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 P.JCufetii 
 
 vetus 
 
 ]P. Caelimontana 
 
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 NUMERIS DESIGNANTUR 
 HAEC AEDIFICIA. 
 
 T. Tn.Foro Olftorio. 
 m 1. [Templa Spei,Pietatis v Iunonis. 
 II. In Foro Boario. 
 
 2. Templum Fortuuae. 
 
 3. T. Matutae. 
 
 4. T:Pudicitia?«..Patriciae. 
 
 5. T. Herculis. 
 
 III. Iuxta Circum Maximum. 
 
 6. Templum Oereris. 
 
 IV. Ad Portam Trigeminam. 
 
 7 1 . Templum Herculis. 
 
 —^ W. 
 
 , s # % 
 
 s ? ' ‘ii Circus Neronis 
 
 o 
 
 URBS ROMA 
 ANTIQUA 
 
 FROM ZIEGLER’S 
 DAS ALTE. ROM. 
 
 Mausoleum 
 
 Hadriani 
 
 Horti Agrippinae 
 
 % | #% 
 
 jp % %) p: 
 
 REGIONES AUGUSTI. 
 
 I. Pcrta Capena. 
 
 IT. Caelimontium. 
 III. Isis et Serapis, 
 ft IV 7 . Templum Pacis. 
 
 V. Esquiliae. 
 
 VI. Alta Semita. 
 
 VII. Via Lata. 
 
 VIII. Forum Romanum 
 IX. Circus Flaminius. 
 X. Palatium. 
 
 XI. Circus Maximus. 
 
 XII. Piscina Publica. 
 X71I. Aventinus. 
 
 XIV. Trans Tiberim. 
 
 1. Career. 
 
 2. Scalae Gemoniae. 
 
 3. T. Concordiae. 
 
 4. T.’*,Vespasiani 
 
 5. Schola Xautha. 
 
 6. T. Saturni. 
 
 7. Arcus Tiberi., 
 
 8. Miliarium aureum. 
 
 9. Rostra vetera. 
 
 10. Arcus S. Severi. 
 
 
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 Modulus =; 1:20000. 
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 ,0 100 200 300 400 500 G00 700 800 900 1000 
 

 
 "S' 
 
 
 
SCHOOL CLASSICS 
 
 EDITED UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF 
 
 WILLIAM C. COLLAR and JOHN TETLOW 
 
 SELECTIONS 
 
 FROM 
 
 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES 
 
 WITH 
 
 NOTES, ILLUSTRATIONS, MAPS, PROSE EXERCISES 
 WORD GROUPS, AND VOCABULARY 
 
 BY 
 
 BENJAMIN L. D’OOGE, Ph.D. 
 
 Michigan State Normal College 
 
 -boston oolleck Library 
 
 CH*BTNtrx HILL, MASS, 
 
 GINN & COMPANY 
 
 BOSTON • NEW YORK • CHICAGO • LONDON 
 

 Copyright, 1895 , 1905 
 
 By BENJAMIN L. D’OOGE 
 
 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 
 
 58.3 
 
 14054a 
 
 )t satljenaum B r e S £ 
 
 GINN & COMPANY • PRO¬ 
 PRIETORS • BOSTON • U.S.A. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 -♦ 0 « 
 
 Long before the report of the Committee of Ten gave 
 expression to the thought, teachers of Latin throughout 
 the country felt the need of a proper stepping-stone from 
 the work of the first year to Caesar. The recommenda¬ 
 tion of the Committee, therefore, that such books as the 
 Breviary of Eutropius, Gradatim , and Viri Romae should 
 be read as introductory to Caesar or Nepos was most 
 heartily received. 
 
 Viri Romae is a comparatively new book to American 
 schools, though it has long enjoyed great and deserved 
 popularity in the schools of France and Germany. It is 
 a compilation made from Cicero, Livy, Sallust, Seneca, 
 Valerius Maximus, and other Roman writers, by Charles 
 Francois Lhomond, Professor Emeritus of the University 
 of Paris (1727-1794). It is simplified Latin, but not 
 manufactured Latin. Much is taken verbatim from the 
 authors named, and such changes as occur consist in the 
 omission of unnecessary details and in the removal of 
 difficulties in order and syntax. The style of the authors 
 has been necessarily somewhat changed, but the Latin is 
 pure and the expressions classical. 
 
 The real and lively interest that the book inspires com- 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 -♦O* 
 
 SELECTIONS 
 
 Hints to Teachers. 
 
 I. Romani imperi exordium .... 
 
 II. Romulus, Romanorum rex primus 
 
 III. Numa Pompilius, Romanorum rex secundus 
 
 IV. Tullus Hostilius, Romanorum rex tertius . 
 
 V. Ancus Marcius, Romanorum rex quartus . 
 
 VI. Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, Romanorum rex 
 
 quintus . 
 
 VII. Servius Tullius, Romanorum rex sextus . 
 
 VIII. Tarquinius Superbus, Romanorum rex septi¬ 
 mus et ultimus. 
 
 IX. Horatius Cocles. 
 
 X. Menenius Agrippa. 
 
 XI. Lucius Virginius centurio .... 
 
 XII. Marcus Furius Camillus. 
 
 XIII. Spurius Postumius. 
 
 XIV. Publius Valerius Laevinus et Pyrrhus, rex 
 
 Epiri. 
 
 XV. Gaius Fabricius. 
 
 XVI. Gaius Duilius. 
 
 XVII. Gaius Lutatius Catulus. 
 
 XVIII. Quintus Fabius Maximus. 
 
 XIX. Aemilius Paulus et Terentius Varro. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 vii 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 • 5 
 6 
 
 • 9 
 
 10 
 . 12 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 !9 
 
 2 5 
 
 28 
 
 30 
 
 3 1 
 
 • 37 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 viii 
 
 SELECTIONS PAGB 
 
 XX. Tiberius Gracchus et Gaius Gracchus . 39 
 
 XXL Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus ..... 42 
 
 XXII. Gaius Iulius Caesar.48 
 
 XXIII. Marcus Tullius Cicero ...... 57 
 
 XXIV. Caesar Octavianus Augustus .... 63 
 
 Reference Books and Books for Collateral 
 
 Reading.72, 73 
 
 Notes.75 
 
 Suggestions to Students. 14 1 
 
 Exercises in Latin Composition . . . 143 
 
 Word-Groups ........ 187 
 
 Vocabulary. 201 
 
 LIST OF COLORED MAPS. 
 
 Urbs Roma Antiqua . Frontispiece. 
 
 Italia Superior . 16 
 
 Italia Inferior.17 
 
 Imperium Romanum Augusto Mortuo XIV a.d. . . 72 
 
 FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 The Bronze Wolf of the Capitol 
 
 Numa Pompilius . 
 
 Triumphal Chariot. 
 
 Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus .... 
 
 Gaius Julius Caesar. 
 
 Marcus Tullius Cicero. 
 
 Caesar Octavianus Augustus 
 
 5 
 
 . 19 
 42 
 . 48 
 57 
 • 6 3 
 
HINTS TO TEACHERS. 
 
 
 1. How to Read Latin. — As this is the first continuous 
 reading in Latin that many students using this book will do, it 
 is very important that the right method of reading be adopted 
 from the outset. First, and most important, the text should 
 be read and understood in the order in which it stands. Any 
 rearrangement of the order of the words and thought destroys 
 that apprehension of Latin idiom and style which should be 
 most carefully cultivated. As each word is met it should be 
 disposed of as far as may be. If it should prove impossible 
 to settle all points definitely, keep the mind expectant until the 
 progress of the sentence settles all that was doubtful. It is 
 thus that the Romans read and understood their language, and 
 we must learn to do likewise if we would master it and partake 
 of its spirit. Prof. W. G. Hale’s pamphlet on the 'Art of Read¬ 
 ing Latin ’ (Ginn & Co.), gives a clear exposition of this 
 method. 
 
 2. Reading at sight. — No discipline is more useful for 
 inspiring confidence in pupils than frequent practice in sight 
 reading. Much of the Viri Romae is peculiarly adapted to 
 this purpose, and though no pages of the text have been 
 especially set apart and annotated for it, still, with such help 
 as the teacher may deem necessary, almost any passage may 
 be so studied, and the effect is sure to be beneficial and inspir¬ 
 ing to the class. 
 
 3. The Translation of Latin. — To read Latin is one 
 thing; to translate it is quite another. To read Latin is to get 
 
X 
 
 HINTS TO TEACHERS. 
 
 the thought without a conscious appeal to the English 
 equivalent; the translator will clothe this thought in English 
 thoroughly idiomatic and as good as his command of English 
 makes possible. The so-called ' literal translation ’ has no 
 place in scholarly work. It is but seldom that the Latin idiom 
 and the English idiom are so far identical as to make a literal 
 translation tolerable. Students that are allowed to translate 
 literally, are in danger of doing more to ruin their English than 
 they will ever gain from the study of Latin. On the contrary, 
 there can be no doubt of the excellent training in the mother 
 tongue that a good translation affords. Students should be 
 asked at frequent intervals to hand in such translations. 
 
 4. The Pronouncing of Latin. — Students should be 
 taught to distinguish carefully between the long and the short 
 vowel sounds. To this end the quantity of all vowels long by 
 nature has been marked. Many students do not have their 
 attention called to this important point until they begin to scan 
 verse, or perhaps not until they enter college. For one to 
 reform who has been careless in his Latin speech for many 
 years, is a most discouraging task. Accuracy should be insisted 
 upon from the outset, and no faulty pronunciation should ever 
 be heard in the class-room. Quantities may be learned gradu¬ 
 ally by marking them in all written work during the first and 
 second years. This will insure care and accuracy in the years to 
 come without further formal instruction. During the second 
 year Latin should always be pronounced before translation. 
 Often it is useful to read the review lesson without a transla¬ 
 tion ; seeking, so far as possible, to convey the meaning by 
 proper expression in pronunciation. Anecdotes and striking 
 passages should often be learned as a memory exercise, and 
 spoken before the class. Sometimes the teacher should read 
 the review, and the class translate with books closed. It is 
 important that the ear and the eye should be alike trained. 
 
HINTS TO TEACHERS. 
 
 xi 
 
 5. The Notes. — The notes to the text have not been 
 made chiefly grammatical. References are usually given but 
 once, and similar constructions are referred to the first instance 
 of each for comparison and explanation. This method of 
 teaching syntax has proved more effective than repeated refer¬ 
 ence to the same principle without comparison. Such further 
 drill as is necessary is left to the teacher. It is well to bear in 
 mind that too much attention to syntax is an absolute hindrance 
 to idiomatic and appreciative translation. 
 
 On the other hand, the aim of the notes has been to interest 
 the student in ancient life and custom, and to create about him 
 that classic atmosphere without which all our teaching is vain. 
 Modern life is so far removed from ancient life, that the 
 beginner in Latin finds himself even more strange to his 
 environment than to the language. He needs an interpreter to 
 the former quite as much as to the latter. The difficulties that 
 students find with the ancient languages and their lack of 
 enthusiasm for them are often due to their living in an 
 unfamiliar world without guide to its mysteries and beauties. 
 It is to satisfy this larger need that the text has been supplied 
 with maps, illustrations, copious references to collateral reading, 
 and with such concise information as seemed most helpful. It 
 is in directing the collateral reading of his pupils that a teacher 
 can be of perhaps the largest service, and he can accomplish 
 this best by having in the reference library of his school such 
 books as have been recommended (see pp. 72, 73). 
 
 6. Latin Composition. — It is the unanimous testimony 
 of teachers that nothing can take the place of frequent prac¬ 
 tice in speaking and in writing idiomatic Latin. In no other 
 way can a knowledge of words, forms, constructions, and 
 idioms be so easily acquired. Prose exercises for oral and 
 written translation have been added to this book, based upon 
 the text, and accompanied by appropriate grammatical refer- 
 
Xll 
 
 HINTS TO TEACHERS. 
 
 ences. These exercises have been carefully graded and 
 adapted to a systematic development of syntactical principles. 
 It is hoped that they will be found to combine the advantages 
 of both of the methods of teaching Latin composition most in 
 vogue ; that of using short sentences to illustrate grammatical 
 principles, and that of using continuous English with no system¬ 
 atic instruction in syntax. The editor has found that each 
 method has its advantages and its disadvantages. Perhaps 
 he has been so fortunate as to solve the problem by com¬ 
 bining the advantages of both. Teachers will of course use 
 their own judgment in determining the amount and frequency 
 of work in Latin composition. Many find it most useful to 
 have some oral and written work every day. Such will be able 
 to complete these exercises in twenty weeks or less. Others, 
 that proceed more slowly, may find it advantageous to continue 
 with them even after the text has been finished and some other 
 author begun, in order that the systematic study of syntax may 
 not be interrupted and prematurely abandoned. In oral trans¬ 
 lation, quick, sharp, accurate work should be insisted upon. A 
 minute on each sentence is sufficient. For obvious reasons 
 many more lessons have been devoted to the constructions of 
 the moods than to those of the cases; but all that is most 
 essential to a sound knowledge of syntax will be found fully 
 illustrated. 
 
 7. Word-Groups. — Immediately preceding the vocabulary, 
 some pages will be found containing groups of words selected 
 from the text and based on the commonest Latin roots. It 
 is suggested that students be given a few lessons on the 
 formation of Latin words, and the meanings of the most 
 frequently recurring prefixes and suffixes, and that then a 
 systematic study of these groups be made. Want of a 
 vocabulary is a fatal obstruction to the easy reading of Latin, 
 and there is no easier way of building one up than by 
 
HINTS TO TEACHERS. 
 
 xiii 
 
 memorizing lists of words fundamentally connected by a 
 common root. A thorough knowledge of even the few roots 
 contained in this list may form the basis for a vocabulary 
 surprisingly large. 
 
 8 . The Vocabulary. — The vocabulary has been con¬ 
 structed not merely for help in translating, but to afford 
 abundant opportunity for etymological and comparative word 
 study. Primary derivations have been given only when the 
 roots are included in the list forming the basis for the Word- 
 Groups ; secondary etymologies are given in all cases. In 
 addition, every word is referred to the text for illustrations of 
 its use and range of meaning. 
 
THE BRONZE WOLF OF THE CAPITOL. 
 
URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES. 
 
 I. Romani imperi exordium. 
 
 Proca, rex Albanorum, Numitorem et Amulium filios 
 habuit. Numitori, qui natu maior erat, regnum reli¬ 
 quit ; sed Amiilius pulso fratre regnavit et, ut eum 
 subole privaret, Rheam Silviam, eius filiam, Vestae 
 sacerdotem fecit, quae tamen Romulum et Remum 5 
 geminos edidit. Ea re cognita Amulius ipsam in vin¬ 
 cula coniecit, parvulos alveo impositos abiecit in Ti¬ 
 berim, qui tunc forte super ripas erat effusus ; sed 
 relabente flumine eos aqua in sicco reliquit. Vastae 
 tum in eis locis solitudines erant. Lupa, ut fama tra- 10 
 ditum est, ad vagitum accurrit, infantes lingua lambit, 
 ubera eorum ori admovit matremque se gessit. 
 
 Cum lupa saepius ad parvulos veluti ad catulos 
 reverteretur, Faustulus, pastor regius, re animadversa 
 eos tulit in casam et Accae Larentiae coniugi dedit 15 
 educandos. Adulti deinde hi inter pastores primo 
 ludicris certaminibus vires auxere, deinde venando 
 saltus peragrare et latrones a rapina pecorum arcere 
 coeperunt. Qua re cum eis insidiati essent latrones, 
 Remus captus est, Romulus vi se defendit. Tum 20 
 Faustulus necessitate compulsus indicavit Romulo 
 
2 
 
 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES. 
 
 quis esset eorum avus, quae mater. Romulus statun 
 armatis pastoribus Albam properavit. 
 
 Interea Remum latrones ad Amulium regem perduxe¬ 
 runt, eum accusantes quasi Numitoris agros Infestare 
 5 solitus esset; itaque Remus a rege Numitori ad suppli¬ 
 cium traditus est; at cum Numitor, adulescentis vol- 
 tum considerans, aetatem minimeque servilem indolem 
 compararet, haud procul erat quin nepotem agnosce¬ 
 ret. Nam Remus oris lineamentis erat matri simillimus 
 io aetasque expositionis temporibus congruebat. Ea res 
 dum Numitoris animum anxium tenet, repente Romulus 
 supervenit, fratrem liberat, interempto Amiilio avum 
 Numitorem in regnum restituit. 
 
 Deinde Romulus et Remus urbem, in eisdem locis 
 15 ubi expositi ubique educati erant, condiderunt; sed 
 orta inter eos contentione uter nomen novae urbi 
 daret eamque imperio regeret, auspicia decreverunt 
 adhibere. Remus prior sex voltures, Romulus postea 
 duodecim vidit. Sic Romulus, victor augurio, urbem 
 20 Romam vocavit. Ad novae urbis tutelam sufficere 
 vallum videbatur. Cuius angustias inridens cum Re¬ 
 mus saltli id traiecisset, eum Iratus Romulus interfecit 
 his increpans verbis: “Sic deinde, quicumque alius 
 transiliet moenia mea.” Ita solus potitus est imperio 
 25 Romulus. 
 
ROMULUS. 
 
 3 
 
 II. Romulus, Romanorum rex primus. 
 
 753-715 B.C. 
 
 Romulus imaginem urbis magis quam urbem fecerat; 
 incolae deerant. Erat in proximo lucus; hunc asylum 
 fecit. Et statim eo mira vis latronum pastorumque 
 confugit. Cum vero uxores ipse populusque non ha¬ 
 berent, legatos circa vicinas gentes misit, qui societatem 5 
 conubiumque novo populo peterent. Nusquam be¬ 
 nigne audita legatio est; ludibrium etiam additum: 
 
 “ Cur non feminis quoque asylum aperuistis ? Id ■— 
 enim compar foret conubium.” Romulus aegritudi¬ 
 nem animi dissimulans ludos parat; indici deinde 10 
 finitimis spectaculum iubet. Multi convenere studio 
 etiam videndae novae urbis, maxime Sabini cum liberis 
 et coniugibus. Ubi spectaculi tempus venit eoque con¬ 
 versae mentes cum oculis erant, tum signo dato iuvenes 
 Romani discurrunt, virgines rapiunt. 15 
 
 Haec fuit statim causa belli. Sabini enim ob vir¬ 
 gines raptas bellum adversus Romanos sumpserunt et, 
 cum Romae appropinquarent, Tarpeiam virginem nactl 
 sunt, quae aquam forte extra moenia petitum ierat. 
 Huius pater Romanae praeerat arci. Titus Tatius, 20 
 Sabinorum dux, Tarpeiae optionem muneris dedit, si 
 exercitum suum in Capitolium perduxisset. Illa petiit 
 quod Sabini in sinistris manibus gererent, videlicet et 
 anulos et armillas. Quibus dolose promissis Tarpeia 
 Sabinos in arcem perduxit, ubi Tatius scutis eam obrui 25 
 iussit; nam et ea in laevis habuerant. Sic impia pro¬ 
 ditio celeri poena vindicata est. 
 
4 
 
 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES. 
 
 Deinde Romulus ad certamen processit et in eo 
 loco ubi nunc Romanum Forum est, pugnam con¬ 
 seruit. Primo impetu vir inter Romanos insignis, 
 nomine Hostilius, fortissime dimicans cecidit ; cuius 
 5 interitu consternati Romani fugere coeperunt. Iam 
 Sabini clamitabant: “Vicimus perfidos hospites, im¬ 
 belles hostes. Nunc sciunt longe aliud esse virgines 
 rapere, aliud pugnare cum viris.” Tunc Romulus 
 arma ad caelum tollens Iovi aedem vovit, et exercitus 
 io seu forte seu divinitus restitit. Itaque proelium red¬ 
 integratur ; sed raptae mulieres crinibus passis ausae 
 sunt se inter tela volantia Inferre et hinc patres, hinc 
 viros orantes, pacem conciliarunt. 
 
 Romulus foedere cum Tatio icto et Sabinbs in 
 15 urbem recepit et regnum cum Tatio sociavit. Verum 
 non ita multo post occiso Tati 5 ad Romulum poten¬ 
 tatus omnis recidit. Centum deinde ex senioribus 
 elegit, quorum consilio omnia ageret, quos senatores 
 nominavit propter senectutem. Tres equitum cen- 
 20 turias constituit, populum in triginta curias distribuit. 
 His ita ordinatis cum ad exercitum lustrandum con¬ 
 tionem in campo ad Caprae paludem haberet, subito 
 coorta est tempestas cum magno fragore tonitribusque 
 et Romulus e conspectu ablatus est. Ad deos trans- 
 25 Isse volgo creditus est ; cui rei fidem fecit Iiilius Pro¬ 
 culus, vir nobilis. Orta enim inter patres et plebem 
 seditione, in contionem processit iureiurando adfir- 
 mans visum a se Romulum augustiore forma, eun- 
 demque praecipere ut seditionibus abstinerent et rem 
 30 militarem colerent; futurum ut omnium gentium domi- 
 

NUMA POMPILIUS 
 
NUMA POMPILIUS. 
 
 5 
 
 ni exsisterent. Aedes in colle Quirinali Romulo con¬ 
 stituta, ipse pro deo cultus et Quirinus est appellatus. 
 
 III. Numa Pompilius, Romanorum rex secundus. 
 
 715-673 B.C. 
 
 Successit Romulo Numa Pompilius, vir incluta ius- 
 titia et religione. Is Curibus, ex oppido Sabinorum, 
 accitus est. Qui cum Romam venisset, ut populum 5 
 ferum religione mitigaret, sacra plurima Instituit. 
 Aram Vestae consecravit et Ignem in ara perpetuo 
 alendum virginibus dedit. Flaminem Iovis sacerdo¬ 
 tem creavit eumque Insigni veste et curuli sella ador¬ 
 navit. Dicitur quondam ipsum Iovem e caelo elicuisse. 10 
 Hic ingentibus fulminibus in urbem demissis descendit 
 in nemus Aventinum, ubi Numam docuit quibus sacris 
 fulmina essent procuranda, et praeterea imperi certa 
 pignora populo Romano daturum se esse promisit. 
 Numa laetus rem populo nuntiavit. Postridie omnes 15 
 ad aedes regias convenerunt silentesque exspectabant 
 quid futurum esset. Atque sole orto delabitur e caelo 
 scisso scutum, quod ancile appellavit Numa. Id ne 
 furto auferri posset, Mamurium fabrum undecim scuta 
 eadem forma fabricare iussit. Duodecim autem Salios 20 
 Martis sacerdotes legit, qui ancilia, secreta illa imperi 
 pignora, custodirent et Kalendls Martiis per urbem 
 canentes et rite saltantes ferrent. 
 
 Annum in duodecim menses ad cursum lunae de¬ 
 scripsit ; nefastos fastosque dies fecit; portas Iano 25 
 gemino aedificavit, ut esset index pacis et belli; nam 
 
6 
 
 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES. 
 
 apertus, in armis esse civitatem, clausus, pacatos circa 
 omnes populos, significabat. 
 
 Leges quoque plurimas et utiles tulit Numa. Ut 
 vero maiorem institutis suis auctoritatem conciliaret, 
 5 simulavit sibi cum dea Egeria esse conloquia noc¬ 
 turna, eiusque monitu se omnia quae ageret facere. 
 Lucus erat, quem medium fons perenni rigabat aqua ; 
 eo saepe Numa sine arbitris se Inferebat, velut ad 
 congressum deae : ita omnium animds ea pietate im- 
 io buit ut fides ac iusiurandum non minus quam legum 
 et poenarum metus cives contineret. Bellum quidem 
 nfillum gessit, sed non minus civitati profuit quam 
 Romulus. Morbo exstinctus in Ianiculo monte se- 
 pultus est. Ita duo deinceps reges, ille bello, hic 
 15 pace, civitatem auxerunt. Romulus septem et triginta 
 regnavit annos, Numa tres et quadraginta. 
 
 IV. Tullus Hostilius, Romanorum rex tertius. 
 
 673-641 B.C. 
 
 Mortuo Numa Tullus Hostilius rex creatus est. Hic 
 non solum proximo regi dissimilis, sed ferocior etiam 
 Romulo fuit. Ed regnante bellum inter Albanos et 
 20 Romanos exortum est. Ducibus Hostilio et Fufetio 
 placuit rem paucorum certamine finiri. Erant apud 
 Romanos trigemini fratres Horatii, tres apud Albanos 
 Curiatii. Cum eis agunt reges, ut pro sua quisque 
 patria dimicent ferro. Foedus ictum est ea lege, ut 
 25 unde victoria ibi imperium esset. 
 
 Icto foedere trigemini arma capiunt et in medium 
 
TULLUS HOSTILIUS. 
 
 7 
 
 inter duas acies procedunt. Consederant utrimque 
 duo exercitus. Datur signum Infestisque armis terni 
 iuvenes, magnorum exercituum animos gerentes, con¬ 
 currunt. Ut primo concursu increpuere arma mican- 
 tesque fulsere gladii, horror ingens spectantes perstrin- 5 
 git. Consertis deinde manibus statim duo Romani 
 alius super alium exspirantes ceciderunt; tres Albani 
 volneratl. Ad casum Romandrum conclamavit gaudio 
 exercitus Albanus. Romanos iam spes tota deserebat. 
 Unum Horatium tres Curiatii circumsteterant. Forte 10 
 is integer fuit ; sed quia tribus impar erat, ut distrahe¬ 
 ret hostes, fugam capessivit, singulos per intervalla 
 secuturos esse ratus. Iam aliquantum spatl ex eo 
 loco, ubi pugnatum est, aufugerat, cum respiciens 
 videt unum e Curiatiis haud procul ab sese abesse. 15 
 In eum magno impetu redit et, dum Albanus exercitus 
 inclamat Curiatiis ut opem ferant fratri, iam Horatius 
 eum occiderat. Alterum deinde, priusquam tertius 
 posset consequi, interfecit. 
 
 Iam singuli supererant, sed nec spe nec viribus pares. 20 
 Alter erat intactus ferro et geminata victoria ferox ; 
 alter fessum volnere, fessum cursu trahebat corpus. 
 Nec illud proelium fuit. Romanus exsultans male 
 sustinentem arma Curiatium conficit, iacentem spoliat. 
 Romani ovantes ac gratulantes Horatium accipiunt et 25 
 domum deducunt. Princeps Ibat Horatius trium fra¬ 
 trum spolia prae se gerens. Cui obvia fuit soror, quae 
 desponsa fuerat uni ex Curiatiis, visoque super umeros 
 fratris paludamento sponsi, quod ipsa confecerat, flere 
 et crines solvere coepit. Movet ferocis iuvenis animum 30 
 
8 
 
 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES. 
 
 comploratio sororis in tanto gaudio publico; itaque 
 stricto gladio transfigit puellam, simul eam verbis in¬ 
 crepans : “ Abi hinc cum immaturo amore ad sponsum, 
 oblita fratrum, oblita patriae. Sic eat, quaecumque 
 5 Romana lugebit hostem.” 
 
 Atr5x id visum est facinus patribus plebique; qua 
 re raptus est in ius Horatius et apud iudices condem¬ 
 natus. Iam accesserat lictor iniciebatque laqueum. 
 Tum Horatius ad populum provocavit. Interea pater 
 io Horati senex proclamabat filiam suam iure caesam 
 esse; et iuvenem amplexus spoliaque Curiatiorum os¬ 
 tentans orabat populum ne se, quem paulo ante cum 
 egregia stirpe conspexissent, orbum liberis faceret. 
 Non tulit populus patris lacrimas iuvenemque absolvit 
 15 admiratione magis virtutis quam iure causae. Ut 
 tamen caedes manifesta expiaretur, pater, quibusdam 
 sacrificiis peractis, transmisit per viam tigillum et 
 filium capite adoperto velut sub iugum misit; quod 
 tigillum sororium appellatum est. 
 
 20 Non diu pax Albana mansit; nam Mettius Fufetius, 
 dux Albanorum, cum se invidiosum apud cives videret, 
 quod bellum tino paucdrum certamine finlsset, ut rem 
 corrigeret, Veientes Fldenatesque adversus Romanos 
 concitavit. Ipse, a Tullo in auxilium arcessitus, aciem 
 25 in collem subduxit, ut fortunam 'belli exspectaret et 
 sequeretur. Qua re Tullus intellecta magna voce ait 
 suo illud iussu Mettium facere, ut hostes a tergo cir¬ 
 cumvenirentur. Quo audito hostes territi et victi sunt. 
 Postero die Mettius cum ad gratulandum Tullo venisset, 
 30 iussu illius quadrigis religatus et in diversa distractus 
 
ANCUS MARCIUS. 
 
 9 
 
 est. Deinde Tullus Albam propter ducis perfidiam 
 diruit et Albanos Romam transire iussit. 
 
 Roma interim crevit Albae ruinis; duplicatus est 
 civium numerus ; mons Caelius urbi additus et, quo 
 frequentius habitaretur, eam sedem Tullus regiae cepit 5 
 ibique deinde habitavit. Auctarum virium fiducia 
 elatus bellum Sabinis indixit: pestilentia insecuta est; 
 nulla tamen ab armis quies dabatur. Credebat enim 
 rex bellicosus salubriora militiae quam domi esse iuve- 
 num corpora, sed ipse quoque diuturno morbo est im- 10 
 plicatus. Tunc vero adeo fracti simul cum corpore 
 sunt spiritus illi feroces ut nulli rei postea nisi sacris 
 operam daret. Memorant Tullum fulmine ictum cum 
 domo conflagrasse. Tullus magna gloria belli regnavit 
 annos duos et triginta. 15 
 
 V. Ancus Marcius, Romanorum rex quartus. 
 
 641-616 B.C. 
 
 Tullo mortuo Ancum Marcium regem populus cre¬ 
 avit. Numae Pompili nepos Ancus Marcius erat, 
 aequitate et religione avo similis. Tunc Latini, cum 
 quibus Tullo regnante ictum foedus erat, sustulerant 
 animos et incursionem in agrum Romanum fecerunt. 20 
 Ancus, priusquam eis bellum indiceret, legatum misit, 
 qui res repeteret, eumque morem posteri acceperunt. 
 
 Id autem hoc modo fiebat. Legatus, ubi ad fines 
 eorum venit a quibus res repetuntur, capite velato, 
 “Audi, Iuppiter,” inquit, “audite, fines huius populi. 25 
 Ego sum publicus nuntius populi Romani; verbis meis 
 
10 
 
 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES. 
 
 fides sit.” Deinde peragit postulata. Si non deduntur 
 res quas exposcit, hastam in fines hostium emittit bel¬ 
 lumque ita indicit. Legatus qui ea de re mittitur, 
 fetialis ritusque belli indicendi ius fetiale appellatur. 
 
 5 Legato Romano res repetenti superbe responsum 
 est a Latinis : qua re bellum hoc modo eis indictum 
 est. Ancus exercitu conscripto profectus Latinos fudit 
 et compluribus oppidis deletis cives Romam traduxit. 
 Cum autem in tanta hominum multitudine facinora 
 io clandestina fierent, Ancus carcerem in media urbe ad 
 terrorem increscentis audaciae aedificavit. Idem nova 
 moenia urbi circumdedit, Ianiculum montem ponte 
 sublicio in Tiberi facto urbi coniunxit, in ore Tiberis 
 Ostiam urbem condidit. Pluribus aliis rebus intra 
 15 paucos annos confectis immatura morte praereptus 
 obiit. 
 
 VI. Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, Romanorum rex quintus. 
 
 616-578 B.C. 
 
 Anco regnante Lucius Tarquinius, Tarquiniis ex 
 Etruriae urbe profectus, cum coniuge et fortunis om¬ 
 nibus Romam commigravit. Additur haec fabula : 
 20 advenienti aquila pilleum sustulit et super carpentum, 
 cui Tarquinius insidebat, cum magno clangore volitans 
 rursus capiti apte reposuit; inde sublimis abiit. Tana¬ 
 quil coniunx, caelestium prodigiorum perita, regnum ei 
 portendi intellexit; itaque, virum complexa, excelsa et 
 25 alta sperare eum iussit. Has spes cogitationesque 
 secum portantes urbem ingressi sunt, domicilioque ibi 
 
LUCIUS TARQUINIUS PRISCUS. 
 
 11 
 
 comparato Tarquinius pecunia et industria dignitatem 
 atque etiam Anci regis familiaritatem consecutus est; 
 a quo tutor liberis relictus regnum intercepit et ita 
 administravit, quasi iure adeptus esset. 
 
 Tarquinius Priscus Latinos bello domuit; Circum 5 
 Maximum aedificavit; de Sabinis triumphavit ; murum 
 lapideum urbi circumdedit. Equitum centurias dupli¬ 
 cavit, nomina mutare non potuit, deterritus, ut ferunt, 
 Atti Navi auctoritate. Attus enim, ea tempestate 
 augur inclutus, id fieri posse negabat, nisi aves ad- 10 
 dixissent; iratus rex in experimentum artis eum inter¬ 
 rogavit fierine posset quod ipse mente concepisset; 
 Attus augurio acto fieri posse respondit. “Atqui 
 hoc,” inquit rex, “agitabam, num cotem illam secare 
 novacula possem.” “Potes ergo,” inquit augur, et 15 
 rex secuisse dicitur. Tarquinius filium tredecim am 
 norum, quod in proelio hostem percussisset, praetexta 
 bullaque donavit; unde haec ingenuorum puerorum 
 insignia esse coeperunt. 
 
 Supererant duo Anci filii, qui aegre ferentes se pa- 20 
 terno regno fraudatos esse regi insidias paraverunt. 
 
 Ex pastoribus duos ferocissimos deligunt ad patran¬ 
 dum facinus. Ei simulata rixa in vestibulo regiae 
 tumultuantur. Quorum clamor cum penitus in regiam 
 pervenisset, vocati ad regem pergunt. Primo uterque 25 
 vociferari coepit et certatim alter alteri obstrepere. 
 Cum vero iussi essent invicem dicere, tinus ex compo¬ 
 sito rem orditur ; dumque intentus in eum se rex totus 
 avertit, alter elatam securim in eius caput deiecit, et 
 relicto in volnere telo ambo foras se proripiunt. 30 
 
12 
 
 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES. 
 
 VII. Servius Tullius, Romanorum rex sextus. 
 
 578-534 B.C. 
 
 Post hunc Servius Tullius suscepit imperium genitus 
 ex nobili femina, captiva tamen et famula. Qui cum 
 in domo Tarquini Prisci educaretur, ferunt prodigium 
 visu eventuque mirabile accidisse. Flammae species 
 5 pueri dormientis caput amplexa est. Hoc visu Tana¬ 
 quil summam ei dignitatem portendi intellexit coniu- 
 gique suasit ut eum haud secus ac suos liberos edu¬ 
 caret. Is postquam adolevit, et fortitudine et consilio 
 Insignis fuit. In proelio quodam, in quo rex Tarquinius 
 10 adversus Sabinos conflixit, militibus segnius dimicanti¬ 
 bus, raptum signum in hostem misit. Cuius recipiendi 
 gratia Romani tam acriter pugnaverunt ut et signum 
 et victoriam referrent. Qua re a Tarquinio gener ad- 
 sumptus est; et cum Tarquinius occisus esset, Tana- 
 15 quii, Tarquini uxor, mortem eius celavit populumque 
 ex superiore parte aedium adlocuta, ait regem grave 
 quidem, sed non letale volnus accepisse eumque petere 
 ut interim, dum convalesceret, Servio Tullio dicto audi¬ 
 entes essent. Sic Servius Tullius regnare coepit, sed 
 20 recte imperium administravit. Sabinos subegit; mon¬ 
 tes tres, Quirinalem, Viminalem, Esquilinum urbi ad- 
 iunxit; fossas circa murum duxit. Idem censum ordi¬ 
 navit et populum in classes et centurias distribuit. 
 
 Servius Tullius aliquod urbi decus addere volebat. 
 25 Iam tum inclutum erat Dianae Ephesiae fanum. Id 
 communiter a civitatibus Asiae factum fama ferebat. 
 Itaque Latinorum populis suasit ut et ipsi fanum 
 
SERVIUS TULLIUS. 
 
 13 
 
 Dianae cum populo Romano Romae in Aventino monte 
 aedificarent. Quo facto bos mirae magnitudinis cuidam 
 Latino nata dicitur et responsum somnio datum eum 
 populum summam imperi habiturum cuius civis bovem 
 illam Dianae immolasset. Latinus bovem ad fanum 5 
 Dianae egit et causam sacerdoti Romano exposuit. 
 Ille callidus dixit prius eum vivo flumine manus ab¬ 
 luere debere. Latinus dum ad Tiberim descendit, 
 sacerdos bovem immolavit. Ita imperium civibus 
 sibique gloriam adquisivit. 10 
 
 Servius Tullius filiam alteram ferocem, mitem alte¬ 
 ram habens, cum Tarquini filios pari esse animo vide¬ 
 ret, ferocem miti, mitem feroci in matrimonium dedit, 
 ne duo violenta ingenia matrimonio iungerentur. Sed 
 mites seu forte seu fraude perierunt; feroces morum 15 
 similitudo coniunxit. Statim Tarquinius a Tullia in¬ 
 citatus advocato senatu regnum paternum repetere 
 coepit. Qua re audita Servius dum ad curiam con¬ 
 tendit, iussu Tarquini per gradus deiectus et domum 
 refugiens interfectus est. Tullia carpento vecta in 20 
 Forum properavit et coniugem e curia evocatum prima 
 regem salutavit; cuius iussu cum e turba ac tumultu 
 decessisset domumque rediret, viso patris corpore mu¬ 
 lionem cunctantem et frena inhibentem super ipsum 
 corpus carpentum agere iussit. Unde vicus ille scele- 25 
 ratus dictus est. Servius Tullius regnavit annos quat¬ 
 tuor et quadraginta. 
 
14 
 
 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES. 
 
 VIII. Tarquinius Superbus, Romanorum rex septimus 
 
 et ultimus. 
 
 534 - 5 10 B - c - 
 
 Tarquinius Superbus regnum sceleste occupavit. 
 Tamen bello strenuus Latinos Sablnosque domuit. 
 Urbem Gabios in potestatem redegit fraude Sexti fili. 
 Is cum indigne ferret eam urbem a patre expugnari 
 5 non posse, ad Gabinos se contulit, patris saevitiam in 
 se conquerens. Benigne a Gabinis exceptus paulatim 
 eorum benevolentiam consequitur, fictis blanditiis ita 
 eos adliciens ut apud omnes plurimum posset et ad 
 postremum dux belli eligeretur. Tum e suis unum ad 
 o patrem mittit sciscitatum quidnam se facere vellet. 
 Pater nuntio fili nihil respondit, sed velut delibera¬ 
 bundus in hortum transiit ibique inambulans sequente 
 nuntio altissima papaverum capita baculo decussit. 
 Nuntius fessus exspectando rediit Gabios. Sextus 
 5 cognito silentio patris et facto intellexit quid vellet 
 pater. Primores civitatis interemit patrique urbem 
 sine ulla, dimicatione tradidit. 
 
 Postea rex Ardeam urbem obsidebat. Ibi cum in 
 castris essent, Tarquinius Collatinus, sorore regis 
 o natus, forte cenabat apud Sextum Tarquinium cum 
 iuvenibus regiis. Incidit de uxoribus mentio: cum 
 suam unus quisque laudaret, placuit experiri. Itaque 
 citatis equis Romam avolant; regias nurus in convivio 
 et luxu deprehendunt. Pergunt inde Collatiam ; Lu- 
 5 cretiam, Collatini uxorem, inter ancillas lanae deditam 
 inveniunt. Ea ergo ceteris praestare iudicatur. Paucis 
 
TARQUINIUS SUPERBUS. 
 
 15 
 
 interiectis diebus Sextus Collatiam rediit et Lucretiae 
 vim attulit. Illa postero die advocatis patre et coniuge 
 rem exposuit et se cultro, quem sub veste abditum 
 habebat, occidit. Conclamant vir paterque et in exi¬ 
 tium regum coniurant. Tarquinio Romam redeunti 5 
 clausae sunt urbis portae et exsilium indictum. 
 
 In antiquis annalibus memoriae haec sunt prodita. 
 Anus hospita atque incognita ad Tarquinium quondam 
 Superbum regem adiit, novem libros ferens, quos esse 
 dicebat divina oracula : eos se velle venum dare. Tar- 10 
 quinius pretium percontatus est: mulier nimium atque 
 immensum poposcit. Rex, quasi anus aetate desiperet, 
 derisit. Tum illa foculum cum Igni apponit et tres 
 libros ex novem deurit; et, ecquid reliquos sex eodem 
 pretio emere vellet, regem interrogavit. Sed Tar- 15 
 quinius id multo risit magis dlxitque anum iam procul 
 dubio delirare. Mulier ibidem statiin tres alios libros 
 exussit; atque id ipsum denuo placide rogat, ut tres 
 reliquos eodem illo pretio emat. Tarquinius ore iam 
 serio atque attentiore animo fit; eam constantiam con- 20 
 fidentiamque non neglegendam intellegit ; libros tres 
 reliquos mercatur nihilo minore pretio quam quod erat 
 petitum pro omnibus. Sed eam mulierem tunc a Tar¬ 
 quinio digressam postea nusquam loci visam constitit. 
 Libri tres in sacrario conditi Sibylllnlque appellati. 25 
 Ad eos, quasi ad oraculum, Quindecim viri adeunt, cum 
 dii immortales publice consulendi sunt. 
 
16 
 
 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES. 
 
 IX. Horatius Cocles. 
 
 507 B.C. 
 
 Porsena, rex Etruscorum, ad restituendos in regnum 
 Tarquinios infesto exercitu Romam venit. Primo im¬ 
 petu Ianiculum cepit. Non umquam alias ante tantus 
 terror Romanos invasit; adeo valida res tum Clusina 
 5 erat magnumque Porsenae nomen. Ex agris in urbem 
 demigrant : urbem ipsam saepiunt praesidiis. Alia 
 urbis pars muris, alia Tiberi obiecto tuta videbatur. 
 Pons sublicius iter paene hostibus dedit, nisi unus vir 
 fuisset Horatius Cocles, illo cognomine appellatus, 
 10 quod in alio proelio oculum amiserat. Is extrema 
 pontis parte occupata aciem hostium solus sustinuit 
 donec pons a tergo interrumperetur. Ipsa audacia 
 obstupefecit hostes; ponte rescisso armatus in Ti¬ 
 berim desiluit et multis superincidentibus telis incol- 
 15 urnis ad suos tranavit. Grata erga tantam virtutem 
 civitas fuit; ei tantum agri publice datum est quantum 
 uno die circumaravit. Statua quoque ei in Comitio 
 posita. 
 
 X. Menenius Agrippa. 
 
 494 B.C. 
 
 Menenius Agrippa concordiam inter patres plebem- 
 20 que restituit. Nam cum plebs a patribus in montem 
 sacrum secessisset, quod tributa simul et militiam non 
 toleraret, Agrippa, vir facundus, ad plebem missus est. 
 Qui intromissus in castra nihil aliud nisi hoc narrasse 
 fertur. “ Olim humani artus, cum ventrem otiosum 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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Longitude East 30 of Paris 
 
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LUCIUS VIRGINIUS CENTURIO. 
 
 17 
 
 cernerent, ab eo discordarunt, conspiraruntque ne 
 manus ad os cibum ferrent neve os acciperet datum 
 neve dentes conficerent. At dum ventrem domare 
 volunt, ipsi quoque defecerunt, totumque corpus ad 
 extremam tabem venit ; inde intellexerunt ventris 5 
 quoque haud segne ministerium esse eumque acceptos 
 cibos concoquere et per omnia membra digerere, et cum 
 eo in gratiam redierunt. Sic senatus et plebes, quasi 
 unum corpus, discordia pereunt, concordia valent.” 
 
 Hac fabula Menenius flexit hominum mentes : plebs 10 
 in urbem regressa est. Creavit tamen tribunos, qui 
 libertatem suam a nobilitatis superbia defenderent. 
 Paulo post mortuus est Menenius, vir omni vita pariter 
 patribus ac plebi carus. Is tamen in tanta paupertate 
 decessit ut eum plebs conlatis sextantibus sepeliret, 15 
 locum sepulcro senatus publice daret. Potest con¬ 
 solari pauperes Menenius, sed multo magis docere 
 locupletes quam non sit necessaria solidam laudem 
 cupienti nimis anxia divitiarum comparatio. 
 
 XI. Lucius Virginius Centurio. 
 
 451 B.C. 
 
 Anno trecentesimo ab urbe condita pro duobus con- 20 
 sulibus decem viri creati sunt, qui adlatas e Graecia 
 leges populo proponerent. Duodecim tabulis eae sunt 
 perscriptae. Ceterum decem viri sua ipsorum insolen¬ 
 tia in exitium acti sunt. Nam unus ex eis Appius 
 Claudius virginem plebeiam adamavit. Quam cum 25 
 Appius non posset pretio ac spe pellicere, unum e 
 
IS 
 
 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES. 
 
 clientibus subornavit, qui eam in servitutem deposce¬ 
 ret, facile victurum se sperans, cum ipse esset et accu¬ 
 sator et iudex. Lucius Virginius, puellae pater, tunc 
 aberat militiae causa. Cliens igitur virgini venienti in 
 5 Forum (namque ibi in tabernis litterarum ludi erant) 
 iniecit manum, adfirmans suam esse servam; eam 
 sequi se iubet; ni faciat, minatur se vi abstracturum. 
 Pavida puella stupente, ad clamorem nutricis fit con¬ 
 cursus. Itaque cum ille puellam vi non posset ab- 
 io ducere, eam vocat in itis ipso Appio iudice. 
 
 Interea missi nuntii ad Virginium properant. Is, 
 commeatu sumpto, a castris profectus prima luce Ro¬ 
 mam advenit, cum iam civitas in Foro exspectatione 
 erecta stabat. Virginius statim in Forum lacrimabun- 
 15 dus et civium opem implorans filiam suam deducit. 
 Neque eo setius Appius, cum in tribunal escendisset, 
 Virginiam clienti suo addixit. Tum pater, ubi nihil 
 usquam auxill vidit, “Quaeso,” inquit, “Appi, Ignosce 
 patrio dolori; sine me filiam ultimum adloqul.” Data 
 20 venia pater cum filiam seduxisset, ab lanio cultro ad- 
 repto pectus puellae transfigit. Tum vero sibi viam 
 facit et respersus cruore ad exercitum profugit et 
 milites ad vindicandum facinus accendit. Concitatus 
 exercitus montem Aventinum Insedit; decem tribunos 
 25 militum creavit; decem viros magistratu se abdicare 
 coegit eosque omnes aut morte aut exsilio multavit; 
 ipse Appius Claudius in carcerem coniectus mortem 
 sibi conscivit. 
 
TRIUMPHAL CHARIOT 
 
MARCUS FURIUS CAMILLUS. 
 
 19 
 
 XII. Marcus Furius Camillus. 
 
 390 B.C. 
 
 Cum Marcus Furius Camillus urbem Falerios ob¬ 
 sideret, ludi magister plurimos et nobilissimos inde 
 pueros, velut ambulandi gratia eductos, in castra Ro¬ 
 manorum perduxit. Quibus Camillo traditis non erat 
 dubium quin Falisci deposito bello sese Romanis 5 
 dedituri essent. Sed Camillus perfidiam proditoris 
 detestatus, “Non ad similem tui,” inquit, “venisti: 
 sunt et belli sicut pacis itira; arma habemus non ad¬ 
 versus eam aetatem cui etiam captis urbibus parcitur, 
 sed adversus armatos, qui nec laesi nec lacessiti a 10 
 nobis castra Romana ad Veios oppugnaverunt.” De¬ 
 nudari deinde magistrum iussit, eumque manibus post 
 tergum infigatis in urbem reducendum pueris tradidit 
 virgasque eis dedit, quibus proditorem agerent in 
 urbem verberantes. Statim Falisci, beneficio magis 15 
 quam armis victi, portas Romanis aperuerunt. 
 
 Veientes etiam illo tempore rebellaverunt. Quorum 
 quanta res fuerit, indicat decennis obsidio. Tunc pri¬ 
 mum hibernacula militibus facta hiematumque sub 
 pellibus, tum primum stipendium ex aerario militibus 20 
 datum adactusque miles iureiurando, nisi capta urbe, 
 se non esse discessurum. Denique non scalis neque 
 inruptione sed cuniculo et subterraneis dolis peractum 
 urbis excidium. 
 
 Postmodum Camillo est crimini datum, quod albis 25 
 equis triumphasset et praedam inique divisisset; die 
 dicta ab L. Appuleio tribuno plebis damnatus Ardeam 
 
20 
 
 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES. 
 
 concessit. Urbe egrecliens a diis precatus esse dicitur, 
 ut, si innoxio sibi ea iniuria fieret, primo quoque tem¬ 
 pore desiderium sui civitati ingratae facerent. 
 
 Neque multo post Galli Senones Clusium, Etruriae 
 5 oppidum, obsederunt. Clusini novo bello exterriti ab 
 Romanis auxilium petierunt. Missi sunt Roma tres 
 legati, qui Gallos monerent ut ab oppugnatione de¬ 
 sisterent. Ex his legatis unus contra ius gentium in 
 aciem processit et ducem Senonum interfecit. Qua 
 io re commoti Galli, petitis in deditionem legatis neque 
 impetratis, Romam petierunt et exercitum Romanum 
 apud Alliam fluvium ceciderunt ante diem quintum 
 decimum Kalendas Sextiles : qui dies inter nefastos 
 relatus Alliensis dictus est. 
 
 15 Galli victores haud multo ante solis occasum ad 
 urbem Romam perveniunt. Postquam hostes adesse 
 nuntiatum est, reliqua iuventus Romana cum Manlio 
 in arcem fugit; seniores vero domos regressi adven¬ 
 tum Gallorum obstinato ad mortem animo exspectabant. 
 20 Qui eorum curules magistratus gesserant, ornati hono¬ 
 rum Insignibus in vestibulis aedium eburneis sellis 
 Insederunt, ut, cum venisset hostis, in sua dignitate 
 morerentur. Interim Galli domos patentes ingressi 
 vident praetextatos senes, viros ornatu et voltus maie- 
 25 state diis simillimos. Ad quos cum Galli velutl ad 
 simulacra conversi starent, tinus ex his senibus dicitur 
 Gallo barbam suam permulcenti scipionem eburneum 
 in caput incussisse. Iratus Gallus eum occidit; ab eo 
 initium caedis ortum est. GeterI omnes in sedibus 
 30 suis trucidati sunt. 
 
MARCUS FURIUS CAMILLUS. 
 
 21 
 
 Galli deinde impetum facere in arcem statuunt. 
 Primo militem, qui temptaret viam, praemiserunt. Tum 
 nocte sublustri, sublevantes invicem et trahentes alii 
 alios, in summum saxum evaserunt tanto silentio ut 
 non custodes solum fallerent, sed ne canes quidem, 5 
 sollicitum animal ad nocturnos strepitus, excitarent. 
 Anseres non fefellere, quibus in summa inopia Romani 
 abstinuerant, quia aves erant Iunonis sacrae : quae res 
 Romanis saluti fuit. Namque clangore earum alarum¬ 
 que crepitu excitus Manlius, vir bello egregius, ceteros 10 
 ad arma vocat et, dum ceteri trepidant, armis adreptis 
 Gallum qui iam in summo constiterat umbone ictum 
 deturbat. Cuius casus cum proximos sterneret, omnes 
 Galli ascendentes facile deiciuntur. 
 
 Tunc consensu omnium placuit ab exsilio Camillum 15 
 acciri. Missi igitur ad eum legati ipseque dictator 
 absens dictus est. Interim fames utrumque exercitum 
 urguebat; sed ne Galli putarent Romanos ea necessi¬ 
 tate ad deditionem cogi, multis locis de Capitolio panis 
 iactatus est in hostium stationes. Ad postremum Galli 20 
 quoque, obsidione fatigati, pretio mille pondo auri ad¬ 
 ducuntur ut obsidionem relinquerent. Cum autem 
 iniqua pondera essent adlata et Gallorum dux gladio 
 per insolentiam addito vae victis increparet, Camillus 
 dictator intervenit, conlectis Romani exercitus reliquiis ; 25 
 auferri aurum de medio iubet denuntiatque Gallis ut 
 se ad proelium expediant. Instruit deinde aciem et 
 Gallos devicit. Ne nuntius quidem cladis relictus est. 
 Dictator recuperata ex hostibus patria triumphans ur¬ 
 bem ingressus et a militibus parens patriae conditorque 30 
 
22 
 
 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES. 
 
 alter urbis appellatus est. Sed ut oppidum civibus, 
 ita cives oppidd reddidit. Agitabant enim tribum 
 plebem ut relictis ruinis in urbem paratam Veios 
 transmigrarent ; quod quidem consilium gravissima 
 5 Camilli oratione discussum est. Movit populum vocis 
 quoque omen ex centurione auditae, qui, cum in Forum 
 venisset, manipularibus suis dixerat: “Signifer, statue 
 signum, hic manebimus optime.” Qua voce audita et 
 senatus accipere se omen conclamavit et plebs circum- 
 io fusa approbavit. 
 
 M. Manlius, qui Capitolium a Gallis defenderat, cum 
 obstrictos aere alieno liberaret, nexos exsolveret, crimi¬ 
 ne adfectati regni damnatus de saxo Tarpeio deiectus 
 est. 
 
 XIII. Spurius Postumius. 
 
 321 B.C. 
 
 15 Iam Romani bellum contra Samnites susceperunt, 
 a Campanis in auxilium vocati. Omnium non modo 
 Italiae sed toto orbe terrarum pulcherrima Campaniae 
 plaga est. Nihil mollius caelo, nihil uberius solo: bis 
 floribus vernat. Ideo Liberi Cererisque certamen dl- 
 20 citur. Nihil hospitalius mari. Hic illi nobiles portus, 
 Caieta, Misenum et tepentes fontibus Baiae ; hic Lu¬ 
 crinus et Avernus lacus; hic amicti vitibus montes 
 Gaurus, Falernus, Massicus, et pulcherrimus omnium 
 Vesuvius, Aetnaei Ignis imitator. Urbes ad mare For- 
 25 miae, Cumae, Puteoli, Neapolis, Herculaneum, Pompeii 
 et ipsa, caput urbium, Capua quondam inter tres maxi¬ 
 mas cum Roma et Carthagine numerata. Pro hac 
 
SPURIUS POSTUMIUS. 
 
 23 
 
 urbe, pro his regionibus populus Romanus Samnites 
 invasit. Per quinquaginta fere annos cum Samnitibus 
 pugnatum saepeque in extrema pericula ventum est. 
 
 Spurius Postumius consul cum bellum adversus 
 Samnites gereret, a Gaio Pontio, hostium duce, in 
 insidias inductus est: namque is simulatos transfugas 
 misit, qui Romanis dicerent Luceriam, Apuliae urbem, 
 a Samnitibus obsideri. Non erat dubium quin Ro¬ 
 mani Lucerinis, bonis ac fidelibus sociis, opem ferrent. 
 Duae ad Luceriam ferebant viae, altera longior et 
 tutior, altera brevior et periculosior; festinatio brevi¬ 
 orem elegit. Itaque cum in insidias venissent, qui 
 locus Furculae Caudinae vocabatur, et fraus hostilis 
 apparuisset, retro viam, qua venerant, repetunt, at eam 
 quoque hostium praesidio clausam inveniunt. Sistunt 
 igitur gradum et, omni spe evadendi adempta, intuen- 
 tes alii alios diu immobiles silent; deinde erumpunt 
 in querellas adversus duces, quorum temeritate in eum 
 locum erant adducti. Ita noctem tum cibi tum quietis 
 immemores traduxerunt. 
 
 Nec Samnites ipsi, quid sibi faciendum esset in re 
 tam laeta, sciebant. Pontius accitum patrem Heren¬ 
 nium rogavit quid fieri placeret. Is ubi audivit inter 
 duos saltus clausum esse exercitum Romanum, dixit 
 aut omnes esse occidendos, ut vires frangerentur, aut 
 omnes dimittendos esse incolumes, ut beneficio ob¬ 
 ligarentur. Neutra sententia accepta est. Interea 
 Romani necessitate victi legatos mittunt, qui pacem 
 petant; pax concessa est ea lege, ut omnes sub iugum 
 traducerentur. Itaque paludamenta consulibus de- 
 
 5 
 
 io 
 
 r 5 
 
 20 
 
 2 5 
 
 30 
 
24 
 
 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES. 
 
 tracta, ipslque primi sub iugum missi, deinde singula^ 
 legiones. Circumstabant armati hostes exprobrantes 
 inludentesque. Romanis e saltu egressis lux ipsa omni 
 morte tristior fuit; ubi Capuam venerunt, pudor fugere 
 5 conloquia et coetus hominum cogebat. Sero Romam 
 ingressi se in suas quisque aedes abdiderunt. 
 
 Deliberante senatu de pace Caudina Postumius sen¬ 
 tentiam dicere iussus, “Turpi sponsione,” inquit, “qua 
 me obstrinxi, non tenetur populus Romanus, quoniam 
 ro eius iniussu facta est; nec quidquam ex ea praeter 
 corpus meum debetur Samnitibus. Eis dedite me 
 nudum vinctumque ; in me unum saeviant; exsolvam 
 religione populum.” Senatus, hanc animi magnitudi¬ 
 nem admiratus, Postumium laudavit eiusque sententiam 
 15 secutus est. Traditus est igitur Postumius fetialibus, 
 qui eum ad Samnites ducerent. Vestis ei detracta, 
 manus post tergum vinctae sunt, cumque apparitor, 
 verecundia maiestatis, Postumium laxe vinciret, “Quin 
 tu,” inquit ipse Postumius, “adducis lorum, ut iusta 
 20 fiat deditio?” Tum ubi in coetum Samnitium venit, 
 facta deditione, Postumius fetialis femur genu, quanta 
 potuit vi, perculit et clara voce ait se Samnitem civem 
 esse, illum legatum fetialem a se contra ius gentium 
 violatum; eo iustius bellum adversus Samnites fore. 
 25 Accepta non est a Samnitibus illa deditio Postumius- 
 que in castra Romana inviolatus rediit. 
 
LAEVINUS ET PYRRHUS. 
 
 25 
 
 XIV. Publius Valerius Laevinus et Pyrrhus, rex Epiri. 
 
 281 B.C. 
 
 Tarentinis, quod Romanorum legatis iniuriam fecis¬ 
 sent, bellum indictum est. Hi Pyrrhum, Epiri regem, 
 contra Romanos auxilium poposcerunt, qui ex genere 
 Achillis originem trahebat. Is paulo post in Italiam 
 venit tumque primum Romani cum transmarino hoste 5 
 dimicaverunt. Missus est contra eum consul Publius 
 Valerius Laevinus, qui cum exploratores Pyrrhi cepis¬ 
 set, iussit eos per castra duci, ostendi omnem exercitum 
 tumque dimitti, ut renuntiarent Pyrrho quaecumque a 
 Romanis agerentur. Commissa mox pugna cum iam 10 
 Pyrrhi exercitus pedem referret, rex elephantos in Ro¬ 
 manorum aciem agi iussit; tumque mutata est proeli 
 fortuna. Romanos vastorum corporum moles terri- 
 bilisque superadstantium armatorum species turbavit. 
 Equi etiam, conspectu et odore beluarum exterriti, 15 
 sessores vel excutiebant vel secum in fugam abripie¬ 
 bant. Nox proelio finem dedit. 
 
 Pyrrhus captivos Romanos summo honore habuit; 
 occisos sepelivit. Quos cum adverso volnere et truci 
 voltu etiam mortuos iacentes vidisset, tulisse ad caelum 20 
 manus dicitur cum hac voce : se totius orbis dominum 
 esse potuisse, si tales sibi milites contigissent. Amicis 
 gratulantibus, “Quid mihi cum tali victoria,” inquit, 
 “ubi exercitus robur amittam? Si iterum eodem modo 
 vicero, sine iillo milite in Epirum revertar.” Deinde 25 
 ad urbem Romam magnis itineribus contendit; omnia 
 ferro ignique vastavit ; ad vicesimum ab urbe lapidem 
 
26 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES. 
 
 castra posuit. Pyrrh5 obviam venit Laevinus cum 
 novo exercitu. Quo viso rex ait sibi eandem adversus 
 Romanos esse fortunam quam Herculi adversus hy¬ 
 dram, cui tot capita renascebantur quot praecisa erant; 
 
 5 deinde in Campaniam se recepit. Missos a senatu de 
 redimendis captivis legatos honorifice excepit; capti¬ 
 vos sine pretio reddidit ut Romani, cognita iam virtute 
 sua, cognoscerent etiam llberalitatem. 
 
 Erat Pyrrhus miti ac placabili animo; solet enim 
 io magni animi comes esse clementia. Eius humanitatem 
 experti sunt Tarentini. Qui cum sero intellexissent 
 se pro socio dominum accepisse, sortem suam misera¬ 
 bantur idque aliquanto liberius ubi vino incaluerant. 
 Neque deerant qui ad Pyrrhum deferrent; arcessitique 
 15 nonnulli, quod inter convivium parum honorifice de 
 rege locuti essent; sed periculum simplex confessio 
 culpae discussit. Nam cum rex percontatus esset 
 num ea quae pervenissent ad aures suas dixissent 
 “Et haec diximus,” inquiunt, “rex, et nisi vinum 
 20 defecisset, multo plura et graviora dicturi fuimus.” 
 Pyrrhus, qui malebat vini quam hominum eam culpam 
 videri, subridens eos dimisit. 
 
 Pyrrhus igitur cum putaret sibi gloriosum fore 
 pacem et foedus cum Romanis post victoriam facere, 
 25 Romam misit legatum Cineam, qui pacem aequis con¬ 
 dicionibus proponeret. Erat is regi familiaris multum¬ 
 que apud eum gratia valebat. Dicere solebat Pyrrhus 
 se plures urbes Cineae eloquentia quam vi et armis 
 expugnasse. Cineas tamen regis cupiditatem non 
 30 adCilabatur; nam cum in sermone Pyrrhus ei consilia 
 
LAEVINUS ET PYRRHUS. 
 
 27 
 
 sua aperiret dixissetque se velle Italiam dicioni suae 
 subicere, Cineas, “Superatis Romanis,” inquit, “quid 
 agere destinas, 6 rex?” “Italiae vicina est Sicilia,” 
 inquit Pyrrhus, “nec difficile erit eam armis occupare.” 
 Tunc Cineas : “Occupata Sicilia quid postea acturus 5 
 es?” Rex, qui nondum Cineae mentem perspiciebat, 
 “In Africam,” inquit, “traicere mihi in animo est.” 
 Cui ille: “Quid deinde, o rex?” “Tum denique, mi 
 Cineas,” inquit Pyrrhus, “nos quieti dabimus dulcique 
 otio fruemur.” Tum Cineas: “At quid impedit quo- 10 
 minus isto otio iam nunc fruaris?” 
 
 Romam cum venisset Cineas, domos prlncipum cum 
 ingentibus donis circumibat. Nusquam vero receptus 
 est. Non a viris solum sed etiam a mulieribus spreta 
 eius munera. Introductus deinde in curiam cum regis 15 
 virtutem propensumque in Romanos animum verbis 
 extolleret et de condicionum aequitate dissereret et 
 sententia senatus ad pacem et foedus faciendum in¬ 
 clinare videretur, tum Appius Claudius, ob senectutem 
 et caecitatem abstinere curia olim solitus, confestim 20 
 in senatum lectica deferri se iussit ibique gravissima 
 oratione pacem dissuasit, itaque responsum Pyrrho a 
 senatu est eum, donec Italia excessisset, pacem cum 
 Romanis habere non posse. Praeterea Romani capti¬ 
 vos omnes quos Pyrrhus reddiderat, Infames haberi 25 
 iusserunt, quod armati capi potuissent, neque ante eos 
 ad veterem statum reverti quam si binum hostium 
 occisorum spolia rettulissent. Ita legatus ad regem 
 revertit: a quo cum Pyrrhus quaereret qualem Romam 
 comperlsset, Cineas respondit urbem sibi templum, 30 
 senatum vero consessum regum esse visum. 
 
28 
 
 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES. 
 
 XV. Gaius Fabricius. 
 
 278 B.C. 
 
 Ex legatis qui ad Pyrrhum de captivis redimendis 
 venerant, fuit C. Fabricius. Cuius postquam audivit 
 Pyrrhus magnum esse apud Romanos nomen, ut viri 
 boni et bello egregii, sed admodum pauperis, eum prae 
 5 ceteris honorifice ac liberaliter habuit eique munera 
 atque aurum obtulit, quae omnia repudiavit Fabricius. 
 Postero die cum illum Pyrrhus, vellet exterrere con¬ 
 spectu subito elephanti, imperavit suis ut, Fabricio 
 secum conloquente, belua post aulaeum admoveretur. 
 10 Quod ubi factum est, signo dato remotoque aulaeo, 
 repente belua stridorem horrendum emisit et probo¬ 
 scidem super Fabrici caput demisit. Sed ille subri¬ 
 dens : “Neque heri me aurum tuum pellexit, neque 
 hodie perterrefecit belua.” 
 
 15 Fabrici admiratus virtutem Pyrrhus illum secreto 
 invitavit ut patriam desereret secumque vellet vivere, 
 quarta etiam regni sui parte oblata; cui Fabricius ita 
 respondit: “Si me virum bonum iudicas, cur me vis 
 corrumpere? sin vero malum, cur me ambis?” Anno 
 20 interiecto, omni spe pacis inter Pyrrhum et Romanos 
 conciliandae ablata, Fabricius consul factus contra 
 eum missus est. Cumque vicina castra ipse et rex 
 haberent, medicus regis nocte ad Fabricium venit 
 eique pollicitus est, si praemium sibi proposuisset, se 
 25 Pyrrhum veneno necaturum. Hunc Fabricius vinctum 
 reduci iussit ad dominum et Pyrrh5 dici quae contra 
 caput eius medicus spopondisset. Tunc rex admiratus 
 
GAIUS FABRICIUS. 
 
 29 
 
 eum dixisse fertur: “Ille est Fabricius, qui difficilius 
 ab honestate quam sol a suo cursu potest averti.” 
 
 Fabricius cum apud Pyrrhum regem legatus esset, 
 Cineam audivit narrantem esse quendam Athenis qui 
 se sapientem profiteretur, eumque dicere omnia quae 5 
 faceremus ad voluptatem esse referenda. Tunc Fa¬ 
 bricium exclamasse ferunt: “Utinam id hostibus nos¬ 
 tris persuadeatur, quo facilius vinci possint cum se 
 voluptatibus dederint! ” Nihil magis ab eius vita 
 alienum erat quam voluptas et luxus. Tota eius su- 10 
 pellex argentea salino uno constabat et patella ad 
 usum sacrorum, quae corneo pediculo sustinebatur. 
 Cenabat ad focum radices et herbas, cum legati Sam¬ 
 nitium ad eum venerunt magnamque ei pecuniam obtu¬ 
 lerunt ; quibus sic respondit: “Quam diu cupiditatibus 15 
 imperare potero, nihil mihi deerit; vos autem pecuniam 
 ad eos qui hac indigent reportate.” 
 
 Gaius Fabricius cum Rufino, viro nobili, simultatem 
 gerebat ob morum dissimilitudinem, cum ipse pecuniae 
 contemptor esset, hic avarus et furax existimaretur. 20 
 Quia tamen Rufinus industrius ac bonus imperator 
 erat, magnumque et grave bellum imminere videbatur, 
 Fabricius auctor fuit ut Rufinus consul crearetur, 
 cumque is deinde Fabricio gratias ageret, quod se 
 homo inimicus consulem fecisset, hic respondit non 25 
 esse mirandum si compilari quam venire maluisset. 
 Eundem postea Fabricius censor factus senatu movit, 
 quod argenti facti decem pondo haberet. Fabricius 
 omnem vitam in gloriosa paupertate exegit adeoque 
 inops decessit ut, unde dos filiarum expediretur, non 30 
 
30 
 
 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES. 
 
 relinqueret. Senatus patris sibi partes desumpsit et, 
 datis ex aerario dotibus, filias conlocavit. 
 
 Pyrrhus cum adversus Romanos parum profecturum 
 se intellegeret, Siciliam dicionis suae facere statuit. 
 
 5 Inde rediens cum Locros classe praeterveheretur, the¬ 
 sauros fani Proserpinae intactos ad eam diem spoliavit; 
 atque ita, pecunia in naves imposita, ipse terra est 
 profectus. Quid ergo evenit? Classis postero die 
 foedissima tempestate lacerata omnesque naves quae 
 io sacram pecuniam habebant in lltora Locrorum eiectae 
 sunt. Qua tanta clade edoctus tandem deos esse, 
 superbissimus rex pecuniam omnem conquisitam in 
 fanum Proserpinae referri iussit. Nec tamen illi 
 umquam prosperi quidquam evenit, pulsusque Italia 
 15 Ignobili morte occubuit, cum temere noctu ingressus 
 esset Argos. 
 
 XVI. Gaius Duilius. 
 
 260 B.C. 
 
 Gaius Duilius Poenos navali proelio primus devicit. 
 Qui cum videret naves Romanas a Punicis velocitate 
 superari, manus ferreas sive corvos, machinam ad com- 
 20 prehendendas hostium naves tenendasque utilem, ex¬ 
 cogitavit. Quae manus ubi hostilem apprehenderant 
 navem, superiecto ponte transgrediebatur Romanus et 
 in ipsorum ratibus comminus dimicabant, unde Ro¬ 
 manis, qui robore praestabant, facilis victoria fuit. 
 25 Celeriter sunt expugnatae naves Punicae triginta, in 
 quibus etiam praetoria septiremis capta est, mersae 
 tredecim. 
 
GAIUS LUTATIUS CATULUS. 
 
 31 
 
 Duilius victor, Romam reversus, primus navalem 
 triumphum egit. Nulla victoria Romanis gratior fuit, 
 quod invicti terra iam etiam mari plurimum possent. 
 Itaque Duilio concessum est ut per omnem vitam prae¬ 
 lucente funali et praecinente tibicine a cena rediret. 5 
 Hannibal, dux classis Punicae, e navi quae iam 
 capiebatur, in scapham saltu se demittens Romanorum 
 manus effugit. Veritus autem ne in patria classis 
 amissae poenas daret, civium odium astutia avertit; 
 nam ex illa infelici pugna, priusquam cladis nuntius 10 
 domum perveniret, quendam ex amicis Carthaginem 
 misit. Qui postquam curiam intravit, “Consulit,” 
 inquit, “vos Hannibal, cum dux Romanorum magnis 
 copiis maritimis instructis advenerit, num cum eo 
 confligere debeat.” Acclamavit universus senatus 15 
 non esse dubium quin confligi oporteret. Tum ille 
 “Conflixit,” inquit, “et superatus est.” Ita non po¬ 
 tuerunt factum damnare quod ipsi fleri debuisse indi¬ 
 caverant. Sic Hannibal victus crucis supplicium 
 effugit; nam eo poenae genere dux, re male gesta, 20 
 apud Poenos adflciebatur. 
 
 XVII. Gaius Lutatius Catulus. 
 
 241 B.C. 
 
 Gaius Lutatius Catulus consul finem primo Punico 
 bello imposuit. Cum classe trecentarum navium in 
 Siciliam transvectus, dum Drepanum oppugnat et inter 
 primos strenue dimicat, grave volnus in femore accepit. 25 
 Nondum convaluerat, cum maxima Poenorum classis 
 
32 
 
 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES. 
 
 adesse nuntiatur. Naves erant quadringentae com¬ 
 meatu onustae, quem ad exercitum portabant, copiis 
 praeterea militum permagnis armorumque et pecuniae 
 amplissimo numero. Summae rerum Hanno praeerat, 
 5 nobilis Poenus. Hic magno studio id agebat, ut naves 
 onere levaret et strenuis viris ab Hamilcare acceptis 
 compleret atque sic deinde cum Romana classe con¬ 
 fligeret. At Lutatius, ut consilia Poenorum praeveniret 
 et potius cum classe gravi suisque oneribus impedita 
 io confligeret, statim ad Aegates Insulas cursum intendit 
 hostiumque classem aggreditur. Nec longa fuit vic¬ 
 toriae mora, nam brevissimo tempore omnes Carthagi¬ 
 niensium naves aut captae aut depressae sunt. Ingens 
 fuit praeda. Poeni victi pacem postularunt; quae eis 
 15 hac condicione concessa est, ut omnibus Insulis quae 
 sunt inter Italiam et Africam decederent et certum 
 populo Romano vectigal per vlgintl annos penderent. 
 
 XVIII. Quintus Fabius Maximus. 
 
 21S-203 B.C. 
 
 Hannibal, Hamilcaris filius, novem annos natus, a 
 patre aris admotus odium in Romanos perenne iuravit. 
 20 Quae res maxime videtur concitasse secundum Puni¬ 
 cum bellum. Nam mortuo Hamilcare Hannibal, cau¬ 
 sam belli quaerens, Saguntum, civitatem Hispaniae 
 Romanis foederatam, evertit. Quapropter Roma missi 
 sunt Carthaginem legati, qui Hannibalem, mali aucto- 
 25 rem, exposcerent. Tergiversantibus Poenis Quintus 
 Fabius, legationis princeps, sinu ex toga facto, “Hic,” 
 
QUINTUS FABIUS MAXIMUS. 
 
 33 
 
 inquit, “vobis bellum et pacem portamus; utrum pla¬ 
 ceat, sumite.” Poenis “ Bellum ” succlamantibus, Fa¬ 
 bius excussa toga bellum se dare dicit. Poeni accipere 
 se responderunt et, quibus acciperent animis, eisdem 
 se gesturos. 5 
 
 Hannibal superatis Pyrenaei et Alpium iugis in 
 Italiam venit. Publium Scipionem apud Ticinum am¬ 
 nem, Sempronium apud Trebiam, Flaminium apud 
 Trasumenum profligavit. 
 
 Adversus hostem totiens victorem missus Quintus 10 
 Fabius dictator Hannibalis impetum mora fregit; 
 namque priorum ducum cladibus edoctus, belli ratio¬ 
 nem mutare et adversus Hannibalem, successibus 
 proeliorum insolentem, recedere ab ancipiti discrimine 
 et tueri tantum modo Italiam constituit, Cunctatorisque 15 
 nomen et laudem summi ducis meruit. Per loca alta 
 agmen ducebat modico ab hoste intervallo, ut neque 
 omitteret eum neque cum eo congrederetur ; castris, 
 nisi quantum necessitas cogeret, miles tenebatur. Dux 
 neque occasioni rei bene gerendae deerat, si qua ab 20 
 hoste daretur, neque ullam ipse hosti dabat. Itaque 
 cum ex levibus proeliis superior discederet, militem 
 minus iam coepit aut virtutis suae aut fortunae 
 paenitere. 
 
 His artibus cum Hannibalem Fabius in agro Falerno 25 
 locorum angustiis clausisset, ille sine ullo exercitus 
 detrimento se expedivit. Namque arida sarmenta in 
 boum cornibus deligata principio noctis incendi bo¬ 
 vesque ad montes, quos Romani insederant, agi iussit. 
 Qui cum accensis cornibus per montes, per silvas huc 30 
 
34 
 
 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES. 
 
 illuc discurrerent, Romani miraculo attoniti constite¬ 
 runt; ipse Fabius Insidias esse ratus militem extra 
 vallum egredi vetuit. Interea Hannibal ex angustiis 
 evasit. 
 
 5 Dein Hannibal, ut Fabio apud suos conflaret in¬ 
 vidiam, agrum eius, omnibus circa vastatis, intactum 
 reliquit. At Fabius misso Romam Quinto filio invio¬ 
 latum ab hoste agrum vendidit eiusque pretio captivos 
 Romanos redemit. 
 
 io Haud grata tamen Romanis erat Fabi cunctatio : 
 eumque pro cauto timidum, pro cunctatore segnem 
 vocitabant. Augebat invidiam Minucius, magister 
 equitum, dictatorem criminando ; illum in ducendo 
 bello sedulo tempus terere, quo diutius in magistratu 
 15 esset solusque et Romae et in exercitu imperium habe¬ 
 ret. His sermonibus accensa plebs dictatori magi¬ 
 strum equitum imperio aequavit. Hanc iniuriam aequo 
 animo tulit Fabius exercitumque suum cum Minucio 
 divisit. Cum autem Minucius temere proelium com- 
 2o misisset, ei periclitanti auxilio venit Fabius. Ciiius 
 subito adventu repressus Hannibal receptui cecinit, 
 palam confessus ab se Minucium, se a Fabio victum 
 esse. Redeuntem ex acie dixisse eum ferunt tandem 
 eam nubem quae sedere in iugls montium solita esset, 
 25 cum procella imbrem dedisse. Minucius autem peri¬ 
 culo liberatus castra cum Fabio iunxit et patrem eum 
 appellavit idemque facere milites iussit. 
 
 Postea Hannibal Tarento per proditionem potitus 
 est. Hanc urbem ut Poenis traderent, tredecim fere 
 30 nobiles iuvenes Tarentini coniuraverant. Hi nocte per 
 
QUINTUS FABIUS MAXIMUS. 
 
 35 
 
 speciem venandi urbe egressi ad Hannibalem, qui haud 
 procul castra habebat, venerunt. Cui cum, quid para¬ 
 rent, exposuissent, conlaudavit eos Hannibal monuitque 
 ut redeuntes pecora Carthaginiensium quae pastum 
 propulsa essent ad urbem agerent, et veluti praedam 
 ex hoste factam aut praefecto aut custodibus portarum 
 donarent. Id iterum ac saepius ab eis factum eoque 
 consuetudinis adducta res est ut, quocumque noctis 
 tempore sibilo dedissent signum, porta urbis aperiretur. 
 Tunc Hannibal eos nocte media cum decem milibus 
 hominum delectorum secutus est. Ubi portae appro¬ 
 pinquarunt, nota iuvenum vox et familiare signum 
 vigilem excitavit. Duo primi inferebant aprum vasti 
 corporis. Vigil incautus, dum beluae magnitudinem 
 miratur, venabulo occisus est. Ingressi proditores ce¬ 
 teros vigiles sopitos obtruncant. Tum Hannibal cum 
 suo agmine ingreditur; Romani passim trucidantur. 
 Livius Salinator, Romanorum praefectus, cum eis qui 
 caedi superfuerunt, in arcem confugit. 
 
 Profectus igitur Fabius ad recipiendum Tarentum 
 urbem obsidione cinxit. Leve dictu momentum ad 
 rem ingentem perficiendam eum aditivit. Praefectus 
 praesidi Tarentini deperibat amore mulierculae, cuius 
 frater in exercitu Fabi erat. Miles iussus a Fabio pro 
 perfuga Tarentum transiit ac per sororem praefectum 
 ad tradendam urbem perpulit. Fabius vigilia prima 
 accessit ad eam partem muri quam praefectus custo¬ 
 diebat. Adiuvantibus recipientibusque eius militibus 
 Romani in urbem transcenderunt. Inde, proxima 
 porta refracta, Fabius cum exercitu intravit. Hannibal 
 
 5 
 
 io 
 
 i5 
 
 20 
 
 2 5 
 
 30 
 
36 
 
 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES. 
 
 nuntiata Tarenti oppugnatione cum ad opem ferendam 
 festinans captam urbem esse audivisset, “Et Romani,” 
 inquit, “suum Hannibalem habent; eadem qua cepera¬ 
 mus arte Tarentum amisimus.” 
 
 5 Cum postea Livius Salinator coram Fabio gloriare¬ 
 tur, quod arcem Tarentinam retinuisset, dlxissetque 
 eum sua opera Tarentum recepisse, “Certe,” inquit 
 Fabius ridens, “nam nisi tu amisisses, ego numquam 
 recepissem.” 
 
 io Quintus Fabius iam senex filio suo consuli legatus 
 fuit; cumque in eius castra veniret, filius obviam patri 
 progressus est, duodecim lictoribus pro more antece¬ 
 dentibus. Equo vehebatur senex neque appropin¬ 
 quante consule descendit. Iam ex lictoribus undecim 
 15 verecundia paternae maiestatis taciti praeterierant. 
 Quod cum consul animadvertisset, proximum lictorem 
 iussit inclamare Fabio patri ut ex equo descenderet. 
 Pater tum desiliens, “Non ego, fili,” inquit, “tuum 
 imperium contempsi, sed experiri volui num scires 
 20 consulem te esse.” Ad summam senectutem vixit 
 Fabius Maximus, dignus tanto cognomine. Cautior 
 quam promptior habitus est, sed Insita eius ingenio 
 prudentia ei bello quod tum gerebatur proprie apta 
 erat. Nemini dubium est quin rem Romanam cunc- 
 25 tando restituerit. Ut Scipio pugnando, ita hic non 
 dimicando maxime civitati Romanae succurrisse visus 
 est. Alter enim celeritate sua Carthaginem oppressit, 
 alter cunctatione id egit, ne Roma opprimi posset. 
 
PAULUS ET VARRO. 
 
 37 
 
 XIX. Aemilius Paulus et Terentius Varro. 
 
 2 l 6 B.C. 
 
 Hannibal in Apuliam pervenerat. Adversus eum 
 Roma profecti sunt duo consules, Aemilius Paulus et 
 Terentius Varro. Paulo Fabi cunctatio magis place¬ 
 bat; Varro autem, ferox et temerarius, acriora seque¬ 
 batur consilia. Ambo consules ad vicum qui Cannae 
 appellabatur castra communiverunt. Ibi deinde Varro, 
 invito conlega, aciem instruxit et signum pugnae dedit. 
 Hannibal autem ita constituerat aciem ut Romanis et 
 solis radii et ventus ab oriente pulverem adflans ad¬ 
 versi essent. Victus caesusque est Romanus exercitus; 
 nusquam graviore volnere addicta est res publica. 
 Aemilius Paulus telis obrutus cecidit; quem cum me¬ 
 dia in pugna sedentem in saxo oppletum cruore con¬ 
 spexisset quidam tribunus militum, “Cape,” inquit, 
 “hunc equum et fuge, Aemili. Etiam sine tua morte 
 lacrimarum satis luctusque est.” Ad ea consul: “Tu 
 quidem macte virtute esto ! Sed cave exiguum tempus 
 e manibus hostium evadendi perdas! Abi, nuntia 
 patribus ut urbem muniant ac, priusquam hostis victor 
 adveniat, praesidiis firment. Me in hac strage meo¬ 
 rum militum patere exspirare.” Alter consul cum 
 paucis equitibus Venusiam perfugit. Consulares aut 
 praetorii occiderunt viginti, senatores capti aut occisi 
 triginta, nobiles viri trecenti, militum quadraginta milia, 
 equitum tria milia et quingenti. Hannibal in testimo¬ 
 nium victoriae suae tres modios aureorum anulorum 
 Carthaginem misit, quos de manibus equitum Roma¬ 
 norum et senatorum detraxerat. 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 2 5 
 
38 
 
 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES. 
 
 Hannibali victori cum ceteri gratularentur suade- 
 rentque ut quietem iam ipse sumeret et fessis militi¬ 
 bus daret, unus ex eius praefectis, Maharbal, minime 
 cessandum ratus, Hannibalem hortabatur ut statim 
 5 Romam pergeret. “Die quinto,” inquit, “victor in 
 Capitolio epulaberis.” Cumque Hannibal illud non 
 probasset, Maharbal, “Non omnia nimirum,” inquit, 
 “eidem dii dedere. Vincere scis, Hannibal; victoria 
 uti nescis.” Mora huius diei satis creditur saluti fuisse 
 io urbi et imperio. Hannibal cum victoria posset uti, 
 frui maluit, relictaque Roma in Campaniam devertit, 
 cuius deliciis mox exercitus ardor elanguit; adeo ut 
 vere dictum sit Capuam Hannibali Cannas fuisse. 
 
 Numquam tantum pavoris Romae fuit quantum ubi 
 15 acceptae cladis nuntius advenit. Neque tamen ulla 
 pacis mentio facta est; quin etiam animo civitas adeo 
 magno fuit ut Varroni ex tanta clade redeunti obviam 
 irent et gratias agerent, quod de re publica non de- 
 sperasset; qui, si Poenorum dux fuisset, temeritatis 
 20 poenas omni supplicio dedisset. Non autem vitae 
 cupidit&te, sed rei publicae amore se superfuisse, reli¬ 
 quo aetatis suae tempore approbavit. Nam et barbam 
 capillumque submisit, et postea numquam recubans 
 cibum cepit. Honoribus quoque, cum ei deferrentur 
 25 a populo, renuntiavit dicens felicioribus magistratibus 
 rei publicae opus esse. Dum igitur Hannibal segniter 
 et otiose agebat, Romani interim respirare coeperunt. 
 Arma non erant; detracta sunt templis vetera hostium 
 spolia. Deerat iuventus; servi manumissi et armati 
 30 sunt. Egebat aerarium; opes suas libens senatus in 
 
TIBERIUS GRACCHUS ET GAIUS GRACCHUS. 39 
 
 medium protulit, nec praeter quod in bullis singullsque 
 anulis erat, quidquam sibi auri reliquerunt. Patrum 
 exemplum secuti sunt equites imitataeque equites om¬ 
 nes tribus. Denique vix suffecere tabulae, vix scri¬ 
 barum manus, cum omnes privatae opes in publicum 
 deferrentur. 
 
 Cum Hannibal redimendi sui copiam captivis Ro¬ 
 manis fecisset, decem ex ipsis Romam ea de re missi 
 sunt; nec pignus aliud fidei ab eis postulatum est 
 quam ut iurarent se, si non impetrassent, in castra 
 esse redituros. Eos senatus non redimendos censuit 
 responditque, eos cives non esse necessarios, qui, cum 
 armati essent, capi potuissent. Unus ex eis legatis e 
 castris Poenorum egressus, velutl aliquid oblitus, paulo 
 post in castra erat regressus, deinde comites ante 
 noctem adsecutus erat. Is ergo, re non impetrata, 
 domum abiit. Reditu enim in castra se liberatum 
 esse iureiurando interpretabatur. Quod ubi innotuit, 
 iussit senatus illum comprehendi et vinctum duci ad 
 Hannibalem. Ea res Hannibalis audaciam maxime 
 fregit, quod senatus populusque Romanus rebus ad- 
 fllctls tam excelso esset animo. 
 
 XX. Tiberius Gracchus et Gaius Gracchus. 
 
 I 70-121 B.C. 
 
 Tiberius et Gaius Gracchi Scipionis Africani ex filia 
 nepotes erant. Horum adulescentia bonis artibus et 
 magna omnium spe exacta est: ad egregiam enim in¬ 
 dolem optima accedebat educatio. Erant enim dlligen- 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 U 
 
 20 
 
 2 5 
 
40 
 
 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES. 
 
 tia Corneliae matris a pueris docti et Graecis litteris 
 eruditi. Maximum matronis ornamentum esse liberos 
 bene institutos merito putabat mater illa sapientissima. 
 Cum Campana matrona, apud illam hospita, ornamenta 
 5 sua, illo saeculo pulcherrima, ostentaret ei muliebriter, 
 Cornelia traxit eam sermone quousque e schola redi¬ 
 rent liberi. Quos reversos hospitae ostendens, “Haec,” 
 inquit, “mea ornamenta sunt.” Nihil quidem his adu¬ 
 lescentibus neque a natura neque a doctrina defuit; 
 io sed ambo rem publicam, quam tueri poterant, per¬ 
 turbare maluerunt. 
 
 Tiberius Gracchus, tribunus plebis creatus, a senatu 
 descivit: populi favorem profusis largitionibus sibi 
 conciliavit; agros plebi dividebat; provincias novis 
 15 coloniis replebat. Cum autem tribuniciam potestatem 
 sibi prorogari vellet et palam dictitasset interempto 
 senatu omnia per plebem agi debere, viam sibi ad 
 regnum parare videbatur. Qua re cum convocati 
 patres deliberarent quidnam faciendum esset, statim 
 20 Tiberius Capitolium petit, manum ad caput referens, 
 quo signo salutem suam populo commendabat. Hoc 
 nobilitas ita accepit quasi diadema posceret, segni- 
 terque cessante consule, Scipio Nasica, cum esset con¬ 
 sobrinus Tiberi Gracchi, patriam cognationi praeferens 
 25 sublata dextra proclamavit: “Qui rem publicam salvam 
 esse volunt, me sequantur ! ” Dein optimates, senatus 
 atque equestris ordinis pars maior in Gracchum inruunt, 
 qui fugiens decurrensque clivo Capitolino fragmento 
 subselli ictus, vitam quam gloriosissime degere potue- 
 30 rat, immatura morte finivit. Mortui Tiberi corpus in 
 flumen proiectum est. 
 
TIBERIUS GRACCIIUS ET GAIUS GRACCHUS. 41 
 
 Gaium Gracchum Idem furor qui fratrem Tiberium 
 occupavit. Tribunatum enim adeptus, seu vindican¬ 
 dae fraternae necis, seu comparandae regiae potentiae 
 causa, pessima coepit inire consilia: maximas largitio¬ 
 nes fecit; aerarium effudit; legem de frumento plebi 
 dividendo tulit; civitatem omnibus Italicis dabat. His 
 Gracchi consiliis quanta poterant contentione obsiste¬ 
 bant omnes boni, in quibus maxime Piso, vir consula¬ 
 ris. Is cum multa contra legem frumentariam dixisset, 
 lege tamen lata ad frumentum cum ceteris accipien¬ 
 dum venit. Gracchus ubi animadvertit in contione 
 Pisonem stantem, eum sic compellavit audiente populo 
 Romano: “Qui tibi constas, Piso, cum ea lege fru¬ 
 mentum petas quam dissuasisti?” Cui Piso: “Nolim 
 quidem,Gracche,” inquit, “meabona tibi viritimdividere 
 liceat; sed si facies, partem petam.” Quo responso 
 aperte declaravit vir gravis et sapiens, lege quam tule¬ 
 rat Gracchus, patrimonium publicum dissipari. 
 
 Decretum a senatu est, ut videret consul Opimius 
 ne quid detrimenti res publica caperet : quod nisi in 
 maximo discrimine decerni non solebat. Gaius Grac¬ 
 chus, armata familia, Aventinum occupavit. Consul, 
 vocato ad arma populo, Gaium aggressus est, qui pul¬ 
 sus profugit et, cum iam comprehenderetur, iugulum 
 servo praebuit, qui dominum et mox semet ipsum super 
 domini corpus interemit. Ut Tiberi Gracchi antea 
 corpus, ita Gal, mira crudelitate victorum, in Tiberim 
 deiectum est; caput autem a Septimuleio, amico Grac¬ 
 chi, ad Opimium relatum auro repensum fertur. Sunt 
 qui tradant Infuso plumbo eum partem capitis, quo 
 gravius efficeretur, explesse. 
 
 5 
 
 io 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 2 5 
 
 3 ° 
 
42 
 
 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES. 
 
 Occiso Tiberio Graccho, cum senatus consulibus 
 mandasset ut in eos qui cum Graccho consenserant 
 animadverteretur, Blosius quidam, Tiberi amicus, pro 
 se deprecatum venit, hanc, ut sibi ignosceretur, causam 
 5 adferens, quod tanti Gracchum fecisset ut, quidquid ille 
 vellet, sibi faciendum putaret. Tum consul, “Quid?” 
 inquit, “si te Gracchus templo Iovis in Capitolio faces 
 subdere iussisset, obsecuturusne voluntati illius fuisti 
 propter istam quam iactas familiaritatem?” “Num- 
 io quam,” inquit Blosius, “voluisset id quidem, sed si 
 voluisset, paruissem.” Nefaria est ea vox : nulla enim 
 est excusatio peccati, si amici causa peccaveris. 
 
 Exstat Gai Gracchi e Sardinia Romam reversi oratio, 
 in qua cum alia tum haec de se narrat. “Versatus 
 15 sum in provincia quo modo ex usu vestro existimabam 
 esse, non quo modo ambitioni meae conducere arbitra¬ 
 bar. Nemo possit vere dicere, assem aut eo plus in 
 muneribus me accepisse aut mea causa quemquam 
 sumptum fecisse. Zonas quas Roma proficiscens ple- 
 20 nas argenti extuli, eas ex provincia inanes rettuli. Alii 
 amphoras quas vini plenas extulerunt, eas argento 
 repletas domum reportarunt.” 
 
 XXI. Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus. 
 
 106-48 B.C. 
 
 Gnaeus Pompeius, stirpis senatoriae, bello civili se 
 et patrem consilio servavit. Cum enim Pompei pater 
 25 exercitui suo ob avaritiam esset invisus, facta in eum 
 coniuratione Terentius quidam, Gnaei Pompei fili 
 

 GNAEUS POMPEIUS MAGNUS. 
 
 
GNAEUS POMPEIUS MAGNUS. 43 
 
 contubernalis, hunc occidendum suscepit dum alii ta¬ 
 bernaculum patris incenderent. Quae res cum iuveni 
 Pompeio cenanti nuntiata esset, nihil periculo motus, 
 solito hilarius bibit et cum Terentio eadem qua antea 
 comitate usus est. Deinde cubiculum ingressus clam 5 
 subduxit se tentorio et firmam patri circumdedit custo¬ 
 diam. Terentius tum destricto ense ad lectum Pompei 
 accessit multisque ictibus stragula percussit. Orta 
 mox seditione Pompeius se in media coniecit agmina, 
 militesque tumultuantes precibus et lacrimis placavit 10 
 ac duci reconciliavit. 
 
 Eodem bello Pompeius partes Sullae secutus ita se 
 gessit ut ab eo maxime diligeretur. Annos tres et 
 viginti natus, ut Sullae auxilio veniret, paterni exer¬ 
 citus reliquias conlegit, statimque dux peritus exstitit. 15 
 Magnus illius apud militem amor, magna apud omnes 
 admiratio fuit; nullus ei labor taedio, nulla defatigatio 
 molestiae erat. Cibi vinique temperans, somni parcus; 
 inter milites corpus exercens cum alacribus saltu, cum 
 velocibus cursu, cum validis luctando certabat. Tum 20 
 ad Sullam iter intendit et in eo itinere tres hostium 
 exercitus aut fudit aut sibi adiunxit. Quem ubi Sulla 
 ad se accedere audivit egregiamque sub signis iuven- 
 tutem aspexit, desiliit ex equo Pompeiumque salutavit 
 imperatorem et postea ei venienti solebat sella adsur- 25 
 gere et caput aperire et equo descendere, quem hono¬ 
 rem nemini nisi Pompeio tribuebat. 
 
 Postea Pompeius in Siciliam profectus est, ut eam a 
 Carbone, Sullae inimico, occupatam reciperet. Carbo 
 comprehensus et ad Pompeium ductus est: quem Pom- 30 
 
44 
 
 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES. 
 
 peius, etsi Carbo muliebriter mortem extimescens de¬ 
 misse et flebiliter mortem deprecabatur, ad supplicium 
 duci iussit. Longe moderatior fuit Pompeius erga 
 Sthenium, Siciliae cuiusdam civitatis principem. Cum 
 S enim in eam civitatem animadvertere decrevisset, quae 
 sibi adversata fuisset, inique eum facturum Sthenius 
 exclamavit, si ob unius culpam omnes puniret. In¬ 
 terroganti Pompeio quisnam ille unus esset, “Ego,” 
 inquit Sthenius, “qui cives meos ad id induxi.” Tam 
 io libera voce delectatus Pompeius omnibus et Sthenio 
 ipsi pepercit. 
 
 Transgressus inde in Africam Iarbam, Numidiae 
 regem, qui Mari partibus favebat, bello persecutus 
 intra dies quadraginta oppressit et Africam subegit 
 15 adulescens quattuor et viginti annorum. Deinde cum 
 litterae ei a Sulla redditae essent, quibus exercitu di¬ 
 misso cum una legione successorem exspectare iube- 
 batur, Pompeius, quamquam aegre id ferebat, tamen 
 paruit et Romam revertit. Revertenti incredibilis 
 20 hominum multitudo obviam ivit; Sulla quoque laetus 
 eum excepit et Magni cognomine consalutavit. Nihilo 
 minus Pompeio triumphum petenti restitit; neque vero 
 ea re a proposito deterritus est Pompeius aususque 
 dicere plures adorare solem orientem quam occiden- 
 25 tem ; quo dicto innuebat Sullae potentiam minui, suam 
 crescere. Ea voce audita Sulla, confidentia adulescen¬ 
 tis perculsus : “Triumphet! triumphet! ” exclamavit. 
 
 Metello iam seni et bellum in Hispania segnius ge¬ 
 renti conlega datus Pompeius adversus Sertorium vario 
 30 eventu dimicavit. Maximum ibi in proelio quodam 
 
GNAEUS POMPEIUS MAGNUS. 
 
 45 
 
 periculum subiit; cum enim vir vasta corporis magni¬ 
 tudine impetum in eum fecisset, Pompeius manum am¬ 
 putavit ; sed multis in eum concurrentibus volnus- in 
 femore accepit et a suis fugientibus desertus in hostium 
 potestate erat. At praeter spem evasit; barbari enim 5 
 equum eius auro phalerisque eximiis instructum cepe¬ 
 rant. Dum igitur praedam inter se altercantes parti¬ 
 untur, Pompeius eorum manus effugit. Altero proelio 
 cum Metellus Pompeio laboranti auxilio venisset, Ser¬ 
 torius recedere coactus dixisse fertur. “Nisi anus illa 10 
 supervenisset, ego hunc puerum verberibus castigatum 
 Romam dimisissem.” Metellum anum appellabat, quia 
 is, iam senex, ad mollem et effeminatam vitam deflexe¬ 
 rat. Sertorio interfecto Pompeius Hispaniam recepit. 
 
 Cum piratae illa tempestate maria omnia infestarent 15 
 et quasdam etiam Italiae urbes diripuissent, ad eos 
 opprimendos cum imperio extraordinario missus est 
 Pompeius. Nimiae viri potentiae obsistebant quidam 
 ex optimatibus et imprimis Quintus Catulus. Qui cum 
 in contione dixisset esse quidem praeclarum virum 20 
 Cn. Pompeium, sed non esse uni omnia tribuenda, 
 adiecissetque, “ Si quid huic acciderit, quem in eius 
 locum substituetis?” summo consensu succlamavit 
 universa contio : “Te, Quinte Catule.” Tam honori¬ 
 fico civium testimonio victus Catulus e contione dis- 25 
 cessit. Pompeius, dispositis per omnes maris recessus 
 navibus, brevi terrarum orbem illa peste liberavit; 
 praedones multis locis victos fudit; eosdem in de¬ 
 ditionem acceptos in urbibus et agris procul a mari 
 conlocavit. Nihil hac victoria celerius; nam intra 30 
 quadragesimum diem piratas toto mari expulit. 
 
46 
 
 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES. 
 
 Confecto bello piratico Gnaeus Pompeius contra 
 Mithridatem profectus in Asiam magna celeritate con¬ 
 tendit. Proelium cum rege conserere cupiebat, neque 
 opportuna dabatur pugnandi facultas, quia Mithridates 
 5 interdiu castris se continebat, noctu vero haud tutum 
 erat congredi cum hoste in locis Ignotis. Nocte tamen 
 aliquando cum Pompeius Mithridatem aggressus esset, 
 luna magno fuit Romanis adiumento. Quam cum Ro¬ 
 mani a tergo haberent, umbrae corporum longius pro- 
 io iectae ad primos usque hostium ordines pertinebant; 
 unde decepti regii milites in umbras, tamquam in pro¬ 
 pinquum hostem, tela mittebant. Victus Mithridates 
 in Pontum profugit. Pharnaces filius bellum ei in¬ 
 tulit, qui, occisis a patre fratribus, vitae suae ipse 
 15 timebat. Mithridates a filio obsessus venenum sump¬ 
 sit ; quod cum tardius subiret, quia adversus venena 
 multis antea medicamentis corpus firmaverat, a milite 
 Gallo, a quo ut adiuvaret se petierat, interfectus est. 
 
 Tigrani deinde, Armeniae regi, qui Mithridatis partes 
 20 secutus erat, Pompeius bellum intulit eumque ad de¬ 
 ditionem compulit. Qui cum procubuisset ad genua 
 Pompei, eum erexit, et benignis verbis recreatum dia¬ 
 dema, quod abiecerat, capiti reponere iussit, aeque 
 pulchrum esse iudicans et vincere reges et facere. 
 25 Inde in Iudaeam profectus Romanorum primus Iu- 
 daeos domuit, Hierosolyma, caput gentis, cepit, tem¬ 
 plumque iure victoriae ingressus est. Rebus Asiae 
 compositis in Italiam versus ad urbem venit, non, ut 
 plerlque timuerant, armatus, sed dimisso exercitu, et 
 30 tertium triumphum biduo duxit. Insignis fuit multis 
 
GNAEUS POMPEIUS MAGNUS. 
 
 47 
 
 novis inusitatisque ornamentis hic triumphus ; sed 
 nihil inlustrius visum quam quod tribus triumphis tres 
 orbis partes devictae causam praebuerant; Pompeius 
 enim, quod antea contigerat nemini, primum ex Africa, 
 iterum ex Europa, tertio ex Asia triumphavit, felix 
 opinione hominum futurus, si, quem gloriae, eundem 
 vitae finem habuisset neque adversam fortunam esset 
 expertus iam senex. 
 
 Posteriore enim tempore orta inter Pompeium et 
 Caesarem gravi dissensione, quod hic superiorem, ille 
 parem ferre non posset, bellum civile exarsit. Caesar 
 Infesto exercitu in Italiam venit. Pompeius, relicta 
 urbe ac deinde Italia ipsa, Thessaliam petit et cum eo 
 consules senatusque omnis ; quem Insecutus Caesar 
 apud Pharsalum acie fudit. Victus Pompeius ad 
 Ptolemaeum, Aegypti regem, cui tutor a senatu datus 
 erat, profugit, qui Pompeium interfici iussit. Latus 
 Pompei sub oculis uxoris et liberorum mucrone con¬ 
 fossum est, caput praecisum, truncus in Nilum con- 
 iectus. Deinde caput cum anulo ad Caesarem dela¬ 
 tum est, qui eo viso lacrimas non continens illud 
 multis pretiosissimlsque odoribus cremandum curavit. 
 
 Is fuit Pompei post tres consulatus et totidem tri¬ 
 umphos vitae exitus. Erant in Pompeio multae et 
 magnae virtutes ac praecipue admiranda frugalitas. 
 Cum ei aegrotanti praecepisset medicus ut turdum 
 ederet, negarent autem servi eam avem usquam aestivo 
 tempore posse reperlrl nisi apud Lucullum, qui turdos 
 domi saginaret, vetuit Pompeius turdum inde peti, 
 medicoque dixit: “Ergo, nisi Lucullus perditus de- 
 
 5 
 
 io 
 
 r 5 
 
 20 
 
 2 5 
 
 30 
 
48 
 
 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES. 
 
 liciis esset, non viveret Pompeius ? ” Aliam avem, 
 quae parabilis esset, sibi iussit apponi. 
 
 Viris doctis magnum honorem habebat Pompeius. 
 Ex Syria decedens, confecto bello Mithridatico, cum 
 5 Rhodum venisset, Posidonium cupiit audire ; sed ctim 
 audivisset eum graviter esse aegrum, quod vehementer 
 eius artus laborarent, voluit tamen nobilissimum phi¬ 
 losophum visere. Mos erat ut, consule aedes aliquas 
 ingressuro, lictor fores percuteret, admonens consulem 
 io adesse; at Pompeius fores Posidoni percuti honoris 
 causa vetuit, Quem ut vidit et salutavit, moleste se 
 dixit ferre, quod eum non posset audire. At ille, “Tu 
 vero,” inquit, “potes, nec committam ut dolor corporis 
 efficiat ut frustra tantus vir ad me venerit.” Itaque 
 15 cubans graviter et copiose de hoc ipso disputavit: 
 nihil esse bonum nisi quod honestum esset, nihil 
 malum dici posse quod turpe non esset. Cum vero 
 dolores acriter eum pungerent, saepe, “Nihil agis,” 
 inquit, “dolor! quamvis sis molestus, numquam te 
 20 esse malum confitebor.” 
 
 1 
 
 XXII. Gaius Iulius Caesar. 
 
 IOO-44 B.C. 
 
 C. Iulius Caesar, nobilissima Iuliorum genitus fa¬ 
 milia, annum agens sextum et decimum patrem amisit 
 Corneliam, Cinnae filiam, diixit uxorem; cuius pate* 
 cum esset Sullae inimicissimus, is Caesarem voluit 
 25 compellere ut eam repudiaret; neque id potuit effi 
 cere. Qua re Caesar bonis spoliatus cum etiam ad 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
GAIUS IULIUS CAESAR. 
 
 49 
 
 necem quaereretur, mutata veste, nocte urbe elapsus 
 est et, quamquam tunc quartanae morbo laborabat, 
 prope per singulas noctes latebras commutare cogeba¬ 
 tur ; et comprehensus a Sullae liberto, ne ad Sullam 
 perduceretur, vix data pecunia evasit. Postremo per 
 propinquos et adfines suos veniam impetravit. Satis 
 constat Sullam, cum deprecantibus amicissimis et or¬ 
 natissimis viris aliquamdiu denegasset atque illi perti¬ 
 naciter contenderent, expugnatum tandem proclamasse 
 vincerent, dummodo scirent eum quem incolumem 
 tantopere cuperent, aliquando optimatium partibus, 
 quas secum simul defendissent, exitio futurum ; nam 
 Caesari multos Marios inesse. 
 
 Stipendia prima in Asia fecit. In expugnatione 
 Mitylenarum corona civica donatus est. Mortuo Sulla 
 Rhodum secedere statuit, ut per otium Apollonio Mo¬ 
 loni, tunc clarissimb dicendi magistro, operam daret. 
 Huc dum traicit, a praedonibus captus est mansitque 
 apud eos prope quadraginta dies. Per omne autem 
 illud spatium ita se gessit ut piratis pariter terrori 
 venerationique esset. Comites interim servosque ad 
 expediendas pecunias quibus redimeretur, dimisit. 
 Viginti talenta piratae postulaverant: ille quinquaginta 
 daturum se spopondit. Quibus numeratis cum exposi¬ 
 tus esset in litore, confestim Miletum, quae urbs proxime 
 aberat, properavit ibique contracta classe invectus in 
 eum locum in quo ipsi praedones erant, partem classis 
 fugavit, partem mersit, aliquot naves cepit piratasque 
 in potestatem redactos eo supplicio quod illis saepe 
 minatus inter iocum erat, adfecit crucique suffixit. 
 
