V /\ ,2 o 97 . A >¥ WWER LIBRARY:' LATIN PROSE , * * ! \ \ \\ ’ U»r ' ? THROUGH ENGLISH IDIOM. Euless anS Eictcissees ON LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION BY THE REV. EDWIN A. ABBOTT, D.D., HEAD MASTER OF THE CITY OF LONDON SCHOOL. WITH ADDITIONS BY AUTHOR OF “LYRA AND LATIN ALS OF* ADVANCED GREEK ETC., ETC. 1 "*• E. R. HUMPHREYS, A.M., LL.D., HRI-L^NI^A,’ ALS OFLA] »e coiii^iT't,cife?^^L b * 'i- .... «-• , YU - Oi ». 77 - - • • ‘ 4 • • H.>- •» 1- * , •*■*' *v VjSMph ^ JOHN ALLYN, PUBLISHER. 1876. _ • Copyright, 1876, By John Allyn. 131106 Cambridge: Press of John Wilson 6° Son. PREFATORY NOTE BY THE AMERICAN EDITOR. -♦- In using this excellent little Manual with my own pupils, I have felt the want of a series of simpler in¬ troductory exercises, illustrative of the “ Rules and Reasons,” and more especially of those applying to the prepositions ; and I have therefore prepared the additional exercises now inserted. I would suggest to teachers the advantage of carrying out the same plan to a much fuller extent while using this text¬ book. Much of the difficulty experienced by teachers in communicating, and by pupils in acquiring, a facility in Latin and Greek Composition would be removed, if the former would discard both the idea and the expression so constantly applied to the Greek and Roman tongues, — “ the dead languages.” Regard them, as what they are, and ever will be, so long as our English tongue survives, “ living,” and embody¬ ing the life-essence of all the best modern tongues, — teach them on the same common-sense, practical plans as you teach German, French, or Spanish, and iv PREFA TOR Y NO TE. the duty will become an easier one to the teacher, a pleasanter and more profitable one to the taught. From the long and successful experience I have had in teaching Latin and Greek composition, it will not, I trust, be deemed presumptuous in me to rec¬ ommend — as I did, several years ago, in the Intro¬ duction to my Livy — as one of the most valuable aids to acquiring correctness and ease of composi¬ tion, the frequent and close analysis and written translation of passages of Caesar, Cicero, and Livy, in Latin, and of Xenophon and Plato, in Greek, and then the requiring the pupil on the following day to turn back the translation thus made into Latin or Greek, not insisting on a word-for-word agreement with the original, but allowing new turnings to stand, if not wrong. This last plan I have ever found most encouraging to the pupil. While the “ Scheme of Latin Pronunciation ” is retained at the end of the volume, I feel it necessary to say that, beyond the Continental pronunciation of the vowels, which I have advocated and used for nearly twenty years, I dissent in theory — as do many scholars far more eminent than I — from many points in that “ Scheme,” and in the Syllabus, on which it is founded, — a syllabus which, to use the words of one of the professors who prepared it, “ has fallen still-born in England.” In practice , as a tutor for Harvard, I am almost of necessity led into its PREFATORY NOTE. v adoption, having to read with pupils who have been prepared on that system. I earnestly cherish the hope, however, that the Professors of Harvard, and other American Colleges, will yet reconsider this matter of Latin Pronunciation, and modify the rules laid down for the sounds of the consonants. 29^ Columbus Avenue, Boston, July 18, 1876. E. R. H. PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION. —4 The title of this book, “ Latin Prose through English Idiom ,” is not intended to be a meaningless antithesis. The Author’s object is to prepare English students for the study and composition of Latin Prose, by calling their attention first to the peculiarities of English idiom, and then to the methods of representing the English in the corresponding Latin idiom. The first part consists of ‘ Rules and Reasons.’ The pupil is supposed to have gone through a course of Latin Grammar and Latin Exercises, and to be on the point of writing continuous Latin Prose; and this part is intended to give a rapid summary of the Rules of Latin Syntax regarded fro?n an English point of view. The differences between English and Latin are not only brought prominently forward, but also, as far as possible, explained. The pupil’s-attention is called to the points in which English is superior to Latin, to the use of a and the, to the abundance of Tenses, of Verbal Nouns, and of Compound Pre¬ positions, and, on the other hand, to the Latin supe¬ riority in Moods. Rules are not despised, and are frequently and prominently set forth; but an attempt PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION. vii is made to prepare the pupil for them by analysing the English language, and by explaining the force of many English words that were, until lately, seldom explained, e.g. that, than, of. A good deal of space has been given to the Prepositions. It is hoped that the Dictionary of Prepositions contained in Paragraph 41 may be found useful, not only in preventing a good many common blunders made by beginners in Latin Prose, but also in training pupils habitually to connect and explain the different meanings of Prepositions both English and Latin. This seems a very useful mental training. The Rules are condensed, collected, and numbered at the beginning of the book, for easy reference. One inconvenience arising from treating the subject generally from an English, but occasionally from a Latin, point of view, is this, that it is difficult to preserve any strictly logical order in the arrangement of the Rules. This would be a very serious defect in a book intended to serve the purpose of a Gram¬ mar ; but in a book of reference it may, I hope, be excused, provided that the Index at the beginning is found sufficient to guide any moderately careless boy to the explanation and examples of each Rule. The Examples at the end are purposely unarranged, or rather are arranged with no other object than that, by the time the pupil may be supposed to have for¬ gotten a rule exemplified some six examples back, another exemplification may present itself to him viii PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION 1 . ' when he is off his guard. Connected examples are very useful to illustrate, but very useless to test a pupil’s knowledge. A pupil that knows he is “ doing ut” may answer correctly enough; but set the same boy on ut next day, when he is “doing quum” and his correctness will often be lamentably diminished. In order to serve as a better test, these Examples have not, as the Examples in the former part of the book have, the English peculiarities pointed out by small capitals. The pupil, covering the Latin with his hand, is intended to read off the English into Latin without any help or guidance whatever. The Exercises are arranged on a principle that I have adopted for many years, and that I may call the pitfall principle. Each Exercise contains a number of pits or traps. All traps that prove fatal are repeated in the following Exercise, in a disguised form. If the fatality continues, the traps are repeated, always masked in different expressions, until even the weakest pupil in the class gains experience enough to warn him of danger. An instance will explain what is meant. In the first exercise of the term, the teacher sets, perhaps, “ The excellent Balbus answered in haste, ‘ I asked you to come to Rome, and you promised to do so/ &c.” The bottom boy sends up, “ Egregius Balbus respondit celeritate, rogavi te venire ad Romam et tu promi¬ sisti facere ita.” The teacher points out the correct expression in each case :— (i) “ Balbus, vir egregius” ; (2) “summa celeritate,” or “celeriter”; (3) “‘rogavi’ PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION, fx inquit’’; (4) “ut venires”; (5) “Romam,” without “ad”; (6) “ te id facturum esse.” Then he sets something like the following (only carefully dispersing the different traps through different parts of the new exercise):—I am surprised,’ said (3) the passionate (1) queen, ‘that, though I repeatedly entreated you (4) to come with (2) speed to my assistance, you have made a foolish promise to remain at (5) Carthage.’” Here our five old pitfalls are re-introduced, and one or two, not worth now mentioning, are introduced for the first time. It is needless to say that the bottom boy will fall into the same pitfall four or five, or even, on the subject of Sequence of Tenses and Oratio Obliqua, ten times; but at last even the dullest avoid some pitfalls, and are found to have been goaded or wearied into something approximating to thought. The Exercises are selected out of some hundreds dictated in the course of an experience of several years. The English will occasionally be found abrupt, disconnected, and, it need not be said, uninteresting. I hope, however, that the language will be found free from the worst fault of such exercises—the fault of blending English and Latin into a Latin-English mixture that is no language at all, and that serves to teach nothing. The Exercises are meant rather as specimens of the kind of teaching than as models. Each teacher will do well to dictate, or, still better (if he has time), to write, exercises of his own. But though apologies may be due for the execution*, I X PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION. believe the pitfall principle to be extremely useful and stimulating, and I think the practice of writing continuous Latin Prose in this way might be ad¬ vantageously taught much earlier than it is taught at present. Boys are wearied to death by years o'f “ Exercises on Rules ”; and the monotony of the exercise tends to suppress thought. Some of the Exercises consist of extracts from the Percy Anecdotes, modified for the purpose of exempli¬ fying the differences between Latin and English idiom. In almost all of them will be found constantly re¬ curring exemplifications of the more important rules of Latin Prose, e.g. the Sequence of Tenses, the use o * ut ’ for to, and, above all, the rules of Oratio Obliqua. To this last I attach great importance, for I am per¬ suaded that a boy cannot be taught to master Oratio Obliqua without having been at the same time taught, in some degree, to think. - Although I fear that many pupils even in Sixth Forms might consult parts of this little book with advantage, yet it is not intended for them, and hardly touches on style. It does not, therefore, cover the same ground as Mr. Potts’ “ Hints towards Latin Prose Composition,” from which many of my pupils have gained great help. The ‘ Scheme of Latin Pronunciation,’ at the end of the book, is based on the Syllabus recently issued by the Latin Professors of Cambridge and Oxford, at the repeated request of the Head Masters of Schools. PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION. The Alphabetical Index, the changes in the headings of the pages, the easier introductory exercises, and the Appendix on the connection of sentences, introduced into this Edition, will, it is hoped, materially increase the utility of the book. The knowledge that the First Edition had been prepared somewhat hurriedly for the press prevented me from acknowledging the kind help of several friends, whose names I was unwilling to connect with a possible responsibility for mistakes for which I alone was responsible. In issuing this corrected and revised Edition I feel bound to express my especial obligations to Mr. J. S. Phillpotts, one of the Assistant Masters of Rugby, for his general supervision of the work from the first, and in particular for the Appendix in this edition, which is abridged from a sketch drawn out by him ; also to the Rev. J. H. Lupton, Sur-Master of St. Paul’s School, and to Mr. Henry Lee-Warner, one of the Assistant Masters of Rugby, for several valuable suggestions and corrections. My acknow¬ ledgments would be incomplete without reference to the help given me, in the course of preparing this Edition, by Mr. H. J-Roby—help that increases my regret that the second volume of his Latin Grammar is still a hope deferred. CONTENTS - 4 - PAGE RULES *.xiii RULES AND REASONS.I—Io6 MISCELLANEOUS IDIOMS.I07—130 GRADUATED EXERCISES.. . I3I — l6l SCHEME OF LATIN GENDERS.162 SCHEME OF LATIN PRONUNCIATION.163 APPENDIX ON THE CONNECTION OF SENTENCES . 164 ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 1 66 * These Rules will be found to sene the purpose of a detailed Index to pages 1—106. INDEX OF RULES. These Rules are intended to be committed to memory, and are therefore expressed as tersely as possible , without attempt at illustration. For explanations and examples, the pupil is referred ,, by the figures in brackets, to the Paragraphs in the * Rules and Reasons.* For instance Rule 92 simply states the Latin use of Verbs of fearing. For the explanation , the pupil is referred to Paragraph 49. The Index will also serve as a detailed Table of Contents to the * Rules and Reasons .* 1. There is a reason for every irregularity. (1) 2. Latin-derived words in English can seldom be re¬ presented by their Latin originals. (2) 3. Many English words, especially abstract Nouns, have no single corresponding words in Latin. (3, 3 a) 4. The English Passive should often be rendered by the Latin Active.' (4) 5. Do not translate the redundant it nor that in * that of.’ (5) 6. 1 It is the duty * 1 must &c. are often rendered by the Latin Neuter Gerundive with Dative of the Person. (5) 7. I have a book = est mihi liber. (5) xiv LATIN PROSE. 8. Latin Verbs taking the Dative in the Active must be used impersonally in the Passive, retaining the Dative, eg. 1 tibi a me indulgetur/ (6) 9. Quisquam and ullus are used in Negative and Com¬ parative Sentences, and in Interrogative Sentences that expect the answer ‘ no/ (7) 10. Each returned to his tent = Ad suum quisque ta¬ bernaculum rediere. (7) 11. Distinguish alter and alius, quis and uter. (7) 12. Observe the different meanings of ‘ one! (8) 13. Avoid Pronouns and the repetition of Nouns, as far as possible, by using the same Subject or Object for different sentences. (9) 14. Nostrum and vestrum are used partitively ; nostri and vestri in other cases. (10) 14. * Se, not is nor ille, refers to the principal Subject. (10 a ) 15. Use nullius, nullo, for neminis, nemine, (io) 16. The English Passive Indicative Present, eg. Ms caught, is ambiguous, and must be translated, according to the sense, by the Latin Present or Perfect. (11) 1 17. The English Imperfect after while is often rendered by the Latin Present. (11) 18. The English Pluperfect after till , before, and after is often rendered by the Latin Perfect. (11) 19. The English Present after when, if as long as, unless , before , and after, is often to be rendered by the Latin Future. (11) 20. Be careful in the use of the English Auxiliary Verbs. Remember that they are used Subjunctively as well as Indicatively, and that they often have their ori¬ ginal, as well as their Auxiliary, force. (12) INDEX OF RULES. xv 21. 1 1 ought to, could, have done] is, in Latin, ‘debui, potui, facere/ (12) 22. Do not fear = ne tinraeris ; not, ne timeas. (12) 23. Verbs of trusting, pleasing , helping , hurting, yield¬ ing to, suiting, resisting, favouring, envying, being angry with, take the Dative. (13) 24. I threaten you with death = minor tibi mortem. 25. Adjectives similar in meaning to the Verbs in Rule 23, and also Adjectives expressing likeness or unlikeness and proximity, take the Dative. (13) 26. Verbs of fulness, want , &c. take the Ablative. (13) / 27. Pudet, poenitet, piget, miseret, tsedet take the Accusative of the Person feeling, and the Genitive of that which causes the feeling. (13«) 28. Write ‘ interest Tulli’ but ‘ interest mea, tua, nos¬ tra, &c.’ (13 ou may be found hereafter not to have killed/ ‘ Ne interfeceris/ Rule—In Latin prose a Prohibition is ex¬ pressed by ‘ ne ’ with the Second Futuredor by ‘ noli ’ with the Infinitive, or £ cave ne * with the Present Subjunctive. Ne with the Present SuDjunctive is found i?ipoetry, to signify prohibition. 13 . The English Object was once represented by a Dative, as well as an Accusative, Inflection. In ‘give him the book/ him is the Old English Dative. It would be a mistake to say that to is omitted before him. This Inflection is now lost in Nouns ; but after some Verbs its place is still occasionally supplied by the Preposition to, e.g. ‘ I trust (to) the man/ Some Verbs and Adjectives, though not followed by Pre¬ positions in English, yet to a Latin ear indicated relation to, rather than immediate action on, the Object, e.g.: * Perhaps also to preface the verb by an indication of prohibition or inter¬ rogation. ‘ Do not c mie ’ expresses the prohibition earlier than ‘ come not,* and is less ambiguous than ‘ not come.' ■J- in Deponents, use Perf. Subj. * ne aspernatus sis.’ Par. 13a.] THE OBJECT OF A VERB . XI / ENVY (LOOK ASKANCE Invideo tibi ON ) you He is LIKE (UNTO) hisfather Puer patri similis est Rule—Verbs of trusting, pleasing, helping, hurting, yielding to, suiting, resisting, favour¬ ing, envying, being angry with, take the Dative. Rule—Adjectives similar in meaning to the above, and also Adjectives expressing likeness or unlikeness, and proximity, also take the Dative. Instances are given in Grammars and in the examples at the end of the book. Some words signifying nearly the same thing take different cases owing to a slight difference of original meaning. Thus medeor meant 1 am a remedy to, and therefore takes a Dative ; sano means I make healthy, and therefore takes an Accusative. So noceo takes a Dative, Isedo an Accusative ; impero I give orders to, a Dative, and jubeo I order , an Accusative followed by an Infinitive. Rule—Verbs signifying 4 I abound in,’ 4 1 am in need of,’ 4 I cease, or retire, from,’ mostly take the Ablative; Examples : egeo, careo, abundo, vaco, desisto, cedo. Indigeo mostly takes the Genitive. See Paragraphs 30,31. • y 13a. Old English Impersonal and Reflexive Verbs. Several English Verbs denoting feelings that, in old times, seemed to come inexplicably upon a man from without, e.g. pity, repent, were once used impersonally, e.g. ‘ it pitied them/ 4 it repented him.’ In the same way :— Rule—Several Latin Verbs denoting feel¬ ings of the mind are used impersonally and govern the Genitive of the Object of the feeling, e.g. ‘ I repent {it repents me) of my anger / 4 Poenitet me iracundiae meae.’ These verbs are pudet, poenitet, piget, miseret, taedet. 12 THE OBJECT OF A VERB . [Par. 14. N ote the following :— It is my interest that Balbus, Mea interest Balbum, Tul- it is the interest of Tul- lii interest te judicio litis thatyou, should win vincere the case Rule— ‘Mea/ ‘tua,’ * sua/ ‘nostra/ ‘ves. tra/ are used in the Feminine Ablative,* sometimes after ‘ interest/ and almost al¬ ways after ‘ refert/ to denote the person to whom a matter is of importance. ‘ Interest ’ takes the Genitive of names. Some Verbs denoting feelings were once reflexive in English., e.g. ‘ he bethought him oil So in Latin misereor, I pity (me of) ; obliviscor, I forget {me of) ; reminiscor, I bethink, O.E. remember {myself of), take a Genitive of the object. He pities us Miseretur nostri Recordor, / bear in mind , always, and memini sometimes (when meaning / keep hi me?rtory and not I think of), takes the Accusative. Several other Transitive English Verbs, I enjoy {enjoy myself with), discharge {busy myself with), eat {feed 7nyself with), I master {make myself powerful with )., are represented in Latin by Deponent Verbs governing the Ablative. Rule—‘ Fungor/ * fruor/ ‘ utor/ ‘ vescor/ ‘pascor/ ‘ potior/ f take the AblatiVe. 14. The Indirect Object in English is preceded, after all but a very few Verbs, by a Preposition. Give, ask, tell , teach , shew, &c. are exceptions, e.g. ‘give (to) (see page * ‘The origin of this singular construction is unknown. Perhaps the Pronominal Adjective has a kind of Adverbial signification, in my direction {in relation to me).’ —Madvig. It has been suggested that the original con¬ struction was ‘ re(m)fert Tullii, mea(m),’ ‘inter (rem) Tullii, mea(mj est/ ftbridg d to the present form. t Potior, like potens, sometimes takes the Genitive. Par. 15.] THE INDIRECT OBJECT. 13 10) me the book/ In Latin (where the cases do much of the work of the English Prepositions) the indirect Object is denoted by its case. He was keeping his father Patrem facinus celabat in ignorance of the deed Rule—‘ Doceo,’ ‘celo,’ ‘rogo,’ ‘interrogo,’ and ‘ oro,’ are followed by the Accusative of the person, as the Direct Object, and also by the Accusative of the thing taught, con¬ cealed, &c. as the Indirect Object. N.B.—Neuter Pronouns and Adjectives approximate to Adverbs, and are therefore used more freely than Mascu¬ line Pronouns and Adjectives. Note : I advise you to do this Hoc te moneo Rule— ‘Moneo,’ ‘admoneo,’ and ‘hortor,’ take an Accusative of the Person and an Accusative of the thing, if the latter is a Neuter Pronoun. In Elizabethan English, banish was used with an Indirect Object governed by an implied Preposition, ‘ I banish you (from) the realm.’ Much more naturally could the 1 atins use the Indirect Object in the Accusative afterthe expressed Preposition in transtineo, ‘milites Rhenum transduco.’ 15. Verbs implying motion. The case of the Indirect Object in Latin will be further considered under the head of Prepositions. But a few general rules may be laid down about Latin Verbs containing Prepositions and conveying a notion of motion to , or motion from. Such Verbs, eg. detraho, can be used metaphorically or literally. If we say ‘princeps detrahit milites’ we do not mean that the emperor literally himself draws away the soldiers ; but in ‘detrahit anulum’ the Verb is literally used. Literal motion must be more emphatically expressedl OBJECT AFTER VERBS OF MOTION. [Par. 16. 14 Princeps detraxit ( milites imperatori ( anulum de digito suo Rule — Verbs containing Prepositions, and conveying a notion of motion to or from, take the Dative of the Indirect Object when not literally used. N.B.—If literally used, they require the Preposition to be repeated for emphasis, as above, detraxit de.* Examples : — Afferre, admovere, auferre, circumdare, circumjicere, detrahere, deripere, eripere, extorquere, imponere, imprimere, incurrere, inesse, inferre, injicere, objicere, offerre, opponere, praeficere, subjicere, subjun¬ gere, supponere, subtrahere. Rule — Verbs signifying ‘ preferring ’ and the contrary take the Dative of the Indirect Object, or repeat the Preposition before the Indirect Object. Examples : — Anteferre, anteponere, praeferre, prae¬ ponere, posthabere, postponere. 16. The Object after Verbs of Motion. The Object after a Verb of Motion to in English sometimes dispenses with a Preposition. ‘ He went home / ‘ I’m going (Early English on , then a ’ or a-) fishingl Where the Prepo¬ sition is not quite dispensed with, the tendency is some¬ times seen, as in * He rides a-fieldl All Nouns that are often repeated after the same Preposition in English have a tendency to become Adverbs. Thus we say ‘ a-bed/ but not ‘a-chair’; ‘a-foot/but not (now) ‘a-knee*; ‘a-sleep/ but not ‘ a-slumberd Now the Romans thought more of towns, and less of countries, than we do. Farmers used at one time to live in the towns and go out to their work. So as they were co7itinually going into and out of thur * The Dative in ‘ Csesari ad pedes se projecit * is perhaps partly Pos¬ sessive, partly Dative of the Indirect Object. Par. 17.] TOWNS AND ISLANDS. 15 homes , their fields , and their towns, but not so often into ana out of countries, they omitted Prepositions before towns but retained them before countries. Small islands are naturally regarded as mere towns. Rule—After a verb of ‘ motion to,’ the names of towns and small islands are used in the Accusative without Prepositions, as also are 4 domum,’ 4 humum,’ and ‘ rus.’ Are you going a-field to - Visne rus hodie ire? day ? Rule—After a verb of ‘ motion from,’ the names of towns and small islands are used in the Ablative without Prepositions. So are * domo,’ 4 rure,’ ‘ humo.’ We shall set out FROM Carthagine proficiscemur Carthage Rule—After a verb of 4 rest in,’ the names of towns and small islands, if singular, are in a locative case ending in -se (which was once -ai) or -i; if plural, in the Ablative : Romae, Corinthi, Carthagini (sometimes written Carthagine) Athenis. The same rule holds for domi, ruri, humi. The fact that domi and Cerinthi are not real Genitives, explains some seeming anomalies. You may write ' domi nvese,’ which is one notion, and ‘ domi Cice¬ ronis ’ j but not domi with an ordinary Adjective ; ‘ in an excellent home ’ is 1 in domo optima.’ Urbs anJ oppidum, when in apposition to names in the locative case of the Genitive form, are placed in the Ablative, and generally (not always) preceded b> in. ‘ He lived in the once populous city of Antioch.’ ‘An* tiochiae, (in) celebri quondam urbe vitam agebat.’ 17. ; Is ’ used relatively. The word 4 is* in English, sometimes means 4 is relatively.’ The Latins distinguish i6 « the: [Par. 18. between ‘ is ’ in ‘ the child is (in the place of ) a conso¬ lation ’ and ‘ the child is (actually and absolutely) a boy/ In the former case they use a Dative (Representative Dative or Dative of Design) after est. ‘ Puer est mihi solacio,’ £ Do hoc tibi muneri.’* The same construction is found after one or two Latin words of giving and esteeming. Rule—Sum, do, duco (I esteem), tribuo, take a double Dative. This Dative, having the force of an Adjective, must not be coupled to any Adjective but one of Quantity. ' Est mihi ma^no (not caro) solacio/ Magno gives a Superlative force to the Quasi-Adjective solacio. ie. The Attribute. The unfortunate absence of our articles the and a compels the Latins to resort to all sorts of substitutes in the use of Adjectives. Thus they cannot translate ‘ the foolishf Tullia’ by ‘Tullia stulta/ for that might, and indeed would, mean ‘ Tullia is foolish/ or ‘foolish Tullia’ (where foolish would be a kind of name like our ‘ Simple Susan/ or like the Latin ‘ Africanus Minor/ ‘ Pompeius Magnus.’) Consequently they have to find some equivalent for the defining Article. They define, by mentioning fii'st the individual, and secondly the class with the attribute, ‘ Tullia, mulier stultissima.’ Rule—The Adjective (after ‘the’) quali¬ fying the name of an individual in English, often qualifies the name of the class in Latin. The TIMID dove Columba, animal timidissi' mum The III BRAVE officer Centurio, vir fortissimus 19. Tbe English use of two Adjectives. In English we often use two or more Adjectives, unconnected by Conjunctions, as epithets to a Noun, eg. ‘a good , brave. * Compare * I have a king here to my flatterer.'— Richard IT. t 1 Foolish' here sometimes = ‘owing to her folly.’ See p. 165, IV. t Ill Qibetween the Adjective and the Noun, sometimes = the. Par. 20.] the: 17 man.’ In Latin, owing partly to the absence of Articles, and partly perhaps to the allowable omission of est, 4 vir bonus fortis’ is inadmissible.* It might mean ‘ a good man is brave.’ The Latins therefore insert a Conjunc¬ tion, ‘vir bonus fortisque.’ In the same way the Latins do not insert ordinary Adjectives between hie, and the Noun qualified by hie. If any Adjective is inserted, it is generally tot or tantus, or some Adjective modified by tam. Perhaps the reason is that these Adjectives, being of a demonstrative nature, coalesce more easily with hie. Do not desert me in THIS Nemeinhac tanta (ortam SAD calamity tristi) calamitate dese¬ rueris Rule—Two or more Adjectives, whether pronominal or otherwise, are not attached to the same Noun without ‘ et ’ or ‘ que.’ N.B.— me often comes between an Adjective and its Noun, ‘ magnus ille vir,’ ‘ vir ille sapientissimus.’ 20. ‘ The’ defining a phrase. When a Noun is pre¬ ceded by ‘ the ’ or ‘ a ’ and followed by a Prepositional phrase, the English must not be rendered literally in Latin. ‘Homines in navi clamabant’ could not con¬ vey the meaning ‘ the men in the ship shouted,’ but might mean ‘ men, or the men, shouted in the ship: We must supply the Relative. But ‘homines qui erant in navi’ might mean ‘men that were in.’ It will therefore be better to put some Relative word first , and to say ‘as many men as were in the ship shouted,’ i.e. ‘ Quot, or qui erant in navi,’ or ‘ Quidquid hominum erat in navi.’ Very often the ambiguity can be removed by the inser¬ tion of a Participle or Adjective. Thus, ‘praelium ad Cannas multa millia hominum absumpsit,’ might mean ‘ the battle destroyed many thousands of human beings in * Where an Adjective and a Noun form one notion, e^.Etavis Oneraria, another Adjective, eg. maxima, may be added. c i8 « the: [Par. 21. the neighbourhood of Cannae/ but in { praelium ad Cannas commissum ; the ‘ad Cannas* is shown to be connected with commissum, by coming between the Participle and the Noun qualified by the Participle.* Another way of removing the ambiguity is to change the Prepositional phrase into an Adjective, prselium Can¬ nense. . - Rule—Prepositional phrases,where a Rela¬ tive is implied, require either the expression of the Relative in Latin, or the insertion of an Adjective or Participle, or else the in¬ clusion of the Prepositional phrase between a Substantive and Adjective ; e.g. * Qui erant in navi/ ‘ Praelium Cannense/ ‘ meum erga te studium/ There is an exception to this rule in the case of of. Where of is used for the Possessive Inflection ’s, it is rendered by the Latin Genitive. See also Paragraph 33 for other exceptions. 21. other uses of ‘the* that require notice (73) are :— I am not Tmz man to do thus Non is sum qui hoc faciam He was THE first to rise I lie primus surrexit The f sooner, THE better Quo citius, eo melius The , when meaning the great , requires care, e.g. 1 1 perceived the kindness with which I was welcomed by Tullius/ If you translate this ‘ Intellexi benevolentiam, quacum me Tullius excepit/ the meaning is, ‘ I perceived kindness, with which/ &c. But the object of perceived is, not really kindness , but the whole of the phrase defined by ‘ the / This can only be expressed in Latin by using a dependent interrogative form that shall shew that the * Such expressions as prselium ad Cannas, epistola ad Bal¬ bum (data), though they sometimes occur, are to be avoided. t In Early English thi was used as the Ablative of the Demonstrative and of the Relative, quo . . . eo. See Shakespearian Grammar, Par. 94. *A Par. 24.] 19 object of intellexi is, not benevolentiam, but ‘ quanta me benevolentia Tullius exciperet/ See Paragraph 53 * 22. ‘a/ ‘no/ ‘ every.’ A is generally unexpressed: but, if it means ‘ a certain' as in l a man once said to me/ it is sometimes translated by quidam. Carefully distinguish between, on the one hand, a re¬ ferring to a class—‘ a high tree, arbor (-es) alta (-ce), is more exposed to lightning than a low one ’—and, on the other hand, a when referring to an individual of that class : ‘ a tall tree (alta qusedam arbor) stood in my garden.’ Often, a approximates to a kind of, e.g. ‘ a curious torpor/ ‘ mira qusedam inertia/ No when applied to persons, e.g. ‘ ?io poet/ must be rendered by nemo (ne homo) (not by nullus), e.g. ‘nemo poeta/ i.e. ‘no man, provided that he is a poet/ Every must not be rendered by omnis (vvhich generally means all ) but by omnes, or, with Superlatives, by quisque. The Superlative, being regarded as a Noun and emphatic, comes first, ‘ doctissimus quisque/ 23. English Present Participles are freely used as Adjectives. We speak of‘a degrading , humiliating,per¬ plexing, pleasing, amusing, annoying state of things/ The preceding a or the enables us thus easily to convert Participles into Adjectives. The Latins, not having the Articles, have not the same converting facility. Rule—Present Participles must not be used as Adjectives in Latin unless the use is established by authority, as ‘ sapiens.’ Adjectives must be used instead, eg. turpis for de¬ grading : or the sentence may be turned so as to use a Verb. 24. Adverbs and Adverbial phrases in English are very often compounded with Prepositions, e.g. a-foot i C 2 20 ADVERBIAL PHRASES. [Par. 25. a-main, at home, hi haste , with anger , by right , of course. In such phrases, with is the most common Preposition, and it is therefore useful to remember the following :— Rule—‘ With’ must not be translated by the simple Ablative unless it denotes in¬ strumentality. Eg. ‘ He struck me with a stick/ ‘ Baculo me percussit : but 4 He answered with impetuosity, ‘vehementer re¬ spondit ; ’ or ‘ Cum vehementia respondit/ ✓ N.B.— If an Adjective comes between with and its Substantive, eg. ‘with great impetuosity/ the Ablative may be used : ‘ summa vehementia/ There are all degrees of any quality, e.g. celeritas. The Abl, in ‘celeritate adiit ’ is felt not to define the manner: for the question arises '•with what speed?’ But join SUmma to it, and we get an Adverbial expression defining the manner. The English ‘with speed,’means ‘ with (great) speed.' Rule—‘ In,’ when used metaphorically in English, must not be rendered by ‘ in ’ in Latin. E.g. in time meaning at last , is tandem, or, meaning punctuality , is tempori ; in haste is celeriter, or summa celeritate (but not celeritate). In my opinion is me judice. In, meaning in the case of, is sometimes found in Latin used metaphori¬ cally : in Themistocle, in the rase of Themistocles. The following Ablatives are regarded as Adverbs and do not require Ad¬ jectives. In due coni'se , recte atque ordine j methodically, Via et ratione j in 7 oord : verbo j in appearance, specie | in reality, re, or re ipsa • rightly, jure; not unnaturally, neque injuria j with force, vi ; 7vith craft, dolo. There are other exceptions that should not be used by beginners. 25. Adverbs. The following Adverbs require care. Now sometimes means at the present moment: in that case it is in Latin nunc. Sometimes it means by this time , or already: in that case it is jam. Par. 25.] ADVERBS. 21 I have been waning for Jam triduum expecto NOW three days Can you see ?ne NOW ? Num me nunc videre potes ? Rule—* Nunc’ applies to the Present sim¬ ply; ‘jam’ to the Present considered with reference to the Past or Future, i.e. after past waiting, by this time , or, before it was expected, al¬ ready. Only sometimes expresses something less than was ex¬ pected : ‘ he only spoke ; he did nothing.’ In these cases use tantum. Where only means by himself, by itself, use solus (m).* *' N ot only ’ is almost always ‘ non solum,’ or ‘non modo.’ In ‘if only,’ ‘provided only] the Latins use modo. Sometimes only is to be expressed by nihil aliud quam. ‘ In his old age, instead of riding he only walked,’ ‘ Senex, omissa equitatione, nihil aliud quam deambu¬ labat.’ More, when used with verbs and meaning to a greater extent, is plus ; when used with Adjectives, and also when meaning rather , it is magis. I love him MORE tha 7 i his brother He is MORE dutiful to his father than you are I hope more (rather) tha 7 i fear With numbers, use supra as Preposition or amplius See Paragraph 41, ‘ Above.’ Note the curious construction : He was more foolhai'dy Audacior erat quam fortior tha 7 i bold * In this case, alone is preferable to only. t Adjectives ending in -eus, -ius, and others that do not take the Comparative in -ior, take magis instead of the termination. Amo ilium plus quam fra¬ trem ejus Ille magis est quam tu erga patrem pius f Magis spero quam timeo 22 PREPOSITIONS . [Par. 26. Once is (1) forte, once upon a time; (2) semel, once for allj (3) quondam or olim, formerly. 26. The Prepositions in English do the work, not only of the Latin Prepositions, but also of many of the Latin cases, and (as will be seen hereafter) of many of the Latin Conjunctions. Consequently, in translating them into Latin, they require especial care. Distinguish always be¬ tween the original local meaning of a Preposition and its subsequent metaphorical meaning. Thus of or off origi¬ nally meant motion from : in Early English we find ‘ the leaves fall of (of) the treed Later, the purely local mean¬ ing of motion from was used to express an action that proceeded from the agent, ‘ we were received of * (by) the most pious Edward.’ Lastly, coming to mean connection of any kind, of was used of anything, not proceeding from, but belonging to , anyone, eg. ‘ the misfortunes of this worthy man.’ It is evident that the same notion, e.g. agency or price , may be represented by a different Preposition according as the notion is regarded. Thus, an action may be re¬ garded as coming out of the agent; in that case we may use of as in Elizabethan English. But it may also be regarded as near, i.e. by (by originally meant near), the agent. So price may be represented by at, denoting neighbourhood and hence equivalence, or for denoting (1 ) standing before , or in the place of, and hence (2) equivalence ; or in certain context you may say ‘ I bought it with my last shilling/ treating it as an ordinary action performed with, i.e. near, the instrument. The differences in Prepositions are so slight that they vary with the slightest variety of context ; and some Pre¬ positions that were in fashion during one period pass out of fashion in another. Thus we cannot now say as Shakespeare did, ‘I live with bread/ ‘he^lied with tickling/ but with after ‘disagree’ is not yet entirely supplanted by from. This being the case, before going through all the idioms * Mdcbeih. iii. 6. 27. Par. 28 .] EXTENSION. 23 connected with the several Prepositions, we should go at once to the notio 7 is represented by the Prepositions, and consider how those notions ate to be represented. In a language like the Latin, abounding in cases, the Preposi¬ tions have not been so much used as in English, and have consequently not so often assumed metaphorical meanings. They are mostly used locally ; the metaphorical English Prepositions are mostly represented by the Latin cases. 27. Extension. For means sometimes as ait equivalent for (one thing standing in the front of, i.e. in the stead of another): e.g. ‘ Pro tantis tuis meritis, quid tibi dabo?’ sometimes on account of \ ob or propter ; sometimes, from its meaning of equivalence , it is used almost redundantly to mean as much as before time and space, e.g. ‘ he walked for five miles,’ ‘ he waited for ten minutes.’ The Latins do not use (nor do the English always) a redundant Prepo¬ sition here, but put the noun in the Accusative as a kind of Object after the Verb, eg. ‘Tridui iter processimus/ ‘ Decem jam dies hic moramur.’ The for is omitted with the Adjectives long , broad , deep, high , ‘ Hasta sex pedes longa/ ‘ Fossa decem pedes alta.’ Rule—Extension of time ana space is ex¬ pressed by the Accusative. I 7 or, before time, when followed by a negative—e.g. ( For the last ten years he never came ’—is not expressed by the Accusative. The notion of extension seemed to gie Latins lost, as there was no action going on during the time; and the meaning seemed to be ‘ within ten years.’ The Latins therefore used (see 28) the Ablative: ‘Decem annis Romam non venit.’ Often bis, i.e. ‘ last,' is added: ‘ Nemo bis decem annis talia ausus est.’ 28. Point of time. At , in , by (all denoting neighbour¬ hood) are used in English to denote the time when a thing is done. In Latin the Ablative (which expresses a circumstance *) is naturally used to denote this. * “ The Ablative denotes in general that a thing belongs to the predicate as serving to complete and define it more accurately (so that it stands with the thing predicated in the relation of an appurtenance or circumstance').’ — Madvig’s Latin Grammar. 24 POINT OF TIME , PRICE. [Par. 29. ‘ Tertio anno urbs capta est/ ‘ Saturni stella triginta fere annis cursum suum conficit.’ Rule —The Ablative denotes the time at which or within which anything is com¬ pleted. A t , of place, must be expressed by ad or in, not by the Ablative by itself; ‘ ad hunc locum,’ ‘ hoc in loco ; ’ not ‘ hoc loco.’ Hieme aestate, die, nocte, luce, are also used for the season within which anything is done—* in winter,’ ‘ by day,’ &c. 29. Price is expressed in English indefinitely by at, definitely by for or (rarely) by with. The English- at (perhaps representing contiguity) is expressed by the Latin Genitive, perhaps the Genitive of quality.* The Latins do not use pro to denote price. For and with (in¬ strumental) are represented by the Latin Ablative (denot¬ ing a circumstance, see Paragraph 28, Note). It would seem that price when indefinite (as it is when you ask how much a man will offer) is regarded by the Latins as a quality, and expressed by the Genitive ; when aefinite , it is regarded as an instrument and expressed by the Ablative. ‘At what price did you buy the rice?’ ‘Gh, for a small sum.’ ‘ Quanti oryza empta est ?’ ‘ Parvo.’ Rule — The price is expressed by the Ab¬ lative. Rule —Tanti, quanti, pluris, . minoris (but magno, parvo, plurimo, &c.) are used after verbs of selling and buying. Rule— Magni, pluris, plurimi, parvi, mi¬ noris, minimi, tanxi, quanti, and nihili are used after verbs of estimation , and after est signifying it is worth. This seems to be a kind of Genitive of quality. The same construction, after non sestimo, facio, 81c. is used with assis, flocci, &c. ‘Non tc flocci facio,’ ‘ I don’t value you at a straw.’ * Madvig says, “ This Genitive is nearly allied to the Descriptive Genitive.” Par. 32 .] FULNESS AND WANT. 25 30. Fulness, in English, is generally expressed by Verbs and Adjectives followed by of or with. Of denotes that the fulness arises out of something; with, that the fulness is connected with something. Of is represented by the Latin Genitive, which in the best authors follows plenus. With (or in, e.g. * abounds in ’) is represented by the Latin Ablative, which naturally follows Verbs, e.g. compleo and impleo, to express the instrument by which the state of fulness denoted by the Verb is brought about. Rule—Adjectives, as well as Verbs, ex¬ pressing fulness are followed by the Geni¬ tive or Ablative. See Paragraph 13. 31. Emptiness is generally expressed in English by of or from, 1 void of] ‘free fromI Of denotes motion of {off ) and then connection, ‘as regards’; frotn denotes more distinctly motion from. Hence, in Latin, the Genitive is used where connection, motion in search of need of is denoted ; and the Ablative (which represents an external circumstance *) is used where niotio?i or absence from is denoted. Thus ‘ I have need of money ’ is ‘ Egeo pe¬ cuniae,’ but ‘ I am destitute of i.e. without money,’ is ‘ Careo pecunia.’ Rule—■ Adjectives and Verbs denoting emptiness are followed by the Genitive or Ablative. (1) Inops, pauper, egenus, indigus, and parcus take the Genitive. (?) Inanis, nudus, orbus, vacuus, liber, immunis, purus ( clean from), extorris and alienus (which last is generally followed by ab), take the Ablative ; so also do the verbs spolio, absti¬ neo, libero, solvo, levo, exonero, arceo, probibeo, take the Ablative of the thing. 32. English Prepositions following Adjectives may often be rendered by the Latin Ablative. The reason for * See Paragraph 28, Note. 26 PREPOSITION BETWEEN TWO NOUNS. [Par. 33. this is, that many Adjectives, having the force of Participles and describing a state, naturally take the Ablative to denote the instrument producing the state. Thus ‘ relying on your help ; is ‘fretus (supported by) tuo auxilio ’ ; ‘heavy with gold/ ‘ onustus (laden with) auro/ So with praedi¬ tus and contentus. In the following rule the Adjectives have not the force of Participles ; the Ablative rather expresses a circumstance, ‘ dignus mercede/ ‘ worthy m point of pay/ Rule — 4 Dignus ’ and * indignus ’ take the Ablative. Of in ‘ born of obscure parents ’ has its radical meaning off or fro?n. It is therefore naturally repre¬ sented by the Ablative in Latin. Rule— ‘Natus,’ ‘satus,’ ‘ortus,’ ‘genitus,’ ‘ editus,’ take the Ablative. 33. A Preposition between two Nouns in English often denotes that the second is the object of an action implied by the first, e.g. (1) ‘hunger for gold/ (2) i experience in warfare/ (3) ‘incitement to danger/ (4) ‘rules about life/ (5) ‘exemption from warfare/ In a great number of these cases, the English Preposition might be replaced by as regards. Now this as regards is one of the radical meanings not only of the English of but also of the Latin Genitive. Consequently this Ob¬ jective relation, as regards , is expressed in Latin by the Genitive, eg. ( 1 ) ‘ Auri fames/ (2) ‘ Rei militaris peritia/ ( 3 ) ‘ Periculi incitamentum/ ( 4 ) ‘ Vitse praecepta/ (5) ‘ Mi¬ litiae vacatio/ This is called the Objective Genitive. Rule—A Preposition (often ‘of’ or ‘for’) between two Nouns, if it denotes that the *of; i in: Par. 35.] 27 second is the Object of the first, is often ex¬ pressed by the Latin Genitive. TheGenilive is hence sometimes ambiguous : eg. * Injuriae iduorum’ may mean ‘injuries done by, or done to, the iEdui.' 34. ‘ Of’ after a Participial Adjective, formed from a Transitive Verb, is found, though not often, in English, e.g. ‘ I spare my purse/ ‘ he is spai'ing of his purse.' The fact is, sparing is here a kind of noun, and the construction is the same as* in ‘ he is a niggard of his money.' This of meaning as regards, is rendered in Latin by the Genitive, and such Participial Adjectives often occur in Latin where there are no corresponding Participial Adjectives in English. Rule—(1) Latin Active Present Participles from Transitive Verbs, when used as Ad¬ jectives, and (2) Adjectives in -ax, from Transitive Verbs, take the Genitive, e.g. ‘ La¬ borum patiens.' So amans, capax, edax, tenax, prudens, insolens, potens,f impotens. 35. ‘Of’ and ‘in’ after several other Adjectives in English are used in the sense of ‘as regards.’ These Adjectives suggest an object: e.g. ‘he is greedy ’ suggests the question ‘ he is greedy as regards what ?' Such Adjec¬ tives mostly express desire, experience or inexperience , knowledge or ignorance , participation, guilt , innocence, * Unless it is a result of the genuine Old English (still preserved in the slang of London and perhaps of other places), * he is a-sparing (in or on sparing) of his purse.’ Compare ‘the shepherd blowing of his nails,' 3 Henry VI. ii. 5. 3 .—Shakespearian Grammar, Paragraph 178. t Many Genitives after Adjectives may be explained by saying that the Adjective impliesa Verb and Noun, which Noun naturally governs the Geni¬ tive. Thus potens means having power of. Compare ‘The sovereign power you have of us.’— Hamlet, ii. 2. 27. So, in Greek, \vnne dfiolpog kan means ovk e\ei /ioipav \vm ng. 28 'OF .’ [Par. 36. e.g. 1 inexperienced in treachery/ 1 greedy of praise/ These Prepositions are rendered by the Latin Genitive, which naturally expresses the connection implied in as regards. Rule—An English Preposition between an Adjective and a Noun, when denoting that the Noun is the object of the Adjective, is often rendered by the Latin Genitive, eg. ‘Avidus laudis/ ‘ Perfidiae imperitus/ So, avarus, cupidus, conscius, inscius, nescius, rudis, gnarus, ignarus, peritus, memor, immemor, particeps, expers (also Abi.), reus, insons. 36. ‘ Of > after the Verbs accuse, acquit, but not after condemn , is used in English in the sense of as regards , about. In Latin the Genitive, which answers to this use of oj,\ is more common. But as these verbs are also used with the Instrumental Ablative crimine followed by the Genitive of the charge, it is possible that the Genitive depends on crimine understood. Rule—* Accuso/ ‘ incuso/ ‘ insimulo/ ‘ ar¬ guo/ ‘ convinco/ ‘ damno/ ‘ condemno/ * ab¬ solvo/ take the Genitive of the charge. 37. ‘ Of’ preceding a Noun denoting quality. Of meaning out of is naturally placed before the material {out) of which anything is made, and hence before the qualities that go to make up anything. This use of of is rendered, when referring to literal construction, by an Adjective, e.g. marmoreus, or by de or e, e.g. 4 factum de or e marmore ;* but, when metaphorical, by the Latin Genitive of Quality, e.g. ‘ he is a man of honour/ ‘ sum¬ mae est integritatis/ ‘it is a matter of difficulty/ ‘res est multi laboris/ The Ablative (denoting circum- PREPOSITIONS. Par. 39.] 29 stance) can also be thus used : ‘vir est summa integri¬ tate. J N.B.— Do not omit the Adjective , e.g. write ‘summre (-a) integritatis (-e),’ not ‘ integritatis (-e) ’ alone. The reason for the insertion of the Adjective seems to be this: ‘puer naso, or oris est’ contains no definition, as all boys have noses and Sices; but ‘naso adunco/ ‘oris pulcri,’ imply definition. The Adjective, though omitted in English, is really implied, ‘ he is a man of {great) ability.' Rule —Of preceding a Noun of quality is rendered in Latin by a Genitive or Ab¬ lative. 38. Of (out of, that which comes from , and hence belongs to, anyone) is often preceded by ‘ the mark’ to express a characteristic, e.g. ‘ it is the mark of a philosopher to be cautious.’ Sometimes we omit ‘the mark;’ we cannot however venture to say ‘it is of a philosopher,’ but we sometimes, especially after a negative, say ‘ it is not like a philosopher to chatter.’ The Latins can use the Genitive as a Predicate in all such cases, and can say ‘ PhilosopM cavere est, or non est garrire.’ Rule —It is the mark of, It is like, are often ex¬ pressed by the Latin Genitive. 39. Prepositions implying rest or motion. When an action or state is described, the English generally express by Prepositions the place where the action takes place. On the other hand, the Latins (and Greeks) usually express the place whence whither it is directed. This is ON my side ON the south-west and ?iorth-east The fruit was hanging ON the trees the action originates, or Hoc a me facit Ab occasu aestivo, et ab ortu hiberno Pendebat ex arboribus fruc¬ tus 30 REDUNDANT 1 OF.' [Par. 40 . He came from {to) his home AT Corinth On our way we broke down the bridge But, On our way the enemy attacked us Corintho (-um), domo (-um.) sua * (-m) venit Ex itinere pontem exscidi¬ mus Hostis nos in itinere op¬ pressit {rare) Rule—English Prepositions denoting rest must often be rendered by Latin Preposi¬ tions denoting motion. 40. The redundant ‘ of.» Of (partitive) is naturally used in such phrases as ‘ ten (out) of twenty ;' but it has come to be loosely used, by false analogy, after all , in ‘ all of us ’ and after a number that does not represent a part but a whole, e.g. 1 three hundred of us came/ The Latins do not adopt this erroneous construction, but say ‘nos omnes, nos trecenti venimus/ A similar redundant of is often used between ‘ town ' or ‘ city/ and the par¬ ticular name of the town or city, e.g. ‘the city 0/London/ This is not found in Latin : ‘ urbs Londinium/ Rule—Do not translate into Latin the redundant 1 of.' Of is often used after abstract Nouns, and sometimes ambiguously, e.g. “the reminiscences of Cl by or about) Balbus.” The Latins dislike ambiguity and (3 a) abstract Nouns. Hence:— The top OF the mountain The rest OF the ships After Before r the foundation OF the city the capture OF the ■s soldiers the birth OF Tul¬ lius _ sun-rise Summus mons Reliquae naves Post Ante urbem conditam milites captos Tullium natum solem ortum * The anomalous domum, -i, &c. may be qualified by a Genitive or by a Possessive Adjective, but by no other Adjective. See Par. 16 . Par. 41.] PREPOSITIONS. 31 Rule—The Latins often avoid the ambi¬ guous Genitive and the use of abstract Nouns, by using an Adjective or Participle instead of a Noun in the Genitive, followed by another Noun. 41. Dictionary of Prepositions. The following Pre¬ position-idioms will serve to illustrate the difference between the . English and Latin Prepositions. Preposi¬ tions used as Conjunctions, e g. 1 before he could arrive/ and followed by Verbals, e.g. ‘ before leaving/ are reserved for Paragraphs 66, 75. The student will not fail to notice the large number of compound Prepositions having no corresponding Preposi¬ tions in Latin, and therefore requiring to be rendered in some other form. About ( external neighbourhood ; d-be-out). About noon, 8 A.M. < 2 r*c. Circiter ) meridiem, se- Circa j eundam horam About (towards, coming Ad, better sub, noctem UP TO, GETTING ON FOR) nightfall About (during, before De nocte surrexit THE END OF, TAKING A PART OUT OF) night 9 Above (radical meaning, position over , a-be-ove , where ove is connected with over and up) ; (1) above , with notion of motion, super; (2) with notion of rest, supra; (3) above , figuratively, supra. This is ABOVE my strength Hoc supra vires est Above 500 men were slain Super (or supra) quingentos (or Quingenti amplius) occisi sunt. He is ABOVE deceit Honestior est quam qui mentiatur 3 * 'ACCORDING TO.' [Par. 41. According to. According to Herodotus , the facts are somewhat differe 7 it They will be rewarded according TO their deeds Herodoto teste res aliter se habet Suam quisque pro factis mercedem accipient After (aft-er). 'When one event comes immediately after another, it may be regarded as coming out of it. Indeed after is derived from of ‘ a comparative formed from of' (Morris), and may therefore naturally be rendered by 07 it of, which is an emphatic way of expressing of Hence, beside the more usual post: Immediately AFTER his C 07 i- sulship he left Rome One thing after (on the heels of) another He waited day AFTER day After your letter they read mine After (following on, BUT NOT IMMEDIATELY) this battle The day after the battle After (next to) God,you are my hope After (coming close to) the manner of a battle After the manner of slaves Ex consulatu Roma ex¬ cessit Aliud ex alio me turbat Diem ex die expectabat Sub (following from below') tuas literas, statim reci¬ tabant meas Secundum {rare) hanc pug¬ nam. Postridie pugnam Secundum Deos, in te spem pono Ad similitudinem pugnas milites sese exercebant Ad modum servorum Against (i) when preceded by a verb of motion is often rendered by Latin, in, eg. 1 Incitare in (2) when mean- ) Par. 41.] *as to: 33 ing ‘ in opposition to/ by contra, ‘ Conjurant contra rem- publicam (3) when meaning active hostility, by adversus, ‘ Adversus te contendimus.’ Agreeably to (i.e. in agreement with). Are you acting agreeably TO your orders in loiter¬ ing here ? We ought to live AGREE¬ ABLY TO nature We will speak AS AGREE¬ ABLY as possible to the truth Num ad {up to) praescrip- tum agis, hic tempus terens ? Naturae convenienter vi¬ vendum est Dicemus quam maxime ad veritatem accommodate Among {mixed with). (1) Of nations and large socie¬ ties, apudj (2) meaning in the number of in •, (3) meaning conspicuous amid, inter ; (4) meaning selected from among, e; (5) after a verb of motion, literal or metaphorical, sometimes in. Among the Germans Pain is reckoned AMONG the most serious evils A battle memorable AMONG the few defeats of the Roman people He was the only one AMONG seven that lived to ma7i- hood I will divide the booty AMONG my companions Around, see Round. Apud Germanos Dolor in maximis malis ducitur Pugna memorata inter paucas Romanorum clades Unus e septem togam virilem sumpsit Praedam in socios distri¬ buam As for, as regards, as to, when at the beginning of the sentence, may be rendered by Quantum (or quod) attinet ad j when in the middle, by de {concerning). D 34 'AT.' [Par. 41. At (neighbourhood). At the mercy of Balbus The city is at the mercy of fire At (i.e. close to or fol¬ lowing on) this I aim-AT, laugh- AT, look- AT, you In mann or potestate Balbi Urbs incendiis est obnoxia* Sub or ad haec Te peto, rideo, specto N.B.— Not ‘miror te/ unless you mean ‘I admire you/ Better ‘ admirationem mihi moves/ if you mean ‘ I am surprised AT you/ At the be- 'l ginning OF > the battle At the end of ) He is at the point of death Incipiente 1 Finem capi- > jam pugna ente ) In eo est ut moriatur Before (in the fore part) : (1) generally ante, after verbs both of rest and motion ; (2) prse after verbs of motion, immediately in front of, often used in the phrase prse se ; (3) pro, rest in front of; (4) ob, motion to meet , to the face of; (5) apud, more rarely c.d, in the presence of {a body of people) ; (6) coram, in the presence of (an indh vidual),face to face with. When before is applied metaphorically to (7) time, ante is used; when to (8) preference, ante, or (rarely) prae. He sent the cavalry BEFORE him He held a dagger before him They were on guard be¬ fore the gate Death presents itself BE¬ FORE our eyes Equitatum ante se misit (but, prsemisit) Pugionem prse se tulit Pro portis in statione erant Mors ob oculos versatur * Tacitus, but not Cicero. Par. 41.] ‘ BEYOND: 35 He was brought to trial BEFORE the jury He said this BEFORE the king Ten years BEFORE the con¬ sulship of Balbus Balbus was BEFORE all in militaiy distinction Apud judices reus factus est Coram rege hsec dixit Decimo anno ante Balbum Consulem Balbus ante alios in re militari floruit Below Beneath. j infra, literally and metaphorically. This is beneath me Hoc est infra me Below is often to be rendered by indignus est, or turpior est, eg.: He is beneath your notice Beside. This is beside the mark He is beside himself Turpior est quam ut debeas illi irasci (or quam cui) * Hoc est nihil ad rem, or proposito alienum Non est apud se Besides, when meaning in addition to , praeter; but ‘ Besides this there was &c/ is often rendered ‘ Hue accedebat ut esset 8 ccl Beyond: (i) of space and time, ultra; with motion, sometimes praeter ; (2) outside, extra ; (3) metaphorically, exceeding, supra. The lake had swollen BE' YOND its limits This is beyond belief Beyond question Lacus praeter modum cre¬ verat Hoc supra fidem est Sine ulla dubitatione D 2 36 1 but: [Par. 41. But (connected with out; leaving out), praeter. After a negative, or a question implying a negative, this Prepo¬ sition is sometimes replaced by the Conjunction nisi. What else was history then , BUT mere annal- writing ? He ALL BUT (EVERYTHING except) took the city Quid tum erat historia nisi {if it was not) annalium confectio ? Urbem tantum non ( just so 7 nuch as not ) cepit By (; neighborhood , hence agency, cause, instrumentality). I have a garden BY the Tiber I was sitting BY Balbus We travelled BY SEA, but the journey is mostly performed BY land Whenever he was by him¬ self He did it by himself I shall return BY {my re¬ turn is fixed FOR, so as to come i.ip to) the thir¬ teenth of April Ad (place) Tiberim hortum habeo Apud (person) Balbum sedebam In navi vecti sumus ; iter autem plerique pedibus conficiunt Quoties solus erat Ipse, nullis adjuvantibus, hoc fecit Ad Idus Apriles redibo By signifying agency is rendered by a or ab to denote that the action comes from the agent ; signifying instru- mejitality , by the Ablative, which denotes a circumstance, and therefore, among others, the instrument; signifying a medium, a remote instrument, by per. I was informed BY letter, Per literas, exploratores, BY spies, dr^c. certior factus sum By stealth, craft, degrees Furtim, dolo, paulatin Par. 41.] 'during: 37 If not BY fair means, then BY foul Ireland is less BY (instru¬ mentality) a half than Britain Day by (following on) day; one by one By {in the presence of ) Heaven / By (according to) what you say, there is no hope By way OF showing" his gratitude, he gave me this present Si possis recte ; sin minus, quocunque modo Hibernia dimidio minor est quam Britannia In dies; singuli Proh, deum atque homi¬ num fidem ! Hercle ! y Haec si \-era dicis, spes nulla restat - Hoc mihi donum dedit, quippe grati in me animi documentum Rule —‘ By ’ signifying agency must be followed by ‘ a * or ‘ ab ’ with the Ablative. Concerning, de, presents no difficulty. Considering. He was well read, con¬ sidering his youth, or ' AS BOYS GO Considering (in propor¬ tion to) our numbers, our country is small Multae erant, ut (dicam) in puero literae, or ut est captus puerorum Fines, pro multitudine nostra, angustos habe¬ mus During: (i) all through , in the course of per; (2) in the midst of, inter j (3) in, in (rare) ; (4) often rendered by dum, or by an Absolute Ablative. 3 « *DURING . [Par. 41 . During three years, he used to read DURING his dinner During the night he saw a dragon During the reign of Tul¬ lius He used to walk DURING his sleep Except (praeter with acc.). Where except is followed by that, or by a Preposition, it really governs a phrase and is a Conjunction, not a Pre¬ position. It is then to be rendered by ( 1 ) praeterquam, or (after a negative expressed or implied in a question expecting a negative answer), by (2) nisi. I am charmed by 7 ny estate, Praedia valde me delectant, except THAT it is not nisi quod parum fertilia fertile enough sunt I sent no letter EXCEPT TO Nullas literas praeterquam you ^ or nisi ad te misi With the exception of Excepto uno aut ad sum- 07 ie or at ?nost two mum altero Per triennum, inter coenam legebat Secundum or per quietem (but also in quiete) visus ei draco Tullio rege Dormiens ambulabat Excluding 1 , exclusive of. Exclusive of (besides) his perso 7 ial p 7 'operty, he has large estates Exclusive of {not to speak of) faults, he has com- i 7 iitted sha 7 neful C7'imes Praeter pecunias, praedia magna habet Flagitia, nedum or ne di¬ cam, culpas admisit For, radical meaning in fro 7 it of: hence ( 1 ) in place {stead) of; (2) in behalf of; (3) for the sake ofj (4) regard Par. 41.J * for: 39 being had to; (5) because of; (6) for the purpose of; (7) with a view to ; (8) as good as; (9) as much {long) as ; (10) for the price ofj (11) for what concerns; (12) about. They use shells FOR (in¬ stead of) jnoney He exchanges honour FOR money IVe must fight FOR (IN BE¬ HALF OF) our country I fear FOR you , not FOR myself For heaveds sake, help me 1 The battle was sanguinary FOR (REGARD BEING HAD to) the number of the combatants I cannot speak FOR (BE¬ CAUSE OF) joy He took a bribe FOR deciding a suit Pro nummo conchis utun¬ tur Argentum fama mutat, i.e. ‘ buys with fa 7 ne ’ Pro patria dimicandum est Tibi non mihi timeo (rare) Per te deos oro ut mihi subvenias Praelium atrocius erat quam ( cequu 7 n erat exfectare ) pro numero pugnantium Prse gaudio nequeo eloqui. (After a negative.) Ob rem judicandam pecu¬ niam accepit Also in this last sense, propter and de. He had been selected for (for the purpose of) the contest, which had been fixed for (with a view to, looking forward TO) the fol¬ lowing day I will set out FOR Athejis I will wait FOR THE PRE¬ SENT, or, if you wish , FOR A LONGER TIME In certamen electus erat, quod in posterum diem constitutum erat. (After a Verb of motion, real or metaphorical.) Athenas proficiscar In pra,sens vel, si posces, diutius expectabo 40 This 'will serve for (as good as) an exaniple to us He waited at first FOR (AS much as) ten days , then FOR (LONG DURATION) two whole years For how much did yoti buy this ? For a small sum For (for what con¬ cerns) my ft art, I shall go away We are badly off FOR ftro- visions As FOR (for what con¬ cerns) the ftrisoners, T know nothing about them For beauty she excels them all For (for what con¬ cerns) success he is too slothful He is too hasty FOR (FOR what concerns) me He was too late FOR the DINNER There is no cause FOR de¬ spair He may die FOR (for WHAT CONCERNS) 7 fie [Par. 41. Hoc nobis exemplo erit, (See Par. 17.) Homo primum decem dies, postea per biennium expectabat. (See Par. 27.) Quanti hoc emisti ? Parvo. (See Par. 29.) Equidem abibo A re frumentaria laboramus Quod attinet ad captivos, or, De captivis, nihil habeo compertum Mulier, pulcritudine (Instr.) quidem, or quantum ad pulcritudinem facile est princeps Ignavior est quam qui or quam ut possit rem bene gerere Vehementior est quam qui or quam ut possit mihi placere Serius advenit quam ut posset e convivis esse Non est cur desperes Per me licet pereat ' for: Par. 41.] • FOR* 41 For (for what con¬ cerns) all 1 know For (as far as regards, IN SPITE OF) all you say , you will not persuade me I am FOR Tullius You are no match FOR him So much FOR (about) this subject For .... to. For was once used before to as a sign of the infinitive, used in the sense of purpose, e.g. 4 What went ye out for to see ?’ Hence sometimes, where for is apparently a Preposition governing a Noun, it is really connected with to, and perhaps should be considered as governing the whole of the following clause, e.g. 4 The wind sits id\x* for news to go, i.e. for the going of news , to Ireland/ 4 ad perferendum nuntium.’ This use of for is especially common after too , 4 He is too deceitful for me to believe him.’ Here for is not to be taken with me, but with me-to-believe , i.e. 4 for the purpose of making me believe, he is too deceitful.’ This the Latins render thus : 4 he is more deceitful than anyone that I should believe : ’ 4 Hic est fallacior quam cui equi¬ dem credam.’ (See Par. 73.) Sometimes there is no notion of purpose, as in 4 it is rare for / 4 it is common for ,’ in which cases the Latins would generally turn the sentence by the Adverbs ‘raro/ 4 ssepe,’ sometimes by fit ut. It is rare FOR him to com- Raro culpam admittit, or mit a fault Raro fit ut culpam ad¬ mittat After 4 it is better/ for is rendered by the Infinitive. Quod sciam Quodcunque (or Quamvis multa) dixeris, non mihi persuadebis Equidem Tullio studeo Scito te esse illi imparem De hac re hactenus * Rickard, II, ii. 2. 123. [Par. 41. 