), arrange, draw up ; station, 
 post. 
 
 disputatio : -onis, f., discussion ; 
 from 
 
 disputo : (1), reg., discuss, argue. 
 dissensio : -onis, f., variance, strife, 
 quarrel; from [sent. 
 
 dis-sentio : (4), -si, -sum, differ, dis- 
 dis-simulo : (1), reg., conceal, dis¬ 
 semble ; see on p. 84, 19. 
 dissipo* : (1), reg., scatter. 
 dis-solvo*: (3), -solvi, -solutum, 
 
 pay {out). 
 
 dis-tendo* : (3), -di, -turn, stretch 
 out; make uneven. 
 distineo : (2), -ui, -tentum, {hold 
 apart), expand, distend. 
 disto : -are, {stand apart), be sepa¬ 
 rated, distant; inter se, from one 
 another. 
 
 dis-traho : (3), -xi, -ctum, {tear 
 apart), break up ; bring to naught, 
 prevent. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 307 
 
 dis-tribuo : (3), -ul, -iitum distribute, 
 divide up. [ish. 
 
 dis-turbo* : (1), reg., destroy, demol- 
 diu : adv. , long, a long time. 
 diurnus : -a, -um, daily, by day. 
 [dies.] 
 
 diutinus : -a, -um, lo7ig, lengthy. 
 diutissime, diutius, superi. and 
 compar, of diu. 
 
 diuturnitas : -atis, i., long duration ; 
 from 
 
 diuturnus* : -a, -um, long, [diu.] 
 diversus : -a, -um, {turned)in differ¬ 
 ent directions, separated; distinet, 
 different; opposite, [diverto.] 
 divido : (3), -visT, -visum, part, di¬ 
 vide; separate. 
 
 divinus : -a, -um, belonging to the 
 gods, divine, [divus, divine.^ 
 divulgo* : (1), reg., bring among the 
 crowd, spread abroad, [vulgus, 
 crowd.'] 
 
 do i dare, dedi, datum, give, put; 
 give up, hand over ; hold, celebrate ; 
 allow; nomen dare, enlist; ope¬ 
 ram dare, endeavor, take pains. 
 doceo : (2), -uT, -ctum, teach, in¬ 
 struct; tell, inform, announce; 
 show, prove, 
 
 documentum* : -i, n., instructive ex¬ 
 ample ; esse documento, prove. 
 [doceo.] 
 
 doleo : (2), -ui, -itum, grieve, sor¬ 
 row. 
 
 dolor : -oris, m., grief, pain ; bitter¬ 
 ness, anger. 
 
 dolus ; -i, m,, trickery. 
 
 'domesticus : -a, um, pertaining 
 to the family, or circle of inti¬ 
 mates; internal, native (as op¬ 
 posed to foreign). 
 
 domicilium: -i, n., dwelling, home. 
 dominatus* : -us, m., mastery, 
 control. 
 
 dominus ; -i, m., lord, master. 
 domus : -us, f., (loc. domi), house, 
 home; country, native land, 
 home. 
 
 ddnatio* : -dnis, f., present, gra¬ 
 tuity; from 
 
 dono : (1), reg., give; present 
 {with). 
 
 donum : -i, n., gift. 
 
 ( dubito : (1), reg., doubt, hesitate. 
 
 I dubius : -a, -wm, wavering, hesitat- 
 [ ing. [duo.] 
 
 duco: (3), -xl, -ctum, lead, bring; 
 sc. in matrimonium, marry, 
 iii, 110 ; command, have charge of; 
 draw out, protract; carry out, 
 build, make ; hence 
 ductus* : -us, lead, command. 
 dum : conj., while ; as long as; un¬ 
 til ; provided only ; as postpositive 
 particle, neque dum, and not yet. 
 duntaxat* (dumt.) : adv., {if one 
 rate it accurately), merely, only. 
 [dum, taxo.] 
 
 duo : -ae, -o, (two), the two, both. 
 duplex: -icis, {twofold), double; 
 
 [duo, plico] ; hence 
 duplico : (1), reg., double, repeat. 
 durius : adv., compar, of dure, too 
 seriously or severely ; from 
 durus : -a, -um, hard, severe; diffi¬ 
 cult, dangerous. 
 
 duumviri: -drum, m., see on p. 22, 6. 
 dux : ducis, m., leader, commander. 
 dynastes : -ae, m., dynast; see on p. 
 75, 15. 
 
 E. 
 
 § : prep., see ex. 
 ea* : adv., there. 
 
 edera* : -ae, f., ivy. [hence 
 
 e-dico* : (3), -xi, -ctum, proclaim; 
 edictum : -i, n.,proclamation, order. 
 editus: -a, -um, elevated, lofty ; from 
 e-do : (3), -didi, -ditum, {p%d forth), 
 spread abroad. 
 
 e-doceo* : (2), -ui, -turn, {teach ac¬ 
 curately), show particularly. 
 e-duco : (3), -xi, -ctum, lead {forth), 
 take away. 
 
 effero : efferre, extuli, elatum, carry 
 forth, take along; of emotions, 
 carry away, overcome, exalt, elate; 
 build up, erect. 
 
 efficio : (3), -feci, -fectum, prepare, 
 produce, make, form, build ; raise, 
 collect; complete, finish, get ready, 
 carry out. ^facio.] \put, sack. 
 effodio : (3), -fodi, -fossum, {dig out), 
 effugio : (3), -fugi, -fugitum, flee 
 from, escape, avoid. 
 
308 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 effundo : (3), -fudi, -fusum, {pour 
 out); se effundere, stream forth 
 (of a crowd). 
 
 egeo : (2), -ui, he needy; egentes, 
 poor ; need, want (w. abl.). 
 egredior : -gredi, -gressus, go out 
 or away; march forth, set out; 
 disembark, land (from ships); with 
 aec., go past or beyond ; [gradior] ; 
 hence 
 
 egressus : -us, m., landing. 
 ejicio : (3), -j 5 ci, -jecturn, {throw 
 out), drive out, expel; se ejicere, 
 hasten forth; of ships, land (hur¬ 
 riedly), beach. 
 
 ejus-modi* : of that sort, such. 
 e-labor* : -labi, -lapsus, dep., slide 
 down {from). 
 
 elephantus* : -i, m., elephant. 
 e-levo* : (1), reg., raise up. 
 elicio : (3), -ui, -itum, draw out, en¬ 
 tice. [lacio.] 
 
 elido* : (3), -si, -sum, break to 
 
 pieces, shatter, [laedo.] 
 eligo : (3), -Isgl, -lectum, pick out, 
 select, [lego.] \cry out. 
 
 e-loquor* : -loqui, -locutus, utter, 
 e-ludo* : (3), -si, -sum, dodge, elude. 
 emineo : (2), -ui, project, tower up. 
 eminus : adv., { from the hand), at a 
 distance, [manus.] 
 e-mitto: (3), -misi, -missum, send 
 forth; dismiss. 
 enim : conj., postpositive, for. 
 e-nitor : -niti, -nisus and -nixus, 
 struggle out, climb up; exert one’s 
 self; hence 
 
 enixe* : adv., ardently. 
 e-numero* : (1), reg., count up. 
 
 (1) eo : ire, ivi and ii, itum, go, 
 march. 
 
 (2) e5 : adv., thither; therein, there¬ 
 on; with compar., by so much; 
 eo magis, the more, eo minus, the 
 less. [dat. and abl. of is.] 
 
 e5dem : adv., to the same place. 
 [old dat. of idem.] 
 
 Epiros : -i, m., a western district of 
 upper Greece. 
 
 eques : -itis, m., horseman; knight, 
 one of the second estate at Koine, 
 i. e. between patrician and ple¬ 
 beian ; hence 
 
 equester : -tris, -e, pertaining to the 
 cavalry ; knightly. 
 equidem* : for my part, verily. 
 equitatus : -us, m., cavalry. App. 
 Ill, 5. 
 
 equus : -i, m., horse. 
 erga : prep. w. acc., towards. 
 ergastulum* : -i, n., slave-pen; see 
 on p. 84, 33. 
 ergo : adv., therefore. 
 ericius : -i, m., porcupine; see on p. 
 
 105, 28 [eres, hedgehog.'] 
 erigo ; (3), -rexi, -rectum, raise, 
 erect. 
 
 eripio : (3), -ui, -eptum, {snatch 
 away), rescue; rob. 
 erro* : (1), reg., {ivander), be in the 
 wrong, err ; hence 
 error* : -oris, ni., mistake, error. 
 e -rumpo : (3), -rupi, -ruptum, burst 
 forth, sally out; trans., let burst 
 forth, pour out; se erumpere, 
 hurst out; hence 
 eruptio ; -onis, f., sally. 
 et : conj., and; et . . . et (que), 
 both . . . and; and so ; sli&r meg. 
 phrases where the English idiom 
 uses but, iii, 74. 
 
 etesiae* : -arum, f., etesian (i. e. 
 
 annual) winds. [et, jam.] 
 
 etiam : conj., eve^i, still; also, too. 
 etsi : conj., even if, although. 
 eunuchus : -i, eunuch, chamberlain. 
 eventus: -us, m., {coming out),fate, 
 fortune; issue, result, decision. 
 [venio.] 
 
 e-voco : (1), reg.. call forth, sum¬ 
 mon; raise, enlist (svccati, App. 
 Ill, 12); invite. 
 
 ex (before vowels and consonants), 
 e (before consonants): prep. w. 
 abl., out of, from, down from; 
 after; on; of, from among; in 
 consequence of; in accordance 
 with ; e re, expedient; magna ex 
 parte, to a great extent. 
 exactor* ; -oris, m., tax-gatherer, 
 publican, [exigo.] 
 ex-aedifico* : (1). reg., b^dld {up). 
 ex-aequo* : (1), reg., make equal, 
 put on a par. 
 
 ex-agito*: (1), reg., rail at, over¬ 
 whelm with abuse. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 309 
 
 exanimo : (1), reg., make breathless, 
 exhaust. 
 
 ex-aresco'^ ; (3), -arui, dry up. 
 ex-audio : (4), reg., hear (plainly, 
 or from a distance), 
 ex-cedo : (3), -cessi, -cessum, go 
 forth, leave, retire from, quit, 
 ex-cello: (3), -ui, {tower up); par- 
 tic. adj., excellens, distinguished, 
 remarkable, glorious; hence 
 excelsus : -a, -nm, lofty, high. 
 excido : (3), -cldi, cisum, cut off, 
 cut down, [caedo.] 
 excipio : (3), -cepi, -ceptum, take 
 out, except; take up, pick up, se¬ 
 cure; receive, sustain; follow (in 
 speaking); intrans., come after, 
 come next, follow ; catch, capture ; 
 gather, collect; happen to, befall. 
 [capio.] [rouse, excite. 
 
 ex-cito : (1), reg., raise, build; 
 
 excludo : (3), -si, -sum, shut out, 
 cut off. [claudo.] [vise. 
 
 ex-cogito* : (1), reg., think up, de- 
 excubiae* : -arum, f., outposts, 
 guard-duty ; from 
 
 ex-cubo : (1), -cubui, -cubitum, lie 
 out (of camp), stand guard, keep 
 watch. 
 
 excursus* : -us, m , onset, attack. 
 excusatio : -onis, f., justification, 
 excuse; from 
 
 excuso: (1), reg., excuse; urge as 
 an excuse, [causa.] 
 exemplum : -i, n., copy; precedent, 
 example, [eximo, take from.'] 
 ex-eo : (4), -h, -itum, go off or out 
 from, come forth; march off or 
 out. 
 
 exerceo : (2), -cui, -citgm, practice, 
 drill; hence 
 
 exercitatus : -a, -um, practiced, dis¬ 
 ciplined; and 
 
 exercitus : -us, m., {trained) army ; 
 
 infantry ; land-force. 
 exigo : (3), -egl, -actum, {drive out), 
 raise (forcibly), exact, collect. 
 [ago.] [meagre. 
 
 exiguus : -a, -um, small, scant, 
 
 eximius*’ : -a, -um, exceptional, pe¬ 
 culiar. [eximo.] 
 
 ex-inanio* : (4), reg., {empty), utter¬ 
 ly impoverish. 
 
 existimatio : onis, f., esteem, honor ; 
 credit; from 
 
 existimo : (1), reg., think, believe, 
 consider ; decide.' [aestimo.] 
 exitus : -us, m., going out, depart¬ 
 ure, exit; issue, end, result. 
 
 [ex-eo.] 
 
 ex-orior* : (4), -ortus, dep., arise, 
 occur. 
 
 expedio : (4), reg., {extricate from 
 trouble), arrange, regula, te; pro¬ 
 cure ; put in fighting trim, make 
 ready for battle ; [ex, pes]; hence 
 expeditus : -a, -um, free, unob¬ 
 structed; see App. Ill, 3, c; 16; 
 complete. 
 
 ex-pello : (3), -puli, -pulsum, drive 
 out, off, or away ; remove, dismiss. 
 experior: (4), -pertus, dep., try, test; 
 
 try, attempt; find out, learn. 
 ex-peto* : (3), -ivi and -il, -itum, 
 {eagerly) desire. 
 ex-pio* : (1), reg., atone for. 
 ex-pleo : (2), -Bvi, -etum, fill up, 
 make complete; man, occupy (a 
 position). 
 
 explicitus : -a, -um, easy to carry 
 out, practicable; compar, expli- 
 citius 5 from 
 
 ex-plico : (1), reg., and -ui, -itum, 
 unfold, spread out, deploy ; devel¬ 
 op ; arrange, put to rights. 
 explorator: -oris, m., spy, scout; 
 
 plur., reconnoitering party ; from 
 exploro : (1), reg., spy out, explore, 
 examine ; reconnoiter. 
 ex-p6no : (3), -posui, -positum, put 
 or lay out; land (troops) ; set 
 forth, describe, explain. 
 ex-posco : (3), -poposci, clamor for, 
 beg for. 
 
 ex-pugno : (1), reg., with and with¬ 
 out per vim, take by storm. 
 ex-sisto : (3), -stiti, come forth; 
 
 break out; be made, arise. 
 exspectatio : -onis, f., awaiting, ex¬ 
 pectation ; from 
 
 ex-specto : (1), reg., await, expect, 
 look for; intrans., wait (si, ut); 
 anticipate. 
 
 ex-stinguo* : (3), -nxi, -nctum, 
 
 {quench); pass., die out. 
 ex-sto* : -are, stand out of, be above. 
 
310 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 ex-struo : (3), -xl, -ctiim, {strew out); 
 rear, build, 
 
 ex-tendo* : (3), -di, -sum and -turn, 
 {stretch out); see on p. 110, 11. 
 exter, exterus : -a, -um, foreign; 
 compar, exterior, outer; superl. , 
 extremus, outermost, farthest, 
 last; often with partitive sense, 
 as extremus tumulus, edge of the 
 hill; extreme, greatest; only re- 
 maining, last; worst, most dan¬ 
 gerous. 
 
 externus* : -a, -um, foreign. 
 ex-terreo : (2), -ui, -itum, frighten. 
 ex-torqueo* : (2), -torsi, -tortum, 
 wrench away, rob. 
 
 extra: adv., without; prep. w. 
 acc., without, outside of; beyond; 
 contrary to. [drag out; waste. 
 ex-traho : (3), -xl, -ctum, prolong, 
 extraordinarius* : -a, -um, unusual. 
 extremus : -a, -um, see exter, 
 exul (exsul) : -ulis, m., a banished 
 man, exile, [ex, solum.] 
 
 F. 
 
 faber : -bri, m., artisan, workman. 
 facile: adv., easily; compar., faci¬ 
 lius; from 
 
 facilis : -e, easy, convenient; from 
 facio : (3), feci, factum, do, make; 
 commit, perform; build, form; 
 afford, grant; bring about (ut); 
 act, proceed; hence 
 factio : -dnis, f., party, faction ; and 
 factum : -i, n., deed, act, conduct. 
 facultas : -iltis, f., power, opportu¬ 
 nity; means, supplies, resources; 
 money, [facilis.] 
 
 fallo : (3), fefelli, falsum, deceive, 
 disappoint ; impers., neque Caesa¬ 
 rem fefellit quin, and G. was not 
 mistaken, in that, etc. ; hence 
 falso* : Vidiv., fcdsely ; from 
 falsus : -a, -um, false. 
 fama ; -ae, f., report, rumor, story; 
 renown, fame. 
 
 familia : -ae, f., troop of servants, 
 slaves, or gladiators; with pater, 
 mater, household, family ; hence 
 familiaris : -e, {of the household), in¬ 
 timate. 
 
 fanum : -i, n., temple. 
 fas : indecl., n., divinely permitted, 
 right, [fari, declare.') 
 fascis : -is, m., {bxmdle); plur., fas¬ 
 ces, see App. If, 11, (p. 278). 
 i fastigate : adv., sloping (like a 
 roof). 
 
 (fastigium : -i, n., {roof), slope. 
 fateor* : (2), fassus, dep., coiifess. 
 fatum : -i, n.,fate, doom. [cf. fas.] 
 faux : -cis, f., plur. fauces, throat; 
 
 narrow pass. \^port. 
 
 faveo : (2), favl, fautum, favor, sup- 
 felicitas : -atis, f., luck, good for¬ 
 tune ; hence 
 
 feliciter : adv., luckily, fortunately. 
 
 [felix.] 
 
 fenestra* : -ae, f., loop-hole. 
 fere: adv., almost, nearly, about; 
 
 almost always, generally. 
 feriae* : -arum, f., holidays; see on 
 p. 74, 32. 
 
 fero : ferre, tuli, latum, hear, carry; 
 pass., he carried away,hurry, rush ; 
 hear, endure, suffer ; carry off, se- 
 cure, win; lead, bring; announce, 
 mention, propose; move, make a 
 motion; require, demand (lit. 
 bring with itself); graviter ferre, 
 take ill, he annoyed. 
 ferreus : -a, -um, of iron, iron, [fer¬ 
 rum.] [wild beast. 
 
 ferus* : -a, -um, {wild); lem. subst., 
 'fides : -ei, f., trust, confidence; 
 credit; trustworthiness (that 
 which awakens trust), integrity, 
 fidelity, good faith; promise, 
 pledge; in a 1 i c u j u s fide esse, 
 ^ to he in league with one, to he 
 under any one's protection. 
 fido: (3), fisus sum, trust, rely upon. 
 fiducia : ae, f., trust, confidence; 
 
 assurance. [confidential. 
 
 fiduciarius* : -a, -um, of trust, 
 filia : -ae, f., daughter. 
 filius : -i, m, son. 
 
 fingo : (3), finxi, fictum, form, fash¬ 
 ion; invent, coin. 
 finio : (4), reg., end, finish; from 
 finis : -is, m., hound, border; end, 
 limit. 
 
 finitimus: -a, -um, bordering, 
 neighboring. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 311 
 
 fio : fieri, factus, happen, occur, I 
 come to pass; as pass, to facio, he ! 
 made, rendered, brought about, he- \ 
 come. 
 