 5 
 
 io 
 
 *5 
 
 20 
 
 2 5 
 
 30 
 
50 
 
 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES. 
 
 Quaestori ulterior Hispania obvenit. Quo profectus 
 cum Alpes transiret et ad conspectum pauperis cuius¬ 
 dam vici comites per iocum inter se disputarent num 
 illic etiam esset ambitioni locus, serio dixit Caesar 
 5 malle se ibi primum esse quam Romae secundum. 
 Dominationis avidus a prima aetate regnum concu¬ 
 piscebat semperque in ore habebat hos Euripidis, 
 Graeci poetae, versus : 
 
 Nam si violandum est ius, regnandi gratia 
 I0 Violandum est, aliis rebus pietatem colas. . 
 
 Cumque Gades, quod est Hispaniae oppidum, venis¬ 
 set, animadversa apud Herculis templum magni 
 Alexandri imagine ingemuit et quasi pertaesus igna¬ 
 viam suam, quod nihildum a se memorabile actum esset 
 15 in ea aetate qua iam Alexander orbem terrarum sube¬ 
 gisset, missionem continuo efflagitavit ad captandas 
 quam primum maiorum rerum occasiones in urbe. 
 
 Aedilis praeter Comitium ac Forum etiam Capitoli¬ 
 um ornavit porticibus. Venationes autem ludosque 
 20 et cum conlega M. Bibulo et separatim edidit; quo 
 factum est ut communium quoque impensarum solus 
 gratiam caperet. His autem rebus patrimonium effudit 
 tantumque conflavit aes alienum ut ipse diceret sibi 
 opus esse miliens sestertium ut haberet nihil. 
 
 25 Consul deinde creatus cum M. Bibulo societatem 
 cum Gnaeo Pompeio et Marco Crasso iunxit Caesar, 
 ne quid ageretur in re publica quod displicuisset ulli 
 ex tribus. Deinde legem tulit ut ager Campanus 
 plebi divideretur. Cui legi cum senatus repugnaret, 
 
GAIUS IULIUS CAESAR. 
 
 51 
 
 rem ad populum detulit. Bibulus conlega in Forum 
 venit, ut legi obsisteret, sed tanta in eum commota 
 est seditio ut in caput eius cophinus stercore plenus 
 effunderetur fascesque ei frangerentur atque adeo ipse 
 armis Foro expelleretur. Qua re cum Bibulus per 5 
 reliquum anni tempus domo abditus curia abstineret, 
 unus ex eo tempore Caesar omnia in re publica ad 
 arbitrium administrabat, ut nonnulli urbanorum, si 
 quid testandi gratia signarent, per iocum non, ut mos 
 erat, consulibus Caesare et Bibulo actum scriberent, 10 
 sed Iulio et Caesare, unum consulem nomine et co¬ 
 gnomine pro duobus appellantes. 
 
 Functus consulatu Caesar Galliam provinciam ac¬ 
 cepit. Gessit autem novem annis quibus in imperio 
 fuit haec fere : Galliam in provinciae formam redegit; 15 
 Germanos, qui trans Rhenum incolunt, primus Romano¬ 
 rum ponte fabricato aggressus maximis adfecit cladibus. 
 Aggressus est Britannos, ignotos antea, superatisque 
 pecunias et obsides imperavit. Hic cum multa Ro¬ 
 manorum militum insignia narrantur, tum illud egre- 20 
 gium ipsius Caesaris, quod nutante in fugam exercitu, 
 rapto fugientis e manu scuto, in primam volitans aciem 
 proelium restituit. Idem alio proelio legionis aquili¬ 
 ferum, ineundae fugae causa iam conversum, faucibus 
 comprehensum in contrariam partem detraxit dextram- 25 
 que ad hostem tendens, “Quorsum tu,” inquit, “abis? 
 Illic sunt cum quibus dimicamus.” Qua adhortatione 
 omnium legionum trepidationem correxit, vincique pa¬ 
 ratas vincere docuit. 
 
 Interfecto interea apud Parthos Crasso et defuncta 30 
 
52 
 
 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES. 
 
 Itilia, Caesaris filia, quae, nupta Pompeio, generi so¬ 
 cerique concordiam tenebat, statim aemulatio erupit. 
 Iam pridem Pompeio suspectae Caesaris opes et Cae¬ 
 sari Pompeiana dignitas gravis, nec hic ferebat parem, 
 5 nec ille superiorem. Itaque cum Caesar in Gallia 
 detineretur, et, ne imperfecto bello discederet, postu- 
 lasset ut sibi liceret, quamvis absenti, alterum con¬ 
 sulatum petere, a senatu suadentibus Pompeio eiusque 
 amicis negatum ei est. Hanc iniuriam acceptam vin- 
 io dicaturus in Italiam rediit et, bellandum ratus, cum 
 exercitu Rubiconem flumen, qui provinciae eius finis 
 erat, transiit. Hoc ad flumen paulum constitisse fer¬ 
 tur ac reputans quantum moliretur, conversus ad proxi¬ 
 mos, “ Etiam nunc,” inquit, “ regredi possumus ; quod 
 15 si ponticulum transierimus, omnia armis agenda erunt.” 
 Postremo autem, “ lacta alea esto ! ” exclamans exer¬ 
 citum traici iussit plurimisque urbibus occupatis Brun¬ 
 disium contendit, quo Pompeius consulesque confuge¬ 
 rant. 
 
 20 Qui cum inde in Epirum tnrecissent, Caesar eos 
 secutus a Brundisio Dyrrhachium inter oppositas 
 classes gravissima hieme transmisit; copiisque, quas 
 subsequi iusserat, diutius cessantibus cum ad eas 
 arcessendas frustra misisset, mirae audaciae facinus 
 25 edidit. Morae enim impatiens castris noctu egreditur, 
 clam naviculam conscendit, obvoluto capite ne agno¬ 
 sceretur et, quamquam mare saeva tempestate intume¬ 
 scebat, in altum tamen protinus dirigi navigium iubet 
 et gubernatore trepidante, “Quid times?” inquit, 
 30 “ Caesarem vehis ! ” neque prius gubernatorem cedere 
 
GAIUS IULIUS CAESAR. 
 
 53 
 
 adversae tempestati passus est quam paene obrutus 
 esset fluctibus. 
 
 Deinde Caesar in Epirum profectus Pompeium Phar¬ 
 salico proelio fudit, et fugientem persecutus, ut occisum 
 cognovit, Ptolemaeo regi, Pompei interfectori, a quo 
 sibi quoque Insidias tendi videret, bellum intulit ; quo 
 victo in Pontum transiit Pharnacemque, Mithridatis 
 filium, rebellantem et multiplici successu praeferocem 
 intra quintum ab adventu diem, quattuor, quibus in 
 conspectum venit, horis una profligavit acie more ful¬ 
 minis quod uno eodemque momento venit, percussit, 
 abscessit. Nec vana de se praedicatio est Caesaris, 
 ante victum hostem esse quam visum. Pontico postea 
 triumpho trium verborum praetulit titulum : “Veni, 
 vidi, vici.” Deinde Scipionem et Iubam, Numidiae 
 regem, reliquias Pompeianarum partium in Africa re¬ 
 foventes, devicit. 
 
 Victorem Africani belli Gaium Caesarem gravius 
 excepit Hispaniense, quod Cn. Pompeius, Magni filius, 
 adulescens fortissimus, ingens ac terribile conflaverat, 
 undique ad eum auxiliis paterni nominis magnitudi¬ 
 nem sequentium ex toto orbe confluentibus. Sua 
 Caesarem in Hispaniam comitata fortuna est ; sed 
 nullum umquam atrocius periculosiusque ab eo initum 
 proelium, adeo ut, plus quam dubio Marte, descende¬ 
 ret equo consistensque ante recedentem suorum aciem, 
 increpans Fortunam, quod se in eum servasset exitum, 
 denuntiaret militibus vestigio se non recessurum ; 
 proinde viderent quem et quo loco imperatorem deser¬ 
 turi essent. Verecundia magis quam virtute acies re- 
 
 5 
 
 io 
 
 l S 
 
 20 
 
 2 5 
 
 30 
 
54 
 
 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES. 
 
 stituta est. Cn. Pompeius victus et interemptus est. 
 Caesar, omnium victor, regressus in urbem, omnibus 
 qui contra se arma tulerant ignovit, et quinquiens 
 triumphavit. 
 
 5 Bellis civilibus confectis conversus iam ad ordinan¬ 
 dum rei publicae statum, fastos correxit annumque ad 
 cursum solis accommodavit, ut trecentorum sexaginta 
 quinque dierum esset et intercalario mense sublato 
 unus dies quarto quoque anno intercalaretur. Ius 
 io laboriosissime ac severissime dixit. Repetundarum 
 convictos etiam ordine senatorio movit. Peregrinarum 
 mercium portoria instituit; legem praecipue sumptu¬ 
 ariam exercuit. De ornanda instruendaque urbe, item 
 de tuendo ampliandoque imperio plura ac maiora in 
 15 dies destinabat; imprimis ius civile ad certum modum 
 redigere atque ex immensa legum copia optima quae¬ 
 que et necessaria in paucissimos conferre libros; bibli¬ 
 othecas Graecas et Latinas quas maximas posset 
 publicare; siccare Pomptinas paludes; viam munire 
 20 a Mari Supero per Appennini dorsum ad Tiberim 
 usque; Dacos qui se in Pontum effuderant, coercere; 
 mox Parthis bellum inferre per Armeniam. 
 
 Haec et alia agentem et meditantem mors praevenit. 
 Dictator enim in perpetuum creatus agere insolentius 
 25 coepit; senatum ad se venientem sedens excepit et 
 quendam, ut adsurgeret, monentem irato voltu respexit. 
 Cum Antonius, Caesaris in omnibus bellis comes et 
 tunc consulatus conlega, capiti eius in sella aurea 
 sedentis pro rostris diadema, insigne regium, imposu- 
 30 isset, id ita ab eo est repulsum ut non offensus vide- 
 
GAIUS IULIUS CAESAR. 
 
 55 
 
 retur. Qua re coniuratum in eum est a sexaginta 
 amplius viris, Cassio et Bruto ducibus, decretumque 
 eum Idibus Martiis in senatu confodere. 
 
 Plurima indicia futuri periculi obtulerant dii immor¬ 
 tales. Uxor Calpurnia territa nocturno visu, ut Idibus 5 
 Martiis domi subsisteret orabat, et Spurinna haruspex 
 praedixerat ut proximos dies triginta quasi fatales 
 caveret, quorum ultimus erat Idus Martiae. Hoc 
 igitur die Caesar Spurinnae, “ Ecquid scis,” inquit, 
 
 “ Idus Martias iam venisse ? ” et is, “ Ecquid scis 10 
 illas nondum praeterisse ? ” Atque cum Caesar eo 
 die in senatum venisset, adsidentem coniuratl specie 
 offici circumsteterunt Ilicoque unus, quasi aliquid 
 rogaturus, propius accessit renuentlque ab utroque 
 umero togam apprehendit. Deinde clamantem, “Ista 15 
 quidem vis est,” Casca, unus e coniuratls, adversum 
 volnerat paulum Infra iugulum. Caesar Cascae brac- 
 chium adreptum graphio traiecit conatusque prosilire 
 alio volnere tardatus est. Dein ut animadvertit un¬ 
 dique se strictis pugionibus peti, toga caput obvolvit 20 
 et ita tribus et vlgintl plagis confossus est. Cum 
 Marcum Brutum, quem fili loco habebat, in se inru- 
 entem vidisset, dixisse fertur : “ Tu quoque, m\ fili! ” 
 
 Illud inter omnes fere constitit, talem ei mortem 
 paene ex sententia obtigisse. Nam et quondam cum 25 
 apud Xenophontem legisset Cyrum ultima valetudine 
 mandasse quaedam de funere suo, aspernatus tam 
 lentum mortis genus, subitam sibi celeremque opta¬ 
 verat, et pridie quam occideretur, in sermone nato 
 super cenam quisnam esset finis vitae commodissimus, 30 
 
56 
 
 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES. 
 
 repentinum inopinatumque praetulerat. Percussorum 
 autem neque triennio quisquam amplius supervixit 
 neque sua morte defunctus est. Damnati omnes alius 
 alio casu perierunt, pars naufragio, pars proelio ; non- 
 5 nulli semet eodem illo pugione quo Caesarem viola¬ 
 verant, interemerunt. 
 
 Quo rarior in regibus et principibus viris moderatio, 
 hoc laudanda magis est. C. Iulius Caesar victoria 
 civili clementissime usus est ; cum enim scrinia de- 
 io prehendisset epistularum ad Pompeium missarum ab 
 eis qui videbantur aut in diversis aut in neutris fuisse 
 partibus, legere noluit, sed combussit, ne forte in 
 multos gravius consulendi locum darent. Cicero hanc 
 laudem eximiam Caesari tribuit, quod nihil oblivisci 
 15 soleret nisi iniurias. Simultates omnes occasione 
 oblata libens deposuit. Ultro ac prior scripsit C. 
 Calvo post famosa eius adversum se epigrammata. 
 Valerium Catullum, cuius versiculis famam suam lace¬ 
 ratam non ignorabat, adhibuit cenae. C. Memmi 
 20 suffragator in petitione consulatus fuit, etsi asperrimas 
 fuisse eius in se orationes sciebat. 
 
 Fuisse traditur excelsa statura, ore paulo pleniore, 
 nigris vegetisque oculis, capite calvo ; quam calviti 
 deformitatem, quod saepe obtrectatorum iocis obnoxia 
 25 erat, aegre ferebat. Ideo ex omnibus decretis sibi a 
 senatu populoque honoribus non alium aut recepit aut 
 usurpavit libentius quam ius laureae perpetuo ges¬ 
 tandae. Vini parcissimum eum fuisse ne inimici 
 quidem negaverunt. Verbum Catonis est, unum ex 
 30 omnibus Caesarem ad evertendam rem publicam so- 
 

MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO. 
 
 57 
 
 brium accessisse. Armorum et equitandi perltissimus, 
 laboris ultra fidem patiens; in agmine nonnumquam 
 equo, saepius pedibus anteibat, capite detecto, seu 
 sol, seu imber erat. Longissimas vias incredibili cele¬ 
 ritate conficiebat, ut persaepe nuntios de se praeveni¬ 
 ret ; neque eum morabantur flumina, quae vel nando 
 vel innixus Inflatis utribus traiciebat. 
 
 < 
 
 XXIII. Marcus Tullius Cicero. 
 
 106-43 B ' c> 
 
 Marcus Tullius Cicero, equestri genere, Arpini, quod 
 est Volscorum oppidum, natus est. Ex eius avis unus 
 verrucam in extremo naso sitam habuit, ciceris grano 
 similem; inde cognomen Ciceronis genti inditum. 
 Suadentibus quibusdam ut id nomen mutaret: “ Dabo 
 operam,” inquit, “ ut istud cognomen nobilissimorum 
 nominum splendorem vincat.” Cum a patre Romam 
 missus, ubi celeberrimorum magistrorum scholis in- 
 teresset, eas artes disceret quibus aetas puerilis ad 
 humanitatem solet Informari, tanto successu tantaque 
 cum praeceptorum tum ceterorum discipulorum admi¬ 
 ratione id fecit ut, cum fama de Ciceronis ingenio et 
 doctrina ad alios manasset, non pauci, qui eius videndi 
 et audiendi gratia scholas adirent, reperti esse dicantur. 
 
 Cum nulla re magis ad summos in re publica hono¬ 
 res viam muniri posse intellegeret quam arte dicendi 
 et eloquentia, toto animo in eius studium incubuit; 
 in quo quidem ita versatus est ut non solum eos, qui 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 20 
 
 2 5 
 
58 
 
 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES. 
 
 in Foro et iudiciis causas perorarent, studiose secta¬ 
 retur, sed privatim quoque diligentissime se exerceret. 
 Primum eloquentiam et libertatem adversus Sullanos 
 ostendit. Nam cum Roscium quendam, parricidi ac- 
 5 cusatum, ob Chrysogoni, Sullae liberti, qui in eius 
 adversariis erat, potentiam nemo defendere auderet, 
 tanta eloquentiae vi eum defendit Cicero ut iam tum 
 in arte dicendi nullus ei par esse videretur. Ex quo 
 invidiam veritus Athenas studiorum gratia petiit, ubi 
 io Antiochum philosophum studiose audivit. Inde elo¬ 
 quentiae causa Rhodum se contulit, ubi Molonem, 
 Graecum rhetorem tum disertissimum, magistrum 
 habuit. Qui cum Ciceronem dicentem audivisset, 
 flevisse dicitur, quod per hunc Graecia eloquentiae 
 15 laude privaretur. 
 
 Romam reversus quaestor Siciliam habuit. Nullius 
 vero quaestura aut gratior aut clarior fuit; cum magna 
 tum esset annonae difficultas, initio molestus erat 
 Siculis, quos cogeret frumenta in urbem mittere; 
 20 postea vero, diligentiam et iustitiam et comitatem eius 
 experti, maiores quaestori suo honores quam till! um- 
 quam praetori detulerunt. E Sicilia reversus Romam 
 in causis dicendis ita floruit ut inter omnes causarum 
 patronos et esset et haberetur princeps. 
 
 2 5 Consul deinde factus L. Sergi Catilinae coniura- 
 tionem singulari virtute, constantia, cura compressit. 
 Catilinae proavum, M. Sergium, incredibili fortitudine 
 fuisse Plinius refert. Stipendia is fecit secundo bello 
 Piinico. Secundo stipendio dextram manum perdidit; 
 30 stipendiis duobus ter et viciens volneratus est; ob id 
 
MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO. 
 
 59 
 
 neutra manu, neutro pede satis utilis, plurimisque 
 postea stipendiis debilis, miles erat. Bis ab Hannibale 
 captus, bis vinculorum eius profugus, viginti mensibus 
 nullo non die in catenis aut compedibus custoditus. 
 Sinistra manu sola quater pugnavit, duobus equis in- 5 
 sidente eo suffossis. Dextram sibi ferream fecit eaque 
 religata proeliatus Cremonam obsidione exemit, Pla¬ 
 centiam tutatus est, duodena castra hostium in Gallia 
 cepit. “Ceteri profecto,” Plinius addit, “victores 
 hominum fuere, Sergius vicit etiam fortunam.” io 
 
 Singularem huius viri gloriam foede dehonestavit 
 pronepotis scelus. Hic enim rei familiaris, quam pro¬ 
 fuderat, inopia multorumque scelerum conscientia in 
 furorem actus et dominandi cupiditate incensus, indi- 
 gnatusque quod in petitione consulatus repulsam passus 15 
 esset, coniuratione facta, senatum confodere, consules 
 trucidare, urbem incendere, diripere aerarium consti¬ 
 tuerat. Actum erat de pulcherrimo imperio, nisi illa 
 coniuratio in Ciceronem et Antonium consules inci¬ 
 disset, quorum alter industria rem patefecit, alter manu 20 
 oppressit. Cum Cicero habito senatu in praesentem 
 reum perorasset, Catilina, incendium suum ruina se 
 restincturum esse minitans, Roma profugit et ad ex¬ 
 ercitum quem paraverat, proficiscitur, signa inlaturus 
 urbi. Sed socii eius, qui in urbe remanserant, com- 25 
 prehensi in carcere necati sunt. A. Fulvius, vir sena¬ 
 torii ordinis, filium, iuvenem et ingenio et forma inter 
 aequales nitentem, pravo consilio Catilinae amicitiam 
 secutum inque castra eius ruentem, ex medio itinere 
 retractum supplicio mortis adfecit, praefatus non se 30 
 
60 
 
 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES. 
 
 Catilinae illum adversus patriam, sed patriae adversus 
 Catilinam genuisse. 
 
 Neque eo magis ab incepto Catilina destitit, sed 
 infestis signis Romam petens Antoni exercitu oppri- 
 5 mitur. Quam atrociter dimicatum sit, exitus docuit; 
 nemo hostium bello superfuit; quem quisque in pu¬ 
 gnando ceperat locum, eum amissa anima tegebat. 
 Catilina longe a suis inter hostium cadavera repertus 
 est: pulcherrima morte, si pro patria sic concidisset! 
 io Senatus populusque Romanus Ciceronem patrem pa¬ 
 triae appellavit. Cicero ipse in oratione pro Sulla 
 palam praedicat consilium patriae servandae fuisse 
 iniectum sibi a diis, cum Catilina coniurasset adversus 
 eam. “O dii immortales,” inquit, “vos profecto in- 
 15 cendistis tum animum meum cupiditate conservandae 
 patriae. Vos avocastis me a cogitationibus omnibus 
 ceteris et convertistis ad salutem unam patriae. Vos 
 denique praetulistis menti meae clarissimum lumen 
 in tenebris tantis erroris et inscientiae. Tribuam 
 20 enim vobis quae sunt vestra. Nec vero possum tan¬ 
 tum dare ingenio meo ut dispexerim sponte mea, in 
 tempestate illa turbulentissima rei publicae, quid esset 
 optimum factu.” 
 
 Paucis post annis Ciceroni diem dixit Clodius tri- 
 25 bimus plebis, quod cives Romanos indicta causa neca¬ 
 visset. Senatus maestus, tamquam in publico luctu, 
 veste mutata pro eo deprecabatur. Cicero, cum posset 
 armis salutem suam defendere, maluit urbe cedere 
 quam sua causa caedem fieri. Proficiscentem omnes 
 30 boni flentes prosecuti sunt. Dein Clodius edictum 
 
MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO. 
 
 61 
 
 proposuit ut Marco Tullio Igni et aqua interdiceretur; 
 illius domum et villas incendit. Sed vis illa non diu¬ 
 turna fuit; mox enim totus fere populus Romanus 
 ingenti desiderio Ciceronis reditum flagitare coepit et 
 maximo omnium ordinum studio Cicero in patriam 
 revocatus est. Nihil per totam vitam Ciceroni itinere 
 quo in patriam rediit, accidit iucundius. Obviam ei 
 redeunti ab universis itum est; domus eius publica 
 pecunia restituta est. 
 
 Gravissimae illa tempestate inter Caesarem et Pom¬ 
 peium ortae sunt inimicitiae, ut res nisi bello dirimi 
 non posse videretur. Cicero quidem summo studio 
 enitebatur ut eos inter se reconciliaret et a belli civilis 
 calamitatibus deterreret, sed cum neutrum ad pacem 
 ineundam permovere posset, Pompeium secutus est. 
 Sed victo Pompeio, a Caesare victore veniam ultro 
 accepit. Quo interfecto Octavianum, Caesaris here¬ 
 dem, fovit, Antonium impugnavit effecitque ut a senatu 
 hostis iudicaretur. 
 
 Sed Antonius, inita cum Octaviano societate, Cicero¬ 
 nem iam diu sibi inimicum proscripsit. Qua re audita 
 Cicero transversis itineribus in villam, quae a mari 
 proxime aberat, fugit indeque navem conscendit in 
 Macedoniam transiturus. Unde aliquotiens in altum 
 provectum cum modo venti adversi rettulissent, modo 
 ipse iactationem maris pati non posset, taedium tan¬ 
 dem eum et fugae et vitae cepit regressusque ad villam, 
 “ Moriar,” inquit, “ in patria saepe servata.” Satis 
 cdnstat, adventantibus percussoribus servos fortiter 
 fldeliterque paratos fuisse ad dimicandum, ipsum de- 
 
 5 
 
 io 
 
 *5 
 
 20 
 
 2 5 
 
 30 
 
62 
 
 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES. 
 
 poni lecticam et quietos pati quod sors iniqua cogeret, 
 iussisse. Prominenti ex lectica et immotam cervicem 
 praebenti caput praecisum est. Manus quoque ab¬ 
 scisae ; caput relatum est ad Antonium eiusque iussu 
 5 cum dextra manu in rostris positum. 
 
 Quam diu res publica Romana per eos gerebatui 
 quibus se ipsa commiserat, in eam curas cogitationes¬ 
 que fere omnes suas conferebat Cicero et plus operae 
 ponebat in agendo quam in scribendo. Cum autem 
 io dominatu unius C. Iuli Caesaris omnia tenerentur, 
 non se angoribus dedidit nec indignis homine docto 
 voluptatibus. Fugiens conspectum Fori urbisque rura 
 peragrabat abdebatque se, quantum licebat, et solus 
 erat. Nihil agere autem cum animus non posset, ex- 
 15 istimavit honestissime molestias posse deponi, si se 
 ad philosophiam rettulisset, cui adulescens multum 
 temporis tribuerat, et omne studium curamque con¬ 
 vertit ad scribendum; atque ut civibus etiam otiosus 
 aliquid prodesse posset, elaboravit ut doctiores fierent 
 20 et sapientiores, pluraque brevi tempore eversa re 
 publica scripsit quam multis annis ea stante scrip¬ 
 serat. Sic facundiae et Latinarum litterarum parens 
 evasit paruitque virorum sapientium praecepto, qui 
 docent non solum ex malis eligere minima oportere, 
 25 sed etiam excerpere ex his ipsis, si quid insit boni. 
 
 Multa exstant facete ab eo dicta. Cum Lentulum, 
 generum suum, exiguae staturae hominem, vidisset 
 longo gladio accinctum, “Quis,” inquit, “generum 
 meum ad gladium adligavit ? ”—Matrona quaedam 
 30 iuniorem se quam erat simulans dictitabat se triginta 
 

 . 
 
 CAESAR OCTAVIANUS AUGUSTUS 
 
CAESAR OCTAVIANUS AUGUSTUS. 
 
 63 
 
 tantum annos habere; cui Cicero, “Verum est,” in¬ 
 quit, “nam hoc viginti annos audio.”—Caesar, altero 
 consule mortuo die Decembris ultima, Caninium con¬ 
 sulem hora septima in reliquam diei partem renuntia¬ 
 verat, quem cum plerique irent salutatum de more, 5 
 “Festinemus,” inquit Cicero, “priusquam abeat magi¬ 
 stratu.” De eodem Caninio scripsit Cicero: “ Fuit 
 mirifica vigilantia Caninius, qui toto suo consulatu 
 somnum non viderit.” 
 
 XXIV. Caesar Octavianus Augustus. 
 
 63 B.C.-14 A.D. 
 
 Octavianus, Iuliae, Gal Caesaris sororis, nepos, 10 
 quartum annum agens patrem amisit. Ab avunculo 
 adoptatus profectum eum in Hispanias adversus Gnaei 
 Pompei liberos secutus est. Deinde ab eo Apolloniam 
 missus studiis vacavit. Utque primum occisum Cae¬ 
 sarem heredemque se comperit, in urbem regressus 15 
 hereditatem adiit, nomen Caesaris sumpsit conlectoque 
 veteranorum exercitu opem Decimo Bruto tulit, qui 
 ab Antonio Mutinae obsidebatur. Cum autem urbis 
 aditu prohiberetur, ut Brutum de omnibus rebus cer¬ 
 tiorem faceret, primo litteras misit plumbeis laminis 20 
 Inscriptas, quas ad bracchium religatas urinatores 
 Scultennam amnem tranantes ad Brutum deferebant. 
 Quin et avibus internuntiis utebatur. Columbis enim, 
 quas inclusas ante fame adfecerat, epistulas ad collum 
 religabat easque a proximo moenibus loco emittebat. 25 
 
5 
 
 io 
 
 i5 
 
 20 
 
 2 5 
 
 3 ° 
 
 64 
 
 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES. 
 
 Illae, lucis cibique avidae, altissima aedificiorum 
 petentes excipiebantur a Decimo Bruto; qui eo modo 
 de omnibus rebus certior fiebat, utique postquam dis¬ 
 posito quibusdam locis cibo columbas illuc devolare 
 instituerat. 
 
 Bellum Mutinense Octavianus duobus proeliis con¬ 
 fecit ; quorum in altero non ducis modo, sed militis 
 etiam functus est officio atque in media dimicatione, 
 aquilifero legionis suae graviter saucio, aquilam umeris 
 subisse diuque fertur portasse. Postea reconciliata 
 cum Antonio gratia iunctisque cum eo copiis, ut Gai 
 Caesaris necem ulcisceretur, ad urbem hostiliter acces¬ 
 sit misitque qui nomine exercitus sibi consulatum 
 deposcerent. Cunctante senatu centurio, princeps 
 legationis, reiecto sagulo, ostendens gladi capulum 
 non dubitavit in curia dicere: “ Hic faciet, si vos non 
 feceritis.” 
 
 Ita cum Octavianus vicesimo aetatis anno consula¬ 
 tum invasisset, pacem fecit cum Antonio et Lepido 
 ita ut triumviri rei publicae constituendae per quin¬ 
 quennium essent ipse et Lepidus et Antonius, et ut 
 suos quisque inimicos proscriberent. Quae proscriptio 
 Sullana longe crudelior fuit. Exstant autem ex ea 
 multa vel extremae impietatis vel mirae fidei ac con¬ 
 stantiae exempla. T. Toranius, triumvirorum partes 
 secutus, proscripti patris sui, praetorii et ornati viri, 
 latebras, aetatem, notasque corporis quibus agnosci 
 posset, centurionibus edidit, qui eum persecuti sunt. 
 Alius quidam cum proscriptum se cognovisset, ad 
 clientem suum confugit; sed filius eius, per ipsa 
 
CAESAR OCTAVIANUS AUGUSTUS. 
 
 65 
 
 vestigia patris militibus ductis, occidendum eum in 
 conspectu suo obiecit. 
 
 Cum C. Plotius Plancus a triumviris proscriptus in 
 regione Salernitana lateret, servi eius comprehensi 
 multumque ac diu torti negabant se scire ubi dominus 
 esset. Non sustinuit deinde Plancus tam fideles tam- 
 que boni exempli servos filterius cruciari; sed pro¬ 
 cessit in medium iugulumque gladiis militum obiecit. 
 
 Senatoris cuiusdam servus cum ad dominum pro¬ 
 scriptum occidendum milites advenisse cognosset, com¬ 
 mutata cum eo veste, permutato etiam anulo, illum 
 postico clam emisit, se autem in cubiculum ad lectulum 
 recepit et se pro domino occidi passus est. “Quanti viri 
 est,” addit Seneca, “ cum praemia proditionis ingentia 
 ostendantur, praemium fidei mortem concupiscere! ” 
 
 Octavianus deinde M. Brutum, interfectorem Cae¬ 
 saris, bello persecutus id bellum, quamquam invalidus 
 atque aeger, duplici proelio transegit; quorum priore 
 castris exutus vix fuga evasit. Victor acerbissime se 
 gessit; in nobilissimum quemque captivum non sine 
 verborum contumelia saeviit. Uni suppliciter sepul¬ 
 turam precanti respondisse dicitur iam istam in volu- 
 crum fore potestate. Alios, patrem et filium, pro vita 
 rogantes, sortiri fertur iussisse, ut alterutri concedere¬ 
 tur, ac cum patre, quia se obtulerat, occiso filius quo¬ 
 que voluntaria occubuisset nece, spectasse utrumque 
 morientem. Orare veniam vel excusare se conantibus 
 una voce occurrebat, moriendum esse. Scribunt qui¬ 
 dam trecentos ex dediticiis electos ad aram divo Iulio 
 exstructam Idibus Martiis hostiarum more mactatos. 
 
 5 
 
 io 
 
 *5 
 
 20 
 
 2 5 
 
 30 
 
66 
 
 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES. 
 
 Abalienatus postea est ab Antonio, quod is repu¬ 
 diata Octavia sorore Cleopatram, Aegypti reginam, 
 duxisset uxorem ; quae quidem mulier cum Antonio 
 luxu et deliciis certabat. Una se cena centiens sester- 
 5 tium absumpturam aliquando dixerat. Cupiebat dis¬ 
 cere Antonius, sed fieri posse non arbitrabatur. Postero 
 igitur die magnificam alias cenam, sed cottidianam 
 Antonio apposuit inridenti quod promisso stare non 
 potuisset. At illa inferri mensam secundam iussit. 
 io Ex praecepto ministri unum tantum vas ante eam 
 posuere aceti, cuius asperitas visque margaritas resol¬ 
 vit. Exspectante igitur Antonio quidnam esset actura, 
 margaritam, quam auribus gerebat, detraxit et aceto 
 liquefactum absorbuit. Victum Antonium omnes, qui 
 15 aderant, pronuntiaverunt. 
 
 Octavianus cum Antonio apud Actium, qui locus 
 est in Epiro, navali proelio dimicavit. Victum et 
 fugientem persecutus Aegyptum petiit, et Alexandream, 
 quo Antonius cum Cleopatra confugerat, obsedit. 
 20 Antonius in ultima rerum desperatione, cum habitu 
 regis in solio regali sedisset, mortem sibi ipse con¬ 
 scivit. Cleopatra, quam Octavianus, Alexandrea in 
 potestatem redacta, magnopere cupiebat vivam com¬ 
 prehendi triumphoque servari, aspidem sibi adferendam 
 25 curavit eiusque morsu periit. Cleopatrae mortuae 
 communem cum Antonio sepulturam tribuit. 
 
 Tandem Octavianus, hostibus victis, solus imperio 
 potitus, clementem se exhibuit. Omnia postea in eo 
 plena mansuetudinis et humanitatis. Multis ignovit 
 30 vel eis qui saepe graviter eum offenderant. Reversus 
 
CAESAR OCTAVIANUS AUGUSTUS. 
 
 67 
 
 in Italiam triumphans Romam ingressus est. Tum 
 bellis toto orbe compositis Iani gemini portas sua 
 manu clausit, quae bis tantum antea clausae fuerant, 
 primum sub Numa rege, iterum post primum Punicum 
 bellum. Tunc omnes praeteritorum malorum oblivio 5 
 cepit populusque Romanus praesentis oti laetitia per- 
 fruebatur. Octaviano maximi honores a senatu delati 
 sunt. Ipse Augustus cognominatus et in honorem 
 eius mensis Sextilis eodem nomine appellatus est, 
 quod illo mense bellis civilibus finis esset impositus. 10 
 Patris patriae cognomen universi maximo consensu 
 detulerunt ei. Deferentibus lacrimans respondit Au¬ 
 gustus his verbis : “ Compos factus votorum meorum, 
 patres conscripti, quid habeo aliud quod deos immor¬ 
 tales precer, quam ut hunc consensum vestrum ad 15 
 ultimum vitae finem mihi perferre liceat! ” 
 
 Dictaturam magna vi offerente populo deprecatus 
 est. Domini appellationem semper exhorruit eamque 
 sibi tribui edicto vetuit. Immo de restituenda re 
 publica non semel cogitavit, sed reputans et se pri- 20 
 vatum non sine periculo fore, et rem publicam plurium 
 arbitrio commissum iri, summam retinuit potestatem, 
 id vero studuit, ne quem novi status paeniteret. Bene 
 de eis etiam quos adversarios expertus erat, et sentie¬ 
 bat et loquebatur. Legentem aliquando unum e nepo- 25 
 tibus invenit; cumque puer terrftus volumen Ciceronis, 
 quod manu tenebat, veste tegeret, Augustus librum 
 cepit eoque statim reddito: “Hic vir,” inquit, “fili 
 mi, doctus fuit et patriae amans.” 
 
 Pedibus saepe per urbem incedebat summaque comi- 30 
 
68 
 
 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES. 
 
 tate adeuntes excipiebat. Convenit aliquando eum 
 veteranus miles, qui vocatus in ius periclitabatur, 
 rogavitque ut sibi adesset; statim Augustus unum e 
 comitatu suo elegit advocatum, qui litigatorem com- 
 5 mendaret. Tum veteranus exclamavit, “ At non ego, 
 te periclitante bello Actiaco, vicarium quaesivi, sed 
 ipse pro te pugnavi,” simulque detexit cicatrices. 
 Erubuit Augustus atque ipse venit in advocationem. 
 
 Cum post Actiacam victoriam Octavianus Romam 
 io reverteretur, occurrit ei inter gratulantes opifex quidam 
 corvum tenens, quem instituerat haec dicere : “ Ave, 
 Caesar, victor, imperator!” Miratus Caesar officiosam 
 avem viginti milibus nummorum emit. Socius opificis, 
 ad quem nihil ex illa liberalitate pervenerat, adfirmavit 
 15 Caesari habere illum et alium corvum, quem ut adferre 
 cogeretur rogavit. Adlatus verba quae didicerat, ex¬ 
 pressit: “Ave, Antoni, victor, imperator!” Nihil 
 exasperatus Caesar satis duxit iubere illum dividere 
 donativum cum contubernali. Salutatus similiter a 
 20 psittaco emi eum iussit. 
 
 Exemplum sutorem pauperem sollicitavit ut cor¬ 
 vum institueret ad parem salutationem. Qui impendio 
 exhaustus saepe ad avem non respondentem dicere 
 solebat: “ Opera et impensa periit! ” Aliquando 
 
 25 tamen corvus coepit dicere dictam salutationem. Hac 
 audita, dum transit, Augustus respondit: “ Satis domi 
 talium salutatorum habeo.” Superfuit corvo memoria, 
 ut et illa, quibus dominum querentem solebat audire, 
 subtexeret, “Opera et impensa periit.” Ad quod Caesar 
 30 risit emlque avem iussit quanti niillam ante emerat. 
 
CAESAR OCTAVIANUS AUGUSTUS. 
 
 69 
 
 Solebat Graeculus quidam descendenti e palatio 
 Caesari honorificum aliquod epigramma porrigere. Id 
 cum frustra saepe fecisset et tamen rursus eum idem 
 facturum duxisset Augustus, breve sua manu in charta 
 exaravit Graecum epigramma et Graeculo advenienti 5 
 obviam misit. Ille inter legendum laudare mlrarlque 
 tam voce quam voltu gestuque. Deinde cum acces¬ 
 sisset ad sellam qua Caesar vehebatur, demissa in 
 pauperem crumenam manu paucos denarios protulit, 
 quos principi daret dlxitque se plus daturum fuisse, 10 
 si plus habuisset. Secuto omnium risu dispensatorem 
 Caesar vocavit et satis grandem pecuniae summam 
 numerari Graeculo iussit. 
 
 Augustus fere nulli se invitanti negabat. Exceptus 
 igitur a quodam cena satis parca et paene cottldiana, 15 
 hoc tantum Insusurravit, “Non putabam me tibi esse 
 tam familiarem.” Cum aliquando apud Pollionem 
 quendam cenaret fregissetque unus e servis vas cry¬ 
 stallinum, rapi eum ad mortem Pollio iussit et obici 
 muraenis quas ingens piscina continebat. Evasit e 20 
 manibus puer et ad pedes Caesaris confugit nihil aliud 
 petiturus quam ut aliter periret nec esca piscium 
 fieret. Motus est novo crudelitatis genere Caesar et 
 illum quidem mitti, crystallina autem omnia coram se 
 frangi iussit complerlque piscinam. 25 
 
 Augustus in quadam villa aegrotans noctes inquietas 
 agebat, rumpente somnum eius crebro noctuae cantu. 
 Qua molestia cum liberari se vehementer cupere sig- 
 nificasset, miles quidam, aucupl peritus, noctuam 
 prehendendam curavit, vlvamque Augusto attulit spe 30 
 
5 
 
 io 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 2 5 
 
 30 
 
 "/0 
 
 URBIS ROMAE VIRI INLUSTRES. 
 
 ingentis praemi. Cui cum Augustus mille nummos 
 dari iussisset, ille minus dignum praemium existimans 
 dicere ausus est, “ Malo ut vivat,” et avem dimisit. 
 Imperatori nec ad irascendum causa deerat nec ad 
 ulciscendum potestas; hanc tamen iniuriam aequo 
 animo tulit Augustus hominemque impunitum abire 
 passus est. 
 
 Augustus amicitias neque facile admisit et constan¬ 
 tissime retinuit. Imprimis familiarem habuit Mae¬ 
 cenatem, equitem Romanum; qui ea qua apud prin¬ 
 cipem valebat gratia ita semper usus est ut prodesset 
 omnibus quibus posset, noceret nemini. Ius aliquando 
 dicebat Augustus et multos capite damnaturus vide¬ 
 batur. Aderat tum Maecenas, qui per circumstantium 
 turbam perrumpere et ad tribunal propius accedere 
 conabatur. Quod cum frustra temptasset, haec verba 
 in tabella scripsit, “ Surge tandem, carnifex! ” eamque 
 tabellam ad Augustum proiecit. Qua lecta is statim 
 surrexit neque quisquam est morte multatus. 
 
 Habitavit Augustus in aedibus modicis, neque laxi¬ 
 tate neque cultu conspicuis, ac per annos amplius 
 quadraginta in eodem cubiculo hieme et aestate man¬ 
 sit. Supellex quoque eius vix privatae elegantiae 
 erat. Raro veste alia usus est quam confecta ab 
 uxore, sorore, filia neptibusque. Item tamen Romam, 
 quam pro maiestate imperi non satis ornatam invene¬ 
 rat, adeo excoluit ut iure gloriaretur marmoream se 
 relinquere quam latericiam accepisset. 
 
 Forma fuit Augustus eximia et per omnes aetatis 
 gradus venustissima. Erat tamen omnis lenocini 
 
CAESAR OCTAVIANUS AUGUSTUS. 
 
 71 
 
 neglegens et in capite comendo tam incuriosus ut eo 
 ipso tempore quo illud tonsoribus committeret, aut 
 legeret aliquid aut etiam scriberet. 
 
 Paucis annis ante quam moreretur, gravissimam in 
 Germania accepit cladem, tribus legionibus cum duce 5 
 Varo legatisque et auxiliis omnibus caesis. Hac nun¬ 
 tiata excubias per urbem indixit, ne quis tumultus 
 exsisteret, et magnos ludos Iovi optimo maximo vovit, 
 si res publica in melibrem statum vertisset. Adeo 
 denique consternatum ferunt ut, per continuos menses io 
 barba capilloque submisso, caput interdum foribus in- 
 lideret, vociferans : “ Quinctili Vare, legiones redde ! ” 
 diemque cladis quotannis maestum habuerit ac lugu¬ 
 brem. 
 
 Tandem adflicta valetudine in Campaniam concessit, 15 
 ubi, remisso ad otium animo, nullo hilaritatis genere 
 abstinuit. Supremo vitae die petito speculo capillum 
 sibi comi iussit et amicos circumstantes percontatus 
 ecquid eis videretur mimum vitae commode transegisse, 
 adiecit solitam clausulam: “Edite strepitum vosque 20 
 omnes cum gaudio applaudite.” Obiit Nolae sextum 
 et septuagesimum annum agens. 
 
ESSENTIAL BOOKS FOR REFERENCE 
 
 Classic Myths. — Gayley. 
 
 History of Classical Greek Literature, 2 vols.— Mahaffy. 
 Elementary Latin Dictionary. — Lewis. 
 
 Latin Grammar. — Madvig. 
 
 Students’ Classical Dictionary. — Smith. 
 
 History of Roman Literature. — Cruttwell. 
 
 Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. — Rich. 
 Atlas Antiquus. — Kiepert. 
 
 Atlas of Classical Antiquities.— Schreiber. 
 
 History of Rome.— Liddell. 
 
 History of Greece.— Smith. 
 
 History of Ancient Art. — von Reber. 
 
 A Companion to School Classics. — Germ. 
 
IMPERIUM ROMANUM 
 
 AUGUSTO MORTUO 
 XIV A. D. 
 
BOOKS FOR COLLATERAL READING. 
 
 History of Rome, 3 vols . — Niebuhr 
 ♦History of Rome. — Liddell. 
 
 History of Rome, 5 vols. — Duruy. 
 
 History of Rome, 4 vols. — Mommsen. 
 
 ♦Early Rome.— Ihne. 
 
 ♦Lives of Illustrious Men. — Plutarch (Clough’s Translation) 
 
 ♦Stories from Livy. — A. J. Church. 
 
 * Roman Life in the Days of Cicero. — A. J. Church. 
 
 *Two Thousand Years Ago. — A.J. Church. 
 
 ♦The Story of the Nations, Carthage.— A.J. Church. 
 
 ♦Pictures from Roman Life and Story. — A.J. Church. 
 
 *The Story of the Nations, Rome.— Gilman. 
 
 ♦Last Days of Pompeii. — Bulwer. 
 
 ♦Ben-Hur.— Wallace. 
 
 Zenobia. — Ware. 
 
 ♦Lays of Ancient Rome. — Macaulay. 
 
 ♦Virginius. — James Sheridan Knowles. 
 
 ♦Rome and Carthage. — Smith. 
 
 ♦Life of Hannibal. — Arnold. 
 
 ♦History of Julius Caesar. — Abbott 
 The Roman Triumvirates. — Menvale 
 Life of Caesar. — Froude. 
 
 Caesar, Great Captains’ Series. — Dodge. 
 
 ♦Julius Caesar. — Shakespeare. 
 
 ♦Life of Cicero. — Forsyth. 
 
 The Students’ Cicero. — Fausset. 
 
 Catiline, Clodius, and Tiberius. — E. S. Beesly. 
 
 ♦The Roman Traitor. — H. W. Herbert. 
 
 The Gracchi, Marius, and Sulla. — A. H. Beesly. 
 
 ♦Books thus marked are such as are particularly adapted to interest and 
 profit youthful readers. 
 
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE NOTES. 
 
 § Allen and Greenough. 
 
 abl. = ablative, 
 abs. = absolute, 
 adj. = adjective. 
 
 acc. = accusative. 
 
 app. = apposition, or appositive. 
 
 B. = Bennett. 
 
 cf. = confer — compare 
 
 cl. = clause. 
 
 conj. = conjunction. 
 
 cons. = construction. 
 
 dat. = dative. 
 
 decl. = declension. 
 
 dir. disc. = direct discourse. 
 
 f. n. = footnote. 
 
 fig. = figure. 
 
 fr. = from. 
 
 G. = Gildersleeve. 
 gen. = genitive. 
 
 ger. = gerund, or gerundive. 
 
 H. — Harkness. 
 
 H-B. = Hale and Buck. 
 
 id. = idiom. 
 
 ind. = indicative. 
 
 ind. disc. = indirect discourse. 
 
 1 . = line, or lines. 
 
 Lat. = Latin, 
 lit. = literally, 
 n. =- note, 
 nom. = nominative, 
 p. = page, 
 part. = participle, 
 perf. = perfect, 
 poss. = possessive, 
 pred. = predicate, 
 prep. = preposition, 
 pro. = pronoun. 
 
 R. = remark, 
 rel. = relative. 
 
 sc. = scilicet — supply, namely, 
 subj. = subject, or subjunctive, 
 tr. = translate, or translation, 
 v. = vide = see. 
 voc. = vocabulary. 
 
 Notes to words separated by a dash ( armatis — proferdvit) refer to them 
 and all intervening words. 
 
 Notes to words separated by dots (daret . . . regeret ) refer only to the 
 words named. 
 
 Grammatical references in parentheses refer to the old editions. 
 
NOTES. 
 
 T. Romani imperi exordium. 
 
 The beginnings of Rome, like those of other powers of old, are shrouded 
 in much doubt and uncertainty. That some truth lies hid in the mass of 
 fables that Fabius, Piso, Tubero, Livy, and other Latin historians have left 
 us cannot be questioned; but where fiction ends and fact begins is the 
 question that has been troubling scholars ever since the middle of the 18th 
 century, when the credibility of early Roman history first began to be sus¬ 
 pected. The Romans themselves believed the stories as they came down to 
 them, and they were accepted as trustworthy for many centuries. The first 
 volume of Niebuhr’s great work, which appeared in 1S11, first brought before 
 the world the results of a scientific investigation of the subject. It was 
 made clear that many of the traditions were manufactured to explain facts 
 and institutions already existing at the beginning of the historical period; 
 that much could be traced to Greek sources; that the Alban kings and the 
 seven kings of Rome were mythical; that, in short, nothing prior to the 
 destruction of the city by the Gauls in 390 b.c. could be received unchallenged. 
 
 The student is referred for a full discussion of this subject to the following 
 books: 
 
 Niebuhr’s History of Rome, Vol. I. 
 
 Liddell’s History of Rome, Bk. L, Chap. V. 
 
 Duruy’s History of Rome, Vol. I., Chaps. I and II. 
 
 Ihne’s Early Rome, Chaps. II. and IV. 
 
 Mommsen’s History of Rome, Vol. I. 
 
 j Paye 1 . 1. Proca : the twelfth of the mythical kings of Alba. 
 
 For gender see § 42, Exc. (35, Exc.); B. 21. 1 ; G. 30; H. 78. 5 
 (48. 5. 1) ; H-B. 67. — Albanorum: the people of Alba, a city in 
 Latium, S. E. of Rome. It stretched along a narrow ridge of land 
 and from this fact is often called Alba Longa. 
 
 75 
 
76 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 2. Numitori: put first for emphasis, to contrast with Amulius in 
 the next clause. — natu: § 418 (253); B. 226; G. 397; H. 480 
 (424); H-B. 441. 
 
 3. pulso fratre : after he had expelled his brother . § 420. 1. n. 
 
 (255. d. N.) ; B. 227. 2. a) ; G. 409, 410 ; H. 489. 1 (431. t, 2) ; H~B. 
 421. 1. Avoid a literal translation of the abl. abs. 
 
 4. subole: § 401 (243. a); B. 214. 1. b ) ; G. 390. 2; H. 464 
 (414. I); H-B. 408. 3. — filiam: decl. § 43. e (36. e) ; B. 21. 2. e) ; 
 G. 29. a ; H. 80. 2 (49. 4) ; H-B. 66. 4.— Vestae: the goddess of 
 the home and the fireside. She was worshiped in every house ; and, 
 in addition, had public worship in a temple. There the Vestal 
 virgins kept the fire forever burning upon her altar. 
 
 5. sacerdotem: § 393 (239. 1. a) \ B. 177; G. 340; H. 410. 1 
 ( 373 - 0 ; H_B - 39 2 - «• 
 
 6 . Ea re cSgnita : ci.frdtre , 1 . 3. — ipsam = the mother ; lit. herself. 
 
 7. alve 5 : § 370 (228) ; B. 187. Ill; G. 347 ; H. 429 (386) ; H-B. 
 376. — Tiberim : the acc. The Tiber is the largest river in Latium. 
 At Rome it is some four hundred feet wide and from twelve to 
 eighteen feet deep. After heavy rains it overflows its banks even 
 as in ancient days. 
 
 9. relabente flumine : cf. Ed re cognitd, 1 . 6. — eos: by being 
 put before the subject aqua , the object is made emphatic and is 
 strongly contrasted with it, — them the water left on the shore .— 
 Vastae : note the emphatic position. 
 
 10. locls: § 106. b (78. 2. b ) ; B. 60. 2; G. 67. 2; H. 147. 1 
 ( 14 1) ; H-B. 108. 2. — ut = as. Ut with an indicative is translated 
 by as, how, or when ; with a subjunctive by in order that, in order 
 to, for the purpose of, in order that not (after verbs of fearing), so 
 that , or though. 
 
 12. 5 ri : cons. cf. alved , 1. 7. — se gessit: se gerere = to conduct 
 
 oneself, act as. 
 
 13. Cum is either a preposition or a conjunction. If it be a 
 preposition that fact will be determined by the ablative following it; 
 if it be a conjunction it may mean when, since, or although. In the 
 sense of when it will take the indicative when used with a present or 
 a future tense, or with a past tense when defining or fixing the time 
 
NOTES. 
 
 77 
 
 of the main action; otherwise the subjunctive is used. Practically 
 the instances of cum with a past indicative are not very common. 
 In the sense of since or of although, cum is followed by the sub¬ 
 junctive. — saepius : again and again. 
 
 14. reverteretur: see note on cum above, also § 545, 546 (323, 
 325); B. 288. 1 ; G. 580, 585; H. 600, 601 (521. II. 2); H-B. 524, 
 550. a. — pastor regius = the king's shepherd. § 343. a (214. a. 2); 
 G. 362; H. (3^5. N. 2). 
 
 16. educandos agrees with eds. § 500. 4 (294. d) ; B. 337. 7. b). 
 2) ; G. 430; H. 622 (544. 2. n. 2) ; H-B. 605. 2. — primo beginning 
 a series is followed by deinde meaning next , or in the second place. 
 
 18. rapina: § 400 (243); B. 214; G. 390; H. 461 (413, 414); 
 H-B. 408. 
 
 19. Quare: § 404 (245); B. 219; G. 408; H. 475 (416); H-B. 
 444. c. — eis : cf. ori, 1. 12. — insidiati essent : cf. reverteretur, 1. 14. 
 
 I*age 2 . 1. esset: an indirect question is a question used as 
 
 subject, as object, or as appositive. How is it used here? — mater: 
 sc. fuisset. 
 
 2. armatis — properavit : armed the shepherds and hastened, etc. 
 It is often best to translate a verb and participle by two verbs con¬ 
 nected by and. Latin prefers the subordinate construction, Eng¬ 
 lish the coordinate. — Albam: § 427. 2 (258. £); B. 182. i; G. 337; 
 If. 418 (380. II) ; H-B. 450. 
 
 5. solitus esset: § 524 (312); B. 307; G. 602; H. 584 (513. II); 
 II-B. 504. 3. — a rege : note that the ablative of the agent, as distin¬ 
 guished from the ablative of the means, requires the preposition d 
 or ab. 
 
 8 . haud procul erat quin : he lacked little of . . .; on cons, of 
 dgnosceret, see § 558 (319. d) ; B. 295. 3 ; G. 555 ; H. 595. 2 (504. 4) ; 
 H-B. 502. 3. b). 
 
 9. lineamentis : for cons. cf. fidtii, p. 1, 1. 2. 
 
 10. Ea res: words in a subordinate clause that are specially 
 emphatic are often put before the conjunction. 
 
 11. dum in temporal clauses means either while or until. If the 
 former, it is followed by the indicative; if the latter, usually by the 
 
78 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 subjunctive. — tenet: § 466 (276. e); B. 293. I; G. 229; H. 533. 4 
 (467. 4); H-B. 491. 1. 
 
 12. supervenit: § 469 (276. d) \ B. 259.3; G. 229; H. 532. 3 
 (467. III. 1); II-B. 491. 1. 
 
 16. uter : distinguish between uter, uterque, and quis, quisque. 
 
 17. daret . . . regeret: v. esset, above. — auspicia: this word 
 (v. voc. for etymology) and augurium are terms used to refer to the 
 will of the gods as interpreted by the flight of birds. A college of 
 priests known as augurs, founded by Romulus, had this for its 
 special business. Nothing of importance was undertaken at Rome 
 without first consulting the auspices. 
 
 19. augurio : abl. of cause, or means. 
 
 21. vallum: this was a mere earth-work. 
 
 23. Sic deinde : sc. pereat. 
 
 24. solus : note emphasis of position. — impend : § 410. n. (249); 
 B. 218. 1 ; G. 407 ; II. 477 (421. I) ; H-B. 429. 
 
 II. Romulus, Romanorum rex primus. 
 
 Read Plutarch’s Life of Romulus, also Church’s Stories from Livy, Chap. I. 
 
 Page 3 . 1. Romulus: though Romulus is a mythical charac¬ 
 
 ter, the political institutions attributed to him are authentic in that 
 they had their origin in the earliest times. 
 
 2. asylum: for cons. v. sacerdotem, p. 1, 1 . 5. This asylum 
 was a grove of oak-trees lying between the two summits of the 
 Capitoline hill. 
 
 4. uxores : note the emphatic position. — ipse refers to Romulus. 
 — haberent : see n. on cum, p. 1, 1. 13. 
 
 5. qul . . . peterent: § 531. 2. n. ; 533. a (317. 2. n.; 318. 
 (2). a ); B. 282. 2 ; G. 630; II. 590 (497) ; II-B. 502. 2. 
 
 8. quoque always follows the emphatic word. 
 
 9. foret: a rare form for esset. For the construction v. § 446 
 ( 3 II *); B.280; G. 257,258; II. 552 (485); II-B. 516. 
 
 11. convenere: not an infinitive. 
 
NOTES. 
 
 79 
 
 12. videndae novae urbis: we might have had videndi novam 
 urbem. Remember that the gerund with a direct object is regularly- 
 used only in the genitive case and in the ablative case without a 
 preposition. — Sabini : one of the early native peoples of Italy. 
 Their principal city was Cures. 
 
 13. venit: §543 (324); B. 287; G. 561 ; H. 602(518); H-B. 557. 
 — conversae : pred. adj. — eo : not a pronoun. 
 
 14. sign5 dato : v. n. on pulso fratre , p. 1, 1. 3. 
 
 16. ob virgines raptas : on account of the seizure of the maidens. 
 This use of the perf. part, is a very common idiom, § 497 (292. a ); 
 B - 337 - 5 i G - 3 2 5 - 3 i H - 636. 4 (549. n. 2); H-B. 608. 2. 
 
 18. Romae: cf. alveo, p. 1, 1 . 7. — appropinquarent: cons.? 
 
 19. petitum: § 509(302); B. 340; G.435; H -633 (546); H-B. 618. 
 
 20. Huius pater : her father. Remember that the Latin 
 demonstrative pronouns are often best translated in English by the 
 possessives and the personals. — arci : cf. Romae above. 
 
 22. perduxisset : if she would lead , not had led. This word and 
 gererent, in the next sentence, illustrate a very common use of the 
 subjunctive known as implied or informal ind. disc. Tatius’ w r ords 
 to Tarpeia are : Tibi optionem muneris dabo, si exercitum meum 
 in Capitolium perduxeris. She replies, Date id quod in sinistris 
 manibus geritis. Now this conversation is reported without a 
 formal introduction of indirect discourse; but the mood and tense 
 of the verbs in the subordinate clauses are the same as if we had 
 placed Dixit, “ He said,” before the first sentence ; and Respon¬ 
 dit, “She replied,” before the second. §592. 2 (341. e) ; B. 323 ; 
 G. 508. 3 ; 628 ; H. 649. I (528.1) ; H-B. 535. 1. a ; 536. a. 
 
 24. Quibus : a relative is often used in Latin where good English 
 requires a demonstrative or a personal pronoun ; tr. after these had 
 been treacherously promised. 
 
 26. proditio: the Capitoline hill has two summits, upon one of 
 which stood the Capitol, upon the other the citadel. The steep 
 wall of rock on the west side was known as the saxum Tarpeium. 
 From it traitors were hurled to death. 
 
 27. poena : “ Their heavy shields upon the maid they threw, 
 
 And with their splendid gifts entombed at once and slew.” 
 
 / 
 
80 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 Page 4 . 2. Romanum Forum : this was a large open square 
 (cf. forts — out-of-doors ) between the Capitoline and Palatine hills. 
 It was surrounded by temples, porticoes, and shops ; and was used 
 for holding courts, and public meetings of all kinds. 
 
 6. clamitabant : bring out the force of this tense. 
 
 7. longe aliud . . . aliud : tr. one thing . . . quite another. 
 
 9. Iovi : decl. § 79. b (60. b) ; B. 41 ; H. 107. 3 (66. 3) ; H-B. 92. 
 — aedem: this was the temple of Jupiter Stator (the flight-stayer). 
 It stood on the slope of the Palatine next to the arch of Titus. Its 
 site has been recently laid bare, but of the temple itself not a 
 vestige remains. 
 
 11. passis: perf. part, from pando , in abl. abs. with crinibus. 
 Wearing the hair disheveled was one of the commonest ways of 
 expressing sorrow. 
 
 13. conciliarunt = conciliaverunt. 
 
 14. foedere . . . icto = after making (lit. striking) a treaty. The 
 making of a treaty was accompanied by a sacrifice. The verb to 
 strike in the above phrase is a reminder of the ancient custom, 
 referring to the striking of the victim. 
 
 16. multo: §414(250); B. 223; G. 403; 11.479(423); H-B. 424. 
 
 18. ageret: cf. peterent, p. 3, 1 . 6. — senatores: the senate was 
 an advisory body under the kings, but at an early period of the 
 republic it became the ruling power of the state. Its numbers, too, 
 were largely increased, and it was known collectively as Patres ( et ) 
 Conscripti, in which Patres stands for the original number, and 
 Conscripti for those that were added. 
 
 19. equitum : the order of Knights, who were originally the cav¬ 
 alry of the state, was based upon a property qualification of 400,000 
 sesterces (about $20,000). In later times the cavalry consisted 
 almost entirely of foreigners. 
 
 20. curias : the people were made up of three tribes, the Ramnes, 
 Tities, and Luceres; and each tribe was divided into ten ciiriae. 
 
 22. campd : the Campus Martius, a large plain lying outside the 
 city walls in the bend of the Tiber, north-west of the Capitoline. It 
 was used for large assemblies, and for all kinds of warlike and gym¬ 
 nastic exercises. It is now thickly covered with buildings. 
 
NOTES. 
 
 SI 
 
 24. ablatus est: v. aufero. 
 
 25. creditus est : personal use, § 582 (330. b ); B. 332 ; G. 52S. 2 ; 
 H. 611 (534. 1. n. 1); H-B. 590. — fidem fecit : strengthened belief. 
 For the following dative v. § 367. N. 2 (227. N. 2); B. 187. II ; G. 346. 
 N. 5; H. 426 (385); H-B. 362. 
 
 28. visum: sc. esse. — forma: § 415. a (251); B. 224; G. 400; 
 H. 473. 2 (419. II); H-B. 443. 
 
 Page 0, 1. exsisterent: §569. 2 (332. 2); B. 297. 2; G. 553. 
 4; H. 571. 1 (5or. I. 1); H-B. 521. 3. Why is the circumlocution 
 futurum — exsisterent used ? § 569. a (2 SS.f) ; B. 270. 3 ; G. 248 : 
 H. 619. 2, 3 (537. 3. N. 1) ; H-B. 472. r. 
 
 2. Quirinus: this is a Sabine word, and the name of the Sabine 
 god of war. Romulus was known by this name after his death and 
 deification. 
 
 III. Numa Pompilius, Romanorum rex secundus. 
 
 Read Plutarch’s Life of Numa Pompilius. 
 
 3. Successit Romulo Numa: note the order. The fact of the 
 succession is more important than the person who succeeds. To 
 Numa was ascribed much of the religion of the early Romans.— 
 iustitia : ci. forma, p. 4, 1. 28. 
 
 4. Curibus : cf. n. on Sabini , p. 3, 1 . 12. 
 
 5. Qui cum : When he. An emphatic word or phrase in a 
 subordinate clause is often put before the conjunction. Do not 
 translate in that order. — Romam : cf. Albam , p. 2, 1 . 2. — venisset : 
 cf. n. on reverteretur , p. 1, 1. 14. 
 
 7. Vestae : cf. n. p. 1, 1 . 4. The worship of Vesta goes back to 
 the very earliest times. 
 
 8. alendum: § 500. 4 (294. d ); B. 337. 7. b). 2) ; G. 430; H. 622 
 (544. n. 2); II-B. 605. 2. — virginibus : indirect object. — Flaminem : 
 these were priests devoted to a particular deity. There were 15 of 
 them, and each was distinguished by the name of the deity he served. 
 
82 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 9. insigni veste : the flamen was dressed in a woollen robe folded 
 double, and wore upon his head a cap called apex , which had a 
 pointed piece of olive wood, set in a flock of wool, on its crown. — 
 
 curuli sella : seats of this kind 
 were originally used exclu¬ 
 sively by the kings at Rome, 
 but were subsequently 
 granted as a privilege to the 
 flamens and the curule magis¬ 
 trates (consuls, censors, prae¬ 
 tors, curule aediles, dictators, 
 and the magister equitum). The chair could be folded like a modern 
 camp-stool. See fig. 1, which shows how the legs were hinged for 
 folding, and also the sella complete. 
 
 10. Dicitur : he is said. 
 
 13. fulmina : the falling of a thunderbolt was always regarded by 
 the Romans as an omen calling for a propitiatory sacrifice. — essent 
 procuranda : v. n. on esset, p. 2, 1. 1. 
 
 16. aedes : § 107 (79. a) ; B. 61 ; G. 69. c ; H. 140 (132); H-B. 105. 
 
 17. futurum esset : v. essent procuranda above. 
 
 18. ancile : this was made of bronze. Upon its safety the welfare 
 of the state was supposed to depend. — Id ne : v. n. on QuT cum , 
 
 P- 5 ’ !• 5 - 
 
 20. Salios : cf. salire , to leap. This 
 college of priests consisted of twelve 
 eminent men, who yearly, in the month 
 of March, went through the city singing 
 and dancing. In their right hands they 
 carried spears with which they struck 
 the ancilia, which were suspended on a 
 pole and carried on the shoulders of 
 the priests’ ministers. See fig. 2. 
 
 21. qul . . . custodirent: to guard. But what literally ? 
 
 24. duodecim menses : the year of Romulus had but 10 months 
 and 304 days. For this, Nunn substituted a year of 12 months and 
 355 days. The agreement between this and the solar year was made 
 
NOTES. 
 
 83 
 
 by inserting an intercalary month every two years. This arrangement 
 continued until the reform of the calendar by Julius Caesar in 46 B.c. 
 
 25. nefastos : these were days of ill-omen upon which legal 
 business could not be done, nor public assemblies held.— Iano : 
 originally worshiped as the sun-god; one of the oldest and most 
 important of the Italian deities. Later he is generally viewed as 
 god of gates, doors, and of all beginnings. He is represented with 
 two faces, looking in opposite directions, to symbolize that the 
 beginning or the present has to do both with the past and the 
 future. The covered passage-way known as the temple of Janus, 
 built near the Forum by Numa, was not closed after his time until 
 the end of the first Punic war, 241 B.c. 
 
 Paged. 5. sibi: §373 (231); B. 190; G. 349; H. 430 (387); 
 H-B. 374. 
 
 6. monitu: §404 (245); B. 219; G. 408; H. 475 (416); H-B. 
 444. c .— ageret : cons. § 580 (336. 2) ; B. 314. 1; G. 508. 2; H. 643 
 (524); H-B. 534.2. 
 
 7. quem medium : the middle of which. — perenni rigabat aqua : 
 note the peculiar order. 
 
 8. inferebat : the imperfect indicative is used in descriptions, and 
 to denote continued, customary, or repeated action ; cf. rigabat and 
 erat above. 
 
 9. ita : what cons, will follow in the subordinate clause ? § 537. n. 2 
 (319. r.) ; B. 384. 1 ; G. 552 ; H. 570. 3 (500. II. N. 1); H-B. 521. 2. a . 
 — ea = tali. 
 
 11. quidem never stands first in a sentence. It makes the pre¬ 
 ceding word emphatic. Tr. to be sure. 
 
 12. civitati: all the prepositional compounds of sum , excepting 
 absum , take the dative. 
 
 IV. Tullus Hostilius, Romanorum rex tertius. 
 
 17. Mortuo Numa: an expression of time. — Tullus Hostilius 
 reminds us most of Romulus. See Ihne’s Early Rome, p. 77. See 
 also Church’s Stories from Livy, Chap. II. 
 
84 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 20. Ducibus — finiri: rem — finiri is the subject of placuit; 
 ducibus is the dative after a verb of pleasing ; tr. the commanders 
 Hostilius and Fufetius determined that , etc. 
 
 21. Erant : when a form of esse stands first, it usually means that 
 the verb is not used as a copula, but to express being or existence. 
 
 24. ictum est: cf. n. on foedere icto , p. 4, 1. 14. — ea lege: cf. n. 
 on qua re, p. i,l. 19. — ut — esset : in apposition with lege. 
 
 Page 7 • -• terni : distinguish from ires and tertius. 
 
 4. increpuere: § 543 (324); B. 287; G. 561; H. 602 (518); H-B. 
 557. This word probably refers to the dashing of the spears against 
 the shields. This was followed by the drawing of the swords for 
 the hand-to-hand combat. 
 
 7. ceciderunt : distinguish from ceciderunt. 
 
 11. erat : quia states a fact as a cause, and for that reason regu¬ 
 larly takes the indicative. 
 
 12. singulos : distinguish from iinus and primus. 
 
 13. ratus: tr. thinking. — aliquantum spati: a considerable dis¬ 
 tance. 
 
 14. pugnatum est: do not translate literally. 
 
 15. videt: v. n. on Cum, p. 1, 1 . 13. — e Curiatiis: the partitive 
 gen., which might have been used, does not distinguish sharply from 
 the rest as this does. 
 
 17. inclamat: v. n. on tenet, p. 2, 1. 11. 
 
 18. Alterum : in an enumeration, this word is used oftener than 
 secundus. 
 
 20. singuli : one on each side. 
 
 21. Alter . . . alter: distinguish between this and alius . . . 
 alius, v. voc. — ferox : not fierce. 
 
 26. domum : cf. Albam, p. 2, 1 . 2. — Princeps : at the head. 
 
 27. obvia : v. voc. 
 
 29. paludamento : a military cloak worn by generals and superior 
 officers over their armor. It was wide, of fine texture, and white, 
 scarlet, or purple. It was fastened by a brooch upon the shoulder. 
 
 30. crines solvere: v. n. on passis, p. 4, 1. 11. — ferdcis: cl. ferox 
 above. Is the meaning the same ? 
 
NOTES. 
 
 85 
 
 Page 8 . 4. oblita: § 350 (219); B. 206; G. 376; H. 454(406. II); 
 H-B. 350. — Sic — Romana: tr. tinis perish every Roman woman 
 who, etc. On eat, v. § 441 (267); B. 279; G. 260; H. 558 (484. I); 
 H-B. 510, 511. 
 
 7. in ius: to court. — iudices : this was the council of two 
 (.Duumviri perduellionis ) appointed to try persons accused of the 
 murder of a Roman. 
 
 8. lictor : a public officer attached to the service of certain Roman 
 magistrates, whom he preceded whenever they went abroad. The 
 king had twelve of these, who carried out his judicial 
 
 decrees. See fig. 3. 
 
 9. provocavit : the right of appeal to the people 
 from the decision of a magistrate was an ancient right 
 belonging to Roman citizens. This right continued, 
 with few interruptions, until the time of the empire. 
 
 12. ne — faceret: in dir. disc. = nolite me, quern 
 pauld ante cum egregia stirpe conspexistis , orbum liberis 
 facere. Note carefully the changes in construction. 
 
 13. liberis: §402.0 (243. </); B. 214; G. 390; H. 
 
 465 (414. Ill); H-B. 411. 
 
 14. Non tulit: could not resist. 
 
 18. quod : aiid this. Latin often uses a relative 
 where English requires a conjunction and a demon- Fig. 3. 
 strative, or a conjunction and a personal pronoun. 
 
 19. tigillum sororium : with reference to this Livy, the historian, 
 says, Id hodie quoque publice semper refectum manet , and the vener¬ 
 able relic was pointed out in his day, in the first century a.d. 
 
 22. finisset: §540 (321); B. 286; G. 541; H. 588 (516); H-B. 
 
 535 - 2 -a- 
 
 23. Veientes : Veii was 12 miles north of Rome. — Fidenates: 
 Fidenae was on the left bank of the Tiber about a mile N.E. of Rome. 
 
 26. Qua re Tullus intellecta : tr. when Tullus perceived this ; v. n. 
 on quod above, 1. 18. 
 
 27. suo : emphatic position. 
 
 28. Quo audito : cf. Qua re, etc. above, 1 . 26. 
 
 29. Posterd die Mettius : v. n. on Ea res, p. 2, 1 . 10. 
 
86 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 30. iussu : cf. monitu, p. 6,1. 6. — quadrigis : dat. with religatus. — 
 in diversa = in diversas partes. 
 
 Page f), 4. quo : this conj. is used with a comparative to 
 express purpose. 
 
 9. militiae quam domi : locative forms. 
 
 11. fracti: with sunt. 
 
 12. ut: v. n. on ut, p. 1, 1 . 10. 
 
 13. Memorant, etc.: Livy says that this was done by Jupiter, 
 angry because Tullus improperly tried to imitate Numa in perform¬ 
 ing sacred rites. 
 
 V. Ancus Marcius, Romanorum rex quartus. 
 
 “ The similarity apparent between Romulus and Tullus Hostilius has its 
 counterpart in the stories of Numa and Ancus. The latter is evidently the 
 shadow of the former.” Ihne’s Early Rome, p. 77. 
 
 19. sustulerant : v. tollo. 
 
 21. indiceret: in reference to an anticipated or intended action 
 anteqiiam and priusquam are always followed by the subjunctive. — 
 legatum : this was the fetialis , one of a college of priests instituted 
 by Numa, who acted as heralds to hostile states in carrying declara¬ 
 tions of w T ar and in concluding treaties of peace. They hurled a 
 bloody spear across the hostile frontier when declaring war. 
 
 22. qui res repeteret : to demand satisfaction. 
 
 24. capite velatd : the Roman always veiled his head in making 
 prayer or sacrifice. 
 
 “ Ere yet you light your altars, spread 
 A purple covering o’er your head, 
 
 Lest sudden bursting on your sight 
 Some hostile presence mar the rite. 
 
 Thus worship you, and thus your train, 
 
 And sons unborn the rite retain.” 
 
 Vergil, Aen . iii. 405-9. Conington’s Translation. 
 
 Page 10 . 2. emittit : this spear was tipped with iron or charred 
 at the end and smeared with blood, emblematic of fire and slaughter. 
 
NOTES. 
 
 87 
 
 4. belli indicendi : would bellum indicendi be good Latin ? — ius 
 fetiale : of interest as a beginning of international law. 
 
 5. Legato has repetenti in agreement with it and depends on 
 responsum est. — superbe responsum est: a haughty reply was given. 
 
 6. h5c : this refers to what precedes. Usually it refers to what 
 follows. 
 
 8. cives : some historians believe that these were the original 
 Roman plebeians or common people. 
 
 9. autem : remember that this word has no strong adversative 
 force, and often merely continues the narrative. 
 
 10. fierent : v. n. on Cum , p. 1, 1 . 13. — carcerem : this is situated 
 on the slope of the Capitoline and overlooks the Forum. The 
 dungeon below was used for exe¬ 
 cutions and was called the Tul¬ 
 lianum. It is still in a good state 
 of preservation. See fig. 4. 
 
 11. audaciae: the objective 
 genitive is often best translated 
 by for. §348(217); B. 200; G. 
 
 363.2; 11.440.2(396.111); LLB. 
 
 354 - 
 
 12. urbi : § 364 (225. d); B. 
 
 187. I. a ; G. 348. R. I ; II. 426. 6 
 (384. II. 2. N.); H-B. 376. b.— 
 ponte sublicio : the oldest and 
 most famous bridge at Rome. 
 
 Many noteworthy events are connected with it, and it was so sacred 
 that no repairs could be made to it without previous sacrifice. It 
 was several times rebuilt, and was still in existence in our era. 
 
 13. Tiberi : this word has acc. in -im and abl. in -i. —urbi: § 4 1 3 - 
 a. N. (248. a. R.) ; B. 187. Ill; G. 347 ; H. 429 (386).; H-B. 376. 
 
 14. Ostiam : 16 miles from Rome. At one time it was an impor¬ 
 tant and flourishing seaport. After the time of Trajan (98-117 a.d.) 
 it was gradually abandoned for a better harbor on the right arm of the 
 Tiber. The ruins of Ostia are between two and three miles from the 
 coast, owing to the accumulation of sand brought down by the river. 
 
 
 JTni itT if if^Tr^UTT 
 
 M- coccm vs P<tnir.„ cos- ex- s • c • 
 
 it in “IlLjl ill_ r 11 —r~: 
 
 i 
 
 
 m h r limr^imr = nr 
 
 Jli 
 
 jul 
 
 -JC 
 
 m ffi 1 £ 
 
 JWIinilljiMilIni •i'i»:i»>i " b ■ ^11 Niliii 1 irmoji. 
 
 -ni ■ 
 
 . .1 iimiri 'iHinnii:- 1 1 •'Illll LII1 
 
 -1 ~T 
 
 
 JL 
 
 =3q 
 
 \ \ 
 
 'V 
 
 —W^M|Hmi:' | iI|I'"-I'IHiITE:: i i 1 1 RV-- 
 
 JffiiitlE' 1 ' 1 i ' 1 — : C 1" 
 
 -V'\ 
 
 1) 
 
 7 f < 
 C'„.n 
 
 i\r^_ 
 
 Fig. 4. 
 
88 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 VI. Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, Romanorum rex quintus. 
 
 The latter part of the history of the kings is as fabulous as the first. The 
 stories of the Tarquins and of Servius Tullius are full of arbitrary fiction. 
 They seem, however, to point to an Etruscan dominion over Latium. See 
 Church’s Stories from Livy, Chap. III. 
 
 19. haec : cf. n. on hoc , 1. 6. 
 
 20. advenienti : sc. ei. — carpentum : v. fig. 7. 
 
 21. cui : cf. alveo, p. 1, 1. 7. 
 
 23. perita: what adjectives take the gen.? § 349. a-c (218); 
 B. 204; G. 374; H. 450 ff. (399); H-B. 354. 
 
 24. virum : her husband. — excelsa et alta : the neuter of adjec¬ 
 tives is often used substantively. 
 
 Page 11 . 3. relictus: i.e. by will. — ita: omit in translation. 
 
 4. adeptus esset: the object is understood from regnum. For 
 cons. v. § 524 (312); B. 307 ; G. 602; H. 584 (513. II); H-B. 504. 3. 
 
 5. Circum Maximum: between the Palatine and Aventine hills. 
 Scarcely a vestige now remains. Its length was 1800 ft., its breadth 
 350 ft., and its seating capacity 150,000. For vivid description of 
 the ancient circus read Bulwer’s Last Days of Pompeii, Bk. V, 
 Chaps. II, IV ; Wallace’s Ben-Hur, Chaps. XII-XIV. 
 
 6. triumphavit : a grand military procession in which a victorious 
 general rode through the city in a four-horse chariot, followed by his 
 troops and the spoils of war. Read Macaulay’s Lays of Ancient 
 Rome, Prophecy of Capys, xxvn-xxx; also Ware’s Zenobia, 
 pp. 276-280. 
 
 8. ut ferunt : as they say. A common phrase. 
 
 10. id fieri, etc. : in dir. disc, idfieri non potest , nisi aves addixerint. 
 Account for changes in mode and tense. 
 
 11. in experimentum : to make a trial. 
 
 12. posset: cf. n. on esset , p. 2, 1 . 1. So also possem below, 1 . 15. 
 — concepisset : cf. n. on perduxisset , p. 3, 1 . 22. 
 
 16. secuisse : sc. earn. This stone was kept as a relic. A veiled 
 statue of Attus stood in the Comitium. 
 
NOTES. 
 
 89 
 
 17. percussisset : cf. n. on erat , p. 7,1. 11. — praetexta : the toga 
 praetexta , a white garment derived from the Etruscans, ornamented 
 with a wide purple border, and worn with the bulla by free-born 
 children of both sexes, and by the chief magistrates. It was laid 
 aside at the age of sixteen. 
 
 18. bulla : an ornament usually of gold, of 
 globular shape, containing an amulet. It was 
 worn about the neck by Roman children of 
 noble family and laid aside with the praetexta. 
 
 It was then consecrated to the household gods 
 and hung up over the hearth. See fig. 5. — 
 donavit : as in English we can say either “ to 
 present some one with something” or “to pre¬ 
 sent something to some one,” so Latin says 
 aliquem aliquo donare or aliquid alicui donare , 
 cf. n. on urbi, p. 10, 1. 12. 
 
 22. Ex pastbribus : the usual construction 
 with numerals instead of the partitive genitive. 
 
 24. Quorum clamor : v. n. on Qui cum , p. 5, 1. 5. 
 
 29. elatam . . . deiecit : v. n. on armdtis . . . properavit , p. 2, 1 . 2. 
 
 VII. Servius Tullius, Romanorum rex sextus. 
 
 See Church’s Stories from Livy, Chap. IV. 
 
 The reign of Servius Tullius is as full of marvels as that of his predecessors. 
 II is birth is as miraculous as that of Romulus. He is the author of social order 
 like Numa, but he also introduces a military organization, wherein he reminds 
 us of Romulus. His constitution, adapted to the changing conditions of the 
 times, lasted to the end of the republic. See Ihne’s Early Rome, pp. 78-80. 
 
 j Page 12 . 2. Qui cum : v. n. on same, p. 5, 1 . 5. 
 
 4. visu eventuque : lit. in respect to the seeing and the outcoming, 
 tr. in its appearance and its consequences. § 510 (303); B. 340. 2; 
 G. 435; H. 633 (546); H-B. 619. 
 
 7. haud secus ac : just like (lit. not otherzvise than). To deny 
 something instead of affirming its opposite is called litotes. 
 
90 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 8. Is postquam : cf. Qui cum, 1. 2.— adolevit : cf. venit , p. 3,1. 13. 
 
 9. quodam : quidam is the nearest approach in Latin to the 
 English indefinite article. 
 
 10. segnius : with too little spirit. 
 
 11. signum: i.e. the eagle, the principal standard of the legion. 
 See fig. 6. To lose it was considered a great disgrace. 
 
 16. aedium: cf. aedes, p. 5, 1. 16. 
 18. dicto audientes: this, being 
 an expression meaning to obey, is fol¬ 
 lowed by the dative. 
 
 22. murum: the wall of Servius 
 
 can still be traced. — censum: this 
 
 * 
 
 refers to the registration of all 
 Roman citizens in six classes for 
 civil and military purposes. These 
 classes were based upon a property 
 qualification and contained alto¬ 
 gether 193 centuries. Each century 
 had one vote, the classes voting 
 in order beginning with the first, or 
 wealthiest. The number of centuries 
 was so divided among the classes as 
 to give the political control to the rich. See article Comitia , Smith’s 
 Diet, of Antiquities, and Gow’s Companion to School Classics, 
 pp. 200-202. 
 
 24. aliquod urbi decus : notice the order and cf. summam ei 
 
 dignitatem , 1 . 6 . 
 
 25. Ephesiae : Ephesus is in Asia Minor on the coast of Ionia. 
 Its Diana temple was one of the seven wonders of the world, v. 
 Acts xix. 24, etc. 
 
 Fig. 6 . 
 
 Page Hi, 2. bos : decl. v. § 79 (61) ; B. 41 ; G. 52. 7; H. 107 
 (66) ; H-B. 92. — magnitudinis : § 345. n. (215. n.) ; B. 203 ; G. 365 ; 
 II. 440. 3 (396. V) ; II-B. 355. Cf. augustiore forma, p. 4, 1. 28, and 
 see note. 
 
 3. nata: sc. esse. — datum : sc. esse. 
 
NOTES. 
 
 91 
 
 5. immolasset : in dir. disc, is populus summam imperi habebit 
 cuius civis bovem illam Dianae immolaverit. Explain modes. 
 
 7. eum : does this word refer to the Latin or to the priest ? 
 
 8. Latinus dum: cf. Qui cum, p. 5, 1 . 5. — descendit: cf. n. on 
 tenet, p. 2, 1. 11. 
 
 11. Servius Tullius: subject of what verb? — alteram ferdcem, 
 mitem alteram : and ferocem miti, mitem ferdci. Note the order. 
 
 1 5. seu . . . seu: whether 
 . . . or allows a choice be¬ 
 tween alternatives. 
 
 18. contendit: cf. descen¬ 
 dit, 1. 8. 
 
 20. carpento: a two- 
 wheeled carriage with an 
 awning over it, and curtains 
 in front of it, usually drawn 
 by mules, and used from re¬ 
 mote antiquity by women of distinction. See fig. 7. 
 
 21. prima . . . salutavit: was the first to salute. 
 
 24. super ipsum corpus : right over the body. 
 
 VIII. Tarquinius Superbus, Romanorum rex septimus 
 
 et ultimus. 
 
 See Church’s Stories from Livy, Chap. V; Macaulay’s Lays of Ancient 
 Rome, The Battle of Lake Regillus. 
 
 Page 1 - 1 . 3. Gabios: an ancient city in Latium. The story 
 of the reduction of Gabii may have been borrowed from Greek 
 sources. Herodotus tells the same story of Zopyrus, a noble Per¬ 
 sian by whose artifice Darius took Babylon. — in potestatem : to a 
 state of subjection. 
 
 10. sciscitatum: cf. petitum, p. 3, 1. 19.— quidnam: -nam adds 
 emphasis, e.g. quid — what , quidnam — what in the world; so ubi 
 and ubinam, etc. — vellet: cf. esset, p. 2, 1. 1, and note. 
 
92 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 ii. deliberabundus: § 253./; (164. />.); B. 150. 1; G. 182. i; 
 H. 328. 5 (333. 1); H-B. 208. 3. 
 
 14. exspectandb: abi. of ger. expressing cause. — Gabios: cf. n. 
 on Albam , p. 2, 1. 2. 
 
 18. Ardeam : the ancient capital of the Rutuli, 18 miles from Rome. 
 
 20. apud followed by a pronoun or a proper name means at the 
 house of with ; with names of authors, in the works of. 
 
 22. placuit: this verb is often used impersonally with an infini¬ 
 tive for subject in the sense of to resolve or determine ; tr. they deter- 
 mined to try the matter; lit. to try was pleasing (to them). 
 
 25. lanae deditam: 
 
 “ They at a task eternal their hands religiously plying, 
 
 Held in the left on high, with wool enfolded, a distaff, 
 
 Delicate fibres wherefrom, drawn down, were shaped by the right hand, 
 Shaped by fingers up-turned — but the down-turned thumb set a-whirling, 
 Poised with perfected whorl, the industrious shaft of the spindle. 
 
 Still, as they span, as they span, was the tooth kept nipping and smoothing, 
 Close at their feet, meanwhile, were woven baskets of wicker, 
 
 Guarding the soft white balls of the wool resplendent within them.” 
 
 This excellent description of ancient weaving is taken from the 
 Latin poet Catullus (87-47 b.c.). For a picture of 
 the ancient loom, see fig. 8. 
 
 3 3 
 
 Page 15 . 3. abditum habebat : kept hidden. 
 
 4. occidit : distinguish from occidit. — in ex¬ 
 presses purpose, to bring about , for. 
 
 5. regum: plural because referring to the whole 
 royal family. 
 
 7. annalibus : the Romans called their oldest 
 historical records annales libri —year books. They 
 were written on white boards. 
 
 9. regem: § 388. b (237. d)\ B. 175. 2. a). 2); G. 331; H. 406 
 (372); II-B. 391. 2. 
 
 10. oracula: these were the revelations made by the gods to men. 
 
 11. nimium atque immensum : sc. pretium ; tr. the woman asked 
 an excessive and in fact (atque) enormous price. 
 
 Fig. 8 . 
 
NOTES. 
 
 93 
 
 12. quasi, etc.: as if the old zooman zuere in her dotage. 
 
 15. pretio: § 416 (252); B. 225; G. 404; H. 478 (422); H-B. 
 427. 
 
 17. dubio: §432. c (261. b); B. 144. 2; G. 417. n; H. 490. 4 
 (437. 2); H-B. 405. c. 
 
 18. ut — emat : in apposition with id. 
 
 21. neglegendam: sc. esse. 
 
 23. Sed eam mulierem : emphatic, to change the thought from the 
 books to the zvoman ; tr. freely, but as for that zuoman, it is certaiti, etc. 
 
 24. loci: § 346.4(216.4); B.201.3; G. 372. n. 3; H. 443 (397.4); 
 H-B. 346. 
 
 25. Sibyllini : these prophecies were probably written in Greek 
 verse. Niebuhr supposes them to have come from Ionia, but they 
 were more probably derived from the Greek city Cumae in Campania. 
 The palm leaves, upon which the prophecies were written, were kept 
 in a stone chest, and one was drawn out at random for guidance in case 
 of prodigies or calamities. When the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus 
 was destroyed by fire, b.c. 82, the Sibylline books perished; but a 
 fresh collection was made by sending ambassadors to various towns 
 in Italy, Greece, and Asia Minor. The early Christian writers 
 frequently appeal to them as prophesying the Messiah. 
 
 26. Quindecim viri: at first but two, next ten, finally fifteen. 
 
 IX. Horatius Codes. 
 
 Read Church’s Stories from Livy, Chap. VI; Macaulay’s Lays of Ancient 
 Rome, Horatius. 
 
 Id . 1. Etruscbrum: little is known of the Etruscans 
 
 save that they are foreign in origin and language to the other 
 peoples of Italy. They were a highly civilized and powerful nation 
 when Rome was still in its infancy. The Romans borrowed many of 
 their religious and political institutions from them. The last three 
 Roman kings seem to have been Etruscans.— ad restituendos . . . 
 Tarquinios: a gerundive construction expressing purpose. This 
 very common construction is usual only in short phrases. 
 
94 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 2. exercitu: §413.(2(248.«. n.);B. 222. 1; G. 292. r. H. 474. 2. 
 n. 1 (419. 1. 1). (1); H-B. 420. 
 
 3. Ianiculum : one of the hills of Rome, connected with the city 
 by the famous Sublician or pile bridge (v. note, p. 10, 1 . 12). Ancus 
 Marcius built a fort upon it. — N5n umquam alias ante : these are 
 
 all adverbs ; tr. never before. 
 
 4. res : the translation of this word must always be determined 
 by the context. Here it = the state. — Clusina: adj. from Clusium , 
 Porsena’s capital. 
 
 7. Tiberi obiectd: v. n. on ob virgines raptas, p. 3, 1. 16. 
 
 9. fuisset : what form of condition ? § 517 (308); B. 304 ; G. 597 ; 
 H. 579 (510); H-B. 581. The conclusion paene deditis elliptical; 
 sc. et dedisset. — Codes = one-eyed. Personal defects or peculiarities 
 suggest surnames among all peoples ; cf. Short, Strong, Green, etc. 
 
 11. solus: according to Livy he had two companions. 
 
 12. donee: the subj. is used with this conjunction to express 
 purpose, doubt, or futurity. Which here? 
 
 13. ponte rescisso . . . multis superincidentibus telis: the first 
 abl. abs. expresses time, the second concession. Translate accordingly. 
 
 16. agri: § 346. 3 (216. 3); B. 201. 2; G. 369; H. 442 (397. 3) ; 
 H-B. 346. 
 
 17. ei: in his honor. — Comitio : an open space adjoining the 
 Forum. 
 
 X. Menenius Agrippa. 
 
 19. patres plebemque: the struggle for power between the 
 patricians and the plebeians dates from the earliest times. In the 
 beginning the plebeians had no political or religious power whatever; 
 but by a continual and noble struggle for five hundred years against 
 fraud and tyranny, they finally raised themselves to an equality with 
 the patrician classes. 
 
 20. montem sacrum: a solitary hill on the right bank of the 
 Arno, three miles from Rome. It was not called sacer until later. 
 
 21. quod — toleraret: tr. becatise they would not bear at the same 
 time taxation and military service. On the use of the subjunctive 
 cf. f inisset, p. 8, 1. 22. 
 
NOTES. 
 
 95 
 
 Page 17 • i- discordarunt = discordaverunt. So, too, con¬ 
 spirarunt. 
 
 2. neve: the regular connective for negative purpose clauses.— 
 datum: sc. cibum. 
 
 4. volunt: how translated? cf. tenet, p. 2, 1. 11. 
 
 6. haud segne = acre, v. p. 12, 1. 7. 
 
 9. discordia . . . concordia : etymology ? 
 
 11. Creavit: sc. plebs. — tribunos: the tribunes of the plebs were 
 inviolable in person. At first clothed with scant powers, it was 
 through them that the plebeians finally triumphed. — qui . . . 
 defenderent : would ut. . . defenderent mean the same ? 
 
 15. conlatis sextantibus: by collecting coppers. The sextans was 
 worth about one-fifth of a cent. 
 
 18. quam non, etc.: this clause is secondary object after docere 
 (§ 39 6 ( 2 39 - 2- c) ; B. 178 ; G. 339 ; H. 411. 2 (374. 2); H-B. 393. a, b ); 
 its subject is compardtid. — sit: cons. cf. esset, p. 2, 1. 1, and note. 
 
 19. cupienti: dative after necessaria. 
 
 XI. Lucius Virginius Centurio. 
 
 Read Macaulay’s Lays of Ancient Rome, Virginia ; Church’s Stories from 
 Livy, Chap. X; James Sheridan Knowles’ Virginius, a Tragedy. 
 
 20. ab urbe condita : cf. ob virgines raptas, p. 3, 1. 16. 
 
 21. decem viri : these, known as dece?n viri legibus scribendis, were 
 a board of ten patricians who were appointed to draw up a code of 
 laws. To them the whole government of the state was intrusted. — 
 Graecia : Livy says that an embassy was sent to Athens for the 
 purpose of studying the famous laws of Solon. 
 
 22. Duodecim tabulis : these were the laws of the Twelve Tables. 
 “Unfortunately only fragments of them have come down to us. 
 Yet these fragments are of invaluable service in the study of Roman 
 life and manners. The documentary history of Rome may be said 
 to begin with these laws.” Ihne’s Early Rome, p. 169. 
 
 23. ipsorum: § 302. * (197. *); B. 243. 3; G. 321. r. 2; II. 509. 5 
 (452. 4); H-B. 339. b. 
 
96 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 24. Appius Claudius : the leading man among the decem viri. 
 
 26. pretio ac spe : tr. by the hope of reward. See n. p. 26, 1 . 28. 
 
 Page 18 , 1. clientibus : these were a distinct class, consisting 
 
 of such plebeians as appear to have been attached as hereditary 
 dependents to certain patrician families. Each patrician had a 
 number of these clients who looked to him for aid and protection, 
 for which they paid in fixed dues and services. — in servitutem : tr. 
 as his slave (lit. for servitude .) 
 
 2. victurum se = se victurum esse. 
 
 4. virgini : dat. after iniecit. 
 
 5. tabernis : the Roman shop usually consisted of a single room, 
 entirely open in front with the exception of a low wall forming a 
 counter, and was closed at night by wooden shutters. — litterarum 
 ludi: schools were early established by the Romans. To these 
 children of both sexes and of all classes were admitted. 
 
 6. esse : sc. earn. Also below after abstracturum. 
 
 7. ni faciat, etc.: cf. note on perdiixisset, p. 3, 1. 22. 
 
 8. Pavida — concursus : tr. though the maid is dumb with terror , 
 her servant's cries quickly cause a crowd to gather. — nutricis : Roman 
 boys and girls, when going abroad, were usually accompanied by a 
 servant, slave, or teacher. 
 
 12. commeatu sumpto : being granted a leave of absence. 
 
 13. cum: at which time. — civitas = cives. 
 
 14. lacrimabundus: cf. deliberabundus , p. 14, 1. 11. 
 
 16. Neque eo setius : nevertheless. 
 
 18. Appi : § 49 - ^ ( 40 - 0 ; B - 2 5 - 1 : G - 33 - 1 : H - 8 3 - 6 
 ( 5 1 - 5 ); H-B. 7 i- 2. 
 
 19. dolori: § 367 (227); B. 187. II; G. 346; H. 426 
 (385); H-B. 362. II. — sine: not a preposition. — ultimum: 
 the acc. of ultimus used adverbially; cf. n. p. 15, 1. 11. 
 
 20. cultro : the illustration (fig. 9) is from an original 
 discovered in a kitchen at Pompeii. 
 
 21. Tum vero : often introduces the climax of a story. 
 
 24. tribunos : there had been no tribunes during the power of 
 
 the decem viri. 
 
 Fig. 9. 
 
NOTES. 
 
 97 
 
 25. se abdicare : a common idiom, followed by the abl. of 
 separation. 
 
 27. mortem sibi conscivit : tr. committed suicide. Appius was 
 being reserved in prison for a more severe punishment than that 
 inflicted on the rest. 
 
 XII. Marcus Furius Camillus. 
 
 Read Plutarch’s Life of Camillus, also Church’s Stories from Livy, Chaps. 
 XI-XIV ; Ihne’s Early Rome, Chap. XXI. 
 
 Page 19 . 1. Falerios : a city in Etruria. 
 
 3. ambulandi gratia : cf. militiae causa, p. 18, 1. 4. 
 
 6. dedituri essent: § 558 (319. d)\ B. 298; G. 555; H. 595. 1 
 ( 5 ° 4 - 3 ); H_B - S l 9 - 4 -t)- 
 
 7. detestatus : tr. as a present participle. The perfect participle 
 of deponent verbs is often so used. — similem tui : like yourself in 
 character; cf. p. 2, 1. 9. 
 
 9. cui . . . parcitur : verbs that take the dative in the active 
 are used impersonally in the passive and retain the dative, e.g. He 
 spares me = mihi parcit ; I am spared = mihi parcitur. — captis 
 urbibus : when cities are taken. 
 
 13. reducendum: §500. 4 (294. d); B. 337. 7. b). 2); G. 430; H. 
 622 (544. n. 2); H-B. 605. 2. 
 
 14. quibus = ut his; cf. qui . . . peterent, p. 3, 1. 5. 
 
 1 5. Statim — aperuerunt : “ This story is condemned as a silly 
 fiction, not only by its intrinsic improbability, but by the undoubted 
 fact that Falerii continued for a long time afterwards to be an 
 independent town.” Ihne’s Early Rome, p. 201. — magis quam = 
 potius quam, rather than. 
 
 18. quanta — fuerit: the object of indicat. — Tunc primum, 
 etc.: the importance of these reforms in the military system of the 
 Romans can hardly be overestimated. As regards the siege of Veii 
 nothing can be surely ascertained beyond the bare fact that it fell 
 into the hands of the Romans in 396 B.C. The mode of its conquest 
 is hidden in a cloud of fables. 
 
9S 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 19. facta : sc. stmt. — hiematum : sc. est. The verb is impersonal. 
 — sub pellibus = in tents , so called because in the winter the canvas 
 
 was covered wdth skins. See fig. 10. 
 
 21. datum: sc. est; so with adactus , 
 and peractum below. — nisi capta urbe : 
 the abl. abs. is sometimes used with nisi , 
 when a negative precedes, to point out 
 an exception. 
 
 25. Postmodum — datum: tr. after¬ 
 wards a charge was brought against 
 Camillus. §382 (233); B. 191 ; G. 356; H. 433 (390); II-B. 360. 
 
 26. triumphasset : cf. finis set, p. 8, 1 . 22. Also n. p. n, 1 . 6. 
 
 27. Ardeam: cf. n. p. 14, 1 . 18. 
 
 Page 20 . 2. sibi: indir. obj. of fieret. — primo quoque tem¬ 
 pore : at the very first opportunity. 
 
 3. sui : an objective gen. modifying desiderium ; tr. for him .— 
 facerent : sc. dii. 
 
 4. Senones : this tribe settled in northern Italy about 400 B.c. 
 
 8. Ex his legatis unus : cf. n. p. 11, 1 . 22. — contra ius gentium : 
 international law began with the Romans; cf. n. p. 10, 1 . 4. 
 
 12. Alliam : now a nameless brook running into the Tiber, about 
 eleven miles from Rome. — ante — Sextiles = fuly 18. § 631 (376) ; 
 B. 371 ; G. p. 491 ; H. 754 (642); H-B. 664. The year was 390. 
 
 13. nefastos: sc. dies. The Romans numbered 40,000; the 
 Gauls 70,000. The wild and furious onslaught of the Gauls dis¬ 
 mayed the Romans, who fled in a panic and were slain by the 
 thousand. The Romans never forgot the Allia, and thenceforth 
 forever the Gaul was the most dreaded foe. 
 
 19. obstinato ad mortem animo : tr. determined to die. — exspecta¬ 
 bant : note how T finely the continuance of a past action is brought 
 out by the imperfect tense. 
 
 21. sellis : v. fig. 1, and note. The dat. is due to in in composition. 
 
 2\. praetextatos: v. note on praetexta , p. n, 1. 17. — 5 rnatu : 
 abl. of specification ; so mdiestdte. 
 
 25. Ad quos cum^ cf. n. on Qui cum , p. 5, 1 . 5 ; tr. with conversi. 
 
NOTES. 
 
 99 
 
 27. Gallo : tr. as if a gen. The Latin idiom, however, requires 
 the acc. and dat. after incussisse. — barbam is the object of 
 permulcenti , which agrees with Galld. 
 
 Page 21 * 3. nocte sublustri : abl. absolute. — sublevantes 
 — alios: tr. helping each other in turn by pushing and pulling; tr. 
 also literally. 
 
 5. canes : note the order. An emphatic word or phrase is 
 placed between ne and quidem. 
 
 7. quibus : abl. of separation. The preposition d, ab is generally 
 found after abstineo. 
 
 8. erant : we expect to find the indicative after quia , because its 
 clause assigns a fact as a cause. How is it with quod? — quae res: 
 res is the antecedent of quae , and in apposition with the previous 
 sentence. In such a case the antecedent is regularly in¬ 
 corporated within the relative clause ; tr. a circumstance 
 which. 
 
 10. Manlius : from this heroic deed he received the 
 surname Capitolinus. 
 
 12. umbone: the projecting knob in the center of a 
 shield (v. fig. 11). — ictum deturbat = icit et deturbat ; cf. 
 
 P' 2 ' >• 2 ' Fig. ... 
 
 13. Cuius casus cum: cf. Ad quos cum above. The 
 
 watchfulness of the goose was proverbial among the Romans. One 
 was often kept to guard the house, and it was believed to be more 
 vigilant than a dog. 
 
 . . . nec voce silentia rumpunt 
 
 S 611 icitive canes, canibusve sagacior dnser. 
 
 Ovid, Met . xi. 598-9. 
 
 15. placuit: cf. n. p. 14, 1. 22. 
 
 21. pretib : abl. of means. — mille: sc. libris — pounds, in appo¬ 
 sition with pretio. 
 
 23. iniqua pondera : false weights. 
 
 25. Romani exercitus : the one which had been defeated at the 
 Allia. 
 
100 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 28. nuntius : cf. n. on ca 7 ies, p. 21, 1 . 5. 
 
 29. triumphans : cf. n. on triumphavit, p. 11, 1. 6. 
 
 30. ingressus : sc. est. 
 
 Page 22 , 1. alter: v. n. on alterum, p. 7, 1. 18. 
 
 3. Veios : cf. p. 8, 1 . 23. 
 
 6. omen : subj. of movit. 
 
 7. manipularibus : a legion consisted of thirty maniples ; a 
 maniple of two centuries; each century was led by a 
 centurion. The number of men in a legion varied 
 at different periods from four to six thousand. — 
 signifer : the annexed illustration is from Trajan’s 
 column in Rome. See also fig. 6. 
 
 8. Qua v 5 ce audita : tr. on hearing these words. 
 
 9. omen : it was not at all unusual for the Romans 
 to attach a peculiar and oracular significance to a chance 
 remark, as in this case. To accept an omen was to 
 consider it favorable ; tr. in this order: et senatus con- 
 cldmdvit se accipere omen. 
 
 12. obstrictos: sc. eos. Tr. obstrictos aere alieno, 
 debtors. — crimine — damnatus : convicted on the charge 
 of aspiring to the throne. To secure his conviction it 
 is said that he had to be tried in a spot whence the 
 Capitol, the scene of his heroism, could not be seen. 
 
 13. Tarpeio : v. n. on proditio, p. 3, 1 . 26. 
 
 Fig. 12. 
 
 XIII. Spurius Postumius. 
 
 Read Church’s Stories from Livy, Chap. XVII. 
 
 15. Samnites: they lived to the east and south of Latium and 
 Campania, and were distinguished for their bravery and their love 
 of freedom. The Romans found them the most formidable ene¬ 
 mies whom they had yet encountered in Italy. The war, begun in 
 343 b.c., was continued with but few interruptions for fifty-three 
 years. 
 
NOTES. 
 
 ioi 
 
 16. in auxilium vocati: called upon for assistance. 
 
 17. orbe: cons.? — Campaniae: appositional gen., so we say 
 ‘ the state of New York.’ 
 
 18. Nihil: sc. est. Forms of sum are often omitted. 
 
 19. certamen: the scene of the contest. 
 
 21. Caieta : on the coast of Latium, near Campania. It is one 
 of the oldest cities in Italy. Its modern name is Gaeta, and it is an 
 important fortification. — Misenum: formerly the station of the 
 Roman fleet. — Baiae: between Misenum and Puteoli; a famous 
 and much-visited watering-place. — 
 
 “ Your grace, sweet Muses, shields me still 
 On Sabine heights, or lets me range 
 Where cool Praeneste, Tibur’s hill, 
 
 Or liquid Baiae proffers change.” ^ ... 
 
 Lucrinus : a lake near to Baiae, celebrated for its oyster beds. 
 
 22. Avernus : a lake near Naples, filling the crater of an extinct 
 volcano. It was supposed to communicate with the lower world. — 
 vitibus : the wines of Campania were famous, especially the 
 Falemian, Massic, and Formian. 
 
 “-these cups of mine 
 
 Falernum’s bounty ne’er has blessed, 
 Nor Formian vine.” 
 
 Hor. Od . i. 20. 
 
 24. ad: near. 
 
 25. Pompeii : read Bulwer’s Last Days of Pompeii. 
 
 26. Capua : consult the map for the localities above mentioned. 
 The author has not exaggerated the beauties of Campania. 
 
 27. Carthagine : the largest city in northern Africa, and for 
 many years the rival of Rome for the mastery of the world. 
 
 l*af/e 23 , 3- pugnatum . . . est: cf. n. p. 7,1. 14. So ventum est. 
 4. Spurius Postumius cbnsul : of what is it the subject? cf. n. 
 p. 2, 1. 10. 
 
 7. qul . . . dicerent : v. n. p. 3, 1 . 5. 
 
 9. ferrent: cf. dedituri essent, p. 19, 1 . 6. 
 
 10. altera : distinguish between alter and alius in meaning. 
 
102 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 11. breviorem: sc. viam. 
 
 12. qui locus : tr. in a place which. 
 
 13. Furculae Caudinae: the Caudine Forks, a narrow ravine 
 near Caudium, a city in Samnium. 
 
 16. intuentes alii alios : looking at one another. 
 
 19. turn . . . turn : at one time ... at another. 
 
 21. faciendum esset : v. n. p. 2, 1 . 1. So placeret, 1 . 23. 
 
 22. accitum : who had been sent for. 
 
 29. iugum : this was formed by two spears stuck in the ground, 
 with another fastened transversely over their tops. To pass under 
 the yoke was a disgrace worse than death. 
 
