COMPENDIUM OF IRISH BIOGEAPHY, COMPENDIUM OF IRISH BIOGRAPHY; COMPRISING SKETCHES OF DISTINGUISHED IRISHMEN, EMINENT PERSONS CONNECTED WITH IRELAND BY OFFICE OR BY THEIR WRITINGS. ALFRED WEBB ' And if I have doue well, and as is fitting the story, it is that which I desired : but if slenderly nnj meanly, it is that which I could attain unto."— II. Mac. xv. 38. DUBLIN: M. H. GILL & SON, SACKYILLE-STKEET. MDCCCLXXVIII 5 ficUitate tfits Book to tfje fHemorg of mg iFat^ct EICHARD DAVIS WEBB WHO DEEPLY INTERESTED TN ITS PLAN AND INCEPTION HAS NOT LIVED TO SEE ITS COifPLETION PREFACE. This Compendium of Irish Biography aims at giving sketches, in a compact form, of the lives of aU deceased Irishmen and Irishwomen, who, from the earnest times to the date of pubUcation, have heen distinguished by their deeds or remarkable for their quaUties. It Hkewise includes those who, though not born in Ireland, took a prominent part in the affairs of the country, or wrote important works respecting it. Eminent persons born abroad of Irish parentage, or in Ireland of parents who were not natives, are not included,- unless they spent a considerable portion of their lives in the country, received their education there, or were in some way distinguished in connexion with its annals. Great efforts have been made to render the volume as comprehensive as possible, and it is believed that not a few important names will be found in its pages which have never before appeared in any similar work. In the selection and rejection of names, and in the proportionate length of the sketches, it is probable that many readers may consider that sufiacient judgment has not been exhibited. In such a compilation much depends on the materials available : there can be httle doubt that, owing to the existence of full and well-written memoirs, several of the persons introduced have received notices out of proportion to their merits, while others of higher claims, owing to lack of material, have been dealt with very imperfectly, or perhaps not at all. For the sketches of the personages of very remote times, the writer, in common with all his predecessors, has had to depend on authorities of doubtful value— some of which must be purely mythical : as a rule, all dates and particulars relating to times in which regular contemporary records were not kept, should be received with caution. The list of Authorities looks somewhat pretentious. It might have been better if such books as are seldom drawn upon had been mentioned by name when quoted, leaving only standard works to be referred to numericaUy. Works in the Irish language are cited solely through their translations or English notes ; the same may be said in most cases of those in Latin. The translations from a Spanish authority have been made by a friend. It has not been thought necessary to refer by number to several of the books of reference of which I have made constant use. The lives are arranged alphabetically according to the surnames. Where there is a near relationship between persons of the same surname, they are placed in genealogical order. In the Addenda will be found a few names which were necessarily or accidentally omitted in the body of the work, some imperfect or ill-arranged sketches rewritten, together with such errata as have caught the eye, and a few notes. The Index, which includes cross references, directs the reader to all these notices, errata, and illustrations. The small figures throughout refer to the list of Authorities. Those in parentheses indicate the volume, series, or date. The writer is alone responsible for errors and shortcomings; but the work would certainly have been unworthy of any place as a book of reference except for the assistance so freely and generously accorded in many quarters. My brother Eichard Webb has been unwearied in his revision of the manuscript and proofs. I have had the inestimable help of the Very Eev. William Reeves, D.D., Dean of Armagh, who has kindly read over the greater part of the work in slips, and has enabled me to correct many errors and deficiencies. I need scarcely observe that no one possesses more comprehensive and exact know- ledge of Irish history and biography than this distinguished scholar and antiquarian — knowledge that has been at the disposal of every writer upon Irish afi"airs for a third of a century. The Eev. James Graves, Patrick W. Joyce, LL.D., John T. Gilbert, F.S.A., The Eev. William G. Carroll, William J. FitzPatrick, LL.D., Henry Dix Hutton, Edward D. Mapother, M.D., George Sigerson, M.D., and others, some of whom might object to seeing their names mentioned here, have ever been ready with information and counsel. Most of the manuscript was prepared in the Library of the Eoyal Dublin Society, where I have had the advantage of William S. K'eogh's advice in the search for materials, and the help of his assistants, especially of two who have been connected with the Library during the whole period of my studies there. I am likewise indebted for courtesy and aid to Thomas French, Assistant Librarian, in the Library of Trinity College ; to Martin Haverty, Assistant Librarian, in the Library of the King's Inns ; and to Edward Clibborn, in the Library of the Eoyal Irish Academy. ALFEED WEBB. Dublin, June, 1878. INDEX. Names to which asterisks [*] are prefixed are only referred to incidentally. Abernethy, John, Rev., i ; lutc, 5/8 *Abernethy, John (surgeon), i Adair, Robert, i; note, 578 Adamnan, Saint, i ■ Adhua, 2 Adrian, Robert, 57^ Aedan, Saint, 2; note, 578 Aedh, 2 Aedh OUam, 2 Aengus, 2 Aengus Culdee, Saint, 2 ; errata, 578. Aengus McUathamore, 3 AguUa, see D'Aguila, 124 Aidau, Saint, 3 Ailbe, Saint, 3 Albin, 3 Alison, Francis, Rev., 578 Allen, John, Archbishop, 3 Allen, John (colonel), 3 AUen, William P., 4 I Alley, Jerome, Rev., 4 ■ Ambrose, Miss, 4 Amlav, see Olaf Cuaran, 399 Anglesea, Earl of, see Annesley, 4 Annesley, Arthur, Earl of Anglesea, 4 Anster, John, 5 Antrim, Earls of, see MacDonnell, 309 Arbogast, 5 Archdall, Mervyn, Rev., 5 Archdekin, Richard, Rev., 5 Arthur, James, Rev., 5 Arthur, Thomas, 5 Ashe, Andrew, 6 Ashe, St. George, Rev., 6 Ashford, William, 6 l Atharne, 6 j Athlone, Earl of, see DeGinkell, '31 I Averell, Adam, Rev., 6 Avonmore, Viscount, see Yelverton, 574 ! Babington, William, 578 | Baillie, William, 6 Bairre, Saint, see Finnbarr, I 178 *< Baldwin, Richard, Rev., 6 j Balfe, Michael W., 6 | Ball, Robert, 7 Baltinglass, Viscount, see Eustace, 173 Banim, John, 7 Banim, Michael, 8 Barber, Mary, 9 Barker, Francis, 9 Barker, Robert, 9 Bamewall, John, Lord Trimleston, 9 Barnewall, Nicholas, Viscount Kingsland, 9 Baron, Bonaventure, 10 Barr^, Isaac, 578; imperfect notice, 10 Barrett, Eaton S., 10 Barrett, George. 