V./' 2)orR 1 12 Fourth Avenue Ctembcii ||wss Sm.es AN ANGLO-SAXON PRIMER WITH GRAMMAR, NOTES, AND GLOSSARY HENRY SWEET, f M.A., Ph.D., LL.D. Seventh Edition boston college library * CHESTNUT HILL, JV1ASS, #ff0rir AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 1893 ©*for& HORACE HART, PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION. The want of an introduction to the study of Old-English has long been felt. Vernon's Anglo-Saxon Guide was an admirable book for its time, but has long been completely antiquated. I was therefore obliged to make my Anglo- Saxon Reader a somewhat unsatisfactory compromise be- tween an elementary primer and a manual for advanced students, but I always looked forward to producing a strictly elementary book like the present one, which would enable me to give the larger one a more scientific character, and would at the same time serve as an introduction to it. Meanwhile, however, Professor Earle has brought out his Book for the beginner in Anglo-Saxon . But this work is quite unsuited to serve as an introduction to my Reader, and will be found to differ so totally in plan and execution from the present one as to preclude all idea of rivalry on my part. We work on lines which instead of clashing can only diverge more and more. My main principle has been to make the book the easiest possible introduction to the study of Old-English. Poetry has been excluded, and a selection made from the easiest prose pieces I could find. Old-English original prose is unfortunately limited in extent, and the most suitable pieces (such as the voyages of Ohthere and Wulfstan) are already given in the Reader; these I could not give over VI PREFACE . \ again. But I hope the short extracts from the Chronicle and the Martyrdom of King Edmund will be found not wanting in interest. For the rest of the selections I have had to fall back on scriptural extracts, which have the great advantages of simplicity and familiarity of subject. The Gospel extracts have been transferred here from the Reader, where they will be omitted in the next edition. The sen- tences which head the selections have been gathered mainly from the Gospels, JElfric's Homilies, and the Chronicle. They are all of the simplest possible character, only those having been taken which, would bear isolation from their context. They are intended to serve both as an introduction and as a supplement to the longer pieces. They are grouped roughly into paragraphs, according to the gram- matical forms they illustrate. Thus the first paragraph consists mainly of examples of the nominative singular of nouns and adjectives, the second of accusative singulars, and so on. The spelling has been made rigorously uniform throughout on an early West-Saxon basis. Injurious as normalizing is to the advanced student, it is an absolute necessity for the beginner, who wants to have the definite results of scholar- ship laid before him, not the confused and fluctuating spellings which he cannot yet interpret intelligently. Even for purely scientific purposes we require a standard of com- parison and classification, as in the arrangement of words in a dictionary, where we have to decide, for instance, whether to put the original of hear under e, le, I or y. The spelling I here adopt is, in fact, the one I should recommend for dictionary purposes. From early West-Saxon it is an easy step both to late W. S. and to the Mercian forms from which Modern English is derived. That I give iElfric in a spelling slightly earlier than his date is no more unreason- PREFACE . Vll able than it is for a classical scholar to print Ausonius (who doubtless spoke Latin with an almost Italian pronunciation) in the same spelling as Virgil. It is impossible to go into details, but in doubtful or optional cases I have preferred those forms which seemed most instructive to the student. Thus I have preferred keeping up the distinction between the indie, bundon and the subj. bunden , although the latter is often levelled under the former even in early MS. In the accentuation I have for the present retained the conventional quantities, which are really ‘ prehistoric ' quantities, as I have shown elsewhere (Phil. Soc. Proc. 1 880, 1881). It is no use trying to disguise the fact that Old English philology (owing mainly to its neglect in its native land) is still in an unsettled state. In the Grammar I have cut down the phonology to the narrowest limits, giving only what is necessary to enable the beginner to trace the connection of forms within the language itself. Derivation and syntax have been treated with the same fulness as the inflections. In my opinion, to give inflections without explaining their use is as absurd as it would be to teach the names of the different parts of a machine without explaining their use, and derivation is as much a fundamental element of a language as inflection. The grammar has been based throughout on the texts, from which all words and sentences given as examples have, as far as possible, been taken. This I consider absolutely essential in an elementary book. What is the use of a grammar which gives a number of forms and rules which the learner has no occasion to apply practically in his reading? Simply to cut down an ordinary grammar and prefix it to a selection of elementary texts, without any attempt to adapt them to one another, is a most unjustifiable proceeding. Vlll PREFACE . In the Glossary cognate and root words are given only when they occur in the texts, or else are easily recognizable by the ordinary English reader. All reference to cognate languages has been avoided. Of course, if the beginner knows German, the labour of learning Old English will be lightened for him by one half, but he does not require to have the analogies pointed out to him. The same applies to the relation between Old and Modern English. To trace the history of the sounds would be quite out of place in this book, and postulates a knowledge of the intermediate stages which the beginner cannot have. The Notes consist chiefly of references to the Grammar, and are intended mainly for those who study without a teacher. As a general rule, no such references are given where the passage itself is quoted in the Grammar. On the whole I do not think the book could be made much easier without defeating its object. Thus, instead of simply referring the student from stgnt to s/andan , and thence to the Grammar, I might have saved him all this trouble by putting 4 s/gnl, 3 sg. pres, of s/andan, stand,' but the result would be in many cases that he would not look at the Grammar at all — surely a most undesirable result. Although I have given everything that I believe to be necessary , every teacher may, of course, at his own discretion add such further illustrations, linguistic, historical, antiquarian, or otherwise, as he thinks likely to instruct or interest his pupils. My thanks are due to Professor Skeat, not only for con- stant advice and encouragement in planning and carrying out this work, but also for help in correcting the proofs. In conclusion I may be allowed to express a hope that this little book may prove useful not only to young be- ginners, but also to some of our Professors of and Ex- PREFACE . IX aminers in the English language, most of whom are now beginning to see the importance of a sound elementary knowledge of ‘ Anglo-Saxon ' — a knowledge which I believe this book to be capable of imparting, if studied diligently, and not hurriedly cast aside for a more ambitious one. HENRY SWEET. Heath Street, Hampstead, March 31 , 1 - 882 . PREFACE TO THIRD EDITION. In the present edition I have put this book into what must be (for some time at least) its permanent form, making such additions and alterations as seemed necessary. If I had any opportunity of teaching the language, I should no doubt have been able to introduce many other improvements; as it is, I have had to rely mainly on the suggestions and corrections kindly sent to me by various teachers and students who have used this book, among whom my especial thanks are due to the Rev. W. F. Moulton, of Cambridge, and Mr. C. Stoffel, of Amsterdam. HENRY SWEET. London, October 15 , 1884 . CONTENTS. PAGE Grammar ..... i Texts . ' 55 Notes 91 Glossary 97 GRAMMAR. The oldest stage of English before the Norman Conquest is called ‘ Old English/ which name will be used throughout in this book, although the name ‘ Anglo-Saxon ’ is still often used. There were several dialects of Old English. This book deals only with the Wesl-Saxon dialect in its earliest form. SOUNDS. VOWELS. The vowel-letters in Old English had nearly the same values as in Latin. Long vowels were occasionally marked by ('), short vowels being left unmarked. In this book long vowels are marked by (“). The following are the elementary vowels and diphthongs, with examples, and key-words from English, French (F.), and German (G.) : — a as in mann (G.) nama ( name ). a „ father stan (stone). ae „ man glaed (glad). ae >> daed (deed) 1 . e r, it£ (F.) ic ete 2 (I eat) e „ see (G.) he (he). e ,, men m§nn (men). 1 Where no key-word is given for a long vowel, it must be pronounced exactly like the corresponding short one, only lengthened. 2 Both vowels. 2 GRAMMAR. i as in fini (F.) cwic {alive). I ?» sieh (G.) win {wine). ie ? » fin ieldran {ancestors). ie hleran {hear). o ?» beau (F.) god (god). 6 a so (G.) god (good). u n sou (F.) sunu {son). u >> gut (G.) nu {now). y 99 vec u (F.) synn {sin). 7 99 grim (G.) bryd (bride). ea = ae + a eall {all). ea = ae-ba east {east). eo = e-f-o weorc (work). eo = e + o deop {deep). e and £ are both written e in the MSS. The diphthongs are pronounced with the stress on first element. Those who find a difficulty in learning strange vowel-sounds may adopt the following approximate pronunciation : — a as in ask (short) nama (nahmah). a 99 father stan (stahn). se 99 man gted (glad). se 99 there aer (air). e > g 99 men ete (etty), mgnn (men). e 99 they he (hay). i, ie 99 fin cwic (quick), ieldran (ildrahn). I, ie 99 see win (ween), hleran (heerahn). o 99 not god (god). 6 99 note god (goad). u 99 full full (full). u 99 fool nu (noo). y 99 fin synn (zin). y 99 see bryd (breed). ea = e-ah eall (e-ahl). ea = ai-ah east (ai-ahst). GRAMMAR. 3 eo = e-o we ore (we-ork). eo = ai-o deop (dai-op). The pronunciation given in parentheses is the nearest that can be expressed in English letters as pronounced in Southern English. CONSONANTS. Double consonants must be pronounced double, or long, as in Italian. Thus sunu (son) must be distinguished from sunne (sun) in the same way as penny is distinguished from penknife . So also in (in) must be distinguished from inn (house) ; noting that in modern English final consonants in accented monosyllables after a short vowel are long, our in and inn both having the pronunciation of Old English inn , not of O. E. in. c and g had each a back (guttural) and a front (palatal) pron., which latter is in this book written c, g. c = k, as in cene (bold), endwan (know), c = kj, a k formed in the j (English y) position, nearly as in the old-fashioned pron. of sky : cirice (church), siycce (piece), pgnean (think). g initially and in the combination ng was pron. as in ‘ get 9 : god (good), lang (long) ; otherwise (that is, medially and finally after vowels and /, r) as in German sagen : dagas (days), burg (city), halga (saint). g initially and in the combination ng was pronounced gj (corresponding to kj ) : ge (ye), georn (willing), sprang an (scatter); otherwise =/ (as in ‘you’): deeg (day), wregan (accuse), hgrgian (ravage). It is possible that g in ge-boren (born) and other unaccented syllables was already pronounced /• eg = gg : sgegan (say), hrycg (back). f had the sound of v everywhere where it was possible : — faran (go), of (of), ofer (over); not, of course, in oft (often), or when doubled, as in ojfrian (offer). 4 GRAMMAR. h initially, as in he (he), had the same sound as now. Everywhere else it had that of Scotch and German ch in loch : — heah (high), Wealh (Welshman), riht right), hw, as in liwczt (what), hwil (while), had the sound of our wh ; and hi, hn , hr differed from /, n , r respectively precisely as wh differs from w, that is, they were these consonants devo- calized, hi being nearly the same as Welsh ll : — hlaford (lord), hlud (loud) ; hnappian (doze), hnutu (nut) ; hrape (quickly), hreod (reed). r was always a strong trill, as in Scotch : — roeran (to raise), her (here), word (word). s had the sound of z : — sedan (seek), swa (so), wis (wise), d’risan (rise) ; not, of course, in combination with hard con- sonants, as in stan (stone), fast (firm), ricsian (rule), or when double, as in cyssan (kiss). ]) had the sound of our th ( = dh) in Ihen : — pu (thou ),ping (thing), sop (true), hdepen (heathen); except when in com- bination with hard consonants, where it had that of our th in thin , as in seep (seeks). Note hcefp (has)=hczvdh. w was fully pronounced wherever written : — writan (write), niwe (new), seow (sowed pret '. ). STRESS. The stress or accent is marked throughout in this book, whenever it is not on the first syllable of a word, by (•) pre- ceding the letter on which the stress begins. Thus forgiefan is pronounced with the same stress as that of forgive , andswaru with that of answer . PHONOLOGY. VOWELS. Different vowels are related to one another in various ways in O. E., the most important of which are mutation (German umlaut) and gradation (G. ablaut ). GRAMMAR . 5 The following changes are mutations : — a..e: — mann,/>/.mgnn ; wand(wound/W.),w§ndan (to turn), ea ( = a) . . ie ( = §): — eald (old), ieldra (older); feallan (fall), fielj> (falls). a . . se: — blawan (to blow), blaewj? (bloweth); hal (sound), haelan (heal). u . . y: — burg (city), pi. byrig; trum (strong), trymman (to strengthen). o . . y : — gold, gylden (golden) ; coss (a kiss),cyssan(to kiss), e . . i : — beran (to bear), biref> (beareth) ; cwe)?an (speak), cwide (speech). eo ( = e) . . ie ( = i): — heord (herd), hierde (shepherd); ceorfan (cut), cierf p (cuts). u . . o : — curon (they chose), gexoren (chosen), u . . y : — cnp (known), cyf>an (to make known) ; ful (foul), a-fylan (defile). 6 . . e : — sohte (sought prt .), secan (to seek) ; foda (food), fedan (to feed). ea . . ie : — heawan (to hew), hiewj) (hews) ; team (pro- geny), tleman (teem). eo . . ie : — steor (rudder), stleran (steer) ; ge’Streon (pos- session), ges'trlenan (gain). Before proceeding to gradation, it will be desirable to describe the other most important vowel-relations. a, se, ea. In O.E. original a is preserved before nasals, as in mann , lang , nama (name), and before a single consonant followed by a , u, or o, as in dagos (days), dagum (to days), faran (go), gafol (profit), and in some words when e follows, as in ic fare (I go),faren (gone). Before r, /, h followed by another consonant, and before x it becomes ea , as in heard (hard), eall (all), eald (old), eahta (eight), weaxan (to grow). Not in bczrst (p. 7). In most other cases it becomes oe : — dceg (day), dceges (of a day ),fcest (firm), wcer (wary). B 6 GRAMMAR. e before nasals always becomes i: compare bindan (to bind), pret. band , with beran (to bear), pret. beer. e before r (generally followed by a consonant) becomes eo : — eorpe (earth), heorte (heart). Not in berstan (p. 7). Also in other cases : — seolfor (silver), heofon (heaven). i before r + cons, becomes ie : — bierp (beareth) contr. from birep, hierde (shepherd) from heord (herd), wiersa (worse). e before r, or l -f cons, often becomes ie : — -fierd (army) from far an, bieldo (boldness) from beald, ieldra (elder) from eald. By gradation the vowels are related as follows : — e (i, eo) . . a (se, ea) . . u (o) : — bindan (inf.), band (pret.), bnndon (they bound), beran (inf.), beer (pret.), boren (past partic.). ceorfan (cut), cearf (pret.), curfon (they cut), corfen (past partic.). bgnd (bond) = mutation of band, byr-pen (burden) of bor-en . a (ae, ea) . . se : — spreec (spoke), spreecon (they spoke), spreec (speech). a . . 6 \—far an (to go), for (pret i),for (journey), gefera (companion) mutation of for. 1 . . a . . i : — writan, wrat, zvriton, ge'writ (writing, snbst.). ( beplifan (remain), laf (remains), whence by mutation leefan (leave). eo (u) . . ea . . u (o) : — ceosan (choose), ceas, cur on, coren . cys-t (choice). ( for)'Ieosan (lose), leas (loose), a'liesan (release), losian (to be lost), bugan (bend), boga (bow). We see that the laws of gradation are most clearly shown in the conjugation of the strong verbs. But they run through the whole language, and a knowledge of the laws of gradation and mutation is the main key to O.E. etymology. It is often necessary to supply intermediate stages in connecting two words. Thus Itfgan (lay) cannot be directly referred to liegan (lie), but only to a form *lag preserved in the preterite lag. So also Ib^ndan (to blind) can be referred only indirectly to the adjective blind through an intermediate *bland-. Again, the root-vowel of byrpen GRAMMAR . 1 (burden) cannot be explained by the infinitive beran (bear), but only by the past participle ge’boren. In the same way hryre (fall sb.) must be referred, not to the infinitive hreosan , but to the preterite plural hruron . The vowel-changes in the preterites of verbs of the ‘ falT-conjugation (i) feallan, feo/l, &c., are due not to gradatijn, but to other causes. CONSONANTS. s becomes r in the preterite plurals and past participles of strong verbs, as in cur on, ge'coren from ceosan , wceron pi. of wees (was), and in other formations, such as hryre (fall) from hreosan , J> becomes d under the same conditions, as in wurdon , ge'worden from weorpan (become), cwoep (quoth), pi. ewezdon, ewide (speech) from czvepan (infin.). r is often transposed, as in iernan (run) from original *rinna7i (cp. the subst. ryne), bersian (burst) from *brestan, Icerst (burst pret.) from breest, hors (horse) from *hross. The combinations C9e-, gse- become cea -, gea-, as in deaf (chaff) from *cezf \ sceal (shall) from *sccel, geaf (gave) = *gcef from giefan (cp. eweep from ewepan ), geat (gate) — cp. feet (vessel). gse- often becomes gea-, as in geafon (they gave), with which compare eweedon (they said). ge- becomes gie, as in giefan, gieldan (pay) from *gefan, *geldan — cp. ewepan , delfan. Not in the prefix^- and^ (ye). When g comes before a consonant in inflection, it often becomes h , as in he liehp (he lies) from leogan (mentiri). h after a consonant is dropt when a vowel follows, the preceding vowel being lengthened, thus Wealh (Welshman) has plural Wealas. INFLECTIONS. NOUNS. Gender. There are three genders in O.E. — masculine, neuter, and feminine. The gender is partly natural, partly B 2 8 GRAMMAR. grammatical. By the natural gender names of male beings, such as se mann (the man), are masculine ; of female beings, such as seo dohtor (the daughter), are feminine ; and of young creatures, such as pat did (the child), neuter. Note, however, that pat wif (woman) is neuter. Grammatical gender is known only by the gender of the article and other words connected with the noun, and, to some extent, by its form. Thus all nouns ending in -a, such as se mona (moon), are masculine, seo sunne (sun) being feminine. Those ending in -dom, -had, and -stipe are also masculine : — se wisdom (wisdom), se dldhad (childhood), se freondscipe (friendship). Those in -nes, -o (from adjectives) -rdden, and -ung are feminine : — seo rihtwisnes (righteous- ness), seo bieldo (boldness) from beald, seo mann-rdden (allegiance), seo scotung (shooting). Compounds follow the gender of their last element, as in pat burg-geat (city-gate), from seo burg and pat geat. Hence also se wif-mann (woman) is masculine. The gender of most words can be learnt only by practice, and the student should learn each noun with its proper definite article. Strong and Weak. Weak nouns are those which form their inflections with n , such as se mona , plural monan ; seo sunne , genitive sing, pare sunnan . All the others, such as se dag , pi. dagas , pat hits (house), gen. sing, pas buses , are strong. Cases. There are four cases, nominative, accusative, dative, and genitive. The acc. is the same as the nom. in ail plurals, in the sing, of all neuter nouns, and of all strong masculines. Masculine and neuter nouns never differ in the plural except in the nom. and acc., and in the singular they differ only in the acc. of weak nouns, which in neuters is the same as the nom. The dative plural of nearly all nouns ends in -um. GRAMMAR. 9 STRONG MASCULINES. (i) as-plurals. SINGULAR. Nom \ stan (stone). Dat. stan-e. Gen. stan-es. PLURAL. Nom. stan-as. Dat . stan-um. Gen. stan-a. So also dal (part), cyning (king), cildhad (childhood). dag (day) changes its vowel in the pi. (p. 5) : — dag, dage, dages ; dag as, dagum , dag a. Nouns in -e have nom. and dat. sing, the same : — gnde, (end), gnde, gndes ; pidas , gndum , gnda. Nouns in -el, -ol, -urn, -en, - on , -er, -or often contract : — gngel (angel), §ngle , gngles ; gnglas, gnglum , pig la. So also noegel (nail), pegen (thane), ealdor (prince). Others, such as cecer (field), do not contract. h after a consonant is dropped in inflection (p. 7), as in feorh (life), feore,feores. So also in Wealh (Welshman), plur. Wealas. There are other classes which are represented only by a few nouns each. (2) e-plurals. A few nouns which occur only in the plur . : — leode (people), leodum , leoda. So also several names of nations : — tangle (English), Dpie (Danes) ; Seaxe (Saxons), Mierce (Mercians), have gen. plur. Seaxna, Miercna. (3) Mutation-plurals. SINGULAR. Nom. f5t {foot). Dat. fet. Gen. fot-es. So also top (tooth). Mann (1 manna. PLURAL, Nom. fet. Dat. fot-um. Gen. fot-a. . t). mgnn, marines ; m%nn, mannum. 