t—» 2 i)? / , ' ■ " .» ■ . . ■ ■ - , • ' V ■ ' - ji ■, * A Latin Exeroise-Boor: ESPECIALLY ADAPTED TO Gildersleeves Latin Grammar; '.VITII PARALLEL REFERENCES TO THE GRAMMARS OF ALLEN AND GREENOUGH; ANDREWS AND STODDARD ; BULLIONS AND MORRIS ; AND HAIIKNESS. BY \ B. L. GILDERSLEEVE, Ph.D. (Gottingen), LL.D., Professor of Greek in the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore , and late Professor in the University of Virginia. CHESTNUT HILL. MASS UNIVERSITY PUBLISHING COMPANY, NEW YORK AND NEW ORLEANS. , 9 C 5 Sntered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1871, by the UNIVERSITY PUBLISHING COMPANY, Uthe Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington 2853 143389 PREFACE. In the preparation of the first three courses of this little manual, I have followed in the main the guidance of Pi\>f. J. Lattmann, an experienced teacher of boys, whose Lateini - sches Uebungsbuch commends itself to my judgment as an ex¬ cellent introduction to the study of Latin. The fourth course has been compiled from various sources. This new edition of the Latin Exercise-Book has been brought into substantial harmony with the revised edition of my Latin Grammar. In order to make the exercises more generally useful, I have added, wherever it seemed practicable, references to the grammars of Allen and Greenough, An¬ drews and Stoddard, Bullions and Morris, and Harkness. These references begin with the second course and embrace the leading phenomena of Latin Syntax. The special refer¬ ences in the text are briefly explained at the back of the book. B. L. Gildersleevr. Uhiyirsity ot Virginia, April , 1873. A. = Allen and Greenough. A. and S. = Andrews and Stoddard. B. = Bullions and Morris. G. or Gr. = Qildersleeve. H. = Harkness. CONTENTS. FIRST COURSE. PART I. Vocabulary. 1. Names of Persons. 2. Names of Animals. 3. Names of Things... 4. Adjectives. Chapter I. First and Second Declensions. II. Conjugation of Sum. III. Active Voice of the First Conjugation. IV. Third Declension. V. Second Conjugation. VI. Stem in s. (Third Declension). VII. Third Conjugation.. VIII. Mute Stems, (Third Declension). IX. Parisyllabic Vowel Stems. (Third Declension) X. Adjectives of the Third Declension. XI. “ “ “ “ XII. Comparison of Adjectives. XIII. Fourth Declension. XIV. Fifth Declension. XV. Fourth Conjugation. PART II. PABB 7 7 9 6 10 11 11 12 14 , 16 17 , lb 20 22 , 24 25 26 27 28 20 XVI. Remarks on the First and Second Declensions. 30 XVII. Conjugation of Esse. First Conjugation. 80 XVIII. Optative Subjunctive.—Wishes. 32 XIX. Second Conjugation. 34 XX. Rules of Gender of the Stems in l, n, r, and s, with the Exceptions. 36 XXI. Prepositions with the Accusative. (Partial View). 37 XXII. Prepositions with the Ablative. (Partial View). 36 XXIII. Time, when. Time, how long. 38 XXIV. Third Conjugation. 39 XXV. Fourth Conjugation. 44 XXVI. Pronouns. 44 XXVII Adsum, absum, prOsum, possum. 46 XXVII1. Imperative.'. 46 XXIX. Deponent Verbs. 48 XXX. Formation of Adverbs... ... 54 CONTENTS. 5 CHAPTER XXXI. Numerals.. XXXII. Irregular Verbs ...... XXXIII. Neuter Adjectives and Pronouns XXXIV. Numerals. SECOND COURSE. PAQl 54 55 56 5? XXXV. Whither ? Where ? Whence ?. 51) XXXVI. Accusative and Infinitive. 60 XXXVII. Dependent Interrogatives. 62 KXXVIII. Determinative and Reflexive. 63 XXXIX. Sentences of Design. 64 XL. Sentences of Tendency and Result. 65 XLI. Miscellaneous Examples. Accusative and Infinitive.— Sentences of Design and Result. 65 XLII. Ablative Absolute. 66 XLIII. Double Accusative. 68 XLIV. Prepositions with the Accusative. 69 XLV. Dative. 70 XLVI. Construction of Sundry Adjectives. 73 XLVII. Genitive with Nouns-Substantive. 73 XLVIII. Genitive with Adjectives and Verbs. ... 75 XLIX. Ablative (Superlative). 77 L. Ablative with Sundry Verbs. 78 LI. Prepositions with the Ablative. 79 LIl. Prepositions with Accusative and Ablative. 80 LIII. Miscellaneous Prepositions. 80 LIV. Infinitive and Gerund. 81 LV. Gerundive. 82 LVI. Copulative Verbs. 82 LVII. Two Accusatives. 83 LVIII. Predicative Attribution and Apposition... 84 LIX. Accusative and Infinitive. 86 LX. Relative Clauses. 87 THIRD COURSE. PART I. LXI. Accusative. 88 LXII. Dative. 89 LXI1I. Genitive. 90 LXIV. Interest and Refer!. 96 LXV. Ablative. 97 6 CONTENTS. PART II CHAPTER „ A «, LXVI. Predication. .108 LXVII. Infinitive. Ill LXVIII. Gerund and Gerundive. 114 LXIX. Supine. H7 LXX. Imperfect. LXXI. Future and Future Perfect. llg LXXIl. Indirect Question. . ng LXXIII. Reflexive Pronoun. 12(1 LXXIV. Miscellaneous Exercises. (On the Cases). 121 FOURTH COURSE. SYNTAX OF THE VERB. THE COMPOUND SENTENCE. LXXV Interrogative Sentences. 127 lxxvl “ “ .!...!.!!!.*.!!!! 128 LXXVII. “ “ . [129 LXXYIII. Non dubito quin. 129 LXXIX. Verbs of Emotion. 130 LXXX. Sentences of Design. 131 LXXXI. “ “ . 132 LXXXII. Verbs of Hindering. 133 LXXXIII. Verbs of Fearing. 133 LXXXIV. Sentences of Tendency and Result. 133 LXXXV. “ “ “ . 134 LXXXVI. Temporal Sentences. Antecedent Action. 135 LXXXVII. Temporal Sentences. (1) Contemporaneous Action. (2) Subsequent Action.. 137 LXXXVIII. Temporal Sentences : Quum. 139 LXXXIX. Conditional Sentences. 140 XC. Conditional Sentences. 142 XCI. Concessive Sentences. 143 XCII. Relative Sentences.. 144 XCIII. Object and Causal Sentences. 150 XCIV. Comparative Sentences.. 152 XCV. Comparative Sentences with Quam. 15g XCVI. Or&tio Obllqua. 153 XCVII. “ “ . 15fl XCV III. Participial Sentences. 159 XCIX. To.160 C. Without. 161 (T. Tenses in Letters. 162 First Course part i. VOCABULARY. fg^TO BB LEARNED BT HBABT. Rules of Gender, Gr. 18-20—First and Second Declension. 1. Names op Persons. Deus, God. reglna, queen. pater (patris, 3), father. populus, people. mater (matris, 3), mother medicus, physician. parentes, 3, parents. magister (magistri), teacher. filius, son. discipulus, scholar. fllia, daughter. nuntius, messenger. llberl, children. tabellarius, postman. frater (fratris, 3), brother. faber (fabrl), carpenter. soror, 3, sister. rhsticus, countryman ayus, grandfather. pastor, 3, herdsman. avia, grandmother. venator, 3, hunter. avunculus, ( unde (mother’s mercator, 3, merchant. t brother). uxor, 3, wife. matertera, < [ aunt (mother’s scrlba, clerk. 1 sister). nauta, sailor. puer, boy. poeta, poet. puella, girl. agricola, ■ ( farmer , vir (virl), man. ! peasant. femina, woman. aurlga, driver. senex (senis, 3), old man. juvenis, 3, youth. COMMON GENDER. Virgo, 3, maiden. con viva, m. & f., guest. dominus, famulus master. man-servant. conjux, 3 (conjugis), ( spouse (hus ( band, wife) ancilla. maid-servant dux, leader. servus, serva, male slave, female slave. sacerdSs, 3 (sacerdOtis), j priest , ( priestess. socius, partner. custife, guardian rGx (rBgis, 3) king. dvia, oitiaen. 8 VOCABULARY. 2. Names of Animals. bestia, beast. aquila, eagle. fera, wild beast. cicOnia, stork. gall us, cock. corvus, raven. galllna, hen. musca, M pullus, chicken, young. formica, ant. taurus, bull. rana, frog. vacca, cow. coluber, colubra, snake. kircus, he-goat. cervus, stag, hart capra, she-goat. cerva, doe, hind equus, horse. lupus, wolf. asinus, ass. ursus, bear. agnus, lamb. aper, aprl, wild boar catulus, whelp, puppy. leo, 3, lion. columba pigeon. leaena, lioness. luscinia, nightingale. elephantus, elephant stumu8, starling. graculus, jackdaw. 3. Names of Things. a. CONCRETE. terra, ea/rth. oculus, eye. caelum, sky. nasus, nose. stella, star. barba, beard. schola, school. digitus, finger. penna, feather {pen collum, neck. liber (librl), book. cibus, food. tabula, tablet , slate. pecunia, money. epistola, letter. animus, spirit, temper* 5ra, altar. anima, breath, soul templum, temple. mundus, world. fenestra, window. ventus, wind. porta, gate, door. culter, cultrl, knife. silva, wood, forest vlnum, wine. campus, field. bellum, war. herba, herb, grass corOna, wreath. folium, leaf. umbra, shadow. ramus, branch. pictiira, picture aqua, water. viola, violet. fluvius, river. vestigium, track rlvus, rivulus, brook. hOra, funi) pratum, meadow. spBlunca, ca/u vie us, village. sagitta. arrow V OCABULABY. 9 oppidum, tmvn. lacrima, tear. patria, country, native land. laqueus, rope, snare noose fossa. ditch. dorsum, back. nidus. nest. frenum, rein. Ovum, ostium, door. b. ABSTRACT. vita, life. damnum, disadvantage , loss. Ira, anger. Otium, ease. rixa, strife. negotium, business, occupation pugna, fight. consilium, advice. fuga, flight. auxilium, aid. forma, shape. praemium, reward. poena, punishment. amor, 3, love. venia, permission, pardon. timor, 3, fear. fortuna, luck. labor, 3, toil. culpa, blame. ordo, 3, order, rank. f&ma, fame, rumor, reputation. spBs, 5, hope. cura, care. miseria, wretchedness. gloria, glory. amlcitia, friendship. cSpia, abundance inimlcitia, enmity. ludus, game. diligentia, carefulness, diligence. dolus, craft, trick. industria, energy, industry. morbus, disease, sickness. pigritia, laziness. somnus, sleep. jtistitia, justice. nuntius, message. modestia, moderation, modesty. modus, manner. stultitia, stupidity ? folly. odium, hate. concordia, concord. gaudium, joy. audficia, boldness. studium, zeal. invidia, envy. mitium, beginning. liber tas, 3, freedom. vitium, fault. sapientia, wisdom. imperium, command. yictdria, victory. officium, duty. custOdia, custody, prison. perlculum, danger. praeceptum, precept. commbdum, advantage , profit. valetudo, health (f ften ill health) Exceptions in Gender .—Feminines i in us. alvus, belly. methodus, method. colus, distaff. periodus, period. humus, ground. dialectus, dialect. atomus, atom. diametrus, diameter paragraphus, paragra/ph. 1* 10 VOCABULARY 4 . Adjectives. bonus, good. ferns, wild. malus, bad. varius, various magnus, great. multus, much , man% parvus, email, little. primus, first. sfinus, sound. optimus, best. aegrOtus sick. maximus. greatest probus, upright. altus, high. improbus, wicked, naughty. prftfundus, deep. verus, true. longus, long. falsus, false. latus, broad. eautus, wary, cautious. crassus, thick. incautus, unwary, careless. beatus, blessed callidus, sly. albus, white. stultus, stupid, foolish. sSdulus, industrious. novus, new. piger, gra, gram, lazy. . > antlquus, old, ancient. niger, gra, grum, black. plenus, full. aeger, gra, grum, sick. vacuus, empty. pulcher, chra, chrum, beautiful. jbcundus, agreeable. mber, bra, brum, red. molestus, burdensome, disagreeable. sacer, era, crura, sacred. laetus, maestus, glad. sad. sinister, tra, trum, on the left. mOrdsus, soar {-tempered). vesper, erl, evening. cams, dear. socer, erl, father-in-lau odiOsus, hateful. gener, erl, son-in-law. superbus, haughty, overbearing. miser, era, erum, wretched. modestus, modest, moderate. asper, “ “ rough. gratus, thankful, acceptable. prosper/* “ prosperous. clams, clear, loud, renowned. tener, “ “ tender pius, pious, dutiful. liber, “ free. timidus, fearful, timid. lacer, “ “ tom. validus, strong. adulter, erl, adulterer. flrmus, fast, firm. dexter, tera, temm, j- on the right. jflstus. just. and tra, tram, gcnerOsua noble-spirited, gentlemanly. - aevSras, strict. signifer, erl, j standard avflrus, covetous. ( bearer. propinquus, near. armiger, erl, armor-bearer dlversus, different. — regius, royal. meus, mea, meum, mine. actltus, eximius, sharp, pointed, distinguished. luus, tua, tuum, thine. FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS.-CONJUGATION OF SUM. 11 ■uus, sua, suum, ndster, tra, tram, vester, tra, tram, Am, her, its , (reflexive). our. your. their nullus, a, um, solus, a, um, totus, a, um, alius, a, ud, uter, tra, tram, Onus, a, um, one. ullus, a, um, any. alter, tera, terum, neuter, tra, tram, none. sole. whole. other. which of two. the other (of two). neither. L First and Second Declensions. 5. The adjective attribute agrees with its substantive in gender, nuni* ber, and case. Decline— barba longa, the long heard. equus albus, the white horse. collum longum, the long neck. 6. The Possessive Genitive: puer piger, the lazy hoy. poeta clSrus, the famous poet. vir bonus, a good man. barba longa, equus albus, dominl superbl, of the haughty master. collum longum, 7. The great fame of the good queen. The burdensome cares of the wretched sailors. My son’s little book. The black slates of the lazy scholars. The long necks of the white storks. The beautiful beard of the black goat. The rough fingers of the strong farmer. II. Conjugation of SUM. Gr. 112. 8. Predicate and Copula: G. 192, 193, 196. SUBJECT. PREDICATE. Poeta est clSrus. Poetae sunt clarl. sum lsetus. I am glad. Ego sum magnus. Ego sum magna. Piger es. Pigra es. SUBJECT. PREDICATE. Regina est clara. Reglnae sunt clarae. sum puer. I am a hoy. Nos sumus magnl. Nos sumus magnae Pigrl estis. Pigrae estis. SUBJECT. PREDICATE Bellum est clarum. Bella sunt clara. estis puerl. Ton are boys. 12 ACTIVE VOICE OF THE FIRST CONJUGATION. 9. BonI sunt beatl, improbl Bunt miserL Pater meus est rtlsticus. Soror amici mei est conjux poetae. Sumus discipuli. Tu es filius domini, nos sumus servL Discipull non fuerunt sedulL Beatl eritis, pueri! Beatae eritis, puellae 1 la ddie world is great, the altar is great, the temple is great. We are great, you are small. We were friends. 1 am a slave, you are the sons of my master. The feathers of the raven are black. The new scholars are timid. The beautiful girls have been sick. Thou wilt be thankful. III. Active Voice of the First Conjugation. Gr. 119-120. The Accusative is called the Direct, and the Dative the Indirect Object, l l. SUBJECT. PREDICATE. OBJECT. magister laud at discipulum. magister laudat discipulos. magistrl laudant discipulum. - magistr! laudant discipulos. laudo discipulum. ama amlcos. magister severus vituperat discipulum pigrum. 12. SUBJECT. PREDICATE. DIRECT OBJECT. INDIRECT OBJECT. puer donat librum amlco. puer gratus donat xibrum pulchrum amlco car(5. discipulus obtemperat (is obedient ) magistro. obtempera praeceptis magistrl 13. Vocabulary: laudare, to praise. dllaniare, to tear in pieces. vituperare, blame. d&re, give (do dedl d&tum) clamare, cry (aloud). dOnare, present. portSre, carry. narrare, narrate, tell. vocare, call. monstrare, point out. dSvorare, devour. parare, get ready , prepare. necare, kill. mu tare, change. vitare, shun. suporare, overcome , surpass servare, preserve. fugare, put to flight. dslectare, delight. collocare, set up, post. pugnare, fight. llberare, free. expugnare, to take, carry (a city). ornare, adorn, furnish. curare, take care of. postulare, demand cor on are, crown. putare, think. DIRECT OBJECT.-INDIRECT OBJECT, 13 14 . Analyze the following examples : Lupl devorant agnos. Lupl ferl devoraverunt agnos parvOs. Vocavl amicum meum. Portatis librum puerl aegrotl. Portate librum puerl aegrotl. Parentes pil nautae misero dona multa dabant. Agricola gratus fllio magistrl agnum donavit. Date pecuniam fllio misero nautae aegrotl. 15 . Translate the following sentences into Latin: |5^”The possessive pronpun is not expressed unless emphatic. (1.) Direct Object : The boy is killing the fly. We are carrying a slate, a book, a pen. The girl was nursing (curare) [her] sick grandfather. Strong men will overcome dangers. The teacher will praise the good scholar, will blame the bad [one]. You demand reward and (et) glory. Preserve the good reputation of the school. Why (cur) have you killed the ants? O careless boy, you are devouring unwholesome [= bad] food. Call the physician, the master’s daughter is sick. The naughty boys had killed the nightingale. (2.) Indirect Object: A kind uncle has given the boy a knife and books. The herdsman had shown the peasants the tracks of the wolf. The herdsman has shown the boy a nest. Give your friend the pigeon’s eggs. The boys gave [their] mothers apples. The kind teacher will tell the good scholars a pretty story (fabula). The messenger announces to the physi¬ cian [his] master’s sickness. The kind-hearted master granted (dare) pardon to the careless girl. The boys were not (non) obedient to [their] teacher. (3.) Ablative as a Whence Case (Syntax, § 388): Thy help has freed the careless girl from danger. The kind teacher will free the modest scholar from punishment. 16 . The teacher will call attention to the variety of position in the Latin language, ana practise the beginner in varying the order of the words in the Latin examples. The following general principles may suffice at first: I. The adjective follows its substantive, and so do the equivalents of the adjective —genitive and the like. II. The qualifiers of the verb precede the verb; for instance, adverbs and oblique cases with or without prepositions. 1. The adverb is put near the verb. 2. The indirect object generally precedes the direct object. 14 THIRD DECLENSION, III. The reversal of the above rules produces emphasis. Hence, the emphatic place for the verb is at the beginning; for the object , at the end of a sentence; for the ad jective , before the substantive; for the adverb , at a distance from the verb; for the indirect object , after the direct object. The extremes and the means of a sentence are the points of emphasis. IV. Third Declension. 17 . Liquid Stems in l and n. Gr., §§ 40, 42. a. NAMES OF PERSONS. b. NAMES OF ANIMALS. latro (praedo), robber . draco, dragon , snake. cent&rio, centurion (captain). pavo, peacock. agaso, hostler , groom. liirundo, inis, /. swallow. histrio, actor. vespertllio, m. bat. caupo, innkeeper. papilio, m. butterfly. C. NAMES OF THINGS. aquilo, Onis, m. north wind. imago, Inis,/. likeness , image. sermo, Onis, m. talk , conversation. orlgo, Inis, /. origin, source. altitQdo, height. obsidio, onis, f. siege. longitudo, length. religio, religion. magnitudo, greatness. regio, region. multitudo, crowd. legio, legion. fortitudo, bravery. natio, nation. sOlitudo, solitude. opinio, opinion. pulchritudo, beauty. occasio, occasion. consuetudo, custom. contentio, exertion. narratio, tale , narrative. flOmen, river. condicio, condition. fulmen, lightning (stroke). susplcio, suspicion. lumen, light. reconciliatio, reconciliation. ntimen, divinity. EXCEPTIONS. agmen, line of march . caro, camis, /. flesh. carmen, poem. ordo, ordinis, m order. certamen, contest. cardo, inis, m. hinge. gramen, grass. ligo, Onis, m. mattock. turbo, Inis, m. whirlwind. harpago, grappling hook sangnis, Inis, m. blood. margo, border. pollis, Inis, m. flour. pagio. dagger. tlblcen, Inis, fluter. cubicen, trumpeter. oomicen, horn-blower. LIQUID STEMS IN R. 15 18 E. passer, anser, accipiter, ris, mulier. o. praeceptor, cantor, victor, viator, Orator, Liquid Stems in r. a. NAMES OF PERSONS AND ANIMALS. sparrow. goose. hawk. woman instructor singer, conqueror, wayfarer , traveller, orator. o. mercator, gubernator, imperator, conditor, adulator, adjutor, auctor, uxor, u. ftlr, fUris, vultur, uris, m. merchant. pilot, helmsman, general, emperor . founder. flatterer. helper. author , originator wife. thief. vulture. E. venter, imber, bris, aer, aeris, career, agger, o. b. NAMES OF THINGS belly, rain, air. jail, mound. (concrete and abstract). o (u). rObur, rOboris, strength (oak\ ebur, eboris, ivory. u. fulgur, Uris, lightning (flash). guttur, bris, throat. EXCEPTIONS. labor, tod. arbor, 6ris,/. tree. color, colour. far, farris, n spelt. honor, honour. aequor, Oris, n. sea. dolor, pain. iter, itineris, n. journey , route. furor, madness. vBr, vBris, n. spring. clamor, cry , shouting . cadaver, eris, n. dead body. terror, fright. verber, n. blow. error, mistake. ttber, n. teat. cruor, gore. papdver, n. poppy. Rule of Syntax: Cause, manner, and instrument are put in the Ablative. 19 . Latrones sunt callidl. Audacia latronum est magna Laudamus fortitudinem victorum. Puer mOnstrat sororibua imaginem pavonis. Mulieres modestae vltant occasionem cer- taminis. Imperator collocabat legiones. Viatores vitabant 16 SKCJOiMU OOJSJ UCiAHOJi. flumen. Homines cautl vltabunt pericula. Clamores nmlierum fugaverant furem. Ntintius liberavit uxorem mercatoris faisa oplnione. Venatores necaverunt leonem sagittis. Superabis fratrem diligentia et studio. Avunculus est matris frater, matertera est matris soror; patris fratrem vocabant Romani patruum, patris sororem amitam. 20. The sun is large, the moon [is] small. Salt is white. Gall is bitter ( amarus ), honey is pleasant. The winters are long. Avoid the occasions of contest. The centurions have saved the heedless ( incautus) general by [their] bravery. The cautious traveller will avoid the danger. Good people {homo) will be thankful to the divinity. The bravery of the generals, the captains [and] the legions was distinguished ( dgregius ). The cunning thieves had carried off ( asportare) the peacocks and the geese. The hawk devoured the sparrow, the great eagle tore-in-pieces the hawk. The hunter killed the sparrow, the hawk [and] the eagle. The bulls were devouring the grass. Lions do not (non) devour the dead-bodies of beasts and men (homo). The victory of the legions frees the people from fear. The slave procured (parade) many advantages for [his] master by [his] toil. V. Second Conjugation. Gr., 123. (Only the Infinitive, Indicative Present, and Imperf. 2 p., sing. and pi. Imperat. Active.) 21. Vocabulary : habSre, dBlBre, inouBre, movBre, videre, ! enBre, timBre, terrBre. ^acBre, to have. to blot out, destroy to remind, warn to move, to see. to hold, to fear, to frighten to be silent. dBbBre, to owe(dtb^o.I ought, must). nocBre, to do harm respondBre, to make answer. parBre, praebBre placBre, solBre, flere, nBre, to be obedient to afford, to be pleasing to be accustomed, to weep, to spin. Rule of Syntax : The Indirect Object is put ; the Dative with many verbs of advan¬ tage and disadvantage, > Tiding and resisting, pleasure And dis¬ pleasure, bidding and forbidding. STEMS IN 8. 17 22. Agricola habet equum et vaocam et caprara. Habemus sturDum et lusciniain. ImprobI pueri deleut nldos lusciniarum. Oratores bonl monent homines maids. Movetis oculos. Non videmus aerem et ventum. Yentus movet altas arbores. Di- scipuli praeceptores debent amare. Discipull praeceptoribua respondebant. Parete praeceptls matris. Plenus venter non scudet libenter ( willingly). Mulieres terrent fures clamoribus. Noces valetudinl tuae laboribus et contentionibus. 23. Our father has many sons and many (Synt., 286, R. 1) daughters. Thou hast a handsome and sharp knife. The sons of the merchant have pigeons, a monkey [and] a black he-goat. The timid women were screaming and weeping. Magnanimous conquerors do not destroy the temples of the gods. We were warning our brothers and our sisters. I saw the cunning thief. The strong peasant was holding the wild cow. Doves fear the falcon. The rumor of war frightens timid mothers. False opinions do harm to men (people, homines). The hawk makes answer to the sparrow: Thou hast devoured the fly, I will devour the sparrow. You lazy scholars do not answer [your] teacher. The wind is moving the water. Good ( probus) servants are obedient to [their] masters. The harmony (con- cordia) of [their] children is-pleasing to father and mother. Rivers afford to merchants many advantages. Anger and fear do harm to the health of men. Stop ( tenere ) the thieves ! The servants were holding the mad (ferus) bull with a laseo (i laqueus ). Answer, boy! why (cur) art thou weeping ? Be silent and obey 1 for (nam) children must obey [their] parent* VI. Stems in S. (Third Declension.) 24. Names of Things (Abstract and Concrete), MASCULINES. KKUTKR8. pulvis, dust K. m5s, custom. genus, kin, kind. flOs, flower. onus, burden. rOs, dew. opus. work. 18 THIRD CONJUGATION. NEUTERS. scelus, crime. lltus, shore. sldus, constellation. pectus, breast. foedus, treaty , league pecus, cattle (sheep). latus, side. pignus, pledge. vellus, fleece. stercus, dung. vulnus, wound. u. o. j&s, right. corpus, body. crGs, leg. tempus, time. tGs, frankincense. facinus, (ishameful ) deed. rQs, country. frlgus, cold. vSs, vSsis, n. j vessel, pi. vSsa, 5s, Oris, n. mouth. ( vSsorum. tellus, Gris,/. earth. as, assis, m. copper (coin). lepus, Oris, m. hare. os, ossis, n. bone. mus, mGris, m. mouse. aes, aeris, n. brass, bronze. 25. Videmus multum pulverem. Servate bonum morem 1 florti habent multos flores. Asiuus portat magnum onus. Laudamus opera del. Tempora mutant morSs. Tene jura Aegroto corpori labores sunt molesti. Imperator superbus delebat gloriam suam seelere et facinoribus. 26. The kinds of animals are various. The wayfarers were bearing great burdens. We blame the shameful-deed of the conqueror. The treaties of the good are firm. Strokes of lightning destroy the works of men. Cold does no harm to healthy bodies Dew is grateful to cattle. The girls were adorning the lambs with flowers and wreaths. You must not fear a wound. Times change the customs of men. VII. Third Conjugation. (Only Infin., Indie. Pres, and Imperf. 2 p., sing, and pi. Im perat. Act. of mo, Gr., § 27. Vocabulary: j 131, and capio , § 139.) ernere, buy. lGdere, play. vCndere, sell. scrlbere, write. dlcere, say. discern, learn. dficcre, lead. bibere. drink. THIRD CONJUGATION. 19 cadere, faU. frangere, break. caedere, cut. • defendere, defend. pellere, drive. cingere, gird, surround spernere, despise. sumere, take. gerere, carry on. legere, read. quaerere, seek. relinquere, leave. ?5dere, give way. — regere, rule, keep right. capere, take, catch. claudere, dose. accipere, receive. colere, cultivate, honour. rapere, snatch, carry off. canere, sing. corripere, seize. currere, run. facere, make. mittere, send. interficere, make away with, klU. alere, nourish. tribuere, impart. 28. Bibimus aquam. Centurio ducebat agmen. Puer discit carmen. Imbres pellunt ventl. Sperne invidiam. Imperatores gerunt bella. Mercatores emebant ebur et aes. Accipiter corripiebat passeres et columbas. Venatores interficiunt prsum. Parentes liberls multa beneficia tribuunt. Venator quaerit lupum. Nauta relinquit uxorem miseram. Cedite furor! apri. Reges bon! regunt populos eonsilio et jflstitia. Imperator op- pidum obsidione claudebat. Deum colimus precibus. ServJ portabant onera. Agricolae caednnt altas arbores. 29. The scholars were reading various books. The robbers are carrying-off the lambs of the unfortunate farmer. The merchants are buying and selling. We are reading and writing, you are playing and singing. Run, boys, and catch the but¬ terfly. Thou art not learning, thou art playing. The father was buying [his] son a starling. The boy would not answer (r= was not answering); he was screaming and singing. The captain was receiving wounds. The robbers give-way to the strong travellers. The herdsmen are driving [off] the wolves. My father sends my uncle a letter. The sons gave their sick mother beautiful flowers. The great seize and devour the smalL The herdsman shows the timid traveller the way. The traveller fears the deep river. Food nourishes the body, studies ( stu - ilium) nourish the mind. You were breaking the back ( dorsum ) of the ass by loads. Despise crime. 20 MUTE STEMS VIII. Mute Stems. (Third Declension.) BO. Vocabulary. Stems in a P mute. Gr., § 52 * trabs, beam. ope ( Abl .), by help. pl@bs, commons. urbs, city. stips, dole, contribution. stirps, stock. princeps, chief , prince. Stems in a K mute. Gr., \ \ 53. pax, peace. faex, dregs. t*<5x, king. salix, willow. l£x, law. judex, judge. radix, root. vindex, avenger , advocate. cornix, crow. paelex (pellex), concubine. victrix, conqueress. artifex, artisan. imperatrix, empress. culex, gnat. vox, voice. cortex, bark. lu X, light. frutex, shrub. nux, nut. dux, leader. crux, cross. conjux, spouse {husband, wift fax, torch. arx, citadel. grex, flock (herd). falx, sickle. nex, necis, death, murder. fauces {pi), throat. preces ( pi.), prayers. Stems in a T'mute. Gr., §§ 55—57. A. aetas, age. deformitas, ugliness. aestSs, summer. taciturnitas, reserve. llbertas, freedom. tranquillitas, calmness. paupertas, poverty. sterilitas, barrenness. pietas, piety , dutifulness. anas, duck. societas, company. vas, surety. sedulitas, application, industry. calliditas, cunning. E. probitas, uprightness. quies, rest. auctoritas, authority, influence. paries, m. wall, party wad calamitas, disaster seges, crop. cl vitas, state. aries, ram ternpestas, storm. heres, heir. voluntas, will. mercCs, pay. voluptas, pleasure. p6s, m. foot MUTE STEMS. L 0 . 118, strife , suit at law. sacerdOs, priest. lapis, m stone. nepOs, grandson. miles, soldier , warrior. custos, guard , keeper. comes, companion. u. cques, horseman. virtiis, manliness , worth pedes, foot-soldier. salus, welfare liospes, guest , host, stranger . juventus, youth. c6spes, turf. senectus, old age. obses, hostage. palus, bog , swamp. laus, praise. , fraus, cheating. pecus, head of cattle, sheep. NT, ND. frons, brow. frons, leafy branch , foliage. infans, baby. glans, acorn. ado!6sc6ns, young man. KT. serpens, com. snake. pars, part. 156ns, race , people , tribe. ars, art. m6ns, mind. mors, death. mous, m. mountain. LT, RD, CT. pons, m. bridge. puls,/. poiridge. fons, m. spring. cor, 71. heart. d6ns, m. tooth. no x,/ night. torrens, m. torrent. lac, n. milk. rudens, m. rope. caput, n. head. Bl. Trabes parietis sunt longae. Colite regem et regin am ei principes. Mllites defendant patriam et llbertatem. Si vis [you wish) pacem, compara 1 bellum. Nomina regum et prin- cipum sunt elara. Fiigora et tempestates nocent gregibus et segetibus. Senectutem debemus colere. Timemus arietem ferum. Juventus praebet multas voluptates. Custodes probi servabant arcem. Obsides miseros imperator dlmittebat. 2 Avus laudat nepotum pietatem. Jdsto judicl homines tribuunt lau- dem et honorem. Cormx cornlcl oculos non effodit. 3 Imperator cinsdt urbem fossa et aggere. Infantes clamant. Mus habebat O O CD acutos dentes. Leo sumit prlmam partem praedae. Spes pellit eorde dolorem. 1 prepare. 2 let go. 3 digs {picks) out. 22 PARISYLLABIC VOWEL STEMS. 32 . Chiefs rule the tribes. God rules the universe. A just king maintains [preserves] peace. The slave is cutting the roots of the high trees. The voices of nightingales are pleasant. The keepers ( pastor ) of the flocks are singing. Obey ye the laws of the state. The horsemen were affording aid and safety to the foot-soldiers. Legions defend cities and citadels. The soldiers were conquering and destroying the strong (firmus) cities. Just masters give ( praebere ) [their] servants pay and rest. We give-way to thy will. The companions of tne prince were receiving many wounds. The leaders of the cavalry and infantry [ = horsemen and foot-soldiers] were timid. The grandfather gives to [his] grandson a little ram. In¬ dustry and modesty are virtues of youth. He is throwing a stone. Shut the gates of the citadel. The peasants were sur¬ rounding the bog, and trying-to-drive-away (G. § 224 .) the god¬ dess. The master detects ( detegere) the fraud of the ass. The boys drive away the sparrows with stones. The [high] water [pi.] was breaking the beams of the bridge. Trees have a trunk and bark, roots, branches ( ramus ), foliage, flowers. The sun drives-away the night. The general disbands ( dlmittere ) a great part of [his] soldiers. Good soldiers do not fear wounds and death. The inventors of arts are famous. Babies drink milk. The Furies ( Furiae ) are the avengers (fern, of ultor) of shameful-deeds and crimes. IX. Parisyllabic Vowel Stems. (Third Declension.) Gtr., 58. 33. Vocabulary. 1. Names of Persons. 2. Names of Animals. hostis, enemy. ovis,/. ewe , sheep. clvis, citizen. avis,/. bird. testis, witness. apis,/. bee. sodalis, (boon-)companion. canis, m. dog (canBe, pi. /., hcundt\ juvenis, youth. vulpes,/. fox. vales, prophet , prophetess. ffeles,/. eat. PARISYLLABIG VOWEL STEMS. 23 3. Names of Things. A FEMININE. b. MASCULINE 1ST is, ship. amnis, liver. pellis, skin } fleece. axis, axle. vestis, raiment , clothes crlnis, hair. auris, ear. fascis, fagot. classis, Jleet. fustis, cudgel. vallis, valley. filnis, rope. nubes, cloud. finis, # end. rupBs, rock. ignis, fire. clades, defeat , disaster. orbis, circle. sedes, seat. unguis, nail , talon, claw fames, hunger. Gnsis ( poetic ), glaive {sword). struBs, heap. vectis, lever. vermis, worm. vis, violence. sentis, bramble. sitis. thirst. m&isis, month. tussis, cough. casses, ium, toils {hunter's nel\ securis, cute. callis, footpath. febris, fever. CltuliS, stalk {cabbage). puppis, stern. collis, hill. turns, tower. panis, bi'ead. piscis, fish. postis, door post. follis, bellows. C. NEUTER. mare, sea. animal, animal. rBte, net. vectlgal, tax. bo vile, cowhouse. calcar, spur. cublle, couch. exemplar. pattern. d. DISGUISED I-STEMS. imber, m. shower. venter, m. belly. liter, m. skin {bottle). linter, /. skiff. 34 . Pennae avis sunt rubrae. Oves habent pellem albain. Corpus tegimusHestibus. Magnum numerum navium vocamus classem. Canis est foil inimicus. 2 ServI securl caedunt arbores. Imperator magnam cladem accipit. Terror movet juvenes sedibus. Hostes delebant urbem ferro 3 et ignT. Septimum 4 mensem vocamus Julium. Vulpes rapiunt galllnas. Finis coronat opus. 1 cover. 2 enemy. * sworcl. 4 seventh. 24 ADJECTIVES of the third declension. 35. The sailors are easting off [solvere) the rope. The rnastei seizes the long ears of the ass. The kinds of birds are various. High towers surround the city. The herdsmen drive-away the wolf with cudgels. We do not believe an enemy. Princes do not always ( semper ) maintain [servdre) the welfare of the citizens. The seas are full of fish [pi.]. The Egyptians [Aegyptii) killed no animal. The virgins loosen the braids [nodus) of their [suus) hair. The lictors carried fagots and axes. Many birds have great talons. The whole earth [orbis terrarum) obeyed the Roman emperor. The slaves move the beams with levers. The tops [cacumen) of the hills were free from brambles. I see no end of the misfortune [malum). X. Adjectives of the Third Declension. Adjectives of one termination. Gr., 84-85. 36. Vocabulary. LIQUID STEMS. memor, mindful. vigil, watchful, alert pauper, poor. cicur, tame. phbes, eris, adult, marriageable pftr, paris equal. vetus, eris, old. MUTE STEMS P. T. particeps, partaking. dives, rich. caelebs, unmarried. deses, slothful. inops, without means, poor. compos, possessed {of). K. prudSns, wise. audSx, bold. impud&is, shameless. rapax, grasping. pot^ns, powerful. rnend&x, lying. vehem£ns, impetuous. fallax, treacherous ingSns, huge , big. felix, lucky. pati&is, enduring. duplex, double. petuktns, saucy. supplex suppliant. noc&xS, hurtful. ferox, farce, uncontrollable. inuoe^m innocent , harmless. &trox, atrocious. absSns, absent. yBIox, fact. concors, harmonious. trux, wild , sa/sagc s. expers, without share oj. ADJECTIVES OF TWO TERMINATIONS. 25 XL Adjectives of the Third Declension. Adjectives of two terminations—Vowel stems. brevis, e, short. hostllis, hostile. omnis, all , every. mortalis, mortal. fortis, brave. laudabilis, praiseworthy nObilis, noble. fertilis, productive. fttilis, useful. mlrabilis, wonderful. mtltilis, useless. facilis, easy. tristis, sad. difficilis, hard to do. dulcis, meet. similis, like. crtidelis, cruel. dissimilis, unlike. fidelis, faithful. gracilis, slender. incolumis, unhurt , unscathed. humilis, low , grovelling. suSvis, meet. tenuis, thin. turpis, base , shameful. pinguis, fat. levis, light , slight. 3 cer, Scris, acre, keen , violent, eager. gravis, heavy , oppressive. celeber, bris, bre, celebrated, populous commtinis, common. saluber, bris, bre, healthy, w. wlesome .' Insignis, distinguished. celer, celeris, cel ere, swift. 89 . Servi domini pauperis sunt fideles. Pauperum cenae 1 non sunt gratae dlvitibus. Memores estote officiorum vestrorum. Spernimus panem veterem, diligimus s vinum vetus. Participes estis omnium perlculorum et praemiorum. Dominus diligent! famulo duplicem mercedem tribuit. Nemo credit 3 juvenl men- dacl. Suaves odores 4 florum placent hospitibus. Praecepta magistri puero diligentPsunt utilia. Venator interficit cervum velocem sagitta. Luxuria omnl aetati turpis est. Mllites turpi fuga perdunt c gloriam. 1 dinners. 2 lore. 8 believes. 4 odors. 5 diligent. 6 lose. 40 . The shepherds’ dogs are watchful. The virtues of men are not equal, but ( sed) the rights of the citizens ought to be equal. The brave Germans used-to-conquer the old soldiers of the Romans. The peasants had old wine. The pains of my wounds were keen. The life of the rich has many pleasures. .Avoid unwholesome (nocdns) food. Laws are useful to the citizens. Many animals are useful to men. The wound of the youth is slight. % 20 COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. The time of our life is short. Sleep is like [to] death. Every oeginning is difficult. The boy’s anger is violent. The boy’s hate is violent. The boy’s temper ( animus ) is violent. Thou hast keen eyes and a keen intellect. The eager dogs seize the fleet doe. All seas have fish [pi.]. Send me all the works of the celebrated poets. The authors of laws are not always (semper) men of foresight and wisdom— (adjectives). XII. Comparison of Adjectives, G. 86. 41. Vocabulary: POSITIVE. COMPARATIVE. SUPERLATIVE. longus, long-ior, ius, long-issimus, a, urn. piger, pigr-ior, ius, piger-rimus. miser, miser-ior, ius, miser-rimus. vetus, veter-rimus. audSx, audac-ior, ius, audac-issimus. reiix, ffellc-ior, ius, fbllc-issimus. vehemSns, vehement-ior, ius, vehement-issimuft brevis, brev-ior, ius, brev-issimus. acen acr-ior, ius, acer-rimus. oeleis celer-ior, ius, celer-rimus. facilis, facil-ior, ius, facil-fimus. benevolus, kindly , benevolent-ior ius, benevolent-issimus. idOneus, fit, adapted , magis idoneus, maxims idoneus. IRREGULAR COMPARISON. bonus, melior, melius, optimus. malus, pejor, pejus, pessimus. magnus, major, m&jus, maximus. parvus, minor, minus, minimus. multus, plus, plllrimus. nSquam, worthless , nSquior, nSquius, nSquissimus. Rules of Syntax: Comparison is made by the particle quam, than. Adjectives of likeness take the Dative ; similis and dissimilis have also the Genitive. 42. Negotium est longius quam putabam. Mater tua est beatis- ftima omnium mulierum: habet enim (Synt., § 500 ) llberos FOURTH DECLENSION. 27 sanissimos et probissimos. Oculorum sensus est acerrimus Puellae sunt dlligentidres quain puerl. Socrates erat sapientis simus’omnium Graecorum. Praemium dulcius est quam labor. Tigres 2 sunt crudelissimi. Rhenus 3 est flumen latissimum et altissimum. 4 1 wise. 2 tiger. 3 UJune. 4 deep. 43. The liar is the most unprincipled ( improbus ) of all men. The names of great poets are more celebrated than the names of kings. My business is more burdensome than thine. The horsemen were shrewder and braver than the foot-soldiers. The monkey is an animal very-like man. I am holding the shorter rope : do you hold the longer rope. Envy is a very disgraceful fault. Faithful friends delivered the heedless youth from the gravest danger. Of all pains tooth-ache (dolor dentium) is the most acute (deer). Sparrows are larger than gnats ; hawks are swifter than sparrows; the eagle is the swiftest of all birds. Man is wiser than the wisest animals. Augustus is more like his father than his mother. Thy brother is very like thee. The inhabitants of the village were very wretched. Thou art wont to write very short letters. Thou hast given ( parare ) thy parents great joy. XIII. Fourth Declension. Or., 67. 44. Vocabulary: sSnsus, sense. reditus, return. cantus, song. exitus, issue. impetus, attack , charge . nutus, beck , nod, wink. magislratus, magistracy , civil authorities. vultus, countenance . metus, fear. Hsus, use , practice. mOtus, movement, commotion. fremitus, roar. adventus, arrival. aspectus, aspect. CfiSU8, fall , chance. portus, harbor. currus, chariot. omatus, ornament , attire. cursus, course . passus, step , pace. mors us, bite (teeth) arcus, bow. exercitus, army. quercus, oak. equitatus, cavalry. lacus. *ake 28 FIFTH DECLENSION. artus, joim. * REMARKS. partus, birth. sinus, fold, bosom. EXCEPTIONS. IdGs, -uum, /. 15 th (13^) day of the month. D ibus, /. tribe, ward. porticus, /. piazza, porch. acus, /. needle. manus, /. hand. domus, /. house. 45. Cynaeglrus Atbeniensis navem Persarum morsu tenebat, Senatus consultum 1 terrebat improbos elves. Luscinia nos delectat suavi cantu. Hostis habet magnos exercitus. Persae bella gerebant ingentibus exercitibus. Imperator superabat hostes audaci impetu. Metus nocet exercitui. Lava 2 manus tuas. Omnium sensuum sedes est caput. 1 decree. 