10 Barrett, John, Rev., 10; note, 579 Barrett, John, 1 1 * Barrett, Richard, 10 Barrington, Sir Jonah, 1 1 Barry, see also De Barry, 125 Barry, Sir David, 1 1 Barry, James, 1 1 Barry, John, 13 Barry, Spranger, 13 Barrymore, Earl of, ste De Barry, 126 Barter, Richard, 13 Bathe, William, 13 Beaufort, Daniel A., Rev., 13 Beaufort, Sir Francis, 14 Becher, Lady, see O'Neill, 421 BedeU, WilUam, Bishop, 14 Bell, Mary L., see Martin, 3^5 Bell, Robert, 15 Bellamont, Earls of, .secCoote, 94 Bellamy, G. Anne, 15 BeUing, Sir Richard, 15 Bellingham, O'Bryen, 579 Benen, Saint, 16 Benignus, Saint, see Benen, 16 Beranger, Gabriel, 1 6 ; note, 5 79 Beresford, John, 16 Beresford, John G., Archbishop, 17 Beresford, William C., Viscount, 579 Berkeley, George, Bishop, 1 7 ; note, 580 Berkenshaw, John, 21 Bermingham, John, Earl of Louth, 21 Betagh, Rev. Dr., 21' Betham, Sir William, 2 1 Betterton, Julia, see Glover, 218 Bianconi, Charles, 22 ; note, 580 Bickerstaff, Isaac, 22 Bicknor, see De Bicknor, 1 26 Binns, John, 22 Black, Joseph, 22 Blackbume, Francis, 23 *Blackwood, Selina, Lady Dufferin, 479 Blakeley, Johnston, 23 Blakeney, Lord William, 23 Blakeney, Sir Edward, 23 Blaquiere, see De Blaquiere, 1 26 - Blessington, Marguerite, Countess of, 24 Blood, Thomas, 24 Blount, Charles, Lord Mountjoy, 25 Bolton, Sir Richard, 26 Bond, Oliver, 26 BonneU, James, 26 Borlace, Edmund, 26 Boulter, Hugh, Archbishop, 27 ; note, 580 Bourke, see also De Burgh, 126 Bourke, Miles, Viscount Mayo, 580; imperfect notice, 27 Bourke, Sir Richard, 580; imperfect notice, 27 Bourke, Richard S., Earl of Mayo, 27 Bourke, Theobald, Viscount, 580 Bowden, John, Rev., 28 Bowles. William, 28 ; note, 580 Boyd, Henry, Rev., 28 Boyd, Hugh, 28 Boyle, John, Earl of Cork and Orrery, 32 Boyle, Richard, Earl of Cork, 28 Boyle, Robert, 31 Boyle, Roger, Lord Broghill, 30 Boyne, Viscount, see Hamilton, 241 Boyse, Samuel, 32 Brabazon, Sir William, 32 Brady, Field-Marshal, 32 Brady, Nicholas, Rev., 32 Bramhall, John, Archbishop, 33 Brendan, Saint, S3 Brennan, John, 34 Brian Borumha, 34 Bridget, Saint, 36 Brinkley, John, Bishop, 36 Bristol, Earl of, see Hervey, 250 Broderick, Alan, Baron Midleton, 36 Broghill, Lord, see Boyle, 30 Brooke, Charlotte, 38 Brooke, Henry, 37 Brouncker, William, Viscount Castlelyons, 39 Brown, Andrew, 39 Brown, William, 39 Browne, George, Archbishop, 39 Browne, George, Count, 40 Browne, John H., 40 INDEX. Browne, Patrick, 40 Browne, Peter, Bishop, 40 Bro-wnrigg, Sir Robert, 580 Bruce, Sir Edward, 40 Bunting, Edward, 42 Bunworth, Charles, Rev., 42 Burgh, Walter H., 42 Burgo, see De Burgh, 1 26 Burke, see also De Burgh, 126 Burke, Aedanus, 581 Burke, Edmund, 43 Burke, John, 49 Burke, John D., 50 ; errata, 58 1 Burke, Robert 0., 50 Burke, Thomas, Bishop, 50 Burke, Thomas, 50 Burnyeat, John, 51 Burrowes, Peter, 51 Bushe, Charles K., 5 1 Bushnell, Catherine, see Hayes, 247 Butler, Edmund, Earl of Carrick, 52 Butler, Lady Eleanor C, 581 • Butler, James, ist Earl of Ormond, 52 Butler, James, 2nd Earl of Ormond, 52 Butler, James, 3rd Earl of Ormond, 52 Butler, James, 4th Earl of Ormond, 53 Butler, James, 5th Earl of Ormond, 53 Butler, James, 6th Earl of Ormond, 53 Butler, James, 9th Earl of Ormond, 54 Butler, James, 12th Earl and Duke of Ormond, SS Butler, James, 2nd Duke of Ormond, 63 Butler, Pierce, 8th Earl of Ormond, 53 Butler, Pierce, Viscount Galmoy, 63 Butler, Pierce, 64 Butler, Richard (major- general), 64 Butler, Richard, Viscount Mountg --ret, 64 Butler, Richard, Rev., 64 Butler, 1st Theobald, 52 Butler, 2nd Theobald, 52 Butler, 3rd Theobald, 52 Butler, 4th Theobald, 52 Butler, sth Theobald, 52 Butler, Thomas, 7 th Earl of Ormond, 53 Butler, Thomas, loth Earl of Ormond, 54 Butler, Thomas, Earl of Ossory, 62 Butler, Walter, nth Earl of Ormond, 55 Butler, Walter. 65 Butler, William, 65 Butler, William A., Rev., 65 Buttevant, Viscount, see De Barry, 126 Byrne, Myles, 65 ; note, 58 1 Byrne, William M., 581 Cade, John, 66 Cahill, Daniel W., Rev., 67 Cailte MacRonain, 67 Caimin, Saint, 67 Cainneach, Saint, see Canice, 70 Cairbre Lifeachair, 67 Cairnes, David, 67 Cairnes, John E., 68 Caldwell, Hume, 68 *Calhoun, John C.,69 Calhoun, Patrick, 69 Callaghan, King, 69 Callan, Nicholas, Rev., 69 Callanan, James J., 69 ; note, 582 Cambrensis, Giraldus, see De Barry, 1 25 Campbell, Alexander, Rev., 69 Campian, Edmund, 70 Campion, Maria, 70 Cane, Robert, 582 Canice, Saint, 70 Cannera, Saint, 70 Canning, George, 71 Cantwell, Andrew, 7 1 Carew, George, Earl of Totnes, 71 Carew, Sir Peter, 7 1 Carey, John, 73 Carey, Matthew, 73 Carey, William P., 73 Carleton, Guy, Lord Dorches- ter, 73 Carleton, William, 73 Carlingford, Earl of, see Taaffe, 5'3 Carmichael, Richard, 74 Carolan, see O'Carolan, .372 Caron, Redmond, 74 Carpenter, John, Archbishop, 75 Carr, George W., Rev., 75 Carrick, Earl, see Butler, 52 Carte, Thomas, Rev., 75 Carter, Thomas, 75 Carthage, Saint, see Mochuda, 342 Carve, Thomas, Rev., 75 Castle, Richard, 582 Castlehaven, Earl of, see Touchet, 535 Castlelyons, Viscount, see Brouncker, 39 Castlereagh, Viscount, see Stewart, 496 Cathaldus, Saint, 75 Caulfeild, James, Earl of Charlemont, 76 Caulfeild, Toby, 1 st Baron Charlemont, 75 Caulfeild, Toby, 3rd Baron Charlemont, 79 Celeclerech, Saint, 78 Celestin, Archbishop, see Cellach, 79 Cellach, Archbishop, 79 Charlemont, Earl and Barons of, see Caulfeild, 75 Chenevix, Richard, 79 Cherry, Andrew, 79 Chesney, Charles C, 80 Chesney, Francis R., 79 Chichester, Sir Arthur, 80 Churchill, Eleetwood, 582 Ciaran, Saint (isth March), 81 Ciaran, Saint (9th Sept.), 81 Clancarty, Earl of see MacCarthy, 303 Claneboy, Viscount, see Hamilton, 242 Clanricard, Earls and Marquises of, see De Burgh, 1 2 7 Clare, Richard de, see De Clare, 129 Clare, Earl of, see FitzGibbon, 19s Clare, Viscounts, see O'Brien, 367 Clarence, Lionel, Duke of, 82 Clarina, Lord, see Massey, 333 Clarke, Adam, Rev., 82 Clarke, Joseph, 83 Clayton, Robert, Bishop, 83 Cleburne, Patrick R., 83 Clement, 83 Clinton, Charles, 83 •Clive, Catherine, 84 Cloncurry, Baron, see Lawless, 284 Clonmel, Earl of, see Scott, 468 Clyn, John, 84 Coemghin, Saint, 84 Coffey, Charies, 84 Cogan, see De Cogan, 130 Colby, Thomas, 85 Colclough, John H., 85 Cole, Sir William, 85 Coleraine,Lord, see Hanger, 243 Colgan, John, Rev., 85 *"Colkitto," 311 CoUes, Abraham, 86 Collins, David, 582 Colman, Bishop, 86 Colton, John, Archbishop, 583 Columba, Saint, see Columcille, Columbanus, Saint, 86 Columcille, Saint, 87 Comerford, John, 88 Comgall, Saint, 88 Comon, Cormac, 88 Comyn, John, Archbishop, 88 Congal, see Comgall, 88 Con na m-Bocht, 88 Con the Hundred Fighter, 88 Conall Cearnach, 88 Conall Eachluaith, 89 Concanen, Matthew, 89 Congleton, Lord, see Parnell, 428 Connlaid, Saint, 89 Connor, Bernard, 89 Conor MacNessa, 89 Conroy, Florence, 89 Conway, Thomas, Count, 90 Cooke, Henry, Rev., 90 Cooke, Thomas, 92 Cooke, William, 92 Coote, Sir Charles, 92 Coote, Charles, Earl of Mountrath, 93 Coote, Sir EjTe, 94 Coote, Richard, Earl of Bellamont, 94 Corbet, William, 95 Corcoran, Michael, 95 Cork, Earl of, see Boyle, 28 Cormac Dall, see Comon, 88 Cormac MacArt, 95 Cormac MacCuUinan, Bishop, 96 Comwallis, Charles, Marquis, 96 Cosby, Francis, 100 Cosby, Philip, 100 CosteUo, Louisa S., 100 Courcy, see De Courcy, 130 Coventry, Countess of, see Gunning, 239 Cox, Sir Richard, 100 Cox, Walter, 10 1 Coyne, Joseph S., 102 Craggs, Robert, Earl Nugent, 102 Crampton, Sir Philip, 102 Crawford, Adair, 102 Crawford, Thomas, Rev., 102 Crawford, William S., see Sharman, 469 Creagh, Peter, Archbishop, 103 Creagh, Richard, Archbishop, 103 Cregan, Martin, 583 Croghan, George, 103 Croker, JohnW., 104 Croker, Thomas C, log CroUy, William, Archbishop, 105 Croly, George, Rev., 105 Cromer, George, Archbishop, 106 Crommelin, Louis, 106 Cromwell, OHver, 106 Crone, Robert, 115 Crosbie, Richard, 115 Crotty, William, 116 Crowley, Peter 0., 116 Crozier, Francis R. M.. i J 6 Crumpe, Samuel, 1 1 7 Cuchulaind, 117 Cumian the White, 117 Cunningham, John, 118 Curran, John 0., 118 Curran, John Philpot, 