 ^firmamentum* : -i, n., support. 
 firmitas : -atis, f., endurance, firm¬ 
 ness. 
 
 firmitudo : -inis, f., firmness. 
 
 ■{ firmo : (1), reg., strengthen; en¬ 
 
 courage. 
 
 firmus : -a, -urn, fast, firm; cer¬ 
 tain, secure; strong, reliable. 
 flagito : (1), reg., eagerly demand. 
 flamma : -ae, f., fire, flame. 
 fleo: (2), flevl, fletum, weep; hence 
 fletus : -us, m., weeping. 
 flo : (1), reg., blow. 
 
 { fluctus : -us, m,, wave. 
 flumen : -inis, n., stream, river. 
 fluo : (3), -xi, flow. 
 fodio : (3), fodi, fossum, dig. 
 foedus : -eris, n., treaty. 
 folium* : -i, n., leaf. 
 fons : -tis, m., spring, well. 
 foramen : -inis, n., hole. 
 foras : adv., out, outside. 
 forma : -ae, f., shape, form. 
 fors : f., chance ; only one other case 
 in use, abl., by chance, perhaps. 
 fortasse : adv., perhaps. 
 fortis : -e, strong ; brave, courageous ; 
 hence 
 
 fortiter ; adv., bravely, boldly. 
 fortuna : -ae, f., chance, luch, for¬ 
 tune; condition, lot, fate; dis¬ 
 aster. 
 
 forum : -i, n., an open place in the 
 midst of a city, forum. 
 fossa : -ae, f., ditch, moat, [fodio.] 
 frater : -tris, m., brother. 
 fraudo ; (1), reg., [cheat), embezzle, 
 steal; from 
 
 firaus : -dis, f., cheating, deceit. 
 fremitus : -iis, m., [roar, din); f. 
 
 equorum, snorting. 
 frequens : -tis, in large numbers; 
 hence 
 
 frequentia* : -ae, f., crowd. 
 fretum : -i, n , frith, straits. 
 fretus : -a, -um, relying on. 
 frons : -tis, f., [forehead); front. 
 fructus : -iis, m., fruit; return, re¬ 
 ward. 
 
 "frumentarius : -a, -um, pertaining 
 to, for provisions; res frumen¬ 
 taria, supplies ; (provinciae) fru- 
 J mentariae, grain-bearing. 
 
 ] frumentor : (1), dep., forage, get 
 supplies, grain, provisions ; from 
 frumentum : -i, n., grain, provis¬ 
 ions, rations. 
 frustra ; adv., in vain. 
 fuga : -ae, f., flight. 
 fugio : (3), fugl, fugitum, fly, escape 
 [from); avoid, shun, escape; hence 
 fugitivus : -a, -um, [taken to flight); 
 
 masc. ^VihA., fugitive, run-away. 
 fumus : -i, m., smoke. 
 
 "funda : -ae, f., sling. 
 fundamentum* : -i, n., basis, foun- 
 j dation. 
 
 ' funditor : -oris, m., cUnger. 
 fundo : (3), fudl, fusum, [pou7'); 
 (hurl) ; put to flight, roid. 
 funis : -is, m., cable, rope. 
 furca* : -ae, f,, fork. 
 
 G. 
 
 galea* : -ae, f., [leather) helmet. 
 
 Gallia : -ae, f., Oaul; (1) citerior, cis¬ 
 alpina, togata, the plain of the Po, 
 in upper Italy; (2) ulterior, transal¬ 
 pina, including France, Belgium, 
 Holland, Switzerland and the part 
 of Germany west of the Rhine, con¬ 
 quered by Ca3sar in 58-49 b. c. ; 
 (3) provincia, Narbonensis, con¬ 
 quered by the Romans in 121 b. c. 
 Adjs., Gallicus, Gallus. 
 
 Gallograecia : -ae, f., Galatia, the 
 central district of Asia Minor. See 
 on p. 75, 30. 
 
 gemellus* : -a, -um, twin. 
 
 generatim : Si,&v.,by cla^sses. [genus.] 
 
 gens : -tis, f., race, tribe;people of a 
 city. 
 
 genus : • eris, n., [race, family); sort, 
 class, kind. 
 
 Genusus : i, m., a river of Illyria. 
 
 Gergovia : -ae, f., a city of Gaul. 
 
 Germania : -ae, f., Germany; for the 
 Romans the lands partly bounded 
 by the Rhine, the Danube and the 
 sea. 
 
312 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 gero ; (3), gess!, gestum, carry, cher¬ 
 ish ; perform, transact, do; pass., 
 take place, happen ;■ res gesta, what 
 has happened ; exploit; in military 
 senses, waye (bellum) ; strike a blow 
 (rem gerere) ; fight, contend. 
 gladiator: oris, m., gladiator, one 
 who fought at the public games to 
 please an audience ; hence 
 gladiatorius ; -a, -um, gladiatorial; 
 
 from [III, 3, b. 
 
 gladius : -i, ra., sword, dagger. App. 
 gloria: -ae, f., {fame, glory); boast¬ 
 fulness, vaunting ; hence \self. 
 glorior : (1), dep., boast, vaunt onds 
 Gomphi : -orum, a town of Thessaly. 
 
 Adj., Gomphensis. 
 
 Graecia: -ae, f., Greece. Adj., 
 Graecus I masc, subst., Graeci, 
 -orum. 
 
 gratia : -ae, f., favor, gratitude, 
 thanks; gratiam habere, be grate¬ 
 ful ; gratias agere, gratiam referre, 
 express thanks ; favor, popularity, 
 influence. 
 
 gratulatio ; -onis, f., congratulation; 
 from 
 
 gratulor : (1), dep., congratulate, 
 f gravis : -e, heavy; severe, serious, 
 dangerous, uiihealthy ; hard, dif¬ 
 ficult, oppressive; unfavorable, 
 hostile; hence 
 
 gravitas : -atis, f., weight, heavi- 
 -i ness; and 
 
 j graviter: adv., weightily ; severely, 
 I seriously, earnestly; sorely,bitterly. 
 
 1 gravo : (1), reg., {make heavy); 
 1 pass, or dep., gravari, hesitate, 
 shrink. 
 
 gubernator : -oris, m., steersman, 
 helmsman. 
 
 H. 
 
 habeo : (2), -uT, -itum, have, pos¬ 
 sess,keep ; consider,hold ; receive ; 
 require, demand, involve ; afford, 
 present; hold, convene; make, 
 perform; hence 
 
 habitatio* : -onis, f., house, dwell 
 mg, through the intensive 
 habito* : (1), reg., dwell. 
 hac : adv., here, in this place. 
 
 
 Hadriaticus : -a, -um, of Iladria, a 
 city of Etruria on the Po; A driatic. 
 harpago : onis, m., harpoon drag; 
 see on p. 37, 2. 
 
 hastatus : -a, -um, {armed with the 
 spear); App. Ill, 2, b, and 11 , c. 
 Hegesaretos : -i, m., a Thessalian of 
 Pompey’s party. 
 
 Hercules : -is, m., son of Jupiter and 
 Alcmene, a sun-god, performing 
 many labors. 
 
 hereditas : -fitis, f., inheritance ; hom. 
 heres : -edis, m., heir. 
 hibernus : -a, -um, {wintei'); neut. 
 plur., hiberna, -orum, {winter quar¬ 
 ters) ; winter magazines; see on p. 
 34, 6. 
 
 Hiberus : -i, m., a river in Spain, the 
 modern Ebro. 
 
 (1) hie, haec, hoc: hujus, etc., this; 
 the present; the folloivmg ; such (fol¬ 
 lowed by ut); abl. adv. hoc, there¬ 
 fore, on this account. 
 
 (2) hie : adv., here; hereupon. 
 hiemo : (1), reg., winter, spend the 
 
 winter ; from 
 hiems : -emis, f., winter. 
 hinc : adv., from this {these), he7ice. 
 hippotoxota : -ae, m., mounted archer. 
 hodie : adv., to-day. [hoc die.] 
 homo : -inis, m., man. 
 honestus : -a, -um, honorable; well¬ 
 born ; reputable ; from 
 hondr (hon5s) : -oris, m., honor, es¬ 
 teem, regard. 
 hora : -ae, f., hour. 
 hordeum : -i, n., barley. 
 horreum: i, n., magazine for supplies, 
 hortatus : -us, m., used only in abl., 
 exho7'tation ; from 
 
 hortor : (1), dep., exhort, encourage. 
 hospes : -itis, m., guest-friend; 
 
 hence \]iospitality. 
 
 hospitium : -i, n., guest-friendship ; 
 hostis : -is, m., enemy. [sc far. 
 
 hue: adv., hither; to this {these); 
 hujus-modi : of this kind. 
 humanitas : -atis, f., mildness, hu¬ 
 manity; from 
 
 humanus : -a, -um, human, [homo.] 
 humerus : -i, m., shoulder. 
 humidus* : -a, -um, moist, green. 
 [humus.] 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 313 
 
 humilis : -e, low ; hence 
 humilitas : -atis, f., lowness, 'humili¬ 
 ation. 
 
 I. 
 
 ibi : adv., there. 
 
 ico : (3), ici, ictum, hit, strike; 
 hence 
 
 ictus : -us, m., How, shot, stroke. 
 idcirco* : adv., therefore. 
 idem, eadem, idem : ejusdem, etc., 
 the same; often best rendered by 
 also, likewise, as i, 74, Idem hoc 
 fit. 
 
 ideo* : adv., therefore, on this ac¬ 
 count. {jiient. 
 
 iddneus : -a, -um, suitable, conve- 
 fdus : -uum, f.. Ides. 
 
 Igilium ; -i, n., see on p. 27, 22. 
 igitur* : conj., therefore (as a matter 
 of course), 
 ignis : -is, m., fire. 
 ignominia : -ae, f., {loss of good 
 name); shame, disgrace, [nomen.] 
 ignbrantia* : -ae, f., lack of knowl¬ 
 edge), ignorance; from 
 ignoro : (1), reg., not know, be igno¬ 
 rant of. 
 
 Iguvini; -orum, citizens of Ig urium. 
 ille, illa, illud : illius, etc., that; he, 
 she, it; adv., iilo, thither; hence 
 illic* : adv., there. 
 
 Illyricum : -i, n., the district on 
 the N. E. coast of the Adriatic, be¬ 
 longing to Caesar’s province ; see 
 Int. 6. 
 
 imbicillitas* : atis, f., weakness. 
 immineo: -6re, crowd upon, threaten. 
 immitto : (3), -misi, -missum, send 
 against, convey upon ; cast, hurl. 
 immortalis : -e, undying, immortal. 
 
 [mors.] ferior. 
 
 impar : -aris, uneven; smaller, in- 
 imparatus : -a, -um, unprepared. 
 [paro.] 
 
 impedimentum: -i, n., hindrance; 
 plur., camp-luqqaqe, baqqaqe- 
 train; App. Ill, iC ; from 
 impedio : (4), reg., {shackle); ob¬ 
 struct, block up; hinder, keep 
 back {from); disable; absolutely, 
 block the way, and, of a tribune, 
 
 cast a veto; part, impeditus, -a, 
 -um, loaded down, unprepared for 
 battle, of soldiers ; of ships, disa¬ 
 bled. Cf. App. Ill, 3, c.; 16. 
 impello : (3), -puli, -pulsum, push 
 forward, urge on, force; carry 
 away (by excitement, etc.), 
 imperator; -oris, m., commander; 
 also a title of honor ; see on p. 64, 
 10 ; hence 
 
 imperatorius* : -a, -um, of a com¬ 
 mander. [impero.] 
 imperitus : -a, -um, ignorant of the 
 position of affairs, unmformed. 
 imperium : -i, n., {word of) com¬ 
 mand, order; {sovereign) power, 
 sway, government; realm, empire ; 
 abstract for concrete, governor, 
 official; (military) command ; from 
 impero : (1), reg., command, order; 
 give orders; levy upon, impose 
 upon, demand from (acc. and dat.). 
 impetro : (1), reg., extort, obtain, 
 (by eager prayers or arguments), 
 impetus : -us, m., charge, attack, 
 rush; {eager) attempt. 
 implico : (1), reg., and -ul, -itum, 
 enfold, entangle; morbo implici¬ 
 tus, fallen sick. \plore. 
 
 imploro : (1), reg., entreat, beg, im- 
 impono*: (3), -posui, -positum, put 
 in, embark (trans.) ; put on ; im¬ 
 pose upon, assign to. \in. 
 
 importo: (1), reg., carry in, bring 
 imprimis (in primis) ; adv., espe¬ 
 cially. 
 
 improbo : (1), reg., disapprove. 
 improbus ; -a, -um, malicious, evilly 
 disposed. 
 
 improvisus : -a, -um, unforeseen; 
 improviso, de or ex improviso, 
 unexpectedly, [pro, video.] 
 imprudens : -ntis, not looking out, 
 off one's guard, unsuspecting; 
 [providens] ; hence 
 imprudentia: -ae, f., want of fore¬ 
 sight, imprudence. 
 
 impubes : -eris, not adult, minor; 
 masc. subst., boy. 
 
 impudentia* : -ae, f., shamelessness. 
 in: prep., I. with acc., into, to, to¬ 
 wards, for {up to); against; icith 
 a view to, according to ; so in ex- 
 
014 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 pressions of dimension, as in lati¬ 
 tudinem, m width; in dies,/rom 
 day to day. II. with abl., in, 
 within, during, among; in the 
 case of, in respect of. 
 in-aedifico; (1), reg., huild, carry 
 along; huild up, barricade. 
 in-aequo* : (1), reg., make even, 
 cover over. 
 inanis* : -e, empty. 
 in-auditus* : -a, -um, unheard of. 
 incaute ; adv., carelessly, [caveo.] 
 incedo : (8), -cessi, -cessum, {come 
 in); fall upon, seize ; break out. 
 incendium : -i, n., fire, conflagra¬ 
 tion ; attack with fire ; from 
 incendo : (3), -di, -Sum, set afire; 
 excite, inflame. 
 
 incertus : -a, -um, doubtful, uncer¬ 
 tain. 
 
 incido : (3), -cidi, casum, fall 
 
 {upon); fall in with, meet; hap¬ 
 pen. [cado.] 
 
 incipio ; (3), -cepi, -ceptum, {lay 
 hold of); begin, undertake, [ca- 
 pio.] 
 
 incitatio* : -onis, 1, excitement; 
 from 
 
 in-cito : (1), reg., urge on ; se inci¬ 
 tare, rush, speed; rouse, incite, 
 stir up; part, incitatus, -a, -um, 
 in haste, swift, at full speed. 
 in-clino* : (1), reg., (bend to) ; se in¬ 
 clinare, change for the worse. 
 includo : (3), -si, -sum, shut in, en¬ 
 close. [claudo.] 
 incognitus : -a, -um, unknown. 
 in-colo : (3), -ul, -ultum, inhabit. 
 incolumis : -e, unharmed, ivithout 
 loss; hence 
 
 incolumitas* : -atis, f., safely. 
 incommodum : -i, n., disadvantage, 
 inconvenience, harm, loss, damage ; 
 defeat. [inconvenient. 
 
 incommodus* : -a, -um, unfavorable, 
 inconsultius*: adv., comp, of in¬ 
 consulte, too heedlessly. 
 in-crebesco* : (8), -crebui, become 
 stronger, increase. 
 
 incredibilis ; -e, not to be believed, 
 incredible, [credo.] 
 incursus : -us, m., rush, charge, on¬ 
 set, attack, [curro.] 
 
 inde : adv., thence, from there ; 
 then, thereupon. 
 
 indico* : (1), reg., infcrrm against, 
 betray, [intens. of indicere.] 
 indigeo* : (2), -pi, need, lack, [egeo.] 
 indignor : (1), dep., be angry, indig¬ 
 nant. [in-dignus.] 
 indiligentia : -ae, f., carelessness. 
 in-duco : (3), -xi, -ctum, lead in, 
 conduct; spread {over). 
 industrie : adv., eagerly. 
 indutiae : -arum, f, {inserted time); 
 truce, [induo.] 
 
 in-eo : (4), -il, -itum, (only trans, in 
 Caesar), begin; undertake, adopt. 
 inermis : -e, unarmed, defenceless; 
 
 once inermus, -a, -um. [arma.] 
 infamia : -ae, f., evil report, shame, 
 disgrace, [fam a.] 
 
 infectus : -a, -um, not done, unac¬ 
 complished. [facio.] 
 in.fero : -ferre, -tulT, illatum, bring 
 to, apply to ; bring up, raise; bring 
 upon, cause (acc. and dat.); signa 
 inferre, march, attack; bellum in¬ 
 ferre, make war. 
 
 inferus : -a, -um., comp, inferior, -us, 
 lower, smaller, fewer, weaker; 
 superl. infimus, -a, -um, lowest. 
 infestus : -a, -um, dangerous, unsafe ; 
 threatening, poised (aloft, ready to 
 hurl, of a weapon) ; advanced, fly¬ 
 ing (of the signa). 
 
 infidelitas: -atis, i., disloyalty, [fido.] 
 infimus : see inferus, 
 infinite*: adv., {without bounds); in 
 general, [finis.] 
 
 infirmus : -a, -um, weak, feeble, ir¬ 
 resolute ; few (in numbers), 
 inflatius : adv., comp, of inflate, 
 (blown up); very boastfully; more 
 exaggeratedly ; from 
 in-flo : (1), reg., {blow in or up); make 
 overconfident, arrogant. 
 infra : aclv., below. 
 infrequens* : -ntis, not in full num¬ 
 bers. 
 
 infringo : (3), -frggl, -fractum, break, 
 bring to naught, [frango.] 
 infula : -ae, f., fillet. 
 ingratus : -a, -um, unthankful. 
 in-gravesco : -ere, (become heavy); 
 increase, rise. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 315 
 
 ingredior : -gredi, -gressus, {go in); 
 
 enter upon, begin (with in); hence 
 ingressus* : -iis, m., {entrance); free 
 motion. 
 
 inimicitia ; -ae, f ., hatred, enmity; 
 
 generally plur.; from 
 inimicus : -a, -um, hostile, unfriend¬ 
 ly ; masc. subst. , enemy [amicus.] 
 iniquitas : -afis, f., unevenness; from 
 iniquus : -a, -um, uneven, unfavor¬ 
 able; unequal, [aequua.] 
 initium : -i, n., beginning, [ineo.] 
 injicio (inicio) : (3), -jeci, -jectum, 
 {throw in); insert, infuse; put 
 upon, lay over; cast upon, attach. 
 [jacio.] 
 
 in-jungo: (3), -junxi, -junctum, fasten 
 upon, impose upon, saddle with. 
 injuria : -ae, f., wrong, injury, out¬ 
 rage, injustice. 
 
 iiyussu* : abl. from a nom. injus¬ 
 sus, not in use, without orders. 
 in-nascor*; -nasci, -natus, be born in; 
 part., inborn. 
 
 inopia: ae, f., want, lack, scarcity. 
 