1 Wherever the acc. is not given separately, it is the same as the nom. IO GRAMMAR. (4) u-nouns. SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom. sun-u (son). Dat. sun-a. Gen. sun-a. So also wudu (wood). Nom . sun-a. Dat. sun-um. Gen. sun-a. (5) r-nouns (including feminines). SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom. mddor (?n other). Nom. mddor. Dat. meder. Dat. m5dr-um. Gen. modor. Gen. modr-a. So also bropor (brother) ; feeder (father), dohtor (daughter), have dat. sin g. feeder, dehter. (6) nd-nouns. Formed from the present participle of verbs. SINGULAR. Nom . freond (friend). Dat. friend. Gen. freond-es. So also feond (enemy). PLURAL. Nom. friend. Dat. freond-um. Gen. freond-a. Those in - end inflect thus : — biiend (dweller), buend , biiendes ; buend 9 biiendum , biiendra. So also Hcelend (saviour). The -ra is an adjectival inflection. STRONG NEUTERS. (1) u-plurals. SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom. scip (ship). Nom. scip-u. Dai. scip-e. Dat . scip-um. Gen. scip-es. Gen. scip-a. So all neuters with short final syllable, such as ge'bed (prayer), ge'writ (writing), geat (gate). GRAMMAR. 1 1 Feet (vessel ^^feete^feetes ; fatu,fatum, fata (p. 5). Rice (kingdom), rice , rices ; ricu , ricum, rica . So also all neuters in except and (p. 13): ge'peode (language), stycce (piece). Those in -0/, -en, -or, &c. are generally contracted : — deofol (devil), deofles, deoflu . So also wcepen (weapon), mynster (monastery), zvundor (wonder). (2) Unchanged plurals. SINGULAR. Nom. hus (house). Dat. hus-e. Gen. hus-es. PLURAL. Nom . hus. Dat . hus-um. Crsem cyninge Cyrum). Almost the only names of countries and districts in Old English are those taken from Latin, such as Breten (Britain), C§nt (Kent), Germania (Germany), and those formed by composition, generally with land, such as p?ngla-land (land of the English, England), Israhela-peod (Israel). In both of these cases the first element is in the gen. pi., but ordinary compounds, such as Scot-land , also occur. In other cases the name of the inhabitants of a country is used for the country itself : — on East-gnglum — in East-anglia, lit. ‘ among the East-anglians/ So also o?i A?igel-cynne=.'m England, lit. ‘ among the English race,’ more accurately expressed by Angelcynnes land . Uncompounded names of countries are sometimes unde- clined. Thus we find on Cgnt , to Hierusalem . Germania , Asia , and other foreign names in -a take - e in the oblique cases, thus gen. Germanie . ADJECTIVES. Adjectives have three genders, and the same cases as nouns, though with partly different endings, together with strong and weak inflection. In the masc. and neut. sing, they have an instrumental case, for which in the fern, and plur., and in the weak inflection the dative is used. STRONG ADJECTIVES. Adjectives with a short syllable before the endings take -u in the fern. sing. nom. and neut. pi. nom., those with a long one drop it. GRAMMAR . *5 Masc. SINGULAR. Neut. Fem. Nom. ewie (alive), ewie, cwic-u. Acc. cwic-ne, ewie, cwic-e. Dat. cwic-um, cwic-um, cwic-re. Gen. cwic-es, cwic-es, cwic-re. Instr . cwic-e, cwic-e. (cwicre). Nom. cwic-e, PLURAL. cwic-u, cwic-e. Dat. Gen . cwic-um. cwic-ra. So also sum (som z), far lie (dangerous). Those with a, such as iglad (glad), change it to a in dat. gladum , &c. Those in - e , such as blipe (glad), drop it in all inflections : — blipne , blipu , blipre . Those in -zg-, -el, -ol, - en , -^r, -d?r often contract before in- flections beginning with a vowel, as in (holy), halges , halgum ; micel (great), miclu , micle. Not, of course, before consonants : — hdligne , micelne , micelra . Those in -ft, such as gearu (ready), change the & into a z£/ before vowels : — gearzves , gearwe. Adjectives with long syllable before the endings drop the & of the fem. and neuter Masc. Neut. Fem. (3) ASVftg-. god (good), god, god. Plur . gode, god, gode. Fea (few) has only the plural inflections, fax. f earn, gen. feara. Heah (high) drops its second h in inflection and con- tracts : — heare , nom. pi. hea, dat. beam , acc. sing. masc. heanne . Fela (many) is indeclinable. 1 6 GRAMMAR. WEAK ADJECTIVES. The weak inflections of adjectives agree exactly with the noun ones : — SINGULAR. Masc. Neut. Fem. Nom. god-a, god-e, god-e. Acc. god-an, gdd-e, god-an. Dat. god-an, god-an, god-an. Gen. god-an, god-an, god-an. PLURAL. Nom. god-an. Dat. god-urn, Gen. god-ra. The vowel- and consonant-changes are as in the strong declension. COMPARISON. The comparative is formed by adding - ra , and is declined like a weak adjective : — leof (dear), leof r a masc., leof re fern., leofran plur., etc. ; mdere (famous), mcerra. The superlative is formed by adding -os/, and may be either weak or strong : — leofost (dearest). The following form their comparisons with mutation, with superlative in -est (the forms in parentheses are adverbs) : — eald (old). ieldra, ieldest. lang (long), l§ngra longest. neah (near), (near), nlehst. The following show different roots: — god (good), b§tera, b^tst. yfel (evil), wiersa, wierrest. micel (great), mara (ma), msest. lytel (little), lsessa (lses), Isest. GRAMMAR. 17 The following are defective as well as irregular, being formed from adverbs : — ser {formerly ), serra (aeror), serest. fore (before)^ . . . forma, fyrmest. ut {out). yterra, ytemest. NUMERALS. CARDINAL. ORDINAL. an, one. forma {first). twa, two . 6f>er. Ipxeo, three. J?ridda. feower, four. feor]?a. fif, five . fif-ta. siex, six. siex-ta. seofon, seven. seofof>a. eahta, eight. eahtof>a. nigon, nine . nigoj^a. tien, ten. teoj^a. §ndlufon, eleven. ^ndlyf-ta. twelf, twelve . twflf-ta. f>reo-t!ene, thirteen. f»reo-teo]?a. feower-tiene, fourteen. fif-tiene, fifteen. siex-tiene, sixteen. seofon-tiene. , seventeen. eahta-tiene, eightee7i. nigon-tlene, nineteen. tw^n-tig, twenty . fri-tig, thirty. feower-tig, forty. fif-tig, fifty. siex-tig, sixty. i8 GRAMMAR. CARDINAL. hund-'seofon-tig, seventy. hund-*eahta-tig, eighty. hund-migon-tig, hund ) ninety. hund-*teontig, j hundred. hund-^ndlufontig, hundred and ten. hund-’tw^lftig, hundred and tweyity. fmsend, thousand. An is declined like other adjectives. Twa is declined thus : — Masc. Neut. Fern. Nom. twegen, twa, twa. Dat . tweem. Gen . twegra. So also begen (both), ba , bcem^ begra . preo is declined thus : — Masc. Neut. Fem. Nom. prie, f>reo, preo. Dat. prim. Gen. f>reora. The others up to twgntig are generally indeclinable. Those in - tig are sometimes declined like neuter nouns, sometimes like adjectives, and are often left undeclined. When not made into adjectives they govern the genitive. Hund and pusend are either declined as neuters or left undeclined, always taking a genitive : — eahta hund mila (eight hundred miles), feower pusend wera (four thousand men). Units are always put before tens : — an and iwgntig (twenty- one). GRAMMAR. 1 9 The ordinals are always weak, except oper , which is always strong. PRONOUNS. PERSONAL. Novi, • ic(/), SINGULAR. Jm (thou). Acc. me, }>e. Dat. me, Ipe. Gen. min, 1pm . DUAL. Norn . . wit (we two), git (ye two). Acc . unc, inc. Dat. unc, inc. Gen. uncer, incer. PLURAL. Nom. we (we), ge (ye). Acc. us, eow. Dat. us, eow. Gen. ure, eower. SINGULAR. Masc. Neut. Fem. Nom. he (he), hit (it), heo (she). Acc. hine, hit, hie. Dat. him, him, hiere. Gen . his, his, hiere. PLURAL. Nom. hie (they). Dat. him. Gen. hiera. There are no reflexive pronouns in 0. E., and the ordinary 20 GRAMMAR . personal pronouns are used instead : — hie ge'samnodon hie (they collected themselves, assembled) ; hie d'bddon him wij (they asked for wives for themselves). Self is used as an emphatic reflexive adjective agreeing with its pronoun : — swa swd hie wyscton him selfum (as they wished for themselves). POSSESSIVE. Min (my), pin (thy), ure (our), eower (your), and the dual uncer and incer are declined like other adjectives. The geni- tives his (his, its), hiere (her), hiera (their) are used as inde- clinable possessives. INTERROGATIVE. Masc. and Fem. Nom. hwa (who), Acc. hwone, Dat . hwsem, Gen. hwses, Ins/r. hwy, Hwelc (which) is declined like a used both as a noun and an adjective. Neut. hwset {what). hwaet. hwsem. hwses. hwy. strong adjective: it is DEMONSTRATIVE. SINGULAR. Masc. Neut. Fem. Nom. se [that, the), j?aet, seo. Acc. pone, J>»t, pa- Dat. p&m, p&m, paere. Gen. f>aes, pads, psere. Ins/r. \y, J^on, py> Quaere). PLURAL. J> 5 - f?aem. j?ara Nom. Dat . Gen. GRAMMAR . 21 *S> is both a demonstrative and a definite article. It is also used as a personal pronoun : — he ge'hierp min word , wyrcp pa (he hears my words, and does them). Se as a demonstrative and pers. pronoun has its vowel long. SINGULAR. Masc. Neut. Fem. Nom . pes (this), J>is, peos. Ace. pisne, f>iS) pas. Dat . Jfissum, f>issum, pisse. Gen . pisses, f>isses, pisse. Inslr . pys, pys, (pisse). PLURAL. Nom. pas. Dat . pissum. Gen . pissa. Other demonstratives, which are used both as nouns and as adjectives, are se ilea (same), which is always weak, swelc (such), which is always strong. RELATIVE. The regular relative is the indeclinable pe, as in dele para pe pas min word ge'hierp (each of those who hears these my words). It is often combined with se, which is declined: — se pe~ who, masc., seo pe, fern., &c. Se alone is also used as a relative : — her is min cnapa , pone ic ge'ceas (here is my servant, whom I have chosen) ; sometimes in the sense of ‘ he who ’ : — her pit hcefst pcet pin is (here thou hast that which is thine). INDEFINITE. Indefinites are formed with swa and the interrogative pro- nouns, thus : — swa hwd swa, swa hwelc swa (whoever), swa hwcet swa (whatever), c 22 GRAMMAR. An and sum (some) are used in an indefinite sense : — an mann , sum mann — 1 a certain man/ hence ‘a man.’ But the indefinite article is generally not expressed. JZlc (each), dmig (any), ndnig (no, none), are declined like other adjectives. Oper (other) is always strong : — pa opre mgnn. Man , another form of mann, is often used in the indefinite sense of ‘ one / French on: — his bropor Horsan man of'sldg (they killed his brother Horsa). VERBS. There are two classes of verbs in O. E., strong and weak . The conjugation of strong verbs is effected mainly by means of vowel-gradation, that of weak verbs by the addition of d (-ode, -ede, -de) to the root- syllable. The following is the conjugation of the strong verb lindan (bind), which will serve to show the endings which are com* mon to all verbs : — INDICATIVE. Pres. sing. i. bind-e, 2. bind-est, bintst, 3. bind-ej>, bint, plur . bind-ap, SUBJUNCTIVE. bind-e. bind-e. bind-e. bind-en. Pret. sing. 1. band, bund-e. 2. bund-e, bund-e. 3. band, bund-e. plur. bund-on, bund-en. Imper . sing, bind ; plur. bind-aj?. Infin. bind-an. Partic. pres, bind-ende ; prxp ge-’bund-en. Gerund, to bind-enne. For the plural bindap , both indicative and imperative, binde is used when the personal pronoun follows immediately after GRAMMAR. 23 the verb : — we bindap (we bind), but linde we (let us bind) ; so also gap ! (go plur.), but gage ! (go ye). The present participle may be declined like an adjective. Its declension when used as a noun is given above, p. 10. The past participle generally prefixes ge-, as in ge'bunden , ge'numen from niman (take), unless the other parts of the verbs have it already, as in ge'hieran (hear), ge'liiered. It is sometimes prefixed to other parts of the verb as well. No ge is added if the verb has another prefix, such as d-, be-,for-\ thus forgiefan (forgive) has the past participle forgiefen . The past participle may be declined like an adjective. Traces of an older passive voice are preserved in the form hat-te from hdtan (call, name), which is both present ‘is called/ and preterite ‘was called' : — se munuc hatte Abbo (the monk's name was Abbo). STRONG VERBS. In the strong verbs the plural of the pret. indie, generally has a different vowel from that of the sing, (ic band , we bundon ). The 2nd sing. pret. indie, and the whole pret. subj. always have the vowel of the preterite plural indicative ( pic bunde , ic bunde , we bunden.) The 2nd and 3rd persons sing, of the pres, indie, often mutate the root-vowel, thus : — a becomes % as in (he) st§nt from standan {stand). ea ie „ fielf> ?) feallan {fall). e i >, cwi)?f> cwej>an {say). eo ie „ wierf> >> weorf)an {happe?i). a £ „ haett hatan {command). 6 j? e „ grewf) growan {grow). ea j? Ie „ blew]? JJ heawan (hew). eo ie „ eiest )> ceosan (choose). u » y lyc]) lucan (close). 24 GRAMMAR . The full ending of the 3rd pers. sing. pres, indie, is -ep> which is generally contracted, with the following consonant- changes : — -tef> becomes -tt as in laett from lsetan (let). -dej) „ -tt „ bltt „ bldan (wait). ■ddef> „ -tt „ bitt „ biddan (pray). -v ? » ewi^ „ ewepan (say). -se|? „ -St „ ciest „ ceosan (choose). -nde}5 „ -nt „ bint „ bindan (bind). Double consonants become single, as in he fielp from feallan . Before the - st of the 2nd pers. consonants are often dropt, as in pu ewist from ewepan , pit ciest from ceosan ; and d be- comes as in pu bintst from bindan. For the changes between ^ and r, p and d, g and h , see p. 7. Some verbs, such as seon (see), drop the h and contract before most inflections beginning with a vowel : — ic seo , we seop , to seonne ; but he sihp. There are seven conjugations of strong verbs, distinguished mainly by the different formation of their preterites. The following lists comprise all the strong verbs that occur in the texts given in this book, together with several others of the commoner ones. I. * Fall ’-conjugation. The pret. sing, and pi. has eo or e , and the past partic. retains the original vowel of the infinitive. GRAMMAR. 2.5 INFINITIVE. THIRD PRES. PRET. SING. PRET. PL. PTC. PRET. feallan (/all) fiel]} feoll feollon feallen healdan (hold) hielt heold heoldon healden wealdan (wield) wielt weold weoldon wealden weaxan (grow) wixt weox weoxon weaxen a : — blawan (blow) blsewf) bleow bleowon blawen cnawan (knozv) cnaewf) cneow cneowon cnawen sawan (sow) saewf> seow seowon sawen e : — wepan (weep) wep p weop weopon wopen Wepan has really a weak present (p. 30 ) with mutation (the original 5 re-appearing in the past partic.), but it makes no difference in the inflection.. o : — flowan (flow) flew)) fleow fleowon flowen growan (grow) grewf) greow greowon growen rowan (row) rewf> reow reowon rowen ea : — beatan (beat) blett beot beoton beaten heawan (hew) hlew]? heow heowon heawen hleapan (leap) hllepf> hleop hleopon hleapen a : — hatan (command) (i) e-preterites. hsett het heton haten 2d : — laetan (let) ldett let leton lceten 6 : — fon (seize) fehf> feng fengon fangen hon (hang) hehf> heng hengon hangen 26 GRAMMAR . II. c Shake ’-conjugation. Verbs in a (ea ) and § (ie). 0 in pret. sing. and pi., a (ce) in partic pret. Standan drops its n in the pret. The partic. pret. of swgrian is irregular. a i — INFINITIVE. THIRD. PRES. PRET. SING. PRET. PL. , PTC. PRET. faran (go) faerj? for foron faren sacan (quarrel) ssecf> soc socon sacen scacan (shake) seseef) scoc scocon scacen standan (stand) st§nt stod stodon standen The following ' shows contraction of original ea : — slean (strike) sliehj> slog slogon slaegen § : h§bban (lift) h§fp hof hofon hafen scieppan (create) sciep}? scop scopon scapen sw^rian (swear) sw§ref> swor sworon sworen The presents of these verbs are inflected weak, so that their imperative sing, is hgfe and swp'e, like that of wpiian (p. 32). Swgrian has indie, swgrige , szvgrest, like wpiian ; hgbban has hgbbe , hgfst , &c. like hieran (p. 30). III. ‘ Bind ’-conjugation. / (ie, e, eo) followed by two consonants, one or both of which is nearly always a liquid (/, ;-) or nasal (m, n) in the infin., a ( ce , in pret. sing., u in pret. pi, u ( 0 ) in ptc. pret. Findan has a weak preterite. i : — bindan (bind) bint band bundon bunden drincan (drink) drincf) dranc druncon druncen findan (find) fint funde fundon funden gieldan (pay) gielt geald guidon golden (on)ginnan (begin) -gin]> -gann -gunnon -gunnen GRAMMAR. 17 INFINITIVE. THIRD PRES. PRET. SING. PRET. PL. PTC. PRET. grindan (grind) grint grand grundon grunden iernan (run) [p. 7] iernj? arn urnon urnen ge-dimpan (happen) -limp}) -lamp -lumpon -lumpen scrincan (shrink) serine]? scranc scruncon scruncen springan (spring) spring]? sprang sprungon sprungen swincan (toil) swincf> swanc swuncon swuncen windan (wind) wint wand wundon wunden winnan (fight) win}) wann wunnon wunnen G 1 — berstan (burst) bierst baerst burston borsten bregdan (pull) . . . braegd brugdon brogden delfan (dig) dilf}> dealf dulfon dolfen sweltan (die) swilt swealt swulton swolten eo: — beorgan (protect) bierh}> bearg burgon borgen beornan(^rft)[p.7] biern}) barn burnon burnen ceorfan (cut) cierf]? cearf curfon corfen feohtan (fight) fieht feaht fuhton fohten weorpan (throw) wierp}> wearp wurpon worpen weor}>an ( become ) wier}> wear}) wurdon worden IV. ‘Bear '-conjugation. Verbs in e (i), followed by a single consonant, generally a liquid or nasal ; in brecan the liquid precedes the vowel. A (ce) in pret. sing., a (a) in pret. pi., 0 (u) in ptc. pret. Cuman is irregular. niman (take) e : — beran (bear) nimj> nam namon numen bierj? baer baeron boren brecan (break) bric}> braec braecon brocen sceran (shear) scier}) scear scearon scoren stelan (steal) stil}> stael staelon stolen teran (tear) . • taer taeron toren 28 GRAMMAR. u: — ■ INFINITIVE. THIRD PRES. PRET. SG. PRET. PL. PTC. PRET. cuman (come) cymf> com comon cumen V. 6 Give ’-conjugation. Verbs in e (i, eo , ie) followed by single consonants, which are not liquids or nasals. This class differs from the last only in the ptc. pret. which keeps the vowel of the infinitive, e : — cwejrnn (say) cwif>f) cwxp cwsedon eweden etan (eat) itt aet aeton eten sprecan (speak) sprief) spraec spraecon sprecen . wrecan (avenge) wricf> wraec wraecon wrecen i: — biddan (pray) bitt baed baedon beden began (lie) laeg laegon legen sittan (sit) sitt saet saeton seten jnegan (receive) j>ige}> ]?eah f>aegon J?egen All these have weak presents : — imper. bide , lige > site, fiige. Their is are mutations of the e which appears in their past partic. ie : — giefan (give) gieff> geaf geafon giefen (on)gietan (understand) -giett -geat -geaton -gieten The following is contracted in most forms : — seon (see) sihj? seah sawon sewen VI. c Shine ’-conjugation. Verbs in I, with pret. sing, in d, pi. i, ptc. pret. i. bidan (wait) bltt bad bidon biden bitan (bite) bitt bat biton biten drlfan (drive) drlfj? draf drifon drifen GRAMMAR. 29 INFINITIVE. THIRD I>RES. PRET. SING. PRET. PL. PTC. PRET. (be)lifan ( remain ) -laf -lifon -lifen lidan (ride) ritt rad ridon riden rlpan ( reap ) rip)? rap ripon ripen (a)rlsan (rise) -rlst -ras -rison -risen sclnan (shine) sclnp> scan scinon scinen snip>an (cut) smp>J> snap) snidon sniden stigan (ascend) stigjj stag stigon stigen (be)swican (deceive) -svvicp) -swac -swicon -swicen ge'wltan (depart) -Witt wat -witon -witen writan (write) writt wrat writon writen VII. 6 Choose’ -conjugation. Verbs in eo and with pret. sing. Fleon and teon contract. ea } pi. u , ptc. pret. 0 , beodan (offer) biett bead budon boden breotan (break) briett breat bruton broten ceosan (choose) clest ceas curon coren fleogan (fly) fliehp) fleag flugon flogen fleon (flee) fliehf) fleah flugon flogen fleotan (float) fllett fleat fluton floten hreosan (fall) hrlest hreas hruron hroren hreowan (rue) hrlewf> hreaw hruwon hrowen forleosan (lose) -liest -leas -luron -loren sceotan (shoot) sclett sceat scuton scoten smeocan (smoke) smiecf) smeac smucon smocen teon (pull) tiehj^ teah tugon togen a-p>reotan (fail) fi • -p>riett -p>reat -f>ruton -p>roten brucan (enjoy) brycp> breac brucon brocen bugan (bow) byhp> beag bugon bogen lucan (lock) lycp leac lucon locen lutan (bow) lytt leat luton loten scufan (push) scyfj? sceaf scufon scofen 3 ° GRAMMAR . WEAK VERBS. There are three conjugations of weak verbs — (i) in -an, pret. -de ( hieran , hierde, ‘hear’); (2) in - tan , pret. -ede (w§nian, wpiede , ‘wean'); (3) in - ian , pret. - ode ( lufian , lufode , Move’). The verbs of the first two conjugations nearly all have a mutated vowel in the present and infinitive, which those of the third conjugation very seldom have. I. an-xz rbs. This class of weak verbs has the same endings as the strong verbs, except in the pret. and past partic., which are formed by adding - de and -ed respectively, with the following consonant changes. -ndde becomes -nde as in s§nde from s§ndan (send). -llde „ -lde „ *fyld e „ fyllan (fill). -tde „ -tte „ mette , r metan (find). -pde » -pte „ dypte „ dyppan (dip). -cde „ -hte „ tsehte „ tsecan (show). The past partic. is generally contracted in the same way : — s§nd , mett , tceht, but some of them often retain the un- contracted forms \-fylled, dypped . When declined like adjec- tives they drop their e where practicable \—fylled \ ])\\ir.fylde ; hiered , hierde . The 2nd and 3rd pres. sing. ind. are contracted as in the strong verbs. (a) 4 Hear '-class. INDICATIVE. Pres . sing. 1. hler-e (hear), 2. hler-st, 3. hier-J>, plur . hler-a]?. SUBJUNCTIVE. hier-e. hler-e. hier-e. hier-en. GRAMMAR . 