42 * FOR. ’ It is better FOR one man to Melius est civem unum suffer than FOR a whole aliquid incommodi ac- nation to perish cipere quam civitatem totam perire For often connects two nouns in the sense of about, as in ‘ a signal for battle/ ‘ grief for his daughter/ ‘ no room for friendship/ In this sense it is often expressed by the Latin Objective Genitive. (See Par. 33.) For in the sense of about often follows English Verbs signifying desire, e.g. to ash, long, seek, fine, search, for. These would be rendered by single verbs in Latin, rogo, cupio, qusero, &C. From ( fro-m, where m is a superlative suffix ; cognate with Eng. fore) : (1) away fro 7 n, a; (2) down from, de ; (3) out of, e j (4) after Verb of motion, often rendered by Latin Dative, the motion from being expressed by the Verb of motion. FROM his childhood, youth , &^c. From the time when I re¬ turned From a slave, you became a freedman From his name the city was called Rome I am different Yie.OM.you I am different FROM what I oiice was He ca 77 ie FROM Carthage He w)'ested my kingdo 7 n FROM 7 )ie Inde a parvo, ab adolescen¬ tia, &c. Ex quo tempore redii •S _ • E servo libertus factus es Ex or de ejus nomine urbs Roma est nominata Alius sum ac tu, i.e. I a 7 n different and you (are differeiif) Alius sum atque olim fui Carthagine venit (Par. 16 ) Regnum mihi eripuit *in: Par. 41.] 43 From (like for) often follows a Noim or Adjective sig¬ nifying freedom from. In this sense from is often rendered by the Latin Objective Genitive, e.g. 1 rest from cares/ ‘requies curarum.’ (See Par. 33.) In, generally rendered by Latin in. In is omitted be¬ fore loco, modo, sestate, hieme, which are used adverbi¬ ally. When used metaphorically to describe the manner in which a thing is done, as ‘ in haste/ it must be translated in Latin by an Adverb or by cum ; but if the Noun is quali¬ fied by an Adjective, the Ablative is allowed without any Preposition. (See Par. 24.) J IN haste IN great haste Cum celeritate or celeriter Summa celeritate re¬ spondit So urbe, civitate, tota; but in urbe, in civitate. Late in the night ; in the third watch Once in ten days In England; in Herodotus Multa de nocte ; de tertia vigilia (.Before the ex¬ piration of) Decimo quoque die Apud Anglos ; apud Hero¬ dotum In Anglia would not be used except literally, i.e. for geographical description. In is very rarely used in good English for into , though it was so used by Shakespeare,* and it is still good English to say, ‘ he fell in love.’ The Latins often use in in this sense, with a notion of direction. The Accusative which means motion towards , naturally follows in thus used. This plain is ten miles IN Campus decem millia breadth passuum in latitudinem patet (i.e. extends in the direction of) * Shakespearian Grammar, Paragraph 159. 44 'IN.' [Par. 41. He spoke IN this way {to In or ad hunc modum ora- this effect) tionem habuit He was put in prison In vincula conjectus est Rule— « In,’ when expressing direction,* is followed by the Accusative. He did it IN ( influenced by) anger t In my judgment Where IN the world ? In accordance with (i.e. IN A MANNER NA¬ TURALLY SPRINGING OUT of) the letter, cus¬ tom, opinion, &^c. In accordance with {i.e. IN A MANNER FOL¬ LOWING, AGREEING with) ?iature, the law, &^c. In addition to money In addition to this, he had, &C. In the case OF Themis¬ tocles, skill was almost cunning In case of his death, what will you do ? In comparison with Balbus you are {excess') happy Per iram, or iratus hoc fecit Me judice Ubinam gentium ? Ex literis, consuetudine, sententia, & c. {More rarely de, down from) Secundum naturam, legem, &c. Prseter pecuniam Huc accedebat ut haberet, &c. In Themistocle peritia fere versutia fiebat Si mortuus erit, quid facies? Prse {beyond) Balbo beatus es * It is sometimes said that in after a Verb of motion governs the Accusa¬ tive : but of course this is not strictly true; ‘he was walking in a room’ is in cubiculo ambulabat/ * in: 45 Par. 41.] In comparison with Miseres ad (if you try to Balbus you are (de- comeuflto)Balb\im. (Or, fec{) miserable conferre, comparare) In compliance with, ex, secundum ; or turn by obsequi, morem gerere. In consequence of ex, propter, or turn by a Verb or Participle. In consequence of this defeat the consul re¬ treated to Mutina I was going IN THE DIREC¬ TION OF Arpinum l am IN FAVOUR of you This is IN FAVOUR OF Balbus He wishes to abdicate IN FAVOUR OF his son In the midst of the enemy He spoke IN OPPOSITION TO the proposal This is IN OPPOSITION TO that In POINT OF numbers In presence of In quest (or search) of truth we ought to grudge no labour In RESPECT OF natural ability and education he was no way deficie 7 it In spite of all the citizens could do Qua clade coactus consul Mutinam se recepit Ibam Arpinum versus A te sto Hoc a, or cum Balbo facit Vult ita se regno abdicare ut succedat filius Mediis in hostibus Contra sententiam dicebat Haec ab illis discrepant Veritatem conquirentes dedecet labori parcere Nihil illi neque a natura neque a doctrina defuit Civibus omnia ne qui equam tentantibus Numero, or quod attinet ad numerum (See Before .) j.Par. 41. 46 ‘INSTEAD OJF: In SPITE OF my interces - Me frustra deprecante si on * Inside of, intra. (See Within.) Instead of : (i) as a substitute for, pro j (2) as good as, loco (with Gen.); (3) in vicexn or vice is used in later Latin for as a substitute for. Are you ready to die IN¬ STEAD OF your frietid ? He was as it were INSTEAD OF a brother to me Bitumen was used IN¬ STEAD OF mortar Instead of love he gives us hatred Including, inclusive of.' There are in all two hun¬ dred of US, INCLUDING wome?i and children Num pro amico vis mori ? Loco fratris erat mihi Bitumen vice arenae inter¬ stratum Odit, quum amare debeat. (Par. 75.) Omnino ducenti sumus, si mulieres liberosque an¬ numeraveris Like is irregularly used as a Preposition (in the same way as near) : ‘ I write like her.’ See Conjunctions, As. Near: (i) prope with Acc. ; (2) close to, propter; (3) at, apud j (4) near, off, of land and naval battles, ad ; (5) hard by, juxta. Note the expression ‘prope absum ab aliquo loco ’ for ‘ I am near a place.’ Of {akin to off, diro, ab) ; (1) motion from; (2) out of; (3) in consequence of; (4) connection of any kindj (5) be¬ longing to ; (6) about. h'eland is on the south- Hibernia ab occasu aestivo west OF Scotland ad Scotiam spectat Par. 41.] He is within a mile OF the city This comes OF laziness He ccmes OF good parent¬ age A cup of gold A man OF Athens The vigour of youth A man of ability But, A man OF great ability Three hundred OF ) the citizens > survive All OF us ) The city OF Rome The battle OF Cannce The top OF the tree , moun- tain , &•*€. Don't stir a finger’s breadth, no not a hair’s breadth from this spot After the consulship OF Tullius He died (in consequence) » OF hunger Ab urbe minus mille passus abest Hunc habet fructum ig¬ navia Parentibus non humilibus ortus est Poculum es auro factum, or simply aureum Civis Atheniensis ( not Athenarum) Vigor juvenum or juve¬ nilis Vir ingeniosus ( not in¬ genii) Vir summi ingenii or sum¬ mo ingenio Trecenti es civibus super¬ sunt Nos omnes supersumus Urbs Roma Praelium ad Cannas pug¬ natum, or Cannense Summa arbor, summus mons, &C. Ne hinc transversum digi¬ tum, ne latum quide unguem abscesseris Post consulem Tullium Inedia* periit Compare for the use of the Ablative : ‘ Which is as bad as die with tickling.' Much Ado about Nothing, iiL r. So. 4 8 of: [Par. 41. News OF (about) his death has arrived What will become OF my brother ? What do you think OF this ? Swift OF foot (A-FOOT), ready OF wit Fama de illius morte huc adlata est Ouid de fratre fiet ? /V Quid de his putas ? Velox pedibus, alacer ani¬ mo Of is used partitively in English after eat , tastej but an Accusative follows edere, gustare. Of in the sense of about , de, is common after inform, know , think, glad , despair , doubt. Off, motion from, de j then of situation nautically, some way from : this the Latins render by contra, ad, propter, or by the ob in objacet, the Verb being followed by the Dative. The battle took place OFF Pugnatum est ad Actium Actium On (connected with in): (1) rest or motion on, in, or near something: (2) metaphorically, on or in a certain time : (3) positioji above, super or* Participle ; (4) meta¬ phorically, resting on as a basis, in consequence of, after: (5) metaphorically, about, de; (6) metaphorically, as an Adverbial Prefix. N.B.— On after a verb of motion is often rendered by in with Acc., and, after a compound Latin Verb, by a Dative. (See Par. 15.) Did you not put him ON the Nonne eum in equuleum rack ? imposuisti ? * E.g. ‘On his shield,' ‘clypeo exceptum, or supposito. Par. 41.] ‘ ON.* 49 On earth (as opposed to heaveii) On the Appian road He has a wreath ON his head London is ON the Thames On the north, rear, &r>c. On our journey We held a conference ON horseback l heard her play ON (with THE INSTRUMENTALITY of) the lyre, harp, £Ac. I feed ON bread On foot; ON our knees On the 26th of October On the next, tenth, &°c. day On (in the front part of) the platfor?n They carried him home ON his own shield On condition that you pro¬ mise On the completion, ) termination of his > consulship ) On (about) this point 1 have nothing to say Apud mortales ; in hac vita. (Terra would mean by land.) In Appia via Coronam in capite habet Londinium ad Tamesin si¬ tum est A Septentrione, tergo, &c. Ex itinere. (Par. 39.) Ex equis collocuti sumus Audivi illam lyra, cithara, &c. canentem Pane vescor Pedibus j genibus Ante diem septimum Ka- lendas Novembres Postero, decimo, &C. die Pro suggestu Clypeo suo (N.B. not ejus, as his own is emphatic) eum exceptum refere- ' bant Ita or Ea lege or ea condi¬ tione (rarely sub ea) ut promittas (also Ita or Ea lege si promiseris) Ex consulatu Consiliatu peracto De hac re nihil habeo quod dicam E 5 ° * on: [Par. 41. On a sudden; ON purpose He is on the watch for a fault Evils come one ON another Whenhewas ON THE POINT OF death I am ON Ccesads side I am ON neither SIDE This is ON our SIDE On the side of the Helvetii the country is shut in by mountains On this side, on that side, of the Alps He excuses himself O'®. THE PLEA OF health Subito $ consulto, de in¬ dustria Expectat durri pecces Calamitates alia ex alia in¬ sequuntur. (See After.) Quum in eo erat ut more¬ retur Sentio cum, pro Caesare Neutrius partis sum Hoc a nobis facit Ab Helvetiis montes re¬ gionem includunt Cis, ultra Alpes Morbi causa sese excusat (I nstrumen tali ty) On account of, propter; ob ; after negative, prse, per; ergo with a Genitive after its case, archaic. Also : It is ON ACCOUNT OF my Equidem amicorum vicem friends that I grieve doleo Opposite, (1) literally and metaphorically, contra: (2) literally, ex adverso, exadversus, followed by Genitive or Dative ; (3) right over against , e regione followed by Genitive or Dative ; (4) nautically used, off, rendered by ob in objacet or oppositum. Out of, (1) after a Verb of motion, literally, ex ; (2) out¬ side, beyond, , extra; (3) metaphorically as a result of, on account of, propter, per, or the Ablative with Participle. Out OF shot Extra teli jactum He obeys the laws OUT OF Legibus propter metum, or fear metu coactus paret Par. 41.] ‘PREVIOUS to: 51 He did it OUT OF fun He is OUT OF his mind It is OUT OF our power to acquit one who is guilty Per jocum id fecit Minus est sui compos Non est ea potestas nostra ut sontem absolvamus Outside of, extra. Over (1), motion or rest over, super; all over , per; (2) across , trans ; (3) rest over, supra; (4) metaphorically, more than , super (but better amplius) ; (5; metaphori¬ cally, extending over, during , per, or Accusative of dura¬ tion ; (6) where over denotes superiority in authority, it is generally represented by some compound Verb, eg. prae¬ sum containing prae and governing the Dative. Over ana above is super or praeter. We shall pass over the Rhine The plague lasted over a period of ten years He was set over the arnty Over against Trans Rhenum transjicie- mus (the Preposition may be omitted) Pestis decem (or per decern) annos durabat Exercitui praefectus est E regione (from the direc¬ tion) followed by Gen. or Dat. Owing to. Per, propter, It was owing TO you that I did not succeed Pending. Pending the decision of the judge, the plaintiff disappeared ob. Per te stetit quominus res mihi prospere succede¬ ret Ante quam judicari posset, petitor subito abierat (or re nondum judicata) Previous to, ante, Prep., or antequam, priusquam, Conj. See Before, and also Paragraph 66. E 2 [Par. 41. 52 . ‘regarding: Regarding (see With regard to). Respecting (see With respect to). Relatively to. Our loss , though great ab¬ solutely , is yet very slight RELATIVELY TO that of the enemy Cladem re ipsa magnam, sed cum hostium clade comparatam, levissi¬ mam accepimus Round, Around, (i) circum; (2) round about , less exactly, circa. Sometimes expressed by a compound, eg. circumdare. He built a wall ROUND the Urbi murum circumdedit city We must send ambassadors Legati circa vicinas gentes round TO the tieigh- mittendi bouring nations Since (1) with a notion of consequence, from , ex j (2) dating back from a starting point, with notion of con¬ tinuousness, a, inde a ; (3) with negative as in ‘ never since] post. Ever SINCE the beginning of the building of the bridge Since his childhood Never since the creation of the world » Ex eo tempore quo pons institui coeptus est. (Do not omit eo tempore in prose.) Inde a puero Nunquam post homines natos Through (akin to trans, Germ, durch) (1) radical meaning, motion across and out of through the midst of per; (2) applied to time, throughout , during , per; (3) metaphorically, indirect agency, per (see Owing to), but also turned by opera, beneficio. Par. 41.] *ra’ 53 It was through me that you recovered Tarentum Through his wealth he rose to be king Mea opera Tarentum re¬ cepisti Divitiarum beneficio rex exortus est Till (O.E. til — to), ad; usque ad. Often to be turned by a Conjunction in Latin. (See 66.) To,* (1) meaning motion to or into , ad, in; (2) exten¬ sion of space to, usque ad, tenus ; (3) extension of time to, ad, in ; (4) extension of number to, ad ; (5) motion to, hence object, purpose, result, in, ad ; (6) motion to, and hence comparison with, ad; (7) relation to, conduct to, erga, in ; (8) loosely used for as regards. He will go first TO Athens, then TO Italy His kingdom extends TO Taurus They fought TO a late hour in the day We lost TO the number of fifty men; the enemy were killed TO a man To what end do you say this ? This is TO the purpose He spoke to this effect Though he’s a good fellow, he’s nothing TO Balbus He was dutiful TO his parents, and strictly loyal to his kinsr Primum Athenas ibit, tum in Italiam. (Par. 16.) Tauro tenus regnat In multum diei pugnatum est Nostrorum ad quinqua¬ ginta, hostes ad unum occisi Quem ad finem (or quor¬ sum) haec dicis ? Haec in rem sunt In hanc sententiam dixit (or In hunc modum) Homo est, ut bonus, ita ni¬ hil ad Balbum Pius erat in parentes, per¬ petua erga regem fide * For io before Verbs see Paragraph 73. 54 « touching: [Par. 41. To my mind,you are wrong To the best of his power I would to God I could help him f Peccas, me judice < Peccare mihi quidem vi- ( deris Pro virili parte Ita me Dii ament, ut velim ei subvenire Touching: (i) as to , quod attinet ad, quod ad; (2) concerning, de. Toward : (1) motion in the the direction of (sometimes of time, sub with Accusative erga, in, with Accusative. They charged TOWARD the hill which looks TO¬ WARD the north Toward night He feels toward him the love of a brother direction of, adversus ; (2) in without motion), ad, in; ( 3 ) ; (4) in relation to persons, Impetum adversus collem fecerunt, qui in or ad Septentriones spectat Sub noctem Amore in eum fraterno est Under : literally and metaphorically sub ; followed by Ablative, but after Verbs of motion, by Accusative. Some metaphors, such as 1 under a pretence/ 1 under this head/ are rendered in Latin literally, and not meta¬ phorically, eg. per speciem, of a pretence/ ‘ in this class.’ This is placed by Balbus UNDER the first head ,’ but seems to me to come UNDER the other UNDER pretence of friend¬ ship, and UNDER a show of bringing about a peace ‘ in hoc genere/ by means Hoc a Balbo quidem in primo genere ponitur, mihi autem in alterum videtur venire Per simulationem amicitiae, et per speciem pacis reconciliandae 55 Par. 41.] ‘ WITH.' Under arms Under appearance of favour UNDER your guidance Under this condition that, &^c. Under these circumstances In armis Specie (adv.) beneficii Te duce Ea lege ut, &c. Quae cum ita sint Until (see Till). Unto (see To). With, radical meaning 1 from, against ’ (MORRIS) : hence, from meaning ‘ opposite/ it comes to have the meanings of (1) neighbourhood , re la tio ns friendly or hostile, cum ; (2) in the ha?ids of,\ penes ; (3) circumstance , cum or Abl. with Adjective ; (4) instrument, Abl. ; (5) circum¬ stance regarded as a cause , ‘ considering ,’ pro ; (6) in adverbial phrases to signify manner, Latin Adverb. V/ith whom does the de¬ cision rest f He came WITH speed With heaven's aid WITH your usual wisdom, you will be on your guard With pleasure, reluctance They fight with (among) one another instead of with (against, op¬ posite to) the enemy Having the wind WITH him With all my heart Penes quem est arbitrium ? Cum celeritate venit. (Or summa celeritate.) Diis juvantibus Tu, pro tua prudentia cavebis Libenter, invitus Inter sese pugnant quum debeant pugnare cum hoste Ventum secundum nactus Ex animo (i.e. from the bottom of my heart) [ Par . 41 56 ‘ with: It is all over WITH us Actum est de nobis What shall we do WITH ( Quid de hoc faciemus ? it? \ Quomodo hoc utemur ? The Verbs I am angry with, irascor (tibi) ; I go on with, i.e. continue, persequor ; I find fatilt with, repre¬ hendo j 1 agree with, assentior (tibi), illustrate the fact that with is often a part of a Compound Transitive Verb, and is not to be rendered by a Latin Preposition. I am the same * with you I fear it equally WITH you He was at Rome at the same time WITH me It would be interesting t< sitions and other Pronouns lowing way:— Idem sum ac tu, i.e. I am the same and you are (the same) Hoc, seque ac tu, vereor Romae, eodem tempore quo ego, vitam agebat > discover why other Prepo- are not combined in the fol- Rule—‘ Cum * is used as an enclitic in ‘ mecum,’ ‘ tecum,’ ‘ quocum,’ ‘ nobiscum,* * vobiscum,’ and ‘ quibuscum.’f With reference to ) With REGARD to | De; quod attinet ad; With respect to J sometimes to be expressed by emphasis, with the ad¬ dition of quidem. With reference to Tullius , I have no ground for asking your considerationj for the rest I should like to say a word Tullium (quidem) nihil habeo cur excuses; pro ceteris velim pauca dicam * This is hardly English, but it corresponds to ‘ different from. t * Tenus ’ in 1 hactenus,’ ‘ quatenus. Par. 42.] PREPOSITIONS OMITTED . 57 With, a view to (ad; in; causa with Gen. ; or turn by eo consilio ut). They all act WITH a VIEW Omnes sibi quisque con- TO their own interests sulunt Within: (i) of time, space, intra; (2) on this side of cis, citra. He was WITHIN a LITTLE Minimum abfuit quin of death * periret Without : (1) wa7it or abse7ice 1 sine; (2) outside , extra; (3) turn by Participle, Conjunction, or Adverb. He was C 07 idei 7 med WITH¬ OUT a hearing 1 Stro7ig without rage ’ He acted WITHOUT discre- ti 07 l Inauditus damnatus est ( Valet, neque tamen furit (Ita valet ut non furat Imprudenter fecit 4 - 2 . Ellipse of English Prepositions. The Preposition by is expressed in English to denote the measure of excess or defect, e.g. ‘ shorter, taller by five feet. ; But when the amount of excess or defect is mentioned before the Com¬ parative, the Preposition is omitted, ‘ (by) five feet taller/ where ‘ five feet ; is used, like ‘ this side/adverbially. The Latins make no difference whether the Comparative pre¬ cede or follow. (By) so 7 nuch the better (By) how far he siuf asses / Much worse He’s (by) a little too late Eo melius Quanto superat ! Multo pejus Paullo est tardior Rule — The measure of excess or defect is expressed by the Ablative, e.g. ‘ quinque pedi¬ bus major.’ 5» CONJUNCTIONS. [Par. 43. Some prepositional phrase, e.g. to the extent of ’ amount of ‘ seems to be required before high, deep, broad, &c. The Latins express this absent Preposition mostly by the Accusative case, ‘ Agger erat decem pedes altus ; ’ or else, less frequently, by the Accusative after habebat, e.g. 1 decem pedes habebat altus.’ 43 . Conjunctions, Coordinate and Subordinate. Co¬ ordinate Conjunctions are those that conjoin sentences that are parallel and not subordinate the one to the other. Thus in 1 1 came and, but, so, the7’efore, he returned,’ we have two coordinate sentences connected by and, &c. But in ‘ I came because he returned,’ I came is the state¬ ment or principal sentence, and he returned is only introduced as a reason, i.e. subordinately. This may be illustrated by a diagram. I came, - > - ‘ and he returned. - > - Fig. t. Fig 2. Par. ^a.] 'AND,* ‘BUT.' 59 In the first diagram the two sentences are parallel; in the second diagram, the sentence he returned is (i) an aiding cause, or (2) a neutral circumstance, or (3) an im¬ peding obstacle, and, in each of the three cases, Subor¬ dinate. 4 -A. Conjunctions Co-ordinate. And is added in English, illogically but usefully, to prepare the hearer for the last of a number of things enumerated, ‘ J ohn, Thomas, and ( lastly ) Harry.’- The Latins, not disliking the abruptness, or preferring logical symmetry to smooth¬ ness, say, ‘Johannes, Thomas, Henricus,’ or ‘Johannes et Thomas et Henricus.’ Rule—In enumerations, ‘ et ’ must be used throughout or not at all. 44 a. Enclitic Conjunctions. Too (meaning also), e.g. ‘You too , Brutus ! ’ must follow some emphatic word and cannot stand first in a sentence. The Latins have many such Enclitic Conjunctions. Rule—‘ Autem,’ ‘ enim,’ * quidem,’ ‘ que,’ ‘ve,’ ‘vero,’* and generally ‘igitur’ and ‘tamen,’ cannot stand first in a sentence, but must follow some emphatic word. N.B.—Distinguish between sed and autem. Sed (se-d by itself, something distinct from what precedes) qualifies, corrects, or denies : autem whereas, while (Greek &), in¬ troduces a second statement not inconsistent with the first. Distinguish also between verum bitt,.and vero truly. He is a little dull; while Ille quidem tardior ; tu you are clever , BUT un- autem ingeniosus, sed stable in all your actions in omni vita inconstans * Vero stands first in replies,^. ‘Will you come? Yes, and gladly* ‘Vero, ac libenter quidem.' 6o 'AND NOT; 1 AND HE.* [Par. 45. But introducing an objection abruptly is to be rendered at enim. But you were compelled At enim vi coactus fecisti to do it u YOU SAY 45. Negative Conjunctions. In English we do not shrink from saying ‘ and not/ ‘ and no one ; 5 but and means + , while not often means —, and the Latins felt the impropriety of saying ‘ et non ’ ‘ — / where the positive and negative are equally emphatic. They preferred to bring the negative to the front, and had at command the unemphatic form of and, que. They therefore pre¬ ferred to say neque, and also nec quisquam. So neve, nisi. For a similar reason the Latins dislike non valde, and prefer non ita. They also prefer nego to 1 dico .... non.’ Rule—‘ And not,* ‘ and no one,’ ‘ if not,* are to be rendered by 4 neque,’ ‘ nec quisquam,’ i nisi/ So also ‘ neque unquam,’ ‘ usquam,’ &c. We say ‘not even Balbus but, in Latin, quidem, being an enclitic (44a.) must come after the word that it quali¬ fies. Note therefore the following :— Rule—Do not say £ ne quidem Balbus,’ but ‘ ne Balbus quidem.’ 4-6. ‘ And he/ 1 now he.’ The Latins, greatly disliking ille and is to represent a previous Subject, prefer qui, to denote the Subject with the notio7i of connection. Rule —' And he,’ ‘ now he,’ &c. must often be rendered by ‘ qui.’ I called 07 i the 7nan AND HE Conveni hominem, qui me told me, 6r>c. certiorem fecit, &c. Par. 47.] ‘ AND , N OW since THIS is so Now when he heard THIS .. He also is often idem. Epicurus denied this : HE ALSO maintained that pain is tlu greatest pos¬ sible evil < but: 61 Qua quum ita sint Quibus auditis . .. Epicurus hoc negabat. Idem dictitabat sum- mum malum esse dolo¬ rem 47. ‘ And ’ and ‘ but ’ omitted. The Latins dislike a long string of coordinate clauses, and avoid them by using sometimes Participles, sometimes Conjunctions. In Eng¬ lish the power of converting almost any Participle into an Adjective, e.g. ‘ the burned cake/ prevents us from using the Participle in the same way in which the Latins use it. We could not say ‘he left the bunted bridge’ for ‘he burned and left the bridge.’ The Latins greatly prefer the Participial construction. Rule—‘ He burned and left the bridge * = ‘ Pontem incensum deseruit.’ But is also sometimes omitted in the same way: I asked hint what he Interroganti mihi quid watited, BUT he made vellet nihil respondit no reply * 1 But] ‘ while ,’ should be omitted where two state¬ ments, or questions implying statements, are combined for the purpose of bringing out the absurdity of the combina¬ tion. The Latins are fond of occasional abruptness. How! are we to suppose Quid igitur ! Hoc pueri that this is possible for possunt, viri non pos- boys, but impossible for sunt ? men ? But used for that not, see Paragraph 55. 62 SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS. [Par. 48. 48. Subordinate Conjunctions. We will first consider those that introduce a Subjective or Objective clause. That. Take the sentence ‘he is honest.' If this is to be made the Object of a Transitive Verb, e.g. ‘I know/ we can say ‘ I know him to be honest / where the Object of know is not him , but him to be honest. So the Latins say ‘ certo scio illum probum esse.' But, whether it be that we dislike the juxtaposition of the Transitive Verb, e.g. know , with a Pronoun, e.g. him , that is not really the Object of that Verb, or whatever be the reason, we cannot use this construction in many cases. For example, we cannot now say ‘ I hear or read him to be honest / nor can we say ‘ it is certain /zzV;z to be ho7iesth The Latins, more consistently, use this construction wherever a clause is introduced either as Subject or Object. ‘Audio (Obj.) illum probum esse/ ‘ Certum est (Subj.) illum probum esse.' In such cases we generally connect the Subject or Object with the principal Verb by that {how that) : ‘ I hear (Object) {how) that he is honest.' Compare in Greek \eyco on, in Low Latin ‘dico quod/ in French ‘je dis que.' So, ‘ that he is honest (Subject) is certain.' Rule—Do not translate ‘that* by ‘ut* where it introduces an Objective or Sub¬ jective Clause, but by the Infinitive, eg. ‘I am persuaded (I know) that it is true/ ‘ Persuasum est mihi haec vera esse/ In order to prepare the way for the Object sentence, the Latins often insert an Object pronoun, or an Adverb before the Accusative and Infini¬ tive, ‘ Sic a majoribus accepimus, injurias non ferendas esse.’ ‘ Quum sibi ita persuasisset ipse, &c.’ Sometimes ita is followed by ut with the Sub¬ junctive. ‘ Ita a patribus didicimus ut virtute magis quam dolo conten¬ damus.* N.B.— When the Infinitive has a Subject and also an Object, both in the Accusative, great care is necessary to avoid ambiguity. Thus, what is the meaning of— ‘ Aio te, /Eacida, Romanos vincere posse ’ ? The meaning would be clear if the oracle had said ‘ Aio, Par. 49-] *7 'HAT.' 63 Pyrrhe, te a Romanis vinci posse/ using the Passive, instead of the Active . Rule—Avoid the Ambiguity arising from the Accusative before and after the Infini¬ tive. 49. Exceptions —With 1 it seems that / ‘it is said that / the Latins use the Nominative and Infinitive. It seems that Balbus has departed It is said that Balbus lived to be an old man Videtur Balbus abiisse. (. Balbus seems, &^c.) Fertur (dicitur) Balbus usque ad senectutem vixisse Quin is qui ne, by which not. The Latins regarding doubt as prevetitive , say, instead of ‘ there is no doubt that this is true/ ‘ There is no doubt by which this should not be true/ ‘ Haud dubium est quin haec vera sint/ where quin is qui-ne, by which ?iot. Hence : Rule—‘ That ’ after ‘ there is no doubt/ is rendered by ‘ quin * in Latin. A similar kind of construction is common in Elizabethan English: * I doubt not but to ride as fast as he,’ i.e. ' I have no doubt (fear) about being prevented from riding .’—Shakespearian Grammar, Paragraph 122. N.B.—Note the Periphrasis necessary to express a Future passive after quin. Therds no doubt that Haud dubium est quin Europe will soon be futurum sit ut Europa divided into more parts mox in plures partes distribuatur That is used in English after I fear , as after I hope , think , &C. to precede the Object of fear /‘ I fear (What?) that he will cornel The Latins render I fear by vereor, I watch anxiously, which contains a notion of purpose. 64 'THAT.' [Par. 50. Consequently vereor is followed by ne and the Sub¬ junctive. I am afraid THAT he will come I was afraid THAT he would noj cojne Vereor ne* veniat, i.e. Iam anxiously taking mea¬ sures that he may not come Veritus sum ut * veniret, i.e. I was taking measures that he might come Rule—‘ That ’ after ‘ I fear ’ is rendered by * ne,’ and ‘ that not ’ by 4 ut ’ ; in both cases followed by the Subjunctive. 50. That is often omitted, eg. ’ I see (that) you under¬ stand/ ‘ I told him (that) it was so/ The beginner must be very careful to detect such omissions and to represent the Objective Clause by the Accusative and Infinitive. N.B.—Distinguish most carefully the above cases of omitted that from the following, ‘ I heard you sing/ No doubt this sentence might occasionally be used for ‘ I heard (that) you sing,’ eg. ‘ I heard, from my brother, you sing better than ever ’: but, as a rule, it would mean ‘ I heard you singingl The ambiguity arises from the fact that you has no inflection (to distinguish Nom. ‘that you sing’ from Acc. 4 I heard you singing’), and from the loss of the Old Eng. Inf. Inflection -en. As the Acc. and Inf. are used to represent that , the Latin rule is :— Rule—Translate ‘ I heard her sing 1 by ‘audivi illam canentem/ Note the greater richness of English in : I hear that she sings = Audio illam canere f SI NG =\ I heard her < (in the act of) _ [Audivi illam canentem ( SINGING j I * See Sequence of Tenses, 64. Par. 52.] ‘ whether; the relative. 65 51. ‘ Whether/and ( if,’ when introducing an Objective or Subjective clause, ‘ He asked whether, or if. this was true / are rendered by (1) utrum, followed by an or ne, (2) num, in both cases followed by the Subjunctive. N.B. Distinguish between whether thus introducing a dependent clause, and whether used to express a con¬ dition, sive. He asked whether this was true or not Whether this is Hue or false, I am not troubled by it Rogavit utrum hasc vera essent * annon Haec, sive vera sunt seu falsa, nullo modo me movent 52. The Relative Pronoun is often equivalent to a De¬ monstrative Pronoun combined with some Conjunction either Coordinate or Subordinate. Sometimes, as will be seen below, it introduces a' coordinate, sometimes a sub¬ ordinate clause. The English Relative, whether expressed by who or that , is rendered by qui. In English the distinction between who and that is as follows : Who introduces a new fact about, while that introduces some¬ thing essential to the complete meaning of, the antecedent. ‘ They succeeded in capturing the soldiers ( not all, but only those) that w T ere wounded, and also the children, who {for they) were left behind as an encumbrance.’ Now, wherever who introduces simply a new fact, with¬ out any notion of cause, purpose , obstacle , Q^c., and wherever that introduces simply something essential to the completion of the Antecedent, without any notion of such a kind that, the Latins, like ourselves, use the Relative with the Indicative. But in the exceptional cases above mentioned, where not a fact merely but a thought is introduced, the Latins, whose language is - richer than ours in Moods, use the Subjunctive Mood to express the thought, as distinguished from the fact , the fact being expressed by thelndicative. * See Sequence of Tenses, 64 F 66 THE RELATIVE PRONOUN. [Par. 52, Rule—Wherever the Relative introduces a thought, and not merely a fact, it is followed by the Latin Subjunctive. Some THAT had heard it Qui ex ipso audivissent from his own lips certiorem me fecerunt brought me word of it Here the Subjunctive denotes not a simple fact, but a thought, that the evidence of the class of witnesses here described is peculiarly convincing. Rule — Since classification implies * a thought,’ the Subjunctive follows ‘ sunt, erant, qui,’ ‘ there are some (such) that.’ There are some THAT say this is not true Caius Ligarius doth bear Ccesar hard, who * (be¬ cause he) rated him for speaking well of Pompey Balbus is one that (SUCH THAT) has always con¬ sulted the interests of his country rather than his own As for you, who (since you) have not slept for th}'ee nights, you are in¬ deed to be pitied Sunt qui negent haec vera esse {so sceptical that ) Caius Ligarius succenset Caesari qui se culpaverit quod Pompeium lauda¬ verit {so criiical that) ~y Balbus is est qui semper rei- publicae potius quam sibi consuluerit {so patriotic that) Tu quidem miserrimus, qui tertiam jam noctem non dormieris {so much troubled that) * Not a common use in modern English. See Shakespearian Grammar Paragraph 263. Par. 53. ] DEPENDENT INTERE 0 GA TIVE. 67 There is not a soldier , WHO (provided that he) is also a man , THAT would not I'ecoil with horror from such a plan Miles est nemo, qui modo sit homo, qui* non hsec perhorrescat (so hard¬ hearted that) Qui takes the Subjunctive, even when introducing a mere defining sentence, if that sentence is a part of a statement or opinion of some one distinct from the winter. This is a distinction that cannot be tersely expressed in English : Socrates used to execrate the man THAT was the frst to separate (as Socrates said) expe¬ diency from right Qui also takes the Subjunctive, where the previous construction is such as to convey the notion that the Relative Clause does not introduce a fact i.e. insubordinate Propositions dependent on clauses con¬ taining Infinitives or Subjunctives. The following are examples: Socrates exsecrari eum solebat, qui primus uti¬ litatem a jure sejunxis¬ set It is natural for power to be arbitrary (do what it likes) It is easy for you to advise me to keep myself in health SO far as I can Potentis est facere quod velit Facile me admones ut me salvum, quoad possim, servem 53. The Dependent Interrogative. What requires care. Where it means that which , it is to be rendered by quod or id quod, e.g. ‘ What you say is true/ ‘ Quod dicis, verum est.’ But interrogatively, what ? is rendered by quid ? 1 quid dicis ? } And the Latins, with their habitual distinction between fact and not fact , not only change quod into quid, but also change the Indicative into a Subjunc¬ tive, in a dependent Interrogative : * When nemo is at some distance from the Relative, quin is sometimes replaced by qui non. See Paragraph 55. F 2 63 DEPENDENT INTERROGATIVE. [Par. 54. Rule —In dependent interrogatives, e.g. ‘I ask what you say,’ ‘ quid ’ must be used, and the Verb must be in the Subjunctive, e.g. ‘Rogo quid dicas.’ The Latins in many cases prefer the Dependent Inter¬ rogative form to the ordinary Relative. I perceived the great kind¬ ness with WHICH I was received by my host Do you forget the many victories THAT you have gained ? Intellexi quanta benevo¬ lentia hospes me exci¬ peret m Num obliviscimini quotvic- torias reportaveritis ? N.B.—Do not make the mistake cf writing vic¬ toriarum, as though the Noun were governed by oblivis¬ cor. The Object of obliviscor is, not victorias, but the whole of the following sentence. Very often the, qualifying the Antecedent, implies great , e.g. ‘ I perceived the kindness with which.’ In all such cases quantus should be used. See Paragraph 21. Rule—When * the,’ qualifying an Ante¬ cedent, implies ‘great ’ or ‘ many,’ ‘ quantus ’ or ‘ quot ’ should be used instead of the Relative, and should be followed by the Subjunctive. 54. ‘That’ after Superlatives.* The English often use a Superlative preceded by the before the Relative : thus ‘ He sent me the niost beautiful flowers (of the flowers) tha,t he had.’ But in Latin, ‘ Misit ad me pulcerrimos flores quos habuit ’ might mean ‘ He sent me some very beautiful flowers that he had.’ To avoid this, the Latins place the Superlative in the Relative clause, ‘ Whatever (flowers) he had most beautiful, those flowers he sent/ ‘Quos flores habuit pulcerrimos, eos ad me misit/ or ‘ THAT . . . not: P ar 55 -] 69 ‘Misit ad me flores, quos habuit pulcerrimos/ All is transposed in the same wav : All THAT were captured were put to death Qui capti sunt, ii omnes interfecti The men THAT were in the ship Ii qui Si qui Qui in navi erant. Not homines qui, which might mean some men , who . There are other ways of rendering all . . . that: They will give up ALL the Quidquid ) divitiarum su- wealth THAT they have Si quid j perest, id omne remaining tradent Note cases where the Relative is implied in English, e.g. * The vigour of youth/ by itself, may be rendered vigor juvenilis ; but l I have lost ALL THE vigour Quern quondam juvenis vi- of youth gorem habui, eum om¬ nem perdidi Rule — Transpose the Relative in ‘ the best that/ ‘ all that/ ‘ the men that.’ N.B.—The Relative where used with the Indicative to define, often precedes its Antecedent. This may be a trace of its interrogative origin. ( Shakesp . Gram. Par. 251.) 55. ‘ That . . . not/ ‘but.’ When that has for its Ante¬ cedent no one or nothing, and is followed by not, that not are often combined in Latin and rendered by quin (qui-ne). There was NO ONE that Nemo erat quin fleret did NOT weep When that is the Object of a Verb, 1 quern .... non* is preferable to ‘ quin .... eum.’ There was no one that Nemo erat quern Tullius Tullius did NOT love non amaret 70 that: [ Par . 56 . N.B.- -But meaning except is often used for ‘that . . . not,’ ‘ There was no one but wept/ i.e. strictly, ‘ there was no one except those that wept/ But seems loosely used as a negative Relative, just as as is used as a positive Rela¬ tive in ‘ Such flowers as* I have, I will give/ In Latin, but is rendered by quin or qui . . . non. There is no one BUT hates Nemo est quin me oderit me 56. ‘That’ after repeated Antecedent. When the English Antecedent is repeated, or stands, loosely, in ap¬ position to a previous sentence, it is attracted, in Latin, into the Relative clause : He answered me with the greatest courtesy — A COURTESY THAT I shall never forget He lightened the taxes , A KINDNESS THAT secured him the favour of his country7?ien Summa comitate mihi re¬ spondit: cujus comita¬ tis equidem nunquam obliviscar Vectiganum onera levabat: quo beneficio cives con¬ ciliabat N.B.— You may turn sentences of this kind in some other way: but you must never render theyn literally . . • - -S . . 57. ‘ That ’ for ‘ when/ That , after an Antecedent of Time, is used for ‘on that/ i.e. ‘on which/ and is there¬ fore equivalent to when. On the day THAT (on Quo die hoc gustaveris WHICH, when) thou . eatest thereof When a Negative precedes that thus used, the Relative and Negative are often combined and rendered by quin (qui, old Abl.; ne): * Shakespeare writes sometimes ‘such which.' See page 72, note. Par. 59.] RELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS. 71 Not a day passes that he Dies fere nullus quin hue does not come here ventitet 58. Omission of the Relative. The Relative is often omitted in English, when it would come as an Object, just between the Antecedent and a following Subject, e.g. ‘A man (that) I saw yesterday said, &c.’ The pupils must remember that the Relative is never omitted in Latin either in such a sentence as the above, or with Participles , as in the following :— The soldiers (that were) shut UP in the castle conspired with those (that were) remain¬ ing outside the town Quidquid militum in castello clausum erat, cum iis conjurabat militibus qui extra oppidum mane¬ bant Milites clausi might mean i the soldiers , or some soldiers , being shut up : ’ ‘ iis manentibus ’ would mean ‘ them , while remaining / or 1 those mentioned , who were re¬ mainingl 59. Relatival Conjunctions. As (in the way , degree in which), quam : sometimes demonstrative, in that degree , tarn.* Balbus is AS (in THAT DE- Balbus est tam sapiens GREE) wise AS (IN quam ego which degree) I am Sentences like these might be turned by ‘equally/^. ‘ Balbus and I are equally grieved/ or, less logically, ‘ Balbus is equally grieved and I (am equally grieved)/ ‘ Balbus seque dolet atque ego.’ * In * as good as' the first as — so. In Elizabethan English so ... as was often used where we use as ... as. ‘ So well thy words become thee as thy wounds.’ Macbeth, i. 2. 43. This similarity between Demonstratives and Relatives is illustrated by the double use of that. [Par. 60. 'like: 72 You ought to have respected him AS (you ought to have respected) a father This is the same thing AS asking a question op a deaf man Illum seque (colere debuisti) ac patrem colere debu¬ isti Hoc est idem ac (idem sit) si surdum interroges (i.e. and it would be the same) also rendered by ut with the As (in the way in which) is Indicative, or by eodem modo quo. As you sow , so you must ut seres, ita metes reap As you please Ut libet I shall answer AS you did Ego respondebo eodem modo quo tu respondisti As in English is sometimes used as a Subject or Object, like the Relative Pronoun, e.g. in the two next examples : He said the same AS before Such help AS * / can give you I will (Being, or though I am+) Old AS I am I will resist Eadem quse antea, dixit Quod auxilium potero dare, dabo Quamvis (to whatever de¬ gree) senex, resistam 60. ‘ As/ ( like/ superlative notion of. As and like are often used, without any notion of comparison , to give a Superlative meaning, just as little boys say, ‘ I have such a beautiful toy.’ The Latins, more logically, express this Superlative notion by a Superlative Adjective, or, if the meaning is clear without it, they sometimes omit the Superlative : Who could disbelieve a man Quis Catoni, viro sanctis- LIKE Cato ? simo, fidem non tribuat? * 4 Such I will have whom I am sure he knows not.’ All's Well that Ends Well, iii. 6. 14. t 4 As near the dawning, provost, as it is.' Measure for Measure, iv. 2. 97. Par. 62.] than: It would be moiistrous that such men AS the Grac¬ chi should complain of unconstitutional con¬ duct / A man like you will al¬ ways spare the conquered We must not desert such a brave fellow as Richard 73 Quis Gracchos, de seditione querentes, tulerit ? Tu, cujus es misericordiae, semper victis parces Ricardus, vir fortissimus, nullo modo est deseren¬ dus Rule —‘ Such . . . as/ ‘ a man like/ must often be rendered by the Latin Superlative. 61 . ‘Than’ expressed by ‘quam.’ ‘Tullius is wiser than I/ is to be explained as follows : Than is a form of the , the old Relative, meaning in what way , so that the above sentence means ‘ In what way {whereas') I am wise, Tullius is wiser/ So, ‘ In what way ( whereas ) you helped me, you helped no one more/ The Latin equiva¬ lent for in what way is quam. Hence : You helped no one more Nemini plus quam mihi THAN me subvenisti His gift was greater in Donum dedit specie quam appearance THAN in re majus reality Rule—When two words are connected in the way of comparison by ‘ quam/ and when the Verb is the same in each member of the sentence of Comparison, the two words stand in the same case. 62 . ‘Than ’ expressed by the Ablative. Comparison may be differently expressed. ‘ Tallness ; is relative; a man that is not ‘talR (as compared with average men) may be made to appear ‘ taller } by the presence of 74 ‘ than: [Par. 63 . Balbus. Hence Balbus may be considered as the instru¬ ment that makes Tullius ‘ tall ’; and the sentence may be expressed, ‘Tullius is made taller by Balbus ,’ ‘Tullius procerior est Balbo.’ But the construction is liable to ambiguity, when the first member of the comparison is expressed by a Noun that is not in the Nominative or Accusative, e.g. ‘ Donum dedit specie majus re,’ i.e. ‘ greater than a thing] or, ‘ greater than in realityl Hence : Rule—* Quam ’ cannot be replaced by the Ablative of the second member of the com¬ parison unless the first member of the com¬ parison is in the Nominative or Accusative. 63. ‘Than,’ followed by a new Verb. If the second Noun is connected with a different Verb from the first, the new Verb is generally inserted, and the second Noun put in the necessary case. Such conduct would have Talia sapientiori placuis- pleased a wiser man sent homini quam tunc THAN Balbus was then erat Balbus When the first Noun is in the Accusative, the new Verb is sometimes omitted, and the second Noun is attracted into the same case as the first, e.g. ‘ Ego hominem callidiorem vidi neminem quam Balbum.’ If the instrumental force of the Ablative is kept in mind, the reason for the following caution will be evident : N.B.— Take care not to use the Ablative instead of ‘quam’ where the Adjective does not qualify either member of the comparison, e.g. ‘ He has a taller horse than I.’ Here ‘ 7 ’ cannot be regarded as the instrument ' of comparison ; it: is not ‘ /,’ but ‘ my horse ’ that makes his horse appear taller. Hence : Par. 64 .] SEQUENCE OF TENSES. 75 * More than a hundred* might be rendered by ‘ a hun¬ dred and more.’ This construction is common in Latin, and in it the comparison does not affect the case of the Numeral Adjective. Plus in plusquam (as well as am¬ plius) is thus adverbially used. More than two hwidred were captured I see the names of MORE THAN five hundred of my countrymen Ducenti (et) amplius capti sunt Nomina video plus quam quingentorum civium 64-. Sequence of Tenses. Before entering on the other Subordinate Conjunctions, it will be well to explain the rule that will regulate the Tenses following these Con¬ junctions. In subordinate sentences the Tense of the subordinate Latin Verb is dependent on the Tense of the principal Verb, e.g .: ' am making 7 nake have made Rogo / have * been making ) shall , will be making ) shall , will make j shall have made a request that HE MAY BE PARDONED was making made had made had * been making that he MIGHT BE PAR¬ DONED Rogavi Rogabo 'Ut illi Rogavero ignoscatur a request Rogabam Rogavi Rogaveram ignosceretur ut illi So far, the Rule in Latin is evident. Like follows Like. The Future and Present Tenses (for rogavi, when mean¬ ing ‘ I have asked/ means ‘ I have something asked/ and is therefore a Complete Present Tense) are followed by * See Paragraph n. 76 SEQUENCE OF TENSES. [Par. 64 . the Present Subjunctive, and the Past Tenses by the Past Subjunctive. Of course, in an English dependent sentence, eg. in a sentence following ‘ I ask whether/ we use, according to the sense, is, was, or has been. But now note the Latin equivalent : am asking \ ask \ Rogo have asked < have been askmg Rogavi shall be asking shall ask ► Rogabo ^ shall have asked Rogavero utrum whether he is present was preseiit has been present adsit adfuerit N.B. ( was asking j 1 asked \ had asked ( had been asking I Rogabam Rogavi Rogaveram utrum ( ? s present (now) ) adesset whether he < was present ( yesterday ) ) ( had been present adfuisset N.B.— Note that above, ‘ whether he was present’ and * whether he has been present / are both expressed in Latin by ‘ utrum adfuerit.’ This is a necessary and inconvenient consequence of the Latin Law of Sequence, which is so strict that it sometimes produces great ambiguity. Thus : I have asked whether he Rogavi utrum venerit CAME Here it is impossible to tell from the Latin, whether he came , or he has come , is the correct translation. But the Latins cannot help this. If they had written veniret above, ‘ rogavi utrum veniret/ then, since rogavi means both / asked and / have asked, we should naturally render 77 Par. 66.] SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS. the sentence, not ‘ I have asked whether he came/ but 4 1 asked whether he came.' This is a serious deficiency arising from the poverty of the Latin language in respect of Tenses : for they have nothing but rogavi to render our two tenses, asked and have asked. I will ask why he CAME Interrogabo cur venerit Don't you know the esteem in Nescisne quanto inhonore which HE WAS HELD ? fuerit ? Apparent exception to Sequence pf Tenses. In aconditional sentence ‘if I had come, what would you have done?’ the Pluperfect Sub¬ junctive is used in both cases ; and, even when the sentence depends upon a Present Tense ‘ I know,’ the Pluperfect in the Protasis ‘si venissem’ is retained. For the Tense depends upon the nature of the condition, and not on the tense of the Principal Verb. But the Pluperfect in the Apodosis is changed, according to the Rule of Sequence, ‘ Scio quid facturus tueris si venissem,’ ‘ I know what you would have done, if I had come,’ where the condition is expressed by the Filture Participle. 65. Subordinate Conjunctions, (i) time : after (that), before (that), now that, since, until, when, while; (2) cir¬ cumstance : whereas, while; (3) reason: as, in that, because, inasmuch as, seeing that; (4) condition : if, pro¬ vided that, supposing, whether, although, however, unless ; (5) result : so as, so that, in such a way, manner, &~>c. that; (6) purpose : in order that, so that, to the intent that, lest. The above list includes only those of the Prepositional Conjunctions that are followed by a Subject and a Tense of the Verb, e.g. ‘ before he came/ But practically many other Prepositions are Conjunctions though only used with Verbals or (in the case of to) with an Infinitive: (1) circumstance : besides, instead of, without; (2) instru¬ ment : by, of; (3) reason, cause : for, on; (4) condition , in spite of; (5) purpose : to, from. 66. Time. It will be seen that the Latins are forced to supply their weakness in Prepositional and other Con¬ junctions, and also in Verbals, by using their strength in Moods. In this way the same Conjunction, e.g. quum, may be used, (1) to denote time with th.e Indicative, (2) 78 CONJUNCTIONS OF TIME. [Par. 6 6 to denote thought (whether it be (i) cause, ‘since/ or (2) suc¬ cession, with notion of consequence ‘ upon/ or (3) contrast, ‘ though/ ‘ whereas ’) with the Subjunctive. Since this is so, what in the world will you do f When I used to live at Athens, Fused to attend Balbus* lectures Quae quum ita sint, quid- nam facies ? Quum Athenis agebam, Balbum audiebam N.B.— In narrating the past, when we mention one event as occurring simultaneously with the occurrence or completion of another event, we generally imply some further connection than at the tune when, e.g. ‘ when he heard this, he fled.’ Here there is a thoiight, viz. that the flight was a consequence of hearing. Such a sentence would be rendered in Latin ‘ Quae quum audivisset/ Rule—‘ Quum ’ with the Imperfect and Pluperfect generally takes the Subjunctive. After (that), postquam. In English when we use after for when, we generally desire to express that the first action is completed before the second begins, e.g. ‘ when he heard me/ but ‘ after he had heard me/ The Latins, on the contrary, generally use, in this sense, the Pluperf. Subj. with quum, and the Perf. Ind. with postquam. Rule—‘ Postquam * takes the Perfect, un¬ less the interval is expressed or emphatically implied. After the rebellion had been put down he re¬ turned to Ro 7 ne Ten years after the rebel¬ lion HAD BEEN put down, he &*c. Postquam seditio compres¬ sa est Romam rediit Decimo anno postquam se¬ ditio compressa erat, &c. As ( 1 ) postquam is generally used of time without ex¬ pressing thought, it is followed by the Indicative. Else, use Par. 66.] CONJUNCTIONS OF TIME. 79 (2) quum with Subjunctive, or (3) the Ablative Absolute,* ‘seditione compressa/ or (4) post governing a Noun qualified by a Participle or by some word used as a Participle, ‘post seditionem compressam,’ ‘post Tullium consulem.’ Before (that), antequam, priusquam, donec (like post¬ quam) take the Perfect where we often use the Pluperfect. But they differ from postquam in that they are often used with the Subjunctive to imply ‘ thought ’ as well as se¬ quence. Rule—‘ Antequam/ ‘ priusquam/ ‘ dum/ * donec/ and ‘ quoad/ are followed by the Subjunctive when design is implied, or when an action is referred to that has not actually commenced. • They retired (On purpose) Ante sese receperunt quam BEFORE the city was urbs caperetur (could be) captured Note also the logical use of the Future in Latin (see Paragraph 11) : BEFORE I see you Antequam te videbo or vi¬ dero Before is sometimes expressed by an Ablative Absolute with nondum, e.g. ‘ nondum urbe condita,’ or by ante governing a Noun qualified by a Participle, ‘ ante urbem conditam.’ The following sentences illustrate the Latin rendering of English Conjunctions of time:— Now THAT he had arrived Tum vero adolescens, quum at Rome the young man Romam venisset, omnia felt sure of success spe praesumebat (Notion of cause) * The Ablative, denoting some circumstance , something with which an action takes place, seems naturally used in this way. 8 o CONJUNCTIONS OF TIME. [Par. 66. SINCE we began our jour¬ ney we have not seen a man Since we began our jour¬ ney we have seen two hundred meti Until / (fact) came to Rome , I thought every Roman a knave • 'Until / (possibility) am deceived , I shall treat hint as though he were honest I shall NOT believe you UNTIL you keep your word Ex quo tempore profecti sumus ne unum quidem hominem vidimus Postquam profecti sumus, homines ducentos vidi¬ mus Donec (or antequam) Ro¬ mam veni, Romanos omnes veteratores esse duxi Hominem, donec me dece¬ perit, tanquam probum habebo Quum promissa servabis, tum demum tibi *credam When, see the beginning of the Paragraph. Dum haec geruntur (not gerebantur) hostes ter¬ ga dederunt (Par. n) Dum pugnam princeps ciet, occidit. (Or ciens rarely ; but never dum ciens. See Par. yo.) The sequence of events is sometimes expressed in English by the Present Participle of the Verb have. 4 Having finished this, i.e. having this finished, I shall return.’ This is rendered in Latin by the Pass. Part. Abl. Absolute, 4 his auditis,’ or by a Conjunction. N.B.—With Intransitive Verbs, the Ablative Absolute cannot be used : 4 Having now settled here, I don’t in¬ tend to move.’ 4 Quoniam hic jam consedi, migrare nolo.’ While this was gohig on, the enemy jled While heading a charge , he fell Par. 68.] CONJUNCTIONS OF REASON. 81 None but the Deponent Participles can render the English Participle with having , e.g. ‘ having said this he departed,’ ‘ haec locutus abiit.’ Examples : Adeptus, amplexus, arbitratus, ausus, exper¬ tus, functus, hortatus, mortuus, nactus,.oblitus, ortus, passus, questus, ratus, solitus, testatus, ultus, usus. 67. Conjunctions of circumstance. . We say virtue is the chief Virtutem nos quidem, vos object of life , whereas autem voluptatem sum- or WHILE you say plea- mum bonum esse dicitis sure is N.B.—Distinguish this use of' while from the temporal use. Autem is often omitted. It is unjust that this should Injustum est hoc vobis con- be granted to you WHILE cedi, negari nobis it is refused to us 68. Conjunctions of reason are followed by the In¬ dicative, if prominence is given to the truth of the fact on which some statement is based. As you have promised, you must keep your word In that you did it know- ingly, your crime is worse than that of the rest Tu, quoniam promisisti, fidem praestare debes Quod (or Tu qui) sciens fecisti, gravius quam ceteri, peccavisti N.B.— When we put not before because , the Verb following not because very often expresses something that is not a fact. Hence : I do this , not because ids Hoc facio, non quod ju- pleasant , but BECAUSE cundum sit, sed quia ids right honestum est But, even where fact is expressed, the Subjunctive is used, if there is a thought , e.g. of cause : Q 82 CONJUNCTIONS OF CONDITION. [Par. 69. Inasmuch as (seeing THAT, SINCE) you do not pity US'yon cannot expect us to pity you I ought to be grateful INAS¬ MUCH AS I have re¬ ceived many benefits from him Since this is so, why do we delay f Tu, quum (or qui) nostri non miserearis, non sperare debes fore ut tui misereamur. Debeo gratus esse, ut qui multa ab illo beneficia acceperim Quae quum ita sint, cur moramur ? 69. Conjunctions of condition. In a language that, like Latin, has distinct Moods to denote fact and not fact, si, when followed by the Present or Past Tense of the Indicative, loses the exact notion of condition, and must mean either (1) when, as in £ si quando vidit ’ or (2) 1 assuming, for a moment, as a fact,’ eg. ‘ Si nihil aliud fecerunt, satis praemii habent.’ So ‘ si Deus mundum creavit/ ‘ assuming that God created the world.’ This (2) use of the Indicative leaves it an open question whether, in the writer’s opinion , the Verb expresses a fact or not. The Subjunctive distinctly expresses what is not fact , though it may be hereafter fact: that is to say, the Subjunctive after si expresses what is genuinely, and the Indicative Past and Present after si what is fictitiously, conditional. The following are genuine conditional sentences :— IF* / {shall find that I) HAVE anything, I will give it Should I have (or, if I were to have, or, if I had, which is possible ) any¬ thing, I would give it Si quid habebo, dabo. (Note the English weakness, have being used both for Future and Present) Si quid habeam, dem * If in. ‘ I don’t know if' means whether. See 53. Pan 69 .] CONDITIONAL SENTENCES. 83 IF I had anything (which Si quid haberem, darem I have not , and cannot have) I would give it IF / had had anything , / Si quid habuissem, dedis- would have given it sem. (Or, graphically, dederam) Rule—In conditional sentences, ‘ si’ with the Past Tenses of the Subjunctive is used to denote an impossible, ‘ si ’ with the Pre¬ sent Tenses, to denote a possible, condition. Sometimes the thought is changed from sequence to consequence , in which case the Verb is changed in the Apodosis,* from the Future to the Present Subjunctive, eg. ‘ Si quid habebo, dem/ ‘ if I have anything, I will , or rather , I would, give it ’ But this is not common ex¬ cept in silver Latin. And : Rule—The Subjunctives in the Protasis and the Apodosis, must be both Present or both Past.t If not : see Paragraph 70. Rem perficies dummodo (or modo si or modo) pro virili agas Fac me sicam habere; non sum continuo sicarius (or Etiam si sicam ha¬ beo, assuming' it as a fact) A condition can also be expressed by a Participle or Ablative Absolute, provided there is no ambiguity. * The ‘ if’ clause is called the Antecedent or Protasis ; the clause contain¬ ing the consequen. e is called the Consequent or Apodosis. t The Impeltect may correspond to the Pluperfect), eg. ‘ tu, si mihi paruisses, non nunc Romae esses but you could not have ‘pareas, esses,’ ‘pareres, sis.’ G 2 You will succeed, provi¬ ded THAT you do your best Supposing I have a dagger, it does not follow that Pm an assassin 84 ‘ THOUGH: [Par. 69. If you take the city in three Quid igitur deinde facies, months , what will you urbe tribus his mensibus do then ? capta ? But if ‘tribus his mensibus ’ were removed, the mean¬ ing might be ‘ since you have taken the city.’ Though (O.E. theali ) is connected with’ the , that ; and calls attention to a condition or circumstance * even in the (case that)/ The close connection between the Demonstrative and Relative ( the was once the English Relative, as that now is) makes it not surprising that though , i.e. in-the , or al-though , i.e. even in the , should be rendered in Latin by quanquam (quam-quam), or quam¬ vis, both emphatic forms of quam, in the way in which , or in what way. Quanquam often refers to facts, ‘ quanquam iratus est/ 1 although he is angry quamvis (in the best prose) means however much, and does not refer to a definite fact. Hence ; Rule—‘ Quanquam ’ generally takes the Indicative, ‘ quamvis * never (in good Prose). Rule—‘ Quamvis ’ is often used with Adr jectives, without a Verb : Pray be silent , however Quamvis iratus, cura ut angry you may be taceas Though often implies that something does not exist in the way in which it might be expected to. Hence : THOUGH he is brave, he’s Homo est, ut fortis, ita non not very clever admodum acutus (In * the way wherein , or whereas , he’s brave , Q^c) The same sentence might be expressed thus, ‘ He is brave, but in such a way that he’s not elever/ ‘ Ita fortis est ut tamen non acutus sit/ Though this is useful ,, it is Hoc est ita utile ut hones¬ ti?/ right turn nbn sit Par. 69.] « UNLESS,’ ‘ WHETHER.’ 85 Though , used parenthetically for yet, but , is quanquam. Though, why do I waste Quanquam, cur querendo time in complaining ? tempus tero ? Unless , if ... . not , nisi : rarely si non, unless the si and non are separated. Nisi follows the same rule as si. See above. 1 Not .... unless ’ is sometimes represented in Latin by ‘ ita .... si,’ i.e. ‘ only on this condition . ... if I shall not forgive you UN¬ LESS you forgive him Unless you agree in your wishes , you cannot be friends Ego, hac lege (or ita) tibi, si tu illi, ignoveris Quod si eadem velitis, tum demum amicitiam possi¬ tis conjungere. (Then and not till then ) Whether (which of two) is often equivalent in English to if on the one hand. ‘ Whether (i.e. whichever of two things we do) we rejoice or sorrow, we shall always re¬ member you.’ This is rendered in Latin by sive, if either, ‘ Nos, sive gaudebimus, sive (or seu) dolebimus, tui nunquam obliviscemur.’ N.B.—Carefully distinguish between whether meaning whichever of two things , sive, and whether following a Verb, eg. 1 he asked/ and meaning which of two things, i.e. utrum. (See Paragraph 51.) The principal danger of confusing the two meanings of whether is, when whether means sive, but is placed after the principal sentence, e.g. ‘I am not much annoyed, whether this be true or false.’ N.B.—Note here that, though in English we sometimes use be after whether , the Larins, as in the last example, use the Indicative. The reason is that nothing is implied as to the possible incorrectness of the suppositions: the meaning is ‘ assuming it to be true, or assuming it to be false, and I’m not just now concerned with the question whether it is true or false.’ 86 ‘ WHEN A BOY? [Par. 70. 70. English Ellipsis of Verb after Conjunctions. We have seen that quamvis can be used Adverbially to qualify an Adjective or Participle. In English a great number of Conjunctions are thus used, 1 while walking ; for ‘ while he was walking/ So, ‘ when young/ ‘ though hot-tempered/ ‘ if true/ This ellipsis is rare in Latin. Insert the Verb, eg. ‘when he was young/ or turn the sentence by an appositional Noun, or by a qualifying Participle, or otherwise: While walking he fell When A boy Balbus was se 7 it to A thens He is frivolous, IF NOT immoral 71. Conjunctions of result. Even in English we some¬ times express result (even though it is a fact) not as a fact\ but as a consequence , in the Infinitive. ‘ The walls were so battered as to be no longer tenable/ The Latins, having their Subjunctive, express a result by that Mood, preceded by ut, in which way , quut, quo(d), old Abl. of qui. Sometimes ut is preceded by ita, in that way. N.B.