 [opsj opes.] [awares. 
 
 inopinans : -tis, unsuspecting, \in- 
 inquam : -is, -it, defect, verb, say; 
 after some words of the direct dis¬ 
 course. [sue ; come after. 
 
 in-sequor: -sequi, -cutus, follow; pur- 
 insidiae : -arum, f., ambush, [sedeo.] 
 insigne : -is, n , token, badge, mark; 
 jiag, streamer. 
 
 insolens*: -ntis, unused {to); [soleo]; 
 hence 
 
 insolenter : adv., {unusually); rash¬ 
 ly ; and 
 
 insolentia : -ae, f., wantonness, in¬ 
 solence. 
 
 insolitus* : -a, -um, unused, unac¬ 
 customed. [soleo.] 
 inspecto* : (1), reg., look on. [intens. 
 of inspicio.] 
 
 instar*: indecl., n., {image); as 
 large as, like, with gen. 
 instituo : (3), -uT, -utum, place, sta¬ 
 tion, form ; build, construct; begin, 
 undertake, determine, make pre¬ 
 parations ; perf., have usually done, 
 be accustomed ; hence 
 institutum : -i, n., plan, project; 
 custom, habit. 
 
 in-sto : (1), -stiti, {stand on or over); 
 press on, crowd forward; be per¬ 
 sistent, insist. 
 
 in-struo: (3), -xT, -ctum, {strew 
 
 upon); build into, inserl; form, 
 draw up, array; part, instructus, 
 in battle array ; equip, furnish. 
 insuetus : -a, -um, unaccustomed. 
 insula : -ae, f., island. 
 insuper ; adv., above, thereon. 
 integer : -gra, -grum, unharmed, in¬ 
 tact ; undisturbed ; fresh, untired. 
 in-tego : (3), -xl, -ctum, cover. 
 intellego : (3), -xi, -ctum, perceive, 
 understand, see. [inter, lego.] 
 in-tendo: (3), -di, -turn, {stretch); 
 part, intentusj eager {for), bent 
 {on). 
 
 inter: prep, with acc. , betioeen, 
 among, amidst; inter se, with one 
 another. 
 
 inter-cedo : (3), -eessT, -cessum, {go 
 between) ; intervene, conne up, hap¬ 
 pen, elapse, pass away; lie be¬ 
 tween, exist between (alicui cum 
 aliquo); of the tribune, inter¬ 
 pose a veto ; hence 
 intercessio : -onis, f., veto. 
 intercipio : (3), -cepi, -ceptum, {take 
 out of the midst), capture, seize. 
 [capio.] 
 
 intercludo : (3). -si, -sum, shut off, 
 block up ; shut off {from) ; hem in; 
 see on p. 19, 4. [claudo.] 
 interdiu : adv. , by day. 
 interea : adv., meanwhile. 
 inter-eo ; (4), -il, -itum, perish, be 
 lost, come to naught. 
 interficio : (3), -f5ci, -fectum, {make 
 away with); hill, [facio.] 
 interim ; adv. , meamchile. 
 interior : -us, gen. -oris, inner. 
 interjicio : (3), -jecI, -jectum, {throw) 
 put between ; part, interjectus, ly¬ 
 ing between, intervening ; interjec¬ 
 tis aliquot diebus, after the lapse 
 of, etc. Cf. intermitto and inter¬ 
 pono. [jacio.] 
 
 inter-mitto : (3), -misl, -missum, 
 
 {send) leave between ; part, in abl. 
 abs., at a distance of, after an in¬ 
 terval of; give up, stop, intermit; 
 let time pass by, rest; leave free 
 
31G 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 from; parvo spatio intermisso, 
 after a little Ume had passed. Cf. 
 interjicio and interpono, 
 internuntius : -i, m., messenger, 
 
 agent. 
 
 inter-pello : (1\ reg., interrupt; hin¬ 
 der, prevent; render fruitless. 
 inter-pono : (3\ -posui, -positum, 
 place ov put hetween ; bring to pass, 
 cause, make; allow, suffer; part, 
 interpositus in abl. abs., after the 
 lapse of, like interjectus and in¬ 
 termissus. 
 
 inter-rogo : (1), reg,, ask. 
 inter-rumpo : (3), -rupl, -ruptum, 
 break apart, to pieces, down, up; 
 interrupt. 
 
 inter-sum : -esse, -ivi\,be (lie) between ; 
 be on haaid for, take part in, be 
 present at; impers. interest, it is 
 of importance or advantage. 
 intervallum : -i, n., (lit. the distance 
 between two ramparts); space be¬ 
 tween, interred ; space, distance. 
 inlra : prep, with acc., within; into 
 (with verbs of motion). 
 
 (1) intr5* : adv,, within. 
 
 (2) intro : (1), reg., enter. 
 intro-duco : (3), -xl, -ctum, lead in, 
 
 introduce. go-] 
 
 introitus : -us, m., entrance, [in- 
 intus : adv., within. 
 inusitatus: -a, -um, unusual, strange. 
 inutilis : -e, useless, good for noth¬ 
 ing. [intrans., breakout. 
 
 in-vado* : (3), -si, -sum, seize; or, 
 in- venio : (4), -veni, -ventum, {come 
 upon); find, discover ; prove. 
 inveterasco : (3), -avi, grow old, be¬ 
 come wonted, [vetus.] [video.] 
 invidia: -ae, i., envy; hatred. 
 invisus"^ : -a, -um, {hated); unseen. 
 invito : (1), reg., invite as guest, en¬ 
 tertain; tempt. 
 
 invitus : -a, -um, against one’s will, 
 unwillingly. [w^a, envelop. 
 
 in-volvo : (3), -volvi, -volutum, wrap 
 ipse : a, -um, gen. ipsius, himself, 
 herself,itself; very ; simply ; alone. 
 In Csesar often = the commander. 
 iracundia : -ae, f., wrath, [ira.] 
 irascor* : -ci, be angry at. 
 iratus : -a, -um, angered, angry. 
 
 irrisus* : -us, m., mockery; irrisui 
 esse, be a laucjliing-stock. [rideo.] 
 irrumpo : (3), -rupi, -ruptum, break 
 or burst in. \it. 
 
 is, ea, id : this, that; cuch; he, she. 
 Isthmus* : -i, m..{neck of land, isth¬ 
 mus) ; the isthm,us of Corinth. 
 ita : adv., so, thus ; accordingly; non 
 ita, not so very. . [-a, -um. 
 
 Italia : -ae, f., Itcdy. Adj , Italicus, 
 itaque : adv,, = et ita, and so ; there¬ 
 fore . [way. 
 
 item : adv., likewise; in the same 
 iter: itineris, n., journey, march; 
 
 day’s march ; road, icay. 
 iterum : adv., a second time, again 
 
 J. 
 
 Jacio : (3), jeci, jactum, throw, hurl, 
 cast; throw up, build; hence the 
 intens. 
 
 Jacto : (1), reg., {toss from the 
 
 mouth), boast, brag of; hence 
 Jactura : -ae, f., {throwing over¬ 
 board), loss; gift,present. 
 jam : adv., now; socn, presently ; 
 
 already ; with negative, no longer. 
 Januarius : -a, -um, of January. 
 Jubeo : (2), jussi, jussum, command, 
 order, with acc. of person and 
 inf. act., acc. of thing and inf. 
 pass., and inf. act. alone with 
 indef. subj. 
 
 jucundus : -a, um, pleasant. 
 f judex : -icis, m., judge, juror. 
 judicium : -i, n., court; trial, suit ; 
 ] decision ; opinion, view. 
 judico : (1), reg., decide, judge; 
 believe, think. 
 
 jugerum* : -i, n., acre (loosely; 
 
 strictly 240 x 120 ft.), 
 jugum : -i, n., {yoke), ridge of moun¬ 
 tain. 
 
 jumentum : i, n., {yoke animal), 
 beast of burden, horse, mule, or 
 ox ; from 
 
 jungo : (3), -xl, -ctum, join, unite. 
 junior : -oris, {younger, compar, of 
 juvenis) ; as subst. mase., able- 
 bodied man, liable to military duty. 
 App. II, 3. 
 
 juro : (1), reg., swear, take oath. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 317 
 
 jus ; juris, n., justice ; jus dicere, 
 administer justice; jure, judi¬ 
 cially; in jus, to get justice ; right, 
 law, authority. [oath. 
 
 jusjurandum : jurisjurandi, etc., 
 jussu : abl. from an unused jussus, 
 at command ; j. atque imperio, at 
 command and with authority, [ju¬ 
 beo.] 
 
 justitia: -ae, i., justice ; from 
 justus : -a, -um, righteous, just; 
 
 fitting, deserved, [jus.] 
 juventus : -titis, f., youth (the age 
 from 12 to 40 years) ; young men 
 of this age. 
 
 juvo : (1), juvi, jutum, help, assist. 
 juxta : prep, with acc,, near, hard 
 hy. 
 
 L. 
 
 labefacio : (3), -feci, -factum, pass, 
 -fio, shatter, wreck. 
 
 (1) labor : -hi, lapsus, dep. , slide. 
 
 (2) labor : -oris,m., w^orA:, toil, labor ; 
 hardships ; hence 
 
 laboro : (1), reg., labor, be in dis¬ 
 tress, suffer. 
 lac : -tis, n., milk. 
 
 Lacedaemon* : -onis, f., capital of 
 Laconia in southern Greece, Spar¬ 
 ta. 
 
 lacesso : (3), -ivl, -itum, harass; 
 
 proelio lacessere, attack. 
 laedo : (3), -si, -sum, {damage); 
 
 fidem laedere, break one’s pledge. 
 laetitia : -ae, f., joy, delight; from 
 laetus : -a, -\im,joyful, happy. 
 lamina* : -ae, f., plate {of metal). 
 langueo*: (2), -gui, be sluggish, 
 careless, off duty. 
 languidus : -a, -urn, sluggish. 
 lapis : -idis, m., stone. 
 largitio : -onis, f., generosity, open- 
 handedness; plur., (large) pres¬ 
 ents. [haustion. 
 
 lassitudo : -inis, f., weariness, ex- 
 late : adv., ivide, ividely; of a let¬ 
 ter, fully, in detail; longe late- 
 que, far and wide. 
 later : -eris, m., brick; hence 
 latericius : -a, -um, of brick ; neut. 
 subst., brick work; and 
 
 latericulum* : -i, n., brick (collec¬ 
 tively). 
 
 latitudo : -inis, f. , width, [latus.] 
 latro : -onis, m., robber. 
 latus : -a, -um, broad, wide. 
 latus : -eris, n., side ; flank, wing. 
 laudo: (1), mg., praise, [laus.] 
 laurea : -ae. f., laurel. 
 laus: -dis, f. , praise; plur., praises 
 due a man, i. e. his exploits. 
 legatio : onis, 1, embassy; ambas¬ 
 sador ; legateship, lieutenancy; 
 . from 
 
 legatus : -i, m., ambassador ; legate, 
 lieutenarit; App. Ill, 7. 
 legio : -onis, f., legion; App. Ill, 2; 
 hence 
 
 legibnarius : -a, -um, of a legion; 
 
 masc. subst., legionary {soldier). 
 legitimus : -a, -um, lawful, pre¬ 
 scribed by law. 
 
 lego : (3), JSgl, lectum, choose. 
 legumen : -inis, n., pulse (vegeta¬ 
 bles of the bean family), 
 lenis : -e, soft, gentle, mild; hence 
 lenitas : -atis, f., gentleness, mild¬ 
 ness; and 
 
 leniter : adv., gently, mildly. 
 lente : adv., slowly. 
 lenunculus* : -i, m., skiff. 
 
 levis : -e, light; slight, unimpor¬ 
 tant; adv., levius, more lightly. 
 levo : (1), reg., lighten, heal. 
 lex: ICgis, f., law. 
 libens : -tis, glad, willing; hence 
 libenter : adv., gladly, willingly. 
 'liber: -era, -erum, free, unhin¬ 
 dered. 
 
 liberalitas : -atis, f., generosity. 
 liberaliter : adv., {worthily of a 
 freeman); kindly, generously, 
 i libere : adv., freely, without hin¬ 
 drance ; boldly. 
 liberi : -orum, m., children. 
 libero ; (1), reg., free, release. 
 libertas : -atis, f., freedom. 
 libertus : -i, m., freedman. 
 libra* : -ae, f. , Ime, balance. 
 Liburnicus and Liburnus : -a, -um, 
 of Liburnia (a district of Illyria) ; 
 fern, subst. liburna, a small, swift 
 sailing vessel, smack. [from 
 
 licentia : -ae, f. , lawlessness, license ; 
 
e318 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 licet; (2), impers., licuit, licitum est, 
 it is permitted, allowed, possible. 
 lictor : -oris, m., lictor, one of the 
 body-guard allowed the higher 
 Roman magistrates. App. II, 11. 
 'ligneus : -a, -um, wooden, of wood ; 
 and 
 
 lignor : (1), fetch wood; from 
 lignum : -i, n., wood (in plur.). 
 limen* : -inis, n., threshold. [ligo» 
 bind. ] 
 
 linter : -tris, f., canoe, small-boat. 
 litera : -ae, {letter of the alphabet) ; 
 plur., a letter, letters (see on p. 
 
 29, 30). 
 
 litus : -oris, n., shore, coast. 
 loco : (1), reg., place, put. 
 locuples : -etis, rich (especially in 
 territory), [locus, plenus.] 
 locus : -i, m., (plur. loci and loca), 
 place, spot; plur. locality, neigh¬ 
 borhood ; ground, position ; rank, 
 office ; opportunity, room ' in loco 
 (or loco) a 1 i c u j u s, as some¬ 
 thing ; esse impedimenti loco, be 
 a hindrance. 
 
 'longe: adv., far, at great dis¬ 
 tance, compar, longius ; of time, 
 long; with superlatives, 6?//(»r. 
 longinquitas* : -atis, f., length. 
 longinquus : -a, -um, distant, re¬ 
 mote ; long (in duration), 
 longitudo : -inis, f., length. 
 longurius ; -i, m., (long) pole or 
 stake. 
 
 longus : -a, -um, long; distant. 
 loquor : -i, -cutus, dep., speak. 
 lucesco* : (3), luxi, begin to be light 
 (day). 
 
 luctus : -us, m., cry of lamentation. 
 [lugeo, lament.'] 
 
 ludus*: -i, m., (game); training- 
 school. 
 
 Lusitania: -ae, f., modern Portu¬ 
 gal; Lusitani, -orum, Lusitanians. 
 lutum : -i, n., clay, mud. 
 lux ; lucis, f., light (of day); prima 
 lux, day-break. 
 
 luxuria : -ae, f., high-living, luxury. 
 
 M. 
 
 Macedonia : ae, f., the district north 
 
 of Thessaly (see on p. 90, 8); 
 Macedones, -um, m., (sing. Ma¬ 
 cedo), Macedonians. 
 machinatio*: -onis, f., machine; 
 
 m. navalis, see on p. 56, 7. 
 macies* : -ei, f., leanness, starva¬ 
 tion. 
 
 magis: adv., more; super!, maxi- 
 me^ most, very much, especially. 
 magister : -tri, m., master ; teacher. 
 magistratus :-us, m., office, magis¬ 
 tracy; officer, magistrate. 
 magnitudo : -inis, f., greatness, size, 
 strength. 
 
 magnopere : adv., earnestly; espe¬ 
 cially. [magno, opere.] 
 magnus : -a, -um. large, great; 
 
 strong, powerful, loud ; important, 
 special; compar. m^or(sc. natu), 
 older. 
 
 majestas : -atis, f., dignity, majes¬ 
 ty. 
 
 male : adv., badly, ill; m. habere, 
 
 annoy. 
 
 maleficium : -i, n., damage, harm. 
 [male, facio.] 
 
 malo : malle, malui, have rather, 
 prefer; malle . . . quam, wish 
 . . . rather than. [magis, volo.] 
 malum: -i, n., evil, mishap, disas¬ 
 ter; danger. 
 
 mancipium : -i, n., {grasping with 
 the hand); slave (as property), 
 [manus, capio.] 
 
 mandatum: -i, n., commission, er¬ 
 rand, message ; from 
 mando ; (1), reg., commission, order; 
 entrust. 
 
 mane : adv., in the morning. 
 maneo : (2), -nsi, -nsum, remain. 
 manipulus : -i, m., maniple, App. 
 Ill, 2, b ; adj. manipularis, -e, of 
 a maniple, \handful (manus) or 
 bundle of hay, carried aloft as a 
 standard.] 
 
 manus: -us, f., hand; {hand to 
 hand) fight — manum conserere, 
 come to close quarters ; band, troop. 
 mare; -is, ii., sea; hence 
 maritimus: -a, -um, of or on thi 
 sea. 
 
 mater : -tris, f., mother. 
 materia : -ae, f., wood, timber. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 319 
 
 f mature ; adv., in good season ; 
 early, soon. 
 
 maturesco : (3), -rui, become ripe. 
 maturitas : -atis, f., ripeness, ma¬ 
 turity. [quicken. 
 
 maturo : (1), reg., {ripen), hasten, 
 maturus : -a, -um, ripe. 
 mediocris : -e, moderate, unimpor¬ 
 tant, small; from 
 
 medius : -a, -um, in the middle or 
 midst, intervening; media nox, 
 midnight. 
 
 memini : -isse, defect., remember; 
 mention. 
 
 memor : -oi’is, mindful. 
 memoria : -ae, i., memory, recollec¬ 
 tion. 
 
 mendacium: -i, n., falsehood, lie. 
 Menedemus* : -i, m., a prominent 
 Macedonian. 
 
 mens ; -tis, soul, spirit, disposition ; 
 
 mind, un derstanding. 
 mensis: -is, m., month. 
 mentio : -dnis, f., mention. 
 mercenarius* : -a, -um, hired for 
 money, mercenary ; from 
 merces : -edis, f. , pay, rent. 
 mereor: (2), meritus, dep., deserve; 
 bene mereri de repuolica, de¬ 
 serve well of the state, i. e., serve 
 faithfully; optimo meriti, most 
 deserving. 
 
 meridianus : -a, -um, of midday; 
 from 
 
 meridies : -ei, m., midday, noon. 
 meritum: -i, n., desert, service; 
 favor, [mereor.] 
 
 merx : -cis, f., wares, merchandise. 
 metor : (1), dep., measure off or out. 
 Metropolitae : -ilrum (urn), citizens 
 of Metropolis. 
 metus ; -us, m., fear. 
 miles : -itis, m., soldier; hence 
 militaris : -e, of a soldier, miliiary, 
 warlike. 
 
 mille : indecl. num , thousand, see 
 on p. 114, 1>; plur., milia, -iuin. 
 minae* : -arum, threats. 
 