2 ivash. The king has a brave army. The leaders of our army are brave and wise. The movements of the hands are various and wonderful. The elephants are frightening the cavalry. The enemy is closing the harbors with a fleet. The victory of the army frees [our] country from [its] fear. A white dress was the attire of the authorities. The messenger delivers ( reddere) the letter to the magistracy. We write with the hand. The soldiers were making a very-bold attack. Frogs live in swamps and lakes. The roots of literature (llterae) are bitter, the fruits sweet. XIV. Fifth Declension. 46. Vocabulary : acies, facies, species, pernicies, planities, line of battle, face. appearance, ruin, level, flat. fides, fid8i, spes, res, res pdblica, res familiar is, faithfulness, confidence. hope. thing. commonwealth, estate, property. 47. Deus est dominus omnium rerum. Hieme dies sunt brevi- ores quam noctes. Pater mortis memor tradit 1 xem familiarem filio diligent!. CrebrI 2 mdtus rebus pflblicls non sunt utiles. Mendaces homines saepe fallunt 3 nos veritatis specie. Occasus 4 solis flnem facet diei. 1 hands over . 2 frequent. 3 deceive . 4 setting. FOURTH CONJUGATION. 29 48 . You are disappointing my hope. The soldiers of the right line of battle were making the first attack. All the hopes of the poor mother were vain ( vanus ). The welfare of the state' is dear to all citizens. The eyes are the noblest part of the human face. Thou showest the appearance of faithfulness, but thou hast no faithfulness. We learn many things by practice. Preserve [your] property! Examples of true faithfulness are rare. XV. Fourth Conjugation. Gr., 135 (Only Infin., Indie., Pres., and Imperfi, Imperat. Active, 2 Pern s. and pi.) 49 - Vocabulary: ptlnlre, venire, invenire, pervenlre, dormlre, flnlre, servlre, munlre, obGdlre, impedlre, custddlre, punish. come. find. arrive. sleep. finish. be a slave, have regard to, serve. fortify. be obedient. hinder. guard. I6nlre, soften, mitigate. scire, know. nesclre, not know. sentlre, feel , perceive. vinclre, bind. reperlre, find , discover. sitlre, thirst. saevlre, rage. condlre, spice , preserve, embalm erudlre, instruct. 50 . Adventus tuus finit labores nbstros. Causas multarum rerum nesclmus. Obedlte parentibus et praeceptoribus ! Sere venltis in scholam. Servi valetudini tuae ! Nesciebam volun tatem tuam. Gaudia leniunt dolores vehementissimos. 1 late. 51 . Animals feel pain. Be obedient to the authorities. We are slaves to a fierce master. The soldiers are conquering and binding the highwaymen. The soldiers were guarding the gates. You do not know the charming story. We perceive ( percipio) earthly things with the senses ; we see, we hear, we taste ( gustare ), we smell ( olfacere ), we touch {tangere). PART II. XVT. Remarks on the First and Second Declensions. Gr., §§ 27-35. 52. The parents have given [their] sons and [their] daughters new clothes. Unhappy slave! thou art bearing a heavy bur¬ den. Cruel boy ! you will kill the little gnat. Cornelius ! call Peter {Petrus). O Gajus Julius Csesar, thou hast saved the state, but thou hast destroyed freedom. My son, fear the dan¬ ger of pleasures. The ancient nations used to give presents to the gods and goddesses. 53. No man’s soul is free from care. Augustus was emperor of the whole world. Thy shameful-deed is ruinous {pernici- osus) to the whole country. To which boy [of the two] will you give the book ? To neither. The advantages of another excite {commovere) the envy of the avaricious man. The bravery of one soldier saved the whole army. Both consuls lead the army out of (ex with abl.) the camp. The soldiers of both fought bravely. Remark.— Both (viewed separately) = either, utkrque. Both (together) = ambo. XVn Conjugation of ESSE. Gr., § 112. First Conjugation. Gr., 119-122. Syntax.— Forms of the Subject, § 194-5 ; Forms of the Predicate, § 192 ; Concord of the Predicate, § 202 ; The direct object, § 327. The indirect object, §§ 343, 344. The Passive, \ Ablative of the Agent, l § 205. Ablative of the Instrument, ) 53. Vocabulary FIRST • • CONJUGATION. 31 vocSre, call . peccare, sin. niutSre, change. kabitare, dwell , inhabit. postulare, demand. volare, fly- invitare, invite. intrare, enter. Bducare, educate natare, swim vulnerare, wound. navigare, sail. aedificare, build. migrare, migrate. 54. Magister laudat discipulum. Discipulus laudatur a magistrO. Corona ornat puellam. Puella ornatur corona. Rex parat bellum. Bellum paratur a rSge. Magistrl laudant discipulum. Discipulus laudatur a magistrls. Coronae ornant puellas. Puellae ornantur coronls. RSgBs parant bella. Bella parantur a rSgibus. Put the above sentences into all the tenses of the Passive. The tenses of the Pas sive must be fully illustrated by the teacher, as the temporal relations are not clearly marked in English. Distinguish between : puella ornatur, the girl is adorned (for in stance daily), and : puella ornata est, the qirl is adoi'ned (her adornment is completed). Parilmur, we are getting ready : Parat! sumus, we are ready: Parabamur, we were get¬ ting ready: Parat! eramus, we were ready. Parentes Bducanto llberos. Llberl Bducantor a parentibus. 55. The hunter killed the fleet deer. The soldiers have set the captive (captus) virgins free. The great-hearted lion is set free by the little mouse. Flowers and wreaths were adorning the gate of the city. The vigorous ( deer ) attack of the enemy [ pl.\ had put to flight our legions ; but ( sed) the arrival of the cav¬ alry ( cques ) saved the army. The master will scold the lazy slaves. Call the faithful 1 servants. If (si) thou shalt have observed [his] precepts, the teacher will praise thy industry. The grandfather has given [his] grandson a book. 1 Jldelis. 56. The scholars are questioned by the teacher. The books of the sick poet were carried otf by [his] enemies (inimicus). The sea is swallowing up the ship. The sea has swallowed up the ship. The ship is swallowed up by the sea. By the arrival of [thy] friend thou art delivered from the punishment. We 32 OPTATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE-WISHES. were saved by the bravery of [our] companions. All dangei will be overcome by exertions. The letters will be given to the teacher by the messenger. The city will be carried ( expugnare ) by the enemy. The city is carried. The city is, has be-en, carried by the enemy. The belly of the elephant is pierced (perforare). The belly of the elephant has been pierced by the horn of the rhinoceros (Gen. rhinocerdtis). The teacher will blame the scholar. We will save [our] sister. Teachers will praise industrious scholars. We are saved. The scholars are praised. Thou wilt kill the lion. Thou wilt be killed by the lion. The thieves are put to flight by the keepers. 57. The general will carry the city. The city will be carried by the general. We shall invite all our friends. All our friends will be invited. You have changed your plan. I will invite your brother, but you [ sing .] will not be invited. I am edu¬ cated by my uncle. The hunter had wounded the bird, but it flew away ( avolare ). The bird is wounded, but it will flj* away. 58. Thou art called. The enemy had built a large tow r er and besieged the city, but the brave citizens put to flight (Perf.) the army of the enemy [y>£] You will be blamed by [your] parents. You w r ere carried. You are adorned with flowers, for you overcome all danger by your bravery. Servants, cleanse [purgave) the stalls! Judges must [Imperat.\ always be just. Let men be always mindful of death. You must be attentive 1 and obey your teacher. The clothes shall be changed. Let good morals be maintained. Thou shalt love father and mother. 1 attentus. XVIII. Optative Subjunctive.—WISHES.—Syntax, 253. 59. DECISION IN SUSPENSE. DECISION ADVERSE. (Utinam) magister discipulOs Utinam magister discipulOs laudfi- laudet, ret, May the teacher praise the scholars. Would that the teacher praised the scholar a. (Utinam) n5 discipulOs vituperet, Utinam magister discipulOs laudavtsset May he not chide the scholars. Would that the teacher had praised thi scholars. K LILES OF SYNTAX. 33 60 May the good old man tell [us] a story ! Would that I had changed [my] dress (vestitus)\ May the brave soldier put to flight the army of the enemy ! Would that he invited ( vocdre ) the good boy, and not ( non ) the lazy girl ! May the enemy [ jt?£] not carry the city! Would that we had preserved [our] liberty! Would that the master were setting up the statue ( signurn ) in (in with abl.) our garden ! Would that the wolves were not devouring the timid lambs! Would that you had overcome the boastful (gloridsus) soldier. 61. Rules of Syntax : 1. Ut, THAT, IN ORDER THAT —Ne, IN ORDER THAT NOT, LEST, take the Present Subjunctive after the Present or Future; the Imperfect Subjimctive after the Imperfect, Pluperfect, or (Historical) Perfect* In English the translation is often to, with the Infinitive. 2. Quum, when, as, since (in past relations) takes the Imperfect and the Pluperfect Subjunctive. 3. Si, if, is used with the Imperfect Subjunctive when the supposed case is not so. Si, if, is used with the Pluperfect Subjunctive when the supposed case was not so. 62. Discipull orant magistrum, ut historiam n&rret. Discipull orabant (oravSrunt) magistrum, ut historiam narrSret Amicus rogat (asks) puerum, ne ranam necet. Amicus rogabat (rogavit) puerum, ne ranam necaret. Quum magister historiam narnTret, discipull attentl erant. Quum magister historiam n&rravisset, discipull clamavBrunt. Discipull orant magistrum, ut poena llberentur. Discipull Orabant magistrum, ut poena liberarentur Puerl dlligentBs sunt, ne a magistro vituperentui. Puerl dlligentBs erant (fuBrunt), nB a magistro vituperSrentur, Quum mulierBs vulnerarentur, clamabant. Quum mulierBs vulneratae essent, clamavBrunt. Si mB rogarBs, veniam tibi d&rem. Si mB rogavissBs, veniam tibi dedissem. (Learn the declension of ego and tu.) 34 SECOND CONJUGATION. 63. The teacher demands that we be industrious. The teache? demanded that we should be industrious. We begged the hunter to kill the bears. We begged the hunter not to kill the cat. The wayfarers called the herdsmen to show the way. Work that ye may be happy and contented. Fight bravely (fortiter) to save [your] country. We will call the servant to carry the burden. The boys had carried the bundles ( fasci¬ culus) in order to relieve the girls from the burden. The herds¬ men killed the wolves lest they should devour the lambs. When the sparrow had devoured the gnat, the hawk tore-in- pieces the sparrow. When the vulture was-tearing-in-pieces the hawk, the hunter killed the vulture. As you had begged me, I told you the story. The scholar exerts himself {dare operam ) to be praised. The good scholars begged to be ques¬ tioned. We avoid faults lest we be blamed. The general demanded that rewards should be given to the soldiers. The army fought bravely, but when the general was [= had been] wounded, the soldiers were put to flight. If you were indus¬ trious, you would be praised. If you had called the physician, 70 U would have been delivered from the disease. XIX. Second Conjugation. Gr., 123-130. 64. Vocabulary: impleo, Sre, placere, please. evl, etum, fill. displicere, displease. jacere, lie. habeo, ere. tacere, be silent. ul, Itum, have. valere, be well. adhibere, apply , use. prokibere hinder. NO SUPINE praebere, afford, grant. timere, fear. debere, owe. eminere, stand out terrere, frighten. latere, lie hid. exercere. practise. sil ere, be still. nocere, hurt. flOrere, flourish. parere, obey. doceo, ere, uT, doetum, teach. appSrere, appear. teneo, ere, ui (ntum), hold , keep. SECOND CONJUGATION. o5 retineo, Bre, ul, reteutum, retain , keep back c€nseo, Bre, ui, c6nsum, appraise, think. misceo, Bre, miscul, mixtum, mix. torreo, Bre, torrul, tostum, parch , toast, dry. W7TH CHANGE OF CONJUGATION. video, Bre, vldl, visum, see. respondeo, Bre, dl, sum, answer. sSdeo, Bre, sBdl, sessum, sit. pendeo, Bre, pependl,- hang. rldeo, Bre, rlsl, rlsum, laugh. suSdeo, Bre, suasl, suasum, persuade , advise. m5veo, Bre, movl, motum, move. voveo, Bre, vovl, votum, vow. caveo, Bre, cavl, cautum, beware. augeo, Bre, auxl, auctum, increase (trans.) maneo, Bre, mSusl, mausum, remain. jubeo, Bre, jussl, jussum, order , bid. 65. The violent wind moves the leaves of the trees. The slave* will move the great beam with levers. You see the constel¬ lations of heaven. Fright hurts the body. The long wars had hurt the state. Parents will grant [their] .children many pleasures. The rich father-in-law will give the poor son-in-law a field. The coldness of the evening and of the night has hurt the tender plants. The cities are destroyed. The cities have been destroyed by the enemy [plur.\. The thick beam was moved by the slaves with levers. The book is held by the boy with the hand. Ye shall be silent. I will warn the boy. I am warned. I must ( debeo ) warn lazy scholars. Fables are incredible, and-yet ( tamen ) they excite the feelings of men. All ancient nations once obeyed kings. Let the citizens obey the magistrates. 66. Magister monet discipulos, ut praecepta memoria (in mind) teneant. Magister monBbat (rnonuit) discipulos, ut praecepta tenerent. Suadeo tibi, nB noceils valetiidinl tuae. Saepe tibi suadBbam, nB valBtudinl tuae nocBrBs Quuru puerum monBrem, parBbat. Quum puerum monutssem, paruit 30 GifiNDJfili OF STEMS IN L, N, li , AND A Fugimus, iiB teneSmur. FugiebSmus, nB tenBrBmur. Quum urbs dBlBrBtur, metres InfantBs servSbant Quum mlirus urbis dBlBtus esset, clvBs obsidBs dedBrunt 67. Children ought to be good that they may please theif paients. Father is calling us to see the elephant. I advise thee not to frighten the bull. I advised thee not to frighter the bull. The strong farmers were holding the mad ( ferus ) bull that he might not destroy the garden. Drive away the sparrows that they may not hurt the crops. When our father appeared, the naughty boys feared punishment. Our mother ( quum , with Subj.) having furnished us with ( praebere , with Dat.) many apples, we filled our bags (pera). When you were holding me, my companions tried-to-set me- free (224). When the armies were [= had been] overcome, the citizens begged the conqueror that [their] city might not be destroyed. Obey the precepts of your parents, that ye may not be taught by loss. XX. Rules of Gender of the Steins in 1, n, r, and s, with the Excep¬ tions. Gr., §§ 40-49. Apposition.—Syntax, § 318. 68 . 1. The sun is obscured (obscurare) by clouds. The moon is obscured by the shadow of the earth. Bees prepare sweet honey. The sun, the regulator of the other ( ceteri) lights, occu¬ pies ( obtineo ) the centre ( centrum ) of the universe. To the oldest nations the moon was the regulator of the year and of the months. ( Regulator , moderator, moderatrix.) 69. n. I am entertained by your conversation. The boldest sol diers swam across ( tranare ) the broad river. The vain actor had a false suspicion. Many great cities have an humble small] origin. Butterflies are adorned with many colors. Many animals devour raw ( crdclus ) flesh ; human-beings eat cooked (coctus) or dried meat. The order of the words is PREPOSITIONS WITH THE ACCUSATIVE. 37 changed The borders of the lakes are sandy ( arendsus ). The heedless captain gave the boy a sharp dagger. Birds have very warm blood. The little likeness of the celebrated poet is very dear to me. A fixed ( certus ) order is necessary. Thy opinion we do not approve. 70. n We see the long line of wild geese. The ancient nations used to burn ( cremare ) the dead-bodies of men. We had great and constant (assidmts) rains. The spring was short. Thou wilt procure for thyself great honor by great toil. Lightnings (fulmeri) strikeThe high tree. The whole surface-of-the-sea is disturbed by winds. Parian ( Parius ) marble was the best. Lightnings ( fulgur) purify the air. The lion surpasses most animals by [his] strength. The branching ( ramosus ) oaks of the royal garden piease us greatly ( valde ). Tall cedars ( cedrus ) adorn Mount Lebanon (Lib&nus), 1 feriunt. 71. s. The good morals of the scholars delight [their] teachers. Much dust has been raised {moved) by the violent wind. Cold is not disagreeable to a sound body. Angry-passion ( iracvndia ) has been the cause of many crimes. Modesty is the greatest ornament of youth. I will give you a great pledge. The frog has long and soft legs. XXI. Prepositions with the Accusative. (Partial view.) Learn the whole list. Syntax, § 417. 72. Era* fluvius ante urbem, palus post urbem. Pugnavimus ante lucern, superavimus hostSs post meridiem. AvBs volant ad silvam. Ducimus amlcum ad patrem. Pugnavimus ad (usque ad) vesperum. Stabam ad portam. Coenavl apud amlcum. Inter AlpBs et Apennines est Pad us {Po\ Puer currit per liortum. ServSmus poma {fruit) per liiemem. GermSnl pugnavBrunt contra Romanes. Superavistis hostBs contra omnium oplnidnem. 73. The soldiers were standing before the bridge. The general posted ( collocdre ) the line of battle behind the river. Storks migrate before winter to the south (meridies). The maid- 38 TIME, WHEN.—TIME, HOW LONG. servant is calling the children to dinner. I shall stay with my parents. Concord is preserved among friends. The sailors sail through the vast sea. You are killing the bees and the ants against my will. Thou art set free contrary to my expectation Against the power of death there is no remedy (remedium). XXII. Prepositions with the Ablative. § 418. (Partial view.) 74. Ambulamus 1 ab urbe ad montes. Ambulavimus ab ortu solis ad occasum. Laudaris a patre. Pueri e schola currant in viarn. Pueri ludunt in via. Eques decidiPex equo. Fontes fluunt de montibus. Orator dlcit de sceleribus latronis. Aeneas ex patria migravit cum patre et filio. Sine pennls non volabis. 1 walk. 8 falls. Rem.—Cum, in company with; apud, at the house , apartment of; ivitldn, in the eyes of. 75. The hens have been killed by the fox. The hunter was killed by the boar. The imprudent sailors were sailing out of the harbor. Sweat (sudor) was flowing (fluere) from the body. He draws (trethere) the ring ( dnulus) from [his] finger (digitus). I will walk with my brother through the wood. We will obey without fear. We are walking into the garden. We are walking in the garden. Rivers flow into the sea. Fish liv^ (vivere) in the sea. XXIII. Time, when (§ 392). Time, how long (§ 337). 70. Hieme (winter) quiescit terra. Scholae initium est hora octava (eighth). Dormlmus septem (seven) horas (per septem horas). 77. In the autumn (auturnmis) the fruits of the trees are gathered ; at that season of the year the leaves fall from the trees. In former (superior) times you used-to-send letters to me. Augustus died (mortuus est) in the fourteenth year after the-birth-of-Christ (= Christum nation). Troy was besieged by the Greeks ten years. The hunter remained the whole night [long] in the woods. i'IIIRD CONJUGATION. 39 XXIV. Third Conjugation. Gr., 157-176. 78. V CCABULARY . I. Stems in a P mute. 1. With a short stem-syllable. Gr., 157-8. eapio, cap-ere, cep-I, cap-turn, to take , catch. accipio, accipere, accepl, accep-tum, to receive. mmpo (rup), rump-ere, rup-l, rup-tum, to break , burst 2 . With a long stem-syllable. repo, rep-ere, r^p-sl, reip-tum, creep. carpo, carp-ere, carp-si, carp-tum, to pluck. scrlbo. serlb-ere, scrip-si, scrip-turn, to write II. Stems in a K mute. 1 . With a short stem-syllable. Gr., 159. lego, leg-ere, leg-i, lec-tum, to read. colligo, collig-ere, collegl, collec-tum, to gather. ago, ag-ere, eg-1, ac-tum, to do, act, drive, lead redigo, redig-ere, redegl, redactum, to bring back , reduce. c<5go (co + ago) cog-ere, coegi, coactum, to compel. fugio, fug-ere, fug-1, fug-i-tum, to flee. facio, fac-ere, fec-I, fac-tum, to make. perficio, perfic-ere, perfecl, perfectum, to achieve , finish. interficio, interfic-ere,. interiecl, interfeetum, to make away with , kill patefacio, patefac-ere, patefecl, patefactum, to disclose , reveal. jacio, jac-ere, jeci. j act um, to throw. iujicio, injic-ere, injecl, injectum, to throw in. vLnco (vie), vinc-ere, vlc-I, vic-tum, to conquer. frango (Mg) frang-ere, freg-i, frac-tum, to break. relinquo, relinqu-ere, rellqu-I, relic-tum, to veave. 2 . With a long stem-syllable. Gr., 160. dlco, dic-ere, dixl, dic-tum, to say. dtico, duc-ere, dflxl, duc-tum, to lead. confllgo, confllg-ere, conflixl, conflic-tum, to strike together , clash flgo, flg-ere, fixi, fixum, to fix , fasten. jungo, jung-ere, junxl, junc-tum, to join. cingo, cing-ere, cinxl, cinc-tum, to gird , surround tingo (tinguo), tiug-ere, tinxl, tiuc-tum, to dip , dye. 40 THIRD CONJUGATION. exstingiio, exstingu-ere, exstinxl, exstinc-tum, to extinguish pingo, ping-ere, pinxl, pic-tum, to paint mergo, merg-ere, mersl, mer-sum, to plunge. flccto, flcct-ere, flexl, flexum, to bend. necto, nect-ere, nexl (nexnl), nexum, to knot , tie. Exceptions. Gr., 165. rego, reg-ere, rexl, rec-tum, to keep right dlrigo, dlrig-ere, . dlrexl, dlrec-tum, to direct. surgo, surg-ere, surrexl, surrec-tum, to rise. tego, teg-ere, texl, tec-tum, to cover. coquo, coqu-ere, coxl, coc-tum, to cook. cSnspicio conspic-ere, c6nspexl, conspec-tum, to behold. diligo, dllig-ere, dllexl, dllec-tum, to love. intelligo, intellig-ere, intellexl, intellec-tum, to understand negligo, neglig-ere, neglexl, neglec-tum, to neglect. III. Stems in ; a T mute. Gr., 164-168. 1. With a short stem-syllable and nd stems. edo, ed-ere, ed-i, e-sum, to eat. fodio, fod-ere, fod-l, fos-sum, to dig. defendo, dBfend-ere, dsfend-l, defen-sum, to strike off. ascendo, ascend-ere, ascend-I, ascBn-sum, to mount. reprekendo, reprekend-ere, reprekend-I, reprekBn-sum , to chide. comprekendo, comprekend-ere, comprekend-I, comprekBn- sum, to ai'rest. 2. With a long stem-syllable. ltldo, lkd-ere, ln-si, lQ-sum, to play. rOdo, r5d-ere, rO-sl, rO-sum, to gnaw. claudo, claud-ere, clau-sl, clau-sum, to shut. excludo, exclud-ere, exclu-sl, exclu-sum, to shut out. invado, invad-ere, inva-sl, inva-sum, to invade. initto, mitt-ere, mi-si, missum, to send. dlmitto, dlmittere, dlmlsl, dlmissum, to dismiss. permitto, permittere. permisl, permissum, to allow. cede, cBd-ere, c6s-sl, cBssum, to give way EXCEPTIONS. divide, dlvid-ere, dlvl-sl, dlvl-sum, to divide. percutio, /ercut-ere, percus-sl, percussum, to smite. consido, consld-ere, consedl, consSssum, to settle down verto, vert-ere, vert-I, versum, to turn. TIIIRD CONJUGATION. 41 IV. Stems in Liquids. Gi\, 169. emo, em-ere, em-i, em(p)-tum, to buy. interimo, interimere, intereml, interem(p)tuir., to kill. stlmo, sdni-ere, sdm(p)-sl, sum(p)-tum, to take. rello, vell-ere, vell-I, yulsl, yulsum, to pluck V. Stems in u. tribuo, tribu-ere, tribu-I, tribtl-tum, to allot. induo, indu-ere, indu-I, indu-tum, to put on. statuo, statu-ere, statu-I, statu-tum, to settle. consti tuo, constitu-ere, constitu-I, constitu-tum, to establish. dlruo, dlru-ere, dlru-I, diru-tum, to tear down. metuo. metu-ere, metu-I, to fear. solyo, solv-ere, solv-I, solu-tum, to loosen • VI. Reduplicated forms. cado, cad-ere, cecld-l, casum, to fall. occido. occidere, occldl, occa-sum, u It caedo, caed-ere, cecld-l, cae-sum, to fell. occido, occidere, occldl, occl-sum, to kill. cano, can-ere, cecin-I, can-turn, to sing. pello, pell-ere, pepul-l, pul-sum, to drive. curro, curr-ere, cucurr-I, cur-sum, to run. disco, disc-ere, didic-I, to learn. tango, tang-ere, tetig-I, tac-tum, to touch. attingo, attingere, attigl, attactum, to attain. fallo, fall-ere, fefell-l, fal-sum, to cheat. pendo, pend-ere, pepend-I, p£n-sum, to hang. pario, par-ere, peper-l, par-turn, to bring forth parco, parc-ere, peperc-I, par-sum, to spare. bibo, bib-ere, bibl, (bib-i-tum), to drink. do, dare, dedl, datum, to give. reddo, reddere. reddidl, reddltum, to give back. trado, tradere, tradidl, traditum, to hand over v£ndo, vdndere, vdndidl, V(3nditum, to sell. prOdo, prOdere, prOdidl, prOditum, to betray addo, addere, addidl, additum, to add. condo, condere condidl, condi turn, to found perdo, perdere, perdidl, perditum, to ruin. credo, credere, credidl, creditum, to believe fcto, stare, stetl, statum, to stand. resisto, resists restitl, restftum, to resist. 42 THIRD CONJUGATION. VII. Change of Conjugation. reto ; • vet3-re, vet-ul, vetitum, to forbid. alo, al-ere, a'l-ul, altum, to nourish, fosxr colo, col-ere, col-ui, cultum, to cultivate, honor rapio, rap-ere, rap-ul, rap-tum, to carry off. corripio, corripere, corripul, correp-tum, to seize. fremo, frem-ere, frem-ul, fremltum, to roar, growl. recumbo, recumb-ere, recub-ul, recub-itum, to recline. peto, pet-ere, pet-lvl, petl-tum, to seek. cupio, cup-ere, cupl-vl, cupl-tum, to desire. quaero, quaer-ere, quaesl-vl, quaesl-tum, to seek. requlro, requlrere, requlslvl, requlsl-tum, H U VIII. , Various Peculiarities. pOno, ponere, posul, positum, to place. sero, serere, sBVl, satum, to sow. dBcemo, dBcernere, dBcrBvI, decrBtum, to determine. sperno, spernere, sprBvI, sprBtum, to despise. crBsco, cr^scere, crBvI, crBtum, to grow. qui^sco, quiescere, quiBvl, quietum, to rest. cogndsco, cognoscere, cognOvI, cognitum, to find out. gero, gerere, gessl, gestum, to carry on. uro, urere, tlssl, ustum, to burn. premo. premere, pressl, pressum, to press. opprimo, opprimere, oppressl, oppressum, to oppress fero, ferre, tull, latum, to bear. tollo, tollere, sustull, sublatum, to lift, raise. 79. A. 1. Folia de arboribus cadunt in terram. Passeres corn- piunt parvos culices. Fures metuunt canes. Viatores dulces uvas ab agricolls accipiebant. Pueri discebant multos versus. Legimus librurn. Legimus librum. Puer scrlbet epistolam. Pueri nomina stia in prlraa pagina librl scripserunt. Hostes rumpunt pontem lapideum. 2 Fidem rupistl. Pastor capras in altos montes aget, Malam vltam egistl. Clves timid! portas clauserant. Mllites patriam defenderunt. Leo praedam in partes quatuor dlvlsit. Romani multa bella gesserunt. Darius ingentem exercitum in Graeciam navibus transmlserat. 3 Xerxes ingentem exercitum cum classe in Graeciam dilxit. Imperator proditorem interfecit. Donum accipies a matre. 1 grapes. 5 of stone. 3 send over. THIRD CONJUGATION. 43 2 . Rich citizens buy images and rings. The maids have bought meat. The merchants will buy ivory. I will dismiss the second section ( ordo ) of the scholars. The brave captain led the first company {ordo) of the second legion. The boys wrote short letters. The enemy [pi. ] had surrounded the city with an intrenchment {vallum et fossa). Ye have broken this treaty. We honor the old friendship. You are drinking old wine. The fierce Germans 1 conquered the old soldiers of the Romans. He has broken the iron {ferreus) hinges. The stupid peasants have felled the beautiful trees. Old wines are good for [= useful to] the sick. Orestes killed his mother, for she {ilia), said he {inquit), had killed my father. 1 Germdni. 80. B. 1. Puerl in scholara veniunt ut legant et scribant. Puerl in scholam veniebant ut legerent et scrlberent. Athamas mlsit Iasonem ad Aeetam regem ut vellus aureuru 1 peteret. Mllites arma ceperunt ut impetum facerent. Quuin imperator exercitum ex urbe dftxisset, monuit mllites, ne multitudinem hostium timerent sed patriam fortiter defenderent. 1 golden. 2 . My father gives me money to buy books. Parents send children to school that they may learn. The timid drivers nrged on {incitdre) the horses in order to finish the journey. The soldiers finished the long marches {iter) with great exer¬ tion, in order that the enemy [ pi.] might not escape. When I had received your letter, I answered at once {statim). When Hero and Phylax had joined {committere) battle, another dog carried off the bone. 1 auriga . 81. C. 1. Petunt puerl ut e schola dimittantur. Imperator redftxit exercitum ne hostium multitudine cingeretur. Quum oppidura captum esset, imperator praedam mllitibus permisit. 2 . The bridge having (§ 586. R.) been cut {rumpere), the general led the cavalry through the river. The cautious farmer shut the gate before night, in order that the hens might not be carried off by the fox. The hunter sets the dog on [set on = incitdre] to catch the fleet hare. If the general had sent help, the citizens would have defended the city. 44 PRONOUNS. XXV. Fourth Conjugation. 82. V OCJ AiJ D r»ARY. Change of Conjugation. Gr., 176, 3. venio, venl-re, ven-I, ven-tum, to come. invenio, invenire, inyCnl, inyentum, to find out. pervenio, pervenlre, pervBnl, perventum, to arrive. sentio, sentl-re, s6n-sl, sCn-sum, to feel , perceive yincio, vincl-re, vinxl, vinctum, to bind. haurio, haurl-re, hau-sl, haus-tum, to draw , drain reperio, reperl-re, reper-I, reper-tum, to find. aperio, aperl-re, aper-ul, aper-tum, to open. insilio, In sill-re, lnsil-ul, insul-tum, to leap in. sepelio, sepell-re, sepell-vl, sepultum, to bury. eo, I-re, l-vl ? Itum, to go —Gr. 185. 83. 1. Punimus peccata et scelera. Scelus punltur a magistral! bus. ImprobT homines corripiuntur. Custodes areem custe diebant ne hostes aditum 1 invenlrent. Cantum lusciniae in horto audietis. Dorrmvimus usque ad horam sextam. Quum puerl voluntatl parentum non obedlvissent, punltT sunt. Milites castra ( camp) munlverint, antequarn (before) hostes advenerint (arrive). 1 approach . 2. We are slaves (servire) to cruel masters. If we feel pains, we cry out. If you are obedient to your teacher, you are not punished. If you are [shall be] obedient to your teachers, you will n~t be t unished. The enemy conquers; the conquerors bind the captives (captwus). The soldiers fought so bravely (tam fortiter) in order to conquer the great number of the enemy \ph\ The general gave-orders ( imperare , with Dat.) to the soldiers that they should bind the captives. Ye do not know the plans of the shrewd general. We come to soothe thj pains. We came to soothe thy pains. If we had known th\ will, we should have obeyed. XXVI. Pronouns. Gr., 97 foil. 84. 1. We praise these poets. We praise those youths. We praise these poems. That journey does not please me. I am PHONO UNS. 45 moving the g.obe ( globus terrae) that you may see it from (ab) this side (pars) too ( quoque ). This country is called (dicere) Asia; that is named Africa. This sea is called the Atlantic, that the Pacilic; between them lies (est) America (America). Answer him who asks you. Those will be praised who have [ = shall have] learned well (bene). Those legions will receive a great reward which shall have stood (sustinere) this attack. 2 . I will always honor that friend (hospes) ; for through him I was delivered from the danger which threatened me (im- minere , with Dat.). The thief whose garment (vestis) was left- behind, was arrested. I will present to you this book. Keep it (retinere). [It is] the same [that] we are reading in school. We are all fearing the same danger. The brilliancy of the same stars delights the country-people (rdsticus) and the city-people (urbanus). I gave my second letter to the same messenger. My father praised the clerk who wrote this letter. I have already (jam) given this woman bread; give thy money to that poor man. I do not approve that opinion (of yours). The horses were frightened by the screaming (clamor) of these boys. The Lydians ( Lydi ), whose king Croesus was, were Bubjugated (subigo) by Cyrus. The Amazons ( Amazones ), whose queen Hercules overcame, lived [ = dwelt] by (ad) the sea of Azov (palus Maeotis , Gen. idis). 3. What did your father say to you ? Which of you has lost this book ? I lost it. Who will save us ? Who will give us advice ? Which place is the first ? Which place have ( obti - nere) you? When (quando) will the teacher dismiss you? When did your mother send you those apples ? 4 . Most of you know this thing. If you will always remem¬ ber [= be mindful of] us, you will always be loved by us. Who did this? He who has done this will suffer for it (poenam dare). What dost thou say ? What thou sayest is incredible. What have you seen ? What have you heard ? I have seen nothing. What I have heard I will repeat (referre) [Abl.] in the same words in which it was said. What is honorable ? 46 ADSUM, ABSvJM, PROSUM, POSSUM. Answer. I ask you, what is honorable ? (§ 469, R.) What ia good is honorable. I expect some one of my-family ( mei ). You did this with somebody’s help. Some bold leader [or other] is chosen. Some part of tho work you will undertake yourself. I fear something. I fear some evil. I blame this deed (/ acinus) ; another it will, perhaps ( fortasse ), please I do not approve that judgment ( senientia ) of yours ; mine is different. The consuls drew lots for (sorffiri, with Acc.) the provinces ( provincia ) : Gaul ( Gallia) fell ( obvenlre ) to the one, Spain ( Hispania) to the other. Both managed (gerere) matters (res) ill. Neither triumphed (triumphare) . When the Greeks were fighting with the Persians in Asia, the rumor of the victory at Plataeae ( Plataeensis , Adj., 360, R.) came to both armies [either army]. XXVII. Adsum, absum, prosum, possum. Gr., 113, 114. 85. The messengers, whose arrival we had expected, are here. Those who have been away will learn those poems (carmen) which the rest of the scholars [the remaining (= reliqui) scholars] have learned. The traitor profited (§ 345) those whom he betrayed. The plan of the deserter was to (ut) betray the legion, but an accident (casus) brought it about (efficere) that (ut) he profited it. Thou hast profited me very much (plu- rimum) by thy faithfulness. The hounds could not surpass the fleet hare in running (cursus). The herdsman led his flocks to the river that they might be able to drink. We shall be able to defend the city. The city can be defended by us, when reinforcements (auxilia) shall have arrived. Y r ou could not hear the voice of the judge. The slave could not carry the heavy stones. This man might have been liberated (246, R. 1.) XXVIII. Imperative. (Syntax, §§ 259-69.) 86. With the Imperative, not is ne ; but in the ordinary forms of the second person, singular and plural, noli and no Lite, be unwilling, with the Infinitive, are used instead, or ne with the Perfect Sub¬ junctive. IMPERATIVE. 47 N3ll, nOlite me tangere, touch me not. (ne tetigeris, ne tetigeritis), do not touch me. Ne tangito me, thou shall not , he shall net touch me i Ne tangitote me, ye shall not touch me. Ne tangunto me, they shall not touch me. 87. The slaves shall carry heavy burdens. Thou shalt avoid bad company. Ye shall keep the laws. Men [= people] shall worship ( colere ) God. Yield not to misfortunes (malum). Boys are not to read bad books. The keepers are to guard the gates; they are not to sleep. The lazy scholar shall be blamed. The feet are not to be moved. Let the book be bought. Let not the bridge be cut (rumpere). Let traitors be punished with the bitterest death (acerbus). Thou shalt not kill. It is a sacred law: Animals are not to be killed wantonly (temere). 88. Vocabulary : Pluralia tantum. Gr., § 75. dlvitiae, riches. arma, orum, arms. tenebrae, darkness. fauces, ium, gullet , jaws. insidiae, ambush. nSres, ium, nose. indutiae, armistice. cassBs, ium, toils (snare). ndptiae, wedding. moenia, ium, town-wall. angustiae, straits , pass. viscera, um, entrails. Different signification in singular and plural . SINGULAR. PLURAL. lltera, letter of the alphabet. llterae, a letter (epistle). opera, trouble , work. operae, workmen. cOpia, abundance. c5piae, forces , troops. auxilium, help. auxilia, auxiliaries, reinforcements castrum, fort. castra, camp. finis, end , limit. fines, territoi'y {borders). aedBs, is, temple. aedes, ium, house , palace. 89 . Avarus magnas dlvitias collegit. Imperator auxilia misit in castra. Accept llteras tuas, quibus nhptias filiae nhntiaveras Fines hostium vastati sunt. 90 . T he enemy has made a truce in order to prepare an ambush for us. The soldiers seize [theii] arms, rush out DEPONENT VERBS, (erumpere) of ( ex ) the camp [andj make a charge on (in) the advancing ( accedere) forces of the enemy. The general shut the gates of the camp that the enemy might not rush ( irrum • pere) into the camp with thjp fleeing recruits (tiro). The king has extended (propdgdre) the borders of his kingdom. The general has led [his] troops (introducere) into the territory ol ike enemy. Hercules went to the ( usque ad) extreme limit of Europe (JEuropa). The darkness was frightening the chil¬ dren. The avaricious merchant collected great wealth. The door of the temple was open. The king has built a splendid palace. I am very much (valde) delighted with your letter. XXIX. Deponent Verbs. 91 . Vocabulary : I. hortor, hortSrl, kortatus sum, exhort, encourage. lamentarl, lament. ludifican, to make sport of contemplarl, regard. luctarl, to wrestle. conspicarl, behold. precarl, to beg, pray. rix&rl, squabble. imitarl, to imitate. admlrarl, admire. glorian, to boast. cunctarl, linger. augurSrl, to prophesy. comitarl, attend. popular!, to lay waste. cdnsolarl, comfort. vagarl, to roam about. laetarl, be glad. versarl, to be engaged, be. minSrl, threaten. insidiarl, to lie in wait , in ambush morarl, delay. oscular!, to kiss. II. vereor, y vererl, veritus sum, to fear, stand in awe o] polliceor pollicbrl, pollicitus sum, to promise. tueor, tu6rl, tuitus sum (tmatus), to protect. (videor, viderl, vlsus sum, to appear). fateor, faten, fassus sum, to acknowledge. III. loquor, loqul, locQtus sum, to speak. sequor, sequl, secutus sum, to follow. labor, labi, lapsus sum, to glide , slip. vehor, velil, vectus sum, to nde (be borne). patior, patl, passus sum, to suffer. aggredior, aggredl, aggressus sum, to attack. tltor, mi. dsus sum, to use. DEPONENT VERBS. 40 revertor, revertl, revertl (act. Gr. 182), to turn back. Irascor, Ir&scl, (Iratus sum), to be angry. n&scor, nilscl, nStus sum, to be bom. nanciscor, nanciscl, nactus sum, to get. prSficiscor, proficiscl, prSfectus sum, to set out, march. adipiscor, adipiscl, adeptus sum, to attain expergiscor, expergiscl, experrectus sum, to awake , get up. ulciscor, ulciscl, ultus sum, to avenge. morior, morl, mortuus sum, to die. Obllviscor, vescor, obllviscl, vesci, oblltus sum, to be forgetful of [ Gen. | to feed [Abl.\ mentior, mentlrl, mentltus sum, to tell a lie. bl&ndior, blandlrl, blaudltus sum, to flatter [with Dat.]. partior, partlrl, partltus sum, to divide. potior, potlrl, potltus sum, to possess one's self of. experior, experJil, expertus sum, to try. orior, orlrl, ortus sum, to arise. 92 . Admlramur splendorem siderum. Vulpes leporibus fnsi- diatur. Cives totam regionem populate sunt, ne hostes in ea versarentur. Fatebor omnia peccata, 1 ut veniam nanciscar. Quum exercitus hostem aggressus esset, auxilia advenerunt. PatiminI famem et sitim! Pater filium vagantem epistola hortatus est, ut reverteretur. Consolare miseros, tuere vexatos, noli obllviscl pauperum (§ 375). Nemo mentitor. “ Morere, Diagora, non enim in caelum ascensurus es.” 1 sins. 2 harassed. 93 . The brother lamented long (cliu) the bitter death of [his] sister. We admired thy strength and speed. The soldiers were angry with [ Dat.\ the lingering general. The troops marched day and night, in order to get an advantageous ( opportunus ) position for [Gen.] the camp. The messengers have told a lie. Try [your] luck. We have tried it. My friend has a raven, which imitates human speech ( sermo ). When two sons of Diagoras had received wreaths on one day, a Lacedaemonian spoke to this effect (ita fere) : Why dost thou linger in life, Diagoras ? Greater glory and greater joy thou wilt not attain. I shall breathe again ( respirdre) when \ behold thee (236, R. 2). No one who has obtained (consequi) 50 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. the reputation of bravery by treachery ( insidiae) and malice [malitia) has obtained honor. 94 . MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 1. Mothers like to talk [= talk willingly ( libenter )] about [their] sons and daughters. We had caught a very beautiful butterfly, but it flew away out of our [nobis) hands. One row of trees was felled in order that the approach to the house might be broader. Some [ndnnulli) mice are white. I see thy shameless face (os). These flowers have a beautiful color and an agreeable smell [odor). The legs of the fleet stags are slender [gracilis). The fleet hounds catch the timid hare. 2. The walls of the cities were destroyed by the enemy. The decision of the judges was not just. Just judges guard good laws. In our garden there are many bushes. The nut has a hard shell [cortex). Ye shall avoid the dangers of bad com¬ pany. The feet of ducks are broad. The wall [= of the house] had been broken through [perrumpere) by the thieves. Thou wilt receive no reward, for thou hast been very lazy. Let the rich man aid [juvdre) the poor man. Let man be always mind¬ ful of death. The elephant has a big head, long ears, thick legs, two long tusks [clens), a thin tail. His whole body is huge, but his eyes are small and his throat is narrow. He is a very sagacious [prudens) animal. The members of the body are the head, the shoulders, the hands, the legs, the feet [and] so forth [cetera). 