3 1 INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE. Pres . i. hler-de, hler-de. 2. hier-dest, hler-de. 3. hler-de, hier-de. plur . hler-don, hier-den. Imper . jz//^. hler ; plur . hler-aj>. Infin . hler-an, Ptc . hier-ende ; hler-ed. Gerund . to hler-enne. Further examples of this class are : — INFINITIVE. THIRD PRES. PRET. PARTIC. PRET. aetaewan (show) -Tewf> -Tewde -Tewed. cyf>an (make known) cyf>de cy|?ed, cydd fyllan (fill) fylde fylled (nea)laecan (approach) -laecf> -laehte -laeht laedan (lead) laett l^dde laedd l^cgan (Jay) kgp l?gde gedlefan ( believe ) -Heff> -liefde -liefed n§mnan (name) n^mnef) n§mnde n§mned s§ndan (send) s?nt s§nde s§nd s§ttan (set) s§tt s§tte sgtt smean (consider) smeaf) smeade smead taecan (show) taecf) taehte taeht w§ndan (turn) w§nt w§nde w§nd (£) ‘ Seek'-c/^i*. In this class the mutated vowels lose their mutation in the preterite and past partic., besides undergoing other changes in some verbs. Those in double consonants (and eg) simplify them in the contracted 2nd and 3rd sing. pres, indie. : — sglle, s§lst, sglp ; sgege, segst , sggp ; also in the imperative, which is formed as in Conj. II : — sgle, sgge, lyge , &c. 3 2 GRAMMAR . INFINITIVE. THIRD PRES. PRET. PARTIC. PRET. cw^llan (£///) cw§lf> ewealde eweald r^ccan (/*//) r§cf> reahte reaht s§cgan (say) s§g]> saegde saegd s§llan (£7Z^) s§lf> sealde seald \v§ccan {wake) w§cf> weahte weaht J>§ncan {ikink) f>§ncf> i : — bringan {bring) bringf) f>6hte f>oht brohte broht y bycgan {buy) byg f> bohte boht f>yncan {appear) f>yncf> f>uhte f>uht wyrcan (work) \vyrcf> worhte worht e : — recan {care) reef) rohte roht secan {seek) secf> sohte soht II. ‘ Wean ' -conjugation. INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. Pres . sing. i. \v§n-ige {wean), w^n-ige. 2. w^n-est. w^n-ige. 3. w^n-ef), w^n-ige. plur . w§n-iaf), w^n-ien. Fret, sing . 1. w^n-ede, w^n-ede. 2. \v§n-edest, \v§n-ede. 3. w§n-ede, w^n-ede. plur . w^n-edon, w§n-eden. Imper . w^n-e, w§n-iaj?. Infin . w§n-ian. Partic . /m*. w^n-iende ; pret. w^n-ed. Gerund . to w^n-ienne. GRAMMAR. 33 So are conjugated all weak verbs with a short mutated root syllable, such as fpdan (carry), wp'ian (defend), ge'byrian (befit). There are not many of them. III. 4 Love ’ -conjugation. INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. Pra*. i. luf-ige (/ 0 Z'£), luf-ige. 2. luf-ast, luf-ige. 3- luf-af>, luf-ige. plur. luf-ia]?, luf-ien. Pret. sing. i. luf-ode, luf-ode. 2. luf-odest, luf-ode. 3- luf-ode, luf-ode. plur. luf-odon, luf-oden. Imper. luf-a, luf-ia]?. In fin. luf-ian. Partic. pres, luf-iende : pret. luf-od. Gerund, to luf-ienne. So also ascian (ask), macian (make), weorpian (honour), and many others. Irregularities. Some verbs are conjugated partly after I, partly after III. Such are habban (have) and libban (live). Habban has pres, indie, hezbbe , hcefst , hcefp; habbap , subj. heebbe , heebben , pret. hccfde , imper. hafa , habbap , particc. hab- bende , hcefd. Libban has pres, libbe , leofast , leofap ; libbap , subj. libbe , pret, leofode , imper. leofa , libbap , particc. libbende , lifiende ; leofod. F^tian (fetch) has pret.yj//^. STRONG-WEAK VERBS. The strong-weak verbs have for their presents old strong preterites, from which new weak preterites are formed. Note the occasional second person sing, in /. 34 GRAMMAR. INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. Pres. sing. 1. wat (know), wite. 2. wast, wite. 3 - wat, wite. plur. witon, witen. Pret. wiste. lmper . wite, witap. Infin. wit an. Par tic. pres, witende ; pret. witen. The other most important weak-strong verbs are given below in the ist and 2nd sing. pres, indie., in the plur. indie., in the pret., in the infin. and partic. pret. Of several the last two forms are doubtful, or do not exist. Ah (possess), age, agon ; ahte ; agen (only as adjective ) 1 . Cann (know) canst, cunnon ; cupe ; cunnan ; cup (only as adjective .) Dearr (dare), durre, durron ; dorste. Ge-man (remember), -manst ; -munde ; -munan. Masg (caii), miht, magon, maege (subj.) ; mihte. Mot (may), most, moton ; moste. Sceal (shall), scealt, sculon, scyle (subj.) ; scolde. pearf (need), purfon, pyrfe (subj.) ; porfte ; pur fan. ANOMALOUS VERBS. (1) Willan (will) shows a mixture of subj. forms in the pres, indie, sing. : — INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. Pres. sing. 1. wile, wile. 2. wilt, wile. 3 - wile, wile. plur. willap, wilen. Pret. wolde, etc. 1 So also nali = nc (not) ah. GRAMMAR . 35 Similarly nyllan (will not): — INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. Pm. jz/zg. 1. nyle, nyle. 2. nylt, nyle, 3. nyle, nyle. plur. nyllaj?, nylen. Pret . nolde, etc. [2) Wesan (&?). INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. Pm. jz/zg - . 1. eom ; beo, sle ; beo. 2. eart ; bist. sie ; beo. 3. is ; bif>, sle ; beo. plur . sind ; beof>. slen; beon. Pret. sing. 1. wses, wzere. 2. wsere, waere. 3. wags, wsere. plur. waeron, w^ren. Imper. wes, wesaj? ; beo, beoj?. Infin. wesan; beon. Partic . pres . wesende. The contracted negative forms are : — neom, neart , / natron ; noire , naren . (3) Don (<&). INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. Pres. sing. 1. do. do. 2. dest, do. 3 - dep, do. plur. dof), don. Pret. dyde, etc. Imper . do, dop>. In fin. don. Partic . />m. donde ; pret . ge’don. 36 GRAMMAR. ( 4 ) Gan (go). INDICATIVE. Pres, sing . 1. ga, 2. geest, 3 - plur . gaf>, Pret . eode, SUBJUNCTIVE. ga. ga- ga- gan. eode, Imper . ga, ga)?. In fin. gan. Partic. pres . gangende ; pret. ge*gan. DERIVATION. PREFIXES. The following are the most important prefixes, some of which are verbal , being confined to verbs and words formed directly from them ; some nominal , being confined to nouns and adjectives. a- (1) originally £ forth/ ‘away/ as in a'risan , ‘rise forth/ ‘ arise ’ ; afar an, ‘ go away/ ‘ depart 9 ; but generally only in- tensitive, as in a'cwfilan (kill), d'hreosan (fall). (2)= ‘ ever ' in pronouns and particles, where it gives an indefinite sense, as in a-hwizr (anywhere), a-wiht (anything). seg- from a-ge-, the a being mutated and the e dropped, has a similar meaning, as in ceg-hwelc (each), dgper—ceg- hwoeper (either). be-, originally ‘by/ ‘ around’ (cp. the preposition be), (1) specializes the meaning of a transitive verb, as in be'sfitan (beset, surround), be'scieran (shear) ; (2) makes an intransitive verb transitive, as in bepgncan (consider) from ppican (think) ; (3) gives a privative meaning, as in be'heafdian (behead). In some words, such as be'cuman (come), it is practically un- meaning. GRAMMAR. 37 for- (which is distinct from the preposition for) gene- rally has the sense of ‘ loss’ or 4 destruction/ as in for don (destroy), forweorpan (perish). Of course, if the verb with which it is compounded already has this meaning, it acts merely as an intensitive, as in forbreotan (break up, break), forscrincan (shrink up). It also modifies in a bad sense generally, as in forseon (despise), or negatives, as in forbeo- dan (forbid). ge- originally meant ‘together/ as in gefera (fellow- traveller, companion) from feran (travel). With verbs it often signifies ‘ completion/ ‘ attainment/ and hence ‘ suc- cess/ as in gegan (conquer), originally ‘ go over/ or ‘ reach/ ge'winnan (win) from winncm (fight). Hence generally prefixed to hieran and seon, ge'hieran and ge'seon strictly meaning ‘ succeed in hearing, seeing/ It is generally prefixed to past participles (p. 23), where it originally gave the meaning of completion — ge'lufod=‘ completely loved/ mis- = ‘ mis/ as in mis-dxzd (misdeed). n -==»* (not), as in na (not), literally ‘ never/ noefre (never), noes (was not ) — ne woes. on- as a verbal prefix has nothing to do with the prepo- sition on. It properly signifies ‘ separation/ as in onducan (open) from lucan (lock, close), but is often practically un- meaning, as in onginnan (begin). or-, literally ‘out of/ is privative, as in orsorg (uncon- cerned) from sorg (sorrow). to- as a verbal prefix has nothing to do with the preposi- tion to (which occurs in tdgcp.dre , ‘ together/ &c.), but signifies ‘ separation/ as in td'berstan (burst asunder), to'bregdan (shake off), and hence ‘ destruction/ as in t&cwiesan (crush to pieces, bruise). un- negatives, as in un-gesddig (unhappy). D 38 GRAMMAR. ENDINGS. (a) Nouns. Personal . -end, from the present participle -ende. — ‘ -er': — Hdlend (healer, Saviour), bitend (dweller). -ere^-er’: — sawere (sower), mynetere (money-changer, minter) from my net (coin). -ing, patronymic, cepeling (son of a noble, prince) from cepele (noble). Abstract. -nes, fern, from adjectives : — god-nes (goodness), rihtwis- nes (righteousness). -uj>, -J>o, fern., generally from adjectives : — geogup (youth), strgngpo (strength) from strang . -ting, fern, from verbs : — scotung (shooting, shot), hgrgung (ravaging), from scotian , hgrgian. The following are also independent words : — -dom, masc. :—wIs-ddm (wisdom), peow-dom (servitude), -had, masc. : — cild-had (childhood). -rseden, fern.: — ge'cwid-r (Eden (agreement) from cwide (speech) ; mann-rdden (allegiance). -scipe, masc. \-freond-scipe (friendship). Concrete in woeter-scipe (piece of water, water). (b) Adjectives. -en, with mutation, denotes ‘ material/ ‘ belonging to ’ : — gylden (golden), stdnen (of stone), hdpen (heathen) from keep (heath). In seolcen (silken) there is no mutation. -feald = c -fold ’ : — hund-feald (hundred- fold). -ig: — miht-ig (mighty); hal-ig (holy) from hat (whole). GRAMMAR . 39 -isc, with mutation : — jpnglisc (English) from A ngel ; m§nn- isc (human) from mann. -ol : — swic-ol (deceitful). -iht, with mutation, denotes ‘material/ ‘nature’: — slcen-ihl (stony). -sum=‘ some’: — hier-sum (obedient). The following exist (sometimes in a different form) as independent words : — -fsest : — sop-fcest (truthful). -full : — sorg-full (sorrowful), ge'leaf-full (believing, pious). -leas=‘ -less’: — dr-leas (dishonoured, wicked). -lie (cp. ge'lic ) = ‘ -1 y* \-folc-lic (popular), heofon-lic (heavenly). -weard= ‘-ward* : — supan-weard (southward). Verbs. -Isecan : — an-lcecan (unite), gepwcer-lcecan (agree). Adverbs. -e, the regular adverb-termination : — lange (long), ge'lice (similarly) from lang , ge'lic , Sometimes - lice (from -lie) is used to form adverbs, as blipe-lice (gladly) from blipe . DERIVATIONS FROM PARTICIPLES. Many abstract words are formed from present participles (often in a passive sense) and past participles (often in an active sense) : — -nes \-forgiefen-nes (forgiveness), ge'rgced-nes (narrative), welwillend-nes (benevolence). -lie — unarimed-lic (innumerable). -lice : — 7velwillend-lice (benevolently). d 2 4 o GRAMMAR . SYNTAX. Gender. When masculine and feminine beings are referred to by the same adjective or pronoun, the adjective or pronoun is put in the neuter : — hie ge'samnodon hie , ealle pa heafod-mgnn , and eac swelce wif-menn . . and pa hie blipost voder on . . (they gathered themselves, all the chief men, and also women . . and when they were most merry . .). Here blipost is in the neuter plur. Cases. Accusative. Some verbs of asking (a question) and re- questing, together with Ideran (teach), take two accusatives, one of the person, and another of the thing: — hie hine ne dors/on denig ping ascian (they durst not ask him anything) ; we magon eow rdd ge'lceran (we can teach you a plan). The accusative is used adverbially to express duration of time : hwy stande ge her ealne dceg idle ? (why stand ye here all the day idle ?) Dative. The dative in Old E. is of two kinds, (i) the dative proper, and (2) the instrumental dative, interchanging with the regular instrumental. It is not always easy to separate the two. (1) The dative proper usually designates personal relations, and is frequently used with verbs, together with an accusa- tive (generally of the thing). The dative is also used with adjectives. It is used not only with verbs of giving , &c., as in he sealde dlcum anne pgning (he gave each a penny) ; ad- dressing , as in ic eow sgcge (I say to you), he pancode his Dryhtne (he thanked his Lord) ; but also with many verbs of benefiting , influencing , &c., as in ne do ic pe nanne teonan (I do thee no injury), hie noldon him lief an (they would not allow GRAMMAR. 41 them to do so); poem repum stierde (restrained the cruel ones). Also in looser constructions, to denote the person indirectly affected, benefited, &c., as in bycgap eow ele (buy for yourselves oil). Note especially the following idiom : hie ge'sdhton Bretene Brettum to fultume (they came to Britain as a help to the Britains — to help them) ; he clipode Crist him to fultume (he called Christ to his help). The dative is also used with adjectives of nearness , like- ness, &c. : — Eadmund cyning clipode anne biscop pe him ge'hgn- dost wees (King Edmund summoned a bishop who was nearest at hand to him) ; heofona rice is ge'lic poem mangere pe sohte poet gode meregrot (the kingdom of the heavens is like the merchant who sought the good pearl). (2) The instrumental dative is used to denote the instrument and manner of an action : he g e\ gndode yflum deape (he ended with an evil death). Hence its use to form adverbs, as in sceafmdelum (sheafwise). It also signifies time when : — prim gearum der pcem pe he forpferde (three years before he died), which is also expressed by the instrumental itself : — seo wolde §fsian deice geare pone sand (she used to cut the saint's hair every year) ; py feorpan geare his rices (in the fourth year of his reign). A past participle with a noun in the instrumental dative is used like the ablative absolute in Latin : Hubba be'ldf on Noiphymbra-lande^ge'wunnenum sige mid wcelhreownesse (H. remained in Northumbria, victory having been won with cruelty). Genitive. The genitive is often used in a partitive sense : — his feonda sum (one of his enemies) ; hiera fif wderon dysige (five of them were foolish). Hence it is generally used with fela, as in fela wundra (many miracles) ; also with numerals when used as substantives (p. 18). The genitive is often used like an accusative to denote the object of various emotions and mental states, such as 42 GRAMMAR. joy , desire , remembering : — pees feegnodon swipe (they re- joiced at it greatly); leofre wdere pcet ic on gefeohte feolle wip poem pe min folc mdsie hiera eardes brucan (it would be pleasanter to me to fall in fight that my people might enjoy (possess) their country) ; ic pees ge'wilnige (I desire that) ; gif he his feores rdhte (if he cared about his life) ; he wees pees Hdelendes ge'myndig (he was mindful of — he remembered the Saviour). Some of these verbs, such as biddan (ask), take an accusa- tive of the person and a genitive of the thing : — he hine hldfes bitt (he asks him for bread). Verbs of depriving , restraining , &c., have the same con- struction : — nis Angel-cynn be'dezled Dryhtnes halgena (England is not deprived of the Lord's saints). Some verbs of giving , &c., take a genitive of the thing and a dative of the person : — him wees of'togen eelces fodan (they were deprived of all food). The genitive is often used to define an adjective or noun: — pu eart wierpe stages (thou art worthy of death) ; on peiem geare pe JElfred eepeling an and twpitig geara wees (in the year when Prince Alfred was twenty-one). Concord. Adjectives agree with their nouns not only when used attri- butively (gode m§nn), but also when the adjective follows the noun, either predicatively or in apposition : — pa mpin sind gode ; he ge'seah opre Idle siandan (he saw others standing idle) ; hie comon mid langum scipum , na manigum (they came with long ships, not many). Apposition. In such expressions as ‘ the island of Britain,’ the second noun is not put in the genitive, but the two are simply put in GRAMMAR. 43 apposition, both being declined separately : — Breten iegland } on Bretene (pcem) ieglande. In 4 king Alfred,’ &c., the proper name is put first in the same way : — JElfred oepeling (prince Alfred) ; on JEpelredes cyninges doege (in the days of king JEf>elred). There is a similar apposition with the adjective sum fol- lowed by a noun or pronoun, as in sume pd mgnn (some of the men) ; pd pa he seow , sumu hie feollon wip weg (while he sowed, some of them [the seeds] fell by the road). Some- times the pronoun precedes, as in pd bdedon hie sume poet Samson moste him macian sum gamen (then some of them asked that Samson might make some sport for them). Another kind of apposition occurs in instances like the following, where we have an adjective agreeing with a fol- lowing noun, and denoting a part of it : — hie ge'sdeton supan- wearde Bretene derest (they occupied the south of Britain first) ; supanweard hit ( = J?set land) hoefdon Peohtas (the Piets had the south part of it). ADJECTIVES. The weak forms are used : (1) after the definite article: — se oepela cyning (the noble king); pees oepelan cyninges , poet gode mgregrot , pa godan mgregrotu. (2) after pis : — pas earman landleode (these poor people, pi.) ; pes halga cyning (this holy king), pisses halgan cyninges. (3) occasionally after other demonstrative and indefinite adjectives, and often after possessive pronouns : — pine dieglan gold-hordas (thy hidden treasures). (4) in the vocative : — pit yjla peow and slawa ! (thou bad and slothful servant) ; eala pu leofa cyning ! oh, thou dear king). Note that oper aiways keeps the strong form : paopru deor (the other wild beasts). So also do the possessive pronouns : 44 GRAMMAR . word (these my words). An in the sense of ‘ one ’ keeps the strong form to distinguish it from the weak ana = ‘ alone’ : poet an deorwierpe mgregrot (the one precious pearl). ARTICLES. The definite article is omitted as in Modern English be- fore names such as God , and also before Bryhten (the Lord), Deofol (the Devil), although se Deofol also occurs, and names of nations : — Bretta cyning (king of the Britons). It is omitted in many prepositional combinations, not only in those where it is omitted in Modern English also, as in sigefoest on see and on lande (victorious on sea and on land), but also in many others : ge'wgnde to wuda on'gean (went back to the wood) ; se flothgre ferde eft to scipe (the army of pirates went back to their ships) ; he feng to rice (he took the government — came to the throne). The definite article is, on the other hand, sometimes used where it would not be in Modern E., as in se mann man’ (men in general). The indefinite article is often. not expressed at all:— poet dyde unhold mann (an enemy did that) ; he be'stealcode on land swa swa wulf (he stole to land like a wolf). Or it is expressed by sum : on poem lande woes sum mann , Leofric ge'haten (in that country was a man called L.). Or by an, as in Modern English : — an wulf wearp a'sgnd to be'wgrienne poet heafod wip pa opru deor (a wolf was sent to protect the head against the other wild beasts). PRONOUNS. Hwoet is used interrogatively of persons where we should use ‘ who 5 : — he nyste hwoet hie wderon (he did not know who they were). GRAMMAR . 45 VERBS. Number. After ale para pe (each of-those-who) the verb is put in the sing., agreeing not with para pe but with ale : — ale para pe pas min zvord ge'hierp (each of those who hear these my words). When pal or pis is connected with a plural predicate by means of the verb ‘ to be,’ the verb is put in the plural : — pat war on pa arestan scipu Dgniscra manna pe Angel-cynnes land ge'sdhton (those were the first ships of Danish men which came to the land of the English race). Impersonal verbs take an accusative of the person, some- times also with a genitive of the thing. Others, such as pyncan (appear), take a dative of the person : — was him gepiiht pat hie be'hydden pat heafod (they thought they (the Danes) had hidden the head). Tenses. There being no future inflection in Old E., the present is used instead : — ne a'byhp nafre Eadmund Hinguare (Edmund will never submit to H.); ga ge on minne wingeard , and ic sglle eow pat riht hip (go ye into my vineyard, and I will give you what is right). As we see in this example, there is a tendency to use beon in a future sense. Another ex- ample is gif ic heo ge'bunden mid seofon rapum , sona ic beo ge'wield (if I am bound with seven ropes, I shall at once be overcome). The future is sometimes expressed by will and shall , as in Modern English, though generally with a sense of volition with the one, and of necessity with the other, the idea of simple futurity coming out most clearly in the pre- terites wolde and scolde : — He ge'ldhte dne leon pe hine a'bitan wolde (he seized a lion 4 6 GRAMMAR . that was going to devour him) ; hie wendon pcet hie scolden mare onfon (they expected to receive more). The preterite has the meaning of the modern (1) Preterite and imperfect : — se sawere ut eode his seed io sawenne , and pa pa he seow . . (the sower went out to sow his seed, and while he was sowing . .). (2) Perfect: — her is min cnapa, pone ic geceas (here is my servant, whom I have chosen) ; — ure cyning com nil her to lande (our king has just landed here). (3) Pluperfect:—^ pa ge'comon pe ymb pa gndlyftan tid comon (when those came who had come at the eleventh hour). Periphrastic tenses are sometimes formed, as in Modern E., by hezbbe and heefde with the past participles, and often have the meanings of the modern perfect and pluperfect respec- tively, as in nu ic heebie gestriened opru twa pund (now I have gained two other pounds), but even the pluperfect often has the sense of a simple preterite. The participle is unde- clinable in the later language, but originally it was declined, being really an adjective in apposition to the noun or pro- noun governed by habban : hie beef don hiera cyning d’zvor- penne (they had deposed their king). The pluperfect sense is often indicated by the addition of the adverb cer (before) : — his sweora, pe cer wees for’slcegen (his neck, which had been cut through). The periphrastic forms of intransitive verbs are formed with wesan : — sippan hie afarene wderon (after they had gone away). Here the participle always agrees with the noun or pronoun with which it is connected. The periphrases with the present participle have no dis- tinctive meanings of duration, &c. : — an mann wees eardiendc on Israhela peode , Manue ge'haten (a man dwelt in Israel called Manue). GRAMMAR . 