 Minerva : -ae, f., goddess of wisdom 
 and the arts. 
 
 minor* : (1), dep., threaten. 
 minuo : (3), -ui, -uturn, lessen, weak¬ 
 en ; from 
 
 minus : adv., (compar, of parum, 
 less.) 
 
 mirificus : -a, -um, astonishing, mar¬ 
 vellous. [ed. 
 
 f miser : -era, -erum, pitiful, wretch- 
 I miseratio* : -onis, 1, pitifulness. 
 
 ] misericordia : -ae, f., pity, com¬ 
 passion; — miseratio, 
 miseror : (1), dep., deplore, lament. 
 missio* : -onis, f, dismissal; and 
 missus: -us, m., sending; missu 
 a 1 i c u 3 u s , by order of anyone ; 
 from 
 
 mitto : (3), misl, missum, send ; send 
 ivord, order; send forth, evince 
 (pass, issue); hurl, cast; dismiss. 
 mobilitas : -atis, f., movableness; 
 agility, [for movibilitas, from 
 moveo.] 
 
 moderate : adv., temperately, [mo¬ 
 deror, regulate.^ 
 
 modius : -i, m., a Roman measure, 
 about two pecks. 
 
 modo : adv., {nieasureably) ; only, at 
 least; non modo . . . sed etiam, 
 not only . . . but also; just now, 
 recently; from 
 
 modus : -i, m., {measure); manner, 
 way; modo alicujus, like any¬ 
 one; ad hunc modum, after this 
 fashion. \tions. Cf. munio, 
 
 moenia : -ium, n., walls, fortifica- 
 moles : -is, f., {mass); stone-heap; 
 
 see on p. 23, 9 ; darn, breakwater. 
 mollis : -e, {soft), gentle. 
 momentum : -i, n., {that which 
 
 moves), weight, influence, moment; 
 parvo momento, by a slight mat¬ 
 ter, = just, [for movi men turn, 
 moveo.] 
 
 moneo : (2), -ui, -itum, tell, charge ; 
 
 warn, advise ; hence 
 monumentum* : -i, n., {reminder), to¬ 
 ken, offering. 
 
 mons : -tis, m., mountain, hill; 
 hence 
 
 montanus : -a, -um, living in the 
 mountains; masc. plur. subst., 
 mountaineers ; Siwd [hilly. 
 
 montuosus : -a, -um, full of hills, 
 mora : -ae, f., delay; slowness; ob¬ 
 stacle, hindrance. 
 morbu3 ; -i, m., sickness. 
 
320 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 morior ; mori, mortuus, dep., die. 
 moror; (1), dep., iiitraiis., tarry, 
 delay, wait, halt; trans., delay, 
 check, hinder, ’prevent. 
 m5s ; mOris, m., custom, usage. 
 motus : -us, m., motion, movement; 
 from 
 
 moveo: (2), movi, motum, move; 
 stir, influence, induce, excite ; 
 castra rn o v e r e, hreak camp, \ 
 move on ; se movere, start. 
 mulier : -eiis, f., woman. 
 multiplico*: (1), veg., multiply, [mul¬ 
 tus plico.] 
 
 multitudo : -inis, f., large hody, 
 crowd; the masses, common people. 
 [multus.] 
 
 multo (mulcto) : (1), reg., punish by 
 a loss of (w. abL). 
 
 multum ; -i, n., a great part ; multo j 
 
 by much, much the - ; adv., 
 
 much; superl. plurimum j most; 
 from 
 
 multus : -a, -um, much, many ; comp, 
 plus, pluris, more, very many; 
 superl. plurimus, -a, -um, 7nost, 
 very many. 
 
 municeps : -ipis, m., townsman ; fel¬ 
 low-townsman ; [munia capio.] 
 hence 
 
 municipium : -i, n., town, whose 
 
 people had received the Roman 
 citizenship, sometimes retaining, 
 sometimes losing their former 
 mode of self-govei'nment. 
 munio : (4), reg., Miild fortifications, 
 fortify, entrench ; protect, guard, 
 cover ; [moenia] ; hence 
 munitio: -onis, f., fortifying, en¬ 
 trenching; fortificaiions, entrench¬ 
 ments, li'nes of defense. 
 muiius : -eris, n., office, service, busi¬ 
 ness ; gift, present; plur., sl.ow, 
 spectacle. 
 
 murus : -i, m., wall. 
 musculus ; -i, m., {Utile mouse), see 
 on p. 55, 25. [mus.] 
 mutatio : -dnis, f., change ; from 
 muto : (1), reg., change, alter. |for 
 m o V i t o, intens. of moveo. ] 
 mutuor : (1),. dep., borrow ; from 
 mutuus; -a, -um, borrowed; m. ; 
 pecuniae, a loan. ! 
 
 N. 
 
 nactus : partic. fr. nanciscor, 
 nam, namque : conj., for. 
 nanciscor : -i, nactus, dep., get, find, 
 meet, come upon, reach; see on p. 
 15, 25. 
 
 nascor : -i, natus, be born; partic., 
 sprung, descended ; arise ; hence 
 ! natura ; -ae, f., nedure, natural con¬ 
 dition ; character; and 
 naturalis : -e, natural; and 
 naturaliter : adv., naturally. 
 naufragium* : -i, n., shipwreck. 
 
 [navis, frango.] 
 
 nausea: -ae, f., {sea-sicTine8s\ sick¬ 
 ness. 
 
 nauta : -ae, m., seaman, sailor. 
 navalis : -e, of a ship, naval; neut. 
 plur. subst., dock-yards, docks. 
 [navis.] 
 
 navicula ; -ae, f., small boat, skiff. 
 [dim. of navis.] 
 
 navigatio : -onis, f. sailing, voyage. 
 navigium : -i, n., vessel. 
 navigo ; (1), reg., sail, [navis, ago.] 
 navis: -is, f., ihip ; n. Icnga, war¬ 
 ship; n. cneiaria, transport. 
 
 (1) ne : adv., not; conj., that not, 
 lest, so that not; ne . . . quidem, 
 not even. 
 
 (2) ne : enclit. interrog. particle, = ? 
 
 nec : nor, see neque, 
 necessario : adv., of necessity ; from 
 necessarius : -a, -um, necessary, 
 
 unavoidable, requisite; criiiced, 
 pressing; subst., kinsman, jfiend; 
 from 
 
 necesse : adv., necessary ; hence 
 necessitai ; -atis, f., necessity, com¬ 
 pulsion, constraint; and 
 necessitudo : -inis, f., relationship, 
 friendship. 
 neco ; (1), reg., kill. 
 necubi* : ^ne alicubi, not any¬ 
 where. 
 
 nefarius : -a, -um, infamous, [ne¬ 
 fas.] 
 
 neglegens* ; -tis, careless ; from 
 neglego : (3), -xi, -cturn, not heed, 
 disregard, [nec, lego.] 
 i nego : (1), reg., say no or not; deny, 
 
 ! refuse, [ne, aio.] 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 321 
 
 'negotiator: -oris, m., trader. 
 neg5tior: (1), dep., do business, 
 trade. 
 
 neg5tium : -i, n., business^ affair, 
 undertaking; difficulty, trouble. 
 
 [nec, otium.] 
 
 nemo : -inis, m, and f., no one, no¬ 
 body. [ne, homo.] 
 niquaquam : adv,, in no way. 
 neque (nec) : nor, and not, but not, 
 not however; neque . . . neque, 
 neither . . . nor; neque . . . 
 
 et, neither . . . but rather. 
 nequiquam : adv., {in no way what¬ 
 ever) ; in vain. 
 neu : see neve. 
 
 neuter : -tra, -trum, neither {ot two). 
 neve (neu) : and (that) not, or {that) 
 not, nor; neu . . . neu, that 
 neither . . . nor. 
 nihil: indecL, n., nothing, often w. 
 part. gen.; as adv., in no way, not 
 at all. 
 
 nihilo: abl. of nihilum, as adv., 
 
 lit. by nothing; none the - ; 
 
 nihilo minus, nevertheless. 
 nimius : -a, -um, too great. 
 nisi: conj., unless, if not; except, 
 without, w. negatives, 
 nitor: niti, nTsus and nixus, {stay^ 
 07ie’s self on), rely on; exert one’s 
 self, struggle. [masses. 
 
 nix: nivis, f., snovj, plur., snow- 
 nobilis ; -e, {noted); illustrious, noble ; 
 [nosco]; hence 
 
 nobilitas: -atis, 1, {fame); high 
 birth, nobility. 
 
 noceo : (2), -ui, -itum, harm, damage. 
 noctu : adv., by night, [nox.] 
 nocturnus : -a, -um, nightly, in the 
 night, [nox.] 
 
 nolo : nolle, nolui, be unwilling; 
 
 with inf., do not, etc. [non, volo.] 
 nomen: -inis, n., name, title; n. 
 dare, enlist; suo nomine, inde¬ 
 pendently ; nomine alicujus, 
 as ajiything. 
 
 nominatim : adv., by name, express¬ 
 ly. [nomino, call by name.l 
 n5n : adv., not. 
 
 N5nae : -arum, f.. Nones. 
 nondum : adv., not yet. 
 nongenti : -ae, -a, nine hundred. 
 
 21 
 
 nonne : not ? 
 
 nonnullus : -a, um, some consider¬ 
 able ; plur., some, several. 
 nonnumquam : sometimes. 
 noster : -tra, trum, our; masc. plur. 
 subst., our men. 
 
 notitia : -ae, f., acquaintance, knowl¬ 
 edge. [notus.] 
 
 noto : (1), reg., {make known); 
 
 brand, disgrace. 
 
 notus : -a, -um, knoion; masc. 
 
 subst., acquaintaiice. [nosco.] 
 novitas : -atis, f., newness, sudden- 
 7iess ; the utiexpected ; from 
 novus ; -a, -um, new, strange, unex¬ 
 pected ;■ s\\p&v\. novissimus, last; 
 novissimi, rear guard. 
 n5x : -ctis, f., night. 
 nudo: (1), reg., {lay bare), leave un¬ 
 protected, expose ; rob, strip, [nu¬ 
 dus, bare.^ [subst., no one. 
 
 nullus : -a, -um, not any, no, none; 
 numero : (1), reg., courit {out), pay; 
 from 
 
 numerus : -i, m., number; mass, 
 quantity; numero alicujus, as 
 anything. [used also as adj. 
 
 Numida : -ae, m., a Numidian; 
 numquam : adv., never. 
 nunc : adv., now. 
 
 nuncupo* : (1), reg., perfoi'm vows. 
 
 [= nomine capio.] 
 nuntio : (1), reg., tell, report, an¬ 
 nounce ; from [message. 
 
 nuntius: -i, m., messenger; news, 
 nuper : adv., {newly), lately. [= n o v - 
 iper.] 
 
 nutricius : -i, m., guardian. 
 nutus : -iis, m., nod; ad nutum, at 
 the nod. 
 
 O. 
 
 ob : prep. w. acc., on account of, for. 
 ob-duco : (3), -xi, -ctum, {lead along 
 opposite), make ((in front). 
 objectatio : -onis, f., I'eproach; 
 from 
 
 objecto* : (1), reg., {throw befoiw), 
 reproach with (ace.), [intens. of 
 objicio.] 
 
 objectus* : -us, m., {putting before), 
 interposition; from 
 
322 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 objicio (obiclo) : (3), -jeci, jectum, 
 put opposite, oppose {to); expose 
 (to); put before, or in front, or in 
 the ivay; cast in the teeth; part, 
 objectus, -a, -um, opposite, oppos¬ 
 ing. [side. 
 
 obliquus : -a, -ura, sideways, to one 
 obliviscor : -i, -lltus, dep., forget. 
 obscurus* : a, -um, (dark), un¬ 
 known. 
 
 obsecro : (1), reg-., beseech (by all 
 that is holy), [ob, sacro.] 
 obsessio : -dnis, f., blockade; from 
 obsideo : (2), -sedi, -sessum, (sit 
 before), beset; shut in, besiege, 
 blockade ; [ob, sedeo]; hence 
 obsidio : -dnis, f., siege, blockade. 
 ob-signo : (1), reg., seal, stamp with 
 a seal. 
 
 ob-stringo ; (3), nxi, -ctura, bind 
 fast; entangle, fetter. 
 ob-struo: (3), -xi, -ctum, btdld up, 
 dam up, obstruct. \er. 
 
 ob-tego : (3), -xi, -ctum, protect, cov- 
 ob-tempero : (1), reg., obey. 
 ob-testor : (1), dep., abjure, beseech. 
 obtineo : (2), -ui, -tentum, have, hold, 
 possess; occupy, administer; ac¬ 
 quire, loin; keep, [teneo.] 
 obtrectatio* : -dnis, f., disparage¬ 
 ment, (desire to) lessen. 
 ob-venio : (4), -vGni, -ventum, come 
 up (to) ; fall to one. [meet. 
 
 obviam* : adv., (in one's way), to 
 occasio : -dnis, f., opportunity, 
 chance for anything (gen.); oc. 
 temporis, favorable moment, good 
 chance, [occido.] So 
 occasus : -us, m., setting. 
 occido : (3), -cldl, cisum, slay. 
 
 [caedo.] 
 
 occulte : adv., secretly, [occultus.] 
 occulto: (1), reg., conceal, hide. 
 
 [intens. from occulo.J 
 occultus : a, -um, hidden, secret; 
 neut. subst., secret place, conceal¬ 
 ment; in occulto, secretly, [oc¬ 
 culo, hide.^ 
 
 occupatio : -onis, f., employment, 
 occupation; from 
 
 occupo: (1), reg., take possession of, 
 seize, occupy; fill up; occupatus, 
 busied, taken up with, [ob, capio.] 
 
 occurro : (3), -curri (rarely -cucurri), 
 -cursum, (run against), meet, fall 
 _ in with ; hasten against, attack. 
 Oceanus : -i, m., ocean. 
 oculus: -i, m., eye; plur., sight, 
 presence. 
 
 odium : -i. n., hatred. 
 odor: -oris, in., smell; o. taeter, 
 stench. 
 
 offendo : (3), -di, -sum, stumble at 
 or on; in aliquo off., find 
 fault with anyone; pass., come to 
 grief, suffer disaster, [ob, fendo] j 
 hence 
 
 offensio : -dnis, f., hatred; disaster. 
 offero : -ferre, obtuli, oblatum, 
 (bring up), present, offer; se ali¬ 
 cui offerre, seek anything; 
 give, afford, cause, [ob, fero.] 
 ofiicina : -ae, f., work-shop, factory. 
 officium : i, n., business, duty, of¬ 
 fice, employment; obedience, sub¬ 
 mission ; service, kindness, favor. 
 omitto : (3), -misi, -missum, (send 
 off), give up. [ob, mitto.] 
 omnino : adv., in all, at all, wholly; 
 only ; from 
 
 omnis : -e, all, every, the whole of. 
 onerarius : -a, -um, freight-bearing; 
 
 see navis, [onus.] So 
 onero: (1), reg., lade, freight ; from 
 onus: -eris, n., load, burden; hence 
 onustus : -a, -um, laden. 
 opera: ae. f., toil, (ffcrt, pains; 
 help, service; position ; operam 
 dare ut, strive to. 
 
 opinio : -dnis, f., opinion, impres¬ 
 sion, expectation; good opinion, 
 repute, [opinor, think.^ 
 oportet : (2), -uit,^ impers., it be¬ 
 hooves, one ought] must. 
 oppidanus : -a, um, of or from the 
 town; masc. plur. subst., towns¬ 
 people ; from 
 
 oppidum : -i, n., (walled) town. 
 oppleo : (2), reg., fill, occupy, [ob, 
 pleo.] 
 
 opp5no : (3), -posui, -positum, put 
 over against, set up (in opposition), 
 oppose; contrast; oppositus, ly- 
 i7ig over against or opposite. 
 opportune : adv., seasonably, oppor 
 i tunely ; like 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 323 
 
 opportunitas ; -atis, f., advantage, 
 opportunity, favorable situation; 
 o. temporis, favorable moment; 
 from favorable. 
 
 opportunus : -a, -um, convenient, 
 
 opprimo : (3), -pressi, -pressum, 
 
 weigh down, oppress; overwhelm, 
 destroy ; fall upon, surprise, [ob, 
 premo.J 
 
 oppugnatio : -onis, f., assaull, at¬ 
 tack by storm ; siege ; from 
 oppugno : (1), reg, assault, storm. 
 ops : opis, (iiom. & dat. sing, not in 
 use), f , aid, help; plur., resources, 
 means ; strength, forces. 
 opto ; (1), reg., {wish); optatus, 
 
 wish( d for, desired. 
 opulentus ; -a, -um, rich, [ops.] 
 
 (1) opus: -eris, n., ivork, labor; 
 
 structure, (military) works; (plur.), 
 fortifications, siege lines; deed ; 
 natura et opare, by nature and 
 art. [est, there is need. 
 
 (2) opus: indecl., n., need; opus 
 5ra : -ae, f., coast. 
 
 oratio : -onis, f., language, words; 
 speech, [oro.] 
 
 orbis : -is, m., circle; o. terrarum, 
 circle of lands, (Roman) world. 
 ordinatim : adv., {in rows), regu¬ 
 larly. 
 
 ordo: -inis, m., order, rank, row; 
 century, centurionship, centurion, 
 App. Ill, 2, a, 11, a ; body, order, 
 class. [break out. 
 
 orior : -iri, ortus, dep., (rise), arise; 
 ornamentum ; -i, n., ornament. 
 
 [orno, deck out.\ 
 
 oro : (1), reg., {speak), beg, beseech. 
 os : -oris, n., face ; mouth. 
 ostendo : (3), -di, -turn, (stretch 
 
 forth), show ; se ostendere, ap¬ 
 pear. [ob(s), tendo.] 
 ostentatio ; -onis, f., (show), display, 
 from 
 
 ostento : (1), reg., display ; boast of; 
 
 [intens. of ostendo.] 
 ostiarius^ : -a, -um, of a door ; from 
 ostium: -i,n., (opening, door); mouth 
 of a river. 
 
 otiosus: -a, -um, (full of ipiiet), 
 undisturbed ; from 
 dtium : -i, n., quiet, peace. 
 