118 *Curran, Sarah, J 7 1 Curry, Jolm, 120 Cusack, Thomas, 120 Dairchilla, Saint, sec Moling, 342 Dalian Forgail, 1 2 1 D' Alton, John, 121 Daly, Denis, 121 Daly, Richard, 121 Danby, Francis, 121 Darcy, Patrick, Count, 122 Dargan, William, 122 Dathi, 122 Davies, Sir John, 122 Davis, Thomas 0., 123 Davis, William, 124 D'Aguila, Don Juan, 124 Dean, Hugh, 125 De Barry, David FitzDavid, Earl of Barry more, 126 De Barry, David FitzJames, Viscount Buttevant, 126 De Barry, Gerald, 125 De Barry, Robert, 125 De Bicknor, Alexander, Archbishop, t26 De Blaquiere, Peter B., 126 '-De Burgh, Elizabeth, Lady, 127 De Burgh, Richard, Lord of Connaught, 127 De Burgh, Richard, 2nd Earl of Ulster, 127 De Burgh, Richard, 2nd Earl of Clanricard, 1 28 De Burgh, Richard, 4th Earl of Clanricard, 128 De Burgh, Ulick, ist Earl of Clanricard, 127 De Burgh, UUck, sth Earl and Marquis of Clanricard, 1 28 De Burgh, Walter, ist Earl of Ulster, 127 De Burgh, WiUiam FitzAdehn, 126 De Burgh, William, 3rd Earl of Ulster, 127 De Burgo, see De Burgh, 126 De Burgo, John, Rev., 128 De Clare, Richard, Earl Strong- bow, 1 28 ; note, 583 De Cogan, Milo, 130 De Cogan, Richard, 130 De Courcy, John, Earl of Ulster, 130 De Ferings, Richard, Archbishop, 131 De GinkeU, Godert, Earl of Athlone, 131 " De Jean, J.," see Eraser, 214 Delacour, James, 132 De Lacy, Hugh, 132 De Lacy, Hugh (the younger), 133 Delane, Denis, 133 Delany, Patrick, Rev., 133 *Delany, Mrs., 134 Delvin, Baron, see Nugent, 362 De Marisco, Hervey, 134 De Massue, Henry, Marquis de Ruvigny, see Massue, 334 Denham, Sir John, 135 De Loundres, Henry, Archbishop, 135 De Oviedo, Matthew, Archbishop, 135 De Palatio, Octavian, Archbishop, 135 De Portu, Maurice, see O'Fihely, 396 Derby, Countess of, see Farren, 17s Dermody, Thomas, 136 Derrick, Samuel, 136 De St. Paul, John, Archbishop, 136 •Desmond, Catherine, Countess, 139 Desmond, Earls of, 136 Desmond, Gerald, 4th Earl, 137 Desmond, Gerald, isth Earl, 140 Desmond, James, 7th Earl, 137 Desmond, James, 9th Earl, 138 Desmond, James, nth Earl, 139 Desmond, James, 13th Earl, 140 Desmond, James, 14th Earl, 140 Desmond, James, i6th Earl, 144 Desmond, James, Sugan Earl, 145 Desmond, John, 5th Earl, 137 Desmond, John, 146 Desmond, Maurice, ist Earl, 136 Desmond, Maurice, 2nd Earl, '37 Desmond, Maurice, loth Earl, 138 Desmond, Nicholas, 3rd Earl, 137 Desmond, Thomas, 6th Earl, 137 Desmond, Thomas, Sth Earl, 138 Desmond, Thomas, 12 th Earl, 139 Despard, Edward M., 146 De Vere, Sir Aubrey, 146 Devereux, Robert, 2nd Earl of Essex, 147 Devereux, Walter, 1st Earl of Essex, 146 Devlin, Anne, 148 Dickinson, Charles, Bishop, 148 Dicuil, 149 Digby, Lettice, Baroness Offaly, 583 ♦Dillon, Arthur, Bishop, 150 Dillon, Arthiu-, Count, 150 Dillon, Sir Henry, 149 Dillon, Theobald, Viscount, 149 Dillon, James (ob. 1664), 151 *Dillon, James (ob. 1745), 150 Dillon, John B., 151 Dillon, Peter, 152 Dillon, Thomas, 4th Viscount, 149 Dillon, Theobald. Count, T50 Dillon, Wentworth, Earl of Roscommon, 151 Dobbs, Arthur, 152 Dobbs, Francis, 152 Dod, Charles R.-, 153 Dodwell, Henry, 153 Dogget, Thomas, 153 Dogherty, Thomas, 154 Doherty, John, 154 Donat, Bishop, see Dunan, 161 Donat, Saint, 154 Donlevy, Andrew, Rev., 154 *Donoughmore, Earls of, 247 Dorchester, Lord, see Carleton, 73 Dornin, Thomas A., 154 Douglas, John C, 154 Dowdall, George, Archbishop, HA Downes, George, 155 Downie, George, 155 Downing, Sir George, 155 Doyle, Sir Charles W., 155 Doyle, James W., Bishop, 155 Doyle, Sir John, 156 Doyle, John, 157 "Doyle, Martin," see Hickey, 585 Drelincourt, Peter, Rev., 157 Drennan, William, 157 Drogheda, Viscount, see Moore. 346 Dromgoole, Thomas, 157 Drummond, Thomas, 158 Drummond, William H., Rev., 583; impei-fect notice, 159 Drury, Sir William, 160 Duane, William J., 160 Dubdalethy, 160 Duchal, James, Rev., 160 Duff, Mary A., 160 . *Dufferin, Lady, 479 Duffy, Edward, i6o Duggan, Peter P., 160 Duhigg, Bartholomew T., 161 Duigenan, Patrick, 161 Dun, Sir Patrick, 161 Dunan, Bishop, 161 Dungal, 162 Dunkin, WUliam. Rev., 162 Dunlap, J hn, 162 Dunraven, Earl of, see Quin. 447 Duns Scotus, John, 162 Dwyer, Michael, 162 Eccles, Ambrose, 162 Edgeworth, Henry E., Abbe', i6s Edgeworth, Maria, 163 Edgeworth, Richard L., 163 Edmundson, William, 165 Egan, John, 166 EguiUy, Marquis d', see MacMahon, 316 Elliott, Charles, Rev.. 166 Elrington, Thomas, Bishop, 1 66 Emmet, Robert, 169; note, 584 Emmet, Thomas A., 167 England, John, Bishop, 172 England, Sir Richard, 172 English, Wilham, Rev., 172 Enniskillen, Baron, seeMaguire, 325 Ensor, George, 172 Erard, Saint, 172 Erigena, Joannes Scotus, 264 Esmond, Lawrence, Lord Esmond, 172 Essex, Earls of, see Devereux. 146 Eustace, James, Viscount Baltinglass, 173 Eustace, John C. , Rev., 1 74 Eustace, Sir Maurice, 174 Eustace, Roland, Lord Portlester, 172 Evans, Sir De Lacy, 174 Fachtna, Saint, 1 74 Farquhar, George, 175 Farren, Elizabeth, Countess of Derby, 175 Faulkner, George, 175 Feargal, Saint, 584 Feichin, S.aint, 176 Felim, 176 Fergus, 176 Fergus MacRoigh, 176 Ferings, see De Ferings, 1 3 1 Field, John, 176 Finaghty, James, 177 Finan, Saint, 177 Findia, Saint, see Finnbarr, 1 78 Findley, William, 177 Finen, Saint, 177 Fingall, Earl of, see Plunket, 43Q Finley, Samuel, Rev., 1 7 7 Finnachta, 178 Finnbarr, Saint (nth Feb.) 1 78 Finnbarr, Saint (2Sth Sept.) 1 78 Finnerty, Peter, 1 78 j Finnian, Saint, see Finnbarr, 178 Finnian, Saint, see Finen, 1 7 7 Finn MacCumhaill (" Finmacool "), 177 Fitton, William H., 1 78 " FitzAdam, Ismael," see Macken, 313 FitzAdelm, see De Burgh, 126 FitzEustace, see Eustace, 172 FitzGeralds, see also Desmonds, 136 FitzGerald, Augustus F., 3rd Duke of Leinster, 194 FitzGerald, Edward, Lord, 191 FitzGerald, Edward, 194 --FitzGerald, Elizabeth, Lady, 18s FitzGerald, George, i6th Earl of Kildare, 190 FitzGerald, George R., 195 FitzGerald, Gerald, ist Baron Offaly, 180 FitzGerald, Gerald, 4th Baron Offaly, 181 FitzGerald, Gerald, sth Earl of Kildare, 182 FitzGerald, Gerald, Sth Earl of Kildare, 182 FitzGerald, Gerald, 9th Earl of Kildare, 183 FitzGerald, Gerald, nth Earl of Kildare, 188 FitzGerald, Gerald, 14th Earl of Kildare, 190 FitzGerald, Gerald, isth Earl of Kildare, 190 FitzGerald, Henry, 1 2th Earl of Kildare, 190 FitzGerald, James, 1st Duke of Leinster, 191 ♦FitzGerald, John, 136 FitzGerald, John, ist Earl of Kildare. 181 FitzGerald, John, 6th Earl of Kildare, 182 FitzGerald, John, i8th Earl of Kildare, 190 FitzGerald, Sir John FitzEdmund, 195 FitzGerald, John FitzEdmund. 