—This construction* is used even after verbs of happening, the notion perhaps being ‘ things happened in such a way that , n6at Quando illum rogabis ut Roma proficiscatur ? Decem annos nata est ■—» Sunt qui negaverint hsee vera esse Hic liber mihi puero valde placuit. (Omit When ) Legatos miserunt qui pacem peterent Num rogas cur hoc feceri¬ mus ? Quidam e servis meis Scripsi, quo citius intelli- geres Mox sciam quid velis Tullius, homo improbissi¬ mus, effecit ut desperem. (Or, improbus ille Tul¬ lius) no MISCELLANEOUS IDIOMS. The town of Corioli was taken The heat was so great that almost all of us were un¬ able to go on Why don't you enjoy what you've bought f It is your interest that there should be peace j it is his that there should be war He threatens his own brother with death Ten days after the capture of Thebes I fear he will not come I will teach you music You are being too much indulged Dorlt spare the prisoners / I feared he would come too soon He recommended his brother to escape , He has recommended his own children to remain at Rome ' The celebrated Alexander Send me the most beautiful flowers you have Corioli oppidum captum eat (not capti sunt) Tantus erat calor ut fere omnes progredi non pos¬ semus Cur non emptis frueris ? Tua interest pacem, illius bellum esse Suo ipsius fratri mortem minatur Decimo die post captas Thebas Vereor ut veniat Musicam te docebo Nimis tibi indulgetur — Noli captivis parcere. (Or, ne peperceris, but not ne parcas in prose) Veritus sum ne citius veniret Fratri suo* ut fugeret sua¬ sit Liberis suis suasit ut Romae, maneant Alexander ille — Cura ut ad me ( not mihi) flores mittas, quos ha* ' beas pulcherrimos * Suo may be omitted where the omission leaves no doubt whose brother is meant. MISCELLANEOUS IDIOMS. in He reduced the Gauls to subjection In six days we came from Athens to Samos V What have I to do with you ? I shall go back to my ho?ne in Italy There are some who hate me . Having made this answer, he went home He came sooner than he was expected , He has long been desirous of death Ccesar was killed by a friend The battle took place in a narrow valley This was done by an enemy and not by chance He will see to the gathering of the flowers In front was the sea, in our rear the ene?ny He made a long speech with¬ out persuading anyone to forgive him Gallos suae ditionis fecit Sexto die Athenis Samum venimus Quid mihi tecum est ? *» Domum in Italiam redibo Sunt qui me oderint — Hoc responso, domum abiit Opinione celerius venit Jamdudum mortem optat — Caesarem interfecit amicus. (Note the emphatic posi¬ tion of amicus, and the use of Latin Active for English Passive) In angusta valle pugnatum est Hoc non casu sed ah inimico factum est. (a or ab with living agent) Flores carpendos curabit l Mare a fronte, a tergo hostes imminebant. (Note the similarity of the Extremes and Means in a Latin An¬ tithesis) Orationem longam habuit, neque tamen ulli persua¬ sit ut sibi ignosceret * £12 MISCELLANEOUS IDIOMS. We shall set out from Car¬ thage about the 7 th of May How many are there of you in London f Carthagine circiter Nonas Maias proficiscemur Quot Londinii habitatis ? Truth is the parent of what is expedient as well as of what is just Philosophy ought to have been your master / / / / I hoped you would be con¬ quered It is not like a brave man to lose one's presence of mind I was the first to be asked to give an opinion . We ought not to have been kepi in ignorance of this I was somewhat disturbed by the shouts Three hundred of us are prepared to conquer or die I am persuaded that what you say is false ^ He took and burned the bridge ■ It rarely happens that\ &*c. Veritas non justi solum sed etiam utilitatis mater est. (Not utilis, on account of the ambiguity) Philosophia tibi magistra esse debuit. (Not magis- ter, because Philosophia is feminine) Speravi te victum iri or fore ut vincereris Non est fortium perturbari Ego primus rogatus sum sententiam Non debuimus hoc (de hac re) celari. (Note, the Noun requires de, the Neuter Pronoun does not) Clamor me nescio quid per¬ turbaverat Trecenti parati sumus aut ad vincendum aut ad mo¬ riendum. (Not paramur) Persuasum est mihi te falsa dicere Pontem captum incendit Raro evenit ut, &c. (Rare = thinly , far apart) MISCELLANEOUS IDIOMS. ri 3 My sister married his brother , ana my brother his sister When he performs a judge's duties rightly , then and not till then will he be worthy of praise Has he been persuaded to speak the truth f He imputed my virtue to me as a fault With you for our leaderwe will not shrink even from famine She promises not to say one word It is absolutely necessary for me to go No foet ever thought anyone superior to himself He is the best jumper in the school I cannot help fearing I a?n different from what I once was The better you are {one is), the happier you are (one is) Hardly anyone saw him die Soror mea fratri ejus nupsit, frater autem sororem ejus in matrimonium duxit Hic, quum judicis munere recte fungetur, tum de¬ mum laude dignus erit Num ei persuasum est ut vera dicat ? Virtutem meam mihi vitio dedit Te duce, ne famem quidem pertimescemus Promittit se ne verbum qui¬ dem emissuram esse Necesse est me ire, or, Necesse est eam Nemo poeta ullum* quam se meliorem putavit Discipulorum, si quis alius, ille optime saltat Facere non possum quin ti- — meam Alius sum atque olim fui ( Quo quis melior, eo beatior < Ut r-nisque optimus, ita ( beatissimus — J Nemo fere eum morientem V ^ vidit Most of us think more of our Plerique nostras pluris quam own virtues than of those amicorum virtutes aesti- of our friends mamus * Ullum (Adj.) = any {poet), quenquam (Pron.) = any man. See Madvig, Par -xj, 3,, J MISCELLANEOUS IDIOMS. 114 He is the best painter in all Italy A thousand soldiers Ten thousand soldiers Are you equal to bearing this great burden ? Anyone ca?i boast that he is more leanied than a?iy one of his own pupils The hope of taking booty There were some that pitied the prisoners You ought to have respected him as a father I have a hundred horsemen and six hundred infantry 1 expect the city will be cap¬ tured I fear that something has happened amiss , and that some ?nisfortune is trou¬ bling you The spirit , the purpose , and the feeling of a country are expressed in its laws He said that I was not wise , you say that I was not honest Pictor est qualis in tota Ita* lia nemo Mille milites Decem millia militum Num es tanto oneri ferendo *2 (Or, par es) Cuilibet promptum est gloriari se doctiorem esse quam quemquam e discipulis suis. (Quemquam by attraction, see Par. 63 ) Spes capiendae praedae Erant qui captivorum mise¬ rerentur Debuisti eum aeque ac pa¬ trem vereri Sunt mihi centum equites, pedites autem sexcenti Credo urbem captum iri. (Or vereor ne, or spero, but notfexpecto) & Yereor ne quid mali accid¬ erit, ne quod infortunium te perturbet Animus et consilium et sen¬ tentia, civitatis in legibus posita est. (Verb, being Singular, agrees with nearest Subject) I lie negavit me sapientem esse, tu autem negas me probum fuisse. (Note the Pres. Infin. after a Verb speaking in the Past)' MISCELLANEOUS IDIOMS . 115 He pities no one I have lost the book you gave me The quarrels of lovers should be treated as a renewal of love My wife and son are dead I will do it if I can The generalin his usual forgetfulness , passed by the tents of the sentries / I yesterday asked him to come to Rome The man that is freed from debt is void of care , I am sorry to hear this Many great disadvantages He will come with speed from Carthage For ten years he filled the office of a judge I have asked him to come ana see me to-morrow Nullius (not neminis) mise¬ retur Perdidi librum quem mihi dedisti, or Quem mihi dedisti librum eum perdidi Amantium irse amoris inte¬ gratio putanda est. (Or, change order, and write putandse sunt amoris in¬ tegratio) Uxor mea et filius mortui sunt Hoc si potero ( not possum) faciam Imperator, ut erat mente im- memori* {not e) vigil-um {not ium) tentoria praete¬ riit Rogavi eum heri ut Romam veniret Qui sere alieno liberatus est, is est cura vacuus Invitus haec audio — Multa et magna incommoda Carthagine celerrime (or summa celeritate, but not celeritate) veniet Decem annes judicis munere fungebatur Rogavi eum ut cras veniat me visum * Par and memor always have -i j pauper, princeps, superstes* compos, always -e, and dives and ales generally -e. It would seem that those Adjectives that are used as Nouns, prefer the -e. The Noun par makes Abl. pare. So, use sapiente for the Noun, sapienti for the Adjective. 1 2 Ii6 MISCELLANEOUS IDIOMS. I will help you once and no more I am surprised at this Sicily is opposite Carthage \ I was once walking in a meadow Why do you oppose me to no purpose f / 1 shall die and no one will help me I shall abiae by my opinion Does anyone deny this ? I cannot write for weeping , Once a king reigned over Corinth Dll give all of you a dena - y t ? ! r ^ us a P^ ece — You are ten miles nearer the city than I am — Trust as many men as pos¬ sible They will run on their several errands , He came to such a pitch of folly that he did not believe even his own father —“ One uses one medicine, an¬ other another He came as soon as possible Semel, non saepius tibi subve¬ niam Hoc mihi admirationem mo¬ vet. (Not bloc miror) Sicilia e regione est Cartha¬ gini (or Carthaginis) Forte in prato ambulabam Cur mihi frustra adversaris ? (Not opponis) Moriar nec qnisquam mihi succurret. (Not et nemo) In sententia manebo Num quis hoc negat ? Free lacrimis scribere non possum dim (or quondam) rex Corin¬ tho praeerat (regno is Intransitive) Singulos denarios vobis om¬ nibus dabo Decem tu millibus propius quam ego, ab urbe abes Quam plurimis Crede Suum quisque iter current Eo stultitiae venit ut ne suo quidem patri crederet Alius alia medicina utitur Quam celerrime venit MISCELLANEOUS IDIOMS. II 7 Everyone trusts me , but no one will trust him He is more dutiful (pius) than his brother Everyone trusts me, but without any affection I bww you will grow cold — None of you will pardon me The country is ruined Therds no doubt , citizens, that he pities you The house is finished This will be a protection to me I have warned you of this, and have left nothing Mi- done that may be of use to you Some run one way, others another My name is Tullius He died ten years after the —- founding of the city The town had been sur¬ rounded by the enemy with a ditch Omnes (not quisque nor om¬ nis) mihi, nemo autem illi credit Magis est quam frater, pius (not piior) Omnes mihi credunt sed sine ullo amore. (Autem adds something different, sed something limiting orcon- tradictory) Scio fore ut frigescas Nemo vestrum (not vestri) milii ignoscet Actum est de re-publica Non est dubium, cives, quin vestri (not vestrum) mi¬ sereatur ^Edes perfectae sunt (not perficiuntur : sedes sing. means a temple) Hoc erit mihi praesidio Hoc te monui, nec quidquam praetermisi quod tibi utile esse possit Alii alio currunt Nomen mihi est Tullio (or Tullius) Decem annis post urbem con¬ ditam obiit Hostis oppido fossam {or oppidum fossa) circum¬ dederat cL. . Ii8 MISCELLANEOUS IDIOMS. I sold for eightpence what I had bought for two shil¬ lings / He was condemned to death Will you sell your life for two shillings a day ? I do not mind being without riches This was the man that de¬ ceived me I have ascertainea that the fellow is wasting his time The sun is many times larger than the earth He inflicted punishment on his (own) son / For ten years I have been a pupil of Socrates A peck of corn was at that time worth three sesterces Quod tribus denariis emeram id uno vendidi Capitis damnatus est Num trinis in diem denariis sanguinem vendes ? Facile careo divitiis Hic, hic inquam me fefellit Compertum habeo hominem tempus terere Multis partibus major est sol quam terra Filium suum poena affecit Decimum jaxp annum Socra¬ tem audio Tritici modius id temporis ternis sestertiis erat You ought to have answered before . Troy was besieged by the Greeks for ten years On our journey we were at¬ tacked by robbers I prefer fighting on horseback to fighting on foot I think very highly of the ex¬ cellent Tullius / > He threw himself at the generals feet Antea te mihi respondere oportuit (or debuisti mihi respondere) Trojam decem annos Graeci oppugnaverunt Latrones nos ex itinere ad¬ orti sunt Malo ex equo quam pedes (adj.) (or pedibus) pug¬ nare Tullium, virum optimum, plurimi facio imperatori ad pedes se pro¬ jecit MISCELLANEOUS LDIOMS. 119 - I heard him say that was not true / / You ought to have seen him jinnp Why may I not be grave ? Why did you build this great bridge over this small river ? It is possible you have made a mistake When we say “ in Virgil? we do not necessarily mean u in the VEneid ” My dear friend Balbus is near the city You and he promised to be present Trees flourish in the country, men in town Horse , foot and baggage, all were destroyed He blamed me without ascer¬ taining what I had done With his usual folly, the fellow denied it all , and that too in my presence The enemy at once sounded a retreat. When he heard thisy the general bade his men also retire / With your usual kindness you will pardon his folly Audivi illum negantem id verum esse Oportuit te illum saltantem spectare Cur mihi non licet esse se¬ vero ? Cur in tam parvo flumine pontem tantum fecisti ? Fieri potest ut errorem fece¬ ris Si quando “ apud Virgilium ” dicimus,non continuo “in yEneide ” dicere volumus Balbus, vir mihi amicissi¬ mus, prope ab urbe abest Et tu et ille promisistis vos adfuturos esse Ruri arbores, in urbe homi¬ nes vigent Equites, pedites, impedimen¬ ta, omnia periere (where “ and” is to be omitted) Me culpavit, neque quid fe¬ cissem intellexit Homo, cujus est stultitisej omnia, idque me coram, infitiabatur Hostes confestim receptui canunt. Quod quum au¬ divisset imperator, suis quoque, ut recedant, im¬ perat Tu, pro tua clementia, ho¬ mini stulto veniam dabis 120 MISCELLANEOUS IDIOMS. As long as you are detained there you will never be free from annoyance He died not long afterwards l You have more than four hundred horsemen with you They paid tribute once every ten years I propose to set out about ten in the morning Anybody is believed by fools f As to the prisoners they are brought back, and no one has escaped But no more of this, now I return to mare serious matters He was alike treacherous in peace and in war He is two inches taller than any of his brothers By the advice of Aristides they rejected the plan No one but the consul heard , him take the oath Quoad ibi detineberis, nun¬ quam molestiis carebis Haud ita multo post obiit Quadringentos equites am¬ plius tecum habes Decimo quoque anno tribu¬ tum pendebant (Consilium est mihi) (In animo habeo J quartam horam proficisci Cuilibet (or cuivis) credunt stulti circiter Quod attinet ad captivos, reducti sunt nec quisquam effugit Sed haec hactenus : nunc ad graviora redeo Tam in pace quam in bello infidus erat Duabus unciis procerior est quam quisquam ex fratri¬ bus Consilium, auctore Aristide, rejecerunt N emo praeter consulem illum jurantem audivit Boys are persuaded more easily than old men He asked which was the younger of you The man is good , but by no means wise Pueris facilius quam senibus persuadetur Rogavit uter vestrum minor esset natu Vir est ut bonus ita nequa¬ quam sapiens MISCELLANEOUS IDIOMS. ill I am on the point of giving battle to the enemy The two brothers exhorted one another When did you hear that she sings f What town do you see yonder, pray ? I am vety intimate with the few friends I have Everything that was of value was burned One can scarcely avoid cold in one’s house , imich less in the open air He is a good, nay an excellent man Every legion was divided into ten cohorts Everyone hates ingratitude You are all but last I did not know whether he would not remain Take care not to trust him Next year he was returned by Cambridge for the second time Nothing is so narrow-minded and paltry as avarice In eo sum ut praelium cum hostibus committam Fratres alter alterum hortan¬ tur Quando audivisti illam ca¬ nere ? Quod tandem oppidum ibi prospicis ? Amicis quos habeo paucos familiarissime utor Quidquid erat pretiosi con¬ crematum est Vix in tectis frigus vitatur, nedum sub divo Vir est bonus, immo potius egregius Omnes legiones (or legio quseque) in denas cohortes divisae sunt. (Not omnis legio) Omnes beneficii immemo- rem oderunt. (Par. 3 . a ) Minimum abest quin ultimus sis Nesciebam an mansurus es¬ set. (Non to be omitted) Cave (ne) credas homini Proximo anno Cantabrigien- ses illum iterum dele¬ gerunt Nihil est tam angusti animi tamque parvi quam amare divitias 122 MISCELLANEOUS IDIOMS, I could scarcely keep from / venting my anger on him I don't know whether you will do as I do Do you know when he will come f Mow ever wise he may be, he needs friends to help him A Ithough I am absejit, I like to hear what is going on at hojne We were almost perishing When I was recovering from my illness I was one day attacked by a bull While this was happening the ene?ny fled Whether this is true or false it does not at all trouble me When I approached the / whelps the lion rushed at me Ife asked me whether this was t7'ue or false I perceived the kindness with which he received me You have done well in coming here Vix me continui quin iram in eum evomerem Nescio an non eadem atque ego facturus sis. (Non inserted) Scisne quando venturus sit ? Quamvis sit sapiens, opus est illi amicis qui illi sub¬ veniant Quanquarn absum, libenter tamen quid domi fiat au¬ dio Minimum abfuit quin perire¬ mus Quum ex morbo convalesce¬ bam forte taurus me pe¬ tiit. (Quum temporal) Dum haec geruntur (pres.) hostes terga verterunt (perf.) Haec, sive vera sunt sive fal¬ sa, nibil (or nullo modo) me movent Quum ad catulos accederem leo me petiit. (Quum cau¬ sal) Interrogavit me utrum haec vera an falsa essent Intellexi quanta me benevo¬ lentia exciperet. (Not benevolentiam qua) Bene fecisti quod huc venisti MISCELLANEOUS IDIOMS. 123 He answered he had sent the moiiey to Lilybceum a few days ago He died four years after he returned home I heard that the enemy had marched twenty miles by night and was now close at hand We accepted the terms on condition that the guards should be removed He is not a fit person for you / to converse with y He is too brave to fear death The soldiers were seized with / fear that Cicero’s wound might be fatal You are acting as foolishly as if you were questioning a deaf man Ccesar asked his soldiers why they distrusted their own valour or his e?iergy We must wait till the elec¬ tions are held two months / hence Respondit se Lilybaeum pau¬ cis abhinc diebus argen¬ tum misisse Anno quarto postquam do¬ mum redierat mortuus est. (N.B.— The pluperfect is allowed after postquam when the length of the interval is expressed) Intellexi hostem viginti millia noctu progressum esse et jam adesse.' (Not nunc, not adfuisse) Ita accepimus conditiones ut custodes removerentur Non est aptus quocum collo¬ quaris Fortior est quam qui ( or quam ut) mortem timeat Pavor cepit milites ne Cice¬ ronis vulnus mortiferum esset Idem facis ac si surdum in¬ terroges Caesar ex militibus quaesivit cur de sua virtute aut de ipsius diligentia despera¬ rent. (ipse referring to the principal Subject, is used in contrast to se re* ferred to a minor Subject) Expectandum est nobis dum comitia duobus abhinc mensibus habeantur MISCELLANEOUS IDIOMS. 124 Socrates was called to trial on the charge of corrupt¬ ing the youth, but in real- / ity because he had beco7ne suspected by those in power Instead of being true it is not even probable They grew alarmed that with his changeable and artful nature he might desert them and once more gain the favour of his country¬ men Not till now did the citizens disperse to their homes If you help me I shall be re- / joicbdj if not, I shall not take it ill Will you 7iot mform 7ne whether this is true or not t Nature prompts a7i infant to love itself Suppose a man is selling a house because of so77ie faults in it He said it wasTit like G7'eek manners for wome7i to dine with men Socrates in judicium vocatus •est quod corrumperet ju¬ ventutem, re tamen ipsa quia in suspicionem ma¬ gistratibus venerat Tantum abest ut hoc verum sit ut ne verisimile quidem sit Pertimescebant ne, homo va¬ fer et inconstans, ab ip¬ sis descisceret et cum suis in gratiam rediret Tum demum cives suam quis¬ que domum digressi sunt Si mihi subvenies gaudebo ; sin minus, haud aegre fe¬ ram Nonne me certiorem facies utrum haec vera sint an- non ? (Or necne) Natura movet infantem ut se ipse diligat, (ipse, quali¬ fying the Subject of a clausecontainingse,shews that se refers to the Sub¬ ject of the clause, not to the principal Subject) Vendat vir aedes propter ali¬ qua vitia Negavit moris esse Graeco¬ rum ut in convivio viro¬ rum mulieres accumbe¬ rent {or, Acc. and Inf.) MISCELLANEOUS IDIOMS. 125 The general encouraged his / soldiers saying , “ Why do you make useless lamen¬ tations ? Press on. Why are we delaying here ? Will not the enemy crush us while we delay ? If you had obeyed nie before , you would have been in safety by this time , and even now you may yet be safe. Be of good courage. Soon the cold will grow less severed I have often seen my country¬ men walkmg in the busy cities of A thens or Rome / At one time he says this, at another, something else The child hoped that the bird would grow tame Pancetius praises Africanus , giving as a reason that he was moderate I prefer Alexander to Aris- tocles, not because the fo7‘- mer is altogether wise, but because the latter is not wise at all My father blajned me for ?iot writing three letters to him in the whole of a year Imperator milites in hunc modum hortatus est, “ Cur inutiliter plorarent ? In¬ starent ! Cur ibi se mo¬ rari ? Nonne hostem se morantes oppressurum esse ? Si sibi antea pa¬ ruissent, illos jam in tuto futuros fuisse, salvos etiam tum esse posse. Erigerent animos. Mox fore ut frigus mitesceret ” Saepe meos cives Athenis vel Romae, in urbibus cele¬ berrimis, ambulantes vidi Modo hoc, modo illud, dicit Puer (not liber except in pl.) speravit fore ut avis mi¬ tesceret Panaetius Africanum laudat quod fuerit abstinens Alexandrum Aristocli ante¬ pono, non quod ille sit omnino sapiens, sed quia hic est omnino non sa¬ piens. N.B.— sit, est Pater me culpavit quod per totum annum non ad se trinas literas misissem, (Note Distributive with literse, castra, &C.) 326 MISCELLANEOUS IDIOMS. Of males as many as 10,000 were captured Zeuxis and Polygnotus did not use more than four colours Your advice is more honour¬ able than expedient He has perpetrated an almost unheard-of crime Not less than thirty horse¬ men were killed All that survived the battle were take?i the next day They set out for the bridge , which was fourteen miles off I am expected to remain The general exhorted his me?i as follows : “ Why do you make useless complaints t Press on ” Don't despise a joke » Who was there that did not hate you ? We shall not be safe if Ci¬ cero is killed Some law were passed, others remained posted up Virile secus, ad decem millia capta. (Used without al¬ teration in apposition to all cases) Zeuxis et Polygnotus non plus quam quatuor colo¬ ribus utebantur Consilium das magis hones¬ tum quam utile {or ho¬ nestius quam utilius) Tantum non inauditum scelus patravit Haud minus triginta equites interfecti Si qui praelio superfuerant capti sunt postridie. (Never omnes qui) Ad pontem—aberat autem millia quatuordecirn— pro¬ ficiscuntur Omnes confidunt me mansu¬ rum esse {or postulant ut) Imperator milites hortatus “ Cur 1 inquit , inutiliter ploratis? Instate!” (Note the introductory sentence left unfinished) Ne jocos sis aspernatus (not asp emeris) Quis erat quin te odisset ? Tuti non erimus si Cicero occisus erit Leges aliae latae sunt, alias pro¬ mulgatae fuerunt. (Madv. 344 ) MISCELLA NE 0 US IDIOMS. 127 How few there are that are prepared to die for their country / I asked him what dclock it was , but he made me no reply What is the meaning of the word pleasure f I cadt hope it will be 7ny / good fortU7ie to escape He says that we shall 7 iot succeed if Cicero is killed I am writing this letter on the 7 th of March , a 7 id I e7it7'eat you to answer as soo7i as possible Bid your friends collect with / speed After ofie or two days he called a meeting of all the surviving citizens What reaso7i is there why your depa7'tu7'e should be excusedf Suppose you were in my position ? Quotus quisque est qui - pa¬ ratus sit ad moriendum pro patria ! Interroganti mihi quota hora esset nihil respondit Quid vult vox voluptatis ? Sperare non possum fore ut contingat mihi evadere. (Do not use fut. part, of compounds of tango) Negat rem nobis bene suc¬ cessuram esse si Cicero occisus sit. (Fut. changed to Subj. in dependent sentence) Has literas Nonis Martiis scribebam atque oro te ut quamprimum rescribas. (To the reader, the writing is past, the entreaty re¬ mains prese7if) Amicos tuos jube quam celer¬ rime convenire. (Re¬ member that colligere is Transitive) Post unum et alterum diem convocat si qui {or quid¬ quid) civium supererant. (Or qui cives . . . omnes, but not omnes cives qui) Quid e.st causse cur abeas excusatus ? Fac, quasso, qui ego sum esse te? 128 MISCELLANEOUS IDIOMS. I wrote yesterday from Ephe¬ sus , to-day I write from Tralles He is too rich to be in want of money See that you sell half-a- dozen houses I have no fault to find with old age It is said that Agesilaus lived to the age of seventy You will do well to remem¬ ber the difference between a friend and a flatterer Czispiusfirom whom you will receive these two letters, is useful to me in many ways After I had spent the moiith of May there , we were detamed from the yd of June to the 12 th Septem¬ ber I shall not believe your pro¬ mises, unless you fulfil what you have already pro?nised It was resolved to send am¬ bassadors to ask what was the meaning of these re¬ peated insults Yesterday evening he return¬ ed home to his family Dederam Epheso pridie, has dedi Trallibus Divitior est quam ut pecuniae egeat. (Ditior rare in prose) Fac senas aedes vendas. (Not sex) Nihil habeo quod incusem senectutem Dicitur Agesilaus ad septua¬ gesimum. annum vitam egisse Bene facies si memineris quantum inter amicum et assentatorem intersit Cuspius, a quo binas has litteras accepisti, multis in rebus mihi utilis est Postquam ibi mensem Maium consumpsi, ex ante diem tertium Nonas Junias us¬ que ad pridie Idus Sep¬ tembres tenebamur Ita credam promissis si quae jam promisisti solveris Placuit legatos mitti qui ro¬ garent quid vellent hae tot contumeliae Heri, vesperi domum ad ux¬ orem liberosque rediit (not familiam) MISCELLANEOUS IDIOMS. 129 With what decency , pray, can you insult thus so excellent a man as Tul¬ lius? If he had not run away, I should have helped the poor man with pleasure I came to see you at once, in- asmuch as I had received many kindnesses at your hands , This is too good to be true You must be ignorant of your position If I knew, I would tell But I should not have time, if I tided to relate it all No one is so keen-sighted as / not to be occasionally de¬ ceived Would that you thought as I did, or, since that is im¬ possible, would that you would think: that I mean well Quo tandem ore Tullium, virum egregium tanta contumelia afficis ? Homini miserrimo, nisi au¬ fugisset, libenter (not leefce, nor voluptate) suc¬ currissem Statim veni te visum, ut qui multa beneficia a te acce¬ pissem Meliora haec sunt quam quse possint esse vera Fieri non potest quin nescias quo in loco sis. (Not po¬ situm, or positionem) Si scirem, dicerem (I do not know, and my telling is impossible. Condition regarded as impossible) Sed tempus me deficiat, si omnia nunc narrare ve¬ lim. (I might try, but I do not intend to. The condition is possible , but will not occur) Nemo est tarn lynceus qui non interdum fallatur Utinam tu eadem atque ego sentires, vel, si hoc fieri non potest, utinam cre¬ das me bene velle. (Note various uses of think) K MISCELLANEOUS IDIOMS . 130 Cicero has been banished , a calamity that is deplored by every respectableperson I shall leave nothing undone j to banish the most turbu¬ lent citize?is He promised to come on the nth of September, but did not co7ne till the nth of October What would you take to jump off this bridge? It would have bee7i better to have a7iswered Yes or No I asked him whether he would have helped 7ne if he had bee7i able I praise this , not because it is ho7iourable but because it is useful The e7ie7ny flock 7'oimd in the hope of fi7idhig so77ie uilet Instead of thanking 77ie he abused me hi the case of a slave, this 77iight have bee7i main¬ tained\ 7iot in the case • a free 7na7i Alas for the deceitfuhiess of human hopes ! I am a7ixious for your sake I do not k7iow what I should have done Cicero ex urbe pulsus est, id quod (or quam calamita¬ tem) boni plorant omnes Nihil praetermittam quin vio¬ lentissimum quemque ci¬ vium ex urbe pellam Adventum, quem in ante diem tertium Idus Sep¬ tembres promisit, in ante diem quintum Idus Octo¬ bres distulit Quid velis mereri ut de hoc ponte desilias ? Satius fuit aut Etiam aut Non respondere Interrogavi eum utrum mihi subventurus fuisset si potuisset Illud laudo, non quod hones¬ tum sit sed quia utile sst Circumfunduntur hostes si quem aditum reperire pos¬ sint Quum gratias mihi agere de¬ beret mihi maledixit^ Hoc in servo dici potuit, in ingenuo non potuit O fallacem hominum spem ! Tuam vicem sollicitus sum Nescio quid facturus fuerim GRADUATED EXERCISES. (Each Exercise is based on the one or more preceding exercises. For example, “ your kind tmcle Tullius” in the second Exercise, is an instance of the same rule as is exe? 7 iplified in “ the prodigal Balbus ” in the first Exercise. The References in the first Exercises are to the Paragraphs in “ Rules and Reasons.”) HINTS FOR TRANSLATING CONTINUOUS PROSE. 1. Read over your English (not one sentence at a time, but the whole passage) till you have mastered its meaning. 2 . Render abstract Nouns by simpler concrete Nouns, or by Peri¬ phrases, or by Phrases with Verbs. See Paragraphs 3, 3a. 3. Render English Metaphors by appropriate Latin Metaphors. See Paragraph 79. 4. In a group of English short coordinate sentences, find out which is the ?nost important and make that the principal, and the rest subordinate. See Appendix, page 164. 5. Find out the connection between each subordinate part of a stntence and its principal part, whether it be cause, contrariety, sequence, consequence, Src. and use the appropriate links. See Appendix. 6 . If there are any implied statements lurking in epithets, drag than out and express them by clauses with appropriate links. See Appendix. 7. Find out the comiedion of the first sentence with what {pro¬ bably') preceded, and then of each of the other sentences with the sentence immediately preceding, and use the appropriate links. See Appendix. INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES Exercise I. 1. It is said (5) that Cato was (a man) of upright character. 2. All of us, young and old, rich and poor, must die (5). 3. Foolish (persons) are easily persuaded (to) any thing (6). 4. We ought to believe good and honorable men (6). 5. If one does one’s best (8), one ought not to be blamed. 6; No one of us is free from fault, but the better part of us (our nature) is divine (10). 7. Caesar was on the point of (11) (in eo esse ut) taking the fort. 8. The good men were loved, the rich were envied (n). 9. While these things were going on (11) in France, Caesar was waging war upon the Britons. 10. He did not let the enemy go till he had promised to ob¬ serve the treaty in future (11). Exercise II. 1. They may (possibly) come to us to-morrow (12). 2. Caius Julius ! you might help me, if you would (12). 3 . The enemy might return at any moment, and slay us all (12). 4. Would that my faithful friend knew the danger I am in! (12). 5. My friend ! you should not do this (= ought not to). 6. Should they do this (12), they would deserve great blame. 7. They must all have perished (12), if the brave sailor had not promptly (praesens) helped them. INTR OD UC TOR Y EXER CISES. 133 8 . 9 * 10. 1 . 2. 3 - 4 - 5 * 6 . 7 - 8 . 9 - 10. 1. 2. 3 - You must come from England to Boston over the sea (12). We must obey our parents, love our children, and fight for fatherland (12). You must not (12) fancy that you are believed, (when) speaking falsely (participle). Exercise III. The boy is like his father (13) (in appearance), but the girl is like her mother (in disposition). Caesar ordered (impero) the soldiers to attack the wall, but the camp-followers he ordered (jubeo) to remain in the camp. I am ashamed of my folly, repentant of my sins, and weary of life (13«). It is our interest (13 a) that our country should be pros¬ perous. He said it was his (own) interest to do-good to all men. The herds are feeding-on rich pastures (13 a ), but the men eat various food. The master teaches his pupils many (things), but the pupils conceal many (things) from the master (14). He takes-away the life of his enemy, and tears off the arms from his body (15). Terrified, the townsmen cast themselves at the feet of the conqueror (15, note). The travellers set out from Boston for the country: they spent five days in the country, and then returned to the city (16). Exercise IV. My sister lives in the splendid house of her father-in-law, but I dwell in my own house (16, end). Good children are (in the place of) a great joy to their parents (17). The bold lion fiercely resists his enemies, but the timid deer flees quickly (18). 134 INTR OD UC TOR Y EXER CISES. 4. He besought his comrades not to desert him in this so great danger (19). 5. That brave commander, Alexander, and that wise philoso¬ pher, Socrates, were formerly greatly praised (19, note). 6. He said that Caesar was not the man to yield to danger or death (21). 7. Cicero was the first to arise (21) in the Senate and accuse Catiline of dreadful crimes. 8. Tall trees are first struck by lightning (21, 22), and a tall tree is-blooming in my meadow (22). 9. No Christian (22) would-be-guilty-of (admitto in se) so foul a crime. 10. The braver a man is, the more merciful is he towards the weak (=every bravest man, &c., 22). Exercise V. 1. Idleness is a very-degrading vice (23). 2. The horseman slew his embarrassed (impeditus) enemy with a sword (24). 3. Cicero upbraided Catiline with great bitterness (24). 4. In appearance he was a lover of his country, in reality a lover of himself (24). 5. In the judgment of all good men, he is convicted of base deceit (24). 6. We have been waiting at home for you, dear George, now many days (25). 7. The Gauls are said to have been naturally more impetuous than firm (25). 8. The King gave his faithful body-guard (satelles) a great reward for his so great services (27). 9. The exiled Emperor lived for several years in England, near London (27). 10 . For the last twenty years, many wars have been carried on in Europe and America (27). INTR OD UC TOR T EXRR CISES. 135 Exercise VI. 1. The city was taken in the fourth year after it had begun to be besieged (28). 2. Trees and flowers bloom in summer, but decay and wither in winter ( 28 ). 3. What is the price of wheat in the market to-day ? Seven dollars (29). 4. The good citizen values money and magistracies highly, but virtue and integrity more highly (29). 5. The saucy boy snapped his fingers and said, “ I don’t care a straw for you ” (29). 