 P. 
 
 pabulatio : -onis f., foraging, like 
 pabulator : -oris, m., forager, from 
 pabulor : (1), dep., forage, get fod¬ 
 der, from 
 
 pabulum : -i, n., fodder, [pasco.] 
 paco : (1), reg., pacify, subdue, 
 
 [pax.] 
 
 pactio : -onis, f., agreement, [pa¬ 
 ciscor, make a bargain.) 
 paene ; adv., almost, nearly. 
 palam : adv., openly, publicly. 
 palma ; -ae, f., (palm of the; hand ; 
 palm-ireQ. 
 
 paludatus* : -a, -um, wearing the 
 commander's cloak (paludamen¬ 
 tum). {swamp.) 
 
 paluster ; -tris, -tre, swamjjy. [palus, 
 pando : (3), pandi, pansum, passum, 
 stretch out, extend. 
 
 panicum* : -i, n., the grain of a 
 species of grass ; panic. 
 panis* : -is, m., bread. 
 par : paris, equal, like, a match 
 for ; par atque, the same as. 
 paratus : -a, -um, prepared, ready; 
 p. animo, determined ; fully equip¬ 
 ped, [paro.] 
 
 parco : (3), peperci (parsi), parcitum 
 and parsum, spare. 
 parens : -tis, m. & f., parent. 
 pareo : (2), -ui, -itum, obey ; be sub¬ 
 ject to. [ing). 
 
 paries : -etis, m., wall (of a build- 
 pario ; (3), peperi, partum, (bear); 
 
 procure, win, secure. 
 pkriter* : adv,, as well, besides. 
 [par.] 
 
 paro : (1), reg , get ready (for), pre¬ 
 pare (for), provide ; procure. 
 pars : -tis, f., part, portion; quar¬ 
 ter, side, direction; plur., part, 
 role; side, party; multis parti¬ 
 bus, m many respects, 
 particep.s : -cipis, partaker, sharer. 
 [pars, capio.] 
 
 partim : adv., in part, partly. 
 
 [pars.] [share. 
 
 partior : (3), dep., divide into parts, 
 partus : see pario, 
 parum : adv., (comp, minus, sup. 
 minime), too little, not sufficiently. 
 
324 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 parvulus : -a, -um, {very) S7nall, tiny ; 
 dimin. from 
 
 parvus : -a, -um, little, small, iri- 
 flLig; comp. minor (natu), 
 younger ; superl. minimus, least. 
 pasco* : (3), pavl, pastum, feed. 
 passim : adv., in all directionis, ev¬ 
 erywhere. [pando. J 
 
 (1) passus : see pando, or patior. 
 
 (2) passus : -us, m., pace (five feet) ; 
 mille passus, nearly a mile. 
 
 pastor : -oris, m., shepherd, [pasco.] 
 patefacio : (3), -feci, -factum, pass. 
 
 -fio {ognen); disclose, make known. 
 pateo : (2), -ui, he open, lie open; 
 
 reach, extend, measure. 
 pater : -tris, m., father; hence 
 paternus : -a, -um, paternal. 
 patienter : adv., patiently; like 
 patientia: -ae, i., patience, long-suf¬ 
 fering, from 
 
 patior : -i, passus, hear with, endure ; 
 
 suffer, allow; patiens, -i\s, patient. 
 patria : -ae, f., fatherland, native 
 city. [see on p. 28, 7. 
 
 patronus : -i, m., protector, patron, 
 paucitas : -atis, f., scarcity; from 
 paucus : -a, -um, small, feic. 
 paulatim : adv., little hy little, grad¬ 
 ually ; like 
 
 paulisper : adv., a little while, and 
 paulo : adv., {hy) a little, abl. of de¬ 
 gree of ditf., with comparatives and 
 compar, ideas ; from 
 paulus : -a, -um, little; neut. subst. 
 
 and adv., a^ little. 
 pavimentum* : -i, n., pavement. 
 pax : pacis, f., peace. 
 pecco : (1), reg., do wrong, commit 
 outrages. 
 
 pectus : -oris, n., hreast. 
 pecunia : -ae, f., {property in cattle, 
 pecus), money ; hence 
 pecuniarius* : -a, -um, of money, 
 pecuniary. 
 
 pecus : -oris, n., crdtle, heef. 
 pedalis : -e, measuring a foot, [pes.] 
 pedes : -itis, m., footman; plur.. in¬ 
 fantry. [land. 
 
 pedester : -tris, -tre, on foot, hy 
 pellis : -is, f., hide, skin. 
 pello: (3), pepuli, pulsum, {push); 
 rout, drive hack; conquer, defeat. 
 
 penes : prep. w. acc., in the hands 
 ov possession of. 
 
 ' per: prep. w. acc., through, over, hy 
 \ way of; during; through, hy 
 means of, at the instigation of; 
 perse, independently; on account 
 of i h>y, with, under, of attendant 
 circumstances. 
 
 per-agito: {drive here and there), 
 hci,rass ; intens. from 
 per-ago: (3), -cgi, -actum, {drive 
 througlC, complete, finish. 
 per-cello : (3), -culi, -culsum, {shat¬ 
 ter), confound, strike with terror. 
 percipio : (3), -cGpi, -ceptum, take 
 possession of, receive ; acquire. 
 perculsus : see percello, 
 per-crebesco : (3), -ui, {become fre¬ 
 quent), spread abroad. 
 per-curro: (3), -cucurri or -curri, 
 -cursum, hasten through. 
 perditus ; -a, um, ruined, lost. 
 [perdo.] 
 
 per-dolesco : (3), -ui, lament bitterly. 
 per-duco: (3), -xi, -ctum, {lead 
 through), bring, conduct; protract; 
 extend, carry up to. 
 per-eo : (4), -il, -itum, {go through), 
 come to grief, perish. 
 per-equito : (1), reg., gallop through 
 or about. [little. 
 
 perexiguus : -a, -um, very small, 
 per-fero : -ferre, -tuli, -latum {carry 
 through), bring, convey, carry; an¬ 
 nounce, tell. , 
 
 perficio: (3), -fGci, -fectum, complete, 
 finish ; hold (Judicia) ; accomplish, 
 bring about or to pass, [facio.] 
 perfringo: (3), -fregi, -fractum, break 
 through, [frango.] 
 perfuga : ae, m., deserter ; from 
 per-fugio : (3). -fugi, -fugitum, flee, 
 escape {to); come over, desert. 
 pergratus* : -a, -um, very acceptable. 
 periclitor: (1), dep., make trial of, 
 risk, tempt (fortunam) ; like 
 periculosus : -a, -uni, demgerous; 
 from 
 
 periculum : -i, n,, peril, da^iger. 
 peridoneus* : -a, -um, very suitable. 
 peritus : -a, -um, acquamted with, 
 skilled m ; usu peritus, taught by 
 
 experience. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 325 
 
 per-lego ; (3), -legi, -lectum, read 
 through. 
 
 per-maneo : (2), -mansi, -mansum, 
 
 remain, hold on, continue 
 per-mano* : (1), reg., {flow through, 
 of water); of a rumor, make its 
 way. 
 
 per-misceo: (2), -miscui, -mistum, 
 -mixtum, mix up, confound. 
 per-mitto ; (3), -misi, -missum, {seiid 
 away), give to, confer upon, leave 
 to ; allow, permit. 
 
 per-moveo : (2), -movi, -motum, in¬ 
 fluence, move, induce; permotus, 
 excited, surprised, alarmed, vexed. 
 permultus* : -a, -um, very many. 
 pernicies : -el, f., destruction ; hence 
 perniciosus : -a, -um, destructive. 
 pernicitas* : -atis, f., nimhleness, 
 speed. [perniXj nimble.'I 
 perpauci : -ae, -a, very few. 
 perpetior : -peti, -pessus, dep., en¬ 
 dure patiently, [patior.] 
 perpetuus: -a, -um, continuous, un¬ 
 broken ; p. tempus, all time. 
 per-rumpo: (3), -riipi, -ruptum, break 
 through ; force one’s passage. 
 per-scribo : (3), -psi, -ptum, {ofli 
 dally) record; write in detail or 
 fulll 
 
 per-sequor : -i, -cutus, pursue ; 
 
 follow up, pay off (inimicitias), 
 perseverantia: -ae, f., persistency, 
 perseverance. [persuade. 
 
 per-suadeo : (2), -si, -sum, induce, 
 per-terreo : (2), -ui, -itum, frighten 
 badly, terrify. 
 
 pertinacia: -ae, f., stubbornness, per¬ 
 sistency. [pertinax.] 
 pertineo : (2), -ui, reach or stretch 
 (to); belong (to), concern, have to 
 do with, pertain (to); aim at, be 
 adapted (to), [teneo.] 
 perturbatio : -unis, f., confusion; 
 
 from [confound. 
 
 per-turbo : (1), reg., confuse, disturb, 
 per-vehor* : -i, -vectus, dep., sail 
 over. 
 
 per-venio : (4), -vCni, -ventum, come 
 (to), arrive (at); fall (to). 
 per-vulgo*: (1\ spread abroad. 
 pes : pedis, m., foot; pedem re¬ 
 ferre, retreat. 
 
 pestilentia : -ae, f., plague, pesti¬ 
 lence; fever. 
 
 petitio : -dnis, f., (seeking), candi¬ 
 dacy ; from 
 
 peto : (3), -Ivl and -ii, -itum, seek, 
 strive to reach or find, hurry to-^ 
 ward; desire, demand, beg. 
 phalanga*: -ae, 1, roller. 
 
 Phoenice : -es, 1, Phoenicia, dis¬ 
 trict of Syria ; -ces, -um, Phoeni¬ 
 cians. 
 
 Picenum : -i, n., district of central 
 Italy ; adj., -nus, -a, -um. 
 pignus : -oris, n., pledge. 
 pila* : -ae, f., pillar, spile. 
 pilum: -i, n., javelin; App. Ill, 
 3, b. l^PP- 11 If 11, b. 
 
 pilus: -i, m., company of triarii; 
 piscatorius* : a, -um, for fishing. 
 pix : picis, f., pitch. 
 placeo : (2), -ui, -itum, please, he 
 one’s will; placet, it seems good or 
 best. 
 
 plane : adv., entirely, quite. 
 planities : -Ci, f,, level surface. 
 [planus.] 
 
 platea : -ae. f., street, avenue. 
 plebs: plebis, f, people (the third 
 estate, as distinguished from patri¬ 
 cians and knights), 
 plenus : -a, -um, full. 
 plerique : -aeque, -aque, the most, 
 very many. 
 
 plerumque : adv., generally. 
 pluteus : -i, m., screen, breastwork; 
 
 see on pp. 23, 18 ; 58, 15. 
 poena : -ae, i., punishment; hence 
 poenitet* : (2), -uit, it repents (one of 
 a thing). 
 
 polleo* : (2), have poiver or influence. 
 polliceor: (2), pollicitus, dep., prom¬ 
 ise; hence [promise. 
 
 pollicitatio : -onis, f., assurance, 
 pondo: indecL, in weight, see on 
 p. 59, 31. 
 
 pondus : -eris, n., weight, mass. 
 pono : (3), posui, positum, place, 
 put, set; positus, lying, situated; 
 pitch (castra) ; post (soldiers), 
 pons : -tis, m., bridge. 
 pontifex*: -ficis, m., priest, pontiff; 
 
 App. II, 15. [88, 1, 
 
 ponto* : -onis, m., transport; p. 
 
326 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Pontus : -i, m., the northern district 
 of Asia Minor. 
 
 populus : -i, m., people (as a political 
 whole). 
 
 porta : -ae, f., door, gate. 
 porticus : -us, m., covered gangway ; 
 
 see on p. 51, 20. 
 porto : (1), re^., carry. 
 portus : -us, m., haven, harbor. 
 possessio ; -onis, possession, prop¬ 
 erty, real estate. 
 
 possum : posse, potui, he able, can, 
 have power, [potis, stun.] 
 
 'post : adv., afterwards, after; 
 
 prep. w. acc., behmd, after 
 postea : adv., after {that), after- 
 \ wards. 
 
 posteritas* : -atis, f., future. 
 posterus : a, -um, following, next; 
 sc. tempus, future ; superl. pos¬ 
 tremus, last. 
 
 post-habeo*: (2), -ui, -itum, make 
 subordinate or of less importance. 
 postquam : conj., after {that). 
 postremo : adv., finally; in short. 
 [postremus.] 
 
 postridie : adv., on the next day. 
 [= postero die.] 
 
 postulatum ; -i, n., demand; from 
 postulo : (1), reg., ask for, require, 
 demand; involve; accuse. 
 
 ' potens ; -ntis, powerful, influen¬ 
 tial ; [part, of possum]; hence 
 potentia : -ae, f., power, influence. 
 ^ potestas : -fitis, f., power, sway; 
 possibility, ojyportunity ; permis¬ 
 sion, authority ; sui potestatem 
 facere, offer one's services. 
 potior : (4), -Itus, dep., become mas¬ 
 ter of , take, capture; from 
 potis : -e, {powerful); compar, po¬ 
 tior, -ns, higher, more important; 
 hence 
 
 potius : adv., rather (quam, than); 
 superl. potissimum, especially, be¬ 
 fore all others. 
 
 prae-acuo: (3), •ui,.-utum, sharpen 
 at the end. 
 
 praebeo : (2). -ui, -itum, {hold be¬ 
 fore) ; present, afford. [prae, 
 habeo.] 
 
 praeceps : -ipitis, head first, head¬ 
 long. [prae, caput.] 
 
 praeceptum : -i, n., instruction, 
 
 warning ; from 
 
 praecipio : (3), -cepi, -ceptum, take 
 in advance, anticipate; order, 
 command (beforehand), [capio.] 
 praecipito : (1), reg., plunge {head¬ 
 long); hasten to a close, [prae¬ 
 ceps.] 
 
 praecipue : adv. from -uus, espe¬ 
 cially. [piaecipio.] 
 praecludo : (3), -si, -sum, close, shut 
 up (before any one, in one’s face), 
 [claudo.] 
 
 prae-curro : (3), -cucurri or -curri, 
 -cursum, run on ahead, come in 
 advance. 
 
 praeda ; -ae, f., booty. 
 
 (1) prae-dico : (1), reg,, proclaim, 
 dwell upon, emphasize; boast. 
 
 (2) prae-dico*: (3), -xi, -ctum, order 
 beforehand. 
 
 praedo : -onis, m., robber, pirate. 
 prae-duco : (3), -xi, -ctum, extend 
 along (in front of, i. e., to obstruct.) 
 praefectura ; -ae, f., prefectship; see 
 on p. 18, 6 ; from 
 
 p aefectus : -i, m., prefect; App. 
 
 Ill, 10. [praeficio.] 
 prae-fero : -ferre, -tuli, latum, {car¬ 
 ry in front), wear, display; ex¬ 
 press. 
 
 praeficio : (3), -f5ci, -fectum, put 
 over or in command {of). [facio.] 
 prae-figo : (3), -xi, -xum, {fasten in 
 front), head. 
 
 praefringo* : (3), -frPgi, -fractum, 
 break off (from the front), [frango.] 
 praegredior : -gredi, -gressus, dep., 
 go on ahead, [gradior.] 
 praejudicium : -i, n., prophetic pre- 
 cedent or example. 
 
 prae-mitto: (3\ -misi, -missum, 
 
 send on {ahead). 
 
 praemium : -i, n., {distinction), re¬ 
 ward. [prae.] 
 
 prae-munio : (4), reg., fortify (in 
 front). 
 
 prae-occupo : (1), reg., take before¬ 
 hand, preoccupy ; surprise. 
 prae-paro : (1), reg., get ready 
 forehand, prepare. 
 
 prae-pendeo* : (2), -di, hang down 
 before or in front. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 327 
 
 prae-pono : (3), -posui, -positum, 
 in charge of, invest with; make 
 commander. 
 
 praeripio : (3), -ripui, -reptum, take 
 or snatch away from before one. 
 [rapio.] 
 
 prae-rumpo : (3), -rupi, -ruptum, 
 
 {break away in front); part, prae¬ 
 ruptus, steep, abrupt, rugged. 
 praescriptio* : -onis, f., {title); 
 pretext. 
 
 praescriptum : -i, n., order, com¬ 
 mand. [praescribo.] 
 prae-seco* : (1), -secui, -sectum, cut 
 off {irova before). 
 
 praesens : -tis, present; in praesen¬ 
 tia (sc. tempora), for the pres¬ 
 ent; [part, of praesum] ; hence 
 praesentia : -ae, f., presence. 
 prae-sepio : (4), -si, -turn, block or 
 dam up (in front). 
 
 praesertim : adv., especially, [prae, 
 sero.] 
 
 praesideo* : (2), -s5dl, -sessum, {sit 
 in front); preside over, conduct; 
 [sedeo] ; hence 
 
 praesidium ; -i, n., protection, help, 
 defence ; garrison, guard ; escort, 
 convoy ; post, station, camp. 
 
 (1) praesto* : adv., on hand; ali¬ 
 cui esse praesto, wait upon or 
 meet one. 
 