19s FitzGerald, INIargaret, see Ormond, 422 FitzGerald, Maurice, 179 *FitzGerald, Maurice, 136 FitzGerald, Maurice, 2iid Baron Offaly, 181 FitzGerald, Mamice, 3rd Baron Offaly, 181 FitzGerald, Maurice, 5th Baron Offaly, 181 FitzGerald, Maurice, 4th Earl of Kildare, 182 FitzGerald, Raymond, 180 FitzGerald, Richard, 3rd Earl of Kildare, 182 FitzGerald, Robert, 190 FitzGerald, Robert, 19th Earl of Kildare, 1 90 *FitzGerald. Thomas, 136 FitzGerald, Thomas, 2nd Earl of Kildare, 181 FitzGerald. Thomas, 7th Earl of Kildare, 182 FitzGerald, Thomas, lothEarl of Kildare, 186 •FitzGerald, Thomas an-Apa, 136 FitzGerald, Wentworth, 17th Earl of Kildare, 190 FitzGerald, WiUiam, 13th Earl of Kildare, 190 FitzGerald, William, 2nd Duke of Leinster, 191 FitzGibbon, John, Earl of Clare, 195 Fitz Henry, Miler, 198 FitzMaurice, James, 199 FitzMaurice, Thomas, Lord of Kerry, 199 FitzMaurice, William, Earl of Shelburne, 201 FitzPa trick, Sir Barnaby, 203 FitzPatrick, Richard, Lord Gowran, 204 FitzRalph, Richard, Archbishop, 204 FitzSimmons, Thomas, 204 FitzSimon, Henry, Rev. 204 FitzSimons, Walter, Archbishop, 204 FitzStephen, Robert, 205 *FitzWilliam, Lord, 16 Flann Mainistrech, 206 Flannan, Saint, 206 Fleming, Patrick, Rev., 206 Flood, Henry, 207 Flood, Valentine, 210 Foley, Daniel, Rev., 210 Foley, John H., 210 Forbes, Arthur, ist Earl of Granard, 211 Forbes, Arthur, 2nd Earl of Granard, 211 Forbes, George, 3rd Earl of Granard, 2 1 1 Forbes, George, 6th Earl of Granard, 212 Forde, Samuel, 212 Forgail, Dalian, 212 Foster, John, Baron Oriel, 212 "Four Masters,"f:eeO'Clei7, 373 Fowke, Francis, 213 Francis, Philip, Rev., 213 Francis, Sir Philip, 213 Eraser, John, 214 French, Nicholas, Bishop, 214 Fridolin, Saint, 215 Frye, Thomas, 215 *Fullerton, James, 242 Furlong, Thomas, 215 Fursa, Saint, 216 Gotofrid, 222 Gough, Hugh, Viscount, 222 Gough, John, 223 Gould, Thomas, Abbe', 223 Gowran, Earl of, see Butler, 52 Gowran, Lord, see FitzPatrick, 204 Grace, Richard, 223 Granard, Earls of, see Forbes, 2 1 1 Grania Uaile, see O'Malley, 403 Grattan, Henry, 224 Grattan, Thomas C, 233 Graves, Richard, Rev., 234 Graves, Robert J., 234 Graves, Sir Thomas, 234 Gray, Sir John, 234 Greatrakes, Valentine, 235 Gregory, George, Rev., 235 Grey, Arthur, Lord Wilton, 236 -j-Grey, Bessie, 236 Grey, Leonard, Lord, 236 Orierson, Constantia, 237 Griffin, Gerald, 237 *Griffin, William, 238 Grimshaw, William, 238 Grogan, Cornelius, 238 Grose, Francis, 239 Guinness, Sir Benjamin L., 239 •Gunning, Elizabeth, 239 ..Gunning, Maria, 239 Haliday, Charles, 240 Haliday, William, 240 H alpine, Charles G., 240 Hamilton, Anthony, Count, 241 Hamilton, Charles, 241 Hamilton, Duchess of, see Gunning, 239 Hamilton, Elizabeth, 241 Hamilton, Hugh, 242 Hamilton, Hugh, Bishop, 242 Hamilton, Gustavus, Viscount Boyne, 241 Hamilton , James, Viscount Claneboy, 242 Gage, Thomas, Rev., 216 Gall, Saint, 216 _ . Galmoy, Viscount, sec Butler, 63 j Hamilton, William, Rev., 242 Galway, Earl of, see Massue, 334 Gandon, James, 2 1 7; errata, 584 Gardiner, Luke, Viscount Mountjoy, 217 Gardiner, William, 218 Gast, John, Rev., 218 Gentleman, Francis, 218 Geraldines, see Desmonds, 136 Geraldines, see FitzGeralds, 1 79 Gilbert, Eliza, Lola Montez, 218 Gillespie, Sir Robert R., 584 Ginkell, see De Ginkell, 131 Giolla Caoimhghin, 2 1 8 Giraldus Cambrensis, see De Barry, 125 Glover, Julia, 218 Gobban Saer, Saint, 219 Goldsmith, Oliver, 219 Gordon, James, Rev., 222 Gormlaith, 222 Gort, Viscount, see Vereker, 541 242 244 Hamilton, Sir William R. Hand, Edward, 243 Hanger, George, Lord Coleraine, 243 Hanmer, Meredith, Rev Hardiman, James, 244 Harris, Walter, 244 Harvey, Bagenal B., 244 Harvey, William H., 245 Hastings, Marquis of, see Rawdon, 449 Haughton, James, 246 Havard, William, 246 HavUand, William, 246 Haverty, Joseph P., 584 Hay, Edward, 246 Hayes, Catherine, 247 Head, Richard, 247 Helsham, Richard, 247 Hely-Hutchinson, John, 247 *Hely-Hutchinson, John, Earl of Donoughmore, 248 * Hely-Hutchinson, Richard, Earl of Donoughmore, 247 Henry II., 248 ; note, 584 Henry, James, 249 Hervey, Frederick A., Earl of Bristol, Bishop, 250 HibemicuB, Thomas, 250 Hickey, William, Rev., 585 Hiffeman, Paul, 250 Higgins, Bryan, 250 Higgins, Francis, 251 Higgins, Francis, Rev., 25 i Higgins, Mathew J., 251 Higgins, William, 25 i Hincks, Edward, Rev., 251 *Hincks, T. Dix, Rev., 25 1 Hogan, John, 252 HoUnshed, Raphael, 253 Holmes, Robert, 253 Holt, Joseph, 253 Holwell, John Z., 254 Homes, William, Rev., 254 Hone, Horace, 254 Hone, Nathaniel, 254 Hood, John, 255 Hope, James, 255 Hopkins, John H., Bishop, 255 Houston, John, 255 Howard, Gorges E., 255 Howard, Hugh, 255 Hughes, John, Archbishop, 255 Humbert, Jean J. A., 256 Hussey, Thomas, Bishop, 257 Hutcheson, Francis, 258 Hutchinson, see Hely- Hutchinson, 247 larlath. Saint, 258 Ibar, Saint, 258 Iberius, Saint, see Ibar, 258 Inchiquin, Earl of, see O'Brien, 366 Ingham, Charles C, 258 Ireton, Henry, 258 ; en^ata, 585 Irvine, William, 259 Ita, Saint, 259 Jackman, Isaac, 260 Jackson, William, Rev., 260 Jacob, Arthur, 260 Jacob, Joshua, 260 James II., 261 Jameson, Anna, 263 Jarvis, John, 264 Jebb, John, Bishop, 264 Jephson, Robert, 264 Jervas, Charles, 264 Johannes a Sacrobosco, sec Sacrobosco, 589 Joannes Scotus Erigena, 264 Jocelyn, Robert, Earl of Roden, 265 John, King, 265 •Johnson, Esther, 504 Johnson, Guy, 266 Johnson, Sir Henry, 267 Johnson, James, 267 Johnson, Sir William, 267 Johnstone, Charles, 267 Johnstone, John H., 267 Jones, Frederick E., 268 Jones, Henry, Bishop, 268 Jones, Henry (poet), 268 Jones, Thomas, Archbishop, 268 Jordan, Dorothea, 269 Jumper, Sir William, 269 Kavanagh, Julia, 585 Keane, John, Lord, 269 Keating, Geoffrey, Rev., 2^0 Keegan, John, 271 Keightley, Thomas, 585 Kellachan, see Callaghan, 69 Kelly, Hugh, 271 Kelly, Michael, 271 Kennedy, Patrick, 272 Kenny, James, 272 Kenny, Saint, see Canice, 70 Kenrick, Francis P., Ajchbishop, 272 Keogh, John, Rev., 272 K'eogh, John, Jun., Rev., 272 Keogh, John, 273 Kettle, Alice, 273 Keugh, Matthev?, 274 Kevin, Saint, see Coemghin, 84 Kiaran, see Ciaran, 8 1 Kidd, Wniiam L., 274 Kieran, see Ciaran, 8 1 Kilburn, William, 274 Kildare, Earls of, see FitzGerald, 181 KiUian, Saint, see Celeclerech, Kilmaine, Charles J., 275 Kil warden. Viscount, see Wolft^ 572 King, Edward, Viscount Kingsborough, 275 Kingsborough, see King, 275 Kingsland, Viscount, see Barnewall, 9 King, William, Archbishop, 275 Kinrechtin, Maurice, Rev., 276 Kirwan, Francis, Bishop, 277 Kirwan, Richard, 277 Kirwan, Walter B., Rev., 277 Knowles, ames S., 278 Knox, Alexander, 279 Knox, William, 279 Kyan, Esmonde, 279 Lacy, seeDe Lacy, 132 . Lacy, Peter, Count, 280 Laeghaire, 280 Lake, Gerrard, Viscount, 281 Lambart, Oliver, Lord Lambart, 281 Lanigan, John, Rev., 28 1 Lansdowne, Marquis of, see FitzMaurice, 201 Lardner, Dionysius, Rev., 282 •Larkin, Michael, 4 Lascelles, Rowley, 283 Lasrean, Saint, secMolaisse, 342 INDEX. Latham, James, 283 LaTouche, David D., 283 Lawless, John, 283 Lawless, Valentine B., Baron Cloncurry, 284 Lawless, William, 284 Lawrence, Sir Henry M., 285 ; note, 584 Lawrence, Martin, 286 Lawson, John, Rev., 286 Leadbeater, Mary, 286; note, S86 Leahy, Patrick, Archbishop, 287 Ledwich, Edward, Rev., 287 Ledwich, Thomas H., 288 LeFanu, Alicia, 288 LeFanu, Elizabeth, 288 LeFanu, Joseph S., 288 LeFanu, Philip, Rev., 288 Lefroy, Thomas L., 289 Le Gros, Raymond, see FitzGerald, 180 Leinster, Dukes of, sec FitzGerald, 190 Leland, Thomas, Rev., 289 Lesley, Charles, Rev., 290 Lesley, John, Bishop, 290 Lever, Charles J., 290 Lewis, Andrew, 291 Lifeachair, see Cairbre, 67 Limerick, Earl of, see Pery, 434 " Llangollen, Ladies oi," see Butler, 581 Lloyd, Bartholomew, Rev., 292 Lodge, John, 292 Loftus,Adam, Archbishop, 293 Loftus, Dudley, 293 Logan, James, 294 Lombard, Peter, Archbishop, 294 Londonderry, Marquis of, scr Stewart, 496 Loundres, Henry, see De Loundres, 135 Louth, Earl of, see Bermingham, 21 Lover, Samuel, 294 Lucas, Charles, 295 Lucan, Earl of, see Sarsfield, 463 Ludlow, Edmund, 296 Lugidus, Saint, see Molua, 343 Lundy, Robert, 297 Luttrell, Henry, 297 Luttrell, Simon, 297 Lynch, John, Rev., 298 Lyon, Mathew, 298 Lysaght, Edward, 299 McAllister, George, 299 - - MacArdell, James, 299 Macartney, George, Earl Macartney, 299 Macaulay, Hugh, see Boyd, 28 