47 Passive. The passive is formed with wesan or iveorpan with the past participle. These forms are very vague in meaning, and the distinction between the two auxiliaries is not clearly marked, but wesan appears to indicate a state, weorpan an action. wearp ge'lufod is generally preterite or perfect in meaning : an wulf wearp ti'sgnd (a wolf was sent) ; mine leofe pegnas , pe on hiera bgddum wurdon ofsloegene (my beloved thanes, who have been killed in their beds). woes ge'lufod , indicating a state, is naturally pluperfect in meaning : — se derendraca soegde his hlaforde hie him ge'andwyrd woes (the messenger told his lord how he had been an- swered). Subjunctive. The subjunctive states something not as a fact, as in the indicative, but merely as an object of thought. Hence it is used to express wish, conditions, doubt, &c. A. In principal sentences. Wish and command (often nearly equivalent to the impe- rative) : — poes him sie wuldor and lof a butan gnde (therefore let there be to him praise and glory ever without end) ; ne he ealu ne drince neefre oppe win (nor shall he ever drink ale or wine). B. In dependent sentences. The chief cases are the following : — (i) In indirect narrative and question : seo ewen soegde poet hiere ndere be healfum deele ge’scegd be Salomones mcerpo (the queen said that she had not been told about Solomon’s glory by half) ; ic ascige hwcer seo offrung sie (I ask where the offering is) ; menu woldon sceawian hu he loege (men 4 8 GRAMMAR. wished to see how he lay). When the statement in the in- direct narration is perfectly certain in itself, and not merely accepted on the authority of the speaker, it is put in the in- dicative : — he hiere scegde on hwdem his miht wees (he told her what his strength consisted in). (2) After verbs of desiring and commanding : — pees ic ge'wilnige and ge' ivy see mid mode poet ic ana ne be'life cefter minum leofum pegnum (that I desire and wish with heart that I may not remain alone after my dear thanes). (3) To express purpose : — py lees ge pone hwcete d'wyrt- walien (lest ye root up the wheat) ; — Dryhten as' tag niper , to bdem pcet he ge'sdwe pa burg (the Lord descended, in order that he might see the city). t (4) To express result'. — pic neefst pa mihte pcet pic mcege him wip'standan (thou hast not the power that thou canst withstand him). (5) To express hypothetical comparison (as if) : — se wulf folgode forp mid poem, heafde , swelce he tarn wdere (the wolf followed on with the head, as if he were tame) ; he ge'lcehte dne leon , and to'brcegd hie to styccum , swelce he to'tcere ticcen (he seized a lion and tore her to pieces, as if he were rending a kid). (6) In conditional clauses, generally with gif or bictan , and in concessive clauses with peah , peah pe\ — God wat pcet ic nyle a' bug an fram his bigpigum cefre , swelte ic , libbe ic (God knows that I will not swerve from his worship ever, whether I die or live) ; pas flotmpm cumap , and pe cwicne ge'bindap , bictan pic mid jleame pinum feore ge'beorge (these pirates will come and bind thee alive, unless thou savest thy life with flight) ; God hielt Eadmund hdlne his lichaman op pone miclan deeg, peah pe he on moldan come (God will keep Edmund GRAMMAR. 49 with his body whole until the great day, although he has come to earth — been buried). Sometimes the idea of ‘ if’ must be got from the context : — clipiap to pissum gieftum swd hwelce swd ge ge-meten (summon to this wedding whomso- ever ye meet, = 2 /* ye meet any one); hie be'heton Mere sceat- tas wip poem pe heo he'swice Samson (they promised her money in consideration of her betraying Samson, = if she would . .). When the statement is assumed as unreal, instead of merely hypothetical, as in the above instances, both clauses are put in the subjunctive, the preterite being substituted for the present, as in Modern English also, where if I were . . implies I am not . . The modern distinction between if I were and if I had been , the former corresponding to the present indicative I am not , the latter to the preterite I was not , is not made in Old English, which uses gif ic wcere in both instances. Sometimes the ‘ if '-clause has to be sup- plied in thought : — me leofre wcere poet ic on gefeohte feolle wip poem pe min folc moste hiera eardes britcan (I would rather fall in fight that my people might possess their country), where we must supply some such clause as gif hit swd beon mihle (if it might be so — if it were possible to save my people by my death). (7) In clauses dependant on a negative sentence : — nis nan ping pe his mihte wip'stande (there is nothing that resists his might). Sometimes the negation must be gathered from the context, as in se hdlga is m&rra ponne mpm moegen a'smean (the saint is more illustrious than men can conceive = the saint is so illustrious that no men can conceive it). (8) In other cases, to express uncertainty, futurity, &c. : pin rice ge'witt fram pe , op poet pit wite poet God ge'wielt manna rica (thy kingdom shal depart from thee, till thou knowest that God rules the kingdoms of men) ; uton 5o GRAMMAR. weorpian urne naman , ter pcem, pe we sien td'dcelde geond ealle eorpan ! (let us make our name famous, before we are dispersed over the earth). The preterite subjunctive is often expressed by should and would with an infinitive, as in Modern English. Scolde is used after verbs of desiring , requesting and com- manding : — biddende pone jElmihtigan pcet he him arian scolde (praying the Almighty to have mercy on him). In the fol- lowing example the verb of commanding is understood from the noun cerende : — he sgnde to pcem cyninge beotlic cerende , pcet he d'bugan scolde to his mannrcedenne , gif he his feores rdhte (he sent to the king an arrogant message, that he was to turn to his allegiance, if he cared about his life). Wolde is used after verbs of purpose : — se cyning eode inn pcet he wolde ge’seon pd pe peer sceton (the king went in to see those who were sitting there). Infinitive. After verbs of commanding the infinitive often seems to have a passive sense : — hie heton him sgndan mar an fultum (they ordered that more forces should be sent to them). So also after verbs of hearing, &c. : — -pcet mceste wcel pe we sgegan hierdon (the greatest slaughter we have heard told of). In such cases an indefinite pronoun has been omitted: 'ordered them to send . .’ etc. Gerund. The gerund is used — (1) to express purpose : — ut eode se sawere his seed to sd- wenne (the sower went forth to sow his seed). (2) it defines or determines an adjective (adverb or noun) : hit is scandlic ymb swelc to sprecenne (it is shameful to speak of such things). GRAMMAR. 51 PREPOSITIONS. Some prepositions govern the accusative, such as purh (through ), ymbe (about); some the dative (and instrumental), such as after (after), ar (before), at (at), be (by), binnan (within), butan (without), for (for), fram (from), of (of), to (to). Some govern both accusative and dative, such as ofer (over), on (on, in), under (under). The general rule is that when motion is implied they take the accusative, when rest is implied, the dative. Thus on with the accusative sig- nifies ‘ into/ with the dative ‘ in.’ But this rule is not strictly followed, and we often find the accusative used with verbs of rest, as in he his hus gedimbrode ofer stan (he built his house on a rock), and conversely, the dative with verbs of motion, as in hie feollon on stanihte (they fell on stony ground). As regards the use and meaning of the prepositions, it must be noticed that in is very seldom used, its place being supplied by on , the meaning ‘on* being in its turn often expressed by ofer , as in the passage just quoted. When a thing is referred to, par is substituted for hit , the preposition being joined on to the par , so that, for in- stance, par-td corresponds to to him ; hie laddon pone cyning to anum treowe , and tiegdon hine par -to (they led the king to a tree, and tied him to it). So also her-beeastan is equivalent to ‘ east of this (country)/ Prepositions sometimes follow, instead of preceding the words they modify, sometimes with other words intervening : hie scuton mid gafelocum him to (they shot at him with mis- siles) ; hie cwadon him bedweonan (they said among them- selves) ; pam jElmihtigan to lofe , pe hie on ge'liefdon (to the praise of the Almighty, in whom they believed), where on 5 ^ GRAMMAR. refers to the indeclinable pe . So also in pat hits pe he inne wunode (the house he dwelt in). Where the noun modified by such a preposition is not expressed, the preposition becomes an adverb : se cyning sgnde his h$re to, and fordyde pa mannslagan (the king sent his army to the place, and destroyed the murderers). Negation. The negative particle is ne , which drops its e before some common verbs and pronouns, as in nis = ne is, nan — ne an. The negative particle is prefixed to every finite verb in a sentence, and to all the words besides which admit the con- tracted forms : — to'cwiesed hreod he ne forbriett (he breaks not the bruised reed), hit na ne feoll (it did not fall) ; nan mann nyste nan ping (no man knew anything). So also with ne . . ne—' neither . . nor ne jlitt he ne he ne hriemp (he neither disputes nor cries out). Correlation. Correlation is often more fully expressed in Old than in Modern English, as in pa pa mgnn slepon, pa cbm his feonda sum — c when the men slept, then came one of his enemies/ In pa pa—‘ when' the two correlatives are brought im- mediately together : — pa pa he seow, sumu hie feollon wip weg— ‘ then when he sowed, some of them fell by the road/ In the following example the conjunction poet is correlative with the pronoun poet : — pees ic ge’wilnige poet ic ana ne be'life oefter minum leofum pegnum — ‘that I desire, that I may not remain alone after my dear thanes/ Sometimes a word is used to include both the demonstrative and the relative meaning : — hege'brohte hinepberhe hine oer ge'nam (he brought him to the place where he took him from). GRAMMAR. 53 Word-Order. The Old English word-order resembles that of German in many respects, though it is not so strict, thus : — The verb comes before its nominative when the sentence is headed by an adverb or adverbial group, or when the object or predicate is put at the head of the sentence : — pa cwcep se cyning (then said the king ) ; arest war on buend pisses landes Brettas (at first the Britons were the inhabitants of this country); on his dagum comon cerest preo scipu (in his days three ships first came); pcet baron olfendas (camels carried it) ; mare is se God pe Daniel on be'liefp (great is the God that Daniel believes in). The infinite often comes at the end of the sentence ; we mag on eow rad ge'laran (we can teach you a plan). The finite verb often comes at the end in dependant sen- tences, an auxiliary verb often coming after an infinitive or participle ; p&t waron pa arestan scipu Dgniscra manna pe Angel-cynnes land ge'sdhton (those were the first ships of Danish men which came to the land of the English race) ; pat maste wal pe we sgcgan hierdon op pisne andweardan dag (the greatest slaughter that we have heard tell of up to this present day) ; pat hie pone Godes mann a'bitan scolden (in order that they should devour the man of God). There is a tendency to put the verb at the end in prin- cipal sentences also, or, at least, to bring it near the end : hiene man of slog (they killed him) ; hie par sige namon (they got the victory there). E GENERAL TABLE OF ENDINGS. NOUNS. STRONG. WEAK. M. N. F. M. N. F. Sg. N. - — -(u) -a -e -e A. — — -(e) -an -e -an D. -e -e -e -an -an -an G. -es -es -e -an -an -an ’ ■ ■ -V PIN. -as -(u) -a -an D . -urn -um -um -um G. -a -a -(en)a -ena ADJECTIVES. % JV. - — -(u) -a -e -e A. -ne — -(e) -an -e -an D. -um -um -re -an -an -an G. -es -es -re -an -an -an 7. -e -e (-re) (-an -an -an) 7/. 2V. -e -(u) -e i — “V- — j v ■v ' -an D. -um -um G. -ra -ra VERBS. PRESENT. PRETERITE. Indie . Subj. Indie. Subj. Sg. I. -e; -ige -(>g) e - ; -de -e; -de 2. -(e)st ; ; -ast -(ig)e -e ; -dest -e ; -de 3- -(e)> ; " a l> -(ig)e - ; -de -e; -de PL -ajj ; -iaj? -(i)en -on; -don -en; -den Imper . sg. -(a) 5 -(i)af>. Infin. -(i)an. Par tic. pres . -(i)ende ; pret. -en, - ■ed, -od. Ger. (i)enne. TEXTS. I. SENTENCES. _ *efr' N ' r‘ + An on-ginn is ealra pinga, J?aet is God ael-mihtig. Se gedeafa pe bip butan godum weorcum, se is dead ; pis sind para apostola word. Ic eom god hierde : se goda hierde s^lp his agen Hf for his sceapum. Ure Adiesend is se goda hierde, and we cristene m§nn sind his sceap. Se mona his 5 leoht ne s§lp, and steorran of heofone feallap. SWa swa waeter a/dwaescp fyr, swa a^dwaescp seo aelmesse synna. Cfte* +* v ' 1 ‘ v ^ Ealle ge*sceafta, heofonas and §nglas, sunnan and monan, steorran and eorpan, eall nietenii and ealle fuglas, sse and ealle fiscas God ge*scop and ge*worhte on siex dagum ; and 10 on pahn seofopan daege he ge*§ndode his weorc ; and he bedieold pa eall his weorc pe he ge*worhte, and hie waeron eall swipe god. He ferde geond manigu land, bodiende Godes gedeafan. He forlet eall woruld-ping. Se cyning be*bead paet man scolde ofer eall Angel-cynn scipu wyrcan; 15 and hiera waes swa fela swa nsefre aer ne waes on nanes cyninges daege. Se cyning het ofslean ealle pa D^niscan m§nn pe on Angel-cynne waeron. ■ * n i & pa ne mihton hie him nan word and-swarian, ne nan mann ne dorste hine nan ping mare asciaii. Hie fuhton 20 e 2 56 I. SENTENCES . - f ' ' rO on pa burg ealne da eg, and pohton paet hie hie scolden a-brecan. Se eorl ge*w§nde west to Ir-lande, and waes paer ealne pone winter. .^Epelred cyning and ^Elfred his bropor fuhton wip ealne pone h§re on JEsces-dune.^ v ' AF r ' ) y ( // ' v ‘ 25 Se mann is ece on anum daele, paet is, on paere sawle; heo ne ge*§ndap naefre. Gif se biscop dep be his agnum willan, and ^wile bindan pone un-scyldigan, and pone scyl- digan adiesan, ponne fordiest he pa miht pe him God forgeaf. peod winp on’gean peode, and rice on*gean rice. 30 Ealle m§nn eow hatiap for minum naman. He ge'worhte fela wundra binnan paem fierste pe he biscop waes. He ge'hadde sum wif mid halgum waetre. Se cyning wear)? of'slaegen fram his agnum folce. On pahn ilcan geare waes se micla hungor geond Angel-cynn. Se maesse-preost ascap 35 paet cild, and cwipp : ‘ Wip-saecst J^u deohe?' ponne and- wyrt se god-faeder, and cwipp : ‘ Ic wijrsace deofle.’ God aelmihtiga, ge*miltsa me synn-fullum ! JEpelred cyning com ham to his agenre peode, and he glaedllce fram him eallum on*fangen wearp. 40 Crist, ure Dryhten, be’bead his leornung-cnihtum paet hie scolden taecan eallum peodum pa ping pa he self him taehte. Gif ge forgiefap mannum hiera synna, ponne for- •giefp eower se heofonlica Faeder eowre synna. Ne maeg nan mann twaem hlafordum peowian : oppe he anne hatap and 45 operne lufap, oppe he bip anum ge*h!ersum and oprum un- gehiersum. fO0>' Se cyning nam paes eorles sunu mid him to £ngla-lande. M^nn b'e’hofiap godre lare on pi^tirfi timan, pe is ge'gndung pisse worulde. Se licnama, pe is paere sawle reaf, and- 50 bidap paes miclan domes ; and peah he beo to duste for- /. SENTENCES. 57 unolsnod, God hine a*r£rp, and ge*bringp to*gaedre sawle and llchaman to paem ecan life. Hwelc faeder wile s§llan his cilde stan, gif hit hine hlafes bitt ? A’giefap paem casere pa ping pe paes caseres sind, and Gode pa ping pe Godes sind. Seo sawol and-bldap paes ecan aeristes. 55 He waes cyning ofer eall £ngla-land tw§ntig wintra. God aelmihtig is ealra cyninga cyning, and ealra hlaforda hla- ford. Deofol is ealra un-riht-wlsra manna heafod, and pa yflan m§nn sind his limu. Synnfulra manna deap is yfel and earmlic, for f>aem pe hie farap of pissum scortan life to ecum 60 witum. Hu fela hlafa haebbe ge ? Seofon, and fea fisca. Ne ge*wilna pu opres mannes aehta ! On paem landum eardodon £ngle, aer paem pe hie hider on land comon. Hie fuhton on pa burg ealne daeg, ac hie ne mihton hie a*brecan. pa eodon hie to hiera scipum. paer 65 beop swipe manige byrig on paem lande, and on aelcre byrig bip cyning. God cwaep t5 Noe : ‘ Ic wile fordon eall mann-cynn mid waetre for hiera synnum, ac ic wile ge*healdan pe, and pin wlf, and pine prle suna/ An mann haefde twegen suna ; pa 70 cwaep he to paem ieldran : 4 ga and wyrc to* daeg on mlnum wln-gearde/ pa cwaep he : 4 ic nyle : 5 eode peah sippan to paem wlngearde. He dyde his faeder willan. Se preost cwaep to paem folce : 4 Ic eow bletsige on naman paes Faeder, paes Suna, and paes Halgan Gastes/ Ara plnum faeder and 75 plnre meder ! Sum wlf com to Crlste, and baed for hiere dehter. Seo dohtor wearp ge*haeled purh gedeafan paere meder. Be op ge*myndige para twegra worda pe Dryhten cwaep on 58 I. SENTENCES . 80 his god-spelle! He cwaep : ‘ Forgiefap, and eow bip for- •giefen ; s§llap, and eow bip ge*seald/ Twegen m§nn eodon into Godes temple hie to ge-bid- denne. JElfred cyning for mid prim scipum ut on sae, and ge'feaht wip feower scip-hlaestas D§niscra manna, and para 85 scipa twa gemam, and pa m§nn ofslaegene waeron pe pair-on wseron. pa comon preo scipu. pa gefengon hie para preora scipa twa, and pa m§nn oflslogon, ealle butan fifum. Se wltega a*wrat be psem feower nletenum pe him aet'Iewdu wairon, paet hie haefden eagan him on ailce healfe. 90 An para nietena waes on m^nniscre onslene him seflewed, oper on leon onslene, pridde on cealfes, feorpe on earnes. God pone aerestan mann rihtne and godne ge’scop, and eall mann-cynn mid him. JElfred iEpelwulfing waes cyning ofer eall Angel-cynn butan psem dsele pe under D§na on- 95 wealde waes. Jdlc god treow bierp gode waestmas, and aelc yfel treow bierp yfle waestmas ; ne maeg paet gode treow beran yfle waestmas, ne paet yfle treow gode waestmas. Eadigu sind eowru eagan, for paem pe hie ge*seop, and eowru earan, for paem pe hie ge'hlerap. Swa hwa swa s^lp 100 anum purstigum manne ceald waeter on mlnum naman, ne forllest he his mede. Ne fare ge on haipenra manna wege ! God mann of godum gold-horde bringp god forp ; and yfel mann of yflum goldhorde bringp yfel forp. Gregorius se halga papa is rihtllce gexweden ^ngliscre 105 peode apostol. pa he ge*seah paet se maesta d£l paere peode his lare fonsawon, pa fonlet he hie, and gexeas pa haipnan leode. Gif se blinda blindne laett, hie feallap begen on anne pytt. Se Halga Gast is lufu and willa paes Faeder and paes Suna ; and hie sind ealle gedlce mihtige. B§tere is seo no sawol ponne se m§te, and b§tera se llchama ponne his scrud. I. SENTENCES. 59 Seo sawol is gast, and be eorplicum m§ttum ne leofap. Be*healdap pas fleogendan fuglas, pe ne sawap ne ne rlpap, ac se heofonlica Feeder hie a*fett. He cwaep, ‘ Ic neom oprum mannum gedlc ; ’ svvelce he cwaede , 4 Ic ana eom riht- wis, and pa opre sind synn-fulle/ 115 pa se Hailend panon for, pa folgodon him twegen blinde, cwepende : ‘Gemriltsa unc, Davldes sunuP He cwaep to him : ‘ Gedlefe git paet ic inc maege gediaelan?' He cwaep : ‘ Sle inc aefter incrum gedeafan/ iEpelstan cyning for inn on Scot-land, aegper ge mid land-h§re ge mid scip-h^re, 120 and his micel ofer*h§rgode. Se mann pe God forgiett, God forgiett eac hine. Farap, and lgerap ealle peoda ! Laerap hie pget hie healden eall pa ping pe ic eow be*bead ! Sume m§nn saegdon be him pget he waere iElfredes sunu cyninges. Se Heelend ascode his leornung-cnihtas, ‘ Hwone s§cgap 125 m§nn pget sle mannes Sunu ? ' Hwget s§cge ge pget ic sle ? pu eart pges libbendan Godes sunu. Crist cwgep be his Faeder: c Ge s§cgap pget he eower God sle, and ge hine ne onxneowon/ Gif hie pone halgan Faeder onxneowen, ponne under fengen hie mid gedeafan his Sunu, pe he a- * 3 ° •s§nde to middan-gearde. Se weg is swipe nearu and sticol se pe lsett to heofona rice ; and se weg is swipe brad and smepe se pe laett to h§lle wite. Dysig bip se weg-ferenda mann se pe nimp pone smepan weg pe hine mis-lgett, and fordaett pone sticolan pe hine ge*bringp to paere byrig. paet 135 ic eow s§cge on peostrum, s§cgap hit on leohte ; and pget ge on eare ge*hlerap, bodiap uppan hrofum. Hie scufon ut hiera scipu, and ge-w^ndon him be'geondan sae. Healdap and dop swa hwaet swa hie s§cgap ; and ne do ge na aefter hiera weorcum : hie s§cgap, and ne dop. Eall 140 hiera weorc hie dop paet m§nn hie ge*seon. Hie lufiap paet 6o I. SENTENCES . man hie grete on stratum. Eala ge naeddran and naeddrena cynn ; hu fleo ge fram h§lle dome ? We sind ealle cuman on pissum and-weardan life, and *45 ure eard nis na her ; ac we sind her swelce weg-ferende m§nn : an cymp, oper faerp. Hwelc mann s§lp his bearne naeddran, gif hit fisces bitt? JElc para pe bitt, he on-fehp ; and se pe sec)?, he hit fint. Ne gaip aelc para on heofona rice pe cwi pip to me, ‘Dryhten, Dryhten;’ ac se pe wyrcp l 5 ° mines Faeder willan pe on heofonum is, se gaep on heofona rice. Nis hit na god paet man nime bearna hlaf and hun- dum weorpe. Ic haebbe pegnas under me : and ic cwepe to pissum, ‘ ga/ and he g?ep ; and to oprum, £ cum/ and he c ymp, and to mlnum peowe, ‘ wyrc pis/ and he wyrcp. 155 Se Haelend gemarn pa fif hlafas, and bletsode, and to- •braec, and to*daelde be’twix paem sittendum ; swa gedice eac pa fiscas to*daelde ; and hie ealle gemog haefdon. pa pe pair aeton waeron feower pusend manna, butan cildum and wlfum. Hie comon to him, and to him gebaedon, and pus 160 cwaedon : ‘ Sopllce pu eart Godes sumi/ Ne wene ge paet ic come sibbe on eorpan to s^ndenne : ne com ic sibbe to s^ndenne, ac sweord. He be'bead paet hie saeten ofer paere eorpan. He saegde paet Norp-manna land waere swipe lang and swipe smael. 