3. The birds which in summer delight thine ears, in wintei migrate to ( in) other regions. The city was betrayed by a traitorous [perfidus ) citizen. The rider urges his horse on [incitare) with the spur. The Romans laid heavy taxes on the provinces [imponere with Dcit.). The ship was held by one slender [tenuis) rope. An end has been put to the war [= of the war an end has been made]. Ye have caught, many fish. The elephant is carrying a wooden [ligneus) tower on [his] back [dorsum). The city [of] Rome is situated [situs) on the Tiber, which empties [ejjundi, 209) into the Tyrrhenian ( Tyrrhenian 1 -* MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 5L *ea The pilct sits on the stern (puppis) of the ship and holds the rudder ( cldvus or gubernaculum ). Let the traitors be cut* down with the axe. The wisdom of the old ( senex ) is not less profitable (minus prodesse) than the bravery of the young ( juvenis ). 4. The head is the seat of all the senses. The cavalry had jome at a gallop ( cursus citdtus ) to defend the entrances to (= of) the harbor. The nightingale delights men [— people] by sweet song. Ye shall obey the senate and the authorities. The Scythians ( Scytha) were armed with bows and arrows. ] wrote these letters with [my] left hand. We admire the lofty porticoes of the royal palace. The issues of all wars are uncer¬ tain. In winter the nights are long, the days short; in summer the days are long, the nights short. 5. I have marked me (Syntax, § 351) the places ( passages ) which we have read in school. The general occupied 1 the places ( positions ) which the enemy had left. The youths presented to the old-man a silver vessel; the rim ( mar go ) of the vessel was of gold (aureus). [Same sentence in the plural .] The dog was holding a bone in [his] mouth. The dogs were holding bones in [their] mouths. Oxen have a large head. The slaves are putting the yoke* {imp oner e, with Dat., or in and Acc.) on the oxen. The bear surpasses the man in [= by] strength; the man surpasses the bear in [= by] cunning. Vio¬ lence is warded off (defendo) by violence. The lightning of Jove smote (percutere) the lofty towers. 1 capere. " jugum. II. 1. The Greeks built many temples to their gods and god¬ desses. When will you come to me with your distaff and wool (lana) ? The cherry-tree ( cerdsus) was brought by (transldtus) Lucullus, the richest of the Romans, from (ex) Asia to Italy. The emperor Augustus exclaimed : O Quintilius Varus, give me back my legions. 2. The villainous (improbus) robber stabbed (percutere) the 52 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. old man’s heart. Trees of various-sorts ( varius) and beautiful flowers adorn the gardens of the rich princes. The timid bat will be caught by the cat. The heads of the beams project from (eminere ex) the wall [= of the house]. Large flocks of little biids fly in autumn from Europe across the sea to Africa; in the beginning of spring (287 R.) they return (reverti). The little gnats creep under the dry ( driclus ) bark of the trunk. The shady ( umbrifer) plane-tree ( platanus) sends forth ( agere ) very long roots. Nut shells [the shells ( cortex ) of nuts] are hard. The towers of old citadels adorn the tops ( cacumen ) of the mountains. The fine ( laetus ) crops promise {promittere) the farmers a great reward ( merces ). The sods ( eaespes ) have been put on the mound. The feet of geese are broad. On the land they move them clumsily ( tarde ). The walls of the temples have been broken through by the fierce soldiers; the stones of them have been scattered {disjicere). Little mice have sharp teeth, with which they can gnaw-through ( rodere) thick walls. True honor consists ( positus est) in virtue. Mothers and teachers are wont to chastise ( castigare ) boys, and-not {nee) with-words only {solum), but with blows. No animal that has blood can be without a head. The sons of rich parents are often poor; for, corrupted by-luxury, they squander ( di&- sipdre) the greatest riches. 3. Even the greatest birds fear the sly fox, which lies-in-wait for them. The city was saved {Perf.) by one brave citizen. The fire is quenched. We have thrown the ashes into the neigh boring river. The Cheruscans ( Chfrusci ), a people of Germany, used-to-dwell between the Weser ( Visurgis) and the Elbe {Albis). If you quench {seddre — Put. Perf.) [your] thirst with- much water while-in-a-sweat ( suddns ), you will suffer {labordre) to-morrow {eras) from-a-cough. Swiftness of foot [jt?4] snatched the hare from ( eripere , with Pat.) the jaws {faux) of the dogs. The fettered captives stood naked in the open-air ( der ), in the rain, in t ; he cold. 4. By-thy-arrival thou hast averted ( dvertere) the ruin of the whole army. The entrances to [= of] the harbors were fortified. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 52 The city is protected by lakes and swamps. The doors of the royal palace were closed in order that the hostages might not escape ( effugio ) from the house. The maidens have em broidered [acu ping ere) a coverlet ( strdgulum ). The prisoners have had their nands cut off (§ 344) ( abscidere ). 5. The fowlers have caught many birds. The first day of the week (L. hebdomas , &dis,f.) is called Sunday [= day of the sun] ; the second, Monday [the day of the moon] ; the third, the day of Mars; the fourth, the day of Mercury [Mercdrius ); the fifth, the day of Jupiter; the sixth, the day of Venus; the seventh, the day of Saturn (, Saturnus ). farmers keep [alo) many herds ( armentum) of oxen ; they plough with-oxen. The soldiers fought with fresh ( integer ) strength. Men have greater strength than women. We made a long journey on that day. The Greeks used to sacrifice [sacra facere) not to Jupiter alone [Dat. of solus), but also to Apollo, to Venus, to Ceres, [and] to many other gods and goddesses. 95 . Miscellaneous Examples , especially in Comparison and Pronouns. 1. The most learned and wisest men have always been the most modest. The song of the nightingale is very-sweet. Cicero was the most celebrated orator of the Romans. The name of Homer is more celebrated than the names of many kings. The ass is carrying a very heavy load. This food is nicer than that. This business is lighter than that. The Alps are the highest mountains in [= of] Europe, but the mountains of Asia are higher. When [quando) is the longest day and the shortest night ? What is more difficult than this busine ;s ? This garden is larger than the one [is, ea , id) which my father bought; but the trees, which are in it, are very-low [humilis). The burden, which we are carrying, is heavier than yours. Achilles killed Hector [Acc. Hectdra ), the son of King Priam [and] the bravest of the Trojans. The brave soldiers did not fear the most violent [deer) charges of the enemy \_pL]. No vice is more shameful than avarice. The easiest work is not 54 FORMATION OF ADVERBS.-NUMERALS. always most pleasant; the most difficult not always the mosl disagreeable. Thou art the most beneficent of all my friends. Xanthippe, the wife of Socrates, was very-abusive ( maledicus ). Times will be better if men are [= shall be] better. We admire the bold ( superl .) sailors. Farmers ought to be the most ener¬ getic ( industrius ) of all men. The hog is very-fat; its flesh is very tender. Your brother is smaller than you. The great¬ est blessing ( bonum ) is friendship; for in friendship there are most enjoyments ( delectdtio ). You returned more than you had received. The fierce soldier plunged ( inflgo ) [his] sword into the enemy’s [Dat.^\ breast. The best poets are heard, read, learned-by-heart ( ediscere ), and fix-themselves ( inhaerd - scere) in the mind \_pl.\ By this hatred you are doing harm not to me but to yourself (§ 298). This apple-tree (maliis) I planted myself. We desire ( optdre ) rest; to us also is perpetual unrest ( inquies) disagreeable ( molestus ). i XXX. Formation of Adverbs. Gr., § 90. 96 . The sparrow, which had cruelly devoured the little gnat, screamed affrightedly ( Adv ., fr. anxius) when the hawk seized it suddenly. That boy acted foolishly who judged of ( de) the song of the birds by (ex) the finery (orndtus) of [their] feathers, Write this letter carefully; those who write it [= shall have written it] most carefully will be praised most. The Lacedie- monians (Laeo) were wont to answer briefly and pointedly (acutus). The lark sings more sweetly than the goldfinch (acanthis). Of all birds the nightingale sings most sweetly. The war has been conducted (gerere) successfully (fellx). The soldiers made a charge on the enemy boldly. In the Alps you can travel safely. The (quo) more concealed (occiiltus) the dangers are, the (ed) greater the difficulty of av< iding them [= with the greater difficulty are they avoided]. This busi¬ ness can very easily be settled (absolvere). XXXI. Numerals. Gr., § 92. 97. Three beasts made a treaty with the lion that the booty (praecla) should be divided into four shares (pars) ; but when IRREGULAR VERBS. 00 they had caught a stag, the lion took not only his cwn (swwa) share, but also the shares of his three partners. Two birds were hanging before the window; the one was a goldfinch ( acanthis ), the other a nightingale. Two travellers met (^.]. Be sure (curare) to be at Rome in the month [of] January. I beg of you to dine (coenare) with me. You bring me (adducere) to agree ( assentlri , Dat.) with you. The general admonishes [his] lieutenant (legatm) to be¬ ware of getting into an engagement (proelium inire). SENTENCES OF TENDENCY AND RESULT. 65 XL. Sentences of Tendency and Result. G. 553 foil.; A. 65 ; A. & S. 262 ; B. 1218; H. 494. 110 . Jdppiter furOrem taurO injBcit lit flammSs vomeret, Jupiter enraged the hull so that he vomited flames. Tanta tranquillitas exstitit ut naves ex loc5 movBrl nOn possent, There came so great a calm that the ships could not (be) move{d) f rom the spot. 1. The lion divided the booty ( praeda ) in such a way that he himself received all the shares ( pars ), his partners (socii) nothing. The roar of the lion was such [= so great] that it could be heard from a great distance (e longinquo). The teeth of mice are so ( tom ) sharp that they easily gnaw through cords ( laqueus ). The ass, which had put on the lion’s skin, fright¬ ened the animals to-such-a-degree* that they sought safety in [ = by] flight. The storm was so violent ( tantus ) that the ships were carried ( deferre ) out of ( cle) [their] course. Seneca’s memory was so strong ( tantus ) that he repeated ( recitdre ) two thousand verses ( versus , us). The doves which Zeuxis had painted were so-well-done (tails) that the birds were deceived. 2. The faithfulness of the dog was such that he did not go away (cliscedere) from the corpse of [his] master. The infant Hercules was so strong (validus) that he killed two snakes with [his] two hands. A huge rock was hanging over (impendere with Dat.) Tantalus, so that he was always in fear. Oenomaus had very-swift horses, so that he easily outstripped ( superdre ) the suitors ( procus ) of [his] daughter in [Ahl(\ the race (cnrsus). The Trojans kept (se continere) within the walls ( moenia ), so that a pitched battle was not fought ( acie pugnatur) until the tenth year [= in the tenth year at length, demum\. Poets are *o (ltd) charming (dulcis) that they are not only (modo) read but even (etiam) learned by heart (ediscere). XLI. Miscellaneous Examples. Accusative and Infinitive.—Sentences of Design and Result 111 . 1. The grapes were hanging so high that the fox could not reach them: and so he said that the grapes were sour * adeO 66 ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE. ( amdrus). I do not agree with ( assentiri , Hat.) those who set forth ( disserere) that the soul [pi.] perishes at the same time (simid) with the body [/>£.], and that everything is annihilated ( delere) by death. I beg that you do not let-your* courage-fail ( animum demittere). Pylades said that he was Orestes that he might die for his friend. We see that the moon is occasionally (interdum) eclipsed ( obscurare) by the sun. We have heard that the fields were laid waste (vastdre) by the enemy. So great was the bravery of the enemy [pi .J that none ran, but all were killed fighting. Many undergo (subire) all dangers that they may attain (assequi) fame. 2. The shamelessness (impudentia) of the fellow (homo) is so great that he would rather beg ( mendicdre ) than work. We perceive by the touch ( tactus ) that ice ( glades , ei) is cold (gelidus ); that stones are hard. Return home that you may not lose your property (res familiar is). Write distinctly (du - tincte) that I may be able to read thy letter. XLII. Ablative Absolute. G. 408 foil. 668 foil. ; A. 54,10, b ; A. & S. 257 ; B. 965 ; H. 431. 112. Xerxe regnante = Quum Xerx5s regnaret, Xerxes reigning. When Xerxes was reigning. In the reign of Xerxes. Xerxe victo = Quum XerxSs victus esset, Xerxes being , having been , defeated. When Xerxes had been defeated After the defeat of Xerxes. Xerxe rege = Quum XerxSs rex esset, Xerxes [being] king. When Xerxes was king. Mllit5s tr&nseunt, rSge sedente in soliO, The soldiers pass by [while] the king [is] silting on [his] throne. Urbe expugnata imperator rediit, Passive Form : The city [being] taken , after the city was taken, the general returned. Active Form : Having taken the city , after Tie had taken the city , the general returned. Abstract Form : After the taking of the city. After taking the city. ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE. 67 113. 1 Tantalus stood in the midst of the water (287, R.), while apples were hanging over (super) his head. Those who are afraid turn pale ( pallescere ), because the blood goes down (ddscendere) from the face (os). After the kings were banished consuls were chosen at Rome. Demosthenes told a story (fabula) in court (judicium) to make the judges [— that they might be] attentive. When all were listening ( auscultdre ), he went off suddenly. Once-upon-a-time ( olim ), although the rest of the city had been taken by the Gauls (Gallus), never¬ theless (tamen) the Romans kept possession of (retinere) the citadel. As the murderers (percussores) of [his] master were passing by, the dog rushed forth (prdcurrere) in a rage (furens). 2. After Hercules had killed the lion, he took off (detrahere) the skin. After I had read thy letter, I at once had a talk (colloqui) with thy brother. The mouse, having heard the roar (fremitus) of the lion, ran up. Loosening [= having loosened] the snares ( laqueus ), it set the lion free. After Darius had got up (parare) great forces, he waged war on (helium inferre , with Dat.) the Scythians (Scytha). Phrixus having sacrificed the ram, hanged up (suspendere) the fleece on (de) an oak in the sanctuary (fanum) of Mars. After Jason had taken (tollere) the fleece from the sanctuary, he fled back (refugere) to [his] native-land. 3. At the arrival (advemre) of the Persians, the Greeks occupied Thermopylae. After overcoming the Persians, the Athenians restored (restituere) the walls. After losing (amitr tere) [their] camp, the Persians fled to [their] ships. After the expulsion (pello) of the royal family [= kings], Brutus and Collatinus were made consuls. Immediately after receiving (accipere) thy letter I set out. After murdering his motner, Orestes fled, driven (agitdre) by the Furies. We set out from Rome at sunrise (onn), and hastened (accelerdre) our journey so that we came to Circeji at sunset (occidere). Jason, with the help of (adjuvdre or adjdtrix) Medea, accomplished 68 DOUBLE ACCUSATIVE. everything that Aeetes had imposed on him ( imperare aliquid alicui). Paris carried Helen off at the instigation (instlgdre) of Venus. XLIII. Double Accusative. Gr. 333 ; A. 52, 2 ; A. & S. 230 foil.; B. 734 ; H. 374. 114 Orftre (rogSre) aliquem aliquid, to beg a man for a thing. interrogare aliquem aliquid, to ask a man a question. de aliquS re, to ask about a thing. poscere (flagitSre) aliquem aliquid, / _. ab aliquS aliquid, demand a thm <> °f a nian ' postulare (petere) ab aliquo aliquid, to ask a man for a thing. quaerere ex (ab, de) aliquo aliquid, to ask a man about a thing. 115 . Many men beg the gods for riches. We ought ( debere ) not to beg [our] friends for shameful things. I ask this benefit of you with perfect {mens, § 299 R.) right. The father asked [his] son [his] opinion. What? If I ask (236 R. 2) a question of you, will you not (§ 457) answer ? The proconsul demanded money of the authorities (magistrdtus) of the city. Darius demanded earth and water of the Scythians. They sent [him] a bird, a frog, [and] a mouse. Imitate these little animals {bestiola), said the ambassadors, if you wish to escape {effugere) destruction {interitus). Beg thy mother [’s] pardon. Before the battle of Marathon {Marathonius) the Athenians asked the Lacedaemonians for help. The boy asked [his] teacher about the contents {argumentum) of the book. I ask your advice as ( ut ) I usually do {soled). Accusative of Extent: G. 335-8 ; A. 55 ; A. & S. 236; B. 958, 950 ; H. 370. 116 . The wall is five hundred feet long. The tower is one hundred and eighty-nine feet high. We were {Perf.) two hours together {und). The soldiers were kept back {retinere) in the harbor by storms [for] many months. I am with him whole days and often {saepe) a part of the night. Appius Claudius was blind for many years. The Greeks besieged Trov ten years. The Spartans preserved their customs and laws seven hun* dred years. Cato [was] ninety-five years old [when he] de- PREPOSITIONS WITH TIIE ACCUSATIVE. 69 parted ( exceclere ) [this] life ( Abl .). Alexander [was] twenty- one years old [when he] became king. There was a certaii; Arganthonius at Cadiz ( Gddes, ium) who reigned eighty and lived one hundred and twenty years. He has been teaching (§ 221) by this time {jam) above seven years [== the eighth year]. He has been reigning going on thirty-one years. XLIV. Prepositions with the Accusative. G. 417 ; A. 56; A. & S. 235 ; B. 981 ; H. 433. 117. With the Greeks geometry (- tria) was in the highest honor. The river Eurotas flows {flnere) past Sparta. Nothing delays {mordrl) our journey except the storm. Besides thee no one feels my pain. This happens contrary to my wish and contrary to [= aside from] expectation {opinio). The command in chief {summum imperium) was in the hands of {penes) Aga¬ memnon ( Gen ., dnis). The earth revolves {se convertere) around its axis with the greatest speed. Naevius sent {dimittere) the boys round-among {circum) [his] friends. There were temples round about the forum. The armies are marching towards {ad — versus) the ocean. We sailed south¬ ward [south = merldies\ We have love and kindly feeling {benivolentia) towards friends. The soldiers fought bravely against the en^my. The Romans called the land this side the Alps Cisalpine Gaul ( Gallia), the land beyond the Alps, Trans¬ alpine [Gaul]. The timid proconsul did not set {efferre) [his] foot out of (§ 388) the gate so long as (§ 571) the enemy was this side of the Euphrates. There is a sanctuary {fanum) in the 6eld hard by {propter) the town. On account of the snow Mount Taurus can not be passed before the month of June {Junius). The dangers of navigation were so great that death often stared us in the face {versdri ob oculos ); therefore I will return by land {pedibus). The Greeks had their camp along (, secun - dura) the sea [shore]. The legion marched {iter facere) along the river. Hold what [plj\ is according to nature; reject what is contrary to nature. Enemies are within the walls and with¬ out the walls. Without [= outside of] the gate there is a 70 DATIVE. temple. We are talking with one another (212). The boyn love one another. I dictated this letter to my clerk [while] at {inter) dinner. In the midst of arms laws are silent. Between the Lydians and the Persians ( Persa ) ran (esse) the Halys. The general pitched ( ponere ) [his] camp hard by (juxtd) the wall. The Athenians brought the Ionians (Jones) help against the Persians. Sardanapalus sat among the women, and distri buted the wool 1 among them. There is a great difference (di& crimen) between a bold and a rash (temerarius) man. I cannot believe that you will go across the sea. 1 lana XLV. Dative. G. 343 foil. ; A. 51; A. & S. 222 ; B. 814 ; H. 382. 118 . This business is too (nimis) difficult for thee. We are not on earth to live merely ( tantum ) for ourselves (nos). To the husbandmen peace (otium) is very desirable (optdtus). To the unhappy man, time is very long; to the happy man, very short. In the lower world (apud inferos) punishments are in readiness (pardtus) for the impious. That cry (vdx), “I am a Roman citizen,” has brought to many, in the most distant (ultir mus) lands, help (ops) and salvation. I beg you to care for (servire) your health. Nothing is difficult for a man in-love (arndns). Perseus cut off (abscidere) the dragon’s head for him. The girl snatched (eripere) the apples from the boy [= the boy’s apples from him]. The tailor (sartor) will get his head broken (comminuere) . I will send you a letter. I will gend a letter to you. It is honorable (decorum) to undergo death for [one’s] parents. G. 345 ; A. 51. 2 ; A & S. 223, R. 2 ; B. 831; H. 385. 119. Your friends favor (favere) you. The king will not favor the flatterer (as$entdtor). My brother has not favored my interests (res). The prince favored the arts. I study literature (literae). My brother devotes himself to (studere) agriculture. Be zealous for virtue. The Athenians are fond of (studere) DATIVE. 71 revolution ( res novae). I have long ( diu) devoted myself to this art. The bad are wont to depreciate ( obtreclare ) ths praise of the good. The good man ( probus ) envies nobody. Men are most ( maxime ) envious of [their] equals (par) of [their] inferiors. The bad are envious- of the praise of the good. I will supplicate the king for thee. You will not per* suade me. Ino persuaded Athamas ( Gen. Athcomantis) to sac rifice the children. Themistocles persuaded Xerxes to return home quickly. Spare me! I beg you on my knees ( suppli - care). Codrus spared not his life that he might provide for (< consulere ) his native-land. The bad are often spared by the good ( 208 ). When the enemy had carried ( expugndre) the city, they spared neither old men nor women nor little chil¬ dren [= not old men, not women, not little children]. Clytaem- nestra had married Aegisthus. The physician ( medieus ) heals diseases. I beg you to cure me. Cicero wished ( cupere) to heal civil discord. 120 . Thou art acting as becomes thee. It is becoming to a youth to be unassuming ( verecundus ). It is unbecoming ( de - decet) to a philosopher to do anything (§ 304) for (Gen.) which he can ( Subj ., § 633) give no reason. Philip the Fifth of Mace- don (Adj.) was more satirical (diedx) than is seemly for a king. Credit usually fails men, when money fails [them], (Abl. Ads.) Peace has-its-charms (juvdre) for some (alii), war for others (alii). No one has ever come up to (aequdre) Dionysius in cru¬ elty [ = the cruelty of Dionysius]. G. 346 ; A. 51, 2; A. & S. 224; B. 826; H. 386. 121. I have always stood by (adesse) the king in his absence (§ 324, R. 6). The infant crept up (adrepere ad) the breast (mamma) of [his] mother [as she was] dying. Cicero excelled (antecedo) [his] contemporaries (aequdlis) in (Abl.) eloquence. The virgin dares (audere) to come into conflict with (concurrere) men. The countenance of Domitius did not tally ( consentire , § 346, R. 1) with his talk (ordtio). The whole discourse is con¬ sistent with (ednstare) itself, and tallies with itself (§ 298) in (ex) every part. The patricians were compelled (edeje^e ut) to 72 DATIVE. share ( communicdre ) [their] honors with the plebeians. The orator pressed the accuser ( accusdtor ) hard ( instare , press hard). It is a bad thing to fall into ( incidere ) the hands ct wicked ( improbus ) men. Sulla said that there were (inesse) many Mariuses in Caesar. The ploughman bends (incumbere) over [his] plough. Great [is the] danger [that] threatens (imminere) us. Night interrupted ( intervenire) the engage ment. What is the use (quid juvat ) of running to meet (occurrere) suffering (dolor) [half-way] ? He said that [his] modesty ( pudor) interfered with ( obesse) [his] flow-of-language (orcitio). It is hard to preserve fairness (aequitas) when you desire (Per/. Subj.) to excel (praestdre) all. Dolabella suc¬ ceeded (succedere) you so soon (tarn cito) that many people abused (vituperdre) him soundly (valde). The general exhorted the soldiers to move up (succedere) into the fight. If you hasten (234, R. 1), you will surprise ( supervenire ) the enemy. G-. 349 ; A. 51, 3 ; A. & S. 226; B. 821 ; H. 387. 122. My father lias many sons and [only] one daughter. I have this book always in hand [p£]. Men have a certain likeness to (cum) God. An obliging (officiosus) man has many friends. You will have the first place in the school (ludus). Socrates had great wisdom. Themistocles had extraordinary (incredi- bilis) readiness of invention (sollertia ingenii). My name is Lucius. Her name is Tulliola. G. 350 ; A. 51, 5; A. & S. 227 ; B. 848 ; H. 390. fi23. Avarice is of great harm to men. Thy state-of-health (valetudo) is a source of great anxiety (sollicitudo) to me. Your recommendation (commenddtio) will be of great use to me. This thing is a great pleasure to me. Thy interests (res) lire very near (curae) to me. I have this duty at heart (cordi). We beg you to come to our help. The Plataeans (Plataeenses) Bent the Athenians a thousand men as reinforcement[s] (auxi Hum). Thy rescue is not [a matter] of greater concern to you than [it is] to me. In many things the faithfulness and fore¬ sight of slaves have been of great use. CONSTRUCTION OF ADJECTIVES.-GENITIVE WITH SUBSTANTIVES. 73 XLVI. Construction of Sundry Adjectives. 350, 373 ; A. 51, 6, 54, 5; A. & 8. 223, 11. 2, 213, R. 5 (3), 244 ; B. 863 1 807, 919; H. 391, 399, 419. r *»• idoneus, suitable. refertus, filled. aequalis, contemporaiy. vacuus, empty. contrarius, opposite. fretus, trusting. proprius, own, peculiar. praeditus, endowed. communis, common. contentus, content. dignus, indignus, worthy , unworthy. alienus, foreign, averse . 125 . Horses are useful for war. The general picked out (deli- gere) a suitable place for the camp. As (ut ) a shore without a harbor cannot be safe (tutus) for ships, so (sic) a heart (animus) without fidelity cannot be stable (stabilis) for friends. 126 . Wolves are like dogs. Monkeys (simia) are like men. Death is very like sleep. Charles the Twelfth wished (velle) to be like Alexander. I am of the same age (aequalis) as thy brother. Vice is the opposite of virtue. Bravery is especia uy (maxime) peculiar to men. In a proverb of the Greeks it is said (est) that all things are common to friends. 127 . Only (tantum) few are deserving of praise. The city was surrendered to Caesar empty of [its] garrison (praesidium), [but] filled with stores (copiae). Thou art free (vacuus) from faults. We are free (liber) from all mental excitement (aniim perturbdtio). The deeds (res gestae) of the general deserve a triumph (triumphus). To wail (Idmentdri) is unworthy of a man. Thou hast (esse), Marcus Tullius, children and relations worthy of thee. Relying (fretus) on thy help, we have under¬ taken (suscipere) this business. A bad man is never free (vacuus) from fear. Fraud is foreign to a good man. XLVII. Genitive with Substantives. G. 357 ; A. 50; A. & S. 211; B. 751 ; H. 393. tin English, oilier prepositions besides of are often used to express the Genitive relation.) 128 . Many sought participation (societas) in the emigration 4 74 GENITIVE. ( demigratio ). Sleep is a refuge ( perfugium ) from all toils and cares ( sollicitudo ). You cannot escape punishment v /b' this fault [culpa). We will have consideration [ratio) for thee and thine. Know that thy grandmother is almost dead ol ( Abl .) longing (desiderium) for thee. Gr. 366 foil. ; A. 50, 2 ; A. & S. 212 ; B. 748; H. 396, III. 129. The number of the enemy and the great quantity (vis) oi missiles (telum) did not frighten olf ( absterrere ) Alexander [not the number... not the great quantity]. The conquered paid ( pendere) a great amount ( pondus) of gold and silver. In the provinces of the Roman Empire there was a great number of Roman citizens. 130 . Five hundred soldiers were in the city. But two hundred of the soldiers were wounded. Only (tantum) a few of the scholars are lazy. Many Romans had one thousand slaves; some had three thousand slaves; the richest as many as [= even] thirty thousand slaves. Many of those trees were set out (sero, sevi , satum) by my hand. Tarquinius Superbus was the seventh and ( atque ) last of the kings of Rome [Adj). Forty of us are bound [astringere) by an oath (jus jurandum). Which of us will bell the cat (annectere tintinnabulum , with Dat) ? To which of these boys did you give the letter ? Two boys spoke at the same time (simul). Which of them answered correctly ( recte) ? Which of you will help the unfortunate man ? No mortal is happy at all hours. Which of (inter) all the orators was more eloquent than Demosthenes ? Does not another example occur to each one (unus quisque) of you ? Tarquin had two sons, one of whom was like [his] father; the other was of a milder disposition ( ingenium ). The soul ( ani¬ mus) is divided (distribuere) into two parts, one of which partakes of (participem esse) reason, the other does not ( expe* tern esse). 131. Alexander sent his older (senior) soldiers back to u their| country. Of all the Greeks the bravest were the Lacedae¬ monians. Athens had many orators, of whom the most GENITIVE WITH ADJECTIVES. 75 eminent ( praestans) was Demosthenes. We believe that our better part is immortal. 132 . Of those who have held absolute-authority ( dominatus ) the most prominent (excellent) have been among the Persians, Cyrus and Darius, the son of Hystaspes, each ( uterque ) of whom obtained the throne ( regnum ) by merit ( virtus ). The first of them fell in the land of ( ctpiid) the Massagetae in an engage¬ ment ; Darius died (supremum diem obire) of ( Abl .) old age. There are three besides of the same family (genus), Xerxes and two Artaxerxes. Of the people (gdns) of the Macedonians two distinguished themselves (excellere) by [their] achievements in war (res gestae ), Philip, 1 the son of Amyntas, and Alexander the Great; of these one was carried off (cdnsumere) by sickness at Babylon ; the other, Philip, was murdered by one 2 Pausanias near the theatre at Aegae. 1 Philippus. 2 quidam. G. 372 ; A. 50, 1, i; A. & S. 247, R. 2; H. 414, 2, 3. 133. The avaricious do everything for the sake of money. The universe was made for the sake of gods and men. Sailors are wont to hasten (festmare) for the sake of gain ( quaestus , XLVIII. Genitive with Adjectives and Verbs. A. Genitive with Adjectives: G. 373; A. 50, 3, b; A. & S. 213; B. 765 H. 399. 134. VOCABULARY : plBnus, cupidus, avidus, studiosus, inseius, peiltus, imperltus, amtins, full eager. greedy. zealous of devoted to. ignorant. skilled. unskilled. loving. memor, immemor, particeps, ipis, expers, tis, compos, otis, inops, opis, ten&x, appetBns, mindful, unmindful, sharing in. without share in, in possession cf. needy, tenacious, desirous. 135. The houses of the Greeks and Romans were full of the most beautiful statues (signum) and paintings. The letter which you wrote [ Ppf !] on your birthday (dies natdlis) was full of good promise (spes). The proconsul was eager for gold 76 GENITIVE WITH ADJECTIVES. Cicero was always very greedy of fame ( laus ). Boys are devoted to ball ( pila ). Cato was very fond (perstudio sus\ of Greek literature in [bis] old age. I am conscious of my guilt (culpa). Histiaeus was privy to the conspiracy. I have made all my friends partakers of my pleasure. Thou hast been a partaker of all my toils and dangers. The beasts have no share in reason (ratio) and speech. A drunken (dbrius) man ia not in possession of his mind. Miltiades was highly skilled in war. I will be mindful of thy commission (manddtum). A life without friends is full of treachery (insidiae) and fear. You are greedier of fame than is enough. Cicero was very much devoted to ( amdns) Pompey. 1 All who are in posses¬ sion of virtue are happy. I envy [those-who-are] tenacious of purpose (propositum). I know that you are not poor in words. All hate the-man-that-is-unmindlul of benefits 1 Pompejus B. Genitive with Verbs: G. 375 foil. ; A. 50, 4 ; A. & S. 214 foil. ; B. 780 ; H. 291 foil. 130. The father reminded his son of [his] duty. Remember thy promise. Croesus remembered Solon when he was placed (imponere , Ppf Subj.) by Cyrus on the pile (rogus). Recol¬ lect (reminisci) the ancient (pristinus) virtue of [thy] fore¬ fathers (majores). I have not forgotten thy advice. Men usually forget benefits more readily than insults. Do not for¬ get my sufferings. 137. I am ashamed of my folly. I pity you. I am disgusted (piget) with flatterers (assentator). I am sorry for my angry temper (irdcundia). Who is not weary of the long journey ? There are [people] who are neither ashamed of their faults (vitium), nor sorry [for them]. 138. Roscius of Ameria (Amerimts) [was] accused of parricide ( parricldium) [but he] was acquitted of this charge (crimen) by the exertion [s] (opera) of Cicero. Socrates was accused of imjfiety and condemned to death. Many of the judges wished to acquit him of the capital charge (caput) and mulcf {m.ultdre) him in a [sum of] money. ABLATIVE (SEPARATIVE). 7 ? XLIX. Ablative (Separative). G. 388; A. 54, 1; A & S. 251; B. 916: H. 425. 139 . V X3ABTJLABY: prlvare, rob. abundare, abound. spoliare, despoil. redundare, overflow. solvere, loosen , free. florBre, flourish. nudare, strip. vacare, be empty, free. implBre, fill carBre, do, be, icitliout. orbare, bereave. egBre, need. 140 . A heart-ache ( aegritudo ) has robbed me of sleep. I beg you to free me from this annoyance ( molestia ). The soldiei despoiled the prisoner of [his] clothes ( vestitus ) in order that he might not himself be starved (cdnficere) with the cold Tomyris filled a skin ( uter , tris) with human blood, into which she threw the head of Cyrus. The cellar ( cella ) of a good and energetic master is always chokeful of wine and oil {oleum), and his house {villa), abounds in milk, cheese [and § 483] honey. The bad are unhappy even if ( etsi ) they abound ( Subj .) in pleasures. It is a great consolation ( solatiumi) to be free from fault. Nothing can be honorable {honestus) that lacks ( vacare) justice. I can no longer ( diu) do without thy counsel and thy help. Thou dost not need exhortation. Thou hast freed the city from danger and the citizens {civitds ) from fear. Old age is free from those services {munus) which cannot be assumed ( sustinere ) without strength. I was accused of negligence, but I was free from blame. Very unfortunate are [those] who lack {earere) the sense \_pl .] of sight {oculi) and of hearing {aures). Your friend does not need any [re]commendation to {apud) me. Some are poor {inops) in words; some abound in words. If souls do not continue-to- live {remanere), we are robbed of the hope of a more blessed life. Priam is bereft of his whole progeny {progenies). Wis¬ dom heals souls, frees from desires, banishes {pellere) fears. The wise man does not need consolation; for he will always be free from heaviness-of-heart {aegrttn^^ , 78 ABLATIVE WITH SUNDRY VERBS. L. Ablative with sundry Verbs. (Ttor, fruor, potior, yescor ; G. 405 ; A. 54, 6, d; A. & S. 245; B. 880, H. 419. [H 419. Laetor, gldrior, confido ; G. 407; A. 54, 3; A. & S. 247,1 (2); B. 873; Dignor ; G. 398, R. 2; A. 54, 3, a; A. & S. 244, R. 1; H. 419. Nitor ; G. 403, R. 3; A. 54, 6 ; A. & S. 245, II.; B. 880; H. 419. 141. The old painters used but few (pauci) colors. Thy brother has persuaded me to follow ( uti ) thy advice. Pausanias wore ( uti ) Median 1 costume ( vestis). Navigation was very difficult, for we had (uti) head (adversus) winds. Not for this alone [= this one thing] hath man been born to (ut) enjoy pleasures. That is each man’s ( quisque) property ( proprium ) that he (quisque) enjoys and uses. The Helots (Helotae) per¬ formed the offices (munus) of slaves. The citizens filled the offices of state for nothing (gratis). Men in the earliest times [= the most ancient men] lived on acorns. The wayfarer threw himself flat (se prosternere) on the ground ( humi ), re¬ membering (quum) that bears did not feed on corpses. In the cities of Ionia tyrants had made themselves masters of the supreme-authority (imperium). Many rejoiced at the death of Caesar. We rejoice in the recollection (reeordatio) of past (praeteritus) pleasures. Who can (Put.) confide in strength (firmitds) of body ? Who can boast of stability of fortune ? The insolent fellow did not deign to speak to me or to look at me (use: sermo , visas). The rule (domindtio) of the Greek tyrants rested on (niti) the royal-power (regnum) of Darius. The shepherd feeds (pascere) the sheep leaning (278, R.) on |_his] staff. 1 Medns , a , am. I accept the excuse (excusatio) which you have proffered (uti). The laws which the Athenians obeyed (uti), were given by Solon. I have been on very intimate terms (familiarise rime uti) with thy brother. We shall avail ourselves (uti) of thy help (opera) and thy advice. The Stoics said that all were rich who could (Impf. tiubj.) enjoy sky and earth. Camels (camelus) perform the services (ministerium) of beasts-of- draught (jumentum). Alexander made himself master of the empire of the whole of Asia. The Pythagoreans (Pytha* / PREPOSITIONS WITH THE ABLATIVE. 79 goreus) were forbidden ( interdlcere , 298) to ( ne ) eat beans (195, R. 8). There is nothing at which [ = at nothing] I am wonl to rejoice so much {tain) as ( quam ) at the consciousness {eon* scientia) of the discharge-of-my-duties {officia). We stay our¬ selves on thy advice and thy influence {auctoritds). The Athenians boasted of their origin. We do not deem thee wor¬ thy of such honor. LI. Prepositions with the Ablative. G. 418 ; A. 56, a; A. & S. 195, 5; B. 982 ; H. 484. 142. The coldest {frigidus) winds are those which blow {spirdre) from the north {septentrio). I come from [my] mother. The fear ( metus ) of divine punishment [supplicium) has recalled many from crime. Philoctetes received the arrows from Hercules. You have devoted yourselves {studere) from boyhood ( pueritia ) to the best branches of learning {disci- plina) and to the best accomplishments {ars). From [my] earliest youth {iniens aetas) I have been on very intimate terms with Gajus Curtius. Rome was founded by Romulus. Greece was saved by Themistocles. The souls of dying [men] fly (evolare) from the bonds {vinculum) of the body, as if {tarn- quam) from a prison {career). The water runs down ( deldbi ) from either side {pars) of the roof. In [= out of] all the ages (saeculum) there are scarcely {vix) three or four pairs ( par , J¥eut.) of friends mentioned-by-name {nomindre). From this day on {ex) I will be good. The conquered enemies sent a commissioner {legatus) to treat {agere) for [concerning] peace. The sailor has leaped down from the ship, and is stand¬ ing up to [his] neck in water. What do you think of this piece-of-writing {senptum) ? The exiles {exsul) wandered about (vagari) with [their] wives and children. He came from the harbor with a lantern {Idterna). We will speak {colloqui) with your father about this matter. Cyrus carried on war with the Scythians. Tim Greeks had {esse) a struggle {certdmen) with the Persians for [their] altars and hearth [stone] s {focus) and for the temples of the gods. Pylades wished to die for Orestes 80 PREPOSITIONS WITH ACCUSATIVE AND ABLATIVE. The herdsman drives ( agere) the herd ( armenta , pi.) before ( prae ) him. My (I)at.) tears start forth (praesilire) for (prae) gladness ( laetitia ). He could not speak for sorrow ( maeror\ The Scythians make use of wagons ( plaustrum ) instead of houses. I cannot write the rest ( neut . pi.) for tears. Soon you will swim without a cork (cortex.) LII. Prepositions with Accusative and Ablative. G. 419 ; A. 56, 1, c, d; A. & S. 195-6 ; B. 987 ; H. 435. 