6. The King of the Cappadocians, (while) rich in slaves, was • without money (31). 7. Relying on (32) the valor of his army, Louis (Ludovicus) Napoleon waged war on Germany. 8. The boy was born in high station, and is descended from noble ancestors (32). 9. Desire of glory and wealth are great incitements to under¬ going (gerundive) dangers (33). 10. A good general has need of valor, of prudence, of great experience in warfare (33). Exercise VII. 1. The harbor of Boston (adj.) is capable-of-holding (34) many war-ships and merchant-vessels (navis oneraria). 2. The wise-man is no less firm of purpose than capable-of- restraining (=powerful-over) evil desires (34). 3. Cicero was unjustly-accused of tyranny and cruelty, but Catiline was justly condemned for treason and parri¬ cide (36). 4. It-is-the-characteristic-of a prudent-man to deliberate care¬ fully about important matters, and of a foolish-man to act rashly (38). 5. This State is bounded on the east and south by the Atlan¬ tic Ocean (39). 136 INTR OD UC TOR Y EXER CISES. 6. William Evarts, the illustrious lawyer, departing from his home at Boston, fixed his abode at New York (Ebora- cum-novum) (39). 7. The Germans attacked the army of Caesar in front and rear on its march (39). 8. The rest of the Carthaginian ships were taken in the 607th year after the foundation of the city (40). 9. Before the Birth of Christ, many wonderful portents ap¬ peared (40). 10. The traveller arose by night, and about nightfall arrived at home (41). Exercise VIII. » N O'-, A. C:*> . (For this and the fifteen following Exercises, refer to 41, The Prepositions). 1. Do not try to do any thing beyond your strength. 2. The brave leader and above three hundred soldiers were lately slain by the Indians. ~" 3. My friend, strive to be above deceit. 4. According to Thucydides, the Athenians managed their affairs ill. 5. The good and the bad will each be rewarded according to their deeds. 6. Immediately after his consulship, Cicero set out for his country-house. 7. After your letter, mine was immediately read. 8. After the manner of bandits, they plundered all things, public and private. 9. We ought all to live agreeably to nature. 10. The orator speaks as agreeably as possible to the truth. Exercise IX. 1. We justly esteem cowardice among the basest vices. 2. The battle of Cannae (adj.) was memorable amongst Roman defeats. INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES. 137 3. He was the only young man among many who won for himself fame. 4. The victorious general divided all the booty among his- men (sui). 5. The city, taken by storm, was at the mercy of the con¬ querors. 6. At the beginning of the battle, the enemy were courageous and elated ; at the end, they were cast down and dis¬ pirited. 7. Is your dear daughter at the point of death ? 8 . The beautiful lady held a looking-glass before her. 9. Fifty tried warriors were on guard before the Praetorian gate. 10. Through the whole of life, death and disease present them¬ selves before the eyes of mortals. Exercise X. 1. Verres was brought to trial before the jury, at the instance of Cicero (= Cicero being accuser). 2. The captive Gaul boldly made (habeo) a speech before the general. 3. Sulla died nineteen years before the Consulship of Cicero. 4. The slanderer is beneath the notice of honorable-men. 5. What you say, my dear son, is beside the mark. 6. The heavy rains had caused the river to swell beyond its bounds. 7. That so good a man should utter-falsehoods is beyond belief. 8. The city praetor will, beyond question, be brought to trial for extortion. 9. The Sabines, making an onset, all but took the city. 10. What else is the history of a nation, but the history of men ? 138 IN TR OD UC TOR Y EXER CISES. Exercise XI. 1. Maecenas had a splendid country-seat by the Anio. 2. When the messengers arrived, my sons and daughters were sitting by me. 3. My son came to Boston by sea, but the journey is now generally performed by land. 4. As Often as she was by herself, the widow bitterly mourned for her dead husband. 5. The robber committed the robbery by himself. 6. Our friend will set out for London on the 1st of May, and will return home by the 15th of October. 7. Caesar was informed by spies that the Helvetii had set out from home with all their forces. 8. Some ancient writers said that Ireland was less by a half than Britain. 9. By Heaven ! I implore you, do not commit so great a crime ! 10. By what you say, the last hope is now lost to us. Exercise XII., 1. The Helvetians thought their territories too small, consid¬ ering their numbers. 2. During four years, he used to call upon me twice or thrice a month. 3. During the night, my uncle saw a terrible dream. 4. During the reign of Charles I., the great English Rebellion occurred. 5. During the reign of George III., the American Provinces gained their liberty. 6. We are delighted with our house, except that it is not large enough. 7. While I was dwelling in the country for two years, I sent no letter except to you. 8. All bitterly abused me, with the exception of one, or, at most, two. INTR OD UC TOR T EXER CISES. 139 9 Exclusive of his personal property, the wealthy merchant has left his wife large estates. 10. Exclusive of many vices, Catiline, according to Sallust, was guilty-of foul crimes. Exercise XIII. 1. The barbarians of the Southern (australis) Islands used small shells for money. 2. The fanciful-man (says Horace) exchanges round-build¬ ings for square. 3. Let us fight bravely for our wives, for our children, for our fatherland ! 4. I fear greatly for you, my son, but not at all for myself. 5. For Heaven’s sake (—by the gods I beseech you) come quickly and help me ! 6. The dishonest judge took bribes for deciding a suit con¬ trary to evidence. 7. He had been chosen for the magistracy, which had been appointed for the following year. 8. It is my intention to set out for Rome on the 20th of August. 9. I will w r ait for a longer time even than you have asked for. 10. Out of many such deeds, this one will perhaps serve for an example. Exercise XIV. 1. For my part, I intend to go to the country at the begin¬ ning of next summer. 2. The soldiers in the camp are suffering severely for want of provisions. 3. As for the physician whom you mention in your letter, I know nothing about him. 4. For success that youth is both too trifling and too idle ! 5. Take courage, worthy (excellent) friend : there is no cause for despair ! 6. For all I know, the excellent poet has perished at sea. 140 INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES. 7. Be assured you are no match for that strong and active wrestler. 8. So much for that matter ! Now let us turn our thoughts to other things. 9. It were better for many guilty-men to escape (avoid) pun¬ ishment, than for one innoceilt-man to be condemned to death. 10. He writes with such care that it is rare for him to make even a single blot. Exercise XV. 1. From his boyhood, he was eagerly-desirous of learning. 2. From the time when I returned home from England, I have suffered severely with tooth-ache and head-ache. 3. From (being) poor, our friend has suddenly become rich. 4. From Romulus’s name (says the legend) the city was named Rome. 5. The French nation now is different from what it once was, under the great Emperor. 6. Messengers came from Carthage to Hannibal to warn him not to return home. 7. The German monarch wrested his kingdom from the Em¬ peror of the Franks. 8. Rest from labor and care comes only to the dead. 9. He generally comes into the city to buy supplies once in seven days. 10. Both in Herodotus and in Homer we find many incredible tales. Exercise XVI. 1. The Great Desert of Sahara extends about nine hundred miles in width, and three thousand in length. 2. The orator exhorted the assembly in this manner for more than two hours. 3. Paul, the famous Apostle, was born at Tarsus, was put in prison at Philippi, and suffered death at Rome. INTR OD UC TOR Y EXER CISES. HI 4. In my judgment, said Clearchus, the traitor deserves to be put to death. 5. If we wish to live in accordance with Nature, we must live in the country. 6. In addition to this, he had great patience and wonderful fortitude. 7. In case of your father’s death, what will you children do ? 8. In comparison with those dwelling in hotter countries, we deserve to be considered happy. 9. In consequence of the defeat at Cannae, great fear came- upon the Romans. 10. Catiline was going in the direction of Gaul, when Q. Metel¬ lus Celer met him. Exercise XVII. 1. His liberality, skill in warfare, and good-fortune were in favor of Caius Caesar. 2. It is said that the Emperor wishes to abdicate in favor of his son. 3. In the midst of the enemy, many of whom he had slain with his own hand, lay the leader stabbed with a sword. 4. The eloquent senator spoke long and vehemently in oppo¬ sition to the proposal. 5. In point of numbers the Swiss nation is weak, but in point of valor it is very strong. 6. Americans spare no toil in the search-after riches. 7. Your son is not deficient either in respect of natural-ability or in knowledge. 8. In spite of all the brave citizens could do, the city was taken by assault. 9. In spite of the intercession of many powerful men, the murderer was hanged on the gallows. IO. Pythias was instead of a brother to Damon, and they were mutually willing to die, each for his friend. 142 INTR OD UC TOR T EXER CISES. Exercise XVIII. 1. Scotland is on the north-east of Ireland. 2. The enemies’ army is within ten miles of the city. 3. The active father said to his idle son, “ This comes of lazi¬ ness.” 4. To come of good parentage ought to be a stimulus to good deeds. 5. They found in the camp many vessels of gold and silver. (Turn two ways.) 6. There are many men of ability, but only few of great ability. 7. Very few of us now survive who remember the famous general. 8. The Battle of Cannae was near (did not want much of) bringing destruction to the City of Rome. 9. Rooks build their nests in the tops of trees. 10. Before rain, leaves and feathers float on the surface of the water. * Exercise XIX. 1. He ordered the captain not to stir a finger’s breadth from that-spot (illinc). 2. Many persons, shut in by snow in the midst of the moun¬ tains, perished of hunger. 3. News of the death of the general and his brave soldiers was first brought by an Indian scout. 4. I greatly desire to ascertain what has become of my class¬ mate, who went many years ago to India. 5. What think you of the measures which have recently been brought before the Senate ? 6. Huntsmen and warriors ought to be swift of foot, ready of wit, keen of eye, and bold of hand. 7. In the year 479 b.c., a great-sea-battle between the Greeks and Persians took place off Mycale. 8. Many tombs of illustrious men are still standing on the Appian Road. INTR OD UC TOR Y EXER CISES. H3 9. Sardanapalus, as he rushed-forth to meet the enemy, had a wreath on his head, and a sword in his right-hand. 10. Vienna (Vindobona) is on the Danube, 340 miles from Berlin (Berolinum). Exercise XX. 1. On the north, Spain is bounded by the Pyrenees Moun¬ tains, on the west by the Atlantic Ocean. 2. Caesar and Ariovistus held a conference on horseback. 3. We heard the poet playing skilfully on the lyre. 4. The Spartan soldier was carried home to his mother on his own shield. 5. When Darius was on the point of death, he wished both of his sons to come to him. 6. The Senators were mostly on Pompey’s side, the common- people on Caesar’s, and many cautious men were on neither side. 7. On the side of the Helvetii, the mountain gradually slopes down to the plain. 8. My friend excuses himself from coming to my house on the plea of health. 9. Bad men obey the laws, not willingly, but out of fear. 10. Boys often inflict injury, not on purpose, but out of fun. Exercise XXI. 1. The famine in Egypt lasted many years (over many). 2. Hannibal the Carthaginian, (while) very young, was set over the army. 3. The Isle of Man is over against Britain on the west. 4. It was owing to the rashness of Lentulus to a great extent (magnopere) that Catiline’s Conspiracy did not suc¬ ceed. 5. Pending the giving of judgment, the defendant had com¬ mitted suicide. 6. Themistocles persuaded his countrymen (civis) to build a broad and high wall round Athens. 144 INTR OD UC TOR T EXER CISES. 7. The Sabines sent ambassadors round to the neighboring States to excite them to war against the treacherous Romans. 8 . Ever since America won her freedom (se in libertatem vindicare), she has been increasing in riches, fame, and power. 9. Never since the creation of the world have arts flourished more than in the present day (= these times-). 10. It was chiefly through his wealth that Tarquinius Priscus rose to be King of Rome. Exercise XXII. 1. My friend will set out from Boston on the 1st of August, and will go first to Italy, then to Smyrna, and lastly to the Crimaea. 2. The German Empire extends from the Baltic Sea to the shores of the Adriatic. 3. Our soldiers fought with the Indians to a late hour in the day, when they were overwhelmed by superior numbers (multitudo) of enemies. 4. Having slain many of the enemy, the small band of Ameri¬ can soldiers was slain to a man. 5. To what end do you utter so many-words, which have no bearing on (nihil pertinens) the subject. 6. The orator mounting the rostra, whence he had so often before harangued the people, spoke to this effect. 7. To be dutiful to (one’s) parents, loyal to (one’s) father- land, faithful to friends, firm towards foes are (the char¬ acteristics) of a good citizen. 8. To the best of his power Hector defended Troy against the attacks of the Greeks. 9. The cavalry, under Philip’s command ( abl ,. abs.), charged suddenly towards the hills which look toward the east. 10. Achilles felt towards Patroclus the love of a brother, and therefore exacted heavy vengeance for his death (= him slain). INTR OD UC TOR Y EXER C 1 SES. H5 Exercise XXIII. 1. Under the pretence of reconciling the alienated friends, by treacherous calumnies he rendered them more hostile to each other. 2. The Servians under arms have invaded the Turkish (Tur¬ cicus) territories, and have fought some battles with poor success (male gerere). 3. Under the appearance of a favor, he inflicted on his client a severe injury (— affected his client with). 4. The Jews were continually fighting with one another, when they ought to have been fighting against the Romans. 5. Having the wind with him, the merchant sailed quickly from Boston to Dublin (Eblana). 6. I will do at once what you request, with all my heart. 7. The decision of the suit rests-entirely with the chief judge. 8. With heaven’s aid, we may (licet) hope to overcome all enemies, and surmount all dangers. 9. Cicero, with his usual wisdom, defended both the city and himself against the desperate (perditus) conspirators. 10. The boy fell into the river and was within a very little of being drowned. L 146 INTRODUCTORT EXERCISES . Exercise XXIV. 1. Without (75) attempting to conciliate (45) even his friends, he (2) succeeded in conciliating even his enemies. 2. There is no doubt that (54) all the magistrates in the (16 end) populous city (40) of Antioch (64), (2) conspired to dethrone the (18) just king Tullius. 3. What reason have you (page 94) for saying that the (18) foolish young Balbus will not return (16) to Corinth ? 4. I am (6) persuaded that you are wrong and (45) nothing shall persuade me (page 89) to believe otherwise. g. I will help you if I (par. 11, page 8) can, but I fear youi friends will (49) not help you, and, if (70) so, there is no doubt (49) that you (49) will be banished. 6. (51) Whether this is true or false, it does not persuade me (page 89) to believe that (18) the excellent Balbus is guilty. 7. I will ask him (51) whether he (64) wished to remain at (16) Carthage, or to set out for (16) Rome. 8. He says the bird will never (page 98) grow tame (mitesco), as long as it (11) is kept in a cage. 9. I fear (49) (64) he wished to converse with (page 56) me. 10. There is no doubt (49) that he (64) promised to come to (16) Athens, (44a) but he did not perform (53) what he promised. 11. The (18) sagacious husbandman said the weather (dies, pi. ) would (page 98) grow cold (frigesco). 12. I (2) expect that (51) whether he comes to Rome or re- ‘ mains at Naples he will not be (2) secure. Nothing (hint* 7 and appendix) but his (3a) departure from Italy will satisfy me. (Turn by ita ... si discesserit : see page 49.) 13. After the (18) thoughtless Tullius (11) had asked me (page 89) to dine with (page 56) him, he (page 88) promised to dine with Balbtis in the same day. The reference is to the hints on page 131. GRADUATED EXERCISES. 147 14. Did not you read the (19) two (binas) long, interesting letters (literae) (54 end) that my good friend Tullius sent me ten days (page 35) before his death? 15* The hot-tempered (11) captain (hint 4 and appendix) perceived (21) the treachery that was intended, (47) and answered (cage 43) in haste, (Oratio Recta, 78) “Do not (12) send mes¬ sengers to these (19) blood-thirsty people. (Hint 7 and appendix.) The citizens have sworn to admit nobody. (Hint 7 and appendix.) of you (12) will send some one, don’t send anyone you have a liking for. Send a bachelor.” I. I fear the prodigal (18) Balbus will die within a week. If so, all (54) that he has will be sold, and (45) nothing will be left to support his child. But the man has no cause (75) for finding fault with anyone but himself; for, after ( postquam ) he had (66) squandered his father’s patrimony, instead of (75) working (24) with vigour, he left his family (2) at Rome (16) without (41) money to (73) buy them bread, while (67) he travelled from Rome to (16) Milan, and from Milan to Paris, begging from (7) anyone that he met on (39) the way. I have often entreated him to (73) improve, but all in vain. 2. What reason had you for finding fault in this way with your kind and considerate uncle Tullius? He did his best to help you, and would have done more, if you had not refused to obey him. I fear that in ten months’ time you will repent, when too late, of your disgraceful ingratitude; meantime I entreat you to remember your promise to improve. You have not much time to fulfil your promise, for he writes to me that, when he arrives at Naples, he intends to sell his estate there and to return to Rome with speed. (75, 70, 49, page 89, 11, 16.) 3. There is no doubt that if he pities us, he will be a great protection to us in these sad calamities; and indeed the town 148 GRADUATED EXERCISES. has now been surrounded by the enemy with a ditch, so that I fully expect that it will be captured in ten days from this time. If our spies had warned us of this before the enemy came to Naples, we should have been able to resist them with some chance of success ; but, as it is, I fear that we shall be captured or put to death to a man. One thing I wish to know before you go, viz. on what day the general promised to send a messenger to the town of Nola. (11, 12, 2, 64, 16.) 4. The excellent Balbus, when in his old age, while studying Greek at Corinth, used to say that “he was afraid he should not succeed, like Cato, in learning a new language, for his memory failed him and his old energy had gone.” And indeed, although some one in Cicero says that he has no fault to find with old age, we certainly must not expect to retain all the vigour of youth. So do not promise to perform when old, what you have neglected when young. I have often asked how old Balbus was when he began Greek ; but I could never ascertain his exact age. But I believe he was over seventy. (18, 70, 2, page 98, 12, 54, 64.) 5. Although my kind friend Tullius promised to help me, he forgot his promise. The consequence was that (ut) I was left, while a boy, at Rome, without money to take me home ; and there was no one to help me in my sore distress. Indeed, if the worthy Balbus had not seen and pitied me, I do not know what I should have done. His enemies used to say that he loved no one, and that no one loved him; but he asked me to come home with him, and treated me all the time I was in his house, like a man of humanity, as he was, with kindness and con¬ sideration. (76, 18, 70, 73, 45, page 77, 60, 24.) 6. I don’t know whether there is anything more agreeable than to hear one’s praises uttered by some one who is free from flattery. The following remark of Cicero illustrates this better than a «thousand treatises on flattery:—“The most subtle flattery,” says that author, “is to tell your friend that he is above flattery, and to say that you do not know how to flatter him. ” It happened once that a Roman senator, named Lentulus, had a needy obsequious Greek fellow dining with him, who tried in vain to flatter his host. Lentulus laughed at his awkward attempts, and said, (Orat. Rect.) “I flatter myself, sir, that I am indifferent to flattery.” ( Orat . Red.) “Had I known that,” replied the Greek, “I should have known how GRADUATED EXERCISES. 149 to flatter you, but you have taught me a good lesson, and I will not forget it.” (8, 25, 12, 46.) 7. Almost all the men in the ship, when they saw nothing but rocks and waves before them, thinking that the boat was not fit for use, flung themselves into the sea and swam towards different parts of the beach. But all to a man perished. Only the sailors in the boat managed to escape to the shore. When they had reached it, they asked the natives to grant them food, clothing, and shelter: for they had nothing, not even a morsel of bread, to satisfy their hunger. But, instead of friends, they found robbers drawn up to meet them on the bes^h: they were then deprived even of the little clothing they had, some of them were beaten, some of them threatened with death, one was killed. In this extreme misery they were met by a band of three thousand soldiers coming from the capital, which was ten miles off. The commander of this force received them with kindness, asked them whether the*' wished to go on to the capital or to return at once to their country; and, upon their deciding on the former alternative, ordered that each should receive ten pounds ( Orat. Red. and Or at. Obi.). “ Whft more,” he added, “ can I do for you ? Only say and it shall be done.” 8. In these great calamities, the brave and intrepid general, instead of manifesting fear, turned to his dejected soldiers and said, {Orat. Obi.), “Courage! all will be well! We shall succeed past expectation, if we do our best to teach the enemy that they can be resisted by brave men. Why do we delay here in idle conversation when we ought to be up and doing ? I am informed that 20,000 infantry, 4,000 cavalry, and fifteen ships of war have been despatched against us ; but do not fear them, for, while they are mercenaries, we are free men. The enemy will certainly not pity you, and there is no hope but in arms.” 9. On the receipt of this sad news, the two generals, with joyful looks intended to disguise their feelings, began to ask their guide how much stronger the enemy was than their own army. On hearing that the Athenians had 3,000 more infantry than they had, one of them turned to the other and said {Orat. Red. and Orat. Obi.), “It is all over with these exultant soldiers of ours, if, instead of retiring, we march forward to Athens. You see, by these two letters in my hand, that our largest army GRADUATED EXERCISES. 15 ° was yesterday defeated, almost all that survived were captured, and no one but the consul returned to tell the tale. Though the Athenians are treacherous enemies, they have no lack of bravery, and I fear that, if we do not retreat, we shall repent.” After hearing these words, the other general asked for time to deliberate before making up his mind what ought to be done. 10. The celebrated Caius was once asked whether the man that believed nobody, or the man that believed everybody, was the wiser. He answered, that every virtue was a mean between two vices : that it was possible for us to believe too much, as well as to believe too little ( Orat. Obi.). “Cannot anyone see that it is the duty of a wise man to distinguish between those that are worthy, and those that are unworthy of credit ? for it is, and always will be, a part of virtue not merely to desire to do right, but also to determine what is right.” While the wise Caius was saying this, his pupils listened with attention. After he had finished, some of them remained behind to ask him the meaning of what he said ; others said that there was no truth in it ; others left without saying a single word themselves, or thinking in the slightest degree about what had been said by their teacher. 11. In the war with the Germans, this cruel and arbitrary king, being desirous of making, in the night-time, some alterations in his camp, ordered that, under pain of death, neither fire noi candle should be burning in the tents after a certain hour. He ■went round the camp himself, to see that his orders were obeyed: and as he passed by Captain Tullius’ tent, he perceived a light. He entered, and saw the captain seal a letter, which he had just finished writing to his wife, whom he tenderly loved. ( Orat. Obi .) “What are you doingthere?” said the king. “Do not you know the orders ?” Tullius threw'- himself at his feet, and begged for mercy, but he had no power, and made no attempt, to deny his , fault. {Orat. Red.) “Sit down,” said the king to him, “and add a few words that I shall dictate.” The officer obeyed, and the king dictated, {Orat. Obi.) “To-morrow I shall perish on the scaffold.” Tullius wrote it, and he was executed the next day. 12. Amid the shouting of the soldiers the voice of the general was distinctly heard as he encouraged those who w r ere advancing to the charge, and rebuked the fugitives {Orat. Obi). “ Why,” he cried, “are you retreating? Do you hope to find safety in GRADUATED EXERCISES. IS 1 flight ? Do you not know that even the timid deer does not always flee ? On the one side lies the sea; and on the other the enemy. Death is on both sides of you—choose between a death of honour and a death of shame. If even now you do not fight for your country, it is all over with the glory of Rome.” On hearing these words, all the best of the soldiers recovered their spirits, closed their ranks, and charged the enemy with fierce¬ ness. The latter, unprepared for this sudden attack, fled some in one direction, some in another ; none were spared, and not a man out of that vast multitude was left to cany back home the news of the sad result. 13. To this the general answered that he could not help recol¬ lecting the great cruelty with which his soldiers had been treated by the enemy at the taking of Nola, seven years ago (Oral Obi.). “Now,” he said, “nothing but compassion prevents me from destroying all of you to a man. You have not enough food to satisfy you, not enough even to keep off famine. Whether you are assisted by the Romans or not, it matters little ; all of you must perish.” Upon this, the ambassadors, bursting into tears, promised that their countrymen should give all they had to the soldiers if only their lives were spared. They did not say that' they had not deserved death ; for if they had said so, it would have been of little use : but they flung themselves at the general’s feet, and again and again begged for pardon. He heard them in silence, without raising them, or appearing in any way to be touched by their calamities. 14. {Oral. Obi.) “If,” said tne wise shepherd, “you had observed the weather, as you promised to do, and had not forgotten the instructions I gave, you would not have come into this painful position. When, about a couple of weeks ago, an inundation took place, all the shepherds that were in the neighbourhood collected in haste and came to me for advice. On receiving my advice, they thanked me for the pains I had taken, and assured me they would carry out all that I had recommended. Consequently, although another storm visited us in the following week, scarcely anyone was injured, and I do not believe that you will lose a single sheep for the future, if you will adopt the same course as they did. Instead of weeping, give up your folly. Why did you come here but to get advice? and why are we sent into the world but to battle with troubles like these ? ” I 5 2 GRADUATED EXERCISES. 15. When the renowned Balbus, \Vho had conquered Persia, Tartary, and Syria, was defeated by Tullius, and taken prisoner, he sat on the ground, and a soldier prepared a coarse meal to appease his hunger. As this was boiling in one of the pots used for the food of the horses, a dog put his head into it, but, from the mouth of the vessel being too small, he could not draw it out again, and ran away with both the pot and the meat. The captive monarch burst into a fit of laughter : and, on one of his guards demanding what cause upon earth could induce a person in his situation to laugh, he replied ( Oral. Obi. ), “It was but this morning the steward of my household complained, that three hundred camels were not enough to carry my kitchen furniture ; now it is carried with ease by that dog, who hath carried away both my cooking instruments and dinner.” 16. On hearing this, the passionate queen replied in a fury ( Oral. Reel.), ‘‘I am surprised that I have not persuaded you that the course I recommended is the best under the circumstances, and I regret that you seem to have forgotten the great kindnesses you have received from me and from my predecessors on the throne.” Then, growing more and more angry as she proceeded ( Oral. Obi.) “ For what purpose,” cried*she, “have we marched here but to fight the enemy ? Do you wish to give up your rights and liberties to the detestable Balbus ? Although I cannot dictate to you the course you should follow, I entreat you to listen to me when I appeal to you, in the name of the national honour, not to desert me in this degrading position. Why did you promise to obey me, if you did not intend to keep your word ? What have you asked of me that you have not obtained ? Prepare, I beseech you, to conquer or to die. If I had known that you wished to surrender the city, I would never have come on this disgraceful journey.” 17. [Oral. Obi.) “Can I ever fail,” said the grateful Tullius, “to recollect the favours I have received at your hands ? Depend upon it, I will do my best to deserve success, even though I can • not attain it ; and you shall have no cause to regret the kindness you showed me in my many severe troubles. But why do I delay when I am called elsewhere by duty. Farewell!” The wise old judge replied as follows:— (Oral. Reel.) “ I am indeed glad to hear what you say, and nothing will make me believe that you are ungrateful. I advise you and your friends, instead of trying any longer to conciliate Balbus, to collect together at once and oppose him. I am sure he will never be persuaded by mere GRADUATED EXERCISES. 