165 Hie ealle on pone cyning waeron feohtende, op paet hie hine ofslaegenne haefdon. J31c mann pe opre m§nn for*sihp bip fram Gode forsewen. Se pe earan haebbe to ge*hlerenne, ge’hlere. God is us her to beonne. God cwaep to anum wltegan, se waes Ionas ge'haten: 170 ‘ Far to paere byrig, and boda paer pa word pe ic pe s§cge/ I. SENTENCES. 6 1 LufiaJ? eowre fiend, and dof> wel pxm pe eow yfel dop. Lufa Dryhten jrinne God on ealre jrinre heortan, and on ealre Jrinre sawle, and on eallum pinum mode. Se pe ne lufaj? his br5f>or, J>one pe he ge*sih]}, hu maeg he lufian God, f>one J>e he ne ge*sihf> licham-lice? S§ge us hwonne f>as 175 f>ing ge’weorpen, and hwelc tacen sle Jrines to-cymes and worulde ge*§ndunge. Se Hselend cwaej> to anum his leornung-cnihta, se waes haten Philippus : ‘ Mid hwsem magon we bycgan hlaf jrissum folce?’ Wel wiste Crist hwaet he don wolde, and he wiste 180 paet Philippus J^aet nyste. God maeg don eall pin g; we sculon wundrian his mihte, and eac gediefan. Crist a*raerde Lazarum of deaf>e, and cwaef> to his leornung-cnihtum : ‘To- diesap his b§ndas, J>aet he gan maege.’ God is aelmihtig, and maeg don eall paet he wile. Ge nyton on hwelcre tide 185 eower hlaford cuman wile. For J?aem beo ge gearwe ; for pdem pe mannes Sunu wile cuman on paire tide pe ge nyton. Se Haelend cwaep be his Faeder : ‘ Ic hine cann, and gif ic s§cge J>aet ic hine ne cunne, p»onne beo ic leas, eow gedic.’ Se deofol cwae}? to Criste : ‘ Gif pn sie Godes sunu, cwef> 190 to Jdssum stanum pxt hie beon a*w§nde to hlafum/ pa and-wyrde se Hailend, and cwaej> : 4 Hit is a*writen, “ ne leofap se mann na be hlafe anum, ac leofaj? be eallum J>aem wordum pe gaj? of Godes muj^e.” ' Se Haelend com to him, J^aer hie waeron ge’gadrode, and cwaej> : ‘ Sie sibb be’twix 195 eow; ic hit eom; ne beo ge na a/fyrhte.’ Faeder ure, J>u pe eart on heofonum, sie pm nama ge’halgod. We syngodon, we dydon un-rihtlice ; s§le us forgiefnesse : hwaet sculon we don? II. FROM THE GOSPEL OF ST. MATTHEW. S> A, ^ x0 vii. 24-7. tV f JElc para pe pas min word ge’hlerp, and pa wyrcp, bip gedlc paim wlsan were, se his hus ofer stan getdmbrode. pa com pair regen and micel flod, and pair bleowon windas, and a'hruron on paet hus, and hit na ne feoll : sopllce hit 5 waes ofer stan ge-timbrod. And ailc para pe ge’hlerp pas min word, and pa ne wyrcp, se bip gedlc paim dysigan m§nn, pe ge*timbrode his hus ofer sand-ceosol. pa rinde hit, and pair com flod, and bleowon windas, and a*hruron on paet hus, and paet hus feoll ; and 10 his hryre waes micel. fa xii. 18-21. Her is min cnapa, pone ic gexeas; min gexorena, on paem wel gedlcode mlnre sawle : ic a*s^tte mlnne gast ofer hine, and dom he bodap peodum. Ne flitt he, ne he ne hrlemp, ne nan mann ne ge'hlerp his stefne on stratum. To’cwiesed 15 hreod he ne forbrlett, and smeocende fleax he ne a’dwaescp, air paem pe he a*weorpe dom to sige. And on his naman peoda ge-hyhtap. XIII. 3-8. Sopllce ut eode se sawere his said to sawenne. And pa pa he seow, sumu hie feollon wip weg, and fuglas comon 20 and aeton pa. Sopllce sumu feollon on staenihte, pair hit ?r Ort II. FROM THE GOSPEL OF ST. MATTHEW. 63 wtok'uy naefde micle eorpan, and hraedlice up sprungon, for p£m pe hie naefdon p£re eorpan diepan ; soplice, up sprungenre sfinnan, hie a*drugodon and forscruncon, for paem pe hie naefdon wyrtruman. Soplice sumu feollon on pornas, and pa pornas weoxon, and fonprysmdon pa. Sumu soplice 25 feollon on gode eorpan, and sealdon waestm, sum hund- fealdne, sum siextig-fealdne, sum pritig-fealdne. xm. 24-30. Heofona rice is ge-worden p£m m^nn gedic pe seow g 5 d saed on his aecere. Soplice, pa pa m§nn slepon, pa com his feonda sum, and oferseow hit mid cocc'ele on-middan paem 30 Lfj _ * hwaete, and ferde panon. Soplice, pa seo wyrt weox, and pone waestm brohte, pa aefiowde se coccel hine. pa eodon paes hlafordes peowas and cwaedon : 4 Hlaford, hu, ne seowe pu god saed on pinum aecere? hwanon haefde he coccel?' pa cwaep he : 4 paet dyde unholdf mann.’ pa cwaedon pa 35 peowas: 4 Wilt pu ; we gap and gadriap hie?' pa cwaep he : 4 Nese : p£ jaes ge pone hwaete a*wyrtwalien, ponne ge pone coccel gadriap. Laetap aegper weaxan op rip-timan ; and on paem riptiman ic s§cge paem riperum : 44 gadriap Merest pone coccel, and bindap sceaf-maelum to forbaernenne; 49 and gadriap pone hwaete into minum b^rne.”' xm. 44-8. Heofona rice is gedic ge’hyddum gold-horde on paem aecere. pone be*hytt se mann pe hine fint, and for his blisse gaep, and s§lp eall paet he ah, and ge-bygp pone aecer. Eft is heofona rice gedic paem mangere pe sohte paet gode 45 , ^ u- r t u . - - i-rfiec : , r ® , _ m^re-grot. Pa he funde paet an deor-wierpe m^regrot, pa eode he, and sealde eall paet he ahte, and bohte paet m§re- grot. 6 4 II. FROM THE GOSPEL OF ST. MATTHEW. L i\5 " _ Eft is heofona rice gedic a/sgridum n§tte onjm sae, and of 50 xlcum fisc-cynne gadriendum. pa hie pa poet n§tt up- a’tugon, and soeton be poem strande, pa gexuron hie pa godan on hiera fatu, and pa yflan hie a’wurpon ut. $ y> ) xviii. 12 - 14 . . Gif hwelc mann hoefp hund sceapa, and him losap an of poem, hu, ne fonlaitt he pa nigon and hund'nigontig on poem 55 muntum, and goep, and seep paet an pe forwearp ? And gif hit gedimpp poet he hit fint, soplice ic eow seege poet he swipor ge’blissap for poem anum ponne for poem nigon and hundmigontigum pe na ne losodon. xx. 1-16. Heofona rice is gedic poem hiredes ealdre, pe on oerne- 60 mergen ut eode a-hyran wyrhtan on his win-geard. Ge*wor- denre gexwid-roedenneApa^m wyrhtum, he sealde oelcum anne pining wip his doeges weorce, and a*s§nde hie on his win- geard. And pa he ut eode ymbe undern-tid, he ge*seah opre on stroete idle standan. pa cwaep he : ‘Ga ge on 65 minne wingeard, and ic s§lle eow poet riht bip.’ And hie pa ferdon. Eft he ut eode ymbe pa siextan ancj nigopan tid, and dyde poem swa gedice. pa ymbe pa §ndlyftan tid he ut eode, and funde opre standende, and pa saegde he : ‘Hwy stande ge her ealne doeg idle?’ pa cwoedon hie: 7 ° ‘For poem pe us nan mann ne hyrde.’ pa cwaep he : ‘ And ga ge on minne wingeard.’ v , Soplice pa hit woes aefen ge*worden, pa saegde se wingeardes hlaford his ge*refan : 1 Clipa pa wyrhtan, and a*gief him hiera mede ; on*ginn fram poem ytxmestan op pone fyrme- 75 stan.’ Eornostlice pa pa gexomon pe ymbe pa §ndlyftan tid comon, pa on*fengon hie aelc his pining. And pa pe 77 . FROM _ VHE GOSPEL OF ST. MATTHEW. 6^ nil* paer Merest comon, wendon paet hie scolden mare dn*fon : pa * fltte , _ 5*dsele, Saba ge*haten, snotor and wis. pa ge*hierde heo Salomones hlisan, and com fram paem supermini ge'maerum to Salomone binnan Hierusalem mid micelre fare, and hiere olfendas baeron superne wyrta, and deor-wierpe gimm-stanas, and un-gerim gold. Seo cwen 7° pa haefde spruce wip Salomon, and saegde him swa hwaet swa heo on hiere heortan ge’pohte. Salomon pa hie lserde, and hiere saegde ealra para worda andgiet pe heo hine ascode. Pa ge*seah seo cwen Salomones wisdom, and paet maere tempel pe he ge’timbrod haefde, and pa lac pe man Gode 75 offrode, and paes cyninges manig-fealde pegnunga, and waes to paem swipe ofwundrod paet heo naefde furpor nanne gast, for paem pe heo ne mihte na furpor smean. Heo cwaep pa to paem cyninge : ‘ Sop is paet word pe ic ge*hierde on minum earde be pe and be pinum wisdome, ac ic nolde 80 gediefan aer paem pe ic self hit gexawe. Nu haebbe ic a/fandod paet me naes be healfum daele pin maerpo gexyped. Mare is pin wisdom and pin weorc ponne se hlisa waere pe ic ge*hierde. Eadige sind pine pegnas and pine peowas, pe simle aet'foran pe standap, and pinne wisdom ge*hierap. 8 5 Ge'bletsod sie se aelmihtiga God, pe pe gexeas and ge*s§tte Ill . OLD TESTAMENT PIECES. 71 ofer Israhela rice, pddt pu domas s§tte and riht-wisnesse/ Heo forgeaf ]?aem cyninge pa hund*tw§lftig punda goldes, and ungerim deorwierf>ra wyrta and deorwierj^ra gimmstana. Salomon eac for’geaf pddre cwene svva hwaes swa heo giernde set him ; and heo ge*w§nde orngean to hiere ep\e mid hiere 90 f>egnum. Salomon pa waes ge*maersod ofer eallum eorfdicum cyningum, and ealle f>eoda ge-wilnodon pddt hie hine ge’sawen, and his wisdom ge’hierden, and hie him manigfeald lac brohton. Seo cwen haefde gedacnunge ]?aere halgan geda£>unge ealles 95 cristenes folces, pe com to f>sem ge'sibbsuman Criste to ge*hierenne his wisdom and pa god-spellican lare pa he a-stealde, and be ondiehtunge pdds soj^an gedeafan, and be f>aem toweardan dome, be urre sawle un-deadlicnesse, and be hyhte and wuldre J^aes ge*maenelican aeristes. too Seo cwen com to Salomone mid miclum lacum on golde and on deorwierJ>um gimmstanum and wyrt-braejmm ; and pxt baeron olfendas. Seo gedeafifulle gedaf>ung, pe cym]} of aelcum earde to Criste, bring]? him pas fore-saegdan lac aefter gastlicum andgiete. Heo offra]? him gold ]?urh so]?ne 105 gedeafan, and wyrtbrre andetnesse. Olfendas baeron pa deorwierj^an lac mid pddid cwene 72 III. OLD TESTAMENT PIECES . into Hierusalem ; for paem pe pa haem pe on paire neawiste naes nan waeterscipe. pa arn of paim cinnbane of anum tep waeter ; and Samson pa dranc, and his Dryhtne pancode. JEfter pissum he ferde to Philistea lande, into anre byrig on hiera onwealde, Gaza ge’haten. And hie paes faegnodon ; be’s^tton pa paet hus pe he inne wunode ; woldon hine ge-niman mid paem pe he ut eode on aerne-mergen, and hine of’slean. Hwaet pa Samson hiera sierwunga undergeat ; and a*ras on middre nihte to’middes his feondum, and ge*nam pa burg-geatu, and ge’baer on his hrycge mid pamn postum, swa swa hie be’locenu waeron, up to anre dune to ufe- weardum paem cnolle ; and eode swa or-sorg of hiera ge’sih- pum. Hine be-swac swa’peah sippan an wif, Dalila ge’haten, of paem haipnan folce, swa paet he hiere saegde, purh hiere swlc- dom be-paeht, on hwaim his str§ngpo waes and his wundorlicu miht. pa haepnan Philistei be’heton hiere sceattas wip paem pe heo be’swice Samson pone strangan. pa ascode heo hine georne mid hiere olaecunge on hwaem his miht waere ; and he hiere andwyrde : 4 Gif ic beo ge’bunden mid seofon rapum, of sinum geworhte, sona ic beo ge’wield/ paet swicole wif pa be’geat pa seofon rapas, and he purh sier- wunge swa wearp ge’bunden. And him man cypde paet paer comon his fiend; pa to’braec he sona pa rapas, swa swa h^fel-praedas ; and paet wif nyste on hwaem his miht waes. He wearp eft ge’bunden mid eall-nlwum rapum ; and he pa td’braec, swa swa pa opre. Heo be’swac hine swa’peah, paet he hiere saegde aet nleh- 30 35 40 45 50 55 ;8 IV. SAMSON. stan : ‘ Ic eom Gode ge'halgod fram mlnum cildhade ; and 60 ic naes naefre ge^fsod, ne nsefre be*scoren ; and gif ic beo be’scoren, ponne beo ic un-mihtig, bp rum mannum gedic ; ' and heo let pa swa. Heo pa on sumum daege, pa pa he on slaepe laeg, for- •cearf his seofon loccas, and a/weahte hine sippan ; pa waes 65 he swa unmihtig swa swa opre m§nn. And pa Philistei ge’fengon hine sona, swa swa heo hine bedsewde, and ge- •lseddon hine on*weg; and heo haefde pone sceatt, swa swa him ge'wearp. Hie pa hine a/bl§ndon, and ge*bundenne lseddon on 7 ° heardum racenteagum ham to hiera byrig, and on cwear- terne beducon to langre fierste : heton hine grindan aet hiera hand-cweorne. pa weoxon his loccas and his miht eft on him. And pa Philistei fulbblipe wseron : pancodon hiera Gode, Dagon ge’haten, swelce hie purh his fultum 75 hiera feond ge*wielden. pa Philistei pa micle feorme ge’worhton, and ge*sam- nodon hie on sumre up-flora, ealle pa heafod-m^nn, and eac swelce wif-m^nn, preo pusend manna on micelre blisse. And pa pa hie blipost waeron, pa baedon hie sume paet Sam- 80 son moste him macian sum gamen ; and hine man sona ge’figtte mid swlplicre wafunge, and heton hine standan be'twix twaem staenenum sweorum. On paem twaem sweorum stod paet hus eall ge*worht. And Samson pa plegode swipe him aet-foran; and gedaehte pa sweoras mid swiplicre 8 ^ mihte, and slog hie to-gaedre paet hie sona tcrburston ; and paet hus pa a*feoll eall, pami folce to deape, and Samson forp mid, swa paet he micle ma on his deape a’cwealde ponne he ser cwic dyde. V. FROM THE CHRONICLE. Breten leg-land is eahta hund mlla lang, and twa hund mlla brad; and he^Jsind on paim leglande fif ge*peodu: 5 nglisc, Brettisc, Scyttisc, Pihtisc, and B'oc-laeden. iErest waeron buend pisses landes Brettas. pa comon of Armenia, and ge*saiton supan-wearde Bretene serest. pa 5 gedamp hit paet Peohtas comon supan of Scithian mid langum scipum, na manigum ; and pa comon serest on Norp-ibernian up; and paer baedon Scottas paet hie paer mosten wunian. Ac hie noldon him liefan, for paem pe hie cwaidon paet hie ne mihten ealle aet’gaedre ge*wunian pair. io And pa cwaedon pa Scottas : ‘ We magon eow hwaepre raid gedaeran : we witon oper legland her-be*eastan ; pair ge magon eardian, gif ge willap ; and gif hwa eow wip*st§nt, we eow fultumiap paet ge hit maegen ge*gan/ pa ferdon pa Peohtas, and geferdon pis land norpan-weard ; 15 supan-weard hit haefdon Brettas, swa swa we air cwaedon. And pa Peohtas him a/baedon wlf aet Scottum on pa ge*rad paet hie gexuren hiera cyne-cynn a on pa wlf-healfe. paet hie heoldon swa lange sippan. And pa gedamp ymbe geara ryne paet Scotta sum dael 20 ge*wat of Ibernian on Bretene, and paes landes sumne dael gexodon ; and waes hiera h^re-toga Reoda ge*haten : fram paem hie sind gem^mende Dalreodi. 8o V. FROM THE CHRONICLE. Anno 449. Her Martianus and Valentinus on*fengon rice, 25 and ricsodon seofon winter. And on hiera dagum, H^ngest and Horsa, fram Wyrt- georne gedapode, Bretta cyninge, ge*sohton Bretene on paem st§de pe is gememned Ypwines-fleot, Merest Brettum to ful- tume, ac hie eft on hie fuhton. 3° Se cyning het hie feohtan orngean Peohtas ; and hie swa dydon, and sige haefdon swa hw^er swa hie comon. Hie pa s§ndon to Angle, and heton him s^ndan maran fultum ; and heton him s§cgan Bret-weala nahtnesse and paes landes cysta. Hie pa s§ndon him maran fultum. pa comon 35 pa m§nn of prim maegpum Germanie : of Eald-seaxum, of Jnglum, of lotum. Of lotum comon Cant-ware and Wiht-ware — paet is seo maegp pe nu eardap on Wiht — and paet cynn on West- seaxum pe man nu'giet hsett 4 lotena cynn/ Of Eald- 40 seaxum comon East-seaxe, and Sup-seaxe, and West-seaxe. Of Angle comon — se a sippan stod weste be’twix lotum and Seaxum — East-^ngle, Middel-^ngle, Mierce, and ealle Norp- hymbre. 455. Her H^ngest and Horsa fuhton wip Wyrtgeorne 45 paim cyninge in paere stowe pe is gexweden iEgles-prep ; and his bropor Horsan man of’slog. And aefter paem Hu- gest feng to rice, and iEsc his sunu. 457. Her H^ngest and iEsc fuhton wip Brettas in paere stowe pe is gexweden Cr^cgan-ford, and pser of*slogon 50 feower pusend wera. And pa Brettas pa forleton C§nt- land, and mid micle §ge flugon to Lunden-byrig. 473. Her Hengest and JEsc ge*fuhton wip Wealas, and gemamon un-arimedlicu h§re-reaf, and pa Wealas flugon pa ^ngle sw ^ sw ^ fy r * 55 787. Her nam Beorht-ric cyning Offan dohtor Ead-burge. And on his dagum comon aerest preo scipu; and pa se V. FROM THE CHRONICLE. 8 1 ge*refa pair to rad, and hie wolde drlfan to paes cyninges tune, py he nyste hwaet hie wairon ; and hine man ofislog. paet waeron pa aerestan scipu D^niscra manna pe Angel- cynnes land ge*sohton. 60 851. Her Ceorl ealdor-mann ge’feaht wip baipne m§nn mid Defena-sclre set Wicgan-beorge, and pair micel wael ge'slogon, and sige namon. And py ilcan geare iEpelstan cyning and Ealhh^re dux micelne h§re ofislogon set Sand-wlc on C§nt ; and nigon 65 scipu ge’fengon, and pa opru ge*flIemdon ; and haipne m§nn aerest ofer winter saeton. And py ilcan geare com feorpe healf hund scipa on T§mese-mupan, and braicon Cantwara-burg, and Lunden- burg, and ge’fllemdon Beorhtwulf Miercna cyning mid his 70 fierde ; and ferdon pa sup ofer T§mese on Suprige; and him ge-feaht wip ^Epelwulf cyning and ^Epelbeald his sunu set Ac-lea mid West-seaxna fierde, and pair paet mseste wael ge*slogon on haepnum h§re pe we s§cgan hlerdon op pisne andweardan daeg, and pair sige namon. 75 867. Her for se h§re of East-§nglum ofer Humbre-mupan to Eoforwic-ceastre on Norp-hymbre. And pair waes micel un-gepwaernes paere peode be'twix him selfum, and hie haefdon hiera cyning a*worpenne Osbryht, and un-gecyndne cyning underfengon iEUlan. And hie late on geare to paem Bo ge’cierdon paet hie wip pone h§re winnende waeron ; and hie peah micle fierd ge*gadrodon, and pone h$re sohton aet Eoforwic-ceastre ; and on pa ceastre braecon, and hie sume inne wurdon ; and pair waes un-gemetlic wael ge*slaegen Nor- panhymbra, sume binnan, sume butan, and pa cyningas 85 begen ofslaegene; and seo laf wip pone h§re frip nam. VI. KING EDMUND. 7 vciM ^'2 moa' 1 ' 1 $e^ Sum swipe gedaered munuc com supan ofer sae fram sancte Benedictes stowe, on iEpelredes cyninges cfaege, to Dun- + _ . ,. \VCA«$ '* ® V stane aerce-biscope, brim gearum aer paem be he forp*ferde, , ife V'.- • i ^ . , and se munuc hatte Abbo. pa wurdon hie aet spraece, c>p. 5 paet Dunstan reahte be sancte Eadmunde, swa swa Ead- mundes sweord-bora hit reahte JEpelstane cyninge, pa pa Dunstan geong mann waes, and se sweord-bora waes foreal- dod mann. pa ge’sette se munuc eaue pa ge-recednesse on - Mu-,- - u- - 1- - w r.uj anre bee, and eft, pa pa seo boc com to us, bmnan feam .L '** i - A - T7 -r - {£. u- io gearum, pa a*wendon we hit on Englisc, swa swa hit her- r * ' r o ,.» u • ’ _y .1 •Reiter stent. Se munuc pa Abbo bmnan twaem gearum ge- "G u . , , s£GA/ n _ *w§nde ham to his mynstre, and wearp sona to abbode ge*s§tt on paem ilcan mynstre. Eadmund se eadiga, East-engla cyning, waes snotor and A, vt , p * u c 15 weorpmll, and weorpode simle mid aepelum peawum^pone aelmihtigan God. ^ He waes eap-mod and ge-pungen, and ^va an-raed purh*wunode pset he nolde a’fcugan to bismer- " ^ Vice- fxir :l c(< _ L v -.‘ ^ fullum leahtrum, ne on nawpre healfe he ne a'hielde his peawas, ac waes simle ge*myndig paere sopan lare : ‘ Gif pu 20 eart to heafod-inenn ge'sett, ne a-fiefe pu pe, ac beo be- . 'O / °f J > tt- •twix mannum swa swa an mann oi him. He waes cystig waedlum and widewum swa swa iaeder. and mid wel-willendnesse ge*wissode his folc simle to riht-wisnesse, , ef - - , . ha£i?/U- . ±< ,e and paem repum ‘ ““ „ . r 25 gedeafan. stierde, and ge’saeligllce leofode on sopum VI. KING EDMUND . «3 Hit gedamp pa set niehstan paet pa D^niscan leode ferdon mid scip-h§re, h^rgiende and sleande wide geond land, swa swa hiera ge'wuna is. On pxm flotan waeron pa fyrmestan heafod-m§nn, Hinguar and Hubba, ge’anlaehte purh deofol, and hie on Norphymbra-lande ge*l§ndon mid aescum, and a-weston paet land, and pa leode of-slogon. pa ge’wgnde Hinguar east mid his scipum, and Hubba bedaf on Norp- hymbra-lande, ge'wunnenum sige mid wael-hreownesse. Hinguar pa be*com to East-§nglum rowende on paem geare pe iElfred aepeling an and tw^ntig geara waes, se pe West- seaxna cyning sippan wearp msere. And se fore-saegda Hinguar fserllce, swa swa wulf, on lande be*stealcode, and pa leode slog, weras and wlf, and pa ungewittigan cild, and to bismere tucode pa bilewitan Crlstenan. He s§nde pa sippan sona to paem cyninge beotlic serende, paet he a*bugan scolde to his mann-raedenne, gif he his feores rohte. Se aerend-raca com pa to Eadmunde cyninge, and Hinguares aerende him arodllce a/bead : ‘ Hinguar ure cyning, cene and sigefaest on sae and on lande, haefp fela peoda ge- • weald, and com nu mid fierde fserllce her to lande, paet he her winter-setl mid his werode haebbe. Nu haett he pe daelan pine dleglan gold^hordas and plnra ieldrena ge*streon arodllce wip hine, and pu beo his under-cyning, gif pu cwic beon wilt, for paem pe pu naefst pa miht paet pu maege him wip*standan/ Hwaet pa Eadmund cyning clipode anne biscop pe him pa ge*h§ndost waes, and wip hine smeade hu he paem repan Hinguare andwyrdan scolde. pa forhtode se bis- cop for paem faerlican gedimpe, and for paes cyninges life, and cwaep paet him raed puhte paet he to pahn ge*buge pe him bead Hinguar. pa swlgode se cyning, and be*seah to paere eorpan, and cwaep pa aet niehstan cynellce him to : ‘ Eala pu biscop, to bismere sind ge*tawode pas earman 30 35 40 45 5 ° 55 8 4 VI. KING EDMUND . land-leode, and me nu leofre waere paet ic on ge*feohte 60 feolle wip paem pe mm folc moste hiera eardes brucan/ And se biscop cwaep : ‘ Eala pu leofa cyning, pin folc ll p of-slaegen, and pu naefst pone fultum paet pu feohtan maege, and pas flot-m^nn cumap, and pe cwicne ge'bindap, butan pu mid fleame plnum feore ge*beorge, oppe pu pe swa 65 ge*beorge paet pu buge to him/ pa cwaep Eadmund cyning, swa swa he fullxene waes : i paes ic ge*wilnige and ge'wysce mid mode paet ic ana ne bedlfe aefter mlnum leofum pegnum, pe on hiera b§ddum wurdon mid bearnum and wlfum faerllce obslaegene fram pissum flot-mannum. Naes me naefre ge- 70 -wunelic paet ic worhte fleames, ac ic wolde swlpor sweltan, gif ic porfte, for mlnum agnum earde, and se aelmihtiga God wat paet ic nyle a*bugan fram his bl-g§ngum aefre, ne fram his sopre lufe, swelte ic, libbe ic/ iEfter pissum wordum he ge*w§nde to paem aerend-racan pe 75 Hinguar him to s§nde, and saegde him un-forht : £ Witodllce pu waere nu wierpe sieges, ac ic nyle a'fylan on plnum fulum blode mine claenan handa, for paem pe ic Crlste folgige, pe us swa ge’bysnode ; ac ic bllpellce wile beon of*slaegen purh eow, gif hit swa God fore-sceawap. Far nu swipe hrape, 80 and s§ge plnum repan hlaforde, “ ne a*byhp naefre Eadmund Hinguare on life, haepnum h^re-togan, butan he to Haelende Crlste aerest mid gedeafan on pissum lande ge*buge/” pa ge*w§nde se aerend-raca arodllce on-weg, and ge'mette be wege pone wael-hreowan Hinguar mid ealre his fierde 85 fuse to Eadmunde, and saegde paem arleasan hu him ge*and- wyrd waes. Hinguar bebead pa mid bieldo paem scip-h§re paet hie paes cyninges anes ealle cepan scolden, pe his haese forseah, and hine sona bindan. Hwaet pa Eadmund cyning, mid paem pe Hinguar com, 90 stod innan his healle, paes Haelendes geunyndig, and a*wearp his waepnu ; wolde ge*efenlaecan Cristes ge*bysnungum, pe VI. KING EDMUND . 