McAuley, Mary C, 586 MacBride, David, 300 McCabe, William P., 30 ' I MacCaghwell, Hugh, Archbishop, 301 MacCarthy, Charles, 303 MacCarthy, Sir Charles, 304 MacCarthy, Sir Conuac, 303 MacCarthy, Cormac, Lord of Muskerry, 303 MacCarthy, Donough, Viscount Muskerry, 303 MacCarthy, Donough, 4th Earl of Clancarty, 304 MacCarthy, Justin, Viscount Mountcashel, 303 MacCarthy, Nicholas, Abbe', 304 MacCarthy Reagh, Fineen, 302 McClure, Sir Robert J. Le M., 305 McCoise, Errard, 306 MacConmara, Donough, 306 McCormick, Charles, 306 McCracken, Henry .r., 360 *McCracken, Mary, 307 ; nute, 586 McCullagh, James, 307 MacCuUinan, see Cormac, 96 MacCumhaill, see Finn, 1 7 7 MacCurtin, Andrew, 308 MacCurtin, Hugh, 308 MacDermot, Brian, 308 MacDonnell,Ala6ter. 3io;no<€, 586 MacDonnell, Sir Alexander, 3" MacDonnell, Francis, 311 MacDonnell, Randal, ist Earl of Antrim, 309 MacDonnell, Randal, Marquis of Antrim, 310 MacDonnell, Sorley Boy, 308 MacDowell, Patrick, 311 MacFirbis, Duald, 3 1 2 McGee, Thomas D., 312 MacGeoghegan, James, Abbe, 313 MacGrady, Augustin, 313 MacGregor, John J., 313 Mackay, James T., 313 Macken, John, 313 Macklin, Charles, 314 MacLiag, 314 Maclise, Daniel, 314 MacLonain, Flanu, 315 MacMahon, Heber, Bishop, 315 MacMahon, John B., Marquis d'Eguilly, 3)6 MacManus, Terence B., 316 MacMaster, Gilbert, Rev., 3 1 7 MacMoyer, Florence, 3 1 7 MacMurrough, Art, 318 MacMurrough, Dermot, 317 MacNally, Leonard, 320 MacNessa, see Conor, 89 MacNevin, William J., 3 20 MacRoigh, see Fergus, 176 MacRonain, see Cailte, 67 MacSkimin, Samuel, 321 Madden, Samuel, Rev., 321; errata, 586 Maedoc, Saint, see Aedan, 2 Maelbrigde, see Marianus Scot us, 331 Maelbrigid McDornan, Archbishop, 322 Maelmuire, see O'Gorman, 397 Maelmury, Ajchbishop, 322 Maelseachlainn, see ^lalachy, 327 Maffit, JohnN., 322 Magee, William, Archbishop, 322 Maginn, William, 322 Magraidain, Augustin, 323 Magrath, Miler, Archbishop, 323 Maguire, Cathal, Rev., 324 Maguire, Connor, Baron of Enniskillen, 325, Maguire, Cuconnaught, 326 Maguire, Hugh, 324 Maguire, John F., 326 Mahony, Connor, see O'Mahony, 401 Mahony, Francis S., Rev.. 326 Maildulph, 326 Makemie, Francis, 327 Malachy I., 327 Malachy Mor, 328 Malachy O'Morgair, Saint, 328 Malone, Anthony, 329 Malone, Edmond, 329 Malone, William, Rev., 330 - Manby, Peter, Rev., 330 Mangan, James C, 330 Marian, see Maelmury, 322 ■Marianus Scotus, 331 Marisco, see De Marisco, 134 Marsden, William, 331 Marsh, Sir Henry, ^2i ' Marsh, James, 332 Marsh, Narcissus, Archbishop, 332 Martin, John, 332 Martin, Mary L. Bell, Z2i?> Martin, Richard, 586 Massey, Eyre, Lord Clarina, MasBue, Henry de, Marquis de Ruvigny, 334 Mathew, Theobald, Rev., 334 Maturin, Charles R., Rev., 337 Maxwell, Hugh, 337 Maxwell, William H., Rev., 337 Mayo, Earl, see Bourke, 27 Mayo, Viscount, see Bourke, 580; imperfect notice, 27 Meagher, Thomas F., 338 Meave, 339 Midleton, Baron, see Em Jerick, 36 Miledh, see Milesius, 339 Milesius, 339 Miley, John, Rev., 340 Miller, George, Rev., 340 Millikin, Richard A., 340 Mitchel, John, 340 Mochuda, Saint, 342 Mogue, Saint, see .Aedan, 2 Moira, Earl of, see Rawdon, 449 Molaisse, Saint, 342 Molesworth, Robert, Viscount, 342 Moline, see Mullen, 353 Moling, Saint, 342 Molloy, Charles (ob. 1690), 342 Molloy, Charles (ob. 1767), 342 Molloy, Francis, 343 Molua, Saint, 343 Molyneux, Sir Thomas, 344 Molyneux, William, 343 ■Monck, Mary, 344 Monro, Robert, 344 Monteagle, Lord, see Rice, 45 1 Montez, Lola, see Gilbert, 718 Montgomery, Henry, Rev., 587 Montgomery, Richard, 345 ; note, 587 Montmarisco, see De Marisco, 134 Moody, John, 346 Moor, Michael, Rev., 346 Moore, Charles, Viscount Drogheda, 346 Moore, Thomas, 347 More, Roger, 350 Morgan, Sydney, Lady, 351 Mornington, Earl of, see Wellesley, 550 Morrison, Sir Richard, 351 Moryson, Fynes, 352 Mosse, Bartholomew, 352 Mossop, Henry, 352 Mossop, William, 353 Mountcashel, Viscount, see MacCarthy, 303 Mountgarret, Viscount, see Butler, 64 Mountjoy, Lord, see Blount, 25 Mountjoy, Viscount, see Gardiner, 217 Mountjoy, Viscount, see Stewart, 495 Mountrath, Earlof,seeCoote, 93 Moylan, Stephen, 353 Mullen, Allan, 353 Mulready, William, 353 Munro, Henry, 354 Munro, see Monro, 344 Murphy, Arthur, 354 Murphy, James C, 354 Murphy, John (poet), 355 Murphy, John, Rev., 355 Murphy, Michael, Rev., 355 Muq^hy, Robert, Rev., 355 Murray, Daniel, Archbishop. 356 Murray, John, Rev., 356 Murray, Nicholas, Rev., 356 Musgrave, Sir Itichard, 35C Muskerry, Viscount, see MacCarthy, 303 Muspratt, James S., 356 Nagle, Nano, 357 *Napier, Sir Charles, 357 Napier, Sir William F. P., 357 Nary, Cornelius, Rev., 358 .Neikon, Samuel, 587 Neligan, John M., 358 Nesta, 359 Newport, Sir John, 359 Niall of the Nine Hostages, 360 Niall Glundubh, 360 Nicholson, John, 360 Nicolson, William, Archbishop, 361 Nolan, Michael, 361 Norbury, Earl, see Toler, 527 Norreys, see Norris, 361 Norris, Sir John, President of Mimster, 361 Norris, Sir John, Admiral, 36 1 Norris, Sir Thomas, 361 *Norton, Caroline, 479 Nugent, Christopher, 362 Nugent, Earl, see Craggs, 102 Nugent, John, Sth Earl of Westmeath, 362 Nugent, Lavall, Count, 362 Nugent, Richard, Earl of Westmeath, 362 Nugent, Thomas, 4th Earl of Westmeath, 362 Nugent, Thomas, 363 O'Beime, Thomas L., Bishop, 363 O'Brien, Brian Roe, 365 O'Brien, ConornaSiudaine,365 O'Brien, Conor, 3rd Earl of Thomond, 366 O'Brien, Daniel, Viscount Clare, 367 O'Brien, Donald, 364 O'Brien, Donough, 363 O'Brien, Donough Cairbreach, 365 O'Brien, Donough, 4th Earl of Thomond, 366 O'Brien, Henry, 371 O'Brien, James T., Bishop, 371 O'Brien, Jeremiah, 371 O'Brien, Sir Lucius, 368 *0'Brien, Michael, 4 O'Brien, Murrough, ist Earl of Thomond, 365 O'Brien, Murrough, Earl of Inchiquin, 366 O'Brien, Murtough (ob. 11 19), 364 O'Brien, Murtough (ob. 1 239), 364 O'Brien, Terence A., Bishop, 371 O'Brien, Turlough, 363 O'Brien, William Smith, 368 O'Byrne, FiaghMacHugh, 372 O'Carolan, Turlough, 372 O'Carroll, Margaret, 372 O'Clery, Conary, 373 O'Clery, Cucogry, 373 O'Clery, Michael, 373 O'Connell, Daniel, Count, 374 O'Connell, Daniel, 374; errata, 589 O'ConneU, John, 382 O'Connor, Arthur, 383 O'Connor, Feargus E., 384 O'Connor, J. A., 589 O'Connor, Roger, 382 O'Conor, Cathal Crovderg, 386 O'Conor, Charles, of Belanagare, 386 O'Conor, Charles, Rev., 387 O'Conor, Matthew, 387 O'Conor, Roderic, 385 O'Conor, Turlough, 384 O'Cullane, John, 387 O'Curry, Eugene, 387 O'Daly, Aengus, 388 O'Daly, Dominic de Rosario, 389 O'Daly, Donough Mor, 389 O'Devany, see O'Dovany, 395 O'Dogherty, Sir Cahir, 389 O'Donnell, Calvagh, 390 O'Donnell, Hugh, "BaUdearg," 393 O'Donnell, Hugh Roe, 391 O'Donnell, Sir Niall Garv, 390 O'Donnell, Manus, 390 O'Donnell, Rury, Earl of Tirconnell, 393 O'Donovan, John, 394 O'Dovany, Cornelius, Bishop, ,395 O'Dubhagain, see O'Dugan, 396 O'Dugan, John, 396 OSaly, Baroness, see Digby, 583 OfiFaly, Barons of, see FitzGerald, 180 O'Fihely, Maurice, Archbishop, 396 O'Flaher y, Roderic, 396 O'Flinn, Eochaidh, 397 O'Glacan, Neil, 397 O'Gorman, Marian, 397 O'HaUoran, SUvester, 397 O'Hanlon, Redmond, 397 O'Hara, Charles, Baron Tirawley, 397 O'Hara, Kane, 398 O'Hartigan, Kineth, 398 O'Heerin, Giolla, 398 O'Hely, Patrick, Bishop, 398 O'Higgins, Ambrose, 398 *0'Higgins, Bernardo, 398 O'HuicUbrin, see O'Heerin, 398 O'Hurley, Dennot. Archbishop, 398 O'Hussey (bard), 399 Oisin, see Ossian, 423 O'Keeffe, John, 399 Olaf Cuaran, 399 O'Leary, Arthur, Rev., 399 Olioll Olum, 