 (2) prae-sto: (1), -stiti, -stitum, 
 before); be superior; impers. 
 praestat, it is better; trans. , go 
 surety for ; perform, fulfil, prove. 
 
 praestolor* : (1), dep., wait for. 
 [praesto.] 
 
 prae-sum: -esse, -fui, {be at the head), 
 command, be commander; con¬ 
 duct. 
 
 praeter : prep. w. acc., past, beyond ; 
 
 besides; contrary to; hence 
 praeterea: adv., besides that, more¬ 
 over. 
 
 praeter-eo ; (4), -ii, -itum, pass by ; 
 part, praeteritus, past; pass over, 
 omit. 
 
 praeter-mitto : (3), -misi, -missum, 
 {send by), let pass or slip; omit 
 (w. infln.). [past. 
 
 praeter-vehor : -i, -vectus, dep., sail 
 praetor : -oris, m., praetor ; App. II, I 
 
 10, 12 ; [= p r a ei to r, fr. prae¬ 
 eo]; hence 
 
 praetdrius : -a, -um, praetorial; 
 
 neut. subst. praetorium, App. III, 
 19 ; and 
 
 praetura : -ae, f., praetorship. 
 prehendo (prendo) : (3), -di, -sum, 
 
 seize, arrest. 
 
 premo : (3), pressi, pressum, press 
 {hard), harass; pass., be in distress, 
 suffer; hence [leverage. 
 
 pressio : -onis, f., {pressure); lever ; 
 prex : precis, f., plur., preces, -um, 
 prayers, entreaties. 
 pridem* : adv., long ago; jam p., 
 now for a long time. 
 pridie ; adv., on the day before. 
 primipilus : -i, m., App. Ill, 11, b. 
 primo : adv., at first. 
 primum : adv., in the first place, 
 first; for the first time; quam 
 primum, as soon as possible ; ubi, 
 ut, cum primum, as soon as; from 
 primus : -a, -um, super!, of prior, 
 first, foremost; of the highest im¬ 
 portance ; in primis or imprimis, 
 especially; primi, chief men. 
 princeps : -ipis, first, foremost; 
 subst. masc., App. Ill, 2, b ; 11, 
 a, b, c ; chief, leader, plur., chief 
 men ; [primus, capio] ; hence 
 principatus : -us, m., lead, com- 
 mand. 
 
 prior : prius, (-oris), first (of two) ; 
 see on p. 42, 10. 
 
 pristinus: -a, -um, previous, former, 
 early ; of the day before. 
 prius : adv., first; priusquam or 
 prius . . . quam, before {that), 
 sooner than ; rather than. 
 privatim : adv., privately, individ¬ 
 ually, as distinct from the city as a 
 whole (publice) ; from 
 privatus : -a, -um, {separated from 
 the state), belonging to the indi¬ 
 vidual, private, personal; masc. 
 subst., a man without public of¬ 
 fice, especially an ex-magistrate; 
 from 
 
 privo* : (1), reg., rob, deprive. 
 pro : prep. w. abl., {in front of), in 
 behalf of, for ; instead of, to serve 
 as, as, for; in return for ; in con- 
 
328 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 sideration of, in consequence of, 
 according to. 
 
 probo: (1), reg., try, test; a,pprove, 
 favor, commend, think good; give 
 proof of. 
 
 pro-cedo: (3), -cessi, -cessum, go or 
 come forward, advance ; progress ; 
 go by. 
 
 pi Cell vis* : -e, {sloping forward); 
 
 easy, [clivus.] [tance. 
 
 procul : adv., far off, in the dis- 
 pro-cumbo : (3), -cubui, -cubitum, 
 fall down or forward. 
 procuratio* : -onis, f., administra¬ 
 tion ; and 
 
 procurator* : -oris, m., administra¬ 
 tor, from 
 
 pro-curo : (1), reg., take care of, 
 manage. 
 
 pro-curro : (3), -cucurri or curri, 
 -cursum, run forth; advance. 
 prodeo : (4), -ii, -itum, go or come 
 forth, advance, [pro, eo.J 
 proditio : -onis, i., treachery, be¬ 
 trayal; from 
 
 pro-do : (3), -didi, -ditum, {give 
 
 forth) ; hand down; abandon, be¬ 
 tray. 
 
 prb-duco : (3), -xi, -ctum, lead forth, 
 remove; bring up, march out; en¬ 
 tice, beguile; prolong, 
 proelior : (1), dep., fight {a battle); 
 from 
 
 proelium: -i, w., fight, battle ; attack. 
 profectio: -oxns,, i., departure, [pro¬ 
 ficiscor.] 
 
 pro-fero : -ferre, -tuli, -latum, bring 
 forth, deliver ; show, display ; push 
 forward. 
 
 proficio : (3), -fed, -fectum, {carry 
 forward); make progress, get the 
 advantage, accomplish something ; 
 [facio]; hence 
 
 proficiscor: -i, -fectus, dep., set out, 
 depart, march off, start. 
 profiteor : (2), -fessus, dep., declare, 
 promise, [fateor.] \rout, scatter. 
 pro-fligo : (1), reg., (fash down); 
 pro-fugio : (3), -filgl, -fugitum, flee 
 away, escape. 
 
 pro-fundo : (3), -fudi, -fusum, pour 
 forth; se profundere, stream 
 forth, rush forward. 
 
 pregredior : -gredi, gressus, go for- 
 ward, advance; [gradior]; hence 
 progressus* : -us, m, advance; 
 
 plur,, attempts to advance. 
 prohibeo ; (2), -ui, -itum, {hold 
 
 away); keep back, hinder, prevent; 
 shut out {of), cut off {from); pro¬ 
 tect, shield, [hateo.] 
 proinde: adv., hence, therefore;just 
 so, according ; p. ac si, just as if. 
 prolatio : -onis, f,, postponement, 
 putting off. [profero.] 
 pro-luo*: (3), -liii, -lutum, wash 
 'away. 
 
 promontdrium : -i, n., headland, 
 
 promontory. [pro-mineo, jut out.\ 
 prd-moveo : (2), -movi, -mdtum, 
 
 move forward or oiit, dislodge. 
 promulgo ; (1), reg., propound, pro¬ 
 pose. 
 
 promutuus* : -a, -um, advanced, in 
 advance. 
 
 pronuntiatio* : -onis, f., proclama¬ 
 tion ; from 
 
 pr5-nuntio : (1), reg., declare, pro¬ 
 claim., call out, cry ; put to vote. 
 prope : adv., comp, propius, sup. 
 
 proxime, near ; nearly, almost. 
 pro-pello : (3), -puli, -pulsum, {drive 
 forward); overturn, upset; rout, 
 put to flight. 
 
 propere : adv., in haste ; like 
 propero: (1), reg., hasten, from pro¬ 
 perus, quick. 
 
 propinquitas : -iltis, f., nearness; 
 from 
 
 propinquus : -a, -um, near, neigh¬ 
 boring; masc. subst. relative. 
 [prope.] 
 
 propior : -us, (-oris), nearer; superl. 
 proximus, -a, -um, nearest, next, 
 either following or preceding. 
 pro-pono : (3), -posui, -positum, 
 
 put forth, publish; encourage 
 (spem); set forth, describe; prom¬ 
 ise ; determine or decide iipon; 
 hence 
 
 prdpositum : -i, n., determination, 
 project, plan. [certain. 
 
 proprius : -a, -um, one^s own ; secure, 
 propter : prep. w. acc., {near); on 
 account of; hence [fore. 
 
 propterea ; on account of this, there- 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 329 
 
 propugnator : -Cris, m., defender (of 
 a ship), murine ; from 
 pro-pugno : ^1), veg., fight ivova. and 
 in defence of a place, 
 proripio: (3), -ripui, -reptiim, {tear 
 away); se proripere^ rush, [ra- 
 pio.] 
 
 pro-ruo: (3), -rui, -rutiirn, tear down. 
 pr5-sequor : -i, -ciitus, dep., follow 
 {after), attend ; pursue. 
 prdspicio: (3), -exi, -ectum, look 
 forth, [specio.] 
 
 pro-tego: (3), -xi, -ctum, shield, pro¬ 
 tect, cover. 
 
 pro-tero: (3), -trIvT, -trltum, crush 
 under foot, ride down. 
 protinus : adv., at once, straightway. 
 prout : conj., just as. 
 pro-vehor: -i, -vectus, dep., sail 
 away, put out. 
 
 proventus: -us, m., issue; success; 
 see on p. 70, 32 ; [provenio, turn 
 out.'\ 
 
 pro-video : (2), -vidl, -visum, fore¬ 
 see ; care for, provide, make pre¬ 
 parations. 
 
 provincia: -ae, f., province, con¬ 
 quered territory subject to Rome ; 
 especially, Gallia Narbonensis. 
 App. II, 1. 
 
 pr5-voco* : (1), reg., call forth ; en¬ 
 courage. \adult. 
 
 pubes: -eris, grown up; subst., 
 publicanus : -i, m., tax-gatherer, 
 farmer of the public revenues, pub¬ 
 lican; like 
 
 publice : adv., in the name of the 
 state ; generally (for a whole city), 
 and 
 
 publico: (1), YQg., make public prop¬ 
 erty, confiscate; from 
 publicus : -a, -um, public, belonging 
 to the state; neut. subst., public 
 chest or property ; public place, 
 square; in publicum, for public 
 use. [populus.] 
 
 pudeo : (2), -ui, -itum, {be ashamed); 
 
 have the sense of shame ; hence 
 pudor : -oris, feeling of shame, 
 shame. 
 
 puer : -eri, m., boy, child. 
 pugna : -ae, f., battle, conflict; [pug¬ 
 nus, fisf\ ; hence 
 
 pugno : (1), reg., fight, contend. 
 pulvis : -eris, m., dust. 
 punctum : -i, n., point, instant; 
 [pungo, 
 
 purgo: (1), reg., {cleanse) ; justify. 
 puteus : -i, m., ivell. 
 puto : (1), reg., think. 
 
 Pyrenaeus : -a, -um, Pyrenean; P. 
 montes, the range between France 
 and Spain. 
 
 Q- 
 
 qua: adv., (sc. via or parte), 
 where. [ro, quattuor.] 
 
 quadratus : -a, -um, square, [quad- 
 quadriremis : -e, having four banks 
 of oars; fern, subst., quadrireme. 
 [quattuor, remus.] 
 
 'quaero : (3), -sivi, -situm, seek, try 
 to reach; ask, inquire; discuss; 
 . hence 
 
 I quaestor : -oris, m., quaestor; 
 App. II, 8 ; and 
 
 quaestus* : -us, m., gain, profit. 
 qualis : -e, of what sort 9 
 quam : adv., how ; as, than ; with 
 superlatives, possible, as possible, 
 sometimes accompanied by pos¬ 
 sum ; quam maxime potest, as 
 much as he possibly can*; quam 
 primum, as soon as possible. 
 quando : indef. adv., ever; siquan¬ 
 do, as often as. 
 
 quantus : -a, -um, how great, how 
 much ; correl. to tantus, as {great, 
 much, far as); quanto, {by) how 
 much; quanto (or quantum) . . . 
 tanto, the more . . . the more. 
 quantuscumque* : quanta-, quan¬ 
 tum-, as much soever, just as much. 
 quare : adv., wherefore; why. [qua, 
 re.] 
 
 quasi : adv., as if. 
 
 quaterni : -ae, -a, four {apiece). 
 
 quattuor : indeed, mim., four. 
 
 -que : conj., always enclitic, and; 
 -que . . . -que (or et), both . . . 
 and. 
 
 quemadmodum: adv., how, in what 
 way ; [quern ad modum.] 
 querimonia* : -ae, f., complaint; 
 from 
 
330 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 queror ; -i, questus, dep., lament, 
 complain, {of), bewail. 
 
 (1) qui, quae, quod : rel. pran., who, 
 which, what, that. 
 
 (2) qui, quae, quod : interrog. pron., 
 
 what {manner of) 9 [ciny. 
 
 (3) qui, qua, quod : indef. pron., 
 
 (4) qui: adv., how 9 
 quia* : conj., because. 
 quicumque : quae-, quod-, indef. 
 
 pron., ivhoever, whichever, what¬ 
 ever; anysoever. 
 
 quidam, quaedam, quoddam : indef. 
 
 pron., (a) certain, some. 
 quidem: conj., indeed, at least, of¬ 
 ten merely giving emphasis to the 
 preceding word ; however. 
 quies : -etis, f., rest, quiet. 
 quietissime: adv., superl. of qui¬ 
 ete, very quietly, ivithout the least 
 opposition; from [calm. 
 
 quietus: -a, -um, quiet, peaceful, 
 quin : conj., (how not), so that not, 
 but that, that, ivithout, from (w. 
 part, in -ing). 
 
 quini : -ao, -a, five {apiece). 
 quinqueremis : -e, with five banks 
 of oars; fern. svAiA,., quinquereme. 
 [quinque, remus.] 
 
 (1) quis, -quid : interrog. pron., 
 
 who 9* what? quid, hoio much 9 
 why 9 
 
 (2) quis, qua, quid : indef. pron,, 
 some, any {one or thing). 
 
 quisnam : quae-, quid-, interrog. 
 pron., who, what pray 9 what pos¬ 
 sible ... 9 
 
 quisquam :-, quidquam or 
 
 quicquam, indef. pron., any {one 
 or thing) at all. 
 
 quisque : quaeque, quidque (quod¬ 
 que), indef. pron,, each {one or 
 thing), every; with superl., = om¬ 
 nes with positive. 
 
 quisquis : quaequae, quidquid (quic- 
 quid), and adj. qu<^quod, indef. 
 pron., ivhoever, whatever, any what¬ 
 ever. 
 
 quivis: quaevis, quidvis and adj. 
 quodvis, indef. pron., any {one or 
 thing) you please, whatever. 
 quo : rel. adv., whither, into which, 
 where; conj., = ut eo, chiefly w. 
 
 comparatives, the . . .; quo 
 minus, that the less, that not, from, 
 (with part, in -ing). 
 quoad ; adv., so long as; until. 
 quod : adv,, {in regard to which), but, 
 now; quod si, but if; conj., be- 
 cause, that {in that), from the fact 
 that, namely that; as to the fact 
 that. 
 
 quominus : see quo minus. 
 qu5nam*: adv., interrog,, whither 
 pray 9 [deed. 
 
 quoniam : conj., since then or in- 
 quoque : adv., also, too. 
 quoquoversus : adv^, in cdl direc¬ 
 tions ; [quisquis, verto.] 
 quotidianus ; -a, -um, daily ; from 
 quotidie : adv., day by day. [quot, 
 dies.] 
 
 quotiens : adv. interrog., how often f 
 [quot, how many.] 
 
 quotienscumque* : adv,, as often 
 as, however often. 
 quum : see cum (2). 
 
 R. 
 
 radix : -icis, f., root; (montis) ra¬ 
 dices, foot. 
 
 rapiditas: -atis, f., siviftness; from 
 rapidus: -a, -um, swift; [rapio]; 
 hence 
 
 raptim : adv., in haste. 
 rarus : -a, -um, few and far between, 
 at intervals. 
 
 ratio: -onis. f., estimate, reckoning, 
 account; plan, calculation ; meth¬ 
 od, style, way; condition, status; 
 
 consideration, regard, thought - 
 
 a 1 i c u j u s rationem habere, con¬ 
 sider anyone, i. e., his claims; 
 reason, ground, [reor.] 
 ratis : -is, f., raft. 
 ratus : -a, -um, part, of reor. 
 re-cedo: (3), -cessi, -cessum, go hack. 
 recens : -ntis, fresh, new; vigorous. 
 receptaculum : -i, n., refuge, place 
 of safety, [re, capio.] 
 receptus : -us, m., retreat; refuge; 
 from 
 
 recipio : (3), -cepi, -ceptum, take or 
 bring back, recall; se r., retire, re¬ 
 treat, return, betake one's self; 
 
VOCABXTLART. 
 
 331 
 
 take possession of, capture; ac¬ 
 quire, receive; suffer, experience; 
 admit, take on board (a ship) ; 
 pledge one's self, guarantee. 
 re-cito* : (1), reg., read {aloud). 
 re-concilio* : (1), reg , {unite again); 
 make good. 
 
 reconditus : -a, -um, remote, distant. 
 
 [re-condo, away.^ 
 recordor: (1), dep., be mindful, re¬ 
 member. 
 
 re-creo : (1), reg., renew, refresh. 
 recte : adv., rightly, properly; 
 from 
 
 rectus : -a, um, straight, [rego.] 
 recupero: (1), reg., regain. [re¬ 
 cipio.] 
 
 re-curro : (3), -curri, -cursum, (fias- 
 ten back), return, recur. 
 recusatio: -onis, f., objection, oppo¬ 
 sition; from 
 
 recuso : (1), reg., {give reasons 
 
 against), object {to); shrink from, 
 refuse, [causa.] 
 
 reddo ; (3), -didi, -ditum, give back, 
 restore; give, hand; render, ap¬ 
 point. [re, do.] 
 
 red-eo : (4), ii (-Ivl), -itum, go back, 
 return; have recourse to, take to, 
 seize ; fall to. 
 
 redigo : (3), -egl, -actum, brmg back, 
 restore; bring, reduce, [ago.] 
 redimo: (3), -Gmi, -emptum, {buy 
 back), purchase, [emo.] 
 reditus : -us, m., return, [redeo.] 
 re-duco : (3), -xl, -ctum, lead back, 
 restore; rnarch away, withdraw; 
 bring along, conduct. 
 re-fero : -ferre, -tuli, -latum, bring 
 back, restore; with se or pedem, 
 retire, retreat; bring {in), report; 
 return, express (gratiam) ; make a 
 motion, move (ad senatum) ; ac¬ 
 knowledge. 
 
 refertus : -a, -um, filled, full, [re¬ 
 fercio.] 
 
 reficio: (3), -feci, -fectum, rebuild, 
 repair, restore; refresh, rest, [fa¬ 
 cio.] 
 
 re-formido: (1), reg., {start back at), 
 fear. 
 
 re-fugio : (3), -fugl, -fugitum, flee 
 back ; flee, take to flight. 
 
 
 ■I 
 
 regia: see regius, 
 regio : -onis, 1, direction, line, 
 position ; quarter, region. 
 regius : -a, -um, royal; regia, 
 sc. d o m u s, 
 
 regnum: -i, n., kingdom; royal 
 sway, power, family. 
 rego : (3), -xl, -ctum, direct, guide. 
 regredior : -gredi, -gressus, dep., re¬ 
 tire. [gradior.] 
 regula*: -ae, f., ^tripof wood. 
 rejicio (reicio) : (3), -jeci, -jectum, 
 hurl or drive back ; refer, [jacio.] 
 religio : -onis, f., {religious) scru¬ 
 ple, obligation, binding force ; sa¬ 
 cred oath. [fasten. 
 
 re-ligo: (1), reg., bind or hold fast, 
 re-linquo: (3), -liqui, -lictum, 
 leave (pehind), abandon ; allow; 
 pass., remain. 
 
 reliquiae : -arum, f., remnant. 
 reliquus: -a, -um, left, remaining; 
 neut. subst., remainder. 
 re-maneo: (2), -mansi, -mansum, 
 stay behind, remain. 
 remedium : -i, n., remedy, help. 
 remex: -igis, m., rower, oarsman, 
 [remus, ago.] 
 
 remissus : -a. -um, unstrung, weak, 
 lax; mild; from 
 
 re-mitto : (3), -misi, -missum, send 
 back, return; send ; relax, I'ecede 
 {from), abate; remit, remove. 
 re-moveo: (2), -movi, -motum, put 
 away, remove. 
 remulcum: -i, n., tow line. 
 remus : -i, m., oar. 
 r e-no VO: (1), reg., begin again, re¬ 
 new. 
 
 re-numero* : (1), reg., count out. 
 re-nuntio : (1), reg., bring back word, 
 announce, report. 
 reor* : reri, ratus, reckon, think. 
 re-pello : (3), -puli, -pulsum, drive 
 back ; repel, ward off. 
 repente : adv., suddenly; [repens]j 
 hence [pected. 
 
 repentinus : -a, -um, sudden, unex- 
 reperio : (4), -peri, -pertum, find, 
 come upon; get; fl^id out, discover, 
 invent, [pario.] 
 
 re-peto : (3), -ivi and ii, -Itum, {ask 
 anew); bring, fetch; reckon back. 
 
332 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 re-pono : (3), -posui,- -positum, lay 
 aside; put; spem in aliqua re, 
 rely upon. 
 
 re-porto : (1), reg., carry hack; na¬ 
 vibus reportari, sail hack. 
 re-prehendo: (3), -di, -sum, {seize 
 and hold hack), seize ; censure. 
 reprimo : (3), -pressi, -pressum, 
 
 {press hack), check, [premo.] 
 repudio: (1), reg., reject, despise. 
 