 30. paludamenta: v. n. p. 7, 1. 29. — cdnsulibus : § 381 (229); 
 B. 188. 2. d; G. 347. 5; H. 427 (385. II. 2); H-B. 371. — detracta: 
 sc. sunt; so too with missi. 
 
 l y (l(je 24 . 1. primi . . . missi: were the first to be sent. Dis¬ 
 tinguish this use of the adj .primus from that of the ad \. primum, 
 and primo. 
 
 3. Romanis: dat. with adj. tristior. — ipsa: tr. very. 
 
 4. fugere : here transitive = to shun. 
 
 6. quisque : in partitive app. with the subj. of abdiderunt. Note 
 its position. In this idiom it regularly follows the poss. pro. refer¬ 
 ring to the subj. — aedes : cf. n. p. 5, 1. 16. 
 
 7. sententiam dicere: any magistrate, except aedile or quaestor, 
 might summon the senate. The presiding officer was the magistrate 
 who called the meeting. After the president had stated the matter 
 of business, he might call for an immediate vote, or he might invite 
 discussion. In the latter case he called upon the members to speak 
 ( sententiam dicere) in order of precedence, beginning with the 
 princeps sendtiis. 
 
 10. eius iniussu : without its authority. — facta est : subject 
 sponsio. — ex ea : sc. spdnsione ; tr. by that agreement. 
 
 12. saeviant : do not translate as if it were saeviunt. 
 
 13. animi: not mind. 
 
 15. fetialibus: v. n. on legatum, p. 9, 1. 21. 
 
 16. ei : cf. consulibus, p. 23, 1. 30. — detracta : sc. est. 
 
NOTES. 
 
 103 
 
 1 8. maiestatis : v. n. on audaciae, p. io, 1 . ii. — Quin: learn the 
 following principal uses : — 
 
 P a. Interrogative = why not ? 
 
 Quin ■< 
 
 I. Principal Clauses. J Corroborative = indeed, 
 
 b nay, verily, etc. 
 
 II. Subordinate Clauses — used after negative 
 sentences to express result. 
 
 2i. fetialis: gen. 
 
 24. violatum : sc. esse. It is connected with esse in the preceding 
 line by et understood. To do violence to a fetial legate was sure 
 to lead to war. — eo : abl. of degree. 
 
 25. Accepta — rediit: note the chiastic order, and how well the 
 emphasis is brought out. 
 
 Pontius, the noble Samnite, continued to fight the battles of 
 his country for yet many years. Often victorious, he was finally 
 defeated and taken prisoner. He was led in chains in the triumph 
 of his victor, and was then beheaded ; an act which Niebuhr charac¬ 
 terizes as “ the greatest stain in the Roman annals.” 
 
 XIV. Publius Valerius Laevinus, et Pyrrhus, rex Epiri. 
 
 Read Plutarch’s Life of Pyrrhus. 
 
 Page 25 , r. Tarentinis : Tarentum was a large city in south¬ 
 ern Italy on a gulf of the same name, now Taranto. — iniuriam : 
 v. n. on violatum, p. 24, 1. 24. — fecissent : subj. because assigned 
 as the reason of the Romans, not that of the author. 
 
 2. Pyrrhum : a noble king, and one of the greatest generals of 
 antiquity. — Epiri: a district in northern Greece, on the west coast. 
 
 3. auxilium: § 396 (239. 2. c ); B. 178; G. 339 ; H. 411.2 (374-2); 
 H~B. 393. a, b. — qui : refers to Pyrrhum. 
 
 4. Achillis : many families traced their ancestry back to the 
 heroes of the Trojan war, and of these Achilles was the most 
 glorious. 
 
 5. primum: v. n. on primT, p. 24, 1. 1. 
 
 7. qui cum : v. n. p. 5, 1. 5. 
 
104 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 S. exercitum : subj. of ostendi, after which sc. eis. 
 
 9. dimitti: sc. eos as subject. — quaecumque: an indefinite 
 relative = omnia quae. 
 
 10. agerentur: v. n. on perduxisset , p. 3, 1 . 22.— Commissa 
 . . . pugna : for tr. v. n. on pulso fratre , p. 1, 1. 3. 
 
 11. elephantos : elephants frequently figure in the history of the 
 wars of the Persians, Greeks, and Romans, though at this time the 
 Romans were unacquainted with them. 
 
 12. aciem : distinguish from exercitus , and dgmen. 
 
 16. secum — abripiebant: give an idiomatic translation. 
 
 19. occisos : sc. Romanos. — adverso volnere: with wounds in front. 
 
 22. potuisse = potui of dir. disc. § 517. c (308. c) B. 304. 3; 
 G. 597. 3 - ( a) ; H. 583 (511. n. 3); H-B. 582. 3. a. 
 
 23. Quid mihi cum tali victoria : of what advantage is such a 
 victory to me ? sc. est, which is often omitted in colloquial questions 
 and in exclamations. 
 
 24. ubi = when ( the result is that). § 537. 2 (319. 2) ; B. 284. 2 ; 
 G. 552. 1 ; H. 5S9. II (500. I); H-B. 521. 1. 
 
 27. ferro ignique : with fire and sword. The Latin inverts the 
 English order; cf. caede atque incendiis (Cic. Cat. I, § 3). — lapidem : 
 
 C. Gracchus (died 121 B.c) introduced the practice of 
 marking the distance from Rome on the great high¬ 
 ways by means of mile-stones ( milliaria) at intervals 
 of 1000 Roman paces. Of course there were none at 
 the time of Pyrrhus. See fig. 13. 
 
 l*a<je 20, 1. obviam venit: came to meet , an 
 
 expression followed by the dat. 
 
 2. Qu 5 viso : at the sight of this. — sibi. . . Herculi : 
 datives of possessor with esse , of which fortiinam is 
 the subj. 
 
 3. quam : as. — hydram : one of the twelve labors 
 of the Greek hero Hercules was to kill the dragon or hydra which 
 dwelt in the marshes of Lerna near Argos. It had nine heads, and as 
 often as one was cut off, two new ones grew in its stead. Hercules 
 finally killed it by burning the stumps where the heads had been. 
 
NOTES. 
 
 105 
 
 8. cogndscerent : this verb means to learn in the present system 
 and to know, i.e. to have learned, in the perfect. 
 
 io. dementia : subj. of solet. 
 
 12. dominum : the Tarentines found to their sorrow that, if they 
 would have the help of Pyrrhus, they must give up their idle and 
 luxurious living, and conform to the strictness of military discipline. 
 
 14. Neque deerant : v. n. on haud secus ac, p. 12, 1 . 7. — arcessiti : 
 sc. sunt. 
 
 15. quod — locuti essent: observe that the charge was true, 
 but, as it is given on the authority of the accusers, and not on that 
 of the author, the subj. is used. 
 
 16. periculum : observe the emphasis from its position. 
 
 18. pervenissent : v. n. on perduxisset, p. 3, 1. 22. 
 
 20. dicturi fuimus : we might have expected dixissemus, but 
 bear in mind that the periphrastic forms are regularly in the ind. in 
 the conclusion of conditional sentences. 
 
 21. vini : pred. gen. of possession after videri. 
 
 24. pacem — facere: this infinitive clause is the subj. of fore 
 ( futurum esse), and gloriosum is pred. adj. agreeing with it. 
 
 25. Cineam : for decl. v. §44 (37); B. 22; G. 65; H. 81 (50); 
 H-B. 68. 
 
 27. valebat : multum valere is an idiom = to be very influential; 
 cf. plurimum posse. 
 
 28. vi et armis : tr. by force of arms. The use of two nouns and 
 a conjunction instead of a noun with a gen. or with an adj. is known 
 as hendiadys. Cf. pretio ac spe, p. 17, 1 . 26. 
 
 29. tamen : i.e. though a courtier, he was not a flatterer. 
 
 IP age 27 • 5- acturus es : about equivalent to agere destinas, 1. 3. 
 
 7. mihi : dat. of possessor. 
 
 8. ille: sc. inquit. Verbs of saying are often omitted when they can 
 be readily supplied from the context. — Quid deinde : sc. acturus es. 
 
 9. nos : obj. of dabimus. 
 
 10. otio : § 410 (249); B. 218. 1 ; G. 407 ; H. 477 (421. I); H-B. 
 430. 1. — quominus: regularly introduces a subj. clause of purpose 
 after verbs of hindering. 
 
106 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 11. istd : to what person does iste refer as distinguished from hie 
 and ille ? Make the person clear in translating. 
 
 12. Romam: note the order. 
 
 17. condicionum : sc. pads. 
 
 18. sententia : v. n. on sententiam dicere , p. 24, 1 . 7. 
 
 19. Appius Claudius: one of the greatest of the noble Claudian 
 gens. He built the great Appian aqueduct, and began the famous 
 Appian Way, which runs from Rome to Capua; he was no less dis¬ 
 tinguished as a soldier, and was the earliest Roman writer in prose 
 and verse whose name has come down to us. — ob — solitus : tr. by 
 a relative clause. 
 
 21. lectica : a palanquin introduced into Italy from the East. It 
 was made in various sizes and styles and carried by from two to 
 
 eight slaves. At first 
 it was used only by 
 the sick and by women, 
 but later it was a com¬ 
 mon vehicle for pleas¬ 
 ure, business, or travel. 
 See fig. 14. 
 
 Fig. 14. 
 
 22. itaque — est : and 
 
 so the senate replied to Pyrrhus. What is the subject of responsum est ? 
 23. excessisset : what in dir. disc. ? 
 
 26. potuissent : why subjunctive ? cf. pervenissent , p. 26, 1. 18.— 
 
 ante . . . quam si: unless, or until; but what literally taking ante 
 as an adverb ? § 434 (262); H. (520. fn. 1); H-B. 507. 4. fn. 2. 
 
 27. reverti depends on iusserunt. — binum, gen. plural. How 
 different in sense from duorum ? 
 
 29. qualem Romam comperisset : tr. what kind of city he had 
 
 found Rome to be. 
 
 31. vero : used to bring in something additional, of more weight 
 and importance than what precedes. — visum: agrees with senatum 
 and is understood with urbem. 
 
NOTES. 
 
 107 
 
 XV. Gaius Fabricius. 
 
 Page 2 S. i. Ex legatis : among the ambassadors. 
 
 2. C. Fabricius : a typical Roman of the old style. He is often 
 referred to by later writers as a model citizen. — Cuius: his. It 
 modifies nomen. 
 
 3. ut: tr. as, and sc. that referring to nomen. The English 
 redundant ‘that’ in the phrase ‘that of’ is never expressed in 
 Latin. 
 
 5. ceteris : distinguish between ceteri and alii. 
 
 6. quae omnia: all of which. Would omnia quorum be good 
 Latin? § 346. e (216. e) ; B. 201. 1. b; G. 370. 2; H. 442. 2 (397. 
 2. N.) ; H-B. 346. c. 
 
 16. vellet = consent. 
 
 17. etiam: usually precedes the emphatic word. 
 
 18. vis : from void. 
 
 19. sin verb malum : sc. virum me iudicds. 
 
 21. ablata : v. atiferd. 
 
 24. si — necaturum : what form of condition ? Put into dir. disc. 
 
 25. vinctum reduci: cf. n. on armatis . . . properavit , p. 2, 1. 2; 
 vinctum not from vinco. 
 
 27. spopondisset : subordinate clause, ind. disc. 
 
 Page 2 i)• 2. honestate : not honesty. Make it a general rule 
 not to translate a Latin word by the English word it most 
 resembles. 
 
 3. apud Pyrrhum : v. n. on apud, p. 14, 1 . 20. 
 
 4. quendam : this word always signifies that the author has some 
 particular person or thing in mind which he may not choose to name. 
 In this case it was Epicurus (died 270 B.C.), the founder of the school 
 of philosophy bearing his name. He was a great man, and of 
 blameless and simple life. Perhaps no one has been more violently 
 attacked by rival philosophers, and by those who had but a super¬ 
 ficial knowledge of his doctrines. 
 
 7. hostibus : cf. n. on cici . . . parcitur , p. 19, 1. 9. 
 
108 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 8. quo : v. n. p. 9, 1. 4. 
 
 9. dederint: v. n. on cum, p. 1, 1 . 13. This is the fut. perf. ind. 
 
 — ab—alienum: English says ‘foreign to.’ What does Latin say? 
 11. salino: the abl. of material usually has e, ex, but sometimes 
 
 omits it. Salt was much used in sacrifice, hence the salt-cellar was 
 an object of veneration, and was usually of silver even among the 
 poorer citizens. Often it was a much-valued heirloom. — 
 
 “ More happy he whose modest board 
 His father’s well-worn silver brightens.” 
 
 Hor. Od. ii. 16. 
 
 — patella : a small bowl or basin in which solid viands w T ere offered 
 to the gods. 
 
 16. mihi: v. n. on civitati , p. 6, 1. 12. 
 
 17. hac: v. n. on subole , p. t, 1. 4. 
 
 18. simultatem gerebat: was on bad terms with. For force of 
 
 tense v. n. on inferebat , p. 6, 1. 8. 
 
 19. ipse: i.e. Fabricius. 
 
 21. Quia . . . erat: v. n. on erant , p. 21, 1 . 8. 
 
 22. bellum: what war? 
 
 23. auctor fuit = studuit. 
 
 25. homo inimicus: in app. with the subj. of fecisset ; translate 
 by a concessive clause. Se refers to Rufinus. 
 
 26. venire: used for the passive of vendo. Distinguish from 
 venire. The point is that Fabricius feared the approaching war 
 and the possibility of being sold into slavery if defeated more than 
 he did the thieving of the consul; especially since the latter, with 
 all his faults, was still industrius ac bonus imperator. 
 
 27. postea : not post nox postquam. Distinguish carefully between 
 these three words. — censor : the censorship, instituted in 443 b.c., 
 discharged three chief duties : (1) to assess the property of each 
 citizen ; (2) to prepare the list of the senate; (3) to manage the 
 finances of the republic. Censors were elected about every five 
 years, and held office eighteen months. 
 
 28. quod — haberet : tr. because he had ten pounds of silver plate. 
 30. unde : a relative adv. introducing a result clause. 
 
NOTES. 
 
 109 
 
 Page 30 , 2. conlocavit : i.e. in matrimonium. 
 
 4. dicionis : § 343. b (214. c) ; B. 198. 3 ; G. 366; H. 447 (403) ; 
 H-B. 340. 
 
 7. ita means ‘ with this guilt on his shoulders.’ 
 
 9. lacerata : sc. est. 
 
 11. Qua : -tr. this. 
 
 14. prosperi : § 346. 3 (216. 3); B. 201. 2 ; G. 369 ; H. 442 (397. 3); 
 H-B. 346. — Italia : a prep, would have been regular here. 
 
 15. ignobili morte: he was struck by a heavy tile which an 
 Argive woman threw from the house-top. 
 
 XVI. G-aius Duilius. 
 
 17. Gaius Duilius: his brilliant victory over the Carthaginians 
 near Mylae, off the northern coast of Sicily, led the way to the 
 successful conclusion of the first Punic war. The memory of it 
 was perpetuated by a column which stood in the 
 Forum, and which was adorned with the beaks of the 
 captured ships ( Columna Rostrata). See fig. 15.— 
 primus: cf. n. on primi, p. 24, 1. 1. 
 
 18. a Punicis : the Phoenicians excelled all other 
 ancient peoples as mariners. Their commercial spirit 
 carried their ships to every sea. They colonized north¬ 
 ern Africa and Spain, and, going beyond the straits, 
 they traded north and south along the coasts of Africa 
 and Europe. The Romans were an agricultural people 
 and had no fondness for sea-faring. 
 
 20. excogitavit : note the etymology. 
 
 21. quae manus ubi : tr. when these hooks. 
 
 22. transgrediebatur : mark the force of the imperfect; also in 
 dimicabant, 1. 23. 
 
 23. ipsorum: refers to the enemy.— comminus: see Word- 
 Groups under MA-. — Romanis : cf. mihi, p. 27, 1 . 7. 
 
 25. expugnatae: distinguish between expugno and oppiignd. 
 
 Fig. 15. 
 
110 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 26. septiremis : i.e. a ship having seven banks of oars. The rest 
 had probably five banks of oars ( quinqueremes ), as these were com¬ 
 monly used for war at that period. Before the first Punic 
 war, the Romans had only triremes (see fig. 16), and not 
 
 many of them. — mersae : sc. 
 sunt. 
 
 Page 31 . 2. triumphum: 
 
 v. n. on triumphavit, p. 11, 1. 6. 
 
 3. terra: why no prep.? \ 
 § 427 - a (258. /. 1); B. 228. ; 
 1. c; G. 386. n. 1 ; U. 485. 2 
 (425. 2); H-B. 449. a. — etiam : 
 v. n. p. 28, 1. 17. 
 
 5. funali : a torch made of 
 (funis) and smeared with pitch. • 
 from a painting at Herculaneum 
 
 1 2. Consulit . . . v 5 s : ashs 
 vobis mean ? § 367. c (227. c ); 
 H-B. 367. 
 
 15. debeat : v. n. on esset , p. 
 
 Fig. 16. 
 
 plant fibres twisted into a rope 
 -tibicine : see fig. 17. It is taken 
 — cena : the principal meal of the 
 day taken in the afternoon or early 
 evening. 
 
 6. Hannibal : not the great gen¬ 
 eral of the second Punic war. 
 
 7. capiebatur : uas 071 the point 
 
 of being taken. 
 
 8. Veritus : fearing, cf. ratus, 
 p. 7, 1. 13 ; detestatus , p. 19, 1. 7.— 
 classis amissae : for tr. cf. ob vir¬ 
 gines raptas , p. 3, 1. 16; see also n. 
 on auddciae, p. 10, 1. 11. 
 
 10. ex: directly after. 
 
 11 . perveniret : cons. v. n. on 
 indiceret, p. 9, 1. 21.— quendam: 
 v. n. p. 29, 1. 4. 
 
 your advice. What would consulit 
 
 1. 346. N. 2; H. 426. 4 (385. 1); 
 
 2, 1. i. 
 
NOTES. 
 
 Ill 
 
 16. quin : v. n. p. 24, 1. iS. 
 
 19. victus: part expressing concession. 
 
 20. re male gesta : tr. when he had met defeat. 
 
 21. adficiebatur : cf. n. on inferebat , p. 6, 1. 8. 
 
 XVII. Gaius Lutatius Catulus. 
 
 Catulus and Duilius were the naval heroes of the first Punic war (264-241 b.c.). 
 
 24. dum : for cons, and tense with this conjunction, v. n. on p. 2, 
 1. 11 ; and the note on tenet in the same line. — Drepanum : city and 
 harbor on the north-west side of Sicily. 
 
 Page 32 . 1. nuntiatur: why indicative ? 
 
 2. ad exercitum : the land force which, under the great Hamil¬ 
 car, was holding Sicily.— copiis: sc. onustae with this and the 
 following ablatives. 
 
 3. et pecuniae amplissimo numero : tr. with a very large sum 
 of money. 
 
 4. Summae rerum : tr. the whole expedition. Cons, of summae? 
 
 5. Hie— agebat : tr. he was making great exertions with this in 
 view. 
 
 6. levaret . . . compleret : what case follows verbs of plenty 
 and want ? 
 
 7. sic : thus prepared. 
 
 8. At : this word serves to recall our attention emphatically to 
 the consul. 
 
 9. potius : distinguish between this word and amplius and magis. 
 
 10. Aegates insulas : off the western coast of Sicily. This battle, 
 both for the numbers engaged and for its consequences, is to be 
 remembered as one of the great naval engagements of history. 
 
 15. hac condicione : abl. of cause. 
 
112 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 XVIII. Quintus Fabius Maximus. 
 
 Read Plutarch’s Life of Fabius ; Arnold’s Life of Hannibal. 
 
 Quintus Fabius Maximus was one of the most distinguished members of 
 that famous Fabian gens whose history goes back to the very beginning of 
 Rome. The most important period of his life is embraced within the years 
 included between the dates placed at the head of this passage, though he had 
 already been consul twice before this. In 217, in the second year of the 
 second Punic war (218-202 b.c.), immediately after the Roman defeat at 
 Trasumenus, he was appointed dictator against Hannibal; and for many 
 years he was a conspicuous figure in that great struggle. He died in 203, 
 too soon to witness Hannibal’s final overthrow. 
 
 18. Hannibal: he and his father Hamilcar are among the very 
 greatest generals of all time. — novem annos natus : at the age oj 
 nine years. What literally? 
 
 20. res: v. n. p. 16, 1 . 4; Quae res maxime: this incident more 
 
 than anything else. 
 
 22. Saguntum: a city on the east coast of Spain, south of the 
 Ebro river. Its site is covered with interesting ruins. 
 
 23. foederatam : such states were independent, but could look to 
 Rome for help in time of need and were expected 
 to furnish in return troops and supplies. They 
 did not possess Roman citizenship. 
 
 26. toga : the principal outer garment of the 
 Romans, derived from the Etruscans. It was 
 usually of white wool. The sinus of the toga 
 was the fold on the breast. In this articles were 
 often carried. A Roman had no pocket. A 
 second sinus appears farther down (v. fig. 18). 
 
 1 *age 33 , 1. utrum: distinguish from quis. 
 4. eisdem : sc. animis. 
 
 6. superatis — iugis : his march across the 
 Alps filled the Romans with astonishment and 
 dismay. It is one of the great events in military history. What 
 general in modern times did the same ? 
 
 Fig. 18. 
 
NOTES. 
 
 113 
 
 7. Publium Scipionem: father of the great Africanus. — 
 Ticinum: this and the Trebia are tributaries of the Po. The greatest 
 of these victories was that over Flaminius at Lake Trasumenus in 
 north-eastern Etruria, 217 b.c. 
 
 11. dictator : an officer having autocratic power who was appointed 
 whenever great and unusual danger threatened the state. He held 
 office for but six months. — mora : the Fabian tactics were to avoid 
 a decisive engagement and to weaken Hannibal by cutting off his 
 supplies and harassing his rear and outposts. 
 
 14. recedere ab ancipiti discrimine: tr. to decline a hazardous 
 engagement. 
 
 15. tueri: note the emphasis. 
 
 16. laudem: many writers glorify the deeds of Fabius. Ennius 
 (239 B.c.), the father of Latin poetry, says of him: 
 
 “ ’T was one man’s courage saved the state, 
 
 By wise delay. The people’s frown 
 He scorned, for safety dared to wait. 
 
 The years still glorify his crown.” 
 
 18. castris: the locative abl. is often used without a preposition, 
 when the idea of cause, manner, or means is combined with that of 
 place. 
 
 19. quantum: adverbial acc. — cogeret: informal ind. disc., v. n. 
 p. 3» 1- 22. 
 
 20. occasioni: v. n. p. 6, 1. 12. — rei bene gerendae: cf. re male 
 gestd, p. 31, 1 . 20. — qua: § 149 (105. d) ; B. 91. 2 ; G. 107 ; H. 186 
 (190. 1); H-B. 142. 
 
 22. militem . . . virtutis . . . paenitere: cons. v. § 354. ^(221. b); 
 B. 209; G. 377; H. 457 (409. Ill); H-B. 352. 
 
 Page 34 , 2. ratus: v. n. on detestatus , p. 19, 1. 7. 
 
 ut — invidiam: that he might make Fabius unpopular among 
 his countryi 7 ien. 
 
 12. vocitabant : from vocito, the intensive or iterative form of voco, 
 expressing emphasis and repetition, v. Word-Groups under VOC-.— 
 magister equitum: this was an officer appointed by the dictator to 
 
114 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 act as his lieutenant. He represented the dictator in his absence 
 and had command of the cavalry in battle. 
 
 13. ilium, etc.: ind. disc, depending upon the idea of saying in 
 criminando. 
 
 14. quo : cf. n. p. 9, 1. 4. 
 
 16. dictatori: ind. object of aeqndvit. 
 
 17. imperio: abl. of specification. 
 
 20. ei . . . auxilio : § 382. 1 . n. 1 (233. a) ; B. 191 ; G. 356 ; H. 433 
 (390); H-B. 360. 
 
 25. autem: cf. n. p. 10, 1. 9. 
 
 26. cum Fabio : i.e. cum castris Fabi. 
 
 28. Postea: v. n. p. 29, 1 . 27. — Tarento: a large city of Greek 
 origin on the western coast of Calabria. Up to this time it had been 
 the most important city in Magna Graecia. See also n. p. 25,1- i- 
 For cons. v. § 410 (249); B. 218. 1; G. 407; H. 477 (421. I); H-B. 
 429. 
 
 30. per speciem venandi : on the pretence that they were going 
 hunting. 
 
 Page 35 . 4- pastum: § 509 (302); B. 340; G. 435; H. 633 
 
 (546) ; H-B. 618. 
 
 7. iterum ac saepius, again and again. — factum: sc. est. 
 
 8. consuetudinis: partitive gen. with the adv. eo. Tr. the phrase : 
 became such a regular custom. 
 
 9. dedissent: why subj. ? § 593 (342) ; B. 324 ; G. 629, 663 ; H. 652 
 (529. II); H-B. 539. 
 
 11. appropinquarunt = appropinquaverunt ; often with the dat. 
 
 14. corporis: cf. magnitudinis, p. 13, 1. 2. 
 
 15. miratur: v. n. on dum , p. 2, 1. 11. 
 
 18. Livius Salinator: Cicero tells this anecdote of him in his 
 De Senectiite, but he is mistaken in the man. It was M. Livius 
 Macatus that lost Tarentum, and gave efficient service from the 
 citadel in its recovery. 
 
 19. caedi: cons.? 
 
 21. Leve dictu: trifling. § 510 (303); B. 340. 2; G. 436; H. 635 
 
 ( 547 ) ; H-B. 619. 
 
NOTES. 
 
 115 
 
 23. mulierculae : what kind of gen. ? Mark the force of the suffix. 
 
 26. vigilia: the night was divided into four watches of three 
 hours each from sunset to sunrise. 
 
 Page 30 . 2. Et Romani, etc.: tr. The Romans also have a Han¬ 
 nibal of their own. 
 
 3. eadem : with arte. 
 
 6. retinuisset: why subjunctive? Bring out the force of the 
 mood in your translation. 
 
 8. nisi — recepissem: form of condition? Sc. earn tirbem forobj. 
 of the verbs. 
 
 10. legatus: a general officer attached to the army and to the 
 governors of provinces, who acted both in a military and in a civil 
 capacity; his duty being to advise and assist his superiors in their 
 plans and operations, as well as to act in their stead whenever 
 occasion required. A general could nominate his legdtus, but the 
 choice had to be ratified by the senate. 
 
 12. lictoribus: v. n. p. 8, 1. 8. 
 
 16. proximum lictorem : the lictors walked in single file, and the 
 one nearest the magistrate was called proximus lictor. 
 
 19. num in indirect questions means whether and does not imply 
 a negative answer. 
 
 21. dignus: the Romans honored Fabius till the last, and each 
 citizen contributed something to his funeral as a farewell offering of 
 gratitude. The fame of his last years was obscured by the rising 
 glory of Scipio, who was the exact opposite of Fabius in disposition. 
 Fabius never ceased to warn the Romans against the aggressive 
 policy of his rival, and appears to have been very jealous of him. — 
 Cautior quam prdmptior: more wary than quick. The Latin uses 
 the comparative in both adjectives. 
 
 23. ei bello : dat. with apta. 
 
 24. quin: v. n. p. 24, 1 . 18. — rem . . . cunctando restituerit: a 
 quotation from the verses of Ennius cited in n. p. 33, 1 . 16. 
 
 25. Ut: v. n. p. 1, 1 . 10. 
 
 28. ne — posset: substantive clause of negative purpose in 
 apposition with id. 
 
116 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 XIX. Aemilius Paulus et Terentius Varro. 
 
 The events of the second Punic war, up to the time that Fabius was made 
 dictator (217 B.c.), have been briefly summarized in the preceding selection 
 (p. 33, 1. 6-9). After the Roman defeat at Lake Trasumenus, Hannibal 
 made his way into southern Italy, passing through Umbria and Picenum 
 into Campania, and thence into Apulia. In this neighborhood he spent the 
 summer and the following winter, the tactics of Fabius preventing any 
 decisive action. The Romans made great preparations for the year 216. 
 They raised a splendid army; but the consuls, Paulus the patrician and 
 Varro the plebeian, represented opposing factions and held opposing views as 
 to the conduct of the war. Their differences foreshadowed defeat. 
 
 jPage 37 • 5- Cannae : near the eastern coast of Apulia. 
 
 8. autem : v. n. p. 10, 1. 9. 
 
 12. quem cum: v. n. p. 5, 1. 5. 
 
 14. quidam: v. n. on quodam , p. 12, 1 . 9. — tribunus: the 
 tribuni militares ranked below the legati , but above the centuriones. 
 The number attached to each legion varied at different times. At 
 this time there were six. 
 
 16. Ad ea : sc. respondit. 
 
 17. macte : § 340. c (241. d) ; G. 325. r. 1 ; H. 402. fn. 3 (369. 3) ; 
 H-B. 400. 
 
 18. perdas: § 450 (269. a. 3); B. 276. c ; G. 271. 2; H. 561. 2 
 (489. 2)); H-B. 501. 3. a. 2). 
 
 20. adveniat : V. n. on indiceret , p. 9, 1. 21. 
 
 23. occiderunt : not occiderunt. 
 
 25. quingenti: i.e. equites. — in testimonium : 
 as evidence. 
 
 26. modios : a grain measure holding about a 
 peck. — aureorum anulorum : signet-rings were 
 originally of iron. Golden rings could be worn 
 
 only by senators, knights, and the chief magistrates. See fig. 19. 
 
 Page 38 , 1. Hannibali : gratulor takes the dat. 
 
 3. ex . . . praefectis: v. ex pastoribus, p. 11, 1. 22. 
 
 4. cessandum : sc. esse. Impersonal because intransitive. Do 
 not translate literally. — ratus : cf. n. on veritus, p. 31, 1. 8. 
 
NOTES. 
 
 117 
 
 5. die quint5 : in five days. 
 
 6 . Capitolio : the Capitoline hill has two summits; on one of 
 
 them stood the Arx , or citadel, upon the other the famous temple 
 constructed by the last Tarquin in honor of Jupiter, Juno, and 
 Minerva. To the Romans it was the symbol of the strength and 
 stability of the state. When Horace wished to declare his immor- 
 tality he said: -Ever new 
 
 My after fame shall grow while pontiffs climb, 
 
 With silent maids, the Capitolian height.” 
 
 8. eidem : indirect object of dedere. — victoria : cons. ? 
 
 9. Mora : what Hannibal might have gained by an immediate ad¬ 
 vance upon Rome has always been an interesting but fruitless field for 
 speculation. — diei : duration of time is expressed by the gen. with 
 nouns, by the acc. with verbs.— saluti . . . urbi : cf. p. 34, 1. 20. 
 
 13. Capuam Hannibali Cannas: in judging of the truth of this 
 statement we must not forget that Hannibal’s army remained superior 
 in the field, and that he did not leave Italy until twelve years after. 
 
 16. quin : v. n. p. 24, 1. 18. 
 
 17. obviam irent: cf. obviavi venit , p. 26, 1. 1. 
 
 18. desperasset : why subjunctive? Ci. fecissent, p. 25, 1 . 1. 
 
 19. qui : v. n. on quod, p. 8,1. 18. — si . . . fuisset, . . . dedis¬ 
 set: note the form of condi¬ 
 tion. 
 
 20. Non — approbavit : 
 
 moreover he showed by the 
 rest of his life that he had 
 survived the battle, not from 
 love of life, bat frpm love of 
 his country. 
 
 22. barbam — submisit: 
 
 the ancient Romans used to 
 wear the hair and beard long, 
 but after 300 B.c. adults wore the hair short and the face smooth 
 except when in mourning or deep trouble. 
 
 23. recubans : the Romans usually reclined at their meals. 
 See fig. 20. 
 
 Fig. 20. 
 
118 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 25. magistratibus: § 411 (243. e) ; B. 218. 2; G. 406; H. 477. 
 III (414. IV); H-B. 430. 1. 
 
 26. igitur : used, as often, to resume the narrative, after the 
 digression about Varro. 
 
 27. agebat : the present tense would have been regular here ; 
 the past makes the time emphatic by contrast. 
 
 28. erant : sc. eis, dat. of possessor. — templis : dat. of separa¬ 
 tion after detracta stmt. The ancients used to hang the spoils of 
 war upon the walls of the temples. 
 
 29. manumissi : i.e. e manti missi. 
 
 Page 39 . 1. bullis: v. n. p. 11, 1. 18. — singulis anulis: tr. 
 
 a ring apiece. 
 
 2. Patrum: cf. patribus , p. 37, 1 . 19. 
 
 3. equites : object of imitatae , which agrees with tribus. 
 
 4. tabulae : these were thin pieces of wood smeared with wax 
 on one side, which were written upon by a sharp instrument called 
 
 a stilus. Usually two were hinged 
 together to close like a double 
 slate. The waxed side had a 
 raised edge of wood to keep the 
 writing from rubbing. Erasures 
 were made by smoothing over the 
 wax with the broad end of the 
 stilus. See fig. 21. 
 
 7. redimendi sui : § 504. c (298. 
 e) ; B. 339. 5 ; G. 428. R. 1; H. 
 626. 3 (542. I. N. 1) ; H-B. 614. 
 
 10. iurarent: cons. § 535. c (320. c) ; B. 284. 4; G. 298; H. 
 570. 1 (503. II. 3); H-B. 521. 2. c. — impetrassent: not imperdssent. 
 What form of condition ? 
 
 14. veluti aliquid oblitus: tr. pretending that he had forgotten 
 something. For aliquid v. § 350. N. 1. (219); B. 206. 2. a \ G. 376. 
 2 ; II. 454. 2 (407); II-B. 350. 
 
 18. iureiurando: viz. the oath that he would return if allowed to 
 go. Of course it was a palpable evasion of his promise. 
 
NOTES. 
 
 119 
 
 20 . Ea — fregit: that event , more than anything else (maxime), 
 checked Hannibal's presmnption. 
 
 21. rebus adflictis : tr. by a concessive clause. 
 
 XX. Tiberius Gracchus et Gaius Gracchus. 
 
 Read Plutarch’s Life of Tiberius Gracchus, and of Caius Gracchus; A. H. 
 
 Beesley’s The Gracchi, Marius, and Sulla. 
 
 23. Gracchi : plural because two members of the family are 
 named. — Scipionis Africani: the great general who conquered 
 Hannibal in the battle of Zama, 202 B.c. The sister of the Gracchi 
 was married to Scipio Africanus the younger, who destroyed Car¬ 
 thage in 146 B.c. 
 
 24. bonis artibus : liberal studies ox arts. — et — est: and all had 
 great hopes of them. 
 
 ’T ♦ 
 
 Page 40 . 1. Graecis litteris: before this time the average 
 education of the Roman youth was confined mainly to reading, 
 writing, arithmetic, and the laws of the Twelve Tables (see p. 17, 
 1. 22). It was rudimentary and intensely practical. After about 
 100 B.c. Greek letters, in all departments of learning, became para¬ 
 mount in Roman education. 
 
 2. Maximum — sapientissima : note the chiastic order of this 
 sentence and its emphasis. Imitate the order in translation. 
 
 4. apud : cf. n. p. 14, 1. 20. 
 
 6. redirent: subj. because purpose is expressed as well as time. 
 
 10. poterant: the pluperfect subjunctive might be expected, but 
 see § 517. r (308. c) ; B. 304. 3; G. 597. 3 (a); H. 583 (511. N. 3); 
 H-B. 582. 3. a. — perturbare: the story of the Gracchi is here told 
 from the standpoint of the aristocratic party, which was hostile to 
 them. They were noble men, who sacrificed their lives for the 
 welfare of the people. 
 
 12. tribunus plebis: v. p. 17, 1. 11. — creatus: 133 b.c. 
 
 14. agros: by the Licinian laws, passed 367 b.c., no one was to 
 hold more than 320 acres of land. These laws had become a dead 
 
120 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 letter, and Tiberius Gracchus wished to revive them, with some 
 changes of his own. The land of Italy and Sicily had been absorbed 
 by a few rich men, who worked their estates with slaves; while 
 Rome was filled with a landless, famishing crowd. — dividebat . . . 
 replebat : what is the force of this tense here ? 
 
 16. prorogari : the tribunate could not be held for two successive 
 years by the same person. — interempto senatu : no doubt an inven¬ 
 tion of his accusers, as well as the statement that follows. 
 
 19. quidnam : v. n. p. 14, 1. 10. 
 
 20. Capitolium : v. n. p. 38, 1 . 6. 
 
 21. quo slgno : cf. n. on quae res , p. 21, 1. 8. 
 
 22. diadema : a royal crown, for which corona is never used. 
 
 23. cum : concessive, though. 
 26. sequantur : not sequunter. 
 
 29. subselll : a movable bench with¬ 
 out any back, and long enough to 
 accommodate several persons. The 
 
 Fig. 22. 
 
 illustration (fig. 22) is from an original found at Pompeii. The mob 
 of aristocrats killed three hundred with the fragments of the benches. 
 — potuerat : cf. poterat above. 
 
 I*age 41 . 2. Tribunatum: 123 b.c. Caius went somewhat 
 farther in his reforms than Tiberius. He was of charming person¬ 
 ality and of irresistible eloquence. 
 
 3. necis : depends on causa. 
 
 6 . dabat : make clear the force of the tense. 
 
 7. quanta — contentione: with all their might. 
 
 8. bon! : i.e. the aristocrats. 
 
 13. QuI : adv. 
 
 14. Nolim quidem . . . tibi . . . liceat = I should be quite unwill¬ 
 ing to let you ; nolim is the potential subjunctive or the subjunctive 
 in apodosis with omitted protasis, and is made emphatic by quidem. 
 With liceat sc. ut. 
 
 16. partem petam : I shall ask for my share. — Quo: v. n. p. 3, 1 . 24. 
 
 19. ut videret, etc.: the regular formula by which dictatorial 
 power was conferred upon the consul. 
 
 22. familia : «0/ family; v. voc. 
 
NOTES. 
 
 121 
 
 27. Gai : sc. corpus. 
 
 29. auro repensum : tr. and sold for its weight in gold. But what 
 literally ? v. voc. 
 
 30. infuso plumbd : by pouring in lead. — eum : i.e. Septimuleius. 
 — quo, etc.: a purpose clause. 
 
 Page 42 . 2. ut . . . animadverteretur : that punishment be 
 inflicted. 
 
 4. deprecatum : supine. — ignosceretur: v. n. p. 19, 1. 9. 
 
 5. tanti : § 417 (252. a) ; B. 203. 3 ; G. 380. 1 ; H. 448. 1 (404); 
 H-B. 356. 1. 
 
 12. si . . . peccaveris : the indefinite second person singular with 
 the subjunctive— you — any one. This kind of protasis is usually 
 followed by an indicative in the conclusion stating a general truth, 
 as here by est. 
 
 17. possit : cf. Ndlim , p. 41, 1 . 14. — 
 eo plus : more than that. 
 
 19. Zonas: broad double belts for 
 carrying money about the person. 
 
 20. eas simply repeats zonds, which 
 is placed first for emphasis. So eds 
 below repeats a 7 tiphords. 
 
 21. amphoras : a large earthenware 
 vessel, terminating in a point at the 
 bottom, so that it would stand upright in the ground, or remain 
 stationary if leaned against a wall. The illustration (fig. 23) is taken 
 from a wine shop’s sign found at Pompeii. 
 
 XXI. Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus. 
 
 Read Plutarch’s Life of Pompey, Church’s Two Thousand Years Ago, 
 and his Roman Life in the Days of Cicero, Chap. IX. 
 
 23. bell 5 civili : the civil war between Marius and Sulla, 88-82 b.c. 
 Marius died in 86 B.c., but the war was carried on by his party after 
 his death. 
 
 26. fill : he was at this time but nineteen. 
 
122 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 Page 43 . i. hunc occidendum suscepit: tmdertook to kill 
 him. The gerundive is here used as a participle to express pur¬ 
 pose ; cf. alendum , p. 5, 1 . 8. 
 
 2. incenderent : implied ind. disc. 
 
 3. nihil: not at all. 
 
 4. cum — usus est : treated Terentius with the same good-fellow¬ 
 ship as before. 
 
 6. tentorio : dat. with sub-. 
 
 1 r. duel : soon after this the elder Pompey was killed by a stroke 
 of lightning. He was so hated that his corpse was snatched from 
 the funeral bier, dragged through the streets of Rome, and thrown 
 into the Tiber. 
 
 12. Sullae : 138-7S b.c. He served with distinction in Africa as 
 quaestor under Marius in 107 against Jugurtha; took part in the 
 campaigns against the Cimbri and Teutones, 102; conquered Mithri¬ 
 dates king of Pontus, 88-84; and, after a struggle of many years, 
 completely vanquished the Marian party and became dictator of 
 Rome and Italy in 82. Though preeminently a military man, he 
 was finely educated and took a great interest in literature. His 
 great abilities were marred by monstrous cruelty and licentiousness. 
 Read Plutarch’s Life of Sulla. 
 
 13. annos — natus: when he was twenty-three years old. Note 
 the idiom. 
 
 14. ut — veniret : in order to render aid to Sulla , i.e. against the 
 Marian party. This was in 83 b.c., just after Sulla’s return from 
 the first Mithridatic war. See note p. 46, 1 . 2. 
 
 15. peritus : Pompey’s natural military skill was phenomenal. 
 
 25. postea : cf. p. 29, 1. 27. 
 
 26. honorem: the antecedent of quern. Cf. p. 21, 1 . 8, and see note. 
 
 Page 2. deprecabatur : tr. tried to avert. 
 
 4. cuiusdam : v. n. p. 12, 1. 9; p. 29, 1. 4. 
 
 6. fuisset : § 535. e (320. e) ; B. 286. 2 ; G. 626. r. ; H. 592 (517); 
 H-B. 523. 
 
 8. quisnam : cf. quidnam, p. 14, 1. 10, and see note. — esset: 
 v. n. p. 2, 1. 1. 
 
NOTES. 
 
 123 
 
 9. Tam libera voce : by so frank a speech. 
 
 15. adulescens, etc.: in app. with the subj.; tr. by a concessive 
 clause, though a youth, etc. 
 
 18. aegre id ferebat : tr. he felt hiirt. 
 
 19. revertenti : sc. el dependent on obviam Ivit. Cf. p. 38, 1 . 17. 
 
 20. laetus eum excepit : received him with joy. 
 
 21. Nihilo : § 414 ( 2 5 °) ; B - 22 3 5 G - 4°3 5 H - 479 ( 4 2 3 ) 5 H-B. 4 2 4 - 
 
 22. triumphum : v. n. p. n, 1. 6. 
 
 23. re : cf. n. p. 16, 1. 4. 
 
 25. suam : sc. potentiai?i. 
 
 26. Ea voce audita : on hearing that remark ; v. n. p. 1, 1. 3. 
 
 28. Metelld : one of the most successful of Sulla’s generals 
 against the Marian party. In 80 b.c. Metellus was consul with 
 Sulla himself; and in the following year he went as proconsul into 
 Spain, in order to prosecute the war against Sertorius, who adhered 
 to the Marian party. For eight years he contended against Serto¬ 
 rius, but with so little success that the senate sent Pompey to his 
 assistance. 
 
 29. Sertorium : one of the greatest generals that ever lived, con¬ 
 sidering his scanty resources. He was more than a match for both 
 Metellus and Pompey, but was assassinated 72 b.c. Read Plutarch’s 
 Life of Sertorius. 
 
 Taye 45 . 7. partiuntur : to be translated by what tense ? 
 
 8. Altero : here = alio. 
 
 11. castigatum . . . dimisissem: translate by two verbs. 
 
 12. Metellum anum : v. n. on sacerdotem, p. 1, 1 . 5. 
 
 13. deflexerat : v. n. on erant, p. 21, 1. 8. 
 
 15. piratae: these pirates, having their hiding-places along the 
 southern coast of Cilicia, were masters of the entire Mediterranean. 
 No sea port nor vessel was safe from their attack. With a thousand 
 swift ships they swept the seas. 
 
 20. esse : note the emphatic position, so non esse. 
 
 21. non — tribuenda : unlimited power ought not to be bestowed on 
 one man. 
 
 23. summo consensu: with the greatest unanimity. 
 
124 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 26. dispositis — navibus : by stationing his ships here and there, 
 in all the nooks and cor 7 iers of the sea. 
 
 27. brevi : an adv., v. voc. 
 
 28. locis: why no prep.? Cf. terra, p. 31, 1 . 3.— victos fudit: 
 tr. by two verbs. 
 
 30. Nihil: sc. est. 
 
 Page 46 . 2. Mithridatem : a most remarkable man and a 
 great military genius. He was the most formidable of all the enemies 
 that Rome had to meet in the East. This was his third and 
 last struggle against Rome, 74-63 b.c. Pompey went against him in 
 66 b.c. Cicero calls him the greatest of all kings after Alexander. 
 Read Plutarch’s Life of Lucullus. 
 
 11 . unde = qua re. 
 
 13. Pontum : an almost inaccessible and strongly fortified district 
 of Asia Minor, south of the Black Sea. 
 
 16. quod — subiret : when this acted too slowly. 
 
 17. corpus firmaverat: it was no unusual thing thus to protect 
 one’s self against possible assassination by poison. 
 
 19. Armeniae: a country of Asia lying between Asia Minor and 
 the Caspian. Tigranes, the king, was son-in-law to Mithridates. 
 
 22. recreatum agrees with eum, subject of reponere. 
 
 25. Iudaeam : this name was applied by Greeks and Romans to 
 the whole of Palestine. The country was subject to Rome from this 
 time on (63 b.c.). — primus: cf. p. 13, 1. 21. 
 
 26. templum : Pompey touched none of the treasures. These 
 were plundered nine years later by Crassus. 
 
 30. biduo : lasting two days. The abl. not infrequently expresses 
 duration of time. 
 
 Page 47 . 2. quam quod: than the fact that. — triumphis: 
 
 dative. 
 
 4. quod: rel. pro.; its antecedent is the clause following , primum 
 — triumphavit. 
 
 5. tertio : an adv. — felix : means blessed of heaven , always suc¬ 
 cessful, always fortu 7 iate , lucky. Translate the sentence as if it read 
 
NOTES. 
 
 125 
 
 et felix opinione hominum futurus esset , si quem finem gloriae habuit , 
 eundem vitae finem habuisset neque , etc. ; the thought being that it 
 would have been better for Pompey had he died at this the zenith 
 of his glory. 
 
 io. Caesarem: the great Caius Julius Caesar. — hie . . . ille: 
 the former . . . the latter. § 297. a , b (102. a , b) ; B. 246; G. 307. R. I; 
 H. 506 (450. 2); H-B. 274. 2. 
 
 13. Thessaliam: a province in northern Greece. 
 
 14. quern: tr. et eum. 
 
 15. Pharsalum: the battle of Pharsalus, fought 48 b.c., which 
 made Caesar master of the Roman world. 
 
 16. tutor : the father of this Ptolemy had left the execution of his 
 will to the Roman senate, and the senate appointed Pompey guardian 
 of the young king. 
 
 17. Latus — coniectus : note the absence of conjunctions, and 
 observe how this adds to the vividness of the description. Omission 
 of conjunctions is called asyndeton. 
 
 20. anulo : v. n. p. 37, 1. 26. 
 
 21. eo vis 5 : at the sight of it. — illud . . . cremandum curavit : 
 
 cf. hunc occidendum suscepit , p. 43, 1. 1. 
 
 24. multae et magnae : two adjectives belonging to the same 
 noun are regularly connected by a conjunction. — Erant in Pompeio : 
 Pompey had. The Romans said qualities were in a person, where 
 we should say a person had qualities. 
 
 27. negarent : subjunctive with Cum. 
 
 28. apud Lucullum : v. n. p. 14, 1 . 20. 
 
 30. perditus deliciis : spoiled by high living. The thought is: 
 “ Must Pompey owe his life to the ruinous extravagance of Lucul¬ 
 lus?” Lucullus was enormously rich and prodigal. He preceded 
 Pompey in the conduct of the third Mithridatic war. 
 
 l*a(je 4 - 8 . 5. Rhodum : a large island in the eastern Aegean 
 Sea, celebrated for Greek art, oratory, and learning. Cons. ? 
 
 6. quod — laborarent : tr. because he was suffering severely from 
 the gout. How literally ? 
 
 9. lictor : v. p. 8, 1. 8. 
 
126 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 11. ut vidit: v. n. on td, p. i, 1 . io. —moleste se dixit ferre : he 
 said that he was disappointed. 
 
 12. Tu verb . . . potes: indeed you can. 
 
 14. frustra : note the emphatic position. 
 
 16. honestum : not hottest. Cf. n. p. 29, 1. 2. 
 
 19. quamvis sis molestus : however annoying you may be. 
 
 XXII. Gaius Iulius Caesar. 
 
 Read Abbott’s History of Julius Caesar; Plutarch’s Life of Caesar; 
 Church’s Roman Life in the Days of Cicero, Chap. VIII; Froude’s Life of 
 Caesar; Dodge’s Caesar, Great Captains Series; Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar. 
 
 21. Iuliorum : the Julian gens is one of the oldest, and goes back 
 to the very beginning of Rome. Its members enjoyed distinction 
 from the earliest times. — genitus : past part, expressing parentage 
 or birth are followed by the abl. without a prep. 
 
 22. annum — decimum : when he was in his sixteenth year. How 
 else could this be expressed? Cf. id. p. 43, 1 . 13. 
 
 23. Cinnae : the colleague of Marius in his seventh consulship, 
 86 B.C., and a prominent democratic leader. — duxit: sc. in matri¬ 
 monium. 
 
 24. is : i.e. Sulla. 
 
 25. neque — efficere: but he could not accomplish it. Caesar, by 
 defying the merciless dictator at seventeen, showed the mettle that 
 was in him. 
 
 Page 4 f). 2. quartanae morbo : sc. febris , an intermittent 
 fever that returns every fourth day. 
 
 3. prope per singulas noctes : almost every night. 
 
 6 . veniam : a noun. 
 
 7. deprecantibus : tr. by a relative clause. 
 
 10. vincerent — vincite of dir. disc. § 588 (339); B. 316; G. 652; 
 H. 642 (523. Ill); H-B. 538. 
 
 13. Caesar! : v. n. p. 6, 1 . 12. 
 
NOTES. 
 
 127 
 
 15 cordna civica: a chaplet of oak leaves with the acorns, pre¬ 
 sented to the Roman soldier who had saved the life of a comrade in 
 battle and slain his opponent. The illustration 
 (fig. 24) is from a painting at Pompeii. 
 
 16. Rhodum: v. n. p. 48, 1 . 5. 
 
 20. piratis . . . terrori: for cons, cf .partibus 
 . . . exitio, 1. 11. 
 
 22. quibus = ut eis. 
 
 23. talenta : the value of a talent varied in 
 different states and at different times. The 
 Attic talent, which was that adopted by many 
 states, was worth about $1080. 
 
 26. ibique : -que connects properavit and fugavit. 
 
 27. partem classis, etc.: v. n. p. 47, 1. 17. 
 
 29. illis : dat. Why ? 
 
 Page 50 , 1. Quaestori: i.e. quaestor provincialis, an officer 
 
 appointed as assistant to a consul or praetor in charge of a province, 
 v. voc. — ulterior Hispania: the southern part of Spain. The 
 northern two-thirds was Citerior Hispania. — Quo profectus : on his 
 way thither. 
 
 2. cuiusdam : v. n. p. 12, 1. 9. 
 
 3. num : v. n. p. 36, 1. 19. 
 
 4. serio : an adv. 
 
 10. rebus: § 418 (253); B. 226; G. 397 ; II. 480 (424); H-B. 441. 
 
 — colas : subj. of desire in a weak command. 
 
 11. Gades : why no prep. ? 
 
 15. Alexander: he had conquered the East at the age of thirty- 
 two. 
 
 18. Aedilis: the aediles had charge of the public buildings and 
 public works, and general police control over the city. They also 
 superintended all public games and spectacles, and were expected to 
 entertain the people by magnificent shows at their own expense. It 
 was thus that they won support and favor for the higher offices of 
 the state. — Comitium: v. n. p. 16, 1 . 17. — Forum; v. n. p. 4, 1 . 2. 
 
 — Capitolium : v. n. p. 38, 1 . 6. 
 
 Fig. 24. 
 
128 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 19. porticibus : long, narrow walks, covered by a roof supported 
 upon columns, affording protection from snow and rain. They were 
 often constructed with great magnificence and were decorated with 
 statues and paintings. They served as places for public resort.— 
 Venationes : i.e. in the amphitheatre. Caesar surpassed all before 
 him in the splendor of his displays. 
 
 24. miliens sestertium : a contracted expression for milieus cen¬ 
 tena milia sestertium — a hundred million sesterces, about $4,100,000. 
 The meaning is that Caesar needed that sum to pay his debts. 
 
 25. societatem : the First Triumvirate, 60 B.c. 
 
 28. ager Campanus : this was public domain. 
 
 JPaf/e 51 . 4. fascesque : a bundle of rods, sometimes with an 
 axe, carried by each lictor preceding a Roman magistrate. These 
 were symbols of magisterial power ; the rods of scour¬ 
 ging, which preceded execution, the axe of beheading. 
 See fig. 25. — ei: § 376 (235); B. 188; G. 352 ; H. 425. 4. 
 N. (384. 4. n. 3); H-B. 366. 
 
 B U-fl 8. si — signarent: whenever they signed anything as 
 
 VV/ witnesses ; signarent is the imperf. subj. in a general con¬ 
 dition denoting repeated action in past time. 
 
 10. actum : sc. esse. 
 
 11. Iulio et Caesare : sc. consulibus. — nSmine : Ro¬ 
 mans regularly had three names, e.g. Gaius ( praenomen ) 
 Iiilius ( nomen) Caesar ( cognomen ). 
 
 12. duobus: i .q. consulibus. 
 
 13. consulatu: cons.? 
 
 14. novem annis : abl. of time within which. 
 
 Fig. 25. 
 
 16. primus : v. n. p. 24, 1. 1. 
 
 17. ponte fabricato : by building a bridge. 
 
 18. Britannds : Caesar invaded only the southern part of Eng¬ 
 land. It was a century later before the Romans became masters of 
 this land. — superatis: sc. eis , ind. obj. of imperdvit. 
 
 19. cum . . . turn : v. voc. 
 
 20. insignia : tr. remarkable deeds of valor. 
 
 21. quod = in that, introducing a substantive clause. 
 
NOTES. 
 
 129 
 
 22. scuto : the large oblong shield used by the Roman 
 infantry, 4 ft. long by 2 ^ wide. See fig. 26. 
 
 23. aquiliferum: v. figs. 6 and 12, with notes. 
 
 25. comprehensum: tr. as if co 7 nprehendit et. 
 
 28. vincique — docuit : and taught those how to con¬ 
 quer who were ready to be coiiquered. — paratas agrees with 
 legiones understood. 
 
 30. Crasso : see p. 50, 1 . 26. 
 
 Page 52 . 3. Pompeio: dat. of agent. — suspectae: fig. 26. 
 sc. sunt. 
 
 4. ferebat : could endure. — hie . . . ille: v. n. p. 47, 1. 10. 
 
 7. alterum : v. n. p. 7, 1. 18. 
 
 8 . suadentibus Pompeio eiusque amicis : through the influence 
 of Pompey and his friends. 
 
 9. ei: ind. obj. of negatum est. What is its subj. ? — vindicatu¬ 
 rus : § 499. 2 (293. b. 2) ; B. 337. 4 ; G. 438. N. ; H. 638. 3 (549. 3) ; 
 II-B. 607. 
 
 11. Rubiconem : crossing this stream at the head of an army was 
 equivalent to a declaration of war, inasmuch as it was the boundary 
 of his province. 
 
 16. lacta alea esto : let the die be cast. 
 
 17. Brundisium: now Brindisi, and, as in ancient times, the most 
 important seaport for all traffic to the East. 
 
 23. diutius : too long. 
 
 26. naviculam : ci. ponticulum, 1 . 15. Note the force of the suffix. 
 
 30. prius . . . quam = priusquatn, to be translated here, as 
 
 always, with the last clause. The separation of the parts of a 
 compound word is called tme'sis. 
 
 Page 5 . 3 . 3. Pharsalico proelio : on this and events immedi¬ 
 ately following see p. 47, 1. 12-22, and notes. 
 
 4. occisum = eum occisum esse. 
 
 7. Pontum: v. n. p. 46, 1 . 13. —Mithridatis : v. n. p. 46, 1 . 2. 
 
 9. quattuor: limits horis, abi. of time within which ; cf. p. 51,1.14.—■ 
 quibus in conspectum venit: from the time that he had come in sight. 
 
130 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 13. ante . . . quam = sooner than ; cf. n. p. 52, 1 . 30. 
 
 15. Scipionem: Metellus Scipio, Pompey’s father-in-law. 
 
 17. devicit : the battle of Thapsus, 46 b.c. 
 
 19. excepit : what is the subject ? 
 
 21. auxiliis . . . confluentibus: abi. abs. 
 
 22. sequentium: sc. eorum , limiting auxiliis. — Sua . . . for¬ 
 tuna : his peculiar good fortune, a common meaning of suits. 
 
 24. initum : sc. est. 
 
 25. proelium : the battle of Munda, 45 b.c. — dubio Marte : abi. 
 abs. A/drte is here put by metonymy for proelio. 
 
 27. servasset : why subj. ? 
 
 29. proinde viderent: that they should therefore consider. For 
 viderent cf. vincerent, p. 49, 1. 10. — quern . . . imperatorem = 
 what kind of general. — loco: why no prep.? — deserturi essent: 
 cons. ? 
 
 30. magis : cf. potius, p. 32, 1. 9. 
 
 Page 54 . 2. omnibus : cf. dolori, p. 18, 1 . 19. 
 
 6. annum : v. n. on duodecim menses, p. 5, 1. 24. 
 
 11. etiam : v. n. p. 28, 1. 17. — convictbs : sc. eds, object of movit. 
 
 12. legem . . . sumptuariam : law against extravagance. There 
 were many such laws enacted, the first of any importance being in 
 215 b.c. As might be supposed, they all failed of their purpose. 
 
 15. ius civile : Caesar’s death postponed the important work of 
 making a digest of Roman law for more than 500 years. 
 
 16. optima quaeque: tr. all the best. § 313. b (93. c ); B. 252. 5. c; 
 G. 318. 2; H. 515. 2 (458. 1); H-B. 278. 2. b). 
 
 19. Pomptinas paludes: a marshy district extending southward 
 along the coast of Latium for about 25 miles and of varying width. 
 It is still almost entirely waste land, although millions have been 
 spent since Caesar’s time in efforts to reclaim it. 
 
 22. Parthis : a nomadic people living south of the Caspian Sea. 
 They were very warlike and formidable in war, and had at times 
 inflicted severe defeats upon the Roman arms. — Armeniam: v. n. 
 p. 46, 1. 19. 
 
 23. agentem : sc. eum. 
 
NOTES. 
 
 131 
 
 29. rdstris : the speaker’s stand in the Forum, so called because 
 adorned with the beaks ( rostra) of captured ships. It was circular, 
 raised on arches, with a parapet and platform at the top, on which an 
 elevated stand was placed. The illus¬ 
 tration (fig. 27) is from a Roman coin. 
 
 Page 55 . IO. is : sc. respondit. 
 
 14. rogaturus: cf. vindicaturus , 
 p. 52, 1. 9. — renuenti : sc. ei; for 
 cons. v. n. p. 51, 1. 4. — ab : on. 
 
 15. togam: v. fig. 18. — claman¬ 
 tem : sc. eum . 
 
 16. adversum : in front , an adj. 
 used for an adv. 
 
 r8. adreptum : cf. tr. of compre¬ 
 hensum , p. 51, 1. 25. — graphio : usually called stilus ; v. fig. 21. 
 
 21. confossus est : 
 
 “ Then burst his mighty heart; 
 
 And in his mantle muffling up his face, 
 
 Even at the base of Pompey’s statua, 
 
 Which all the while ran blood, Great Caesar fell.” 
 
 22. quern fill loco habebat : tr. whom he used to regard as a son ; 
 v. n. on inferebat , p. 6, 1. 8. 
 
 25. et: correlative with et in 1. 29. 
 
 26. Xenophontem : the well-known Athenian general and his¬ 
 torian (400 B.C.), author of many works, among them a history of 
 Cyrus the Great. — ultima valetudine : tr. in his last sickness. 
 
 28. subitam : sc. mortem. 
 
 29. pridie quam: §434 (262. n. i) ; G. 577. n. 5; H. 4S8. n. i 
 (520. n. 2). 
 
 30. quisnam : v. n. p. 14, 1. 10. — esset: subj. ind. question. 
 
 Page 56 *. 3. sua morte defunctus est : died a natural death. 
 — alius alio casu : one by one fate, atiother by another; note the 
 idiom. 
 
 7. Quo . . . hoc : abl. degree of difference ; tr. the . . . the. 
 
132 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 8. victdria : for cons. cf. morte, 1 . 3, and imperio, p. 2, 1 . 24. 
 
 9. scrinia : a circular box in which books, letters, papers, etc., 
 were kept. The illustration (fig. 2S) is from a Pompeian painting. 
 
 14. quod : that, introduces a substantive 
 clause in apposition with laudem, cf. p. 51, 1. 21. 
 For the mood of the verb v. n. on perduxisset, 
 p. 3, 1. 22. 
 
 19. cenae : v. n. p. 31, 1. 5. 
 
 Page 57 • 1. Armorum ... equitandi ... 
 
 labdris : cf. cibi, p. 23, 1. 19. 
 
 2. ultra fidem : incredibly. 
 
 3. anteibat : note the use of the imperfect tense here and in the 
 following clauses.— seu . . . seu : v. n. p. 13, 1. 15. 
 
 XXIII. Marcus Tullius Cicero. 
 
 Read Plutarch’s Life of Cicero ; A. J. Church’s Two Thousand Years 
 Ago, and Roman Life in the Days of Cicero ; Forsyth’s Life of Cicero; 
 Fausset’s Cicero; Beesly’s Catiline, Clodius, and Tiberius, first part; H. W. 
 Herbert’s The Roman Traitor. 
 
 8. equestri genere : ranking next to the senators, the moneyed 
 aristocracy, v. n. on e quitum, p. 4, 1 . 19. For cons. cf. familid, p. 48, 
 I.21. — Arpini: the locative case. 
 
 11. cogndmen: v. n. on nomine, p. 51, 1. 11. 
 
 15. ubi = ut ubi, hence the subj. 
 
 21. scholas : § 388. b (237. d) ; B. 175. 2. a). 2); G. 331 ; II. 406 
 (372); H-B. 391. 2 
 
 Page 58 , 1. sectaretur: intensive form of sequor; v. n. on 
 
 vocitabant, p. 34, 1. 12. 
 
 4. Roscium : obj. of defendere. — parricidi: § 352 (220) ; B. 208 ; 
 G. 378 ; H. 456 (409. II) ; H-B. 342, 343. 
 
 5. Chrysogoni : depends on potentiam. 
 
NOTES. 
 
 133 
 
 8. nullus : used substantively. The defence of Roscius was, 
 under the circumstances, an act of great courage that reflects high 
 credit upon the youthful advocate. 
 
 ii. Rhodum : v. n. p. 48, 1 . 5. 
 
 13. QuI cum : v. n. p. 5, 1 . 5. 
 
 15. laude: for cons. cf. liberis, p. 8, 1. 13.— privaretur: why 
 subj.? 
 
 16. quaestor: v. n. p. 50, 1. 1. 
 
 17. magna: note emphatic position. 
 
 19. cdgeret: § 535. e (320. e ); B. 286. 2 ; G. 626. R. ; H. 592 (517); 
 H-B. 523. 
 
 22. praetori: the praetors were the judges of Rome. After their 
 year of office, they were sent out to the provinces as propraetors or 
 governors. 
 
 Page of). 1. neutra — «utilis: maimed in both hands and both 
 feet. - que : connects utilis and debilis. 
 
 2. miles erat : he continued to serve as a soldier. — Hannibale : 
 the hero of the second Punic war (218-202). Note the absence of 
 connectives in this passage and cf. p. 47, 1. 17-20, and note. 
 
 3. eius : to whom does it refer ? 
 
 4. nullo non die : every day. 
 
 5. sinistra — suffossis : he engaged in combat four times with only 
 his left hand , and two horses were stabbed from below while he was 
 mounted on them. 
 
 8. duodena: § 137. b (95. b)\ B. 81. 4. b)\ G. 97. r. 3; H. 164.3 
 (174. 2. 3)); H-B. 247. 
 
 9. victdres : pred. nom. after fuere, of which Ceteri is the subj. 
 
 10. etiam: v. n. p. 28, 1. 17. 
 
 14. dominandi: v. n. on audaciae , p. 10, 1. ir. 
 
 16. senatum confodere, etc. : note the asyndeton. 
 
 18. Actum erat: tr. it would -have been all over with; for the 
 mood v. § 517. b (308. b. R.) ; B. 304. 3; G. 597. 2; H. 581. 1 
 (511. 1); H-B. 581. e. 
 
 19. in Ciceronem — incidisset: had happened when Cicero and 
 Antonius were consuls. 
 
134 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 24. inlaturus: cf. vindicaturus , p. 52, 1. 9. 
 
 26. carcere : v. fig. 4 and note. 
 
 28. nitentem : this and the following participles afford a good 
 illustration of the various relations that may be expressed by them; 
 nitentem should be translated by a concessive clause, secutum and 
 ruentem by causal clauses, and retractum by a principal clause coor¬ 
 dinate with adfecit. 
 
 30. supplicio mortis adfecit : punished with death. The Roman 
 father had absolute power over his children, even to killing them. — 
 se : subj. of genuisse. 
 
 Page GO. 1. ilium: i.e. filium. 
 
 5. Quam atrociter dimicatum sit: tr. how desperate the conflict 
 was; v. n on pugnatum est , p. 7, 1. 14. 
 
 6. quem : an emphatic relative clause sometimes stands first, and 
 often contains the antecedent noun. So here, the relative comes 
 first, the antecedent noun is locum , which has been taken into the rela¬ 
 tive clause and is repeated by eum ; tr. in the order /oc 7 (m quem , etc. 
 
 9. pulcherrima morte: how may this abl. abs. be expanded? 
 
 20. quae : sc. ea. 
 
 23. factu: cf. Leve dictu , p. 35, 1 . 21. 
 
 24. Paucis post annis: § 424./(259. d ); 13 . 357. 1 ; G. 403. 4; 
 II. 488. 1 (430); H-B. 424. — diem dixit: tr. made an accusation 
 against , followed by the dat. of the person accused. — Clodius : the 
 notorious enemy of Cicero and one of the most profligate characters 
 of a profligate age. 
 
 27. veste mutata = in mourning. 
 
 29. sua causa: with causa the poss. adj. is regularly used instead 
 of the gen. of the personal pronoun. — Proficiscentem: sc. eum. 
 
 Page Gl. 1. Marco Tullio — interdiceretur: to interdict fire 
 
 and water was a formula that was used in pronouncing a decree of 
 banishment upon a citizen. 
 
 6. itinere depends on iucundius. 
 
 7. Obviam — itum est: tr. as if we had Obviam ei redeunti uni¬ 
 versi ierunt. The impersonal construction emphasizes the verb; the 
 
NOTES. 
 
 135 
 
 personal, the subj. On the use of obviatu see notes p. 38, 1 . 17, and 
 p. 26, 1. I. 
 
 16. veniam: in spite of this pardon, Cicero continued to regard 
 Caesar as an enemy to his country, and he greatly rejoiced at 
 Caesar’s death. 
 
 17. Octavianum: afterwards known as the emperor Augustus 
 Caesar. 
 
 18. Antonium: the famous triumvir who divided the world with 
 Octavianus and Lepidus, and whose life was ruined by Cleopatra, 
 the “ serpent of the Nile.” 
 
 24. transiturus: cf. vindicaturus , p. 52, 1. 9. 
 
 25. provectum: sc. eum obj. of rettulissent. 
 
 30. ipsum : but that he. 
 
 Page 02 , 1. lecticam’: v. fig. 14 and note. — quietos: sc. eos 
 subj. of pati and referring back to servos , tr. as an adv. — quod: 
 sc. id. 
 
 2. Prominenti: sc. ei dat. of the person after praecistwi est; so, 
 too, with praebenti. 
 
 5. rostris: v. fig. 27 and note. 
 
 8. plus operae ponebat: he gave more of his attention. 
 
 20. brevi tempore: cf. novem annis, p. 51, 1. 14. 
 
 30. se: subj. of esse understood. — dictitabat: cf. vocitdbatit, 
 p. 34, 1. 12. 
 
 Page 03, 2. audio = I have heard. § 466 (276. a) ; B. 259. 4 ; 
 G. 230; H. 533 (467. 2); H-B. 485. — altero — ultima : upon the death 
 of the other consul on the last day of December. The new consuls 
 would enter office the following day. 
 
 4 . hora septima: i.e. about 1 p.m. The Romans numbered the 
 hours of the day consecutively from sunrise till sunset, when the 
 official day closed. The night was divided into four watches of 
 three hours each. 
 
 5. salutatum: cf. pastum, p. 35, 1 . 4. 
 
 6. abeat: v. n. p. 9, 1. 21. 
 
 9. viderit: subjunctive of cause, or of characteristic. 
 
136 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 XXIV. Caesar Octavianus Augustus 
 
 Read Church’s Pictures from Roman Life and Story, Chaps. I-IV; 
 Plutarch’s Life of Antony. 
 
 ii. quartum annum agens: cf. n. p. 48, 1. 22. 
 
 13. Apolloniam: a city in Illyria famed for its learning and 
 commerce. 
 
 15. heredemque se: and that he was his heir. 
 
 17. Bruto: D. Junius Brutus Albinus, one of the conspirators 
 against Julius Caesar, but not to be confused with Marcus Brutus 
 (v. P- 55 » !• 22 )- At this time (43 b.c.) he was fighting -with Antony 
 for the possession of Cisalpine Gaul. Octavianus was appointed by 
 the senate to assist Brutus in crushing Antony. 
 
 23. Quin: v. n. p. 24, 1 . 18.— Columbis: a dat. w r here our idiom 
 would lead us to expect a gen. modifying collum. 
 
 JPage 64 . 1. altissima: the tops , cf. n. p. 10, 1. 24. 
 
 3. utique: adv. 
 
 9. aquiliferd: v. fig. 12. — legionis: v. n. p. 22, 1. 7. — aquilam: 
 v. fig. 6. — umeris subisse: to have taken upon his shoulders. 
 
 10. Postea: v. n. p. 29, 1 . 27. 
 
 13. qui: sc. eos as antecedent. 
 
 15. capulum: the hilt of a sword was made of wood, 
 bone, ivory, silver, or gold, and was sometimes inlaid with 
 precious stones. The illustration (fig. 29) is from an original 
 found at Pompeii. 
 
 20. triumviri : known as the Second Triumvirate, 43 b.c. 
 They took the title Triumviri Rei Publicae Constituendae. 
 
 22. quisque: cf. p. 24, 1. 6, and see note. — quae: v. n. 
 on quibus , p. 3, 1. 24. 
 
 23. Sullana : sc. proscriptione. This was in 82 B.c., 
 when many thousands were slain ; v. n. on Sullae , p. 43, 
 1 . 12. — autem: v. n. p. 10, 1 . 9. 
 
 24. multa : mark its separation from exempla. 
 
 27. quibus — posset : a rel. cl. of result. 
 
 29. quidam: v. n. p. 12, 1. 9; also p. 29, 1. 4. 
 
 30. clientem : v. n. p. iS, 1 . 1. 
 
 Fig. 29 
 
NOTES. 
 
 137 
 
 Page 65 . i. occidendum eum . . . obiecit: cf. p. 43, 1. 1, 
 and note. 
 
 5. torti : this was the regular way in which testimony was pro¬ 
 cured from slaves. 
 
 11. anuld: v. fig. 19, p. 116, and note. 
 
 13. Quanti viri est : of how great a 7nan is it a mark. 
 
 16. M. Brutum: v. p. 55, 1. 2 and 22. 
 
 20. quemque: cf. optima quaeqtie, p. 54, 1. 16. 
 
 23. Alios: obj. of iussisse and subj. of sortiri. 
 
 24. fertur = dicitur = he is said. — ut — concederetur gives the 
 purpose of sortiri. 
 
 25. ac connects iussisse and spectasse. — cum : with occubuisset. 
 
 28. occurrebat : sc. eis. — quidam : cf. previous page, line 29. 
 
 29. divo Iulio : the Romans deified their good emperors after 
 death. Augustus was worshipped even before death. 
 
 Page 66 . 1. Antdnio : v. n. p. 61, 1 . 18. 
 
 4. centiens sestertium = centiens centena milia sestertium, about 
 $4/0,000 ; v. n. p. 50, 1. 24. 
 
 5. dixerat: the subj. is Cleopatra. 
 
 8. inridenti : who joked her. — pr5miss5 stare : tr. to keep her 
 promise. How literally ? 
 
 12. quidnam : v. n. p. 14, 1. 10. 
 
 14. Victum : sc. esse. 
 
 16. Actium : one of the great naval battles of history, 31 b.c. 
 
 18. persecutus: sc. eum as object. 
 
 21. ipse : § 298./ (195. 1 ) ; B. 249. 2 ; G. 311. 2 ; H. 509. 1 (452. 1); 
 H-B. 268. 
 
 24. aspidem sibi adferendam curavit : cf. occidendum eum . . . 
 obiecit, p. 65, 1. I. 
 
 Page 67 • 2. Iani : v. n. p. 5, 1. 25. 
 
 3. tantum : an adv. 
 
 6. laetitia : §410 (249); B. 218.1; G.407; II. 477 (421. 1 ); H-B. 429. 
 
 9. Sextilis : the month of August, which had the name Sex¬ 
 tilis, or sixth, because the old Roman year began with March. 
 
138 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 Cf. September {septeni), the seventh month ; October {octo), the 
 eighth, etc. 
 
 11. Patris : appositional gen. 
 
 12. respondit : sc. eis with Deferentibus. 
 
 13. Compos— meorum : should I gain my heart's desire. 
 
 15. precer : rel. cl. of characteristic. — quam ut . . . liceat : § 535 - 
 c (320. c ); B. 284. 4; G. 298; H. 570. 1 (503. II. 3); H-B. 521. 2. c. 
 
 19. Immo : used to correct and strengthen a preceding statement 
 =: nay even. 
 
 20. non semel = not once merely. Litotes. 
 
 22. commissum iri: the fut. pass. inf. is quite rare in the best 
 Latin ; instead of it we find fore {futiirum esse) ut with the pres, or 
 imp. subj. To illustrate by this sentence we should have: fore ut 
 res publica plurium arbitrio committatur. 
 
 23. quem . . . status: § 354. b (221. b) ; B. 209; G. 377 ; H. 457 
 (409. III) ; H-B. 352. 1. 
 
 29. patriae: §349. b (218. £); B. 204. 1. a ; G. 375; H. 451.3 
 
 ( 399 ): H-B. 354. 
 
 30. Pedibus : on foot. 
 
 Page 08 . 3. ut sibi adesset: to defend him. 
 
 13. viginti milibus nummorum = 20,000 sesterces. A sestertius 
 {nummus) was worth about 4.1 cents. What did he pay ? 
 
 15. quern : tr. as if et ; ogdvit ut eum (i.e. corvum) adferre cogere¬ 
 tur, and see n. on quod, p. 8, 1. 18. 
 
 24. periit: § 317. b (205. b) ; B. 255. 3; G. 211. r. 1; H. 392. 4 
 (463. 3); H-B. 331. 3. 
 
 30. quanti : § 41 7 ( 2 5 2 - a ) 5 B - 2 ° 3 - 4 J G. 380. 2 ; H. 448. 4 (405); 
 H-B. 356. 
 
 Page (if). 1. Graeculus quidam = an insignificant Greek. Note 
 the force of the diminutive ending -cuius here. — palatio : this 
 word, originally the name of the Palatine hill, was transferred to the 
 palace of Augustus which was built there. 
 
 4. breve : with epigramma. 
 
 6. laudare mirarique : historical infinitives. 
 
NOTES. 
 
 139 
 
 12. satis grandem pecuniae summam : a good round sum. 
 
 17. apud Pollionem : v. n. on apud , p. 14, 1 . 20. 
 
 20. piscina : the cultivation of fish was a favorite pursuit of the rich. 
 
 22. quam ut . . . periret : cf. quam ut . . . liceat , p. 67, 1. 15. 
 
 29. aucupi : note the etymology. — noctuam prehendendam cura¬ 
 vit : cf. p. 66, 1. 24. 
 
 Page 70 . 1. mille nummos = mille sestertios, cf. n. p. 68, 1.13. 
 
 8 . et: but. 
 
 9. familiarem habuit : he was on intimate terms with. Cf. p. 69, 
 1. 16 and 17. 
 
 10. ea: with gratia. 
 
 12. quibus posset : sc. prodesse. — nemini : cons. ? 
 
 17. in tabella : v. fig. 21, and note on tabulae, p. 39, 1. 4. 
 
 18. Qua lecta : after reading this. 
 
 19. quisquam: § 311 (202. b) ; B. 252. 4; G. 317; H. 513 (457); 
 H-B. 276. 7. 
 
 Page 71 . 9- si — vertisset: v. n. on perduxisset , p. 3, 1. 22. 
 
 10. consternatum = eum consternatum esse. 
 
 11. barba capilldque submisso: v. n. on barbam — submisit , 
 p. 38, 1. 22. 
 
 15. adflicta valetudine: in poor health. How do you say, in 
 his last illness ? v. p. 55, 1. 26. 
 
 17. speculo : Roman mirrors w 7 ere made of burnished metal. 
 
 20. Edite — applaudite : referring to the words spoken by one of 
 the actors to mark the end of a play. 
 
 21. sextum — agens : cf. p. 48, 1. 22, for idiom. 
 
 The highest claim that the great Augustus has upon the grateful 
 memory of all posterity has scarcely been mentioned by our author. 
 It is his patronage of literature and literary men. Himself a tireless 
 student and keen critic, he surrounded himself with all that was best 
 and brightest in the w r orld of learning. The Augustan Age is the 
 golden age of Latin literature. It gave to the world Vergil, Ovid, 
 Tibullus, Horace, and many others whose inspired words pay 
 
140 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 immortal homage to the virtues of their distinguished emperor and 
 noble benefactor. 
 
 “ Who fears the Parthian or the Scythian horde, 
 
 Or the rank growth that German forests yield, 
 
 While Caesar lives ? Who trembles at the sword 
 The fierce Iberians wield ? 
 
 Ah! be it thine long holy days to give 
 To thy Hesperia! thus, dear chief, we pray 
 At sober sunrise; thus at mellow eve, 
 
 When ocean hides the day.” 
 
 Hor., Od. iv. 5 ; Cournglon’s Translation. 
 
SUGGESTIONS TO STUDENTS . 1 
 
 1. In translating these exercises do not use an English-Latin 
 dictionary. None is needed ; none will give the words required. 
 
 2. Depend, upon the text and the notes for idioms and 
 vocabulary. 
 
 3. Translate ideas , not words. 
 
 4. Do not render English words by Latin words from which 
 they may be derived unless you are very sure of your ground ; 
 honest is not honestus, nor secure securus. 
 
 5. Avoid the repetition of proper names as much as possible. 
 When necessary refer to them by pronouns. 
 
 6. Try to keep the same subject throughout a sentence. 
 
 7. English prefers coordinate sentences loosely joined, Latin 
 the periodic structure. (A. 345, Structure of the Period, N., 
 346; H. 573.) 
 
 8. Particular care is necessary in the use of conjunctions and 
 pronouns. 
 
 9. In translating such an expression as 'the man I sent,’ do 
 not omit the relative which is understood in English, but write 
 ' vir quem misi' 
 
 10. If the relation between two nouns connected by a prepo¬ 
 sition cannot be expressed in Latin by the genitive, use a 
 
 1 Teachers will find much that is valuable in Abbott’s Latin Prose 
 through English Idiom, in Miller’s Latin Prose Composition, and in Preble 
 and Parker’s Latin Writing, whence some of these suggestions were 
 drawn. 
 
142 
 
 SUGGESTIONS TO STUDENTS. 
 
 relative clause : eg. ' the love for fatherland ’ = amor patriae , 
 'the road to Gaul’ = via quae in Galliam diicit. 
 
 11. Remember that Latin has no perfect active participle, 
 excepting in the case of deponent verbs. 
 
 12. The present participle is rarely used as an attributive 
 adjective, eg. 'the running boy,’ is not currens puer, but puer 
 qui currit. 
 
 13. Finally, remember that only by a careful preliminary 
 study of the text can you translate the exercises readily, 
 confidently, and accurately. 
 
LATIN COMPOSITION. 
 
 I. Romani imperi exordium. 
 
 I. For Oral Translation. 
 
 Word-Order, General Principles. — § 595-597. a (343, 344. R. a) ; 
 B. 348, 349; G. 671-674; H. 663-670 ( 559 - 5 6 4 ); H-B. 621-623. 
 
 1. Proca, king of the Albans, had two sons. 2. He left the 
 kingdom to Numitor, who was the older. 3. But Amulius, the 
 other 1 son, expelled Numitor from the kingdom. 4. Rhea 
 Silvia, Numitor’s daughter, was a priestess of Vesta. 5. She 
 was the mother of Romulus and Remus. 6. Amulius, the king, 
 put her in prison. 7. The little children he put into a trough. 
 8. Then 2 he threw them into the Tiber. 
 
 Notes: — 1. alter. 2. deinde. 
 
 2 . For Oral Translation. 
 
 Word-Order , Special Rules. — § 598 (344). a. I, 2; b, c, g, j, k ; 
 599. a-f (345. a-e); B. 350. 1-10; G. 675-681; H. 671-680 (565- 
 569); H-B. 624, 625. 1—hi. 
 
 i. The Tiber had overflowed its banks. 2. The water flowed 
 back, and left them on dry land. 3. There were then wolves 
 in those places. 4. A wolf heard the wailing of the children, 
 5. and played the part 1 of mother 2 to them. 6. Faustulus, 
 the shepherd, carried the twins to his cottage. 7. He gave 
 them to his wife to be brought up. 
 
 Notes : — 1. ‘to play the part of,’ se gerere. 2. ‘of mother,’ see 
 text. 
 
 x 43 
 
144 
 
 LATIN COMPOSITION. 
 
 3. For Written Translation. 
 
 i. The boys grew up among the shepherds. 2. They used 
 to hunt, 1 and often kept robbers from stealing the flocks. 
 3. One day 2 Remus was captured by the robbers, and then 
 Faustulus told Romulus who their grandfather was. 3 4. When 
 Romulus heard this, 4 he armed the shepherds, and 5 hastened 
 to Alba. 5. Meanwhile Remus had been brought before the 
 king by the robbers who had captured him. 6. The king 
 almost 6 recognized him, for Remus looked very much like 7 
 his mother. 7. Suddenly Romulus appeared on the scene. 8 
 8. Amulius was killed, and Numitor was restored to the throne. 
 
 Notes: —1. Imperfect ind. 2. quondam. 3. esset. 4. Lat.‘this 
 having been heard.’ 5. Omit. 6. haud procul erat quin. 7. I.e. 
 was very similar to. 8. supervenid. 
 
 4. For Oral Translation. 
 
 Rules for Agreement. — § 280 (1S1, 182); G. 210, 211. R. 1; H-B. 
 3 1 6-3 1 8. 
 
 Noun in Apposition or as Predicate. — § 281-284 (183-185); 
 B. 167-169; G. 320-325, 386. R. 1 ; 411. R. 3; H. 393 (362-364); 
 H-B. 319. 1, 11. 
 
 1. At Alba, a small city, Numitor was king. 2. Romulus 
 and Remus, twin brothers, founded the city of Rome. 1 3. We 
 all know about their' 2 quarrel. 4. Finally 3 Romulus called the 
 city Rome from his own name. 4 5. There were walls around 
 the new city. 6. Remus jumped over them in derision. 
 7. Romulus killed his brother Remus. 8. Romulus thus 
 became 5 king alone. 
 
 Notes: — 1. Lat. ‘ the city Rome.’ 2. edrum. 3. tandem. 4. de 
 suo ipsius ndmine. Cons, of ipsius ? 5. erat. 
 
LATIN COMPOSITION. 
 
 145 
 
 II. Romulus Romanorum rex primus. 
 
 5 . For Oral Translation. 
 
 Rules for Agreement (continued). 
 
 Adjective with its Noun. — § 285-287 (186, 187); B. 234, 235; 
 G. 211, 285, 286; H. 394, 395 (438, 439); H-B. 320-321, 323. 
 
 i. Romulus, when 1 king of the Romans, prepared games. 
 
 2. Many assembled with their wives and children, especially the 
 Sabines. 3. The Roman youth, at a given signal, carried off the 
 maidens. 4. This was straightway a cause for war. 5. When 
 they approached Rome, they met 2 the maid Tarpeia. 6. Titus 
 Tatius was leader of the Sabines. 7. Tarpeia and her father 
 were Romans. 8. Tarpeia asked for the golden 3 rings and brace¬ 
 lets. 9. For the rings and bracelets of the Sabines were golden. 
 
 Notes: — 1. Omit. 2. nanciscor. 3. aureus,-a,-um. 
 
 6 . For Written Translation. 
 
 1. Romulus and Remus, brothers, and sons of Numitor, built 
 a small city on the banks of the Tiber, in the same place where 
 they had been exposed and had been found by Faustulus, the 
 king’s 1 herdsman. 2-. After 2 Romulus had surrounded the 
 new city with a wall, an amazing number of robbers and shep¬ 
 herds flocked 3 thither from every side ; 4 but women were lack¬ 
 ing, and the neighboring peoples refused marriage relations. 5 
 
 3. Romulus,concealing his vexation, gave 6 orders that the neigh¬ 
 bors be invited to games. 4. Many men, women, and children 
 assembled. 5. When 7 eyes and ears are intent upon 8 the spec¬ 
 tacle, the Roman youths rush in and carry off the maidens. 
 
 Notes : — 1. Use an adj. 2. postquam with the perf. ind. 3. con¬ 
 fugio. 4. ‘ from every side,’ undique. 5. ‘ marriage relations,’ 
 express by one word. 6. ‘ gave orders, etc.,’ Lat. id. ‘ ordered games 
 to be announced to the neighbors.’ 7. See notes p. 1, 1 . 13. 
 8. ‘intent upon,’ intentus with the dat. or with ad and acc. 
 
146 
 
 LATIN COMPOSITION. 
 
 III. Numa Pompilius, Romanorum rex secundus. 
 
 7 . For Oral Translation. 
 
 Rules for Agreement (continued). 
 
 Relative with its Antecedent. — § 305-306 (198, 199); B. 250; 
 G. 614; H. 396-399 (445); H-B. 281. a; 322, 284. 2, 3, 4. 
 
 i. The king that succeeded Romulus was Numa. 2. He 
 was summoned from Cures, which 1 is a Sabine town. 3. By him 
 many sacred rites were instituted, which tamed the wild people. 
 4. He consecrated the fire and the altar which are sacred to 
 Vesta. 5. The shield which fell from heaven, Numa called 
 ancile. 6. Mamurius was the smith who made eleven shields 
 of the same shape. 7. Numa chose twelve priests to take care 
 of 2 the ancilia. 
 
 Notes: —1. What peculiarity of agreement may be illustrated 
 here ? 2. Lat. ‘ who should guard.’ 
 
 8 . For Oral Translation. 
 
 Rules for Agree7nent (continued). 
 
 Verb with its Subject. — § 316 (204) ; B. 254; G. 211 ; H. 388, 390, 
 391 (460, 462); H-B. 328, 329, 331. 1; 332. 
 
 i. Both Romulus and Numa were of advantage to the state. 1 
 
 2. You, Numa, and Egeria proposed 2 many useful laws. 
 
 3. Before Numa, neither law nor the fear of punishment 
 restrained the citizens. 4. The senate believed that Numa 
 was taught by Jove. 5. Egeria is the goddess who had con¬ 
 versations with the king by night. 6. She increased his 3 
 authority by her advice. 7. Numa was buried on Mount 
 Janiculum. 8. Romulus reigned thirty-seven years, Numa 
 forty-three. 
 
 Notes :— 1. See p. 6, 1 . 12. 2. fero. 3. Not a form of suus. 
 
LATIN COMPOSITION. 
 
 147 
 
 9 . For Written Translation. 
 
 i. Numa, summoned from Cures, a Sabine town, was a man 
 renowned for justice 1 and piety. 2. He taught the Romans 
 many sacred rites, and once Jupiter himself is said to have 
 come down, and to have promised Numa that he would give 
 the Roman people a sure pledge of imperial power. 2 3. On the 
 next day, at sunrise, 3 a shield fell down from the riven sky. 
 4. Numa, taking this 4 to Mamurius the smith, said to him, “ I, 
 who am your king, order you to make eleven shields of the 
 same shape as this.” 5 5. When the shields were finished, 
 neither Mamurius nor Numa could distinguish 6 the real from 
 the false. 
 
 Notes : — 1. Lat. ‘ of renowned justice, etc.’ 2. ‘ imperial power,’ 
 one word. 3. Abl. abs. 4. See n. on Quibus, p. 3, 1 . 24. 5. Omit 
 
 * as this.’ 6. discerno, — ere, — crevi, — cretus. Lat. id. discernere 
 verum et falsa. 
 
 IV. Tullus Hostilius, Romanorum rex tertius. 
 
 10 . For Oral Translation. 
 
 The Subjunctive in Independent Clauses. — § 438. a; 480(265. a. 
 1,2,3; 28 3 ); B - 2 72; H. 551, 552, 558,559 (483-486); H-B.462. A. 
 
 Hortatory. — § 439, 450 (3) (266. R. b) ; B. 273-276; G. 263-264 ; 
 H. 559. 1, 2 (483. 3; 484- n, IV); H-B. 500, 501. 2, 3. 
 
 i. Let Tullus Hostilius be elected king. 2. Let the fate 1 of 
 each people be decided by the contest of a few. 3. Let a 
 treaty be made on this condition. 4. Let the youths fight, 
 three on a side. 2 5. Do not shout 3 for joy, Albans ; all hope 
 has not deserted the Romans. 6. Granted 4 that three Albans 
 are wounded, 5 two Romans have already fallen. 
 
 Notes: —1. Use plural. 2. Lat. ‘ by threes.’ 3. What tense in 
 Lat. ? 4. Hortative subj. expressing concession. 5. Perf. subj. 
 
148 
 
 LATIN COMPOSITION. 
 
 11 . For Oral Translation. 
 
 The Subjunctive in Independent Clauses (continued). 
 
 Optative. — § 441, 442 (267. a , b) ; B. 279; G. 260, 261; H. 558. 
 1, 2 (483. I, 2, 3; 484. I); H-B. 510, 511. 1. 
 
 i. Would that the two Romans had not fallen. 2. I wish 
 that 1 the three Curiatii were not surrounding Horatius alone. 
 
 3. Though 2 Horatius is untouched, he is not equal to three. 
 
 4. May he take to flight, that 3 he may separate his foes. 
 
 5. May Horatius conquer. 6. Let his enemies be slain. 
 7. Would that the sister of Horatius had received him with 
 
 j°y- 
 
 Notes: — 1. ‘ I wish that,’ utinam. 2. Express by the hortative 
 subj. 3. A purpose clause. 
 
 12 . For Written Translation. 
 
 1. When, in the reign of Tullus, 1 war had arisen between 
 the Romans and the Albans, the leaders said, “ Let us not all 
 fight, but let the fate 2 of each people be decided by the con¬ 
 test 3 of a few; and where 4 victory shall rest, 5 there let the 
 supreme power be.” 2. The three Horatii and the three 
 Curiatii fought together on that condition. 3. Already two 
 Romans had been killed, and the three Curiatii had been 
 wounded, when a man 6 called out : “ Do not let the Curiatii 
 surround you, Horatius. 7 Take flight, and let the enemy be 
 separated, in order that you may kill them one at a time.” 8 
 4. In this way he conquered. 5. After his victory, the Romans 
 received Horatius with joy and congratulations; 9 but great 
 horror moved the Albans as they said, 10 “Ob, that the brave 
 Curiatii 11 were still living !” , 
 
 Notes:— 1. Lat. ‘ Tullus reigning.’ 2. Use plural. 3. Means or 
 agent? 4. Lat.‘whence.’ 5. Omit ‘shall rest.’ 6. quidam, v. p. 12, 
 
LATIN COMPOSITION. 
 
 149 
 
 1.9. 7. Where should the vocative stand ? 8. singuli. 9. See text. 
 
 10. cum dicerent. 11. ‘the brave Curiatii,’ Lat. id. ‘the Curiatii, 
 the brave heroes ( viri ).’ 
 
 V. Ancus Marcius, Romanorum rex quartus. 
 
 13 . For Oral Translation. 
 
 The Subjunctive in Independent Clauses (continued). 
 
 Deliberative. — § 444 (268); B. 277; G. 465, 466; H. 559. 4 
 (484. V); H-B. 503, 513. 1. 
 
 Potential. — § 446, 447. I, 2, 3 (311. I, Ii) ; B. 280; G. 257-259; 
 H. 55 2 -557 (485, 486); H-B. 516, 517. 1 ; 518, 519. I. a , b. 
 
 i. Shall the Romans elect Ancus king? 2. Why should 
 he send ambassadors to the Latins? 3. What restitution 1 can 
 the ambassador demand? 4. You might send the ambassa¬ 
 dor in the following 2 manner. 5. When he has come to the 
 enemies’country he would say, 3 6. “ Hear me, 4 Jupiter. 7. I 
 am a messenger of the Roman people. 8. Let there be faith 5 
 in my words.” 9. What should the ambassador who is sent 
 on this business 6 be called? 10. I am inclined to think 7 that 
 Ancus died a premature death. 
 
 Notes:—1. ‘to demand restitution,’ res repetere. 2. Use a 
 form of hie. 3. dicat. 4. Omit. 5. Lat. id. ‘ faith to.’ 6. res. 
 7. Potential subj. in a modest assertion. 
 
 VII. Servius Tullius, Romanorum rex sextus. 
 
 14 . For Oral Translation. 
 
 Conditional Sentences. — § 512, 513, 514 (304); B. 301 ; G. 589, 
 590; H. 572, 573 (506, 507); H-B. 573 - 577 - 
 
 Simple Conditions. — § 515.^ (306); B. 302; G. 595; II. 574. 1, 
 2 (508); H-B. 579. 
 
 i. You might know 1 that Servius Tullius was born of a 
 noble woman. 2. If an appearance of flame surrounded the 
 
150 
 
 LATIN COMPOSITION. 
 
 head, it portended the highest honor. 3. Tanaquil said, “ Let 
 us bring him up just as 2 our own children.” 4. If the king is 
 dead, Tanaquil has concealed his death. 5. If Servius has 
 begun to reign, let him govern the realm justly. 6. If the 
 Romans built a temple to Diana on the Aventine, the king 
 persuaded them. 3 7. If the Latin drove the cow to the temple, 
 let the priest sacrifice it. 
 
 Notes: —1. What subj. ? 2. Lat. id. ‘not otherwise than.’ 
 
 3. Not accusative. 
 
 15. For Oral Translation. 
 
 Conditional Sentences (continued). 
 
 Future Conditions. — § 516. I, 2. a , b , c, d (307. I, 2. a , b, c, d); 
 B. 302 {with future indicative ), 303; G. 595 {with future indicative ), 
 596; H. 574 (zvith future indicative'). 3 (508, 509); H-B. 579. a; 
 580. a. 
 
 i. Will Servius receive the royal power? 2. Yes, and if he 
 grows up, 1 he will be renowned for his wisdom. 3. If he 
 should throw the standard among 2 the enemy, the Romans 
 would fight more bravely. 4. If the king should not recover, 
 the people would obey 3 Servius Tullius. 5. If the daughter 
 of Servius should marry 4 the son of Tarquin, he would seek 
 the royal power. 5 6. Servius Tullius reigned forty-four years. 
 
 Notes: —1. The English present may refer to future or even 
 future perfect time. Latin expresses by the proper tense the time 
 implied. 2. What case should in take here? 3. pared. Takes 
 what case ? 4. Lat. id. ‘ should be given in marriage.’ 5. ‘ royal 
 
 power,’ express by one word. 
 
 16. For Written Translation. 
 
 i. Servius Tullius received the royal power, though he was 
 born 1 of a woman who was a slave and a captive. 2. Neither 
 
LATIN COMPOSITION. 
 
 151 
 
 Tanaquil nor her husband had perceived 2 that the highest 
 rank was destined 3 for the boy, before 4 they saw an appear¬ 
 ance of fire around 5 his head while he was asleep. 3. If 
 Servius was distinguished for wisdom, he was also brave ; for 
 in a 6 battle when 7 the soldiers were fighting without spirit, he 
 seized a standard and, sending it among 8 the enemy, called 
 out, “If no one recovers 9 the standard, I myself will die for 
 the sake 10 of recovering it.” 4. Then the Romans fought so 
 fiercely that they won both the standard and the victory. 
 
 Notes: — 1. Express the concession by a participle. 2. What 
 number ? 3. ‘ was destined for,’ use passive of debeo with the dat. 
 
 4. See n. p. 9, 1 . 21. 5. Lat. ‘ embracing the head of him sleeping.’ 
 
 See text. 6. See n. p. 29, 1 . 4. 7. Abl. abs. 8. in. 9. Not the 
 
 present. 10. See text. 
 
 VIII. Tarquinius Superbus, Romanorum rex septimus 
 
 et ultimus. 
 
 17. For Oral Translation. 
 
 Conditional Sentences (continued). 
 
 Conditions Contrary to Fact. — § 517. c, d (308. c, d) ; B. 304. 3. 
 
 G. 597. 3. (a)\ H. 579, 582, 583 (510, 511. n. 3; 2); H-B. 
 
 581.« ; 582. 3. a. 
 
 i. If Tarquinius Superbus were not wicked, he could 1 not 
 seize the throne. 2 2. If the king had not been active in war, 
 he would not have subdued the Latins. 3. Shall 3 he reduce 
 Gabii by strategy? 4. If Sextus, the king’s son, should go to 
 Gabii, that city could be taken by assault. 5. If he had com¬ 
 plained of his father’s cruelty, they would have received him 
 kindly. 6. If he won their favor, he became very influential. 4 
 
 Notes : — 1. What mode and tense ? 2. regnum occupare. 3. 
 
 Deliberative question. 4. ‘to be very influential’ = plurimum 
 posse. 
 
152 
 
 LATIN COMPOSITION. 
 
 18. For Oral Translation. 
 
 Conditional Sentences (continued). 
 
 Conditional Clauses of Comparison with ac si, ut si, etc. — § 524 
 ( 3 12 ); B - 3°7 ; G. 602 ; H. 584 (513. II); H-B. 504. 3. 
 
 Clauses with dum, modo, dum modo, denoting a Wish or a 
 Proviso. 528(314); B. 310; G. 573; H. 587 (513. I); H-B. 529. 
 
 i. Provided that Sextus wins the favor of the Gabini, he will 
 be chosen leader. 2. If he sent 1 one of 2 his men to his father, 
 his father would make no reply. 3 3. The father passed into 
 the garden, as if he were meditating. 4 4. If the messenger 
 should grow weary of waiting, 5 he would return to Gabii. 
 
 5. Sextus will know what his father wishes, provided that he 
 learns of 6 his silence. 6. Sextus will deliver the city to his 
 father, provided he can put the chief men to death. 
 
 Notes: — 1. ‘ sent ’ = should send. 2. See n. p. 11, 1 . 22. 3. Lat. 
 id. ‘ reply nothing.’ 4. Subj. of deliberd. 5. Lat. id. ‘by waiting.’ 
 
 6. Omit. 
 
 19. For Written Translation. 
 
 1. During the reign of Tarquin the Proud, 1 an old woman, 
 who was a stranger, 2 came to the king, carrying nine books ; 
 which, she said, would be the king’s, provided he wished to buy 
 them. 2. The woman demanded an exorbitant price, 3 and the 
 king mocked her, as if she were in her dotage. 4 3. The old 
 woman then burned six of 5 the books. 4. She would have 
 burned them all, if the king had not bought the three remain¬ 
 ing. 5. If the king had bought all the books, he could 3 have 
 bought them at a price no greater than that which was asked 
 for three. 6. Would that he had bought them all! 
 
 Notes: —1. Abl. abs. 2. Express the rel. cl. by an appositive. 
 3. See text, and note p. 15, 1 . 11. 4. ‘ to be in one’s dotage ’ = aetate 
 desipere. 5. See n. p. 11,1.22. 6. Not the subj. Why? 
 
LATIN COMPOSITION. 
 
 153 
 
 IX. Horatius Codes. 
 
 20 . For Oral Translation. 
 
 Concessive Clauses. — § 527. a-d ; 549, 535. e (313); B. 308, 309 ; 
 G. 603 ff.; H. 586, 593. 2 (514, 515); H-B. 532, 556. a; 582. 8; 
 
 5 2 5 > 5 26 - 
 
 1. Porsenna, king of the Etruscans, was coming to Rome 
 with a hostile army. 2. Though he took Janiculum, yet he 
 did not restore Tarquinius. 3. Though the walls were strong, 
 yet great fear filled the Romans. 4. All feared the mighty 
 name of Porsenna, as if he were present. 1 5. Though 2 
 Horatius was alone, he withstood the enemies’ battle-line. 
 
 6. Though he was in full armor, 3 he leaped into the Tiber. 
 
 7. Though many weapons fell from above, he swam across in 
 safety. 4 
 
 Notes: —1. adsum. 2. Express as a conceded fact. 3. ‘in 
 full armor,’ armatus. 4. ‘ in safety ’ = safe. 
 
 21 . For Oral Translation. 
 
 Tenses of the Indicative : 
 
 Present. — § 465, 466, 469 (276); B. 259; G. 227-230; H. 532, 
 533 (466, 467); H-B. 468. 1; 491. 1; 485. 
 
 Imperfect. — § 470, 471. a , b, c (277. N. a , b, c) ; B. 260; G. 231- 
 2 34 5 H. 530, 534. 2, 3; 535 (468, 469. I, II. 1, 2); H-B. 468. 2; 484, 
 
 485. 
 
 Future. — § 472 (278); B. 261; G. 242, 243; II. 536 (470); H-B. 
 468 3; 494. 
 
 1. The state of Clusium was strong at that time. 1 2. If the 
 name of Porsenna were 2 not so great, fear would not possess 
 the Romans. 3. All went from the country into the city. 
 
\54 
 
 LATIN COMPOSITION. 
 
 4. While they were hedging the city about, the bridge almost 
 gave entrance 3 to the enemy. 5. Had it not been for one 
 man, Porsenna would have taken the city. 6. Horatius had 
 for a long time been called 4 Codes. 7. Even if he should 
 lose 5 the other 0 eye, he would sustain 5 the attack. 8. They 
 were cutting down the bridge behind him. 7 9. Now he is 
 swimming 8 across the river. 
 
 Notes : — 1. ‘at that time ’ = then. 2. Mood and tense ? 3. iter. 
 4. ‘ had for a long time been called ’ = iam diu nominabatur. 5. Not 
 imperfect subj. 6. alter. 7. ‘ behind him,’ a tergo. 8. Historical 
 present. 
 
 X. Menenius Agrippa. 
 
 22 . For Written Translation. 
 
 1. The eloquent Agrippa 1 was sent to restore 2 harmony 
 between the senators and the commons. 2. Although he was so 
 eloquent, he said only this to them: 3. “Once 3 the members 
 of the body tried to make 4 a conspiracy against the stomach; 
 for while they were toiling, 5 the stomach seemed to be idle. 
 4. They therefore 6 determined to feed 7 it no longer. 5. But 
 while they were desiring to conquer the stomach, they them¬ 
 selves also began to fail in strength.” 8 6. From this story 
 the commons perceived that the senate and themselves, as if a 
 single body, grew weak 9 through discord. 
 
 Notes: — 1. See text. 2. A purpose clause. 3. quondam. 4. facio. 
 What tense? 5. laboro. 6. itaque. 7. cibum ferre. 8. ‘began 
 to fail in strength,’ express by one word. 9. Infinitive mood. 
 
LATIN COMPOSITION. 
 
 155 
 
 XI. Lucius Virginius Centurio. 
 
 23. For Oral Translation. 
 
 Tenses of the Indicative (continued): 
 
 Perfect. — § 161, 473, 474, 476 (115- c; 279. a, e) ; B. 262; G. 
 ' 35 ’ 2 3 6 > 2 39 » 240; H. 538 (471. 1, 2, 3); H-B. 468. 4. a ; 487, 489. 
 
 Pluperfect and Future Perfect. — § 477, 478 (280, 281) ; B. 263, 
 164; G. 241, 244; H. 539, 540 (472, 473); H-B. 468. 5, 6; 494. 
 
 i. In 454 b.c . 1 decemviri were elected instead of two con- 
 nils. 2. They proposed new laws, which they had brought 
 rom Greece. 3. The laws had been recorded on twelve 
 ables. 4. The decemviri were men 2 of great insolence. 
 ;. One of them was Appius Claudius. 6. Virginia was a beauti- 
 :ul 8 plebeian maiden. 7. Appius fell in love with her. 
 L Would that he had not seen her ! 9. Virginius, the girl’s 
 
 :ather, was absent on military duty. 
 
 Notes: —1. Express as in the text. 2. Omit. 3. pulcherrima 
 :orma, abl. of description. 
 
 24. For Oral Translation. 
 
 Sequence of Tenses. — § 482-484 (284-286. R.); B. 266, 267 ; G. 
 
 509 ff.; H. 543-545 ( 490 - 494 ); H-B. 476. 
 
 Peculiarities in Tense-Sequence. — § 485. a, b , c, e, g, h (287. a , b, 
 :, e,f)\ B. 268. 1-6; G. 509. 2; H. 546-550(495. i-vi) ; H-B. 478. 
 
 i. Decemviri were chosen to submit 1 new laws. 2. But 
 they were of such 2 insolence that they were brought 3 to ruin. 
 5. Appius instigated one of his dependents to claim Virginia 
 for a slave. 4 4. Had Virginius not been absent, 5 the client 
 would not have laid his hand upon her. 5. He threatens to 
 take 6 Virginia by force, unless she follows 7 him. 6. Since he 
 :annot 8 lead her away, he summons her to trial. 7. While 
 
156 
 
 LATIN COMPOSITION. 
 
 these things were going on 9 messengers were sent to summon 1 
 Virginius. 
 