401 Ollamh Fodla, 401 O'Loghlen, Sir JNIichael, 401 O'Lothchain, Cuan, 401 0'Mahony,Connor,40i ; ei-mta, 589 O'Mahony, Daniel, 401 O'Mahony, John, 402 O'Malley, Grace, 403 O'Malley, Thaddeus, Rev., 403 O'Meara, Barry E., 404 O'Meara, Dermot, 404 O'Meara, Edmund, 404 " Omnium, Jacob," see Higgins, 25' O'Molloy, Albin, Bishop, 404 O'Molloy, Francis, see Molloy, 343 O'Moran, James, 405 O'More, Rury Oge, 405 O'Morgair, see Malachy, 328 O'MuIconry, Ferfeasa, 373 O'Neill, Aodh, see O'Neill, Hugh, 410 O'Neill, Arthur, 42 1 O'Neill, Con Bacagh, Earl of Tyrone, 406 O'Neill, Flaherty, 405 O'Neill, Elizabeth, Lady Becher, 42 1 O'Neill, Sir Felim, 416 O'Neill, Henry Aimreidh, 406 O'Neill, Henry, 406 O'Neill, Hugh, 405 O'Neill, Hugh, Earl of Tyrone, 410 O'Neill, Hugh, Major-General, 420 O'NeiU, John, see O'Neill, Shane, 407 O'Neill, Niall More, 406 O'Neill, Owen, 406 O'Neill, Owen Roe, 418 O'Neill, Sir Phelim, see O'Neill Sir Felim, 416 O'Neill, Shane, 407 O'Neill, Turlough Luineach, 409 O'ReiUy, Alexander, Count, 42 1 O'Reilly, Andrew, Count, 421 O'Reilly, Edward, Archbishop, 422 O'Reilly, Edward (author), 422 O'Reilly, Hugh, 422 "O'Reilly, Miles," seeHalpine, 240 Oriel, Baron, see Foster, 2 1 2 Ormond, Earls and Dukes of, see Butler, 52, 55 Ormond, Sir James, 423 Ormond, Margaret, Countess, 422 Orr, \Yilliam, 423 *Orrery, Charles, Earl of, 32 Ossian, 423 Ossory, Earl of, see Butler, 53 O'Sullivan Beare, Donnell, 424 O'SulIivan Beare, Philip, 425 O'Sullivan, Sir John, 425 O'Sullivan, Mortimer, Rev., 426 O'Sullivan, Samuel, Rev., 426 O'Toole, Adam DufiF, 426 O'Toole, Lawrence, Saint, 426 Otway, Caesar, Rev., 426 Oulton, Walley C, 427 Ouseley, Gideon, 427 Ouseley, Sir Gore, 427 *Ouseley, Sir Ralph, 427 Ouseley, Sir William, 427 Oviedo, see De Oviedo, 135 Owenson, Sydney, see Morgan, 35' Pakenham, Sir Edward M., 589 Palatio, sec De Palatio, '35 Palladius, 427 + *Pamela, Lady E. FitzGerald, '93 Pamell, Henry B., Lord Congleton, 428 Pamell, Sir John, 428 Pamell, Thomas, Rev., 428 Parr, Richard, Rev., 429 Parry, John, Bishop, 429 Parsons, Lawrence, 2nd Earl of Rosse, 429 Parsons, William, 3rd Earl of Rosse, 429 Patrick, Saint, 430 Patterson, Robert (zoologist), i 432 I Patterson, Robert I (mathematician), 432 I Pearce, Sir Edward L., 432 Pembroke and Strigul, Earl ! of, see De Clare, 1 28 ; Perceval, Sir Philip, 432 Perrot, Sir John, 433 Pery, Edmond S., Viscount, 434 Pery, Edmond H., Earl of Limerick, 434 I Peters, 'William, Rev., 434 Petrie, George, 434 Petty, Sir William, 435 Phelan, William, Rev., 437 Phillips, Charles, 438 ""Pilkington, Letitia, 438 Pilkington, ISIatthew, Rev. (of Donabate), 438 *Pilkington, Matthew, Rev. (of Lichfield), 438 Pleasants, Thomas, 438 Plowden, Francis, 438 Plunket, Christopher, Earl of Fingall, 439 Plunket, Oliver, Archbishop, 439 Plunket, William C, Lord I Plunket, 440 INDEX. Ponsonby, George, 442 Ponsonby, Sarah, 581 Pope, Maria, see Campion, 70 Popham, Sir Home R., 442 Porter, Alexander J., 443 Porter, Francis, 443 Porter, James, Rev., 443 Portlester, Lord, see Eustace, 172 Portu, Maurice de, see O'Fihely, 396 Pottinger, Eldred, 444 Pottinger, Sir Henry, 443 Power, Tyrone, 444 Powerscourt, Viscount, see Wingfield, 571 Poynings, Sir Edward, 444 Preston, Thomas, Viscount Tara, 445 Preston, William, 446 Prior, Sir James, 447 Prior, Thomas, 447 " Prout, Father," see Mahony, 326 Quain, Jones, 447 Quin, Edwin W., Eari of Dunraven, 447 Quin, James, 448 Raleigh, Sir Walter, 447 Eatcliffe, Thomas, Earl of Sussex, 449 Rawdon, Francis, Earlof Moira, 449 Regan, Maurice, 450 Reid, James S., Rev., 451 Reynolds, Thomas, 45 1 Rice, Thomas S., Lord Monteagle, 451 Richard II., 452 Rinuccini, Giovan B., Archbishop, 453 Robertson, William, Rev., 454 Robinson, Richard, Lord Rokeby, Archbishop, 455 Roche, Sir Boyle, 455 Roche, James, Colonel, 456 Roche, James (of Cork), 456 Roche, Regina M., 457 Rocque, John, 457 Roden, Earl of, see Jocelyn, 265 Rokeby, Lord, see Robinson, 455 Roscommon, Earl of, see DiUon, •5' Rosse, Earls of, see Parsons, 429 Rothe, David, Bishop, 457 Routh, Bernard, Rev., 457 Rowan, Archibald H., 457 Rowan, Arthur B., Rev.. 459 Rowley, Sir Josias, 459 Rumold, Saint, 459 RuBseU, Patrick, Archbishop, 459 Russell, Thomas, 459 Rutherford, Griffith, /^()0 Rutty, John, 460 Ruvigny, Marquis de. see Massue, 334 Ryan, Richard, 461 Ryves, Elizabeth, 461 Sacrobosco, Johannes a, 589 St. Lawrence, Sir Armoric, 461 St. Leger, Sir Anthony, 462 *St. Leger, Sir Warham, 462 St. Leger, Sir William, 462 St. Paul, see De St. Paul, 136 ■ St. Ruth, General, 462 Sampson, William, 463 Sandford, Daniel, Bishop, 4(t^ I Sandford, Francis, 463 I Sarsfield, Patrick, Earl of I Lucan, 463 I Saurin, William, 466 \ Savage, Marmion W., 466 ' Schomberg, Armand F., Duke, 467 Scott, John, Earl of Clonmel, 468 Scotus Erigena, Joannes, 264 ScuUy, Denys, 468 *Scully, Vincent, 468 Sedulius, 468 Senan, Saint, 469 - ■ Senchan Torpeist, 469 Sharman- Crawford, William, 469 Shaw, Sir Frederick, 469 Shaw, John, 470 Shea, Daniel, 470 Sheares, Henry, 470 Sheares, John, 470 Shee, Sir Martin A., 471 Sheehy, Nicholas, Rev., 472 Shell, Richard Lalor, 472 Shelburne, Earl of, see FitzMaurice, 201 Sheridan, Frances, 476 *Sheridan, Patrick, Bishop, 474 Sheridan, Richard B., 476 Sheridan, Thomas, Rev., 474 *Sheridan, Thomas, 474 Sheridan, Thomas (actor), 475 Sheridan, WiUiam, Bishop, 474 Sidney, Sir Henry, 480 "Sillien Thomas," see FitzGerald, 186 Simnel, Lambert, 481 Sirr, Henry C, 482 Si trie the Blind, 482 Sitric Silkiskegg, 482 Sitricson, see Olaf, 399 Skeffington, Sir William, 483 Skelton, PhUip, Rev., 483 Sloane, Sir Hans, 483 Smith, Charles, 484 I Smith, Erasmus, 484 Smith, James, 485 •Smith, Sir William C, 485 Smyth, Edward, 486 , Smyth, Thomas A., 486 I Southern, Thomas, 486 j Spenser, Edmund, 486 Spratt, James, 487 Spratt, John, Rev., 487 *StafiFord, Sir Thomas, 72 *Stanyhurst, James, 487 Stanyhurst, Richard, Rev., 487 Staunton, Sir George L., 487 Steame, John ^physician), 488 Stearne, John, Bishop, 488 Steele, Sir Richard, 489 Steele, Thomas, 491 Steevens, Grissel, 492 Steevens, Richard, 492 *"Stella," 504 Sterne, Lawrence, Rev., 492 Stevenson, Sir John A., 494 Stewart, Alexander T., 495 Stewart, Charles W. V., Marquis of Londonderry, 50 1 Stewart, Sir Robert, 495 Stewart, Robert, Viscount Castlereagh, 496 Stewart, William, Viscount Mountjoy, 495 *Stirling-Maxwell, Lady, 479 *Stock, Bishop, 256 Stokes, Whitley, 502 Stokes, William, 503 Strafford, Earl of, see Went worth, 558 Strongbow, Earl, see De Clare, 128 SuUivan, Francis S., 504 Sullivan, Sir Richard J., 504 Sullivan, Robert, 504 Sussex, Earl of, see Ratcliffe, 449 Sweetman, John, 504 Swift, Jonathan, 504 Swift, Deane, 512 *Swift, Deane, 512 *Swift, Theophilus, 512 Sydney, see Sidney, 480 Synge, Edward, Archbishop, Taaffe, Denis, Rev., 514 Taaffe, Nicholas, Viscount, 514 Taaffe, Theobald, Eari of Carlingford, 513 Taaffe, Sir William, 513 Talbot, Peter, Archbishop, 516 Talbot, Richard, Duke of Tirconnell, 514 Tandy, James N., 516 Tara, Viscount, see Preston, 445 Tate, Nahimi, 5 1 7 Taylor, George, 5 1 7 Taylor, Jeremy, Bishop, 518 Taylor, John S., 519 Taylor, Thomas, 518 Taylor, William B. S., 519 Taylor, William C, 519 Teeling, Bartholomew, 519 *Teeling, Bartholomew, Jun., 520 Temple, Sir John, 520 *Temple, Sir John, Jun., 521 *TempIe, Sir William, 5 2 1 Tennent, Gilbert, 521 Tennent, Sir James E., 522 Tennent, William, 521 Thoiiiond, Earls of, see O'Brien, 365 Thompson, William (artist), 522 Thompson, William (general), 522 Thompson, WiUiam, (naturalist), 1522 Thomson, Charles, 523 Thorkil, 523 Thornton, Matthew, 523 Threlkeld, Caleb, 524 Thurot, Francois, 524 Tichbome, Sir Henry, 525 Tighe, Mary, 525 Tighemach, 525 Tirawley, Baron, see O'Hara, 397 Tirconnell, Duke of, see Talbot. 