 [pudere, he ashamed.'] 
 re-pugno ; (1), reg., {fight hack), re¬ 
 sist, defend ojie's self; oppose. 
 repulsa : -ae, ‘f., defeat, [repello.] 
 re-quiesco ; (3), -evi, -6tum, rest. 
 requiro : (3), -sivi, -siturn, {ask hach); 
 
 seek, call for. [quaero.] 
 res: rei, f., thing, matter, affair, 
 fact; property; deed, act, fight; 
 event, position or situation of af¬ 
 fairs; interest, advantage; real¬ 
 ity; often merely representing a 
 preceding subst., often to be trans¬ 
 lated by combination, often to be 
 omitted; res militaris, military 
 matters, art of war; res frumen¬ 
 taria, corn-supply; res publica, 
 state, commonwealth; summa res, 
 issue, crisis ; res secundae, adver¬ 
 sae, or success, misfor¬ 
 
 tune or disaster; res gestae, ex¬ 
 ploits; suis rebus diffidere, de¬ 
 spair of one’s fortune. 
 re-scribo : (3), -psi, -ptum, write 
 hack, reply. \up. 
 
 re-servo : (1), reg., keep hack, save 
 re-sisto : (3), -stiti, -stitum, {stand 
 hack), halt, remain behind; defend 
 one’s self, resist, oppose. 
 respicio ; (3), -exi, -ectum, look hack 
 at; have regard for; devolve 
 {upon), [specio.] 
 
 re-spondeo : (2), -di, -sum, reply; 
 hence 
 
 responsum : -i, n., answer. 
 respublica : -ae, f., see res. 
 re-stagno* : (1), reg., {flow hack), 
 averfiow, he flooded. 
 re-stituo ; (3), -ui, -utum, put hack, 
 restore, give hack. 
 
 retineo : (2), -ui, -entum, hold hack, 
 retain, keep; preserve, hold fast 
 to; pass., remain, [teneo.] 
 
 re-torqueo: (2), -torsi, -tortum, {fiend 
 hack); pass., hend, veer. 
 re-traho: (3), -xi, -ctum, bring or 
 drag hack. 
 
 re- vertor : (3), dep., turn hack, re¬ 
 turn. 
 
 re-voco : (1), reg., call hack, recall. 
 rex : -r5gis, m., king; plur., the 
 royal family. 
 
 Rhascypolis : -is, m., p. 75, 32. 
 Rhodanus : -i, m., Rhone. 
 ripa : -ae, f., hank. 
 rivus: -i, m., brook. [core. 
 
 robur^' : -oris, n., {oak); kernel, 
 rogatio* : -onis, f., (question), hill; 
 from 
 
 rogo: (1), reg., ask, heg. 
 
 Roma: -ae, f., Rome; adj. Roma¬ 
 nus, -a, -um. 
 r5s* : roris, m., dew. 
 rostrum : -i, n., beak, prow; plur., 
 the speaker’s platform in the fo¬ 
 rum, ornamented with the beaks of 
 captured ships, rostrum. 
 ruina : -ae, f., fall, crash, [ruo.] 
 r-umor : -oris, m., rumor. 
 rupes: -is, f., cliff, rock. 
 rursus (rursum) : again, anew. 
 
 S. 
 
 Saburra : -ae, m., ii, 38 ff. 
 sacerdos : -otis, m., priest; [sacer, 
 sacred]; hence 
 
 sacerddtium : -i, n., priesthood. 
 sacramentum : -i, n., oath of enlist¬ 
 ment. [sacro, make sacred.] 
 Sadalas: -ae, m., p. 75, 31. 
 saepe: adv., often; comp, -ius, 
 super, -issime. 
 
 sagitta : -ae, f., arrow ; hence 
 sagittarius : -i, m., archer. 
 sagum* : -i, n., cloak ; App. Ill, 3, a. 
 sal* : salis, m, & n., salt; hence 
 salinae* : -arum, salt-ivorks. 
 saltern*: adv., at least, even. 
 saltus : -us, m., forest, {woody) pass 
 or ridge. [healthy. 
 
 saluber* (salubris) : -bris, -bre, 
 salum* : -i, n., sea, motion of the 
 sea. [sal.] 
 
 salus : -utis, f., health, safety, wel¬ 
 fare ; salvation, rescue; hence 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 333 
 
 saluto*: (1), reg., {wish health); 
 greet, hail. 
 
 salvus : -a, -um, safe, wtact. 
 sancio*: (4), -nxi, -nctum and -ci¬ 
 tum, ratify, sanction ; hence 
 sanctus : -a, -um, sacred. 
 sanguis: -inis, m., blood. 
 sano : (1), reg., heal, cure; mentem 
 ali cujus, bring to his senses. 
 [sanus, soimd.] 
 
 sarcina: -ae, f., pack; App. Ill, 3, 
 c; hence 
 
 sarcinarius*: -a, -um, for the bag- 
 gage ; jumenta, pack-animals. 
 sarcio : (4), -si, -turn, mend, make 
 good. 
 
 satis : adv., enough, sufficient. 
 satis-facio : (3), -f6ci, -factum, {do 
 enough), satisfy. 
 satus: -a, -um, see sero. 
 saucius: -a, -um, wounded. 
 saxum : -i, n., cliff, rock. 
 scala: -ae, f., scaling-ladder. 
 scapha : -ae, f., skiff. 
 scelus: -eris, n., crime. \_fully. 
 
 ( scienter : adv., {knowingly), skii- 
 scientia : -ae, f., knowledge, skill. 
 [scio: (4), reg., know. 
 scopulus : -i, m., cliff. _ \rolL 
 
 scribo : (3), -psi, -ptum, write, en- 
 scutatus : -a, -um, see on p. 29, 16. 
 scutula: -ae, f., roller. [3, a. 
 
 scutum: -i, n., shield; App. HI, 
 secessio: -dnis, f., withdrawal, se- 
 cessio?h. [secedo.] 
 secius : adv., (comp, of secus, oif/ier- 
 ivise), less. 
 
 se-cludo : (3), -si, -sum, shut off, sep¬ 
 arate. [claudo.] 
 secreto : adv., secretly. 
 secundum: prep. w. acc., along (by); 
 after; from 
 
 secundus : -a, -um, following, next, 
 second ; favoring{v^\nA), favorable; 
 prosperous, siiccessfid. [sequor.] 
 sed : conj., but, however. 
 seditio : -dnis, f., {going aside), tu¬ 
 mult, uproar, [se, eo.] 
 sedo : (1), reg., quiet, allay, [cans, 
 of sedeo.] 
 
 segnis* : -e, sluggish, lakeivarm. 
 sella* : -ae, f., chair, seat, [sadela, 
 scdeo.] 
 
 semel: adv., once; the first time. 
 simenstris*: -q, of six months, [sex, 
 mensis.] [moveo.] 
 
 semotus : -a, -um, distant, [se- 
 semper: adv., always. 
 
 'senator: -oris, m., senator. 
 senatdrius : -a, -um, senatorial. 
 senatus: -us, m., senate; App, 
 ^ II, 5. 
 
 senex ; senis, old, comp, senior, 
 plur., the elderly. 
 
 seni* : -ae, -a, six each; senum = 
 
 senorum, 
 
 sententia : -ae, f., view, opinion; 
 s. dicere, vote; propositiori, deci¬ 
 sion, decree, sentence ; App. II, 5, 
 b. [sentio.] 
 
 sentina* : -ae, f., bilge-water. 
 sentio: (4), - si, -sum, perceive, see, 
 notice, become aware of; think; 
 gravius sentire de aliquo, ex¬ 
 pect worse of one. 
 
 separatim: adv., separately, away 
 {from), [se-paro. 
 sequor : -i, -cutus, dep., follow, ac¬ 
 company ; pursue; seek, try to 
 reach; follow, adopt, conform to, 
 obey, side with. 
 
 Serapion : -dnis, m., p. 126, 10. 
 sermo : dnis, m., talk, spteech, Con¬ 
 ner satio n. 
 
 (1) sero: (3), sevi, satum, sow. 
 
 (2) sero : adv., late; comp, serius, 
 too late ; superl. serissime. 
 
 serpo* : (3), -psi, -ptum, creep, spread. 
 servio: (4), reg., {serve); xYease, 
 gratify; look out {for), [servus.] 
 servo : (1), reg., save, rescue; keep, 
 preserve, observe. 
 servus : -i, m., slave. 
 se. 3 tertius : -i, m., (HS = 2a asses), 
 sesterce, a Roman silver coin, near¬ 
 ly our half-dime ; often reckoned 
 by the million, centena milia 
 sestertium (=-oruni), but 
 the first two words were often 
 omitted, and the gen. plur. gradu¬ 
 ally looked upon as a neut. sing., 
 so that sestertium, -i, n., = 100,- 
 I 000 sesterces, [semis-tertius.] 
 seu : see sive. 
 
 'severius: adv,, com}mr. of severe, 
 i very strictly, severely, [severus.] 
 
334 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 sexagies : sixty times. \dred. 
 
 sexcenarius* ; -a, -urn, of six hun- 
 sexennis* : -e, of six years, [sex, 
 annus.] 
 
 si : conj., if; whether. 
 sic : adv., so, thus. 
 sicut (sicuti) : adv., just as; as if. 
 signifer : -eri, in , standard-bearer. 
 [signum, fero.] 
 
 significatio : -unis, f., token, sign, 
 proof; from 
 
 significo : (1), reg., make a sign, give 
 proof of, signify, betoken, [sig¬ 
 num, facio.] 
 
 signum ; -i, n., token, sign; stand¬ 
 ard, colors, App. Ill, 17 ; hence in 
 pliir., ranks, cohorts, maniples; 
 signal; App. Ill, 15. 
 silentium ; -i, n., silence, stillness. 
 [sileo.] 
 
 silva : -ae, f., forest, wood. 
 
 'similis : -e, like, similar; hence 
 similiter : adv., in like manner; 
 and 
 
 similitudo : -inis, f., likeness. 
 simul: adv., at the same time, as 
 - soon as ; simul atque, as soon as. 
 simulacrum: -i, n., image, statue. 
 simulatio : -diiis, 1, pretence, 
 guise ; from {tend. 
 
 simulo : (1), reg., {make like), pre- 
 simultas : -atis, f., grudge, hatred. 
 sin : conj., but if, if however. 
 sine : prep. w. abl., without. 
 singularis : -e, {single); rare, extraor¬ 
 dinary ; from 
 
 singuli : -ae, -a, single, individual; 
 
 each, separate, apiece. 
 sinister: -tra, -trum, left; fern. 
 
 subst., left hand. 
 sinus : -us, m., bay. 
 situs ; -us, m., situation, position; 
 [sino, altow.^ 
 
 sive (seu): or if; sive . . . sive, 
 whether . . . or. 
 
 societas: -iltis, 1, company, guild; 
 
 league, club; from 
 socius: -i, m., companion; ally. 
 s51: solis, m., sun. 
 solatium : -i, n., comfort, solace. 
 [solor.] 
 
 soieo : (2), solitus sura, be wont. 
 sollertia : -ae, f., skill, ingenuity. 
 
 sollicito : (1), reg., stir up, insti¬ 
 gate to mutiny; [sollus := totus, 
 cieo] : hence 
 
 sollicitudo ; -inis, f., disquiet, anx¬ 
 iety; and 
 
 sollicitus : -a, -um, anxious, troubled. 
 
 (1) solum : -i, n., ground. 
 
 (2) solum: adv., only, [solus, alone.^ 
 solutio* : -onis, f., payment; from 
 solvo : (3), solvi, solutum, loose; 
 
 naves, weigh anchor, set sail; 
 open ; pay. 
 somnus*: -i, m., sleep. 
 sono* : (1\ -ui, -itum, sound, re¬ 
 sound; from 
 sonus : -i, m., noise. 
 soror : -oris, f.' sister. 
 sors : -tis, f., lot. 
 
 spatium : -i, n., room, space, inter¬ 
 val, distance in time or space, time. 
 '.species : -01, f., looks, appear¬ 
 ance. 
 
 ■ specto : (1), reg., look, gaze ; look 
 ' toward, plan, [intens. of spe¬ 
 cio.] 
 
 speculator: -oris, m , spy, scout. 
 specus : -us, m., cave, gorge. 
 spero: (1), reg., hope, expect. 
 spes : -ei, f., hope, expectation. 
 spiritus : -us, m., {breath); pride. 
 [spiro.] 
 
 spolio: (1), reg., strip, plunder; 
 
 from [spoils. 
 
 spolium : -i, n., plur., trophies, 
 
 spons : -tis, f., (only used in gen. 
 and abl. Ang), free will; sponte, 
 
 of - own accord. 
 
 'statim : adv., on the spot, imme¬ 
 diately. 
 
 statio: -onis, f., position, post; in 
 .statione, on guard.; outpost; an¬ 
 chorage; in statione, of ships, 
 at anchor, [sto.] 
 
 ^ stativus: -a, -um, standing; App. 
 Ill, 19, end. 
 
 statua* : -ae, f., statue. [rib. 
 
 statumen: -inis, n., {standard), 
 statuo: (3), -ui, -uium,place,pitch; 
 determine, make up one's mind; 
 decide. 
 
 stipendium: -i, n., money, wages; 
 [stips, contribution, pendo, weigh 
 ouU\ 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 335 
 
 stipes: -itis, m., trunk of a tree, 
 beam. 
 
 sto: (1), steti, statum, hold one’s 
 ground; of ships, lie; stat per 
 aliquem, some one is to blame. 
 storia* : ae, 1, curtain. 
 stringo : (3), -nxi, -ctum, strip off; 
 gladium, draw. 
 
 structura: -ae, f,, masonry; from 
 struo : (3), -xi, -ctum, lay (beams or 
 stone one upon another), build. 
 studeo : (2), -ui, be eager, eagerly de¬ 
 sire, use to the utmost; favor. 
 studium : -i, n., zeal, eagerness, pas¬ 
 sion. 
 
 stultus : -a, -um, foolish. 
 stupa* : -ae, f., tow. 
 sub: prep. — A. w. abl., under, at the 
 base or foot of, close up to; dur¬ 
 ing; B. w. ace., up to, up to the 
 foot of; towards, about. 
 sub-duco : (•>), -xi, -ctum, take away 
 {from under); draw up ships on 
 land. 
 
 sub-eo: (4), -il, -itum, undergo, risk, 
 meet, suffer, accept; hence 
 subito: adv., suddenly; from 
 subitus: -a, -um, sudden, unexpected. 
 subjectus : superi, adv. -issime, most 
 humbly ; from 
 
 subjicio (subicio) : (3), -jeci, -jec- 
 tum, cast ov put under; instigate, 
 put up to a thing ; bring or lead up 
 to; se subjicere, advance; 
 subjectus, -a, -um, lie near, border 
 on. 
 
 sublatus : see tollo, 
 sub-levo : (1), reg., raise up, help, 
 support; ease, lighten. 
 sublica* : -ae, f., spile. 
 sub-luo* : (3), -ui, -utum, wash the 
 base of a hill. 
 
 sub-mergo: (3), -si, -sum, sink. 
 summitto: (3), -misi, -missum, 
 below), part, summissus, -a, -um, 
 hypocritical, subtle; send (alicui 
 auxilio). [subm-.J 
 summoveo : (2), -mdvl, -motum, re¬ 
 move, drive away. [subm-.J 
 subnubilus* : -a, um, rather cloudy. 
 [nubilus, nubes.] 
 
 sub-ruo* : (3), -ui, -utum, under¬ 
 mine. 
 
 sub-sequor: -i, -cutus, dep., follow 
 after. 
 
 subsidiarius* ; -a, -um, of the re¬ 
 serve ; from 
 
 subsidium : -i, n., rear rank, re¬ 
 serve; re-enforcement; help, aid, 
 assistance ; protection, relief, rem.- 
 edy. [sedeo.] 
 
 sub-sisto: (3), -stiti, stop, halt. 
 substructio* : -onis, f., foundation. 
 sub-sum: -esse, -fui, be near. 
 sub-venio : (4), -veni, -ventum, come 
 to help, aid. 
 
 succedo ; (3), -cessi, -cessum, ad¬ 
 vance, press on or in; take the 
 place of, succeed; dfaw near, ap¬ 
 proach. [subc-.] 
 
 succenseo*: (2), -ui, -sum, be angry. 
 [subc-.] 
 
 succurro : (3), -curri, -cursum, has- 
 ien to help ; be helpful, [subc-.] 
 sudis : -is, f., stake. 
 suffragor : (1), favor with one’s 
 vote ; be in favor of. [suffragium, 
 vote.] 
 
 sui: sibi, se (sese), reflex, pron., self; 
 of himself, of herself, of itself, of 
 themselves ; when subj. of an infln. 
 it may be rendered he, she, it, they. 
 sum: esse, fuT, he, exist, be present 
 or on hand ; be the case; as simple 
 copula, to be variously translated: 
 (1) with pred. gen,, have, show, re¬ 
 quire, amount to; belong to, be 
 characteristic of; (2) w. dat. of 
 person, have; (3) w, dat. of end, 
 serve as, prove; (4) w. abl. of 
 quality, possess, show, have. 
 summa : -ae, f., total amount, sum ; 
 the whole, completeness ; victoriae, 
 a complete victory; rerum, the 
 general situation; lead, highest 
 authority, command-in-chief ; rei, 
 issue, crisis, [superus, summus.] 
 summe*: SiAv., very strongly, [sum¬ 
 mus.] 
 
 sumo: (3), -psi, -ptum, take, exact; 
 
 assume, put on; hence 
 sumptus : -us, m., outlay, expense. 
 super: adv., moreover; prep. w. acc., 
 upon, over, above; hence 
 supero ; (1), reg., {be above) ; be supe¬ 
 rior, surpass; be victorious, win 
 
vo(^AnuLAm\ 
 
 
 the day^ conquer; trans., pasf^ hy^ 
 overflow ; overcome, outdo. 
 super-struo* : (3), -xl, -ctuin, build 
 thereon. 
 
 super-sum: -esse, -fui, (&e orer), re- 
 mainy he left alivey survive; be 
 present in abundance, abound. 
 superus : -a, -iim, {above); compar, 
 superior, -us, upper, higher ; ear¬ 
 lier y previous, former; stronger, 
 superior ; superl. summus, -a, -urn, 
 highest, uppermost^ chief, greatest; 
 neut. subst., top. 
 
 sup-peto : (3), -ivi and -il, -Ttum, be 
 on hand. 
 
 supplementum*; -i, n., substitutes. 
 [suppleo, up.^ 
 
 supplex : -icis, appealing, suppli¬ 
 ant ; [sub, plico, bend\ ; hence 
 suppliciter: adv., appealingly, hum¬ 
 bly; and 
 
 supplicium: -i, n., {humiliation); 
 
 punishment, torture, distress. 
 aup-porto: (1), reg., bring up, carry 
 or convey to. 
 
 supprimo : (3), -pressi, -pressum, 
 {press down); hinder, check. 
 