 Notes: — i. Purpose clause. 2. tantus. 3. Result clause. 4. 
 Lat. ‘for slavery.’ 5. What form of condition ? 6. Future infinitive. 
 7. Not present. 8. Cf. ‘ cum Appius non posset. * 9. Dum haec 
 
 geruntur. 
 
 25. For Written Translation. 
 
 1. Though Virginius arrived at Rome at daybreak, the 
 citizens were already standing in the Forum in order to see 
 what would take place. 1 2. Virginius wept and implored the 
 aid of the citizens, but there was no help anywhere, and Appius 
 adjudged Virginia to his client. 3. Then the centurion asked 
 permission 2 to speak to his daughter for the last time. 4. When 
 he had led her apart, he stabbed her to the heart 3 with 
 a knife, and fled to the army. 5. The army, aroused, com¬ 
 pelled the decemviri to resign their office, 4 and threw Appius 
 Claudius into prison, where 5 he committed suicide. 
 
 Notes : — 1. fio. 2. ‘ asked permission ’ = petiit ut sibi liceret. 
 3. ‘ to stab to the heart ’ = pectus transfigere. 4. See text. 5. qua. 
 
 XII. Marcus Furius Camillus. 
 
 26. For Oral Translation. 
 
 Pure and Relative Clauses of Purpose. — § 530, 531 (317. 1, 2. b) ; 
 B. 282 ; G. 543, 544. I; 545; H. 568, 590 (497); H-B. 502. 2. 
 
 Substantive Clauses of Purpose. — § 563, 564 (317. 3; 331); B. 
 294-296; G. 546-550; H. 564-567, 568. 2 (498, 499); H-B. 502. 3,4. 
 
 1. Camillus went with his army that he might besiege Falerii. 
 2. The schoolmaster led forth the children to deliver them to 
 the Romans. 3. If Camillus had kept 1 the children as hos¬ 
 tages. the Faliscans would have surrendered. 4. But Camillus 
 
LATIN COMPOSITION. 
 
 157 
 
 would despise 2 such 3 treachery. 5. He came to maintain 4 the 
 rights of peace. 
 
 Notes: —1. retineo. 2. Potential subjunctive. 3. talis. 4. de¬ 
 fendo. Express the purpose in six ways. 
 
 27. For Oral Translation. 
 
 i. Camillus ordered 1 the hands of the schoolmaster to be 
 bound. 2. At first 2 the schoolmaster feared that he would be 
 thrown into prison. 3. But Camillus gave him over to the 
 children to lead back 3 into the city. 4. He gave them whips 
 to drive 4 him with. 5. He bound the teacher’s hands, that 5 
 they might whip him the more easily. 6. In this way' 5 
 Camillus tried 7 to conquer the Faliscans by kindness. 7. Noth¬ 
 ing could prevent 8 them from opening their gates to the 
 Romans. 
 
 Notes : — 1. Express both with iubeo and imperd. 2. primum. 
 3. Follow the idiom of the text and see § 500. 4 (294. d) ; B. 337. 7. 
 b. 2) ; G. 430. N. 1 ; H. 622 (544. n. 2); H-B. 605. 2. 4. Lat. id. 
 
 ‘ by which they might drive.’ 5. quo. Why ? 6. Ita. 7. nitor 
 
 with ut and subj. 8. ‘to prevent from ’ = deterrere quominus, 
 with subj. 
 
 28. For Written Translation. 
 
 1. After the war against Falerii, Camillus besieged Veii, 
 which revolted at that time. 2. In order that he might take 
 the city, he made winter quarters for his soldiers, gave them 
 wages from the treasury, and 1 bound each 2 soldier by an oath 
 that he would not leave the field 3 until after the city was 
 captured. 4 3. After the destruction of the city, Camillus with¬ 
 drew to Ardea, because he had been unjustly condemned 6 by 
 the tribune of the plebs. 4. As he was departing from the 
 
158 
 
 LATIN COMPOSITION. 
 
 city, he prayed that 0 the gods might cause his ungrateful 
 country to long for him. 7 
 
 Notes: — i. Omit. 2. quisque. 3. ‘ leave the field ’ = discedd. 
 4. Follow the idiom in the text. 5. Cf. quod . . . triumphasset. 
 6. See text. 7. Follow the idiom in the text. 
 
 29. For Oral Translation. 
 
 Pure and Relative Clauses of Result. — § 537. 1, 2. a ; 538 (319. I, 
 2. R. a) ; B. 284. 1, 2; G. 552, 631; H. 570, 591 (500. I, II); H-B. 
 52L 2. 
 
 Substantive Clauses of Result. — § 568-571 (332. a. 1, 2); B. 297 ; 
 G - 553 : H. 571 (501); H-B. 521. 3. a), b). 
 
 1. The ambassadors advised the Gauls to abandon 1 the siege 
 of Clusium. 2. It happened 2 that one of the Roman ambas¬ 
 sadors killed the chief of the Senones. 3. The Gauls were so 
 aroused by this, 3 that they attacked Rome. 4. On the 18th of 
 July the Roman army was slaughtered by the Gauls. 5. The 
 defeat 4 was such that the day was placed among the days of 
 ill-omen. 6. There was no doubt but that 5 the victorious 
 Gauls would reach Rome before sunset. 7. Would that 
 Camillus were there 0 to protect 7 his fatherland. 
 
 Notes : — 1. ‘to abandon, etc.’: is this a purpose or a result cl. ? 
 2. fiebat, followed by a subject clause of result. 3. Qua re, etc. 
 See text. 4. clades. 5. quin. 6. ‘to be there ’ = adesse. 7. qui 
 with subj. of tueor. 
 
 30. For Oral Translation. 
 
 The Subjunctive in Relative Clauses of Characteristic. — § 535. a , L 
 (320. a, b) ; B. 283. 1,2; G. 631. 1,2; H. 591. 1 (503. I); H-B. 520, 
 521. 1. a-c. 
 
 Relative Clauses after dignus, indignus, etc. — § 555. /(320. f); 
 B. 282. 3 ; G. 631. 1 ; II. 591. 5-7 (503. II); H-B. 513. 3. 
 
LATIN COMPOSITION. 
 
 159 
 
 i. There were some 1 Romans who fled to the citadel. 
 2. The old men were not the men 2 to flee. 3. They were the 
 only ones 3 to await the approach of the Gauls. 4. Why was it 
 that 4 the curule magistrates sat in their ivory chairs? 5. So 
 that they might die with the dignity belonging to them. 5 
 5 . The men, clad in their robes of office, 6 were very much 
 like gods. 7. These old men did not deserve 7 to be put to 
 death. 8. There is no doubt but that Manlius saved the 
 Capitol. 9. There were some who 8 accused him of aiming at 
 sovereignty. 
 
 ♦ 
 
 Notes: —1. Omit. 2. ‘the men to ’ = el qui followed by a 
 clause of characteristic. 3. ‘ only ones to ’ = uni qui. 4. ‘ Why was 
 it that ’ = quid erat quod. 5. ‘ belonging to them ’ = suus. 6. ‘ clad 
 in their robes of office,’ express by one word. 7 . ‘ did not deserve 
 to be ’ = digni non erant qui. 8 . ‘ There were some who ’ = erant 
 qui. 
 
 31. For Written Translation. 
 
 1. When the Gauls had made up their minds 1 to attack the 
 citadel, they sent one ahead to try the way. 2. Him 2 they all 
 followed, one man helping another. 3. They reached the 
 summit in such silence that not even the dogs were aroused. 
 4. It happened that there were some geese in the temple of 
 Juno. 5. The Romans, 3 even in the greatest want, had spared 
 these because they are sacred birds. 6. These geese were so 
 watchful, that the Gauls did not escape their notice ; but, by 
 their screams, they awoke Manlius, a distinguished soldier, 4 
 who, seizing his arms, easily pushed down the climbing Gauls 
 with the boss of his shield. 
 
 Notes: —1. statuo. 2. Express by a relative. 3. Subordinate 
 this sentence to the previous one by using a relative clause. See 
 text. 4. See text. 
 
]60 
 
 LATIN COMPOSITION. 
 
 32 . For Oral Translation. 
 
 Causal Clauses . i. Clauses vjith quod, quia, quoniam, and 
 quando. — § 540. a (321. n. 3) ; B. 285, 286; G. 539 ff.; H. 588 (516); 
 H-B. 555 ’ 535 - 2 - b - 
 
 2. Clauses with cum and qui. — § 540. c, d ; 549, 535. e (320. e ; 
 321. c; 326); B. 286. 2; 283. 3. a; G. 586, 626; H. 592, 598, 599 
 (5*7); h-b. 523,526,527. 
 
 1. Legates were sent to Camillus, because the army was 
 hard pressed by hunger. 2. Since the Gauls thought this, 
 bread was thrown down from the Capitol. 3. The Gauls 
 were induced to abandon 1 the siege, because they were weary. 
 4. Camillus interposed, because the weights were unjust, 5. and 
 because the Gallic chief was insolent. 6. He commanded the 
 gold to be removed, because he had collected the remnants of 
 the army. 7. He ordered 2 the Gauls to prepare for battle. 
 8. The victory was so great that not even 3 a messenger was 
 left to tell 4 the disaster. 5 
 
 Notes : — 1. A result clause. 2. denuntiS, followed by an object 
 clause of purpose. 3. ‘not even,’ v. n. p. 21, 1. 5. 4. ‘to tell,’ a 
 
 relative clause of purpose. 5. calamitas. 
 
 33 . For Written Translation. 
 
 1. If a false charge had not been brought against 1 Camillus, 
 because he had celebrated his triumph with white horses, he 
 would not have withdrawn to Ardea. 2. Then, perhaps, the 
 Gauls would not have attacked Rome, since they all feared 
 Camillus, the famous soldier, exceedingly. 3. After his Gallic 
 victory, he entered the city in triumph. 4. Since the city was 
 now in ruins, there were some who 2 urged that 3 Rome be 
 abandoned, 4 and that all move to Veii. 5. This plan was 
 
LATIN COMPOSITION. 
 
 161 
 
 given up, 5 not only because Camillus opposed it strongly, 6 but 
 especially because the people were moved by an omen. 
 
 Notes: — i. ‘to bring against’ = Infero. 2 . ‘there were some 
 who’ = erant qui. 3. Object clause of purpose. 4. Use abl. abs. 
 and omit ‘and that.’ 5. depono. 6. Follow idiom in the text. 
 
 XIII. Spurius Postumius. 
 
 34. For Oral Translation. 
 
 Tejnporal Clauses. — § 541 (321. 6. N.) ; G. 559. 
 
 Clauses with postquam, ubi, etc. — § 543. a (323, 324) ; B. 287; 
 G. 561 ff.; H. 602 (518); H-B. 550, 557, 558. 
 
 i. The Romans made war against the Samnites after they 1 
 had been called 2 by the Campanians. 2. Since the war lasted 3 
 for nearly fifty years, the dangers were often very great. 
 3. When Spurius Postumius was consul, he was led into an 
 ambush by Pontius. 4. Pontius sent men to say to the Romans 
 that Luceria was being besieged. 5. As soon as the Romans 
 heard this, they tried to bring 4 aid. 6. They chose the shorter 
 road, although it was the more dangerous. 7. When they had 
 come to the Caudine Forks, the treachery of the enemy became 
 clear. 
 
 Notes: —1. I.e. the Romans. 2 . What tense usually follows 
 postquam ? 3. See text. 4. Imperfect ind. 
 
 35. For Oral Translation. 
 
 Teviporal Clauses (continued). 
 
 Clauses with cum. — § 545, 546. N. 3 (325); B. 288, 289; G. 578— 
 585; H. 600, 601 (521); H-B. 524, 525, 550. a ; 551. 
 
 1. When the Romans seek the road, they find it closed by a 
 guard of the enemy. 2. When all hope of escape is taken 
 away, they halt. 1 3. After they had stood in silence for a long 
 
162 
 
 LATIN COMPOSITION. 
 
 time, they broke out into complaints against their leaders. 
 4. The legions returned to Rome after they had been sent 
 under the yoke. 5. When Postumius gave his opinion 2 in the 
 senate, he said that the Roman people were not bound by the 
 peace. 6. He urged 3 them to surrender him to the Samnites. 
 7. The senate praised Postumius, because 4 they admired his 
 greatness of soul. 
 
 Notes: — 1. Two words. 2. sententiam dicere. 3. hortor, with 
 ut and subj. 4. Give the reason as if on the authority of the 
 senate. 
 
 36. For Written Translation. 
 
 1. When Postumius, the consul, had been led into an ambush 
 by Pontius, the leader of the enemy, the Romans spent the 
 night in silence, looking at one another, and unmindful of food 
 and sleep. 2. Pontius, not knowing what he ought to do, 1 
 asked his father. 3. When his father had heard that the 
 Romans had given up all hope of escaping, he advised 2 that 
 either all should be put to death, or all should be let go. 
 4. This advice was not followed, 3 but all the Romans were 
 sent under the yoke. 5. As soon as they reached Rome, they 
 hid themselves through shame, 4 each 5 man in his own house. 
 
 Notes: — 1. ‘what ought to be done by him.’ 2. moneo, fol¬ 
 lowed by object clause of purpose. 3. Use accipio. 4. Abl. of 
 cause. 5. Note the order in the text. • 
 
 XIV. Publius Valerius Laevinus, et Pyrrhus, rex Epiri. 
 
 37. For Oral Translation. 
 
 Temporal Clauses (continued). 
 
 Clauses with antequam and priusquam. — § 551 (327); B. 291, 
 292; G. 574 - 577 ; H. 605 (520) ; H-B. 507. 4. a-d\ 550. b\ 561, 571. 
 
LATIN COMPOSITION 
 
 163 
 
 I. The Tarentini inflicted injuries upon the Roman ambassa¬ 
 dors before war was declared against them. 2. After war had 
 been declared, 1 they asked aid from Pyrrhus. 3. Laevinus 
 was elected consul before Pyrrhus came to Italy. 4. Before 
 Pyrrhus’s arrival the Romans had never fought with an enemy 
 from across the.sea. 5. When the scouts of Pyrrhus had been 
 captured, they were led through the Roman camp. 6. Laevinus 
 showed them his army before he dismissed them. 7. The 
 scouts reported to Pyrrhus what 2 the Romans were doing. 
 
 Notes: —1. postquam with perf. ind. = English pluperfect. 
 2. Indirect question. 
 
 38. For Oral Translation. 
 
 Temporal Clauses (continued). 
 
 Clauses with, dum, donee, and quoad. — § 553-556 (328); B. 293 ; 
 G. 571, 572; H. 603 (519); H-B. 507. 5; 550 .b\ 559, 560. 
 
 1. Laevinus said, 1 “Do not 2 dismiss the scouts until they 
 have seen my army.” 2. Soon Pyrrhus and Laevinus joined 
 battle. 3. When Pyrrhus was already in retreat, he drove 
 his elephants against the Roman battle-line. 4. The Romans 
 withstood the weight of their massive bodies as long as they 
 could. 5. After the horses had become frightened, they shook 
 off their riders. 6. They fought until night put an end to the 
 conflict. 7. Pyrrhus fought 3 many battles while 4 he was in 
 Italy. 
 
 Notes: — 1. inquit; insert in the quotation. 2. noli, with pres¬ 
 ent infinitive. 3. facid. 4. See n. p. 2, 1 . n. 
 
 39. For Written. Translation. 
 
 1. After the Romans had declared war against the Tarentini 
 because they had inflicted injuries upon their ambassadors, 
 
164 
 
 LATIN COMPOSITION. 
 
 Pyrrhus, a descendant of Achilles, 1 came to assist the Taren¬ 
 tini. 2. Publius Valerius Laevinus, the Roman consul, soon 
 met him in battle, 2 and almost defeated him. 3. When, how¬ 
 ever, the king drove his elephants against the Roman line, the 
 fortune of the battle was changed. 4. So terrified were the 
 horses by the sight and the smell of the monsters, that they 
 carried their riders away with them in flight. 5. The infantry, 
 too, 3 were thrown into great confusion ; 4 but they stood their 
 ground 5 until night put an end to the conflict. 
 
 Notes : — 1. See text. 2. ‘ to meet some one in battle ’ = proe¬ 
 lium cum aliqu5 committere. 3. etiam, v. n. p. 28, 1. 17. 4. ‘to 
 
 throw into great confusion ’ — magnopere turbare. 5. ‘ to stand 
 one’s ground ’ = cbnsistere. 
 
 40. For Oral Translation. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 Direct Questions. — §330-337 (210, 211, 212); B. 162; G. 450- 
 459, 471 ; H. 378-380 (351-353); H-B. 231-234. 
 
 Indirect Questions. —§ 330. 2 ; 573—575. a (210. 2 ; 334); B. 300; 
 G. 460, 467; H. 649. II. 1, 2, 3; 650. i, 2; 651 (529. I, II. 1. N. 1, 
 N. 3; 3- 0 > 2 ); 4 » 5) ; H-B. 537 - b , Cy d\ 5 ° 7 - 3 - 
 
 1. Did Pyrrhus treat 1 the captive Romans with the greatest 
 honor? 2. Yes, 2 and he buried the slain. 3. What did he 
 say, when he saw the fierce expression on the faces 3 of the 
 dead? 4. “ If I had 4 such soldiers, I could 5 become master of 
 the world.” 5. He asked his friends of what advantage 4 such 
 a victory was to him. 6. Why did he say that ? 7. Because 
 
 he had lost 0 the flower of his army. 8. Whom did Pyrrhus 
 send to Rome as his ambassador? 9. Was it not Cineas? 
 
 Notes: —1. habed. 2. Repeat the verb. 3. Tr. ‘expression on 
 the faces’ by one word. 4 Follow the idiom of the text. 5. § 517. 
 c ( 3 ° 8 - c ); B. 304. 3. a ; G. 597. 3. (a); H. 583 (511. N. 3); H-B. 582. 
 3. a. 6. Express the cause as a fact, v. n. p. 21, 1 . 8. 
 
LATIN COMPOSITION. 
 
 165 
 
 41. For Oral Translation. 
 
 i. Did Pyrrhus defeat the Romans in his first battle? 1 
 2. Yes, but the victory cost him dear. 2 3. Did he not lose 
 the flower of his army ? 4. Who met 3 him with a new army? 
 
 5. That same Laevinus met him. 6. What did Pyrrhus say? 
 7. “ Is not my fortune against the Romans like that of Hercules 
 against the hydra?” 8. What was the hydra? 9. I don’t 
 know what it was. 4 
 
 Notes: —1. Abl. of means. Omit ‘his.’ 2. ‘cost him dear’ = 
 magno el stabat; magno is abl. of price. 3. See text. 4. Not in¬ 
 dicative. 
 
 42. For Written Translation. 
 
 1. Pyrrhus used to say that he did not know whether his 
 arms, or the eloquence of Cineas, had gained the more cities 
 for him. 2. One day 1 Cineas asked the king what he was 
 planning to do after subduing the Romans. 2 3. The king re¬ 
 plied that it would not be difficult to seize Sicily and Africa 
 by force of 3 arms, and that then 4 he would give himself up to 
 the pleasures of peace. 5 4. “ Then,” said Cineas, “ what pre¬ 
 vents your doing 6 that now ? ” 
 
 Notes: —1. aliquando. 2. Abl. abs. 3. Omit ‘by force of.’ 
 4. tum demum. 5. ‘ the pleasures of peace ’ = dulce otium. 6. See 
 text. 
 
 43. For Oral Translation. 
 
 The Gerund and Gerundive. — § 500. 2, 4; 501, 502, 503. a ; 504. 
 a ~ c ; 505 -«; 5 ° 6 ’ 5°7 ( 2 94- b,d\ 295-301); B. 337. 7. b. 1, 2 ; 338. 
 !-5; 339- !—5; G - 425-433; H - 621, 622, 623, 624, 625-631 (541, 
 542. I-IV; 543, 544); H-B. 609-611, 612. I-IV ; 613-614. 
 
 N.B. — The gerund with a direct object is regular only in the 
 genitive case, and in the ablative case without a preposition. 
 
166 
 
 LATIN COMPOSITION. 
 
 i. Pyrrhus came to help 1 the Tarentini. 2. He was desir¬ 
 ous 2 of conquering the Romans. 3. He understood the art 
 of pleasing, and was of a forgiving disposition ; 3 4. so that he 
 did not surrender the captives to his soldiers to be butchered, 4 
 5. but returned them without ransom. 6. The senate had sent 
 ambassadors to confer 5 concerning the ransoming of captives, 
 
 7. Often his mildness kept him from punishing. 6 8. The 
 Tarentini learned by experience 7 that he was their master rather 
 than their ally. 
 
 Notes : — 1. auxilium ferre with the dat. Express the purpose 
 by the gen. of the gerund with causa. 2. cupidus. 3. Abl. of char¬ 
 acteristic. 4. trucido ; § 500. 4 (294. d) ; B. 337. 7. b. 2); G. 430. 
 n. 1 ; H. 622 (544. N. 2); H-B. 605. 2. 5. Omit ‘to confer.’ 6. a, 
 
 with abl. of gerund of puni5. 7. Use abl. of gerund of experior. 
 
 44. For Oral Translation. 
 
 1. There were some who 1 complained of their lot. 2. These 
 were reported to Pyrrhus for speaking 2 slightingly of him. 
 3. They were summoned by the king for investigation. 3 4. They 
 came before 4 him to plead their cause. 5 5. He first asked 
 them whether those things that had come 6 to his ears were true 
 or not. 7 6. By confessing their fault, 8 they escaped punish¬ 
 ment. 7. They said that too much wine 9 was the cause of 
 their speaking so. 8. Pyrrhus dismissed them with a smile. 
 
 Notes: — 1. Rebel, of characteristic. 2. A causal clause. 3. Nom. 
 of the gerundive, in agreement with the subject. 4. apud. 5. causam 
 dicere. 6. Subj. by attraction. 7. Should this be necne or an non? 
 
 8 . confiteor. 9. nimium vini. . 
 
 45. For Written Translation. 
 
 1. After his victory Pyrrhus sent Cineas to Rome to pro¬ 
 pose peace 1 on honorable conditions. 2. When he had been 
 
LATIN COMPOSITION. 
 
 167 
 
 introduced to the senate chamber, and there had spoken elo¬ 
 quently 2 concerning the fairness of the conditions, the mind of 
 the senate seemed to be leaning towards making a treaty. 1 
 3. But, influenced 3 by the opinion of Appius Claudius, the sen¬ 
 ate made the following reply to Pyrrhus: 4 “You can have no 
 peace with the Romans until you have left Italy.” 
 
 Notes: — 1 . ‘to propose peace,’ ad with gerundive. 2 . ‘had 
 spoken eloquently,’ express by one word. 3 . Lat. id. ‘ led.’ 4 . See 
 text. 
 
 XV. Gaius Fabricius. 
 
 46. For Oral Translation. 
 
 The Supine. —% 509, 510 (302, 303) ; B. 340. 1, 2; G. 435, 436; 
 H. 633, 635 (546, 547); H-B. 618, 619. 
 
 1. Fabricius had come to ransom 1 the captives. 2. It was 
 easy to see 2 that he was a good man. 3. Since he was very 
 poor, 3 Pyrrhus offered him gold and gifts. 4. Fabricius de¬ 
 clined everything. 5. The next day an elephant was brought 
 near to frighten Fabricius. 6. The monster was terrible to see. 
 7. The beast was put behind a curtain. 8. This was easy to 
 do. 9. At a given signal 4 it sent forth a noise dreadful 5 to 
 hear. 10. Strange 6 to say, Fabricius was not frightened. 
 
 Notes: — 1. Express the purpose in six ways. 2. Abl. of supine. 
 3. Express by dat. of adj. agreeing with ‘him.’ 4. Abl. abs. 5. hor¬ 
 ribilis. 6. mirabilis. 
 
 47. For Written Translation. 
 
 The Participle. — § 488, 489-493, 494. a\ 495, 496 (289, 290, 291, 
 2 9 2 ); B - 336 > 337 ; G. .282, 283, 664 ff.; H. 640, 637, 638 (550, 549); 
 H-B. 599. a , b, c; 600. 1-4 ; 602. I, 2 ; 320, 604. 1-7. 
 
 See also suggestion 12, p. 140. 
 
 i. Pyrrhus admired Fabricius so much that he invited him 
 to leave his fatherland, offering him 1 a fourth of his kingdom. 
 
168 
 
 LATIN COMPOSITION. 
 
 2. When all hope of establishing peace was at an end, 2 and 
 when Fabricius, who 3 had been elected consul, had pitched 
 his camp near to that of 4 Pyrrhus, the king’s physician came 
 to him by night and offered to poison 5 Pyrrhus. 3. After the 
 man had been bound, 6 he was taken back to his master with a 
 letter 7 for 8 Pyrrhus. 4. When he knew all, 9 the king, marvel¬ 
 ing at him, said that nothing was harder to do 10 than to divert 
 Fabricius from the path of honor. 11 
 
 Notes :— 1. Turn the phrase into the passive voice, and use the 
 abl. abs. 2. Abl. abs. 3. Use a participle instead of a rel. cl. 
 4. The redundant ‘ that,’ in the phrase ‘ that of,’ is never translated 
 into Latin. 5. Lat. id.— ‘kill by poison.’ What tense of the infini¬ 
 tive should be used? 6. Use a participle. 7 . litterae. 8. ad. 
 9. Lat. id. = ‘ all these being known.’ 10. Abl. of supine. 11. ‘ path 
 of honor,’ translate by one word. 
 
 48. For Oral Translation. 
 
 The Infinitive Mode. 
 
 Tenses. — § 486, 584 (288, 336. A); B. 270; G. 281, 530, 531 ; 
 H. 617-620 (537); H-B. 472, 593. a. 
 
 Subject of the Infinitive. — § 397. e (240. f ); B. 184; G. 203. R. 1 ; 
 H. 415, 610, 612 (536); H-B. 398. 
 
 Infinitive with Subject Accusative. — § 459, 562. 4. N. (330. A, B. 
 1-3; 272. R.); B. 329-331 ; G. 526-527, 532, 533, 535; H. 613,614 
 ( 535 - I-ni); H-B. 587, 589, 591, 592, 594. 
 
 Complementary Infinitive. — § 456,457,458 (271); B. 328; G. 423 ; 
 PI. 607, 608 (533)'; H-B. 586. a. 
 
 i. Fabricius heard Cineas telling a story. 1 2. He said that 
 a certain philosopher lived 2 at Athens. 3. This philosopher 
 used to say 3 that everything must 4 have pleasure for its object. 
 
 4. If the enemy should do this, they could be easily conquered. 
 
 5. They say 6 that indulgence was foreign to the life of Fabri¬ 
 cius. 6. When the Samnite ambassadors offered him money, 
 
LATIN COMPOSITION. 
 
 169 
 
 they could not move 0 him. 7. He could govern his desires. 
 8. All men cannot be like Fabricius. 7 
 
 Notes :— 1. ‘ telling a story,’ translate by one word. 2. Present 
 infinitive. 3. ‘used to say,’ what tense? 4. See text. 5. ferunt. 
 6. I.e. ‘corrupt.’ 7. §384(234); B. 192; G. 359; H. 434 (391); 
 H-B. 339. c. 
 
 49. For Oral Translation. 
 
 The Infinitive Mood (continued). 
 
 The Infinitive as Subject. — § 452, 454 (270. 1. a, b ; 272. R. 2 ; 330. 
 a, t>, c)\ B. 325-327, 330, 332. n.; G. 419-422, 535; H. 611, 615 
 (534. N. 1, N. 2); H-B. 597. 1. a); 585. 
 
 Personal and Impersonal Construction with the Infinitive. — 
 § 582. a (330. a. 1, 2. b)\ B. 332. N.; G. 528. 1, 2 ; H. 611. 1, 2 
 (534. 1); H-B. 590. 1. a. 
 
 Predicate after Infinitive. — § 452. N. 2; 458 (270. N. 2; 271. c) ; B. 
 327. 2; 328. 2; G. 420, 528; H. 612. 1, 2 (536. 2); H-B. 586. b; 
 590. 2. 
 
 Historical Infinitive. — § 463. N. (275); B. 335; G. 647; H. 610 
 (536. I); H-B. 595. 
 
 i. To make headway against 1 the Romans was difficult. 
 
 2. Pyrrhus, therefore, 2 determined to bring 3 Sicily beneath his 
 sway. 3. It is said 4 that he plundered the temple of Proser¬ 
 pina. 4. This temple was at Locri. 5 5. We know that this 
 wealth was placed on ships. 6. The next day a storm arose, 6 
 the fleet was shattered, the ships cast upon the beach. 7. This 
 disaster taught him that there are gods. 8. He ordered all the 
 sacred treasure to be carried back. 9. It is said that after 
 this' nothing succeeded for him, 10. and that he fell by a 
 dishonorable death. 
 
 Notes: — 1. ‘To make headway against,’subj. of‘was.’ 2. itaque. 
 
 3. See text. 4. Remember that the personal construction is pre¬ 
 ferred. 5. Locative. 6. Historical infinitives for all the verbs; 
 
 ‘ arose ’ = coorior. 7. posthac. 
 
170 
 
 LATIN COMPOSITION. 
 
 XVI. Gaius Duilius. 
 
 50 . For Written Translation. 
 
 i. It is said that Gaius Duilius was the first to conquer the 
 Carthaginians in 1 a naval battle. 2. When he saw that the 
 Carthaginians’ ships were the swifter, he made iron grappling- 
 hooks, 2 adapted 3 to seize and hold them. 3. In this way 4 the 
 Romans, who excelled in strength, took 5 thirty ships, captured 
 the admiral’s septireme, and 6 sank thirteen others. 4. It is cer¬ 
 tain 7 that no victory was more welcome to the Romans than this, 
 and that Duilius was the first to celebrate 8 a naval triumph. 
 
 Notes: —1. Lat. by. 2. Lit. ‘hands.’ 3. ‘adapted to’ = utilis 
 ad with gerundive. 4. ad hunc modum. 5. Historical infinitive. 
 6. Omit. 7. constat with infinitive. 8. ‘ was the first to celebrate,’ 
 see text. 
 
 51 . For Oral Translation. 
 
 Substantive Clauses introduced by quod. — § 572 (333); B. 299; 
 G. 524, 525; II. 588. 3 (540. IV); H-B. 552. 
 
 N.B. — Review the other varieties of substantive clauses, viz.: 
 Infinitive, Subjunctive, and Indirect Questions. 
 
 i. It is established 1 that Hannibal escaped the hands of the 
 Romans. 2. We know that he let himself down into a skiff. 
 3. He feared to return to his fatherland. 4. That 2 he escaped 
 punishment for losing his fleet is well known. 3 5. He sent one 
 of his friends to Carthage. 6. This friend arrived before news 
 of the disaster reached home. 7. He asked the senate whether 
 Hannibal ought to fight with the Roman fleet. 8. They replied, 
 “There is no doubt but that he ought to fight.” 4 9. He said 
 that Hannibal had fought and had been conquered. 10. Thus 
 he escaped the cross. 
 
 Notes: — 1. constat followed by a quod clause. 2. quod. 
 3. notum est. 4. See text. 
 
LATIN COMPOSITION. 
 
 171 
 
 XVII. Gaius Lutatius Catulus. 
 
 52. For Oral Translation. 
 
 The Itnperative Mood. — § 448, 449 (269. d, e) ; B. 281. 1, 2; 
 
 G. 266, 267. r. ; H. 560 (487. 1, 2); H-B. 495, 496. 
 
 Prohibitions. — § 450 (269. a. I, 2, 3) ; B. 281. 2 ; 276 ; G. 270. R. 2 ; 
 
 H. 561 (488, 489); H-B. 501. 3. a. 1), 2). 
 
 1. The consul Catulus shall put an end 1 to the war. 
 
 2. Order him to besiege Drepanum with three hundred ships. 
 
 3. Announce to him that a very large Carthaginian fleet is at 
 hand. 4. Don’t allow 2 Hanno to unload his ships. 5. Don’t 
 wait. 3 6. Straightway lay your course for the Aegatian Islands. 
 
 7. Catulus proposed 4 the following conditions of peace: 
 
 8 . “Vacate all the islands which lie between Italy and Africa. 
 
 9. Pay a fixed tribute to the Roman people for twenty years.” 
 
 Notes: — 1. Future imperative. 2. permitto. 3. Give this sen¬ 
 tence in four ways. 4. adfero. 
 
 XVIII. Quintus Fabius Maximus. 
 
 53. Formal Indirect Discourse. 
 
 Definition. —§ 578, 579 (335, 336. 1); B. 313; G. 508. 2; H. 641 
 (522. 1, 2); H-B. 533. 
 
 Declarative Sentences in Ittdirect Discourse. — § 578-585 (336. 1, 
 2. a, b, c; 336. A; 336. B) ; B. 313, 314, 317, 318; G. 648, 649, 650, 
 653—655; H. 641-645, 617-620 (522, 523. I; 524-526, 537); H-B. 
 533 » 534 - b 2; 589, 591, 593. 
 
 Subordinate Clauses in Indirect Discourse. — § 580, 583. a , b (336. 
 2. b, c); B. 314. 1, 3; G. 508. 2; 650; H. 643. 1, 3 (524. 1. 1), 2. 1)); 
 H-B. 534. 2. 
 
 Tenses of the Infinitive and Subjunctive in Indirect Discourse. —• 
 § 584. « ; 585 (336. A ; 336. B) ; B. 317, 318; G. 653, 654; H. 617-* 
 620, 644 (537, 525); H-B. 572. a, b\ 593. 
 
172 
 
 LATIN COMPOSITION. 
 
 54. For Oral or Written Translation. 
 
 In this exercise first give the sentences as they stand, then after 
 dicit, then after dixit. 
 
 i. Hannibal was 1 nine years old. 2. Hannibal swore ever¬ 
 lasting hatred against the Romans. 3. The second Punic war 
 was brought on 2 by this circumstance. 4. Hannibal, who was 
 seeking a pretext for war, destroyed Saguntum, 5. because 
 Saguntum was in alliance with the Romans. 6. Therefore 
 ambassadors were sent to demand Hannibal. 7. Fabius was 
 the chief of the embassy. 8. The Carthaginians will not give 
 up 3 Hannibal. 9. They will carry on war with the same cour¬ 
 age with which they accept 4 it. 10. Hannibal crossed the Alps. 
 
 Notes : — 1. Bear in mind that the infinitive is not subject to the 
 laws of tense sequence. 2. See text. 3. I.e. surrender. 4. Future 
 perfect. 
 
 55. For Oral or Written Translation. 
 
 Formal Indirect Discourse (continued). 
 
 Conditions in Indirect Discourse. — § 589. I, 2. a. 1, 2, 3. b. 1-4 
 (337. 1, 2. a. 1, 2, 3. b. 1-4); B. 319, 320, 321; G. 656-659, 595. R. 1; 
 596 . R- 5 5 597 - R- 4 ; H. 646, 647, 648 (527. I, II, III); H-B. 534. 
 I. b ; 536. 
 
 Questions in Indirect Discourse. — § 586, 587 (338); B. 315; 
 G. 651; H. 642 (523. II); H-B. 537. 
 
 Commands in Indirect Discourse. — §588. a. N. I, N. 2 (339); 
 B. 316; G. 652; H. 642 (523. Ill); H-B. 538. 
 
 Give the first five sentences, first as they stand, then after dicit, 
 then after dixit. 
 
 i. Take whichever 1 pleases you. 2 2. Give us whichever 1 
 you desire. 3. If Fabius should be sent against Hannibal, 
 he would check his victorious career. 3 4. If he protected Italy 
 only, he changed the plan of the war. 5. Had there been a 
 
LATIN COMPOSITION. 
 
 173 
 
 favorable opportunity 4 for a successful engagement, 5 the gen¬ 
 eral would not have been wanting. 6. Do not ask whether 
 Fabius deserved his fame. 7. But the delaying policy 6 of 
 Fabius did not please the Romans. 8. They said, did 7 not 
 Hannibal escape from the narrow pass? 
 
 Notes: — 1. utrum = which of two. 2. Dative. 3. ‘victorious 
 career,’ one word. 4. ‘favorable opportunity,’ one word. 5. See 
 text. 6. ‘delaying policy,’ one word. 7. How is a fact stated as a 
 question expressed in indirect discourse ? 
 
 56 . For Written Translation. 
 
 1. After Fabius had shut Hannibal and his army within 1 
 the narrow pass, he thought that they could never escape. 
 
 2. But Hannibal ordered cattle, with blazing fagots fastened to 
 their horns, to be driven towards the mountains. 3. The 
 Romans, astonished at the strange sight, 2 wondered who were 
 running about through the woods. 4. Fabius, suspecting 3 an 
 ambush, kept 4 his men within their entrenchments. 5. Thus 
 Hannibal escaped. 
 
 Notes: — 1. Lat. id. ‘shut in by.' 2. ‘strange sight,’ one word. 
 
 3. See notes p. 19, 1 . 7 ; p. 31, 1 . 8. 4. contineo. 
 
 57 . For Oral or Written Translation. 
 
 informal indirect discourse. 
 
 Implied Indirect Discourse. — § 592. 1, 2, 3 (340,341); B. 323 ; G. 
 508. 3; 628, 663. 2; H. 649. I (528. 1); H-B. 535. 1. a; 2. a; 536. a. 
 
 Siiljunctive of Integral Part (attraction). — § 593. a. N. 1, N. 2 
 (342); B. 324; G. 629, 663; H. 652 (529. II); H-B. 539. 
 
 Alius and alter. — § 315. a, c (203. a , c) ; B. 353. 2, 3; G. 319, 
 221. r. 1; H. 516. 1, 2 (459. 1); H-B. 279. 1, 2, 3; 265. 
 
 1. Fabius commanded his son to sell that field which 1 Han¬ 
 nibal had spared. 2. Minucius brought a charge against 
 
174 
 
 LATIN COMPOSITION. 
 
 Fabius because 2 he was wasting time. 3. For there were 
 two commanders, one Fabius, the other Minucius. 4. Some 
 thought that Fabius was cautious, others that he was afraid. 
 5. The commons were angered because 3 Fabius desired to have 
 control of the army. 6. Fabius promised 4 his assistance if 
 Minucius should engage in battle. 7. Fabius came to assist 
 Minucius, who 5 had been conquered by Hannibal. 8. Minucius 
 commanded his soldiers to call Fabius, who 5 had delivered 
 him, father. 
 
 Notes: — 1. This rel. cl. is included in what Fabius says. 2. I.e. 
 as Minucius affirmed. 3. Cf. n. 2. 4. ‘ promised ’ = ‘ said that he 
 
 would give,’ hence implied indirect discourse. 5. Rel. cl. with subj. 
 by attraction. 
 
 58 . For Oral Translation. 
 
 EXPRESSIONS OF PLACE. 
 
 Place from which. — § 426. 1 ; 427. 1 ; 428. b, e,f (258. «) ; B. 229 ; 
 G. 390, 391 ; H. 461, 462. 1, 4 (412. I, II. 1); H-B. 409, 451. 
 
 Place to which. — § 426. 2 ; 427. 2 ; 428. b, c (258. b) ; B. 182. 1, 2 ; 
 G. 337 - 1-3; H. 418. 4 (3S0. I, II. 1); H-B. 385, 450. 
 
 Place towards which. — § 428. a, c (258. b. N. 2 ; c. 2. N. 1); B. 182. 
 3 ; G - 337 - 4 ; H. 418. 4; 462. 3 (380. 1 ; 412. 3. n.); H-B. 453. 
 
 Place at or in which. — § 426. 3; 427. 3; 428. b, d. N. 1 (258. c,f ); 
 B. 228; G. 385-387 ; II. 483, 485. 1 (425. I, II. 2); H-B. 436, 449. 
 
 Place by , through , or over which. — § 429. a (258, g) ; B. 218.9; 
 G. 389 ; H. 476 (420. 3); H-B. 426. 
 
 Words used like names of towns. — § 427. a ; 429. 1, 2 (258. c. R.; 
 d, f. 1,2); B. 228. 1. b), c) ; G. 385. N. 1; 388; H. 419. 1; 462. 4 ; 
 484. 1, 2 (380. II. 2^ 1), 2); 412. 1 ; 426. 1, 2); H-B. 449. a; 436. a , b. 
 Summary. — § 426, 427; II. 491. I, II (427, 428). 
 
 i. Fabius marched towards Tarentum. 2. When he had 
 come to the city, he invested it by a siege. 3. At Tarentum 
 lived a young woman whose brother was in the army of Fabius, 
 4. and whose lover 1 was the prefect of the guard. 5. The 
 
LATIN COMPOSITION. 
 
 175 
 
 brother, at the command of Fabius, crossed over to Tarentum, 
 as a deserter. 6. He went to his sister’s house. 7. She was 
 at home. 8. There he persuaded the prefect to betray the 
 city. 9. Then a messenger was sent from the city to Fabius. 
 10. The Romans entered the city by that part of the wall 
 which the prefect was guarding. 
 
 Note: — 1. amans. 
 
 59 . For Oral Translation. 
 
 EXPRESSIONS OF TIME. 
 
 Time when or within which. — § 423, 424. < 7 , c (256, 259. a, c ); 
 B. 230, 231 ; G. 393; H. 486, 487 (429); H-B. 439. 
 
 Time how long or during which. — § 423, 424. c (256, 259. c ); 
 
 B. 181; G. 336; H. 417 (379); H-B. 387. II. 
 
 Use of prepositions in expressions of time. — § 424. a, e (256. a ; 
 259. b ); B. 181. 2; 230. 2; G. 336, 394; H. 487. 1, 2 (429. 1, 2); 
 H-B. 439. a\ 387. II. a. 
 
 Time before or after an event. — § 424. f (259. d ); B. 357. 1 ; 
 G. 336. 3; 403. 4; H. 488. 1, 2, N. 2 (430, n. 1. 1) -3); N. 3); H-B. 
 424, 387. 11. b. 
 
 i. Livius boasted because he had held the citadel for many 
 months. 2. Many years after, the son of Fabius was consul. 
 
 3. Fabius wished to know whether his son knew 1 that he was 
 consul. 4. Within a few days the consul ordered Fabius to 
 dismount from his horse. 5. The son knew who was consul. 
 
 C. F'or many years Fabius upheld the state by a policy of delay. 2 
 7. In 216 B.C. 3 Paulus and Varro were consuls. 8. They 
 pitched their camp near Cannae. 9. In a few hours they drew 
 up their battle-line. 10. Their army was cut in pieces. 11. Rome 
 had known 4 no such 5 calamity for two hundred years. 
 
 Notes: — 1. Not ind. 2. ‘policy of delay,’one word. 3. Lat. id. 
 ‘in the 538th year from the founding of the city.’ Cf. p. 17, 1 . 20. 
 
 4. sentio. 5. ‘ no such ’ = * not so great.’ 
 
176 
 
 LATIN COMPOSITION. 
 
 60 . For Written Translation. 
 
 i. A trivial circumstance 1 assisted Fabius in 2 recovering 
 Tarentum. 2. In that city was a young woman who used to 
 receive 3 the prefect of the guard at her house. 3. Though she 
 lived at Tarentum, she was born 4 at Rome, and had lived there 
 fifteen years before she went to Tarentum. 4. Her brother 
 was in the army of Fabius. 5. Her brother came to her by 
 night, 5 and there met 6 the prefect, who promised, before he 
 went forth 7 from the house, to betray 8 Tarentum to the Romans. 
 6. Thus, 9 within a few hours, Tarentum was recovered. 
 
 Notes: — 1. See text. 2. ad. 3. What tense? 4. nascor. 5. noctu. 
 6. convenio. 7. egredior. 8. Future infinitive with subj. acc. 9. sic. 
 
 XIX. Aemilius Paulus et Terentius Varro. 
 
 61 . For Oral Translation. 
 
 THE ROMAN CALENDAR. 
 
 The Year. — § 424. 630 (259. e\ 376); B. 227; G. 409, Appen¬ 
 
 dix; H. 489 (431. 4); H-B. 661. 1, 2. 
 
 The Month. — § 631. a-d ; 424.^(376. a-d ; 259. e) ; B. 371. 1-6; 
 G. Appendix; H. 754, 755. n. i, n. 2 (641, 642, 644); H-B. 662, 664- 
 668 . 
 
 i. Fabius died 203 1 b.c. 2. The consuls entered upon their 
 magistracy on the first of January. 3. King Numa died 
 673 B.c . 2 4. The Salii used to convey the sacred shields 
 
 through the city on the first of March. 5. The second Punic 
 war began in 218 b.c. 6. Hannibal set out for Italy on the 
 10th of April. 3 7. He reached the Alps on the 3d of October. 
 8. He defeated Scipio at 4 the Ticinus river, on the 14th of 
 November. 9. He defeated Sempronius at the Trebia, on the 
 
LATIN COMPOSITION. 
 
 177 
 
 20th of December, io. Some 5 say that the battle of Cannae 6 
 took place on the 2d of August. 
 
 Notes: — 1. Subtract 203 from 754 for the Roman equivalent 
 
 а. u.c. 2. All dates relating to the Roman kings are mythical. 3. The 
 exact dates of these battles are uncertain. 4. apud. 5. quidam. 
 
 б. proelium Cannense. 
 
 62 . For Oral Translation. 
 
 pronouns. 
 
 Personal. — § 295 (194); B. 242; G. 304; H. 500 (446); H-B. 254, 
 2 55 > 2 57 - 
 
 Demonstrative. — § 296, 297, 298 (100-102, 195); B. 246-249; 
 
 G. 3 0 5 - 3 iO H - 5 0 5 - 5 0 7 ( 450 - 45 2 ); H_B - 2 7 i- 274 , 267-270. 
 
 Reflexive. — § 299. a\ 300. 1, 2 (196); B. 244; G. 309; H. 502- 
 504 (448, 449); H-B. 260; 262. 1, 2. 
 
 Possessive. — § 302. a, c, d, e (197); B. 243 ; G. 312 ; H. 501 (447); 
 H-B. 256, 258. 
 
 Relative. — § 304-307. a, b. N. ; e\ 308. a-c (197. 5-201); B. 250, 
 251; G. 610 ff.; H. 510 (453); H-B. 281, 282, 284. 1-6. 
 
 Indefinite.—% 309, 310. a; 311, 313, 314. 1, 2. a (202); B. 252; 
 G. 3 1 3 — 3 1 9 ; H. 5 I2- 5 I 5 ( 455 - 459 ): H ~ B - 2 7 6- 
 
 1. There were two consuls at Cannae, the one Paulus, the 
 other Varro. 2. The former fell, the latter returned from the 
 great slaughter. 3. Was there any mention of peace at Rome ? 
 
 4. No ; even 1 Varro was thanked because he had not despaired. 
 
 5. They took down arms from the very temples. 6. The citi¬ 
 zens contributed 2 their private wealth. 7. They left almost no 
 gold for themselves. 8. The tablets 3 in the hands of the clerks 
 were hardly sufficient. 9. Hannibal gave his captives an 
 opportunity of ransoming themselves. 10. Ten of those very 1 
 ones were sent to Rome. n. No pledge was asked from any 
 one. 4 12. Each one swore that he would return. 13. A 
 
178 
 
 LATIN COMPOSITION. 
 
 certain one of the ambassadors returned, as if he had forgotten 
 something. 
 
 Notes: —i. ipse. 2. ‘to contribute ’ = in medium proferre. 
 3. Sc. the omitted relative. 4. quisquam. 
 
 63 . For Written Translation. 
 
 1. Some say that the battle of Cannae, Rome’s greatest 
 defeat since 1 the founding of the city, took place on the 2d of 
 August; others, on the 15th of June. 2. So high was the 
 spirit of the state that no one made mention of peace ; but 
 they took the very spoils of war from the temple walls 2 for arms, 
 and knights and senators, vying with each other, 3 contributed 
 their gold. 3. The senate, moreover, refused to ransom some 
 captives taken 4 by Hannibal, saying that the republic had no 
 need 5 of citizens who could be taken captive with arms in their 
 hands. 
 
 Notes: —1. post. 2. paries, -etis, m. 3. ‘vying with each 
 other,’ certatim. 4. Express by a relative clause. 5. See text. 
 
 XX. Tiberius Gracchus et Gaius Gracchus. 
 
 64 . For Oral Translation. 
 
 The Genitive Case. 
 
 General Rule. —% ^2 (213); H. 437~439 ( 393 ~ 395 ) 5 H-B. 337. 
 Quality. — §345 (215); B. 203; G. 365; H. 440. 3 (396. V); 
 H-B. 355. 
 
 Partitive. — § 346 (216); B. 201; G. 367-372 ; H. 440. 5; 441- 
 444 ( 397 - a. 1-4 ; c, e); H-B. 346. r. 
 
 Objective. — § 348 (217); B. 200 ; G. 363. 2 ; H. 440. 2 (396. Ill); 
 H-B. 354. 
 
 With Adjectives. — § 349. a-c (218); B. 204; G. 374; H. 450 ff. 
 (399); H-B. 354. 
 
LATIN COMPOSITION. 
 
 179 
 
 Predicate Genitive. — § 314. b (214. 1. c) ; B. 198. 3 ; 203. 5 ; G. 366 ; 
 IT. 447 ff. (401 ff.); H-B. 340. 
 
 With Verbs. — § 350. a , b, c, d; 351-357 (219-222); B. 205-212; 
 G. 376-382 ; H. 4 54 - 45 8 (406-409) ; H-B. 342-345» 347 » 35 °- 353 ’ 
 
 1. Tiberius Gracchus was the grandson of Scipio Africanus. 
 2. He was a boy of unusual talent. 1 3. The mother, Cornelia, 
 was full of wisdom. 2 4. She thought that well-trained children 
 were a matron’s chief adornment. 5. She considered 3 them 
 of more value 4 than the most beautiful jewels. 6. Her boys 
 were called Cornelia’s jewels. 7. Tiberius Gracchus was 
 elected tribune of the people. 8. It was to his interest to win 
 the favor of the people. 9. He did not forget them. 10. Some 
 accused him of aiming 5 at the royal power. 
 
 Notes: —1. indoles. 2. sapientia. 3. habeo. 4. Omit. 5. Lat. 
 id. ‘ of preparing a way for himself to.’ Use gen. of gerund. 
 
 65 . For Written Translation. 
 
 1. The Gracchi, sons of Cornelia, the daughter of Scipio 
 Africanus, were boys of unusual talent. 2. Cornelia, who was 
 desirous 1 of educating 2 her children well, called them her jewels 
 and sent them to school from childhood. 3. One 3 of these 
 boys, Tiberius, was so full of love for the people that he won 
 their favor, and was elected tribune. 4. When he desired his 
 power as tribune 4 to be prolonged, the senate suspected 5 that 
 he was seeking 6 the royal power, and he was accused of that 
 crime. 5. He was killed by a mob 7 of senators, and his body 
 was thrown into the Tiber. 6. He was a man 8 of great virtue, 
 and of wonderful eloquence. 
 
 Notes: — 1. cupidus. 2. Gen. of gerund. 3. alter. 4. ‘as trib¬ 
 une,’ use an adjective. 5. suspicor, -ari, -atus. 6. peto. 7. turba. 
 8. Omit. 
 
ISO 
 
 LATIN COMPOSITION. 
 
 66. For Oral Translation. 
 
 The Dative Case. 
 
 General Ricle. — § 361 (224); B. 186; G. 344; H. 422,423 (382); 
 H-B. 35S. 
 
 Indirect Object. — § 362. a ; 366 (225, 226); B. 187 ; G. 345, 346; 
 II. 424 (384); H-B. 365. 
 
 With Special Verbs. — § 367 (227); B. 187. II; G. 346; H. 426- 
 428 (385); H-B. 362. I— 111 ; 364. 1. 
 
 With Compounds. — § 370. a; 371 (228); B. 187. Ill; G. 347; 
 H. 429 (386); H-B. 376. 
 
 A Dative rendered from. — § 381 (229); B. 188. 2. d) ; G. 347. 5; 
 
 h. 427 ( 3 8 5 - II - 2 ); H_B - 371 - 
 
 i. Nature gave the same disposition to Gaius Gracchus. 
 
 2. He sought the tribunate to avenge his brother’s death. 
 
 3. He favored 1 the people with lavish grants. 4. He did not 
 spare 2 the treasury. 5. He gave 3 citizenship to all Italians. 
 6. All good citizens opposed these plans of Gracchus. 7. The 
 common people trusted him. 8. He took corn from 4 the rich 
 and gave it to the poor. 
 
 Notes: —1. fave 5 . 2. parc 5 . 3. confido. 4. auferd, followed 
 by the accusative of the thing and the dative of the person. 
 
 67 . For Oral Translation. 
 
 The Dative Case (continued). 
 
 With Passive Intransitives. — § 369. a ; 372 (230); B. 187. II. b ; 
 G. 208. 2; 346. 1 ; H. 426. 3 (384. 5); H-B. 364. 2. 
 
 . Possessor. — § 373 (231) ; B. 190 ; G. 349 ; H. 430 (387) ; H-B. 374. 
 
 Apparent Agent.— % 374. a ; 375 (232. N., a); B. 189. 1, 2; G. 355. 
 R -: 3541 H. 431. 2 (388. 1); H-B. 373. 1, 2. 
 
 With Adjectives. — § 383, 384 (234); B. 192; G. 359; H. 434 
 (391); H-B. 362. I—HI; 339. c. 
 
 1. The consul Opimius was ordered 1 to see to it that the 
 republic should receive no harm. 2. The people had to be 
 
LATIN COMPOSITION. 
 
 1S1 
 
 called to arms by the consul. 3. Gaius 2 had the family ser¬ 
 vants for a guard. 4. Gracchus was defeated 3 and compelled 
 to flee. 4 5. A slave was persuaded 5 to kill his master. 6. The 
 death of Gaius was like that of 6 Tiberius. 7. Gracchus 7 had 
 many friends. 8. One of 8 them was not faithful 9 to him. 
 
 9. He brought the tribune’s head to 10 Opimius. 
 
 Notes : — 1. impero, used impersonally, followed by ut and subj. 
 2. Lat. id. ‘The family servants were for a guard to Gaius.’ 3. Use 
 perf. part. 4. 2d periphrastic. 5. persuadeo, used impersonally. Cf. 
 note 1. 6. Omit ‘that.’ 7. Dat. of possessor. 8. ex. 9. fidelis. 
 
 10. When is to not a sign of the dative ? 
 
 68. For Written Translation. 
 
 1. After the death of Tiberius, Gaius Gracchus, to whom 
 nature had given the same character, was elected 1 tribune. 
 2. He pleased 2 the commons by many laws relating to 3 the 
 distribution of corn and the giving of the citizenship. 3. But 
 Opimius had to obey 4 the decree of the senate, and so 5 he 
 told the people that they must take up 6 arms against Gracchus. 
 4. Gracchus seized 7 the Aventine and used his family servants 
 as a guard, for 8 he 9 had no other defenders. 5. He was com¬ 
 pelled to flee, however, and, in order that he might not be 
 seized, he persuaded a slave, who was faithful to him, to kill 10 
 him. 6. His body, like that of his 11 brother, was thrown into 
 the Tiber. 
 
 Notes: —1. creo. 2. placeo. 3. de. 4. pareo. Use 2d peri¬ 
 phrastic impersonally. 5. itaque. 6. capio. 7. Subordinate by 
 using participle. 8. quod. 9. Dative of possessor. 10. Object cl. 
 of purpose. 11. Omit ‘ that of his.’ 
 
 69 . For Oral Translation. 
 
 The Accusative Case. 
 
 Direct Object. — § 387. a, b (237); B. 172 ff.; G. 330; H. 404 (371); 
 H-B. 390. a. 
 
182 
 
 LATIN COMPOSITION. 
 
 Cognate. — § 390. a, r, d (238); B. 176; G. 332, 333; H. 409 
 (371. II); H-B. 396. 1, 2. 
 
 Two Accusatives , Person. — § 391, 392, 393. a (239. a); 
 
 B. 177; G. 340; PI. 410 (373); H-B. 392. 
 
 Two Accusatives, Person and Thing. — § 394, 395. N. 3; 396. a 
 (239. b. 2. b, c. n. 1, r.); B. 178; G. 339; H. 411-413 ( 374 - 376 ); 
 H-B. 393. a, b. 
 
 1. The Romans elected Opimius consul. 2. Tiberius Gracchus 
 was elected tribune. 3. He lived a noble life, 1 and died an 
 undeserved death. 1 4. After his death the consul inflicted 
 punishment 2 upon those who had sympathized with Gracchus. 
 
 5. Blossius, a friend of Tiberius, asked the senate for pardon. 3 
 
 6 . He valued Gracchus so highly 4 that he thought he ought 
 to do whatever Gracchus 5 desired. 7. For 6 this reason, he 
 thought he ought to be pardoned. 
 
 Notes: —1. Cognate accusative. 2. ‘inflicted punishment,’tr. 
 by one word. 3. venia. 4. See text. 5. See suggestion 6, p. 139. 
 6.. Lat. ‘ because of.’ 
 
 XXI. Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus. 
 
 70 . For Oral Translation. 
 
 The Ablative Case. 
 
 General Rule. — § 399 (242); B. 213; G. 384; H. 459 (411); 
 H-B. 403. 
 
 Separation. — §400, 401, 402 (243); B. 214; G. 390; H. 461-466 
 (414); H-B. 408. 1, 2, 3; 410, 411, 412. 
 
 Source atid Material. — § 403. a (244); B. 215; G. 395, 396; 
 H. 467-470 (415); H-B. 413, 406. 4. 
 
 Cause. — § 404 (245); B. 219 ; G. 408 ; H. 475 (416); II-B. 444. c. 
 Agent. — § 405. N. 1, N. 2 (246); B. 216; G. 401; H. 467, 468 
 (415. 1 ); II-B. 406. 1. b. 
 
 i. Gnaeus Pompey was born of 1 senatorial stock. 2. Pompey’s 
 father was disliked by 2 the army because of his avarice. 3 3. A 
 
LATIN COMPOSITION. 
 
 183 
 
 plot was made against him by Terentius. 4. Terentius 4 was 
 to kill 5 him and others 4 were to sethis tent on fire. 5. Pompey, 
 the youth, was informed of the plot. 6. But he was not moved 
 by the peril. 3 7. He withdrew from the tent secretly, and 
 placed a strong guard about his father. 8. Terentius drew 0 
 his sword from its scabbard. 7 9. Pompey threw himself into 
 the midst of the lines. 10. The father was spared 8 on account 
 of the tears of his son. 
 
 Notes : — 1. nascor, followed by the abl. of source. 2. ‘ was dis¬ 
 liked by ’ = ‘was hateful to.’ 3. Abl. of cause. 4. Dat. of apparent 
 agent. 5. 2d periphrastic. 6. eripio. 7. ex vagina, abl. of sepa¬ 
 ration. 8. Use impersonally. 
 
 71 . For Written Translation. 
 
 1. The youthful Pompey was greatly beloved by Sulla, 
 because he had followed Sulla’s faction, and had gathered the 
 remnants of his father’s army that he might go to Sulla’s 
 assistance. 2. Among his soldiers, too, because of his many 
 virtues, there was great affection for him. 3. Temperate in 
 food and drink, unwearied 1 by exertion, he was a skilful com¬ 
 mander, and worthy of 2 the highest praise. 
 
 Notes : — 1. Lat. ‘ wearied by no.’ 2. dignus., with abl. of cause. 
 
 72 . For Oral Translation. 
 
 The Ablative Case (continued). 
 
 Comparison. — § 406, 407. a, c (247); B. 217; G. 398; H. 471 
 (417); H-B. 416. d. 
 
 Manner. — § 412. a, b (248); B. 220; G. 399; II. 473. 3 (419. Ill); 
 H-B. 445. 1-3; 422. 
 
 Accompaniment. — § 413. a, b (248. 7); B. 222 ; G. 392 ; H. 473. 1 ; 
 474 (419. I. 1); H-B. 418, 419, 420. 
 
 Means. — § 408, 409 (248. 8); B. 218; G. 401; II. 476 (420); 
 H-B. 423. a. 
 
184 
 
 LATIN COMPOSITION. 
 
 Degree of Difference. — § 414 (250); B. 223; G. 403; H. 479 
 (423) ; H-B. 424. 
 
 i. Pompey was a more illustrious man than his father. 
 2. He, together 1 with a band of 2 distinguished youth, joined’ 5 
 Sulla. 3. Afterwards he went to Sicily with a fleet. 4. Carbo, 
 an enemy of Sulla, was seized by the soldiers. 5. Though he 
 begged for life with prayers and tears, he was killed. 6. Sthe- 
 nius, the chief of a Sicilian state, saved 4 his life by a frank 
 speech. 7. “You will act unjustly,” said Sthenius, “if you 
 punish all for the guilt 5 of one.” 8. “Who, pray, 6 is that 
 one?” asked Pompey. 9. “I,” said Sthenius, “who am much 
 more guilty" than my fellow-citizens.” 
 
 Notes: — 1. Omit. 2. Omit ‘band of.’ 3. Lat. id. ‘joined him¬ 
 self to.’ 4. servo. 5. ‘ for the guilt,’ express in two ways. 6. ‘ Who, 
 pray,’ quisnam. 7. nocentior. 
 
 73 . For Oral Translation. 
 
 The Ablative Case (continued). 
 
 Quality. —% 415. a (251); B. 224; G. 400; H. 473. 2 (419. II); 
 H-B. 443. 
 
 Price. — § 416, 417. b, c (252); B. 225; G. 404 ; H. 478 (422); 
 H-B. 427. 1, 2. r. 
 
 Specification. — § 418. a (253); B. 226; G. 397; H. 480 (424); 
 H-B. 441. 
 
 Absolute. —% 419, 420 (255); B. 227; G. 409, 410; H. 489 (431); 
 H-B. 421. 
 
 1. Pompey fought against Sertorius with variable success. 
 2. In a certain battle, a man of immense size made an attack 
 against him. 3. Many rushing upon him at the same time, 1 he 
 was wounded in the thigh. 4. He was deserted by his fleeing 
 men. 5. He escaped from his peril, contrary to his expecta¬ 
 tions, and at no great price. 2 6. No one excelled 3 Sertorius in 
 courage. 7. Sertorius called Metellus an old woman, because 
 
LATIN COMPOSITION. 
 
 185 
 
 he was effeminate in his manner of life. 4 8. After Sertorius 
 was dead, Pompey departed from Spain. 
 
 Notes: — i. See text. 2. pretium. 3. praecedo, with acc. 
 4. ‘manner of life,’ abl. of cultus. 
 
 74 . For Written Translation. 
 
 1. Pompey was a youth of remarkable talent, 1 and was skil¬ 
 ful in war 2 when only twenty-four years of age ; but he could 
 not conquer Sertorius, who excelled 3 all his foes in knowledge 4 
 of military affairs. 2. Spain was finally recovered by the 
 Romans at a great outlay 5 of men and of money. 3. After this 
 war was finished, Pompey was sent with a great fleet to crush 
 the pirates. 4. No victory was more speedy than this, for, by 
 scattering his ships in all the nooks and corners 6 of the sea, he 
 drove them out in less than forty days. 5. The war against 
 Mithridates was then intrusted 7 to him, against whom he set 
 out with the greatest speed. 
 
 Notes: — 1. ingenium. 2. Not abl. 3. praecedS, with acc. 
 4. scientia. 5. sumptus. 6.‘nooks and corners,’ recessus. 7. mando. 
 
WORD-GROUPS. 
 
 
 Before taking up the study of these groups of kindred words, the student 
 will find it advisable to learn the principal rules for word formation, and the 
 meanings and force of the most important prefixes and suffixes. See A., 
 chap, viii; H. 313-345. 
 
 i. AC-, sharp, pierce. 
 
 acies, edge, battle-line, 
 acer, sharp. 
 
 acerbus, sharp (to the taste), bit¬ 
 ter, cruel. 
 
 2. AG-, drive. 
 ago, drive. 
 
 adig5, drive to, compel. 
 cog5 (co-ag5), drive together, as¬ 
 semble. 
 
 exigo, drive out, complete, 
 fatigd, drive to weariness, 
 subigo, drive up; subdue, 
 agito, keep driving, drive here 
 and there. 
 
 agmen, a thing driven; army; line 
 of march. 
 
 3. AL- (AR-), feed, grow. 
 alo, feed. 
 
 altus, grown ; high. 
 
 altum, the deep. 
 
 alacer, well-fed ; quick, lively. 
 
 4. AL-, ALI-, other, strange. 
 
 alius, another, 
 alias, another time, 
 alienus, belonging to another, 
 aliquis, some other, some one. 
 aliquandb, at some time, 
 aliquantb, somewhat, rather, 
 aliquot, some. 
 
 aliter, in a different manner, 
 alter, another, the other (of two), 
 altercor, quarrel. 
 
 5. AM-, love. 
 
 amicus, friend, 
 inimicus, enemy, 
 amicitia, friendship, 
 amor, love. 
 
 6. AN-, breathe. 
 
 anima, breath ; soul. 
 
 animal, a breathing thing; animal. 
 
 animus, rational spirit, mind, soul. 
 
 7. 1 AR-, fit. 
 arma, arms, implements, 
 armo, arm, equip. 
 
188 
 
 WORD-GROUPS. 
 
 ars, skill in joining; art, craft, 
 artus, joints. 
 
 8. 2 AR-, burn, dry. 
 
 ardor, heat, fire, 
 exardesco, burst into flames, 
 aridus, dry. 
 
 g. ARC-, keep off, shut in. 
 
 arced, keep away, 
 exerced, restrain, exercise, 
 exercitus, trained body, army, 
 arx, that which shuts in, citadel. 
 
 io. i AV-, mark, delight, desire. 
 
 auded, dare, 
 audacia, boldness, 
 avarus, avaricious, desirous, 
 avaritia, desire, avarice, 
 avidus, eager. 
 
 n. 2 AV-, notice. 
 
 audio, hear, 
 auris, ear. 
 
 12. 3 AV-, blow, waft. 
 avis, bird. 
 
 aucupium (avis-capid), bird-catch¬ 
 ing. 
 
 augur, an interpreter of omens, 
 augur. 
 
 augurium, interpretation of bird- 
 omens. 
 
 auspicium, bird-gazing, auspices. 
 
 13. AVG-, grow. 
 
 auged, increase, 
 auctor, author. 
 
 auctoritas, rank, power, 
 auxilium, increasing; assistance. 
 
 14. CAD-, fall. 
 
 cado (ad-, com-, in-, ob-, re-), fall, 
 befall. 
 
 cadaver, dead body, 
 casus (cadtus), falling ; event; 
 accident. 
 
 occasio, opportunity, occasion. 
 
 cedo (ad-, com-, de-, re-, sub-), 
 give place, go. 
 recessus, retreat, departure, 
 successor, one following, 
 successus, a coming up, advance; 
 success. 
 
 15. CAL-, CLA-, call. 
 
 clamd, call out. 
 clamito, call often, 
 conclamo, call together, 
 clamor, a loud call, 
 praeclarus, very bright, splendid. 
 
 16. CAND-, glow. 
 
 accendo, set fire to, kindle, 
 incendo, put fire in. 
 incendium, fire, conflagration. 
 
 17. CAP-, take, hold. 
 
 capio (ad-, com-, prae-, re-), take, 
 seize ; hold. 
 
 captivus, taken, captured, 
 capto, strive to take ; catch, 
 inceptum, thing begun, under¬ 
 taking. 
 
WORD-GROUPS. 
 
 1S9 
 
 praecipue, taken before; espe¬ 
 cially. 
 
 princeps (primus-capere), fore¬ 
 most. 
 
 principium, beginning, 
 caput, head. 
 
 anceps (ambi-ceps), two-headed, 
 doubtful. 
 
 18. CAV-, watch , ware. 
 
 caveo, beware, 
 cautus, careful, 
 causa, cause, 
 accusd, call to account, 
 accusator, one who calls to ac¬ 
 count. 
 
 cura (cavira), care, anxiety, 
 curd, care. 
 
 incuriosus, without care, 
 procurd, look after, care for. 
 
 19. CEL-, CVR-, strike , drive. 
 
 percello, strike down ; strike with 
 consternation. 
 
 procella, driving wind, storm, 
 celer, swift, 
 celeritas, swiftness, 
 celeber, trodden, frequented, 
 clades, destruction, devastation. 
 
 procul, at a distance, away, 
 culter, striking thing ; knife. 
 
 curro (ad-, com-, de-, dis-, ob-, 
 sub-), run. 
 
 cursus, a running, course, 
 concursus, a meeting together, 
 incursio, a running into, or against. 
 
 20. CER-, CRE-, part, distin¬ 
 guish. 
 
 cerno, separate ; perceive, 
 decerno, decide ; contend, 
 secretus, separated ; secret, 
 certus, settled, certain, 
 certe, certainly, 
 certd, match; fight, 
 certamen, that which decides, 
 contest. 
 
 certatim, in rivalry, 
 crimen, means of distinguishing, 
 fault. 
 
 discrimen, that which parts, sepa¬ 
 ration. 
 
 21. COL-, till. 
 
 cold, till, inhabit, 
 excold, cultivate, improve, 
 incold, abide, dwell, 
 incola, an inhabitant, 
 cultus, labor; care, culture. 
 COldnia, settlement. 
 
 22. CRV-, raw. 
 
 cruor, blood, 
 crudelis, cruel, 
 crudelitas, cruelty. 
 
 23. CVR-, CIR-, curve. 
 
 circus, circle, ring, 
 circum, around, 
 circa, around. 
 
 24. i DA-, give. 
 
 do, give; grant, 
 dedo, give up, surrender. 
 
190 
 
 WORD-GROUPS. 
 
 dediti 5 , surrender, 
 reddo, give back, 
 trado, give over, deliver, 
 donum, gift. 
 don 5 , give. 
 
 dos, thing given; dowry, 
 sacerdos, giver of sacrifice, priest. 
 
 25. 2 DA-, put. 
 
 -do (ab-, ad-, circum-, com-, e-, 
 per-, pro-, sub-), put, place, 
 conditor, one who puts together ; 
 builder. 
 
 proditor, betrayer, 
 mando, put into the hands of, 
 order. 
 
 vendd (venum-do), put for sale, 
 sell. 
 
 26. DIC-, DIC-, show, point. 
 
 dico (ad-, in-, inter-, prae-), show 
 by words; say, speak, tell, 
 edictum, proclamation, edict. 
 (dici 5 ), saying, authority. 
 condiciS, agreement, stipulation. 
 dictitS, say often, maintain, 
 dictator, absolute ruler, dictator. 
 abdicS, disown, disavow. 
 praedicS, make known, 
 praedicatis, a saying forth, public 
 proclamation. 
 
 index, one who points out, wit¬ 
 ness. 
 
 indicium, something pointed out; 
 
 notice, information, 
 iudex (ius-dex), one who speaks 
 the law; judge. 
 iudicS, pronounce judgment. 
 
 iudicium, judgment. 
 discS (di-dec-scS), learn, 
 discipulus, learner, pupil. 
 doceS, teach. 
 
 doctus, one taught; learned man. 
 edoceS, teach thoroughly, 
 doctrina, teaching, learning. 
 
 27. DIV-, bright , shine. 
 
 divus, deity, god. 
 divinus, divine. 
 
 divinitus, divinely, from heaven, 
 deus, god. 
 dea, goddess. 
 
 Iuppiter (Diupiter), Jupiter. 
 
 Ianus (Dianus), Janus. 
 Ianiculum,hill named after Janus. 
 Diana (Divana), shining one ; 
 Diana. 
 
 IunS (DivSna), Juno. 
 
 dies, day, light. 
 
 biduum, a period of two days, 
 
 cottidianus, daily. 
 
 hodie, to-day. 
 
 postridie, the day after. 
 
 pridie, the day before. 
 
 diu, all day; a long time, 
 diuturnus, of long duration, 
 interdiu, during the day, by day. 
 quamdiu, as long as ; how long. 
 
 ditissimus (sup. of dis), resplen¬ 
 dent ; rich, 
 divitiae, riches, 
 iuvenis, young, 
 iuventus, youth. 
 adiuvS, help, assist. 
 
WORD-GROUPS. 
 
 191 
 
 adiumentum (adiuvamentum), 
 means of helping, aid. 
 iucundus, pleasant, agreeable. 
 
 28. DVA-, DVI-, apart, two. 
 
 duo, two. 
 
 duodecim, twelve. 
 
 duodeni, twelve each. 
 
 dubius, doubtful. 
 
 dubito, go to and fro ; hesitate. 
 
 duplex, twofold. 
 
 duplicd, fold double, duplicate. 
 
 biduum, two days, 
 bis (dvi-ies), twice, 
 bini, two apiece, two by two. 
 bellum (*dvellum), contest be¬ 
 tween two ; war. 
 bello, wage war. 
 rebelld, wage war again, revolt, 
 bellicbsus, full of war, warlike, 
 imbellis, unwarlike. 
 
 29. DVC-, lead. 
 
 duco (ab-, ad-, com-, de-, e-, in-, 
 intro-, per-, re-, sub-, trans-), 
 lead. 
 
 dux, leader. 
 
 educo, bring up, train. 
 
 educatio, bringing up, training. 
 
 30. ED-, eat. 
 
 edd, eat. 
 
 esca, something to eat, meat; 
 bait. 
 
 31. ES-, be, live. 
 
 sum (esum) (ab-, ad-, de-, in-, 
 inter-, prae-, pr 5 -, super-), be. 
 
 absens, absent. 
 
 possum (pot-sum), be able, can. 
 praesens, being before ; present. 
 
 32. FA-, shine, show. 
 
 (for), speak, say. 
 
 praefor, say beforehand, premise, 
 infans, that cannot speak; infant, 
 fabula, thing told, story, 
 facundus, that speaks with ease, 
 eloquent. 
 
 facundia, eloquence, 
 fama, what people say, report, 
 infamis, ill spoken of. 
 fanum, a place dedicated by 
 forms of speech ; a temple, 
 fatum, thing spoken ; fate, 
 fatalis, fateful. 
 
 fetialis, speaking, negotiating (of 
 an embassy). 
 
 33. FAC-, make, put. 
 
 faci 5 (ad-, com-, de-, ex-, inter-, 
 sub-), make, build. 
 fi 5 , be made, become, 
 interfector, a slayer, 
 praefectus, one set over, overseer, 
 facilis, easy to do. 
 difficilis, hard to do. 
 difficiliter, with difficulty, 
 facultas, ability, power, 
 difficultas, difficulty, trouble, 
 facinus, deed, act; crime, 
 factum, thing done, act. 
 profectb (pro-facto), for a fact, 
 actually. 
 
 adfectd, strive after, aim at. 
 proficiscor, set out. 
 
192 
 
 WORD-GROUPS. 
 
 patefaci 5 , lay open, throw open, 
 aedificd, build, erect a building, 
 aedificium, building, edifice, 
 beneficium, good deed, favor, 
 benefit. 
 
 carnifex, executioner, hangman, 
 opifex, worker, workman, artisan, 
 officium (opificium), service, kind¬ 
 ness 
 
 pontifex [p 5 ns-faci 5 , one who 
 makes a bridge (to the gods)], 
 high-priest. 
 
 sacrificium, a sacrifice. 
 
 faber, maker, workman, smith, 
 fabrics, make, build, construct. 
 Fabricius, proper name, cf. Eng¬ 
 lish Smith. 
 
 34. FER-, bear. 
 
 fero (ad-, au(ab)-, com-, de-, ex-, 
 in-, ob-, per-, prae-, prd-, re-), 
 bear, carry; tolerate, 
 vociferor, cry out. 
 signifer, standard bearer. 
 
 forte, by chance, 
 fortuna, chance, hap, luck. 
 
 furtum, theft. 
 
 furax, given to stealing. 
 
 35. FID-, FID-, bind, trust. 
 
 fides, trust, confidence, 
 fidelis, faithful. 
 
 perfidus, promise-breaking, faith¬ 
 less. 
 
 perfidia, faithlessness. 
 
 fiducia, trust, confidence, 
 foedus, treaty. 
 
 36. FLAG-, FVLG-, blaze. 
 
 flamma (flagma), blaze. 
 c 5 nflagr 5 , burn, be consumed. 
 fulgeS, flash, lighten, gleam, 
 fulmen, lightning flash. 
 
 37. FLV-, FLVGV-, flow. 
 flu 5 , flow. 
 
 flumen, a flowing, river, 
 fluvius, river, 
 fluctus, wave. 
 
 38. FRAG-, break. 
 frango, break. 
 
 refringd, break up, break open, 
 fragmentum, piece broken off. 
 fragor, breaking, crash, 
 naufragium (navis-frango), ship¬ 
 wreck. 
 
 39. FV-, FVD-, pour. 
 
 fund 5 , pour. 
 effundS, pour out. 
 infundS, pour in, pour upon, 
 profundd, pour out, pour forth, 
 profusus, poured forth, lavish, 
 fons (fovSns), that which pours, 
 spring. 
 
 40. FVG-, flee. 
 
 fugio (au(ab)-, com-, ex-, per-, 
 prS-, re-), flee, 
 fuga, flight. 
 fugS, put to flight, 
 profugus, in flight; exiled. 
 
WORD-GROUPS. 
 
 193 
 
 perfuga, deserter, 
 transfuga, deserter. 
 
 41. GEN-, GN-, GNA-, beget. 
 
 gigno (reduplicated root), beget, 
 gens, begetting; race, 
 ingens, misbegotten, unnatural; 
 huge. 
 
 genus, birth, race, 
 gener, son-in-law. 
 ingenium, inborn nature, 
 ingenuus, free-born; frank, simple, 
 benignus, kind, good, friendly, 
 benigne, kindly. 
 
 nascor (gnascor), be born, 
 natus (gnatus), born; son. 
 renascor, born again, grow again. 
 cognatiS, birth together ; blood 
 relationship. 
 
 42. GES-, carry. 
 
 gero (geso), carry. 
 
 digero, force apart, separate. 
 
 gestus, bearing; posture, gesture. 
 
 43. GNA-, GNO-, know. 
 
 ignorS, be unacquainted, 
 narro (gnarrS), make known, tell. 
 nSsco (gndscS), get knowledge of. 
 agnoscS, recognize, identify. 
 cognoscS, become acquainted 
 with. 
 
 incSgnitus, not examined, un¬ 
 tried. 
 
 ignosco, not know; pardon, ex¬ 
 cuse. 
 
 notus (gnotus), known. 
 
 ignotus, unknown, strange, 
 ndbilis, well known ; famous, 
 ndbilitas, celebrity, fame, 
 ignobilis, unknown, obscure, 
 ndmen, means of knowing, name, 
 nomind, call by name, 
 cognomen, family name, 
 nota, means of recognition, sign, 
 mark. 
 
 44. GRAD-, walk. 
 
 gradus, step. 
 
 aggredior, walk to, approach, 
 congredior, come together; meet, 
 congressus, meeting, 
 digredior, go apart, separate, 
 egredior, go out, come forth, 
 ingredior, advance, go forward, 
 progredior, go forth, 
 regredior, go back, 
 transgredior, pass over; desert. 
 
 45. HAB-, have. 
 
 habeS, have, hold. 
 adhibe 5 , hold toward; furnish, 
 exhibed, hold forth ; display, 
 inhibeo, hold in, restrain, 
 prohibeo, hold before ; debar, 
 debeo (de-hibed), keep from ; be 
 bound. 
 
 praebeo (prae-hibe 5 ), hold forth, 
 give. 
 
 habito, have possession of; dwell, 
 debilis (de-habilis), lame, feeble. 
 
 46. I-, go. 
 
 e 5 (stem i) (ab-, ad-, circum-, in-, 
 ob-, per-, praeter-, re-, sub-, 
 trans-), go. 
 
194 
 
 WORD-GROUPS. 
 
 aditus, a going to, approach, 
 coetus (com-itus), a coming to¬ 
 gether ; crowd, 
 comitium, place of assembly, 
 exitus, going out, departure, 
 exitium, going out; destruction, 
 initium, a going in ; entrance, 
 interitus, ruin, destruction, 
 praetor (prae-itor), leader; 
 praetor. 
 
 praetdrius, of the leader, 
 reditus, a going back, return, 
 subitus, sudden, unexpected. 
 
 ambid, go around, go about, 
 ambitio, going about; searching 
 for favor. 
 
 comes, going with, a companion, 
 comitor, accompany, 
 iter, going ; journey, 
 seditio, going aside, discord. 
 
 47. IAC-, go, send, throw. 
 
 iacio (ab-, com-, de-, e-, in-, inter-, 
 ob-, pro-, re-, sub-, super-), send, 
 hurl. 
 
 amicid, throw about, 
 iaceo, be thrown; lie. 
 iacto, keep throwing, shower; 
 toss. 
 
 iactatio, a tossing, shaking; dis- 
 play. 
 
 48. IV-, IVG-, bind, yoke. 
 
 ius, that which binds; law. 
 iustus, in accordance with right, 
 j ust. 
 
 iustitia, justice. 
 
 iniuria, contrary to law; injury, 
 iudex, one who administers law, 
 judge. 
 
 iudico, judge. 
 
 iudicium, judgment; court, 
 iuro, bind oneself; swear, 
 coniuro, swear together, plot, 
 coniuratl, conspirators, 
 coniuratio, conspiracy, 
 iusiurandum, oath. 
 
 iungo, join, 
 adiungo, join to. 
 coniungo, join together, 
 coniunx, one joined; husband, 
 wife. 
 
 iugum, yoke. 
 
 quadrigae (quadri-iugae), team 
 of four horses, 
 iugulum, neck. 
 
 49. LAB-, slide. 
 
 labor, slide, glide, 
 delabor, glide down, 
 elabor, slip away, escape, 
 relabor, slide back. 
 
 50. LVC-, shine. 
 lux, light. 
 
 praeluceo, shine before; shed 
 light upon. 
 
 lucus, shining place; sacred 
 grove. 
 
 lumen (luc-men), that which 
 shines, light. 
 
 luna (luc-na), shining one; moon, 
 inlustris (in-luc-tris), illumined ; 
 renowned. 
 
 lustrd, light up ; purify. 
 
WORD-GROUPS. 
 
 195 
 
 51. MA-, MAN-, measure. 
 
 manus, that which measures, 
 hand. 
 
 comminus (com-manus), hand to 
 hand. 
 
 mansuetudo, being used to the 
 hand, tameness. 
 
 mando (manus-dare), put into the 
 hands of. 
 
 commendd, commit to one’s care, 
 manumitto, set free. 
 
 immensus, not to be measured, 
 vast. 
 
 mensis, month. 
 
 mds, measuring rule of life, 
 custom. 
 
 52. MAN-, MEN-, man , mind , 
 stay. 
 
 maneo, stay, 
 remaned, stay behind, 
 mens, mind. 
 
 mentio, a calling to mind; men¬ 
 tion. 
 
 moned, make to think ; advise, 
 admoneo, bring to mind, 
 monitus, reminding. 
 
 53- MIT-, send , thro 7 u. 
 
 mittd (a-, ad-, com-, de-, dl-, e-, 
 intro-, ob-, prae-, pro-, re-, sub-, 
 trans-), send. 
 
 demisse, humbly, abjectly, 
 missid, sending ; release. 
 
 54. MOV-, MV-, move. 
 moved (ad-, com-, per-, re-), 
 move. 
 
 immotus, unmoved, 
 immobilis, immovable, 
 momentum, movement, motion, 
 muto, move, alter, 
 commuto, alter wholly, 
 permuto, change throughout. 
 
 55 . MV-, shut, fasten. 
 
 moenia, walls, 
 munid, fortify. 
 
 communio, fortify on all sides, 
 communis, bound together; com¬ 
 mon. 
 
 murus, wall. 
 
 56. 0 L-, OR-, grow, rise. 
 orior, rise. 
 
 coorior, come forth ; stand up. 
 exorior, come out; begin, 
 orlgo, source, beginning, 
 ordd, weaving ; row, series, 
 ordind, arrange in rows, 
 ordior, begin, 
 exordium, beginning. 
 
 adolescd, grow up ; ripen, 
 adulescens, growing, young, 
 adulescentia, youth, 
 indoles, inborn quality, nature. 
 
 57 - 0 S-, mouth, face. 
 
 OS, mouth. 
 
 Ostia, sea-port of Rome at the 
 mouth of the Tiber, 
 ord, use the mouth, speak, 
 adord, call upon, entreat ; honor. 
 
196 
 
 WORD-GROUPS. 
 
 peroro, speak at length ; close, 
 oraculum, means of speaking; 
 oracle. 
 
 oratio, speech. 
 
 58. VA-,feed. 
 pater, father. 
 
 paternus, of a father, paternal, 
 patrimonium, patrimony, 
 patrius, of a father, ancestral, 
 patria, land of one’s fathers, 
 patrdnus, protector, defender, 
 parricidium, the murder of a 
 father. 
 
 pastor, one that feeds. 
 
 59. PAL-, PEL-, PVL-, drive , 
 scatter. 
 
 pell5, drive, drive out. 
 appello, drive to; bring near, 
 compelld, drive together, 
 expello, drive forth, 
 perpello, drive, constrain. 
 pr5pell5, drive forward, 
 repello, drive back. 
 
 60. PARC-, PLEC-, weave , fold. 
 
 amplector, twine around, encir¬ 
 cle. 
 
 complector, clasp, embrace, 
 implico, enfold, entwine, 
 duplex, twofold, deceitful, 
 duplico, double. 
 
 multiplex, with many folds, mul¬ 
 tiple. 
 
 simplex, without a fold ; single ; 
 simple. 
 
 supplex, folded down, kneeling; 
 suppliant. 
 
 suppliciter, suppliantly. 
 supplicium, a kneeling, prayer ; 
 punishment (criminals being 
 beheaded kneeling). 
 
 61. PED-, tread. 
 pes, foot. 
 
 impedio, entangle, hinder, 
 impeditus, hindered, 
 expedio, free the feet; explain, 
 oppidum (lit. on the plain), town. 
 
 62. PLE-, PLO-, PLV-, fill. 
 
 pled (com-, ex-, ob-, re-), fill, 
 plenus, full. 
 
 locuples, full of land ; rich, 
 plerique, very many, most, 
 plebs, those that make the mass, 
 common people. 
 
 plebeius, belonging to the com¬ 
 mon people, 
 plus, fuller, more, 
 complures, several, very many, 
 plurimus, fullest, most, 
 populus (redupl.), the people, 
 publicus (po-pulicus), belonging 
 to the people, 
 publico, make public. 
 
 63. POT-, master. 
 
 possum (pot-sum), be able, 
 potior, stronger; better; prefera¬ 
 ble. 
 
 potius, rather, preferable. 
 
WORD-GROUPS. 
 
 197 
 
 compos, having power over, 
 potentia, power, 
 potestas, ability, 
 potior, become master of. 
 
 64. RAP-, RUP-, snatch, break. 
 rapid, snatch. 
 
 abripio, snatch away, carry off. 
 adripio, snatch to oneself, seize, 
 diripio, tear in pieces, 
 praeripio, take away before an¬ 
 other, tear away, 
 prdripid, snatch forth, 
 rapina, robbery. 
 
 rumpd, break. 
 
 corrumpo, break to pieces, de¬ 
 stroy, ruin. 
 
 erumpd, cause to break forth; 
 break out. 
 
 interrumpo, break apart, inter¬ 
 rupt. 
 
 perrumpo, a breaking, 
 inruptio, break through. 
 
 65. REG-, RIG-, stretch, guide. 
 
 rego, keep straight, guide ; rule, 
 corrigo, make straight; reform, 
 dirigd, place straight, direct, 
 erigd, raise up, raise, 
 porrigo, stretch forth, 
 pergd (per-rego), go on, continue, 
 surgo (sub-rego), raise up, ascend, 
 adsurgo, rise up. 
 
 recte, in a straight line, 
 regid, direction ; region, 
 rex, king. 
 
 regina, queen, 
 regius, royal, 
 regia, royal palace, 
 regalis, royal. 
 
 regnum, sovereignty; kingdom. 
 
 66 . SAC-, SEC-, SCI-, SCID-, 
 
 split, divide, distinguish. 
 
 saxum, (broken)stone, rocky frag¬ 
 ment, 
 seed, cut. 
 securis, ax. 
 
 scio, know, 
 nescid, not to know, 
 conscisco, determine in common, 
 decree. 
 
 descisco, withdraw, leave, 
 sciscitor, inform oneself ; ask. 
 
 excidium, destruction, 
 rescindo, cut off; abolish. 
 
 caedd (scaedo), cut down, slay, 
 abscido, cut off. 
 occidd, strike down, kill, 
 praecido, cut off in front, cut off. 
 trucido (trux-cido), kill savagely, 
 butcher. 
 
 caedes, slaughter, 
 parricidium, the slaying of a 
 father. 
 
 67. SED-, SID-, sit. 
 seded, sit. 
 
 sessor, one who sits. 
 
 Insided, sit in, sit upon ; hold. 
 Insidiae, sitting against, snare. 
 
198 
 
 WORD-GROUPS. 
 
 Insidior, lie in ambush, 
 obsideo, sit before, be set. 
 obsidio, siege, 
 obses, hostage, pledge, 
 praesidium, a sitting before ; de¬ 
 fence. 
 
 sedes, seat, home. 
 
 adsido, sit down. 
 c5nsid5, sit together, sit. 
 cbnsessus, assembly. 
 
 (In the following d is changed to /). 
 sella, chair. 
 
 subsellium, low bench, seat, 
 solium, official seat. 
 
 68. SPEC-, see, spy. 
 
 specio (ad-, com-, di-, per-, re-, 
 sub-), look at, behold. 
 c5nspectus, visible, striking, 
 cbnspicuus, visible; remarkable. 
 
 spectd, look steadfastly at. 
 spectaculum, sight, spectacle, 
 exspecto, look out for ; await, 
 exspectatis, awaiting, expecta¬ 
 tion. 
 
 species, a seeing, sight ; appear¬ 
 ance. 
 
 speculum, looking-glass, mirror, 
 auspicium (avis-spicium), exami¬ 
 nation of birds. 
 
 haruspex (haru-spex), inspector 
 of entrails, soothsayer. 
 
 69. STA-, stand, set. 
 
 sto (circum-, com-, ex-, prae-), 
 stand. 
 
 superadsto, stand over, 
 constantia, firm standing, con¬ 
 stancy. 
 
 status, standing, state. 
 statuS (com-, in-, re-, sub-), make 
 stand, set up ; decree. 
 Institutum, purpose ; plan ; insti¬ 
 tution. 
 
 statua, image, statue, 
 statura, a standing upright ; 
 height. 
 
 statiS, standing still; station, 
 statim, firmly ; on the spot. 
 
 sisto (redupl.) (com-, de-, ex-, ob-, 
 re-, sub-), cause to stand, sta 
 tion; stand. 
 
 destino, make fast; resolve ; ap 
 point. 
 
 obstinatus, firmly set, resolute. 
 
 70. TAG-, toiich, seize. 
 
 contingS, touch on all sides, 
 intactus, untouched, unbroken, 
 obtingo, touch, strike; fall to 
 one’s lot. 
 
 integer, untouched, whole, 
 redintegro, make whole again, re¬ 
 new. 
 
 71. TEN-, TA-, stretch. 
 
 tendo (com-, in-, ob-, por-), stretch, 
 tend. 
 
 attentus, stretched to, intent 
 upon. 
 
WORD-GROUPS. 
 
 199 
 
 contentio, straining, exertion. 
 
 tent 5 , handle ; try ; assail, 
 ostentb (obs-tent 5 ), keep stretch¬ 
 ing out, show. 
 
 tentorium, thing stretched out, 
 tent. 
 
 tene 5 (ab-, com-, de-, per-, re-, 
 sub-), hold ; seize; keep, 
 continuus, joining with some¬ 
 thing. 
 
 continuS, immediately, 
 pertinaciter, obstinately, 
 prbtinus, right onward. 
 
 72. VEH-, VAG-, move, carry. 
 
 veho, bear, carry, 
 vehementer, violently, eagerly, 
 invehb, carry into, bring in. 
 provehb, carry forward ; trans¬ 
 port. 
 
 transveho, convey across. 
 
 via, way, road, 
 obvius, in the way, meeting, 
 obviam, in the way; towards, 
 against. 
 
 73. VEN-, VA-, BA-, go. 
 
 venio (ad-, circum-, com-, e-, in-, 
 inter-, ob-, per-, prae-, super-), 
 come ; occur, 
 adventus, arrival, 
 adventd, come continually nearer, 
 approach. 
 
 contio (conventio), meeting ; dis¬ 
 course before a meeting. 
 
 eventus, that which has come 
 out, event. 
 
 arbiter (ad-bater), one that goes 
 to; spectator; judge. 
 
 arbitror (ad-batror), hear, behold ; 
 think. 
 
 arbitrium (ad-batrium), decision, 
 mastery. 
 
 ambulo (ambi-balo), go about, 
 walk. 
 
 inambulo, walk up and down. 
 
 74. VERT-, turn. 
 
 verto (a-, com-, de-, e-), turn, 
 change. 
 
 adversus, turned towards, oppo¬ 
 site. 
 
 adversum, opposite, against. 
 
 adversarius, one turned against, 
 enemy. 
 
 diversus, turned different ways ; 
 opposite, contrary. 
 
 revertor, turn back, return. 
 
 transversus, turned across, cross¬ 
 wise. 
 
 rursus (re-versus), turned back; 
 back ; in return. 
 
 rursum (re-versum), same as rur¬ 
 sus. 
 
 universus, turned into one; whole, 
 entire. 
 
 versS, turn about in a place; 
 dwell, live, be. 
 
 adversor, be opposite ; resist, op¬ 
 pose. 
 
200 
 
 WORD-GROUPS. 
 
 versus, furrow ; line, verse, 
 versiculus, little line. 
 
 75. VID-, see. 
 video, see. 
 
 invide 5 , look at askance; envy, 
 invidia, envy. 
 invidi 5 sus, full of envy, 
 prudentia (pro-videntia), foresee¬ 
 ing ; good sense, 
 visus, a seeing, sight, 
 viso, view; go to see. 
 
 76. VIV-, VIG-, live. 
 viv 5 , live. 
 
 convivium, a living together, a 
 feast. 
 
 vivus, alive, 
 vita, life. 
 
 77. V 0 C-, VAG-, call. 
 voco, call. 
 
 avoc 5 , call away. 
 
 advoco, call one to a place. 
 
 convocd, call together. 
 
 evoc 5 , call out; summon. 
 
 prdvoco, call forth ; challenge. 
 
 revocS, call back. 
 
 vocitd, wont to call. 
 
 vox, voice. 
 
 vdciferor, cry out. 
 
 vagitus, crying. 
 
 78. V 0 L-, V 0 LV-, roll , twist. 
 
 obvolvo, wrap round, 
 volumen, roll of writing, book, 
 ldrum (vlorum), thong of leather 
 
 79. V 0 L-, wish. 
 volo, wish. 
 
 nolo (non void), be unwilling. 
 mal 5 (mag-vol 5 ), prefer, 
 benevolentia, well-wishing, 
 voluntas, will, desire, 
 voluntarius, willing, 
 voluptas, enjoyment, pleasure. 
 
VOCABULARY» 
 
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE VOCABULARY. 
 
 
 ad. . 
 
 active. 
 
 inf. .... 
 
 
 adv . 
 
 adverb. 
 
 intens. . . . 
 
 
 comp . 
 
 comparative 
 
 interrog. . . 
 
 
 dem . 
 
 demonstrative. 
 
 
 interrogatively. 
 
 dep . 
 
 deponent. 
 
 intrans. . . 
 
 
 desid. . 
 
 desiderative. 
 
 M. ... . 
 
 
 esp . 
 
 especially. 
 
 N. ... . 
 
 
 dim . 
 
 diminutive. 
 
 num. . . . 
 
 
 e.g., exempli gratia 
 
 for instance. 
 
 obj . 
 
 
 F . 
 
 feminine. 
 
 orig. . . . 
 
 
 f re 1 . 
 
 frequentative. 
 
 P . 
 
 
 put . 
 
 future. 
 
 pass. . . . 
 
 
 • • • • • • 
 
 Greek. 
 
 plur. . . . 
 
 
 imper. . 
 
 imperative. 
 
 posit. . . . 
 
 
 impers . 
 
 impersonal. 
 
 pron. . . . 
 
 
 inch . 
 
 inchoative. 
 
 snbst. . . . 
 
 
 indecl. .... 
 
 indeclinable. 
 
 sup. . . . 
 
 
 indef. .*.... 
 
 indefinite. 
 
 W.G.. . . 
 
 
 * An asterisk before a word means that it is not found in use, but is 
 assumed to account for some derived form. 
 
 ] Derivations from roots are enclosed in square brackets. Such deriva¬ 
 tions are given only when the roots are included in the list of roots and word- 
 groups, pp. 183-196. 
 
 (...) Secondary etymologies are enclosed in parentheses. Parentheses 
 are also used to indicate such forms in the vocabulary as are incomplete: if 
 substantives, they want the nominative case ; if adjectives, the positive degree; 
 if verbs, the present system. 
 
 — A dash in place of the genitive of a substantive, or of one of the 
 principal parts of a verb, indicates that this case or this system is not in 
 classical use. 
 
 For other abbreviations see page 74. 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 -+ 0 +- 
 
 A, abbreviation for Aulus , a Ro¬ 
 man praenomen, 59, 26. 
 a (before consonants), ab (before 
 vowels and some consonants), 
 abs (before te), prep, with the 
 abb, away from , from , 1, 18 ; 
 9, 24 : to denote the place from 
 which an action proceeds, at, 
 in, on, 8 , 27 : of time, from, 
 since, after, 17, 20; 40, 1 : of 
 agency, £/, 2, 5 ; 4, 28. 
 abalieno, 1, -avi, -atus (ab ,from ; 
 alieno, estrange), alienate, es¬ 
 trange, 66, 1. 
 
 abdico, 1, -avi, -atus (ab , from ; 
 died, devote), disavow, reject: 
 with se and abb, resign, abdicate 
 an office, 18, 25. (W. G. 26.) 
 abdo, 3, -idi, -itus [ab, away; 2 
 DA-, jut\, put away, hide, co 7 i- 
 ceal, 15, 3 ; 24, 6. (W. G. 25.) 
 abduco, 3, -duxi, -ductus (ab, 
 away; duco, lead), lead away, 
 lead off, 18, 9. (W. G. 29.) 
 abeo, -ire, -ii, -iturus (ab, away; 
 eo, go), go from, go aivay, de¬ 
 part, 10, 22: retire from, 63, 6. 
 (W. G. 46.) 
 
 abicio, 3, -ieci, -iectus (ab, away; 
 iacio, throw), throw away, cast 
 away, 1,7: give up, resign, 46, 
 
 23. (W. G. 47-) 
 ablatus, p. of aufero, 28, 21. 
 abluo, 3, -lui, -lutus (ab, away ; 
 lu 5 , wash), wash away, remove 
 by washing, wash, 13,7. 
 abripio, 3, -ripul, -reptus (ab, 
 away; rapid, snatch), snatch 
 away, carry off, 25, 16. (W. G. 
 64.) 
 
 abscedo, 3, -cessi, -cessus (abs, 
 away; cedo, go), go off, with¬ 
 draw, depart, 53, 12. 
 abscido, 3, -cidi, -cisus (abs, off; 
 caedd, cut), cut off, hew off, 
 62, 3. (W. G. 66.) 
 abscisus, adj. (p. of abscido), cut 
 off, severed, 62, 3. 
 absens, -entis, adj. (p. of absum), 
 absent, 21, 17; 52, 7. (W. G. 31.) 
 absolvo, 3, -solvi, -solutus (ab, 
 frorh ; solvd, loosen), set free, 
 release: acquit, 8, 14. 
 absorbeo, 2, -bui, -ptus (ab, away; 
 sorbed, swallow), swallow down, 
 66, 14. 
 
20+ 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 abstineo, 2, -tinul (abs, away; 
 teneo, keep), keep back, refrain, 
 abstain, 21, 8 : absent oneself 
 from, 27, 20. (W. G. 71.) 
 abstraho, 3, -traxi, -tractus (abs, 
 away; traho, drag), drag away, 
 18, 7. 
 
 absum, abesse, afui, afuturus (ab, 
 away; sum, be), be away from, 
 be absent, 18, 4: be far from, be 
 distant, 7, 15. (W. G. 31.) 
 absumo, 3, -sumpsi, -sumptus (ab, 
 away; sumo, take), take away, 
 use up, consume, 66, 5. 
 ac, see atque. 
 
 Acca, -ae, F., Acca Larentia, the 
 foster-mother of Romulus and 
 Remus, 1, 15. 
 
 accedd, 3, -cessi, -cessurus (ad, to; 
 cedo, go), go to, come to, ap¬ 
 proach, 8, 8; 35, 27: enter upon, 
 undertake, 57, 1: be added, 39, 
 26. (W. G. 14.) 
 
 accendo, 3, -cendl, -census [ad, to; 
 CAND-, glow], kindle, set on fire, 
 
 33, 30: excite, arouse, 18, 23 ; 
 
 34, 16. (W. G. 16.) 
 accensus, p. of accendo, 33, 30. 
 accido, 3, -cidl (ad, to; cado,/^//), 
 
 fall to, come to pass, befall, hap¬ 
 pen, 12, 4. (W. G. 14.) 
 accingo, 3, -nxl, -nctus (ad, on ; 
 cingo, gird), gird on, bifid on, 
 62, 28. 
 
 accid, 4, -civi, -cltus (ad, tv ; cio, 
 call), call to, invite, summon, 
 5, 5; 23, 22. 
 
 accipio, 3, -cepl, -ceptus (ad, to 
 oneself; capid, take), take to 
 
 oneself, receive, accept, 9, 22 ; 
 12, 17; 22, 9: admit, take in, 
 17, 2. (W. G. 17.) 
 
 acclamo, 1, -avl, -atus (ad, to; 
 clamd, call), call to, exclaim, 
 3 G IS- 
 
 accommodo, 1, -avl, -atus (ad, to; 
 commodo, fit), fit to, adapt, ap¬ 
 ply, 54 , 7 - 
 
 accurro, 3, -cucurri or -curri, -cur¬ 
 sum (ad, to; currd, run), run 
 to, hasten to, 1, 11. (W. G. 19.) 
 
 accusator, -oris, m. (accusd, ac¬ 
 cuse), accuser, prosecutor, plain¬ 
 tiff, 18, 2. (W. G. 18.) 
 
 accusd, 1, -avl, -atus (orig. = ad 
 causam provocare), call to ac¬ 
 count, blame, accuse, 2, 4. (W. 
 G. 18.) 
 
 acer, acris, acre, adj. with comp, 
 and sup. [ac-, sharp], sharp, 
 piercing, active, eager, brave, 
 37,4. (W. G.r.) 
 
 acerbe, adv. with comp, and sup. 
 [acerbus (ac-, sharp), bitter ], 
 bitterly: severely, cruelly, 65, 
 19. (W. G. 1.) 
 
 acetum, -I, n. [ac-, sharp], vine¬ 
 gar, 66, 11. 
 
 Achilles, -is, m., Achilles, the 
 hero of Homer’s Iliad and of 
 the Trojan War, 25, 4. 
 
 acies, -el, F. [ac-, sharp], sharp 
 edge, point: line of battle, 7, 1; 
 8, 24: battle, engagement, 47, 
 15; 53 , (W. G. 1.) 
 
 acriter, adv., comp, acrius, sup. 
 acerrime (acer, sharp), sharply , 
 fiercely, 12, 12; 48, 18. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 205 
 
 Actiacus, adj. (Actium, Actium), 
 of Actium, 68, 6. 
 
 Actium, -I, N., Actium, a town 
 and promontory of Epirus, 66, 
 16. 
 
 actus, P. of agd, 59, 14. 
 ad, prep, with acc., to: of motion 
 and direction, to, towards, 1, 
 11 ; 1, 13: of place, at, beside, 
 near, 4, 22; 7, 8; 29, 13: of 
 time, till, until, 30, 6: of pur¬ 
 pose, for, in order to, 2, 5; 
 
 2, 20 ; 4, 21; 8, 24 : according 
 to, 5, 24; 51, 7: ad postremum, 
 finally, 14, 8. 
 
 adactus, P. of adigd, 19, 2r. 
 adamo, 1, -avl, -atus (ad, inten¬ 
 sive ; amo, love), fall in love 
 with, desire eagerly, 17, 25. 
 addled, 3, -dixi, -dictus (ad, to; 
 dico, speak), award, adjudge, 
 give assent, 18, 17. In augural 
 lang., be propitious, favor, 11, 
 10. (W. G. 26.) 
 
 addo, 3, -didi, -ditus [ad, to; 
 2 DA-, put\, put to, join, add, 
 
 3, 75 9, 4- (W. G. 25.) 
 addued, 3, -duxl, -ductus (ad, to; 
 
 duco, lead), lead to, bring to, 
 23, 19: induce, persuade, 21, 
 21: draw, ptill, 24, 19. (W. G. 
 29.) 
 
 ademptus, P. of adimo, 23, 16. 
 adeo, -Ire, -ii, -itus (ad, to; eo, go), 
 go to, come to, draw near, 15, 
 9: enter on, 63, 16. (W. G. 46.) 
 adeo, adv. (ad, to; eo, thither, 
 that point), thus far, to such a 
 degree, so far, 38, 12: so, so 
 
 much, 9, 11; 16, 4: so very, 
 29, 29: indeed, 51, 4. 
 adfecto, 1, -avl, -atus (freq. of 
 adficio, do to), strive after, pur¬ 
 sue, aim at, 22, 13. (W. G. 33.) 
 adferd, adferre, attuli, adlatus 
 (ad, to; ferd, bring), bring, fetch, 
 carry, 17, 21; 21, 23: vim 
 adferre, offer violence to, 15, 2. 
 (W. G. 34.) 
 
 adficio, 3, -feci, -fectus (ad, to; 
 facid, do), do to, treat, 31, 21: 
 affect, afflict, 51, 17. (W. G. 33.) 
 adfinis, -e, adj. (ad, near to; 
 finis, end), adjoining. As 
 subst., M. and F., relation by 
 marriage, 49, 6. 
 
 adfirmo, 1, -avl, -atus (ad, in¬ 
 tensive ; firmd, strengthen), 
 strengthen ; assert, 4, 27. 
 adflictus, adj. with comp. (P. of 
 adfligd, throw down), cast down, 
 miserable, wretched, 39, 21 ; 71, 
 
 ! 5 - _ 
 
 adfligd, 3, -Ixl, -Ictus (ad, at; 
 fllgo, strike), dash at, overthrow: 
 damage, shatter, 37, n. 
 adflo, 1, -avl, — (ad, on; flo, 
 blow), blow on: blow towards, 
 
 37 , 9 - 
 
 adhibed, 2, -ul, -itus (ad, towards; 
 habed, hold), hold toward: 
 summon, invite, 56, 19 : con¬ 
 sult, 2, 17. (W. G. 45.) 
 adhortatio, -onis, f. (adhortor, en¬ 
 courage), encouragement, exhor¬ 
 tation, 51, 27. 
 
 adicid, 3,-iecI,-iectus (ad ,to; iacio, 
 throw), throw to : add, 45, 22. 
 