514 Tirconnell, Earl of, see O'Donnell, 393 •Tirconnell, Lady Frances, 5 1 6 Todd, James H., Eev., 525 Todd, Eobert B., 526 Toland, John, 526 Toler, John, Earl of Norbury, 527 Tone, Theobald Wolfe, 528 Toma, 534 Torrens, Sir Henry, 534 Torrens, Robert, 534 Totnes, Earl of, see Carew, 7 1 Tottenham, Charles, 535 Touchet, James, Earl of Castlehaven, 535 Trench, Melesina C, 535 Trench, Power^le_Poer, Archbishop, 536 Tresham, Henry, 536 Trimleston, Lordjjsee Bamewall, 9 Troy, John T., Archbishop, 536 Tuckey, James K., 537 Turgesius, see Thorkil, 523 INDEX. Tyrconnell, see Tirconnell, 393, S'4 Tyrone, Earl of, see O'Neill 406, 410 Ulster, Earls of, see De Burgh, 127 Ulster, Earl of, see De Courcy, 130 Urwick, WiUiam, Rev., 537 Ussher, James, Archbishop, 537 Ussher, James, 540 Vallancey, Charles, 540 *" Vanessa," 504 *Vanhomrigh, Hester, 504 Vere, see De Vera, 146 Vereker, Charles, Viscount Gort, 541 Vigors, Nicholas A., 541 Virgilius, Saint, see Feargal, 584 Wadding, Luke, Rev., 541 * Wadding, Luke, Bishop, 542 Wadding, Peter, Rev., 542 Wakefield, Edward, 542 Walker, George, Bishop, 542 Walker, John, Rev., 544 Walker, Joseph C, 544 WaU, Richard, 545 Wallace, William V., 545 Walsh, Edward, 545 Walsh, Nicholas, Bishop, 546 i Walsh, Peter, Rev., 546 { Walsh, Robert, Rev. 546 | W^alsh, William, Bishop, 546 I Warburton, EUot B. G.. 547 Ward, Hugh, Rev., 547 I Warden, David B., 547 Ware, Sir James, 547 Warner, Ferdinando, Rev., 549 Warren, Sir Peter, 549 Wellesley, Arthur, Duke of Wellington, 552 Wellesley, Garrett, Earl of Momington, 550 Wellesley, Richard, Marquis Wellesley, 550 Wellington, Duke of, see Wellesley, 552 Wentworth, Thomas, Earl of StraflFord, 558 WestmeathjEarl of, sec Nugent, 362 Whaley, Thomas, 560 Whalley, John, 560 Whately, Richard, Archbishop, 560 W^heatley, Francis, 562 Wheeler, George B., Rev., 562 White, Luke, 562 White, Samuel, 562 White, Stephen, Rev., 562 Whitelaw, James, Eev., 563 Whiteside, James, 563 Wilde, Richard H., 564 Wilde, Sir WUliam R. W., 564 Wilks, Robert, 565 Willes, Sir James S., 565 William III., 565 W^illiams, Richard D., 570 Wills, James, Rev., 570 Wilton, Lord, see Grey, 236 Wingfield, Richard, Viscount Powerscourt, 571 Woffington, Margaret, 571 Wolfe, Arthur, Viscount Kil warden, 572 Wolfe, Charles, Rev., 573 Wolfe, David, Rev., 573 Wood, Robert, 573 Wylie, Samuel B., Rev., 574 Wyse, Sir Thomas, 574 Yelverton, Barry, Viscount Avonmore, S74 York, Richard, Duke of, 575 Young, Arthur, 575 Yoimg, Matthew, Bishop, 576 Zeuss, Johann K., 577 AUTHORITIES. The small figures throughout the Compendium correspond to the numbers prefixed to the books in the list of Authorities, — pp. 590 to 598. Those in parentheses indicate the volume, series, or date. Where the number or volume of serial publications is not indicated, reference is implied to the number or volume shortly following the date on which the subject of the notice died. COMPENDIUM OF IRISH BIOGRAPHY. Abemethy, John, Rev., an eminent Presbyterian divine, was born at Cole- raine, where his father was minister, 1 9th October 1 680. In his thirteenth year he entered as a student at the University of Glasgow. There, and at Edinburgh, where he completed his education, his brilliant abilities were recognized by the most emi- nent of his cotemporaries and by his pro- fessors. Before he was twenty-one he re- ceived licence to preach, and in 1 703 was appointed minister of an important con- gregation in Antrim. In 1717 he in- curred the displeasure of the Presbyterian Synod by refusing to leave Antrim and accept a call in DubUn : a violent differ- ence ensued, which gi'adually widened into what was known as the controversy be- tween the " subscribers and non-subscrib- ers." There can be no question that he and his associates sowed the seeds of that after struggle in which the Arian and So- cinian elements of the Irish Presbyterian Chvirch were thrown off as a separate body. In 1 730 he responded to a call from "Wood- street congregation, Dublin ; and next year sprang up the most memorable controversy in which he was ever engaged — that in relation to religious tests and disabilities. He took an unflinching stand against all laws that, upon account of mere differ- ences of religious opinions and forms of worship, excluded men of integrity and ability from serving their country. He was nearly a century in advance of his time, having actually to controvert the position that a Catholic or a Dissenter could not be a man of integrity and ability ! " And so," says the Encydopce- dia Britannica, "John Abernethy through life was ever foremost where unpopular truth and right were to be maintained ; nor did he, for sake of an ignoble expedi- ency, spare to smite the highest seated WTongdoers, any more than the hoariest errors (as he believed)." Although aus- terely temperate, he was carried off by gout in the head, in December 1740, aged 60. " He was a burning and a shining light in his day. Polished in manners, possessing a rich fund of intelligence, with uncommon powers of conversation, etc., he was esteem- ed and admired as a man in the private intercourse of life. . . His Sermons 071 the Being and Perfeciioiis of God were widely celebrated, as is evinced by the many editions which have been print- ed." 16 His grandson, John Abernethy, the eminent surgeon, has often been spoken of as an Irishman, but the latest authority {Encyclopcedia Britannica, 9th Edition) places his birth in London. ' '6 '^s Adair, Robert, the hero of the song of " Eobin Adair," set to the music of the old Irish air of " Aileen Aroon," was an Irishman, a descendant of the Desmond FitzGeralds. He died about 1789. His father, Sir Robert Adair, was made a knight-banneret by William III. on the field, after the battle of the Boyne. For particulars concerning him and the tune of " Robin Adair," see Notes and Queries, 3rd Series, m 254 Adamnan, Saint, was born about 624, in the district now pai-t of the County of Donegal. Very little is known concern- ing his early life, except that he was Abbot of Raphoe, a monastery which he probably founded. In 679 he was elected Abbot of the island of lona, and in 686 was suc- cessful in a mission to Britain to plead for certain captives who had lately been carried away from Meath. About 692 he visited Ireland for the purpose of settling some matters connected with the Borro- mean tribute. In 697 he attended the Synod of Tara. It is probable that between these two visits he wrote his celebrated work, Vita Sancti Columhce. The latter part of his life was chiefly spent in efforts (attended with little success) to induce his countrymen and the Hebridean Scots to accept the Roman computation of Easter. He is supposed to have died in 704 at lona. Adamnan is justly considered one of the fathers of the Irish Church — no fewer than ten Irish and eight Scotch churches having been dedicated to, or call- ed after him. His Vita Sancti Cohmihoe has been edited by Dr. Reeves, chiefly from a MS. of the early part of the 8th century, preserved in the public library of Schaif- hausen. The following interesting remarks upon its style are made by the learned I ADH editor : — " The reader will observe the liberal employment of diminutives, so characteristic of Irish composition. . He delights in distributive numerals in- stead of cardinals, and in the adjective termination ax where admissible. He uses the pluperfect for the perfect, and the no- minative instead of the ablative absolute. He occasionally employs Greek or Greco- Latin words ; and in a few instances introduces Irish and Hiberno-Latiu ex- pressions. Proper names he sometimes inflects according to the rules of Irish grammar." 