85 forbead Petre mid waepnum to winnenne wip pa waelhreowan Iudeiscan. Hwaet pa arleasan pa Eadmund ge'bundon, and ge-bismrodon huxllce, and beoton mid saglum, and swa sippan laeddon pone gedeaffullan cyning to anum eorp- 95 faestan treowe, and tiegdon hine paer-to mid heardum b§n- dum, and hine eft swungon langllce mid swipum; and he simle clipode be-twix pahn swinglum mid sopum gedeafan to Haelende Criste ; and pa haepnan pa for his gedeafan wurdon wodlice ierre, for paem pe he clipode Crist him to fultume : 100 hie scuton pa mid gafelocum him to, swelce him to gamene, op paet he eall waes be*s§tt mid hiera scotungum, swelce lies byrsta, swa swa Sebastianus waes. pa ge-seah Hinguar, se arleasa flotmann, paet se aepela cyning nolde Criste wip-sacan, ac mid anraedum gedeafan hine aefre clipode: het hine pa 105 be*heafdian, and pa haepnan swa dydon. Betwix paem pe he clipode to Criste pa*giet, pa tugon pa haepnan pone halgan to sl^ge, and mid anum swinge slogon him of paet heafod, and his sawol slpode ge*saelig to Criste. paer waes sum mann ge-h§nde ge'healden, purh God be-hydd paem haepnum, no pe pis ge-hlerde eall, and hit eft saegde, swa swa we hit s^cgap her. Hwaet pa se flot-h^re ferde eft to scipe, and be*hyddon paet heafod paes halgan Eadmundes on paem piccum bremlum, paet hit be-byrged ne wurde. pa aefter fierste sippan hie 115 afarene waeron, com paet land-folc to, pe paer to lafe waes, paer hiera hlafordes lie laeg butan heafde, and wurdon swipe sarige for his sl§ge on mode, and huru paet hie naefden paet heafod to paem bodige. pa saegde se sceawere pe hit aer ge-seah, paet pa flotm^nn haefden paet heafod mid him; and 120 waes him ge*puht, swa swa hit waes full-sop, paet hie be- hydden paet heafod on paem holte forhwega. Hie eodon pa §ndemes ealle to paem wuda, secende ge- •hwaer, geond pyflas and bremlas, gif hie a-hw^r mihten G 86 VI. KING EDMUND . 125 ge-metan paet heafod. Waes eac micel wundor paet an wulf wearp a*s§nd, purh Godes wissunge, to be*w§rienne pae t heafod wip pa opru deor ofer daeg and niht. Hie eodon pa secende and simle clipiende, swa swa hit ge*wunelic is paem pe on wuda gap oft, ‘ hwaer eart pu nu, ge’fera ? ’ And him 130 andwyrde pxt heafod, ‘her, her, her;' and swa gedome clipode andswariende him eallum, swa oft swa hiera aenig clipode, op pxt hie ealle bexomon purh pa clipunge him to. pa laeg se graega wulf pe be*wiste paet heafod, and mid his twsem fotum haefde pxt heafod bexlypped, graedig and hun- 1 35 grig, and for Gode ne dorste paes heafdes ombyrgan, ac heold hit wip deor. pa wurdon hie of'wundrode paes wulfes hierd-raedenne, and paet halige heafod ham f^redon mid him, panciende paem JElmihtigan ealra his wundra. Ac se wulf folgode forp mid paem heafde, op paet hie to 14° tune comon, swelce he tarn waere, and ge’w^nde eft sippan to wuda orngean. pa land-leode pa sippan l§gdon paet heafod to paem halgan bodige, and be-byrigdon swa hie selest mihton on swelcre hraedunge, and cirican a’raerdon sona him onmppan. Eft 145 pa on fierste, aefter fela gearum, pa seo h^rgung ge*swac, and sibb wearp forgiefen pxm ge*sw§nctan folce, pa fengon hie tcrgaedre, and worhton ane cirican weorplice paem halgan, for paem pe gedome wundru wurdon aet his byrgenne, aet paem ge*bed-huse paer he be’byrged waes. Hie woldon pa 150 f§rian mid folclicre weorpmynde pone halgan lichaman, and l§cgan innan paere cirican. pa waes micel wundor paet he waes eall swa ge*hal swelce he cwic waere, mid claenum licha- man, and his sweora waes ge*haeled, pe aer waes forslaegen, and waes swelce an seolcen praed ymbe his sweoran, mannum to 155 sweotolunge hu he ofsdaegen waes. Eac swelce pa wunda, pe pa waelhreowan haepnan mid gedomum scotungum on his lice macodon, waeron ge’haelde purh pone heofonlican God ; VI. KING EDMUND. 87 and he lip swa onsund op pisne and-weardan daeg, and- bldiende aeristes and paes ecan wuldres. His Hchama us cypp, pe lip un-formolsnod, paet he butan forligre her on 160 worulde leofode, and mid claenum life to Criste sipode. Sum widewe wunode, Oswyn ge*haten, aet pae s halgan byrgenne, on ge*bedum and faestennum manigu gear sippan. Seo wolde §fsian aelce geare pone sanct, and his naeglas ceorfan sleferlice mid lufe, and on serine healdan to halig-dome 165 on weofode. pa weorpode paet land-folc mid gedeafan pone sanct, and peodred biscop pearle mid giefum on golde and on seolfre, paem sancte to weorpmynde. pa comon on sumne sael un-gesaelige peofas eahta on anre nihte to paem ar-weorpan halgan : woldon stelan pa 1 70 mapmas pe menn pider brohton, and cunnodon mid craefte hu hie inn cuman mihten. Sum slog mid sl§cge swipe pa haespan, sum hiera mid feolan feolode ymb*utan, sum eac under*dealf pa duru mid spadan, sum hiera mid hlaeddre wolde onducan paet eag-pyrel ; ac hie swuncon on idel, and earm- 175 lice ferdon, swa paet se halga wer hie wundorlice ge*band, aelene swa he stod strutiendne mid tole, paet hiera nan ne mihte paet morp ge*fr§mman ne hie panon a*styrian ; ac stodon swa op mergen. M^nn pa paes wundrodon, hu pa weargas hangodon, sum on hlaeddre, sum leat to ge*delfe, 180 and aelc on his weorce waes faeste ge*bunden. Hie wurdon pa ge*brohte to paem biscope ealle, and he het hie a-hon on heam gealgum ealle ; ac he naes na ge’myndig hu se mild- heorta God clipode purh his witegan pas word pe her standap : Eos qui ducuntur ad mortem eruere ne cesses , ‘ pa pe man laett 185 to deape adies hie ut simle/ And eac pa halgan canones bee ge’hadodum for*beodap ge biscopum ge preostum to beonne ymbe peofas, for paem pe hit ne ge’byrep paem pe beop gexorene Gode to pegnienne paet hie ge’pwaerlaecan scylen on aeniges mannes deape, gif hie beop Dryhtnes I 9 ° 88 VI. KING EDMUND . pegnas. Eft pa peodred biscop sceawode his bee, he sippan be*hreowsode mid geomrunge paet he swa repne dom s§tte paem ungesaeligum peofum, and hit be-sargode aefre op his lifes §nde, and pa leode baed georne paet hie him mid faesten 195 fullice prie dagas, biddende pone ^Elmihtigan paet he him arian scolde. On paim lande waes sum mann, Leofstan ge*haten, rice for worulde, un-gewittig for Gode ; se rad to paem halgan mid ricetere swipe, and het him aetdewan orgellice swipe 200 pone halgan sanct, hwaeper he ge*sund waere ; ac swa hrape swa he ge*seah paes sanctes lichaman, pa a/wedde he sona, and wael-hreowlice grymetode, and earmlice ge^ndode yflum deape. pis is paem gedic pe se gedeaffulla papa Gregorius saegde on his ges^tnesse be paem halgan Laurentie, pe lip on 205 Rome-byrig, paet m§nn wolden sceawian hu he laege ge gode ge yfle ; ac God hie ge’stilde swa paet pair swulton on paere sceawunge seofon m§nn aet'gaedre ; pa geswicon pa opre to sceawienne pone martyr mid m§nniscum ge- •dwylde. 210 Fela wundra we ge'hierdon on folclicre spraece be psem halgan Eadmunde, pe we her nyllap on ge*write s§ttan, ac hie wat ge*hwa. On pissum halgan is sweotol, and on swelcum oprum, paet God aelmihtig maeg pone mann a-raeran eft on domes daege onsundne of eorpan, se pe hieltJEadmund halne 215 his lichaman op pone miclan daeg, peah pe he on moldan come. Wierpe waere seo stow for paem weorpfullan halgan paet hie man weorpode and wel gedogode mid claenum Godes peowum to Cristes peowdome ; for paem pe se halga is maerra ponne m§nn maegen a*smean. Nis Angel-cynn be*daeled Dryhtnes 220 halgena, ponne on T£ngla-lande liegap swelce halgan swelce pes halga cyning, and Cupberht se eadiga and sancte iEpelpryp on Elig, and eac hiere sweostor, onsund on lic- haman, gedeafan to trymmunge. Sind eac fela opre on VI. KING EDMUND. 89 Angel-cynne halgan, pe fela wundra wyrcaj>, swa swa hit wide is cuf>, J^sem JSlmihtigan to lofe, pe hie on gediefdon. 225 Crist ge*sweotolaf> mannum purh his msere halgan f>set he is aelmihtig God pe wyrcj> swelc wundru, f)eah pe pa earman Iudeiscan hine eallunga wijrsdcen, for J^sem pe hie sind a*wiergde, swa swa hie wyscton him selfum. Ne beof> nan wundru ge'worht get hiera byrgennum, for pdem pe hie ne 230 gediefaj? on )x>ne lifiendan Crist ; ac Crist ge*sweotolaf> mannum hwser se goda gedeafa is, f>onne he swelc wundru wyrcf) J>urh his halgan wide geond pas eorf>an, }?aes him sie wuldor and lof a mid his heofonlicum Fseder and J>aem Halgan Gaste, a butan §nde. 2 35 / NOTES. The references marked ‘ Gr.’ are to the pages and paragraphs of the grammar ; paragraph-references in ( ) are to the numbered paragraphs in the grammar. I. SENTENCES. Line 2. se. Gr. 21. 1. pis sind. Gr. 45. 2. 1. 6. s§lp. Gr. 45. 5. 1. 7. seo selmesse. Gr. 44. 3. 1. 12. geworhte. Gr. 46. (3). 1. 16. hiera. Gr. 41. 3. nsefre . . ne . . nanes. Gr. 52. 2. ne was is usually contracted into nas ; the full form is used here because the was is emphatic. 1. 17. het ofslean. Gr. 50. 4. 1. 23. JEpelred cyning. Gr. 42. 6. 1. 24. JEsces-dun,^/! Ashdown, literally ‘hill (or down) of the ashtree.’ 1 27. wile here denotes repetition , = ‘is in the habit of.’ Cp. 1. 52. 1. 28. ponne is correlative with^y(l. 26), Gr. 52. 3. 1. 37. selmihtiga. Gr. 43. (4). 1. 43. eower se heofonlica Feeder. This insertion of the definite article between a possessive pronoun and an adjective is frequent. 1. 50. beo. Gr. 48. (6). 1. 52. to, for. 1. 56. twfntig wintra. Gr. 18. 1. 58. Deofol. Gr. 44. 1. 1 60. scortan. Gr. 43. (2). 1. 61. fisca. Gr. 41. 3. 1. 63. peem, those. hider on land, lit. hither on to land, = to this land. 1. 74. bletsian. The older form of this word is bledsian . It is a derivative of blod ', like ricsian from rice , with mutation of the root vowel Its original meaning was to ‘sprinkle with blood,’ and hence, in heathen times, to ‘ consecrate,’ especially to consecrate an altar by sprinkling it with the blood of the victim. 1. 80. godspell. The original form of this word was probably = ‘ good tidings,’ a literal translation of the Greek euaggelion. 92 NOTES. Afterwards the first vowel was shortened before the following consonant- group, or else god was directly substituted for god, as giving a more evident meaning, the result being that the word was taken in the sense of ‘ God’s tidings.’ In this form it was adopted into Icelandic (guftspiall) and Old High German (gotespel), having been introduced by the Old English missionaries. bip. Gr. 45. 5. 1 . 82. hie. Gr. 19. 1. 89. him on slice healfe, lit. ‘to (for) themselves on each side,’ = on every side (of themselves). 1 . 92. rihtne. Gr. 42. 5. 1 . 93. .ZEpelwulf-ing. Gr. 38. 1 . 1 01. fare ge. Gr. 22. 7. 1 . 106. forsawon. A plural verb after a singular noun of multitude is common in O. E., as in other languages. 1. 107. gif se blinda blindne lsltt. gif here takes the indie., instead of the subj. (Gr. 48. 6), because the case is not assumed to be unreal. So also in V. 1 3, where the opposition (wipstf nt) is assumed as certain, and VI. 19. 1 . 1 14. ewiede. Gr. 48. (5). 1 . 1 1 8. msege. Compare Gr. 47. (B. 1). 1 . 1 19. sie. Gr. 47. (A). 1 . 120. Scotland is here used in its older sense of ‘ Ireland.’ Com- pare the first extract from the Chronicle, p. 79 below. 1 . 121. his. Gr. 41. 3. 1 . 123. healden. Gr. 48. (2). 1 . 124. wSre. Gr. 47. (B. 1). 1 . 132. se pe. Gr. 21. 1 . 135. pset. Gr. 21 ; 52. 3. 1 . 137. on eare. Gr. 51. 2. 1. 138. gew^ndon him, lit. ‘they went for-themselves ’ ; a reflexive pronoun in the dative, Gr. 40. (1), is often added to verbs of motion. 1 . 139. do ge. Gr. 22. 1 . 142. grete. Compare Gr. 49. (8). 1. 145. swelce, adverb, ‘as it were.’ 1 . 151. nime. Gr. 49. (7). 1 . 161. come. Compare mcege, 1 . 118 above. 1 . 166. ofslsegenne. Gr. 46. 5. 1 . 176. geweorpen. Gr. 47. (B. 1.) 1 . 180. wolde. Gf. 45. 5. 1 . 191. beon. Gr. 48. (2). NOTES . 93 II. FROM THE GOSPEL OF ST. MATTHEW. 1. i. pas min word. Gr. 43. 8. 1. 16. aweorpe. Gr. 49. (8). 1. 20. hit refers back to seed, 1. 18. 1. 22. up sprungenre sunnan. Gr. 41. 2. 1. 28. is ge worden. An over-literal rendering of the Latin factum est. 1. 32. hine, reflexive, Gr. 19. 1. 40. to forbaernenne. We see here how out of the active ‘ in order to burn it ’ may be developed the passive ‘ in order that it may be burnt,’ as in the modern E. ‘a house to let.’ Compare Gr. 50. 4, (1). 1. 52. on hiera fatu. Compare I. 137. 1. 60. gewordenre geewidraedenne p®m wyrhtum. A very stiff adaptation of the ablative absolute of the original, ‘ conventione autem facta cum operariis.’ pe, correlative, the first demonstrative, the second relative. 1. 28. to scoldon. This use of steal with a verb of motion under- stood is very common. I. 36. him self, him is the reflexive dative of interest referring to God — literally, ‘ God him-self will appoint for him-self.’ In such con- structions we see the origin of the modem himself themselves. II. 46. 47. nu . . nu, correlative, = now . . now that, the second nil being almost causal (since). 1. 51. heefde . . to, took . . for. 1. 52. Gode to lace. Gr. 40. (1). 1. 57. min fge, objective genitive, ‘ the fear of me.’ mare, neut. 'a greater thing,* * something more important.’ 1 81. mare. Cp. 1. 57. 1. 82. weere. Gr. 49. (7). 1. 89. hwses is governed by giernde, by ‘attraction.’ 1. 135. micle, adverb. 1. 137. weere. Gr. 49. (7). 1. 153. beliefan is a later form for geliefan. 1. 156. to handum. Cp. 1. 122 above. 1. 174. ser genam. Gr. 46. 6. 1. 200. fram mannum. fram here, as usual, denotes the agent ‘by’ in passive constructions. 1. 202. wite. Compare Gr. 48. (3) and 49. (8). IV. SAMSON*. From ^Uric's translation of the Book of Judges in Thwaites’ Heptateuch. 1. 8. onginp to aliesenne, will release, onginnan is often used pleonastically in this way. 1. 35. Gaza gehaten. When a name together with gehaten is put in apposition to another noun it is left undeclined, contrary to the general principle (Gr. 42. 6). 1. 41. swa swa hie belocenu wseron, locked as they were. ufeweardum J>®m cnolle. Gr. 43. 2. 1. 46. wees, consisted. I.51. geworhte. We should expect geworhtum (Gr. 42. 5). Perhaps the nom. is due to confusion with the construction with a relative clause— of sinum geworhte sind. NOTES. 95 1. 74. Dagon gehaten. Compare 1. 35. swelee, ‘ on the ground that’ — 4 because (as they said).* 1. 81. heton. Compare I. 106. 1. 87. forp is often used pleonastically in this way with mid. V. FROM THE CHRONICLE. 1. 2. her sind, there are here, her is here used analogously to par, as in II. 3 and the modern E. there are . Cp. also 1. 12 below. gepeodu, languages as the test of nationality. It is believed that Latin was still spoken as a living language by the Romanized Britons at the time of the venerable Bede (eighth century), from whose Church History this section was taken by the compilers of the Chronicle. 1. 5. Armenia is an error for Armorica. 1. 6. Scithie, Scythia. 1. 8. Norpibernie, North of Ireland. 1. 24. her, at this date — at this place in the series of entries which constitute the Chronicle. 1. 26. Wyrtgeorn is the regular development of an earlier * Wurtigern from the British Vortigern. 1. 28. Ypwinesfleot has not been identified ; some say Ebbsfleet. 1. 45. JEglesprep, Aylesthorpe, a village near Aylesford. 1. 49. Crfcganford, Crayford. 1. 52. The diction of this passage, with its alliteration and simile, shows that it is taken from some old poem. 1. 61. hsepne m§nn, Danes. 1. 62. mid Defena-scire, literally ‘together with Devonshire,’ that is ‘ with a force of Devonshire men/ 1. 64. dux is here written instead of ealdormann. So also we find rex for cyning. 1. 65. Sandwic, Sandwich. 1. 68. feorpe healf hund, fourth half = three and a half. This is the regular way of expressing fractional numbers, as in the German viertehalb . 1. 71. Suprige, Surrey. 1. 73. Aclea, Ockley. 1. 76. se h§re, the Danish army, hire got a bad sense, through its association with hirgian (to harry), and hence is applied only to a plundering, marauding body of men. In the Laws hire is defined as 9 6 NOTES. a gang of thieves more than thirty-five in number. The national English army (militia) is called fierd, 1. 71, 3 above. Humbremupa, mouth of the Humber. 1. 77. Eoforwic, York; a corruption of Eboracum , 1. 84. inne wurdon, got in. 1. 85. sume. Compare IV. 51. VI. KING EDMUND. From ^Elfric’s Lives of the Saints, now in course of publication for the Early English Text Society by Prof. Skeat. The present life has been printed only by Thorpe, in his Analecta Anglosaxonica from a very late MS. It is here given from the older MS., Cott. Jul. E. 7. It will be observed that the present piece is in alliterative prose, that is, with the letter-rime of poetry, but without its metrical form. The alliteration is easily discernible : — com .rupan ofer sae fram sancte Bene- dictes Jtowe ; dfeege, t5 Z>unstane, &c. 1. 1. sancte is an English modification of the Latin genitive sancti. 1. 5. sancte is here the E. dative inflection, sand having been made into a substantive. 1. 39. bilewit = *bile-hwTt (with the regular change of hw into w between vowels) literally 4 white ( = tender) of bill,’ originally, no doubt, applied to young birds, and then used metaphorically in the sense oi * gentle/ 4 simple.’ 1. 70. worhte fleames. This construction of wyrcan with a genitive is frequent. 1. 76. wslre, subj. Gr. 48. (6). 1 . 85. fuse. The correct reading is probably fusne , but the plural fust may be taken to refer to H inguar and his men collectively. 1. 149. gebedhus. The Welsh bettws , as in Bettws-y-coed = ‘ chapel in the wood, * still preserves the O. E. form nearly unchanged. 1. 176. swa pset does not denote result here, but is explanatory — 4 namely by being bound. . 1. 178. hie, reflexive. 1. 179. pees . . hu, correlative. 1. 185. The reference is apparently to Proverbs xxiv. n, which (in the Vulgate) runs thus : 4 Erue eos qui ducuntur ad mortem.* 1. 200. h weeper, (that he might see) whether . . . 1. 215. lichaman, instrumental dative (Gr. 41) of defining. 1. 222. Elig = following t) except that words with the prefix ge are put in the order of the letter that follows the ge ( gebed under b , &c.). The following abbreviations are used : — sm., sn„ sf. masc., neut., fem. substantive. sv. strong verb. wv. weak verb. swv. strong-weak verb (preterito-present). The others require no explanation. The numbers after sv. refer to the classes of strong verbs in the grammar. Words in [ ] are Latin (and Greek) originals or cognate Old E. words. The latter are only referred to when phonetic laws given in the grammar. A, av. ever, always, abbod, sm. abbot \Latin abbatem]. a-*beodan, sv. 7, w . dat. (offer), announce. a-’biddan, sv. 5, ask for, demand, a-bitan, sv. 6, devour. a-’bl§ndan, wv. blind [blind]. a-*brecan, sv. 4, break into, take (cityV a-'bugan, sv. 7, bend; swerve, turn. ac, cj. but. a-’c§nnan, wv. bring forth, bear (child). a-’cwqllan, wv. kill, a-’cw^ncan, wv. extinguish, a- • drugian, zw.dry up, intr. [dryge]. a-'dwsescan, wv. extinguish, ascer, sm. field, aepele, aj. noble, excellent, sepeling, sm. prince, sefen, sm. evening. the connection can be proved by the sefre, av. ever, always, aefter, av., prep. w. dat. after — aefter psem, after that, afterwards; ac- cording to, by. aig-hwele, prn. each, segper. prn. either, each — cj. xgjpei ge . . ge, both . . and [ = seg- hwae]?er]. geht, sf. property [ahte, agan]. Sian, wv. burn. Sic, aj. each. aelmesse, sf. alms, charity [ Greek eleemosune]. sel-mihtig, aj. almighty. Snig, aj. any [an]. Sr, prep. w. dat. before (of time), aer J>S m Je, cj. before. Sr, av. formerly, before ; superl. aerest, adj. and adv., first, serce-biscop, sm. archbishop \Latin archiepiscopus]. Srende, sn. errand, message. 9 8 GLOSSARY. gerend-raca, sm. messenger, ge-rist, sfm. (rising again), resur- rection [arisan]. gerne-mergen, sm. early morning, eesc, sm. (ash-tree) ; war-ship, set, prp. w. dat. at ; deprivation , from ; origin , source — absedon wif aet him, ‘ asked for wives from them ; * specification , defining — wurdon aet spraece, ‘ fell into con- versation/ set-'bregdan, sv. 3 (snatch away), deprive of. cet-*foran, prp. iv. dat. before, set-’gaedre, av. together, set- iewan, wv. w. dat. show, seton, see etan. a-'fandian, wv. experience, find out [find an]. a-faran, sv. 2, go away, depart. a--feallan, sv. 1, fall. a-*fedan, wv. feed, a- fylan, wv. defile [ful]. a-fyrht, aj. frightened [past partic . o/a’fyrhtan from forht]. &gan, swv. possess, a-'gan, sv. happen, agen, aj. own [ originally past partic. of agan]. a-*giefan, sv. 5, w. dat. give, render, ah, see agan. a-*h§bban, sv. 2, raise, exalt a-'hieldan, wv. incline. . % a-*hon, sv. 1, hang, trans. a-*hreosan, sv. 7, fall, ahte, see agan, a-hweer, av. anywhere, a-'hyran, wv. hire, a-’liesan, wv. (loosen), release : re- deem [leas]. a-llesed-nes, sf. redemption, a-liesend, sm. redeemer, an, aj. one ( always strong ) ; a cer- tain one, certain ; alone ( generally weak) ; gen. pi. anra in anra ge- hwelc, * each one.’ an- canned, aj. ( past partic.) (only- born), only (child), and, cj. and. and-bldian, wv. w. gen. wait, ex- pect [bidan]., andet-nes, sf. confession, andettan, wv. confess, and-giet, sn. sense, meaning; under- standing. intelligence, and-swarian, wv. w. dat. answer [andswaru]. and-swaru, sf. answer [swgrian]. and-weard, aj. present, and-wyrdan, wv. w. dat. answer [word]. Angel, sm. Anglen (a district in Slesvig). Angel-eynn, sn. English nation, England. a-'niman, sv. 4, take away, an-lgeean, iuv. unite, an-mod, aj. unanimous, an-mod-llce, av. unanimously, an-rsed, aj. (of one counsel) con- stant, firm, resolute, apostol, sm. apostle, ar, sf. mercy ; honour, a-'rseran, wv. raise, build [arisan], arian, wv. w. dat. honour ; spare, have mercy on [ar]. a-rlsan, sv. 6, arise, ar-leas, aj. wicked, am, see iernan. arod, aj. quick, bold, arod-llee, av. quickly, readily, boldly. ar-weorp, adj. worthy of honour, venerable, ascian, wv. ask. a--scufan, sv. 7, thrust. a- # s§ndan, wv. send. a-*s§ttan, wv. set, place, a-’smean, wv. consider, think of, conceive, assa, sm. ass. a--stfllan, wv. institute. a-*stigan, sv. 6, ascend, descend. a-*str§ ccan,K/v. stretch out, extend. a--styrian, wv. stir, move, a-’teon, sv. 7, draw out, draw, take, atol-lie, aj. deformed. a-]?reotan, sv. 7, fail, run short. GLOSSARY. 