206 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 adigo, 3, -egi, -actus (ad, to; 
 ago, drive), drive, urge: bind 
 by oath , 19, 21. (W. G. 2.) 
 adimd, 3, -emi, -emptus (ad, to 
 oneself ; emo, take), take away, 
 deprive of, 23, 16. 
 adipiscor, 3, adeptus, dep. (ad, 
 to; apiscor, reach), arrive, 
 reach: get, obtain, 11,4; 41, 2. 
 aditus, -us, m. [ad, to; 1-, go ], 
 going to, approach, access, 63, 
 19. (W. G. 46.) 
 
 adiumentum, -I, n. (for adiuva- 
 mentum ; adiuvo, assist), means 
 of helping, aid, assistance, 46, 8. 
 (W. G. 27.) 
 
 adiungo, 3, -unxi, -unctus (ad, 
 to; iungo, join), join to, add, 
 annex, 12, 21. (W. G. 48.) 
 adiuvo, 1, -iuvl, -iutus (ad, with¬ 
 out force ; iuvo, help), help, 
 aid, 35, 22. (W. G. 27.) 
 adlatus, P. of adfero, 68, 16. 
 adlicid, 3, -lexi, -lectus (ad, to 
 oneself; lacio, draw), allure, 
 attract, persuade, 14, 8. 
 adligo, 1, -avl, -atus (ad, to; 
 
 ligo, bifid), bind to, 62, 29. 
 adloquor, 3, -cutus, dep. (ad, to; 
 loquor, speak), speak to, address, 
 12, 16; 18, 19. 
 
 administro, 1, -avl, -atus (ad, 
 upon; ministrS, attend), man¬ 
 age, control, rule , direct, 11,4. 
 admirandus, adj. (P. of admiror), 
 to be wondered at, admirable, 
 wonderfid, 47, 25. 
 admiratio, -onis, f. (admiror, won¬ 
 der at), admiration, 8, 15. 
 
 admiror, 1, -atus, dep. (ad, at; 
 mlror, regard with wonder), re¬ 
 gard with wonder, admire, 24, 
 14: be astonished, 28, 15. 
 
 admitto, 3, -misi, -missus (ad, to; 
 mitt 5 , send), send to, let go: ad¬ 
 mit, 70, 8. (W. G. 53.) 
 
 admodum, adv. (ad, up to; mo¬ 
 dus, limit), to the proper limit: 
 fully, very, 28, 4. 
 
 admoneo, 2, -ul, -nitus (ad, to; 
 moneo, give warning), bring to 
 mind, admonish, warn, 48, 9. 
 (W. G. 52.) 
 
 admoveo, 2, -movi, -motus (ad, 
 to ; moveo, move), move to, move 
 towards, bring near, 28, 9; 32, 
 19. (W. G. 54.) 
 
 adolesco, 3, -olevl, -ultus (ad, 
 up; olesco, grow), grow up, 
 come to maturity, 1, 16. (W. G. 
 56.) 
 
 adoperio, 4, -erui, -ertus (ad, 
 over ; operiS, cover), cover, cover 
 over, 8, 18. 
 
 adopts, 1, -avl, -atus (ad, to 
 oneself; optS, take by choice ), 
 take by choice, select, adopt, 63, 
 
 12, 
 
 adorno, 1, -avl, -atus (ad, for; 
 orno, prepare), provide, furnish, 
 equip, 5, 9. 
 
 ad 5 ro, 1, -avl, -atus (ad, to; orS, 
 speak), entreat, implore, honor, 
 worship, 44, 24. (W. G. 57.) 
 
 adquiro, 3, -qulslvl, -qulsltus (ad, 
 besides ; quaerS, ask), get in ad¬ 
 dition, obtain besides, acquire , 
 
 13, 10. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 207 
 
 adripid, 3, -ipul, -eptus (ad, 
 to oneself; rapio, snatch ), 
 snatch, grasp, seize, 18, 20. (W. 
 G. 64.) 
 
 adsequor, -I, -secutus, dep. (ad, 
 up to ; sequor, follow), follow 
 up, overtake, 39, 16. 
 adsido, 3, -edl, — (ad, upon; 
 sido, sit), take a seat, sit down, 
 55,12. (W. G. 67.) 
 adsum, adesse, adfui (ad, at; 
 sum, be), be at, be near, be pres¬ 
 ent, 20, 16; 32, 1: assist, aid, 
 68, 3. (W. G. 31.) 
 adsumd, 3, -sumpsi, -sumptus 
 (ad, to oneself; sumo, take), take 
 to o)ieself receive, 12, 13. 
 adsurgo, 3, -surrexi, -surrectus 
 (ad, up; surgo, rise), rise up, 
 rise, 43, 25. (W. G. 65.) 
 adulescens, -entis, adj. (p. of 
 adolesco, grow), growing, 
 young. As subst., M. and F., 
 a youth, 2, 6. (W. G. 56.) 
 adulescentia, -ae, f. (adulescens, 
 young), youth, 39, 24. (W. G. 
 56.) 
 
 adulor, 1, -atus, dep., fawn upon, 
 flatter, 26, 30. 
 
 adultus, adj. (p. of adolescd, 
 grow), grown up, mature, 1,16. 
 advenio, 4, -veni, -ventus (ad, 
 to; venio, come), come to, ar¬ 
 rive at, 18, 13 : draw near, 10, 
 20; 31, 14. (W. G. 73.) 
 advento, 1, —, — (intens. of 
 advenio), advance, press for¬ 
 ward, approach, 61, 29. (W. G. 
 
 73-) 
 
 adventus, -us, m. [ad, to; ven-, 
 
 come], coming, approach, 20, 
 18: arrival, 34, 21. (W. G. 73.) 
 adversarius, adj. (adversus, op¬ 
 posed), opposite, hostile. As 
 subst., m., an opponent, 58, 6. 
 
 (W. G. 74.) 
 
 adversor, 1, -satus, dep. (ad¬ 
 versus, opposed), resist, with¬ 
 stand, oppose, 44, 6. (W. G. 74.) 
 adversus, adj. with sup. (p. of 
 advertd, turn to), turned to¬ 
 wards, in front, facing, 25, 19; 
 37, 9 : unfavorable, 47, 7. (W. 
 
 G.74.) 
 
 adversus or adversum, adv. and 
 prep, with acc. (ad, towards, 
 against; verto, turn) opposite: 
 against, 3, 17; 8, 23. (W. G. 
 74 -) 
 
 advocatio, -onis, f. (advocS, sum¬ 
 mon), summoning as counsel: 
 venire in advocationem, to act 
 as counsel, 68, 8. 
 advocatus, -I, m. (advoco, sum¬ 
 mon), one called to aid, adviser, 
 advocate, 68, 4. 
 
 advoco, 1, -avl, -atus (ad, to; 
 voco, call), call, summon, 13, 
 17 ; 15 , 2. (W. G. 77.) 
 aedificium, -I, n. (aedifico, build), 
 building, house, 64,1. ( W. G. 33.) 
 aedifico, 1, -avl, -atus [* aedifex, 
 builder, fr. aedis, dwelling; 
 FAC-, make\, build, construct, 
 10, 1 1; 11, 6. (W. G. 33.) 
 aedilis, -is, M. (aedis, dwelling), 
 commissioner of buildings, 
 aedile, 50, 18. 
 
208 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 aedis or aedes, -is, f. [aid-, burn, 
 orig. a hearth], dwelling of the 
 gods, temple , 4, 9 : in plur., a 
 house , 5, 16 ; 12, 16. 
 
 Aegates, -um, f., the Aegates 
 islands off the western coast 
 of Sicily, near which the Ro¬ 
 mans won a great naval battle, 
 241 B.C., 32, 10. 
 
 aeger, -gra, -grum, adj., ill, sick, 
 feeble, 48, 6. 
 
 aegre, adv. comp, aegrius, sup. 
 aegerrime, painfully, unwill¬ 
 ingly, 44, 18. 
 
 aegritudo, -dinis, f. (aeger, sick), 
 sickness, vexation, 3, 9. 
 aegroto, 1, -avi, — (aegrotus, 
 sick ), be sick, 47, 26. 
 
 Aegyptus, -I, f. Egypt, the coun¬ 
 try about the mouth of the 
 Nile, 66, 2. 
 
 Aemilius, -I, m., name of a dis¬ 
 tinguished Roman gens ; espe¬ 
 cially L. Aemilius Paulus, con¬ 
 sul 216 B.C., 37, 2. 
 aemulatio, -onis, f. (aemulor, 
 rival), rivalry, emulation, corn- 
 petition, 52, 2. 
 
 aequalis, -e, adj. with comp, 
 (aequus, equal), equal, like, 
 even. As subst. M., contem¬ 
 porary, comrade, 59, 28. 
 aeque, adv. with comp, and sup. 
 (aequus, equal), equally, in like 
 r^anner, just as, 46, 23. 
 aequitas, -atis, F. (aequus, even), 
 uniformity, evenness: fairness, 
 kindness, 9, 18; 27, 17. 
 aequo, 1, -avi, -atus (aequus, 
 
 equal), make equal, equalize, 
 
 34 , 17 - 
 
 aequus, adj., even, level: favor¬ 
 able, kind, fair, reasonable , 
 honorable, 26, 25 : undisturbed, 
 calm, 70, 5. 
 
 aerarium, -I, n. (aerarius, of cop¬ 
 per), part of the temple of Sat¬ 
 urn at Rome, in which the 
 public treasure was kept, the 
 treasury, 19, 20. 
 
 aes, aeris, N. copper, bronze, 
 money: aes alienum, debt, 50, 
 
 2 3 * 
 
 aestas, -atis, F. [aid-, burn], sum¬ 
 mer, 70, 22. 
 
 aestivus, adj. (aestas, summer), 
 of summer, summer, 47, 27. 
 
 aetas, -atis, f. (for aevitas fr. 
 aevum, age), life of man, age, 
 old age, life, time of life, 2, 7; 
 15, 12; 38, 22; 50, 15. 
 
 Aetnaeus, adj., Aetnaean, of 
 Aetna, 22, 24. 
 
 Africa, -ae, F., Libya, the Cartha¬ 
 ginian territory; sometimes 
 used of the continent, 32, 16. 
 
 Africanus, adj. African, 53, 18. 
 As subst. M. refers to P. Corne¬ 
 lius Scipio Africanus, the con¬ 
 queror of Hannibal, 39, 23. 
 
 ager, agri, m. [ag-, drive], field, 
 farm, estate,pasture, 34, 6; 16, 
 16: territory, 2, 4; 9, 20: the 
 open country, 45, 29. 
 
 aggredior, 3, -gressus, dep. (ad, 
 to; gradior, step), approach : 
 fall upon, attack, 32, II. (W. 
 
 G. 44.} 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 209 
 
 agitd, i, -avi, -atus (freq. of ago, 
 
 move), set in violent motion, 
 move, urge, 22, 2: consider, 
 
 11, 14. (W. G. 2.) 
 
 agmen, -inis, n. [ag-, drive, lead), 
 that which is driven, multitude : 
 army on the march, column , 35, 
 17; 43, 9: march, 57, 2. (W. 
 
 G. 2.) 
 
 agnosco (adgn-), 3, -novi, -nitus 
 (ad, to oneself; (g)noscd, get 
 knowledge of), recognize, 2, 8. 
 
 (W. G. 43 ) 
 
 ago, 3) egl, actus [ag-, drive, 
 lead), lead, drive, 13, 6; 13, 
 35; 25, 12: conduct, 4, 18: 
 chase, pursue, aim at, 32, 5 : 
 act, do, perform, manage, 6, 6: 
 25, 10 ; 54, 24 : discuss, speak, 
 treat, 6, 23: pass, spend, 69, 27: 
 gratias agere, thank, 29, 24 : 
 nihil agis, it is of no use, you 
 cannot succeed, 48, 18: actum 
 est, it is all over with, all is 
 lost, 59, 18. (W. G. 2.) 
 Agrippa, -ae, M., Menenius Agrip¬ 
 pa, 16, 19. 
 
 aio, v. defect., say yes, assent, say, 
 
 12, 16. 
 
 ala, -ae, F., wing, 21, 9. 
 alacer, -cris, -ere, adj. [1 ai.-, 
 feed), well-fed; lively, quick, 
 nimble, 43, 19. (W. G. 3.) 
 Alba, -ae, F. (albus, white). Alba 
 or Alba Longa, 'the long white 
 city,' an ancient city of Latium, 
 
 O 2 
 
 Albanus, adj. (Alba), Alban, of 
 Alba, 8, 20. As subst. M., an 
 
 inhabitant of Alba, 1, 1 ; 6, 
 
 1 9 ' 
 
 albus, adj. white, ig, 25. 
 alea, -ae, F., game with dice, die, 
 
 52, 16. 
 
 Alexander, -dri, m., Alexander the 
 Great, the Macedonian king and 
 conqueror, 50, 13. 
 
 Alexandrea, -ae, f., Alexandria, 
 the capital of Egypt, founded 
 by Alexander the Great 332 b.c., 
 66, 18. 
 
 alias, adv. (alius, other), at another 
 time, some other time, iO, 3; 
 66, 7. (W. G. 4.) 
 alienus, adj. with comp, and sup. 
 (alius, other), of another, foreign, 
 strange, 29, 10. (W. G. 4.) 
 aliquam, adv. [ali-, some or 
 other), in some degree, some- 
 what: aliquamdiu, for a while, 
 for some time, 49, 8. 
 aliquamdiu, see aliquam, 
 aliquando, adv. [ali-, some or 
 other; quando, when), at some 
 time or other, once, 46, 7; 49, 
 11: at length, finally, 68, 24. 
 (W. G. 4.) 
 
 aliquantd, adv. (aliquantus, some, 
 a little), by some little, in a 
 degree, somewhat, 26, 13. (W. 
 
 G. 4.) 
 
 aliquantum, -I, n. (aliquantus, 
 
 some, a little), some, a consider¬ 
 able amount, 7, 13. 
 aliqui, aliqua, aliquod, pron. adj. 
 indef. [ali-, some or other ; qui, 
 who), some, any, 12, 24 ; 48, 8. 
 aliquis, aliqua, aliquid, pron. 
 
210 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 subst. indef. [ali-, some or 
 other; quis, who ], some one, 
 any one, 39, 14. (W. G. 4.) 
 
 aliquot, indef. num. indecl. [ali-, 
 other; quot, how many], some, 
 several, a number, 49, 28. (W. 
 G. 4 .) 
 
 aliquotiens, adv. [ali-, other; 
 quotiens, how often], several 
 ti?nes, 61, 24. 
 
 aliter, adv. [ali-, other], in an¬ 
 other manner, differently. — 
 With atque, ac, quam, or ut, 
 otherwise than, 69, 22. 
 
 alius, -a, -ud, adj. pronoun [al-, 
 ALI-, other], another, other, dif¬ 
 ferent, 10, 14 ; 15, 17 ; 39, 9 ; 
 67, 14: alius . . . alius, one . . . 
 another, 4, 7; 7, 7. (W. G. 4.) 
 
 Allia, -ae, F., river Allia, a small 
 stream near Rome, made fa¬ 
 mous by the defeat of the 
 Romans by the Gauls 390 b.c., 
 20, 12. 
 
 Alliensis, -e, adj. (Allia), of the 
 Allia, 20, 14. 
 
 aid, 3, alui, altus, or alitus [1 al-, 
 feed], feed, support, sustain, 
 5, 8. (W. G. 3.) 
 
 Alpes, -ium, f., the Alps, 50, 2. 
 
 alter, -tera, -terum, gen. alterius, 
 dat. alteri, pronom. adj. [al-, 
 ALI-, other], the second, the 
 other, 7, 18; ii, 29; 22, 1: 
 alter . . . alter, one . . . another, 
 the one . . . the other (of two), 
 7, 21; 11, 26; 13, 11; 23, 10. 
 (W. G. 4.) 
 
 altercor, i,-atus, dep. (alter, an¬ 
 
 other, of two), dispute, wrangle, 
 
 45, 7- (W. G.4.) 
 alteruter, -utra, -utrum, gen. 
 alterutrius, pronom. adj. [1 
 AL-, other], one or the other, 
 one of two, 65, 24. 
 altum, -I, N. (altus, high), height, 
 depth : the deep, the sea, 52, 28. 
 (W. G. 3.) 
 
 altus, adj. with comp, and sup. 
 [p. of aid, feed, 1 al-], nour¬ 
 ished: high, lofty, 10, 25 ; 14, 
 13. (W. G. 3 .)‘ 
 
 alveus, -i, m., hollow, cavity : 
 
 trough, boat, 1, 7. 
 amans, -antis, adj. with comp, and 
 sup. (p. of amo, love), fond, 
 loving, 67, 29. 
 
 ambio, -ire, -Ivl and -ii, -itus 
 (ambi-, around; ed, go), go 
 around, go about: entreat, 28, 
 19. (W. G. 46.) 
 
 ambitio, -onis, f. (ambio, go 
 
 around), going about: esp. of 
 candidates for office, the solicit¬ 
 ing of votes : ambition, 42, 16. 
 (W. G. 46.) 
 
 amb5, ambae, ambd, num. adj., 
 both, 11, 30; 37, 5. 
 ambuld, i,-avi,-atus [am-(ambi-), 
 about; BA-, go], walk, take a 
 walk, 19, 3. (W. G. 73.) 
 amicio, 4, —, -ictus (am- (ambi-), 
 about; iacio, throw), throw 
 around, wrap about: cover, 22, 
 22. (W. G. 47.) 
 
 amicitia, -ae, f. (amicus, friend), 
 
 friendship, alliance, 59, 28. (W. 
 G. 5.) 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 211 
 
 amicus, adj. with comp, and sup. 
 (amo, love), loving, friendly, 
 kind, 49, 7. (W. G. 5.) 
 
 amicus, -I, m. (amicus, loving), 
 loved one, friend, 25, 22. (W. 
 
 G< 5 -) 
 
 amitto, 3, -isl, -issus (ab, away; 
 mitto, send), send away : lose, 
 16, 10. (W. G. 53.) 
 
 amnis, -is, M., river, 63, 22. 
 
 amor, -oris, m. (amd, love), love, 
 8, 3. (W. G. 5.) 
 
 amphora, -ae, f. (Gr., a/Mpopebs), 
 amphora, large oblong vessel 
 for liquids, with a handle on 
 each side, wine-jar, 42, 21 (v. 
 notes fig. 23, p. 120). 
 
 amplector, 3, -exus, dep. (am-, 
 on both sides, around ; plecto , 
 weave), twine around, embrace, 
 8, ii: surround, 12, 5. (W. G. 
 60.) 
 
 amplio, 1, -avi, -atus (amplus, 
 large), widen, extend, enlarge, 
 
 54 , J 4 - 
 
 amplius, indecl. adj. and adv. 
 (comp, of amplus and ample), 
 more, 55, 2. 
 
 amplus, adj. with comp, and sup. 
 [am- (ambi-), around; PLE-, 
 PLV-, fiU\ large extent, great, 
 ample, 32, 4. 
 
 amputo, 1, -avi, -atus [am- 
 (ambi-), around, off ; putb, cut], 
 cut around, cut away, cut off, 
 45 , 2. 
 
 Amulius, -I, M., Amulius, son of 
 Proca, king of Alba,grandfather 
 of Romulus and Remus, 1,1. 
 
 anceps, -cipitis, adj. [an- (ambi-) 
 on both sides; cap-, in caput, 
 head], two-headed: double: 
 doubtful, hazardous, uncertain, 
 31, 14. (W. G. 17.) 
 ancile, -is, N., small oval shield, 
 the sacred shield that fell from 
 heaven during the reign of Nu- 
 ma, 5, 18 (v. notes, fig. 2, p. 82). 
 ancilla, -ae, F., maid-servant, 
 handmaid, 14, 25. 
 
 Ancus, -i, m., Ancus Marcius, the 
 fourth king of Rome, 9, 16. 
 angor, -oris, m., strangling: 
 anguish, 62, II. 
 
 angustia, -ae (sing, very rare) ; 
 and angustiae, -arum, f., 
 (angustus, narrow), narrow¬ 
 ness, 2, 21 : narrow pass, defile, 
 34, 3 : difficulty, 33, 26. 
 anima, -ae, f. [an-, breathe; cf. 
 animus], air : breath : life, 60, 
 7. (W. G. 6.) 
 
 animadverto, 3, -tl, -sus (animus, 
 attention; advertd, turn to), 
 give attention to, attend to, con¬ 
 sider, observe, 1, 14 ; 50, 12: 
 censure, inflict punishment, 
 punish, 42, 3 ; 44, 5. 
 animal, -alis, n. [an-, breathe], 
 living being, animal, 21, 6. 
 (W. G. 6.) 
 
 animus, -i, m. [an-, breathe; cf. 
 anima], rational soul: intellect, 
 mind, 27, 7 : heart, feeling, 
 nature, dispositiori, 2, 11 ; 13, 
 12 ; 26, 9: courage, spirit, 7, 3; 
 9, 20 > 33, 4 : movere animum, 
 arouse anger , 7, 30. (W. G. 6.) 
 
212 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 annalis, -is, m. (annalis, of a 
 yea?-; sc. liber, book), reco?'d 
 of eve?its, annals, 15, 7. 
 annona, -ae, f. (annus, year), 
 year’s produce, 58, 18. 
 annus, -I, m., year, 5, 24. 
 anser, -eris, m ., goose, 21, 7. 
 ante, adv. and prep, with acc.: 
 adv., before, 8, 12: followed by 
 quam, soo?ier than, before, 53, 
 13 : prep, before , 53, 26. 
 antea, adv. (ante, before; ea, 
 these things), before, previously, 
 41, 26. 
 
 antecedo, 3, -cessi, — (ante, 
 before; cedo, go), go before, 
 precede, 36, 12. 
 
 anteeo, -ire, -ivi or ii, — (ante, 
 
 before ; eo ,go), go before, pre¬ 
 cede, 57, 3. 
 
 antequam, see ante, 71, 4. 
 Antiochus, -i, M., Antiochus, sl 
 philosopher, Cicero’s teacher 
 at Athens, 79 b.c., 58, 10. 
 antiquus, adj. with comp, and 
 sup. (ante, before),a?icie?it, 15,7. 
 Antonius, -i, m., C. Antonius 
 Hybrida , Cicero’s colleague in 
 his consulship, 63 B.C., 59, 19. 
 Marcus A?itonius, Mark An¬ 
 tony, one of the second Trium¬ 
 virate, 43 B.C., 61, 18. 
 anulus, -i, M., ring, finger-ring, 
 3, 24 (v. notes, fig. 19, p. 115). 
 anus, -us, F., old woman, 15, 8 ; 
 45, 10. 
 
 anxius, adj. (cf. angustus), anx¬ 
 ious, troubled, 2, 11 ; 17, 19. 
 aper, apri, m., wild boar, 35, 13. 
 
 aperid, 4, -erui, -ertus, open, u?i- 
 cover, 3, 8; 35, 9; 43, 26 : 
 disclose, reveal, 27, 1. 
 
 aperte, adv. with comp, and sup. 
 (apertus, u?icovered), openly, 
 ??ianifestly, 41, 17. 
 
 apertus, adj. with comp, and sup. 
 (p. of aperid, uncover), un¬ 
 covered, open, 6, 1. 
 
 Apollonia, -ae, f., Apollonia, an 
 important town in Illyria, 63, 
 
 1 3 - 
 
 Apollonius, -T, m., Apollonius Mo¬ 
 lo??, a celebrated rhetorician of 
 Rhodes, 49, 16. 
 
 appareo (adp-), 2,-ui, -iturus (ad, 
 to; pared, be at hand), appear , 
 be evident, be appare??t, 23, 14. 
 
 apparitor (adp-), -oris, m. (appa¬ 
 reo, appear), serva?it, lictor , 24, 
 17 . 
 
 appellatio (adp-), -onis, f. 
 (appello, address), addressi?ig, 
 ?tame, 67, 18. 
 
 appello (adp-), 1, -avi, -atus [ad, 
 
 to; pel-, drive), address : call 
 by ?ia?ne, term, name, 5, 2. (W. 
 
 G - 59 -) 
 
 Appenninus, adj. (sc. mons), the 
 Apennmes, the range of moun¬ 
 tains running through Italy, 
 54, 20. 
 
 Appius, -I, M., Appius, a Roman 
 praenomen especially common 
 in the Claudian gens, 17, 24; 
 27, 19. 
 
 applaudo (adp-), 3, -si, -sus (ad, 
 upo?i; plaudd, strike ), strike 
 upon, applaud, 71, 21. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 213 
 
 applico (adp-), i, -avl or ui, -atus 
 (ad, to ; plied, fasten), join, con¬ 
 nect: apply, direct. 
 
 appono (adp-), 3, -posui, -positus 
 (ad, 7 iear; pono, put), put at, 
 place by, set before, 15, 13; 66,8. 
 
 apprehendo (adp-), 3, -di, -hen- 
 sus (ad, upon; prehendo, lay 
 hold), seize, take hold of, 30, 21. 
 
 approbo (adp-), 1, -avl, -atus (ad, 
 for; probd, test as good), assent 
 to, favor, 22, 10: make evident, 
 prove, 38, 22. 
 
 appropinquo (adp-), 1, -avl, -atus 
 (ad, to ; propinquo, draw near), 
 cotne near, approach, 3, 18; 35, 
 11. 
 
 Appuleius, -i, m., Z. Appuleius, 
 tribune of the plebs 391 B.c., 
 19, 27. 
 
 apte, adv. with sup. (aptus, fitted), 
 closely fitting: suitably, rightly, 
 10, 22. 
 
 aptus, adj. fitted: fit, suitable, 
 
 36, 23. 
 
 apud, prep, with acc., with, 14, 
 20: at, 33, 7: by, near, 20, 12: 
 in the presence of, before, 8, 7: 
 among, 6, 21; 14, 8: at the 
 house of, 47, 28: in the works 
 of 55, 26. 
 
 Apulia, -ae, F., Apulia, a country 
 in southeastern Italy, 23, 7. 
 
 aqua, -ae, F., water, 1, 9. 
 
 aquila, -ae, f., eagle, 10, 20: statid- 
 ard of a legion, 64, 9 (v. notes, 
 fig. 6). 
 
 aquilifer, -feri, m. [aquila, eagle; 
 FER-, carry ], eagle bearer, stand¬ 
 
 ard bearer, 51, 23 (v. notes, fig. 
 12). 
 
 ara, -ae, f., altar, 5, 7; 32, 19. 
 arbiter, -tri, m. [ad, to ; ba-, go], 
 spectator, hearer, witness, 6, 8. 
 
 (W. G. 73-) 
 
 arbitrium, -T, n. (arbiter, judge), 
 judgment, decision : authority, 
 power, 51, 7: ad arbitrium, ac¬ 
 cording to one's pleasure, 51,7. 
 (W. G. 73.) 
 
 arbitror, 1, -atus, dep. (arbiter, 
 
 judge), testify, depose: believe, 
 think, 66, 6. (W. G. 73.) 
 arceo, 2, -cui, — [arc-, make 
 secure ], shui up, enclose: keep 
 away, 1, 18. (W. G. 9.) 
 arcesso, 3, -Ivi, -Itus (intens. of 
 accedo, come to), cause to co 7 ne, 
 call, send for, invite, 8, 24; 26, 
 14. 
 
 Ardea, -ae, f., Ardea, an ancient 
 town of Latium, 14, 18. 
 ardor, -oris, m. [2 ar-, burn], 
 burning, fire: ardor, enthusi¬ 
 asm, zeal, 38, 12. (W. G. 8.) 
 argenteus, adj. (argentum, silver), 
 silver, made of silver, 29, n. 
 argentum, -I, n., silver, silver- 
 plate, 29, 28. 
 
 Argos, N. (only nom. and acc.), 
 usually in the form Argi, -orum, 
 m., Argos, the capital of Argo¬ 
 lis, a district in northeastern 
 Peloponnesus, 30, 16. 
 aridus, adj. [2 ar-, dry], dry, 
 arid, parched, 33, 27. (W. G. 8.) 
 arma, -drum, N. [i ar-, fit], im¬ 
 plements, instruments: arms, 
 
214 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 weapons, 4, 9; 7, 2; jg, 16. 
 (W. G. 7.) 
 
 armatus, adj. with sup. (p. of 
 armd, arm), armed, equipped in 
 arms, 16, 13; 24, 2. As subst. 
 M ., armed men, soldiers, ig, 10; 
 
 25, 14- 
 
 Armenia, -ae, f., Armenia, 46, 19. 
 
 armilla, -ae, f. (armus, shoulder, 
 arm), bracelet, armlet, 3, 24. 
 
 armd, 1, -avi, -atus [1 ar -, fit], 
 fit with weapons, ar?n, 2, 2. 
 
 (W. G. 7.) 
 
 Arpinum, -I, n., Arpinum, Ci¬ 
 cero’s birthplace, about fifty 
 miles southeast of Rome, 57, 8. 
 
 ars, artis, f. [i ar-, fit], practi¬ 
 cal skill, art, 11, 11 : learning, 
 studies, accomplishments, 39, 
 24: cunning, stratagem, 36, 4. 
 (W. G. 7.) 
 
 artus, -uum, M.plur. [1 ar-, join], 
 joints, 48, 7. (W. G. 7.) 
 
 arx, arcis, f. [arc-, shut in], cas¬ 
 tle, citadel, fortress, 3, 20 ; 20, 
 18. (W. G. 9.) 
 
 as, assis, m. one, unity: as, the 
 unit of money, originally one 
 pound of copper, but gradually 
 reduced to half an ounce, with 
 a value of a little less than one 
 cent, 42, 17. 
 
 ascendo (adsc-), 3, -scendl, -scen- 
 sus (ad-, up to; scandd, climb), 
 mount, climb, ascend, 21, 14. 
 
 Asia, -ae, F., Asia, usually applies 
 to Asia Minor, sometimes to 
 the continent, 12, 26. 
 
 asper, -era, -erum, adj. (ab, with¬ 
 
 out; spes, hope), without hope: 
 adverse, hostile, cruel, 56, 20. 
 asperitas, -atis, f. (asper, rough), 
 unevenness, roughness : sharp¬ 
 ness, 66, 11. 
 
 aspernor, 1, -atus, dep. (ab, 
 from; spemor, remove), disdain, 
 reject, despise, 55, 27. 
 aspicio, (adsp-), 3, -exi, -ectus 
 (ad, at; specio, look), look at, 
 look ujon : examine, observe, 
 43, 24. (W. G. 68.) 
 aspis, -idis, F., asp, viper, 66, 24. 
 astutia, -ae, f. (astutus, adroit), 
 adroitness, shrewdness, 31, 9. 
 asylum, -I, n. (Gr., &<rv\ov, place 
 of refuge), place of refiige, 
 asylum, 3, 8. 
 
 at, conj., but, on the other hand, 
 2, 6; 17, 3 : on the contrary, 
 32, 8, 
 
 Athenae, -arum, f., Athens, the 
 famous Grecian city, the capital 
 of Attica 29, 4. 
 
 atque or (before consonants) ac, 
 conj. (ad, in addition to; -que, 
 a?id), and, and what is more, 
 as well as, together with, 5, 17; 
 11, 2; 15, 20; 28, 6: with 
 words implying comparison, as, 
 than, 12, 7. 
 
 atqui, conj., but somehow, but yet, 
 however, and yet, 11, 13. 
 atrociter, adv. with comp, and 
 sup. (atrdx, savage), fiercely, 
 cruelly, 60, 5. 
 
 atrox, -ocis, adj. with comp, and 
 sup., savage, fierce, wild, cruel, 
 
 8, 6 ; 53, 24. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 215 
 
 attentus (adt-), adj. with comp, 
 and sup. (p. of attendo, attend 
 to), atte 7 itivc, intent, 15, 20. 
 
 (W.G.71.) 
 
 attonitus (adt-), adj. (p. of at¬ 
 tono, thimder at), thunder¬ 
 struck, stunned: astou?ided, 34, 
 
 1. 
 
 Attus, -I, M., praenomen of Attus 
 Navius, see Navius, 11, 9. 
 auctor, -oris, m. [avg-, grow], 
 promoter, producer: author, 
 cause, 29, 23. (W. G. 13.) 
 auctoritas, -atis, f. (auctor, 
 author), origination: authority, 
 n, 9. (W. G. 13.) 
 
 (auctus), adj. (p. of augeo, in¬ 
 crease), abundant, ample, 9, 6. 
 aucupium, -I, n. [auceps, bird- 
 catcher: fr. avis, bird; cap-, 
 take], bird catching, fowling, 
 69, 29. (W. G. 12.) 
 audacia, -ae, f. (audax, bold), 
 daring, courage, valor, boldness, 
 16, 12 : audacity, presumption, 
 insolence, 10, 11 ; 39, 20. (W. 
 G. 10.) 
 
 audeo, 2, ausus [for avided, 1. 
 AV-, mark, desire], venture, 
 dare, 4, n; 44, 23. (W. G. 10.) 
 audio, 4, -Ivl or -ii, -Ttus [2 av-, 
 mark, notice], hear, 3, 7 : as¬ 
 sent to, 12, 18. (W. G. 11.) 
 auditus, p. of audio, 22, 6. 
 aufero, auferre, abstuli, ablatus 
 (ab, away; fero, carry), take 
 away, bear off, remove, carry 
 away, 4, 24; 5, 19; 21, 26. 
 (W. G. 34.) 
 
 aufugio, 3, -fugi, — (ab, away ; 
 fugio, flee), flee away, run 
 away, 7, 14. (W. G. 40.) 
 augeo, 2, auxi, auctus [avg-, 
 increase], increase, augment, 
 spread, 6, 15; 34, 12. (W. G. 
 r 3-) 
 
 augur, -uris, m. and f., seer, 
 augur, 11, 10. (W. G. 12.) 
 augurium, -I, m. (augur, augur), 
 observance of omens, divination, 
 augury, 2, 19: augurium agere, 
 to try the omens, 11, 13. (W. G. 
 12.) 
 
 Augustus, -I, m., Augustus, the 
 cognomen given to Octavius 
 Caesar as emperor, 67, 8. 
 augustus, adj. with comp, and 
 sup. (augeo, increase), con¬ 
 secrated: majestic, noble, 4, 28. 
 aulaeum, -I, n., curtain, 28, 10. 
 Aulus -I, M., Aulus, a Roman 
 praenomen, 59, 26. 
 aureus, adj. (aurum, gold), of 
 gold, golden, 37, 26. 
 auris, -is, f. [2 av-, mark, notice], 
 ear, 26, 18. (W. G. 11.) 
 aurum, -I, n., gold, 21, 21. 
 auspicium, -I, n. [auspex, augur ; 
 avis, bird; SPEQ-, see], divina¬ 
 tion by the flight of birds, 
 augury from birds, 2, 17. (W. 
 G. 12 and 68.) 
 ausus, p. of audeo, 44, 23. 
 aut, conj., or: aut . . . aut, 
 either ... or, 23, 25 ; 32,13. 
 autem, conj. adversative, post¬ 
 positive, but, on the other hand, 
 however, 29, 16 ; 31, 8 : more- 
 
216 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 over, in addition, 5, 20: intro¬ 
 ductory, now, 9, 23. 
 auxilium, -i, n. [avg-, grow], 
 help, assistance, support, 8, 24 ; 
 20, 6 : plur. auxiliary troops, 
 53,21. (W. G. 13.) 
 avaritia, -ae, f. (avarus, covetous ), 
 inordinate desire, greed, avarice, 
 42, 25. (W. G. 10.) 
 avarus, adj. with comp, and sup. 
 [1 AV-, delight, desire ], grasp¬ 
 ing, eager, covetous , 29, 20. (W. 
 G. 10.) 
 
 Aventinus, -I, m. (sc. m5ns), the 
 Aventine, the most southern of 
 the seven hills of Rome, 13, 1. 
 Aventinus, adj., of the Aventine, 
 on the Aventine, 13, 1. 
 aveo, 2, —, —, defective ; imper. 
 
 ave, hail, in salutation, 68, 11. 
 Avernus, adj. (with or without 
 lacus), Avernus, a lake near 
 Cumae, 22, 22. 
 
 baculum, -!, n. [ba-, go], stick, 
 staff, zvalking-stick, 14, 13. 
 Baiae, -arum, f., Baiae, a favorite 
 watering-place of the Romans 
 on the coast of Campania, 22, 
 21. 
 
 barba, -ae, f., beard, 20, 27. 
 barbarus, adj. with comp. (Gr., 
 (idpfiapos), of strange speech : 
 barbarous, savage. As subst., 
 the barbarian, 45, 5. 
 bellicosus, adj. with comp, and 
 
 averto, 3, -tl, -sus (ab, away; 
 verto, turn), turn away, avert, 
 11, 29; 29, 2 ; 31, 9. (W. G. 
 74 -) 
 
 avidus, adj. with comp, and sup. 
 [1 AV-, 7 ?iark, delight ], longing 
 eagerly, desirous, eager, 50, 6. 
 (W. G. 10.) 
 
 avis, -is, F., [3 AV-, blow, waft], 
 bird, 21, 8 : omen, 11, 10. (W. 
 G. 12.) 
 
 avocd, 1, -avl, -atus (a, away; 
 voco, call), call off, call away, 
 60, 16. (W. G. 77.) 
 avolo, 1, -avl, -atiirus (a, away; 
 void, fly), fly away: hasten 
 away, 14, 23. 
 
 avunculus, -I, m. (dim. of avus), 
 
 7 naternal uncle, uticle, 63, 11. 
 avus, -I, M. [i AV-, 77 iark, delight], 
 grandfather, ancestor, 2, 1; 
 
 57 , 9 - 
 
 sup. (bellicus, of war), warlike , 
 give 7 i to fighting, 9, 9. (W. G. 
 28.) 
 
 bello, 1, -avi, -atus (bellum, war), 
 wage war, carry on war, 52, 
 10. (W. G. 28.) 
 
 bellum, -I, n. [old dvellum, dva-, 
 
 apart, two], war, co 7 iflict, 3, 16. 
 (W. G. 28.) 
 
 belua, -ae, f., beast, wild beast, 
 mo 7 ister, 25, 15. 
 
 bene, adv. with comp, melius, 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 217 
 
 sub. optime (bonus, good), well, 
 22, 8; 67, 23: successfully, 33, 
 20. 
 
 beneficium, -I, n. [bene, well; 
 FAC-, do], favor, benefit, kind¬ 
 ness, service, 23, 26. (W. G. 33.) 
 benevolentia, -ae, f. (benevolus, 
 friendly), good-will, kindness, 
 friendship, 14, 7. (W. G. 79.) 
 benigne, adv. with comp, and 
 sup. (benignus, kind), in a 
 friendly manner, kindly, courte¬ 
 ously, 14, 6. (W. G. 41.) 
 benignus, adj. [bene, well; gen-, 
 born], well born: kind, pleas¬ 
 ing, friendly, 46, 22. (W. G. 41.) 
 bibliotheca, -ae, f. (Gr., / 3 ijSXto- 
 drjKv), library, room for books, 
 54 , I? * 
 
 bibo, 3, bibi, —, drink, 43, 4. 
 Bibulus, -T, M., Z. Calpurnius 
 Bibidus, consul with Julius 
 Caesar, 59 b.c., 50, 25. 
 biduum, -I, N. (bi-, two; dies, days), 
 period of two days, two days, 
 46, 30. (W. G. 27.) 
 bini, -ae, -a, num. distr. [dvi-, 
 two], two by two, two to each, 
 27, 27. (W. G. 28.) 
 bis, adv. num. [dvi-, two], twice, 
 59, 2. (W. G. 28.) 
 blanditia, -ae, f. (blandus, bland), 
 caressing, flattery, 14, 7. 
 
 Blosius, -i, M., C. Blosius Cuma¬ 
 nus, a philosopher and friend 
 of Tiberius Gracchus, 42, 3. 
 bona, -orum, n. (bonus, good), 
 goods, property, 41, 15. 
 bonus, adj., comp, melior, sup. 
 optimus, good, morally good, 
 23, 9; 28, 18: brave, 29, 21. 
 As subst., boni, M., the better 
 classes, the aristocracy, 41, 8. 
 b5s, bovis, M. and f. (Gr., fiovi), 
 ox, bull, cow, 13, 2. 
 bracchium, -I, n. (Gr., ppayLuv), 
 fore-arm, lower ar?n, 55, 17. 
 brevi, adv. (abl. of brevis, short), 
 in a little while, soon, 45, 27. 
 brevis, -e, adj. with comp, and 
 sup., short, brief, 32, 12. 
 Britanni, -drum, m., the inhabit¬ 
 ants of Britain, 51, 18. 
 Brundisium, -T, N., Brundisium, 
 a sea-port in Calabria, in south¬ 
 ern Italy, 52, 17. 
 
 Brutus, -T, m., Brutus, a surname 
 of the Junian gens. Mention 
 is made of : 1. M. f unius Bru¬ 
 tus, who conspired against 
 Caesar, 55, 2 ; 2. D. f unius 
 Brutus Albinus, killed by An¬ 
 tony, 43 B.C., 63, 17. 
 bulla, -ae, F., bubble: the bulla, an 
 amulet worn by free-born chil¬ 
 dren, 11,18 (v. notes, fig. 5, p. 88). 
 
 C 
 
 C., abbreviation for Gaius, a Ro- dead body, corpse, carcass, 60, 8. 
 
 man praenomen, 28, 2. (W. G. 14.) 
 
 cadaver, -eris, n. [cad-, fall], cado, 3, cecidi, casurus [cad-, 
 
218 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 fall], fall, 7, 7: die, be slain, 
 4, 4 - (W. G. 14.) 
 
 caecitas, -atis, f. (caecus, blind), 
 blindness, 27, 20. 
 
 caedes, -is, f. [for * scaedes, 
 sc id-, split, cut], cutting down: 
 killing, murder, slaughter, 8, 
 16; 20, 29. (W. G. 66.) 
 
 caedd, 3, cecidi, caesus [for 
 scaedd, scid-, split, cut], cut, 
 hew: kill, 8, 10: vanquish, 
 cut to pieces, destroy, 20, 12; 
 37, 10. (W. G. 66.) 
 
 caelestis, -e, adj. (caelum, sky), 
 from heaven, of the heavens , 
 heavenly, 10, 23. 
 
 Caelius, -I, m. (sc. m 5 ns), the Cae¬ 
 liani hill, one of the hills of 
 Rome, 9, 4. 
 
 caelum, -I, n., sky, heaven, heav¬ 
 ens, 4, 9: air, climate, 22, 18. 
 
 Caesar, -aris, m., Caesar, a family 
 name of the famous Julian 
 gens.,e.g., C.fulius Caesar, the 
 great dictator, 47, 10. 
 
 Caieta, -ae, f., Caieta, a town and 
 harbor in Latium, 22, 21. 
 
 calamitas, -atis, f., loss, injury, 
 misfortune, calamity, disaster, 
 61, 14. 
 
 callidus, adj. with comp, and 
 sup., practised, expert: crafty, 
 cunning, 13, 7. 
 
 Calpurnia, -ae, f., Calpurnia, wife 
 of Julius Caesar, 55, 5. 
 
 calvitium, -I, n. (calvus, bald), 
 baldness, a bald spot, 56, 23. 
 
 Calvus, -I, M., C ■ Licinius Alacer 
 Calvus, an orator and poet, 
 
 who lampooned Julius Caesar, 
 56 , 1 7 - 
 
 calvus, did)., bald, hairless, 56, 23. 
 
 Camillus, -I, m., Camillus, family 
 name of the Furian gens, re¬ 
 ferring especially to AT. Furius 
 Camillus, the conqueror of 
 Veii, 19, 1. 
 
 Campani, -orum, m., the inhabit¬ 
 ants of Campania. 
 
 Campania, -ae, f., Campania, a 
 district of Italy, 22, 17. 
 
 Campanus, adj., Campanian, be¬ 
 longing to Campania, 40, 4: as 
 subst., a Campanian, 22, 16. 
 
 campus, -i, M., plain, field, 4, 22. 
 
 Caninius, -I, m., gentile name of 
 C. Caninius Rebilus, consul for 
 a few hours in 45 B.C., 63, 3. 
 
 canis, -is, m. and f. [ca x-,watch], 
 dog, 21, 5. 
 
 Cannae, -arum, f., Cannae, town 
 in Apulia, where Hannibal de¬ 
 feated the Romans in 216 b.c., 
 
 37 , 5 - 
 
 cano, 3, cecini — [can-, make a 
 musical sound], make music, 
 sing, 5, 23 : receptui canere, to 
 sound a retreat , 34, 21. 
 
 cantus, -us, M. [can-, make mu¬ 
 sic], singing, song: note, 69, 27. 
 
 capesso, 3, -ivi or -ii, -iturus (de- 
 sid. of capio, take), seize eagerly, 
 lay hold of: strive to reach, 
 resort to, betake oneself to, 7, 
 12. 
 
 capillus, -i, M. (caput, head), hah 
 of the head, hair, 38, 23. 
 
 capio, 3, cepi, captus [cap-, take], 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 219 
 
 take in hand', take up, seize, 6, 
 26: take captive, 1, 20: capture, 
 occupy, take possession of, g, 5; 
 16, 3: suffer, be subjected to, 41, 
 20 : receive, 50, 22. (W. G. 17.) 
 Capitolinus, adj., of the Capitol, 
 Capitoline, 40, 28. 
 
 Capitolium, -I, n. (caput, head), 
 the Capitol, temple of Jupiter at 
 Rome, the hill on which the 
 Capitol stood, 3, 22; 21, 19. 
 capra, -ae, f., she-goat: Caprae 
 palus, the Goafs Pool, the place 
 in the Campus Martius where 
 Romulus disappeared, 4, 22. 
 captivus, adj. [cap-, take], taken 
 prisoner, captive, 25, 18. As 
 subst. M. and F., a captive, 12, 2. 
 (W. G. 17.) 
 
 capto, 1, -avi, -atus (freq. of 
 capio), strive to seize, catch at: 
 watch for , 50, 16. (W. G. 17.) 
 Capua, -ae, F., Capua, a large and 
 wealthy city of Campania, 22, 
 26. 
 
 Capulus, -I, M. (capi 5 , take), that 
 which is grasped, handle, hilt, 
 64, 15 (v. notes, fig. 29). 
 caput, -itis, N. [cap-, take], head, 
 8, 18: life, 28, 27: capital, 22, 
 26: extremity, top, 14, 13. (W. 
 
 G. 17.) 
 
 Carbo, -onis, m., family name of 
 C. Papirius Carbo, 43, 29. 
 career, -eris, M., prison, jail, 10, 
 10 (v. notes, fig. 4). 
 carnifex, -ficis, m. [card, flesh ; 
 FAC-, make], executioner, hang¬ 
 man, 70, 17. (W. G. 33.) 
 
 carpentum, -I, N., carriage, char¬ 
 iot, 10, 20; 13, 20 (v. notes, 
 fig. 7, p. 90). 
 
 Carthaginiensis, -e, adj., of Car¬ 
 thage, Carthaginian. As subst. 
 
 M. , a Carthaginian, 32, 12. 
 Carthago, -inis, f., Carthage, a 
 
 great city in northern Africa, 
 22, 27. 
 
 carus, adj. with comp, and sup. 
 
 dear, precious, beloved, 17, 14. 
 casa, -ae, F., small house, cottage, 
 hut, 1, 15. 
 
 Casca, -ae, M., C. Servilius Casca, 
 one of Caesar’s assassins, 55, 
 16. 
 
 Cassius, -I, m., gentile name of C. 
 Cassius Longinus. See Longi¬ 
 nus, 55, 2. 
 
 castigo, 1, -avi, -atus [castus, 
 pure; AG-, drive], set right, 
 correct, punish, 45, n. 
 castrum, -i, N., fortified place, cas¬ 
 tle, fort: plur. castra, -drum, 
 
 N. , military camp, 14, 19. 
 casus, -us, m. [cad-, fall], fall, 
 
 7, 8 : misfortune, calamity, fate, 
 destruction, 56, 4. (W. G. 14.) 
 catena, -ae, f., chain, fetter, 59, 4. 
 Catilina, -ae, m., family name of 
 L. Sergius Catiline, who made 
 a dangerous conspiracy against 
 the Roman government in 63 
 B.C., 58, 25. 
 
 Cato, -onis, m. (catus, sagacious), 
 name of a famous family of the 
 Porcian gens, e.g., M. Porcius 
 Cato Uticensis, 56 , 29. 
 
 Catullus, -i, m., family name of 
 
220 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 C. Valerius Catullus, one of 
 the greatest lyric poets of 
 Rome, 56, 18. 
 
 catulus, -I, m. (dim. of catus, cat), 
 young animal, whelp, puppy, 
 cub, 1, 13. 
 
 Catulus, -i, M., family name of 
 Q. Lutatius Catulus, political 
 opponent of Pompey, 45, 19. 
 See also Lutatius, 31, 22. 
 
 Caudinus, adj., of Caudium. Fur¬ 
 culae Caudinae, the Caudine 
 Forks, 23, 13. 
 
 causa, -ae, f. [cav-, watch\, cause, 
 reason, motive, occasion, 3, 16; 
 47, 3: excuse, pretext, 32, 21: 
 lawsuit, case, 8, 15: situation, 
 condition, 13, 6 : abl. causa with 
 preceding gen., for the purpose 
 of, on account of, 18, 4 ; 41, 4. 
 (W. G. 18.) 
 
 cautus, adj. with comp, and sup. 
 (p. of caveo, take care), careful, 
 wary, cautious, 34, 11. (W. G. 
 18.) 
 
 caveo, 2, cavi, cautus [cav-, 
 watch'], be on one's guard, take 
 care, beware, 37, 17. (W. G. 18.) 
 
 cedo, 3, cessi, cessus [cad-, fall], 
 withdraw, retire, 60, 28 : sub¬ 
 mit to, yield, 52, 30. (W. G. 14.) 
 
 celeber, -bris, -bre, adj. with 
 sup. [cel-, drive], frequented, 
 thronged: renowned, famous, 
 57 , 15 - (W. G. 19.) 
 
 celer, -eris, -ere, adj. with comp, 
 and sup. [cel-, drive], swift, 
 fleet, quick, 3, 27; 45, 30. (\V. 
 G. 19.) 
 
 celeritas, -atis, f. (celer, swift), 
 swiftness, speed, quickness, 36, 
 27. (W. G. 19.) 
 
 celeriter, adv. with comp, and 
 sup. (celer, swift), quickly, 
 swiftly, immediately, 30, 25. 
 celo, 1, -avi, -atus, hide from, con¬ 
 ceal, keep secret, 12, 15. 
 cena, -ae, F., dinner, principal 
 meal, 55, 30. 
 
 cend, 1, -avi, -atus, (cena, dinner ), 
 dine, take a meal, 14, 20: eat, 
 
 29, 13- 
 
 censeo, 2, censui, census, tax, 
 estimate: resolve, decree, decide, 
 39 , li¬ 
 censor, - 5 ris, M. (cf. censed, esti¬ 
 mate), censor, a Roman magis¬ 
 trate, 29, 27. 
 
 census, -iis, m. (censed, estimate), 
 registering of citizens and prop¬ 
 erty by the censors, census, 12,22. 
 centiens, num. adv. (centum, 
 hundred), hundred times, 66, 4. 
 centum, num. adj. indecl., hun¬ 
 dred, 4, 17. 
 
 centuria, -ae, f. (centum, hun¬ 
 dred), division of a hundred, 
 century, 4, 19. 
 
 centurio, -onis, m. (centuria, centu¬ 
 ry), commander of a century, 
 captain, centurion, 22, 6. 
 
 Ceres, -eris, F., Ceres, daughter of 
 Saturn, goddess of agriculture, 
 22, 19. 
 
 cerno, 3, crevi, cretus [cer-, cre-, 
 part], separate, part: dis¬ 
 tinguish, see, perceive, 17, 1. 
 (\V. G. 20.) 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 221 
 
 certamen, -inis (certo, contend), 
 decisive contest, struggle, battle, 
 4, i: contest, match, i, 17. (W. 
 G. 20.) 
 
 certatim, adv. (certo, struggle), 
 in rivaliy, zealously, eagerly, 
 11, 26. (W. G. 20.) 
 certe, adv. with comp, (certus, 
 assured), really, surely, cer¬ 
 tainly, 36, 7. (W. G. 20.) 
 certo, 1, -avi, -atus (certus, as¬ 
 sured), match, fight: combat, 
 compete, vie, 43, 20. (W. G. 20.) 
 certus, adj. with comp, and sup. 
 (p. of cern 5 ), settled, certain : 
 sure, true, definite, fixed, speci¬ 
 fied, trustworthy, 5, 13 ; 32, 
 16 : with facio, informed, as¬ 
 sured, 63, 19. (W. G. 20.) 
 cervix, -Icis, f., neck, 62, 2. 
 cesso, 1, -avl, -atus (freq. of cedo, 
 go away), delay, cease from, 
 stop: do nothing, be idle, rest, 
 38, 4; 40, 23. 
 
 ceterum, adv. (acc. n. sing, of 
 ceterus, the other), for the rest: 
 but, 17, 23. 
 
 (ceterus), adj., other, remainder, 
 35, 15. As subst. M., the others, 
 all the rest, 14, 26. 
 charta, -ae, f., leaf of the Egyptian 
 papyrus, paper, 69, 4. 
 Chrysogonus, -I, m., L. Cornelius 
 Chrysogonus, a freedman of 
 Sulla, 58, 5. 
 
 cibus, -I, M., food, victuals, 17, 2. 
 cicatrix, -Icis, F., scar, cicatrice, 
 
 68 , 7. 
 
 cicer, -eris, n., chick-pea, 57, 10. 
 
 Cicerd, - 5 nis, m. (cicer, chick-pea), 
 a Roman family name of the 
 Tullian gens, especially M. 
 Tullhis Cicero, the renowned 
 orator, 106-43 B,c, > r 3- 
 
 Cineas, -ae, M., Cineas, the friend 
 of King Pyrrhus of Epirus, 26, 
 
 2 5 - 
 
 cingo, 3, -xi, -inctus, go around, 
 surround: beset, besiege, 35, 21. 
 
 Cinna, -ae, m., L. Cornelius 
 Cinna, consul 86-84 B.c., 48, 
 
 2 3 - 
 
 circa, adv. and prep., a later form 
 for circum, 6, 1. (W. G. 23.) 
 
 circum, adv., and prep, with acc. 
 (acc. of circus), around, round 
 about, all around, 6, 1 : near, 
 among, 3, 5. (W. G. 23.) 
 
 circumaro, 1, -avl, — (circum, 
 arouiid; aro, plough), plough 
 around, 16, 17. 
 
 circumdo, 1, -dedi, -datus [cir¬ 
 cum, around; 2 DA-, put], 
 
 place around, cause to surround: 
 enclose, surround, 10, 12; 43, 6. 
 (W. G. 25.) 
 
 circumeo, -Ire, -Ivl or -il, cir- 
 cumitus (circum, around; e 5 , 
 go), go around: visit, 27, 13. 
 (W. G. 46.) 
 
 circumfundo, 3, -fudi, -fusus (cir¬ 
 cum, around; fundo, pour) 
 pour around: surround: pass. 
 crowd around, 22, 9. 
 
 circumsto, 1, -stetl, — (circum, 
 around; sto, stand), sta 7 id 
 arou 7 td, 24, 2 : surrou 7 id, 7, 10. 
 
 (W. G. 69.) 
 
222 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 circumvenio, 4, -veni, -ventus 
 (circum, around ; venio, come), 
 come around , encircle, sur¬ 
 round, 8, 27. (W. G. 73.) 
 circus, -I, M. [cvr-, curve], circle, 
 race-course, circus, 11, 5. (W. 
 G. 23.) 
 
 citatus, adj. with comp, and sup. 
 (p. of cito, rouse), quick, rapid, 
 in haste, at full speed, 14, 23. 
 civicus, adj. (civis, citizefi), of 
 citizens, civil, civic, 49, 15. 
 civilis, -e, adj. with comp, (civis, 
 citizen ), of citizens, civil, civic, 
 42, 23. 
 
 civis, -is, m. and f. [ci-, rest, lie], 
 citizen, 6, 11. 
 
 civitas, -atis, F. (civis, citizen), 
 citizenship, 41, 6 : the state, 
 
 6, I. 
 
 clades, -is, f. [cel-, strike], de¬ 
 struction, misfortune, disaster, 
 30, 11 : defeat, 21, 28. (W. G. 
 19.) 
 
 clam, adv. and prep, with acc., 
 secretly, privately, without the 
 knowledge of others, 43, 5. 
 clamito, 1, -avi, -atus (freq. of 
 clamo, call), cry aloud, bawl, 
 call loudly, 4, 6. (W. G. 15.) 
 clamo, 1, -avi, -atus [cal-, call], 
 call, cry out , shout, 55, 15. (W. 
 _G. 15.) 
 
 clamor, - 5 ris, m. [cal -, call], loud 
 call, shrieking, shouting, 11, 
 24 ; 18, 8. (W. G. 15.) 
 clandestinus, adj. (clam, secretly), 
 secret, hidden, concealed, 10, 10. 
 clangor, -oris, m. [cal-, call], 
 
 sound, clang, noise: scream, 
 10, 21 : cackling, 21, 9. 
 
 clarus, adj. with comp, and sup. 
 [cal-, call], clear, bright, shin¬ 
 ing, 60, 18 : loud, 24, 22: 
 
 famous, glorious, eminent, 49, 
 17 - 
 
 classis, -is, f. [cal-, call], class, 
 12, 23 : fleet, 30, 5. 
 
 Claudius, -I, M., Claudius, name 
 of a famous Roman gens, esp. 
 Appius Claudius, the wicked 
 decemvir, 17, 25: Appius 
 
 Claudius Caecus who refused 
 to make peace with Pyrrhus, 
 27, 19. 
 
 claudo, 3, -si, -sus, close, shut, 15, 
 6: shut in, imprison, confine, 
 
 23, 24- 
 
 clausula, -ae, f. (claudo, close), 
 close, conclusio n, 71, 20. 
 
 clausus, adj. (p. of claudo), closed, 
 
 shut, 6, 1. 
 
 clemens, -entis, adj. with comp, 
 and sup., mild, calm, gentle, 
 merciful, 66, 28. 
 
 clementer, adv. with comp, and 
 sup. (clemens, mild), mildly, 
 with forbearance, i?iercifully, 
 56 , 9 - 
 
 dementia, -ae, f. (clemens, mild), 
 moderation, mildness, forbear ■ 
 a nee, mercy, 26, 10. 
 
 Cleopatra, -ae, f., Cleopatra, the 
 famous queen of Egypt, 66, 2. 
 
 cliens, -entis, m., personal de¬ 
 pendent, client, 18, I. 
 
 clivus, -I, m. [CLI-, lean], decliv¬ 
 ity, slope, hill, 40, 28. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 223 
 
 Clodius, -I, m., another form of 
 Claudius, gentile name of P. 
 Clodius Pulcher , Cicero’s dead¬ 
 liest foe, 60, 24. 
 
 Clusinus, adj., belonging to 
 Clusium, 16, 4. As subst. m., 
 an inhabitant of Clusium, 
 
 20, 5. 
 
 Clusium, -i, N., Clusiiwi, an an¬ 
 cient city of Etruria, Porsenna’s 
 capital, 20, 4. 
 
 Cn., abbreviation for Gnaeus, a 
 Roman praenomen, 45, 21. 
 
 coactus, P. of c 5 go, 45, 10. 
 
 Cocles, -itis, M., one-eyed, surname 
 of Horatius, who defended the 
 bridge against Porsenna’s 
 army, 16, 9. 
 
 (coepio), 3, coepi, coeptus, begin, 
 commence, 1, 19. 
 
 coerceo, 2, -cui, -citus (com-, com¬ 
 pletely ; arceo, enclose ), enclose 
 on all sides, restrain, repress, 
 hold in check, control, 54, 21. 
 
 coetus, -us, m., for coitus [com-, 
 together; I-, go], coming to¬ 
 gether: assemblage, crowd, 
 
 company, 24, 5. (W. G. 46.) 
 
 cogitatio, -onis, F. (cogito, think), 
 thinking: thought, design, plan, 
 project, 10, 25 ; 60, 16. 
 
 COgitd, 2, -avi, -atus (com-, inten¬ 
 sive; agito, move violently), 
 consider thoroughly, ponder: 
 intend, plan, 67, 20. 
 
 cognatio, -onis, F. (c 5 gnatus, kin¬ 
 dred), blood-relatiotiship, kin¬ 
 dred, 40, 24. (W. G. 41.) 
 
 c5gndmen, -inis, n. (com-, with, 
 
 added ; (gnomen), name), sur¬ 
 name, 16, 9. (W. G. 43.) 
 cognomind, 1, -avi, -atus, (cogno¬ 
 men, surname), furnish with a 
 surname, surname, 67, 8 . 
 cdgndsco, 3, -gnovi, -gnitus (com-, 
 intensive; (g)nosco, know), be¬ 
 come acquainted with, ascer¬ 
 tain, learn, 1, 6 ; 26, 8: perf. 
 tenses, know, 26, 7. (W. G. 
 43 -) 
 
 COgd, 3, coegi, coactus [com-, 
 together; AG-, drive], drive to¬ 
 gether, collect: force, drive, 
 compel, 18, 26; 45, 10. (W. G. 2.) 
 Collatia, -ae, F., Collatia, a Sabine 
 town near Rome, 14, 24. 
 Collatinus, -i, m., family name of 
 Z. Tarquinius Collatinus, hus¬ 
 band of Lucretia, 14, 19. 
 collis, -is, m., hill, 5, 1. 
 collum, -i, N., neck, 63, 24. 
 cold, 3, colui, cultus [col-, till], 
 till, cidtivate: esteem, practise, 
 cherish, 4, 30: honor, worship, 
 5, 2. (W. G. 21.) 
 colonia, -ae, F. (coldnus, husband¬ 
 man), colony, settle?nent, 40, 15. 
 (W. G. 21.) 
 
 columba, -ae, f., dove, pigeon, 
 63, 23. 
 
 com-, prep. = cum, used only in 
 composition. 
 
 comburo, 3, -ussi, -ustus, hern 
 up, consume, 56, 12, 
 comes, -itis, M. and f. [com-, 
 with; I-, go], companion, asso¬ 
 ciate, comrade, 26, 10. (W. G. 
 46.) 
 
224 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 comitas, -atis, f. (cdmis, kind), 
 
 courtesy, kindness, good-fellow¬ 
 ship, 43, 5. 
 
 comitatus, -us, m. (comitor, join 
 as a companion), escort, train, 
 68 , 4. 
 
 Comitium, -I, n. [com-, together; 
 I-, go], the Comitium, place of 
 assembly, the place next the 
 Forum where the elections 
 were held, 16, 17. (W. G. 46.) 
 comitor, 1, -atus, dep. (comes, 
 companion), join as an attend¬ 
 ant, accompany, attend, 53, 23. 
 (W. G. 46.) 
 
 commeatus, -us, m. (commeo, go 
 
 and come), going to and fro: 
 leave of absence, 18, 12: pro¬ 
 visions, stores, 32, 1. 
 commendo, 1, -avi, -atus (com-, 
 completely; mando, intrust), 
 commit for protection, intrust, 
 40, 21: commend, ask favor for, 
 
 68, 4- (W. G. 51.) 
 commigro, 1, -avl, -atus (com-, 
 with; migro, go), remove, mi¬ 
 grate, 10, 19. 
 
 comminus, adv. (com-, with; 
 manus, hand), in close contest, 
 hand to hand, 30, 23. (W. G. 
 
 5 1 *) 
 
 committo, 3, -misi, -missus (com-, 
 together; mitt 5 , send, let go), 
 bring together, unite: engage 
 in, begin, 25, 10: intrust, com¬ 
 mit, 62, 7 : give occasion, cause, 
 48, 13. (W. G. 53.) 
 commode, adv. with comp, and 
 sup. (commodus, with due meas¬ 
 
 ure), duly, properly, well, com¬ 
 pletely, 71, 19. 
 
 commodus, adj. with comp, and 
 sup. (com-, with ; modus, meas¬ 
 ure), with due measure, full: 
 suitable, fit, agreeable, 55, 30. 
 
 commoved, 2, -movi, -motus 
 (com-, intensive; moved, move), 
 move, shake: disturb, arouse , 
 excite, 20, 10. (W. G. 54.) 
 
 communio, 4, -ivi, -itus (com-, on 
 all sides ; munid, fortify), for¬ 
 tify on all sides, intrench, 37, 6. 
 (W. G. 55.) 
 
 communis, -e, adj. with comp, 
 [com-, together; MV-, bind~\, 
 common, general, universal, 50, 
 21. (W. G. 55.) 
 
 communiter, adv. (communis, 
 
 common), together, in common, 
 jointly, 12, 26. 
 
 commuto, 1, -avi, -atus (com-, 
 
 completely; muto, change), alter 
 wholly, change entirely: ex¬ 
 change, change, 49, 3. (W. G. 
 54 -) 
 
 comd, 3, c 5 mpsi, comptus (com-, 
 together; emo, take), arrange, 
 dress, adorn, 71, I. 
 
 compar, -paris, adj. (com-, with ; 
 par, equal), like, equal , 3, 9. 
 
 comparatio, -onis, f. (comparo, 
 prepare ), preparing: gaining, 
 acquisition, 17, 19. 
 
 1 compard, 1, -avi, -atus (com-, 
 completely; paro, prepare), pre¬ 
 pare, make ready, furnish, 11, 
 1 : gain, get, secure , 41, 3. 
 
 2 compard, 1, -avi, -atus (compar, 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 225 
 
 like), bring together as equals, 
 match , compare, 2, 8. 
 
 1 compello, 3, -puli, -pulsus 
 (com-, together ; pello, drive), 
 drive together: compel, force, 
 impel , 1,21; 46, 21. (W. G. 59.) 
 
 2 compell 5 , 1, -avi, -atus (1 com¬ 
 pello, urge), accost : reproach, 
 rebuke, 41, 12. 
 
 comperio, 4, -peri, -pertus [com-, 
 thoroughly ; per-, try], obtain 
 knowledge of, find out, learn, 
 27 , 3 °- 
 
 (compes, -pedis), f., sing, only 
 ddA., fetter, shackle, chain, 59, 4. 
 
 compilo, 1, -avi, -atus, plunder, 
 rob, pillage, 29, 26. 
 
 complector, 3,-plexus, dep. [com-, 
 together; PLEC-, weave], clasp, 
 embrace, 10, 24. (W. G. 60.) 
 
 compleo, 2, -evl, -etus [com-, in¬ 
 tensive, completely ; PLE -, fill], 
 fill up, fill fill, 32, 7. 
 
 comploratio, -onis, f. (complord, 
 bewail), loud complaint, lamen¬ 
 tation, 8, 1. 
 
 complures, -a, or -ia, gen. -ium, 
 adj. [com-, intensive; plus, 
 more, fr. PLE-, PLV-, full], more 
 than one, not a few, many, 10, 8. 
 (W. G. 62.) 
 
 compono, 3, -posui, -positus (com-, 
 together ; pdno, put), bring to¬ 
 gether : adjust, settle, calm, 
 appease, 46, 28. 
 
 compos, -potis, adj. [com-, com¬ 
 pletely; pot-, master], master 
 of, powerful over , 67, 13. (W. 
 G. 63.) 
 
 compositum, -I, N. (compono, ar¬ 
 
 range), agreement, compact, n, 
 
 27. 
 
 comprehendo, 3, -dl,-hensus (com-, 
 together, completely; prehendo, 
 seize), bind together: seize, 30, 
 19 : arrest, capture, 41, 24. 
 comprimo, 3, -pressi, -pressus 
 (com-, together; prem 5 , press), 
 press together, compress: re¬ 
 strain, put down, check, subdue, 
 58, 26. 
 
 compulsus, p. of compello, 1, 21. 
 concedo, 3, -cessi, -cessus (com-, 
 completely ; cedd, go), go away, 
 withdraw, 20, I : concede, allow , 
 grant, 23, 29. (W. G. 14.) 
 concidd, 3, -cidl, — (com-, to¬ 
 gether; cado, fall),fall together: 
 be slain, fall, perish, 60, 9. (W. 
 G. 14.) ' 
 
 concilio, 1, -avi, -atus (concilium, 
 
 meeting), bring together, unite, 
 reconcile: procure, win, obtain, 
 4, 13; 40, 14: cause, bring 
 about, 28, 21. 
 
 concipio, 3, -cepi, -ceptus (com-, 
 together ; capid, take), take hold 
 of, take in: imagine, conceive, 
 11, 12. (W. G. 17.) 
 concitatus, adj. with comp, and 
 sup. (p. of concito), rapid, swift: 
 roused, 18, 23. 
 
 concito, 1, -avi, -atus (com-, in¬ 
 tensive ; citd, move), put in 
 quick motion, rouse, urge, incite, 
 8, 24: cause, occasion, 32, 20. 
 conclamo, 1, -avi, -atus (com-, to¬ 
 gether, or intensive; clamo, 
 call oict), cry out together , shout, 
 7,8. (W.G. i 5> ) 
 
226 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 concoquo, 3, -coxi, -coctus (com-, 
 together; coquo, boil), digest, 
 
 17 , 7 * 
 
 concordia, -ae, f. (concors, of the 
 
 same mind), agreeing, together, 
 union, har 7 nony, concord, 16,19. 
 concupiscd, 3, -cupivi, -Itus, inch, 
 (com-, forcibly: cupio, desire ), 
 long for, aspire to, strive after, 
 50, 6. 
 
 concurro, 3, -curri, or -cucurri, 
 -cursus (com-, together; curro, 
 run), run together, assemble: 
 meet, meet in battle, contend, 7, 
 
 3 ; 45 , 3 - (W. G. 19.) 
 concursus, -us, m. (concurro, run 
 
 together), running together, 
 crowd, mob, 18, 8 : attack, 7, 4. 
 (W. G. 19.) 
 
 condemno, 1, -avi, -atus (com-, 
 together; damno, convict), con¬ 
 vict, condem 7 i, find guilty, 8, 7. 
 condicio, -onis, F. [com-, together; 
 DIC-, show, poi 7 it~\, agreeme 7 it, 
 conditio 7 i, terms, 26, 25. (W. G. 
 26.) 
 
 conditor, -oris, m. (condd, build), 
 maker, builder, foimder, 21, 30. 
 (W. G. 25.) 
 
 condd, 3, -did!, -ditus [com-, to¬ 
 gether; 2 DA-, put\, put together, 
 found, establish, build, 2, 15 : 
 lay up, put away . conceal, 15, 
 25. (W. G. 25.) 
 
 conduco, 3, -duxi, -ductus (com-, 
 together; duco, draw), draw 
 together, asse 7 nble: co 7 itribute to, 
 serve, 42, 16. (W. G. 29.) 
 
 confectus, p. of cdnficid, 46, 1. 
 
 confero, conferre, contuli, con¬ 
 latus, brhig together, collect, 17, 
 1 5; 54, 1 7: devote, apply, 
 
 bestow, 62, 8 : se conferre, to 
 
 betake 07 ieselfi go, 14, 5. (W. G. 
 
 34 -) 
 
 ednfessid, -onis, f. (confiteor, con- 
 fess), confession, acknowledg¬ 
 ment, 26, 16. 
 
 confestim, adv., hnmediately, 
 forthwith, 27, 20. 
 
 conficio, 3, -feci, -fectus (com-, 
 completely; facid, make), make 
 ready, 7 nake, 7, 29 : complete, 
 acco 77 iplish, settle, close, finish, 
 10, 15 ; 46, 1: destroy, kill, 7, 
 24 : grhid, masticate, 17, 3. (W. 
 G. 33 -) 
 
 confidentia, -ae, f. (confidens, 
 
 bold), confidence, assurance, 
 bohhiess, 15, 20. 
 
 ednfiteor, 2, -fessus, dep. (com-, 
 
 co 7 npletely; fateor, co 7 ifess), 
 ack 7 iowledge, c 07 ifess, 34, 22. 
 
 conflagro, 1, -avi, -atus (com-, 
 completely ; flagrd, bur71), burn, 
 be consumed, 9, 14. (W. G. 36.) 
 
 confligo, 3, -flixi, -flictus (com-, 
 together; fligd, strike), come 
 into collision: conte 7 id, fight, 
 12, 10. 
 
 conflo, 1, -avi, -atus (com-, to¬ 
 gether ; fid, blow), blow to¬ 
 gether: accumtilate, bring to¬ 
 gether, 50, 23 : effect, cause, 
 arouse, 34, 5. 
 
 conflud, 3, -fluxi, — (com-, to¬ 
 gether; Hub, flow), fiow together: 
 gather , assemble, 53, 22. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 227 
 
 confodio, 3, -fodi, -fossus (com-, 
 completely ; fodio, dig), dig up: 
 transfix, stab , 47, 18. 
 confugio, 3, -fugi, — (com-, 
 together ; fugio, flee), flee, flee 
 for refuge, take refuge, 3, 4. (W. 
 G. 40.) 
 
 congredior, 3, -gressus, dep. (com-, 
 together; gradior, co?ne), come 
 together, meet: fight, 33, 18. (W. 
 G. 44.) 
 
 congressus, -us, m. [com-, together ; 
 GRAD-, walk'], meeting, inter¬ 
 view, conference, 6, 9. (W. G. 
 44 -) 
 
 congruo, 3, -ui, — , coincide, agree, 
 
 2, 10. 
 
 conicio, 3, -iecl, -iectus (com-, 
 together; iacid, throw), throw 
 together, unite: throw, thrust, 
 put, place, hurl, 1, 7; 18, 27; 
 
 43, 9 - (W. G. 47.) 
 coniungd, 3, -iunxi, -iunctus (com-, 
 together ; iungo, join), co?mect, 
 join, unite, 10, 13. (W. G. 48.) 
 coniunx or coniux, -iugis, m. and 
 F. [com-, together ; IVG-, bind], 
 married person, spouse, husband, 
 wife, 1, 15. (W. G. 48.) 
 coniuratio, -onis, F. (coniurd, 
 swear together), uniting in an 
 oath, alliance, plot, conspiracy, 
 42, 26. (W. G. 48.) 
 coniuratus, adj. (p, of coniuro) 
 bound together by an oath, allied. 
 Plur. M. as subst., conspirators, 
 55 , 12. (W. G. 48.) 
 coniuro, 1, -avi, -atus (com-, to¬ 
 gether; iuro, swear), swear 
 
 together: form a conspiracy, 
 15, 5 - (W. G. 48.) 
 conlatus, p. of confero, 17, 15. 
 conlaudo, 1, -avi, -atus (com-, alto¬ 
 gether ; laudo, praise), praise 
 highly, extol, 35, 3. 
 conlectus, p. of conligo, 21, 25. 
 conlega, -ae, m., colleague, asso¬ 
 ciate, 37, 7, 
 
 conligo, 3, -legi, -Iectus (com-, 
 together; lego, gather), gather, 
 collect, assemble, 21, 25. 
 conloco, 1, -avi, -atus (com-, to¬ 
 gether; loco, place), set right, 
 arrange: station, settle, place, 
 45 , 3 ° : g* ve * n marriage, 30, 2. 
 conloquium, -I, n. (conloquor, 
 talk), conversation, confere 7 ice, 
 
 6, 5 5 24, 5 - 
 
 conloquor, 3, -cutus, dep. (com-, 
 together; loquor, talk), talk, 
 confer, 28, 9. 
 
 conor, 1, -atus, dep., undertake, 
 endeavor, attempt, try, 55, 18. 
 conqueror, 3, -questus, dep. 
 (com-, altogether; queror, com¬ 
 plain), complain, bewail, la¬ 
 ment, 14, 6. 
 
 conquiro, 3, -qulslvl, -quisitus 
 (com-, intensive, earnestly, 
 eagerly; quaero, seek), seek for, 
 hunt up, search out: procure, 
 collect, 30, 12. 
 
 consaluto, 1, -avi, -atus (com-, 
 intensive, cordially; saluto, sa¬ 
 lute), greet, salute cordially, 
 
 44, 2i. 
 
 conscendo, 3, -end!, -ensus (com-, 
 intensive, actively; scando, 
 
228 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 climb), mount, ascend: embark 
 on ship, 52, 26. 
 
 conscientia, -ae, f. (cdnscid, be 
 
 conscious), knowledge, conscious¬ 
 ness, 59, 13. 
 
 conscisco, 3, -scivi, -scitus (com-, 
 intensive ; seised, approve ), ap¬ 
 prove of decree: adjudge, ap¬ 
 propriate : with mortem sibi, 
 to commit suicide, 18, 28. (W. 
 G. 66.) 
 
 conscribo, 3, -Ipsi, -Iptus (com-, 
 together; scrlbd, write), write 
 gether, enroll, enlist, levy, 10, 7. 
 conscriptus, -I, m. (p. of conscri- 
 bd), one enrolled, esp. in the 
 phrase patres (et) conscripti, 
 referring to the senate, 67, 14. 
 consecro, 1, -avl, -atus (com-, en¬ 
 tirely; saerd, consecrate), dedi¬ 
 cate, devote, consecrate, 5, 7. 
 consensus, -us, m. (consentio, 
 agree), unanimity, co?icord, 
 agreement, consent, 21, 15; 45, 
 
 2 3 - 
 
 consentid, 4, -sensi, -sensus 
 (com-, together ; sentid, feel), 
 agree, accord: conspire, 42, 2. 
 consequor, 3, -secutus, dep. 
 (com-, intensive, sharply; se¬ 
 quor, follow), follow, follow up, 
 pursue : overtake, reach, 7, 19: 
 obtain, win, get, 11, 2. 
 consero, 3, -serui, -sertus (com-, 
 together; serd , twine), connect, 
 entwine, join, 4, 2 : with ma¬ 
 num, manus, fight hand to 
 hand, 7, 6. 
 
 conservo, 1, -avl, -atus (com-, in¬ 
 
 tensive ; servo, keep), keep safe, 
 preserve, save, 60, 15. 
 consessus, -us, M. [com-, together; 
 SID-, sit], convention, meeting, 
 asse?nbly, 27, 31. (W. G. 67.) 
 considero, 1, -avl, -atus, look at 
 closely, regard attentively, 2, 7. 
 consido, 3, -sedi, sessus [com-, 
 together; SID-, sit], sit togeth¬ 
 er, take seats, 7, 1. (W. G. 67.) 
 consilium, -I, n. (cf. cdnsuld, con¬ 
 sult), council, deliberative as¬ 
 sembly: counsel, deliberation, 
 4, 18 : plan, purpose, design, 
 26, 30 : prudence, wisdom, coun¬ 
 sel, 60, 12. 
 
 consisto, 3, -stiti, -stitus (com-, 
 completely; sistd, stand), stand 
 still: stand, halt, take a stand, 
 21, 12; 34, 1. (W. G. 69.) 
 consobrinus, -I, m. (com-, with, 
 associated with ; soror, sister), 
 mother's sister’s son, first cousin, 
 40, 23. 
 
 consolor, 1, -atus, dep. (com-, com¬ 
 pletely ; sdlor, comfort), en¬ 
 courage, cheer: comfort, soothe, 
 console, 17, 16. 
 
 conspectus, -us, M. [com-, togeth¬ 
 er; SPEC-, see], seeing, sight , 
 view, 4, 24. (W. G. 68.) 
 conspicio, 3, -spexi, -spectus 
 (com-, together ; specio, look at), 
 look at attentively, perceive, see, 
 8, 13. (W. G. 68). 
 conspicuus, adj. (cf. conspicio), 
 visible, apparent: distinguished, 
 remarkable, 70, 21. (W. G.68.) 
 conspiro, 1, -avl, -atus (com-, to- 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 229 
 
 gether; splr 5 , blow), blow to¬ 
 gether: plot, conspire, 17, 1. 
 c 5 nstanter, adv. with comp, and 
 sup. (constans, firm), firmly, 
 constantly, resolutely, 70, 8. 
 constantia, -ae, f. (constans, 
 firm), steadiness, firmness, cofi¬ 
 st ancy, 15, 20 ; 64, 24. (W. G. 
 69.) 
 
 c 5 nstat, see constd. 
 consterno, 1, -avi, -atus, con¬ 
 found, dismay, terrify, 4, 5. 
 constituo, 3, -ui, -utus (com-, in¬ 
 tensive, firmly; statuo, set), 
 put, place, 5, 1: arrange, draw 
 up, 37, 8: assign, select, ap¬ 
 point, 4, 20 : manage, a din bl¬ 
 ister, 64, 20 : determine, re¬ 
 solve, decide, 33, 15. (W. G. 69.) 
 consto, 1, -stiti, -staturus (com-, 
 together; st 5 , stand), agree, 
 accord, be consistent with, 41, 
 13: be certain, be established, 
 be known, 15, 24; 55, 24: be 
 composed of, consist of, 29, 11. 
 (W. G. 69.) 
 
 cdncuctudo, -inis, F. (consuetus, 
 
 accustomed), custom, habit, 
 
 35 , 8. 
 
 consul, -illis, M. (cf. consulo, con¬ 
 sult), consul, 17, 20. 
 consularis, -e, adj. (consul), of a 
 consul, of consular rank, 41, 8 . 
 As subst., an ex-consul, 37, 22. 
 consulatus, -us, m. (consul), of¬ 
 fice of consul, consulship, 47, 
 
 _ 23 ' 
 
 consulo, -lui, -ltus, deliberate, 
 take counsel: inquire of, ask 
 
 advice, consult, 15, 27; 31, 12: 
 take measures, resolve, deter¬ 
 mine, 56, 13. 
 
 contemno, 3, -tempsi, -temptus 
 (com-, intensive, utterly; tem¬ 
 no, despise), esteem lightly, con¬ 
 temn, despise, disdain, 36, 19. 
 contemptor, - 5 ris, M. (contemptus, 
 despised), he who disregards , 
 contemner, despiser, 29, 20. 
 contendo, 3, -di, -tus (com-, in¬ 
 tensive, tight; tendo, stretch), 
 draw tight, strain: march rap¬ 
 idly, hasten, 13, 18: ask, en¬ 
 treat, 49, 9. (W. G. 71.) 
 contentio, -onis, F. [com-, intens.; 
 ten-, stretch], effort, exertion, 
 struggle, 41, 7: contest, strife, 
 dispute, 2, 16. (W. G. 71.) 
 contineo, 2, -tinul, -tentus (com-, 
 together; teneo, hold), hold 
 together: shut in, keep, repress, 
 restrain, 6, 11; 46, 5 : include, 
 contain, 69, 20. (W. G. 71.) 
 contingd, 3, -tigi, -tactus (com-, 
 intensive, on all sides; tango, 
 touch), touch, reach: happen, 
 come to pass, fall to the lot of, 
 25, 22. (W. G. 70.) 
 continuo, adv. (continuus, join¬ 
 ing), immediately, forthwith, 
 directly , 50, 16. (W. G. 71.) 
 continuus, adj. [com-, intensive, 
 on all sides; ten-, stretch, 
 reach], joining, uninterrupted, 
 continuous, 71, 10. (W. G. 
 
 7 1 ;) 
 
 contid, -onis, F. [for conventio, fr. 
 com-, together; VEN-, come], 
 
230 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 gathering , meeting, assembly, 4, 
 
 21. (W. G. 73.) ' 
 
 contra, adv. and pr$£>. with acc. : 
 adv., opposite, face to face: on 
 the contrary: prep., against, in 
 the face of, contrary to, 20, 8 ; 
 
 22, 15. 
 
 contraho, 3, -traxi, -tractus (com-, 
 
 together; traho, draw), draw 
 together, collect, assemble, 49, 
 26. 
 
 contrarius, adj. (contra, over 
 against), lying over against, 
 contrary, opposite, 51, 25. 
 
 contubernalis, -is, m. and f. (com-, 
 together; taberna, hut), tent- 
 companion, 43, 1 : comrade, 
 
 companion , 68, 19. 
 
 contumelia, -ae, f., insult, abuse, 
 reproach, 65, 21. 
 
 conubium, -i, n. (com-, together; 
 nubo, marry), marriage, wed¬ 
 lock: right of marriage, 3, 6. 
 
 convalesco, 3, -lui, — , inch., re¬ 
 cover, regain health,grow strong, 
 12, 18. 
 
 convenio, 4, -veni, -ventus (com-, 
 together ; venio, come), come 
 together, assemble, 3, 11 : meet, 
 address, accost, 68, 1. (W. G. 
 73 -) 
 
 converto, 3, -ti, -sus (com-, inten¬ 
 sive, completely ; verto, turn), 
 turn around, turn: attract, fix, 
 rivet, draw, direct, 3, 13 ; 20, 
 26. (W. G. 74.) 
 
 convinco, 3, -vici, -victus (com-, 
 completely ; vinco, conquer), 
 overcome, convict, 54, 11. 
 
 convivium, -i, n. [com-, together; 
 vi v-, live], meal in company, 
 social feast, banquet, 14, 23 (v. 
 notes,fig.20,p.n6). (W.G.76.) 
 convoco, 1, -avi, -atus (com-, to¬ 
 gether ; voco, call), call together, 
 assemble, summon, 40, 18. (W. 
 G. 77.) 
 
 coorior, 4, -ortus, dep. (com-, in¬ 
 tensive ; orior, rise), come forth, 
 arise, 4, 23. 
 
 cophinus, -i, m. (Gr., ic6<pivos), 
 
 basket, 51,3. 
 
 copia, -ae, f. (co- opia ; com-, in¬ 
 tensive ; ops, wealth), abun¬ 
 dance, plenty, 54, 16. Plur., 
 forces , troops, 31, 14: copiam 
 facere, to give an opportunity, 
 
 39 , 7 - 
 
 copiose, adv. with comp, and sup. 
 (copiosus, rich), copiously, abu?i- 
 dantly: at length, fluently, 48, 
 
 T 5- 
 
 coram, adv. and prep, with abl. 
 (com-, with ; os, face), in the 
 presence of, before the eyes, before, 
 
 36, 5 - 
 
 Cornelia, -ae, F., 1. Cornelia, 
 daughter of Scipio Africanus 
 and mother of the Gracchi, 
 
 40, 1. 2. Cornelia, daughter of 
 Anna and wife of Caesar, 48 , 23. 
 
 Cornelius, -i, m., Cornelius, name 
 of a distinguished gens to which 
 belonged many of the noblest 
 families of Rome, e.g. Scipio, 
 Sulla, etc. 
 
 corneus, adj. (cornu, horn), of 
 
 horn, 29, 12. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 231 
 
 cornu, -us, n., horn, 33, 28. 
 corona, -ae, f., garland , wreath, 
 49, x 5 ( v - ^otes, fig. 24, p. 125). 
 corpus, -oris, N., body , 7, 22 : dead 
 body, 13, 23. 
 
 corrigo, 3, -rexi, -rectus (com-, 
 intensive ; rego, keep straight ), 
 make straight: improve, reform, 
 correct, 8, 23; 54, 6. (W. G. 65.) 
 corrumpo, 3, -rupi, -ruptus (com-, 
 intensive ; rumpd, break), de¬ 
 stroy, ruin: corrupt, bribe, 28, 
 19. (W. G. 64.) 
 
 corvus, -I, m. [cal-, call), raven, 
 68, 11 : grappling-iron, 30, 19. 
 COS, cotis, F. , flint-stone, whetstone, 
 
 11, 14. 
 
 cottidianus, adj. [cottidie (quot, 
 
 how many ; dies, day)], of every 
 day, daily: usual, ordinary, 
 C 0771771071 , 66, 7; 69, 15. (W. G. 
 
 27.) 
 
 Crassus, -I, m., family name of 
 M. Licinius Crassus, surnamed 
 Dives because of his wealth, 
 one of the first triumvirate, 60 
 B.c.; killed by the Parthians 
 53 B - c -> 50, 26. 
 
 creber, -bra, -brum, adj., freque 7 tt, 
 repeated, 69, 27. 
 
 credo, 3, -didi, -ditus [crat-, 
 faith ; DA-, put ), put faith in, 
 trust: believe, suppose, thi 7 ik, 
 
 4, 25. 
 
 crem5,1, -avi,-atus, burn, consume 
 by fire, 47, 22. 
 
 Cremona, -ae, f., Cremo7ia, a 
 town in Cisalpine Gaul on the 
 59 , 7 - 
 
 creo, 1, -avi, -atus, bring forth, 
 make: choose, appoi 7 it, elect, 
 
 5 , 9 - 
 
 crepitus, -us, m. (crepo, rattle), 
 rattli 7 ig, creaking, clashi 7 tg,flap- 
 pi 7 ig, 21, 10. 
 
 cresco, 3, crevi, cretus (inch. fr. 
 cred, 7 nake), come into bemg, 
 sprmg up: rise, grow, flourish, 
 increase, 9, 3. 
 
 crimen, -inis, n. [cer-, cre -,part), 
 charge, accusation, 19, 25. (W. 
 G. 20.) 
 
 criminor, 1, -atus, dep. (crimen, 
 
 judgment), accuse of crime, 
 complai 7 i of, de 7 iomice, 34, 13. 
 crinis, -is, M., hair, 4, 11; 7, 30. 
 crucio, 1, -avi, -atus (crux, cross), 
 put to the rack, torture, torment, 
 
 65, 7 - 
 
 crudelis, -e, adj. (crudus, raw), 
 U7ifeeling, cruel, severe, 64, 23. 
 (W. G. 22.) 
 
 crudelitas, -atis, f. (crudelis, 
 
 cruel), severity, cruelty, bar¬ 
 barity, 41, 27. (W. G. 22.) 
 crumena, -ae, f., money-bag,purse, 
 
 69, 9 - 
 
 eruor, -oris, M. [CRV-, raw), gore, 
 blood, 18, 22. (W. G. 22.) 
 crux, -ucis, F., gallows, cross, 31, 
 19. 
 
 crystallinum, -i, n. (sc. vas, vase), 
 crystalline vase, 6g, 24. 
 crystallinus, adj., of crystal, crys¬ 
 tal, 69, 18. 
 
 cubiculum, -i, n. (cubo, recline), 
 r00771 for reclmmg, bed-cha 77 i- 
 ber, 43, 5. 
 
232 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 cubo, i, cubui, -itum, lie down, 
 reclme, lie sick, 48, IS- 
 culpa, -ae, F., fault, error, blame, 
 guilt, 26, 17. 
 
 culter, -trl, m. [cel-, strike'], knife, 
 butcher's knife, 15, 3 (v. notes, 
 fig. 9, p. 96). (W. G. 19.) 
 cultus, -us, M. [COL-, till], labor, 
 care : style, luxury, refine 7 ?ient, 
 70, 21. (W. G. 21.) 
 cum, prep, with abl., with, to¬ 
 gether with, in the company of, 
 at the same time with, accompa¬ 
 nied by, and, 3, 12; 3, 14 ; 4, 
 23; 23, 2. 
 
 cum, conj., of time, when, at the 
 time when, after, while, as long 
 as, whenever, 1, 19; 4, 21 : of 
 cause, since, inasmuch as, 1, 13; 
 3, 4: of concession, thoitgh, al¬ 
 though, 40, 23: cum . . . turn, 
 both ... and, while ... especially, 
 42, 14. 
 
 Cumae, -arum, F., Cicmae, an an¬ 
 cient Greek city on the coa.st 
 of Campania, 22, 25. 
 cunctatio, -onis, f. (cunctor, de¬ 
 lay), delay, hesitation, 34, 
 10. 
 
 cunctator, - 5 ris, m. (cunctor, de¬ 
 lay), delayer, loiterer, lingerer, 
 34, 11: name given to Fabius 
 Maxinms because of his delib¬ 
 erate war policy, 33, 15. 
 cunctor, 1, -atus, dep., delay r 
 linger, hesitate, 13, 24. 
 cuniculus, -I, m., rabbit: mine, 
 excavation, 19, 23. 
 cupiditas, -atis, F. (cupidus, desir¬ 
 
 ous), longing, desire, ambition, 
 26, 29; 60, 15. 
 
 Cupid, 3, -Ivl, -Itus, long for, de¬ 
 sire, wish, 17, 19 ; 46, 3- 
 
 cur, adv. interrog., why ? where¬ 
 fore ? for what reaso 7 t ? 3, 8. 
 
 cura, -ae, f. [for *cavira, fr. cav-, 
 watch], trouble, care, diligence, 
 atte 7 itio 7 i, 58, 26. 
 
 Cures, -ium, F., Cures, the an¬ 
 cient chief town of the Sabines, 
 
 5 , 4 - 
 
 curia, -ae, f., cu 7 'ia, one of the 
 ten divisions into which each 
 of the three tribes of patricians 
 was divided, 4, 20: se 7 iate-house, 
 place of 77 ieeti 7 ig of the se 7 iate, 
 13, 18. 
 
 Curiatius, -I, m., Curiatius, gen¬ 
 tile name of the three Alban 
 brothers who fought against 
 the Horatii, 6, 23. 
 
 curo, i, -avl, -atus (cura, care), 
 care for, atte7id to: have done, 
 C077ima7ui, see to, 47, 22. (W. G. 
 18.) 
 
 cursus, -us, m. [cel-, cvr -, drive], 
 naming, 7, 22 : course, march, 
 voyage, 5, 24; 32, 10. (W. G. 
 I 9 -) 
 
 curulis, -e, adj. (currus, chariot), 
 of a chariot: curule, 20, 20 : 
 sella curulis, curule chair, offi¬ 
 cial chair, 5, 9. (See notes, 
 fig. 1, p. 81). 
 
 custodia, -ae, f. (custds, guard), 
 watch, gtcard, protection, 43, 
 
 6 . 
 
 custodio, 4, -Ivl, -Itus (custds, 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 233 
 
 guard), watch, keep, defend , Cyrus, -I, m., Cyrus the Great, the 
 ' guard, 5, 22. founder of the Persian empire, 
 
 custos, -odis, M. and F., guard, died 529 B.C., 55, 26. 
 watch, defender, 21, 5. 
 
 D 
 
 Daci, -orum, M., the Dacians, a 
 people living on the northern 
 bank of the Danube, 54, 21. 
 damno, 1, -avi, -atus (damnum, 
 hurt, loss), adjudge guilty, con¬ 
 demn, doojti, 19, 27; 56, 3: capite 
 damnare, to condemn to death, 
 70 , 13 - 
 
 de, prep, with abl., from: of 
 place and motion, from, down 
 from, out of, 21, 19: of cause, 
 because of, according to, 63, 5: 
 of relation, about, in respect to, 
 concerning, over, 11, 6; 14, 21; 
 63, 7 - 
 
 dea, -ae, f. (deus, god), goddess, 
 6 , 5. (W. G. 27.) 
 debeo, 2, -ul, -itus (de, from ; 
 habeo, have, hold), withhold: 
 owe, be due , 24, 11: ought, must, 
 should, 13, 8. (W. G. 45.) 
 Jebilis, -e, adj. with comp, (de, 
 not; habilis, manageable), lame, 
 disabled, 59, 2. (W. G. 45.) 
 decedo, 3, -cessi, -cessus (de, 
 from ; cedd, go), go away, de¬ 
 part, withdraw, 13, 23 : die, 
 » 7 , r 5 . <W. G. ,4.) ’ 
 decem, num. adj. indecl., ten, 17, 
 21. 
 
 December, -bris, -bre, adj., of the 
 tenth: the tenth month (from 
 March), December, 63, 3. 
 
 decem viri or decemviri, -iim or 
 
 -drum, M., commission of ten 
 men, decemviri: the compilers 
 of the Twelve Tables, 17, 
 
 21. 
 
 decennis, -e, adj. (decern, ten; 
 annus, year), of ten years, 19, 
 18. 
 
 deceptus, p. of decipio, 46, 11. 
 decerno, 3, -crevi, -cretus (de, 
 fro??i ; cemd, separate), decide, 
 deter 7 ?iine, decree, vote, 2, 17 ; 
 41, 19. (W. G. 20.) 
 
 Decimus, -i, m., Decimus, a 
 Roman praenomen, 63, 17. 
 decimus, adj. (decem), tenth, 20, 
 * 3 - 
 
 decipid, 3, -cepi, -ceptus (de, 
 away ; capio, take, catch), catch, 
 deceive, cheat, 46, 11. 
 declaro, 1, -avi, -atus (de, inten¬ 
 sive ; claro, make clear), dis¬ 
 close, reveal: at:7iounce, declare, 
 41, 17. 
 
 decretus, p. of decemo, 56, 25. 
 decurro, 3, -cucurri or -curri, 
 -cursus (de, dow 7 i ; curro, ruii), 
 ru 7 i dow 7 i, mm, hasten, 40, 28. 
 (W. G. 19.) 
 
 decus, -oris, N., grace, honor: 
 sple 7 idor: orna 77 ic 7 it, ador 7 i 7 nent, 
 
 12, 24. 
 
 decutio, 3, -cussi, -cussus (de, 
 
234 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 from ; quatio, shake), shake off, 
 strike down, strike off, 14, 13. 
 dediticius, -T, adj. (deditus, sur¬ 
 rendered), surrendered. As 
 subst., prisoner of war, 65, 29. 
 deditio, -onis, F.(ded 5 , surrender), 
 giving up, surrender, 20, 10. 
 (W. G. 24.) 
 
 deditus, adj. (p. of dedo, sur¬ 
 render), given up, surrendered: 
 engaged in ; lanae deditus, en¬ 
 gaged in spinning, 14, 25. 
 dedo, 3, -did!, -ditus [de, away; 
 2 DA-, puf\, give away, give up, 
 surrender, 10, 1. (W. G. 24.) 
 deduco, 3, -duxi, -ductus (de, 
 from, down; duco, lead), lead 
 down, lead away: conduct, 
 escort, acco?npany, lead, 7, 26; 
 18,15. (W. G. 29.) 
 defatigatio, -onis, f. (defatigd, 
 de, utterly; fatigo, weary), 
 weariness, fatigue, exhaustion, 
 43 , 17 - 
 
 defendo, 3, -di, -sus (d e,from, off; 
 * fendo, ward, strike), ward off, 
 repel: defend, guard, 1, 20 ; 
 
 17, 12. 
 
 defero, -ferre, -tuli, -latus (de, 
 
 down, from ; fero, bear), bring 
 away, take, carry, carry down, 
 remove, 27, 21; 47, 20: report, 
 bring word, submit, announce, 
 26, 14; 51, 1 : deliver, confer, 
 give, offer, 38, 24 ; 63, 22. (W. 
 G. 34 -) 
 
 deficio, 3, -feci,-fectus (d l, from; 
 facio, make), withdraw, revolt, 
 desert: leave, abandon; be 
 
 wanting, fall short, fail, become 
 weak, 17, 4; 26, 20. (W. G. 33.) 
 deflecto, 3, -flexi, -flexus (de, 
 from; flecto, bend), trans. 
 bend aside, divert: intrans. 
 turn aside, deviate, 45, 13. 
 deformitas, -atis, f. (defdrmis, 
 misshapen), ugliness, deformity, 
 56, 24. 
 
 defunctus, p. of defungor, 51, 30. 
 defungor, 3, -functus, dep. (de, 
 
 completely; fungor, perform), 
 have done with, perform, finish: 
 die, 51, 30. 
 
 degd, 3, degl, — (de, along, by ; 
 ago, drive), of time, spend,pass, 
 40, 29. 
 
 dehonesto, 1, -avi, — (de, away 
 from; honesto, honor), disgrace, 
 dishonor, 5g, 11. 
 
 deicio, 3, -ieci, -iectus (de, down ; 
 iacio, throw), throw down, hurl 
 down, bring down, 11, 29 ; 13, 
 19; 21, 14. (W. G. 47.) 
 dein, see deinde, 34, 5. 
 deinceps, adv. [dein, next; cap-, 
 take\, one after another, in suc¬ 
 cession, 6, 14. 
 
 deinde or dein, adv., then, next, 
 thereafter, hereafter, 1, 16 ; 1, 
 17 5 2, 23 ; 9, 6. 
 
 delabor, 3, -lapsus, dep. (de, 
 down, from ; labor, glide, slip), 
 fall, sink, glide down, descend, 
 5, 17. (W. G. 49.) 
 delecto, 1, -avi, -atus (de, away ; 
 laciS, allure), allure, attract, 
 delight, please, 44, 10. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 235 
 
 delectus, adj. (p. of deligo, 
 
 choose ), picked, choice, select, 
 
 35, ii* 
 
 deleo, 2, -evl, -etus, erase, blot 
 out: destroy, io, 8. 
 
 deliberabundus, adj. (delibero, 
 consider), pondering, reflecting, 
 
 14, ii. 
 
 delibero, i, -avi, -atus (de, thor¬ 
 oughly; libro, balance), weigh 
 well, consider maturely, deliber¬ 
 ate, 24, 7* 
 
 deliciae, -arum, f. (cf. delecto), 
 
 delight, pleasure, charm, lux¬ 
 ury, 38, 12. 
 
 deligo, 3, -legi, -lectus (de, out 
 from; lego, gather), choose, 
 pick out, 11, 22. 
 
 deligo, 1, -avi, -atus (de, thor -. 
 oughly; ligo, bind), tie, bind 
 fast, 33, 28. 
 
 deliro, 1, — , —, be crazy, be 
 deranged, 15, 17. 
 
 demigro, 1, -avi, -atus (d from; 
 migro, depart), migrate, move, 
 depart, 16, 6. 
 
 demisse, adv. with comp, and 
 sup. (demissus, Aw), low: ab¬ 
 jectly htimbly , 44, 1. (W. G. 53.) 
 
 demitto, 3, -misi, -missus (de, 
 down: mitto, send), send down, 
 let down, let fall, 5, 11; 28, 
 
 12 • thrust , put, 6q,8. (W. G. 53.) 
 
 denarius, adj. (deni, by tens), con¬ 
 taining ten each: worth ten 
 {asses). As subst. (sc. num¬ 
 mus), a silver coin worth origi¬ 
 nally ten, afterwards sixteen 
 asses = about 16 cents, 69, 9. 
 
 denego, 1, -avi, -atus (de, utterly; 
 negd, refuse), reject, refuse, say 
 no, 49, 8. 
 
 denique, adv., and thereafter, at 
 last, at length, finally, ig, 22 : 
 in fact, in a word, 71, 10. 
 
 dens, dentis, m., tooth, 17, 3. 
 
 denudo, 1, -avi, -atus (de, utterly; 
 nud5, lay bare), lay bare, strip, 
 19, 11. 
 
 denuntio, 1, -avi, -atus (d e,from; 
 nuntio, declare), declare, an¬ 
 nounce, order, comniand, 21, 
 26; 53, 28. 
 
 denuo, adv. (de, from; novd, 
 new, beginning), once more, 
 anew, again, 15, 18. 
 
 depereo, -ire, -ii, -iturus (de, utter¬ 
 ly; pereo, perish), perish, die, 
 35, 23. 
 
 depdnd, 3, -posui, -positus (de-, 
 away; p5no, put), lay away, 
 put aside, set down, 61, 30: 
 put aivay, give up, 19, 5. 
 
 deposed, 3, -poposci, — (de, in¬ 
 tensive; posed, demand), de¬ 
 mand, 18, 1. 
 
 deprecor, 1, -atus, dep. (d b,from, 
 away; precor, pray), avert by 
 prayer, deprecate, 44, 2 : pray, 
 plead, offer a plea, 42, 4 : 
 pray for, intercede in behalf 
 of 49, 7* 
 
 deprehendo, 3, -di, -hensus (de, 
 from; prehendo, take), take 
 away, seize, intercept, capture, 
 56, 9 : discover, surprise, 14, 
 24. 
 
 deprimo, 3, -pressi, -pressus (de, 
 
236 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 down; premo, press), press 
 down, weigh down : sink, 32,13. 
 derideo, 2, -si, -sus (de, down, to 
 scorn ; rideo, laugh), laugh to 
 scorn, scoff at, deride, 15, 13. 
 descendo, 3, -dl, -ensus (de, down ; 
 scandd, climb), descend, come 
 down, 5, 11: go down, come 
 down, go, 13, 8 : dismount, 36, 
 14. 
 
 descisco, 3, -Ivi, -Itus (de, from ; 
 scisco, distinguish, separate), 
 withdraw, revolt from, desert, 
 40, 13. (W. G. 66.) 
 descrlbd, 3, -IpsI, -Iptus (de, 
 down; scribo, write), write 
 down: mark off, define, divide, 
 fix, 5, 24. 
 
 desero, 3, -rul, -rtus (de, un-; 
 ser 5 , bifid), leave, forsake, aban¬ 
 don, 7, 9; 45, 4. 
 
 desiderium, -I, n. (cf. desidero, 
 
 long for), longing, ardent de¬ 
 sire, grief, 61, 4: want, need, 
 
 2°, 3. 
 
 desilio, 4, -ilul, -ultus (de, down ; 
 salio, leap), leap down, dis¬ 
 mount, 1 6, 14; 36, 18. 
 desipib, 3,—, — (de, from,with¬ 
 out; sapid, be wise), be silly, 
 act foolishly, 15, 12. 
 desisto, 3, -stiti, -stitus (dd, from ; 
 sistd, stand), leave off, cease, 
 desist from, 20, 7. (W. G. 69.) 
 desperatid, -onis, f. (despero, be 
 hopeless), hopelessness, despair. 
 despero, 1, -avl, -atus (de, nega¬ 
 tive ; sperd, hope), be hopeless, 
 despair of, 38, 19. 
 
 despondeo, 2, -spondl, -sponsus 
 (de, from ; spondeo, promise), 
 promise, pledge: promise in 
 marriage, 7, 28. 
 
 destino, 1, -avl, -atus [de, inten¬ 
 sive; STA-, stand\ make fast , 
 bind: resolve, purpose, design, 
 plan, 27,3; 54 , 1 5 - (W. G. 69.) 
 destringo, 3, -inxl, -ictus (de, 
 from, off; stringo, strip), strip 
 off: of a sword, draw, 43, 7. 
 desum, -esse, -fui, -futurus (de, 
 away; sum, be), be absent, fail, 
 be wanting, 3, 2. (W. G. 31.) 
 desumo, 3, -umpsl, — (d e,from ; 
 sumo, take), take, choose: take 
 upon oneself, assume, 30, 1. 
 detego, 3, -exl, -ectus (de, nega¬ 
 tive, un-; tego, cover), uncov¬ 
 er, expose, 57, 3. 
 
 deterred, 2, -ul, -itus (de, from ; 
 terred, frighten), frighten off: 
 deter, restrain, hinder, 11, 8. 
 detestor, i,-atus, dep. (de, down, 
 against; testor, bear witness), 
 curse, denounce, 19, 7. 
 detineo, 2, -tinul, -tentus (de, 
 from, off; tened, hold), keep 
 back, delay, detain, 52, 6. (W. 
 