153 argument, and if he is not put down in a few months, you will be seriously injured by him.” 18. As t.he agents of the infamous queen were conducting her unfortunate husband to the strong castle, ten miles off, at Cumse, the scene of his tragic and sorrowful end, it came into their minds that to prevent his being recognized by the people on the road, * it would be well to have his head and beard shaved. They ac¬ cordingly commanded the prince to alight from his horse, obliging him to sit down on a mound by the wayside; meanwhile one of the escort, who officiated as barber, brought a basin of cold water taken out of the next ditch, observing to the king that “ for that time any water must do.” The prince, deeply affected, burst into a flood of warm tears, and seeing them fall into the basin, he pathetically observed [Orat. Obi.), “Behold, monsters, nature supplies what you would deny.” 19. On hearing this the impetuous soldier, with his sword / drawn, rushed into the midst of his rebellious comrades, and cried at the top of his voice {Orat. Obi.), “Why do we stay here in this narrow camp, waiting for the enemy to crush us ? Why do we continue to obey an incapable general ? Did not you thank me for the bravery I showed in representing your claims to the general ? And did you not promise to join me ? Collect then at once, and in haste. Seize the officers. Instead of delaying, adopt the same course as our comrades in France ten days ago adopted, and you will have no cause to regret the result. Success is certain if you but do your best. Are you not ashamed of the disgraceful position in which you have been placed for more than a fortnight ? ” Here he paused for a moment, and then added, with bitterness [Orat. Red.), “Perhaps some one will say we must not forget the oath of fidelity we have sworn to our generals. We will not ffirget it, on condition they remember the duty of kindness towards us.” 20.. In the midst of all these terrible disasters the brave general was the only man that retained his presence of mind. Collecting a few of the most resolute men in the army, he reported them to act with energy, and not to forget the great glory that awaited them if they could only force their way^through the enemy and reach a place of security ( Orat. Obi.). “Why,” said he, “do you despair, when I am your leader? Has the enemy any reason to boast of having ever defeated me ? It is not *54 GRADUATED EXERCISES. the enemy that I fear, it is your timidity and irresolution. Before you came to Naples you acted with the courage of soldiers ; now, you are in some strange way altered, and I do not know what is the matter with you ; if you had marched with speed, you would now be in Rome, and not a man there would, dare to oppose you. ” 21 . Remembering the cruelty with which their countrymen had been treated by the enemy, the ambassadors came most unwill¬ ingly on their humiliating errand, and, after they had arrived at the capital and obtained an audience in the town-hall, no one liked to be the first to speak. At last the excellent Tullius broke silence with these words ( Orat. Obi.): —“Although we cannot expect indulgence, and do not ask you to pity us, yet we think it worth while to appeal to your sense of your own interest, and to ask you to give us time to consult our government as to whether we may surrender the city. Remember that it is sometimes pro¬ fitable to spare the vanquished, and that mercy is sometimes the mark of a politic as well as of a merciful man. The oldest of your nobles cannot have entirely forgotten the great calamities that befel you in the late war. What you have suffered once it is possible, if not probable, that you may suffer again. How¬ ever, if we cannot persuade you that our advice is the best, we are prepared to resist you to the last. ” 22. {Orat. Obi.) “I was not so much injured by the wound,” cried the intrepid soldier ; “it was the man’s treachery in attempt¬ ing to stab me when off my guard that provoked and angered me. I thank you with all my heart for the great kindness you have shown me while ill, and now farewell. Believe me, I shall not find it easy to forget the many benefits you have bestowed on me in my severe trial. Why do not all men remember, as you do, the claims of hospitality and mercy ? Can I ever repay you for your trouble ? Never, except by imitating your conduct. Before I knew you, I was persuaded that every Roman was a knave ; now I know that wherever I go I shall find in all nations some goodness, kindness, and compassion : and nothing shall make me believe the contrary.” 23. At the unfortunate battle of Damietta against the Saracens, Louis IX. was taken prisoner. He bore this reverse of fortune so nobly and so magnanimously that his enemies said to him in admiration ( Orat. Red.), “We look upon you as our captive and GRADUATED EXERCISES. 155 Our slave ; but though in chains, you behave to us as if we were your prisoners.” The sultan having sent one of his generals to the king, to demand a very considerable sum of money for his ransom, his majesty replied, (Orat. Obi.) “Return, and tell your master, that a King of France is not to be redeemed with money : I will give him the sum he asks for my subjects that are taken prisoners; and I will deliver up to him the city of Damietta for my own person.” And such were the terms on which the liberation of the King of France and his subjects was afterwards effected. 24. A thousand promises cannot restore the reputation forfeited by one dishonourable act, and it ought never to be forgotten that a readiness to make professions and promises often implies a readi¬ ness to break them. But, while we cannot help distrusting a man that seems to promise much and feel little, we ought to be on our guard against suspecting a man unduly. We ought to be wise, without being cruel or suspicious. A man of good feeling will do well to remember that he, as well as others, is liable to go wrong, and the precept that enjoins upon us not to judge lest we be judged will be always in his mind. If we remember this solemn precept, we shall be more likely to act not only with mercy but also with wisdom in our relations to our inferiors, and there can be no doubt that, in spite of apparent failure, gentle¬ ness will in the end succeed where cruelty will fail. 25. {Orat. Red.) “Do you dare to say,” cried the infuri¬ ated mutineers, “that the soldiers in the camp did not again and again entreat you to lead them against the enemy ? Have you anything to reply to this accusation ? If so, speak : if not, con¬ fess that you deserve death.” To these words the general replied {Orat. Obi.), “I see that you are determined to murder me Yet my oldest lieutenant will bear me witness that I shewed my prudence in giving orders for a retreat. I had only 2,000 men at that time with me. I did not know which of the two roads through the wood led to Rome. Upon my pro¬ posing a retreat to my officers, they all kept silence except two, who expressed their approval of it; and, in the end, it was unani¬ mously determined on. As for the prisoners, it is true that none were spared ; but the reason was that several tried to escape after they had promised not to depart from the camp. What more could anyone have done in that great calamity ? I for my part do not know, and I wish my accusers would each produce his own plan.” GRADUATED EXERC/SES, I5 6 26. After inquiring why the principal men of wealth and importance in the town did not interfere to prevent these great tumults, Tullius unfortunately turned to the general Fabius and said ( Orat . Rect.), “I am surprised that your country has not obtained more wisdom from its misfortunes. You asked me just now what we should have done if we had been conquered. I reply, we should at least have learned moderation.” On hearing this, the general was filled with anger and replied {Oral. Obi.), “Why do you make such absurd remarks? Can I or anyone avoid destiny ? What is the use of talking about what might have happened ? It serves no purpose but that of irritating the people. Cease to waste time in this way and depart from Rome with speed, taking your goods with you. If you do not, I promise to accuse you of treachery in three days, and you and thousands of spies like you shall be put to death.” Tullius was persuaded that he meant what he said, and he therefore collected his goods, bade farewell to his family, and, after asking them to write to him as soon as possible, set out in haste for Egeria, a town about twenty-five miles distant. * 27. The wise and pious philosopher, turning to the rash and foolish youth, replied with calmness (Oral. Reel.), “If, while young, you do not pay attention to your work, you will find, when old, that you will have cause to repent your folly. There are many that are admired, while young, for their quickness, ingenuity, and taste, and, if they had determined to work with steadiness, they would have succeeded ; but, instead of doing so, they often waste their time in an idle and frivolous manner, and thus they are left far behind in the race of life by others of inferior ability but greater application.” To this the young man replied in haste (Orat. Obi.), " I have a great dislike to receive such lectures from you ; and there is no reason why you should select me in¬ stead of others, since others are as bad. Pray cease, if you don’t wish me to leave the room. I shall go home to my friends in Italy at once. Can anything be more absurd than that a youth of ability like mine should continue to remain at school ? ” 28. It was customary with General Caius, when any of his soldiers were brought before him for heinous offences, to say to them, “ Brother, you or I will certainly be hanged;” which was a sufficient denunciation of their fate. Once a spy, who was dis¬ covered in his camp, was addressed in this language. Next day, as the poor wretch was about to be led to the gallows, he pressed GRADUATED EXERCISES. *57 earnestly to speak with the general, alleging that he had some- * what of importance to communicate. The general, being made acquainted with his request, said with roughness ( Orat. Ob!.), “It is always the way with these rascals; they pretend some frivo¬ lous story, merely to reprieve themselves lor a few moments : however, bring the dog hither.” When he was introduced, the general asked him what he had to say. [Orat. Red.) “ Why, my lord,” said theculpr.t, “when I first had the honour of your con¬ versation, you were pleased to say that either you or I should be hanged ; now I am come to know whether it is your pleasme to be so, because, if you won’t, I must; that’s all.” The general was so pleased with the fellow’s Lumour that he ordered him to be released. 29. In this great perplexity I had recourse to the active, ener¬ getic Tullius, one of my most intimate and affectionate friends. I took him by the hand, informed him of the difficulty in which I was placed, and asked him to advise me what to do, and, il possible, to assist me with money. He answered, with his usual kindness, “ If you had asked me to help you on the 23rd of March I would have done so with pleasure, but now, instead of being able to help you, I want help myself. It is true that a few days ago I possessed friends, money, and arms ; but now I have not even food enough to last me and my children for seven days. Can you hope for help from me after hearing this ? ” While he said this, the tears ran down his face. I felt the sorrow with which he was moved, and there was not a man present that did not feel it as much as I did. For my part, I turned away my face so as not to shew my feelings, and I told Tullius that I would only consent to take the command of the army on con¬ dition that he had his property restored to him. 30. I once heard a Frenchman and a German arguing to¬ gether as to which was the better country ; the former spoke of the successes in war that had been obtained by his nation, and enumerated the distinguished generals that had gained conquests innumerable. The German reminded the Frenchman of the discoveries in art and science that had been effected by his countrymen ; the beauty of their literature, the world-wide renown of their poets, their historians, and their philosophers. While they were thus arguing together, it happened that an Englishman came up, who put in a claim for his own country in the following words [Orat. Obi.) :—“Although we admit that GRADUATED EXERCISES. 158 the French have more taste, and the Germans have more depth than our own countrymen, yet still in practical ability we think *► that we are not inferior to any nation : for answer this question —What nation has succeeded like ours in administering its affairs at once in peace and prosperity ? ” 31. ( Orai. Rect.) “If,” said the philosopher, in answer to the question of his brave young son, “if, in our great calamities, we had been spared by the conquering Romans, perhaps we should have pitied them in turn. But, instead of pitying us, they treated us with cruelty on all occasions ; I am therefore much surprised at your regretting the rapidity with which the army of Carthage, under the leadership of Hannibal, conquered the armies of Rome.” Seeing that his son kept silence, the old man went on as follows ( Orat . Obi.): —“ For my part, I am as happy to see the defeat of Rome, as the Romans were to see that of Spain fifteen years ago ; and I am sure, if you remember the past history of our nation, that you will feel it to be your duty to do everything you can to procure the defeat of the Romans and the success of the Cartha¬ ginians. If you agree with me, I am satisfied ; if not, I will endeavour to prove, by narrating the history of the past war, that ambition, pride, avarice, and cruelty, must inevitably be the ruin of any nation, and that Rome can form no exception to this rule. ” 32. The angry and passionate queen, resenting the insult she had received from all the 'wealthiest inhabitants of the city, replied with bitterness ( Oral. Obi.), “The most exalted genius is frequently overborne by envy. I am determined to do every¬ thing that I can to effect the ruin of this rebellious people, for I am certain that their wants will never be satisfied, and that until their wants are satisfied they will never cease rebelling. They would persuade me, forsooth, that the sovereign is made for the nation, instead of the nation being made for the sovereign; they complain that I neglect public merit, and lavish the revenue of the state upon unworthy favourites, and that all the most important offices are bestowed by favour. For my part, instead of being moved to pity by such complaints as these, I shall collect my most faithful troops in haste ; I will then surround the city, arrest the ringleaders, banish some, fine others, kill others, and thus establish peace.” 33. It is said that even this hard and cruel tyrant was touched with gratitude at the haste with which the poor lame cobbler had GRADUATED EXERCISES. 159 come to his assistance. After he had remarked that the favourites of kings were often the most deserving men in a country, he proceeded to describe the rebellion and the measures that had been taken to put it down {Orat. Red.). “If,” he said, “ my generals, instead of sparing the people, had destroyed all the forests in the country, broken down the bridges and burned the villages, we should in all probability have succeeded, and we should not now be obliged to ask for peace. We should not have before us the spectacle of a city so .vast and beautiful as this, besieged on all sides by enemies whom it is impossible to resist, and equally impossible to persuade to peace.” Then, turning to the bystanders, who displayed much emotion at his words, he said (Orai. Obi.), “Leave me; why do you delay? Make the best of your way to the nearest refuge, for there is nothing to prevent the enemy from at any time taking the city ; and, while I value your sympathy, I do not feel justified in en¬ dangering your safety.” 34. I cannot be persuaded that you have done wisely in not visiting the castle. It is a place worthy of being seen for its own sake, and 1 hardly think that any is more strongly fortified both by nature and art ; and to those who have read the chronicles of England it is rendered more memorable by a beautiful instance of filial piety. Two hundred years ago, the town was besieged and greatly straitened for want of provisions. No one could be found bold enough to undertake the dangerous task of conveying supplies thither, until a youth, whose father was in the garrison, came forward and accepted the duty. For several nights he crossed the lake, climbed the wall, and placed pr-ovisions at a spot where his father would find them. At length he was taken prisoner and sentenced to death, to strike terror into anyone who might be disposed to render similar help to the besieged. It was the good fortune of one of my own ancestors to obtain pardon for him. With considerable danger to himself, he procured an interview with the general, and addressed him pretty nearly as follows:—“Affection to a father is the source of patriotism. You cannot put the youth to death without also causing pain to every good son.” Not to make a long tale, he succeeded in his prayer, and the youth was spared. For my part, ever since I heard this story, I have always felt proud of my ancestor’s conduct, and never think of the old castle but with feelings of interest and pleasure. l6o GRADU A TED EXERCISES. 35. During the wars in Flanders, in the reign of Queen Anne, when the Duke of Marlborough and Prince Eugene commanded the allied army, a soldier, in the division of the latter, was con¬ demned to be hanged for marauding. The man happened to be a favourite with his officers; they therefore applied to the Duke of Marlborough, begging his grace to interfere. With his usual good nature, he accordingly went to Prince Eugene, who said ( Orat. Obi.) he never did, and never would, consent to the pardon of a marauder. {Orat. Red.) “Why,” said the duke, “at this rate, we shall hang half the army ; I pardon a great many.” {Orat. Obi.) “ That,” replied the prince, “is the reason that so much mischief is done by your people, and that so many suffer for it; I never pardon any, and therefore there are very few to be punished in my army.” The duke still urged his request; on which the prince said {Orat. Obi), “Grant me this favour. Make inquiry which of us has executed most men, and if your grace has not executed more than I have done, I will'consent to the pard<>n of this fellow.” The proper inquiries were accord¬ ingly made, and it appeared that the duke had executed far more than Prince Eugene, on which he said to the duke {Orat. Red.), “There, my lord, you see what example can do. You pardon many, and therefore you are forced to execute many ; I never pardon one, therefore few dare to offend, and of course but few suffer.” 36. After Tullius had heard that the brave young soldier Balbus had returned to the town of Tarentia, forty miles distant, he went and visited him to see whether he was contented with his position in the army, and to ascertain how matters were going on in the camp. He was delayed for a day or two by the illness of an intimate friend, but three days after Balbus’ return, Tullius arrived at Naples and called on Balbus. On seeing him, he addressed the young soldier thus {Orat. Obi .):—“However much, my dear Balbus, I am gratified by the report of your many illustrious achievements, yet I feel that as long as you are in the army, your conduct can never entirely meet with my approval. For what, after all, is a soldier? He is a man that will cut* anyone’s throat for a shilling a day.” Hereupon the impetuous Balbus replied in haste {Orat. Obi.), “Why do you talk like this ? Pray cease. Do you not know that a soldier may sometimes be one of the most deserving men in the country? Besides, whether your observations are true or false, they are sure to be useless, as long as human nature remains as it is.” GRADUATED EXERCISES. 161 37. “We should not have taken these harsh measures,” said the ferocious old general, “ against all the most respectable citizens in Rome, if we had not known for certain that the people in Rome will never be quiet, and will never submit to our dominion in peace.” He then continued to speak as follows :—“ Even all the brilliant successes of our army have been unable to convince the Italians that resistance is impossible, and that it is absolutely necessary for them to come to terms. There will always be found cruel generals and undisciplined and disobedient soldiers, and I confess that, although we have done our best to avoid injuring private individuals, yet the life of the agriculturists in Italy during the past four months has been by no means an enviable one. But did you not know when you went to war the risk you were incurring ? And did not we take up arms to improve our condition if possible ? Cease, then, from unavailing complaints.” 38. {Orat. Red.) “ Look at my withered body,” said the camel to Jupiter. “ Why have you not given me the plumpness of the horse, the ox, and the elephant ? Why have you given me so few muscles, and made me so ugly? And why have you compelled me to dwell in a dry, barren, and fiat country like Arabia ? ” To these complaints Jupiter answered with a smile {Orat. Obi.), “My excellent friend, you will find that I have a reason for all I have done. If I have made you lean and -deprived you of all superfluous muscles and flesh, it is because in the dry barren deserts of Arabia it is not possible to obtain much food. Why else did I give you this powerful jaw-bone except that you might chew the hardest nutriment? For the same reason I gave you a small stomach to prevent your eating too much. And as for my obliging you to live in Arabia, how, with your fat, fleshy feet, could you ascend the heights of mountains, or walk without slipping in the mud of marshy districts ? Instead of talking an y more nonsense, be kind enough to return to your work.” 39. [Orat. Obi.) “If the matter is neglected longer,” said the wise Tullius, “the country wall not be safe. We ought not to hesitate in this great calamity to choose a general to meet the enemy before they arrive at Rome ; and nobody, I think, will deny that we ought not to have hesitated when the Cartha¬ ginians were first collecting their forces. For when they were at the river, not more than ten miles off, would it not have been easy for us, even with a small number of men, to repel a regular M 162 GRADUATED EXERCISES. army? We have lost an opportunity; but now, without delaying longer, let us collect with speed our bravest citizens, and before the enemy advances further I hope to crush him with ease.” When they heard this, the soldiers shouted for joy ; declared to a man that they would have Scipio for their general; crossed the bridge with speed ; marched for three days through a waste district called Gergovia ; met the enemy suddenly near the Anio, and completely defeated them. 40. When Field Marshal Balbus was taken prisoner at the battle of Corioli, a Numidian hussar, who seized him, perceiving that he had a valuable ring, said, “Give me your ring.” The marshal instantly complied with the demand of the captor. A short time after, when he was liberated by General Tullius, and the Numidian hussar had become a prisoner in his turn, he with great unconcern drew the marshal’s ring from his finger, and presenting it to him said ( Orat. Obi.), “Since fate has turned against me, take back this ring ; it belonged to you, and it would not be so well to let others strip me of it.” Pleased with the honesty of the hussar, the marshal bade him keep the ring in remembrance of his having once had its owner for his prisoner. 41. Without attending to the arguments of the merciful officer, the ferocious and passionate general replied {Orat. Red.), “ Whether you are speaking the truth or not, what you say has no effect upon me, and I never asked you whether it was your desire to spare the lives of the citizens of Corioli, a city that has done us as much harm as it possibly could. What I asked was, how soon it could be taken, for there is no doubt it will be taken sooner than people think. Now, instead of giving me advice, I order you, as I ordered you ten days ago, to collect all your bravest soldiers and to prepare for immediate action.” On hearing this, the young man replied {Orat. Obi.), “If I have spoken freely, it is because I am persuaded that unless you do your best to conciliate the men of Corioli, and unless you promise to send them back all the hostages they have given us, not merely will you lose the hope of success, but the very safety of the army will be in danger. You may blame yourself for your present misfortunes, for you might have managed matters very differently. If you had taken the advice I gave you, you would not now be in this great difficulty. Every town in Italy would favour you, and not a man would wish to oppose your progress. I know of my own knowledge, that 300 of the bravest men of Naples determined to help you on condition you did not storm Corioli.” GRADUATED EXERCISES. 1 63 42. {Orat. Obi.) “I may well complain of the neglect with which I have been treated by my best friends,” cried the proud and passionate queen. “ I have no one to help me, no one to advise me what to do in this great calamity. Instead of coming to this dangerous place I might have travelled with ease to the city of Athens, which is not more than thirty-two miles off, and if I had done so I should have escaped my cruel enemies and now I should be in safety.” On hearing this, the aged Tullius, the wisest of her nobility, said (Orat. Obi.), “ Why does your majesty complain? For these last two years you have been desiring nothing so much as an opportunity for engaging with the enemy —a desire that is now on the point of being gratified. Now, therefore, that the opportunity has arrived, why do you delay to avail yourself of it ? Why does the army remain here inactive ? I ask your pardon for speaking with freedom, but if your majesty does not communicate to the officers the exact time at which you will fight to-morrow, and the army is not prepared for an immediate conflict, the mercenaries, with their usual fickleness, will desert your standard, and you cannot possibly hope to succeed.” 43. {Orat. Rect.) “I wish you would tell me,”said the wise philosopher to the young man, “what is a worthy object to pursue through life.” {Orat. Obi.) “ Tne first thing,” said the young man, “that I should like to do, would be to succeed in business; then, after amassing a considerable fortune, I should like to rise till I had become one of the principal persons in my neighbourhood ; then there are all sorts of prospects that would be open for me. With a little tact, and the judicious expen¬ diture of a little money, I could get into parliament; and when a man is once in parliament, there is no limit to the career before him.” {Orat. Red.) “But what do you expect to do in parliament?” said the philosopher. (Orat. Red.) “I should endeavour to create a sensation,” replied the young man. (Orat. Obi. ) “ But do not you think,” said the philosopher, “ that such an object as this is unworthy of a really noble man ? Instead of endeavouring to make a sensation, had you not better find out what work you are best fitted to do, and do that as well as you can ? Believe me, the highest object of a human being is to make the world a little better for his having lived, and not to make a sensation.” 44. When the Samnites under their brave king Tullius defeated the Etrurians in the battle of Cumae, the King of Etruria, seeing GRADU A TED EXERCISES. 164 his troops flee, asked what was the number of the Samnites who were making all this slaughter ? He was told that it was only King Tullius and his men, and that they were all on foot. ( Orat . Red.) “Then,” said the crafty Etrurian, “ God forbid that such a noble fellow as King Tullius should march on foot,” and sent him a noble charger. The messenger took it and said, {Oral. Obi.) “ Sire, the King of Etruria sends you this charger, that you may not be on foot. Be pleased to accept it as a token of his respect.- The brave Tullius was as cunning as his enemy, and ordered one of his squires to mount the horse in order to try him. The squire obeyed: but the horse proved a fiery one, and the squire being unable to hold him in, he set off at full speed to the pavilion of the King of Etruria. The king expected he had caught King Tullius, and was not a little mortified to discover his mistake. 45. After he had wish patience heard the rash young soldier make his defence, the general addressed him in severe tones as follows ( Orat. Obi.): —“ I feared some time ago that I had made a mistake in sending you to take the command of the forces in Rome, and now I know for certain that you are not yet fit for the command of a. large army; I shall therefore order you to return to your home ten days hence. You have pleaded that your intentions were good ; but that is not the question. There is no one but believes in the rectitude of your intentions, and thinks you honest and well-meaning ; but however well-meaning one may be, a man is not fit (to) for command without self-control, tact, judgment, and energy ; and these qualities you do not possess.” The young man in sorrow replied [Orat. Red. ), “ I have nothing more to say in self-defence; I feel that I no longer deserve your confidence; and though I am conscious that I meant well, yet I must admit that I ought not to have left the city against orders. If I had known my defects sooner, I should not have asked you to appoint me a general.” 46. {Orat. Red.) “Away with these compliments,” said the grateful Balbus ; “ the attachment between us is too great for it to be right, either that you should offer me thanks for any attention, or I you. I have not paid you an attention, I have repaid it. I think that I have received acknowledgment enough indeed, if what I have taken real pains to do be acceptable to you. There is no reason why you should thank me, if for your numerous uncommon kindnesses towards myself I have repaid you with this trifling service. So far from deserving praise, I should GRADUATED EXERCISES. 165 have deserved tD be considered most ungrateful if I had failed my friend. Whatever I possess, whatever can be done by my pains, reckon as much your own as your own property. I think that I have received a benefit in the kind construction you have put upon my services. If you heartily approve my services, mind you make a more frequent use of them. I shall not believe that you are pleased with what I have -done, unless, whenever you want anything of mine, you take whatever you like, instead of asking for it.” 47. Amid a profound silence, the renowned and eloquent Tullius arose and spoke as follows ( Orat . Obi.) :—“Why do we delay? Is the crafty and cruel Balbus delaying? Do we not know for certain that he is making it his object to betray his country? Beware of regarding your private interests and disregarding the interests of the public. If you delay, it is all over with the state ; either Rome or Balbus must fall : choose which shall perish.” The senate heard the orator with admiration, adopted his opinion, and decreed that the consuls should provide for the safety of the country. On receiving this intelligence, the conspirators, in fear and trembling, betook themselves with all diligence to their respective homes, and none dared to utter so much as a word in opposition. They fled in different directions, some to Sicily, some to Athens; poor old Cathegus, now an old man of seventy-three, was the only one left at Rome. 48. {Orat. Red.) “There is no doubt,” said the ferocious general, “ that all that have been taken with arms in their hands will be banished ; for indeed it will be the height of folly, if men, who without any prospect of success rebel against their king, are spared, and allowed to go unpunished.” To this the wise and merciful king replied with gentleness, but at the same time with firmness {Orat. Obi.), “ There is certainly a great deal in what you say, and I recognize the zeal with which you have espoused my cause ; but remember that because a man pities the innocent, it does not necessarily follow that he is weak-minded. Indeed, oppression is as impolitic as it is cruel. Why, then, do we delay to throw open the prisons, and to allow all the best of the prisoners to return with speed to Rome, especially as they have not bread enough for ;he people there ? I, for my part, will f ake care of the destruction of the bridge th t spans rhe Tiber, and I hope that in a few days, by surrounding the city with a wall, we shall make the rebels see ihac their position is untenable, and we shall induce them to lay down their aims.* GRADUATED EXERCISES. 166 49. Tullius, turning with a look of contempt to Balbus, addressed him in these words \Orat. Red.) :—“I do not know what reason there is why you should think you may keep your own property, and use that of other persons. There never was any reason why you should think so. What would you have thought, if a man had violently entered your house, beaten your servants, insulted your family, taken your money and all your valuables, and refused to make satisfaction? But this is just what you have done. I ask you then with what decency you can attempt to excuse such conduct. Actions like these have made you so hated that there is not a man in your neighbourhood but would be delighted to hear of your death. Indeed, you have so alienated all, that even your friends without exception desert you. A man must be a villain indeed to be deserted by his friends, and not to have a single person to take his part. Where is your old reputation for spirit and courage which you had when a youth ? If you had a spark of courage, you would not bear such ignominy with tameness.” On hearing this, the wretched Balbus, spite of his ordinary impudence, was touched with remorse. He went home, told his servant he was ill, shut himself up in his bedroom, made his will, took out of a chest a good stout rope, fixed a nail in the wall, fastened the rope to the nail, and hung himself—thus endeavouring to heal a life of error by one last fatal error. 