143. I have not changed my plan, and will not change [it] if you are of (in) the same opinion. Tears dry (drescere) soon, especially (praeserthn) in-the-case-of (in) others’ (Adj.) sufferings (malum). A certain kind of hares, which we call (JPass.) coneys (cuniculus), burrow [= make passages, cunlcu- lus\ under the earth in order to lie hid (latere). Often there is wisdom under a dirty (sordiclus) cloak (palliolum). Miltiades proceeded (proficisci) with a picked (deligere) force (manus) to Lemnos (Leninas) in order to reduce (redigere) that island under the rule of the Athenians. Over the funeral-mound (tumulus) they set up (statuere) a little-column (columella). To him who Las hanging over his neck [= over the neck to whom] a drawn (dSstrictus) sword, the songs of birds and [the music] of the cithern (cithara) will not bring back sleep. LIII. Miscellaneous Prepositions. 144. We are walking between very tall poplars (populus) on a green (viridis) and shady (opdcus) bank. We have taken a seat (considere) on the little meadow (prdtulum) by the statue of Plato. Man (pi.) can make use of the animals for his service (utilitas) without injustice. A fight had been started (orir i) between the two dogs over a bone which they had found. The skin (cutis) is drawn (inducere) over the bone and the flesh. The innocent man can live even within the door (ostium) and the threshold (limen) of the prison without pain and torture (cruciatus). I am accused by thee, without ground, ol INFINITIVE AND GERUND. 81 sending ( missio ) letters. Hast thou never observed ( animad * vertere) in the clouds the form of a lion or a Hippocentaur? He had one wreath on [his] head, another on [his] neck. The race of man was in the beginning scattered in mountains and woods, afterwards (posted) they surrounded (sepire) themselves with cities and walls ( moenici ). Nothing can be done against force (vis) without force. Before the door of the royal palace there was seized (deprehendere) a man with a dagger. The hunter has pierced (percutere) the huge boar with a speai ( venabulum ). Some (alius) of the members seem to have been given by nature on account of their use, as (ut) the hands, the legs, the feet; but ( autem , § 486) others for (propter) no use [but] as it were, (quasi) for (ad) a certain ornament (orndtus), as [for instance] the tail (cauda) to the peacock, the changeable (versicolor) feathers (pluma) to the doves, to men the beard. Frightened by the greatness of the storm, all forsook the Bhip ; they embarked (conscendere) on a skill* (scapha) except * one sick man, who on account (propter) of [his] sickness could not come out (exire) and flee. By an accident (casus) the vessel was driven (deferre) uninjured (incolumis) into a harbor. LIV. Infinitive and Gerund. G. 420-6; A. 57, 8, 73; A. & S. 275; B. 1147 ff. 1319 ff.; H. 548 ff., 559 ff. 145. To be free (vacdre) from blame (culpa) is a great comfort. It is a virtue to flee from vice. We often wished tc see this day. Leonidas (Leonidas) determined (constituere) to resist the Persians at Thermopylae. The king made the icsolution (consilium capere) to flee. Many do harm without the wish to do harm. Avaricious men are tortured (cruciare) not only by the desire of making (parare) but also by the fear of losing (drnittere). Wisdom is the art of living well and happily. To read there is always an opportunity (occdsio), to hear not always. It is very (per) useful to be skilful in swim¬ ming (natare). Man is by nature inclined (prdjy&nsus) to learn. Ab (ut) the horse [is made] for running, the ox for ploughing, the 4 * 82 GERUNDIVE.-COPULATIVE VERBS. dog for tracking ( indag a/re ), so man is made ( ndtus ) for two things: perceiving ( intelligere ) and acting ( agere :). The mind oi man is nourished by learning and thinking. This is not tfce place for jesting ( jocdri ). We made an end of walking. LV. Gerundive. G. 243 ; A. 73, 2; A. & S. 275 ; B. 1304 ; H. 562. 146. Some device ( artificium ) or other must be got up (excogi - tare). One must die bravely for [one’s] country. We must pray ( optare ) that there be a healthy mind in a healthy body. These vocabularies ( vocabulum) are to be learned. Not many [books] but good books are to be read. Thou art to read a good book. Often ( saepius ) lesser pains are to be undergone (suscipere) in order that we may escape a greater. You are to undergo this pain in order to escape a greater one. We must all die. Hidden (occultus) enmities are more to be feared than open ( apertus ), Each one ( quisque ) has his own burden to bear ( ferre ). In playing, a certain limit (modus) is to be observed ( retinere). We ought not to do anything without reflection (ratio). You must not listen to*a flatterer (assentator). If you wish to do away with (tollere) avarice, you must do away with its mother, luxury. In all things diligence must be used (adhibere). I perceive (sentire) that I have to fight with a brave and stead¬ fast man. Regard must be had (rationem habere) for ( Gen,) [one’s] health. 1 audire IjVI. Copulative Verbs. G. 197; A. 46, 2; A. & S. 210, R. 3 ; B. 607; H. 362, 2. 147. The thing is useful. The thing seems useful. You are timid. You seem timid. You have seemed to be deserving of praise. Everything (plural) sudden (repentinus) seems more important (gravis). All their plans seem to me full of foresight. The stars appear (apparere) smaller than they are. The army remained uninjured. The Scythians always remained uncon- quered. Nobody became good by chance (casus). By habit labors become easier. The slave when ( quum , Ind.) he is man fWO ACCUSATIVES. 83 amitted ( manic mittere) becomes a freedman ( libertinus). My brother has bought a farm (praedium) and become a country¬ man. Some dreams (somnium) turn out true. Brutus became ( exsistere) a champion (vindex) of freedom. Tyrants are made more insolent by the long duration (i diuturnitas ) of their power (jiotestds). Darius was made king of the Persians by the neighing ( hinnitus) of a horse. After Romulus, Numa Pompilius was chosen king. Servius Tullius was declared king with great unanimity ( cdnsensus ). 148. The primitive ( priscus ) Romans were considered ( habere ) robbers and semi-barbarians ( semibarbari ). The rose is con¬ sidered the most beautiful flower. The Dalmatians ( Dalmata ) have always been considered warlike ( bellicosus ). He is to be deemed ( existimare ) free, who is a slave to ( servire ) no disgrace¬ ful vice ( turpitudo ). Socrates is deservedly (jure) called ( dlcere ) the father (parens) of philosophy. No one can be called happy before death. Cicero was called (appelldre) father of [his] country. Romulus was called (vocare) after death Quirinus. Jason collected an army of heroes (vir fortissimus) who have been named (nomindre) Argonauts (Argonauta). Among the renowned (ille) seven, who were considered wise and called wise, were Thales of Miletus (Milesius) and Solon of Athens (Athenibisis). Among (apud) the Spartans those who filled (gerere) the most dignified (amplus) office of state (magistratus) were called, as they were (ut erant sic etiam ), old men. LVI1. Two Accusatives. G. 334; A. 46; A. & S. 230; B. 715; H. 373. 149 . Old age makes you morose. This circumstance (res) makes the master daily (quotidie) milder. The Euphrates makes (efficere) Mesopotamia fruitful. Familiarity with (consuetudo) labor makes the endurance *(perpessio) of labor easier. Desire makes (reddere) people blind. After Romulus the Romans chose Numa Pompilius king. The boys had selected (deligere) Cyrus as [their] king. Many thought 84 PREDICATIVE ATTRIBUTION AND APPOSITION. Croesus the most fortunate. I considered thee safe ( salvus ). I cannot call ( dlcere) myself restored ( recreatus ). The Romans called Cicero father of [his] country. The oracle of Apollo declared Socrates the wisest of men ( omnes ). Solon called no one happy before death. Croesus thought ( arbitrdri ) himself the happiest man on account of his riches. A mind ( animus ) free (vacuus) from excitements ( perturbdtio ) will make you happy. Attalus, king of Pergamum, made by will (testdmentum) the Roman people [his] heir. The enemy (pi.) made the province insecure (infestus) by incursions (excursio) and raids (latrocinium). The best mode (ratio) of life should [= is to] be chcsen (eligere) : habit (consuetudo) will make it agreeable. The Persians thought the sun the only god. He who is always in want (egere) w r e may consider (existimdre) avaricious. We call Socrates justly the father of philosophy. The timid [man] calls (vocare) himself prudent, the mean [man] (sordidus) [calls himself] economical (parens). When the supreme power of the State (summa omnium rerum) is in the hands (penes) of one [man], we call that one a king, and the condition (status) of such a (is, ea , id) state, a kingdom. He who has usurped power (potestas) by violence is called tyrant. LVTII. Predicative Attribution and Apposition. G. 324 ; A. 46, 2 ; 47, 6; A. & S. 210 ; B. 663 ; H. 441. 150. No one is born rich. The sailors escaped (effugere) the violence (vis) of the storm and arrived in harbor unscathed (incolumis, or salvus). From those bloody (cruentus, or atrox) engagements scarcely (vix) the generals escaped alive ( vivus ). In India, when the husband dies (perf.) the wife (plural) is put on the funeral pile alive. If you love me (dUigere), my sister, do (efficere ut) get [= be] well, and come to us as soon as possible (quam primum) well and strong. Leaving (quum, § 586) Ephe¬ sus, he fell (incidere) into a sickness, from (ex) which he did not recover (convalescere) : he came to Coreyra sick; [and] there he died. Antaeus took fresh strength (vires resumere) from his mother earth and rose again (resurgere) stronger. You will be PREDICATIVE ATTRIBUTION AND APrOSIlION. 85 dear and welcome to all when you come [= you will come to all dear and welcome] ( exspectdtus). See to it (curare), dear mother, that you come as soon as possible ; you will be welcome to all. Cato [was] eighty-five years old [when he] departed (excedere) [this] life. [My] daughter [was] twenty years old [when she] departed [this] life (Abl.). 151 . In our boyhood [= as hoys] we read the lives of Cor nelius Nepos. Cato learned Greek (Graecae literae) in his old age. I came to school first of all. Aeneas was the only one that escaped the dangers of war (Abl.). The augury (augurium) is said (ferre) to have come to Remus first [= of the two]. Hannibal was the first-man (prin- ceps) to go into a fight, the last to leave (excedere) it, when it was joined (conserere). Few receive (excipere) death in cheer¬ ful-mood (hilaris). I received you into my house (tectum) when you were a little boy (parvulus). 152 . You alone have we believed and are going to believe. 1 left Tiro sick at Patrae. To [your] enemies you show (praebere) yourself placable, to your friends inexorable. The choleric (iracundus) man is not always angry; but tease (la- cesso) him, forthwith (jam) you will see him in-a-rage ( furens ). I have Hirtius and Dolabella as pupils (discipulus) in speak* ing (dicere). You will certainly (certe) have [in] me a partner and companion in all your affairs. The inconstant man has the good for enemies, [and] not even the bad for friends. I give you my friend as surety ( vas , vadis). To Romulus and Remus a she-wolf (lupa) offered (praebere) herself as nurse. The pilot (gubernator) sits quiet [ly] on the stern ( puppis ) holding the tiller (clavus). Themistocles, a distinguished citizen, exiled by the injustice (injuria) of [his] ungrateful people, betook himself to the enemy (pi.). Medea, inflamed (incinsus) by love helped Jason, and forgetting (278) her father followed her lover (= ille). [As we were] disembarking (endvt dtecendere) we received your letter. I caught the bird alive. 86 ACCUSATIVE AND INFINITIVE. The general left the ship made fast ( deligdre ) to ( ad) thi shore. [As I was] dining your letter was given tc me. I wil defend you in your absence [= the absent one]. The Persiant deserted [their] camp tilled ypeplvve) with treasures (thesuarus) LIX, Accusative and Infinitive. G. 527 foil.; A. 70, 2 ; A. & S. 272 ; B. 1152 ; H. 551. 153. We learn (accipere) that Ulysses and Nestor were consid¬ ered wise. There-is-a-tradition 1 that Darius was made king by the neighing ( hinmtus ) of a horse. We know that Socrates was declared the wisest man by the oracle of Apollo. I remember that he returned sick (277, R.). I know that you will be welcome to all [= you will come welcome, exspectatus]. Cicero says ( narrdre ) that Cato [was] eighty-five years old [when he] died, and that [he was] an old man [when he] learned Greek. I knew that [when you w T ere] boys you read the lives of Cornelius Nepos. I have learned ( comperire ) that you were the first to come to school. We have read that Agamemnon and Menelaus [when] exiled by Aegisthus fled to Sparta. Hercules wondered ( mi - rdri) that he could not overcome Antaeus, the son of the Earth; but he perceived that he took fresh strength from [his] mother Earth, and rose again stronger. After [his] departure (excessus) Romulus said to Proculus Julius that he was a god, and was called Quirinus. We think that in the beginning men lived scattered in mountains and woods, and not until ( demum = at length) forced by necessity, built cities. Homer informs [us] ( trddere) that the Greeks, when they came [had come] to Aulis, brought 2 sacrifice 2 to Jupiter; then (tunc) they saw a dragon creeping up upon (in) a plane tree (platanus) ; that in the top (cacumen) of the tree there was a nest; that the dragon seized the eight young ones and the dam (mater) [for] the ninth ; that the Greeks stood there affrighted ( timidus ), looking (spectare) at the prodigy (portentum) ; but the augur Caichaa prophesied (augurari) from the number of the sparrows the years of the Trojan war. 1 trdditum est. 2 sacra , -orum. RELATIVE CLAUSES. 97 LX. Relative Clauses. G. 509, 630; A. 67, 1, b; A. & S. 266, 2; B. 1296 E.; H. 529. 154. Ino, whom Athamas has married, is persuading him to sacrifice [his] children to Jupiter. He says that Ino, whom Athamas has married, is persuading him to sacrifice his chil¬ dren. They said that the ram which the children mounted ( ascendere i?i) had a golden fleece. They thought that the Argonauts, who were (Plpf.) the first to enter the Euxine Sea, would never return by the same way by which they came. He said that the matter in question (de qua agiiur) was of no im¬ portance ( momentum, ). The father promised [his] son that he would give him all ( quotquot ) the apples he should gather. They know that they are losing the only blessing ( quod unicum bonum) they have. He says that he is not desirous of giving up to another the rule which he has held so long. They say that Simonides sang a poem which he had written on (in) Scopas; that Scopas said that he would only give him half of what he had bargained (pacisci) ; that he must ask ( petere , § 655) Castor and Pollux, whom he had praised as much (aeque) for the rest; shortly after (paullo post) it was an¬ nounced to Simonides that two youths were standing at (ad) the gate, who were calling him out with great earnestness (magno opere) ; that he got up, went out ( prodire ), saw no one, [and that] meanwhile (interim) the room (conclave) where Scopas was banqueting (epiddri) fell in a heap ( concidere ), and Scopas and those who were with him perished. 88 ACCUSATIVE. Third Course. PART I. LXI. Accusative. G. 327-341; A. 52; A. & S. 229-239; B. 711-743 ; H. 371-381. 155. 1. Honey smells of ( redolere ) the flowers from which it has been gathered. Ho (nemo) brave man shudders at the sight 1 of arms. Let any one (§ 623) laugh at me who will, I despair of freedom. Happy is he who has never thirsted foi pleasures. The younger of the brothers leaped across (trdnsi- Tire) the ditch and carried his brother across ( trdnsportare ) the wall. Innumerable times (sexcenties) have I applied to him, but to my petitions [= to me begging] he gave no answer. Every day the stupid creature (homo) makes the same blun¬ ders (errdre). I give you this warning [= I warn you of this] not to trust complexion (color). The physicians concealed the death of the king from all who were outside of the royal* palace (regia). Why do you conceal your opinion from us ? Who explained (docere) the case of Sllius to you ? Zama is five days’ journey (iter) from (distare) Carthage. The Car¬ thaginians built out (porrigere) from the land into the river a raft (ratis) [that was] two hundred feet long [and] fifty broad* Oh! the poor (rrtiser) fellows (homo). What good did they do (proficere) ? All their toil did not help them (juvdre) a whit (nihil). 1 conspectus , us. 2. Verres demanded (poscere) of the parents a price (pretium) for (pro) the burial (195, R. 5) of [their] children. A friend will ask of another [= a friend] nothing except (nisi) what-is-hon* L DATIVE. 89 arable. Antony begged ( petere ) the soldiers to follow him (§ 521) across the Alps. Euripides began ( adorlri ) [when he was] eighteen years old to write tragedies ( tragoedia ). I lack (deficere) strength [= strength fails me], I lack time. Assur¬ edly you are concealing from me a great misfortune. The deserters ( trdnsfuga ) acquainted ( docere ) Caesar with all the plans of the enemy (pi.). Misfortune teaches even the con¬ quered the art of war (militdris). Some endure ( sustinere) fasting (media) two or three days ( biduum, triduum). Tho Saguntines [when] besieged by Hannibal made (ducere) a rampart (agger) three hundred feet long [and] twenty feet high. The conflagration (incendium) lasted (tenere) two nights through. Thirty days have I been on shipboard (in navi). Lost that I am [=0 me lost] ; ruined (afflictus) that I am, who will help me now ? Eight and thirty years was Dio¬ nysius tyrant of Syracuse (ae arum), having (§ 586) usurped (occupdre) the absolute-authority (dominatus) [when] twentv five years old. LXIL Dative. G. 343-356 ; A. 51; A. & S. 222-228 ; B. 814-817; H. 38^-398. 156. 1. Mucius Scaevola had his hand consumed by fire. The usurper (tyrannus) had his skull broken to pieces (eomminuere) by a millstone ( lapis molaris ). The pine [tree] furnishes (praebere) wood [that is] good (utilis) for ships (ndvigium). The bad (improbus) envy the good (probus) [their] fame (de with Abl.). Demosthenes could not say the first letter of the very art (ea ipsa ars) to which he devoted-himself (studere). I will make supplication to [your] angry father for you. Who was present (interesse) at your conversation (sermo) V Agesi- laus presented rewards to those who had distinguished them* selves above (praestdre) others (ceteri) by energy (industria ). Caesar surrounded the camp with a rampart and a fosse (fossa). You write that Caesar consults you[r opinion], but I had rather (mdllem) he consulted (Acc. and Inf.) your interest. Excessive (nimius) confidence is usually [= is wont to be] a disaster (calamitds). To many distinguished (egregius) men j 90 GrENITIYE. the fortune of war has proved (me) a reproach (opprobrium) x the envy of the people a disaster. This action (factum) was counted to him as cowardice. You, your people (tui) i [and] all that is yours, will always be very near my heart ( maxime , cura). He is rich [= rich is he] whose possessions are so great who has so great possessions] that he wishes for nothing more (amplius), Sensual-pleasure (voluptas) can have no con uection (conjuuctio) with morality (honestds). Publius Cor¬ nelius Scipio, who overcame Hannibal and destroyed Carthage, was surnamed [had the surname, cognomen ] Africanus. In Syracuse there is a fountain of sweet water, which is called Arethusa. Sicily was at first (§ 324, R. 7) called Trinacria. 2. Epicurus reviled ( maledicere ) Phaedo (dins) in the most shameful manner. Once the same physician treated (mederl) both wounds and diseases. The daughters of Servius had married Lucius and Aruns Tarquinius (286, R. 2). Alexan¬ der did not spare even (ne—quidem , § 444) his own relations (cognatus) who seemed ( videri ) qualified (aphis) for the throne Youth is not only not envied, but even favored. The Lacedae¬ monians were reproached (olficere) with (quod) having seized (i occupare , JPlpf. Subj ., § 542) the citadel of Thebes at the time of a truce (indutiae). On these points (res) you are far ahead (praestare) of all others (ceteri). In a state, those who have no (nihil) means (opes) always envy the better-classes (boni). Laelius was surnamed the Wise. To Tarquin was given (indere) the surname “ Overbearing ” (superbus). XiXIII. Genitive. Q. 357 ; A. 47, 8 ; A. & S. 205,11. 17; B. 662 ; H. 441, 5. 157. 1. At the peep of day (prima Idx) Titus Labienus occu¬ pied (tenere) the top of the mountain. The ancients believed that the earth was situated (positum esse) in the midst of the universe. Darius had come to Arbela (drum) about the middle of the night. Amphinomus and Anapus carried [their] father and mother on [their] shoulders through the midst of the flames (ignes) of Aetna. Against the Tarentines, who live GEJSITIYK. 91 (esse) in the lowest part (ultimas) of Italy, war was declared ( indicere ). From the foot (tnfimus) of the altar there issued (f mergere) suddenly a snake. 2. Superstition seizes on ( occupdre ) weak ( imbecillitds ) men. With this fellow the matter [= it] is to be settled by waf (hello decertdre) ; slow ( tarditds ) envoys ( legdtus ) are to be discarded (repudidre). Mathematicians ( rnathematici ) are en¬ gaged on (versdrl in) obscure 1 matters. The short day is spent (consumere) in feasts. 1 obscuritas G. 8G4-5 ; A. 50, 1 ; A. & S. 211-212 ; B. 757, 748 ; H. 896, 4. III. 158 . You are undertaking a great work, and one that will last many days [ = of many days]. Your neighbor (fern.) has a dress (vestis) of greater value (pretium) than yours. The sea produces (procredre) animals of extraordinary (inusitatus) size. Among the Greeks the oldest class (genus) of scholars (docti) was that (293, K. 3) of the poets. Cato was [a man] of almost (prope) iron body and mind. When a city is taken (§408), every¬ thing belongs to the conqueror. The general ought to conquer by [his] head (cdnsilium) no less than by [his] sword. It is the duty of a judge in trials (causa) always to follow the truth (ve- rum). Barbarians live for the present (in diem) ; our tnoughts (consilium) ought (Imper.) to be fixed on (spectdre) eternity. Thoughtlessness (temeritds) is peculiar to the bloom of youth . (florens aetds) ; foresight to more-advanced (senescens) age. It (id) is especially (maxime) the peculiarity of a sly (astutus) man to make his own advantage the standard of everything [= to refer everything to (ad) his own advantage (uiilitds)]. Nothing shows so narrow and little a spirit as to love riches. To desert a post (praesidium) from (propter) fear is cowardice; not to return a deposit (depositum) is injustice. It seemed to be folly (insipiens) to attend to (curare) other people’s business (aliena res) at (cum) one’s own risk (periculum). It is our duty to make a moderate use ( modice uti) of [our] victory This cape (promontorium) is called [the cape] of Good Hope 93 GENITIVE. [He] who denies that there is a God, him I deem scarcely of sound mind. The fleet of the enemy consisted (esse) of eighty- nine ships. Gh 366-371 ; A. 50,8; A. & S. 213; B. 748; H. 396, IIL 159. Caesar had left a little corn at Ilerda. I expect longei letters from you, as you have (esse) so much leisure. I will write more (plura) when I have (§ 236) more leisure. We have time enough for (ad) reflection (cogitare, § 426). Caesar showed his soldiers how much good there was (§ 469) in firm¬ ness (cdnstantia) [= firmness had in itself]. Catiline had (§ 349, R. 4) eloquence enough, [but] too little wisdom. The consul took the city by storm (vi) ; in it (ibi) were taken three thousand men and some (aliquantum) other (ceterus) booty. From that side (inde) is the least danger. That is of no use [= has nothing of usefulness]. It is so long since I received any letter from you [= so long (tarn diu) have I received no letteT from you]. What life is left I will spend (dego) at my ease in Rhodes. What (quid) plan have you determined on (capere) ? Daily something bitter (acerbus) and disastrous (incommodus) was announced. G. 376 ; A. 50, 4, c; A. & S. 215 ; B. 783, 805 ; H. 406, 2. 160. [He] doubles ( gemindre) [his] sin who is not ashamed of [his] misdeeds (delictum'). I am tired of this undertaking. Nc one will repent of industry. Flattery disgusts (piget) a good man. Unhappy people are often disgusted with life. We feel more pity for those who do not ask for (requirere) our compas¬ sion than for those who claim it loudly (effldgitdre). Socrates was not ashamed to acknowledge that [there were] many things [that] he did not know. I am tired of asking again and-again (identidem). I am disgusted with hearing the same thing a thousand times (sag, sexcenties). There is really (sane) nothing for us to repent of [= of which ... Comp. § 634]. G. 378 foil.; A. 54, 8 ; A. & S. 214; B. 884 ; H. 416. 161. Your help (opera) and your authority I value highly. I value your attentions (officium) to (ergo) me more highly than GENITIVE. 93 any [-- all] money. My [good] conscience is worth more to me than all the world’s ( homines ) talk. I have always loved ( dtligere ) this friend, as you know, and I prize [facere) him daily (in dies) more [and more]. The favor of a bad ( impro - Ims or nequam indecl.) fellow I value ( pendere ) little. Riches Are very little prized (putdre) by me. How high do you rate ( aestimarc ) this picture ( tabida picta) ? How much did you give for (emere) the little-book ( libellus ) ? Six pence (3 num- nii), Verres bought a statue (signum) by (§ 360, R. 2) Praxi¬ teles for 1600 sesterces ( sestertius ). Darius wished to buy a man-to-assassinate ( interfector ) Alexanderfor 1000 talents. You bought the tithes ( decumae ) of that district ( ager ) very dear. Caelius rented (conducere) a house on the Palatine hill ( Pala - tium) very low [= not dear; comp. 448, R. 2]. Dumnorix had farmed (redimere) all the revenues (vectigal) of the Haedui for a small amount ( pretium ). A pound of violet ( violdceus ) purple ( purpura ) was sold for a hundred denarii. The vic¬ tory cost (stare) the lives [= the death] of many brave men This book cost eighteen pence (9 nummt). G. 357-380 ; A. 50 ; A. & S. 211 foil.; B. 744 foil.; H. 393 foil. 162. 1. The word “friendship” is derived (Perf.) from “friend.” The opportunity for a victory has been allowed to pass by (dimittere). All evils are lighter than anguish for sin. I am under the thrall of [= I am held by] an extraordinary (incredi- bilis) longing (desiderium) for my family (met) and especially (atque imprimis) for thee. L. Quinctius Cincinnatus cultivated a piece of land (ager) of four jugera beyond the Tiber. Xenoph¬ anes says that there are people (habitdtur, 199) in the moon, and that it is an earth with many cities and mountains. Super¬ stition betrays a weak mind. Strong (fortis) men ought to bear pain steadfastly (toleranter). It is the duty of humanity to care for the welfare (consulere) of the weak. The stat6 (civitas) of the Senones was [one] of great authority among the Gauls. It is your duty to care for your life and your pre¬ servation ( incolumitds ). Julius adapted (accom noddre) the year to (ad) the course of the sun, so that it consisted [ = was] 94 GENITIVE. of 365 days. The Emperor Titus was a man of such ( tantus } good nature ( facilitds) and generosity ( liberalitas ) that lie never denied ( negare ) anybody anything (§ 445). 2. There are two approaches ( aditus) to Cilicia, either of which can be barred {intercludere) by a small body of men ( praesi- drum). Sulla lost 124 of his [men]. Saguntum was by fai (longe) the most opulent city of Spain, situated (situs) about a mile [= 1000 paces] from the sea. The soldiers attacked (adoriri) the rear (novissimum agmen ) of the enemy and followed them up (prosequi) many miles. Alexander marched from India into the territory of the Malli, where 80,000 infantry and 60,000 cavalry were expecting him (opperiri). Of the Greek orators the foremost (praestdns) are those who lived [ ~ were] at Athens. Of these, however (< autem , § 486), by all odds ( facile ) the first (princeps) was Demosthenes. You have so many (tantum) books yourself; what [books] in-the-name- of-common-sense ( tandem ) are you looking for (requirere) in the library (bibliotheca) ? How much profit (lucrum) have you made? You wish to have more money. This thing does (afferre) most good (utilitds). There was less booty than they had expected. We despise those who have (§ 349, R. 4) not a trace (nihil) of worth, no genius, no vigor (vis, or nervus , pi.). All the country [— what of country there is] between Rome and Fldenae is laid waste. All the gold, all the silver, [and] all the valuable articles (orndmenta) that were (Pf.) in Sicily, have been carried off (auferre) by Yerres. 163. When Caesar had crossed the Rubicon, everything was full of fear and confusion (error). Many were eager for (avidus) a revolution (mutdtio rerum). It is his habit to bear in mind (memorem esse) benefit and injury. Man, in that (quod) he ifi endowed with (particeps) reason sees the causes of things. Do (agere) what is suitable to your time of life. The Roman state has produced (ferre) [but] few equal to Metellus. He is like his father. The servant is usually like his master. Tullus Hostilius was unlike his immediate predecessor' (proximm rex). The ape ( simia ), how like is the hideous (turpis) beast GENITIVE. 95 to us! Of (ex) the twins, one is like the father, the other like tne mother. Peculiar to man (homo) is the careful search (inquisitio atque investigatio) after truth ( verum ). The island u Delos was sacred to Latona, Apollo, and Diana. It was (Pf.) once (quondam) the peculiar [fortune] of the Roman people to carry on war far from (longe a) home, [and] to defend the for¬ tunes of [their] allies, not their own roofs. When ( quum , with Ind.) we are free (vacuus) from necessary engagements (negd tium) and cares, then we desire to see and hear something. The soldiers scaled (scdUs capere) the walls, [which were] stripped (vacuus) of defenders (defensor). I am free from all agitation (perturbdtio) of mind. In reliance on your bravery, soldiers, I will go to meet (obviam ire) the superior-numbers (multitude) of the enemy. The city was surrendered (trddere) to Caesar, bare (nudus) of [its] garrison and chokeful of pro¬ visions (copiae). 164. Misfortune (res adversae) reminds [us] of religious-duties (religiones). He reminded me of our old friendship. The bad (improbus) man will some day with anguish (dolor) recall his crimes (facinus). Good citizens think of the benefits of [their] country. So strong (tantus) was the memory of Hortensius, the orator, that he recollected all the words of his opponents (adversarius). Old men remember everything they care about (curare aliquid). 165. 1 . Orestes, accused of matricide (-cidium) before (ad) the Areopagus, was acquitted by the vote (suffrdgium) of Minerva. Cicero convicted Yerres of excessive (nimius) ava¬ rice. The jury (judices) condemned Socrates to death. lie leclared his own son-in-law guilty of the crime (scelus). The jenate neither acquitted the king of blame (cidpa) nor accused [him]. Catiline was indicted (reum fieri) for extortion (ret repetundae). Camillas in his absence (§ 324, R. G) was fined fifteen thousand ases heavy money (gravis aeris). The exiles are punished in money and in property. Tiberius made an interdict (interdicere) that the relations [of] those [who were] 06 INTEREST AND KEFERT. condemned to death should not (§ 548) wear mourning foi {lug ere aliquem) [them]. 2. Many are wont to set little value ( pendere) on what is their [own]. No possession, no mass (vis) of gold and silver, ip to be valued more highly than virtue. To act with considera¬ tion ( considerate) is worth more than to think wisely. No plague ( pestis ) has cost (stare) the human race as much a» anger. When (quum, Ind.) the weal of the country is at stake (agl) we must think less of everything else. Certain (quldam) philosophers have thought nothing of pain and pleasure. 1 bought this book for a denarius. Chrysogonus purchased (mercarl) a Corinthian vessel (vds) for a high price (pretium). The house (aedes) was sold for a round (grandis) [sum of] money. Men often subject themselves to the order[s] (im- perium) of another (alter) for hire (mercede conducere , to hire). Dear did that delay (cunctatio) cost him. LXIV. Interest and Refert. G. 381; A. 50, 4, d; A. & S. 219 ; B. 808 ; H. 408. ( On the Sequence of Tenses.) G. 510 foil.; A. 58, 10 ; A. & S. 258 ; B. 1164 ; H. 480. 166. 1. It is the interest of all to act right. It was more to the interest of the Athenians to have substantial (firmus) roofg on their dwellings (domicilium) than the finest ivory statue of Minerva. It is of the greatest importance that 1 should see personally (coram), how you (quem ad modum) accomplish (subj.) the matter. Thou wilt perceive how much concerned the State is that all the troops should assemble as soon as possible (prlmo quoque tempore). We are both (§ 370, R. 2) interested in being together (und). It makes the greatest difference at what time the letter was delivered to you. It makes no difference how many books you have, but how good [they are.] Much will depend on what (qul) the temper (animus) of the victor, what the issue of things has been. The Spartan state was much interested in the maintenance (servdre) of the laws of Lycurgus. I am very much ini crested in seeing you. ABLATIVE. 97 It is ji matter of great importance to us for you to be with (cum) us. I think that it is not only my interest but yours too that you should come as soon as possible (quarn primum). 2. It makes no difference whether the revolt ( defectio) of the Tarentines took place (fieri) this year or the year before (prior) What difference will it make a hundred years hence (ad centum dnnos) whether the games were celebrated (fieri) or not ? (§461). It made a very great difference to the Romans, whether they had Fabius or Otacilius for consul. It makes no difference to me whether you arrive too-late (sero) or not. It is of the utmost importance to you, as a general (§ 381, R. 2), that your soldiers be not (ne) killed in [their] beds. It was both to his interest and to yours that the war should be finished before the auxiliaries arrived (§ 579). It was to the interest of Mar- cellus that Archimedes should not be killed. Galiio said that it was no concern of his that Sosthenes had been beaten (vapulare) by the rabble. It was greatly to his interest, so- far-as-expense-was-concerned (ad sdmptus), that his aunt should die. It makes no difference to me—as a very (admodum) young man—whether I attain (adipisci) the highest honors now or not. What business is it of yours how many slaves he sold ? LXV. Ablative. G. 384-387; A. 54; A. & S. 254; B. 931; H. 421. 167 . 1. Everything there is in this world has been made for the sake of man [jt?£]. A great quantity (ms) of wood (195, R. 6) vas lying on the bank of the river. In [the midst of] the great (tantus) [and] general (omnium) fear, he alone is not ifraid. In [the midst of] his absorbing (summus) occupations, be sent (dare) me (§ 344, R. 1) for all that a letter. The father Jying sick in bed laid (ponere) the letter, which he had received, on the pillow (pulvlnus). Our [men] put all [their] hope of deliverance (salus) in their bravery. The Egyptians and the Babylonians bestowed (ponere) all their attention (cura) on astronomy (cognitio siderum). Well painted pictures (tabula) should also be put in a good light. The soldier had been put 5 98 ABLATIVE. ( collocare) on the wall as [causa) a guard Caesar put the army into winter-quarters. TThose] who have been plunged (demergere) into water cannot breathe (resplrdre). Nature has impressed ( imprimere) on the minds of all the conception [notio, pi.) of gods. Caesar embarked [= put [imponere) on ships] his legions and [his] cavalry at Brundusium. [The] laws [which] Draco had imposed on the Athenians [were] too (nimis) harsh ( durus ). 2. The revilers ( vituperiitor ) of philosophy are [= have been] sufficiently [satis) answered (208) in the book in which phi¬ losophy has been defended and extolled [collauddre) by me (wos). The ground[s] of my wish [voluntas) I have set forth* fully [expdnere) to you in a previous [superior) letter. Levies [delectus) were made [habere) through all Italy. The colonies of the Tyrians were scattered [diffundere) over almost all the world [orbis terrdrum) , Carthage in Africa, in Boeotia Thebes (Thebae ), [and] (§ 483) Cadiz ( Gades) on (arf)the ocean. A raven which happened-to-be [forte) flying-by ( praetervoldre , part.) dropped [dmittere) a clod [gleba) which he was carrying in [his] claws. I will [Fat.) show [demonstrdre) you his route [iter) ; he set out by the Aurelian road. Caesar hastened [contendere) by the nearest land route [iter terrestre) to Alex¬ andria [ia). Before the rule [of the] Roman[s] the power (opes) of the Etruscans [Tusci) extended [patere) far-and-wide [late) by sea and by land. The aged [grandis ndtu) father has been long (221) confined [tenere) to bed. Nobody received the fugitives [fugiens) into the city or (= ve, § 497) into [his] house [tectum). Ships brought up [subvehere) the supplies (cornmedtus) by the Po [Padus). Ariovistus in those days kept his infantry [Adj.) troops in camp; a [= in a] cavalry (Adj.) engagement he fought [co?ite?idere) every day. In the battle of Cannae ( Cannensis) there fell 45,500 infantry [and] 2700 cavalry. The enemy [plur.) was utterly-routed [fundere et fug are ), and (= que, § 478 ) there were more killed ( interimere ) in this engagement than in all before [superior). Aemiliug Paulus defeated Perseus the King of Macedon [= of the Mace* ABLATIVE 99 donians] at ( = near) Pydna. Marcus Cato, the son of Marcus, having fallen from [his] horse in the battle, rushed at ( inva • dere) the enemy {pi.) a-foot (§ 401, R.). In the war against {adversus) Caesar, Pompey had got together ( compardre ) a great {Superl.) quantity of corn from Thessaly, Asia, Epirus, and (= que , § 478) other {reliquus) regions. Among {Dat.) the Parthians the signal in battle was given not with the trumpet {tuba) but with the drum {tympanum). My brother will see thee at Dyrrachium, or somewhere {uspiam) in those (§ 291) parts. The cavalry {pi.) fell upon ( invadere) the enemy {pi.) the rest stood (rnanere) still [= on the spot, locus]. Want [inopia) of corn prevents {prohibere) [us] from remaining longer in these parts. The camp was pitched in a most ad¬ vantageous {opportunus) position. We shall have a chance ( = opportunity, facultas) fora fight somewhere or other [= in some place or other (§ 301) a chance of fighting will be given ]. The Gauls joined {committere) battle on unfavorable {imquus) ground. We will speak of this matter in another place. The sun does not always rise or set in the same place [= not (§ 447) in the same place does the sun always rise or set]. G. 888 foil.; A. 54, 1; A. & S. 251, 242 ; B. 916 ; H. 425. 168 . 1. The soldier who deserts [his] flag {signum) or leaves {decedere) [his] post {praesidium) deserves the bastinado {fustuarium). A prodigy was announced [namely] that on the Alban Mountains stones had fallen from heaven. Wearied by the long-duration {diuturnitas) of the battle, they withdrew {excedere) from the engagement. Scarcely {vix) did they keep off {arcere) the onslaught ( impetus) of the enemy from the gates and {—que) walls. The missile {telum) flew {fugere) out of [his] hand. The Pythagoreans abstained from {abstinere) beans (§ 195, R. 8). Relieve {levare) me of this burden. I have rid {exsolvere) myself of engagements {negotium). The Suevi could not {Perf) drive the Ubii out of [their] territory. Storms kept the enemy {pi.) from fighting {Subst.). Compelled {cogere) by the violence of the storm, he desisted from his undertaking, The enemy desisted from the assault {oppugnatio). Volusenus ABLATIVE. 100 did not venture to go out (dgredi) of the ship. The Gauls were driven from the territory ( agri ) and the borders of Italy. Clodius tried to drive Quintus Varius from his possessions. The Haedui could not defend themselves and their [property] against [= from] the Helvetii. Dejotarus would not wage wai {helium inf err e) on the Roman people, but only protected (; tueri ) his territory from inroads ( excursio ) and forays (latrd cinium). 