 _G. 71.) 
 
 detraho, 3, -traxi, -tractus (de, 
 off; trahd, dr aid), draxv off, 
 take off, pull down, take away, 
 take down, 23, 30; 38, 28. 
 detrimentum, -I, n. (deterd, rub 
 away), that which is worn 
 away: loss, harm, damage, 33, 
 27. 
 
 deturbo, i,-avl, -atus (de, down ; 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 237 
 
 turbo, move confusedly ), beat 
 down, overthrow, throw down, 
 
 21, 13. 
 
 deuro, 3, -ussi, -ustus (de, down, 
 completely; urS, burn), burn 
 up, consume, destroy, 15, 14. 
 deus, -I, M. [div-, bright, shine J, 
 god, deity, 4, 24. (W. G. 27.) 
 deverto, 3, -ti, — (de, away; 
 verto, turn), turn away, turn 
 aside, betake oneself, 38, 11. 
 (W. G. 74.) 
 
 devictus, p. of devincS, 47, 3. 
 devinco, 3, -vici, -victus (de, utter¬ 
 ly; vincS, conquer), overcome, 
 subdue, conquer completely, 21, 
 28. 
 
 devolo, 1, —, -aturus (de, down ; 
 
 \o\§, fly), fly down, 64, 4. 
 dexter, -tera, -terum, and -tra, 
 -trum, adj. with comp, and sup., 
 the right, 58, 29. 
 
 dextra, -ae, f. (dexter, sc. manus), 
 
 the right hand, 40, 25. 
 diadema, -atis, n. (Gr., SidS^/ux), 
 royal crown, diadem, 40, 22. 
 Diana, -ae, f. [for Divana, div-, 
 bright], Diana, Italian goddess 
 of light and of the moon; iden¬ 
 tified with the Greek Artemis, 
 goddess of the chase, 12, 25. 
 (W. G. 27.) 
 
 (dicio), -onis, F. [Die-, show'], do¬ 
 minion, sovereignty, authority, 
 27, 1. (W. G. 26.) 
 died, 3, dixi, dictus [dic-, show], 
 say, speak, tell, 5, 10: declare, 
 assert, 15, 10 : appoint, ig, 27: 
 name, call, 13, 26 : causam 
 
 dicere, to plead a case, 58, 23': 
 ius dicere, to pronounce judg¬ 
 ment, 70, 13. (W. G. 26.) 
 dictator, -oris, M. (dicto, dictate), 
 dictator, chief magistrate with 
 unlimited power, 21, 16. (W. G. 
 26.) 
 
 dictatura, -ae, f. (dictator, dicta¬ 
 tor'), office of a dictator, dictator¬ 
 ship, 67, 17. 
 
 dictito, 1, -avi, -atus (intens. of 
 dlcS, say), say often, maintain, 
 assert, 40, 16. (W. G. 26.) 
 dictum, -I, n. [dic-, show], re¬ 
 mark, saying, word, 44, 25: 
 command, 12, 18. 
 dies, gen. die! or die, m., some¬ 
 times F. in the singular [di-, 
 shine], day, civil day, 5, 25; 8, 
 29: time, 30, 6: in dies, day by 
 day, 54, 15. (W. G. 27.) 
 difficilis, -e, adj. with comp, and 
 sup. (dis-, negative ; facilis, 
 easy), hard, difficult, trouble¬ 
 some, perilous, 27, 4. (W. G. 
 
 33 -) 
 
 difficiliter, adv. with comp, and 
 sup. (difficilis, difficult), with 
 difficulty, 29, 1. (W. G. 33.) 
 difficultas, -atis, F. (difficilis, diffi¬ 
 cult), difficulty, distress, want, 
 scarcity, need, 58, 18. (W. G. 
 
 33 -) 
 
 digero, 3, -gessi, -gestus (dis-, 
 apart ; gerS, carry), force apart, 
 distribute, divide, 17,7. (W. G. 
 42.) 
 
 dignitas, -atis, F. (dignus, worthy), 
 worth, merit: authority, distine- 
 
238 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 tion, rank, reputation, honor, 
 
 ii, I ; 52, 4. 
 
 dignus, adj. with comp, and sup., 
 worthy, deserving, 36, 21. 
 digredior, 3, -gressus, dep. (dis-, 
 apart; gradior, walk), go apart, 
 separate, depart, 15, 24. (W. G. 
 44 -) 
 
 digressus, p. of digredior, 15, 24. 
 diligenter, adv. with comp, and 
 sup. (diligens, industrious), in¬ 
 dustriously, assiduously, dili¬ 
 gently, 58, 2. 
 
 diligentia, -ae, f. (diligens, care- 
 fid), attentiveness, earnestness, 
 faithful care, 39, 26. 
 diligo, 3, -lexi, -lectus (dis-, 
 apart; lego, choose), single out, 
 esteem, love, 43, 13. 
 dimicatio, - 5 nis, f. ffimico, fight), 
 fight, struggle, encounter, 64, 8. 
 dimico, 1, -avi, -atus (dis-, inten¬ 
 sive ; micd, move to and fro), 
 fight, struggle, 4, 4. 
 dimissus, p. of dimittd, 44, 16. 
 dimitto, 3, -misi, -missus (dis-, 
 apart; mitto, send), send dif¬ 
 ferent ways, send forth, 49, 22: 
 dismiss, let go, disband, release, 
 send away, 23, 26 ; 25, 9 ; 26, 
 _22; 44, 16. (W. G. 53.) 
 dirigo, 3, -rexi, -rectus (dis-, in¬ 
 tensive; reg 5 , lay straight), ar¬ 
 range, send, aim, steer, 52, 28. 
 (W. G. 65.) 
 
 dirimo, 3, -emi, -emptus (dis-, 
 apart; emo, take), take apart, 
 separate : end, settle, 61, II. 
 diripio, 3, -ui, -eptus (dis-, apart; 
 
 rapio, seize), tear asunder, tear 
 in pieces: lay waste, ravage, 
 pillage,plunder, 45, 16; 59, 17. 
 (W. G. 64.) 
 
 dirud, 3, -rui, -rutus (dis-, in dif¬ 
 ferent directions; ruo, clash, 
 hurl), tear asunder, overthrow, 
 destroy, 9, 2. 
 
 discedo, 3, -cessi, -cessus (dis-, 
 apart; cedo, go), go apart, scat¬ 
 ter: go away, depart, 45, 25 : 
 march away, 19, 22; 33, 22. 
 
 discipulus, -i, m. (disco, learn), 
 learner, disciple, follower, 57, 
 18. (W. G. 26.) 
 
 discd, 3, didici, — [dic-, show], 
 learn, become acquainted with, 
 57, 16: learn how, 66, 5. (W. G. 
 26.) 
 
 discordia, -ae, F. (discors, inhar¬ 
 monious), disunion, dissension, 
 discord, 17, 9. 
 
 discordo, 1, -avi, — (discors, in¬ 
 harmonious ; dis-, divided; cor, 
 heart), be at variance, differ, 
 quarrel, 17, 1. 
 
 discrimen, -inis, N. [dis-, apart; 
 CER-, CRE-, separate ], that which 
 parts, interval: crisis, danger, 
 41, 21: decisive battle , 33, 14. 
 (W. G. 20.) 
 
 discurrd, 3, -curri and -cucurri, 
 -cursus (dis-, in different direc¬ 
 tions; curro, run), run different 
 ways, 3, 15: run to and fro, 
 wander, roam, 34,1. (W. G. 19.) 
 
 discutio, 3, -cussi, -cussus (dis-, 
 apart; quatid, shake), dash to 
 pieces, shatter: put an end to, 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 239 
 
 thwart, dispel, remove, 22, 5; 
 
 26, 17. 
 
 disertus, adj. with comp, and sup. 
 (p. of dissero, set in order), skill¬ 
 ful, clever, fluent, eloquent, 58, 
 
 12. 
 
 dispensator, -oris, m. (dispenso, 
 
 pay out), steward, treasurer, 
 paymaster, 69, 11. 
 dispicio, 3, -spexi, -spectus (dis-, 
 apart ; specio, see), discern, per¬ 
 ceive, distinguish, 60, 21. (W. G. 
 68 .) 
 
 displiceo, 2, -ui, -itus (dis-, nega¬ 
 tive ; placeo, please), displease, 
 be unsatisfactory, 50, 27. 
 dispono, 3, -posui, -positus (dis-, 
 apart ; p 5 nd, put), place here 
 and there, arrange , dispose, 45, 
 
 26. 
 
 dispositus, p. of dispdnd, 45, 26. 
 disputo, 1, -avi, -atus (dis-, inten¬ 
 sive; putd, think), argue, dis¬ 
 cuss, converse, explain, 48, 15. 
 dissensio, -onis, F. (dissentio, dif¬ 
 fer), difference of opinion, dis¬ 
 sension, strife, discord, 47, 10. 
 dissero, 3, -rui, -rtus (dis-, here 
 and there, in order; serd, ar¬ 
 range), examine, argue, speak, 
 
 27, 17. 
 
 dissimilis, -e, adj. with comp, 
 and sup. (dis-, not, un-; similis, 
 like), unlike, dissimilar, differ¬ 
 ent, 6, 18. 
 
 dissimilitudo, -inis, f. (dissimilis, 
 
 unlike), unlikeness, difference, 
 
 29, 19. 
 
 dissimulo, 1, -avi- -atus (dis-, 
 
 not; simuld, make like), make 
 unlike: hide, conceal, 3, 10. 
 dissipo, 1, -avl, -atus (dis-, apart; 
 * supo, throw), spread abroad, 
 scatter: waste, squander, 41, 
 18. 
 
 dissuaded, 2, -suasi, -suasus (dis-, 
 apart, from; suaded, persuade), 
 advise against, dissuade, oppose, 
 
 27, 22. 
 
 distraho, 3, -axi, -actus (dis-, 
 apart; trahd, draw), pull 
 asimder, divide, 8, 30: separate, 
 
 7 , ii- 
 
 distribuo, 3, -ui, -utus (dis-, 
 apart; tribud, grant), divide, 
 distribute, apportion, 4, 20. 
 diu, adv. comp, diutius, sup. 
 diutissime, all day: long, a 
 long time, 8, 20. (W. G. 27.) 
 diuturnus, adj. with comp, (diu, 
 a long time), of long duration, 
 lasting, long, 9, 10. (W. G. 27.) 
 diversus, adj. with sup. (p. of 
 diverto, turn different ways), 
 turned different ways: opposite, 
 contrary, different, 8, 30; 56, 
 11. (W. G. 74.) 
 
 divido, 3, -visi, -visus [dis-, apart; 
 VID-, see], divide, part: distrib¬ 
 ute, share, apportion, 19, 26; 
 
 68, 18. 
 
 divinitus, adv. (divinus, divine), 
 from heaven, by divine influ¬ 
 ence, 4, 10. (W. G. 27.) 
 divinus, adj. with comp, and sup. 
 (divus, god), of a god, of a deity, 
 divine, 15, 10. (W. G. 27.) 
 divitiae, -arum, f. (dives, rich), 
 
240 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 wealth, riches, 17, 19. (W. G. 
 27.) 
 
 divus, adj. [div-, shine], of a 
 deity: deified, 65, 29. (W. G. 27.) 
 
 do, 1, dedi, datus [1 DA-, give], 
 hand over, give up, pay, sur¬ 
 render, 27, 9: give, grant, 
 
 intrust, 1, 15; 5, 8: pannit, 
 allow , 9, 8: poenas dare, to suf¬ 
 fer punishment , 31, 9 : finem 
 dare, to make an end, 25, 17. 
 (W. G. 24.) 
 
 doceo, 2, -ui, -ctus [dic-, show], 
 cause to know, teach, show, in¬ 
 struct, 5, 12 ; 40, I. (W. G. 26.) 
 
 doctrina, -ae, f. (for doctorina, 
 fr. doctor, teacher), teaching, 
 instruction, learning, 40, 9: 
 erudition, wisdom, 57, 20. (W. 
 G. 26.) 
 
 doctus, adj. with comp, and sup. 
 (p. of doceo, teach), learned, 
 skilled, trained, 48, 3. (W. G. 
 26) 
 
 dolor, -oris, M., pain, suffering, 
 48, 14 : grief, sorrow, 18, 19. 
 
 dolose, adv. (doldsus, crafty), 
 craftily, deceitfully, 3, 24. 
 
 dolus, -i, m. (cf. Gr., 56 \os, 
 trick), device, artifice: deception, 
 cunning, 19, 23. 
 
 domicilium, -T, n. (domus, house), 
 habitation, dwelling, 10, 26. 
 
 dominatio, -6nis, f. (dominor, be 
 
 lord), ride, dominion, suprem¬ 
 acy, 50, 6. 
 
 dominatus, -us, m. (dominor, be 
 
 lord), ride, command, sover¬ 
 eignty, tyranny, 62, 10. 
 
 dominor, 1, -atus, dep. (dominus, 
 
 lord, master), be lord, have 
 dominion, rule, 59, 14. 
 dominus, -i, m. (cf. domd, tame, 
 master), master,possessor, ruler, 
 lord, 4, 30 ; 41, 25. 
 domo, 1, -ui, -itus, domesticate, 
 tame: vanquish, subdue, 11, 5. 
 domus, gen. -iis or -i, f., house, 
 dwelling-house, building, 9, 14: 
 home, 7, 26: domi, at home, 
 9 , 9 - 
 
 donativum, -i, n. (dono, give), 
 
 largess, gift, 68, 19. 
 donee, conj., as long as, while: 
 until, 16, 12. 
 
 dono, 1, -avi, -atus (ddnum, gift), 
 give as a present, bestow, confer, 
 11, 18. (W. G. 24.) 
 donum, -i, n. [i da-, give], gift, 
 present, 27, 13. (W. G. 24.) 
 dormio, 4, -ivi, -itus, sleep, 12, 5. 
 dorsum, -i, n., or dorsus, -i, m., 
 back, of a beast of burden : 
 ridge, clijf, range, 54, 20. 
 dos, dotis, F. [1 da-, give], mar¬ 
 riage portion, dowry, 29, 30. 
 (W. G. 24.) 
 
 Drepanum, -i, n , Drepanum, a 
 town on the western coast of 
 Sicily, 31, 24. 
 
 dubito, 1, -avi, -atus (dubius, 
 
 doubtful), waver in opinion, be 
 indoubt: hesitate, 64,16. (W.G. 
 28.) 
 
 dubius, adj. [dva-, apart, two], 
 moving two ways: doubtful, 
 uncertain, 15, 17. (W. G. 28.) 
 duco, 3, -uxi, -uctus [dvc-, lead], 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 241 
 
 lead, conduct, guide, 24, 16 ; 
 65 , 1 : marry, 48, 23: construct, 
 make, 12, 22 : draw, protract, 
 prolong, 34, 13: consider, think, 
 regard, 68, 18 : conduct, mar¬ 
 shal, 46, 30. (W. G. 29.) 
 
 Duilius, -i, M., Duilius, name of 
 a Roman gens, e g , C. Duilius, 
 the famous conqueror of the 
 Carthaginians, 260 B.c., 30, 17. 
 
 dulcis, -e, adj. with comp, and 
 sup., sweet: agreeable, pleasant, 
 27, 9. 
 
 dum, conj., while, 2, 11 : until, 
 12, 18: provided that, if only, 
 
 43, i. With modo often written 
 dummodo. 
 
 dummodo or dum modo, conj., 
 provided, if only, 49, 10. 
 
 duo, -ae, -o, num. adj. [dva-, 
 two], two, 6, 14. (W. G. 28.) 
 
 e, prep, with abl., from, see ex, 
 4, 24. 
 
 eburneus, or eburnus, adj. (ebur, 
 ivory), of ivory, 20, 21. 
 ecquid, adv. interrog.: direct, 
 at all, 55, 9 : indirect, whether, 
 
 15 , * 4 - 
 
 edictum, -I, N. (edicd, declare, pro¬ 
 claim), proclamation, edict, 61, 
 30. (W. G. 26.) 
 
 edo, 3, edi, esus [ed-, eat], eat, 
 47, 27. (W. G. 30.) 
 edo, 3, -did!, -ditus [ex, out, forth ; 
 2 DA -, put], give out, raise, put 
 forth, 71, 20: bear, produce, 
 
 duodecim, num. adj. indecl. (duo, 
 two ; decern, ten), twelve, 2,19. 
 (W. G. 28.) 
 
 duodeni, -ae, -a, num. adj. distr. 
 (cf. duodecim, twelve), twelve 
 each, twelve apiece, 59, 8. (W. 
 G. 28.) 
 
 duplex, -ids, adj. [dva-, two; 
 PLEC-, fold], twofold, double, 
 65, 18. (W. G. 28 and 60.) 
 duplico, 1, -avT, -atus (duplex, 
 twofold), double, g, 3. (W. G. 
 28 and 60.) 
 
 dux, ducis, M. and F. [dvc-, lead], 
 leader, guide: commander, 
 general, 3, 21. (W. G. 29.) 
 Dyrrachium, -I, N., Dyrrachium, 
 a coast town of Illyria, the 
 landing-place of those coming 
 from Italy, 52, 21. 
 
 E 
 
 1, 6: publish, declare, tell, 64, 
 28 : show, exhibit, 50, 20: per¬ 
 form, 52, 25. (W. G. 25.) 
 edoceo, 2, -cul, -ctus (ex, thorough¬ 
 ly; doce 5 , teach), teach thorough¬ 
 ly, instruct, 30, 11. (W. G. 26.) 
 educatib, - 5 nis, F. (educo, rear), 
 rearing, training, education, 39, 
 26. (W. G. 29.) 
 
 educo, 3, -dux!, -ductus (ex, out, 
 forth ; duco, lead), lead forth, 
 19, 3. (W. G. 29.) 
 educo 1, -avl, -atus (cf. edued), 
 bring up, rear, 1, 16. 
 effeminatus, adj. with sup. (p. 
 
242 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 of effemino, make feminine), 
 womanish, effeminate, 45, 13. 
 effero, efferre, extuli, elatus (ex, 
 out, forth; fero, bear), carry 
 out, take away, 42, 20 : puff up, 
 elate, 9, 7. (W. G. 34.) 
 efficio, 3, -feci, -fectus (ex, 
 thoroughly, successfully ; facio, 
 do), work out, bring to pass, 
 effect, make, cause, 41,31; 48, 
 14. (W. G. 33.) 
 
 efflagito, 1, -avi, -atus (ex, in¬ 
 tensive; flagito, demand), de¬ 
 mand urgently, request, insist 
 upon, 50, 16. 
 
 effugio, 3, -fugi, — (ex, from, 
 away; fugio, flee), flee away, 
 avoid, escape, 31, 8. (W. G. 40.) 
 effundo, 3, -fudi, -fusus (ex, out; 
 fundS, pour), pour out, pour 
 forth, shed, spread abroad, 1, 
 8 ; 51, 4 ; -54, 21 : empty, ex¬ 
 haust, 41, 5. (W. G. 39.) 
 egeo, 2, -ui, —, be needy, be u 
 want, 38 , 3 °- 
 
 Egeria, -ae, F., Egeria, the nymph 
 that met and instructed Numa, 
 6 , 5 - 
 
 ego, pron. pers., I, me, we, us, g, 
 26; 36, 8. 
 
 egredior, egredi, -gressus, dep. 
 (ex, out, forth ; gradior, walk), 
 go out, march out, go away, 20, 
 1 ; 24, 3. (\v. G. 44.) 
 egregius, adj. (ex, out, selected 
 from ; grex, herd), select, dis¬ 
 tinguished, excellent, eminent, 
 noble, 8, 13 ; 21, 10. 
 egressus, p. of egredior, 24, 3. 
 
 eicio, 3, -iecl, -iectus (ex, out; 
 iaciS, cast), cast out: with se, 
 rush out: of ships, strand, 
 wreck, cast ashore, 30, 10. (W. 
 
 G. 47-) 
 
 elabor, 3, elapsus, dep. (ex, 
 away; labor, slip), slip away, 
 get off, escape, 49, 1. (W. G. 
 49 -) 
 
 elaborfi, 1, -avi, -atus (ex, out, 
 
 thoroughly; laborS, labor), 
 labor, endeavor, take pains, 62, 
 19. 
 
 elanguescfi, 3, -langul, —, inch, 
 (ex, intensive; languescS, grow 
 fault), grow faint, fail, slacken, 
 relax, 38, 12. 
 
 elatus, adj. (p. of effero, lift up), 
 exalted, raised, uplifted, 11, 29. 
 
 elegantia, -ae, f. (elegans, select, 
 choice), taste,propriety, elegance, 
 70, 23. 
 
 elephantus, -I, m., nom. sing, 
 usually elephas, or elephans, 
 
 elephant, 25, 11. 
 
 elicio, 3, -licui, — (ex, forth, 
 out; IaciS, allure), draw out, 
 bring out: call down, evoke, 5, 
 10. 
 
 eligo, 3, -leg!, -Iectus (ex, out; 
 lego, gather), pluck out: choose, 
 select, 4, 18. 
 
 eloquentia, -ae, f. (eloquens, elo¬ 
 quent), eloquence, 26, 28. 
 
 emitto, 3, -misi, -missus (ex, forth, 
 out; mitto, send, let go), send 
 out, send forth, 28, 11: hurl, 
 cast, 10, 2: release, set free, 63, 
 25. (W. G. 53.) 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 243 
 
 emo, 3, emi, emptus, buy , pur¬ 
 chase, 15, 15. 
 
 enim, conj., postpositive, namely , 
 that is to say, I mean, 36, 27: 
 for, because, 3, 9. 
 enitor, 3, -nixus or -nisus, dep. 
 (ex, forth ; nitor, strain, strtig- 
 gle), force a way out, climb: 
 endeavor, strive, 61, 13. 
 ensis, -is, m., two-edged sword, 
 43 , 7 - 
 
 ed, Ire, Ivl or ii, iturus [1-, go], go, 
 walk, move, 3, 19 ; 7, 26: fare, 
 prosper, 8, 4. 
 
 eo, adv., for that reason, there¬ 
 fore, 18, 16 : to that place, 
 thither, 3, 3 : so far, to that 
 degree, 35, 7. 
 
 Ephesius, adj., Ephesian, of 
 Ephesus , 12, 25. 
 
 Ephesus, -I, f., Ephesus, a cele¬ 
 brated city of Ionia in western 
 Asia Minor, famed for its 
 Diana temple. 
 
 epigramma, -atis, n. (Gr., iirl- 
 . ypa/jL/xa, inscription), inscrip¬ 
 tion: epigram, 56, 17. 
 
 Epirus, -I, f., Epirus, a province 
 in the north of Greece, 25, 2. 
 epistula, -ae, f. (Gr., Ena toXt), 
 letter), a written communica¬ 
 tion, letter, 56, 10. 
 epulor, 1, -atus, dep. (epulum, 
 feast), feast, banquet, dine, 38, 
 .6. (See notes, fig. 20, p. 116.) 
 eques, -itis, m. (equus, horse), 
 horseman, rider: cavalryman, 
 knight, 4, 19 ; 37, 22 ; 39, 3. 
 equester, -tris, -tre, adj. (eques, 
 
 horseman), equestrian, of caval¬ 
 ry, of the knights, 40, 27. 
 
 equito, 1, -avi, -atus (eques, horse¬ 
 man), ride , 57, 1. 
 
 equus, -I, -M., horse, steed, 14, 23. 
 
 erectus, adj. with comp. (p. of 
 erigo, raise up), upright: atten¬ 
 tive, on the alert, eager, 18, 14. 
 
 erga, prep, with acc., towards, in 
 respect of, in relation to, for , 
 
 l6 , r 5 ; 44, 3 - 
 
 ergo, adv., consequently, there¬ 
 fore, then, accordingly, 11, 15 ; 
 
 14, 26. 
 
 erigo, 3, -rexl, -rectus (ex, out 
 up ; rego, make straight), raise 
 up, 46, 22. (W. G. 65.) 
 
 error, - 5 ris, m. (cf. erro, wander), 
 wandering: error, doubt, un¬ 
 certainty, 60, 19. 
 
 erubesco, 3, -bul, —, inch, (ex, 
 without force ; rubesco, grow 
 red), grow red: blush, feel 
 ashamed, 68, 8. 
 
 erudio, 4, -Ivl, -Itus (ex, oiit of; 
 rudis, uncultivated), educate, 
 teach, 40, 2. 
 
 erumpo, 3, -rupi, -ruptus (ex, 
 forth ; rumpd, break), intrans., 
 burst forth, break out, 23, 17. 
 (W. G. 64.) 
 
 esca, -ae, f. [ed-, eat], meat, 
 food, 69, 22. (W. G. 30.) 
 
 escendo, 3, -endl, -ensus (ex, 
 forth, up; scando, climb), cliitib 
 up, mount, ascend, 18, 16. 
 
 Esquilmus, -I, m. (sc. m 5 ns), the 
 Esquiline hill, the largest of the 
 seven hills of Rome, 12, 21. 
 
244 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 et, conj. and adv. i. As conj., 
 and , and yet , but, i, i : et . , . 
 et, both . . . and, 3, 23. 2. As 
 
 adv., also, too, as well, even, 3, 
 26 ; 68, 28. 
 
 etiam, adv. (et, and; iam, now), 
 even yet, still, even now, arid 
 also, also, even, 3, 7 ; 3, 12 : 
 etiam nunc, even yet, even at 
 this time, 52, 14. 
 
 Etruria, -ae, f., Etruria, a coun¬ 
 try of central Italy, 10, 18. 
 Etrusci, -drum, m ., the Etruscans, 
 the inhabitants of Etruria, 
 16, 1. 
 
 etsi, conj. (et, even; si, if), 
 though, although, 44, 1. 
 Euripides, -is, m ., Euripides, a 
 celebrated Athenian tragic 
 poet, 480-406, b.c., 50, 7. 
 Europa, -ae, f ., Europe, 47, 5. 
 evado, 3, -si, -sus (ex, out; vado, 
 go), come out, go forth : get 
 azvay, escape, 23, 16 : rise, 
 
 climb, mount, 21, 4: turn out, 
 become, prove to be, 62, 23. 
 evenio, 4, -veni, -ventus (ex, out; 
 venio, go, come), come out, come 
 forth: happen, 30, 8. 
 eventus, -us, m . [ex, out*; ven -, 
 come'], event, fortune: issue, 
 outcome, result, 12, 4; 44, 30. 
 everto, 3, -ti, -sus (ex, out, inside 
 out; vertd, turn), overturn, 
 turn upside down, overthrow, 
 ruin, destroy, 32, 23 ; 62, 20. 
 evoco, 1, -avi, -atus (ex, out; 
 vocd, call), call out, summon, 
 call forth, 13, 21. 
 
 ex or before consonants e, prep, 
 with abl., out, out of, from : of 
 place, out of, from, 4, 24 ; 5, 4 : 
 partitive uses, of, among, from 
 among, 4, 17; 28, 1 : of the 
 cause, by reason of, in conse¬ 
 quence of, 58, 8 : of measure 
 and correspondence, to, accord- 
 ing to, with, by, 11, 27 : of 
 time, following, after, 31, 10. 
 exardesco, 3, -arsi, -arsus, inch, 
 (ex, out; ardesco, blaze), blaze 
 out, take fire : be inflamed, be 
 provoked, break out, 47, 11. (W. 
 G. 8.) 
 
 exaro, 1, -avi, -atus (ex, out; ar 5 , 
 
 plough), plough out: raise, 
 write, 69, 5. 
 
 exaspero, 1, -avi, -atus (ex, inten¬ 
 sive ; asperd, make rough), 
 roughen : provoke, irritate, 68, 
 18. 
 
 excedo, 3, -cessi, -cessus (ex, out; 
 cedo, go), go out, depart, with¬ 
 draw, 27, 23. 
 
 excelsus, adj. (p. of excelld, be 
 eminent), elevated, tall, high, 
 56 , 22 : noble, illustrious, emi¬ 
 nent, 10, 24; 39, 22. 
 excerpd, 3, -psi, -ptus (ex, out; 
 carpo, pick), pick out, choose, 
 select, gather, 62, 25. 
 excidium (exsci-), -i, n. [ex, in¬ 
 tensive ; SC ID-, split], overthrow, 
 ruin, fall, 19, 24. (W. G. 66.) 
 excieo and excio, 4, -ivi, -itus 
 and -itus (ex, out; cied, call), 
 call out: rouse, awaken, 21, 
 10. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 245 
 
 excipiS, 3, -cepi, -ceptus (ex, out ; 
 capio, take ), take out, withdraw: 
 welcome, entertain, receive, 14, 
 6: capture , 64, 2; 69, 14: meet, 
 befall, 53, 19. 
 
 excito, 1, -avl, -atus (freq. of ex¬ 
 cio), call out, summon forth, 
 wake, rouse, 21, 6. 
 exclamo, 1, -avl, -atus (ex, out; 
 clamd, call, shout), call out, ex¬ 
 claim, 29, 7. 
 
 excdgitS, 1, -avl, -atus (ex, out; 
 cogito, think), think out, con¬ 
 trive, devise, invent, 30, 20. 
 excolo, 3, -colui, -cultus (ex, in¬ 
 tensive; cold, till), cultivate, 
 ennoble: refine, adorn, beau- 
 tify, 70, 27. (W. G. 21.) 
 excubiae, -arum, f. (ex, out; cf. 
 cubo, lie, sleep), watching, keep¬ 
 ing watch, 71, 7. 
 
 excusatio, - 5 nis, F. (excusd, ex¬ 
 cuse), excuse, 42, 12. 
 excuso, 1, -avl, -atus (ex, free 
 from ; causa, judicial process ), 
 excuse, 65 , 27. 
 
 excutio, 3, -cussl, -cussus (ex, 
 out; quatio, shake), shake out, 
 shake off, throw off, 25, 16; 
 33 , 3 - 
 
 exemplum, -I, n. (cf. eximo, take 
 out), sample, specimen: exam¬ 
 ple, incident, case, precedent , 3g, 
 3 5 64, 25 : kind, nature, 65 , 7 - 
 exerceo, 2, -ui, -itus (ex, out; 
 arceo, shut), keep out of a?i en¬ 
 closure ; employ, train, exercise, 
 43 , l 9 1 carry into effect, admin¬ 
 ister, 54, 13. (W. G. 9.) 
 
 exercitus, -us, m. (exerced, train), 
 army, 3, 22. (W. G. 9.) 
 exhaurio, 4, -hausi, -haustus (ex, 
 out; haurio, draw), draw out, 
 exhaust: impoverish, 68,23. 
 exhaustus, p. of exhaurio, 68, 23. 
 exhibeo, 2, -ui, -itus (ex, out, 
 forth ; habeo, hold), hold forth, 
 present: show, display, 66, 28. 
 
 (W. G. 45-) 
 
 exhorreo, 2, -ui,— (ex, intensive; 
 horreo, tremble), tremble before, 
 shudder at, dread, 67, 18. 
 exigo, 3, -egl, -actus (ex, out; 
 ago, drive), drive out: spend, 
 pass, 29, 29. (W. G. 2.) 
 exiguus, adj. with sup., little, 
 small, inadequate, short, 37, 17. 
 eximius, adj. (cf. eximo, take out), 
 taken out, excepted: uncom- 
 7 ?io?i, disti 7 ig 7 iished, select, choice, 
 
 45 , 6; 56, 14-_ 
 
 eximo, 3, -emi, -emptus (ex, out , 
 from ; emo, take), take out, re- 
 771 ove : deliver, release, 59, 7. 
 existimo, 1, -avl, -atus (ex, out, 
 up; aestimo, reckon), value, es- 
 ti 77 iate : judge, consider, thi 7 ik, 
 29, 20. 
 
 exitium, -I, n. [ex, out; 1-, go], 
 destructio 7 i, 7 'uin, death, 15, 4 ; 
 17, 24. (W. G. 46.) 
 exitus, -us, m. [ex, out; 1-, go], 
 goi 7 ig out, departure : close, e 7 id, 
 47, 24: death, lot, fate, 53, 27. 
 (W. G. 46.) 
 
 exordium, -I, N. (ex, starting 
 fro 77 i; ordo, row), beginmiig,\ 
 origin, 1,1. (W. G. 56.) 
 
246 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 exorior, 4, -ortus, dep. {ex, forth, 
 out; orior, rise), come forth, 
 spring up, rise: begin, 6, 20. 
 (W. G. 56.) 
 
 expedio, 4, -ivi, -Itus (ex, out; pes, 
 foot), set free, liberate, 33, 27 : 
 make ready, procure, prepare, 
 21, 27; 29, 30. (W. G. 61.) 
 expello, 3,-pull,-pulsus (ex, out; 
 pello, drive), drive out, drive 
 away, 45, 31. (W. G. 59.) 
 experimentum, -I, n. (experior, 
 try), trial, proof, test, 11, II. 
 experior, 4, -pertus, dep., try, 
 prove, make a trial, 14, 22 : 
 learn by experience, contend 
 with, meet with, 47, 8. 
 expid, 1,-avi,-atus (ex, intensive; 
 pio, atone for), make amends 
 for, atone for, 8, 16. 
 expleo, 2, -evl, -etus (ex, com¬ 
 pletely; ple 5 , fill), fill up, fill, 
 4i, 3 1 - 
 
 explorator, - 5 ris, m. (expldrd, in¬ 
 vestigate), spy, scout, 25, 7. 
 expono, 3, -posui,-positus {ex, out, 
 forth ; pdno, put), put out, set 
 forth : land, put on shore, 49, 
 24 : expose, abandon, 2,15: re¬ 
 late, tell, explain, 13, 6 ; 35, 3. 
 exposed, 3, -poposci, — (ex, in¬ 
 tensive ; posed, demand), ask 
 earnestly, beg: claim, demand, 
 10, 2 ; 32, 25. 
 
 expositio, -onis, F. (cf. expono, set 
 forth, a setting forth : abandon¬ 
 ment, exposure, 2, 10. 
 exprimd, 3, -pressi, -pressus (ex, 
 out; premd, press), press out. 
 
 force out: express, utter, 68, 
 
 16. 
 
 exprobro, 1, -avi, -atus (ex, out; 
 probrum, reproach), blame for, 
 find fault, reproach, upbraid, 
 24, 2. 
 
 expugnatio, -onis, F. (expugnd, 
 
 storm), taking by assault, storm¬ 
 ing, 49, 14. 
 
 expugno, 1, -avi, -atus (ex, out to 
 the end; pugno, fight), take by 
 assault, capture, subdue, 14, 4; 
 26, 29 ; 30, 25 : overco?ne, con¬ 
 quer, 49, 9. 
 
 exsilium, -I, N. (exsul, exile), ban- 
 ishment, exile, 15, 6. 
 
 exsisto, 3, -stiti, — (ex, forth ; 
 sistd, stand), step out, appear, 
 arise, 71, 8: be, becojne, 5, 1; 
 43, 15- (W. G. 69.) 
 
 exsolvo, 3, -solvi, -solutus (ex, 
 from ; solvd, release), loose, re¬ 
 lease, set free, 22, 12. 
 
 exspectatio, - 5 nis, f. (exspeetd, 
 await), awaiting, anticipation, 
 expectation, 18, 13. (W. G. 
 
 68.) 
 
 exspeetd, 1, -avi, -atus (ex, out; 
 specto, look), look out for, 
 await, wait, wait to see, 5, 16 ; 
 8, 25 ; 14, 14. (W. G. 68.) 
 
 exspiro, 1, -avi, -atus (ex, out; 
 splrd, breathe), breathe out, ex¬ 
 hale: expire, perish, die, 7, 7. 
 
 exstinguo, 3, -nxl, -nctus (ex, 
 completely; stinguo, quench), 
 put out, extinguish: destroy, 
 kill, 6, 13. 
 
 exsto, 1, —, — (ex, out; std, 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 247 
 
 stand), stand out: be extant, 
 exist, be, 42, 15. (W. G. 69.) 
 exstruo, 3, -uxi, -uctus (ex, out, 
 forth ; struo, build), pile, heap 
 up: build, 65, 30. 
 exsulto, 1, -avi, — (freq. of ex¬ 
 silio, leap), leap up, jump up: 
 rejoice, exult, 7, 23. 
 exterreo, 2, -ui, -itus (ex, inten¬ 
 sive; terreo , frighten), frighten, 
 20, 5. 
 
 extimesco, 3, -mui, —, inch, (ex, 
 intensive ; timesed, become fear¬ 
 ful), be greatly afraid, fear 
 greatly, dread, 44, 1. 
 extollo, 3, —, — (ex, out, up; 
 tollo, lift), lift up: laud, praise, 
 27, 17. 
 
 extra, prep, with acc. (exter, on 
 
 the outside ), outside of, beyond, 
 
 3 , 19 - 
 
 extraordinarius, adj. (extra, be¬ 
 yond; ordinarius, ordhtary), 
 out of the common order, un¬ 
 usual, extraordinary, 45, 17. 
 extremus, adj. (sup. of exter, out¬ 
 side), utmost, extreme, farthest, 
 last, 16, 10 ; 23, 3 : last part, 
 end, extremity, 57, 10. 
 exuo, 3, -ui, -iitus, take off, pull 
 off: strip, despoil, deprive, 65, 
 19. 
 
 exuro, 3, -ussi, -ustus (ex, out; 
 uro, burn), burn up, destroy, 
 
 15, 18. 
 
 F 
 
 faber, -bri, M. [fac-, make), work¬ 
 man, smith, 5, 19. (W. G. 33.) 
 Fabius, adj., name of a distin¬ 
 guished Roman gens, e.g., 
 Quintus Fabius Maximus, 32, 
 26. 
 
 Fabricius, -I, m., name of a fa¬ 
 mous Roman, C. Fabricius 
 Luscinus, 28, 2. (W. G. 33.) 
 fabrico, 1, -avi, -atus (fabrica, 
 workshop), make, build, con¬ 
 struet, 5, 20. (W. G. 33.) 
 fabula, -ae, f. [fa-, say], narra¬ 
 tive, account, story, 10, 19 : fa¬ 
 ble, 17, 10. (W. G. 32.) ' 
 facete, adv. with comp, and sup. 
 (facetus, fine), finely, graceful¬ 
 ly : wittily, 62, 26. 
 
 facile, adv. with comp, facilius, 
 and sup. facillime (facilis, 
 
 easy), easily, readily, 18, 2; 
 
 21, 14. 
 
 facilis, -e, adj. with comp, and 
 sup. [FAC-, make], easy, without 
 difficulty, 30, 24. (W. G. 33.) 
 facinus, -oris, n. [fac-, do), deed, 
 act, achievei 7 ie 7 it, 8, 6 ; 52, 24 : 
 bad deed, crune, 10, 9. (W. G. 
 33 -) 
 
 facio, 3, feci, factus [fac-, 7nake, 
 do), pass, fid, fieri, factus, make, 
 build, 3, 1 : do, per for 771 , 6, 
 6 : cause, bri7ig about, 4, 25 : 
 gain, take, 35, 6 : give, 39, 8 : 
 choose, co7istitute, appobit, 1,5: 
 pass, be done, g, 23 : happe 7 i, 
 
24S 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 come about, become, 15, 20 ; 50, 
 21. (W. G. 33.) 
 
 factum, -I, n. (p. of facio, do), 
 deed, achievement, event, act, 
 14, 15. (W. G. 33.) 
 factus, aclj. (p. of facid, make), 
 elaborate, artistic, 29, 28. 
 facultas, -atis, f. (facilis, easy to 
 do), ability, means, chance, op¬ 
 portunity, 46, 4. (W. G. 33.) 
 facundia, -ae, f. (facundus, elo¬ 
 quent), eloquence, command of 
 language, 62, 22. (W. G. 32.) 
 facundus, adj., fluent, eloquent, 
 16, 22. (W. G. 32.) 
 
 Falerii, -drum, m., Falerii, the 
 capital of the Falisci, a people 
 of Etruria, 19, 1. 
 
 Falernus, adj., belonging to the 
 Falernian territory, a district 
 of Campania famous for its 
 wines, 22, 23. 
 
 Falisci, -drum, M., the Faliscans, 
 a people of Etruria, 19, 5. 
 fallo, 3, fefelli, falsus, trip: 
 
 elude, escape the notice of, 21, 5. 
 fama, -ae, F. [fa-, show], report, 
 rumor, tradition, 1, 10 ; 12, 
 26 : renown, fame, reputation, 
 character, 56, 18. (W. G. 32.) 
 fames, -is, F., hunger, want, 21, 
 ! 7 ; 
 
 familia, -ae, f. (famulus, servant), 
 the slaves in a household, fami¬ 
 ly servants, domestics, 41, 22: 
 household, family, 48, 21. 
 familiaris, -e, adj. with comp, 
 and sup. (familia, family), be¬ 
 longing to a family : friendly, 
 
 familiar, intimate, 26, 26: res 
 familiaris, estate, property, 59, 
 12. 
 
 familiaritas, -atis, f. (familiaris, 
 
 intimate), familiarity, intimacy, 
 friendship, rr, 2. 
 famosus, adj. (fama, report), 
 much talked of: slanderous , 
 scandalous, 56 , 17. 
 famula, -ae, f. (famulus, servant), 
 maid-servant, female slave, 
 T2, 2. 
 
 fanum, -T, N. (*for, speak), shrine, 
 temple, r2, 25. (W. G. 32.) 
 fascis, -is, m ., bundle, fagot: 
 plur., the fasces, 5r, 4 (v. notes, 
 % 25, p. 127). 
 
 fasti, -drum, M. (fastus, not for¬ 
 bidden ; sc. dies), register of 
 judicial days: almanac, calen¬ 
 dar, 54, 6. 
 
 fastus, adj., not forbidden: fas¬ 
 tus dies, a day upon which 
 court could be held, 5, 25. 
 fatalis, -e, adj. (fatum, fate), of 
 fate, fated, fatal: dangerous, 
 55, 7 - (W. G. 32.) 
 fatigo, r, -avi, -atus [*fatis, 
 weary; AG-, drive"], weary, 
 harass, 2r, 21. (W. G. 2.) 
 fauces, -ium, F., throat, 51, 24. 
 Faustulus, -I, m ., Faustulus, the 
 shepherd that found and reared 
 Romulus and Remus, r, 14. 
 faved, 2, favl, fauturus, be favor¬ 
 able, favor, befriend, 44, 13. 
 favor, -oris, m. (cf. faveo, favor), 
 favor, good-will, 40, 13. 
 fax, facis, F., torch, 42, 7. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 249 
 
 felix, -Icis, adj. with comp, and 
 sup., fruitful: prosperous , 
 
 lucky , fortunate , 38, 25. 
 femina, -ae, f., female, woman, 
 
 3 , 8 . 
 
 femur, -oris or -inis, n., the thigh, 
 
 24, 21. 
 
 fere, adv., about, nearly, almost, 
 
 22, 2; 55, 24. 
 
 fero, ferre, tuli, latus [fer-, bear], 
 bear, lift, carry, 1, 15 ; 25, 20 : 
 conduct, lead, 23, 10 : suffer, 
 endure, 8, 14 : report, say, tell, 
 II, 8 : move, bring forward, 
 carry, propose, 6, 3 ; 41, 10 : 
 bring, render, 36, I. (W. G. 
 
 34 -) 
 
 ferox, -ocis, adj. with comp, and 
 sup. (cf. ferus, wild), bold, war¬ 
 like, spirited, 7, 30 : brave, 
 fierce, 6, 18: confident, 7, 21; 
 
 37 , 4 - 
 
 ferreus, adj. (ferrum, iron), made 
 of iron, 30, 19. 
 
 ferrum, -I, n., iron, sword, 6, 24. 
 ferus, adj., wild, uncultivated : 
 
 savage, barbarous, 5, 6. 
 fessus, adj., tired, worn out, fee¬ 
 ble, infirm, weak, 7, 22 ; 14, 14. 
 festinatio, -onis, f. (festlnd, 
 hasten), haste, hurry, 23, 11. 
 festino, 1, -avi, -atus (festinus, 
 hasty), hasten, be in haste, hur¬ 
 ry, 36, 2. 
 
 fetialis, -e, adj., speaking, diplo¬ 
 matic, negotiating : fetial, 10, 4. 
 Subst. m. (sc. sacerdos), fetial- or 
 treaty-priest, 10, 4; 24, 15. (W. 
 G. 32.) 
 
 fictus, adj. (p. of fingo, pretend), 
 feigned, false, 14, 7. 
 fidelis, -e, adj. with comp, and 
 sup. (fides, trust), trustworthy, 
 faithful, true, 23, 9. (W. G. 35.) 
 fideliter, adv. with comp, (fidelis, 
 faithful), faithfully, loyally, 
 61, 30. 
 
 Fidenates, -ium, m., Fidenates, 
 inhabitants of Fidenae, a town 
 on the Tiber, 8, 23. 
 fides, fidei or fide [ fid -, trust], 
 trust, faith, belief, 4, 25; 10, 
 1: good faith, faithf ulness, con- 
 scientiousness, 6, 10. (W. G. 35.) 
 fiducia, -ae, f . (fldus, trusty), 
 trust, confidence, reliance, 9, 6. 
 (W. G. 35.) 
 
 fllia, -ae, F., daughter, 1, 4. 
 f Ilius, -I, M., son, 1, I. 
 flni 5 , 4, -Ivi, -Itus (finis, limit), 
 limit, enclose : end, finish, 40, 
 30 : determine, settle, decide, 
 6 , 21 . 
 
 finis, -is, M., boundary, limit, 52, 
 11 : territory, country, 9, 23 : 
 close, end, 25, 17. 
 finitimus, adj. (finis, limit), ad¬ 
 joining, neighboring. Subst., 
 finitimi, - 5 rum, M., neighbors, 
 3 , 11. 
 
 fio, fieri, factus, used as pass, of 
 facio ; see facid, 9, 23. 
 firmo, 1, -avi, -atus (firmus, 
 strong), make firm : strengthen, 
 secure, fortify, 37, 20; 46, 17. 
 firmus, adj. with comp, and sup., 
 strong, true, faithful, 43, 6. 
 flagito, 1, -avl, -atus [freq. flag-, 
 
250 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 blaze], demand urgently, en¬ 
 treat, 6i, 4. 
 
 flamen, -inis, m. [for ^flagmen, fr. 
 
 FLAG-, blaze], priest, flamen, 5,8. 
 Flaminius, -I, M., Flaminius, gen¬ 
 tile name of C. Flaminius Ne¬ 
 pos, consul 217 B.C., and slain 
 at Lake Trasumenus, 33, 9. 
 flamma, -ae, f. [for *flagma, 
 FLAG-, blaze\, blazingfire, flame, 
 12, 4. (W. G. 36.) 
 flebiliter, adv. (flebilis, to be wept 
 over), mournfully, dolefully, 
 44> 2. 
 
 flecto, 3, flexi, flexus, bend, turn : 
 move, prevail upon, persuade, 
 
 17, 10. 
 
 fled, 2, flevi, fletus [flv-, flow], 
 weep, cry, wail, 7, 29. 
 floreo, 2, -ui, — (fids, flower), 
 bloom : flourish : be prosper¬ 
 ous, be successful, 58, 24. 
 flos, - 5 ris, M., blossom , flower, 22, 
 
 19. 
 
 fluctus, -US, M. [fl flow], flood, 
 wave, billozv, 53, 2. (W. G. 37.) 
 flumen, -inis, n. [flv-, flow], 
 flood, stream, river, 1, 9. (W. 
 G. 370 
 
 fluvius, -T, M. [flv-, flow], river, 
 
 20, 12. (W. G. 37.) 
 foculus, -i, m. (dim. of focus, fire¬ 
 place), sacrificial hearth, bra¬ 
 zier, fir e-pa?i, 15, 13. 
 
 focus, -T, M., fire-place, hearth, 
 29, 13. 
 
 foede, adv. with comp, and sup. 
 (foedus, foul), foully, cruelly , 
 basely, 59, n. 
 
 foederatus, adj. (foedus, treaty), 
 confederated, allied, 32, 23. 
 foedus, adj. with comp, and sup. 
 foul, ugly, horrible : terrible, 
 destructive, 30, 9. 
 foedus, -eris, N. [fid-, bind, trust], 
 league, treaty, agreement, 4, 14 ; 
 6, 24. (W. G. 35.) 
 fons, fontis, m. [fv-, pour], 
 spring, fountain, 6, 7. (W. G. 
 
 3 _ 9 -) 
 
 foras, adv., out of doors, forth, 
 out, 11, 30. 
 fore, see sum, 26, 23. 
 forem, see sum, 3, 9. 
 foris, -is, f., door, gate: plur., 
 fores, the two leaves of a door, 
 double door, entrance, 48, 9. 
 forma, -ae, F .,form, shape, figure, 
 looks, appearance, 4, 28 : condi¬ 
 tion, 51, 15. 
 
 Formiae, -arum, f., Formiae, a 
 city of Latium near the borders 
 of Campania. Cicero had a 
 beautiful villa there. 22, 24. 
 forte, adv. (abl. of fors, chance), 
 by chance, as it happens, by acci¬ 
 dent, 1,8; 7, 10. (W. G. 34.) 
 fortis, -e, adj. with comp, and 
 sup., strong: fearless, brave, 
 manly, 53, 20. 
 
 fortiter, adv. with comp, and 
 sup. (fortis, strong), strongly: 
 boldly, bravely, 4, 4. 
 fortitudo, -inis, F. (fortis, strong), 
 strength: manliness, bravery, 
 courage, 12, 8. 
 
 fortuna, -ae, F. (fors, chance), 
 chance, fate, fortime, 8, 25 : 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 251 
 
 the goddess Fortuna , 53, 27. 
 (W. G. 34.) 
 
 forum, -i, N. (cf. foris, out of 
 doors), an open space, market¬ 
 place. Forum Romanum, an 
 open space between the Capi¬ 
 toline and Palatine hills sur- 
 roundedby porticoes andshops, 
 where the life of Rome cen¬ 
 tered, 4, 2. 
 
 fossa, -ae, f. (fossus, digged), 
 ditch, trench, 12, 22. 
 foveS, 2, fovi, fdtus, warm: 
 favor, assist, support, 61, 
 18. 
 
 fragmentum, -I, n. [frag-, break], 
 piece broken off, piece, frag¬ 
 ment, 40, 28. (W. G. 38.) 
 fragor, -oris, m. [frag-, break], 
 crash, noise: thunder, 4, 23. 
 (W. G. 38.) 
 
 frango, 3, fregi, fractus [frag-, 
 break], break in pieces, break, 
 shatter, 51, 4: subdue, crush, 
 weaken, overco 7 tie, check, 9, 11; 
 
 23, 25; 39, 20. (W. G. 38.) 
 frater, -tris, m., brother, 1, 3. 
 fraternus, adj. (frater, brother), 
 of a brother, a brother's, 41, 3. 
 fraudo, 1, -avi, -atus (fraus, 
 fraud), defraud, cheat, rob, 11, 
 21. 
 
 fraus, fraudis, F., cheatmg, impo¬ 
 sition, stratagem , 14, 3 : foul 
 play, crime, 13, 15. 
 frenum, -T, n., plur. freni, -drum, 
 m., or frena, -orum, n., bridle, 
 bit, 13, 24. 
 
 frequenter, adv. with comp, and 
 
 sup. (frequens, often), often, 
 frequently, 9, 5. 
 
 frugalitas, -tatis, f. (frugalis, 
 thrifty), economy, thriftiness, 
 frugality, 47, 25. 
 
 frumentarius, adj. (frumentum, 
 
 corn), of corn : for distributing 
 grain, 41, 9. 
 
 frumentum, -i, N., corn, grain, 
 harvested gram, 41, 5. 
 
 fruor, 3, fructus, dep., enjoy, de¬ 
 light in, 27, 10. 
 
 frustra, adv. (cf. fraus, decep¬ 
 tion), in error: without effect, 
 in vain, 48, 14. 
 
 Fufetius, -i, m., gentile name of 
 Mettius Fufetius, the leader of 
 the Albans, 6, 20. 
 
 fuga, -ae, f. [fvg-, flee], flight, 
 7, 12. (W. G. 40.) 
 
 fugiens, -entis, adj. (p. of fugio, 
 flee), fleeing. As subst., M., a 
 fugitive, 51, 22. 
 
 fugio, 3, fugi, fugiturus [fvg-, 
 flee], flee, fly, take flight, 4, 5: 
 avoid, shun, 24, 4. (W. G. 
 40.) 
 
 fugo, i, -avi, -atus (fuga, flight ), 
 cause to flee, put to flight, 49, 
 28. (W. G. 40.) 
 
 fulgeo, 2, fulsi, — [fvlg-, blaze], 
 lighten: flash, glea?n, 7, 5. (W. 
 
 G. 36.) 
 
 fulmen, -inis, n. [fvlg-, blaze], 
 lightning flash, thunderbolt, 5, 
 11. (\V. G. 36.) 
 
 Fulvius, -i, m., gentile name of 
 A. Fulvius, one of Catiline’s 
 followers, 59, 26. 
 
252 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 funale, -is, n. [funis, rope; fr. 
 
 FID-, bind], a wax torch , 31, 5. 
 functus (p. of fungor), 51, 13. 
 fundo, 3, fudi, fusus [fvd-, pour], 
 poiir, pour out : scatter , van¬ 
 quish, put to flight, rout , 10, 7. 
 (W. G. 39.) 
 
 fungor, 3, functus, dep., busy 
 oneself be engaged, perform, 
 discharge, 51, 13. 
 funus, -eris, N., funeral proces¬ 
 sion, burial, funeral, 55, 27. 
 furax, -acis, adj. with sup. (furor, 
 steal), given to stealing, thievish, 
 29 20 (W G 34.) 
 
 Furculae, -arum, f. (dim. of 
 furca, fork), the Furculae Cau¬ 
 dinae, the fork-like defiles 
 where the Romans were de¬ 
 feated by the Samnites, 321 
 b.c., 23, 13. 
 
 Furius, -I, m., Furius , name of a 
 Roman gens, 19, 1. 
 furor, - 5 ris, M. (fur 5 , rage), rage, 
 madness, fury, passion, 41, 1. 
 furto, adv. (furtum, theft), by 
 stealth, secretly, 5, 19. (W. G. 
 
 34 -) 
 
 futurus, adj. (p. of sum, be), go¬ 
 ing to be, coming, future, 55, 4. 
 
 Gabii, -drum, m., Gabii , an an¬ 
 cient city of Latium, 14, 3. 
 
 Gabini, -drum, m., the Gabifii, the 
 inhabitants of Gabii, 14, 5. 
 
 Gades, -ium, f., Gades, a town in 
 southern Spain, now Cadiz, 
 50, 11. 
 
 Gaius, -I, m., Gains, a Roman 
 praenomen, abbreviated C., 
 2 3 , 5 - 
 
 Gallia, -ae, f., Gaul, the country 
 comprising substantially all 
 that is now Holland, Belgium, 
 Switzerland, and France,51,13. 
 
 Gallus, adj., of Gaul, Gallic , 20, 
 4. As subst., M., a Gaul, 20, 
 7; 21, 12. 
 
 gaudium, -I, n. (gaudeo, rejoice), 
 inward joy, joy, delight, 7, 8. 
 
 Gaurus, -I, M., Gaurus, a moun¬ 
 tain in Campania, famous for 
 its wine, 22, 23. 
 
 G 
 
 geminatus, adj. (p. of gemind, 
 
 double ), double, 7, 21. 
 geminus, adj., twin-born: double , 
 5, 26; plur. M. as subst., twins, 
 
 L 5 - 
 
 gener, -eri, m. [gen-, beget], 
 daughter's husband, son-in-law, 
 12, 13. (W. G. 41.) 
 genitus, p. of gigno, 12, 1. 
 gens, gentis, f. [gen-, beget], race, 
 family, house, 57, 11 : people, 
 nation, tribe, 3, 5 ; 4, 30. (W. 
 G. 41.) 
 
 genu, -us, n. knee, 24, 21. 
 genus, -eris, n. [gen-, beget], race, 
 family, 25, 3 : rank, class, or¬ 
 der, kind, 31, 20; 57, 8. (W. 
 
 G. 41.) 
 
 Germani, -drum, m., the Germans, 
 51, 16. 
 
 Germania, -ae, f., Germania, 
 
 Germany, 71, 5. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 253 
 
 gero, 3, gessi, gestus [ges-, car¬ 
 ry], bear about , carry , wear, 
 have, display, 3, 23 ; 7, 3: ac¬ 
 complish, manage, wage, carry 
 07 i, 6, 12; 51, 14 ; 62, 6: with 
 se, act, co 7 iduct oneself, behave, 
 1, 12; 43, 13: magistratum 
 gerere, to fill or occupy an office, 
 20, 20. (W. G. 42.) 
 gesto, 1, -avi, -atus (freq. of 
 gero, bear), have, wear, 56, 27. 
 gestus, -us, M. [ges-, carry], bear- 
 ing, gesture, viovement, sign, 
 69, 7. (W. G. 42.) 
 gigno, 3, genui, genitus [gen-, 
 beget], produce, give birth to, 
 beget, bear, 12, 1 ; 60, 2. (W. 
 G. 41.) 
 
 gladius, -i, M., sword, 7, 5 (v. n. 
 fig. 29). 
 
 gloria, -ae, F., glory, fame, re- 
 7 iow 7 i, honor, 9, 14. 
 gldrior, 1, -atus, dep. (gloria, glo¬ 
 ry), pride 07 ieself, boast, 36, 5. 
 gloriose, adv. with comp, and 
 sup. (gloria, glory), gloriously, 
 40, 29. 
 
 gloriosus, adj. with comp, and 
 sup. (gloria, glo 7 -y), full of 
 glory, glorious, fa??ious: to be 
 gloried in, 26, 23. 
 
 Gnaeus, -i, m., Gnaeus, a Roman 
 praenomen ; abbreviation C71., 
 42, 23. 
 
 Gracchus, -i, M., Gracchus, family 
 name of the Sempronian gens, 
 e.g., Tiberius Sempro 7 iius Grac¬ 
 chus, 39, 23. 
 
 gradus, -us, m. [grad-, walk], 
 
 step, pace, 23, 16 : stage, grade, 
 degree, 70, 30 : stairs, steps, 13, 
 19. (W. G. 44.) 
 
 Graecia, -ae, f., Greece, 17, 21. 
 Graeculus, adj. (dim. of Graecus), 
 Grecian, Greek. As subst. m. 
 and F., a worthless, msig 7 iifi- 
 caitt Greek, 69, 1. 
 
 Graecus, adj., of the Greeks, 
 Greek, Grecia 7 t, 40, 1. 
 grandis, -e, adj. with comp., full- 
 grown, large, great, 69, 12. 
 granum, -i, N., gram, seed, 57, 
 10. 
 
 graphium, -i, n. (Gr., ypacpiov), 
 writing-style, pen, 55, 18. 
 gratia, -ae, f. (gratus, pleasing), 
 favor, esteei 7 i, regard, friend¬ 
 ship, 17, 8 : thayiks, gratitude, 
 29, 24 : return, recompe 7 ise, 50, 
 22 : abb gratia, after a gen., on 
 accou 7 it, for the sake, 12, 12. 
 gratulor, 1, -atus, dep. (gratus, 
 pleasmg), 77 ianifest joy, con¬ 
 gratulate, 7, 25. 
 
 gratus, adj. with comp, and sup., 
 
 dear, agreeable, acceptable, pleas- 
 ing, 31, 2: gratefiil, thankful, 
 
 16, 15. 
 
 gravis, -e, adj. with comp, gra¬ 
 vior, and sup. gravissimus, 
 
 heavy, laden, burde)ied, 32, 9 : 
 serious, darigerous, severe, 12, 
 16; 52, 22: earnest, weighty, 
 22, 4 : harsh, aiuioying, disa¬ 
 greeable, 26, 20; 52, 4: eini- 
 nent, great, 41, 17. 
 graviter, adv. with comp, gra¬ 
 vius, and sup. gravissime, 
 
254 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 (gravis, heavy), heavily: great- gubernator, -oris, M. (gubemS, 
 
 ly, seriously, severely , 48, 6: steer), steersman, helmsman, 
 
 deeply, impressively, 48, 15. 52, 29. 
 
 H 
 
 habeo, 2, -ul, -itus [hab-, have - ], 
 have, hold, occupy, 1, 2 ; 4, 22 ; 
 28, 23: treat, 25, 18 : hold, 
 converse, 59, 21 : have in mind, 
 regard, look up 07 i, consider, 27, 
 
 2 5 ; 70, 9 - (W. G. 45.) 
 habito, 1, -avi, -atus (freq. of 
 habeS, have), dwell, abide, in¬ 
 habit, 9, s ; 9, 6. (W. G. 45.) 
 habitus, -us, m. [hab-, have], 
 condition, appearance: attire, 
 dress, apparel, 66, 20. 
 Hamilcar, -aris, m., Hamilcar 
 Barca, the famous Carthagin¬ 
 ian general, the hero of the 
 first Punic war, the father of 
 the great Hannibal, 32, 6. 
 Hannibal, -alis, m., Hannibal, a 
 common Carthaginian name 
 (31,6), esp. the great Carthagin¬ 
 ian commander, who brought 
 Rome to the verge of destruc¬ 
 tion in the second Punic war 
 (218-202 B.c), 32, 18. 
 
 Hanno, -onis, M., a very common 
 Carthaginian name, eg., the 
 commander of the fleet at the 
 ./Egatian islands, 241 b.c., 32, 4. 
 haruspex, -icis, M. [*haru, en¬ 
 trails ; spec-, see], inspector of 
 the entrails of victims, sooth¬ 
 sayer, diviner, 55,6. (W. G. 68.) 
 hasta, -ae, f., staff: spear, 10, 2. 
 
 haud, adv., not, not at all, 2, 8 ; 
 
 7 , 15 - 
 
 herba, -ae, f. [*ferba, fer-, bear], 
 grass, greens, herb, 29, 13. (W. 
 G. 34 -) 
 
 Herculaneum, -I, n., Hercula¬ 
 neum, a town of Campania, 
 near Naples, buried by Vesu¬ 
 vius 79 a.d., 22, 25. 
 
 Hercules, -is, m., Hercules, the 
 Greek Heracles, son of Jupi¬ 
 ter and Alcmena, and god of 
 strength, 26, 3. 
 
 hereditas, -atis, f. (heres, heir), 
 heirship, inheritance, 63, 16. 
 
 Herennius, -I, m., Heretinius, 
 
 name of a Samnite, afterwards 
 of a Roman gens. Herennius 
 Pontius, father of C. Pontius, 
 the Samnite general, 23, 22. 
 
 heres, -edis, m. and f., heir, 61, 
 
 i 7 - 
 
 heri, adv., yesterday, 28, 13. 
 
 hibernacula, -orum, n. (dim. of 
 hibema, winter-qicarters), tents 
 for winter-quarters, an encamp¬ 
 ment for winter, 19, 19. 
 
 hic, haec, h 5 c, pron. dem., this, 
 the present, 3, 16 : the follow¬ 
 ing, 2, 23 : the aforesaid, 10, 
 6: he, she, it, 1, 16: hie . . . 
 ille, the former . . . the latter, 
 52 , 4 - 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 255 
 
 hie, adv., in this place, at this 
 point, here, 22, 8. 
 
 hiemo, 1, -avi, -aturus (hiems, 
 winter ), pass the winter, ig, 
 1 9 . 
 
 hiems, -emis, F., winter, winter 
 time, 70, 22 : storm, 52, 22. 
 
 Hierosolyma, -orum, n., Jerusa¬ 
 lem, chief city of the Jews, 46, 
 26. 
 
 hilare, adv. with comp, (hilarus, 
 gay), gayly,'merrily, 43, 4. 
 
 hilaritas, -atis, f. (hilaris, cheer¬ 
 ful), cheerfulness, gayety, mer¬ 
 riment, hilarity, 71, 16. 
 
 hinc, adv., from this place, hence, 
 8, 3 : hinc . . . hinc, on this 
 side ... on that, 4, 12. 
 
 Hispania, -ae, f., Spain, 32, 22. 
 
 Hispaniensis, -e, adj. (Hispania, 
 Spain), of Spain, Spanish, 53, 
 ig. 
 
 hodie, adv. (contracted from hdc 
 die, on this day), to-day, 28, 14. 
 (W. G. 27.) 
 
 homo, -inis, M. and F., human 
 being, man, person, 10, 9. 
 
 honestas, -atis, f. (honos, honor), 
 honor, reputation: integrity, 
 virtue, 29, 2. 
 
 honeste, adv. with comp, and 
 sup. (honestus, honorable),prop¬ 
 erly, creditably, honorably, 62, 
 
 T 5- 
 
 honestus, -adj. with comp, and 
 sup. (honos, honor), regarded 
 with honor, respected: becom¬ 
 ing, honorable, worthy , 48, 16. 
 
 honorifice, adv., comp, honorifi¬ 
 
 centius, sup. honorificentissime 
 (honorificus, honorable), honora¬ 
 bly, with honor, 26, 6. 
 honorificus, adj., comp, -ficentior, 
 sup. -ficentissimus [honds, hon¬ 
 or; FAC-, do], that does honor, 
 honorable, 45, 24. 
 honds or honor, -oris, m., honor, 
 distinction, esteem, 25, 18: pub¬ 
 lic honor, office, 20, 20 ; 38, 24: 
 honoris causa, out of respect, 
 48, 10. 
 
 hora, -ae, f., hour, 53, 10. 
 Horatius, -I, M., Horatius, name 
 of a Roman gens, 6, 22. 
 horrendus, adj. (p. of horred, 
 shudder), dreadful, terrible, 
 fearful, horrible, 28, II. 
 horror, - 5 ris, m. (cf. horreo, shud¬ 
 der), shaking, shudder: horror, 
 Mr, 7, 5. 
 
 hortor, 1, -atus, dep., urge, in¬ 
 cite, encourage, exhort, 38, 4. 
 hortus, -I, M., garden, 14, 12. 
 hospes, -itis, M. (cf. hostis, stran¬ 
 ger, enemy), entertainer, host, 
 4, 6. 
 
 hospita, -ae, f. (cf. hospes, host), 
 she who entertains, a hostess : 
 visitor, guest, stranger, 15, 8. 
 hospitalis, -e, adj. with sup. 
 (hospes, guest, host), hospita¬ 
 ble, kind, 22, 20. 
 
 hostia, -ae, F., animal sacrificed, 
 victim, 65 , 3 °- 
 
 hostilis, -e, adj. (hostis, enemy), 
 of an enemy, hostile, 23, 13. 
 hostiliter, adv. (hostilis, hostile), 
 like an enemy, 64, 12. 
 
256 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Hostilius, -i, m., name of a Ro¬ 
 man gens, 4, 4. Ttillus Hosti¬ 
 lius , third king of Rome, 6 , 
 17- 
 
 hostis, -is, m. and F., stranger, 
 foreigner: enemy, 4, 7. 
 hue, adv. (cf. hie, this), to this 
 place, hither, 33, 30. 
 humanitas, -atis, f. (humanus, 
 human), human nature : kind¬ 
 
 ness, sympathy, good nature, 
 26, 10: culture, refinement, 57, 
 17 - 
 
 humanus, adj. with comp, and 
 sup. (homo, man), of man, 
 human, 16, 24. 
 
 hydra, -ae, f. (Gr., vdpa), water- 
 serpent : the Hydra, a mythical 
 monster having fifty heads, 
 slain by Hercules, 26, 3. 
 
 iace 5 , 2, -cui, — [iac-, go, send; 
 cf. iacio, throw], lie, be pros¬ 
 trate, 25, 20 : lie dead, 7, 24. 
 
 (W. G. 47.) 
 
 iactatio, - 5 nis, f. (iacto, throw), 
 tossing, shaking, motion, 61, 
 
 26. (W. G. 47.) 
 
 iacto, 1, -avl, -atus (freq. of 
 iaci 5 , throw), throw, cast, hurl, 
 52, 16 : toss, 21, 20 : boast of, 
 vaunt, take pride in, 42, 9. (W. 
 G. 47 -) 
 
 iam, adv., at the present moment, 
 then, now, 7, 20: by this time, 
 already, 4, 5 : immediately, 
 
 straightway, directly, presently, 
 65, 22 : iam nunc, at this very 
 7 noment, even at this time, 27, 
 11. 
 
 iam pridem, adv., long ago, long 
 since, 52, 3. 
 
 Ianiculum, -T, n. (Ianus), the 
 Janiculum, one of the hills of 
 Rome, site of the mythical 
 citadel of Janus, 6, 13. (W.G. 
 
 27. ) 
 
 Ianus, -i, m. [for *Dianus = 
 Divanus, fr. DIV-, shine], Janus, 
 an old Italian sun deity, later 
 god of doors, passages, and 
 entrances, of all beginnings, 
 and of the month of January, 
 5, 25. (W. G. 27.) 
 
 Iarbas, -ae, m., Iarbas, a king of 
 Mauritania in Northern Africa, 
 44, 12. 
 
 ibi, adv., in that place, there, 6, 
 25 : then, thereupon, 27, 21. 
 ibidem, adv. (ibi, in that place ; 
 -dem, demonst. suffix), in the 
 same place, on the spot, 15, 17. 
 (ico), 3, IcI, ictus (only in perf. 
 system), strike, hit, 9, 13 ; 40, 
 29: with foedus, to make a 
 treaty, enter into a league, 4, 14. 
 ictus, -us, M. (cf. ico, strike), blow, 
 stroke, thrust, 43, 8. 
 idem, eadem, idem, pron. dem., 
 the same, 1, 14: likewise, also, 
 etc., 4, 28 ; 10, 11; 34, 27. 
 ide 5 , adv., for that reason, on 
 that account, 22, 19. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 257 
 
 Idus, Iduum, F., the Ides , middle 
 of the mouthy the 15th of March, 
 May, July, and October, and 
 the 13th of the other months, 
 55, 3 - 
 
 igitur, conj., then, therefore , there¬ 
 upon, 18, 4 ; 23, 16 : then, as 
 I was saying, 38, 26. 
 
 Ignavia, -ae, f. (Ignavus, idle), 
 laziness, sloth, worthlessness, 
 50 , 13. 
 
 Ignavus, adj. with comp, and 
 sup. (in-, not; (g)navus, busy), 
 inactive, lazy, without spirit, 
 cowardly. 
 
 Ignis, -is, m., fire, 5, 7. 
 
 Ignobilis, -e, adj. (in-, not; 
 (g)nobilis, known), unknown, 
 inglorious, obscure, 30, 15. (W. 
 G. 43 -) 
 
 Ignoro, 1, -avi, -atus [*Ignorus, 
 
 ignorant; GNO-, know~\, not to 
 know, be ignorant, 56, 19. (W. 
 G. 43 -) 
 
 Ignosco, 3, -novi, -notus (in-, not; 
 (g)nosco, come to know), par¬ 
 don, forgive, overlook, indulge, 
 18, 18 ; 54, 3. (W. G. 43.) 
 
 Ignotus, adj. with comp, and 
 sup. (in-, not; (g)notus, known), 
 unknown, unfamiliar, strange, 
 
 4 6 , 6 . (W. G. 43-) 
 
 Ilico, adv. (in, on ; loco, the spot), 
 on the spot, instantly, immedi¬ 
 ately, 55, 13- 
 
 ille, illa, illud, pron. dem., that, 
 7, 23: he, she, it, they, 3, 22 ; 
 34 , 13; 38, 6 ; 49, 8 : the fa¬ 
 mous, well known, 40, 3 : ille 
 
 . . . hie, the former . . . the 
 latter, 6, 14. 
 
 illlc, adv. (cf. ille, that), yonder, 
 in that place, there, 50, 4. 
 illuc, adv. (cf. ille, that), to that 
 place, thither, 34, 1. 
 imago, -inis, f. (cf. imitor, imi¬ 
 tate), imitation, copy, likeness, 
 statue, bust, picture, 3, 1; 50, 
 
 * 3 - 
 
 imbellis, -e, adj. (in-, not; bellum, 
 
 war), unwarlike, 4, 6. (W. G. 
 28.) 
 
 imber, -bris, M., rain, violent 
 rain, shower, 34, 25. 
 imbuo, 3, -ui, -utus, wet, soak: 
 
 infect, imbue, fill, 6, 9. 
 imitator, -6ris, m. (imitor, uni¬ 
 tate), imitator, mimic, 22, 24. 
 imitor, 1, -atus, dep., imitate, act 
 like, 39, 3. 
 
 immaturus, adj. (in-, not; matu¬ 
 rus, ripe), untimely, tinripe, 
 premature, 8, 3; 10, 15. 
 immemor, -oris, adj. (in-, not; 
 memor, mindful), unmindful, 
 forgetful, regardless, heedless, 
 23, 20. 
 
 immensus, adj. [in-, not; mensus, 
 P. of metior, measure ], immeas- 
 urable, vast, immense, 15, 12. 
 
 (W. G. 51.) 
 
 immineo, 2, —, —, project over, 
 overhang: menace, threaten, 29, 
 22. 
 
 immo, adv., no indeed, on the 
 contrary : and even, nay more, 
 
 67, 19. 
 
 immobilis, -e, adj. with comp. 
 
258 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 (in, not; mobilis, movable), im¬ 
 movable, 23, 17. (W. G. 54.) 
 immolb, 1, -avi, -atus (in, upon; 
 mola, meal), sprinkle with sac¬ 
 rificial meal, offer, sacrifice, 
 
 13, 5 - 
 
 immortalis, -e, adj. (in-, not; 
 mortalis, mortal), immortal, 15, 
 27. 
 
 immotus, adj. (in-, not; motus, 
 
 moved), unmoved, undisturbed, 
 firm, 62, 2. (W. G. 54.) 
 impar, -aris, adj. (in-, not; par, 
 equal), uneven, dissimilar: un¬ 
 equal to, no match for, 7, n. 
 impatiens, -entis, adj. (in-, not; 
 patiens, bearing), that cannot 
 bear, impatient, 52, 25. 
 impedi 5 , 4, -ivi, -Itus (in, in; 
 pes, foot), entangle, ensnare: 
 hinder, prevent, 27, 10. (W. G. 
 61.) 
 
 impeditus, adj. with comp, and 
 sup. (p. of impedio, hinder), hin¬ 
 dered, embarrassed, burdened, 
 encumbered, 32, 9. (W. G. 61.) 
 impendium, -I, n. (impendd, weigh 
 out), money laid out, expense, 
 cost, 68, 22. 
 
 impensa, -ae, f. (impensus, p. of 
 impendo), expenditure, outlay, 
 50, 21. 
 
 imperator, -oris, m. (impero, com¬ 
 mand, order), commander-in¬ 
 chief, general, 29, 21 : impera¬ 
 tor, emperor, 68, 12. 
 imperfectus, adj., unfinished, 
 52, 6. 
 
 imperium, -I, n. (impero, co?n- 
 
 mand, order), coi?imand, order. 
 authority, power , 13, 4: do¬ 
 minion, empire, supreme com- 
 mand, 2, 17: realm, empire, 
 state, 38, 10. 
 
 imperd, 1, -avi, -atus (in, upon; 
 paro, put), command, order, 
 28, 8: rule, govern, 29, 16: 
 impose, levy, 51, 19. 
 impetro, 1, -avi, -atus (in, with¬ 
 out force; patrd, bring about), 
 gain one's end, get, obtain, pro¬ 
 cure by request, 20, 11; 39, 10. 
 impetus, -us, m. (in, against; 
 peto, strive), attack, assault, on¬ 
 set, 4, 3 : fury, impulse, vio¬ 
 lence, 7, 15. 
 
 impietas, -atis, F. (impius, irrev¬ 
 erent), irreverence, impiety, dis¬ 
 loyalty to parents, 64, 24. 
 impius, adj. (in-, not; pius, duti¬ 
 ful, pious), U 71 dutiful, unpatri¬ 
 otic, zvicked, 3, 26. 
 implied, 1, -avi, -atus [in, in ; 
 PLEC-, fold'), infold, grasp, 
 seize: disable, g, 10. (W. G. 60.) 
 implord, 1, -avi, -atus, invoke 
 with tears, beseech, entreat, 18, 
 
 T 5- 
 
 impond, 3, -posui, -positus (in, 
 upon; pdnd, place), place upon, 
 set on, 54, 29 put on board, 
 embark, 1, 7 : impose, assign, 
 put, 31, 23. 
 
 imprimis, adv. (in, in; primus, 
 
 first), especially, 45, 19. 
 
 impugno, 1, -avi, -atus (in, 
 against; pugnd, fight), fight 
 against, attack : oppose, 61, 18 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 259 
 
 impunitus, adj. with comp, (in-, 
 un-; punitus, punished), un¬ 
 punished, 70, 7. 
 
 in, prep, with acc. or abl. : with 
 acc., (1) of place after verbs of 
 motion, into, to, upon, 1,7; 1, 
 15;- 11, 29: against, towards, 
 among, 7, 16; 12, 11: in, 1,6: 
 (2) of purpose, in order to, for, 
 8 , 24 : (3) of other relations, 
 to, respecting, towards, 14, 5 : 
 with abl., (1) of place, in, 
 within, 1, 10 : on, over, at, 1,9; 
 10, 13 : of, among, 41, 8 : (2) of 
 time, during, in, at, 41, 21. 
 inambulo, 1, —, — (in, in, 071 ; 
 ambulo, walk), walk up a 7 id 
 dow 7 i, pace to and fro, 14, 12. 
 
 (W. G. 73.) 
 
 inanis, -e, adj. with comp, and 
 sup., einpty, 42, 20. 
 incalescd, 3, -calul, —, inch, (in, 
 without force; calescd, grozv 
 warm), grow warm, be heated, 
 26, 13. 
 
 incautus, adj. with comp, (in-, 
 not; cautus, careful), incau¬ 
 tious, heedless, off one's guard, 
 
 35 , 14 - 
 
 incedo, 3, -cessi, -cessus (in, o)i; 
 cedo, move), advance, march, 
 go, 67, 30. 
 
 incendium, -i, n. [in, to; cand-, 
 glow'], flame, co)iflagration, 59, 
 22. (W. G. 16.) ’ 
 incendo, 3, -di, -census [in, to; 
 CAND-, glow], set fire to, bur71, 
 33, 28; 43, 2: rouse, incite, 59, 
 14. (W. G. 16.) 
 
 inceptum, -i, n. (p. n. of incipid, 
 
 begin), beginning, attempt, u)i > 
 dertaking, 60, 3. (W. G. 17.) 
 incido, 3, -cidi, — (in, in, on; 
 cado, fall), fall in, fall: arise, 
 C 077 ie upo)i, 14, 21: happai, oc¬ 
 cur, 59 , T 9 - (W. G. 14.) 
 incito, 1, -avi,-atus (in, 071; cito, 
 urge), set hi rapid motion, 
 haste)t: spur 01, incite, 13, 16. 
 inclamo, 1, -avi, -atus (in, to, 
 agamst; clamo, call), give a 
 cry, appeal, call out to, call 
 upO)i, 7, 17; 36, 17. 
 inclino, 1, -avi, -atus (in, to; 
 *clino, lea)i ), baid, uiclme: be 
 favorable to, 27, 18. 
 includo, 3, -si, -sus (in, i)i ; clau¬ 
 do, shut), shut up, shut in, co)i- 
 fi)ie, 63, 24. 
 
 inclutus, adj., celebrated, famous, 
 11, 10: rencnv)ied , 5, 3. 
 incognitus, adj. (in-, 7 iot; cdgni- 
 tus, k)iow 7 t), u)ik)iow)i, 15, 8. 
 
 (W. G. 43 ) 
 
 incola, -ae, m. and f. [in, in; 
 COL-, till, dwell], i)ihabita)it, 
 3, 2. (W. G. 21.) 
 incolo, 3, -lui, — (in, i)i; colo, 
 till, dwell), be at home, dwell, 
 51, 16. (W. G. 21.) 
 incolumis, -e, adj., sound, u)ii)i- 
 jured, safe, 16, 14; 23, 26. 
 incredibilis, -e, adj. (in-, not; 
 credibilis, to be believed), )iot to 
 be believed, uicredible, 44, 19. 
 increpd, 1, -ui, -itus (in, inten¬ 
 sive ; crepo, rattle), soiuid, 
 make resomid: rattle, crash, 
 
260 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 7, 4', 2i, 24: chide, rebuke, 
 scold, 2, 23 ; 8, 2. 
 increscd, 3, -evi, — (in, upon ; 
 crescd, grow), grow upon, in¬ 
 crease, 10, 11. 
 
 incumbo, 3, -cubui, -cubitus (in, 
 upon ; *cumbd, lie, lean), lean: 
 exert oneself, apply oneself, at¬ 
 tend to, 57, 24. 
 
 incuriosus, adj. (in-, not; curio¬ 
 sus, careful), careless, negligent, 
 71, i. (W. G. 18.) 
 incursio, -onis, F. [in, in, against; 
 cel-, CVR-, drive], running 
 against, attack: incursion, in¬ 
 vasion, 9, 20. (W. G. 19.) 
 incutio, 3, -cussi, -cussus (in, 
 into, against; quatio, shake), 
 wield against, strike, 20, 28. 
 inde, adv., from that place, thence, 
 14, 24; ig, 2 : then, thereupon, 
 10, 22 : therefore, fror?i this 
 fact, 17, 5. 
 
 index, -dicis, m. and f. [in, to; 
 Die-, point], one who points out: 
 sign, mark, indication, 5, 26. 
 (W. G. 26.) 
 
 indicium, -i, n. [in, to; Die-, 
 
 point], notice, information: in¬ 
 dication, proof, sign, 55, 4. (W. 
 G. 26.) 
 
 indico, 1, -avi, -atus (index, one 
 
 who points out), point out, in- 
 form, show, reveal, 1,21; ig, 18. 
 indico, 3, -dixi, -dictus (in, to; 
 died, say), declare publicly, an¬ 
 nounce, proclaim, appoint, 71, 
 7: bellum indicere, declare war 
 against, g, 7. (W. G. 26.) 
 
 indictus, adj. (in-, not; dictus, 
 said), not said: indicta causa, 
 without a hearing, 60, 25. 
 indigeo, 2, -ui, — (indu (=in), 
 without force; egeo, need), 
 need, want, 2g, 17. 
 indignatus, adj. (p. of indignor, 
 deem unworthy), angered, in¬ 
 dignant, 5g, 14. 
 
 indigne, adv. with comp, and sup. 
 (indignus, unworthy), unworthi¬ 
 ly: angrily, impatiently, 14, 4. 
 indignus, adj. with comp, and 
 sup., unworthy, unbecoming, 
 undeserving, 62, II. 
 indo, 3, -didi, -ditus [in, into, on ; 
 2 DA-, put], put into : give, con¬ 
 fer, 57 , O- 
 
 indoles, -is, f. [indu (=in) in; 
 OL-, grow], inborn quality, 
 nature, character, bearing, dis¬ 
 position, 2, 7 ; 3g, 25. (W. G. 
 
 5 6 -) 
 
 induco, 3, -duxi, -ductus (in, in; 
 duco, lead), lead in, 23, 6 : per¬ 
 suade, mislead, induce, 44, 9. 
 (W. G. 29.) 
 
 industria, -ae, f. (industrius, 
 
 active), diligence, industry, zeal, 
 
 11, 1. 
 
 industrius, adj., active, diligent, 
 careful, industrious, 29, 21. 
 ineo,-ire,-ivi and-ii, -itus (in, into ; 
 e 5 , go), go into: begin, enter 
 upon, 51, 24 : devise, meditate, 
 form, engage in, 41, 4. (W. G. 
 46.) 
 
 infamis, -e, adj. (in-, negative; 
 fama, reputation, fame), of ill 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 261 
 
 repute, in disgrace, infamous, 
 
 2 7 > 2 5 - ( w - G - 3 2 -) 
 infans, -fantis, adj. with comp. 
 
 and sup. (-in, not; *fans, speak¬ 
 ing), that cannot speak, mute. 
 As subst. m. and F., infant, i, 
 ii. (W. G. 32.) 
 
 infelix, -Icis, adj. with comp, and 
 sup. (in-, not; felix, fruitful), 
 unfruitful: unsuccessful, ill- 
 fated, unfortunate, 31, 10. 
 infero, -ferre, intuli, inlatus (in, 
 in, against; fero, bear), bring 
 iit, carry in, 35, 13: bring 
 against, wage, direct, 46, 13: 
 with se, betake oneself, go, 4, 12. 
 (W. G. 34.) 
 
 infesto, 1, —, — (Infestus, dis¬ 
 turbed), annoy, make unsafe, 
 disturb, ravage, 2, 4; 45, 15. 
 infestus, adj. with comp, and 
 sup., made unsafe, disturbed: 
 hostile, 7, 2. 
 
 inflatus, adj. with comp. (p. of 
 Infid, blow into), swelled up, in¬ 
 flated, 57, 7. 
 
 informo, 1, -avi, -atus (in, to; 
 formd, give shape), shape, 
 fashion: inform, instruct, edu¬ 
 cate, 57, 17. 
 
 infra, adv. and prep, with acc., 
 below, beneath, 55, 17. 
 infundo, 3, -fudi, -fusus (in, in, 
 upon ; fundo, pour), pour upon, 
 pour in, 41, 30. (W. G. 39.) 
 ingemo, 3, -ul, — (in, at, over; 
 gemo, groan), groan over, 
 mourn, bewail, 50, 13. 
 ingenium, -i, n. [in, in; gen-, 
 
 be born], nature, innate quality: 
 disposition, character, 13, 14; 
 36 , 22 : talent, ability, capacity, 
 genius, 59, 27. (W. G. 41.) 
 in gens, -entis, adj. with comp, [in-, 
 not; gen-, beget], not natural: 
 vast, huge, enormous, very great, 
 
 5 , IU 7 , 5 - (W- G - 4 1 -) 
 ingenuus, adj. [in, in; gen-, 
 beget, be born], native: free¬ 
 born, of free parents, 11, 18. 
 (W. G. 41.) 
 
 ingratus, adj. with comp, and 
 sup. (in-, not; gratus, pleasant), 
 unthankful, ungrateful, 20, 3. 
 ingredior, -i, -essus, dep. (in, on, 
 forward; gradior, walk), ad¬ 
 vance, go forward: enter, 10, 
 26. (W. G. 44.) 
 
 ingressus, p. of ingredior, 20, 23. 
 inhibeo, 2, -ui, -itus (in, in; habeo, 
 
 hold), hold in, hold back, 13, 
 
 24. (W. G. 45-) 
 
 inicio, 3, -iecl, -iectus (in, in, 
 upon; iacio, throw), throw 
 upon: throw over, apply, put 
 on, 8, 8 : lay hands on, seize, 
 18, 6: inspire, infuse, suggest, 
 
 60, 13. (W. G. 47-) 
 inimicitia, -ae, f. (inimicus, un¬ 
 friendly), enmity, hostility, 61, 
 
 11. 
 
 inimicus, adj. (in-, not; amicus, 
 friendly), unfriendly, hostile, 
 29, 25. As subst., enemy, per¬ 
 sonal foe, 43, 29. (W. G. 5.) 
 inique, adv. with comp, and sup. 
 (iniquus, unequal), unequally: 
 unjustly, unfairly, 10, 26. 
 
262 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 iniquus, adj. with comp, and sup. 
 (in-, not; aequus, even), uneven: 
 unfair, unjust, 21, 23: hostile, 
 adverse, unkind, 62, 1. 
 initium, -i, n. [in, into; 1-, go], go¬ 
 ing in, entrance: beginning, 20, 
 29 : abl. sing, initio as adv., in 
 the beginning, at first, 58, 18. 
 (W. G. 46.) 
 
 iniuria, -ae, f. (in, against; ius, 
 law), injustice, wrong, injury, 
 insult, 20, 2; 56, 15; 70, 5. 
 (W. G. 48.) 
 
 (iniussus, -us), m., only in the 
 abl. (in-, without; iussus, or¬ 
 der), without command, without 
 orders, 24, 10. 
 
 inlido, 3, -si, -sus (in, upon, 
 against; laedo, strike), dash 
 against, 71, 11. 
 
 inligo, 1, -avi, -atus (in, on ; ligo, 
 bind), bind on, fasten, tie, ig, 
 ! 3 - 
 
 inludd, 3, -si, -sus (in, at, with ; 
 ludo, play), play at, sport with: 
 jeer at, mock, ridicule, 24, 3. 
 inlustris, -e, adj. with comp, [in, 
 intensive ; LVC-, shine], lighted, 
 bright: famous, distinguished, 
 renowned, 47, 2. (W. G. 50.) 
 innitor, 3, -nixus, dep. (in, oft, 
 upon ; nitor, strive), lean upon, 
 support 07 ieself by, 57, 7. 
 innotescd, 3, -tui, —, inch, (in, 
 without force ; notesco, become 
 k 7 iow 7 i), beco) 7 ie known, 39, 18. 
 innoxius, adj. (in-, not; noxius, 
 harmful), harmless: 7 iot guilty, 
 innocent, 20, 2. 
 
 innu 5 , 3, -ui, — (in, to; *nuo, 
 
 nod), nod, hint, intimate, 44, 
 
 2 5 ; 
 
 inopia, -ae, F. (inops, needy), want, 
 famine, 7 ieed, poverty, 21, 7. 
 inopinatus, adj. (in-, not; opina¬ 
 tus, supposed), imexpected, 56, 
 
 1. 
 
 inops, -opis, adj. (in-, without; 
 (ops), resources), without re¬ 
 sources, helpless: needy, poor, 
 destitute, 29, 30. 
 
 inquam, defective, always post¬ 
 positive, say, 9, 25 ; 38, 7. 
 inquietus, adj. (in-, not; quietus, 
 
 quiet), restless, disturbed, sleep¬ 
 less, 69, 26. 
 
 inrideo, 2, -risi, -risus (in, at; 
 rided, laugh), laugh at, joke, 
 771 ock, jeer, ridicule, 2, 21; 66, 8. 
 inruo, 3, -rui, — (in, in; rud, 
 rush), rush in, make a71 attack, 
 40, 27. 
 
 inruptio, -onis, f. (in, in; cf. 
 rumpo, break), breaking in, in¬ 
 vasion, assault, 19, 23. (W. G. 
 64.) 
 
 inscientia, -ae, f. (in-, negative : 
 scientia, knowledge), want of 
 k 7 iowledge, ignora 7 ice, 60, 19. 
 inscribo, 3, -ipsi, -iptus (in, upon ; 
 scribo, write), write up 07 i, in¬ 
 scribe, 63, 21. 
 
 inscriptus, p. of inscribo, 63, 21. 
 insequor, 3, -cutus, dep. (in, on; 
 sequor, follow), follow, come 
 7 iext, follow after, 9, 7: pursue, 
 47 , 14 - 
 
 insided, 2, -sedi, — (in, on, upon ; 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 263 
 
 sedeS, sit), sit upon, io, 21 : 
 occupy, take possession of, camp 
 upon, 18, 24. (W. G. 67.) 
 
 Insidiae, -arum, F. [in, against; 
 SED-, sit), snare, trap: ambus¬ 
 cade, 23, 6: plot, 11, 21. (W. 
 G. 67.) 
 
 Insidior, 1, -atus, dep. (insidiae, 
 ambush), lie in ambush, lie in 
 wait for, 1, 19. (W. G. 67.) 
 
 Insigne, -is, N. (insignis, remark¬ 
 able), mark, proof, sign, 11, 19 : 
 costume, regalia, badge, decora¬ 
 tion, 20, 21: honor, distinction, 
 51, 20. 
 
 Insignis, -e, adj. with comp, (in, 
 on, upon; signum, mark), dis¬ 
 tinguished by a tnark, eminent, 
 distinguished, remarkable, con¬ 
 spicuous, splendid, 4,3; 5, 9 ; 
 46, 30. 
 
 Insitus, adj. (p. of insero, im¬ 
 plant), ingrafted: innate, in¬ 
 born, fixed, 36, 22. 
 
 Insolens, -entis, adj. (in-, un-; so¬ 
 lens, usual), unaccustomed, un¬ 
 usual : arrogant, haughty, inso¬ 
 lent, 33, 14. 
 
 Insolenter, adv. with comp, (inso¬ 
 lens, unusual), unusually: in¬ 
 solently, arrogantly, 54, 24. 
 
 Insolentia, -ae, F. (insolens, tin- 
 usual),unusualness : arrogance, 
 insolence, 17, 23. 
 
 Instituo, 3, -ui, -utus (in, into; 
 statuo, place, set), put in place, 
 fix: institute, found, establish, 
 organize, 5,6: train, teach, edu¬ 
 cate , 4°> 3- ( w - G - 69.) 
 
 Institutum, -i, n. (n. of p. of Insti- 
 tu 5 , establish), purpose, inten¬ 
 tion, decree, ordinance, institu¬ 
 tion : 6, 4. ( W. G. 69.) 
 
 Instruo, 3, -uxi, -uctus (in, in, on ; 
 strud, build), build in : draw 
 up, array, 21, 27: equip, fit 
 out, furnish, 45, 6. 
 
 Insula, -ae, f., island, isle, 32, 
 
 10. 
 
 Insum, inesse, infui (in, in ; sum, 
 be), be in, 62, 25. (W. G. 31.) 
 
 Insusurrd, 1, -avl, -atus (in, to; 
 susurro, whisper), whisper to, 
 suggest, 69, 16. 
 
 intactus, adj. with comp, (in-, 
 not; tactus, touched), un¬ 
 touched, uninjured, 7, 21; 30, 6. 
 (W. G. 70.) 
 
 integer, -gra, -grum, adj. with 
 comp, and sup. [in-, not; tag-, 
 touch), untouched, unhurt, 7, 
 
 11. (W. G. 70.) 
 
 intellego, 3, -exi, -ectus (inter, 
 between; legS, choose), come to 
 know, perceive, understand, 8, 
 26; 14, 15. 
 
 intendo, 3, -di, -tus (in, on, to; 
 tendd, stretch), stretch out, ex¬ 
 tend : bend, turn, aim, direct, 
 32, 10. (W. G. 71.) 
 
 intentus, adj. with comp, and 
 sup. (p. of intends, give atten¬ 
 tion to), ititent, attentive, 11, 
 28. 
 
 inter, prep, with acc. (comp, 
 form of in, in), between, be¬ 
 twixt, 2, 16: among, in the 
 midst of, 1, 16 ; 4, 3 : during. 
 
264 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 at, while, in, in the course of, 
 
 26, 15 ; 69, 6. 
 
 intercalarius, adj. (intercalaris, to 
 
 be inserted), for insertion, in¬ 
 ter cal a?y, 54, 8. 
 
 intercalo, 1, -avi, -atus (inter, be¬ 
 tween ; calo, call), insert in the 
 calendar, intercalate, 54, 9. 
 intercipio, 3, -cepi, -ceptus (inter, 
 between ; capio, take), seize in 
 passing, intercept: usurp, 11, 3. 
 interdico, 3, -dixi, -dictus (inter, 
 between ; dico, speak), interpose 
 by speaking, forbid, interdict, 
 61, 1. (W. G. 26.) 
 interdiu, adv. (inter, dicring; 
 diu, by day), during the day, 
 by day, 46, 5. (W. G. 27.) 
 interdum, adv. (inter, during; 
 dum, while), sometimes, occa¬ 
 sionally, nozo and then, 71, 11. 
 interea, adv. (inter, among; ea, 
 these things), meanwhile, 2, 3. 
 interemptus, p. of interims, 2, 
 12. 
 
 interfector, - 5 ris, m. [inter, be¬ 
 tween ; FAC-, make), slayer, 
 nuirderer, assassin, 53, 5. (W. 
 G- 33 -) 
 
 interficio, 3, -feci, -fectus (inter, 
 between ; facio, make), put out 
 of the zuay, destroy, kill, 2, 22. 
 (W. G. 33.) 
 
 intericiS, 3, -ieci, -iectus (inter, 
 betzoee?i; iacio, throw), throzv 
 between, set betzoeen, interpose, 
 15, 1. (W. G. 47 -) 
 interim, adv. (inter, betzoeen, dur¬ 
 ing ; im, old acc. of is, this), 
 
 meanwhile, in the meantime, 
 9 , 3 - 
 
 interimo, 3, -emi, -emptus (inter, 
 
 within, from within; emo, 
 take), take from the midst, do 
 away with, abolish, 40, 16 : 
 kill, 2, 12. 
 
 interitus, -us, m. [inter, among; 
 I-, go], overthrow, destruction, 
 death, 4, 5. (W. G. 46.) 
 internuntius, -i, m. (inter, be¬ 
 tween ; nuntius, announcing), 
 messenger, 63, 23. 
 interpretor, 1, -atus, dep. (inter¬ 
 pres, a middle-man), explain, 
 interpret, conclude, understand, 
 39, iS. 
 
 interrogo, 1, -avi, -atus (inter, be¬ 
 tween, among; rogo, ask), ask, 
 inquire, question, 11, 11; 44, 7. 
 interrumpo, 3, -rupi, -ruptus (in¬ 
 ter, betzoeen; rumpS, break), 
 break apart, break to pieces, 
 break through: destroy, 16, 12. 
 (W. G. 64.) 
 
 intersum, -esse, -fui, -futurus (in¬ 
 ter, betzoeen ; sum, be), be be¬ 
 tween : be present, attend, 57, 
 15. (W. G. 31.) 
 
 intervallum, -I, n. (inter, between; 
 vallum, palisades), space be¬ 
 tween palisades, intermediate 
 space, distance, 33, 17: per in¬ 
 tervalla, at intervals, 7, 12. 
 intervenio, -Ire, -veni, -ventus 
 (inter, between; veniS, come), 
 come betzoeen, intervene, inter¬ 
 rupt, 21, 25. (W. G. 73.) 
 intra, adv. and prep, with acc. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 265 
 
 (for intera, within ), within, in, 
 into, during, io, 14; 44, 14. 
 intro, 1, -avi, -atus (cf. intra, 
 within), go into, enter, 31, 12. 
 introduco, 3, -duxi, -ductus (intrd, 
 within; duco, lead), lead in, 
 admit, introduce, 27, 15. (W. 
 G. 29.) 
 
 introductus, p. of intrdduco, 27, 
 
 x 5- 
 
 intromitto, 3, -misi, -missus (in¬ 
 tro, in; mittd, send), send in, 
 admit, let in, 16, 23. (W. G. 53.) 
 intueor, 2, -itus, dep. (in, upon ; 
 tueor, look), look upon, look at, 
 gaze at, 23, 16. 
 
 intumesco, 3, -mul, —, inch, (in, 
 without force ; tumescd, begin 
 ta swell), be swollen, rise, swell 
 up: rage, become angry, 52, 27. 
 inusitatus, adj. with comp, (in-, 
 not; usitatus, usual), unusual, 
 uncommon, very rare, extraor¬ 
 dinary, 47, 1. 
 
 invado, 3, -vasi, -vasus (in, into, 
 against; vadd, go), go into: 
 attack, assail, invade, 23, 2 : 
 seize, take possession of 16, 4. 
 invalidus, adj. (in-, not; validus, 
 strong), not strong, infirm, weak, 
 feeble, 65, 17. 
 
 inveho, 3, -vexi, -vectus (in, in; 
 vehd, carry), carry in: pass. 
 be carried in, ride into, sail 
 into, enter, 49, 26. (W. G. 72.) 
 invenid, 4, -veni, -ventus (in, 
 upon ; venio, cotne), come upon, 
 find, 14, 26 : find out, learn, 
 discover , 23, 15. (W. G. 73.) 
 
 invicem, adv. (in, in; vicis, 
 
 turn), by turns, in turn, one 
 after another, 11, 27 ; 21, 3. 
 invictus, adj. with sup. (in-, not; 
 victus, conquered), uncon¬ 
 quered, unsubdued, invincible, 
 3 i, 3 - 
 
 invideo, 2, -vidi, -visus (in, at, 
 askance at; video, look), look 
 askance at: envy, hate, grudge, 
 42, 25. (W. G. 75.) 
 invidia, -ae, f. (invidus, envious), 
 envy, jealousy, ill-will, unpopu¬ 
 larity, 34, 5; 34, 12. (W. G.75.) 
 invidiosus, adj. with comp, and 
 sup. (invidia, envy), full of 
 envy, invidious: hateful, odious, 
 unpopular, 8, 21. (W. G. 75.) 
 inviolatus, adj. (in-, un-; viola¬ 
 tus, hurt), uninjured, unhurt, 
 24, 26. 
 
 invisus, adj. with comp. (p. of 
 in video, envy), hated, detested, 
 
 42, 25. 
 
 invito, 1, -avi, -atus (for * in vocito, 
 freq. of invocd, call upon, ap¬ 
 peal to), invite, feast, entertain, 
 69, 14 : ask, urge, 28, 16. 
 invitus, adj. with sup., against 
 the will, reluctant, 37, 7. 
 iocus, -I, M., plur., ioci or ioca, 
 jest, joke: inter or per iocum, 
 jokingly, 49, 30; 50, 3. 
 ipse, -a, -um, pron. intens., that 
 or this very: self in person, he, 
 she, himself, herself, itself, etc., 
 i> 6 ; 3, 4 ; 5, 10 : to empha¬ 
 size possession, own, 17, 23 ; 
 30, 23 : often freely translated 
 
266 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 by mere, very, just, exactly, even, 
 etc., 13, 24 ; 16, 12 ; 44, 11. 
 irascor, 3, iratus, dep. (ira, anger), 
 be angry, be in a rage, 70, 4. 
 iratus, adj. with comp, and sup. 
 (p. of irascor, be angry), angered, 
 enraged, 2, 22. 
 
 is, ea, id, pron. demonstr., he, 
 
 she, it, the one mentioned, 1,3: 
 this, that, such, 1,6; 6, 9; 8, 
 6: in gen. case, his, her, its, 
 their, 6, 6. 
 
 iste, -a, -ud, pron. demonstr., this, 
 that: he, she, it, 42, 9. 
 ita, adv., in this manner, in such 
 a way, so, thus, accordingly, 2, 
 24; 4, 16 ; 4, 21 ; 6, 9. 
 
 Italia, -ae, f., Italy, 22, 17. 
 Italicus, adj., of Italy, Italian, 
 41, 6. 
 
 itaque, conj. (ita, thus; -que, 
 and), and so, and thus, accord- 
 ingly, 2, 5 ; 4, 10 ; 8, 1. 
 item, adv., likewise, further, 
 moreover, too, 54, 13. 
 iter, itineris, n. [i-, go], a going: 
 journey, march, 25, 26; 61, 6: 
 way, path, road, means of ac¬ 
 cess, 16, 8; 61, 22. (W. G. 46.) 
 iterum, adv., again, a second tune, 
 25, 24. 
 
 Iuba, -ae, m., Juba, a king of 
 Numidia, in northern Africa, 
 53 , 15 - 
 
 iubeo, 2, iussi, iussus, order, 
 command, 3,11: wish, entreat, 
 urge, invite, 10, 25 ; 24, 8. 
 iucundus, adj. with comp, and 
 sup. [DIV-, bright], pleasatit, 
 
 agreeable, delightful, 61, 7. (W. 
 G. 27.) 
 
 Iudaea, -ae, F., Judea, the coun¬ 
 try of the Jews, Palestine, 46, 
 
 2 5 * 
 
 Iudaeus, adj. of fudea, of the 
 Jews. As a subst., M. plur., the 
 Jews, 46, 25. 
 
 iudex, -icis, m. and f. [ius, right; 
 Die-, point out], judge, juror, 
 8, 7 ; 18, 3. (W. G. 26 and 48.) 
 
 iudicium, -i, n. (iudex, judge), 
 judgment, trial: court, 58, 1. 
 (W. G. 26 and 48.) 
 
 iudied, 1, -avl, -atus (iudex, 
 judge), judge : deem, consider, 
 28, 18 : declare, proclaim, 14, 
 26. (\Y. G. 26 and 48.) 
 
 iugulum, -i, n. (dim. of iugum, 
 yoke), throat, neck, 41, 24. (W. 
 G. 48.) 
 
 iugum, -i, N. [ivg-, bind together], 
 yoke, 8, 18 : height, range, 
 ridge, 33, 6. (W. G. 48.) 
 
 Iulia, -ae, F., Julia: (1) daughter 
 of Julius Caesar, 52, 1 ; (2) 
 sister of Julius Caesar, 63, 10. 
 
 Iulius, -I, M., name of the famous 
 gens to which C. Julius Caesar 
 belonged, 4, 25. 
 
 iung5, 3, iunxi, iiinctus [ivg-, 
 yoke], join together, unite, 13, 
 14 : make by joining, enter into, 
 50, 26. (W, G. 48.) 
 
 iunior, comp, of iuvenis, 62, 30. 
 
 Iunius, -I, m., gentile name of the 
 Brutus family, e.g. M. Juuius 
 Brutus, 55, 2. 
 
 luno, -6nis, F., Juno, daughter of 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 267 
 
 Saturn, sister and wife of 
 Jupiter, goddess of marriage, 
 21, 8, (W. G. 27.) 
 