 [premo.] 
 
 supra : adv., above, before,, previous¬ 
 ly ; prep. w. acc., above, beyond. 
 suscipio : (3), -cepi, -ceptum, take 
 up, undertake, assume; begin; 
 rem publicam, carry on the gov¬ 
 ernment. [sub, capio.] 
 sus-pendo: (3)„ -di, -sum, {hang up); 
 raise, support. 
 
 auspicio : -onis, f., suspicion, dis¬ 
 trust; from 
 
 suspicor; (1), dep*, suspect, surmise. 
 [sub, specio.] 
 
 sustento: (1), reg., bear, endure; 
 alleviate, make endurable ; intens. 
 from 
 
 sustineo : (2), -tinui, -tentum, (hold 
 up); check, stop; endure, hold out 
 against; hold one^s ground against, 
 sustain; intrans., halt. 
 suus: -a, -um, his, her, its own; 
 suis locis, self-chosen and so favor¬ 
 able. 
 
 Syria: -ae, f., Syria; adj., Syria¬ 
 cus, -a, -um ; Syri, -orum, Sy¬ 
 rians. 
 
 T. 
 
 
 tabella : -ae. f., ticket; dim. of tab* 
 ula. 
 
 tabernaculum : -i, n., tent. 
 
 "tabula : -ae, f., {ivriting-)tablet. 
 tabulatio* : -Onis, f., flooring, plat¬ 
 form. 
 
 tabulatum: -i, n., story. 
 taeda : -ae, f., pine. 
 taeter* ; -tra, -trum, foul. 
 talis : -e, such, so great or imponant. 
 tam : adv., so. 
 
 tamen : adv., yet, still, however, 
 nevertheless ; at least. 
 tametsi ; conj., although. 
 tantum : adv., so much, so far ; only 
 so much, only so far ; only, merely. 
 tantummodo : adv., only, merely. 
 tantundem: adv., just so far or 
 much. 
 
 tantus: -a, -um, so large, so much; 
 only so much, i. e. so little, so 
 few. 
 
 tarde : adv., slowly; comp, tar¬ 
 dius. 
 
 tarditas: -atis, 1, slowness. 
 tardo : (1), reg., delay, retard, 
 check, hinder; from 
 tardus : -a, -um, slow. 
 Tarraconenses : -ium, m., people of 
 Tarraco. 
 
 i 
 
 tectum: -i, n., roo/. [tego.] 
 tegimentum ; -i, n., cover,protection ; 
 from 
 
 tego : (3), -xT, -ctum, cover, conceal, 
 hide; protect. 
 
 telum : -i, n., weapon, missile, jave¬ 
 lin. 
 
 temere : adv., rashly. 
 tempestas : -atis, f., weather ; storm. 
 [tempus.J 
 
 templum : -i, n., temple. 
 tempus : -oris, n., time, season ; ex¬ 
 tremum tempus, extremity. 
 tendo ; (3), tetendi, tensum and ten- 
 turn, stretch out; pitch (a tent); 
 direct one’s course, march. 
 teneo : (2), -ui, -turn, hold; have, 
 possess ; keep, occupy ; bind; hold 
 back, detain, restrain ; se, remain ; 
 maintain, defend. 
 
 tener* : -era, -erum, tender, young. 
 
VOCABULARY, 
 
 tento (tempto): (1), reg,, try^ test, 
 attempt; attack, injure; appeal to, 
 tamper with. 
 
 tenuis : -e, thin, narraw; slight^ 
 small. 
 
 tergum: -i, n., hack; vertere, con¬ 
 vertere, give way, jlee. 
 terni : -ae, -a> three {each). 
 terra : -ae, f., land, earth ; country. 
 terreo : (2), -ui, -itum, frighten. 
 terrester : -tris, -tre, on land; co¬ 
 piae, land forces, [terra.] 
 terror : -oris, m,, fright, dread. 
 tertio ; aclv., in the third place, 
 thirdly. 
 
 testamentum: -i, n., {last) will, fes~ 
 tarrhent. [testor, witness.'] 
 testimonium: -i, xi., ivilness,p7'oaf; 
 from 
 
 testis : -is, m., eye-witness. 
 testudo: -inis, f., tortoise; see on 
 p. 51, 22. 
 
 tetrarches : -ae, m., ruler of a fourth 
 part, tetrarch. 
 theatrum : -i, n., theater. 
 
 Thebae : -arum, Thebes. 
 
 Thessalia : -ae, f., Thessali, -orum, 
 Thessaly, Thessalians. 
 
 Thracia : -ae, Thraces, -urn, Thrace, 
 Thracians. 
 
 tignum : -i, n., wood, Umber, beam. 
 'timeo: (2), -m,fear; be anxious. 
 timide : adv., comp, timidius, 
 fearfully, timidly. 
 
 ^ timor : -oris, m., fear, anxiety. 
 tiro: -onis, m., raw recruit. 
 tolero: (1), reg., {hear); keep alive. 
 tollo : (3), sustuli, sublatum, raise, 
 lift; cheer, encourage; remove, 
 take away; put an end to, annul. 
 tormentum ; -i, n., engine, artillery, 
 for hurling heavy missiles ; missile 
 hurled from such a machine, [tor¬ 
 queo, twist.] 
 tot* : indecl., so many. 
 totidem: indeoX., just as many, [tot, 
 idem.] [wholly. 
 
 totus : -a, -um, whole, cdl; totum, 
 trabs : -abis, f., beam. 
 tracto : (1), reg., treat about, discuss. 
 [intens. of traho.] 
 
 tractus* : -us, m., {extent); quarter 
 of a city, [traho.] 
 
 22 
 
 337 
 
 trado : (3), -didi, -ditum, hand over, 
 deliver, pass along; commit or en¬ 
 trust to ; surrender, give up; im¬ 
 part, communicate, [trans, do.] 
 traduco : (3), -xl, -ctum, lead or 
 brmg across, transport; transfer, 
 promote, [trans, duco.] 
 tragula : -ae, f., dart. \hurry. 
 
 traho : (3), -xl, -ctum, {draw, drag), 
 tr^ectus: -lis, in., crossing, passage ; 
 from 
 
 trajicio (traicio): (3), -jeci, -jectum, 
 throw across, bring or lead over; 
 se, go over, betake one^s self; 
 'pierce, [trans, jacio.] 
 
 Tralles : -ium, f., see on p. 124, 23. 
 trano* : (1), reg., swim across. 
 [trans, no.] 
 
 transcendo : (3), -di, -sum, climb 
 over; c7'oss. [scando.] 
 trans-curro*: (3), -cucurri and -curri, 
 -cursum, dash past. 
 trans-eo : (4), -ii, -itum, go over, 
 cross, go, pass; desert. 
 trans-fero : -ferre, -tuli, -latum, car^ 
 ry over or across, transfer ; signa, 
 desei't in a body. 
 
 transgredior i -i, gressus, dep., go 
 over or across, cross, [gradior.] 
 transmarinus* : -a, -um, beyond the 
 sea, Uansmarine. [mare.] 
 Transpadanus* : -a, -um, beyond the 
 Bo. [Padus.] 
 
 trans-portor (1), reg., bring or lead 
 aci'oss, transport. 
 
 trans- veho* : (3), -xi, -ctum, brmg 
 across. 
 
 transversarius* : -a, -um ; from 
 transversus : -a, -um, lymg across, 
 at right angles, transverse, [trans, 
 verto.] 
 
 trepidantius : adv., comp, of -ter, 
 more tremblmgly, more anxiously. 
 tribunal : -alis, n., tribunal, the 
 square or semicircular platform on 
 which the tribune and other curule 
 magistrates had their sella cu¬ 
 rulis, or official seat; App. II, 6. 
 tribunicius : -a, -um, tribunitial; 
 from 
 
 tribunus : -i, militum, military tri¬ 
 bune, App. Ill, 9 ; plebis, App. 
 II, 7. 
 
838 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 tribuo: (3), -ul, -utum, give, grant, 
 allot, devote; afford, furnish; 
 show, evince; ascribe, attribute; 
 hence 
 
 tributum : -i, n., tax, tribute. 
 trichila* ; -ae, f., see on p. 119, 23. 
 triduum ; -i, n., three days, [tres, 
 dies.] • [plico.] 
 
 triplex: -icis, threefold, triple, [tres, 
 triremis : -e, with three banks of 
 
 oars; sc. navis, trireme, [tres, 
 remus.] 
 
 triticum : -i, n,, ivheat. 
 tu; tui, plur. vos, thou, you. 
 tuba : -ae, f., trumpet; App. Ill, 15. 
 tueor : (2), -itus, dep., protect, up¬ 
 hold; cover, defend. 
 turn ; adv., then, at that time, once ; 
 cum . . . turn, both . . . and {es¬ 
 pecially). 
 
 tumultus : -us, m., 'uproar, tumult, 
 tow; disturbance; attack. 
 tumulus : -i, m., mound, hill. 
 tunc : adv., then. 
 
 tunica*: -ae, tunic, the short-sleeved 
 under-garment of the Romans. 
 
 " turba* : -ae, f., crowd. 
 turbate* : adv., crowdedly, con¬ 
 fusedly. 
 
 turbidus : -a, -urn, murky, stormy. 
 turbulentus : -a, -um, uneasy, se¬ 
 ditious. [5; hence 
 
 turma: -ae, f., squadron; App. Ill, 
 turmatim* : adv., by squadrons. 
 turpis : -e, base, shameful, disgrace¬ 
 ful; hence 
 
 turpiter : adv., basely, disgracefully. 
 turris ; -is, f., tower, part of defen¬ 
 sive walls ; siege-tower; see on 
 
 p. 28, 22. 
 
 'tute : adv., safely. 
 tuto: do. do. 
 
 < tutor*: (1), dep., {make safe); alle¬ 
 viate. [intens. from tueor.] 
 tutus : -a, -um, safe, [tueor.] 
 tympanum*: -i, n., drum. 
 tyrannus : -i, m., ruler, lord. 
 
 U. 
 
 uber* : -eris, comp, uberior, full, in 
 detail. 
 
 ubi : atlv., where ; ivhen, as soon as. : 
 
 ubique : adv., everywhere, anywhere. 
 ullus : -a, -um, (gen. ullius), any 
 {whatever). 
 
 ulterior: -us, (gen. oris), further; 
 superl. ultimus, -a, -um, f urthest, 
 last; worst. 
 
 ultra: prep. w. acc., beyond. 
 ultro : adv., over; ultro citroque, 
 to and fro ; beyond, over and above, 
 besides ; of olio’s own accord. 
 umquam : adv., ever. 
 una : adv., together, [unus.] 
 unde : adv., whence. [where. 
 
 undique : from all sides, every- 
 universus: -a, -um, whole, all. 
 unus: -a, -um, (gen. unius), one; 
 only one, a single, the only ; alone, 
 only; a certain. 
 
 unusquisque* : unaquaeque, unum¬ 
 quodque (uimmquidque), each 
 {one), every single {one). 
 urbanus : -a, -um, of or in the city, 
 city-; from 
 
 urbs : -bis, f., city. [capital; from 
 usura: -ae, f., {using); interest on 
 usus : -us, m., use, employment; ex¬ 
 perience, practice; usu manuque, 
 by actual deeds; usefulness, ad¬ 
 vantage, service, especially in the 
 idiom alicui usui esse, be of 
 service; need, requirement, neces¬ 
 sity. [utor.] 
 
 ut (uti) : A. adv., as; as if; inas¬ 
 much as, since; so far as, as well 
 as; as for instance; when, after, 
 as soon as. B. conj., that, in or¬ 
 der that; so that; granted that, 
 although. 
 
 (1) uter* : -tris, m., bag, pouch. 
 
 (2) uter: -tra, -trum, (gen. utrius), 
 
 which (of two) ; pJur., which of 
 two parties. [of two, both. 
 
 uterque : utraque, utrumque, each 
 Utica : -ae, f., city of Africa, not 
 far from the site of Carthage; adj., 
 Uticensis, -e. 
 
 'utilis : -e, useful; hence 
 utilitas : -atis, f., usefulness. 
 utor : uti, usus, dep., use, enjoy, 
 take advantage of, profit by; 
 
 I adopt, follow (a plan or advice); 
 j show, display ; have, enjoy, expe- 
 [ rience, find. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 339 
 
 utrimque : adv,, on both sides. 
 [uter.] 
 
 utrum: adv., whether 9 followed by 
 an in second member of a disjunc¬ 
 tive question, [uter.] 
 uxor*, -oris, f., wife; uxorem du¬ 
 cere, marry. 
 
 V. 
 
 vaco: (1), reg., he free from, unoccu¬ 
 pied. 
 
 vacuus : -a, -um,/ree, empty, vacant. 
 vadosus*: -a, -um, full of shoals, 
 shallow; from 
 vadum : -i, n., shoal, ford. 
 vagor : (1), dep., wander about, 
 
 straggle off. 
 
 valeo: (2), -ui, -itum, {be well); be 
 strong, have power or influence ; 
 hence [bad); sickness. 
 
 valetudo : -inis, f., health (good or 
 vallis : -is, f., valley. 
 vallum : -i, rampart, consisting of a 
 mound of earth (agger) surmount¬ 
 ed by a fence of stakes or palisades 
 (vallus). 
 
 vallus: -i, m., {stake); collectively, 
 palisading. 
 
 valvae* : -arum, f., {leaves of a 
 double folding-door), door. 
 varius : -a, -um, manifold, changing, 
 various. 
 
 vas : vasis, n., plur., vilsa, -orum, 
 utensils, ‘"traps” ; App. Ill, 16. 
 “ve : enclit. particle, or. 
 vectigal : alis, n., tax, revenue. 
 [veho.] 
 
 vectis : -is, f., lever. 
 
 ^vectura: -ae, f., transportation. 
 vehementer : adv,, viole7itly, fierce¬ 
 ly, impetuously, [vehemens.] 
 veho : (3), vexi, vectum, bear ; pass,, 
 ride. [. . . or. 
 
 vel : conj., or; vel . . . vel, either 
 velum: i,n.,sra^. 
 velut (veluti) : as, as if. 
 venio : (4), . venl, ventum, come; 
 advance {against); pass, impers. 
 ventum est, they came. 
 ventus : -i, m., wind. [phrase. 
 
 verbum : -i, n., {word); expression, 
 vere : adv., in fact; see vero. 
 
 vereor : (2), -itus, dep., be afraid, 
 fear. 
 
 vergo: (3), -si, .slope, incline. 
 vernaculus : -a, -um, native. 
 vero : adv., in truth, really, truly; 
 mdeed, inoreover; however, [ve¬ 
 rus, true.^ 
 
 verso: (1), reg., {keep turning); 
 pass,, move about, be engaged, be. 
 [intens. from verto.] [from 
 
 ver.sus (versum) ; adv., towards; 
 verto : (3), -ti, -sum, Umi; se, 
 
 change, wheel; terga, give way, 
 flee. _ [ing. 
 
 vesper : -eri, (abl. -e and -i), even 
 vestigium : -i, n., {foot-track); spot, 
 instant; e vestigio, on the spot, 
 instantly. 
 
 veteranus : -a, -um, old, experienced, 
 veteran; App. Ill, 12, a. 
 veto: (1), -ui, -itum, forbid. 
 vetus : -eris, old, former, previous; 
 hence 
 
 vetustas: -atis, f., age, a7itiquity; 
 
 ancient times, antiquity. 
 vexillum : -i, n., flag, streamer; 
 
 App. Ill, 17, c. [vexo, veho.] 
 via : -ae, f., ivay, road. 
 vicem : acc. fr. an obsolete nom. 
 vicis or v i x, change ; in vicem, 
 {by turns), in their turn. 
 victor : -oris, m., conqueror, victor; 
 
 [vinco]; hence 
 victoria : -ae, f,, victory. 
 victus : -lis, m., food, provisions. 
 [vivo.] 
 
 vicus : -i, m., block or group of * 
 houses in. a city ; village. 
 video: (2), vidl, visum, (l)see, behold; 
 see to it that, take care that; per¬ 
 ceive, understand; (2)pass,, videor 
 with an infin. may often be trans¬ 
 lated adverbially, as nihil perti¬ 
 nere videbantur, manifestly or 
 plainly had nothing to do with, 
 &c.; seem, appear ; with dat., ali- 
 cui videri, think, see7n good or 
 best. 
 
 vigilia: -ae, f., {night-)watch {Sb quar¬ 
 ter of the time from sunset to sun¬ 
 rise) ; picketiguard). 
 vimen : inis, n., tvithe, ttvig; hence 
 vimineus : -a, -um, of wicker-work. 
 
340 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 vinco : (3), vici, victum, he victori¬ 
 ous, surpass; prevail; conquer, 
 overpower. 
 
 vindico: (1), reg., /ree, deliver, re¬ 
 store. [vim, dico, threaten vio¬ 
 lence.'] 
 
 vinea : -ae, f., {arhor); covered gang¬ 
 way ; mantlet; see on p. 28, 22, 
 [vinum.] \transgress. 
 
 violo: (1), reg., maltreat; break, 
 vir : viri, m., man. 
 virgo: -inis, f., maiden. 
 virtus: -utis, f., {manliness); brav¬ 
 ery, valor, courage. 
 vis: vim, vi, power, strength; vio¬ 
 lence, force, attack ; mass; plur. 
 vires, -ium, bodily poivers,strength. 
 viso* : (3), -si, -sum, look on, behold. 
 
 [intens. from video.] 
 vita : -ae, f., life ; way of living. 
 vitium: -i, n,, fault, defect; bad 
 effect, discomfort. 
 
 Vito : (1), reg., avoid, shun; escape. 
 vivo : (3X vixi, victum, live; live 
 on (abl.). 
 
 vivus: -a, -um, living, alive. , 
 
 vix : adv., hardly, with difficulty. 
 vocabulum* : -i, n., name; from 
 voco : (1), reg., call, summon. 
 
 ' volo : velle, volui, wish, desire. 
 voluntarius: -a, -Mva, of one’s free 
 will; m. plur. subst., volun- 
 J teers. 
 
 I voluntas : -atis, f., will, wish, de¬ 
 sire; consent, good will, zeal; 
 {mental) attitude, sentimeiits; 
 plur., favor. 
 
 voluptas : -:itis, f., pleasure, enjoy¬ 
 ment. 
 
 votum : -i, n., vow. [voveo.] 
 vox : vocis, f., voice, cry, yell; plur., 
 expressions, words, speeches; lan¬ 
 guage, formula (qua voce, i. e. 
 senatus consultum ultimum). 
 vulg5: adv., commonly, generally; 
 vulgo universi, all without excep- 
 iion or in a body ; from 
 vulgus: -i, m. and n., the public, thi 
 masses. 
 
 vulnero : (1), reg., wound; from 
 vulnus : -eris, n., wound. 
 vultus : -us, m., countenance. 
 

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