99 a-*w§cean, wv. awake, arouse [wa- cian]. a-wedan, wv. go mad [w5d]. a-w§ndan, wv. turn ; translate, a-'weorpan, sv. 3, throw, throw away ; depose (king), a-'westan, wv. lay waste, ravage, a-wierged, aj. cursed, accursed, [past, partic. of awiergan, from wearg], a-wiht, pm. aught, anything, a-writan, sv. 6, write, a-wyrtwalian, wv. root up. B. Beec, sn. back — under baec, behind, bsed, see biddan. beedon, see biddan. bsernan, wv. burn, trans. [beornan]. baernett, sn. burning, bseron, see beran. bsest, sm. bast, bsesten, aj. of bast, be, prep. w. dat. by; about, con- cerning. beald, aj. bold, bearn, sn. child [beran], beatan, sv. 1, beat, be-’beodan, sv. 7, w. dat. bid, command. be-’byrgan, wv. bury, bee, see boc. be-'clyppan, wv. embrace, encom- pass, hold. be-'cuman, sv. 4, come, g'e'bed, sn. prayer [biddan], be-*dselan, wv. w. gen. deprive of [d*l]. b§dd, sn. bed. be-delfan, sv. 3, (hide by digging), bury. ge'bed-hus, sn. oratory, chapel. be-*faestan, wv. (make fast) ; w. dat. commit, entrust to. be-*foran, prp. w. dat. before, begen, prn. both, be-geondan, prp. w. acc. beyond, be-’gietan, sv. 5, get, obtain. be-*ginnan, sv. 3, begin, be-’hatan, sv. x, w. dat. promise, be-heafdian, wv. behead [heafod]. be-healdan, sv. 1, behold, be-'hofian, wv. w. gen. require, be-'hreowsian, wv. repent [hre- owan]. be-'hydan, wv. hide, be-’lsewan, wv. betray, be-diefan, wv. believe. be-*lifan, sv. 6, remain [laf], be-lucan, sv. 7, lock, close. b§nd, smfn. bond [bindan]. beodan, sv. 7, vj. dat. offer, beon, v. be — beon ymbe, have to do with. beorg, sm. hill, mountain. £ebeorgan, sv. 3, w. dat. save, pro- tect. beornan, sv. 3, burn, intrans. beot-lic, aj. boastful. be-‘p©can, wv. deceive, beran, sv. 4, bear, carry ; (geberan, bring forth). b§rn, sn. barn, berstan, sv. 3, burst. be-*sargian, wv. lament [sarig]. be-*scieran, sv. 4, shear, cut hair, be-seon, sv. 5, see, look. be-*s§ttan, wv. set about, surround, cover. be-'stealcian, wv. go stealthily, steal. be-‘swican, sv. 6, deceive, circum- vent, betray. be-'tsecan, wv. commit, entrust, give up. bftera, b§tst, see god. be-tweonan, prp. w. dat. between, among. be-*twix, prep. w. acc. and dat. be- tween, among; of time , during — betwix J>aem }?e, cj. while. be-*w§rian, wv. defend, be-'witan, swv. watch over, have charge of. bldan, sv. 6, wait, biddan, sv. 5, ask, beg, ge*biddan, sv. 5, reft, pray. lOO GLOSSARY. bieldo, sf. (boldness), arrogance [beald]. bl-gfng, sm. worship [bi, by, and g? n g from gan]. bile-wit, aj. simple, innocent, bindan, sv. 3, bind, binnan, av. inside ; prp. w. dat. within, in [ = be-innan], biscop, sm. bishop [ Latin episcopus], bi-smer, snm. insult, ignominy, bismer-full, o/'.ignominious, shame- ful. bismrian, wv. treat with ignominy, insult [bismer]. bitan, sv. 6, bite, bip, see beon. blawan, sv. 1, blow, bleoh, sn . colour, bleow, see blawan. bletsian, ivv. bless, blind, aj. blind, bliss, sf. merriment, joy. blissian, wv. rejoice, bllpe, aj. glad, merry, bllpe-llce, av. gladly, blod, sji. blood, boc, sf. book, scripture. Boc-lseden, sn. book Latin, Latin, bodian, wv. announce, preach [beo- dan], bodig, sm. body. bohte, see bycgan. brad, aj. broad. brsep, sm. vapour, odour. brecan, sv. 4, break ; take (city). bregdan, sv. 3, pull. bremel, sm. bramble. Breten, sf. Britain. Brettas, smpl. the British. Brettisc, aj. British [Brettas]. bringan, wv. bring, brohte, see bringan. bropor, sm. brother, brucan, sv. 7, w. gen. enjoy, par- take of. bryd, sf. bride. bryd-guma, sm. bridegroom [lite- rally bride-man], buan, wv. dwell. buend, smpl. dwellers \jpres. partic. o/buan], bufan, prp. w. dat. and acc. over, above, on. bugan, sv. 7, bend, incline, bundon, see bindan. burg, sf. city, burg-geat, sn. city-gate, butan, av. outside ; prp. w. dat. with- out, except, besides [ = be-utan]. butan, cj. unless, except, bycgan, wv. buy. byrpen, sf. burden [beran]. byrgen, sf. tomb [bebyrgan]. ^byrian, wf. be due, befit, byrig, see burg, byrst, sf. bristle. g^'bysnian, wv. give example, il- lustrate. g*e*bysnung, sf. example. C. Cann, see cunnan. canon, sm. canon ; canSnes bee, ca- nonical books. Cantwara-burg, sf. Canterbury [Cantwara, gen. o/Cantware]. Cant-ware, pi. Kent-dwellers, men of Kent [Lat. Cantia and ware], casere, sm. emperor [Latin Caesar], ceaflas, smpl. jaws, ceald, aj. cold, cealf, sn. calf, ceap, sn. purchase, ceas, see ceosan. eeaster, sf. city [Latin castra]. cene, aj. brave, bold, cunnan, wv. bring forth, bear child. Cgnt, sf. Kent [Cantia], C§nt-land, sn. Kent, ceorfan, sv. 3, cut. ceosan, sv. 7, choose, eepan, wv. w.gen. attend, look out for. clepan, wv. trade, sell [ceap]. clepend, sm. seller [pres, partic. of clepan]. cierr, sm. turn. GLOSSARY IOI cierran, wv. turn, return, go — cier- ran t5, take to. £e*eierred-nes, sf conversion, cild, sn. child, cild-had, sm. childhood, einn-ban, sn. jawbone, eiriee, sf. church, cliene, aj. clean, pure, clawu, sf claw, clipian, wv. call, summon, clipung, sf calling, clyppan, wv. clip, embrace, cnapa, sm. (boy, youth), servant, cnoll, sm. top, summit, coccel, sm. corn-cockle, com, see cuman. coren, see ceosan. crseft, sm. skill, cunning, cristen, aj. Christian, cuma, sm. stranger [cuman], cuman, sv. 4, come ; cuman up, land. cunnan, swv. know, cunnian, wv. try [cunnan]. curon, see ceosan. cup, aj. knowm [originally past partic. oj cunnan]. cwsedon, see cwepan. cwaep, see cwepan. cweartern, sn. prison, cweman, wv. please, gratify, ^•cwemednes, sf pleasing, cwen, sf. queen. cwepan, sv. 5, say, speak; name, call. cwic, aj. alive. cwide, sm.speech, address [cwepan]. g^cwid-rseden, sf. agreement, cwipp, see cwepan. cymp, see cuman. cyne-eynn, sn. royal family, cyne-lic, aj. royal, cyne-lice, av. like a king, royally, cyne-stol, sm. throne, cyning, sm. king, cynn, sn. race, kind, cyst, sf. excellence [ceosan]. cystig, aj. (excellent), charitable, cypan, wv. make known, tell [cup]. D. Deed, sf. deed, daeg, sm. day. daeg-hweem-llce, av. daily, dsel, sm. part — be healfum dsele, by jialf. dselan, wv. divide, share, dead, aj. dead, deap, sm. death. Defena-sclr, sf. Devonshire [De- vonia], dehter, see dohtor. ^delf, sn. digging, delfan, sv. 3, dig. D§ne, smpl. Danes. Denise, aj. Danish. deofol, sum. devil [Latin diabolus], deofol-gield, sn. idol. deop, aj. deep. deor, sn. wild beast. deore, aj. dear, precious. \ deor-wierpe, aj. precious. dlegol, aj. hidden, secret. diegol-nes, sf. secret. dlepe, sf depth [deop]. dihtan, wv. appoint [Latin dictare]. disc-pegn, sm. (dish-thane), waiter. dohtor, sf. daughter. dom, sm. doom, judgment, sentence. don, sv. do, act. dorste, see durran. draea, sm. dragon, dranc, see drincan. dreorig, aj. sad. drifan, sv. 6, drive, drinca, sm. drink, drincan, sv. 3, drink. drohtnian,wi/.live, continue, behave, drohtnung, sf conduct. dryge, aj. dry. Dryhten, sm. Lord, dun, sf. hill, down, durran, swv. dare, duru, sf door, dust, sn. dust, g^dwyld, sn. error, dyde, see don. dyppan, wv. dip. dysig, aj. foolish. H 102 GLOSSARY . E. Eac, av. also ; eac swelce, also, eacnian, wv. increase, eadig, aj. (prosperous), blessed, eage, sn. eye. eag-pyrel, sn. (eye-hole), window, eahta, num. eight, ea-la, inter}, oh ! eald, aj. old — cp. ieldra. Eald-seaxe, smpl. Old Saxons, ealdor, sm. chief, master, ealdor-mann, sm. chief, officer, eall, aj. all. eall, av. quite ; eall swa micel swa, (quite) as much as. eall-nlwe, aj. quite new. eallunga, av. entirely, ealu, sn. ale. eard, sm. country, native land, eardian, wv. dwell, earm, sm. arm. earm, aj. poor, wretched, despicable, earm-lic, aj. miserable, earm-lice, av.miserably, wretchedly. earn, sm. eagle, eart. see wesan. east, av. eastwards, east-dtel, sm. east part, the East. East-§ngle, smpl. East-Anglians. East-seaxe, smpl. East-Saxons. eape-lic, aj. insignificant, weak, eap-medan, wv. humble [eapmod]. eap-mod, aj. humble. eee, aj. eternal. ec-nes, sf. eternity. efen, aj. even. o^efen-ljecan, wv. imitate. efne, av. behold, lo! [efen]. §fsian, wv. clip, shear. eft, av. again; afterwards, then; back. §ge, sm. fear. §gesa, sm. fear [ege]. §ges-lie, aj. fearful, awful, ehtere, sm. persecutor, ele, sm. oil. §l-peodig-nes, sf. foreign land. §nde, sm. end. §ndemes, av. together. g'e^ndian, wv. end ; die. ^ndlufon, num. eleven. ^ndlyfta, aj. eleventh. g*r§ndung, sf. ending, end. fngel, sm. angel [ Latin angelus]. 3pngla-land, sn. England [Engla gen. pi. of jingle] • !|Ingle, smpl. the English [Angel], ^nglisc, aj. English — sn. English language [Engle], eode, see gan. eom, see wesan. eorl, sm. earl. eorp-buend, sm. earth-dweller. eorpe, sf. earth. eorp-fsest, aj. firm in the earth. eorp-lic, aj. earthly. eornost, sf. earnest. eornost-llee, av. in truth, indeed. eow, see pu. etan, sv. 5, eat. epel, sm. country, native land. F. Feeder, sm. father, fsegen, aj. glad, feeger, aj. fair. fseger-nes, sf. fairness, beauty, fsegnian, wv. w. gen . rejoice, fsemne, sf. virgin. f®r, sf. danger, fser-lic, aj. sudden. f«r-lice, av. suddenly, faest, aj. fast, firm, fsestan, wv. fast, fsesten, sf. fasting, feet, sn. vessel. fag-nes, sf. variegation, various colours. fandian, wv. w. gen. try, test, tempt [findan]. fhran, sv. 2, go. faru, sf. procession, retinue, pomp. fea, aj. pi. few. ge’fea,, sm. joy. feallan, sv. 1, fall. fearr, sm. bull ; ox. feax, sn. hair of head. GLOSSARY. fedan, wv. feed [foda]. fela, aj. pi. w. gen , many, feld, stn. field, feob, sn. money, property, g^'feoht, sn. fight, feohtan, sv . 3, fight, feole, sf. file, feolian, wv. file, feoll, see feallan. feond, sm. enemy, feorh, snm. life. feorm, sf. (food) ; feast, banquet. feorr, av. far. feorpa, num. fourth. feower, num. four. g^’fera, sm. companion [for]. feran, wv. go, fare [for]. ‘feran, wv. (go over), take pos- session of. f^rian, wv. carry [faran]. fet, see fot. fftian, wv. fetch — pret. gefgtte. £e‘f§tte, see f^tian. fiend, see feond. fierd, sf. army [faran]. fierlen, aj. distant [feorr 1. fierst, sm. period, time, fif, num. five. findan, sv. 3 {pret. funde), find, fisc, sm. fish, fisc-cynn, sn. fish-kind, fleam, sm. flight [fleon]. fleax, sn. flax, fieogan, sv. 7, fly. fleon, sv. 7, flee, fleotan, sv. 7, float, flitan. sv. 6, quarrel, dispute, ^•flieman, wv. put to flight [fleam], flod, sm. flood, flota, sm. fleet [fleotan]. flot-hfre, sm. naval army, army of pirates. flot-mann, sm. sailor, pirate, flowan, sv. 1, flow, flugon, see fleon. flyht, sm. flight [fleogan]. foda, sm. food, folc, sn. people, nation, folc-lic, aj. popular. io 3 folgian, wv. w. dat. follow ; obey, fon, sv. 1, seize, take, capture ; feng to rice, came to the throne; togaedre fengon, joined together, for, prep. w. dat. before — rice for worulde, in the eyes of the world : causal , for, because of, for the sake of — ne dorste for Gode, for the fear of God — for psem, there- fore, for psem (pe), because ; w. acc.y instead of, for. for, sf. journey [faran]. for, see faran. for-*baernan, wv. burn up, burn. trans. for-'beodan, sv. 7, forbid, for-’breotan, sv. 7, break, for-'ceorfan, sv. 3, cut off. for-’dilgian, wv. destroy. for-*don, sv. destroy. for-*ealdod, aj. aged [ past par tic. of forealdian, grow old], fore-sceawian, wv. pre-ordain, de- cree, appoint. fore-s§cgan, wv. say before — se foresaegda, the aforesaid, for-’giefan, sv. 5, w. dat. give, grant ; forgive. for-*gief-nes, sf. forgiveness, for- gieman, wv. neglect, for-'gietan, sv. forget, forht, aj. afraid, forhtian, wv. be afraid, for-'hwega, av. somewhere. for-*l§Btan, sv. 1, leave, abandon. for-*leosan, sv. 7, lose. for-*liger, sn. wantonness, immo- rality. forma, aj. first — superl. fyrmest, first. for-*molsnian, wv. crumble, decay, for-'scrincan, sv. 3, shrink up. for-seon, sv. 5, despise, for-'slean, sv. 2, cut through. for--standan, sv. 2, (stand before), protect. forp, av. forth, forwards, on. forp-*feran, wv. depart, die. for-’prysman, wv. suffocate, choke. H 2 104 GLOSSARY for-*weorpan, sv. 3, perish, fot, sm foot, fraetwian, wv. adorn, fraetwung, sf. ornament, fram, prep. w. dat. from; agent, w. pass, hie waeron fram Wyrtgeorne gelapode, invited by. fr§mman, wv. perform, do. freond, sm. friend, frip, sm. peace — frip niman, make peace. fugol, sm. bird, fuhton, see feohtan. ful, aj . foul, impure, full, aj. full. full-’blipe, aj. very glad. full-cene, aj. very brave. ful-lice, av. fully. full- sop, aj. very true. ful turn, sm. help ; forces, troops. fuitumian, wv. w. dat. help. funds, see findan. furpor, av. further, more [forfi]. fus, aj. hastening. fyllan, wv. fill, fulfil [full]. fyr, sn. fire. fyrmest, see forma. G. Gadrian, wv. gather, gaers, sn. grass, gafeloc, sm. missile, spear, gafol, s?i. interest, profit, gamen, sn. sport, gan, sv. go. ge'gsin, sv. gain, conquer, gangende, see gan. gast, sm. spirit; se halga gast, the Holy Ghost, gast-lic, aj. spiritual, ge, cj. and — ge . . ge,both . . and. ge, see pu. gealga, sm. gallows, gear, sti. year. gearcian, wv. prepare [gearo]. geard, sm. yard, court, gearu, aj. ready, gearwian, wv. prepare, geat, sn. gate. geogup, sf. youth, geomrung, sf. lamentation, geond, prp. w. acc. through, throughout, geong, aj. young, georn, aj. eager, georne, av. eagerly, earnestly, giefan, sv. 5, give, gieffca, sfpl. marriage, wedding [giefan]. gieft-hus, S7i. wedding-hall, gieft-lic, aj. wedding, giefu, sf. gift ; grace (of God) [giefan], gierla, sm. dress [gearu]. giernan, wv. w. gen. yearn, desire ; ask [georn]. giet, av. yet ; further, besides, gif, cj. if. gimm, sm. gem, jewel [Latin gemma], gimm-stan, sm. gem, jewel, git, see pu. gltsian, wv. covet, gitsung, sf. covetousness, avarice, glaed, aj. glad, glaed-lice, av. gladly, gleaw, aj. prudent, wise, glgngan, wv. adorn ; trim (lamp), god, sm. God. god-faeder, sm. godfather, god-spell, sn. gospel, godspel-lic, aj. evangelical, god, aj. good — compar. bgtera. superl. bgtst. god, sn. good thing, good, gold, sn. gold, gold-hord, sn. treasure, graedig, aj. greedy, grseg, aj. grey, gretan, wv. greet, salute, grindan, sv. 3, grind, grist-bltung, sf. gnashing of teeth, grymetian, wv. grunt, roar, gyldan, iuv. gild [gold], gylden, aj. golden [gold]. H. Habban, wv. have ; take. GLOSSARY. had, sm. rank, condition. ^ehadod, aj. ordained, in orders, clerical [ past partic. of hadian, ordain]. hsefde, heefp, see habban. hseftan, wv.Yio\& fast, hold [habban]. hselan, wv. heal [hal]. hielend, sm. Saviour [pres, partic. of hselan]. hselo, sf. salvation [hal]. hses, sf command, hsespe, sf. hasp, hiete, sf heat [hat]. heep, sf. heath, hsepen, aj. heathen [hm}>]. hal, aj. whole, sound. ge'hal. aj. w r hole, uninjured, halga, sm. saint. halgian, wv. hallow, consecrate, halig, aj. holy. halig-dom, sm. holy object, relic. ham, av. homewards, home, hand, sf. hand, hand-cweorn, sf. hand-mill, hangian, wv. hang, intr. [hon], hat, aj. hot. hatan, sv. I, command, ask — w. inf in passive sense , heton him sgcgan, bade them be told ; name — passive , hatte. hatian, wv. hate, hatte, see hatan. he, prn. he. heafod, sn. head, heafod-mann, sm. head-man, ruler, chief. heah. aj. high — super l . hiehst. healdan, sv. i, hold, keep ; guard ; preserve ; observe, keep, healf, aj. half, healf sf. side, hea-lic, aj. lofty [heah], heall, sf. hall. heard, aj. hard ; strong ; severe. h§bban, sv. 2, raise. h§fel-prsed, sm. web-thread, thread. h§fe, sm. weight [hgbban]. h§fig, aj. heavy [hgte]. h§ll, sf. hell. 105 g*eh§nde, aj. w. dat. near [hand], heo, see he. heofon, sm. heaven — often in plvr., heofona rice. heofon-lic, aj. heavenly, heold, see healdan. heord, sf. herd, heorte, sf. heart. her, av. here ; hither — heraefter, &c., hereafter. her-be-'eastan, av. east of this. h§re, sm. army, h^re-reaf, sn. spoil. h§re-toga, sm. army-leader, gene- ral, chief [toga from teon]. h§rgian, wv. ravage, make war [hgre]. hfrgung, sf. (ravaging), warfare, war. h§rian, wv. praise. het, see hatan. hider, av. hither. hie, see he. hiehst, see heah. hiera, see he. g-ehieran, wv. hear. hierde, sm. shepherd [heord]. hierd-rseden, sf. guardianship. hiere, see he. g-ehier-sum, aj. w. dat. obedient [hieran], g^hiersum-nes, sf obedience. him, hine, see he. hired, sn?n. family, household. his, see he. hit, see he. hiw, sn. hue, form. hliedder, sf ladder. hlaest, sm. load. hlaf, sm. bread, loaf of bread. hlaford, sm. lord. hlisa, sm. fame. hlud. aj. loud. hlydan, wv. make a noise, shout [hlud]. hnappian. wv. doze, g-ehoferod, aj. (past partic.), hump- backed. holt, sn. wood. ic6 GLOSSARY. hon, sv. i, hang [hangian], horn, sm. horn, hraed-liee, av. quickly, hraedung, sf hurry, hrape, av. quickly — swa hrape swa, as soon as. hreod, sn. reed, hreowar, sv. 7, rue, repent, hri email, wv. cry, call, hrlper, sn . ox. hrof, sn. roof, hrycg, sm. back, hryre, sm. fall [hreosan]. hu, av. how. hu-meta, av. how. hund, sn. w. gen. hundred, hund, sm. dog. hund-feald, aj. hundredfold, hund-migontig, nnm. ninety. hund--tw§lftig, nnm. hundred and twenty. hungor, sm. hunger ; famine, hungrig, aj. hungry, huru, av. especially, hus, sn. house, hux-ilce, av. ignominiously. hwa, pm. who. ^‘hwa, pm. every one. hwaern, see hwa. hweer, av. where — swa hwser swa, wherever. ^ehwaer, av. everywhere, hwses, hweet, see hwa. hwaet, interj. what ! lo ! well, hwsete, sm. wheat, hwaeper, av. cj. whether — hwseper )?e, to introduce a direct ques- tion. hwsspre, av. however, hwanon, av. whence, hwelc, pm. which ; any one, any — swa hwelc swa, whoever. ge 'hwelc, pm. any, any one. hwll, sf. while, time, hwone, see hwa. hwonne, av. when, hwy, av. why. diydan. wv. hide, hyht, sf. hope. g-e’hyhtan, wv. hope, hyran, wv. hire. I. Ic, pm. I. idel, aj. idle ; useless, vain — on idel, in vain, leg-land, sn. island, ieldan, wv. delay [eald], ieldra, see eald. ieldran, smpl. ancestors [ originally compar. o/eald]. iernan, sv. 3, run ; flow, ierre, aj. angry, il, sm. hedgehog. ilea, prn. same (always weak, and with the definite article), in, prp. w. dat. and acc. in, into, inc, see pu. inn, av. in (of motion), innan, prp. w. dat. {av.) within, inne, av. within, inside, inn-gehygd, sn. inner thoughts, mind. in-to, prp. w. dat. into. Iotan, smpl. Jutes. Ir-land, sn. Ireland. Iudeise, aj. Jewish — pa Iudeiscan, the Jews. L. La, interj. lo ! — la leof ! Sir ! lac, sn. gift ; offering, sacrifice. ge'\s£Q an, wv. seize, fedan, wv. lead ; carry, bring, take, laeden, s?i. Latin ; language, laeg, see liegan. lieran, wv. w. double acc. teach ; advise, suggest [lar]. ^laered, aj. learned \_past partic. of lseran]. lees, av. less — py lses (pe), cj. w. subj. lest. lsetan, sv. 1, let ; leave — heo let pa swa, she let the matter rest there, g’edsete, sn . — wega gel^tu, pi. meet- ings of the roads. laf, sf. remains — to lafe beon, re- main over, be left [(be)llfan]. GLOSSARY. 107 g-edamp, see gelimpsm. land, S7i, land, country, land-folc, s?i. people of the country, land-h^re, sm. land-army, land-leode, smpl. people of the country, lang, aj . long. lange, av. for a long time, long, lang-lice, av. for a long time, long, lar, sf. teaching, doctrine, late, av. slowly, late — late on geare, late in the year, g'elapian, wv. invite. g*edaj>ung, sf. congregation, leaf, sf. leave, gedeafa, sm. belief, faith, ^•leaf-full, aj. believing, pious, leahtor, sm. crime, vice, leas, aj. without (expers), in compos. -less ; false, leaf, see lutan. licgan, wv. lay [licgan]. g’ed^ndan, iuv. land [land], leo, smf. lion, leode, smpl. people, leof, aj. dear, beloved; pleasant — me wsere leofre, I would rather — [lufu] . leofode, see libban. leoht, sn. light. leoht-feet, sn. (light- vessel), lamp, leornian, wv. learn, leornung-cniht, sm. disciple, let, see leetan. libban, wv. live, lie, sn. body, corpse. gelic, aj. w. dat. like. ge’ lice, av. in like manner, alike, equally. licgan, sv. 5, lie. llc-hama, sm. body, licham-liee, av. bodily, g^lician, wv. w. dat. please, liefan, wv. w. dat. allow [leaf], g-^liefan, wv. believe [geleafa], Hf, sn. life, lifiend, see libban. lim, sn. limb, member. » £edimp, sn. event, emergency, calamity. g-edimpan, sv. 3, happen. uj>, see licgan. loee, sm. lock of hair, lof, sti. praise ; glory, g-edogian, place ; occupy, furnish, g’edom, aj. frequent, repeated, gedome, av. often, repeatedly, losian, wv. w. dat. be lost — him losa]), he loses [(for)leosan]. lucan, sv. 7, close, lufu, sf. love [leof]. Lunden-burg, sf. London [Lun- donia], lutan, sv. 7, stoop, lytel, aj. little. M. Ma, see micel. macian, wv. make, meeg, swv. can, be able, meegen, sn. strength, capacity ; virtue [maeg]. meeg]?, sf. family ; tribe, nation ; generation. ge’ meene, aj. common, g'e’meenelie, aj. common, general, msere, aj. famous, glorious, great (metaphorically). ge' meere, sn. boundary, territory, meersian, wv. extol, celebrate [maire]. mSrpo, sf glory [msere]. meesse, sf. mass [ Latin missa]. meesse-preost, sm. mass-priest, meest, see micel. magon, see meeg. man, indef. one [mann]. man, sn. wickedness, man-deed, sf. wicked deed, man-full, aj. wicked, mangere, sm. merchant." mangung, sf. trade, business, manig, aj. many, manig-feald, aj. manifold, manig-fieldan, wv. multiply [ma- il igfeald]. mann, sm. man ; person, mann-cynn, sn. mankind. io8 GLOSSARY . mann-rseden, sf. allegiance, mann-slaga, s?n. manslayer, mur- derer [slean, slgge]. mare, see micel. martyr, sm. martyr, mapm, sm. treasure, mapm-faet, sn. precious vessel, me, see ic. meare, sf. boundary, med, sf. reward, pay. meder, see modor. m§nn, see mann. m^nnisc, aj. human [mann]. m§re-grot, sn. pearl [margarita]. mergen, sm. morning [morgen]. ge‘ met, sn. measure ; manner, way. metan, sv. 5 , measure. ge' metan, wv. meet ; tind [gemot]. m§te, sm. food — pi. mgttas. micel, aj. great, much — compar. mare, ma ( adv .), superl. msest. miele, av. greatly, much, mid, prp. w. dat. ( instr .) with — mid psem pe, cj. when, middan-geard, sm. world [liter- ally middle enclosure], midde, aj. mid, middle (only of time). middel, sn. middle. Middel-§ngle, smpl. Middle- Angles. Mieree. smpl. Mercians [mearc]. miht, sf. might, strength ; virtue Tmaeg]. mihte. see maeg. mihtig, aj. mighty, strong, mil, sf. mile [Latin milia (passuum)]. mild-heort, aj. mild-hearted, mer- ciful. g'e’miltsian, wv. w. dat. have mercy on, pity [milde]. min, see ic. mis-laedan, wv. misiead, lead astray. mis-lic, aj. various, mod, sn. heart, mind, mo dig, aj. proud, modig-nes, sf. pride, modor, .f. mother. molde, sf. mould, earth, mona, sm. moon. monap, sm. month — pi. monap [mona]. morgen, sm. morning, morp, sn. (murder), crime, moste, see motan. ge*mot, sn. meeting, motan, swv. may; ne mot, must not. ^'munan, suw. remember. munt, sm. mountain, hill [Latin montem]. munuc, sm. monk [Latin mo- nachus]. murcnian, wv. grumble, complain, mu]?, sm. mouth. mupa, sm. mouth of a river [mu])], g-emynd, sf. memory, mind [ge- munan]. g-a'myndig, aj. w gen. mindful, mynet, sf. coin [Latin moneta]. mynetere, sm. money-changer, mynster, sn. monastery [Latin monasterium]. 