 Iuppiter, Iovis, m. [div-, shine ; 
 pater, father'], Jupiter, son of 
 Saturn, the supreme god, 4, 9„ 
 
 iuro, 1, -avi, -atus (ius, right), 
 swear, take an oath, 32, 19. (W. 
 G. 48.) 
 
 ius, iuris, N. [iv-, bind], that 
 which is binding, law, right, 
 justice, 8, 15 ; 10, 4 ; n, 4 : 
 court of justice, 8, 7; 18, 10 : 
 permission, prerogative, 46, 27 : 
 ius dicere, to pronowice judg¬ 
 ment, 54, 9 : iure, justly, 8, 10. 
 (W. G. 48.) 
 
 iusiurandum, iurisiurandi, n. (ius, 
 right; iur 5 , swear), oath, 4, 27. 
 (W. G. 48.) 
 
 iussus, p. of iubeo, 24, 8. 
 
 (iussus, -us), M. (iubeo, order), 
 only abl. sing., order, command, 
 8, 27. 
 
 iustitia, -ae, f. (iustus, just), 
 justice, equity, 5, 3. (W. G. 48.) 
 iustus, adj. (ius, right), righteous, 
 just, 24, 24 : perfect, complete, 
 24, 19. (W. G. 48.) 
 iuvenis, -is, adj. with comp, 
 iunior [div-, bright, shine], 
 young, youthful, 43, 2. As 
 subt., M. and F., young person, 
 youth (between twenty and 
 forty years), 3, 14. (W. G. 27.) 
 iuventus, -utis, f. (iuvenis, 
 young), age of youth, youth . 
 Often used collectively, youth, 
 young people, 20, 17. (W. G. 
 27.) 
 
 K 
 
 Kalendae, -arum, f. [cal-, call], first day of the month, 5, 
 day of proclamation, Calends , 22. 
 
 L 
 
 L., abbreviation for Lucius, a 
 Roman praenomen, 19, 27. 
 labor, -oris, M., labor, toil: hard- 
 ship, 43, 17. 
 
 laboriose, adv. with comp, and 
 sup. (laboribsus, toilsome), 
 laboriously, industriously, 54, 
 10. 
 
 laboro, 1, -avl, -atus (labor, labor), 
 labor: suffer, be afflicted, 48, 7: 
 be in difficulty, be in danger, 
 
 45 , 9 - 
 
 lacero, 1, -avi, -atus (lacer, 
 mangled), tear to pieces, 
 mangle: wreck, shatter, 30, 9 : 
 censure, slander, abuse, 56, 18. 
 lacesso, 3, -ivi, -Itus, excite, pro¬ 
 voke, 19, 10. 
 
 lacrima, -ae, f., tear, 8, 14. 
 lacrimabundus, adj. (lacrimb, 
 
 weep), bursti 7 ig into tears, weep¬ 
 ing, 18, 14. 
 
 lacrimo, 1, -avi, -atus (lacrima, 
 tear), shed tears, weep, 67, 12. 
 
263 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 lacus, -us, m., hollow, lake, 22, 22. 
 laedo, 3, -si, -sus, hurt, injure: 
 
 annoy, offend, ig, 10. 
 laesus, p. of laedo, 19, 10. 
 laetitia, -ae, f. (laetus, joyful ), 
 joy , pleasure, delight, 67, 6. 
 laetus, adj. with comp, and sup., 
 joyful, cheerful, glad, happy, 5, 
 
 15; 44,2o- 
 
 laeva, -ae, f. (laevus, left; sc. 
 
 manus), left hand, 3, 26. 
 Laevinus, -I, m., family name of 
 P. Valerius Laevinus, consul 
 280 B.C., 25, 7. 
 
 lambo, 3, — , — , lick, 1, 11. 
 lamina, -ae, f., thin slice, plate, 
 63, 20. 
 
 lana, -ae, f., wool: spinning, 14, 
 25 (v. notes, fig. 8). 
 lanius, I, m. [for * lacnius, lac-, 
 tear], butcher, 18, 20. 
 lapideus, adj. (lapis, stone), of 
 stone, consisting of stones, 11, 7. 
 lapis, -idis, M., stone: milestone, 
 25, 27 (v. notes, fig. 13). 
 laqueus, -I, m., noose, 8, 8. 
 Larentia, -ae, f., Acca Larentia, 
 wife of Faustulus, the shep¬ 
 herd who found Romulus and 
 Remus, 1, 15. 
 
 largitio, -onis, f. (largior, bestow), 
 generosity, giving freely, grant¬ 
 ing, 40, 13. 
 
 latebra, -ae, f. (lateo, be hidden), 
 hiding place, retreat, 49, 3. 
 lateo, 2, -ul, —, lie hid, be con¬ 
 cealed, 65, 4 - 
 
 latericius, adj. (later, brick), 
 made of bricks , 70, 28. 
 
 Latinus, adj., of Latium, Latin, 
 54, 18. Subst. Latinus, -I, M., 
 
 a Latin, g, 18. 
 
 latro, -onis, M., freebooter , robber, 
 bandit, 1, 18. 
 
 latus, -eris, N., side, fla?ik, 47, 
 1 7 - 
 
 laud 5 , 1, -avi, -atus (laus , praise), 
 praise, laud, commend, 14, 22. 
 laurea, -ae, f., the laurel tree : 
 laurel crown, bay wreath, 56, 
 27. 
 
 laus, laudis, F., praise, commen¬ 
 dation, fame, glory, 17, 18; 58, 
 14. 
 
 laxe, adv. with comp, (laxus, 
 wide), widely: loosely, 24, 18. 
 laxitas, -atis, f. (laxus, wide), 
 width, spaciousness, size, 70, 20. 
 lectica, -ae, f. (lectus, cotcch), lit¬ 
 ter, sedan, palanquin, 27, 21 
 (v. notes, fig. 14). 
 lectulus, -I, m. (dim. of lectus), 
 small couch, bed, 65, 12. 
 lectus, -I, m., couch, bed, 43, 7. 
 legatid, -onis, f. (legd, send with 
 a commission), embassy, lega¬ 
 tion, 3, 7. 
 
 legatus, -I, m. (lego, send with a 
 commission), ambassador, 3, 5: 
 lieutenant, 36, 10. 
 legio, -onis, F. (cf. Ieg5, gather), 
 body of soldiers, legion, 24, 2. 
 lego, 3, legi, lectus [leg -, gather], 
 gather, collect: choose, appoint, 
 5, 21 : read, 56, 12. 
 lenocinium, -I, n. (lend, seducer ), 
 allurement, enticement: orna¬ 
 ment,fnery, 70, 30. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 269 
 
 Lentulus, -I, m., family name of 
 
 P. Cornelius Lentulus , 62, 26. 
 lentus, adj. with comp, and sup. 
 (cf. lenis, soft), pliant, flexible: 
 lingering, slow, 55, 28. 
 Lepidus, -I, m., family name of 
 M. Aemilius Lepidus , one of 
 the second triumvirate, 64, 
 19. 
 
 letalis, -e, adj. (letum, death), 
 deadly, fatal, mortal, 12, 17. 
 levis, -e, adj. with comp, and 
 sup., light: small, trivial, 33, 
 22. 
 
 levo, 1, -avi, -atus (levis, light), 
 lift zip, raise: lighten, relieve, 
 
 32, 6. 
 
 lex, legis, F., motion, bill, measure, 
 law, 6, 3; 41, 5; 54, 12 : con¬ 
 dition, 6, 24; 23, 29. 
 libens, -entis, adj. with sup. (p. 
 of libet, it pleases), willing, with 
 pleasure, glad, 38, 30. 
 libenter, adv. with comp, and 
 sup. (libens, willing), willingly, 
 cheerfully, gladly, 56, 27. 
 liber, -era, -erum, adj. with comp, 
 and sup., free, unrestrained: 
 frank, 44, 10. 
 
 Liber, -eri, m., Liber, an Italian 
 deity of planting and fructi¬ 
 fication, identified with the 
 Greek Bacchus, 22, 19. 
 liber, -bri, m. book, 15, 9. 
 liberalitas, -atis, f. (liberalis, of 
 freedom), characteristic of a 
 freeman: liberality, generosity, 
 26, 8. 
 
 iiberaliter, adv. with comp, and 
 
 sup. (liberalis, of freedom), like a 
 freem an, cou rteo usly, gra ciously, 
 
 28, 5* 
 
 libere, adv. with comp, (liber, free), 
 freely, openly, 26, 13. 
 
 liberi, -drum or -um (liber, free), 
 free persons: children, 3, 12. 
 
 liberb, 1, -avi, -atus (liber, free), 
 set free, free, 2, 12 : release, 39, 
 17 - 
 
 libertas, -atis, F. (liber, free), free¬ 
 dom : political freedom, liberty, 
 17, 12 : freedom of speech, 
 
 58 , 3 - * 
 
 libertus, -i, M. (liber, free), freed- 
 man, 49, 4. 
 
 licet, 2, -cuit and -citum est, im- 
 pers., it is lawful, is allowed, is 
 permitted, 41, 16. 
 
 lictor, - 5 ris, M., lictor, official 
 attendant upon a magistrate, 
 8, 8 (v. notes, fig. 3). 
 
 lineamentum, -i, n. (linea, string), 
 line, mark: feature, lineament, 
 2, 9. 
 
 lingua, -ae, f. (for old dingua, cf. 
 Eng. tongue), tongue, 1, 11. 
 
 liquefacid, 3, —, -factus (liqueo, 
 be fluid; facio, make), make 
 liquid, melt, dissolve, 66 , 14. 
 
 litigator, - 5 ris, M. (litigd, dispute), 
 a party to a lawsuit, litigant, 
 68 , 4* 
 
 littera, -ae, f., a letter of the 
 alphabet: plur., a letter, epistle, 
 44, 16: learning, education, 
 letters, 18, 5. 
 
 litus, -oris, N., sea-shore, beach , 
 
 30, IQ. 
 
270 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Livius, -i, m., gentile name of M. 
 Livius Salinator, consul 219 and 
 207 B.C., 35, 18. 
 
 Locri, - 5 rum, M., Locri Epize- 
 phyrii, a Greek city in Brut¬ 
 tium in southern Italy, 30, 5. 
 
 locuples, -etis, adj. with comp, 
 and sup. (locus, place ; cf. pleo, 
 fill), rich, wealthy, 17, 18. 
 
 locus, -I, m., plur., loci and loca, 
 place, spot , 1, 10: station, posi¬ 
 tion, 60, 7 : cause, occasion, op¬ 
 portunity, 50, 4 ; 56, 13 : place, 
 position, rank, 55, 22. 
 
 longe, adv. with comp, and sup. 
 (longus, long), a long way ofip, 
 far, 4, 7 : greatly, by far, 
 
 44 , 3 - 
 
 longus, adj. with comp, and sup., 
 long, 23, 10: of long duration, 
 tedious, 32, II. 
 
 loquor, 3, -cutus, dep., speak, talk, 
 26, 16. 
 
 ldrum, -i, n., thong, strap, 24, 19. 
 (W. G. 78.) 
 
 Luceria, -ae, F., Luceria , a town 
 in Apulia, on the borders of 
 Samnium, 23, 7. 
 
 Lucerini, -drum, m., the inhabit¬ 
 ants of Luceria, 23, 9. 
 
 Lucius, -I, M., Lucius, often writ¬ 
 ten L., a Roman praenomen, 
 10, 17. 
 
 Lucretia, -ae, f., Lucretia , wife of 
 Tarquinius Collatinus, 14, 24. 
 
 Lucrinus, adj. (sc. lacus, lake), 
 the Lucrine Lake, on the coast 
 of Campania, 22, 21. 
 
 luctor, 1, -atus, dep. (lucta, a 
 
 wrestling), wrestle, struggle , 
 strife, 43, 20. 
 
 luctus, -us, M. (cf. Iuge 5 , mourn), 
 sorrow, mourning, grief, dis¬ 
 tress, 37, 16. 
 
 Lucullus, -I, m., family name of 
 L. Licinius Lucidius, consul 74 
 B.C., and a distinguished sol¬ 
 dier, 47, 28. 
 
 lucus, -i, M. [lvc-, shine], sacred 
 grove: wood, grove, 3, 2. (W. 
 G. 50.) 
 
 ludibrium, -I, n. (ludus, play), 
 mockery, derision, 3, 7. 
 
 (ludicer), -era, -erum, adj. (ludus, 
 
 play), belonging to play, done in 
 sport, sportive, 1, 17. 
 
 ludus, -i, M., play, game: school, 
 18, 5 : plur., public games, 
 shows, 3, 10. 
 
 luged, 2, luxi, luctus, mourn, la¬ 
 ment, bewail, 8, 5. 
 
 lugubris, -e, adj. (cf. lugeo, 
 mourn), of mourning, mourn- 
 ful, 71, 13. 
 
 lumen, -inis, n. [lvc-, shine], 
 light, 60, 18. (W. G. 50.) 
 
 luna, -ae, f. [lvc-, shine], moon, 
 5, 24. (W. G. 50.) 
 
 lupa, -ae, f. (lupus, wolf), she- 
 wolf 1, 10. 
 
 lustro, 1, -avl, -atus (lustrum, 
 purification), light up: review, 
 4, 21. (W. G. 50.) 
 
 Lutatius, -I, m., gentile name of 
 Lutatius Catulus, consul 242 
 B.C., who brought the first 
 Punic war to a close in 241 
 B.C., 31, 22. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 271 
 
 lux, lucis, F. [lvc-, shine], light, luxus, -us, M., excess, indulgence: 
 64, 1: daylight, day, 18, 12: magnificence, splendor, i H , 24; 
 
 life, 24, 3. (W. G. 50.) 66, 4. 
 
 M., abbreviation for Marcus, a 
 Roman praenomen, 22, 11. 
 
 Macedonia, -ae, f., Macedonia, a 
 country north of Greece, 61, 
 24. 
 
 machina, -ae, f. (Gr., /xT/xaioj), 
 machine, device, 30, 19. 
 
 macto, 1, -avi, -atus (mactus, hon¬ 
 ored), magnify, honor: sacri¬ 
 fice, offer, 65, 30. 
 
 mactus, adj., worshipped, hon¬ 
 ored: macte virtute esto, be in¬ 
 creased in your merit, go on 
 and prosper in your valor, well 
 done, 37, 17. 
 
 Maecenas, -atis, m., C. Cilnius 
 Maecenas, the intimate friend 
 and prime minister of Augus¬ 
 tus, 70, 9. 
 
 maestus, adj. with sup., sad, sor¬ 
 rowful, dejected, gloomy, 60, 26. 
 
 magis, adv. comp, (magnus, 
 great), more, in a higher de¬ 
 gree : rather, in preference, 
 3,f 
 
 magister, -trl, m., master, com¬ 
 mander, 34, 12 : teacher, 19, 2. 
 
 magistratus, -us, m. (magister, 
 master), office of master, civil 
 office, magistracy, 18, 25: magis¬ 
 trate, 38, 25. 
 
 magnificus, adj., comp, magnifi¬ 
 centior, sup. magnificentissimus 
 
 M 
 
 [magnus, great; FAC-, make], 
 great, noble: splendid, magnifi¬ 
 cent, 66, 7. 
 
 magnitudo, -inis, f. (magnus, 
 
 great), greatness, size, magni¬ 
 tude, 13, 2. 
 
 magnopere, adv. (abl. of magnum 
 opus), very much, greatly, ex¬ 
 ceedingly, 66, 23. 
 
 magnus, adj., comp, maior, - 5 ris, 
 sup. maximus, large, great, 6, 
 4 : strong, loud, 4, 23: aged, 1, 
 2: noble, eminent, 26, 10. 
 
 Magnus, -T, m., Magnus, surname 
 of Cn. Pompeius Magnus, 44, 
 21. 
 
 Maharbal, -alis, m., Maharbal, 
 the commander of Hannibal’s 
 cavalry, 38, 3. 
 
 maiestas, -atis, f. (maior, greater), 
 greatness, dignity, ?najesty, 20, 
 24. 
 
 maior, comp, of magnus, greater, 
 6, 4: older, 1, 2. 
 
 male, adv., comp, peius, sup. pes¬ 
 sime (malus, bad), badly, wrong¬ 
 ly: unsuccessfully, 31, 20 : 
 
 scarcely, 7, 23. 
 
 malo, malle, malui, — (magis, 
 rather; volo, wish), choose 
 rather, prefer, 26, 21. (W. G. 
 
 79 -) 
 
 malum, -I, n. (malus, evil), an 
 
272 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 evil, mischief misfortune, ca- 
 la?nity, 32, 24. 
 
 malus, adj., comp, peior, -us, gen. 
 - 5 ris ; sup. pessimus, bad , evil, 
 not good, 28, 19: pernicious, 
 dafigerous, 41, 4. 
 
 Mamurius, -i, M., Mamurius Ve¬ 
 turius, the maker of the sacred 
 shields, 5, 19. 
 
 mando, i,-avl, atus [manus ,hand; 
 2 DA-, put], put in hand, in¬ 
 trust: order, command, 42, 2. 
 (W. G. 25 and 51.) 
 
 maneo, 2, mansi, mansus [man-, 
 stay ], remain, abide, 22, 
 
 8 : continue, endure, 8 , 20. 
 
 (W. G. 52.) 
 
 manifestus, adj., palpable, clear, 
 open, evident, 8, 16. 
 
 manipularis, -e, adj. [manipulus, 
 handful, maniple; fr. manus, 
 hand ; PLE-, fill], belonging to 
 a maniple of a company. As 
 subst., M., common soldier, 22, 7. 
 
 Manlius, -T, m., Manlitis, name 
 of a Roman gens, 20, 17. 
 
 mano, 1, -avi, — , flozo, run: ex¬ 
 tend, spread, 57, 20. 
 
 mansuetudo, -inis, f. (cf. man¬ 
 suesco, tame), tameness, mild¬ 
 ness, gentleness, 66, 29. (W. G. 
 
 5 1 -) 
 
 manumitto, 3, -misi, -missus 
 (manus, hand; mitto, send), 
 release, set at liberty, emanci¬ 
 pate, 38, 29. (W. G. 51.) 
 
 manus, -us, f. [ma-, measure], 
 hand, 3, 23: hook, 30, 19: band, 
 force, troops, 59, 20. (W. G. 51.) 
 
 Marcius, -I, m., name of a Roman 
 gens, as Ancus Marcius , fourth 
 king of Rome, 9, 16. 
 
 Marcus, -i, m., Marcus, a Roman 
 praenomen, 19, 1. 
 
 mare, -is, n. (cf. Eng. mere), sea, 
 22, 20 : Mare Superum, the up¬ 
 per sea, the Adriatic, 54, 20. 
 
 margarita, -ae, f., pearl, 66, n. 
 
 maritimus, adj. (mare, sea), of the 
 sea, sea, maritime, 31, 14. 
 
 Marius, -I, m., name of a Roman 
 gens, as C. Marius, 44, 13. 
 
 marmoreus, adj. (marmor, mar¬ 
 ble), made of marble, marble, 
 70, 27^ 
 
 Mars, Martis, M., Mars, father of 
 Romulus and god of war, with 
 whose month, Martius, the Ro¬ 
 man year began, 5, 21 : war, 
 battle, 53, 25. 
 
 Martius, adj., of Mars: of March, 
 5 , 22. 
 
 Massicus, adj., of Mount Massi¬ 
 cus in Campania, 22, 23. 
 
 mater, -tris, f., mother, 1, 12. 
 
 matrimonium, -i, n. (mater, moth¬ 
 er), wedlock, marriage, matri¬ 
 mony, 13, 14: in matrimonium 
 dare, give in marriage, 13, 
 13 - 
 
 matrona, -ae, f. (mater, mother), 
 married woman, wife, matron, 
 40, 2. 
 
 maxime, adv. (maximus, great¬ 
 est), ht the highest degree, espe¬ 
 cially, 3, 12. 
 
 maximus, sup. of magnus, great¬ 
 est, extreme , n, 5 ; 40, 2. As 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 273 
 
 subst. m., family name of Q. 
 Fabius Maximus, 36, 21. 
 
 medicamentum, -i, n. (medico, 
 medicate ), drug, remedy, medi¬ 
 cine , 46, 17. 
 
 medicus, -i, M., medical man, 
 physician, surgeon, 28, 23. 
 
 meditor, 1, -atus, dep., consider , 
 meditate: plan, devise, 54, 23. 
 
 medium, -i, n. (medius, mid¬ 
 dle ), middle, center, intervening 
 space , 6, 26 : midst, public, 
 39 , I- 
 
 medius, adj. [med-, mean, mid¬ 
 dle ], /« the middle, 6, 7: middle 
 part , midst , 10, 10. 
 
 melior, adj. comp, of bonus, bet¬ 
 ter, 71, 9. 
 
 membrum, -I, n., limb, member, 
 17 , 7 * 
 
 Memmius, -I, m., name of a Ro¬ 
 man gens, as C. Memmius 
 Gemellus, 56, 19. 
 
 memorabilis, -e, adj. with comp, 
 (memoro, call to mind), that 
 may be heard of: worth telling, 
 remarkable, 50, 14. 
 
 memoria, -ae, f. (memor, mind¬ 
 ful), memory, remembrance, 
 15 , 7 - 
 
 memord, 1, -avi, -atus (memor, 
 mindful), bring to remembrance, 
 relate, tell, 9, 13. 
 
 Menenius, -i, M., Menenius, name 
 of a Roman gens, whose most 
 famous member was Menenius 
 Agrippa Lanatus , consul 503 
 B.C., 16, 19. 
 
 mens, mentis, f. [man-, men-, 
 
 mind; cf. memini ], mind, 11, 
 12 : feeling, attention, 3, 14 : 
 plan, purpose, 27, 6. (W. G. 
 5 2 -) 
 
 mensa, -ae, f., mensus [p. of me¬ 
 tior (ma-), measure ], table: 
 meal, course, 66, 9. 
 mensis, -is, m. [ma-, measure ], 
 month, 54, 8. (W, G. 51.) 
 mentio, -onis, f. [man-, men-, 
 mind~\, calling to mind, men¬ 
 tion, 14, 21. (W. G. 52.) 
 mercor, 1, -atus, dep. (merx, 
 goods), trade, purchase, buy, 15, 
 22. 
 
 mereo, 2, -ui, -itus, deserve, merit: 
 
 win, earn, 33, 16. 
 mergo, 3, mersi, mersus, dip, 
 plu 7 ige, sink, 30, 26. 
 meritd, adv. (abl. of meritum, 
 77 i erit), deservedly, justly, 40, 3. 
 merx, -cis, F., goods, wares, co 7 n- 
 modities, 54, 12. 
 
 Metellus, -I, M., Metellus, name 
 of an illustrious Roman family 
 of the Caecilian gens, 44, 28. 
 Mettius, -I, m., praenomen of 
 Mettius Fufetius, the Alban 
 general, 8, 20. 
 
 metus, -us, M., fear, dread, 6, 11. 
 meus, pron. poss. (me, me), of 
 me, my, 2, 24. 
 ml, vOc. of meus, 27, 8. 
 micans, -antis, adj. (p. of mico, 
 dart to and fro), gleaming, 
 flashing, 7, 4. 
 
 miles, -itis, M. and F., soldier, 
 12, 10 : collect., soldiery, army, 
 
 19, 2X. 
 
274 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Miletus, -i, F., Miletus, a large 
 Ionian city, on the western 
 coast of Asia Minor, 49, 25. 
 milia, plur. of mille, 37, 24. 
 miliens or milies, adv. (mille, 
 thousand), a thousand times, 
 50, 24. 
 
 militaris, -e, adj. (miles, soldier), 
 of a soldier, of war: res mili¬ 
 taris, the art of war, 4, 30. 
 militia, -ae, f. (miles, soldier), 
 military service, 16, 21 : loca¬ 
 tive, militiae, in war, on the 
 field, 9, 9. 
 
 mille, plur. milia or millia, num. 
 adj., thousand, ten hundred, 21, 
 21. 
 
 mimus, -i, m. (Gr., fi/xos), mimic 
 actor: farce, 71, 19. 
 minime, adv. sup. of parum 
 (minimus, least), least of all, 
 least, very little: not at all, by 
 no means, 2, 7. 
 
 minimus, adj. sup. of parvus, 
 
 least, smallest, trifling, insig¬ 
 nificant, 62, 24. 
 
 minister, -tra, -trum, adj., sub¬ 
 ordinate, ministering. As subst. 
 M., attendant, servant, 66, 10. 
 ministerium, -i, N. (minister, sub¬ 
 ordinate), service, occicpation, 
 work, employment, 17, 6. 
 minitor, 1, -atus, dep. (freq. of 
 minor, threaten), threaten, 
 menace, 59 , 23. 
 
 minor, 1, -atus, dep. (minae, pro¬ 
 jections: threats), jut forth, pro¬ 
 ject : threaten, 18, 7. 
 minor, minus, -oris, adj. (comp. 
 
 of parvus, small), smaller, less . 
 
 15, 22. 
 
 Minucius, -I, m., gentile name of 
 M. Minucius Rufus, 34, 12. 
 minuo, 3, -ui, -utus, make small, 
 lessen, diminish, 44, 25. 
 minus, adv. comp, of parum (n. 
 
 of minor, less), less, 6, 10. 
 mirabilis, -e, adj. with comp, 
 (miror, wonder at), wonderful, 
 marvellous, strange, 12, 4. 
 miraculum, -I, n. (miror, wonder), 
 marvellous thing, wonderful 
 sight, 34, 2. 
 
 mirandus, adj. (p. of miror, 
 
 wonder), wo 7 iderfil, strange, 
 29, 26. 
 
 mirificus, adj. with sup. [mirus, 
 
 wonderful; FAC-, make], won- 
 derfiil, marvellous, 63, 8. 
 miror, 1, -atus, dep. (mirus, won¬ 
 derful), wonder, marvel, ad- 
 771 ire, 68, 12 ; 69, 6. 
 mirus, adj., wonderful, asto 7 iish- 
 ing, amazing, 3, 3 ; 41, 27. 
 Misenum, -i, n., Misenum, a 
 promontory of Campania, 22, 
 21. 
 
 miseror, 1, -atus, dep. (miser, 
 
 wretched), lame 7 it, deplore, 26, 
 12. 
 
 missio, - 5 nis, F. (mitto, send), 
 sendixig: release, discharge 
 
 fro 77 i service, 50, 16. (W. G. 53.) 
 Mithridates, -is, M., Mithridates 
 the Great, king of Pontus, 46, 2. 
 Mithridaticus, adj., of Mithri¬ 
 dates, Mithridatic, 48, 4. 
 mitigo, 1, -avi, -atus [mitis, mild; 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 275 
 
 AG-, make\, soften, ripen : civil¬ 
 ize, tame, 5, 6. 
 
 nritis, -e, adj. with comp, and 
 sup., mild : gentle, kind, 13, 11. 
 
 mitto, 3, misi, missus [mit-, 
 send], cause to go, send, 3, 5 : 
 let go, release, dismiss, 69, 24 : 
 throw, hurl, 12, II. (W. G. 53.) 
 
 Mitylenae, -arum, f., Mitylene, a 
 famous Greek city on the island 
 of Lesbos in the Aegean sea, 
 49 , 15 - 
 
 moderatio, - 5 nis, f. (moderor, set 
 
 bounds to), ynoderation, self-con¬ 
 trol, 56, 7. 
 
 moderatus, adj. with comp, and 
 sup. (p. of moderor, set a meas¬ 
 ure to), within bounds, moder¬ 
 ate, 44, 3. 
 
 modicus, adj. (modus, ?neasure ), 
 in proper measure, moderate, 
 33, 17 : middling, ordinary, 70, 
 20. 
 
 modius, -I, M. (modus, measure), 
 a grain measure, peck, 37, 26. 
 
 modo, adv. (abl. of modus, meas¬ 
 ure), only, merely, 22, 16: 
 
 modo ... modo, sometimes . . . 
 sometimes, 61, 25. 
 
 modus, -I, m. [ma-, ?neasure], 
 measure, extent: manner, way, 
 9, 23 : code, 54, 15 : qu 5 modo, 
 in the 7 nanner that, as, 42, 15. 
 
 moenia, -ium, n. [mv-, shut, 
 fasten], defensive walls, city 
 walls, walls, 2, 24. (W. G. 
 
 55 -) 
 
 moles, -is, F., shapeless mass, huge 
 bulk, weight, 25, 13. 
 
 moleste, adv. with comp, and 
 sup. (molestus, troublesome), 
 with trouble, with difficulty, 
 with annoyance, with vexation, 
 
 48, 11. 
 
 molestia, -ae, f. (molestus, 
 
 troublesome), trouble, annoy¬ 
 ance, vexation, 43, 18. 
 molestus, adj. with comp, and 
 sup. (moles, mass), troublesome, 
 annoymg, 48, 19. 
 molior, 4, -itus, dep. (mSles, 
 mass), make exertion, endeavor: 
 do, undertake, 52, 13. 
 mollis, -e, adj. with comp, and 
 sup., soft, mild, gentle, 22, 18 : 
 weak, effeminate, 45, 13. 
 
 Molo, - 5 nis, m., Molo, surname of 
 Apollonius of Rhodes, the 
 famous Greek rhetorician, 4g, 
 16. 
 
 momentum, -i, n. [mov-, move], 
 movement: brief space of time, 
 instant, moment, 53, 11 : cause, 
 circumstance, 35, 21. (W. G. 
 
 54 -) 
 
 moneo, 2, -ui, -itus [man-, mind], 
 remind, admonish, advise,warn, 
 
 20, 7 ; 35 , 3 - ( w - G - 5 2 -) 
 monitus, -us, m. (moneo, warn), 
 reminding, warning, admoni¬ 
 tion, advice, 6, 6. (W. G. 52.) 
 mons, montis, m. [man -, project], 
 mountain, 6, 13. 
 mora, -ae, f., delay, 32, 12. 
 morbus,-I, m. (cf. morior, die), sick¬ 
 ness, disease, 6, 13. 
 moriens, -entis, adj.(p. of morior, 
 die), dying, 65, 27. 
 
276 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 morior, morlri and mori, mor¬ 
 tuus, dep. [mar-, die], die , <?.*■- 
 pire, 17, 13. 
 
 moror, 1, -atus, dep. (mora, delay), 
 delay, remain : retard , detain, 
 hinder, 57, 6. 
 
 mors, -tis, f. [mar-, ufrV], death, 
 
 10, 15. 
 
 morsus, -us, m. (cf. morded, fo'te), 
 biting , sting, bite, 66, 25. 
 mortuus, adj. (p. of morior, 
 dead, 6, 17. 
 
 mbs, mdris, m. [ma-, measure ], 
 habit, usage, custom, 9, 22 : ««- 
 ture, manner, mode, 53, 10: 
 conduct, character, 13, 15. (W. 
 
 G. 5 1 -) 
 
 moveo, 2, movi, motus [mov-, 
 move], move: expel, remove, 
 2g, 27 : affect, inspire, influ¬ 
 ence, 7, 30 ; 22, 5 ; 43, 3. (W. 
 G. 54-) 
 
 mox, adv., soon, 25, 10 : there¬ 
 upon, then, 41, 25. 
 mucro, -onis, m., sharp point, 
 edge: sword, 47, 18. 
 muliebriter, adv. (muliebris, femi¬ 
 nine ), in the manner of a 
 woman, like a woman, 40, 5. 
 mulier, -eris, f., woman, 4, ir. 
 muliercula, -ae, f. (dim. of mulier, 
 woman), little woman: young 
 woman, girl, 35, 23. 
 mulio, -onis, m. (mulus, mule), 
 mule-driver, 13, 23. 
 multiplex, -icis, adj. [multus, 
 many ; pleo, fold], with many 
 
 folds, manifold, many, 53, 8. 
 (W. G. 60.) 
 
 multitudb, -inis, F. (multus, much), 
 great number, multitude, crowd, 
 
 10, 9. 
 
 multo, adv. (abl. n. of multus, 
 
 much), by much, much, a great 
 deal, 4, 16 ; 17, 17. 
 multo, x, -avi, -atus (multa, fine), 
 punish, 18, 26. 
 
 multum, adv. (multus, much), 
 much, very much, 26, 26. 
 multus, adj., comp, plus, sup. 
 plurimus, much : plur., many, 
 16, 14. As a subst. m., many 
 men, 3,11. 
 
 munib, 4, -Ivi, -Itus (moenia, 
 ramparts), defend with a wall, 
 fortify: protect, 37, 19: make, 
 build, construct, 54, 19. (W. G. 
 
 55 -) 
 
 munus, -eris, n. [mv-, fasten], 
 service, office: reward, gift, 3, 
 21 ; 27, 15. 
 
 muraena, -ae, f., a murena (a 
 sea-fish), 69, 20. 
 
 murus, -I, m. [mv-, shut, fasten], 
 wall, city wall, 11,6. (W. G. 
 
 55 -) 
 
 Mutina, -ae, F., Mutina, city in 
 Cisalpine Gaul, 63, 18. 
 Mutinensis, -e, adj., belonging to 
 Mutina, at Mtctina, 64, 6. 
 muto, 1, -avi, -atus (freq. of mo¬ 
 ved, move), move: change, alter, 
 
 11, 8. (W. G. 54.) 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 277 
 
 nam, conj., for, seeing that, 
 much as, 2, 9; 49, 12. 
 namque, conj., for, seeing that, 
 inasmuch as, 18, 5 ; 21, 9. 
 nanciscor, -I, nactus or nanctus, 
 dep., get, meet with, find, 3, 
 18. 
 
 narrd, 1, -avi, -atus [gna-, know\, 
 make known, tell, say, 16, 23; 
 
 51, 20. (W. G. 43 -) * 
 
 Nasica, -ae, M., surname of Pub¬ 
 lius Cornelms Scipio Nasica 
 Serapio, who led the senate 
 against Ti. Gracchus, 40, 23. 
 
 nascor, -I, natus, dep. [gna-, 
 beget], be born, be born to, 13, 
 3: rise, derive origin, spring 
 from, 14, 20: begin, arise, 
 
 sprbigup, 55, 29. (W. G. 41.) 
 nasus, -I, m., nose, 57, 10. 
 natura, -ae, f. [gn ~-, beget],birth: 
 nature, natural disposition, 
 40, 9. 
 
 natus, adj. (p. of nascor, be born), 
 born : of the age of 32, 18. (\Y. 
 
 G. 41.) 
 
 (natus, -us), m., only abl. sing. 
 
 [gna-, be born], birth, age, 1, 2. 
 naufragium, -I, n. [navis, ship; 
 FRAG-, brcak~\, shipwreck, 56, 4. 
 (W. G. 38.) 
 
 navalis, -e, adj. (navis, ship), 
 nautical, naval, 30, 17. 
 navicula, -ae, f. (dim. of navis, 
 ship), small vessel, boat, skiff, 
 
 52, 28. 
 
 navigium, -i, n. [navis, ship; 
 
 N 
 
 AG-, drive], vessel, ship, boat, 
 
 52, 28. 
 
 navis, -is, f., ship, 30, 7. 
 
 Navius, -I, M., Attus Navius, the 
 augur under Tarquinius Priscus, 
 
 11, 9. 
 
 ne, adv. and conj. (1) As adv., no, 
 not: ne . . . quidem, not even, 
 21, 5. (2) As conj., in clauses 
 of purpose, that not, lest, 5, 18. 
 -ne, adv. enclit. interrog. : added 
 as an interrogation mark to the 
 first or principal word of the 
 clause. Not translatable, 42, 8. 
 Neapolis, -is, f., Naples, on the 
 coast of Campania, 22, 25. 
 nec or neque, adv. and conj. 
 (ne, not; -que, and) (nec em¬ 
 phasizes negation, neque con¬ 
 nection), and not, btit not, also 
 not, nor, 7, 23 ; 46, 3 : nec . . . 
 nec, neither . . . nor, 7, 20 : 
 nec . . . et, oji the one hand 
 not . . . and on the other, 70, 8- 
 necessarius, adj. (necesse, neces¬ 
 sary), need fid, indispensable, 
 necessary, 17, 18. 
 necessitas, -atis, f. (necesse, neces¬ 
 sary), necessity, 1, 21. 
 neco, 1, -avi, -atus (cf. nex, death), 
 kill, slay, 28, 25. 
 
 nefarius, adj. (nefas, impious act), 
 impious, execrable, abominable, 
 
 42, 11. 
 
 nefastus, adj. (nefas, impious act), 
 contrary to religion, unhallowed, 
 unpropitious, referring to days 
 
278 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 upon which no legal business 
 could be done, 5, 25 ; 20, 13. 
 neglegens, -entis, adj. with comp, 
 (p. of neglego, disregard ), heed¬ 
 less, careless, 71, 1. 
 neglego, 3, -exi, -ectus (nec, not ; 
 lego, gather), not gather, disre¬ 
 gard, neglect, be indifferent to, 
 15, 21. 
 
 nego, 1, -avi, -atus, say no, deny , 
 refuse, say not, 11, 10. 
 nemo, — , dat. nemini, acc. 
 neminem, m. and f. (ne, not; 
 homo, man), no man, no one, 
 nobody, 36, 24. 
 
 nemus, -oris, N., woodland, forest, 
 pasture, grove, 5, 12. 
 nepos, -otis, M., grandson, 2, 8. 
 neptis, -is, F. (cf. nepos, grand¬ 
 son), granddaughter, 70, 25. 
 neque, see nec, 18, 16. 
 nescio, 4, -ivi, — (ne, not ; scio, 
 know), not to know, be ignorant, 
 not know how, 38, 9- (W. G. 
 66 .) 
 
 neuter, -tra, -trum, adj. pron. 
 (ne, not; uter, either), tieither 
 the one nor the other, neither, 
 23, 27. 
 
 neve or neu, adv., and not, nor, 
 and that not, and lest , 17, 2. 
 nex, necis, f. (cf. need, kill), death, 
 murder, slaughter, 41, 3 ; 49, 1. 
 nexus, adj. (p. of nect 5 , bind), 
 imprisoned, 22, 12. 
 ni, conj., if not, unless, 18, 7. 
 niger, -gra, -grum, adj. comp, 
 nigrior, sup. nigerrimus, black, 
 dark, 56, 23. 
 
 nihil or nil, n., indecl. (ne, not; 
 
 hilum, a whit), nothing, 14, 11. 
 nihildum, N., indecl., nothing as 
 yet, 50, 14. 
 
 nihilum, -i, n. (ne, not; hilum, a 
 
 whit), not a shred, nothing, 15, 
 
 22 ; 44, 21. 
 
 Nilus, -i, M., the Nile, 47, 19. 
 nimirum, adv. (ne, not; mirum, 
 strange), without doubt, doubt¬ 
 less, surely, truly, 38, 7. 
 nimis, adv.[ne, not; ma-, meas¬ 
 ure ], beyond measure, too much, 
 too, 17, 19. 
 
 nimius, adj. (nimis, too much), 
 beyond measure, excessive, too 
 great, 15, 11. 
 
 nisi, conj. (ne, not; si, if), if not, 
 unless, except, 9, 12 ; 11, 10. 
 nitens, -entis, adj. with comp. (p. 
 of niteS, shine), shining, bril¬ 
 liant: illustrious, distinguished, 
 59, 28. 
 
 no, 1, -avi, —, swim, 57, 6. 
 nobilis, -e, adj. with comp, and 
 sup. [gno-, know), well-known, 
 fatuous, celebrated, renowtied, 
 4, 26 ; 48, 7 : of noble birth, 
 high-born, 12, 2 ; 32, 5. (W. G. 
 
 43 -) 
 
 nobilitas, -atis, f. (nobilis, known), 
 celebrity, fame: the nobility, 
 aristocracy, 17, 12. (W. G. 43 -) 
 noceo, 2, -cui, -citurus (cf. nec 5 , 
 kill), harm, hurt, injure, 70, 12. 
 noctu, adv. (cf. nox, night), at 
 night, by night, 30, 15. 
 noctua, -ae, F. (nox, night), tiight- 
 owl, owl, 69, 27. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 279 
 
 nocturnus, adj. (nox, night), by 
 night, nocturnal, 6, 5. 
 
 Nola, -ae, F., Nola, a town in 
 central Campania, 71, 21. 
 nolo, nolle, ndlul, — (ne, not; 
 volo, wish), wish . . . not, not to 
 wish, be unwilling, 41, 14. (W. 
 G. 79.) 
 
 nomen, -inis, n. [gno-, know], 
 means of blowing, name, 2, 16; 
 fame, renown, 16, 5. (W. G. 43.) 
 nomino, 1, -avi, -atum (nomen, 
 name), call by name, name, 4, 
 
 19. (W. G. 43 ) 
 
 non, adv. (ne, not; unum, one), 
 not, by no means, not at all , 3, 
 4 : non solum . . . sed etiam, 
 not only . . . but also, 27, 14. 
 nondum, adv., not yet , 27, 6. 
 ndnnullus or non nullus, adj. 
 (non, not; nullus, no), some, 
 several: plur. M. as subst., 
 some, several, 26, 15. 
 nonnumquam, adv. (non, not; 
 numquam, never), sometimes, 
 57 , 2. 
 
 nos, plur. of ego, we, us, 27, 9. 
 nota, ae, F. [gno-, know], means 
 of recognition, mark, 64, 27. 
 
 _(W. G. 43.) 
 
 notus, adj. with comp, and sup. 
 (p. of ndsco, come to knoxv, 
 learn), known, familiar, 35, 12. 
 
 (W. G. 43 ) 
 
 novacula, -ae, f. (novo, make 
 new), sharp knife, razor, 11, 
 
 * 5 - 
 
 novem, num. adj. indecl., nine, 
 
 i 5 , 9 - 
 
 novus, adj., new, young, 2, 16; 
 6 7 , 23 : novel, unusual, strange, 
 
 47 , i- 
 
 nox, noctis, F. (cf. noceo, harm), 
 night, 21, 3. 
 
 nubes, -is, f. [nvb-, cloud], cloud, 
 mist, 34, 24. 
 
 nubo, 3, nupsi, nuptus (cf. 
 nubes, cloud, veil), veil oneself: 
 be married, marry, 52, 1. 
 
 nudus, adj. naked, 24, 12. 
 
 nullus, gen. nullius, dat. nulli, 
 adj. (ne, not ; ullus, any), not 
 any, none, no, 6, 12. As subst. 
 M. and F., no one, nobody, 
 58, 8. 
 
 num, adv. interrog., usually ex¬ 
 pecting a negative answer. In 
 an indirect question, whether, 
 11, 14. 
 
 Numa, -ae, m., Numa Pompilius, 
 the second king of Rome, 5, 3. 
 
 numero, 1, -avi, -atus (numerus, 
 number), count, reckon: pay, 
 4g, 24 : esteem, consider, regard, 
 22, 27. 
 
 numerus, -i, m., number, 9 , 4 : 
 quantity, sum, amount, 32, 4. 
 
 Numidia, -ae, F., Numidia, a 
 country in northern Africa, 
 now Algiers, 44, 12. 
 
 Numitor, - 5 ris, M., king of Alba 
 Longa, 1, 1. 
 
 nummus, -T, M., piece of money, 
 coin, 68, 13. 
 
 numquam, adv. (ne, not; urn- 
 quam, at any time), at no time , 
 never, 36, 8. 
 
 nunc, adv. (num, now ; -ce, de- 
 
280 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 monst. suffix), now, at present, 
 at this time, 4, 2. 
 nuntio, 1, -avi, -atus (nuntius, 
 
 messenger), announce, make 
 known, report, 5, 15. 
 nuntius, adj., that announces, 
 making known. As subst., M., 
 bearer of tidings, messeziger, g, 
 26. 
 
 nurus, -us, f., daughter-in-lazv, 
 
 young woman, married woman , 
 
 14, 23. 
 
 nusquam, adv. (ne, not; usquam, 
 
 anywhere), nowhere, in no 
 place, 3, 6 : on no occasion, 37, 
 
 II. 
 
 nuto, 1, -avl, -atus (freq. of nub, 
 nod), nod: waver, 51, 21. 
 nutrix, -icis, f. (nutrio, nourish), 
 nurse, 18, 8. 
 
 5, interj. of feeling or surprise, 
 often best untranslated, O! 
 
 2 7 > 3 - 
 
 Ob, prep, with acc., on account of, 
 for, 3, 16. 
 
 Obeo, -ire, -ivi, -itus (ob, before, to¬ 
 wards; e 5 , go), go to meet, go 
 in opposition: perish, die, 10, 
 16. (W. G. 46.) 
 
 obicio, 3, -ieci, -iectus (ob, before, 
 against; iacio, throw), throw 
 before, cast, offer, expose, 65, 
 2; 69, 19 : set against, place 
 before, oppose, 16, 7. (W. G. 47.) 
 
 oblatus, P. of offero, 28, 17. 
 
 obligo, i, -avi, -atus (ob, to; ligo, 
 bind), bind up, bind, put under 
 obligations, 23, 26. 
 
 Oblitus, adj. (p. of obliviscor, for¬ 
 get), forgetful, unmindful, 8, 4. 
 
 oblivio, -onis, F. (cf. obliviscor, 
 forget), forgetfulness, oblivion, 
 6_7, 5- 
 
 obliviscor, -i, -litus, forget, 39, 
 14. 
 
 obnoxius, adj. (ob, to; noxius, 
 
 O 
 
 Jnirtful), liable, exposed, 56, 24. 
 obruo, 3, -ui, -utus (ob, without 
 force ; rub, throw down), over¬ 
 whelm, cover, bury, 3, 25 : 
 
 destroy, slay, 37, 12. 
 obsequor, -i, -cutus, dep. (ob, in¬ 
 tensive; sequor, follow), com¬ 
 ply, yield, submit to, 42, 8. 
 Obses, -idis, M. and F. [ob, before, 
 by; SED-, sit], hostage, 51, 19. 
 (W. G. 67.) 
 
 obsideo, 2, -edi, -essus (ob, before, 
 against; sedeo, sit), sit, remain : 
 besiege, blockade, 14, 18. (W. 
 G. 67.) 
 
 obsidio, -onis, f. (cf. obsideb, sit 
 
 before), siege, blockade, 19, 18. 
 (W. G. 67.) 
 
 obsisto, 3, -stiti, -stitus (ob, be¬ 
 fore, in the way; sistb, place 
 oneself), stand in the way: op¬ 
 pose, resist, 41, 7. (\V. G. 69.) 
 obstinatus, adj. with comp. (p. of 
 obstino, resolve), resolved upon, 
 determined, resolute, 20, 19. 
 
 (W. G. 69.) 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 281 
 
 Obstrepo, 3, -in, — (ob, against; 
 strepS, make a noise), make a 
 noise against, roar at, clamor at, 
 
 11, 26. 
 
 0 bstring 5 , 3, -strinxi, -strictus 
 (ob, upon ; stringo, draw tight), 
 shut in, confine : bifid, tie, ham¬ 
 per, involve, 22, 12 ; 24, 9. 
 
 obstupefacio, 3, -feci, -factus 
 (ob, before; stupefacio, aston¬ 
 ish), pass, obstupefio, -fieri, -fac¬ 
 tus, astonish, amaze, stupefy, 
 16, 13. 
 
 obtingo, 3, -tigi, — (ob, to ; tan- 
 gd, touch), fall to the lot of, 
 befall, 55, 25. (W. G. 70.) 
 
 obtrectator, -oris, m. (obtrectb, 
 belittle), detractor, traducer, dis¬ 
 parager, 56, 24. 
 
 obtrunco, 1, —, -atus (ob, down, 
 completely; truncb, cut), cut 
 down, cutto pieces, kill, 35, 16. 
 
 obvenib, 4, -veni, -ventus (ob, to¬ 
 ward, against; venio, come, go), 
 come up to, go to meet: befall, 
 happen , fill to one's lot, 50, 1. 
 
 (W. G. 73-) 
 
 Obviam, adv. (ob viam, in the 
 way), in the way, towards, 
 against, to meet, 26, 1. (W. G. 
 72.) 
 
 Obvius, adj. (ob, before; via, 
 way), in the way, meeting, to 
 meet, 7, 27. (W. G. 72.) 
 
 obvolvo, 3, -vi, -lutus (ob, com¬ 
 pletely ; volvd, roll), wrap 
 around, envelop, cover over, 52, 
 26. (W. G. 78.) 
 
 occasio, -onis, f. [ob, to; cad-, 
 
 fall], occasion, favorable mo¬ 
 ment, favorable opportunity, 
 33, 20. (W. G. 14.) 
 
 occasus, -us, m. [ob, down ; cad-, 
 fall], falling, going down, set¬ 
 ting, 20, 15. 
 
 occidens, -entis, adj. (p. of occido,, 
 
 go down), setting, sinking, 44, 
 24. 
 
 occidb, 3, -cidi, -casus (ob, down ; 
 cad 5 , fall), fall down : perish, 
 be slain, 37, 23 : sink, set, 44, 
 24. (W. G. 14.) 
 
 occido, 3, -cidi, -cisus (ob, down ; 
 caedo, strike ), strike down : cut 
 down, kill, 4, 16 ; 42, 1. (W. 
 G. 66.) 
 
 occumbo, 3, -cubui, -cubitus (ob, 
 down ; *cumbo, sink), fall in 
 death, die, 30, 15. • 
 
 occupo, i, -avi, -atus [ob, com¬ 
 pletely; CAP-, take ], take into 
 possession, seize, occupy, 14, 1; 
 43, 2 9 - 
 
 occurro, 3, -curri, -cursus (ob, 
 against; currb, run), run to 
 meet, go to meet, meet, 68, 10 : 
 answer, reply, 65, 28. (W G. 
 19.) 
 
 Octavia, see Octavius. 
 
 Octavianus, -i, m., C. fulius 
 
 Caesar Octavianus, the Roman 
 emperor. He received the sur¬ 
 name Augustus 27 b.c., 63, 10. 
 
 Octavius, adj., name of the Octa- 
 vian gens, originally plebeian, 
 but made patrician by Julius 
 Caesar. To it belonged the 
 emperor Augustus, and his 
 
282 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 sister Octavia, wife of Mark 
 Antony. 61, 17; 66, 2. 
 oculus, -i, M. [ac-, sharp], eye, 
 3, 14- 
 
 odium, -I, N., hatred, aversion, 
 enmity, 31,9. 
 
 odor or odos, -oris, m., smell, 
 scent, perfume, 25, 15; 47, 22. 
 offendo, 3, -fendl, -fensus (ob, 
 against; * fendo, strike), strike 
 against: offend, displease, 66, 
 
 3 °- 
 
 offensus, adj. with comp. (p. of 
 offendb, offend), offended, dis¬ 
 pleased, 54, 30. 
 
 offero, offerre, obtuli, oblatus (ob, 
 
 before ; fero, bear), bring before, 
 present, show, offer, 28, 6; 55, 4. 
 (W. G. 34.) 
 
 officiosus, adj. with comp, and 
 sup. (officium, service), full of 
 courtesy, obliging, obedient, 68, 
 12. 
 
 officium, -I, n. [for opificium, opus, 
 
 work; FAC-, do], service, kind¬ 
 ness, duty, office, 64, 8 : official 
 duty, business, 5^, 13. (W. G. 
 
 33 -) 
 
 olim, adv., at that time, some 
 time, once upon a time, once, 
 16, 24: this long time, 17, 20. 
 omen, -inis, n. (old osmen, for 
 ausmen ), foreboding, sign, omen, 
 22, 6. 
 
 omittd, 3, -isi, -issus (ob, over, 
 past; mitto, send), let go: let 
 alone, disregard, lose sight of, 
 33, 18. (W. G. 53.) 
 omnis, -e, adj., all, every, every 
 
 kind, the whole, 4, 17; 24, 3; 
 38, 20. As subst.,. m. and f. 
 pi., all men, all persons, 5, 15. 
 As subst., N., pi., all things, 
 4, 18. 
 
 onus, -eris, N., load, burden , 32, 6 . 
 
 onustus, adj. (onus, load), loaded, 
 burdened, 32, 2. 
 
 opera, -ae, F. (opus, work), service, 
 effort, work, 62, 8 : assistance, 
 agency, 36, 7: operam dare, see 
 to, give attention to, listen to, 
 
 9,13; 49,17- 
 
 opifex, -ids, m. and f. [opus, 
 work; FAC-, make], workman, 
 mechanic, 68, 10. (W. G. 33.) 
 
 Opimius, -T, m., L. Ophnhis, con¬ 
 sul 121 b.c., 41, 19. 
 
 opinio, - 5 nis, F. (opinor, suppose), 
 opinion, supposition, expecta¬ 
 tion, 47, 6. 
 
 oportet, 2, -uit, impers., it is 
 
 necessary, is proper, behooves, 
 3G 16. 
 
 oppidum, -i, n. (ob, on, over; 
 *pedum (cf. Gr. irt8ov),ground), 
 tozvn, 5, 4. (W. G. 61.) 
 
 Oppled, 2, -evi, -etus (ob, com¬ 
 pletely; pled, fill), fill com¬ 
 pletely, fill up: cover, 37, 13. 
 
 opportunus, adj. with comp, and 
 sup. (ob, before ; * portunus, fr. 
 portus, harbor), fit, suitable, op¬ 
 portune, favorable, 46, 4. 
 
 oppositus, adj. (p. of oppono, set 
 against), opposed, opposite, 52, 
 21. 
 
 opprimo, 3, -essi, -essus (ob, down, 
 against; prerno, press), press 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 283 
 
 together, press down: put down, 
 overthrow, crush, 36, 27. 
 oppugnatio, -5nis, f. (oppugno, 
 storm), storming, attack, assault, 
 siege, 20, 7. 
 
 oppugno, 1, -avl,-atus (ob, against; 
 pugn 5 , fight), fight against, 
 attack, storm, besiege, 19, 11. 
 (ops), opis, F., no nom. or dat. 
 sing., aid, succor, 7, 17 : power, 
 influence, strength, 52, 3: 
 means, property, riches, 38, 30. 
 optimas, -atis, adj. (optimus, best), 
 of the best, aristocratic . As 
 subst., M., aristocrat, patrician, 
 40, 26. 
 
 Optime, adv., sup. of bene, very 
 well, best of all, 22,8. 
 optimus, adj., sup. of bonus, best, 
 most excellent, 39, 26. 
 optio, -5nis, F. (cf. opto, choose), 
 choice, 3, 21. 
 
 optd, 1, -avl, -atus, choose, prefer: 
 
 wish, pray for, 55, 28. 
 
 Opus, -eris, N., work, labor : need, 
 want, necessity, 38, 26. 
 oraculum or oraclum, -I, n. ( 6 r 5 , 
 speak), divine announcement, 
 oracle, 15, 10. (W. G. 57.) 
 oratio, -5nis, f. (oro, speak), 
 speaking, speech, oration, 22, 5. 
 
 (W. G. 57.) 
 
 Orbis, -is, M., ring, circle: the 
 earth, 25, 21 : orbis terrae or 
 terrarum, the whole earth, 22, 
 17 ; 45 , 27. 
 
 orbus, adj., deprived, destitute: 
 
 bereaved, childless, 8, 13. 
 5 rdin 5 , 1, -avi, -atus (ordo, row, 
 
 line), set in order, arrange, in¬ 
 stitute, 4, 21 ; 12, 22. (W. G. 
 56 .) 
 
 ordior, 4, 5rsus, dep. [ol-, or-, 
 grow], begin, commence, 11, 28- 
 (W. G. 56.) 
 
 ordo, -inis, m. [ol-, or-, grow], 
 row, line, order, rank, 40, 27; 
 46, 10. (W. G. 56.) 
 oriens, -entis, m. (p. of orior, rise), 
 rising sun: the East, 37, 9. 
 As adj., rising, 44, 24. 
 origo, -inis, F. (orior, rise), begin- 
 ning, source, birth, origin, 25, 4. 
 (W. G. 56.) 
 
 orior, 4, ortus, dep. [ol-, or-, 
 rise], arise, rise, 44, 24 : pro¬ 
 ceed, start, begin, 2, 16 ; 20, 29. 
 (W. G. 56.) 
 
 ornamentum, -I, n. (orno, fit out), 
 decoration, ornament, jewel, 40, 
 2 ; 47, 1. 
 
 ornatus, adj. with comp, and sup. 
 (p. of 6 rn 5 , fit out), fitted out, 
 furnished: adorned, decorated, 
 70, 26 : eminent, illustrious, 
 
 49 , 7 - 
 
 ornatus, -us, m. ( 5 m 5 , adorn), 
 splendid dress, fuie attire, ap¬ 
 parel, 20, 24. 
 
 orn 5 , i,-avi, -atus, fit out, furnish, 
 equip '.ornament, adorn, 20, 20. 
 oro, 1, -avl, -atus ( 5 s, mouth), 
 speak: plead, pray, beg, 4, 13. 
 
 (W. G. 57.) 
 
 os, oris, N., mouth, r, 12 ; 10, 13: 
 face, features , countenance, 15, 
 19. (W. G. 57.) 
 
 Ostendo, 3, -di,-tus [ob(s), before; 
 
284 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 tendo, stretch ], stretch out be¬ 
 fore, expose to view, hold out, 
 show, exhibit, display, 25, 8 ; 
 
 58,4- (W. G. 71.) 
 
 ostentd, 1, -avi, -atus (freq. of 
 ostendd, stretch out), present to 
 view: display, show off, parade, 
 exhibit, 8, 11. (W. G. 71.) 
 
 Ostia, -ae, F. (os, mouth), Ostia, 
 the seaport of Rome at the 
 mouth of the Tiber, 10, 14. 
 (W. G. 57.) 
 
 pacatus, adj. with comp, and 
 sup. (p. of paco , pacify), pacified, 
 peaceful, 6, 1. 
 
 paene, adv., nearly, almost, 16, 8. 
 
 paeniteo, 2, -ui, — (cf. poena, 
 penalty), make sorry. Impers., 
 it repents: discontents, dissatis¬ 
 fies, 33, 24. 
 
 palam, adj., openly, plainly, pub¬ 
 licly, 34, 22. 
 
 Palatium, -i, n. (Pales, an Italian 
 
 shepherd-god), Palatine hill: 
 in plural, a palace, 69, 1. 
 
 paludamentum, -I, n., military 
 cloak, soldier's cloak, 7, 29. 
 
 palus, -udis, F., swamp, marsh, 
 pool, 4, 22. 
 
 panis, -is, M. [pa-, feed~\, bread, 
 21, 19. 
 
 papaver, -eris , n., a poppy, 14, 
 J 3 - 
 
 par, paris, adj., equal, 47, n : 
 similar, like, well-matched, 7, 
 20 ; 13, 12. 
 
 otiose, adv. (dtidsus, at leisure), 
 
 at leisure, 38 , 27. 
 otiosus, adj. with sup. (otium, 
 
 leisure), at leisure, disengaged, 
 idle, 16, 24 : free frojn public 
 affairs, 62, 18. 
 
 5 tium, -I, N. [av-, delight ], leisure, 
 freedoni from business: ease, 
 rest, repose, 27, 10 : per otium, 
 at one's ease, 4g, 16. 
 
 0 v 5 , 1, —, —, exult, rejoice, 7, 
 2 5 - 
 
 parabilis, -e, adj. (paro, prepare), 
 easily procured, at hand, 48, 
 2. 
 
 paratus, adj. with comp, and 
 sup. (p. of paro, prepare), pre¬ 
 pared, ready, 22, 3. 
 
 pared, 3, peperci or pars!, parsus, 
 spare, treat with forbearance, 
 44, 11. 
 
 parcus, adj. with comp, and sup. 
 (cf. parco, spare), sparing, fru¬ 
 gal, 43, 18. 
 
 parens, -entis, m. and f. (p. of 
 parid, beget), father , mother, 
 parent, 21, 30. 
 
 pareo, 2, -ui, —, appear: obey, 
 comply, be subject to, 42, 11. 
 
 pariter, adv. (par, equal), equally, 
 alike, 17, 13. 
 
 paro, 1, -avi, -atus, make ready, 
 prepare, provide, 3, 10 : plan, 
 intend, purpose, 35, 2. 
 
 parricidium, -i, n. (parricida, a 
 
 parricide), 7 nurder of a father , 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 285 
 
 parricide, 58, 4. (W. G. 58 and 
 66 .) 
 
 pars, partis, F., part, piece, 
 tion, share, 12, 16; 41, 16: 
 some, many, 56 , 4 : direction, 
 5 1 , 25 : party, faction, 43, 12 : 
 office, duty, 30, 1 : tres partes, 
 fourths, 47, 3. 
 
 Parthi, -orum, m., the Parthians, 
 a brave people living south of 
 the Caspian sea, 51, 30. 
 
 partior, 4, -Itus, dep. (pars ,part), 
 share, distribute, divide, 45, 7. 
 
 parum, adv., comp, minus, sup. 
 minime (cf. parco, spare), too 
 little, not enough, insufficiently, 
 26, 15. 
 
 parvulus, adj. dim. (parvus, 
 
 small), very small . As subst., 
 infant; 1, 7. 
 
 pasco, 3, pavi, pastus [pa-, feed], 
 feed, support: graze, pasture, 
 
 35, 4- 
 
 passim, adv. (cf. passus, out¬ 
 stretched), scattered about far 
 and wide, generally, in every 
 direction, 35, 17. 
 
 passus, adj. (p. of pando, spread 
 out), outspread, extended: di¬ 
 shevelled, 4, 12. 
 
 pastor, -oris, M. [pa-, feed], herds¬ 
 man,shepherd, 1,14. (W. G. 58.) 
 
 patefacio, 3, -feci, -factus (pateo, 
 lie open ; facio, make), lay open, 
 open : disclose , expose, bring to 
 light, 59, 20. (W. G. 33.) 
 
 patella, -ae, f. (dim. of patina, 
 pan), small pan, little dish, 
 29 , II. 
 
 patens, -entis, adj. with comp, 
 (p. of pateo, lie open), open, 20, 
 23- 
 
 pater, -tris, M. [pa -, feed], father, 
 3, 20 : plur., senators, 4, 26. 
 (W. G. 58.) 
 
 paternus, adj. (pater, father), of 
 a father, fatherly, paternal, 
 11, 20. (W. G. 58.) 
 patiens, -entis, adj. with comp, 
 and sup. (p. of patior, endure), 
 able to bear, enduring, patient, 
 57, 2. 
 
 patior, 3, passus, dep., bear, sup¬ 
 port, endure, 61, 26 : meet with, 
 suffer, endure, 59, 15 : allow, 
 permit, 37, 21. 
 
 patria, -ae, f. (fern, of patrius, 
 
 ancestral; sc. terra, land), 
 fatherland, native land, 6, 24. 
 (W. G. 58.) 
 
 patrimonium, -I, n. (pater, 
 
 father), inheritance from a 
 father, inheritance, patrimony, 
 41, 18. (W. G. 58.) 
 patrius, adj. (pater, father), of a 
 father, paternal, 18, 19. (W. 
 G. 58.) 
 
 patrb, 1, -avi, -atus, bring to pass, 
 accomplish, perform, 11, 22. 
 patronus, -I, m. (pater, father), 
 protector, patron, advocate, 
 pleader, 58, 24. (W. G. 58.) 
 paucus, adj. with comp, and sup., 
 few, 10, 15 : plur. m. as subst., 
 few, a few, 6, 21. 
 paulatim, adv. (paulum, a little), 
 by degrees, gradually, 14, 6. 
 paulo, adv. (abl. n. of paulus, 
 
2S6 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 little), as ablative of difference 
 in expressions of comparison, 
 by a little, somewhat, a little, 8, 
 12 . 
 
 paulum, adv. (paulus, little ), a 
 little, somewhat, a little while, 
 52, 12; 55 , 17 - 
 
 Paulus, -I, m., name of a famous 
 Roman family ; see Aemilius , 
 37, 2. 
 
 pauper, -eris, adj. with comp, and 
 sup., of small means, poor , 28, 
 4 : insignificant, small , 50, 2. 
 As subst., M., a poor man, 17,17. 
 paupertas, -atis, f. (pauper, poor), 
 poverty, 17, 14. 
 
 pavidus, adj. (paveo, tremble 
 with fear), trembling, fearful, 
 timid, 18, 8. 
 
 pavor, - 5 ris, M., trembling, shak¬ 
 ing, terror, dread, 38, 14. 
 pax, pacis, F., compact, agreement, 
 treaty, peace, reconciliation, 4, 
 
 13 ; 64, 19. 
 
 peccatum, -i, n. (pecco, miss), 
 
 fault, mistake, sin, 42, 12. 
 pecc 5 , 1, -avl, -atus, miss, trans¬ 
 gress, offend, sin, 42, 12. 
 pectus, -oris, N., breast, 18, 21. 
 pecunia, -ae, F. (pecu, cattle ; the 
 earliest form of wealth), prop¬ 
 erty, wealth, riches: money, 
 11, 1. 
 
 pecus, -oris, n., cattle of all kinds: 
 
 flock: herd, 1, 18. 
 pediculus, -I, m. (dim. of pes, 
 foot), a little foot, 29, 12. 
 pellicio, 3, -lexl, -lectus, allure, 
 tempt, entice, 17, 26. 
 
 pellis, -is, F., skin, hide, leather . 
 winter tent, 19, 20 (v. notes, 
 % 10, p. 97 )- 
 
 pello, 3, pepuli, pulsus [pel-, 
 drive"], push, drive, hurl: drive 
 out, banish, put to flight, drive 
 away, expel, 1, 3 ; 41, 23. (W. 
 G. 59.) 
 
 pendo, 3, pependi, pensus, sus¬ 
 pend, weigh: pay, 32, 17. 
 penitus, adv. [pa-, feed], in¬ 
 wardly, into the inmost part, 
 far within, 11, 24. 
 per, prep, with acc.: of space, 
 through, across, through the 
 midst of, throughout, among, 5, 
 22 ; 8 , 17 ; 17, 7 ; 45, 26: of 
 time, during, for, distr. by, 23, 
 2 ; 49> 3 : °f agency and means, 
 by the agency of, by means of, 
 through the instrumentality of, 
 34> 28; 35, 25 ; 40, 17 : of an 
 apparent or pretended cause, 
 under pretence of, 34, 30 : of 
 manner, in, 50, 3. 
 perago, 3, -egl, -actus (per, 
 through ; agd, drive), thrust 
 through : go through with, ac¬ 
 complish, finish, complete, 8, 17; 
 19, 23: set forth, enumerate, 
 10, 1. 
 
 peragrd, 1, -avl, -atus (per, 
 through; ager, field), wander 
 through, traverse, pass through, 
 
 1, 18. 
 
 percello, 3, -cull, -culsus [per, 
 thoroughly; CEL-, strike], beat 
 down, overturn : strike, smite, 
 hit, 24, 22: astound, strike with 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 287 
 
 consternation, 44, 27. (W. G. 
 I 9 -) 
 
 percontor or percunctor, 1, -atus, 
 dep. (per, by ; contus , pole, i.e., 
 hunt with a pole), question 
 strictly, ask, inquire, 15, 11. 
 perculsus, p. of percello, 44, 27. 
 percussor, -oris, m. (cf. percutid, 
 strike through), striker, mur¬ 
 derer, assassin, 56 , 1. 
 percutio, 3, -cussl, -cussus (per, 
 thoroughly; quatio, strike), 
 strike through and through, 
 pierce, 43, 8; strike, knock at, 
 48, 9 ; slay, kill, 11, 17. 
 perdd, 3, -didi, -ditus [per, through; 
 2 DA-, put], make away with, 
 destroy, squander, waste, lose, 
 37 , 18 ; 58, 29. (W. G. 25.) 
 perduco, 3, -duxi, -ductus (per, 
 through; duco, lead), lead 
 through, lead, conduct, 2, 3. 
 (W. G. 29.) 
 
 peregrinus, adj. (peregre, fr. per, 
 through; ager, field), from for¬ 
 eign parts, foreign, 54, 11. 
 perennis, -e, adj. with comp, (per, 
 through; annus, year), lasting 
 through the year, everlasting, 
 unceasing, perpetual, never fail¬ 
 ing, 6,7; 32,19- 
 pereo, -ire, -ii or -ivi, -iturus (per, 
 through; eo, go), pass away, 
 disappear: die, perish, 56, 4 : be 
 lost, be wasted, be spent in vain, 
 68, 24: be ruined, 17, 9. (W. 
 G. 4 ^*) 
 
 perfero, -ferre, -tuli, -latus (per, 
 through; fero, bear), bear 
 
 through: keep, retain, 67, 16. 
 (W. G. 34.) 
 
 perficio, 3, -feci, -fectus (per, thor¬ 
 oughly ; facio, do), accomplish, 
 carry out, complete, 35, 22. 
 perfidia, -ae, f. (perfidus, faith¬ 
 less), faithlessness, treachery , 
 perfidy, 9, 1. (W. G. 35.) 
 perfidus, adj. [per, breaking 
 through, disregarding; FID-, 
 trust], promise-breaking, dishon¬ 
 est, treacherous, faithless, 4, 6 . 
 (W. G. 35.) 
 
 perfruor, 3, -uctus, dep. (per, 
 
 thoroughly; fruor, enjoy), enjoy 
 fully, be delighted with, 67, 7. 
 perfuga, -ae, m. [per, thoroughly, 
 entirely; FVG-, flee], deserter, 
 35, 25. (W. G. 40.) 
 perfugid, 3,-fugI, — (per, through, 
 entirely; fugid, flee), flee for 
 refuge, 37, 22. (W. G. 40.) 
 pergo, 3, perrexi, perrectus (per, 
 through ; rego, conduct), go on, 
 press on, hasten, march, 11, 25; 
 38, 5. (W. G. 65.) 
 periclitor, 1, -atus, dep. (pericu¬ 
 lum, trial), try, prove, test: in¬ 
 cur danger, be in peril, 34, 20. 
 periculosus, adj. with comp, and 
 sup. (periculum, trial), danger¬ 
 ous, perilous, 23, 11. 
 periculum, -I, N., trial, experi¬ 
 ment: peril, danger, risk, 23, 3. 
 peritus, adj. with comp, and sup. 
 (p. of perior, try), experienced, 
 trained, skillful, expert, 10, 
 
 2 3- 
 
 permagnus, adj. (per, very; mag- 
 
288 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 nus, great), very great, very 
 large, immense, 32, 3. 
 permove 5 , 2, -mdvi, -mdtus (per, 
 thoroughly; moveo, move), move 
 deeply, induce, persuade, 61, 15. 
 (W. G. 54.) 
 
 permulceo, 2, -mulsi, -mulsus 
 (per, without force; mulceo, 
 
 stroke), rub gently, stroke, 20, 
 27. 
 
 permutd, 1, -avi, -atus (per, thor¬ 
 oughly; mutd, change), change 
 throughout: exchange, 65, 11. 
 (W. G. 54.) 
 
 peroro, 1, -avi, -atus (per, to the 
 end; oro, speak), speak from 
 beginning to end, plead at length, 
 58, 1. (W. G. 57.) 
 perpello, 3, -puli,— (per, through; 
 pelld, strike), urge, compel, pre¬ 
 vail upon, induce, 35, 26. (W. 
 G. 59.) 
 
 perpetuo, adv. (perpetuus, contin- 
 uous), constantly, ever, uninter¬ 
 ruptedly, 5, 7. 
 
 perpetuus, adj., continuous, per¬ 
 petual : in perpetuum, forever, 
 for all time, 54, 24. 
 perrumpo, 3, -rupi, -ruptus (per, 
 through; rumpo, break), break 
 through, force a way through, 
 70, 15. (W. G. 64.) ' 
 persaepe, adv. (per, very; saepe, 
 often), very often, 57, 5. 
 perscribo, 3, -scripsi, -scriptus 
 (per, to the end, in full; scribd, 
 write), write in full: enter, 
 record, 17, 23. 
 persecutus, p. of persequor. 
 
 persequor, 3, -cutus, dep. (per, 
 
 throughout; sequor, follow), 
 follow perseveringly, follow 
 after, pursue, 44, 13. 
 perspicio, 3, -spexi, -spectus (per, 
 through; specio, look), look 
 through, look into: perceive 
 clearly, note , see through, un¬ 
 derstand, 27, 6. (W. G. 68.) 
 perstringo, 3, -inxi, -ictus (per, 
 - thoroughly; stringo, bind), bind 
 closely, press hard: affect deep¬ 
 ly, touch, move, 7, 5. 
 persuaded, 2, -suasi, -suasus (per, 
 completely; suadeo, persuade), 
 convince, persuade, 29, 8. 
 pertaedet, 2, -taesum est, impers. 
 (per, completely; taedet, it 
 wearies), it wearies, disgusts, 
 makes sick, 50, 13. 
 perterrefacio, 3,-feci, -factus (per, 
 thoroughly ; terred, frighten ; 
 facio, make), frighten thorough¬ 
 ly, 28, 14. 
 
 pertinaciter, adv. (pertinax, per¬ 
 severing), perseveringly, obsti¬ 
 nately, stubbornly, 49, 8. (W. G. 
 
 7I ;) 
 
 pertineo, 2, -ui, — (per, through, 
 to the end; tened, hold), stretch 
 out, reach, extend, 46, 10. (W. 
 
 G. 71) 
 
 perturbo, 1, -avi, atus (per, thor¬ 
 oughly; turbo, disturb), confuse, 
 disturb, confound, 40, 11. 
 pervenio, 4, -veni, -ventus (per, 
 through, to; venid, come), ar¬ 
 rive, come to, reach , ii, 25. (W. 
 
 G. 73 ) 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 289 
 
 pes, pedis, M., foot , 57, 3 : pedem 
 referre, to retreat , 25, 11. 
 pessime (pessimus), sup. of male, 
 worst, 41, 4. 
 pessimus, see malus, 
 pestilentia, -ae, f. (pestilens, 
 infected ), infectious disease, 
 
 plague, pestilence , g, 7. 
 pestis, -is, F., infectious disease , 
 plague: pest, curse, bane , 45, 
 27. 
 
 petitio, - 5 nis, f. (peto, 
 
 attack, ai?n : application, candi¬ 
 dacy, petition , 56, 20. 
 pet 5 , 3, -ivl or -ii, petitus, strive 
 for, seek, 3, 19 : /0, 40, 20 : 
 
 attack, aim at, 20, 11: demand, 
 15, 23 : beg, ask, 3, 6 ; 3, 22. 
 phalerae, -arum, F. (Gr., rd 0 d- 
 Xepa), a metal plate for the 
 breast: for horses, a metal 
 breast decoration, breast-plate, 
 45, 6. 
 
 Pharnaces, -is, m., Pharnaces, 
 son of Mithridates, king of 
 Pontus, 46, 13. 
 
 Pharsalicus or Pharsalius, adj., 
 Pharsalian, of Pharsalus (in 
 Thessaly), 53, 3. 
 
 Pharsalos or -us, -T, f., Pharsalus 
 or Pharsalia, the Thessalian 
 town near which Pompey was 
 defeated by Julius Caesar, 48 
 b.c., 47, 15. 
 
 philosophia, -ae, f. (Gr., <pi\o- 
 <ro(f)la), philosophy, 62, 16. 
 philosophus, adj., philosophical . 
 As subst., m. and F., a philos¬ 
 opher , 48, 7. 
 
 pietas, -atis, F. (pius, dutiful ), 
 dutiful conduct, devotion, piety, 
 6, 9 : duty, love, loyalty to kin 
 and country, 50, 10. 
 
 pignus, -oris and -eris, N ., pledge, 
 security, token, proof, 5, 14; 
 39, 9 - 
 
 pilleus, -I, m., and pilleum, -I, n., 
 
 close-fitting felt cap, skull-cap, 
 
 10, 20. 
 
 pirata, -ae, M., sea-robber, corsair, 
 pirate, 45, 15. 
 
 piraticus, adj., of pirates, pirat¬ 
 ical, 46, 1. 
 
 piscina, -ae, f. (piscis, fish), fish¬ 
 pond, 69, 20. 
 
 piscis, -is, m., fish, 69, 22. 
 
 Piso, -onis, M., family name of 
 L. Calpur 7 iius Piso, an enemy 
 of C. Gracchus, 41, 8. 
 
 placabilis, -e, adj. with comp, 
 (placd, quiet, soothe), easily 
 pacified, placable, 26, 9. 
 
 Placentia, -ae, F., Placentia, a 
 city in Cisalpine Gaul, on the 
 P°, 59, 7- 
 
 placeo, 2, -ui or placitus sum, 
 -citus, please, be pleasing, be 
 agreeable, suit, 33, 1 : seem 
 right, seem best, 23, 23. Im- 
 pers., it is believed, is settled, is 
 agreed, 6, 21. 
 
 placide, adv. with comp, (placi¬ 
 dus, gentle ), gently, quietly, 
 calmly, 15, 18. 
 
 placo, 1, -avi, -atus, quiet, soothe: 
 reconcile, conciliate, 43, 10. 
 
 plaga, -ae, F., blow, stroke, wound, 
 55 , 2i. 
 
290 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 plaga, -ae, f. [pleo, weave], 
 hunting-net, snare : region, dis¬ 
 trict, 22, 18. 
 
 Plancus, -I, M., Plancus, family- 
 name of C. Plotius Plancus, 
 proscribed 43 B.C., 65, 3. 
 plebeius, adj. (plebs, the common 
 people'), of the common people , 
 plebeian, 17, 25. (W. G. 62.) 
 plebs, plebis, or plebes, -el or -I, f. 
 [PLE-,y?//], the common people, 
 commons, plebeians, 4, 26. (W. 
 G. 62.) 
 
 plenus, adj. with comp, and sup. 
 [ple -, fill], full, filled, 42, 19. 
 (W. G. 62.) 
 
 plerusque, -raque, -rumque, adj. 
 (a strengthened form of plerus, 
 a very great paid), a very great 
 part, the majority. As subst., 
 plur. M., plerique, most people, 
 very many, 46, 29. (W. G. 62.) 
 Plinius, -I, M., Plinius, Roman 
 gens to which belonged C. 
 Plinius Secundus, or Pliny, 
 the famous writer on natural 
 history. Perished 79 A.D., in 
 the eruption of Vesuvius, 58, 
 28. 
 
 Plbtius, -I, M., gentile name of 
 C. Plotius Plancus, 65, 3- 
 plumbeus, adj. (plumbum, lead), 
 of lead, leaden, 63, 20. 
 plumbum, -T, n., lead, 41, 30. 
 plures, see 1 plus, 
 plurimum, adv. (acc. n. of plu¬ 
 rimus, most), very much: pluri¬ 
 mum posse, to be very influential, 
 all powerful , 14, 8 ; 31,3. 
 
 plurimus, adj., sup. of multus 
 (plus, more), most, very much, 
 very many, 5, 6. (W. G. 62.) 
 
 1 plus, pluris, adj. [ple-, fill], 
 sing. N. as subst., more, 42, 17: 
 plur., more, in greater number, 
 10, 14; 44, 24: plures, M. subst., 
 the majority, 67, 21. 
 
 2 plus, adv. (acc. N. of plus, the 
 
 adj.), more, 53, 25. (W. G. 
 
 62.) 
 
 poena, -ae, F., satisfaction, punish¬ 
 ment, penalty, 3, 27 ; 6, 11. 
 
 Poenus, -i, M., a Carthaginian, 
 32, 5 : plur., the Carthaginians, 
 30 , 17- 
 
 poeta, -ae, m., poet, 50, 8. 
 
 polliceor, 2, -itus, dep. {^xo, forth ; 
 liceor, bid), hold forth, offer, 
 promise, 28, 24. 
 
 Pollio, -6nis, M., family name of 
 Vedius Pollio, punished by 
 Augustus for cruelty to a slave, 
 69, 17. 
 
 Pompeianus, adj., of Pompey, 
 Pompeian, 52, 4. 
 
 Pompeii, -orum, M., Pompeii, the 
 well-known Campanian city 
 destroyed by an eruption from 
 Vesuvius in 79 A.D., 22, 25. 
 
 Pompeius, -T, m., the Pompeian 
 gens, to which Cn. Pompeius 
 Magnus or Pompey belonged, 
 42, 23. 
 
 Pompilius, -I, m., Pompilius, gen¬ 
 tile name of Numa Pompilius, 
 
 5 , 3 - 
 
 Pomptinus, adj., Pomptine, re¬ 
 ferring to the Pomptine marshes 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 291 
 
 along the coast of Latium, 54, 
 19. 
 
 pondo, adv. (old abl. of pondus, 
 
 weight), by weight, in weight, 
 
 21, 21. 
 
 pondus, -eris, N. (cf. pend 5 , weigh), 
 weight, 21, 23. 
 
 p5no, 3, posui, positus (for posino, 
 fr. por (pr 5 ), forth, down ; sino, 
 set), put down, put, place, fix, 
 deposit, 62, 5 ; 66, 11 : set up, 
 erect, 16,18: give, spend, e?nploy, 
 62, 9 : castra ponere, to pitch 
 camp, 26, 1. 
 
 pons, -ontis, M., bridge, 10, 12. 
 
 ponticulus, -I, M. (dim. of pons, 
 bridge), little bridge, 52, 15. 
 
 Ponticus, adj., of Pontus, Pontic, 
 
 53 , 13 - 
 
 Pontius, -I, M., name of a Samnite 
 and Roman gens, e.g., C. Pon¬ 
 tius, the famous Samnite who 
 captured the Roman army at 
 the Caudine Forks, 23, 5. 
 
 Pontus, -I, M., Pontus, the king¬ 
 dom of Mithridates in north¬ 
 eastern Asia Minor, 46, 13. 
 
 populus, -I, M. [ple-, fiir\, people, 
 nation, 3, 4 ; 6, 2. (W. G. 62.) 
 
 porrigo, 3, -rexi, -rectus (por 
 (pro), forth, out; rego, stretch), 
 stretch out, extend: offer, hand, 
 present, 69, 2. (W. G. 65.) 
 
 Porsena, -ae, M., Porsenna , king 
 of Etruria, whose capital was 
 Clusium, 16, 1. 
 
 porta, -ae, F., city-gate, gate, door, 
 
 5 , 2 5 J J 5 , 6. 
 
 portendo, 3, -dl, -tus [por (pro), 
 forth; tendo (ten-), stretch ], 
 point out, reveal, foretell, pre¬ 
 dict, 10, 24. (W. G. 71.) 
 porticus, -us, F. (porta, gate), 
 covered walk between columns, 
 colonnade, portico, 50, 19. 
 porto, 1, -avl, -atus, bear, carry, 
 bring, 10, 26 ; 64, 10. 
 portorium, -I, n. (cf. porta, gate), 
 tax, duty, custom, tariff, 54, 12. 
 portus, -us, m. (cf. porta, gate), 
 harbor , haven, 22, 20. 
 posco, 3, poposci, —, inch., ask 
 urgently, beg, de?nand, 15, 12. 
 Posidonius, -I, M., Posidonius, 
 a famous Stoic philosopher, 
 
 48 , 5 - 
 
 possum, posse, potui, irr. v. (potis, 
 able; sum, be), be able , have 
 power, can, 5, 19. (W. G. 31 
 and 63.) 
 
 post, adv., and prep, with acc.: 
 as adv., after, behind, later, 4, 
 16: as prep., behind, ig, 12: 
 after, since, 26, 24 : next to, 
 
 12, I. 
 
 postea, adv. (post, after; ea, 
 these things), after this, there¬ 
 after, later, 2, 18; 38, 23. 
 (posterus), adj., comp, posterior, 
 sup. postremus (post, after), 
 coming after, following, next, 
 subsequent, 8, 29; 15, 2: ad 
 postremum, at last, 14, 9. Plur. 
 M. as subst., coming genera¬ 
 tions, descendants, posterity, 9, 
 22. 
 
292 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 posticus, adj. (post, after), in the 
 rear, behind. As subst., N., a 
 back door, 65, 12. 
 postmodum, adv. (post, after; 
 modus , extent, measure), after a 
 while, a little later, 19, 25. 
 postquam, conj., after, as soon 
 as, when, 12, 8. 
 
 postremo, adv. (abl. of postremus, 
 
 last), at last, finally, last of all, 
 
 49 , 5 - 
 
 postremus, sup. of posterus, last, 
 
 14, 9. 
 
 postridie, adv. (for posteri die; 
 * posterus, next; dies, day), on 
 the day after, the next day, 5, 
 
 15. (W.G. 27.) 
 
 postulatum, -T, n. (p. n. of postulo, 
 
 demand), demand, request, 
 claim, 10, 1. 
 
 postulo, 1, -avi, -atus, ask, de¬ 
 mand, claim, desire, 32, 14; 
 
 39, 9 - 
 
 Postumius, -T, M., Roman gentile 
 name, as Spurius Postumius 
 Albinus, consul 321 B.C., 23, 4. 
 potentatus, -us, m. (potens, able), 
 might, power , rule, dominion, 
 4 , 16. 
 
 potentia, -ae, f. (potens, able), 
 might, force, power, 41, 3. (W. 
 G. 63.) 
 
 potestas, -atis, F. (potis, able), 
 ability, sovereignty, sway, do- 
 minion, power, 14, 3; 45, 5: 
 office, authority, 40, 15. (W. G. 
 
 63-) 
 
 potior, 4, -itus, dep. (potis, able), 
 become fnaster of, take posession 
 
 of, get, obtain, 2, 24. (W. G. 
 
 63-) 
 
 potius, adv. comp, [potis, able; 
 fr. POT-, master ], rather, prefer¬ 
 ably, 32, 9. (W.G. 63.) 
 
 prae, prep, with abl., before, in 
 front of, 7, 27 : compared with, 
 28, 4. 
 
 praebeo, 2, -ul, -itus (-prae, forth ; 
 habeo, hold), hold forth, offer, 
 tender, 41, 25 : afford, give, 
 present, 47, 3. (W. G. 45.) 
 
 praeceptor, - 5 ris, m. [prae, before; 
 CAP-, take], teacher, instructor, 
 57 , 18. 
 
 praeceptum, -i, n. (p. n. of prae¬ 
 cipio, advise), ?naxim, rule, 
 order, command, 62, 23. 
 
 praecido, 3, -cidi, -cisus (prae, be¬ 
 fore, in front; caedd, cut), cut 
 off in front, cut off, 26, 4. (W. 
 G. 66.) 
 
 praecino, 3, -uT, — (prae, before ; 
 cano, make music), play before, 
 3 i, 5 - 
 
 praecipid, 3, -cepi, -ceptus (prae, 
 
 beforehand; capid, take), take 
 beforehand, get in advance : ad¬ 
 vise, warn, direct, order, 4, 29. 
 (W. G. 17.) 
 
 praecipue, adv. (praecipuus, spe¬ 
 cial, chief), chiefly, principally, 
 eminently, 47, 25. (W. G. 17.) 
 
 praeclarus, adj. with comp, and 
 sup. (prae, intensive; clarus, 
 bright), very bright, brilliant: 
 eminent, excellent, famous, 45, 
 20. (W. G. 15.) 
 
 praeda, -ae, f., property taken in 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 293 
 
 war, booty, spoil, plunder, 19, 
 26. 
 
 praedicatio, -onis, f. (praedico, 
 
 make known), public proclatna- 
 tion : praise, boast, 53, 12. (W. 
 G. 26.) 
 
 1 praedicd, 1, -avi, -atus (prae, 
 before; dico, make known), 
 make known by proclamation, 
 proclaim : declare openly, make 
 known, relate, 60, 12. (W. G. 
 26.) 
 
 2 praedico, 3, -dixi, -dictus (prae, 
 before; died, say), say before, 
 foretell, predict: advise, ad¬ 
 monish, warn, 55, 7. (W. G. 
 26.) 
 
 praedo, -onis, m. (praeda, spoil), 
 one that makes booty , plunderer, 
 robber, pirate, 45, 28. 
 praefectus, -i, m. (p. of praeficio, 
 put over), overseer. commander, 
 governor, 35, 6. (W. G. 33.) 
 praeferd, -ferre, -tuli, -latus (prae, 
 before; ferd, bear), bear before, 
 carry in front, 53, 14: offer, 
 present, 60, 18 : place before, 
 prefer, 40, 24. (W. G. 34.) 
 praeferox, - 5 cis, adj. (prae, inten¬ 
 sive; ferdx, violent), very vio¬ 
 lent, insolent, 53, 8. 
 
 (praefor), 1, -fatus, dep. (prae, 
 before; * for, say), say before- 
 hand, 59, 30. (W. G. 32.) 
 praeluceo, 2, -luxi, — (prae, be¬ 
 fore; luced, shine), shine before, 
 shed light before, 31, 5. (W. G. 
 50 -) 
 
 praemitto, 3, -misi, -missus (prae, 
 
 before; mittd, send), send for¬ 
 ward, despatch in advance, 21,2. 
 
 (W. G. 53 -) 
 
 praemium, -1, n., advantage, fa¬ 
 vor: reward, 28, 24. 
 
 praeripio, 3, -ripui, -reptus (prae, 
 before ; rapid, take away), snatch 
 axvay, carry off, 10, 15. (W. G. 
 
 64-) 
 
 praesens, -entis, adj. with comp, 
 (p. of praesum, be before), at 
 hand, in person, present, 59, 
 21. (W. G. 31.) 
 
 praesidium, -i, n. [praeses, fr. 
 prae, before ; sid-, sit ], defence, 
 protection, aid: troops, guard, 
 garrison, 16, 6; 23, 15. (W. 
 G. 67.) 
 
 praesto, 1, -iti, -itus (prae, before ; 
 sto, stand), stand out, stand be¬ 
 fore, excel, surpass, 14, 26. (W. 
 G. 69.) 
 
 praesum, -esse, -fui (prae, before ; 
 sum, be), be before, be set over, 
 have charge of, 3, 20. (W. G. 31.) 
 
 praeter, prep, with acc., past, by: 
 contrary to, against, 45, 5 : 
 beyond, besides, in addition to, 
 3g, 1: except, apart from, 24, 
 10. 
 
 praeterea, adv. (praeter, besides ; 
 ea, these things), in addition, 
 further, moveover, 5,13; 27, 24. 
 
 praetereo, -ire, -ii, -itus (praeter, 
 by, past; eo, go), go by, go past, 
 pass by, 36, 15. (W. G. 46.) 
 
 praeteritus, adj. (p. of praetereo, 
 go by), gone by, past, departed , 
 
 67, 5 - 
 
294 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 praetervehor, 3, -vectus, dep. 
 (praeter, by; vehor, be carried ), 
 be borne past, sail by, pass by, 
 30 , 5. 
 
 praetextatus, adj. (praetexta, toga 
 praetexta), wearing the toga 
 praetexta, 20, 24. 
 praetextus, adj. (p. of praetexo, 
 border, fringe), bordered, edged. 
 As subst., F., the toga praetexta, 
 11, 17. 
 
 praetor, - 5 ris, m. [for praeitor; 
 prae, before; I-, go], leader, 
 chief, magistrate: praetor: as 
 governor of a province, pro¬ 
 praetor, ex-praetor, 58, 22. (W. 
 G. 46.) 
 
 praetorius, adj. (praetor, praetor), 
 of the praetor, praetorian, 30, 
 26. As subst., M., one who has 
 been praetor, ex-praetor, 37, 23. 
 (W. G. 46.) 
 
 praevenio, 4, -veni, -ventus (prae, 
 before; venio, come), come be¬ 
 fore, precede, outstrip, antici¬ 
 pate, prevent, 32, 8; 57, 5. 
 
 (W.G. 73.) 
 
 pravus, adj. with comp, and sup., 
 
 crooked, deformed: wrong, bad, 
 wicked, 59, 28. 
 
 precor, 1, -atus, dep. (*prex, 
 
 prayer), ask, beg, entreat, pray, 
 
 20, 1. 
 
 prehendo, and prendo, 3, -hendl, 
 
 -hensus, lay hold of, catch, 69, 
 
 3 °;_ 
 
 pretiosus, adj. with comp, and 
 sup. (pretium, price), of great 
 value, costly, precious, 47, 22. 
 
 pretium, -I, n., price, money , ran¬ 
 som, 15, Ii; 26, 7: pay, re¬ 
 ward, 17, 26. 
 
 (prex, precis), nom. and gen. sing, 
 not in use, F., prayer, request\ 
 entreaty, 43, 10. 
 
 pridem, adv., long ago, long 
 since, 52, 3. 
 
 pridie, adv., on the day before, 
 the previous day, 55, 29. (W. 
 G. 27.) 
 
 primd, adv. (primus, first), at 
 first, at the beginning, first, 
 1, 16 ; 11, 25. 
 
 (primoris, -e), adj. (primus, first), 
 first, 7, 4. Plur. m. as subst., 
 the chiefs, nobles, leaders, 14, 
 16. 
 
 primum, adv. (n. of primus, first),_ 
 at first, first: for the first 
 time, 19, 18 : quam primum, 
 soon as possible, 50, 17 : ut 
 primum, as soon as, 63, 14. 
 
 primus, adj. sup., the first, first, 
 4, 3 ; 46 , 25. As subst., M. 
 plur., the foremost, 31, 25. 
 
 princeps, -cipis, adj. [primus, 
 first; cap-, take ], first in or¬ 
 der, foremost, 7, 26 : chief, emi¬ 
 nent, 7 n ost )ioble, 56, 7. As 
 subst., M., leader, foremost man, 
 chief, 27, 12; 44, 4: ruler, 
 anperor, 69, 10. (W. G. 17.) 
 
 principium, -T, n. (princeps, first 
 in order), beginning, 33, 28. 
 (W. G. 17.) 
 
 prior, neut. prius, -dris, adj. comp., 
 former, prior, first, 2, 18 ; 33, 
 12. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 295 
 
 Priscus, -i, M. (priscus, of former 
 times), Priscus, cognomen of 
 Tarquinius Priscus , ii, 5. 
 prius, adv. comp. (sing. n. of 
 prior, former), before, sooner, 
 first , 13, 7 : with quam, earlier 
 than, sooner than, before, 7, 18. 
 priusquam, see prius, 7, 18 ; 31, 
 
 10. 
 
 privatim, adv. (privatus, private), 
 apart from state affairs, in 
 private, privately, 58, 2. 
 privatus, adj. (p. of privo, take 
 from, withdraw), apart from 
 the state, personal, private, 
 39, 5. As subst., M., man in 
 private life, private citizen, 67, 
 20. 
 
 privo, 1, -avi, -atus (privus, one's 
 own), deprive, rob, 1, 4. 
 pro, prep, with abl., before, in 
 front of: for the sake of, in 
 behalf of, 6, 23; 22, 27; 54, 
 29 : in place of, instead of, 17, 
 20 : for, the same as, as, 5, 
 2: in proportion to, in com- 
 parison with, according to, 36, 
 12 : for, in exchange for, 15, 23. 
 proavus, -i, M. (pro, before; 
 avus, grandfather ), great¬ 
 grandfather, 58, 27. 
 probo, i,-avi, -atus (probus, good), 
 esteem good, approve, commend, 
 38 , 7 - 
 
 proboscis, -idis, f., proboscis, 28, 
 
 11. - 
 
 Proca, -ae, M., Proca, an Alban 
 king, father of Numitor and 
 Amulius, 1, 1. 
 
 procedo, 3, -cessi, — (pr 5 , before ; 
 ced 5 , go), go forward, proceed, 
 advance, go forth, 4, I; 4, 27. 
 procella, -ae, f. [pr 0, forth ; cel-, 
 drive], violent wind, storm, 
 tempest, 34, 25. (W. G. 19.) 
 proclamo, 1, -avi, -atus (pro, out, 
 forth; clamb, call), call, cry 
 out, 8, 10; 40, 25. 
 procul, adv. [pro, forth, away ; 
 CEL-, drive], at a distance, away, 
 far, afar off, 2, 8; 35, 2. (W. 
 G. 19.) 
 
 Proculus, -I, m., Proculus, a Ro¬ 
 man surname, 4, 25. 
 prbcumbo, 3, -cubui, -cubitus 
 (pr 5 , forward; * cumbb, fall), 
 fall forward, sink down, fall 
 prostrate, 46, 21. 
 procurb, 1, -avi, -atus (pr 5 , for ; 
 euro, care), take care of, attend 
 to: avert, expiate by sacrifice, 
 
 5, 13. (W. G. 18.) 
 prodigium, -I, n., prophetic sign, 
 token, oitien, prodigy, 10, 23. 
 proditio, -onis, f. [pr 5 , forth, 
 away; 1 DA-, give], betrayal, 
 treason, treachery, 3, 26. 
 proditor, - 5 ris, M. [pro, forth, 
 away; 1 DA-, give], betrayer, 
 19, 6. (W. G. 25.) 
 prbdo, 3, -didl, -ditus \jpxo, forth; 
 2 DA -, put], exhibit, reveal: re¬ 
 late, hand down, transmit, 15,7. 
 (W. G. 25.) 
 
 proelior, 1, -atus, dep. (proelium, 
 
 battle ), join battle, fight, 59, 7. 
 proelium, -i, N., battle, combat, 4, 
 10. 
 
296 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 profecto, adv. (pro, according to; 
 factum, fact), actually, indeed, 
 certainly, surely , 59, 9. (W. G. 
 
 33 -) 
 
 profectus, p. of proficiscor, 10, 7. 
 profero, -ferre, -tuli, -latus (pro, 
 
 out, forth ; fero, carry), carry 
 out, bring forth, 39, 1. (W. 
 G. 34.) 
 
 prdficid, 3, -feci, -fectus (pr 5 , 
 forth ; facio, make), make head¬ 
 way, succeed, 30, 3. 
 proficiscor, 3, -fectus, dep. (pro, 
 forth, off; *faciscor (facio), be¬ 
 gin to make), set forward, set 
 out, go, march forth, depart, 10, 
 7 ; 10, 18; 46, 2. (W. G. 33.) 
 profiteor, 2, -fessus, dep. (pro, 
 forth, publicly; fateor, confess), 
 declare publicly, avow, profess , 
 29 , 5 - 
 
 prdfligd, 1, -avi, -atus (prd, for¬ 
 ward, down; fligo, strike), 
 strike to the ground, overthrow, 
 defeat, conquer, 33, 9. 
 profugio, 3, -fugi, — (pro , forth : 
 fugio, flee), flee, run away, es¬ 
 cape, 18, 22 ; 41, 24. (W. G. 40.) 
 profugus, adj. [pro, forth ; fvg-, 
 flee], fugitive, banished. As 
 subst. M., a fugitive, 59, 3. (W. 
 G. 40.) 
 
 profundo, 3, -fudi, -fusus (pro, 
 forth ; fundo, pour), pour out , 
 pour forth: waste, squander, 
 59, 12. (W. G. 39.) 
 profusus, adj. (p. of profundo, 
 pour out), lavish, extravagant, 
 40, 13. (W. G. 39.) 
 
 progredior, 3, -gressus, dep. (prd, 
 forth ; gradior, go), go forth, 
 come forth, advance, 36, 12. 
 
 (W. G. 44-) 
 
 prohibeo, 2, -ui, -itus (prd, forth, 
 away from ; habed, hold), keep 
 away from , check, hinder, debar, 
 prevent, 63, 19. 
 
 proicio, 3, -ieci, -iectus (prd, forth; 
 iacio, throw),throw forth,throw, 
 40, 31: extend, 46, 9. (W. G.47.) 
 proinde, adv. (prd, forth ; inde, 
 from that time), hence, accord- 
 ingly, therefore, 53, 29. 
 promineo, 2, -ui, —, stand out, 
 jut, overhang, lean out, betid 
 forward, stretch out, 62, 2. 
 promissum,-!, n. (prdmittd, prom¬ 
 ise), promise, 66, 8. 
 promittd, 3, -misi, -missus (prd, 
 forth ; mittd, send), let go, put 
 forth: promise, assure, 5, 14. 
 (W. G. 53.) 
 
 promptus, adj. with comp, and 
 sup. (p. of promo, bring forth), 
 disclosed, manifest: ready, 
 
 prompt , quick, 36, 22. 
 pronepos, -otis, M. (prd, before ; 
 nepos, grandson), great-grand¬ 
 son, 59, 12. 
 
 pronuntio, 1, -avi, -atus (pro, 
 
 forth,abroad; nuntid, announce), 
 publish, proclaim, decide, de¬ 
 clare, 66, 15. 
 
 prope, adv. with comp, propius, 
 about, nearly , almost, 49, 3. 
 prdpelld, 3, -puli, -pulsus (prd, 
 forth ; pelld, drive), drive forth , 
 drive out, 35, 5. (W. G. 59.) 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 297 
 
 propensus, adj.with comp. (p. of 
 propendeo, hang down), hanging 
 down: inclined, disposed, 27, 
 16. 
 
 propero, 1, -avi, -atus (properus, 
 
 quick), niake haste, go quickly, 
 hasten, 2, 2. 
 
 propinquus, adj. with comp, 
 (prope, near), near, neighboring, 
 46, 11. As subst., M. and F., 
 relation, kinsman, 49, 6. 
 
 propius, adv., comp, of prope, 
 nearer, 55, 14. 
 
 propono, 3, -posui, -positus (pro, 
 forth; pond, put), put forth, 
 display: report, propose, 17, 22: 
 offer, 28, 24. 
 
 propositum, -I, n. (p. n. of pro- 
 pond, propose), plan, design, 
 
 44, 23. 
 
 proprie, adv. (proprius, own, per¬ 
 sonal), personally: especially, 
 peculiarly, 36, 23. 
 
 propter, prep, with acc. (prope, 
 near), near, hard by : on ac¬ 
 count of, fro 77 i, because of, 4, 
 19 ; g, I. 
 
 proripio, 3, -pul, -reptus (pro, 
 forth ; rapid, drag), drag forth : 
 with se, hurry forth, rush, 11, 
 30. (W. G. 64.) 
 
 prorogd, 1, -avi, -atus (pro, for¬ 
 ward ; rogo, ask), prolo 7 ig, con- 
 ti 7 iue, extend, 40, 16. 
 
 proscribo, 3, -scripsi, -scriptus 
 (pro, forth, publicly; scribd, 
 write), proclai 77 i, publish, out¬ 
 law, proscribe, 61, 21. 
 
 proscriptio, -onis, f. (proscribo, 
 
 make public), 7 iotice of sale, ad- 
 vertiseme 7 it:proscription, 64, 22. 
 proscriptus, -i, m. (proscribo, 
 proscribe), outlaw, proscribed 
 person, 64, 26. 
 
 prosequor, 3, -cutus, dep. (pro, 
 
 forth, out; sequor, follow), 
 follow, acco 77 ipa 7 iy, attend, 60, 
 30 - 
 
 Proserpina, -ae, f., Proserpina, 
 the wife of Pluto, and queen of 
 the lower world, 30, 6. 
 prSsilio, 4, -ui, — (pro, forth; 
 salid, ju 7 np), leap forward, 
 spring up, 55, 18. 
 prosperus, adj. with comp, (pro, 
 according to; spes, hope), ac¬ 
 cording to hope, favorable, pros¬ 
 perous. As subst., N., good 
 fortiuie, prosperity, 30, 14. 
 prosum, prddesse, profui, — (pro, 
 for ; sum, be), be useful, benefit, 
 profit, 6, 12. (W. G. 31.) 
 protinus, adv. [pro, forward; 
 TEN-, stretch ], forward, right 
 onward: forthwith, at once , 
 52, 28. (W. G. 71.) 
 provehd, 3, -vexi, -vectus (pro, 
 forward; veho, carry), carry 
 forward: pass., move forward, 
 sail, 61, 25. (W. G. 72.) 
 provincia, -ae, f., office, duty: 
 
 territory, province, 40, 14. 
 provoco, 1, -avi, -atus (pro, forth ; 
 voco, call), call forth, su 7 U 7 non : 
 make an appeal, appeal, 8, 9. 
 (W. G. 77 .) 
 
 proxime, adv. sup. (proximus, 
 nearest), nearest, next, 49, 25. 
 
298 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 proximus, adj. sup. (prope, near), 
 nearest, 35, 29; 36, 16: last, 
 6, 18. As subst., m., those 
 nearest, the bystanders, 52, 13 : 
 in proximo, near by, 3, 2. 
 prudentia, -ae, f. (prudens), fore¬ 
 seeing: sagacity, caution, good 
 sense, 36, 23. (W. G. 75.) 
 psittacus, -I, M. (Gr., xf/lrraKos), 
 parrot, 68 , 20. 
 
 Ptolemaeus, -I, M., Ptolemaeus, 
 Ptolemy, name of several kings 
 of Egypt, 47, 16. 
 publice, adv. (publicus, of the 
 people), publicly, officially, in 
 behalf of the state, 15, 27: by 
 order of the state, 16, 16. 
 publico, 1, -avi, -atus (publicus, 
 public), make public: open to 
 the public, 54, 19. (W. G. 
 62.) 
 
 publicus, adj. (populus, people), 
 of the people, of the state, pub¬ 
 lic, common, 8, 1; 9, 26. As 
 subst., N., state treasuiy, 39, 5. 
 (W. G. 62.) 
 
 Publius, -I, M., Publms, a Roman 
 praenomen, 25, 6. 
 pudor, -oris, M., shame, disgrace, 
 
 24, 4. 
 
 puella, -ae, f. (dim. of puer, bey), 
 girl, maiden, 8, 2. 
 puer, -eri, m., boy, young mail, 
 
 12, 5; 45, 11: slave, 69, 21: 
 
 qua, see qua re. 
 
 quadragesimus, adj. (quadragin¬ 
 ta, forty), the fortieth , 45, 31. 
 
 plur. pueri, children, n, 18: 
 a pueris, from childhood, 40, 1. 
 
 puerilis, -e, adj. with comp, (puer, 
 boy), boyish, childish, youthful, 
 57, 16. 
 
 pugi 5 , -onis, M., short dagger, 
 dirk, 55, 20. 
 
 pugna, -ae, F., hand-to-hand fight, 
 battle, combat, 4, 2. 
 
 pugn 5 , 1, -avi, -atus (pugna, 
 fight), fight, give battle, engage, 
 
 4, 8 ; 46, 4. 
 
 pulcher, -chra, -chrum, adj., comp, 
 pulchrior, sup. pulcherrimus, 
 beautiful ,22, 17: noble,glorious, 
 honorable, 46, 24. 
 
 pulsus, p. of pello, 1, 3. 
 
 pulvis, -eris, m. or f., dust, 37, 9. 
 
 pungo, 3, pupugi, punctus, prick : 
 afflict, sting, 48, 18. 
 