2. Ye have deprived Sulpicius of [his] life. Prusias [was] robbed (spolidre) of [his] kingdom and forsaken (deserere) even by his slaves. Lucius Brutus liberated the state (civitds) from royal despotism ( dominatus ). On either side ( utrimque ) the Punic line ( acies) was (plupft.) stripped ( nudare ) of cavalry (< eques , sing., 195, R. 8). The mother was bereaved ( orhare) of her son. After the death of Theramenes, Greece was filled ( replere ) with Athenian exiles [= exiles of the Athenians]. [It is] not by strength (vires) or quickness of body ( plur .) [that] great deeds are accomplished ( gerere ), but by wisdom (cdn- silium) and influence ( auctoritas ), and-of-these (§ 612) old age is not generally [= is not wont to be] deprived (orhare). The viceroys (praefectus) of the King of the Persians used to cheat (fraudare) the soldiers of [their] pay. The tribune wished to cheat the consul of the fruit of the victory. The kingdoms of Asia have always abounded in gold. Germany is bountifully-supplied with brooks and rivers. Sicily was at the height of (forere) power (opes) and wealth (copiae), there were great works of art ( artificium) on the island, but especially was Syracuse (Syrdeusae) rich (ahunddre) in statues. No part of life can be free from duty. No one lacks a good thing, if he does not need it. The army had an abundant supply of water suid fodder (pdhulum). I have need of a physician. I have need of travelling-money ( yidticur, .). The body needs much food [and] much (286, R. 1) drink (potio). Books are wanted, not many but good [ones] In a [well] known matter witnesses are not wanted. I know that you want cash (nummi) to get up ( apparatus , Suhst.) the ABLATIVE. 101 triumph. We want action ( facere ), not deliberation (c6nsu fere). G. 392 ; A. 55, 1 ; A. & S. 253; B. 949, 950 : H. 426. 169. Plato died in [his] eighty-second year [while in the acl of] writing. On that day a great ( superl .) number of the enemy were wounded and killed. The consuls and praetors of Rome [= of the Romans] entered upon office (inire magistrd* turn) on the Ides of March ( Martins , a, urn). Rome was built in the four hundred and thirty-first year after the destruction ( excldium ) of Troy, in the third year of the sixth Olympiad ( Olympias , ddis). In summer the nights are shorter than in winter. I am writing (244) in the third hour of the night. Milo came at midnight ( media nox) with a great band (manus) into the Campus Martius. Flaminius arrived at sunset ( occdr ms soils) at Lake Trasimene. Thy two letters I received at once [= at one time]. At the death of Numa there was a return (res redit) to an interregnum. Forsake (deserere) those by whom you will be forsaken in a short time. Astronomers (mathematici) teach [us] that the earth completes (cdnficere) her revolution (cursus) around the sun in 365 days. Quintus Cicero, the brother of Marcus, had finished (absolvere) four tragedies in sixteen days. The cities of Africa, for nearly (prope) fifty years after Marcus Atilius Regulus (e) had seen no Roman army. In the docks (ndvale) there were old ships, which they had not used for many years. These they refitted ( rejicere ), and so in a few days, contrary to the universal (omnium) expectation (opinio), they completed twenty-two quadriremes (-remis) [and] five quinqueremes. Four and twenty years was there fighting ( certarl , 199, R. l) with tht Poeni in the first Punic war. In the war with the Latins, tne dictator Postumius fought (dimicare) an [= in an] engagement with Octavius Mamilius. The Roman people was overcome in many battles, but (verb, § 489) in war never. Hannibal con¬ fessed in the senate (curia) that he was beaten not only in the battle, but [also] in the war. I return to what [= those things which] I said in the beginning Marcus Orassus laughed 102 ABLATIVE. [only] once in [liis] life. You have an estate ( praedvum , villa) in Bruttium from which (ancle) you can hear news scarcely three times a year. I have despatched (dare) three letters in an hour. The senate decreed that the ambassadors of Jugur- tha, King of Numidia, should withdraw (clecedere) from Italy within the next ten days. We have understood (accipere) that Marcus Cato learned Greek ( Graecae literae) in [his] old age. In my chequered (varius) fortunes ( tempus ), I have seen and fully (penitus) appreciated (perspicere) thy feelings-of-solicitude (sollicitudo, 195, R. 5). Often have the Carthaginians, in peace and during (per) truce ( indutiae ), perpetrated (facere) nefari¬ ous deeds (facinus). In war luck has most power (posse). The old Romans advanced (curare) their state by two methods (ars ): by boldness in war, by justice in peace [= in peace by justice]. G. 395-6; A. 54, 2 10 ; A. & 8. 246, 256, R. 16; B. 918; H. 425. 170. The queens of the Amazons boasted (praedicdre) that they were begotten (gignere) of Mars. Catiline was born of a noble house (locus). Cicero sprang (oriri) from a family of equestrian rank (locus equester). Thales, one of (e) the seven wise men, says that everything consists (constdre) of water.* In the senate house (curia) at Syracuse [there] was a statue of Marcus Marcellus made of bronze. The Epicureans measure the highest good by advantages, not by moral-worth (honestas). Sins are not to be measured by the result (evenfois) of things, but by the faults of men. Not by [their] fortune will I value (aestimdre) men, but by [their] character. Everything that is pleasant (jucundus) is judged by the bodily feeling (sdnsus corporis). Some are human beings not in reality (res) but in name. We ought to restore (reddere) what we have received according to the same measure, or even In more abundant (cumuldtus) [measure] if we can (Fut.). A man may be an old man in body, a youth in feeling (anhnus) Friends are usually (solere) like [each other] in habits. Ario« vistns was by nation a German. Parmenio was next to Alex * Material is expressed by bx with Abl.; seldom by Ablative alone. ABLATIVE. 103 wilder in dignity. Caesar, according to custom, posted {dis* ponere) sentinels ( vigiliae) before [pro) the camp. The leaders of the Gauls determined to fortify ( munire ) their camps after the manner of the Romans. In learning and every (omnis) kind of intellectual-accomplishment ( literae ), Greece surpassed the Romans ; in the art of war and military discipline the Ro mans were superior. G. 398; A. 54, 5; A. & S. 256; B. 895; H. 417. 171. No animal ( belua , Part. Gen.) is more sagacious (pru- dens ) than the elephant. No place ought to be dearer ( dulcis) to thee than thy country. Nothing dries ( drescere ) sooner (cito) than tear[s]. Nothing was further from ( longius aberat a) Caesar than cruelty. Who was more famous in Greece than Themistocles ? Nothing is more shameful (turpis) fora man than womanish ( muliebris ) weeping ( < fletus ). What is more shameful than an effeminate man ? Deeds are weightier than words. Fortune has more power ( pollere ) than human counsels. I have received many letters from you at the same (units) time, each more agreeable than the other (alius-alias). Pompey was two years (biennium) older (major natu) than Cicero. The sun is many times (pars) larger and more capacious than the whole (universus) earth. This verse is a syllable too short (§ 312). There are much fewer (pauciores) [good] orators than good poets [to be] found (reperire). The city was forti¬ fied (munire) not only by walls, but much more still (etiam magis) by [its] natural position (natura loci, § 357, R. 2). Thou hast received much more good (pi.) than thou hast suffered (perpeti) evil (pi.). The more (plura) men have, the ( eo) more (ampliora) they desire. The greater the engagement, the more famous (cldrus) is also the victory. You will much pre¬ fer (anteponere) virtue to all things. One camp was two miles (2000 paces) from (distdre) the other [= camp from camp]. I set out with Quintus Fabius.from Capua, and five days after we arrived at Tarentum. The very thing (id ipsum quod , § 375, R. 1) you remind me of, I had written to you four days (quadriduum) before. Long [ = much] before, I foresaw (prd L04 ABLATIVE. xpicere) tlie coming (futurus) storm. Numa Pompilius lived (esse) many years before Pythagoras. Yesterday, not long [— not much] after you went away (< discedere ) from me, the letter was handed (tradere) to me. Carthage was founded eighty-two years before Rome. The money was carried off (auferre) and not recovered until many years afterward [not j n til = demum\. G. 401 foil. ; A. 54, 6, 7; A. & S. 247. 249 ; B. 888 ; H. 414. 172. He prosecuted ( versari in) this study with talent ( ingenir um) and not without industry. Marcus Crassus perished on the other side of the Euphrates in shame and disgrace ( igno - tninia et dedecus). You have written this with great care and diligence. I have consulted your interests to my cost (mag¬ num damnum). The Marseillese (Massilienses) kept [their] treaty with the Romans with the greatest (summus) fidelity. Cato spoke against Servius Galba before (ad) the people with the greatest (summus) energy (contentio). The legions set out in high spirits (alacer animus). In anger nothing can be done well (recte). The Gauls suffered the army of Hannibal to pass (trdnsmittere) through their territory in peace-and-quiet (bona pdx). The general extended (longius porrigere) his line of battle, and in this way advanced (procedere) against (ad) the camp of the enemy. The tribune of the commons, Gajus Memmius, excited (accendere) the feelings (animus) of the com¬ mons in every (omnis) way. The war ought ( Ger.) to have been carried on in a far different (alius) method. Swans (cygnus) die amid song and pleasure (voluptds). The Greek rhetoricians ( rhetor , dris) used-to-sit (assidere) in school amidst a great attendance (frequentia) of the public (homines). He lived to extreme (summus) old age in the best health. Hares sleep with [their] eyes open (pat&ns). Aristotle, a man of great (summus) genius and knowledge, combined wisdom (prudentia) with eloquence. Men of the highest (praestdms) gifts ( ingenium , pi.) have devoted them¬ selves to (se conferre ad) the study of philosophy. The sun is of such a size that it illuminates (colldstrare) and fills every ABLATIVE. 105 thing ( cdXncta) with its light. The war was great and bloody (atrdx) and of varying victory. More ( plura ) I cannot write, so (ita) shocked ( percellere ) and depressed ( abjicere ) are my feelings [= of so shocked and depressed feelings am I]. Ibises ( Gen. is or idis) are tall ( excelsus ) birds with stiff ( rigidus ) legs, with horny (comews) and projecting ( procerus ) bills; they kill and devour a great quantity (vis) of snakes (anguis). I feel [= am in] extraordinary ( incredibilis ) solicitude about thy health. The name of Hannibal was very famous [= of great fame] among (apud) all. G. 403 foil.; A. 54, 6 ; A. & S. 247, 250 ; B. 873, 890; H. 414, 429. 173. Bulls protect themselves (se tutari) with [their] horns, wild boars with [their] tusks (dens), lions with [their] teeth (morsus, sing.), some animals by flight, some by hiding (occul- tdtio). Pyrrhus was killed (interire) by a blow with [ = struck by] a stone. Darius was bound by his relations (propinquus) with golden fetters and chains. The enemy has devastated the whole region with fire and sword (ferrum ignisque, Abl. in i). To win (colligere) the good will of [one’s fellow-] citizens by flattery is disgraceful. The highest hope of his [fellow-] citizens he has surpassed (superare) by incredible bravery. We will (fut.) examine [= explore] this thing by means of active (impiger) young men. Country life (res rdsticae) is pleasant ( laetus ), not only on account of the crops and meadows and vineyards (vineturn) and shrubbery (arbustum, pi.), but also on account of the gardens and orchards (pomdrium), then on account of the pasturage (pastus) of cattle ( pecudes ), the swarms (exdmen) of bees [and] the variety of all [manner of ] flowers. He fears [his] father on account of his guilty conscience (delicti conscientia). Nero, on account of the remembrance (recorddtio) of his crimes (/acinus), was never free from fear. For want of water the enemy begged for a parley (colloquium). On account of the great occupations of him, of whom everything is sought ( petere ), access (aditus,pi.) to (ad) him was more difficult [than usual]. From fear of envy he dares not say what he thinks (•« entire ) 106 ABLATIVE. Thy grandmother died from longing after thee (§ 363). From the brevity of the letter you will [= be able to] see (scire) that he is very much occupied. The want of everything increases in consequence of the long siege. All good men mourn (maerere) over the loss ( interitus ) of their [beloved] ones. The boy exults for joy. From excessive ( nimius ) joy I was almost beside myself (desipere). G. 408 foil., comp. 667 foil.; A. 54, 10, b; A. & S. 257; B. 965 ; H. 531. 174. The greatest earthquake (terrae motus ) took place (exsistere) under the emperor Tiberius, when many cities of Asia fell-in-ruins ( corruere) on the same day. Cicero was in the habit of writing [down] his speeches after the cases had been already settled (trdnsigere). Anxur (neut.) in [the land of] the Volscians was recovered (recipere) in a short time, because the watches ( custodiae ) had been neglected on a holi¬ day (dies festus). When appetite (libido) is mistress (domindri) there is no room (locus) for self-control (temperantia). When piety toward God is done away with (tollere), faithfulness and fellowship (societds) of the human race are done away with also. In the heat (ardens tempus) of summer the dog stai (canicidae sidus) rises (exoriri) as the sun enters ( ingredi , with Acc.) the first part of Leo. If he himself were present, I would speak more timidly of his virtue. Mucius Scaevola came into the camp of Porsenna and undertook (condri) to kill him, although death stared him (sibi) in the face (propositum esse). Although everything (omnes res) be lost, nevertheless virtue can maintain itself (se sustentdre). After the expulsion (exigere) of the kings, consuls were chosen. After the murder of Darius. Bessus (e) fled (aufugere) with a few [attendants]. To-morrow (wastinus dies) at sunrise return to the fight! At the occupa¬ tion of Jerusalem ( Ilierosolyma , drum) the victor Pompey touched nothing in (ex) that temple (fdnum). Xerxes, king of Persia [= the Persians], previously (anted) the terror of the nations (gens), after [his] disastrous campaign (bellum tnfeUciter gerere) in Greece began to be an object of contempt (§ 350) even to his own [followers]. I received the letter which you ABLATIVE. 107 nad written at the beginning ( incipere ) of [your] fever. Of (de) a departure ( profectio ) I am not thinking, except (nisi) with your approval (approbdre). The Gallic war was carried oh under the command ( imperator ) of Caesar. Augustus was born in the consulship of Cicero and Antonius. This crime (facinus) the youth has committed ( facere ) at thy instigation (auctor). All this did Quintius at the instigation and advice (sudsor) of Raevius. The son died in [his] father’s lifetime. The poems of that poet were [held] in such ( tantus ) honor in our boyhood that we learned them by heart ( ediscere ). Even in a clear (serenus) sky it thunders sometimes (aliquando). The wolf escaped ( evadere ) in the midst of a great tumult [on the part] of [his] pursuers (cdnsectari). The Gauls routed ( fundere ) the army of the Romans on the Allia and approached the walls of the city. Pyrrhus sent am¬ bassadors into the city and exerted himself (adniti) in every way to have a treaty made (Pass.) and to be received into the friendship of the Romans. After Caesar had made (habere) this speech and roused (excitare) the courage (animi) of all, he gave the centurions the commission (negotium) of (ut) suspend¬ ing (intermittere) all other works (opus) and throwing [their] energy on (animum ednferre ad) digging (fodere) wells (puteus). Caesar, after spending (ednsumere) a few days in Syria, gave Sextus Caesar, his friend and kinsman ( propinquus ), the command of (praeficere) the legions and the province. Caesar convoked an assembly (contio) and bestowed (tribuere) on every (quisque) brave [man] (§ 305) rewards. The besieged (oppiddnus ) made a sally (eruptio) and killed a great number of the enemy (pi.)* 108 PKBDIOATIOV. Third Course. PART II. ' \ LXVI. Predication. G. 197 ; A. 46, 2 ; A. & S. 210 ; B. 666 ; H. 808. 175 With the exception of ( praeter ) virtue, everything that 18 conpidered ( putdrety a blessing of body and fortune seems insig¬ nificant (i exiguus ) and paltry ( minutus ). No one has [ever] become immortal by cowardice. In consequence of (ex) un¬ bounded (infinitus) license, the minds of the citizens become (evadere) fanciful ( fastidiosus ) and effeminate (mollis). Caesar became famous by his clemency. Cicero stood forth (exsistere) as the advocate (paironus) of Sextus Roscius. You proved ( ex¬ sistere ) a helper (adjutor) to me in [time of] danger. After the fall (interitus) of Sejanus, Tiberius became rampant (saevis- simus). Every burden is made lighter by patience. Con¬ stantine was chosen emperor in Britain (Britannia) by the soldiers. Marcus Tullius Cicero and Gajus Antonius were declared consuls. No one is held [to be] a great general with¬ out the greatest knowledge of military matters (sing.). The race (g&ns) of the Scythians has always been held [to be] the oldest. Dejotarus was thought (existimdre) by the senate worthy of the royal title ( regale nomen). Antony was de¬ clared (judicdre) by the senate an enemy of the country. Among the old Romans [he] was called an enemy whom following-generations called a foreigner (peregrinus). Justice toward (adversus) the gods is called religion; toward parents filial-duty (pietds). Cluilius, the Alban general [=the gen- PREDICATION. 109 eral of the Albans], surrounded his camp with a ditch; the ditch was called for (per) several centuries (saeculum), from the name of the leader, the Cluilian. My father was Antimachus ; my name is (= I am called, vocdrl) Lyconides. G. 334; A. 46, 2; A. & 8. 230; B. 715; H. 873 176. Necessity makes even the timid brave. The uncle, being attacked ( afficere ) by a grave malady, made his sister’s son [his] heir. The Romans chose Aemilius Paullus [to be their] consul against Hannibal. I have always considered him half crazy (male sanus ), now I consider him besides that [= also] a scoundrel (impurus) and a villain (sceleratus). Socrates regarded (arbitrari) himself [as] an inhabitant and citizen of the whole world. Verres despised the Sicilians (Siculi) ; he did not look upon them as (d&cere pro ) human beings. The old poets call the fruits-of-the-field (fruges) Ceres; wine, LibeT or (slve) Bacchus. The consul Lucius (u) Furius appointed (dlcere) Lucius Papirius Cursor dictator, by whom Quintus Fabius Maximus was appointed Master of Horse (Magister Equiturn). Our ancestors used to call the supreme council, the senate. Romulus called (vocdre) the city after (ex or d) his name, Rome. The ancients called Spain after the river Iberus (e), Iberia. Gajus Quinctius is dead; [as his] heir he left by will (ex testdmento) his brother Publius Quinctius. I have left the matter untouched (integer), I have you [as] wit¬ nesses. To have all citizens [for one’s] friends would be (246, R. 1) a nuisance ( operosus , Adj.) ; it is enough not to have them [for] enemies. We consider (habere pro) certain what is perceived by the senses. Verres had made (reddere) the well- furnished (exorndtus) and [well-] arranged (instructus) house of Sthenius almost entirely-empty (nicdus et indnis). I show (praestare) myself grateful to [those who have] deserved well (bene meritus) of (de) me. Show yourself [to be] the (tails) man that we have always known you to be thus far (hucusque), Nerva showed himself [to be] a just (Superl.) and mild prince Gnaeus Pompey showed himself (se exhibere) the author of my salvation 110 PREDICATIVE ATTRIBUTION AND APPOSITION. Predicative Attribution and Apposition, t*. 324; A. 46, 47, 6; A. & S. 204, 205, R. 15 ; B. 622 ; H. 363. 177. Socrates drank ( kaurire ) the poison joyous[ly] The armv was brought ( deducere ) into winter-quarters victorious ( victor ) and laden ( onustus ) with spoils. The soldiers did not keep (servdre) their ranks [but] fought singly ( rdrus ) and scattered (dispergere). Men of business ( negotiator ) go unwillingly and rarely ( rdro , Adv.) from the provinces to Rome. Marius, for the seventh time ( septimum ) consul, died in his house at an advanced age ( senex ). We will be present at the right time to save you [= as saviours, vindex\. The augur Attus Navius [when] a boy, on account of ( propter ) poverty was a keeper of (poscere) swine. The temple of Welfare ( Salus ), which Gajus Junius ( u ) had vowed as consul [and] let the contract of ( locdre) as censor, he dedicated as dictator. The whole summer the Nile keeps ( tcnere ) Egypt ( Aegyptus ) entirely overflowed (i obrutus et oppletus). Very fortunate was Quintus Metellus, who saw three sons consuls, one [of them] also a censor and triumphing [general], and left them in good health ( salvus ), and three daughters married. We must follow nature as [our] guide. Hector, [when] dying, told of ( denUntidre ) the death of Achilles as near at hand ( propinquus ). When ( quum , with Inr die.) a good man has to give ( dicere , Gerundive) [his] opinion under oath ( jurdtus ), he will remember ( meminisse ) that he brings in ( adhibere ) God as [his] witness. Crassus had in [uti) Asclepiades a friend and physician. In this matter I shall have the assistance of your brother and yourself [ = I shall use you and your brother as helpers]. N o one ever heard me complain of my lot ( sors ) or say that I never saw any one undergo (sublre) such toils. Pie found the state in a fa; different condition (longe aliter se liabere) than (§ 646) he had expected. The great [summus) foet makes (facere) the old king curse ( exseerdifi) his daughters. The seer (augtr) Tlresias, whom the poets represent (frngere) as a wise INFINITIVE. Ill man, they never bring in ( inducere ) deploring his blindness (caecitas). 178 . Pompey alone has more power (plus posse) than all the rest. Bad citizens would rather ( potius ) perish with all than alone. It is the wise man alone who has the good fortune (contingit) to (ut) do nothing against his will ( invltus ), nothing under compulsion [= forced]. It is a common (usitatus) con¬ solation: you are not the only one to whom this has happened. Quintus is entirely changed (commutdre). Spain was the last (qiostremus) of the provinces that was completely-subjugated (perdomare). Sicily was the first of all to be made a province Marius wounded-the-pride-of (laedere) the v nobles, now ( modo ) singly, now in a body (universi). Zeno (e) thought that a happy life depended (positum esse) on virtue alone. Tullia was the first to salute her consort as king. Lead was first brought (< apportare , Active construction) by Midacritus from a Cassiteri- dan island ( Cassiteris , idis). The nation of the Phrygians (Phryges) first yoked (jungere) a two-horse chariot ( bigae ). A trial for life (judicium capitis) was first held on the Areo¬ pagus. In the senate Pompey was generally (plerumque) asked his opinion first. Racilius first asked me [my] opinion. Raci- lius asked me first [my] opinion. Of the two sisters the younger died first. The senate was at once convoked, and met, with a full attendance (frequens). The knights were standing in great numbers (Superl.) on the steps of [the temple of] Concord. At first I loved him, afterwards I despised him. We first endure (tolerare) [and] then embrace (complector). LXVIL Infinitive. G. 527 foil.; A. 70, 2 ; A. & S. 272 ; B. 1152 ; H. 551. 179. We know that the alternation (vicissitudo) of day and night is caused by the revolution (motus) of the earth around its axis. Who believes that there [ever] was a Centaur or a Chimaera? Reflect (cogitdre) that an enemy [= from an enemy] may become a friend. We have understood that Pythagoras 112 INFINITIVE!. Democritus, [and] Plato travelled over (peiagrare) the most distant ( ultimus ) lands. The physician assures ( confirmare ) [us] that you will be well ( valens ) shortly ( propediem ). Demaratus informed (certidrem facere) the Lacedaemonians by letter that Xerxes was getting ready for war ( helium par are). The story ( fdma ) went ( ferre , Impf.) that the temple of Diana of Ephesus ( Ephesius ) was built ( facere ) in common (commit- niter) by the states (civitds) of Asia. I grant ( fatcor , confiteor) that I have but now (nunc demum ) learned (cogndscere) this thing. The ancients were of opinion (cSnsere) that the future [ = future things] could be known (intelligere) and foretold by soothsayers (rates). The news was brought (afferre) that the enemy had entered the country (fines ingredi). I find (reperio) that Plato came to Tarentum in the consulship of Lucius Camillus [and] Appius Claudius. I admit having done you wrong. He denied having spoken with you. The youth hopes to live a long time [yet]. I hope to be at Athens in the month [of] September. There is no hope of his returning soon. I hope to finish this work. Cleon promised to finish (§ 424, R. 3) the war in twenty days. I promise to undertake this service (officium). Gr. 528; A. 70,2; A. & S. 272; B. 1152 ; H. 551,1. 180. They say (dicunt, ferunt) that tortoises (testudo) and cro* codiles bury (obruere) their eggs in the sand. They say that Plato came to Italy to make-the-acquaintance-of (cogndscere) Archytas ( Gen ., ae). The story goes (trddunt) that Romulus (o), the founder of Rome, was reared (nutrire) by a she-wolf; Cyrus, the king of Persia [= of the Persians], by a bitch. The woman seemed (Perf.) to be filled (affici) with great joy. it seemed to me that your brother was greatly rejoiced [ = filled with great joy] by my arrival. It is thought (existimdre) that you have equipped (pardre) an army. It is believed that intellectual-pursuits ( doctrina , Uterae) were invented in Greece. It is said that Cyrene, a virgin of extraordinary beauty, waif carried off by Apollo. It is said (tradere) that, at the advice INFINITIVE. 113 (auctor) of the magi, Xerxes set the temples of Greece on fire ( inflammare). There is a tradition ( trdditum est) that Aristides was the most just of men ( unus omnium , § 317). It was be¬ lieved ( creditum est) that the mice ate the cheese ( cdseus). The Phoenicians, it is said, were experienced ( Superl .) sailors. Romulus, they believed, had gone ( trdnsire) to the gods. Plysses and Nestor, we have learned, were the wisest of men. Many fables which, they say, were written by Esop (Aesopus), have been made by moderns ( recentiores ). The general hurried (occurrere) with the cavalry to the aid of his [men], who, he had learned ( accipere ), had been already beaten ( pellere ). They biought to Caesar those, by whom they thought ( existimdre) the common people ( ptebs ) had been stirred up ( concitdre). It seems as if my brother can do nothing without your advice. It seems as if Sicily once stuck on to ( adhaerere , with Dat.) Italy. It seems as if I shall never return to [my] coun¬ try. It seemed as if the whole army was about to perish. G. 532 ; A. 57, 8, d ; A. & 8. 272 ; B. 1153 ; H. 551, II. 181. The Pythian (y) Apollo bids us know ( ndscere ) ourselves (nosmet). The teacher bids the scholar come at nine o’clock (nona bora). The father forbids his son to come into his sight (conspectus). The consul ordered the men to be thrown (conjicere) into prison (career). Cyrus ordered Croesus to be burned [the burning [of] Croesus] alive. The general ordered the distribution of (Inf.) the troops through (per) the province. A storm rising, the admiral (praefectus cldssis) ordered the sails to be reefed (contrahere) and the yards (antennae) lowered (demittere). The praetor had [= ordered] the man arrested and hanged on (in) a (quidam) wild-olive ( oleaster , Masc.), a tree which (§ 618) stood [= wag] on the market-place of the city. G. 535; A. 57, 8, b ; A. & S. 272 ; B. 1150 ; H. 549. 182. It was the custom that when (Abl. Abs.) the sacrifice for purification (lustrationis sacrum) was finished (peragere) i the army should pass-by-in-review (decurrere). It is [high] time 8 L14 GERUND AND GERUNDIVE. that we should now (jam) think of ( de ) the eternal (perpetuus) [life] to come (292), [and] not of this present (§290) brief (exiguus) life. It is not right that the greater should obey the less. It is credible that the world was made for man (pi.). It is meet (par) that I know [= should know] your plans. It is certain that children are loved by [their] parents. That a great multitude of Germans should have come to Gaul, was danger¬ ous to the Roman people. It is clear that we are born for action (agere). It was known that Caesar would make war upon ( helium tnferre) the Venetians. It is known that you were absent on that day. An orator must have a good memory (§ 349, R. 4). If there is much dust on his shoes (calceus), he must come from (ex) a journey. You must be stout-hearted (animus). It has delighted (juvdre) me that your studies (literae) have been of advantage (prodesse) to you. It is not necessary that I write to (ad) you what [= that which] is known to you. LXVHL Gerund and Gerundive. G. 426 foil.; A 72, 5, 73 ; A. & S. 274 foil.; B. 1304 foil, f H. 559-566. 183. The Lacedaemonians were fired ( inflammdtus ) by the desire of conquering. The carefulness of your writing [= your carefulness of writing] has pleased me very much. I will undertake (aggredi) the matter, not so much (tarn) with the hope of accomplishing [it] as with the wish to try [it]. The alternation (vicissitudo) of day and night preserves living-beings (animdns ) [by] assigning (tribuere) [them] one (alius) time for action, one for rest. We came into the garden for the sake of taking a walk. I have written much to you by way of [ = for the sake of] admonition. God has made the animals for the sake of man, as-for-instance (ut) the horse for (causa) riding ( vehi ), the ox for ploughing [ = for ploughing the ox]. Man is naturally eager to learn. The soldiers were eager to fight. Wrapping-paper (charta emporetica) is worthless (inutilis) for writing. We see that some (alii) by [their] swiftness (veldcitds) are good (votere) at running, others by [their] strength (;>Irfs) GERUND AND GERUNDIVE. 115 [goodj at wrestling ( hidden). We are not only (solum) inclined (propdnsus ) to learn but also to teach. To think aright (bent sentlre ) and to act aright ( recte ) is enough for living well and happily. The character (mores) of boys reveals (detegere) itself in [their] games (inter, ludere). The best orator is [he] who by speaking instructs (docere) the minds (animus) of [his j bearers (audiens) as well as (et~et) delights and excites ( per •* movere) them. There is often more misfortune in the fear [= fearing] than in the misfortune itself. He has no time free (vacare) [= no time is free to him] from writing or from think¬ ing. My feelings (animus, sing.) are averse to (abhorrere d) writing. 184. Catiline and his associates (Passive construction) had made (inire) plans to destroy the city, to massacre (occidere) the citi¬ zens, to annihilate (exstinguere) the Roman name. All [my] hope of alleviating this annoyance is fixed on (positum esse in) your kindness. The Gauls maintained for a long time the (ille) monstrous (immanis) custom (consuetudo) of sacrificing human beings. Caesar gave up (omiltere) for the moment (inpraesentid) the plan (ratio) of following Pompey. To avoid the heat (color) we rested (acquiescere) three hours under a shady tree. I re¬ joice that (Acc. with Inf.) you are eager to restore (conciliare) peace among the citizens. The soldiers of Marcellus were highly-skilled (peritus) in besieging (oppugnare) towns. Every¬ thing that (quidquid) was calculated (idoneus) to feed (cdere) the fire, was heaped (ingerere) upon the works (opus). The physician was busily (sedido) preparing whatever was necessary for treating {curare) the wound. A supplication was made for the expiation of the [evil] omens. There are some games (lusus) [that are] right useful (non inutilis, 448, R. 2) for sharpening the wits (ingenium) of boys. By nature we are inclined (pronus) to love (diligere) men. Stormy weather (tempestdtes) is not suitable (ido?ieus) for catching fish (pi). Iron is necessary foi the cultivation of land (agri). The eyelids ( palpebrae ) are admirably-adapted (aptissime foetus) for covering [= shutting] and uncovering [ = opening] the pupils (papula). Nature has 116 GKRUNI) AND GERUNDIVE. given us eyes as [it has given] the horse and the lion, mane ysetae ), tail, [and] ears, in order to show ( ddcldrare ) the emo* lions ( motus animorum). You will be of the greatest service {usui, § 350) to me in [= for] regaining {conciliare) the good¬ will ( voluntas ) of my opponents ( adversdrius ). The hand ig ialculated ( aptus ) for painting, for moulding ( Jingere ), for 3hiselling {sculpere), for drawing out ( elicere) the tones (sonus) )f stringed-instruments ( nervus ) and of flutes {tibia). By doing away with ( tollere ) superstition, religion is not done away with. By giving and receiving benefits, friendships are made ( parare ). He had written to {ad) me about the purchase {emere) of a garden. Virtue shows itself {cernitur) especially {maxime) in the contemptuous-rejection {spernere et repudiare) of sensuous- enjoyment {voluptds) ; bravery in undertaking {subire) exertions and dangers. Old age draws [us] off from active life {res gerendac). Collatinus, in the expulsion of the royal family {reges), was privy {socixs) to the plans of Brutus. Cicero begged Luccejus to undertake {suscipere) the writing of the history 01 his consulship. Quintus Catulus let {locare) the repairing {reficere) of the temple. Six boys were sent to Germany for their education ( erudire ). He contracted for {conducere) the assassination {necdre) of the mayor {praetor) of the city. The Egyptians give [their] dead to the priests to embalm {condire). Diomedon undertook to bribe {pecunid cormimpere) Epaminon- das. Tarquin gave the Sibylline books to two keepers to preserve in the shrine {cella) of Jupiter. When Catiline was planning {moliri) a revolution, two knights undertook to kill Cicero in his house and to bribe his slaves. I have given him my only son to bring up. G. 243 ; A. 73 ; A. & S. 274, R. 11; B. 1308 foil.; H. 559. 185. When the victory is won ( parere , Abl. Abs.), the con¬ quered must be preserved. God is to be honored {colere) not with sacrifices {immoldtio), but with a pure heart {mtns). The honorable {honesta) as such {per se) is to be sought after {ex- petere). Riches are to be lightly esteemed. [We] must show the stranger the way, that he may not fall {incidere) into SUPINE. 117 dangers. I must bear these annoyances ( rnolestia). You must not neglect these directions ( praeceptum). I must sleep. You must take a walk. You (pi.) must read this book often. One must adapt himself (servire) to the crisis (tempus). Eloquence must be studied ( studere ), although some (quidam) abuse It You must avail yourselves (uti) of the [favorable] opportunity which offers itself (dart, 209). The conquered must be spared f par cere). Too little (parum) life is left me to enjoy my riches. My father went to Bajae for the sake of curing (medeor) [his] gout (podagra). We are all inclined (prdnus) to make use of the assistance (opera) of others. LXIX. Supine. G. 435 foil.; A. 74; A. & 9. 276 foil.; B. 1360 foil.; H. 569. 186. The people of Veji, quelled (subigere) by [their] defeat (adversa pugna), sent envoys (orator) to Rome to sue for peace. When the war with the Helvetii was finished, ambassadors from \Gen.) almost the whole of Gaul came to Caesar to congratu¬ late (gratulari) [him]. The viceroys (praefecti) of the king of Persia sent ambassadors to Athens to complain that (quod t § 539) Chabrias was waging war against the king in conjunc¬ tion with (cum) the Egyptians. He sent his son to the oracle to inquire (sciscitdri) what would be the result (eventus) of the war. I hired (conducere) ten men to whitewash (dealbdre) the palace. William ( Guilelmus) had gone to the shore to catch mullets (mullus). Hannibal, incredible to relate, in two days (blduvm) and two nights reached (pervemre) Adrumetum, which is (distdre) about (circiter) three hundred miles from Zuma. It is impious (nefds) to say that no old age can be happy. Many things happen [that are] hard to bear ( tolerare ). A horrible sight! the old man had his eyes gouged out (effodere). You must do (243) what seems [=: shall seem] best to do. M8 IMPERFECT.-FUTURE AND FUTURE PERFECT. LXX. Imperfect. G. 222; A. 58, 3; A. & S. 145, II.; B. 1087 foil; H. 468. • 187. Quintus Fabius Maximus remembered ( memoria tenere) all the wars, not only the domestic but also the foreign ( externus ) [wars]. The Lacedaemonians had two kings. Verres used tr live in the winter ( hibernus ) months at Syracuse. In the spring he gave himself up (se dare ) to work and travelling ( itinera ); he was carried in a litter ( lectica ), in which there was a pillow ( pulvlnus) stuffed ( farcire) with roses ( [rosa , sing ., § 195, R. 8), he himself, moreover ( autem , § 486), had one (units) wreath on [his] head, another about (in) [his] neck, and applied (admo vere) to [his] nose (nares) a net-bag (reticulum) of the finest (tenuis) linen (linum) full of roses. After [his] journey was finished (AM. Abs.), he had himself carried (deferre, § 210) in the same litter to [his] very (usque) room (cubiculum). The long, covered ships were invented by [ active ] the Thasians; before ( anted ), the fighting was done (pugndri , § 199, R. 1) only from (ex) the prow and the stern. From (ex) the tongue of Nestor (Gen. 6ris ), as Homer says (ait, § 651, R. 1), speech flowed more sweet than honey. King Artaxerxes gave Conon, who was living-in-exile ( exsu • lare) at the-court-of (apud) Evagoras (JEuagoras) the command of (praejicere) the fleet. Regulus returned to Carthage; he knew full well (non ignordre , § 448, R. 2) that he was setting out to [meet] a cruel (Superl.) enemy and exquisite tortures (sup- plicium ), but he thought that an oath had to be kept (ser- vdre). LXXI. Future and Future Perfect. G. 234-7; A. 58, 4, 7; A. & S. 149, III., VI.; B. 1090-98; H. 470-73. 188. Let the man who desires to gain (adipisci) the true gloiy, discharge the duties of justice. Let any one get angry who will. Nothing holds the commonwealth together (continere) more powerfully ( vehementer ) than credit, and that (§ 612) cannot (§ 304, R. 2) exist unless payment (solutio) for articles- purchased-on-credit (res creditae) is necessary. When we meet INDIRECT QUESTION. 119 ( congredior ), then will we confer ( cdnferre ) together (§ 212) personally ( corarn ). Before I settle ( cdnsldere ) in some place or other, you are not to expect long letters from me. Since (i quoniam) you are a scholar (gra?nmaticus), I will ask you this question (§ 331, R. 2); and if you will solve it (§ 612) for me, you will relieve ( liberare ) me of great annoyance. If he is made consul, he will conquer with less crime than he began with [= than [that] with (Adi.) which he began (ingredior)]. If you will convey ( deportdre) the arms that remain over (superdre) to Brundusium, you will do a vast service ( vehe- menter prodesse) to the commonwealth. Nowhere shall I more easily bear-the-burden-of (sustentare) this wretched life, or [pel — vel , § 496)—which is far better—throw it off [for good]. When you return from Epirus, I want you to write to me about the state-of-public-affairs, if there is anything that (§ 634) you nose-out (odoran). If I have a talk (colloqul) with Antony, I will write to you what has been done. They are (se habere) so far (hoc) better off than we, in that (quod) when they come to Italy, they come home. Unless . my exercise (scriptum) is finished (absolvere) to-day, I shall not consider myself acquitted (liberare) of laziness. It will do no harm for you to have [= if you have] a short talk (aliquid login) with Balbus. If you examine (inspicere) the gardens, you will give me something to (§ 634) write to you. LXXII. Indirect Question. G. 469; A. 67, 2; A. & S. 265; B. 1182; H. 524. {On the Sequence oj Tenses , G. 510 foil.; A. 58, 10; A. & S. 258 ; B. 1164; H. 480.) 