1ST. Na. av. not, no [ = ne a]. nabban = ne habban. naeddre, sf. snake, nsefde, nsefst, = ne haefde, ne haefst. niefre, av. never [ = ne aefre]. nsegel, sm. nail, n see — ne waes. naht, pm. w. gen. naught, nothing [ = nan wiht]. naht-nes, sf. worthlessness, cow- ardice. nam, see niman. nama, sm. name, namon, see niman. nan, pm. none, no [ — ne an], nat = ne wat. nawper, prn. neither [ = ne ahwae- per (either)]. ne, av. not — ne . . ne, neither . . not. GLOSSARY . neah, av. near ; superl. nlehst — aet niehstan, next, immediately, afterwards, nearu, aj. narrow, nea-wist, sfm. neighbourhood [wesan] . n^mnan, wv. name [nama], neom = ne eom. nese, av. no. n§tt, sn. net. nied, sf. need. nledunga, av. needs, by necessity. nlehst, see neah. nieten, sn. animal. nigon, num. nine. nigopa, aj. ninth. niht, sf. night. niman, sv. 4, take, capture ; take in marriage, marry. nis = ne is. niper, av. down, nlwe, aj. new. ge' nog, aj. enough, nolde = ne wolde. norp, av. north. Norphymbra-land, sn. Northum- berland. Norp-hymbre, smpl. Northum- brians [Humbra]. norpan-weard, aj. northward. Norp-m^nn, pi. Norwegians, nu, av. now, just now ; cj. causal , now that, since, nu-giet, av. still. g^nyht-sum-nes, sf. sufficience, abundance, nyle, = ne wile. nyste, nyton = ne wiste, ne witon. O. Of, prp. w. dat. of, from of place , origin , privation , release , &c. ; partitive , sgllap us of eowrum ele, some of your oil. of-'drsedd, aj. afraid [past par tic. of ofdraedan, dread]. ofer,prp. w.dat. and acc. over; on; of time, during, throughout, over. IO9 ofer-gyld, aj. (past partic.), gilded over, covered with gold. ofer-'h§rgian, wv. ravage, over-run. ofer-'sawan, sv. 2, sow over, offrian, wv. offer, sacrifice [ Latin offerre]. offrung, sf. offering, sacrifice. of-*slean, sv. 2, slay, of-’snlpan, sv. 6, kill [snl]?an, cut]. of- spring, sm. offspring [springan]. oft, av. often. of-‘teon, sv. 7, w. dat. of per s. and gen. of thing, deprive, of-’pyrst, aj. thirsty [ past partic . of ofpyrstan, from purst]. of-’wundrian, wv. w. gen. wonder, o-lincung, sf. flattery, olfend, sm. camel [ Latin elephas]. on, prp. w. dat. and acc. on ; in ; hostility , against, on hie fuhton ; of time, in. on-’byrgan, wv. taste, on-’cnawan, sv. 1, know, recog- nize. on draedan, sv. 1, wv. dread, fear, on-’fon, sv. 1, receive, on-'gean, prp. w. dat. and acc. towards ; hostility , against. on--gean, av. back — gewgnde on- gean, returned, on-ginn, sn. beginning, on-'ginnan, sv. 3, begin, on-'liehtan, wv. illuminate, en- lighten [leoht]. on'liehtung, sf. illumination, light, on-'lucan, sv. 7, unlock. on-*middan, prp. w. dat. in the midst of. on-sien, sf. appearance, form, on-sund, aj. sound, whole. on-*uppan, prp. w. dat. upon, on-weald, sm. rule, authority, power ; territory. on-*weg, av. away, open, aj. open. openian, wv. open, reveal, dis- close. orgel-lice, av. proudly. no GLOSSARY. or-mj£te, aj. immense, boundless [metan], or-sorg, aj. unconcerned, careless, op, P r P' w ‘ acc • unt ^ — oJ> paet, cj. until ; up to, as far as. oper, prn. (always strong), second ; other. op pe, cj. or — o])J)e . . oppe, either . . or. oxa, sm. ox. P. Papa, sm. pope [Latin papa]. Pfning, sm. penny. Peohtas, smpl. Piets. Philisteisc, aj. Philistine. Pihtisc, aj. Pictish [Peohtas]. plegian, wv. play, post, sm. post [Latin postis]. preost, sm. priest [Latin pres- byter]. pund, sn. pound [Latin pondus]. pytt, sm. pit [Latin puteus]. R. Racenteag, sf. chains, rad, see rldan. ge’T&d, sn. reckoning, account ; on Jra gerad J>aet, on condition that, reed, sm. advice ; what is advisable, plan of action — him rid punte, it seemed advisable to him. ramm, sm. ram. rap, sm. rope, reaf, s?i. robe, dress, reahte, see reccan. recan, wv. w. gen. reck, care. r§cean, wv. tell, narrate. g^T^cednes, sf. narrative. ge'refa, sm. officer, reeve, bailiff, regen, sm. rain, repe, aj. fierce, cruel, rice, aj. powerful, of high rank, rice, s?i. kingdom, sovereignty, government. rlcetere, sn. (ambition), pomp, rlcsian, wv. rule, rldan, sv. 6, ride, riftere, sm. reaper, riht, aj. right ; righteous. riht-llce, av. rightly, correctly. riht-wlsnes, sf. righteousness. rim, sm. number. rlman, wv. count. rlnan, wv. rain [regen]. rlpan, sv. 6, reap. rlpere, sm. reaper. rlp-tlma, sm. reaping-time, harvest. rohte, see recan. Rome -burg, sf. city of Rome, rowan, sv. 1, row. ryne, sm. course. ge'Tjne, sn. mystery. S. See, sf. sea — dat. sx. seed, sn. seed, saegde, see s§cgan. siel, sm. time, occasion. g*£*S8elig, aj. happy, blessed, g^sselig-llce, av. happily, blessedly, saet, s®ton, see sittan. sagol, sm. rod, staff, g^'samnian, wv. collect, assemble, samod, av. together, with, sanct, sm. saint [ Lat'm sanctus]. sand, sf. dish of food [sgndan]. sand-ceosol, sm. sand ( literally sand-gravel), sar, sn. grief, sar, aj. grievous, sarig, aj. sorry, sad, sawan, sv. 1, sow. sawere, sm. sou^r. sawol, sf. soul, scamu, sf. shame, scand, sf. disgrace, seand-lic, aj. shameful, sceaf, sm. sheaf [scufan]. sceaf-mselum, av. sheafwise. ge' sceaft, sf. creature, created thing. sceal, swv. ought to, must ; shall, sceap, sn. sheep, sceatt, sm. (tribute) ; money, sceawere, sm. spy, witness, sceawian, wv. see ; examine ; read, sceawung, sf. seeing, examination, sceotan, sv. 7, shoot. GLOSSARY . Ill scieppan, sv. 2, create. seieran, sv. 4, shear. scip, sn. ship. scip-hfre, sm. fleet. scip-hleest, sm. (shipload), crew. scir, sf. shire. scolde, see sceal. scop, see scieppan. scort, aj. short. scotian, ivv. shoot [sceotan]. Scot-land, sn. Ireland. Scottas, smpl. the Irish, scotung, sf. shot, scraef, sn. cave. serin, sn. shrine [ Latin scrinium], scrincan, sv. 3, shrink, scrud, sn. dress, scrydan, wv. clothe [scrud]. scufan, sv. 7, push — scufan ut, launch (ship), senlon, see sceal. scuton, see sceotan. scyld, sf. guilt [sculon, sceal]. seyldig, aj. guilty, scylen, see sceal. Scyttisc, aj. Scotch [Scottas]. se, se, pm. that ; the ; he ; who. g^seah, see g-eseon. sealde, see s§llan. seap, sm. pit. Seaxe, smpl. Saxons, sedan, wv. seek ; visit, come to ; attack. sfegan, wv. say. self, prn. self, sfllan, wv. give ; sell, selest, av. superl. best. s§ndan, wv. send, send message [sand], seo, see se. seofon, num. seven, seofopa, aj. seventh, seolc, sf. silk, seolcen, aj. silken, seolfor, sn. silver. geseon, sv. 5, see. sdow, see sawan. g-e'Sftnes, sf. narrative [sgttan]. Sf ttan, wv. set ; appoint, institute — d 5 m sfttan w. dat. pass sen- tence on ; compose, write ; create [sittan]. sibb, sf. peace, g-e sibb-sum, aj. peaceful, sie, see wesan. siefer-lice, av. purely, siefre, aj. pure, sierwnng, sf. stratagem. siex, num. six. siexta, aj. sixth, siextig, num. sixty, siextig-feald, aj. sixty fold. sige, sm. victory — sige niman, gain the victory. sige-fsest, aj. victorious, g^'silip, sf. sight; vision, dream [geseon]. silfren, aj. silver, simle, av. always, sind, see wesan. sinu, sf. sinew, sittan, sv. 5, sit ; settle, stay. g^*sittan, sv. 5, take possession of. sip, sm. journey, sipian, wv. journey, go. sippan, av. since, afterwards ; cj. when. sleep, sm. sleep, slijpan, sv.rf, sleep. C P D 7 slaga, sm. slayer [slean, past, partic. geslsegen]. slaw, aj. slow, slothful, dull, slean, sv. 2, strike ; slay, kill, slfcg, sm. hammer [slaga, slean]. slfge, sm. killing [slaga, slean]. slep, see sliepan. slog, see slean. smsel, aj. narrow. smean, wv. consider, think ; consult. smeocan, sv. 7, smoke. smepe, aj. smooth. snotor, aj. wise, prudent. sona, av. soon ; then. sorg, sf. sorrow. sop, aj. true. sop, sn. truth. sop-lice, av. truly, indeed. spade, wf. spade [ Latin spatha]. 1 1 2 GLOSSARY. spraec, sf speech, language; con- versation [sprecan]. sprecan, sv. 5, speak, springan, wv. (scatter) ; sow ["Pringan]. springan, sv. 3, spring, sprungen, see springan. stiinen, aj. of stone [stan]. staenilit, sn . stony ground [origin- ally adj. c stony/ from stan]. stan, sm. stone ; brick, standan, sv. 2, stand, ste-ap, aj. steep, st^de, sm. place, stefn, sf. voice, stelan, sv. 4, steal. st§nt, see standan. steor, sf. steering, rudder, steorra, sm. star, sticol, aj. rough, stiepel, sm. steeple [steap]. stieran, wv. w. dat. restrain [steor]. g-tf’stillan, wv. stop, prevent, stille, aj. still, quiet, stod, see standan. stol, sm. seat, stow, sf. place. striet, sf. street, road [Latin strata via]. strand, sm. shore, strang, aj. strong, stredan, wv. (scatter), sow. strfngpo, sf. strength [strang]. g'fstreon, sn. possession, g'e'strienan, wv. gain [gestreon], strutian, wv. strut, styece, sn. piece. sum, prn. some, a certain (one), one ; a. g-fsund, aj. sound, healthy, ^•sur d-full. aj. safe and sound. sundor, av. apart. sunne, sf. sun. sunu, sm. son. sup, av. south, southwards. siipan, av. from the south. supan-weard, aj. southward, sup-dsel, sm. the South. superne, aj. southern. Stip-seaxe, smpl. South-Saxons. swa, av. so ; swa, swa, as, like— - swa . . swa, so . . as. swac, see swican. swa-peah, av. however, swefn, sn. sleep ; dream, swelc, prn. such. swelce, av. as if, as it were, as, like. sweltan, sv. 3, die. swinean, wv. afflict, molest [swin- can], sw^ng, sm. stroke, blow [swingan]. sweor, sm. pillar, sweora, sm. neck, sweor d, sn. sword, sweord-bora, sm. sword-bearer [beran]. sweotol, aj. clear, evident, sweotolian, wv. display, show, indicate. sweotolung, sf. manifestation, sign. sw^rian, sv. 2, swear, swic, sm. deceit. ge swican, sv. 6 (fail, fall short); cease (betray). swic-dom, sm. deceit [swican]. swicol, aj. deceitful, treacherous, swicon, see swican. swift, aj. swift, swigian, wv. be silent, swinean, sv. 3, labour, toil, swingan, sv. 3, beat, swingle, sf stroke [swingan]. swipe, sm whip. swipe, av. very, much, greatly, violently — cp. swipor, rather, more. swip-lic, aj. excessive, great, swipre, sf. right hand [cp. of swipe with hand understood ]. swulton, see sweltan. swuncon, see swinean. swungon, see swingan. syndrig, aj. separate [sundor]. syn-full, aj. sinful, syngian, wv. sin. synn, sf sin. GLOSSARY. TI 3 T. Tacen, sn. sign, token; miracle, tacnian, wv. signify, g-rtacnung, sf. signification, type. t©ean, wv. w. dat. show ; teach, talu, sf number [getel]. tam, aj. tame, tawian, wv. ill-treat, team, sm. progeny [teon], ge tel, sn. number. t§llan, wv. count, account — tgllan to nahte, count as naught [talu]. T§mes, sf. Thames [Tamisia], tempel, sn. temple [ Latin templum]. teon, sv. 7, pull, drag, teona, sm. injury, insult, teon-raeden, sf. humiliation, tep, see to p. ticcen, sn. kid. tld. sf time ; hour, tiegan, wv. tie. tieman, wv. teem, bring forth [team] . tlen, num. ten. tierwe, sf. tar. tigele, wf. tile [ Latin tegula], tlma, sm. time, timbrian, wv. build. g-£'timbrung, sf. building, tintreg, sn. torture, tintregian, wv. torture, to, prp. w. dat. ( av .) to — 15 ab- bode gesgtt, made abbot ; time, at — to langum fierste, for a long time; adverbial , t 5 scande, igno- miniously ; fitness, purpose, for — psem folce (dat.) to deape, to the death of the people, so that the people were killed; to paim past, cj. in order that — to paem (swipe) . . paet, so (greatly) . . that, to, av. too. to-*berstan, sv. 3, burst, break asunder. to-’brecan, sv. 4, break in pieces, break through. to-*bregdan, sv. 3, tear asunder, td-ewlesan, wv. crush, bruise. to-cyme, sm. coming [cuman]. to- dseg, av. to-dav. to-'dSlan, wv. disperse ; separate, divide. to- gaedre, av. together, to-'geanes, prp. w. dat. towards — him t 5 geanes, to meet him. tol, sn. tool. to-'llesan, wv. loosen [leas]. to--middes, prp. w. dat. in the midst of. to-’teran, sv. 4, tear to pieces, top, sm. tooth, to-weard, aj. future, to- weorpan, sv. 3, overthrow, de- stroy. treow, sn. tree, g-^'treowe, aj. true, faithful, trum, aj. strong. trymman, wv. strengthen [trumh trymmung, sf. strengthening, en- couragement, tueian, wv. ill-treat, tugon, see teon. tun, sm. village, town, twa, twsem, see twegen. twegen, num. two. tw§lf, num. twelve, tw^ntig, num. w. gen. twenty. p- pa, av. cj. then ; when — pa pa, when, while — correlative pa . . pa, when . . (then), pa, p®m, &c., see se. pier, av. there — paertd, &c. thereto, to it; where — paer paer, correl. where. psere, see se. paer-rihte, av. immediately, paes, av. therefore ; wherefore. paes, paet, see se. paet, cj. that. gr'pafian, wv. allow, permit. pa--giet, av. still, yet. pane, sm. thought ; thanks, pancian, wv. w. gen. of thing and dat. of person, thank. GLOSSARY . I 14 panon, av. thence, away, pas, see pis. pa, rel. pm. who — se p e, who ; av. when, pe, see pu. peah, av. cj. though, yet, however — peah pe, although, pearf, swv. need, pearle, av. very, greatly, peaw, srn. custom, habit ; peawas, virtues, morality, pegen, sm. thane ; servant, pegnian, uv. w. dat. serve, pegnung, sf. service, retinue, pyncan, wv. think, expect [pane], peod, sf, people, nation, g'fpeode, sn. language, peof, sm. thief, peos, see pes. peostru, spl. darkness, peow, sm. servant, peow-dom, sm. service, peowian, wv. w. dat. serve, peowot, sn. servitude, pes, prn. this, piece, aj. thick. piegan, sv.5, take, receive; eat, drink. pin, see pu. ping, sn. thing. pis, pissum, &c., see pes. g^-pdht, sm. thought. polite, see pfnean. pone, see se. ponne, av. cj. then ; when ; because. ponne, av. than. porfte, see pearf. porn, sm. thorn. pried, stn. thread. preo, see prie. pridda, aj. third. prie, num. three. prim, see prie. pritig, num. thirty. pritig-feald, aj. thirtyfold. prymm, sm. glory. pu, prn. thou. puhte, see pyncan. ^•pungen, aj. excellent, distin- guished. purh, prp. w. acc. through ; causal , through, by. purh-'wunian, wv. continue, purst, sm. thirst, purstig, aj. thirsty, pus, av. thus, pusend, s?i. thousand. ge ^pwser-lseean, wv. agree, py. mstr. of se ; av. because, pyfel, sm. bush, py-lses, cj. lest. pyncan, wv. impers. w. dat. me pyncp, methinks [])gncan]. pyrel, sn. hole [purh]. U. Ufe-weard, aj. upward, at the top of. un-arimed-lic, aj. innumerable, unc, see ic. un-g^cynd, aj. strange, of alien family. un-dead-lic-nes, sf. immortality, under, prp. iu. dat. and acc. under, under-cyning, sm. under-king, under-’ delfan, sv. dig under, under-'fon, sv. 1, receive, take, under-'gietan, sv. 5, understand, undern-tid, sf. morning-time, un-forht, aj. dauntless, un-for-molsnod, aj. (past partic.) undecayed. un-g-ehiersum, aj. w. dat. dis- obedient. un-hold, aj. hostile, un-g^metlic. aj. immense, un-mihtig, aj. weak, un-nytt, aj. useless, un-rihtllce, av. wrongly, un-rihtwis, aj. unrighteous, un-g^rim, sn. countless number or quantity. un-g^rim, aj. countless, un-g'tfsselig, aj. unhappy, accursed, un-scyldig, aj. innocent, un-tiemend, aj. barren [from pres . partic. q/“tleman]. GLOSSARY . II 5 un-g^pwser-nes, sf. discord, un-^wittig, aj. foolish, up, av. up. up-ahafen-nes, sf. conceit, ar- rogance. up-flor, sf. { dat . sing, -a) upper floor, upper story, uppan, prp. w. dat. on, upon, urnon, see iernan. us, 'see ic. ut, av. out. utan, av. outside. uton, defect, verb , w. infin. let us — uton gan, let us go ? W. Wacian, wv. be awake, watch, wsedla, sm. poor man. wael, sn. slaughter — wad ge'slean, make a slaughter, wsel-hreow, aj. cruel, wselhreow-lice, av. cruelly, sav- agely. wselhreownes, sf. cruelty, wsepen, s?i. weapon, wser, aj. wary, wseron, wees, see wesan. waestm, sm. (growth) ; fruit, weeter, sn. water, weeter-scipe, sm . piece of water, water. wafung, sf (spectacle), display, -ware, pi. (only in composition) dwellers, inhabitants [originally defenders, cp. wgrian]. wat, see witan. ge wat, see ge witan. we, see ic. g-£*weald, sn. power, command, wealdan, sv. i, w. gen. rule. Wealh, sm. {pi. Weal as), sm. Welshman, Briton {originally foreigner), weall, sm. wall. weall-lim, sm. (wall-lime), cement, mortar. wearg, sm. felon, criminal [origin- ally wolf, then proscribed man, outlaw]. weaxan, sv. i, grow, increase, weg, sm. way, road, weg-ferende, aj. (pres, partic.) way-faring, wel, av. well. wel-willend-nes, sf. benevolence, wenan, wv. expect, think. ge' w§ndan, Z4/v. turn ; go [windan]. w§nian, wv. accustom, wean [ge- wuna]. weofod, sn. altar, we ore, sn. work, weorpan, sv. 3, throw, weorp, sti. worth, weorj), aj. worth, worthy, weorpan, sv. 3, happen ; become — w. set sprsece, enter into convers- ation. ^‘weorpan, sv. 3, impers w. dat. — him gewearp, they agreed on. weorp-full, aj. worthy, weorpian, wv. honour, worship ; make honoured, exalt, weorp-lice, aj. honourably, weorp-mynd, sf. honour, weox, see weaxan. wepan, sv. 1, weep, wer, sm. man. w§rian, wv. defend [waer]. werod, sn. troop, army, wesan, sv. be. west, av. west. West-seaxe, smpl. West-saxons. weste, aj. waste, desolate, wid aj. wide. wide, av. widely, far and wide, widewe, sf. widow, g-e wieldan, wv. overpower, con- quer [wealdan]. wierpe, aj. w. gen. worthy [weorp]. wif, sn. woman ; wife, wlf-healf, sf. female side, wif-mann, sm. woman, wiht, sf. wight, creature, thing. Wiht, sf. Isle of Wight [Vectis]. Wiht-ware, pi. Wight-dwellers, wilde, aj. wild, wildeor, sn. wild beast, willa, sm. will. ii 6 GLOSSARY . willan, swv. will, wish ; of repeti- tion , be used to. g-£*wilnian, wv. w. gen. desire, win, sn. wine, wind, sm. wind, windan, sv. 3, wind, wln-geard, sm. vineyard, winnan, sv. 3, fight, g-ewinnan, sv. 3, win, gain, winter, (pi. winter), sm. winter : in reckoning = y ear. winter-setl, sn. winter-quarters. wis, aj. wise, wise, sf. (wise), way. g-^wiss, aj. certain. ^•wissian, wv. guide, direct, ^•wissung, sf. guidance, direc- tion. wiste, see witan. wit, see ic. wita, sm. councillor, sage, witan, swv. know, g'tf’witan, sv. 6, depart, wite, sn. punishment ; torment, witega, sm. prophet, witod-lice, av. truly, indeed, and [witan]. ge‘ witt, sn. wits, intelligence, under- standing [witan]. wip, prp. w. dat. and acc. towards ; along — wip weg, by the road ; hostility, against — fuhton wi}) Brettas, fought with the Britons ; association , sharing , &c., with ; defence, against; exchange, price, for — wip psem pe, in consideration of, provided that, wip-meten-nes, sf. comparison, wip-sacan, sv. 2, w. dat. deny. wip-*standan, sv. 2, w. dat. with- stand, resist, wlite, sm. beauty, wod, aj. mad. wod-lice, av. madly, wolde, see willan. wop, sm. weeping [wepan]. word, sn. word sentence ; subject of talk, question, answer, report, g^worden, see weorpan. worhte, see wyrcan. woruld, sf. world, woruld-ping, sn. worldly thing, wrecan, sv. 5, avenge, wregan, wv. accuse. ge’ writ, sn. writing [writan], writan, sv. 6, write, wudu, sm. wood, wuldor, sn. glory, wuldrian, wv. glorify, extol, wulf, sm. wolf. g'rwuna, sm. habit, custom [wunian]. wund, sf wound, wundor, s?i. wonder ; miracle, wundor-lic, aj. wonderful, won- drous. wundor-llce, av. wonderfully, wondrously. wundrian, wv. w. gen. wonder, g'e'wunelic, aj. customary, wunian, wv. dwell, stay, continue [gewuna]. wunung, sf. dwelling, g^wunnen, see g-^winnan. wyrcan, wv. work, make ; build ; do, perform [weorc]. wyrhta, sm. worker, wyrt, sf. herb, spice ; crop, wyrt-bralp, sm. spice-fragrance, fragrant spice, wyrtruma, sm. root, wyscan, wv. wish. Y. Yfel, aj. evil, bad. yfel, sn. evil. ymbe, prp. xu. acc. around ; of time, about, at. ymb-'scrydan, wv. clothe, array. ymb-*utan, av. round about, yterra, aj. comp, outer ; superl. ytemest, outermost, last [ut]. THE END. L-0 O U i ?e i3«r 5? 12301 Auth ° r t. tlenryj | Title ' -..^-xorx pri mer — 2_e&*_ 5 > \aj e s 77 - BOSTON COLLEGE LIBRARY UNIVERSITY HEIGHTS CHESTNUT HILL, MASS. Books may be kept for two weeks and may be renewed for the same period, unless reserved. Two cents a day is charged for each book kept overtime. If you cannot find what you want, ask the Librarian who will be glad to help you. The borrower is responsible for books drawn on his card and for all fines accruing on the same.