50. When the Gauls under the command of Brennus had got possession of Placentia, they carried their cruelty to their Italian prisoners to the severest extremities, making them work like horses at their mills, and in drawing water. The acute and learned Balbus, in his travels, relates that he met some of these unfortunate wretches on his first entrance into the city, who had been liberated that morning from their dungeon, and who were endeavouring literally to crawdto the village of Alma, which was but ten miles off. ( Ouit. Obi.) “The legs of these poor creatures were swollen to a size that was tri.ly horrible, and their eyes wereterrible from inflammation. Some, too weak to support them¬ selves, had fallen on the sand, where they were exposed to the scorching beams of the sun. Immediately on seeing Balbus and his companions, they uttered such moans as might have pierced the hearts of their cruel oppressors. They begged for water, but the travellers had none to give them : and all they could do was to prevail on one or two of the men of Alma to promise to take care of them until relief could be obtained. Of these unfortunate GRADUATED EXERCISES 167 captives, upwards of forty perished every day from the miseries to which their conquerors exposed them.” 51. The industrious and acute philosopher turned with calmness to the rash young man and said ( Orat . Obi.), “ I am surprised at your acting with such thoughtlessness and want of good feeling; you have occupied now for ten years an honourable position in the estimation of all Rome, and you would now give up this position. Instead of paying attention to the duties of your office, you propose to bury yourself in a life of contemplation, and to desert your family. If ten days ago your best friends had known of your intention, and the haste with which you intended to leave them, they would all to a man have expressed to you the sorrow with which they received your determination. Give up then this hasty, thoughtless plan ; your friends will be delighted to receive you home. Did you not hear yesterday that your most faithful servants were seeking you everywhere ? ” 52. This great and illustrious general would soon have obtained all the help he wanted from his countrymen, and would have driven the enemy out of the country in disgrace, had he not been prevented by the arrival of his great adversary Tullius. As soon as the latter reached the camp he began to sow discontent among all the bravest soldiers. He went first to one, then to another, and endeavoured to persuade them to mutiny by such words as these ( Orat. Obi.) : —“ Do you know that your general means to betray you into the hands of the enemy upon the first opportunity? If not, why is the camp placed in this disadvantageous position ? Why are we wasting our time instead of marching upon the un¬ defended city of Nuceria, barely ten miles away? Rouse up your courage, and depend upon it that, if you are prepared to resist the commands of your general, I shall be ready to put myself at your head and to take upon myself the responsibility of leading you in this terrible crisis. Once this would have been difficult. Now nothing prevents you obtaining your rights once for all.” 53. The general made answer as follows {Orat. Obi.): —“The enemy that you have been so long seeking is now only two miles distant : prepare then to conquer o» to die. I will send spies to bring me word of their numbers and the position of their camp ; this done, I must entrust the rest to you. Remember that your country depends upon y.ou. If you conquer, you will enjoy ease, plenty, freedom, and glory ; if you are defeated, you will l68 GRADUATED EXERCISES. experience the only treatment you will deserve, that of slaves: up then and quit yourselves like men. Ten days ago you were eagerly longing for a battle : do you now shrink back ? Ask yourselves whether you prefer a glorious death or an in¬ glorious flight.” At these words the soldiers were filled with fury ; they cast aside fear, they forgot their complaints, and pro¬ mised one another to conquer or to die : and there was not one who thought victory for a moment doubtful. Soon afterwards all retired to their several tents, and there, by the command of the general, rested themselves till night brought darkness and the conflict. The general then ordered all the bravest centurions to appear before him, for the purpose of receiving their several instructions. 54. After the general had cast round his eyes, and had examined each rank in turn, he turned to the place where all the bravest officers were assembled, and said {Orat. Red.)'. “Send some one at once to tell the king that I have examined the soldiers, and that no one here is guilty.” After these words he turned towards the soldiers. He was ashamed of them, he said ( Orat . Obi. ) ; he could scarcely believe them capable of such gross in¬ gratitude and cowardice. Why had they arms in their hands bufto fight against the enemies of their country ? “ Why,” he added, ‘ ‘ do we delay here, as though we did not purpose battle. Away with such shameful cowardice ! {Orat. Obi. still.) If you fight bravely, I promise you 16/. a-piece ; if not, you shall be decimated, and no Englishman will assert that I have acted with harshness towards you. Ten days ago you were all clamouring for battle ; why do you now decline it ? When in the city you cried for war ; now that you are in the camp do you cry for peace?” Although the general had not been at the head of his army more than three months, the soldiers had learned to respect him. He was only thirty-two years old, but in this great peril he displayed the sagacity of age with the courage of youth. Though therefore he addressed them with bitterness and with reproaches, they listened to him in silence, instead of threatening him as they had threatened their former commander. 55. The inhabitants of this island were so bold that they would have preferred a thousand deaths to disgrace if the choice had been necessary. One brave farmer was asked why he would sooner die nobly on the field of battle than live ignobly at home. He answered {Orat. Red.), “ Because I am more afraid of shame GRADUATED EXERCISES. 169 than of death.” It happened once that they were invaded by the powerful nation of the Ventidii, who landed on their shores, marched up to their capital, devastated the country all round, and then laid siege to the city. The citizens determined to resist with boldness. Instead of throwing themselves at their enemies’ feet, they sent away their families, their old men, and their treasures, and prepared to resist with desperation. Though they were prevented by scruples from committing suicide, they pro¬ mised one another to fight so desperately that the enemy should not take them alive. When they were all assembled in arms, their general addressed them thus ( Orai . Red. and Obi.) :—“ Re¬ member, citizens, that victory or death awaits you. I will say no more ; the enemy is at the gates : what reason is there for delaying ? ” 56. The despairing husbandmen, looking at the rising flood, exhorted one another to patience, and the eldest of them all, turning to his fearful companion? said [Oral. Red.), “ Be of good cheer ! There are not less than 300 of us. Yesterday I sent a messenger to ask for help ; to-day I have sent another to report our perilous condition. I am persuaded that our houses, if destroyed, will easily be repaired, and we shall recover all the cattle that survive the deluge.” Then, hearing a few of them murmur, he con¬ tinued thus (Oral. Obi.) : —“ We must do our best not to disgrace our reputation, for indeed we are in such a terrible position that we need all our faculties. What help is there except in industry and courage? Nothing but God and our right hands can rescue us from destruction. I am now old, and very differ-ent from what I was when a boy ; but I will use all the strength I have in the task of assisting the wretched, and I am persuaded that there is not one of you that will not do the same. I hoped, indeed, that the waters would have diminished five days ago; but, though you are disappointed, remember that you are English¬ men, and, whether the waters rise or fall, behave as English¬ men should. To work ! why do we wait longer?” 57 * The citizens at first stood by in silence, and all the most respectable of them manifested, by the expression of their coun¬ tenance, the sorrow they felt. At last the eldest of their number, on hearing of the taking of the city, after asking her majesty to allow him to speak, stepped forward and addressed the queen a? follows (Oral. Obi.): —“Your majesty has asked us what cause we have to complain, and has declared that as long, as 170 GRADUATED EXERCISES. discontent prevails in our country prosperity will not increase. Suffer us, however, to remind you that your generals, without even hearing what we have to say in our defence, have razed four of our best towns, and are even now butchering 300 men a day. The meekest and mildest will turn upon an enemy that threatens their race with extinction; already there are rumours of re¬ bellion ; these rumours will soon increase, and rebellion will commence. We should have resisted this cruelty before now, if we had been able, and we are sure that if your majesty does not as soon as possible command these cruel generals to' desist, you will soon not have One faithful subject in the country. Pardon our freedom. Is it not much better that we should say what we feel than that your Majesty’s empire should be endangered ? ” 58. On hearing this, the brave but rash general replied in anger (Oral Obi .)Soldiers ! I am surprised at your cowardice ; and I did not think that the men whom I have been commanding for twenty years would have deserted me in this emergency. Is there any hope of success except in bravery ? Did you not promise when you swore fidelity to me nine years ago, soon after the capture of the two camps near Naples, that you would always ob’ey the slightest intimation of my wishes? Away ! You are no longer worthy to be my soldiers, nor am I coward enough to be a fit general for you and the like of you.” At these words, the most respectable of the soldiers were much grieved. After a short deliberation they sent the brave captain Tullius to the general, and he spoke briefly to this effect (Oral. Red. ) : that the whole army were determined to obey the general, with the exception of one or two mutineers, whom they would select and hand over to the general for execution. 59. The brave soldier continued his narrative amid the attention of all present ( Orat. Red.) :—“On leaving Naples the enemy proceeded with 600 of their bravest horsemen, and 10,000 infantry, to Nola, a town that is at no very great distance from Naples, and is a convenient station for troops. Here they com¬ mitted all sorts of atrocities ; they slew some tw r o and tortured others, arrested all the most wealthy citizens, burnt down the principal buildings, and destroyed the bridge; finally they marched out, leaving the place a ruin. And if our forces had not arrived in t-ime to save Praeneste, that town also would have suffered the same fate.” (Oral. Obi.) “Indeed,” continued the soldier with earnestness, “this is the most cruel war that I ever GRADUATED EXERCISES. I 7 I heard of; the conquered are not spared on either side, and the bravest soldiers are hardened by war till they take pleasure in cruelty. You, my friends, are happy in never having expe¬ rienced the horrors of war ; do your best, then, to keep them at a distance from your shores, and do not grudge a few thousand pounds for this purpose.” 60. ( Orat. Red.) “ With all his faults,” said the kind-hearted soldier, weeping, “ our general was brave, just, and merciful, and there was no one that did not trust him.” Then, turning to his fellow-soldiers, who were assembled in great numbers to ask for their pay, he said [Orat. Obi.), “Cease from thus execrating the memory of the dead ; have you forgotten the many occasions on which our general led us to victory ? Can you not remember the many brilliant distinctions we gained under his command ? Did we ever prefer a reasonable request to him that he would not grant? But this is just what you always do—you curse to-day the man whom you will bless to-morrow.” This was what the brave captain Tullius said, and if the othes soldiers had been like him, the rebellion would have been quelled, and the city of Naples, with all its fortifications and supplies, would not have been surrendered to the enemy in such haste. But, instead of listening to him, the infuriated soldiers selected the most turbulent of their number they could find, and, under their leadership, marched in haste to Rome. 61. [Orat. Red.) “You will have no chance of attaining the truth,” said the wise philosopher to the young and thoughtless Tullius, “ unless you bestow more patience upon the investigation of truth ; ” then, seeing the young man preparing to interrupt him without allowing him to finish his sentence, he said [Orat. Obi.), “ Suffer me to finish what I am saying. Have you persuaded yourself that you are seriously studying, while you are merely taking up from time to time any subject that attracts your atten¬ tion and learning a smattering of it ? Did I not endeavour to persuade you to study some one science with thoroughness and steadiness ? And did I not propose to give you all the assistance I could, if you liked to study the history of your nation and your national literature ? Without knowing something of the history of one’s nation, it is impossible for a man to be a gentleman, much less a successful politician. And I will further beg you to consider the extent to which a desultory course of study and the acquisition of a smattering of many subjects tends to 172 GRADUATED EXERCISES. make a man conceited, frivolous, and idle, if not positively immoral. ” 62. The angry and sorrowful queen scarcely knew in this great calamity which alternative to prefer, whether it was better to give up her empire, or to run the risk of being killed. How¬ ever, with her usual firmness, she soon decided on the fit course to pursue. Sending for the sergeant of her body-guard, she informed him of all that had occurred, and requested him to send the ten strongest men that he had, armed and prepared for a journey to Rome ( Orat. Obi.), “Meanwhile,” she said, “I shall remain here ; and though I am now an object of pity, the time will come when I shall be admired by my friends and dreaded by my foes, and there will be no one who will maintain that the queen of Rome did not behave with courage and with wisdom.” After she had spoken thus, she left the palace with the intention of quitting the city. But so great was the fury of the crowd, consequent on the queen’s refusal to appoint her suc¬ cessor, that from sunrise to sunset they beset the city gates, demanding a change of ministers and the execution of the unfor¬ tunate courtier whom the queen had chosen last for her principal adviser—a request which they well knew the queen would never grant, even though her refusal might cost her her own blood and. that of all her most faithful soldiers. 63. On finding that his friends were in this great misfortune, the wise and prudent philosopher turned to the rash young Tullius and advised him as follows ( Oral. Obi .):—“If you had only listened to the advice I gave you ten years ago, you would not have been brought into this great peril, and you would not have been forced to seek safety by such disgraceful means. What has been done, however, cannot be undone. Why, therefore, do you delay longer here ? Did not your wise mother, when she sent money to you at Rome not very long ago, send a friend at the same time to inform you of the pleasure with which she had heard that your life was spared, and of her willingness to receive you home whenever you thought fit to return? Cease complaining then, and prepare to quit this place for Rome at a moment’s notice.” On hearing this, young Tullius, with his usual rashness, replied in haste (Oral. Red. ), “ 1 have no more to say; but I should like to inform you that your warnings, whether they are wise or unwise, have not the slightest effect upon me : and I shall judge for myself, without the interference of others, w’hether it is better GRADUATED EXERCISES. l 73 to go to Rome or to remain at Carthage. I never asked anyone to spare me or to pity me, and I ask no one now.” 64. When the general had heard this, he turned with fury to his brave officers, Tullius and Baibas, and said ( Orat . Obi.), “ Why did you not tell me of this before I came here? Now that it is too late to help our countrymen, you come with the sad news that almost the whole of our army is destroyed, that 1,400 of the infantry have been slain, that the cavalry have fled to their respective homes, and there is no hope left. What was there to prevent you from bridging over the river and marching upon Rome. If even a single regiment out of your vast army had done this, you would have penetrated without resistance into the heart of the enemy’s country.” Hearing this, the officers threw themselves at their general’s feet with tears and supplica¬ tions, and said that they wuuld never desert him, that nothing should induce them to break their faith with him, and that they would spare no one, and pity no one, who dared to accuse him of the slightest fault. All they wanted was, that he would give them a chance of redeeming their character and proving their penitence. 65. After the occupation of the bridge over the river, near the village of Alino, some seventeen miles from their camp, the little band of heroes did not enjoy a long respite from the attacks of the superior force by which they were now completely surrounded. Admirable was the spirit in which they prepared to resist the assault. Although they knew not where to look for succour, and could scarcely hope to succeed if unassisted, they felt that they could do their country good service, even if they only checked the invaders’ progress for a few hours; and for such an object as this it seemed to these brave men worth while to risk their lives. In this dangerous position the general made his arrangements with coolness and sagacity. He sent out a few of the swiftest of his cavalry with orders to scour the country for ten miles round, and to bring back word the same day of the position and numbers of the enemy, and whether the attacking force con¬ sisted mostly of cavalry or infantry ; they were also, if possible, to take a prisoner or two, so as to enable them to gain informa¬ tion of the enemy’s plans. The rest of the army was employed, without excepting even the officers, in fortifying all the weakest points of the position. After ( postquam ) all preparations had been completed, thfe aged general collected his men (and} 174 GRADUATED EXERCISES. addressed them in his usual cheerful way ( Orat. Obi .):—“ I have done,” he said, “ what I could : the rest depends on you; and I am sure you will not, as the enemy have repeatedly done, promise without performing. I now dismiss you to your several posts, in perfect confidence that you will not live to be pitied, and that none of you will prefer disgrace to death. ” 66. “ The flower that blooms to-day to-morrow dies,” says the melodious poet Shelley in one of his sweetest poems ; and in truth, poets, moralists, novelists, and philosophers repeat, almost without ceasing, meditations on the transitory nature of every tiring in the world, and are never tired of asserting that life is nothing but a dream. It is curious, however, to note the little success that these remarks, in their usual exaggerated form, have had in influencing the actions of practical men. The instinct of the majority of mankind refuses to believe those who would maintain that life is a dream, heroism a delusion, and that there is nothing worth living for. On the contrary, men have felt that there is no position in life but can be made real and noble by acts of self-sacrifice, whether for the benefit of one’s country or for that of individuals. I am therefore inclined to prefer to the usual exaggerations of philosophers, the following simple advice which I once heard a father give to his son ( Orat. Obi.) :—“ Do not forget the importance that attaches to every action of life. It matters not whether it be great or small; for whether great or small, it can be rightly or wrongly done. That was what the Stoics meant when they said that, even if a bad man merely ex¬ tended his finger, he sinned; by which they meant that the most trifling action of a bad man must be bad.” 67. Ten years after the reduction of this vast kingdom, the Casmathians, led by the intrepid Balbus, made a daring inroad beyond the river Eborius and advanced to Turium, a town some thirty miles off, with no more than 500 horse. By order of Tullius, the king of Turium, the bridge had been broken down to cut off the retreat of Balbus, and the person or head of the rebel was every moment expected. The king’s legate, from a motive of fear or pity, having sent a messenger to apprise Balbus of his danger, recommended him to escape with speed. “Although,” replied the intrepid Casmathian to the messenger, “your master is at the head of so,000 men, yet, since he wishes to know what sort of men crossed the Eborius with me, I will shew him that he has not, in all that host*, three such men as GRADUATED EXERCISES. *75 these.” Then turning to three of his followers, he ordered the first to plunge a dagger into his heart, the second to leap into the Eborius, and the third to cast himself down a precipice. All of them obeyed without uttering a word of remonstrance. “Relate what you have seen,” continued Balbus. “Before evening it will be your general, not I, that will need pity. Why do you loiter ? Depart, unless you wish to perish ; and tell him that twelve hours hence he will be chained among my dogs.” Before the evening the camp was surprised, and the threat executed. 68 . The haughty Solyman, Emperor of Turkey, in his attack on Hungary, took the city of Belgrade, which was considered with justice the bulwark of Christendom. After this important conquest, a woman of low rank approached him and complained wtih bitterness that some of his soldiers had carried off her cattle one night while she was asleep, and had thus deprived her of her only means of subsistence. “Tell me,” said Sulyman, with a smile, “how you contrived to sleep so soundly that the robbers did not wake you. I could not have slept so soundly.” “True, my sovereign,” replied the woman, “I did sleep soundly, but it was in the fullest confidence that your highness watched for the safety of your poorest subjects.” The magnanimous emperor, instead of resenting this freedom, praised the courage with which she had spoken, and made the poor woman ample amends for the loss she had sustained. LATIN GENDERS First Declension. Feminine. Second Declension. Masculine Endings, er, ir, and us. Neuter Ending, UM. (alvus, colus (m), domus, humus, vannus ; Exceptions' Greek nouns in odus, as ex.od.us, &c., with dialectus, diphthongus, Sec, (.PELAGUS, VIRUS, VULGUS (m). Masculine Endings. er, or, os es, imparisyllabic o, when not do, go, io Principal Exceptions. tY CADAVER ITER PAPAVER TUBER UBER VER Third Declension. Feminine Endings. do, go, io, as, is, aus, x es, parisyllabic ; s, impure US, long , in hypermonosyllables Principal Exceptions, do cardo ordo udo go harpago ligo margo io nouns not abstract, as papilio, &c.; VERBER linter as as elephas vas (vadis) vas (vas is) FAS NEFAS or arbor AEQUOR is amnis anguis (f) axis cassis (is) COR MARMOR cinis collis crinis ensis fascis finis (f) follis funis tffCOS dos ignis lapis mensis orbis CHAOS EPOS panis piscis postis pulvis OS (oris) os (ossis) sanguis torris unguis vectis vermis es comnes merces X calix codex cortex frutex merges quies grex pollex silex thorax requies seges vertex teges AiS es acinaces s bidens(f) dens fons hydrops o caro echo mons pons rudens(f) Neuter Endings. C, A, T, E, L, N, AR, UR, US short, US long, in mono - syllables Principal Exceptns . / sal sol n lien pecten ren splen uriwr furfur turtur vultur us short , lepus pec US (udis) us long, grus (m) SUS (m) mus Fourth Declension. Masculine, except acus, idus (pi)., manus, porticus, tribus. Fifth Declension. Feminine, except dies (f. Poets.), meridies. A. Masculine by meaning. B. Feminine 99 Names of Male persons, the Occupations of men, and Winds, Rivers, and Months. „ of Females, Countries, Islands, Towns, Plants, and Trees. Masculine .Exceptions to B .Neuter. Towns. Some in o, as, Croto, Hippo, &c. All Plurals in i, as Veii, Delphi, &c. PLANTS. Those in er (and many in us) of the second. Towns. All in um, or plural A. Those in e or ur of the third. Plants. Those in s h or ur cf the third SCHEME OF LATIN PRONUNCIATION.* Based on the nearest English Approximations. VOWELS AND DIPHTHONGS. Latin a — English 99 a 99 99 e 9 9 99 99 ae oe w r= 99 99 99 99 99 99 e 1 V# 1 6 u == 99 99 99 99 99 o = 99 99 u = 9 9 99 u = 99 99 au = 99 99 eu *• = 99 99 ei 27 99 a in father. first a in away, or a in villa. ai in pam. ai in pam. ai in pam. e in mm. i in mach/ne. i in pzty. o in home. o in tap. u in rale. u in fall. ow in power. (Latin e followed quickly by Latin 1 ■& (differs little from present V pronunciation). /Latin e followed quickly by Latin l i (differs little from ai in pam). CONSONANTS. Latin c, ch = English k. „ S = 99 g in get 9 9 S = 99 s in jin. „ t (ratio) = 1 ” t in ca^, not sh, as in na/ion. * 9 9 j sc 99 y in yard. „ V =- 9 9 V. „ z, ph, th = 9 9 z, ph, th. t)S, bt should be sounded and generally written fis, fit. Latin S between two vowels — (sometimes) English s in rose, e.g. 1 roSa, * Taken from the Syllabus of Latin Pronunciation , issued by the Pro¬ fessors of Latin at the Universities of Cambridge and Oxford, at the request of the Head Masters of Schools. Some modifications have been made by the suppression of all Italian standards, and of all the English standards of pronunciation that contain a vowel followed by r. Consequently the Latin O is represented by the English o. The Professors give the option of pro¬ nouncing v as v or as w. N 178 APPENDIX. APPENDIX ON THE CONNECTION OF SENTENCES. You may know the Latin equivalents of every word and idiom in the English language, and yet may be unable to write Latin Prose. For to write Prose you must also know how to connect together the different parts of a Latin sentence, and the different sentences of a Latin passage. For this purpose the following rules may be useful. They rise naturally out of the colloquial nature of English as contrasted with the logical nature of Latin : I. English prefers co-ordinate, Latin subordinate clauses. II. English prefers multiplicity of subjects, Latin one subject. III. English omits connecting particles, Latin inserts them. IV. English uses epithets, Latin uses subordinate clauses. I. He took and burned the bridge Pontem captum incendit II. They asked him his opinion, Rogatus (or interroganti- and he replied, <5 rc. bus) sententiam respondit III. When you have a groupof abrupt English sentences connected perhaps by no Conjunctions at all, or by and (which may mean anything)— e.g. (i) ‘ The king refused the petition ; (2) The queen 7vas delighted' —you must ask, first, which is the most important sentence in the group ? secondly, what is the relation between this, the most important sentence, and others that are less important ? The most important sentence must be as it were the spine, of the sentence, and the less important must be the vertebrae, and must be carefully connected with the spine. A Latin period is vertebrate. But how are we to connect each of the vertebrae with the spine? What is to be our connecting particle in each case? The English will not help us much here : for the connecting particles in English are like the vowel points in Hebrew—they are not written, but must be deduced from the context, and must be expressed by the voice. For example, above, the relation of sen¬ tence (2) to sentence (1) is that of (a) consequence to cause , and this may be ex- pressed in two ways, either by a forward link : * Quod quum rex nega¬ visset se facturum, regina prae gaudio exultabat,' or by a backward link, ‘ Quod or quse resreginam summo gaudio affecit ’ or, * Regina i gitur,’ or, rat. Obliqua 78 d Islands, case of, after verbs of motion.16 It , ‘ it was John that &c.’ . . 4 ,, redundant. 5 „ ‘ it is said that ’ __.5 Ita followed by Si . . Page 83 „ meaning of.71 Jam, different from nunc. . 25 Jubeo, Construction of Page 89 Like, ‘ a man like Cato ’ ... 60 Locative Case.1 Magis, different from plus . 25 Magni .29 Mea interest.13a Measure of excess > . . . , Metaphors. Minoris ...... Modo = only . More, ‘ more than a hundred ’ 42 79 29 25 63 when magiS, when plus 25 15 16 42 12 12 72 10 10 22 45 14 Motion, Verbs implying „ Verbs of . . . Multo with Comparative Must . .. Ne in Prohibition . . . Ne for ut . . .non Nemine, avoid . . . Neminis, avoid . . . Nemo = no ... Neque, not et non Neuter, used Adverbially Par. No, ‘ no poet ’ . . ... 22 Nostri, Genitive, when used. 10 Nostrum, Genitive, when used.10 Not, ‘ not because ’..... 68 Now, j am, nunc.25 ,, Conj. turned by Rel. . . 46 Nullius, not neminis . . 10 Nutlo, not nemine ... 10 Nunc, different from jam . 25 Object, Indirect.14 Objective Genitive ... 33 Of after Participles ..... 34 Of — made of .37 ,, redundant.40 One . ..8, 9 Once, when semel, when forte, when quondam . 25 Only . \ . . ■.as Oratio Obliqua .... 78« „ Recta.78 Other, ‘the other' .7 Ought .Page 10 Parentheses.77 Participle Pi'esent (English) 23, 74 Parvi .29 Passive English rendered im¬ personally .6 Passive English ambiguous . 11 Paullo with Comparatives . . 42 Personifications, not so frequent in Latin as in English ... 79 Persuaded , I am ..... 6 Pluris .29 Plus, different from magiS . 25 Point of time.28 Postquam .11, 66 Potui .. Prepositions, Alphabetical Dic¬ tionary of.41 Prepositions , between two Nouns.33 Prepositions, Ellipse of ... 42 local meanings of 26 Prepositions implying Rest or Motion.39 Prepositions, Verbs com¬ pounded with.15 Prepositional phrases .... 20 Price... 29 Prius-quam, when followed by Subjunctive.6fl Prohibition.12 Promise, ‘ I promise to’ . Page 88 Pronouns ....... 7-10 ,, how avoided.... 76 INDEX. 182 Par. Protasis, meaning of ... . 69* Provided that .... Page 83 Quaxn.61 Quamvis .Page 84 Qaanquam .... ,,84 Quanti .29 Question, Dependent .... 53 ,, in Oratio Obliqua . 78 d Qui .52 Quidam — a .22 Quidem to be separated from ne.45 Quidquid hominum . . 20 Quilibet, quivis, when used 7 Quin followed by luturum sit.49 Quisquam, necquisquam 45 ,, when used 7, Page n3t Quisque .7 ,, used after a Super¬ lative Adjective.22 Quivis .7 Quum. . ;.66 Refert . 13« Reflexive Verbs .... 13« Relative Pronoun .... 52-59 ,, ,, omitted . . 58 Relative precedes Antecedent 54 Relatival Conjunetions ... 59 Rus. . .... 16 Se, distinguished from ilium. 10« Sed ,, „ autem 44 a Sequence of Tenses . . 64 Should .. Si. 69 Sive and utrum . . . Page 85 Solum— 4 only ’.25 Subjunctive, after Relative Pronoun.52 Subjunctive, when used after Conjunctions of Time . 66 Sum, with Double Dative . . 17 M . ' , • _ •_• Supine, 4 venio visum ’ . . 75 Supposing .Page 83 SuuSj ipsius . . . Page 102 Tanti . . . ..29 Tantum — 4 only’ .... 25 Tenses.11 Tenses, sequence of ... 64 Than .61-63 That, Conjunction ... 48, 49 ,, ‘ that . . . not' = ne . 72 „ 4 there’s no doubt that ’ . 49 ,, * I fear that ’ .... 40 ,, 4 it is said that ’ ... 49 „ *it seems that' ... 49 That, Pronoun.5 Par. That, distinguished from 7 vho . 52 ,, 4 the most beautiful that* 54 ,, after repeatedAntecedent 56 ,, for when .*57 ,, 'that . . . not ’ = quin 55 The, uses of.21 The, ‘ the battle of Cannae ’ . 20 „ 4 the men in the ship . . 20 ,, 4 the river Tiber ’ ... 18 4 the timid dove ’ . ... 18 This , 4 this great calamity ’ . . 19 Though .Page 84 Till, Conjunction.11 Time, extension of.27 Time, point of.28 To, different meanings of . . 73 Too, 'too—to' .Page 90 Towns, after Verbs of Motion 16 Tum demum .... Page 85 Ullus .7 Unless .... Par. 11, Page 85 Uterque.7 Utinam ..72 Utrum, used in Dependent Interrogatives .... 51 Verbal, after Prepositions . . 75 ,, English use of . . . 75 Verbs, Auxiliary..ia followed by to ,, ,, that^ ... Verbs, compounded with Pre¬ positions .... „ followed by the Abl.. „ „ two Acc. » >1 Hat. 6 13 ,, „ Genitive „ ,, Ut Page 89 ,, Impersonal. . . . 13« Vereor (construction) . . . Vero different from verum . Vcrum different from vero . Vestri, Genitive, when used . Ve s t rum, Genitive,when use d Videtur .... What, double use of . When, ' when he comes ’ Whether, when utrum, sive. While, followed by Eng Lat. Pres. While, (logical) omitted ,, not temporal . „ 4 while walking ' Who, different from that With, ‘ with aneer’ . Without, With Verbal when Past, 73 49 15 13 14 15 13 49 44 44 10 7 49 53 22 51 11 47 87 70 5» „ 24 Page 96 Would 13 V BOSTON COLLEGE LIBRARY UNIVERSITY HEIGHTS CHESTNUT HILL, MASS. V Books may be kept for two weeks and may be renewed for the same period, unless reserved. 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