189. That the sun is great, the philosopher will prove (pro- bare) ; how great it is, the mathematician (mathematicus) will prove. You will see yourself what is worthy of a brave and wise man. We must decide (judicare) [for] ourselves what the case (causa) requires. I wish to know what you have done. The magnet (magnes) is a stone which lures (allicere) and at¬ tracts (ad se attrahere) iron ; the reason (ratio) why it happens, I cannot (nequeo) tell (afferre) ; that it actually (omnino) hap- 120 REFLEXIVE PRONOUN. pens you will not deny. You see clearly [= it does not escape ( fugere ) you] how difficult this thing is. What the nature of the mind is, the mind itself does not know. Many tribes (gens) do not know why the moon is eclipsed [= fails, deficere\ Alex¬ anders] friends asked [him] whom he made heir of the throne (regnum ). The physician asked the sick man how (quemad- modum ) he was (se habere). Sicily was the first to teach the Romans how splendid (praecldrum) it is to lord it over (inv per it are, with Dat.) foreign nations. What the character (qudlis) of Pompey’s first speech-to-the-people ( contio) was, I have [already] written to you. I do not know what he will do. I do not know what I am to do (§ 467). We do not know when the holidays ( t; feriae ) will come (esse). A maritime Bnemy scuds in ( advolare ) suddenly, and does not let it be known (prae se ferre) who he is or whence he comes, or even what he wants (velle). Eumaeus asked Ulysses who he was and whence he came. Evander asked Hercules what sort of man he was. I will inform you in what parts (locus) I am. I remember what piece of advice you gave me (aliquid suadere , to give a piece of advice). I do not know what [sort] of a plan (§ 371) our friend has adopted (capere). I do not know (ignoro) what we have to do (§ 353). IiXXUL Reflexive Pronoun. G. 295, 521 foil.; A. 19, 3; A. & S. 208; B. 1018; H. 448. 19#. I expect the father and his sons. The father and his sons are arrived. The father has brought (adducere) his sons. The father is arrived with his sons. When the father returned home, bis sons were away (abesse) from home. I like (diligere) Fabius on account of (propter) his great (summus) kindliness ( huma • nitds). Fabius is loved by me on account of his great kindliness. King Cyrus put Soebares in command of (praeponere aliquem alicul) the Persians and gave him his sister in (in w. acc.) mar* nage. Soebares, put by Cyrus in command of the Persians, married his sister. Men can use animals ( bestia ) for (ad) theii service ( usus) without [doing] wrong. When Alcibiades had MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 121 been cast out (prdjicere) unburied and lay [there] forsaken (deserere) [a woman who was] a friend [to him] covered his body with her cloak (pallium). The Romans conquered the Corinthians and carried off ( trdnsportdre ) their works of art (ornamenta) to their city. Cleopatra applied ( admovere ) an asp ( aspis , idis) to (ad) her breast and was killed (exstinguere) by its venom. Word was brought (ndntiare) to Cincinnatus [while] plough¬ ing, that he had been made dictator. Cincinnatus [while] ploughing received the news (ndntius) that he had been made dictator. Caesar declared (cdnfirmdre) that he had conquered not for himself but for [his] country. Caesar’s friends declared that he had conquered not for himself but for [his] country. Numa pretended (simidare) that he had (esse) conferences by night (congressus nocturnus) with the goddess Egeria. Caesar went on board (cdnscendere) a ship and bade the whole fleet follow him. Brutus begs you to receive him into your friend¬ ship. Eurystheus ordeied (imperdre) Hercules to bring (afferre) him the arms of the queen of the Amazons. I have been in¬ formed by a letter from Atticus of your great (summus) gene¬ rosity (liberdlitds) towards him. LXXIV. Miscellaneous Exercises. (On the Cases.) 191. 1. Of all the nobles Gajus Sulpicius Galba studied (Perf.) Greek literature most (maxime). Few [= among] orators have equalled the reputation of Demosthenes. I have been associat¬ ing (uti § 221) with Trebonius on the most friendly terms for many years. From fear of death many have endured (perferre) the violence (vis) of the rack ( tormenta , drum). The position (dignilds) of the man (homo) gave his speech some (aliquantum) weight (pondus). Who of the Carthaginians was (Pf.) worth more than Hannibal ? The soul during (per) sleep is free from sensations and cares. Atticus abstained from food two days (blduum). The cavalry, which the Haedui had sent to Caesar’s help (§ 350) was commanded (active construction , praeesse) by Dumnorix. Distress (aegritudo) has deprived me of sleej>. MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. L22 Iu military matters (sing.) the Romans were (Per/.) very pow erful (multum valere), not only (quum § 589) on account of [their] bravery, but also and more especially (turn plus etiam ) in consequence of [their strict] discipline. The Tyrians made Alexander a present of a crown of gold of great weight. Atticus had the advantage of (uti) a very careful (dilighis) father You ought not (debere) to abuse (male dlcere) the excellent man. You are not unacquainted with (non fugere aliquem) the examples of the famous (superl.) men, whom we ought to re¬ semble (similem esse). Oh ! the fallacious hope of men and tickle (fragills) fortune and our idle (inanis) exertions (com tentio) ! The besieged (oppidani) had laid (collocdre) on the wall stones (saxum) of great weight, and beams pointed at-the- end (praeacutus). In an engagement [it is] always those who are most afraid (maxim# timere ), who are most in danger (est alicui perlculum). 2. Philopoemen equalled any (quivis) of the renowned gen¬ erals in bravery. Put on (imponere) me any burden you choose (quidvis § 371); I will bear [it]. Men decide (judicare) far more (plura) by hate or love or hope or fear or any mental excitement (permotio mentis ), than by the truth. Socrates, according to the testimony of all cultivated men ( eruditus ) and according to the judgment of all Greece, was, both (quum) in wisdom (prudentia) and eloquence, the prince of all philoso¬ phers. I perish by my [own] ill desert (vitiurn) ; chance hag done (afferre) me no [nihil) harm [= evil]. It has been all brought upon [me] (contrahere) by my own fault. How much money (argentum) do you want (§ 390) ? [There is] nothing [that is] either (§ 444) more profitable (uber) in the matter of utility (usus) or handsomer (ornatus) in the matter of appear¬ ance (species) than a well tilled (colere) field. In consequence of your arrival, I have much more courage (animus). With the multitude of trees, there could be no lack of (deficere) tim¬ ber (materia). I am accused by you without ground of sending (missio) the letter. According to the civil law (jus) [he] is free, who is [born] of a free mother. A great man ( Ge'i. § 305) j*tiSCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 123 holds firmly to ( retinere ) [what is] right and honorable in every situation (fortuna). When Caesar had crossed the Ru¬ bicon, everything was full of fear and confusion (error). The virtue of distinguished (excellens) citizens deserves (dignum esse ) imitation, not envy. We finished the march (iter) by a hot (aestuosus) and dusty (pulverulentus) road. In that engagement [there] fell some Roman knights. The land (ager) is now worth more than formerly [= than it had been heretofore, antehac]. The greatest evil is avarice; for many have been greatly injured by it [= for many has avarice affected with great disadvantage, incommodum ]. In this solitude [of mine] I forego (carere) all conversation [ = the conversation, collo quium , of all]. 3. After the capture (capere) of Syracuse, Marcellus brought to Rome the works of art (orndmenta) of the city, statues and paintings, in which Syracuse abounded. Your early (maturus) arrival was necessary to us. After murdering Darius, Bessus fled with a few [attendants]. The Albans with an enormous (ingdns) army made an attack (impetus) on the Roman terri¬ tory (ager). The Arabians (Arabs) because (quod ) they occupy themselves ( uti) especially (maxime) with the grazing (pastus i its) of cattle (pecus pecudis , PI.) wander over (peragrdre) plains (campi) and mountains, summer and winter. In the Peloponnesian (Peloponnesiacus) war the Athenians upon the advice and under the influence (auctoritds) of Alcibiades de¬ clared war against (helium indicere) the Syracusans. Alexander made himself master (potiri) of all Asia in a few years. In civil strife (dissensio) we ought to take (sequi) the better (honestus) side (pars). Nothing is more praiseworthy (< lau - ddbilis), nothing more worthy of a great and reno wned (praecldr rus ) man, than a forgiving and merciful disposition (pldcabi- litas , dementia). In Africa there is a race of people of sound (saluber) body and capable of bearing fatigue (labores). With¬ out accomplishing their purpose (re infectd), the ambassadors returned home. I will go into the country and remain there. Pericles ruled (praeesse) the state (civitds) by his great (superl.) 124 MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. influence many (plurimi) years in peace and in war. You act ( facere ) as ( ut ) is becoming to you. The noble (honestus) man is ashamed to play the slave (servlre). I repent of my laziness. That my friends should know this is a matter of importance to me and to them ( ipsi ). Thy presence at Rome is a matter ol great importance to us. 192. 1. At the outset ( principium ) of [his] speech ( dlcere) the orator turned pale ( exalbescere ) and trembled in every ( omnis , pi.) limb ( artus , us). Although Themistocles, as general in the Persian war, had liberated Greece from slavery, when driven into exile on account of envy [= when Themistocles had liber¬ ated and (- que) had been driven], he did not bear (ferre) the injustice of [his] ungrateful country; he did the same that Coriolanus had done twenty years before ; he joined ( se jun- gere) the enemy. The spendthrift ( prodigus ) sold for a small amount all that he had received from his ancestors ( majores ). It is the duty of him who stands at the head of ( praeesse , with Dat ., Snbjunct ., § 631) the citizens to labor for ( servlre ) their interests ( commodum ) and welfare. Alexander died at Baby¬ lon of disease, aged thirty-three years and one month. I have got ( ponere) you into favor with ( apud) him. Epicurus pre¬ ferred ( malle ) calling ( dlcere) the gods like men to [calling] men like the gods. We have received the stranger into our house {tectum). Caesar set out from Egypt by land for Syria. I want very little {perexiguum) time. That ship best com¬ pletes [its] course that has (uti) the most expert (sciens) pilot (gubernator). He had sent me {ad me) a letter full of all [manner of] insults {probrum) to {in) me. It is a saying (dictum) of Chllo of Lacedaemon, one-of (ex) the seven sages (sapiens), [that] it is becoming to forget a benefit conferred (dare), to remember [a benefit] received. Nothing can be more pleasant to me than this book. The little Ciceros (Cicerdnes pueri) are learning and practising (se exercere) ; but the one, as Isocrates said in the case of (in) Ephorus and Theopompus, needs the rein ( frena ), the other the spur (plur.). The Par¬ tisans had crossed the Euphrates under the leadership of MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 125 Pachrus, with almost all their forces. Cluentius had not seer any (nihil) misfortune in [his] life. 2. When ( quum , with Ind. ) we are relieved (privdre) of pain, we rejoice at the mere (ipse) release (Uberdtio) and free* dom (vacuitas) from ( Gen.) all annoyance (molestia). Jugurtha was vigorous (validus) of intellect ( ingenium ), ready in action (manu prdmptus) [and] eager (appetens) for military glory. Foolish people do not remember past blessings, do not enjoy the present, only (modo) look forward to (exspectare) the future. I [am old enough to] remember* Cinna, I have seen Sulla. In the battle of ( apud) Zama, the Roman was superior in number[s] and in courage. Grateful people imitate fruitful fields, which yield (efferre) much more than they receive (§ 625). After reading the letter, Sextius hurried (advoldre) with incredible speed to (ad) the city. If wild beasts love (diligere) their young (pullus) how indulgent [== of what indulgence] should (debere) we be toward our children. The soldier showed the sword besmeared (oblinere) with blood, w r hich he had made bloody (cruentdre) in the battle by slaying (Abl. Abs.) many of the enemy [= many enemies]. The welfare of men depends (nVi) not only on virtue but also on reputation (fdma). You are abusing my patience. Man alone of (ex) so many kinds of living-beings (animdns) has [= partakes of] reason. A strong and elevated (excelsus) mind is free from care and distress (angor). After the death of Theramenes, Greece was filled (replere) with exiles. Magistrates are necessary, for without their [= without whose, § 627] foresight and carefulness a state cannot exist (esse). The consul went (proficisci) to Africa with a hundred ships. Jugurtha surrounded (circumveriire) unex¬ pectedly (de impromso) the camp of Aulus Postumius with a multitude of Numidians (Afumidae). 3. The Romans made use of auspices (auspicia) not only m time of peace but also in time of war. As [it was] now the tenth day [that] I had been suffering ( Impf.) in my bowels (ex intestinis labdrdre ), I ran into the country. There is noth • In this sense, meminl take? accusative. 126 MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. mg more useful for the body ( plur .) than salt and sun. Th« more violence (vires) storms ( procellae ) have, the less [their] duration (tempus). The soldiers occupied ( capere ) a somewhat higher ( editus ) point [— place]. Lucius Sextius was the fiist of ( de ) the commonalty (pUbs) to be made consul 388 years after the building of the city, 366 before the birth of Christ. The old man had [= was of ] a very large body and terrible countenance (facies) [terrible] because (quod) he was black and had long hair (capillus) and a flowing (pr omissus) beam’d. The highest hope of his [fellow] citizens he surpassed by incredible bravery. The Numidians live chiefly (• plerumque ) on milk and game (caro ferina). The boy for the last (hie) six months has not deserved (dignum esse) even (ne — quidem) the slightest blame (reprehensio). We need the eyes for seeing (cernere). For the common welfare of the citizens good laws are necessary. Crassus returned home with a fever. I am pained (dolere) at his undeserved ( injustus , superl.) misfortune (calamitas). Neither [= not] in courage nor [= not] in arms, not in military art nor strength (pi.) of body was the Tarentine a match (par) for the Roman. The father was fifty years older than the sons. Aulis is separated (distdre) from Chalcis ( Gen. idis) by a space of 3,000 paces (passus). One consul fought on (ad) the river Tlclnus, both together (arnbo) somewhat later on the Trebia. 4. He went from the town of Fregellae to the city of Rome. Expelled from the obscure (ignbbilis) island of Myconos, he took refuge (confugere) in the celebrated city of Corinth. Crispus halted (consistere) at Praeneste, a charming (amoenus) town. How far is (distdre) Rome from Bajae ? The general led his troops in three days (triduum) from Naples to Rome. The thief took away a golden image from the temple of Diana at Ephesus, I sent the message to my uncle at Rome. She lived twelve years at Paris (Lutetia) in a refined (purui et castus) household. INTERROGATIVE sentences. 127 Fourth Course. SYNTAX OF THE VERB. Compound Sentence. LXXV. Interrogative Sentences. Q. 451 foil; A. 71; A. & S. 198, 11, 265; B. 1040, 1182, 1101 • H. 346 486, 525 foil. 193. Have you seen the sunset at Naples (JSTedpolis) ? Have you ever been at Athens? Do not men often despise the better ? Did Hannibal carry on war against Rome from hate ? Was his hatred unjust ? Is the science of war nothing because a great (summits) general sometimes runs ( fugere ) ? All wicked ( improbus ) men are slaves. Or is he free who is a slave to [his] lust ? You remember those magnificent temples which you saw in Italy. Or perhaps you are too young to remember them. Are you still ( etiam nunc) hesitating ? Or do you not know the law of Solon, who laid the death penalty on any one who (capite sanclre si quis) in time of (§ 393 ) civil faction (seditio) did not belong to (Plpf. Subj ., §365, R. 1) one party or the other (alteruter) ? 194. Have your forces been diminished (imminuere), or theirs increased ? Is the world governed by the providence of God or by chance ? Is the cup gold or silver ? Does wisdom alone make (efficere) us happy or not ? 195. He asked the boy whether he wanted to go back to his father. I want (velim , § 250) you to write me under what consuls Clodius was tribune of the Commons. When I get to Rome and find out (intelligo) what the business is, I will write to you at what time I shall return. I should like you to be 128 INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES. with me when Lewis ( Ludovicus ) comes (Fut.). It is of great importance to me that we should be together then. You will know when it will be [= when that day will be], if you will (§ 236) instruct ( negotium dare ut) your servant to inquire. You will perceive (intellego) whether they [real.y] think so (id s entire ), or [only] make believe ( simuldre ). m LXXVI. Interrogative Sentences. 196. What difference does it make whether I come now or ten years hence (ad decern dnnos) ? Let me know whether yor will be long at your country-seat (villa) or not. If anybody asks why I am not at home, answer: “ It is none of your busi¬ ness.” I ask, whether it was none of my business how my friend was [ quid agisf = how are you ?]. Write me whether Clodia was alive or not when her son died. 197. Urged (adducti) by famine and want, the soldiers went secretly out of camp to try if they could find anything to eat (§ 634) in the fields. The general began to reconnoitre (circum- spectdre) in case he could attack (adoriri) the enemy in the rear. An effort was made (res temptata est) in the hope that the bro ther of the accused (reus) might be permitted (licere) to con sole him, [as he was] dying. I opened (solvere) the package (fasciculus) to see if there was a letter to me in [it], 198. I am half-inclined to think it is better to travel abroad (peregrinari) than to sit [still] at home. I have sent you a copy (exemplum) of my letter to Gajus, because I am half- inclined to think that it would have been better not to have written it. I doubt but he will turn [his] wife out of doors (fords Sjicere). I do not doubt that he will turn [his] wife out of doors. He will not hesitate to turn his wife out of doors (§ 551, R. 3). I am disposed to think he will not turn his wife out of doors. I am inclined to think that Hannibal was more wonderful (mirdbilis) in adversity than in prosperity (adversae, secundae res). It may be (forsitan) that I did not (paruni) understand you. INTEKEOGATIVE SENTENCES. 129 LXXVII. Interrogative Sentences. 199. What was I to answer? Was I to kill the impudent varlet {homo) ? Whither am 1 to betake myself (se cdnjerre) ? They did not know what to seek or what to avoid. They took counsel {consultare) in what way the enemy was to be met (obviam ire , 208). 200 . Somehow or other the remedy (medicina) is worse {gravis) than the disease. Archimedes was killed by some soldier or other, who-did-not-know ( ignarus ) who he was. It is extraor¬ dinary what an amount of labor men spend on {ponere in) trifles {res levissimae). 201 . You know what a troublesome {molestus) creature Petei {Petrus) is. What madness has seized him that he [= by what madness seized, captus] comes to my house daily? Whither was he going that you asked him so angrily whether his mother knew that he was out {fords exisse) ? With what genius are you endowed that you hope to obtain the highest honors in the state ? Do not keep back {silere) what you have come to ask [= asking]. I am going to bed. To do what {quid ut) ? I crossed the ocean. To see what ? He came early in the morn¬ ing {mane). What was to be done? LXXVIII. Non dubito quin. G. 551; A. 65, l,b ; A. & S. 262, R. 7; B. 1232; H. 498. (Sequence of Tenses: G. 510 foil.; A. 58, 10; A. & S. 258; B. 1164; H. 480.) 202. I do not doubt that a ruinous {exitidsus) war is impend* ing. I do not doubt that Caesar has arrived at Brundusium. I do not doubt that if anything of the sort ( ejusmodi ) hap¬ pens, you will hurry {advolare) to me. I do not doubt that if the king had found out the approach of the enemy, he would have crossed the river. I did not doubt that we could not accomplish the journey. We did not doubt that the house had been adjudged ( adjiidicdre ) 13C VERBS OF EMOTION. to us. It was not doubtful that if he walked briskly (recte) h« would arrive before day ( Mx ). There was no doubt that if he had written the letter, I should have been relieved of very great annoyance ( molestia ). There is no doubt that the conservatives (bom) would have conquered, if Caesar had been their leader. There is no doubt that they will make (efficere) him dictator. I did not doubt that my brother and myself ought to make our way ( se cdnferre ) to Brundusium.* I did not doubt that he would have come to his senses (resir piscere) f if he had followed (uti) your advice. LXXIX. Verbs of Emotion. G. 533 ; A. 70, 5, b; A. & S. 273, 5 (3); B. 1154; H. 552, DL 203. I am glad that you have got well (convaUsco). I thank you (gratias ago) for having come to my assistance. Are you sorry or glad that your mother-in-law (soci'us) has hanged her¬ self (suspendio vltarn firiire) ? I am astonished at your not having been beaten (vapulare) by your own servants. He was indignant (indigne ferre) at being envied by his own brothers. G. 542 ; A. 70, 5, b; A. & S. 273, 5 ; B. 1258; H. 520. 204. We regret that we do not know when we shall see you. Aristides is praised for his justice and integrity; Alcibiades is blamed for having from lust (cupiditas) of vengeance (ulcisci) betrayed his country to the Lacedaemonians. Valerius used to praise the [good] fortune of Brutus in having found his death (mortem occumbere) [while] fighting for his country. The legions thanked the general for having given so-good (superl. ) an opinion (judicium facere) of them. The generals of the king of Persia sent ambassadors to Athens to complain (queri) that Chabrias was waging war on the king of Persia in conjunction with the Egyptians. Are you sorry that I have * The subjunctive after quIn may be an original subjunctive. Non dubito quin statim veniam, Cic., I do not doubt that 1 ought to come at once. Mihi vide bare non dubitare quin cSderem, Cic., It seemed to me that you did not doubt that Ioug\t to withdraio. t In the absence of periphrastic tenses use the forms of posse. SENTENCES OF DESIGN. 131 brought the army across ( trdduco ) safe ? [Negative idea. What mood? comp. 540, R. 1). Xerxes thanked Demaratis for having been the only one to tell him the truth. G. 534, 560 ; A. 57, 8, g ; 70, 4, c ; A. & S. 270, R. 2 ; B. 1159 ; H. 553, III. 205. 1 whom some consider the father of my country, [I] bring hordes of outlandish-foreigners [barbari) to devastate Italy! | To think] that he should have entertained ( cogitdre ) such cruel [projects] ! The idea of your having done anything that would benefit ( prodesse) the human race ! That he, who [though] victorious at [ad) Cannae had not dared [Subj.) to go toward Rome, should, after being repulsed from Capua, have conceived the hope of possessing himself of the city! IiXXX. Sentences of Design. G. 543 foil.; A. 64; A. & S. 262 ; B. 1025; H. 497. 206. Before old age, let us see to it [curare) that we live well, in old age that we die well. I have toiled [laborare) to get the prisoners spared [= that the prisoners might be spared, § 208]. The father begged [rogare) each individual [unusquis - que) senator [Gen.pl.) with tears [part.) to spare his son; afterwards he begged and besought the opposite party [adver- sdril) not to attack [oppugnare) his son. Beware [cavere) of considering [habere) the unknown as [pro) well known. There are letters extant [exstdre) from Philip to [ad) Alexander, in which he advises [praecipere) that he win [allicere) the hearts [animus) of the masses to love him [ad benevolentiam) by kind [benignus) language [ordtio). Alexander made an edict [edir cere) that no one should paint him except [praeter) Apelles. Metellus persuaded the ambassadors of Jugurtha to deliver ( trddere) to him the king alive or (aut — aut) dead [necdtus). The general ordered his men to march as much as possible to the left that they might not be seen from any quarter [necunde). Lucullus says with regard to his history [plur.), which he had written in Greek, that in order to prove more readily that it ( iUe) was the work of a Roman (§365,11. 1) he had inserted ( tnserere) certain solecisms [soloecismus). 132 SENTENCES OF DESIGN. I readily convinced (§ 546, R. 2) him that I was not free to do what he asked ( Subj.). I am convinced that this thing will be rather ( potius ) to your credit ( laus ) thaD to your discredit (vituperdtio). Pompey reminded me that I had promised him not to go into the senate until I had (Plpf. Subj.) finished the business. LXXXI. Sentences of Design. Sentences of Design take as a rule only the Present and Imperfect Subjunctive. 207. Birds of prey ( rapdx ) are endowed ( praeditus ) with a very keen ( deer) vision (visus) in order that they may be able to see [their] prey from a great distance ( e longinquo). The men of Clusium ( Clusini) sent ambassadors to Rome to beg the senate for help. The thirty tyrants sent people (§ 623) tc kill Alcibiades. Isocrates used to write speeches for others to use in court (in judicio). Caesar had given orders before thf. engagement for the horses to be removed in order that th8 hope of flight might be taken away ( tollo ) thereby. Tarquinius Superbus chose (legere) no one senator [= into the senate], that the estate ( ordo) might be the more despised ( contemptus ) by reason of [its] meagre-numbers ( paucitas ). No sensible man (nemo prudens) punishes because a sin has been committed ( peccatm *, 199, R. 1), but to prevent its com¬ mission. The proconsul Metellus avoided [= fled] the sight (< conspectus ) of Marius, who was his successor (in locum ali- ctijus succedere) in order not to see a low-born fellow (homo ignobilis) with the [consular] power and the fasces. I omit to name many [who are] worthy of praise, in order that no one may complain (queri) that he is passed by (pra& terrnitto). The conspirators bound themselves by a solemn oath (inter se sancire) that no one should divulge (ndntiare) the thing. We demand (fldgitdre) that you determine (sta- tuere) nothing about the accused (reus) in P is absence without investigation of the case (causa incognita). A law was passed (ferre) that no one should be accused of past offences (ante actae res) nor fined [therefor]. VERBS OF HINDERING AND FEARING. 133 The army begged Alexander with tears (§ 546> It. 3) to put an end to the war. Herod (Herodes') gives orders (imperdre) for the children ( parvuli ) to be slain. Let me nerish rathei than be a burden to you. LXXXII. Verbs of Hindering. G. 547; A. 50,3, e ; A. & S. 262, R. 9; B. 1231; H. 498. ^ # • # */■ 208. I will not hinder that being done. I do not deter you from changing your opinion (sententia). The humble origin (i ignobilitas ) of Marius and Cicero did not stand in the way of their working up (enlti) to the consulship (pi.). Much may stand in the way of the accomplishment (verb) of your en¬ deavors (conation.) It was the fault of the general (per aliquem stare quominus) that the blow (cladte) received at Cannae was not repaid (reddo) to the enemy. LXXXIII. Verbs of Fearing. G. 552; A. 70, 3; A. & S. 262, R. 7; B. 1215 ; H. 492, 4. 209. I fear (vereor) that I am troublesome (molestus) to you I fear that I have preached my sermons (praecepta canere) t< deaf ears. I was worried ( ango , Impf.) [for fearj that I had let something disgraceful (dedecus) come-to-my-charge ( admit* tere , Pass, constr.). I fear he has not received the letter. I do not fear that the enemy will not be conquered.* I fear that, if I give this letter to him, he will open it (solvere.) LXXXIV. Sentences of Tendency and Result. G. 553 foil.; A. 65 ; A. & S. 262 ; R. 3 ; B. 1218 , H. 494. Sequence of Tenses , G. 510 foil.; A. 58.13 ; A. & S. 258; B. 1164; H. 489. / 210. The severity (gravitas) of the sickness makes us need (egere) medicine. [It is] by obedience (obsequium) [that] you have brought it about (efficere) that no one is dearer to tin prince than you. • N»—n6h, more frequently after negative*. 134 SENTENCES OF TENDENCY AND RESULT. It often happens that the most perspicacious man fails tc notice ( fallit me — it escapes my notice) what lies ( positum est) before [his] eyes. The proconsul took many cities and plum dered the temples of the gods; and hence it came about that he had a [super]abundance of gold and silver. It happened accidentally (forte) that we met (obviam esse) the line of march (< v.gmen ). He ought to be a greater friend to me than to those men, who have always been bitter enemies to us [and § 639], by whose artifices it has been brought about that the state is (§ 512, R. 2) in its present (hie) condition. If this statement (entintidtio) is not true, it follows that it is false. It is owing to (fieri with Abl.) your dilatoriness (cunctatio) that Hannibal has had (§ 221) Italy as a province for more than nine years (jam decimurri dnnum) [and] has lived here longer than in Carthage. Some animals as-for-instance (ut) the tiger (tigris) and the hyena (hyaena) are so savage (ferox) that they cannot be tamed in any way. The enemy rushed up (advoldre) so quickly that the people in the fields were surprised (opprimere). The ways of living [= institutions of life] are so (sic) different (distdre) that the Cretans ( Cretensis) deem it honorable to com¬ mit highway-robbery (latrocindri). So much [and only so much] meat (cibns) and drink (potio) is to be taken (adhibere) as to restore (Pass.) the strength (vires), not overpower (opprimere) [it]. There arose (exoriri) a violent storm (turbida tempestds) [so] that we could not leave (proficiscl) the harbor. LXXXV. Sentences of Tendency and Result. 211. It is rare for a man to respect (vererl) his own judgment mfficiently. It is true that Scipio (2) surpassed all-other (ceteri) generals in good luck, it is not to be denied (infitidri) that Hannibal excelled (praestdre) Scipio in skill (prudentia). It i.8 not right that envy should be an attendant (comes) of worth. Tantum abest ut. 212. So far from his changing my plan, I think that he himself ought to be sorry for having given up (decedere de) his own TEMPORAL SENTENCES. 135 80 far from grieving that his mother-in-law ( socrus ) was dead, he got up ( mstruere ) a party ( convivium) three days ( triduum ) after she was buried ( efferre, § 566). So far were the ancient Romans from luxury that they used to swear at the Megalen- sian games not to take (uti) any wine except (nisi) native (patriae). Exceptional Sequence of Tenses in Sentences of Result G. 513 A. 58, 10, <;; A & S. 258; R. 3 (c); B. 1168 ; H. 488, 2. 213. The desire of driving the Romans from Sicily went so far (< adeo procedere) that even the besieged (§ 566) at Syracuse plucked up courage (animos tollere). All the roads were blocked (praecludere) by cavalry so that of that great ( tantus ) multitude scarcely a thousand got off (evddo). The army was so (eo usque) cut to pieces ( caedere) that of (ex) eighteen thousand men not more [than § 311, R. 4] two thousand es¬ caped. Twenty-five jurymen (judex) were so brave as to have preferred to perish themselves rather than ruin the State. It happened (evenire) that both consuls came to Praeneste on the same day. So many ships were collected that you would have thought (§ 252) that all the forests of Italy had not been suffi¬ cient for building so great a fleet. Such a mixed-multitude (turba) of people had filled all the roads that you would have laid that Africa was suddenly forsaken (relinqui). LXXXVI. Temporal Sentences. Antecedent Action. G. 563; A. 62, 2, a ; A. & S. 259 ; R. 1 (d) ; B. 1237 ; H. 474. 214. After the war was finished (cdnficere) the consul returned ^ to Rome and triumphed. After the soldiers had gained the victory, they left the vanquished nothing (nihil reliqui facere). L When (quum) Scipio said this, he suddenly caught sight of (cdnspicere) Lucius Furius coming, and as-soon-as (ut) he [had] •aluted him, laid hold of him ( apprehendere) in the most cordial [= friendly] manner, and seated him (ponere) on his Bofa ( lectus ). As soon as (quum prlmum) I got to Rome, 1 136 INDEFINITE FREQUENCY. thought there was nothing I had to do (§ 353) sooner than (quarn ut) congratulate you ( alicui grdtuldri). Three days after the king came, he put his forces in Mne (in aciem eduoere) t but after the battle ( pugnarl) began [his] line gave way (inclindri). After [he saw that] the men were unwilling to renew ( redintegrare) the fight, he withdrew into winter-quar¬ ters. After I tell you what I think, you ought to believe me. After I have thought out (excogitare) a plan, you ought to try (uti) [it]. •" H Postquam. G. 564-5; A. 64, 2, a, R 1; A. & S. 259; R 1, d; B. 1249. 215. The besieged ( oppidani) surrendered (i.e. themselves) forty- seven days after we began to besiege them. Fifty years after Themistocles left Athens because (Rel.) he could not defend it, Pericles refused to do the same thing, although he held noth¬ ing but ( praeter ) the walls. Cimon was recalled to his country five years after he was banished. Gnaeus Scipio was killed eight years after he came to Spain [and] twenty-nine days after the death of his brother. Iterative Action . G. 568-9 ; A. 62,1; A. & S. 259, R 4 (3); H. 475, 3, 486, 5. Physicians employ-remedies-for (mederi) even the smallest part of the body, if it suffers ( condolere ). Fortune, for the most part (plerumque), makes those blind whom she embraces, As often as (ut) a man (quisque) killed an enemy, he wasted (terere) time by cutting off ( abscidere ) [his] head. Women in India, when the husband of any one ( quis , § 302) dies, enter into a contest (certdmen) which one he loved (dlligere) most. The general did not leave (egredi) the standing camp (stativa) except (nisi) when want of forage (jidbulum) forced him tc change [his] position. The whole theatre (pi.) cries out (ear* cldmdre) if a verse is one syllable (§ 400) too short (§ 312) or ( aut — aut) too long. As often as each cohorts, charged ( pro TEMPORAL SENTENCES. 13? currere). a great number of the enemy fell. When we see swallows, we think ( arbitrari ) that summer is beginning. The further they advanced (proferre) [their] camp, the fui* f.e^ they were from water. Whenever the enemy made an at* ack (impetum facere) on any part [= on whatever ( quicumque) part], they forced our men to give ground ( loco cedere ). Voung ducks (pulll andturn) leave the hens, by which they have been hatched (excludere), as soon as they see the water, Whenever (si quando) you come to my house, you will find a bed ready. LXXXVII. Temporal Sentences. G. 570 foil.; A. 58, 2, e; A. 268, 4; B. 1289; H. 521 foil. 0-) Contemporaneous Action. 217. While my wife is getting ready (se compardre ), a whole hour passes (ablre). While the Romans were making-prepara¬ tions and consultations (consultdre) , Saguntum was attacked (Impf.) with might and main (summa vis). The consul kept the enemy busy (tenere) as long as there was any ( quidquam , § 371) [day]light. Cato, as long (quoad) as he lived, increased in reputation for virtue (virtutum laus). We favored you so long as (dum) we saw that you were a friend of virtue and ai. enemy of vice. Hannibal went with his army from Spain (Hispdnia) to Italy, and defeated the Romans with small forces, until at length he was compelled to leave Italy with great loss (detrlmentum). Metellus found in Rhodes an honorable retreat (perfugium ), and gave himself up to literature and philosophy until he was recalled to [his] country by the author¬ ity of the senate and the order of the people. I shall not be able to rest until I ascertain (rescisco) how you are (quid agisf). The Thracians did not move a jot (nihil) until the Romans passed by. They will not make an end of'following until they drive the enemy headlong. Caesar determined to tarry (mordrt) in Gaul until he knew that the legions were posted (collocare) and the winter-quarters fortified. Let [my] friends perish, so long as [my] enemies go down (intercidereh 138 TEMPORAL SENTENCES. too [und). We are ready to bear toils and burdens if we onlj gain ( adipisci ) the victory. It is never base to be overcome provided that you do not throw away ( prdjicere ) your arras. They rested the following day to let the prefect meanwhils [=: while the prefect should] inspect the youth of the city. 1 told him that you had waited for his arrival as long as [quoad) you could. I should have preferred to have stayed ( residere ) in some town or other until I was sent for [aroesso). Exspecto. 218 . He waited to get the news from ( certiorem fieri de) the army. If he is waiting until I bring him the newspaper [acta diurna), let him begone. He thought that I would wait for the moon to wane [senescere). Each [uterque) general was waiting [to see, § 462, 2] whether the forces of the enemy would try (§ 515, R. 2) to cross the river. What are you waiting for ? [= for what to take place [quid ut) are you waiting?]. (2.) Subsequent Action. Ante (Prius) quam. G. 576 foil.; A. 62, 2, c; A. & S. 263, 3; B. 1237,1241; H. 528. 219 . Before I speak of the misfortunes of Sicily, it seems to me (§ 528) that I ought to say a few [words] about the dignity, the antiquity [vetustds) [and] the value [utilitas) of the prov¬ ince. The feelings [animus) are often engrossed [occupare) by angry passion [iracundia) before reason can (§ 559) provide against their being engrossed (§ 548 ; § 512, R. 2). All the enemy turned [their] backs, and did not cease [desistere) to run until [= before] they arrived [pervemre) at the river Rhine Although [etsi) I understand [teneo) what he is ready to say yet I will make no counter remark [nihil contra disputdre ) before he has said [it], A careful physician, before attempt¬ ing [condri) to apply a remedy [medicinam adhibere) to a sick man, ought to make himself acquainted with [coijndscere) his disease. The Romans wished to protect the Saguntines, but Hannibal took their town before the Romans came to their TEMPOBAL SENTENCES. 189 help. It is better to give before you are asked. You will be conquered long ( multo ) before you perceive that you are con¬ quered. Why should you despair before you try ( temptare ) ? The Achaeans did not dare to begin the war before the ambas¬ sadors had returned from Rome. Brutus requested me to cor rect his speech before publication (edere). LXXXVHI. Temporal Sentences. Quum. O. 580 foil.; A. 62; A. & S. 263, 5; B. 1237, 1244, 1247, 1250,1282; fl. 515,517, 518, 3. 220. He who does not ward off ( defendere ) an injury nor repel [it] ( propulsare) when he can, acts ( facit ) unjustly. When a wise man is (§ 234) derided by the foolish rabble, he will not be indignant. Conon was general at the end of ( extremus ) the Peloponnesian ( Peloponnesiacus) war, when the forces of the Athenians were vanquished ( devincere ) by Lysander at Aegos potamoi (Aegos flumen). Tarquin was making-preparations to surround the city with a wall (§ 348), when the Sabine war interrupted (intervenire with Dat.) the undertaking. There was a time when (§ 634) I too thought that we should recover (recuperare) our liberty. The time will come when you will feel the-loss-of (desiderare) such brave allies (fortitudinem socidrum). I have often heard my father say that he had never been able find a scholar that (qui quidem) equalled you in diligence [= your diligence]. It is ten years that I have been living (§ 221) in the country. It is six months since any one [= that (quum) no one has] set foot (pedem inferre ) in this house ( aedes ).