 Punicus, adj., Punic, Cartha¬ 
 ginian, 30, 18. 
 
 puni 5 , 4, -Ivi, -Itus (poena, penal¬ 
 ty), pmiish, correct, chastise, 
 44 , 7* 
 
 Puteoli, -orum, M., Puteoli, famous 
 sea-port town of Campania, 22, 
 
 2 5* 
 
 puto, 1, -avi, -atus, clean: jicdge, 
 suspect, believe, think, 21, 18. 
 
 Pyrenaeus, adj., Pyrenaean. 
 Subst., M., the Pyrenees, 33, 6. 
 
 Pyrrhus, -I, m., Pyrrhus, king of 
 Epirus, 25, 2. 
 
 quadraginta, num. adj. indecl. 
 
 (quattuor, four), forty, 6, 16. 
 quadrigae, -arum, f. (for quadri- 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 299 
 
 iugae,cf. quattuor, four; iugum, 
 yoke), a team of four, four- 
 horse team, 8, 30. (W. G. 48.) 
 
 quadringenti, -ae, -a, num. adj. 
 (quattuor, fotir ; centum, hun¬ 
 dred), four hundred , 32, 1. 
 
 quaero, 3, -sivi, -situs, seek, look 
 for, 32, 22: ask, inquire, 27, 29. 
 
 quaeso, 3, —, —, archaic form of 
 quaerd, found only in 1st per. 
 sing, and plu. indie, pres., beg, 
 pray, beseech, 18, 18. 
 
 quaestor, - 5 ris, m. (for quaesitor, 
 fr. quaero, question), quaestor, a 
 Roman magistrate whose du¬ 
 ties consisted mainly in caring 
 for the public money and the 
 military stores. There were at 
 first but two quaestors, but 
 their number increased until 
 there were forty in Caesar’s 
 time. 50, 1. 
 
 quaestura, -ae, f. (quaestor, quaes¬ 
 tor), the office of quaestor, quaes¬ 
 tor ship, 58, 17. 
 
 qualis, -e, pronom. adj. interrog., 
 of what sort, what kind of 27, 
 29. 
 
 quam, adv. (case form of qui, 
 who), in what 7 nanner, how, 
 17, 18 : after a comp, or word 
 of comparison, than, 3,1: tam 
 . . . quam, so... as: quam diu, 
 as long as, 29, 15: quam pri¬ 
 mum, as soon as possible, 50, 17. 
 (W. G. 27.) 
 
 quamquam, conj., though, al¬ 
 though, 44, 18. 
 
 quamvis, conj. (quam, as; vis, 
 
 you will), however much, al¬ 
 though, 48, 19; 52, 7. 
 quantum, adv. (quantus, how 
 much), as much as, as far as, 
 33 , 19 - 
 
 quantus, pronom. adj.: relat., 
 
 as much as, as great as, 24, 21; 
 41, 7 : interrog., how great ? 
 19,18. As subst., N., how much? 
 as much, 16, 16; 52, 13. 
 quapropter, adv., on account of 
 which, wherefore, 32, 23. 
 qua re, rel. adv. (qua, by what; 
 re, means), in order that, so 
 that, therefore, by reason of 
 which, 1, 19. 
 
 quartanus, adj. (quartus, fourth), 
 occurring on the fourth day, 
 quartan, 4g, 2. 
 
 quartus, adj. (quattuor, four), 
 fourth, 28, 17. 
 
 quasi, adv. (quam, as ; si, if), as 
 if, just as if, on the ground that, 
 
 2, 4; 11, 4. 
 
 quater, adv. num. (cf. quattuor, 
 four), four times, 59, 5. 
 quattuor, num. adj. indecl .,four, 
 13, 26. 
 
 -que, conj. enclit., and, but, ac¬ 
 cordingly, 1, 12. 
 
 querella, -ae, f., lament: accusa¬ 
 tion, co?nplaint, 23, 18. 
 queror, 3, questus, dep., complain, 
 lament, bewail, 68, 28. 
 qui, quae, quod, adj. pron. inter¬ 
 rog., which? what? what kind 
 of? 5, 12 ; 53, 29. 
 qui, quae, quod, pron. rel., who, 
 which , 1,2; 1, 8. 
 
300 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 qul, quae or qua, quod, pron. 
 indef., used after si, nisi, ne, 
 num, any , 33, 20. 
 qul, adv. interrog., how? 41, 13. 
 quia, conj., becatise , 7, n. 
 quicumque, quaecumque, quod- 
 cumque, indef. rel. pron. (qul, 
 who; -cumque, indef. suff.), 
 whoever, whatever, every one 
 zvho, everything that, 2, 23; 25, 
 9; 35, 8. 
 
 quid, adv. interrog. (acc. n. of 
 quis, who), how? why? what? 
 
 42, 6. 
 
 quidam, quaedam, quoddam, and 
 as subst. quiddam, pron. indef., 
 a certain, a, somebody, one, 12, 
 9; 29, 4: plur., some, some 
 things, 8, 16 ; 55, 27. 
 quidem, adv., to be sure, certainly, 
 indeed, 6, 11 : ne . . . quidem, 
 not even, 21, 5. 
 
 quidquam, see quisquam, 24, 10. 
 quies, -etis, F., rest, repose, 9, 8 : 
 sleep, 23, 19. 
 
 quietus, adj. with comp, and sup. 
 (p. of quiescd, rest), at rest, 
 cahn, inactive, quiet, 62, 1. 
 quin, conj. (abl. qui, why; ne, 
 not), interrog., why not ? where¬ 
 fore not? 24, 18: corrobora¬ 
 tive, but, indeed, nay, in fact, 
 38, 16 : in a dependent clause, 
 so that not, but, but that, from, 
 2, 8 ; 19, 5. 
 
 Quinctilius, -I, m., P. Quinctilius 
 Varus, a general of Augustus, 
 defeated by the Germans 9 
 B.c., 71, 12. 
 
 quindecim, num. adj. (quinque, 
 five ; decern, ten), fifteen , 15, 
 26. 
 
 quingenti, -ae, -a, num. adj. 
 (quinque, five; centum, hun¬ 
 dred), five hundred, 37, 25. 
 quinquaginta, num. adj. indecl., 
 
 fifty > 23,2. 
 
 quinque, num. adj. indecl., five, 
 
 54 , 8 . 
 
 quinquennium, -I, n. (quinque, 
 five ; annus , year), a period of 
 five years, 64, 20. 
 quinquiens, adv. (quinque, five), 
 
 five times, 54, 3. 
 
 quintus, num. adj. (quinque, five), 
 fifth, 20, 12. 
 
 Quintus, -I, m., a Roman praeno¬ 
 men, 32, 25. 
 
 Quirinalis, -e, adj. (Quirinus), 
 
 of Quirinus, of Romulus, Quirt- 
 nal, referring to the Quirinal 
 hill, one of the seven hills, 
 5 , i- 
 
 Quirinus, -I, m. (Quiris, i.e. Cures), 
 
 Quirinus, the deified Romulus, 
 5 , 2. 
 
 quis, quid, pron. interrog., who ? 
 which one ? what man ? what 
 thing? what? 2, 1; 5, 17. 
 quis, qua, quid, pron. indef., with 
 si, nisi, ne, num, any one, any¬ 
 thing, some one, something, 41, 
 20 ; 67, 23. 
 
 quisnam, or (as adj.) quinam, 
 quaenam, quidnam or (as adj.) 
 quodnam, pron. interrog. (quis, 
 who ; -nam, intens.), who then ? 
 who in the world? what in the 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 301 
 
 world? what, pray ? 40, 19; 
 
 44 , 8 . 
 
 quisquam, m., quicquam, n., 
 pron. indef. (quis, any one; 
 -quam, indef. suff.), any, any 
 one, anything, 24, 10 ; 56, 2. 
 quisque, quaeque, quidque, and 
 (as adj.) quodque, pron. indef. 
 (quis, who ; -que, indef. suff.), 
 whoever it be, each, each one, 
 everybody, everything, all , 6, 
 
 23; 54, 16. 
 
 quisquis, quicquid, and (as adj.) 
 quodquod, pron. rel. indef. 
 (quis, who, doubled), whoever, 
 whatever, every one who, every¬ 
 thing which , 42, 5. 
 quo, adv. and conj. (old dat. 
 and abl. form of qui), whither, 
 50 , 1: in order that, 9, 4 ; 41, 
 
 30 - 
 
 quod, adv. and conj. (acc. n. 
 sing, of rel. qui, as to which), 
 as adv., as to what, in what: 
 quod si, but if, 52, 14 : as conj., 
 that, in that, because, 11, 17; 
 42, 5; 47 , 2 ; 51, 21. 
 
 quominus, conj. (quo, by which; 
 minus, less), that not, lest, from, 
 
 27, 10. 
 
 quo modo, rel. adv. (quo, in what; 
 mod 5 , manner ), in the manner 
 that, as, 42, 15. 
 
 quondam, adv. (cum, when, 
 si?ice; -dam, demonstr. suff.), 
 once, formerly, on a time, 5, 
 10; 55, 25. 
 
 quoniam, adv. (quom, when, 
 since; iam, now), since now, 
 since, because , 24, 9. 
 quoque, conj. (placed after an 
 emphatic word), also, too, 6, 3. 
 quorsum and quorsus, adv. (quo, 
 whither; versus, turned), to 
 what place, whither, 51, 26. 
 quot, rel. adj. plur. indecl., as, as 
 many as, 26, 4 : quot . . . tot, 
 as many ... as. 
 quotannis (quot, how many; an¬ 
 nus, year), every year, amiual- 
 
 71,13- 
 
 quousque, adv. (quo, whither; 
 usque, up to), until what time, 
 till when, 40, 6. 
 
 R 
 
 radius, -i, m., staff, rod: beam, 
 ray , 37, 9. 
 
 radix, -ids, f., root, 29, 13. 
 rapina, -ae, f. [rap-, snatch], rob¬ 
 bery, plunder, 1, 18. (W. G. 
 54-) 
 
 rapid, 3, -pui, raptus [rap-, 
 snatch ], seize and carry off, 
 snatch, drag, 3, 15; 12, 11; 
 
 69, 19 : rapere in ius, drag be¬ 
 fore the court, 8, 7. (W. G. 
 
 64.) 
 
 raro, adv. with comp, (rarus, 
 
 rare), seldom, rarely, 70, 24. 
 rarus, adj. with comp, and sup., 
 thin, rare: infrequent, uncom¬ 
 mon, 56, 7. 
 
 ratio, - 5 nis, F. (cf. reor, reckon ), 
 
302 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 reckoning, account: course, con- 
 duct, plan, 33, 12. 
 ratis, -is, f., raft, float: vessel, 
 30 , 23. 
 
 rebello, 1, -avl, -atus (re-, again ; 
 bell 5 , wage war), wage war 
 again, revolt, rebel, ig, 17. (W. 
 G. 28.) 
 
 recedo, 3, -cessi,-cessus (re-, back; 
 ced 5 , go), go back, retire, retreat, 
 withdraw, 45, 10 : desist, 33, 
 
 14. (W. G. 14.) 
 
 receptus, -us, m. [re-, back; cap-, 
 take\, taking back: retiring, re¬ 
 treat, 34, 21. 
 
 recessus, -us, m. [re-, back; cad-, 
 fair\, going back, retreat: nook, 
 recess, 45 , 26. (W. G. 14.) 
 recido or reccido, 3, reccidl or 
 recidi, recasurus (re-, back; 
 cado, fall), fall back: pass, re¬ 
 turn, fall to, 4, 17. (W. G. 14.) 
 recipio, 3, -cepi, -ceptus(re-, back; 
 capio, take), take back, recover, 
 12, 11 ; 36, 7: with pron. re¬ 
 flex., withdraw, retire, 26, 5: 
 accept, admit, receive, welcome, 
 4, 15. (W. G. 17.) 
 reconcilio, 1, -avl, -atus (re-, 
 again; concilio, procure), pro¬ 
 cure again, reestablish, restore, 
 64, 10’: reu 7 iite, reconcile, 43, 11. 
 recreo, 1, -avl, -atus (re-, agam, 
 anew ; creo, make), make a 7 iew, 
 revive, e 7 icourage, 46, 22. 
 recte, adv. with comp, and sup. 
 (rectus, straight), in a straight 
 line: properly, well, 12, 20. 
 (W. G. 65.) 
 
 recubo, 1, —,—, (re-, back; cubo, 
 lie), lie upon the back, lie back, 
 reclme, 38, 23. 
 
 recupero, 1, -avl, -atus {re-, again; 
 cf. capio, take), regam, rescue, 
 recover, save, 21, 29. 
 
 reddd, 3, -did!, -ditus (red-, back; 
 dd, give), give back, restore, re¬ 
 turn, 22, 2: deliver, give, 44, 
 16. (W. G. 24.) 
 
 reded, -Ire, -ii, -itus (red-, back ; eo, 
 go), go back, return, 7, 16 ; 24, 
 26. (W. G. 46.) 
 
 redigo, 3, -egl, -actus (red-, back; 
 agd, drive), drive back, lead 
 back: reduce, force, subdue, 14, 
 
 3 5 5 i, 15 - 
 
 redimb, 3, -emi, -emptus (red-, 
 back; emo, buy), buyback, re¬ 
 deem, ra 7 isom, 26, 6 . 
 
 redintegro, 1, -avl, -atus (red-, 
 agai 7 i; integrd, make whole), 
 make whole again, renew, 4, 10. 
 (W. G. 70.) 
 
 reditus, -us, m. [red-, back; 1-, 
 go~\, going back, return, 39, 17. 
 (W. G. 46.) 
 
 reducb, 3, -duxl, -ductus (r e-,back; 
 ducd, lead), lead back, brmg 
 back, ig, 13. (W. G. 29.) 
 
 refero, -ferre, rettuli, relatus (re-, 
 back; fero, bear), bear back, 
 bring back, bring, 41, 29 ; 42, 
 20: with se, return, 62, 16: 
 pedem referre, withdraw, re¬ 
 treat, 25, 11 : give back, restore, 
 3°, 13 : gain, win, 12, 13: re¬ 
 port, relate, 58, 28 : refer, at¬ 
 tribute, ascribe, 29, 6 : number, 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 303 
 
 count, reckon, 20, 14 : lift, 
 
 raise, 40, 20. (W. G. 34.) 
 refoveo, 2, -fovi, — (re-, again ; 
 foveo, warm), warm again, re¬ 
 store, revive, 53, 16. 
 refractus, p. of refringo, 35, 30. 
 refringo, 3, -fregi, -fractus (re-, 
 intensive ; frango, break), break 
 up, batter down, break open, 35, 
 30. (W. G. 38.) 
 
 refugio, 3, -fugi, — (re-, back; 
 fugi 5 , flee), flee back, flee for 
 safety, flee, 13, 20. (W. G. 40.) 
 regalis, -e, adj. (rex, king), king¬ 
 ly, royal, regal, 66, 21. (W. G. 
 
 65. ) ' 
 
 regia, -ae, f. (regius, royal), royal 
 palace, 9, 5. (W. G. 65.) 
 regina, -ae, f. (rex, king), queen, 
 
 66, 2. (W. G. 65.) 
 
 regio, -onis, F. [reg-, guide),direc- 
 tion : region, district, 23, 1. (W. 
 G. 65.) 
 
 regius, adj. (rex, king), kingly, 
 royal, belonging to the king, 1, 
 14 5 4G 3 - (W. G. 65.) 
 regno, 1, -avi, -atus (regnum, 
 royal power), to have royal 
 power, be king, reign, 1, 3. 
 regnum, -I, n. [reg-, guide), king¬ 
 ly government, royalty: sover¬ 
 eignty , supreme power, 1, 2 : 
 realm, kingdom, 11, 21. (W. 
 G. 65. 
 
 rego, 3, rexl, rectus [reg-, guide), 
 keep straight, guide: govern, 
 ride, 2, 17. (W. G. 65.) 
 regredior, 3, -gressus, dep. (re-, 
 back; gradior, go back, re¬ 
 
 turn, 17, 11: withdraw, retreat, 
 20, 18. (W. G. 44.) 
 reicio, 3, reieci, -iectus (re-, back; 
 iacio, throw), throw back, 64,15. 
 (W. G. 47 -) 
 
 relabor, 3,-lapsus, dep. (re-, back; 
 labor, slide), slide back, flow back, 
 sink back, 1,9. (W. G. 49.) 
 relatus, p. of refero, 20, 14. 
 relictus, p. of relinquo, 22, 3. 
 religio, -onis, f. (re-, back; cf. ligo, 
 bind), conscientiousness, duty: 
 piety, reverence, 5, 4 ; 9, 18 : 
 pledge of faith, oath, 24, 13 : 
 worship, religion . 5, 6. 
 relig 5 , 1, -avl, -atus (re-, back; 
 ligo, bind), bind back, fasten on, 
 bind fast, 8, 30; 59, 7. 
 relinquo, 3, -liqui, -lictus (re-, be¬ 
 hind; linquo, leave), leave be¬ 
 hind, leave, abandon, 1,9; 21, 
 22: bequeath, leave by will, 1, 
 2 ; 11, 3 : leave alive, 21, 28 : 
 permit to remain, 34, 7. 
 reliquiae, -arum, f. (reliquus, re¬ 
 maining), what is left, rem¬ 
 nants, remains, 21, 25. 
 reliquus, adj. (cf. relinquo, leave), 
 left, left over, remaining, 15, 
 14. 
 
 remaneo, 2, -mansi, — (re-, be¬ 
 hind; maned, stay), stay be¬ 
 hind, remain, 59, 25. ( W. G. 52.) 
 remittd, 3, -mlsl, -missus (re-, 
 back; mitto, let go), let go 
 back, send back: give up, 71, 
 16. (W. G. 53.) 
 
 removeo, 2, -movi, -mdtus (re-, 
 back ; moved, move), move back, 
 
304 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 withdraw, remove, 28, 10. (W. 
 G. 54.) 
 
 Remus, -I, M., Remus, the brother 
 of Romulus, 1, 5. 
 
 renascor, 3, -natus, dep. (re-, 
 agant; (g)nascor, be born), be 
 born again, grow again, 26, 4. 
 (W. G. 41.) 
 
 renuntio, 1, -avi, -atus (re-, back; 
 nuntio, bring word), bring back 
 word, report, 25, 9: declare 
 elected, announce, 63, 4 : (re- 
 with negative force) refuse, 
 decline, 38, 25. 
 
 renuo, 3, -ul, — (re-, back ; nuo, 
 nod), nod backwards: decline, 
 refuse, 55, 14. 
 
 reor, 2, ratus, dep., reckon, be¬ 
 lieve, think, 7, 13. 
 
 repello, 3, reppuli, repulsus (re-, 
 back; pello, drive), drive back, 
 drive away: repulse, repel, re¬ 
 ject, remove, 54, 30. (W. G. 59.) 
 
 rependo, 3, -pendi, -pensus (re-, 
 back; pendo, weigh), weigh 
 back: pay by satne weight, 41, 
 29. 
 
 repente, adv. (repens, sttdden), 
 suddenly, unexpectedly, 2, 11. 
 
 repentinus, adj. (repens, sudden), 
 sudden, unexpected, 56, 1. 
 
 reperio, 4, repperi, repertus, find, 
 meet with, 57, 21 : get, procure, 
 obtain, 47, 28. 
 
 repeto, 3, -ivi, -itus (re-, again ; 
 peto, seek), seek again, return 
 to, 23, 14 : demand back, claim, 
 13, 17: res repetere, demand 
 restitution, 9, 22. 
 
 repetundae, -arum, f. (repeto, de¬ 
 mand back), sc. pecuniae, extor¬ 
 tion, 54, 10. 
 
 repleo, 2, -evi, -etus (re-, again ; 
 pled, fill), fill again : fill, fill 
 up, 40, 15. 
 
 repono, 3, -posui, -positus (re-, 
 back; pdno, put), put back, re¬ 
 place, 10, 22. 
 
 reporto, 1, -avi, -atus (re-, back; 
 porto, bear), carry back, take 
 back, bear back, 29, 17. 
 
 reprimo, 3, -pressi, -pressus (re-, 
 back ; premo, press), press back, 
 restrain, check, 34, 21. 
 
 repudio, 1, -avi, -atus (repudium, 
 a putting away), put away, 
 cast off, 48, 25 : refuse, scorn, 
 
 28, 6. 
 
 repugno, 1, -avi, -atus (re-, back, 
 in opposition; pugnd, fight), 
 fight back, oppose, resist, 50, 
 
 29. 
 
 repulsa, -ae, f. (p. of repello, 
 
 drive back), rejection, repulse, 
 
 59, 15- 
 
 repulsus, P. of repelld, 54, 30. 
 
 reputo, 1, -avi, -atus (re-, again, 
 over; puto, think), count over, 
 calczilate: think over, meditate, 
 reflect upon, 52, 13. 
 
 res, rei, F., thing, object, matter, 
 affair, business, event, fact, cir- 
 cmnstance, deed, 1, 6; 1, 14 ; 
 1, 19; 2, 10; 6, 21; 10, 3; 
 10, 14 : condition, 39, 21: prop¬ 
 erty, estate, 59, 12 : interest, ad¬ 
 vantage, 50, 17: cause, reason, 
 10, 6 : state, commonwealth, 16, 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 305 
 
 4 5 36 , 24: res publica, the 
 state, the republic, 37, 11. 
 rescindd, 3, -scidi, -scissus (re-, 
 back; scindd, cut), cut off, cut 
 down, break down, 16, 13. (W. 
 G. 66 .) 
 
 resisto, 3, -stiti, — (re-, back; 
 sisto, stand), stand back, stand 
 still, halt, stop, 4, 10: oppose, 
 resist, 44, 22. (W. G. 69.) 
 resolvo, 3, -solvi, -solutus (re-, 
 back to the original condition; 
 solv 5 , loose), untie, unfasten: 
 dissolve, melt, 66, II. 
 respergo, 3, -si, -sus (re-, again, 
 over; spargo, scatter), sprinkle 
 over, besprinkle, 18, 22. 
 respicio, 3, -spexi, -spectus (re-, 
 back; specio, look), look back, 
 look back upon, look at, gaze at, 
 7, 14 ; 54, 26. (W. G. 68.) 
 respiro, 1, -avl, -atus (re-, back ; 
 spiro, blow), blow back, breathe: 
 revive, be refreshed, be relieved, 
 38, 27. 
 
 respondeo, 2, -spondl, -sponsus 
 (re-, in return ; sponded, prom¬ 
 ise), answer, respond, 10, 5. 
 responsum, -I, n. (p. n. of re¬ 
 spondeo, answer), answer, reply, 
 41, 16: opinion, oracle, 13, 
 
 3- 
 
 restingud, 3, -nxl, -nctus (re-, 
 back to its original state ; 
 stinguo, quench), put out, 
 quench , extinguish, 59, 23. 
 restitud, 3, -ul, -utus (re-, again ; 
 statuo, set up), set up again, re¬ 
 place, rebuild, 61, 9: give 
 
 back, restore, 2, 13 : revive, re¬ 
 pair, 36, 25. (W. G. 69.) 
 retineo, 2, -tinul, -tentus (re-, 
 back ; teneo, hold), hold back : 
 keep possession of, retain, keep, 
 36, 6. (W. G. 71.) 
 retraho, 3, -traxi, -tractus (re-, 
 back ; traho, draw), draw back, 
 call back: drag back, bring 
 back, 59, 30. 
 
 retro, adv., backward, to the rear, 
 
 23 , 14 - 
 
 reus, adj. (res, thing), concerned 
 in a thing, party to an action : 
 often as subst., M., the accused, 
 
 59, 22. 
 
 reversus, p. of revertor, 31, 1. 
 reverto, 3, -verti, —, or revertor, 
 3, -versus (re-, back; verto, 
 turn), turn back, retur 7 i, 1, 14 ; 
 44 > 19* 
 
 revoed, 1, -avl, -atus (re-, again; 
 voco, call), call again, recall, 
 call back, 61, 6. (W. G. 77.) 
 rex, regis, M. [reg-, guide ], abso¬ 
 lute monarch, king, 1, 1. (W. 
 G. 65.) 
 
 Rhea, -ae, f., Rhea, praenomen 
 of Rhea Silvia, the mother of 
 Romulus and Remus, 1, 4. 
 Rhenus, -I, m., the Rhine, river of 
 Germany, 51, 16. 
 rhetor, -oris, m. (Gr., jrf)Twp), 
 teacher of oratory, rhetorician, 
 orator, 58, 12. 
 
 Rhodos (rarely Rhodus), -I, F., 
 Rhodes, an island in the Medi¬ 
 terranean, south of Asia Minor, 
 
 48, 5 - 
 
306 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 rideo, 2, -si, -sus, laugh, smile, 
 36 , 8 : laugh at, ridicule, 15, 16. 
 
 rigo, 1, -avl, - atus, wet, moisten, 
 
 6 , 7 * 
 
 ripa, -ae, f., bank, 1, 8. 
 
 risus, -us, m. (cf. rideS, laugh), 
 laughing, laughter, 69, II. 
 
 rite, adv. (old abl. for ritu; see 
 ritus), according to religious 
 usage, with due observance , duly, 
 _ 5, 23. 
 
 ritus, -us, M., form of religious 
 observance, ceremony, formula, 
 rite, 10, 4. 
 
 rixa, -ae, f., quarrel, dispute, 11, 
 2 3 - 
 
 rdbur, -oris, n., hard-wood: hard¬ 
 ness, vigor, strength, 30, 24 : 
 the best part, the flower, 25, 24. 
 
 rogo, 1, -avl, -atus, ask, question, 
 23, 23: beg, request, 15, 18. 
 
 Roma, -ae, f., Rome, 2, 20. 
 
 Romani, - 5 rum, m. (Rdma, Rome), 
 the Romans, 3, 17. 
 
 R 5 manus, adj. (Roma, Rome), of 
 Rome, Roman, 3,15. As subst., 
 M. and F., a Roman, 30, 22. 
 
 Rdmulus, -I, m., Romulus, the 
 mythical founder of Rome, 1, 5. 
 
 Roscius, -I, m., Roscius, gentile 
 name of Sextius Roscius, 
 
 whom Cicero defended against 
 a charge of parricide, 58, 4. 
 rostrum, -I, N. (rodd, gnaw), beak: 
 ship's beak: plur., the rostra, 
 the speaker’s stand in the 
 Forum, 54, 29 (v. notes, fig. 
 27, p. 129). 
 
 Rubico, -onis, M., the Rubicon, a 
 small stream marking the 
 boundary between Cisalpine 
 Gaul and Italy, 52, n. 
 Rufinus, -I, m., family name of 
 P. Cornelius Rufinus, 29, 18. 
 ruina, -ae, f. (cf. ruo, fall with 
 violence), rushing down, falling 
 down, ruin : calamity, fall, de¬ 
 struction, 9, 3 ; 59, 22 : plur., 
 ruins, 22, 3. 
 
 rumpd, 3, rupi, ruptus [rvp-, 
 break], break, burst, tear : break 
 in upon, cut short, interrupt, 
 69, 27. (W. G. 64.) 
 ruo, 3, rui, rutus, fall with vio¬ 
 lence, go to ruin: hurry, hasten, 
 59, 29. 
 
 rursus or rursum, adv. (revorsus 
 or revorsum, p. of revertd, turn 
 back), turned back, back : again, 
 anew, 10, 22. (W. G. 74.) 
 rus, ruris, N., country (as opposed 
 to the city), fields, 62, 12. 
 
 S 
 
 Sabini, - 5 rum, m., Sabines, an [sac-, fasten ; cf. sanciS, make 
 ancient Italian people, dwelling sacred ], sacred, 16, 21. 
 in central Italy, north of sacerdbs, -otis, M. and F. [sacer, 
 Latium, 3, 12. sacred; DA-, give], priest, 
 
 sacer, -era, -crum, adj. with sup. priestess, 1, 5. (W. G. 24.) 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 307 
 
 sacrarium, -I, n. (sacrum, a holy 
 thing), a depository of holy 
 things, shrine, 15, 25. 
 sacrificium, -i, n. (sacrificus, of 
 sacrifices),'sacrifice, 8, 17. (W. 
 
 G.33) 
 
 sacrum, -I, n. (sacer, consecrated), 
 something consecrated, a holy 
 thing: plur. religious rites, sac¬ 
 rifices, 5, 6 . 
 
 saeculum, -I, M., race, generation: 
 
 century, age, time, 40, 5. 
 saepe, adv. with comp, and sup., 
 often, many times, frequently, 
 
 1,13; 35 , 7 - 
 
 saepio, 4, -psl, -ptus (saepes, 
 'hedge), to surrou?id with a 
 hedge, hedge in, fortify, sur- 
 round, 16, 6. 
 
 saevio, 4, -ii, -itus (saevus, fierce), 
 be fierce, be furious, rage, 24, 
 12 . 
 
 saevitia, -ae, f. (saevus, furious), 
 harshness, cruelty, severity, 
 
 M, 5 - 
 
 saevus, adj. with comp, and sup., 
 raging, furious, violent, 52, 27. 
 sagind, 1, -avi, -atus (sagina, 
 food), fatten, 47, 29. 
 sagulum, -I, n. (dim. of sagum, 
 military cloak), a small military 
 cloak, 64, 15. 
 
 Saguntum, -I, n., or Saguntus, 
 
 -I, F., Saguntum, a town in the 
 eastern part of Spain, near the 
 coast. Its capture by Hannibal 
 led to the second Punic war. 
 32, 22. 
 
 Salernitanus, adj., belonging to 
 
 Salernum, a town in Campania, 
 
 65, 4- 
 
 Salii, -orum, m., Salii, a college 
 of priests founded by Numa 
 for the service of Mars. They 
 danced in procession through 
 the city every March. 5, 20 (v. 
 notes, fig. 2, p. 82). 
 
 Salinator, - 5 ris, m., Salinator, a 
 Roman surname, 35, 18. 
 salinum, -i, n. (sal, salt), a vessel 
 for salt, salt-cellar, 29, 11. 
 salto, 1, -avl, -atus (freq. of salio, 
 leap), dance, 5, 23. 
 
 (saltus, -us), m. (cf. salio, leap), 
 only acc. and abl. sing., and 
 plur., leap, spring, jump, bound, 
 2, 22 ; 31, 7. 
 
 saltus, -us, M., glen, ravine, 1, 
 18 ; 23, 24. 
 
 salubris, -e, adj. with comp, and 
 sup. (salus, soundness), health- 
 giving, healthful: healthy, 
 vigorous, g, 9. 
 
 salus, -utis, F. (salvus, sound), 
 soundness, health: safety, 21,9. 
 salutatio, -onis, F. (saluto, greet), 
 greeting, saluting, salutation, 
 68, 22. 
 
 salutator, - 5 ris, m. (saluto, greet), 
 a saluter, 68, 27. 
 saluto, i, -avi, -atus (salus, 
 health), greet, pay respects, call 
 upon, salute, 13, 22 ; 63, 5. 
 salvus, adj., in good health, safe, 
 uninjured, 40, 25. 
 
 Samnis -itis, adj., of, or belong¬ 
 itig to, the Samnites, 24, 22. 
 Samnites, -ium, m. plur., Sam- 
 
308 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 nites, the people of Samnium , a 
 rugged district of central Italy, 
 east of Latium, 22, 15. 
 sapiens, -entis, adj. with comp, 
 and sup. (p. of sapio, have 
 
 taste), wise, sensible, discreet, 
 judicious, 40, 3. As subst., 
 
 man of sense, philosopher, 29, 5. 
 Sardinia, -ae, f., Sardinia, a 
 large island in the Mediterra¬ 
 nean, west of Italy, 42, 13. 
 sarmentum, -I, n., twig, fagot, 
 
 33, 2 7^ 
 
 satis, adj.; n. indecl., only nom. 
 and acc.; adv.: as adj., enough, 
 sufficient, 38, 9 : as noun, 
 
 enough, 37, 16 : as adv., suf¬ 
 ficiently, enough, 49, 6. 
 saucius, adj., wounded, hurt , 64,9. 
 saxum, -I, n. [sac-, split], split 
 rock, rock, 21, 4. (W. G. 66.) 
 scalae, -arum, f. (cf. scandd, 
 climb), ladder, scaling-ladder, 
 19, 22. 
 
 scapha, -ae, f. (Gr., aKdcp-rj), light 
 boat, skiff, 31,7. 
 
 sceleratus, adj. with comp, and 
 sup. (p. of scelero, pollute), 
 polluted, profaned, defiled, 13, 
 
 2 5 - 
 
 sceleste, adv. (scelestus, wicked), 
 wickedly, impiously, 14, 1. 
 scelus, -eris, n., tvicked deed, 
 crime, sin, 5g, 12. 
 schola, -ae, F. (Gr., <rxo\77), 
 leisure for learning, lecture, 
 school, 40, 6. 
 
 scio, 4, -ivi, -Itus [sac-, sci-, 
 divide, distinguish ], know, un¬ 
 
 derstand, perceive, be skilled in, 
 know how, 4, 7 ; 23, 22; 38, 8. 
 (W. G. 66.) 
 
 Scipio, -onis, m. (scipid, staff), 
 Scipio, a very distinguished 
 Roman family of the Cornelian 
 gens, 33, 7. 
 
 scipio, -onis, M., staff, walking- 
 stick, 20, 27. 
 
 sciscitor, 1, -atus, dep. (freq. fr. 
 scisco, seek to know), seek to 
 know, ask, inquire, 14, IO. (W. 
 G. 66.) 
 
 scissus, adj. (p. of scindo, tear), 
 rent, riven, 5, 18. 
 scriba, -ae, m. (cf. scribd, write), 
 official scribe, clerk, 39, 4. 
 scribo, 3, scripsi, scriptus, scratch , 
 engrave: write, 51, 10. 
 scrinium, -I, n., case, book-box, 
 56, 9 (v. notes, fig. 28, p. 130). 
 Scultenna, -ae, m., the Scultenna, 
 a river in Cisalpine Gaul, 63, 
 22. 
 
 scutum, -I, N., shield, buckler, 3, 
 25 (v. notes, fig. 26, p. 127). 
 se, acc. and abl. of sui. 
 secedo, 3, -cessi, -cessus (s s-,apart 
 from ; cedd, go), go apart, go 
 away, withdraw, 16, 21. 
 seco, 1, -cul, -ctus [sac-, sec-, 
 divide\, cut, cut in two, 11, 14. 
 (W. G. 66.) 
 
 secretd, adv. (secretus, separate), 
 in secret, secretly, 28, 15. 
 secretus, adj. with comp. (p. of 
 secerno, sever), severed, apart: 
 hidden, private, secret , 5, 22. 
 (W. G. 20.) 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 309 
 
 sector, i, -atus, dep. (freq. of 
 
 sequor, follow), follow eagerly, 
 attend, 58 , 1. 
 
 secundus, adj. with comp, and 
 sup. (sequor, follow ), in time, 
 order or rank, following, next, 
 second, 50, 5. 
 
 securis, -is, acc. im or em, abl. -i, 
 
 F. [sac-, sec-, split], axe, 
 hatchet, cleaver, 11, 29. (W. G. 
 66 .) 
 
 secus, adv., otherwise, differently, 
 
 12, 7.. 
 
 sed, conj., but, on the contrary, but 
 also, but in fact, 1, 3 ; 36, 19. 
 sedeo, 2, sedi, sessum [sed-, sit], 
 sit, seat oneself, 37, 13 : settle, 
 lie, lower over, 34, 24. (W. G. 
 
 67.) 
 
 sedes, -is, f. [sed-, sit], seat, 
 bench, chair, 20, 29 : site, loca¬ 
 tion, 9, 5. (W. G. 67.) 
 seditio, -dnis, F. [sed, apart, 
 aside ; I-, go], a going aside, 
 dissension, civil discord, sedi¬ 
 tion, mutiny, 4, 27; 43, 9. (W. 
 
 G. 46.) 
 
 seducd, 3, -duxl, -ductus (se-, 
 apart, aside; duco, lead], lead 
 aside, take apart, draw aside, 
 
 18, 20. 
 
 sedulo, adv. (sedulus, busy), 
 busily, industriously: deliber¬ 
 ately, purposely, 34, 14. 
 segnis, -e, adj. with comp., slow, 
 sluggish, lazy, 17, 6. 
 segniter, adv. (segnis, slow), slow¬ 
 ly, tardily, sluggishly, without 
 spirit, 12, 10 ; 40, 22. 
 
 sella, -ae, f. [sed-, sit], seat, 
 chair, magistrate's seat, 5, 9; 
 43, 25 (v. notes, fig. 1, p. 81). 
 (W. G. 67.) 
 
 semel, adv. num., once, a single 
 time, 67, 20. 
 semet, see sui, 41, 25. 
 semper, adv., ever, always, at all 
 ti?nes, forever, 50, 7. 
 Sempronius, -I, m., Sempronius, 
 name of a Roman gens, 33, 8. 
 senator, -oris, m. (cf. senatus, 
 senate), a member of the senate, 
 senator, 4, 18. 
 
 senatorius, adj. (senator, senator), 
 of a senator, senatorial, 42, 23. 
 senatus, -us, m. (cf. senex, old), 
 the council of elders, senate , 13, 
 
 17 - 
 
 Seneca, -ae, m., surname of Z. 
 Annaeus Seneca, a. famous Stoic 
 philosopher, instructor of Nero, 
 died 65 A.D., 65, 14. 
 senectus, -utis, f. (senex, old), 
 old age, extreme age, 4, 19. 
 senex, "senis, adj. with comp., 
 senior, old, aged, 8, 10. As 
 subst., M., old man, 4, 17. 
 senior, -dris, comp, of senex, 4, 17. 
 Senones, -um, m., the Senones, 
 a people in Cisalpine Gaul, 
 20, 4. 
 
 sententia, -ae, f. (cf. sentio, 
 
 think), a zvay of thinking, sen¬ 
 timent, opinion, decisiofi, wish, 
 desire, 23, 27; 55, 25. 
 sentio, 4, sensi, sensus, discern 
 by sense, feel: think, believe, 
 67, 24. 
 
310 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 separatim, adv. (separatus, sepa¬ 
 rated), apart, separately, 50, 20. 
 sepeli5, 4, -pellvi, -pultus, bury, 
 inter, 6, 13. 
 
 septem, num. adj. indecl., seven, 
 
 6, IS- 
 
 Septimuleius, -i, m., Z. Septimu- 
 leius, a friend of C. Gracchus, 
 
 41, 28. 
 
 septimus, num. adj. (septem, 
 
 seven), the seventh, 14. 
 septiremis, -e, adj. (septem, 
 seven ; remus, oar), with seven 
 banks of oars, 30, 26 (v. notes, 
 fig. 16, p. 109). 
 
 septuagesimus, adj. num. ord. 
 (septuaginta, seventy), seven¬ 
 tieth, 71, 22. 
 
 sepulcrum, -I, n. (cf. sepelio, 
 
 bury), place where a corpse is 
 buried, grave, tomb, 17, 16. 
 sepultura, -ae, f. (cf. sepelid, 
 bury), burial, interme?it, 65, 21. 
 sepultus, p. of sepelio, 6, 13. 
 sequor, 3, secutus, follow, come 
 after, attend, accompany, 14, 
 12 : chase, pursue, 7, 13 : fa¬ 
 vor, conform to, adopt, follow, 
 8, 26 ; 24, 15. 
 
 Sergius, -i, m., Sergius, the name 
 of a Roman gens, 58, 25. 
 serio, adv. (serius, earnest), in 
 earnest, seriously, 50, 4. 
 serius, adj. (for * severius, from 
 severus, grave), grave, eartiest, 
 serious, 15, 20. 
 
 sermo, -onis, M., continued speech, 
 talk, conversation, 26, 30 : 
 
 report, rumor , 34, 16. 
 
 sero, adv. with comp, and sup 
 (serus, late), late, at a late hour 
 
 2 4> 5* 
 
 Sertorius, -i, m., Q. Sertorius, th< 
 famous general of the Mariar 
 party, who maintained himsel: 
 in Spain, and defied the powe: 
 of Rome, until he was assassi 
 nated. 44, 29. 
 
 serva, -ae, female slave, maid 
 18, 6. 
 
 servilis, -e, adj. (servus, slave) 
 of a slave, slavish, servile, 2, 7 
 servitus, -utis, f. (servus, slave) 
 the condition of a servant, slav 
 ery, 18, 1. 
 
 Servius, -I, m., a Roman prae 
 nomen, e.g., Servius Tullius 
 12, 1. 
 
 servd, 1, -avi, -atus, make safe 
 save, rescue, preserve, keep, de 
 liver, 42, 24; 53, 27. 
 servus, -i, m., slave, servant, 38 
 29; 47, 27. 
 
 sese, acc. and abl. of sui, 7 
 15 - 
 
 sessor, -oris, m. [sed-, sit], on, 
 who sits: rider, 25, 16. (W. G 
 67.) 
 
 sestertius, adj. num. (semis, half 
 tertius, third), two and a halj 
 As subst., m. (sc. nummus), 1 
 sesterce, a small silver coin 
 originally two and a half asses 
 worth 4.1 cents. 50, 24. 
 setius, adv. comp., the less, in t 
 less degree, 18, 16. 
 seu, see sive, 4, 10. 
 severe, adv. with comp, and sup 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 311 
 
 (severus, grave), gravely, seri¬ 
 ously, severely, 54, 10. 
 
 3 ex, adj. num. indecl., six, 2, 18. 
 
 3 exaginta, adj. num. indecl., 
 sixty, 54, 7. 
 
 3 extans, -antis, m. (sex, six), the 
 sixth, a sixth part; a small 
 coin, one sixth of an as, worth 
 less than a cent, 17, 15. 
 
 Sextilis,-e, adj. (sextus, sixth; 
 sc. mensis, month), the sixth 
 month counting from March, 
 August, 20, 13. 
 
 Sextus, -I, m., Sextus, a Roman 
 praenomen, 14, 3. 
 
 3 extus, adj. num. ord. (sex, six), 
 the sixth, 48, 22. 
 
 91, conj., if, on condition that, 
 when, 3, 21 ; 50, 9. 
 
 sibilus, -I, M., plur. sibili, -orum, 
 M., also sibila, -orum, n., whist- 
 Hng, 35, 9. 
 
 Sibyllinus, adj. (Sibylla, the 
 
 Sibyl), of a Sibyl, Sibylline, 15, 
 
 _ 2 5 - 
 
 31C, adv., thus, in this way, 2, 19; 
 2, 23. 
 
 3 icco, i, -avl, -atus (siccus, dry), 
 to make dry, dry, drain, 54, 19. 
 
 siccus, adj., dry . As subst., sic¬ 
 cum, -i, N., dry land, 1, 9. 
 
 Sicilia, -ae, f., Sicily, 27, 3. 
 
 Siculi, -orum, M., the Sicilians, 
 
 58 , 19- _ 
 
 jicut or sicuti, adv. (sic, so ; ut, 
 as), so as, just as, 19, 8. 
 
 iignifer, -fera, -ferum, adj. 
 [signum, sign; FER-, bear], 
 sign-bearing. As subst., M., 
 
 standard-bearer, ensign, 22, 7 
 (v. notes, fig. 12, p. 99). 
 signified, 1, -avi, -atus [signifex, 
 image-maker, fr. signum, sign ; 
 FAC-, make], make signs, show 
 by signs: mean, indicate, signi¬ 
 fy, 6, 2. 
 
 signo, 1, -avi, -atus (signum, 
 
 mark), set a mark upon, /nark, 
 seal, sign, 51, 9. 
 
 signum, -I, n., mark, sign: e/i- 
 sign, standard, 12, 11 (v. notes, 
 fig. 6, p. 89): signal, 3, 14 : 
 signa inferre, attack, 59, 24. 
 silens, -entis, adj., in silence, 
 silent, 5, 16. 
 
 silentium, -I, n. (silens, still), 
 
 stillness, silence, 14, 15. 
 sileo, 2, -ui, —, be noiseless, be 
 still, keep silence, 23, 17. 
 silva, -ae, f., wood, forest, 33, 30. 
 Silvia, -ae, f., v. Rhea, 1, 4. 
 similis, -e, adj., comp, similior, 
 sup. simillimus, like, resembling, 
 similar, 2, 9. 
 
 similiter, adv., comp, similius, 
 sup. simillime (similis, like), 
 likezvise, similarly, 68, 19. 
 similitudo, -inis, F. (similis, like), 
 likeness, resemblance,similitude, 
 13, 16. 
 
 simplex, -icis, adj. with comp, 
 [cf. semel, once; PLEC-, fold], 
 simple, plain : open, frank, 26, 
 16. (W. G. 60.) 
 
 simul, adv., at the same time, 8, 2. 
 simulacrum, -I, n. (simulo, make 
 like), likeness, image, portrait, 
 statue, 20, 26. 
 
312 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 simulo, i, -avi, -atus (similis, 
 like), make like, Unitate : feign, 
 counterfeit, pretend, 6, 5; 62, 
 
 3 °- 
 
 simultas, atis, f. (simul, at the 
 same time), hostile encounter, 
 dissension: rivalry, jealousy, 
 grudge, 29, 18 ; 56, 15. 
 sin, conj. (si, if; ne, not), if how¬ 
 ever, if on the contrary, but if, 
 28, 19. 
 
 sine, prep with abl., without, 6, 8. 
 singularis, -e, adj. (singuli, one at 
 a time), one by one: singular, 
 remarkable, 58, 26. 
 singuli, -ae, -a, adj., 07 ie at a time, 
 single, separate, several, one on 
 a side, 7, 12; 7, 20; 24, 1; 
 39 , i- 
 
 sinister, -tra, -trum, adj. with 
 comp., left, 3, 23. 
 sino, 3, sivi, situs, let down, fix: 
 
 let, suffer, allow, 18, 19. 
 sinus, -us, M., bent surface, curve, 
 fold: the fold of the toga about 
 the breast, 32, 27. 
 sistd, 3, stiti, status, cause to 
 stand: sistere gradum, stop, 
 halt, 23, 15. (W. G. 69.) 
 situs, adj. (p. of sino, set, fix), 
 placed, situated, 57, 10. 
 sive, or seu, conj. (si, if; -ve, or), 
 or if: or, or rather, 30, 19; 
 sive . . . sive, or seu . . . seu, 
 whether ... or, 4, 10. 
 sobrius, adj. (fib-, apart from, not; 
 ebrius, drunk), not drunk, sober, 
 56 , 3 °- 
 
 socer, -eri, m., father-in-law, 52, 1. 
 
 societas, -atis, f. (socius, fellow ), 
 fellowship, association : league, 
 alliatice, 3, 5 ; 50, 25. 
 socio, 1, -avi, -atus (socius, sharer), 
 hold in common, share, 4, 15. 
 socius, -i, M., fellow, comrade, as¬ 
 sociate, 59, 25: ally, 23, 9. 
 sol, s 5 lis, M., the sun, 5, 17. 
 soled, 2, solitus, semi-dep., use, 
 be wo fit, be accustomed, 2, 5. 
 solidus, adj. with sup., undivided, 
 zuhole: genuine, true, real, 17, 
 18. 
 
 sdlitudd, -inis, f. (solus, alone), 
 desert, wilderness, 1, 10. 
 solitum, -i, n. (p. of soled, be 
 wont), the customary, what is 
 tisual, 43, 4. 
 
 solitus, adj. (p. of soled, be wont), 
 wonted, accustomed, usual, 27, 
 20. 
 
 solium, -i, N. [sed-, sit], seat, offi¬ 
 cial seat, chair of state, throne, 
 66, 21. (W. G. 67.) 
 sollicito, 1, -avi, -atus (sollicitus, 
 dishirbed), disturb, agitate: 
 arouse, incite, move, 68, 21. 
 sollicitus, adj. with comp., thor¬ 
 oughly moved, agitated, dis- 
 turbed: sensitive, watchful, on 
 the alert, 21,6. 
 
 solum, adv. (solus, alone), alone, 
 only, merely, 21, 5 : non solum 
 . . . sed etiam, not only . . . but 
 also, 6, 18. 
 
 solus, gen sdlius, dat. soli, alone, 
 07 ily, single-handed, 2, 24 ; 16, 
 11. 
 
 solvd, 3, solvi, solutus (se-, apart; 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 313 
 
 luo, loose), loosen, unbind, 7, 30. 
 somnium, -i, n. (somnus, sleep), 
 dream, 13, 3. 
 
 somnus, -i, m. (for sopnus; cf. 
 sopio, put to sleep), sleep, 43, 
 18. 
 
 SOpio, 4, -Ivi, -Itus, deprive of 
 sense, put to sleep : in pass., 
 sleep, 35, 16. 
 
 soror, - 5 ris, f., sister, 7, 27. 
 sororius, adj. (soror, sister), of a 
 sister, sisterly, sister's, 8, 19. 
 sors, -tis, F., lot: fate, fortune, 
 destiny, 26, 12; 62, 1. 
 sortior, 4, -Itus, dep. (sors, lot), 
 cast lots, draw lots, 65, 24- 
 spatium, -I, n., space; distance, 
 7, 13 : period of time, interval, 
 49 ,.20. 
 
 species, —, acc. -em, abl. -e, f. 
 [SPEC-, see], sight, look, appear¬ 
 ance, 25, 14 : semblance, pre¬ 
 tence, pretext, 12, 4; 55, 12. 
 (W. G. 68.) 
 
 spectaculum, -I, n. (specto, look 
 at), place in the theatre: show, 
 spectacle, 3, 11. (W. G. 68.) 
 specto, 1, -avi, -atus (freq. of 
 specio, look), look on, look at, 
 behold, watch , 7, 5. (W. G. 68.) 
 speculum, -I, n. [spec-, see], re¬ 
 flector, looking-glass, itiirror, 
 71, 17. (W. G. 68.) 
 sperno, 3, sprevi, spretus, despise, 
 reject, spurn, 27, 14. 
 sperd, 1, -avi, -atus (spes, hope), 
 hope, look for, expect, 10, 25. 
 spes, spei, hope, 7, 9: expecta¬ 
 tion, 17, 26. 
 
 spiritus, -us, m. (cf. spiro, breathe), 
 breathing, breath: spirit, e 7 iergy, 
 courage, 9, 12. 
 
 splendor, -oris, m., brightness, 
 splendor: honor, lustre, dignity, 
 
 57 ,f 4 - 
 
 spolio, 1, -avi, -atus (spolium, 
 skin), strip: plunder, strip, 
 spoil, 7, 24 ; 48, 26. 
 spolium, -I, N., the skin; plur., 
 the arms stripped from an 
 enemy, booty, spoil, 7, 27 ; 38, 
 29. 
 
 sponded, 2, spopondi, sponsus, 
 promise sacredly, vow: agree, 
 promise, engage, 28, 27 ; 49, 24. 
 (spdns, spontis), f. (cf. sponded, 
 promise), only abl. sing., usu. 
 with pron. poss., of one's own 
 accord, freely, willingly, volun¬ 
 tarily, 60, 21. 
 
 sponsio, -onis, F. (spondeo, prom¬ 
 ise), solem 77 pro77iise, e7igage- 
 me7it, covena7it, 24, 8. 
 sponsus, -I, m. (p. of spondeo, 
 pro77iise), betrothed 771 a 7t, 7, 29. 
 spretus, p. of sperno, 27, 14. 
 Spurinna, -ae, m., Vestritius Spu- 
 rhma, the seer who warned 
 Julius Caesar to beware the 
 Ides of March, 55, 6. 
 
 Spurius, -i, m., Spurius, a Roman 
 praenomen, 23, 4. 
 statim, adv. [sta-, sta 7 id], stead¬ 
 ily : 07 i the spot, at 07 tce, m- 
 stantly, 2, I. (W. G. 69.) 
 statid, -onis, F. [sta-, stand], a 
 sta 7 iding: statio 7 i, post, 21, 20. 
 
 (W. G. 69.) 
 
314 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 statua, -ae, f. (status, p. of sisto, 
 
 place, set), an image, statue , 16, 
 17. (W. G. 69.) 
 
 statuo, 3, -ul, -utus (status, sta¬ 
 tion), cause to stand, set up, 
 plant, 22, 7 : determine, decide, 
 21, 1. (W. G. 69.) 
 
 statura, -ae, f. [sta-, stand], 
 height, size, stature, 56 , 22. 
 (W. G. 69.) 
 
 status, -us, M. [sta-, stand], sta¬ 
 tion, position: rank, state, con¬ 
 dition, 27, 27. (W. G. 69.) 
 
 stercus, -oris, n., filth, 51, 3. 
 
 sternd, 3, stravi, stratus, spread 
 out, scatter: throw to the ground, 
 21, 13. 
 
 Sthenius, -T, m., Sthenius, a 
 Sicilian, a friend of C. Marius, 
 44 , 4 - 
 
 stipendium, -I, n. (for stipipen- 
 dium ; stips, small coin; *pen- 
 dium, cf. pender e,pay), a paying 
 of tax: pay, wages, 19, 20: 
 military service, campaign, 4g, 
 14. 
 
 stirps, -pis, f. or m., stalk, root : 
 offspring, family, stock, lineage, 
 
 8, 13 ; 42, 23. 
 
 sto, -are, stetl, status [sta-, 
 stand],stand, 18, 14 : stand by, 
 persist in, 66, 8. (W. G. 
 
 69.) 
 
 strages, -is, F., overthrow, destruc¬ 
 tion, defeat, slaughter, 37, 20. 
 
 stragulum, -T, n. (stragulus, for 
 spreading out), spread, covering, 
 bed-spread, 43, 8 . 
 
 strenue, adv. (strenuus, prompt), 
 
 promptly, actively, strenuously, 
 3 _i, 25. 
 
 strenuus, adj. with sup., active, 
 
 vigorous, 14, 2. 
 
 strepitus, -us, m. (strepo, make a 
 noise), noise, clash, crash, alarm, 
 21, 6 ; 71, 20. 
 
 stridor, -oris, m. (cf. strido, make a 
 harsh noise), harsh noise, roar, 
 
 28, 11. 
 
 stringo, 3, -inxi, -ictus, draw 
 tight, bmd tight: unsheathe, 
 draw, of a sword, 8, 2. 
 
 studeo, 2, -ui, —, give attention, 
 be eager, take pains, desire, 67, 
 2 3 ;_ 
 
 studidse, adv. with comp, and 
 sup. (studiosus, eager), eagerly, 
 studiously, 58, 1. 
 
 studium, -I, n. (cf. studed, give 
 attention), application, eager¬ 
 ness, desire, exertion, effort, 3, 
 11 ; 32, 5 : study, pursuit, 57, 
 24 : good-will, friendliness, de¬ 
 votion, 61, 5. 
 
 stupeo, 2, -ul, —, be struck sense¬ 
 less, be confused, be astounded, 
 be stupefied, be paralyzed, 18, 8. 
 
 suadeo, 2, -si, -sus, advise, recom¬ 
 mend, exhort, urge, persuade, 
 
 12, 7 5 57, 12. 
 
 sub, prep, with acc. and abl : 
 with abl., under, below , beneath, 
 15, 3 5 67, 4 : with acc., with 
 verbs of motion, under , 8, 18. 
 
 subdo, 3, -didi, -ditus [sub, under; 
 2 DA-, put], put under, apply, 
 42, 8. (W. G. 25.) 
 
 subduco, 3, -duxT, -ductus (sub, 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 315 
 
 under, away ; duco, lead), lead 
 away, withdraw, steal away, 
 remove, 8, 25; 43, 6. (W. G. 29.) 
 subeo, -Ire, -ii, -itus (sub, under; 
 eo, come, go), come wider, go 
 under: take up, carry, 64, 10 : 
 submit to, suffer, undergo, 45, 
 1 : penetrate, take effect, 46, 16. 
 (W. G. 46.) 
 
 subicid, 3, -ieci, -iectus (sub, un¬ 
 der; iacio, throw), throw un¬ 
 der, place under : make subject, 
 
 27, 2. (W. G. 47.) 
 
 subigo, 3, -egi, -actus (sub, from 
 below, up; ag 5 , drive), drive 
 up, bring up: subdue, subjugate, 
 conquer, 12, 20. (W. G. 2.) 
 subito, adv. (subitus, sudden), 
 suddenly, 4, 22. (\V. G. 46.) 
 subitus, adj., sudden, unexpected, 
 
 28, 8. (W. G. 46.) 
 sublatus, p. of tollo, 40, 25. 
 sublevo, i, -avi, -atus (sub, from 
 
 below ; levo, lift), lift from be¬ 
 neath, raise up, hold up, sup¬ 
 port, 21, 3. 
 
 sublicius, adj. (sublica, stake, 
 pile), resting upon piles, 10, 13. 
 sublimis, -e, adj. with comp., up¬ 
 lifted, high, on high, aloft, 10, 
 22. 
 
 sublustris, -e, adj. [sub, a little; 
 *lustrus, fr. lvc-, shine"], giv¬ 
 ing some light, faintly luminous, 
 glimmering, 21, 3. 
 submitto, 3, -misi, -missus (sub, 
 down , secretly; mitto, send), 
 let down, send down, let grow, 
 38, 23. (W. G. 53.) 
 
 suboles, -is, f. [sub, from below; 
 OL-, grow], sprout, shoot: off¬ 
 spring, progeny, posterity, 1, 4. 
 suborno, 1, -avi, -atus (sub, with¬ 
 out force, or secretly; 6 m 5 , fit 
 out), fit out, furnish: incite 
 secretly, suborn, 18, 1. 
 subrideo, 2, -si, — (sub, a little ; 
 
 rideo, laugh), smile , 26, 22. 
 subsellium, -i, n. (sub, less in 
 size; sella, seat), low bench, 
 seat, 40, 29 (v. notes, fig. 22, 
 p. 119). (W. G. 67.) 
 subsequor, 3, -cutus, dep. (sub, 
 below, after; sequor, follow ), 
 follow after, follow up, 52, 
 22. 
 
 subsisto, 3, -stiti, — (sub, under; 
 sisto, stand still), take a stand, 
 stop, halt: reniain, stay, 55, 6. 
 ( W. G. 69.) 
 
 substitud, 3, -ui, -utus (sub, 
 tinder; statuo, set), place 
 under: substitute, put in place 
 °f 45 , 23. (W. G. 69.) 
 subterraneus, adj. (sub, under; 
 terra, ground), underground, 
 subter raneati, 19, 23. 
 subtexo, 3, -xui, — (sub, tinder ; 
 texo, weave), weave under, sew 
 on: add, 68, 29. 
 
 succedo, 3, -cessi, -cessus (sub, 
 below; cedd, go), go below, come 
 tuider: follow, succeed, take 
 place of, 5, 3. (W. G. 14.) 
 successor, -oris, m. (cf. succedo, 
 take the place of), follower, 
 successor, 44, 17. (W. G. 14.) 
 successus -us, m. (succedd, come 
 
316 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 up), a coming up, approach: 
 success, 33, 13. (W. G. 14.) 
 
 succlamo, 1, -avi, -atus (sub, 
 after; clamo, call), cry out in 
 response, 33, 2. 
 
 succurro, 3, -curri, -cursus (sub, 
 under; curro, run), run under, 
 run to help, aid, assist, 36, 26. 
 (W. G. 19.) 
 
 sufficio, 3, -feci, -fectus (sub, un¬ 
 der; facio, make, put), put 
 under, lay a foundation for: 
 suffice, satisfy, be large enough, 
 2, 20 ; 39, 4. (W. G. 33.) 
 
 suffigo, 3, -fixi, -fixus (sub, 
 beneath: figo, fasten), fasten 
 beneath, attach, nail to, 49, 
 
 3 °- 
 
 suffodio, 3, -fodi, -fossus (sub, 
 under ; fodio, dig), dig under: 
 stab underneath, 59, 6. 
 
 suffragator, - 5 ris, m. (suffragor, 
 favor by voting), favorer, sup¬ 
 porter, partisan, 56, 20. 
 
 sui, dat. sibi, acc. and abl. se, 
 emphatic form, sese, or semet, 
 sing, and plur. pron. of 3d pers., 
 always reflexive, himself, her¬ 
 self, itself, themselves, 1, 12; 1, 
 20 ; 4, 12; 41, 25. 
 
 Sulla, -ae, M., a family name in 
 the Cornelian gens, especially 
 L. Cornelius Sulla, dictator 
 B.C. 82. 43, 12. 
 
 Sullanus, adj. (Sulla), of Sulla. 
 As subst., M., follower of Sulla, 
 
 58 , 3 - 
 
 sum, esse, fui, futurus [es-, be], 
 be, exist, live, 1, 2 ; 41, 29 : be 
 
 present, be found, 6, 21: be of, 
 consist of, 54, 8. 
 
 summa, -ae, f. (summus, highest; 
 sc. res, thing), top, summit: 
 chief place, leadership, highest 
 rank, 13, 4 : amount, sum, 69, 
 12. 
 
 summus or supremus, adj. sup. 
 (for *supimus, sup. of superus, 
 
 upper), uppermost, supreme, 
 highest, 12, 6: last, final, 71, 
 17 : greatest, utmost, best, ex¬ 
 treme, 21, 7 ; 25, 18 ; 33, 16 ; 
 36 , 20. As subst., N., the top, 
 the summit, 21, 12. 
 sum 5 , 3, sumpsi, sumptus (sub, 
 up fro 7 n below; emd, take), 
 take, lay hold of: take, drink, 
 eat, consume, 46, 15 : adopt, as¬ 
 sume, 63, 16 : begin, undertake, 
 3, 17 : obtain, get, receive, 18, 
 12 : select, choose, 33, 2. 
 sumptuarius, adj. (sumptus, out¬ 
 lay), of expense, sumptuary, 54, 
 12. 
 
 sumptus, p. of sumo, 18, 12. 
 sumptus, -us, m. (sumo, lay out), 
 outlay, expense, 42, 19. 
 supellex, -lectilis, F., domestic 
 utensils, household stuff, furni¬ 
 ture, 29, 10; 70, 23. 
 super, prep, with acc. and abl : 
 with abl., over, above, on : with 
 acc., over, above, on, upon, 7, 7 ; 
 7, 28; 28, 12: beyond, 1, 8: 
 during, at, 55, 30. 
 superadsto, -are, -stiti, — (super, 
 upon; ad, near; sto, stand), 
 stand upon, 25, 14. (W. G. 69.) 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 317 
 
 superbe, adv. with comp, and 
 sup. (superbus, proud), haught¬ 
 ily, proxidly, arrogantly, io, 5. 
 superbia, -ae, f. (superbus, 
 proud), loftiness, haughtiness, 
 pride , arrogance , 17, 12. 
 superbus, adj. with comp, and 
 sup. (super, above), haughty, 
 proud, arrogant, insolent, 14, 
 I ; 30, 12. 
 
 superiacio, 3, -ieci, -iectus (super, 
 upon, over; iacid, throw), 
 throw over, 30, 22. (W. G. 47.) 
 superincido, 3, —, — (super, 
 from above; in, upon; cado, 
 fall), fall from above, fall 
 down upon, 16, 14. 
 superior, -ius, gen. -oris, comp, of 
 superus, superior, victorious, 
 33, 22; 47, 10. 
 
 supero, 1, -avi, -atus (superus, 
 over, above), go over, rise above: 
 ascend, mount, cross, 33, 6 : 
 subdue, conquer, 27, 2 : surpass, 
 outstrip, excel, 30, 19. 
 supersum, -esse,-ful (super, over; 
 sum, be), be over and above, be 
 left, remain, 7, 20 : outlive, 
 survive, 11, 20; 35 , 19 - (W. 
 G. 31.) 
 
 superus, adj. with comp, and sup., 
 that is above, upper, higher, 12, 
 16. 
 
 supervenid, 4, -veni, -ventus 
 (super, upon, in addition; 
 venid, come), come in addition , 
 come up, arrive, 45, 11 : come 
 upon, surprise, 2, 12. (W. G. 
 
 73) 
 
 supervivo, 3, -vixi, — (super, 
 
 over, beyond; vivo, live), out¬ 
 live, survive, 56 , 2. 
 suppliciter, adv. (supplex, peti¬ 
 tioner), like a petitioner, hum > 
 bly, suppliantly, 65, 21. (W. 
 G. 60.) 
 
 supplicium, -T, N. (supplex, kneel¬ 
 ing in entreaty), kneeling, bow¬ 
 ing down : death penalty, pun- 
 ishment, 2, 5; 44, 2. (W. G. 
 60.) 
 
 supremus, see summus, 71, 17. 
 siirgo, 3, surrexi, and subrexi, 
 — (sub, from below; regd, 
 make straight), rise, get up, 
 stand up, 70, 17. (W. G. 65.) 
 suscipio, 3, -cepi, -ceptus [sub(s), 
 from under; capid, take], take 
 up, take: receive, assume, take 
 upon oneself, undertake, begin, 
 12, 1 ; 22, 15 j 43, 
 suspectus, adj. with comp. (p. of 
 suspicio, mistrust), subject to 
 suspicion, mistrusted, suspected, 
 52, 3. (W. G. 68.) 
 sustined, 2,-tinui, -tentus [sub(s), 
 froin under, up; tened, hold], 
 hold up, bear up, 7, 24 : keep 
 up, support, 7, 24; 29, 12 : 
 
 withstand, sustain, bear, endure, 
 16, 11; 65, 6. (W. G. 71.) 
 sutor, -oris, m. (suo, sew), shoe¬ 
 maker, cobbler, 68, 21. 
 suus, pron. poss. 3d pers. (cf. 
 sui, of himself, herself, itself, 
 themselves), reflexive adj., of 
 oneself, belonging to oneself, his 
 own, her own, his, her, its, 
 
318 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 their, 3, 22 ; 6, 23 ; 17, 12. Syria, -ae, F., Syria, on the east- 
 As subst., sui, his friends, ern shore of the Mediterranean, 
 their friends, 14, 9: sua mors, 48, 4. 
 
 a natural death, 56 , 3 - 
 
 T., Titus, a Roman praenomen, 
 64, 25. 
 
 tabella, -ae, f. (dim. of tabula, 
 
 board), sniall board: writing- 
 tablet, 70, 17 (v. notes, fig. 21, 
 - P- ii 7 )- 
 
 taberna, -ae, f. [ta-, stretch ], 
 hut: shop, stall, 18, 5. 
 tabernaculum, -I, n. (tabema, 
 hut), tent, 43, 1 (v. notes, fig. 
 10, p. 97). 
 
 tabes, -is, F., wasting, decline, de¬ 
 cay, 17, 5. 
 
 tabula, -ae, f. [ta-, stretch"], 
 board: writing-tablet, 39, 4 
 
 (v. notes, fig. 21, p. 117) : table 
 of the law, 17, 22. 
 tacitus, adj. (p. of taceo, be 
 silent), passed in silence, kept 
 secret: in silence, without speak- 
 36 , 1 5 - 
 
 taedium, -I, N. (taedet, it wearies), 
 weariness, tediousness, disgust, 
 
 43 , ! 7 - 
 
 talentum, -T, N. (Gr., raXavrov), 
 
 talent, half a hundred-weight, 
 a Grecian standard of value 
 equal to about $1080 in gold. 
 49, 23. 
 
 talis, -e, adj., such, of such a 
 kind, 25, 22. 
 
 tarn, adv., in such a degree, such, 
 
 so, 12, 12; 44, 9: tam . . . 
 
 T 
 
 quam, as much ... as, as well 
 ... as, 69, 7* 
 
 tamen, adv., notwithstanding, 
 nevertheless, for all that, how¬ 
 ever, yet, still, 1, 5; 8, 16; 
 
 9, 8. 
 
 tamquam, adv. (tam, as much; 
 quam, as), as much as, just as, 
 like as, as if, 46, 11. 
 
 Tanaquil, -ilis, f., Tanaquil, the 
 wife of Tarquinius Priscus, 10, 
 22. 
 
 tandem, adv. (tam, to such a de¬ 
 gree ; -dem, demonstr. ending), 
 at length, at last, finally, 30, 
 11. 
 
 tantopere, adv. (abl. of tantum 
 opus), so earnestly, so greatly, 
 so much, 49, 11. 
 
 tantum, adv. (tantus, so great), 
 only, merely, 63, 1 : tantum 
 modo, only, merely, 33, 15. 
 
 tantus, adj., so great, such, 8, 1. 
 As subst., tantum, -I, N., so 
 much, 16, 16 ; 38, 14: as gen. 
 of price, of such value, worth 
 so much, 42, 5. 
 
 tarde, adv. with comp, and sup. 
 (tardus, slow), slowly, 46, 16. 
 
 tardo, 1, -avi, -atus (tardus, slow), 
 jnake slow, hinder, delay, re¬ 
 tard, 55, 19. 
 
 Tarentinus, adj., of Tarentum , 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 319 
 
 Tarentine , 34, 30. As subst, 
 M. plur., Tarentini, -orum, the 
 inhabitants of Tarentum , 25, 1. 
 
 Tarentum, -i, n., Tarentum, a 
 famous and powerful Greek 
 city in southern Italy on the 
 gulf of Tarentum, 34, 28. 
 
 Tarpeia, -ae, F., Tarpeia, name 
 of the Roman maiden who 
 opened the gates to the 
 Sabines, 3, 18. 
 
 Tarpeius, adj., of Tarpeia, Tar- 
 peian, 22, 13. 
 
 Tarquinius, -I, M., Tarquinius, 
 Tarquin, name of a family 
 prominent in the history of 
 the kings of Rome, 10, 17. 
 
 Tarquinii, -drum, m., Tarquinii, 
 a town in southern Etruria. 
 10, 17. 
 
 Tatius, -T, M., gentile name of 
 Titus Tatius, leader of the 
 Sabines, 3, 20. 
 
 tego, 3, texi, tectus, cover, cover 
 over, 60, 7. 
 
 telum, -I, N., missile, spear, shaft, 
 javelin, weapon, 4, 12 ; 11, 30; 
 
 16, 14. 
 
 temerarius, adj. (temere, rashly), 
 rash, indiscreet, imprudent, 
 37 , 4 - 
 
 temere, adv., rashly, heedlessly, 
 indiscreetly, 30, 15. 
 
 temeritas, -atis, f. (temere, rash¬ 
 ly), hap, chance: rashness, in¬ 
 discretion, 23, 18. 
 
 temperans, -antis, adj. with comp, 
 and sup. (p. of temperd, ab¬ 
 stain), observing moderation, 
 
 sober, moderate, temperate, 43, 
 18. 
 
 tempestas, -atis, f. (tempus, 
 
 time), portion of time, time,, 11, 
 9: storm, tempest, 4, 23. 
 templum, -T, n., open place for 
 observation : consecrated place: 
 fane , temple, 27, 30. 
 tempto, 1, -avi, -atus (intens. of 
 tendd, stretch), handle: make 
 trial of, attempt, 21, 2. 
 tempus, -oris, n., portion of 
 time, time, season, 2, 10 ; 47, 
 28. 
 
 tendo, 3, tetendi, tentus, or ten¬ 
 sus [TEN-, stretch ], stretch: 
 reach out, extend, 51, 26 : di¬ 
 rect, aim, 53,6. (W. G. 71.) 
 tenebrae, -arum, F., darkness, 
 gloom, 60, 19. 
 
 teneo, 2, tenui, — [ten-, stretch], 
 hold, grasp, 30, 20 : bind, hold 
 fast, restrain, 24, 9: keep, 2, 
 11. (W. G. 71.) 
 
 tentorium, -i, n. [ta-, ten-, 
 stretch], tent, 43, 6 (v. notes, 
 fig. 10, p. 97). (W. G. 71.) 
 tepeo, 2, —, —, be moderately 
 warm, be lukewarm: steam, 
 22, 21. 
 
 ter, adv. num. (cf. tres, three), 
 three times, thrice, 58 , 30* 
 Terentius, -T, m., gentile name of 
 C. Terentius Varro, consul 216 
 b.c., 37 , 3 : Pompey’s tent- 
 companion, 42, 26. 
 tergiversor, 1, —, dep. (tergum, 
 back; verto, turn), turn the 
 back, decline , refuse, 32, 25. 
 
320 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 tergum, -I, n., back, 19, 13 : 
 
 a tergd, in the rear, 8, 27; 
 46, 9. 
 
 terni, -ae, -a, adj. num. distrib. 
 (ter, thrice), three each, by 
 threes, 7, 2. 
 
 tero, 3, trivi, tritus, rub, wear 
 away: use up, spe 7 id, waste, 34, 
 
 14 - 
 
 terra, -ae, f. (cf. torre 5 , dry tip), 
 earth, grou 7 id: land, 30, 7 : 
 orbis terrae or terrarum, the 
 earth, 22, 17; 45, 27. 
 terre 5 , 2, -ui, -itus, frighten, 
 alar 77 i, terrify, 8, 28, 
 terribilis, -e, adj. (terreo, frighten), 
 frightfid, dreadftd, terrible, 
 25 , 13 - 
 
 territus, p. of terreo, 55, 5. 
 terror, -oris, m. (cf. terreo, 
 
 frighten), great fear, dread, 
 alar? 7 i, terror, 10, 11. 
 tertio, adv. (tertius, third), for 
 the third time, 47, 5. 
 tertius, adj. num. ord. (ter, 
 thrice), third, 7, 18. 
 testimonium, -I, n. (testis, wit¬ 
 ness), witness, evidence, testimo¬ 
 ny, 45, 25 : proof 37, 25. 
 testor, i, -atus (testis, witness), 
 cause to testify: make k 7 iown, 
 attest, bear witness, 51, 9. 
 thesaurus, -i, m. (Gr., drjravpSs), 
 something laid up, treasure, 
 
 30, 5 - 
 
 Thessalia, -ae, f., Thessaly, a 
 district in northern Greece, 47, 
 13 - 
 
 Tiberis, -is, m., the Tiber, the 
 
 chief river of Latium, on which 
 Rome was built, 1, 7. 
 
 Tiberius, -I, m., contracted Ti., 
 Tiberius, a Roman praenomen, 
 39 , 23. 
 
 tibicen, -inis, m. (tibia, pipe; 
 cano, sing or play), piper, flute- 
 player, 31, 5 (v. notes, fig. 17, 
 p. 109). 
 
 Ticinus, -I, M., Tichius, a river in 
 Cisalpine Gaul, 33, 7. 
 
 tigillum, -I, N. (dim. of tignum, 
 
 beam), si 7 iall bar of wood, little 
 beam, 8, 17. 
 
 Tigranes, -is, m., Tigranes, a 
 king of Armenia, 46, 19. 
 
 timeo, 2, -ui, —, fear, be afraid, 
 dread, apprehend, 46, 15 ; 46, 
 29. 
 
 timidus, adj. with comp, and 
 sup. (cf. timed, fear), fearfid, 
 afraid, cowardly, timid, 34, ir. 
 
 titulus, -i, M., superscription, in¬ 
 scription, 53, 14. 
 
 Titus, -i, M., Titus, Roman prae¬ 
 nomen, 3, 20. 
 
 toga, -ae, f. (cf. tego, cover), toga, 
 gown, 32, 26 (v. notes, fig. 18, 
 p. hi). 
 
 tolero, 1, -avi, -atus (cf. tollo, 
 
 lift), bear, endure, support, 16, 
 22. 
 
 tollo, 3, sustuli, sublatus, lift , 
 raise, 4, 9: lift, cheer, encour¬ 
 age, 9, 19: take away, carry off, 
 re /nove, 10, 20. 
 
 tonitrus, -us, M. (tond, make a 
 loud noise), thunder, 4, 23. 
 
 tonsor, -oris, m. (tonded, shear), 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 321 
 
 shearer, hair-cutter, barber, 71, 
 2. 
 
 Toranius, -I, m., T Toranius, 
 who betrayed his father to 
 death 43 B.C. 64, 25. 
 torqueo, 2, torsi, tortus, turn, 
 twist: torture, 65 , 5 - 
 tot, adj. num. indecl., so many, 
 such a number of, 26, 4. 
 totidem, adj. num. indecl. (tot, 
 so ma 7 iy; -dem, demonstr. end- 
 ing), just so many, the same 
 number of, 47, 23. 
 totiens, adv. num. (tot, so many), 
 so often, so many times, 33, 
 10. 
 
 totus, gen. totius, dat. toti, adj., 
 all, the whole, entire, 7, 9; 
 
 17 , 4 - 
 
 trado, 3, -didi, -ditus (trans, 
 
 across; do, deliver), give up, 
 hand over, deliver, surrender, 
 2, 6 ; 19, 4: betray, 14, 17: 
 hand down, transmit, report, 
 say, 1, 10 ; 41, 30. (W. G. 24.) 
 traduco, 3, -duxi, -ductus (trans, 
 across; duc 5 , lead), lead across, 
 conduct across, carry over, 
 
 transfer, 10, 8 : spend, pass, 
 
 23, 20: lead in disgrace, 23, 
 30. (W. G. 29.) 
 
 traho, 3, -traxi, -tractus, draw, 
 pull, drag, 7, 22 : obtain, de¬ 
 rive, 25, 4 : delay, detain, 40, 6. 
 traicio, 3, -ieci, -iectus (trans, 
 across; iacio, throw), throw 
 across, transfer: lead across, 
 take across, transport, 52, 17: 
 pierce, stab through , transfix, 
 
 55 > : pass over, cross over, 
 
 2, 22. 
 
 trano, 1, -avi, — (trans, across; 
 nd, swim), swim over, swim 
 across, 16, 15. 
 
 trans, prep, with acc., across, over, 
 to the farther side of, 51, 16. 
 
 transcendd, 3, -di, — (trans, over; 
 scandd, climb), climb over, pass 
 over, cross, 35, 29. 
 
 transeo, -ire, -ii, -itus (trans, over ; 
 ed, go), go over,. cross over, 
 pass over, pass by, pass, 9, 2 ; 
 68, 26 : pass over, be changed, 
 be transformed, 4, 24. (W. G. 46.) 
 
 transfigo, 3, -fixi, -fixus (trans, 
 through; figo, fasten), pierce 
 through, transfix, 8, 2. 
 
 transfuga, -ae [trans, across; 
 .FVG-, flee\, one who joins the 
 enemy, deserter, 23, 6. (W. G. 
 40.) 
 
 transgredior, 3, -gressus, dep. 
 (trans, across; gradior, step), 
 step across, pass over, cross, 
 30, 22. (W. G. 44.) 
 
 transigo, 3, -egi, -actus (trans, 
 through; ago, drive), drive 
 through : finish, carry through, 
 complete, 65, 18. 
 
 transilio, 4, -ui, — (trans, across, 
 salid, leap), leap across, jump 
 over, 2, 24. 
 
 transmarinus, adj. (trans, beyond; 
 marinus, of the sea), from over 
 the sea, 25, 5. 
 
 transmigro, 1, —, — (trans, 
 across; migrd, depart), move, 
 migrate, 22, 4. 
 
322 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 transmitto, 3, -misi, -missus 
 (trans, across; mitto, send), 
 send across , put across, throw 
 across , 8 , 17 : pass over, cross 
 over, 52, 22. (W. G. 53.) 
 transveho, 3, -vexi, -vectus (trans, 
 across ; vehd, carry), carry 
 across, convey over, transport, 
 3 i, 24. (W. G. 72.) 
 transversus, adj. (trans, across; 
 versus, turned), turned across, 
 crosswise, transverse, 61, 22. 
 
 (W. G. 74 ) 
 
 Trasumenus, -i, m., Trasiwienus, 
 lake in Etruria, celebrated for 
 Hannibal’s defeat of the Ro¬ 
 mans, 217 b.c. 33, 9. 
 
 Trebia, -ae, m., Trebia, river of 
 Cisalpine Gaul, tributary to the 
 Po, 33, 8. 
 
 trecentesimus, adj. num, ord. 
 (trecenti, three hundred), 
 three-hundredth, 17, 20. 
 trecenti, -ae, -a, num. adj. (tres, 
 three; centum, hundred), three 
 hundred, 17, 20. 
 
 tredecim, num. adj. indecl. (tres, 
 three; decem, ten), thirteen, 
 11, 16. 
 
 trepidatio, - 5 nis, f. (trepido, 
 
 hurry with alarm), confused 
 hurry, alarm, agitation, con- 
 fusion, 51, 28. 
 
 trepido, 1, -avi, -atus (trepidus, 
 restless), hurry with alarm, be 
 in confusion, 21, 11 : hesitate, 
 tremble, fear, 52, 29. 
 tres, tria, adj. num., three, 4, 19. 
 tribunal, -alis, n. (tribunus, head 
 
 of a tribe), raised platform for 
 the seats of magistrates, judg- 
 me 7 it-seat, tribunal, 18, 16. 
 
 tribunatus, -us, m. (tribunus, 
 
 tribune), office of a tribune, 
 tribuneship, 41, 2. 
 
 tribunicius, adj. (tribunus, trib¬ 
 rine), of a tribune, 40, 15. 
 
 tribunus, -I, m. (tribus, tribe), 
 head of tribe: tribune, 17, 11 ; 
 18, 24. 
 
 tribud, 3, -ui, -utus (tribus, tribe), 
 confer, bestow, give, yield, 43, 
 27. 
 
 tribus, -us, F. (cf. tres, three), 
 third part of the people : tribe, 
 39 , 4 - 
 
 tributum, -I, n. (p. n. of tribuo, 
 give), stated payment, contribu¬ 
 tion, tribute, 16, 21. 
 
 triennium, -i, n. (tres, three; 
 annus, year), three years' time, 
 three years, 56, 2. 
 
 trigeminus, adj. (tres, three; 
 geminus, born together), born 
 three at a birth, 6, 22. Plur. 
 M. as subst., triplets, 6, 26. 
 
 triginta, num. adj. indecl., thirty, 
 4, 20. 
 
 tristis, -e, adj. with comp, and 
 sup., sad, sorrowful: bitter, 
 severe, terrible, 24, 4. 
 
 triumpho, 1, -avi, -atus (tri¬ 
 umphus, triumphal procession), 
 march in triumphal procession, 
 celebrate a triumph, triumph, 
 11,6; 19, 26. 
 
 triumphus, -I, M., triumphal pro¬ 
 cession, triumph, celebration of 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 323 
 
 victory by a public entrance into 
 Rome, 31, 2. 
 
 triumvir, -viri, m. (tres, three; 
 vir, man), one of three associ¬ 
 ates in office, a member of a 
 board of three , 64, 20. 
 
 trucido, 1, -avi, -atus [trux, wild; 
 SCID-, cut], cut to pieces, 
 slaughter, butcher, 20, 30. (W. 
 G. 66.) 
 
 truncus, -I, m., stem, stock : trunk, 
 body, 47, 19. 
 
 trux, -ucis, adj., wild, savage, 
 fierce, 25, 19. 
 
 tu, pers. pro., thou, you, ig, 7. 
 
 tueor, 2, tutus, dep., look at, gaze 
 upon: watch, guard, protect, 
 
 33 , 15 - 
 
 Tullia, -ae, f., name of the 
 daughter of Servius Tullius, 
 also of Cicero’s daughter, 13, 16. 
 
 Tullius, -T, m., name of a Roman 
 gens, e.g., Servius Tullius, Mar¬ 
 cus Tullius Cicero, 12, 1. 
 
 Tullus, -i, m., praenomen of Ttd- 
 lus Hostilius, the third king of 
 Rome, 6, 17. 
 
 turn, adv., then, at that time, in 
 those times, 1, 10; 1, 20; 8, 9; 
 
 12, 25. 
 
 tumultuor, 1, -atus, dep. (tumul¬ 
 tus, uproar ), make a disturb¬ 
 
 ance, be in confusion, 11, 24; 
 43, 10. 
 
 tumultus, -us, M., uproar, dis¬ 
 turbance, disorder, 13, 22. 
 tunc, adv. (turn, then; -ce, 
 dem. suff.), then, at that time, 
 1, 8 ; 4, 8. 
 
 turba, -ae, F., turmoil, disorder : 
 
 throng, crowd, 13, 22. 
 turbo, 1, -avi, -atus (turba, tur- 
 moil), disturb, throw into dis¬ 
 order, 25, 14. 
 
 turbulentus, adj. with comp, and 
 sup. (turba, commotion), fidl of 
 commotion, disturbed, stormy, 
 
 60, 22. 
 
 turdus, -I, M., thrush, 47, 26. 
 turpis, -e, adj. with comp, and 
 sup., ugly, unsightly : shamefid, 
 dishonorable, disgracefid, 24, 8. 
 tutela, -ae, f. (tueor, look at), de¬ 
 fence, protection, 2, 20. 
 tutor, -oris, m. (tueor, look at), 
 watcher, defender : tidor, guar¬ 
 dian, 11, 3. 
 
 tutor, 1, -atus, dep. (tueor, look 
 at), watch, protect, defend, 59, 8. 
 tutus, adj. with comp, and sup. 
 (p. of tueor, look at), guarded, 
 safe, secure, 16, 7 ; 46, 5. 
 tuus, pron. poss. (tu, thou), thy, 
 thine, your, yours , 28, 13. 
 
 U 
 
 uber, -eris, N. (cf. Eng. udder), aboutiding, rich, fruitful, fer- 
 teat, udder, breast, 1, 12. tile, 22, 18. 
 
 uber, -eris, adj., comp, uberior, ubi, adv. rel. and interrog.: rel., 
 sup. uberrimus (uber, richness), in which place, in what place, 
 
324 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 where, 2, 15 : when, 3, 13; 41, 
 11 : interrog., where ? 65, 5. 
 
 ulciscor, 3, ultus, dep., avenge 
 oneself on: take revenge for, 
 avenge, 64, 12. 
 
 ullus, gen. ullius, dat. ulli, adj- 
 (for unulus, dim. of unus), any, 
 14, 17. As subst., M., any one, 
 5 °, 27. _ 
 
 ulterior, -ius, adj. comp ., farther, 
 more remote, 50, 1 : neut. ulte¬ 
 rius, as adv., longer, farther, 
 
 65 , 7 - 
 
 ultimum, adv. (ultimus, last), for 
 the last time, 18, 19. 
 
 ultimus, adj., sup. of ulterior, far¬ 
 thest, most distant, uttermost, 
 last, 55, 8 ; 67, 16 : greatest, 
 extreme, uttnost, 66, 20. 
 
 ultra, prep, with acc., beyond: 
 above, past, exceeding, 57, 2. 
 
 ultro, adv. (dat. and abl. of 
 *ulter, far ; sc. loco, place), 
 to the farther side, beyond: 
 voluntarily, 56, 16. 
 
 umbo, -onis, m., knob, boss, 21, 12 
 (v. notes, fig. n, p. 98). 
 
 umbra, -ae, f., shade, shadow, 
 46, 9. 
 
 umerus, -i, m., the upper arm, 
 shoulder, 7, 28. 
 
 umquam, adv., at any time, ever, 
 16, 3. 
 
 unde, relat. adv., from whom, 
 from which, where, on which 
 side, 6, 25; 11, 18: whence, 
 from what source, 29, 30. 
 
 undecim, adj. num. indecl. (unus, 
 one ; decem, ten), eleven, 5, 19. 
 
 undique, adv. (unde, whence; -que, 
 indef. suff., -soever), from every 
 quarter, on all sides, all around, 
 53 , 21. 
 
 universus, adj. (unus, one, together; 
 versus, turned), all together, 
 whole, entire, 31, 15. Plur. M. 
 as subst., all men, everybody, 
 61, 8. (W. G. 74.) 
 unus, gen. unius, dat. uni, adj. 
 num., one, a single, 7, 10; 7, 15: 
 only, alone, 24, 12: the same, 
 one and the same, 65, 28. 
 unusquisque, unaquaeque, unum¬ 
 quodque (unus, one; quisque, 
 each), adj., each one, every one, 
 14, 22. 
 
 urbanus, adj. with comp, and 
 sup. (urbs, city), of the city. As 
 subst., M., inhabitant of a city: 
 a wit, a wag, 51,8. 
 urbs, urbis, f., walled town, city, 
 2, 14 : Rome, 59, 17. 
 urgueo or urgeo, 2, ursi, — ,press, 
 force: press hard, beset, assail, 
 21, 18. 
 
 urinator, -oris, m. (urinor, dive), 
 diver, 63, 21. 
 
 usquam, adv., at any place, any¬ 
 where, 18, 18. 
 
 usque, adv., all the way, right on, 
 continuously, even, 46, 10. 
 usurpd, 1, -avi, -atus [usus, use ; 
 RAP-, seize ], seize for use, seize, 
 upon, ??iake use of, 56, 27. 
 usus, -us, M. (cf. utor, use), use: 
 profit, benefit, advantage, 42, 
 
 15 : occasion, need, want, 29, 
 12. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 325 
 
 ut or uti, adv., when, as soon as, 
 7, 4: as, i, io: ut . . . ita, 
 as . . . so, 22, i; 36, 25. 
 ut, conj. with subj. of purpose or 
 result : of purpose, in order 
 that, that, to, so as to, 1, 3; 
 4, 29; 5, 26 ; 7, 17 : of result, 
 that, so that, 4, 30. 
 uter, -tris, m. (cf. uterus, womb), 
 bag of hide, leathern bottle, 
 skin, 57, 7. 
 
 uter, utra, utrum, gen. utrius, 
 dat. utri, adj., which of two, 
 which, 2, 16: whichever one, 
 the one which, 33, 1. 
 uterque, utraque, utrumque, adj., 
 
 each, either, each one, both, 11, 
 
 25 5 55 , 14 - 
 
 utilis, -e, adj. with comp, and 
 sup. (utor, use), useful, service¬ 
 able, profitable, 6, 3. 
 utinam, adv., I wish that! if 
 only l would that! 29, 7. 
 utique, adv., in any case, at any 
 rate: in particular, especially, 
 
 64 , 3 - 
 
 utor, 3, usus, dep., use, employ, 
 profit by, 38, 9 ; 43, 5. 
 utrimque, adv. (uterque, each of 
 two), on each side, on either 
 hand , 7, I. 
 
 uxor, uxoris, f., wife, spouse, 3, 4. 
 
 V 
 
 vaco, 1, -avi, -atus, be empty, be 
 vacant: be unoccupied, be at 
 leisure, 63, 14- 
 
 vae, interj., alas! woe! 21, 24. 
 vagitus, -us, m. (vagid, cry), cry¬ 
 ing, squalling, 1, 11. (W. G. 
 77 -) 
 
 valeo, 2, -ul, -iturus (cf. Eng. 
 well), be strong, be vigorous, 
 17, 9: have power, have in¬ 
 fluence, 26, 27. 
 
 Valerius, -I, m., Valerius, name 
 of a Roman gens, 25, 7. 
 valetudo, -inis, F.(valed, be strong), 
 state of health, health, 71, 15 : 
 ill health, sickness, 55, 26. 
 validus, adj. with comp, and sup. 
 (cf. valed, be strong), strong, 
 able, powerful, 16, 4 ; 43, 20. 
 vallum, -i, N. (vallus, palisade, 
 
 stake), line of palisades, ratn- 
 part, intrenchment, 2, 21 ; 34, 2. 
 vanus, adj. with comp, and sup. 
 (for *vacnus, cf. vaco, be empty), 
 containing nothing: empty, 
 groundless, vain, 53, 12. 
 varius, adj., variegated, mottled: 
 
 diverse, various, 44, 29. 
 
 Varro, -onis, m., surname in the 
 Terentian gens, as C. Terentius 
 Varro, the consul defeated at 
 Cannae, 37, 3. 
 
 Varus, -I, m., see Quinctilius, 
 71, 6. 
 
 vas, vasis, n., plur. vasa, -orum, 
 vessel, dish, 66, 10. 
 vasto, 1, -avi, -atus (vastus, 
 empty), make empty, devastate, 
 lay waste, ravage, 25, 27 ; 34, 6. 
 vastus, adj. with comp, and sup. 
 
326 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 (cf. Eng. waste), empty, unin¬ 
 habited, waste, 1,9: vast, huge, 
 immense, 25 , 13 - 
 
 vectigal, -alis, N. [veh-, carry], 
 payment to the state, tax , tribute, 
 
 32, 1 7 - 
 
 vectus, p. of veh 5 , 13, 20. 
 
 vegetus, adj., enlivened, animated, 
 bright, 56, 23. 
 
 vehementer, adv. with comp, and 
 sup. (vehemens, eager), eagerly, 
 violently, earnestly, vehemently, 
 48, 6. (W. G. 72.) 
 
 veho, 3, vexi,vectus [veh -,carry], 
 bear, carry, convey, 52, 30 ; 6g, 
 8: ride, 13, 20. (W. G. 72.) 
 
 Veiens, -entis, adj. (Veil), of or 
 belonging to Veii, 8, 23. As 
 subst., an inhabitant of Veii, 
 19, 17. 
 
 Veil, -orum, M., Veii, an Etruscan 
 town, ig, 11. 
 
 vel, conj. and adv. (old imper. of 
 volo, wish), or if you will, or: 
 vel . . . vel, either . . . or, 25, 
 16 : even, 66, 30. 
 
 vel 5 , 1, -avi, -atus (velum, sail, 
 covering), cover, wrap, veil, g, 
 24. 
 
 velocitas, -atis, F. (velox, szvift), 
 swiftness, fleetness, speed, 30, 
 18. 
 
 velox, -ocis, adj. with comp, and 
 sup., szvift, quick, rapid, fleet, 
 
 43 , 20. 
 
 velut or veluti, adv. (vel, inten¬ 
 sive, even ; ut, as), even as, just 
 as, like, 1, 13 : as if, just as if, 
 as though, 6, 8 ; 8, 18. 
 
 venabulum, -T, n. (venor, hunt), 
 h untmg-spear, 35, 15. 
 venatio, - 5 nis, f. (venor, hunt), 
 hunting: hunting spectacle, 50, 
 19 - 
 
 vend 5 , 3, -didi, — [venum, sale; 
 2 da-, put, expose ], sell, 34, 8. 
 (W. G. 25.) 
 
 venenum, -I, n., strong potion, 
 drug: poison, 28, 25. 
 vened, -ire, -il, — (venum, sale; eo, 
 go), go to sale, be sold, 29, 26. 
 veneratio, -onis, f. (veneror, 
 reverence), reverence, respect, 
 veneration, 49, 21. 
 venia, -ae, F., indulgence, kind¬ 
 ness, permission, 18, 20 : for¬ 
 giveness, pardon, 4g, 6. 
 venio, 4, veni, ventus [ven-, 
 come, go], come, go, 3, 13; 43, 
 14 : come to, reach, 17, 5. (W. 
 G. 73 -) 
 
 venor, 1, -atus, dep., hicnt, 1,17. 
 venter, -tris, m., belly, stojnach, 
 16, 24. 
 
 ventus, -I, m. wind, 37, 9. 
 venum, n., that which is sold; 
 usually acc. in a phrase with do, 
 as venum do, 15, 10. 
 venum d5, -are, -dedi, -atus, sell as 
 a slave, sell, 15, 10. 
 
 Venusia, -ae, f., Venusia, a town 
 on the borders of Apulia and 
 Lucania, 37, 22. 
 
 venustus, adj. with comp, (venus, 
 
 charm), charming, pleasing, 
 handsome, 70, 30. 
 
 (verber), -eris, n., lash, zvhip, 
 scourge, rod, 45, II. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 327 
 
 verbero, i, -avi, -atus (verber, 
 
 lash), beat, scourge, strike, ig, 
 
 l S- 
 
 verbum, -i, n. (cf. Eng. word), 
 word, 2, 23 : saying, expression, 
 
 56 , 29. 
 
 vere, adv. with comp, and sup. 
 
 (verus, true), truly, 38, 13. 
 verecundia, -ae, f. (cf. vereor), 
 fear, modesty: sense of shame, 
 53, 30 : reverence, respect, 24, 
 18. 
 
 vereor, 2, -itus, dep., reverence, 
 respect: fear, 31, 8. 
 veritus, p. of vereor, 31,8. 
 verno, 1, —, — (vemus, of spring), 
 spring, be verdant, bloom, 22,19. 
 vero, adv. (verus, true), in truth, 
 certainly, surely, 9, 1 r : indeed, 
 18, 21: but, however, 3, 4; 6, 4. 
 verruca, -ae, f., wart, 57, 10. 
 versiculus, -i, m. (dim. of versus, 
 line), little line, short verse, 56, 
 
 18. (W. G. 74-) 
 
 verso, 1, -avl,-atus (freq. of vert 5 , 
 turn), turn often, keep turning: 
 pass., be engaged in, be busy, 
 conduct oneself, 42, 14; 57, 25. 
 
 (W. G. 74.) 
 
 versus, p. of vert 5 , 46, 28. 
 versus, -us, m. [vert-, turn], line, 
 50, 8. (W. G. 74-) 
 vertd, 3, -ti, -sus [vert-, turn], 
 turn, change: pass., be turned: 
 turn about, return, 46, 28. (W. 
 G. 74.) 
 
 verum, adv. (verus, true), tndy, 
 certainly: but, yet, 4, 15. 
 
 verus, adj. with comp, and sup., 
 true, actual, genuine, 63, 1. 
 
 Vesta, -ae, F., Vesta, daughter of 
 Saturn and Ops, goddess of 
 flocks and herds, and of the 
 household, guardian of the 
 city. 1, 4. 
 
 vester, -tra, -trum, pron. poss. 
 (vos, you), your, yours, of you, 
 60, 20. 
 
 vestibulum, -i, n., enclosed space 
 before a house, entrance, 11, 
 23 - 
 
 vestigium, -I, N. (cf. vestlgd, 
 track), bottom of foot, sole: foot¬ 
 step, track, 53, 28. 
 
 vestis, -is, F.,sing collect clothes, 
 clothing, attire, 5, 9. 
 
 Vesuvius, -I, m., Vesuvius, the 
 famous volcano, 22, 24. 
 
 veteranus, adj. (vetus, old), old, 
 veteran, 68, 2. As subst., m. 
 plur., veteran soldiers, veter¬ 
 ans, 63, 17. 
 
 veto, 1, -ui, -itus (cf. vetus, old), 
 not to stiffen, not to permit, for¬ 
 bid, prohibit, 34, 3. 
 
 vetus, -eris, adj. with sup., veter¬ 
 rimus, old, aged: of a former 
 time, ancient, former, 27, 27 ; 
 38, 28. 
 
 via, -ae, F. [veii-, carry], way, 
 highway, road, street, 8, 17; 18, 
 21; 23, 14: march, journey, 
 57 , 4 - (W. G. 72.) 
 
 vicarius, adj. (vicis, change), sub¬ 
 stituted. As subst., M., substi¬ 
 tute, proxy, 68, 6. 
 
32S 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 vicesimus, adj. num. ord. (vlginti, 
 
 twenty), twentieth, 25, 27. 
 viciens, adv. num. (viginti, twen¬ 
 ty), twenty times, 58, 30. 
 vicinus, adj. with comp, (vicus, 
 row of houses), of the neighbor¬ 
 hood, near, neighboring, 3, 5. 
 victor, -oris, M. (vinco, conquer), 
 conqueror, vanquisher, victor, 
 2, 19. In apposition, with adj. 
 force, victorious, 20, 15. 
 victoria, -ae, f. (victor, victor), 
 victory, 6, 25. 
 victus, p. of vinco, 19, 16. 
 vicus, -i, M., row of houses, street, 
 quarter, 13, 25 : village, 37, 5. 
 videlicet, adv. (videre, to see; 
 licet, it is allowed), one may 
 see, clearly, obviously, 3, 23. 
 vided, 2, vidi, visus [vid-, see], 
 see, discern, perceive, 2, 19 : see 
 to, provide for, 41, 19: go to 
 see, visit, 3, 12 : consider , reflect 
 upon, 53, 20: pass., be seen, 
 15, 24 : seem, appear, seem 
 good, 2, 21 ; 8, 6. (\Y. G. 
 
 75 -) 
 
 vigil, -ilis, adj., awake, on the 
 watch. Assubst., M., watchman, 
 sentinel, 35, 13. 
 
 vigilantia, -ae, f. (vigilans, watch- 
 fid), watchfulness, vigilance, 
 63, 8. 
 
 vigilia, -ae, f. (vigil, awake, alert), 
 watching: a watch, time of 
 keeping watch, 35, 26. 
 viginti, num. adj. indecl., twenty, 
 32, 17 - 
 
 villa, -ae, F. (dim. of vicus, vil¬ 
 
 lage), country-house, country- 
 seat, farm, villa, 61, 2. 
 Viminalis, -e, adj., sc. collis, the 
 Viminal hill, one of the seven 
 hills of Rome, 12, 21. 
 vincio, 4, vinxi, vinctus, bind, 
 fetter, tie, fasten, 24, 12 ; 24, 
 J7- 
 
 vincS, 3, vici, victus, conquer, 
 defeat, subdue, be victorious, 4, 
 6; 8, 28 : gain one's end, suc¬ 
 ceed, 18, 2. 
 
 vinctus, p. of vinciS, 24, 12. 
 vinculum, -i, N. (vincio, bind), 
 fetter, chain: plur., prison , 
 1, 6. 
 
 vindicS, 1, -avi, -atus (vindex, a 
 maintained), assert a claim to: 
 avenge, punish, 3, 27 ; 18, 23. 
 vinum, -i, n., wine, 26, 13 ; 42, 
 21. 
 
 violentus, adj. with comp, and 
 sup. (cf. vis, strength), violent, 
 impetuous, 13, 14. 
 violS, 1, -avi, -atus (cf. vis, 
 strength), treat with violence, 
 injure, break, 24, 24 ; 50, 9. 
 vir, viri, M., male person, man, 
 4, 26 : husband, 4, 13 : man of 
 courage, 4, 3. 
 
 virga, -ae, f ., slender green branch, 
 twig, rod, 19, 14. 
 
 Virginia, -ae, f., Virginia, daugh¬ 
 ter of Virginius, 18, 17. 
 Virginius, -i, m., gentile name of 
 Z. Virginius, the Roman centu¬ 
 rion, father of Virginia, 18, 3. 
 virgS, -inis, F., virgin, maid, 
 maiden, 3, 18. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 329 
 
 viritim, adv. (vir, man), man by 
 man, singly, individually, 41, 
 
 I5 ‘ 
 
 virtus, -utis, F. (vir, matt), man¬ 
 liness, manhood: courage, valor, 
 
 8, 15 : goodness, virtue, 28, 15; 
 
 47 , 25 - 
 
 vis, vis, —, vim, vl; plur., vires, 
 -ium, etc., F.,. vigor, strength, 
 vehemence, force, 1, 17 ; 18, 7 ; 
 67, l 7 : violence, 15, 2 : quan¬ 
 tity, number, 3, 3 : plur., troops, 
 
 9, 6. 
 
 viso, 3, -si, -sus (freq. of video, 
 see), view, behold: go to see, 
 visit, 48, 8 . (W. G. 75-) 
 visus, p. of video, 7, 28. 
 visus, -us, M. (video, see), looking, 
 power of sight: sight, appear¬ 
 ance, 12, 4 : apparition, vision, 
 
 55 , 5 - (W- G - 75 -) 
 vita, -ae, f. [viv-, live], life, 29, 
 29 : way of living, 29, 9: career, 
 17, 13. (W. G. 76.) 
 vitis, -is, F., vine, grape-vine, 22, 
 22 . 
 
 vivo, 3, vixi, — [viv-, live], live, 
 be alive, 36 , 20 : reside, dwell, 
 28, 16. (W. G. 76.) 
 vivus, adj. [viv-, live], alive, 
 living, 66, 23 : of water, run¬ 
 ning, fresh, 13, 7. (W. G. 76.) 
 vix, adv., with difficulty, hardly, 
 scarcely, 39, 4. 
 vobis, see tu. 
 
 vocifero, or vociferor, 1, -atus, 
 dep. [*vociferus, fr. vox, voice; 
 FER-, bear], cry out, shout, bawl, 
 11, 26. (W. G. 77.) 
 
 vocito, 1, -avi, -atus (freq. of voco, 
 call), be wont to call, name, 34, 
 12. (W. G. 77.) 
 
 voco, i, -avi, -atus [voc-, call], 
 call, summon, 11, 25; 18, 10: 
 call by name, name, 2, 20. (W. 
 G. 77.) 
 
 volans, -antis, p. of void, 4, 12. 
 
 volgo, adv. (volgus, the mass), in 
 the throng, commonly, gener- 
 ally, 4, 25. 
 
 volito, 1, -avi, -atus (freq. of void, 
 fly), fly to and fro, flutter, 10, 
 21 : move, fly, 51, 22. 
 
 volnerd, 1, -avi, -atus (volnus, 
 woitnd), wound, Inert, injure, 
 7 , 8 . 
 
 volnus, -eris, N., wound, 7, 22. 
 
 volo, velle, volui [vol-, wish], 
 will, be willing, wish, desire, 
 want, pitrpose, 12, 24; 27, 1. 
 
 (W. G. 79-) 
 
 volo, i, -avi, -aturus, fly, 4, 12. 
 
 Volsci, -orum, M., the Volscians, 
 the most important people of 
 ancient Latium, 57, 9. 
 
 voltur, -uris, M., vulture, 2, 18. 
 
 voltus, -us, M. [vol-, wish], an 
 expression of countenance, fea¬ 
 tures, looks, air, face, 2, 6; 25, 
 20. 
 
 volucer, -ucris, -ucre, adj., flying, 
 winged. As subst., F. (sc. avis), 
 bird, 65, 22. 
 
 volumen, -inis, n. [volv-, roll], 
 that which is rolled: roll of 
 writing, book, volume, 67, 26. 
 (W. G. 78.) 
 
 voluntarius, adj. (voluntas, will), 
 
330 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 willing, voluntary, 65, 26. (W. 
 
 G. 79-) 
 
 voluntas, -atis, f. [i vol-, wish], 
 will, choice, desire, inclination , 
 
 42, 8 . (W. G. 79-) 
 voluptas, -atis, F. [cf. volup, 
 
 agreeably; VOL-, will], satis¬ 
 faction, pleasure, delight, 29, 6. 
 
 (W. G. 79-) 
 
 vos, plur. of tu, 31, 13. 
 
 votum, -I, n. (p. n. of voveo, vow), 
 
 pro?nise to a god, vow. desire, 
 prayer, 67, 13. 
 
 voved, 2, v 5 vl, votus, vow, prom¬ 
 ise solemnly, 4, 9. 
 vox, vocis, F. [voc-, call], voice, 
 cry, call, 8, 26 ; 35, 12 : utter¬ 
 ance, word, speech, saying, 22, 
 5; 25, 21. (W. G. 77.) 
 
 X 
 
 Xenophon, -Sntis, m., Xenophoii, the Athenian, 55, 26. 
 
 Z 
 
 zona, -ae, F. (Gr., £011/77), woman's girdle, belt: money-belt, 42, 19. 
 
Date Due 
 
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