* You have granted me enough in granting that disgrace seems to you a greater evil than pain. 221 . A boy finding an oar [as he was] walking on the shore, became eager (concupiscere) to build a ship. As Pyrrhus was besieging Argos, he perished ( interne ) by a blow with a stone [= struck (icere) by a stone]. When Perseus succeeded hif ♦ Lapses of time are treated as designations of time in Acc. or Abl. Multi Snnl su» quum (= multOs annOs) in aere meO est— (It is) many years (that) he has been in my debt, quum in acre meO nOn fuit = multls anuls non fuit 140 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES. father on the throne ( patris imperio succedere ), he stirred up (incitdre) all the tribes (gens) of the Gauls against the Romans. Hoping that my friend would return, I remained in tie city, but receiving the intelligence (niXntius) that he was detained (retinere) at Brundusium by sickness, I departed. Zopyrus, as no one doubted (de) his fidelity, was received into the city and unanimously (omnium suffrdgiis ) appointed leader. The state* (civitas) of Greece (adj.) all lost the command (imperium) because each one (singulae) wanted to command. Man does not need the strength (vires) of the elephant, as he is endowed with reason. I do not consider Marcus Regulus unfortunate; for although his body was captured and tortured ( crucidre ) by the Punics, his soul (animus) could not be captured. It seems to me that men, although they are in many things inferior (humilis) and weaker, excel (praestdre) beasts in this (hac re) especially (maxime) that (quod) they have the power of (posse) speech (Inf.). He did not seek (p>etere) honours, although they were open (patere) to him on account of (propter) his position (dignitds). LXXXIX. Conditional Sentences. G. 590 foil.; A. 59 ; A. & S. 259, R. 2, 260, II. ; B. 1259 foil.; H. 502 foil. 222 . If virtues are equal (par) to one another (§ 212), it follows that vices are also equal. If I have said anything by way of jest (per jocum ), do not turn it into a serious [matter]. If what (illud quod) we wish happens (§ 234, R. 1) we shall rejoice, if not (§ 593) we shall bear [the result] with equanimity. If we do not (236, R. 2) lop off (resecdre) the passions, in vain shall we endeavor to live happily. Limbs are amputated (amputare), if they begin (§ 569) to be without blood. 223 . If you were to know me [well] enough, you would not think that I could betray [my] country. What good mail would hesitate to meet death for [his] country, if he should expect (§ 129) to do her good ? See in what year Piso was quaestor or tribune; should neither hit (quadr&re), see whethei CONDITIONAL SENTENCES. 141 he lived at all ( omnino) at the time of that war. Would a physician ( medicus), when a patient ( aegrotut >•) had been turned over* ( trddere ) to another physician, be angry with the physi¬ cian who had succeeded him,* if he were to change some things that he had prescribed ( constituere ) in his treatment (in cur and6) ? 224. Most persons cannot do a thing because they will not; they could, if they would. Antigonus would have saved (servdre) Eumenes [when he was] captured, if his men had allowed him to do so ( per aliquem licet ), but those who were about (circa) [him] did not suffer it, because they saw that they would all be of little value by-the-side-of ( prae) Eumenes. If I had conquered you, Scipio, quoth Hannibal, I should put myself before all other generals. Quintus would have stayed (esse) longer with me, if I had been desirous of it (§ 599, R. 1). 225 . If we had been energetic (impiger) in bringing help [= if we had brought help energetically] to the Saguntines, w r e might have averted the whole war. The Gauls had nearly taken the capitol, had not the geese by their noise (clangor) waked the soldiers out of sleep. If you had not hastened, we should all have had to die. The commonwealth might be perpetual, if we lived (vivitur) according to (Abl.) the constitution (patria instituta). If Publius Sextius, who was left for dead [= killed], had been [really] killed, would you have (239) taken up arms (ad arma ire) ? 226 . It is not doubtful that if Caesar had not perished ( exstin - gui) by an untimely (immdturus) death, the condition of Rome under the Empire would have been far different (alius), Ho one doubted [= it was doubtful to no one] that if the general had come immediately, he might easily have crushed the con¬ spiracy of the soldiers. Ho one doubts that if the city had been taken, the enemy would have been conquered. He gavo so tardily that he would have done a greater favor (plui ♦ Perf. subjunctive. 142 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES. I oraestdre), if he had refused ( negare ) quickly. I do not doubt that if you had followed my advice, you would not be in such poverty. If you should be prevented by sickness from coming to me in the country [= to the country], I beg you to write us soon how you are ( quid agis). If Antiochus had consented ( velle ) to follow (parere) the counsels of Hannibal, he would have fought for empire ( summa imperii) nearer to the Tiber than to Thermopylae. The book-keeping (ratio) of benefits is sira* pie: so much is spent (erogdre) ; if something comes back, it is a gain; if it does not come back, it is not a loss. If our friend had followed (obsequi) the directions of the physician, he must needs have died. Lucius Sulla was lucky, if there can be any good luck (felicitas) in crime. Solon gave the Atheni¬ ans such excellent and such useful laws, that if they had been willing to follow ( uti ) them always, they would have had an enduring ( stabilis) empire. XC. Conditional Sentences. G. 604 ; A. 61,1 ; A. & S. 263, 2 ; B. 1277; H. 506. 227. [Those things] which are very (per) difficult are often to be regarded just as (perinde ac) if they could not be done. Those who injure some (alii), in order to be liberal toward others, are guilty-of [= in the] same injustice as if they appro¬ priated other people’s property (aliena in suam rem convertere). He loves you as if (tarn — quam) he had lived with you. He loved you as if he had lived with you. Soldiers enjoy present abundance as if they knew for certain (explordtum habere) that they would never be plagued (urgere, § 240, R.) by want again. Xerxes sent 4,000 armed men to Delphi to plunder the temple of Apollo, as if he were carrying on war not only with the Greeks but with the immortal gods. I consider (existimo) him to be the best who forgives others (ceterl) as if he himself sinned daily, but who (§ 639) refrains from sin as if he would forgive none. My brother treats (tractare) me as if I were a fcmg. CONCESSIVE SENTENCES. 143 G. 592, R. 2-4 ; A. 61,4 ; A, & 8. 261, R. 6, 277, R. 16; H. 506. 228. History (historic/,) at that time was nothing except the putting together ( cdnfectio ) of annals. No rule ( imperium ) can be safe except [when it is] fortified by good-will. Of Homer, the prince of poets, almost nothing is known except what nobody would be likely to believe [namely] that he was born blind; unless perhaps we believe that a blind man could have described ( exponere ) so many and so various things so truly and so clearly. I have received a silly ( insulse scriptum) note (Uterulae) from Peter ( Petrus ), unless perhaps everything that you do not like (Subj.) seems silly. What does it concern me what you think of a book, which will not (§ 515) be pub¬ lished ( fords prodire , § 633), unless liberty is recovered (re- cuperare) ? G. 597, R4;A. 61, 4 ; A. & 8. 259, R. 4 (3). 229. Whether you follow the Peripatetics or the Stoics, you must confess that there is in virtue guarantee ( praesidium ) enough for a happy life. “We have to do (res est ),” said he. “ with an (is) enemy that cannot bear either good or bad for¬ tune. Whether he vanquishes or is vanquished (§ 569), he shows (prae se ferre) the same savage-temper (ferocitds) ! ’ Whether you linger (cunctdri) or hasten, you will not find him at home. XCL Concessive Sentences. G. 605; A. 61, 2 ; A. & 8. 271, R. 2; B. 1284 ; H. 514. 230. Even if there is nothing in glory that it should be sought after [= has nothing in itself for which, cur, § 634], neverthe¬ less it follows virtue like (tamquam) [its] shadow. Although (etsi) the ground (locus) was unfavorable ( iniquus ), neverthe¬ less Caesar determined to attack the enemy. Even if you had taken away from Sulla nothing but (nisi) [his] consulship, you ought (§ 246, R. 1) to be content with that. Who will not be shocked (offendere) by such baseness, even if it does not [= should not be likely to, § 239] injure him ? No one, no mat¬ ter how wealthy (locuples) he may be, can dispense with the aid 144 RELATIVE SENTENCES. of others ( alienus ). Although (licet) I have asked you to come to me, nevertheless I know that you cannot help me. No matter how much pleasure you may have in (delectdri) the flattery ( adulatio) of courtiers' ( cndicus ), they will, notwith¬ standing, lay-plots (insididri) against you. Granted that Rome was founded before the time (pi.) of Romulus, nevertheless the Roman historians (sci'tptor rerum) begin with (a) him, Granted that our soldiers’ courage do not fail (§ 345, R. 1 J them [= courage do not fail our soldiers], nevertheless they will not be able to resist the great multitude of the enemy. The wicked do not escape [the charge of] impiety, although (quamvis) they may have watered (—cruentare) altars with much blood. [But] few are so grateful that they think of (cogitare) what they have received, even if they do not see [it]. They said that they knew that, although ( etsi) they had deserved ill of the Roman people, they would be in a bettei condition (status) under the Romans, [though] angry, than they had been under the Carthaginians [as] friends. XCII. Relative Sentences. G. 612 foil.; A. 48; A. & S. 206 ; B. 683, 1192; H. 445. 231. The deeds of Hannibal, who is known to have defeated (vincere) the Romans so often ( quoties ), are admired by all of us (§ 368, R. 2). The boy, while he is [yet] tender, must be steeped (t nficere) in (§ 387) those arts from the absorption (combibere) of which [= which when he shall have absorbed] he will come better prepared for greater [things]. Great is the admiration felt for ( Gen.) a man, who speaks eloquently and wisely, for those who hear him think that he is wiser than everybody else. Philosophy contains the doctrine (disciplina) not only (et) of duty (officium), but also (et) that (§293,R. 3) of living well, so that he who teaches it (profiteri) seems to undertake a very important part (partes). The ancient Greeks called fate a blind ruler of gods and men, and thought that even Jupiter, the father of gods and men, was subject to its sway. Defeated, the Carthaginians begged the Romans foj RELATIVE SENTENCES. 145 peace; and as Regulus would not grant it, except under the harshest conditions, they begged the Lacedaemonians for help. Let the punishment stop ( cdnsistere ) at those with whom the fault originated ( oriri ). I did not suppose that there were any (melius) human-beings in whose eyes (ubi) my life was hateful (invisus). He betook himself to the Volscians,*with whom he had taken refuge ( ednfugere ) before. Tell me what you think about public affairs ( res pAblica ). To tell you what I [really] think, the state is in the hands of (penes) abandoned men. The soldier slipped out (elabi) through the pickets ( per intervalla statidnum) and told the commander of the enemy the facts of the case [= what had been done]. They recounted (memorare) what dangers [== the dangers that] threatened (portendi) their respective (suum quisque) cities by land and sea, and begged the king for rein¬ forcements (auxilia). G. 616 foil,; A. 48 : A. & S. 206; B. 683 foil.; H. 445 foil. 232. A benefit that is bestowed on anybody (quilibet) is a favor (grains) to nobody. Everything ( qulcunque ) we say (login) cannot be reduced ( revocare ) to regular laws (ars et praeceptal). Are you the man that has lost everything ? We are the men that have often loaded (cumulare) you with kind¬ nesses (beneficium). The Lacedaemonians slew King Agis (Acc. Agin), a thing that had never happened among them before. Aratus of Sicyon ( Adj .) thought—and this (Hel.) showed (§ 365, R. 2) a wise man—that he ought to consult the interest of all his [fellow] citizens. Dionysius was brave and skilled in war, and—which is not easily found in a tyrant— neither a debauchee ( luxuridsus ) nor avaricious. I have taken refuge with you (confugere ad), to whom I am compelled—- the most wretched thing in my eyes (Dat.) —to be a burden rather than a blessing. The city of Cadiz ( Gddes ) was founded by a Tyrian fleet, which founded Utica also. All ( universus ) Italy took up (capere) arms against the Romans, and while (ut, ita, § 484) their (Hel.) fortune was horrible (atrox) their cause was just. Of the number of those (is numerus) who 10 146 RELATIVE SENTENCES. were (Perf.) consuls during those years many are dead. The peel V lrgii ( Vergilius) wrote an epic poem ( carmen epicum ), which is called the Aeneid ( Aeneis ). The Gauls once plundered Del¬ phi, the famous (superl.) oracle of Apollo, which was called by the ancients the centre (umbilicus) of the world (orbis tet rdrum). The'Arabians have fleet (veldx) horses and swiflt camels, which [latter] they call the ships of the desert (deserta i drum). This great w r ar that had lasted so long (< diuturnus )> by which \i. e. war] all nations were oppressed ( premere ), Pompey brought to an end (cdnficere) in one year. G. 618 foil.; A. 48; A. & S. 206 ; B. 683 foil.; H. 445 foil. 233 . Animals (bestia) do not move (se commovere) from the place in which they are born (§ 625). Apollonius was wont to urge (impellere) each man to (ad) the arts for which he thought him fit. He is not to be endured (ferre) as an accuser, who is himself caught (ddprehendere) in the vice, which he blames (reprehendere) in another. Coriolanus fled to the Volscians, a people that was at that time bitterly-hostile (infestus) to the name of Rome (adj.). Such is your shrewdness (prude?itia) i that you will readily (facile) understand why I have not fol¬ lowed your advice. In the year in which Tarquin the Over¬ bearing was exiled from Rome, the Athenians exiled Hippias. Marius having accomplished the business (Abl. Abs.) which he had proposed to himself, returned to Cirta. The day I heard that tyrant called (appelldre) a renowned (cldrus) man, I began to distrust. The mountain, which the exiles had taken posses¬ sion of (capere), was grassy (herbidus) and well-watered (aquosus). Yerres sent to King Antiochus to ask for ( rogdre ) the most beautiful vessels he had seen at his palace (apud eum), Philip subjugated (subigere) the Aetolians (Aetbll), deserted [as they were] by the Romans, the only help to which they trusted. I see that I arn deserted by those, who ought to have been the last to do so [= by whom it was least proper, con- venit\. Being (quum) in the straits (angustiae) in which I have shown him [to have been], he resolved to resign his office. At that time they began (coeptum est) at Athens to RELATIVE SENTENCES. 147 choose the archons ( archontas , ace. pi.) for ten years, a custom which remained seventy years. G. 625, 629 ; A. 62,1 ; A. & S. 264,12, 280, III. (1), 264, 3; B. 1252 ; H. 486, 5. 234 . Whichever way ( qudcunque ) we turn ( se commovere Perf ), we stumble against ( offendere in) simpletons ( stultus ) or scoundrels ( improbus ). However ( utut ) things turn out (esse), remember to urge as an excuse (excusdre) my ill health (valetudo). No matter who it is ( qulcunque) that reaches a high-position ( fastigium ), [he] will become dizzy (vertlgiru corripi). We never return to our parents what we receive from them, nor will our children return to us what they receive from us. The maiden was of such extraordinary beauty (adeo eximia forma) that in whatever direction (qudcunque) she walked ( incedere , Impf ), she attracted (convertere) every¬ body’s eyes. 235 . The last baffle of the war will never be effaced from (oblitterdre in) my mind, for I lost both [my] father and [my] uncle in it. The wall was torn down ( dlruere ), for it separated (dirimere) the city from the citadel. You are all of less value (pretium) than Albius and Atrius, for you have subjected (subjicere) yourselves to them. The senate held a consultation (consultdre) about receiving Cybele, for a recent message had come that she was at Tarracina. 236 . Sestius was expected day before yesterday (nudiustertius), but he has not come (304), so far as I know. None of the poets, so far as I have read them, has ever equalled the silliness of Maevius. My competitors (competitor) —so far as they seem to be fixed (certus) —are Galba and Antonius. All my sister’s children that I have seen have grey (caesius) eyes. All the provinces, so far indeed (quidem) as they belong (esse) to the mainland, have been occupied by the enemy. G. 630-31; A. 66,2 ; 67, 1, b; A. & S. 266 ; B. 1291,1295,1219 ; H. 530. 237 . All men are persuaded (persudsum habere) that God is the master and regulator (moderator) of all things, and that 14.8 RELATIVE SENTENCES. what happens, happens according to his will. Ambioiix ex horted the Nervii not to let this opportunity slip (praetermitten — to let slip) of taking vengeance for (ulcisci) the insults, which they had received from the Romans. Quintilian’s pre¬ cept is excellent, [namely] that parents should do nothing (§ 543, 4) that is unbecoming ( foedus ) nor (§ 450) say [an\ thing] that is shameful to hear (§ 43T). I beg you not to spare expense ( stimptus ) in anything that is necessary for your health. There is nothing more disgraceful than to carry on war with a man (is), with whom ( quicum ) you have lived on intimate terms (familiariter). In the [case of] paintings, it happens (usu venit ) that those who-are unacquainted-with-the- art (imperiti) relish (delectari) and praise things that are not to be praised. There is nothing that cannot be bought, if you will give as much as the seller (vdnditor) wants. If it were not for merchants (§ 592, R. 1), there would be no exportation of the things (195, R. 4) in which we abound (§ 517, R. 3), nor impor¬ tation (invectio) of the things that we need. This [is what] I wonder at, that any man (§ 304) should so (ita) desire ( velle ) to destroy another, as to scuttle (perfordre) even the vessel in which he himself is sailing (ndvigdre). He sent [word] to the dictator that he wanted another army to oppose (passive) to Hannibal. “ Since the colonies have rebelled,” said King George, “ let us send commissioners (legati) to rebuke, not to entreat them.” I have found scarcely any one who did not think that what Caesar demanded ought to be granted, rather than have a light [about it] (depugnare). There is no one who has equalled Hannibal in hate [ = the hate of Hannibal] of the Romans. G. G32 foil.; A. 65, 2 ; A. & S. 2G4, 5 foil.; B. 1207 ; H. 500. 238. The enemy (pi.) sent cavalry first to draw out ( elicere ) our men, and then to surround and attack them. The messen¬ gers, who were to bring the king the tidings that his son had fallen, were taken (ducere) into the royal palace to set forth (exponere) to the king in person (ipse) what they had seen and b^ard concerning the death of his son. Tie Carthaginian* RELATIVE SENTENCES. 149 sent ambassadors to Rome to congratulate the senate and people of Rome with a present of a golden wreath, which was to be deposited ( ponere ) in the sanctuary ( cella ) of Jupiter. There are people who forget favors ( beneficium ) received, be¬ cause they are ashamed of having received favors. The Mace- donians ( Macedones ) felled trees which were too large foi armed soldiers possibly to carry. Philistus, who imitated (Pf.) Thucy dides, deserves being counted among ( numerdre in. § 384, R.) the great historians ( historicl ). After almost the whole -world ( orbis terrdrum ) was brought into-a state-of-pacifi- cation ( paedre ), the Roman empire was too great for it to be possible that it should be subjugated by a foreign power. The Roman race (ffSns) is one (is) that cannot (nescire) stay (quiescere) beaten (vincere). How few are those ( quotusquisque est) who say that pleasure is not (§ 446) a blessing. You will find people who think more (§ 319) of their safety than of the state. Miltiades was [a man] of wonderful affability, so that no one was so humble as not to have free access to him (use: patet aditus). An old man hasn’t anything even to hope for (ne . . . quidem). I am not ignorant that there are some who have stated (trddere) that Carthage was taken the year before. I meet many (plu- rimi) people every day ; for many are the gentlemen (optimus vir) who come here for the sake of [their] health. I know not what to answer, except this one thing, that I am sorry for what I have done (factum). G. 636; A. 65, 2; A. & S. 264, 8; B. 1251; H. 517, 516, II. 239 . After the battle of Allia (AUiensis) a great number of Homans fled to Veji, where they thought that they were safer than at Rome. Against the Tarentines, who live (esse) in Lower Italy, war was declared by the Romans for having done wrong to (injuria afficere) the ambassadors of the Romans, Miserable old man ! not to have perceived in so long a life that death is to be despised. The senators of Rome, thinking that they would never be free from machinations (sine insidiis cs, rassed (angor) by hourly (singuldrum hordrum) expectation, and am wondering that not even a breath of rumor (nihil ne — quidem , § 404) i 8 been brought [to me]. For there is s strange silence. . < ■ . ■ . • I . • • « , VOCABULARY. tF" This vocabulary is intended to serve as a supplement and not as a substitute otherwise tbe exercise-book would defeat its own ends. Hence the absence of infleo lions, prepositions, numerals, and the omission of phrases and idiom3 explained in th< appropriate sections of the j A. Abandoned (= wretch), perditus. abstain, (*•?) abstinlre. abound, abundare. absence, in my, absents ml. absurd, absurdu s. abundance, dbundantia. accept, accipere. acceptable, gratus. accident, casus. accomplish, cSnflcere , per- jicere. accuse, accusare, arguere. accuser, accdsdtor. Achaean, AchaeZ. ache, dolor. acknowledge (= confess) fatlrZ. acorn, glam. acquit, dbsolvere. act, agere, facere. actor, histrio . actually, rl vlrd. add, adders , adjicere. admire, admlrarZ. admirable, minis , mlrdbi- lie. admit, conclders. admonish, admonlre , mo- nlre. adorn, omars. adulterer, adulter. advance, prdgredl , prbcl- dere. advantage, commodum. advice, comllium. advise, suddlrs. affability, cbmitds. affair, rls , negbtium. afford, praeblre. afraid, to be, metuere, ti¬ mbre, verirl. afterwards, post , posted , posthdc, age, aetds (time of life), tempora (times) agreeable , gratus , jUcundus . aid, auxilium, ops , opera. aid, to, adjuvare. air, air. alive, vivus. all, omnis. alleviate, levare. ally, socius. almost, prope,ferl. alone, solus. already, jam. also, quoque , § 444. altar, ara. alter, mutars. always, semper. Amazons, Amazones. ambassador, legatus , drdtor ambush, tnsidiae. ancestors, majorls. ancient, antiquus. and, et , -que, atque, $ 477 foil, anger, Ira; Iracundla (an¬ gry temper). angry, Iratus; to be a., irascl. anguish, dolor. announce, nuntidre. annoyance, molestia. another, alius , alter , $ 30G. answer, to, to make a., re- spondlre. ant } formica. Antony, Antbnius. any, ullus (§ 304), quivis (any you choose), ape, simia , simius. appear, apparlre ; (to seem) vidlri. appearance, specils. apple, malum; pdmum (any edible fruit), apply (to address one’s sell to), adire. appoint (create), dlcere, create. approach, (subst.) aditus. approach, to, appropinqudre accedere, adventare. approve, probdre , appro¬ bate. Arabians, Arabls. arm, to, armdre. arm, bracchium, manus. armor-bearer, armlger. arms, arma. army, cxercilus. arrest, comprehendere. arrival, adventus. arrive, advenire , pervenire arrow, sagitta. art, ars. artifice, ars , dolus. ashamed, to be, pvdet. ashes, cinis. ask, petere , rogdre ; to in quire, quaero , interrogo. See p. 68. ass, asinus. assemble, convenire. assist, adjuvare. assistance, auxilium. associate, socius. assume, sumere. assuredly, certd , profecto. astonished, to be, mirdri. Athenian, Athlnlensis. Athens, Athlnae. attack, impetus. attack, to, adoriri. attain, adipiscl , assequ\ c6n sequi. audacity, auddcia. 160 VOCABULARY. aunt, (father’s siBter) a- mita ; (mother’s sister) matertera. author, auctor. authority, auctbritds; au¬ thorities, magistrate avarice, avdritia. avaricious, avarus. avenge, ulciscl. avoid, vltdre. axe, securis. axis, axis. B. Baby, infdns. back, tergum, dorsum. bad, malm; improbus (un¬ toward, naughty), bag, plra. ball, pila. banish, ex urbe , ex clvVldte pellere. bank (of a river), ripa. banquet, convivium, epulae. barber, tonsor. bare, nudus. bark, to, latrare. bark (of a tree), cortex (outer), liber (inner), barren, sterilis. base, turpis. bat, vespertilio. bathe, lavdre. battle, pugna; proelium (engagement); to join b., proelium committere. be, esse. be without, carire. beam, trabs. bear, ferre, portare. bear (subst.) ursus , ursa. beard, barba. beast, bestia ; bllua (great beast). beat, verberdre , caedere ; to be beaten, vapulare (comic); (to vanquish) vincere. beautiful, formdsus beauty, pulchritude. become, to, fieri. become, to (= be becom¬ ing), dedre. bed, lectrn; to go to b., cubitum ire. bee, apis. befall, accidere ; contingere (of good luck), before, ante , anted, antehde. beg, dr are, rogare, petere. beget, gignere , parere. beggar, mendlcus. begin, incipere; coepisse , intr. with inf. beginning, initium. behold, eontempldrl. belief, fides. believe, crldere. belly, venter, aims. bend ,flectere. beneficent , beneficus. benefit, benefleium. bereave, private; orbdre. besiege, obsidere; oppu- gadre (assault), best, optimus. bestow, dare, tribuere, db- ndre. betake one’s self, & c6n- ferre. betray, prodere. better, melior. beware, cavere. bi 6.,jubere, imperare. big* magnus, grandis. bind, vincire. bird, avis. bitch, canis. bitter, acerbm (opp. to mitis ), amdrus (opp. to dulcis ); bitter enemy, acerbus inimicus, inimi- cissimm. black, niger. blame, to, reprehendere; vituperare. blame (fault), vitium, culpa. bleed, sanguinem f undere. blessed, beatus. blessing (boon), bonum; to be a blessing = to be of use. blind, (adj.) caecus. blindness, caecitds. blood. sanguis; cruor (sued). bloom, to, fibrire. blow, plaga. blows, verbera. boast, to, glbridri. bold, audax. boldness, auddeia. bone, os. book, liber. booty, praeda. border, margo; (= txur dary) finis. bore, perforare. born, to be, nasdl. bosom, sinus. both, amJbo , uterque , p. 30. bow, arcus. boy, puer. bramble, sentis , veprls. branch, ramus. branch-of-learning, disci plina. bra ve,fortis. bravery, fortitude. bread, pdnis. break grangers. breast, pectm. breath, spiritm, anima. bribe, pecUnid corrumpere. brick, later. bridge, pSns. brief, brevis. brilliant, splendidus. brilliancy, splendor brim, margo. brin g, ferre, offerre, appor- tdre (carry); addUcere (lead). bring back, referre, repor¬ ter e ; redUcere (lead), bring up, ejferre ; Iducare. broad, latus. bronze, aes. brook, brooklet, rivus, rl- vulus. brother, frater. build, aedifiedre ; condere. building, aedificium. bull, taurus. bundle, fasciculus. burden (subst.), vnus ; (verb onerdre; -som t, melestus. burn, to, Ure^e; combUrere (alive). VOCABULARY. 16 ? durst, rumpere. burial, sepultUra. bury, sepellrs. bus \,fmtex. business, negbtium. but, sed, autem, verum, at. See § 485 foil.; (only), tantum , tnodo, solum. Butterfly, papilio. buy, emere. C. Gage, cavea. call, to, vocare; call out, Svocdre; call together, convocdre. oamel, camZlus. camp, castra. Campanians, Campanl. can, possum. capable, ) . capacious, j ca P^- captain, centurio. oaptive, captus , capdvut. capture, to, capers. care, edra, diligentia. care for, to, curare. careful, dlligSns. careless, incautus. oarpenter, faber. carry, ferre, portdre; carry off, rapere ; carry a town, expugnare; carry on, gerere. Carthage, Carthago. Car¬ thaginians, Carthdgini • ensls. cast, to, jaxere. castle, arx , casteUum. oat ,fZ%s,fZlis. catch, capers. Catiline, Catillna. cattle, pecus. cause, causa, cautious, cautus. cavalry, equitdtus , squitis , (adj.) equestris. cave, spelunca. cease, disirere. celebrated, celeber (things); praecldrus. certain (fixed), certus ; (per¬ son undefined) quldam. chain, catena. chance, casus; opportunities, occdsio. change, to, mutare. character, rribrls. charge (= attack), impetus. Charles, Carolus. charming, dulcis. cheat, to, fraudare. Child, children, Cberl (in re¬ lation to parents) ; (of age) infans , puer,puella , parvuli. chokeful, refertus. choose, lligere (out of a num¬ ber), dUigere (for a pur¬ pose). circumstance, rls. citadel, arx , casteUum. oitizen, chvis. city, urbs (capital) ; oppi- dum (walled town); cl- vitas (community), civil, civUis. cleanse, p&rgare. clear, clarus; (it is) ednstat. clemency, cllmentia. clerk, schba. close, to, clauders. clothes, clothing, vestis, ves- tltus. cloud, nubes. coast, Utus, ora. cock, gallus. cohort, cohors. cold (adj.), fngidus. cold (subst.), coldness, fri- gus. colleague, coltega. collect, colligere. come, venire; to come up, accSders ; to eorue back, redlre; about, fieri, acci- dere. command, to, imperdre. command (eubst.), imperium commit, committere. common, communis. commons, plebs. commonwealth, rls pdb- lica. co mmuni cate, comm&ni- cars. oompanion, comes; (pait ner), socius ; (boon com panion), sodalis. company (partnership), to cietds. compassion, misericordia. compel, cogere. complain, querl. complete, conjlctrs. conceal, cllare. conceive, concipere, capere. concern (subst.), cura. concern, to, curae esse ; in terest , see § 177 foil, concord, concordia. condemn, darnnare , condem nare. confess ,fateri, confltlrl. confidence, flduda. confident, to be, confldert congratulate, grdtularl. conjunction (in) with, cum conquer, vincere , superdrs. conqueror, victor. conscience, conscientia. conscious, conscius. consider, habZre, ducere. conspiracy, conjurdtio. conspirators, conjurdtl. constellation, sldut. constitute, constituere. consulship, consuldtus. consult, consutere. consume, consumers. oontain, continue. contempt, eontemptus, us. content, contented, conten - tus. . contest, certamen. convict, to, coarguere. convince, persuadire. convoke, convocdre. cook, to, coquere. cook, a, coquus. cordial, amicus. Corinth, Corinthus. corn, frumentum. corpse, cadaver. correct, to, corriger *, Mien- dare. corrupt, to, cormmpers. corrupt (adj.), corruptu*. cough, a, tussis. 168 VOCABULARY. Douncil, concilium. counsel, concilium. count, to, runner are; habe¬ re, ducere. § 350. countenance, wltus, us. country, terra; (native land) patria ; (opposed to town,) riis, agri ; (of a small territory), ager. countryman, rusticus. courage, animus, virtue. course, a, cursus. cover, to, tegere , openre. covet* cupere. covetous, avdrus. coward, igndvus. oowardice, igndvia. craft, calliditas , dolus. create- credre. credible, credibilis. credit (mercantile), fidbs. crime, scelus. crop, seges. cross (over), to, transire. cruel, crudelis. crush, opprimere. cry, to, clamdre y exclamare. cultivate, colere. cunning (adj.), callidus; dolosus ; canning trick, dolus. cunning (subst.), calliditas. cup, pbculum. curse, to, exsecrari ; w. acc. custody, custodia. custom, c6nsuetudo } mos. cut, to, secare , caedere. D. Dagger, pugio, sica, daily, quotidie ; in singulos dies, (when there is a progressive change.) dance, to, saltdre. danger, pericvlum. langerous. periculdsus lare, audeo. dark, obscurus. daughter, filia; daughter in-law, nurus day (opp. to night), dies; (opp. to darkness), lux. lead, mortuus. dear, cdrus. death, mors ; to meet death, mortem oppelere. debauchery, luxuria. deceive, fallere, (mislead); decipere (purposely), decide, dlcemere. decision, judicium. declare, decldrare. deed, factum; facinus (of¬ ten in a bad sense), deem, to, ducere. deep, alius, profundus. defeat, to, vincere. defeat, a, clddls. defend, defendere. degree, to such a, aded. delight, to, dele dare, juvdre. deliver, tradere; reddere (what is due) ; liberare (free). demand, to, postulare, po- scere, fidgitare (passion¬ ately). deny, negare , recusare. depart, abire, discedere, proficisci. deprive, privare. derive, ducere. deserter, tidnsfuga. deserve, to, mereri. deserving, dignus. desire, to, ) desirous, to be, J optdre, velle. desire, cupido. desirous, avidus, cupidvs. desist, desistere, dbsistere. despair, to, desplrare. despise, despicere (look down on) : contemnere, spernere (disdain), despoil, spoliare, nudare. destroy, delere, perdere. detain, retinere. determine, statuere, cdnsti- iuere , dlcernere. devastate, vastare. dew, ros. dictate, dictare. die, mori. different, diversus , alius. difficult, difflcilis. cupere, difficulty, difficultds. di g,fodere. dignity, dignitds. diligence, asslduitds, seat- lit as. diligent, sMulus, dUigbiM. diminish, minuet'e. dinner, cena. disadvantage, incommc dum, damnum. disagreeable, ingratus, in jucundus. disaster, calamitds. disband, dimittere. discharge (duty), fungi discord, discordia. discourse, to, disserere. disease, morbus. disgrace («ubst.), dedecus disgraceful, turpis. disgust, to, piget. dismiss, dimittere. dispense, with, carlre. displease, displic&re. distaff, colas. distinguished, praestam eximius, praeclarus. distribute, distribuere. distrust, to, diffidere. disturb, turbare. ditch, fossa. divide, to, dividers. divine (adj.), divinus. do, agere,facere. doe, cerva. dog, canis. door, ostium, janua, forts. doubt- a, dubium. doubt, to, dubitdrc. dove, columba. dower, dbs. dragon, draco. draw, trahere, ducere; draw off, abducere. dress (subtit.), ornatus, ves titus. drink, to, bibere. drive away .pellere. abigert drop, a, gutta. dry, siccus, dridus. dry, to, torrlre. duck, anas. due. dT'bitus. VOCABULARY. 160 lust, pulvis. duty, offlcium , mdnus. dwell, habitdre. E. Each, quisque. § 305. eager, deer. eagle, aquila. ear, auris. early (in the morning), mane. earth, terra; orbie terra- rum (world), earthly, terrestris. ease, Otium; at ease, OtiO- sue, in OtiO. easy } fadlis. eat, edere. educate, Iducdre. effeminate, mollis. egg, Ovum. Egyptians, Aegyptil. elephant, elephds , elephan- tus. eloquent, dloquins, disertus. eloquence, lloquentia , fd- cundia. embrace, to, amplecl t, com- plectl. emperor, imperator. empty, vacuus ^ inanis; to be empty, vacare. end, finis. endeavor, to, cOnari, Initi. endowed, praeditus. enemy (public), hostis; (at heart) inimicus; (oppo¬ nent) adversarius. energetic, industrius } strl- nuue. energy, industria. engagement, negOtium; proelium. enjoy,/rw?, dti. enmity, inimidtia. enough, satis. enter, intrare , inire. entertain (divert), delectd- re , obiectare. entrance, aditus. entreat, obsecrare. enumerate, inumerdrt. envoy, Ugdtus. envy, invidia. equal, pdr. equal, to, aequdre. err, errdre. escape, to, effugere ; Svddere. especially, praedpui , im¬ primis, maxims. esteem, to, hablre , facere , pendere. even (adj.), aequus. even, etiam. evening, at, vespert. event (result), Sventus (pi. also a). ever, unquam. every, omnis , quisque; every-day, quotidil. evident, to be, apparSre t con- stare. example, exemplum. excellent, eximius , prae- cldrns ; optimus. excite, excitdre , commovlre excitement, concitatio. exertion, contentio exhort, hortan. exile, an, exsul; exsilium. exile, to, pellere. exiled, to be, exsuldre. expect, exspectare. expectation, exspectatio. expense, sumptus. experienced, perltus; ex- pertus. expiate, expidre. explore, to, explbrdre. exportation, exportdre. extraordinary, inusitatus , singularis , eximius. exult, exsultdre. eye, oculus. F. Fable, fdbula. face, facids; ml tus, Os (countenance, looks), fagot, fascis. fail, ddjlcere. fall, cader*. fallacious fallax. fa xae,fama. famine, famis. famous, cldrus. celeber. fanner, agricola. fast (firm), firmus; (swift) celer. fat, pingui8. father, pater; father- in-law, socer. fault, culpa. favor, gratia ; a great favor, grdtissimum. fear (subst.), metus , timer, formido. fear, to, tirrUre, metuere verdri (respect), fearful, timidw. feast, convivium , epulae. feather, penna. feed, to, (act.) pascere, (neut.) pasd, vesd. feel, to, senfire. feeling, sensus; feelings animus , animi. feign, fingere. fell, to, caedere. fellow, socius, home. ferocious, ferox. fetters, compedds. fetter, to, vindre. fever, febris. few, paud. fidelity, fidls. field, ager. fierc e, ferox. fight, pugna ; proelium (at engagement). fight, to, pugnare; diml- care. fill, to, impllre. find, to, invenire , reperire comperire. fine (adj.), pulcher. fine (subst.), multa. fine, to, multare. finger, digitus. finish, to, perficere, cdrficere fire, ignis. firm, firmus. first, primus. fish, piscis. fit, aptus ) idOneus. flatterer, assentdtor. flattery, aduldtie. flee, fugere. fleece, vellvs 170 VOCABULARY, posteri. fleet (subst.), ddssis. fleet (adj.), vilSx. flesh, caro. flight, fuga. flight, put to, fugdre. flock, a, grex. flourish, Jldrire. flower, fids. fly, a, musca. fly, to, volare ; to fly away, dvolare. foliage, frbns. follow, sequor. following-gene-) rations, } folly. stultitia. food, cibus. fool, stultus. foot, pis. foot-soldier, pedes. for all that, tamen. forbid, vetare, interdicere, prohibire. force (subst.), vis, vlrls. force, to, cbgere. forces, cdpiae. foreign, externus, exterus. foreigner, peregfinus. foresight, prudeniia. forest, silva. foretell, praedlcere. forget, oblivisci. forgive, ignoscere , veniam dare. forsake, diserere, relinquere. fortified, mUnltus. fortune, fortuna. foul, faedu8. found, condere. fowler, auceps. fox, vulpis. fraud, fraus, dolus. free (adj.), liber ; to be free from, vacdre ; to set free, llberare. free, to, liber are, solvere. freedom, libertds. fresh, recens. friend, amicus. friendship, amicitia. fright (subst.), see Fear, frighten, to, terrors. frog, rdna. fruit (of trees), fructus; (of the field) frUgis. fruitful, ficundus, fertir Us. full, pllnus : chokeful, refer - tus. funeral, funus; funeral pile, rogus. furnish, to, praebbre. G. Gain, lucrum. gall (subst.), fel. game, ludus , lusus, Us. garment, vestis. garrison, praesidium. gate, janua, porta, ostium. gather, colligere. Gaul, Gallia; (people) Gain. general (subst.), imperator. genius, ingenium. George, Georgius. get to, nancisci; parare ; (arrive) advenlre. gift, donum. girl, puella. give, dare, donare, prae- here; to give back, red- dere ; to give up, tra¬ ders: to give way, ci- dere. glad, laetus. gladness, laetitia. glory (subst.), gloria. gnat, culex. gnaw, to, rddere, corrodere. go, to, Ire ; go off, discedere, abire. goat (he,) hircus: goat (she,) capra. God, Deus. goddess, dea. gold, aurum. golden, aureus. good, bonus, probus; (use¬ ful) utilis. good (subst.), bonum. goose, dnser. govern, regere, gubemare. grandfather, avus; grand¬ mother, avia; grand¬ son, nepds ; grand-daugh ter, neptis. grant, to, condder*. grape, uva. grass, gramen , herba. grateful, grdtus. ■ grave, gravis. great, magnus. great-hearted, magnani mus. greedy, avidus. grieve, doHre, maerdre. ground, humus; (reason) causa. guard, to, custbdire. guard, a, custddia. guardian, custds; (legal) tutor. guilty, to declare, damndn condemnare. H. Habit, mbs, consuetudo ; to be in the h. of, solere. hair, crinis, capillus. half, dimidium, dlmidia pars. hand, manus. handsome, pulcher. hang, to, (act.) suspenders ; (neut.) pendire. happen, accidere; contin- gere (for the better), happy, felix, hiatus. harbor, portus. hard, durus ; hard -(to do,», difficilis. hare, lepus. harm (subst.) damnum, malum, incommodum; to do harm, nocire. harmony, concordia. harsh, durus. hart, cervus. hasten, fesfindre, proper are. hate, hatred, odium. hate, to, ddisse ; to be hated, odid esse. haughty, superbus. nave, habire. hawk, accipiter. head, caput. headlong, praecep* health, vcditHdo. healthy, sdntis. VOCABULARY. 171 dear, audlre. heart, cor heaven, cadum, heavy, gravis. heedless, incautus. heir, hlrls. help (subst.), auxillum. help, to, juvdre, adjuvdre helper, adjutor. hen, gallina. herb, herba. herdsman, pastor. hesitate, to, dubitare. aide, to, abdere ; to hide from, cUare. high, altos. highwayman, latro,praedo. hill, coUis. hind, cerva. hinder, to, impedirs, ob- stdre, prohiblre. hinge, cardo. hog, porous, siis. hold, to, tenure. holidays, fbriae. home, domus. honey, mel. honor, honor; to h. colors. honorable, honestus. hope, spls. hope, to, spur are. horn, comU. horse, equus. horseman, eques. hour, hbra. house, domus, asdic (pi.), huge, ingins. human, kumdnus; human being, homo. hunger, famls. hunter, vlnator. hurt, to, noclre. husband, vir. husbandman, agncola. I. Image, imago. imitate, imltart. imitation, imitatio. immediately, statim. impend, impend&re. importance, to be of, inter est, rifert. 5 177 impose, impbnere. impudent, impudent incautious, incautus. increase (act.), auglre; (neut.) criscere. incredible, incridibilis. indulgence, indidgentia. industry, dUigentia, indu- stria. industrious, sidulus: in- dustrius. inexorable, inexbrabilis. infantry, peditis; (adj.) pe¬ des tr is. influence, auctbritds. inform, cet tidrem facers. inhabitant, incola. injure, to, noclre. injury, imjdria, damnum. injustice, injustitia , injuria. inquire, quaererc. innocent, innocins. insolent, vnsolins. inspect, to, inspicere. institution, mstitutum. instructed, idoctus. insult, contumSlia, injUria. intellect, mins. interest, interest,rifert.% 381. intrust, committers. inventor, inventor. invite, invitdrc, vocare. iron ,/errum; (of iron) fer¬ rous. issue (subst.), exitus. ivory, ebur; (of ivory) ex chore. J. Jackdaw, graoulus. join, jungere; to join bat¬ tle, proelium committer e. journey, iter. joy, gaudium ; laetitia (glad¬ ness). judge, judex. judgment, judicium. }XLBt,justU8. justly ,jUre. justice, jfistitia. K. Keen, deer. keep, servdre , custddlre , (keep in), contintre, (from), prohibere. keeper, custbs. kill, to, interfleere; occ I dere, caedere (slay), ns care (cruelly), kind (subst.), genus. kind (adj.), benignus. king, rex. kingdom, regnum. knee, genU. knife, colter. know, to, scire (of things), nSscere ; nbsse ; cognd- scere ; not to know, ni- scire, ignordre. known (well), cognitus. L. Labor, to, labbrdre. labor (subst.), labor. Lacedaemonian, Lacedae- monius, Laco. \ao\,to,carire,egire, indigln laden, onustus. lake, locus. lamb, agnus. lame, claudus, lament, to, lamentarl. land, terra; patria. large, magnus; amplus, in gens (huge), lark, alauda. laugh, to, ndire. laugh, laughter, ri sus. ds. law, lex. lay down, pbnere, depdnere laziness, pigritia. lazy, piger, ignavus. lead (subst.), plumbum. lead, to, ducere. leader, dux. leading-men, pnndpes leaf, folium. league, foedus, eris. lean, to, niCl. leap down, dlsiMre. learn, discere. leaned, doctus. learning, doctrina. least (adj.), minimus leave, to, relinquers. 172 VOCABULARY, left (adj.), sinister ; (hand) sinistra. leg, eras. legion, legio. leisure, dtium. less (adj.), minor. lever, vectis. liberal, Rberdlis. liberality, liberalitas. liberate, to, liberdre. lie, to, jacire ; to lie in wait for, insididrt ali- cui. lie, to tell a, mentor i. liar, mendax. license, licentia. life, vita. light (adj.), levis. light, a, lux , lumen. lightning (flash of), ful- gur : (stroke of), ful- men. like (adj.), sbrdlis. likeness, imago. line (of battle), acils ; (of march), agmen. linger, cunctarl. lion, leo. lioness, leaena. literature, literae. little, parvus; (mean) par¬ vus, pusillus. live, vivere ; (dwell) habi- tdre. living, vlvus. load (subst.), onus , eris. load, to, onerare. lofty, excelsus. long (adj.), longus. long (adv.), did (a long time). longing, disiderium. loose, loosen, solvere. lord, to, domindrl. lose, dmittere (let go); per- dere (waste). loss, damnum, ineomrnodum jactura. lot, sors; fortuna. loud, clarus ; magnus.. love, to, amdre; dlligere (like). love (subst.), amor. lovely, see beautiful, low, humilis. luck, fortdna ; good luck, (secunda) fortdna , fillci- tds. lucky, fllxx, faustns, fortd- ndtus. lust, libido. luxury, luxuria. Lydian, Lydl. M. Macedonian, Macedo , onis. mad, insdnus (cracked); fu- riosus (maniacal), mad, to be, insdnire , furere. madness, xnsdnia, furor. magistracy, magistrate, magistrdtus. maid, maiden, virgo , puella; maid (servant), ancilla. mainland, continlns. maintain, confirmars ; edn- servare. make, facers , effleere, red- dere. malady, morbus. man, homo (human being); vir (opp. to woman); mortalis; man-servant, famulus. mankind, genus humdnum; gens humdna. manner, modus. many, multi. march, to, proflciscl. maritime, maritimus. mark, to, notare. market-place, forum. marriage, mdtrimonium. marry, to, uxorem ducere (of the man); viro nil- here (of the woman), masses, plebs . multitudo. master, dominus ; hems (of slaves) ; rnagister , (teacher). master, make one’s self, potxn. match, par. matter (subst.), rls. meadow, prdtum. measuro. to. rnltlrl measure (subst.), mHsdra meat, caro (flesh) ; cibut (food). meet, to, obviam lrs,Jleri convertors. member, membrum. memory, memoria. mention, mentio. merchant, meredtor. message, nuntius. messenger, ndntius. method, via ratioque , mo¬ dus. middle, j medius , § 287 R. midst, ) § 324 R. 6. mild, mitis. military, milUdris. milk, lac. mind, animus , mens. mindful, memor. mission (object of), rls. mistaken, to be, errirs. fald. moderate, } moderation, J modesty, t modMUa - money, peednia monkey, sxmia. month, mensis. moon, luna. morning, mdne morose, mordsus. morrow, the, erds, erdstinm dils. mortal, mortalis. most (people), ptlrlqxie. mother, mater ; mother-in law, socrus. mound, tumulus , agger. mount, to, cbnstxndere. mountain, mdns. mourn, liiglre, maerlre. mouse, mils. mouth, os. move, movl-re , se motive. movement, mdtus. much, multus. multitude, multitddo. murder, to, interjlcers. must, dehire ; oportet , ru cesse est. VOCABULARY. N. Naked, nddus. name, ndmen. name, to, ntiminare, appel lore, vocdre. narrow, angustus. nation, gtns. nature, ndtdra. naughty, improbus. near (adj.), propinquus. near, to come, $ 337. nearly, prope. necessary, necessdrius, ne- cesse; opus est. necessity, necessitas. neck, collum, cermcls. need, opus, usm ; to be in, eglre, indiglre, carlre. needle, acus. nefarious, nefarius. neglect, to, negligere. neglect (subst.), ixegligentia. neighbor, ing, vlclnus. neither, neuter. nest, nidus. never, nunquam, § 482. new, novus (opp. to anti- quus ); recens (fresh, opp. to vetus). news, nuntius, aliquid novi. nice, = sweet, dulcis. night, nox. nightingale, luscinia. nobility, ntibills. noble, ntibUis, genertisus. none, nullus. noose, laqueus. nose, nasus. nothing, nihil, nulla rls. nourish, to, alere. now, nunc. number, numerus. Numidian, Numida. nurse, to, cdrare. nut, nux; nut-shell, nucis cortex. O. Oak, quercus, rtibur. oar, rlmus. oath, jtisjdrandum Obey, to, obldlre, obtempe - ffire; pdrdre (habitually) obscure, to, obscdrdre. obscure, obscdrus. observe, servdre. occupation, negtitium. occupied, occupatus. ocean, ticeanus, mare. offer, to, offerre. office, magistrate. often, saepe. old, vetus (length of don¬ ation) ; antique (dis¬ tance of origin), old age, senectus. old man, senex. omit, to, omittere. once (for all), semel; once (on a time), blim, quon¬ dam. one, Unus; one day, aliquan- do. only, stilus; (adv.) tantum , modo, stilum. open, to, apenre. opportunity, occdsio; op¬ portunity (convenience), oppose, opponere. opposite, contrdrius. opulent, opulentus. or, aut, vel, § 495. order (subst.), ordo; orders to give, imperare. order, to, imperare , jublre. origin, origo. ornament (subst.), decus. other, alius, alter, § 306. ought, dlbere. our, nbster. overbearing, superbus. overcome, superare (sur¬ pass) ; vincere (van¬ quish). owe, to, dXblre. P. Pain, dolor. paint, to, pingere. painter, pictor. painting, pietdra , tabula (picta). palace, domus, aedls. pardon, to, ignSscere, venl- am dare. pardon (subst.), venia. 1*3 parent, parbit . part (subst.), pars. partaker, particeps. partner, socius. party, pars, partis. pass (over), transire. passions, liMdinls. patience, patientia. pavilion, tabemdculum- pay, to, solvere. pay (subst.), merds. peacock, pavo. peace, pax. peasant, rusticus , agncola peculiar, proprius. pen, penna; calamus, stilus people, populus; homiiHs. perceive, intelligere, am madvertere. perform, perficere, cSnflcere fungi. perhaps, fortasse. perish, perire , interlre. permit, permittere, sinere perpetual, perpetuus. Persian, Persa. person, homo. perspicuous, perspicax. persuade, persuadlre. philosopher, philosophus. Phoenician, Phoenix. physician, medicus. picture, pictura, tabula. pierce, perfordre. pigeon, columba. pine-tree, plnm. pious, pins. pitch (a camp), ptinere. placable, pldcdbilis. place, locus. plan, consilium; sententia. plant (subst.), herba. plant, to, serere. play, to, ludere. pleasant, gratus, jdcundus please, placere. pleasure, voluptds. pledge, pignus. plough (subst.), ardtrum ; ploughman, ardtor. plough, to, ardre. plunder, spolidre , diripere poem, cat men, polma. 174 VOCABULARY. poet, potta. point to, acuert. Pompey, Pompous. poor, pauper, inops; miser. popular, populdris. possession, possessie. postman, tabelldrius. poverty, pauperise. ponnd, libra. power, potestds; to be in one’s power, penes all - quern esse. practice, Hsus. practice, to, exercZre. praise (subst.), laus. praise, to, lauddre. precept, praeceptum. prefect, praefectus. prefer, antepbnere; mails. prepare, pardre. present, to, dbndre. present (subst.), dbnum. present, to be, adesse. preserve, servare. pretend, simuldre. prudent prddbis. public, homines. Punios, Poeril. punish, pdnlre. punishment, poena. puppy, catuhis. pure, pdrus. purify, purgdre. put pbnere, collocdre. Q, Quantity, vis. queen, rlglna. quench, exstinguere ; sMdre. repulse, to, repeUere. question, to, quaerere, in- reputation, fama. terrogdre. request, see beg. question (subst.), quaestio. require, postuldre. quick, celer. \citds. rescue, solus. quickness, celeritds, velo- resign, abdicare. region, regio. relation, jropinquus, cognd tus. relieve, levdre. remain, manure. remember, reminisd, menu msse. remind, monere, commone- facere. remove, movlre, removlre, toilers. repeat, = report, referre. repent, paenitet. quiet, quietus. R. Rabble, vulgus. raft, ratis. raise, to, tollers. ram, arils. resist, resistere. resolve, c6nstituere,. m spring (season), vir. spur, calcdria. stag, cervus. stall, 8tabulum. stand, to, stare; to stand in the way of, obstdre. standard, signum. sun, sbl. superstition, superstitio. supplication, mppucatio. supplied, bountifully (to be), abundare, scatlre. suppose, putare , arbitrary, oplndn. See think. standard-bearer, signifer. supreme, suprlmus , sum- Star, stella. mus. starling, stnmus. surface (of water), aequor. state, condicio; (govern- surname, cognbmen. ment) edvUds, res p&- surpass, superdre. blica. surrender, to, traders, dl- statue, signum , statua. dere. stay, to, manure ; stay one’s surround drcumdare , cin- gere. suspicion, svspicU). swallow (subst.), hirundo. swallow up, vordre, dlvo- rdre , haurlre. swan, cycnus. sway, imperium , dicio. self, nitl. steadfast, cSnstans. Btern (subst.), puppis. stone, lapis. ■tork, cicdnia. Storm, procella (squall) tempestas (tempest). storm, to (take by storm), swear, jurare expugndre. sweet, dulcis; suavis. story, fabula. swift, celer, vllox. strange (foreign), alilnus ; swim, across, tra.nare. (wonderful) minis. swine, sus, porcus. stranger, peregrinus , ho - sword, gladius. spes. syllable, syllaba. strength, rbbur , tirSs ; to Syracuse, Syrdcdsae. take fresh strength, rd- rls resumere. T. strict, serlrus. Tablet, tabula. strife, rixa. tail, cauda. strip, nUddre. take, turner* capere Stroke (of lightning), fvlmen. take away, adimere; strong, validus ; fortis. (by force), fripere. to study, studlum. study, to, stud&re. stupid, stultus, stupidus. subject, subjectus. subjugate, domare. succeed, succldere. succumb, succumbere. sudden, subitus. suddenly, subitb. suffer, pad, perpetl. suffering, dolor. sue for, petere. talk (subst.;, sermo. talk, to, colloqui. tall, prbcirus. talon, unguis. tame, to, domdre. tardy, tardus. taste, to, gustdre. tax (subst.), vectlgal, tribU- turn. tear, to pieces, dllanidre. tear (subst.), lacrima. tell, narrare. sufficient, to be, sufficere. temper, animus. satis esse. temple, aedls. suit, to, convenlre. tenacious, tenor. suitable, aptus , Idbneus tender, tener. testimony, testv.nbnium . thank, to (give thanks), gru lids agere. therefore, itoque, igitur, § 502. thick (coarse), crassut. thief, fur. thin, tenuis. thing, ris. think, putare ; cbgitdn (form an idea); aroltrdri (judge deliberately); opinari (as an individ lal conviction); sentlre (as a view), jddicdre (to judge), censlre (to esti¬ mate) ; See also re¬ member, esteem, con¬ sider. thirst (subst.), sitis. thirst, to, sitire. Thracian, Thrdx. throat, fauces. throne, imperium , regnum throw, jacere; off, abjicere. thunder, tondre. Tiber, Tiberis. tidings, nuntius. time, tempus. timid, timidus. tire, to, taedet. tongue, lingua. too, quoque. tooth, dens. top. cacumen. touch, tangere. track, vestigium. trade, commercktm; (hand craft) ars. tragedy, tragoedia. traitor, prbditor. transport, transporldre. transmittere. travel, to, iter facers. traveller, viator. treat, tractdre. treaty, foedus. tribe, gens. trick, dolus. triumph (subst.), triumpAut triumph, to, triumphdre. troops, cbpiae ; trouble, molestia, negbtium VOCABULARY, 170 troublesome, molcstus. trace, indutiae. true, virus. trust, odnfldere. truth, vlrum , vbra. trunk, truncm. try, expeftfl, tentdre, cdndrl. turn, vertere; tarn out, Ivddert. twins, geminl, gemeUl. U. Ulysses, Ulixls. unbounded, tnflnltus. ancle (father’s brother), pa- truus ; (mother’s broth¬ er), avunculus. unburied, insepultus. unconquered, invictus. understand, intelligere, ac- cipere, comperlre. understanding, mens. undertake, suscipere. undertaking, inceptum. unfair, inlquus. unfortunate, infilix, miser. ungrateful, ingratus. uninjured, incolumis. universe, mundus. unjust, inlquus, injustus. unlucky, infilix. unwary, incautus. unwholesome, nocens. unwilling, to be, nolle. upright, probus. use, to, utl. use (subst.), usus. usually, I am, soleo. usurp, usurpdre. V. Vain, vdnus. value, pretium. Value, to, aestimare , dUcere, pendere. varying, varius. venture, audlre. vessel, vds. 7ice, vitium. victory, Victoria ; to get the victory, vincert, victbri- am reportdre vigorous, acer. village, view. violence, vis. violent, vehemSns , acer. virtue, virtiis. voice, vox. Volscians, Volscl. vulture, vultur. W. Wait, for, exspectare. wait, to lie in, Insidiarl. walk, to take a walk, ambu- Idre. wall, murus ; moenia (pi.), (city) ; parils (party). want, to, car ere, eg ere, in- diglre; wanted to be, opus esse. want (subst.), egestas, inopia war, helium; to wage war, helium Inferre. ward off, to, defenders. warm (adj.), calidus. warn, monire, admonire. wary, cauius. waste, to lay, vastdre, popu- larl. watch, vigilia. watch (-men), custodia, cus- todes, vigiliae, vigills. watchful, vigil, vigildns. water, aqua. way, via; modus. way, to give, cedere; stand in the way, obsfare. wayfaring man, viator. weak, debilis, imbedllus. weaken, debilitare. weal, solus. wealth, dlvitiae, opts. weary (wearied), fessus. weary, to, taedet. weep, lacrimare, fire. weight, pondus. welfare, salus. well (adj.),san«s ; (ad v.),bene. when l quando. white, albus, candidus. whole, tdtus. wicked, malus, imvrolrus. 7* wide, latus. wife, uxor. wild ,ferus; wild beast, /era. will, voluntas; good-will, henevolentia, favor, vo¬ luntas. will, to, velle. wind (subst.), ventns window, fenestra. wine, mnum. winter, hiems. winter-quarters, hlberna. wisdom, sapientia, priiden tia. wise, sapiens, prudins. wish, to, optdre, cupere , velle withdraw, si recipere. witness (subst.), testis. wolf, lupus ; she-wolf, lupa woman, mulier, femina. wonderful, mlrus. wont, to be, solire. wood, a, silva ; (fuel), lignum, (building-wood), materia, word, verbum. work (subst.), opus. work, to, labdrare. world, mundus; orbis ter- rarum. worth (subst.), virtUs. worthy, dignus; to deem worthy, dignd.fi. wound, to, vulnerare. wound (subst.), minus. wreath, corona wretch (wretched), miser; perdilus. write, scrlbere. wrong, injuria. Y. Year, annus. yesterday, herd. yield, cedere. young (of animals), pullw youth, juveni8 ; juventHs Z. Zeal, studium. zealous, studiOsus SUPPLEMENTARY VOCABULARY, A. Able, to be, posse. achievement, facinus. act, an, factum. admiration, admxratio. advice, consilium. Aetolian, Aetolus. affrighted, perterritus. again, rursus. ago, abhinc. allow, permlttere ,* concl clere. although, quanquam , quamvis. animal, bestia. attire, orndtus. avail, to be of ,.juvare. avert, avertere. autumn, autumnus. auxiliary-troops, auxilia. await, exspectare. B. Beseech, obsecrdre. boar, aper. bog, palus. box, area , cista. burdensome, molestm. C. Carry, vehere —back, reve- here. cheese, casern. Cheruscans, Chlruscl. claw, unguis. clearly, perspicul , pldnl. clumsily, tardl. color, color. comfort, a, solatium. condition, conditio, status. consolation, soldtium. •overlet, str&gxdum. crown, wreath, corbna; kingly c., diadlma. D. Days, two, tnduum; three, triduum; four, quadri- duum. deaf, surd us. death, put to; see kill, deer, cervus. desert, to, dZserere. deserve, dignum esse. deter, to, deterrire. devour, devorare. direction, praeceptum. disappoint, fallere. dissuade, dissuddlre. doubtful, dubius. dusty, pulverulentus. E. Emerge, Imergere. enormous, immtbxsus. enraged, xrdcundia lldtus. eternal, aetemus , sempiter- nus. everybody else, clteti. evil, an, malum. exclaim, clamare. exhortation, hortdtio. extinguished, exstinctus. F. Fair (just), aequus. falcon, falco. false, falsus. favor, to, favlre. finery, orndtus. foolish, stultus. forum, forum. g. Garden, hortus. general, praetor. goldfinch, acanthis. Greek, Oraecus. grove, locus. goodwill, benevolentia H. Heal, medhti, sdn&re. hence, hinc. Hippocentaur, Hippos taurus. horde, caterva. hostage, obses. humble, hxtmilis. I. Ignorant, niscius. immortal, immortdlis. imprudent, imprudinr infirmity, inflrmitas. innate, inndtus. integrity, integrity*. Italy, Italia. J. J&w&.fcruets. K Kind-hearted, benlgnm. kindness, benignitds. L. Later, adv., post. let-go, dlmittere. liberty, llbertds. lictor, lictor. limb, niembrum. M. Magnanimous, magneun mus. magnificent, tplendidus magnxflcus. march, iter. mass, multitude. VOCABULARY 179 migrate, mlgrdre. misfortunes, incommoda. N. Negligence, nsglegentia. nevertheless, tamen. O . Ohserve, servare. occur, in mentem venire. once, at (immediately), star tim. only, adj., Onicus. opinion, opinio. overthrow, to, subvertere. ox, bbs. P. Plane-tree, platanus. philosophy, philosophla. pilot, gubemdtor. portico, porticus. proconsul, prbconsul. project, a, consilium. propose, intendere. proper, to be, cunvenlre. pull down, dlmere. put an end, finem facers. Q Quickly, cito. auiot, to keep, quiescent R. Race, gins. rain, pluvia; imber (show¬ er). reach, to, pervenlre ad. rebel, to, dbcnscers. recommendation, ccnnmen- datio. regard, to, habZre. regret, to, dolere. [nave. reign, a, regnum ; to, reg- rider, eques. rower, rlmex. rumor, rumor. S. Set out, projicisci. sharpen, acuere. sin, a, peccatum. size, magnitudo. sit, sedlre. sod, a, caespes. squander, dissipare. stability, stabilitds. staff, baculum. step, a, gradus. strive, nltl. sufficiently, satis. summer, aestds. sunset, &blis occdsus. swamp, valus. swiftness, csleritds. T. Tally, to, conveners. teacher, magister. theatre, thedtrum. thwarts, transtra. toil, labor. tower, turris. treason, prdditio. tree, arbor. tremble, to, contremiscer* Troy, Try a. tyrant, *"*• annus. Tyrian, Tyrius. U. Uncertain, incsrtus. unhappy, inflfix. unrest, perturbdtio. usefulness, utilitds ♦ V. Vain, in ,frbstrd. various, vdrius. W. Wake, to, trans. , sxpsrgefa cere. want, to (desire), veils. week, hebdomas. weighty, gravis. Weser, Yisurgis. wickedness, rtiquitia. without, sins. SUMMARY OF REFERENCES IN THE TEXT OF THE EXERCISE-BOOK. E. B. = Exercise-Book. O. E = 1872 Edition of Latin Grammar. N. E. = 1894 Edition of Latin Grammar. E. B. O. E. N. E. PAGE SEC. SEC. 17 286, R. 1 290, R. 1 22 224 233 26 500 498 36 224 233 43 586, R. 585, R. 46 469 467 360, R. 1 362, R. 1 345 346 246, R. 1 254,R. 1 49 375 376 236, R. 2 244, R. 2 50 209 218 51 351 351 52 « GO 291, R. 2 53 344 345 54 298 311,2 56 209 218 330,R. 2 331,R. 2 625 623 630 628 463 461 469 467 375 376 57 483 481 308 293 357, R. 2 360,R. 2 58 387 389 J 4 0, R. 3 337, R. 4 3 ,0, R. 1 362,R.1 60 236, R. 2 244,R. 2 1. The Latin language has a strong tendency to rhetorical repetition. 2. Imperfect of Endeavor. See No. 25. See No. 2. 3. Cum, with the Subj. is often translated by the English Participle. 4. The dependent interrogative is put in the Subjunctive. 5. The adjective form is often preferred to the Genitive. 6. Prodesse, to do good, to profit, takes the Dative. 7. The Roman uses the Indicative in such verbs, where we should expect the Subjunctive (Potential). 8. Verbs of Remembering and Forgetting take the Geni¬ tive. 9. The Future Perfect is used with greater exactness in Latin than in English. 10. The Passive often has a reflexive signification and an intransitive translation. 11. Dativus Ethicus, or Dative of Feeling, a usage con¬ fined to the Personal Pronoun. 12. Superlative denoting order used partitively. 13. Dative with Passive. 14. Ipse tibi, when ipse is emphatic, ipsi tibi when ipsi. See No. 10. 15. Adire aliquem, to apply to a man , adire ad aliquem, to go up to a man. 16. The Pluperfect Ind. is used of antecedent iterative action in the Past. 17. The Future Perf. Ind. is attracted into the Plupf. Subj. after a past tense in dependent discourse. 18. Whether . . or, isutrum .. . an. See No. 4. See No. 8. 19. Et is often omitted in contrasts. 20. Mille in the sing, is an indeclinable adjective, in the plur. it is a neut. snbst., and must have the Genitive. 21. A predicative attribute is often preferred to an abstract in the Genitive. 22. Place as Cause, Manner, or Instrument, needs no pre¬ position. 23. Ad with acc. to the neighborhood of, siege of. See No. 5. See No. 9. :82 E. B. PAGE 61 62 63 67 68 69 70 71 72 77 78 79 81 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 SUMMARY OF REFERENCES. O. E. N. E. PEC. SEC. 486 IS t 24. 600, R. 2 498, N. 2 25. 431 430 26. 346, R. 1 347, R. 1 27. 345, R. 2 346, R. 2 28. 612 610 29. 667, R. 1 o:, r. l 30. 287. R. 291, R. 2 31. 299, R. 312, R. 32. 236, R. 2 244, R. 2 457 455 33. 221 230 34. 388 390,2 35. 571 569 36. 212 221 37 208 217 38. 304 317 39. 631 629 40. 324, R. 6 325, R. 6 41. 346, R. 1 347, R. 1 298 311,2 234, R. 1 242, R. 1 483 481 278, R. 282, N. ‘ 42. 208 217 195, R. 8 204, N. 8 43. 486 484 586, R. 585, R. 278 282 277, R. 281, N. 44. 655 . 652 45. 623 621 46. 195, R. 5 204, R.5 47. 521 521 48. 586, R. 585, R. 324, R. 7 325, R. 7 49. 286, R. 2 290, N. 1 50. 444 445 51. 539 539 52. 293, R. 3 308, R.3 53. 408 409 54. 236, R. 2 244, R. 2 426 425 55. 469 467 349, R. 4 349, R. 4 56. 634 631,2 57. Autem is.postpositive, generally after the first word. Enim is often explanatory. rather than illative, and always postpositive. Veros of Giving and Taking take the Gerundive of the object to be effected. Verbs compounded with con-(COm-) usually repeat the preposition (cum). Persuadere, to persuade (make sweet), takes the Dat. of Person. Relative constructions are more common in Latin than in English. Latin often subordinates by means of the participle where the English coordinates by means of the finite verb. •» Adjective used partitively. Comp. No. 12. The possessive pronouns are often peculiarly emphatic. See No. 9. J * Nonne expects the answer : Yes. The English Progressive Perfect is represented in Latin by ihe Present, Separative Ablative after a verb of Removal. Dum, so long as, in past relations commonly takes the Perf. Ind. Reciprocal relation is expressed byinter se,inter nos,&c. A verb that takes the Dative cannot take the Passive except in an impersonal form: Mihi invidetur, 1 am envied, not invideor (poetic). A negative is involved : hence, quidquam- The Subj. is used in clauses which are complementary to the Subjunctive or Infinitive. A predicative adjective is often used instead of an ad¬ verbial phrase. See Vocabulary s. v. absence. See No. 27. See No. 14. See No. 126. See No. 70. The Perfect Participle is sometimes found where we should expect a Present. See No. 38. Singular tor Plural, collectiv ly. See No. 24. See No. 3. See No. 42. Memini of personal recollection usually takes the Present Inf. The Imperative is represented in Indirect Speech by the Subjunctive. The indefinite antecedent is commonly omitted. In Latin the plural of abstract nouns occurs more fre¬ quently than in English. Here the singular may be used as well. The Reflexive is used of the principal subject in de¬ pendent sentences of design. See No. 3. Primus the first, primum for the first time, primo at A common surname is put in the plural or repeated with _each praenoinen. Ne-quidem, not even, strengthens a preceding negative. Subjunctive in Indirect Discourse. Is does not represent a noun before the Genitive. Omit. Ablative Absolute. See No. 9. After prepositions the Gerund and not the Infinitive is employed. See No. 4. The possession of qualities is expressed by in aliaud esse (not alicul esse) or habere. Subjunctive of Characteristic. E. B. PAGE 93 94 95 90 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 100 107 109 110 112 113 114 115 110 117 118 SUMMARY OF REFERENCES. Ib3 O. E. N. E. SEC. SEC. 360, R. 2 362, R.2 58. 448, R. 2 449, R. 2 50. 199, R. 1 208,2 60. 445 446 61. 486 484 349, R. 4 349, R. 4 324, R. 6 325, R. 6 548 548 62. 370, R. 2 371, R. 63. 461 459 61. 381, R. 2 381,N. 2 65. 579 577 06. 195, R. 6 204, N. 6 67. 344, R. 1 345, R. 2 68. 208 217 69. 483 481 70. 221 230 497 495 71. 478 476 72. 401, R. 399, N. 1 73. 478 291 306 74. 301 314 75. 447 448 76. 195, R. 8 204, N. 8 195, R. 8 204, N. 8 612 610 286, R. 1 290, R. 1 244 252 199, R. 1 208,2 489 487 77. 195, R. 5 204, N. 5 78. 312 297 79. 357, R. 2 360, R. 2 80. 375, R. 1 376, R. 1 81. 363 364 82. 350 356 83. 305 318 246, R. 1 254, R. 1 646 643 84. 424. R. 3 423,R. 5 85. 317 303 86. 618 616 87. 292 307 88. 290 305 89. 349. R. 4 349, R. 4 448, R. v 449, R. 2 350 356 . 2)9 218 539 539 90. 243 251 91. 195, R. 8 204, N.8 486 484 219 219 92. 199. R. 1 208,2 651, R. 1 648,R. 2 93. So-called Genitive of the Author. A negative expression is often preferred to a positive, in order to enhance the effect (Litotes, understate¬ ment). Impersonals are freely formed from passives. The Latin requires no one ever. See No. 24. 8ee No. 50. See No. 41. Verbs of Forbidding take ne with the Subjunctive. Uterque is commonly used as a Substantive with pro¬ nouns, lienee, uterque nostrum. Or not in a dependent question is commonly necne- Mea, etc , can not have apposition. Use the relative. Antequam and priusquam more commonly have the Subj. after positive sentences. Plural, because logs. Ad, because ol the motion involved. Impersonal Passive with Dative. See No. 38. Et is either omitted throughout or inserted throughout. See No. 34. -Ve. a weaker form of vel. -Que complements. Adverbial Ablative. See No. 72. Demonstrative of Second Person. Some or other = aliquis. The negative immediately precedes the emphatic word or group. See No. 43. See No. 43. See No. 29. See No. 1. See E. B., p. 162. See No. 60. Vero is generally put in the second place. Pluralizing abstracts makes them concrete. The comparative is often to be measured by the proper standard. Abstract with the Genitive often corresponds to English adjective and substantive. Neuter Accusativi s are used adverbially with Verbs of Memory. The Objective Genitive commonly takes the substantive and not the possessive form of the personal pronouns. Double Dative. Better: to each man according to his bravery. See No. 7. Atque is used after Adjectives and Adverbs of Like¬ ness and Unlikeness. Verbs of Hope take the Fut. Inf., as a rule. A common way of heightening a superlative. The apposition is often taken up into the Relative clause : a tree which becomes which tree. Ille, of the future. Hie of the present. See No. 56. See No. 59. See No. 83. See No. 10. Quod after Verbs of Emotion, takes the Subj. in Indi¬ rect Discourse. Gerundive. See No. 43. See No. 24. The Passive of an action which one causes to be done to one-self. See No. 60. Ajo is used either as a lea ling verb or parenthetically. 184 SUMMARY OF REFERENCES, E. B. O. E. N. E. PAGE J SEC. SEC. 118 448, R. 2 4^ zp cv to 612 610 304, R. 2 317, 2.N. 2 94. 119 212 221 331, R. 2 333,1 95. 612 610 496 494 96. 634 631,2 120 467 465 97. 371 369 98. 353 355 99. 121 221 230 350 356 122 589 588 100. 371 369 101. 390 406 102. 444 445 103. 365, R. 1 366, R. 1 104. 124 631 629 125 625 623 105. 627 626 106. 127 393 394 107. 365, R. 1 366, R. 1 108. 250 257 109. 128 236, R. 2 244, R. 2 634 631,2 551, R. 3 555, R. 3 110. 129 208 217 131 510, R. 1 541, N. 2 111. 208 217 365, R. 1 366, R. 1 132 546, R. 2 546, R. 2 112. 623 621 199, R. 1 208,2 133 346, R. 3 546, R. 3 113. 134 639 636 114. 512, R. 2 512, R. 2 115. 221 230 135 566 563, 2 116. 626 624 117. 311, R. 4 296, R. 4 118. 252 258 119. 136 353 355 120. 302 314 121. 400 403 122. 312 297 137 371 369 138 462, 2 460, 1, b. 123. 515, R. 3 515, R. 3 124. 528 528 125. 548 548 Sec No. 59. See No. 29. Nullus is used idiomatically for non. See No. 37. The Cognate Accusative often appears as a Neutei Pronoun. To ask (his thing = to ask this question. See No. 29. Vel— vel gives a choice. See No. 57. Deliberative Subjunctive. Partitive Genitive. Gerundive. See No. 34. See No. 83. Cum is frequently combined with turn. More weight is thrown on the second member. Partitive Genitive. Opus est- The negative maybe subdivided by neque—neque or by aut—aut- Gen. of Property. See No. 40. Iterative Action in the Present is expressed by the Perfect Indicative in the dependent clause with the Present Indicative in the leading clause. QuI = is enim. takes the Indicative. In with the Abl. = in time of Genitive of Possession in the Predicate. Potential Subjunctive. See No. 9. See No. 57. Non dubitare, with the Inf. ordinarily = not to hesi¬ tate. See No. 38. Non quod commonly takes the Subjunctive. See No. 38. See No. 108. When Verbs of Will and Desire become Verbs of Say¬ ing and Thinking, they take the Acc. and Inf. See No. 46. See No. 60. When the idea of Wishing is emphatic, the simple . Subj. suffices. Relative clauses are comparatively seldom coupled by et and -que. The Pure Perf. Ind. is more commonly followed by the Imperf. than by the Present Subjunctive. See No. 34. Of a definite interval postquam usually takes the Pluperfect. The Relative construction is often used to mark the temporary, transient relation. After plus, amplius. and the like, quam may be omitted without affecting the construction. The Potential of the Past is the Imperf. Subj. generally in the Ideal Second Person. It is not changed in sequence. Gerundive. Quis fainter than aliquis ; often used after Relative forms, as, cum quis. Ablative of Measure of Difference See No. 79. See No. 98. Si. if , is frequently used after Verbs and Phrases im¬ plying trial. After Verbs implying Hope, etc., the Periphrastic Subj. is not necessary. Give a Passive turn- A few things seem and Gerundive. See No. 62. SUMMARY OF REFERENCES, 1 Sf) E. B. 1* A (t K 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 117 148 149 ro 151 152 154 155 157 O. E. SEC. 569 512, R. 2 234, R. 1 348 634 221 212 234, R. 1 593 236, R. 2 569 239 599, R. 1 239 240, R. 1 639 515 633 569 634 246. R. 1 239 345, R. 1 368. R. 2 3S7 293, R. 3 365, R. 1 484, 2 625 304, R. 2 543. R. 4 459 437 592,R. 1 195, R. 4 517 3)1 384, R. 446 379 317 547-551 350 363 441 515 634 375, R. 1 236. R. 2 612 N. E. SEC. 567 512, R. 2 242, R. 1 348 631, 2 230 221 242. R. 1 592 244. R. 2 567 247 597, R. 1 247 248,R. 2 636 515 631.1 567 631.2 254, R. 1 247 346, N. 3 370, R. 2 389 308, R, 3 366, R. 1 482,4 623 317. 2, N. 2 543, 4 444.2 436 591, R. 1 204, N. 4 517 317 385, R. 447 380, 1 303 1 547-549 > \ 554-555> 356 364 440 515 631.2 376, R. 1 244, R. 2 610 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. 145. 146. 147. 148. 645, R. 5 642,R. 5 149. 630, R. 1 628, R. (a) 150. 462 2 657, R. 460, 1, (b) 654, N. 151. 527, R. 3 527, R. 3 152. 315. R. 300, R. 153. 663, 3 660,3 154. See No. 105. See No. 115. The Future is used with more exactness in Latin than in English. Bat,, and Accus. or Acc. and Abl. See No. 57. See No. 34. See No. 37. See No. 126. Sin minus. See No. 9. See No. 105. Periphrastic Active. The imp!'. Subj. is sometimes used in opposition to the past. See No. 129. Urgere has no Supine ; hence the Periphrasis is ne¬ cessary. Who but who is not Latin. Omit but. Periphrastic Tense representing Future in a Subj. re lation. Subj. of Character. See No. 105. See No. 57. See No. 7. See No. 129. Deficere takes the Accus. Where there is no partition the Genitive must not be used. See No. 22. See No. 53. See No. 108. Ut—ita used adversatively. See No. 105. See No. 94. The sentence is final : hence ne quid. Ne is continued by neve (neu). Supine in -u. Literally : if merchants were not. Res is better when the gender is doubtful. The conditional Imperfect Subj. attracts its dependen¬ cies into the Imperfect. See No. 39. So Verbs of Placing with in and Abl. Say not is usually riego Genitive of Value. See No. 86. Verbs of Hindering take ne or quouiinus ; some the Inf. In order that they should take quin a negative must precede. See No. 83. See No. 82. Separation of adverb from verb gives stress. See No. 133 See No. 57, also 0 0- See No. 95. See No. 9. See No. 29. Quam gratissimuni facere. Explanations of the narrator are put in the Indica¬ tive. See No. 123. As if a Princioal Tense preceded : Repraesenta- tio. The Reflexive Subject is not unfrequently omitted in 6. o. Which of two = uter. Nunc becomes tum in 0- O. SUMMARY OF REFERENCES, ISO E. B. O. E. N. E. PAGE SEC. SEC. 158 333, R, 1 339,3, N. 4 155. Passive Verb of Teaching with Accus. of the Thing. 208 217 See No. 38. 632 630 156. Relative of Purpose with Subj. 160 304 317 See No. 39. 429, R. 2 428, R. 2 157. The Genitive of the Gerundive with esse signifies serves to. amounts to. 162 306 319 158. One of the two = alter- 667, R. 1 664, R. 1 See No. 30. 163 444 445 See No. 53 PARALLEL REFERENCES OF THE OLD NEW EDITIONS. OLD NEW OLD NEW OLD NEW 1-7 1-7 70 64 149, 150 129 8 10 71, 72 65 151 131 9 11 73 65,r. 1 and 2 . 152 133 10 12 ,i and 2 74 67, 68 153 134 11 13 75 69 154 135 12 14 76 70 155 121 ,r. 13 12,3 77 68 156 136 14 15 78 67 157-181 137-162 15 16 79 68 182 167 16 17 • 80 71 183 168 17 18 81 72 184 169,i 18 19 82 78 185 169,2, 170 19 20 83 82 186 171 20 21 84 80 187 172 21 23 85 , 1-3 82 188 173 * 22 24,2 85,4 83,n. 1 and 2. 189 174 23 24,i 86 86 190 175 24 25 87 89 191 130, 131 25 26 88 87 192 201 26,i 26,R. 89 90 193 202 26.2 28 90 91 194 203 27 29 90,i 91, 2 ,& 194,r .2 201, R. 2 28 30 90,2 92,i 195 204 29 31, 33 90,3 91, 2 ,c 196 205 30 34 90,4 91, 1 ,c 197 206 31 81, 33 91 93 198 207 32 32,2, 74 92 95 199 208 33, 34 73 93 94 200 209 35 76 94 96 201 210 36, 37 35 95 97 202 211 38, 39 36 96 98 203 212 40 39 97 99 204 213 41 40 98 100 205 214 42 41 99 101 206 215 43 42 100 102 207 216 44 43 101 103 208 217 45 44 102 104 209 218 45, R. 44,n. 103 105 210 219 46 44,2 104 106 211 220 47 46 105 107 212 221 48 47 106 109 213 222 49 48 107 110 214 223 50 49 108 111 215 224 51 50 109 112,i-4 216 225 52 51 110 112,5 217 226 53 52 * 111 114 218 227 54 52,6 112 116 219 228 54, r. 54 113 117 220 229 55 53,i-6 114 118 221 230 • 56 53,7 and 8 115 119 222 231 57 55 116-118 120 223 232 58, 59 56 119-122 122 224 233 60 57 123-126 123 225, 226 234 61 58 127,129,130 124 227 235 62 59 128 135,1.« 228 236 63-66 60 131-134 125 229 237 67 61 135-138 127 230 238 68 62 139, 140 126 231 239 69 63 141-148 128 232 240 I 88 PARALLEL REFERENCES. OLD NEW 233 241 234 242 235 243 236 244 237 245 238 246 239 247 240 248 241 249 242 250 243 251 244 252 245 253 246 254 247 255 248 256,i 249 256,2 250 257 251 259 252 258 252, R.i 257,n. 2 and 3 and 3 253 260 254 261 255 262 256 263 257 264 258 265 259 266 260 267 261 268,i 262 268,2 263 270 264 271 265 272,i 266 272,2 266, R .3 272,3 267 263, 2 , a 268 273 269 275 270 276 271 277 272 278 273 279 274 280,i 275 280,2 276 281 277 281,i and 2 278 282 279 283 280 284 281 285 282 286 283 287 284 288 285 289 286 290 287 291,i 288 291,2 289 omitted 290 305 291 306 292 307 293 308 294 309 295 309,i and 2 296 310 297 311,i 298 311,2 299 312 300 313 OLD NEW 301 314 302 314 303 316 304 317 305 318 306 319 307 292 308 293 309 294 310 295 311 296 312 297 313 298 314 299 315 300 316 302 317 303 318 320 319 321 320 322 321 323 322 349, R .5 323 324 324 325 325 326 326 327 327 328 328 329 329 330 330 331 331 332, 333,2 331, R. 2 333,i 331,R .3 334 331, R. 4 333,2,n.4 332 338 333 339 334 340 335 335 336 335,R.i 337 336 338 336,R.4 339 343 340 343,i 341 343,2 342 omitted 343 344 343, r. 2 350,i 344 345 344, r. 3 358 345 346 346 347 347 346,n.2 348 348 349 349 350 356 351 351 352 354 353 355 354 353 355 357 356 359 357 360,i 358 360,2 359 361 360 362 361 363 362 304,2 ; 364,n 363 364 364 365 365 366 366 367 OLD NEW 367 368 368 370 369 371 370 372 371 369 372 373 373 374 374 375 375 376 376 377 377 378 378 379 379 380,i 380 380,2 381, 382 381, 382 383 384 384 385 385 387 386 388 387 389 388 390 389 405 390 406 391 392 392 393 393 394. 394 omitted 395, 396 395, 396 397, 398 397, 402 399 398 400 403 401 399 402 400 403 401 404 404 405 407 406 408,n.7 407 408 408 409 409 410 410 337 411 391 412 386, 411 413 412 414 413 415 413, r.« and 416 414 416,R. 415 417 416 418 417 419 418 420 419 421 420 422 421 423 422 424 423 425 , 424 426 425 427 426 428 427 429 428 430 429 431 430 432 431 433 432 434 433 435 434 436 435 437 436 438 437 439 438 PARALLEL REFERENCES. OLD NEW OLD NEW OLD NEW 440 439 509 508 615 613 441 440 510-518 510-518 616 614 442 441 518,Ex. 518 617 615 443,i 442 519-549 519-549 618 616 443,2 443 550 554 618, r. 616,i,n.2 444 445 551 555 619 617 445 446 552 550 620 618 446 447 553 551 621 619 447 448 554 552 625 620 448 449 555 553 623 621 449 444,i 556 552 624 622 450 444,2 557 553,x 625 623 451 450 558 553,3 and 4 626 624 452 451 559 557 627 626 453 452,i 560 558 628 625,2 454 452,2 561 559 629 627 455 453 562 560 630 628 456 454 563 561 631 629 457 455 564 562 632 630 458 456 565 563,i 633 631,i 459 457,i 566 563,2 634 631,2 459, R. 457,2 567 564 635 632 460 458 568 566 636 633 461 459 569 567 637 634 462 460 570 568 638 635 463 461 571 569 639 636 464 462 572 570 640 637 465 463 573 571 641 638 466 464 574 572 642 639 467 465 575 573 643 640 468 466 576 574 644 641 469 467 577 575 645 642 470 468 578 576 646 643 471 469 579 577 647 644 472 470 580 578 648 645 473 471 581 579 649 646 474 472 581, r. 581 650 647 475 473 582 580 651 648 476 474 583 582 652 649 477 475 584 583 653 650 478 476 585 584 654 651 479 477 586 585 655 652 480 478 587 586 656 653 481 479 588 587 657 654 482 480 589 588 658 655 483 481 590 589 659 656 484 482 591 590 660 657 485 483 592 591 661 658 486 484 593 592 662 659 487 485 594 593 663 660 488 486 595 590, N.l 664 661 489 487 596 594 665 662 490 483 597 595 666 663,i 491 489 598 596,1 666 , r. 1 663, e 492 490 599 597 667 664 493 491 599,r. 3 596,2 ; 597,R.3 668 665 494 492 600 598 669 666 495 493 601 599 670 667 496 494 602 600 671 668 497 495 603 601 672 669 498 496,i 604 602 673 670 499 496,2 605 603 674 671 500 498 606 601 675 672 501 499 607 605 676 674 502 500 608 606 677 675 503 501 609 607 678 676 504 502 610 608 679 677 505 504 611 609 680 678 506 505 612 610 681 679 507 506 613 611 682 680 508 507 614 612 683 681 I 89 PARALLEL REFERENCES 190 OLD NEW OLD NEW OLD NEW 68 1 * 682 724 730 761 784 685 684 725 731 762 785 686 685 726 732 763 777, 780, 78: 687 omitted 727 • 733 764 790-793 688-692 688-692 728 734 765 794-796 693 696 729 735, 739 766 797 694 697 730 736 767 798 695 698 731 737 768 799 696 699 • 732 738 769 800 697 700 733 740 770 801-805 698 701 734 741 771 806-814 699 702 735 742 772 815 700 703 736 743 773 823,19 701 704 737 744 774 818 702 705 738 745 775 820 703 706 739 746 776 821 704 707 740 748 777 756 705 708 741 749 778 826 706 709 742 750 779 827 707 710 743 752 780 176 708 711 744 753 781 177 709 712 745 754 782 178 710 713 746 768 783 179 711 714 747 . 774, 773, 772, 791 784 180 712 715 748 769 785, 786 184-189 713 718 749 770 787 191 714 719, 720 750, 751 757 788 192 715 721 752 765 789 193 716 722 753 763 790 194, 195 717 723 754 760-762 791 194,n. 718 724 755 764 792 199 719 725 • 756 758 793, 794 200 720 726 757 759 795 196 721 727 758 783 796 197,2 ; JOg 722 703, R. 3 759 789 797 197,i 723 729 760 788, 787, 786 THE GILDERSLEEVE-LODGE LATIN SERIES UNDER THE EDITORIAL SUPERVISION OF BASIL L. 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