85 Adamnan's festival is 23rd September. 85 119 234 Adhna, " Chief poet of Ireland," flour- ished in the reign of Conor MacNessa, in the ist century. Fragments of laws attrib- uted to him are to be found in the library of Trinity College. The sages Adhna, Forchern, and Atharne are said to have been the first to collect the axioms of Irish law into one volume. 194 339 Aedan, Maedoc, or Mogue, Saint, was born about 560, on a small island in Brackley Lough, County of Cavan. He formed a youthful friendship with St. Laserian of Devenish, and was educated in "Wales by St. David, by whom he was much loved. Upon his return to Ireland he settled in Wexford, where he established various monasteries. He lived chiefly at Ferns, on land granted to him by King Brandubh, through whose influence Ferns was constituted a see, and Aedan appoint- ed its first bishop. He was noted for his benevolence and hospitality ; and was patron saint of Hy Kinsellagh or Wexford. He died in 632, and was buried at Ferns. His festival is 31st January. He is gene- rally known in the County of Wexford as St. Mogue. 192 208 Aedh, King of Ireland, son of Laeghaire, reigned from 566 to 593. This monarch summoned a convention at Dromketh, now Daisy Fill, near Limavady — to reduce the power of the Fileas or Bards, of whom there were then in Ireland some 1,000, with hosts of followers; also to im- pose a tribute on the Scottish Dalriada, who until that time were bound to furnish an army and a fleet in time of war only ; and to depose Sganlan Mor, King of 6s- sory, for refusal to pay tribute to the Ard Eigh. This convention was attended by twelve " Kings of the Fifths and Lords of Cantons," and by St. Columcille from lona. Chiefly through St. Colum^ille's in- fluence and advice, it was arranged that the number of head fileas should be re- duced to those to be supported by the kings and chieftains, who were to allot them regular districts. St. Columcille re- AEN fused to agree to the King's great desire to tax the Irish-Scotch, or to the deposition of Sganlan Mor, whom he freed from im- prisonment, and reinstated on his throne. It appears to have been during Aedh's reign that the Isle [of Man was lost to the Irish kings. Aedh fell at the battle of Duubolg, in 593. 171 Aedh Ollam, King of Ireland, 739 to 748. He was noted as a bard as well as a warrior. The battle of Belach Feli, be- tween Munster and Leinster, was fought in his reign. At a meeting with Cathal, King of Munster, at Tirdalethglas, they " established the rule, and law, and rent of Patrick over Ireland." He defeated the King of Leinster at the battle of Ath Senaid (Ballyshannon, County of Kildare), with dreadful slaughter. He was killed by his successor in the battle of Seridh, near Kells. 171 Aengus, King of Munster, lived in the 5 th century. His father entertained St. Patrick hospitably at Cashel, and with Aengus, received from him baptism. It is related that whilst celebrating the rite the Saint unwittingly pierced Aengus' foot with his pointed staff, which the prince bore uncomplainingly, supposing it to be part of the ceremony instituted in remem- brance of the Crucifixion. When Aengus became king he endowed the chm-ch in Munster with the triennial offering of 500 sheep, 500 pieces of linen, 500 pieces of cloth, and 500 balls of iron, which contin- ued to be paid down to the time of Cormac MacCuUinan. "9 171 Aengus Culdee, Saint, flourished in the latter part of the 8th century, and was remarkable for piety and learning. He was educated at Clonenagh in Ossory. Embracing the monastic state, he retired to a forest near Mountrath for prayer and meditation. Fearing that the fame of his austerities would unduly exalt him, he se- cretly entered the abbey at Tallaght as a lay brother. He continued seven years in this laborious station ; but at length was accidentally discovered by the abbot, St. Maelruan. Eugene O'Curry constantly refers in his Lectures to Aengus's Marty- rology, speaking of him as " a celebrated and saintly priest, and a great Gsedhelic scholar." This Martyrology, that of Tal- laght, styled by O'Hanlon " far the most valuable collection of records on Irish bio- graphical lore that has come down to our time," he is believed to have written in conjunction with St. Maelruan. Very few copies are now extant : they are all more or less imperfect. His festival is nth March. His death took place about 815, and he was buried at Clonenagh. The AEN ALL Culdees (or " Servants of God ") were re- ligious communities. They are first men- tioned in Irish history in 8n. Their chief foundations in Ireland wei-e at Tal- laght, Armagh, Clonmacnoise, Clondalkin, Devenish, Clones, and Scattery Island. 3* 6i 93* 192 Aeugns M'Uathamore, a distinguish- ed Firbolg chief of the ist century, who after the battle of Moytura, where the Firbolgs were defeated by the Tuatha- de-Dananns, took refuge in the Aran Islands with his brother Conor. Meave, Queen of Connaught, granted them the islands. He is genei-ally reputed to have been the builder of Dun Aengus, the great fort on Aranmore, upon the summit of the southern cliffs, 300 feet above the sea. Its sea front measures about 1,150 feet. The •walls are some 13 feet thick and 18 feet high. The land approaches are defend- ed by rude chevaux-de-frise of splintered rocks. Sir William Wilde characterized this fort as " the greatest barbaric monu- ment of its kind in Europe." A fort on Inismaan is called Dun Conor, after Aen- gus' brother Conor ; while the name of his brother Mil is associated with the strand of Port Murvey, known in Irish as Muir- veagh Mil, or " The sea-plain of Mil." 9 180 Aidan, Saint, born in Ireland early in the 7th century. Oswald, King of North- umberland, induced him to go over to England to help in the conversion of his subjects to Christianity. Oswald at first translated into Saxon, Aidan's Gaelic. We are told that he wrought a great conver- sion, and that he travelled up and down, persuading those who wei-e infidels, and comforting and strengthening the Chris- tians. He founded the monastery of Lindisfarne, and governed if for seventeen years, and was the first in the line of bishops that take their title from Dur- ham. Greatly to the disgust of his bio- grapher Bede, he sided with the Irish Church in the differences regarding the celebration of Easter. St. Aidan died in 651. His festival is 31st August. 234235393 Ailbe, Saint, patron and first bishop of Emly, County of Tipperary, a con- vert and friend of St. Patrick in the 5th century. O'Curry mentions a poem by him. He was born in Mimster, and is said to have been consecrated at Rome ; after converting his native province, he was anxious to proceed on a mission to other parts of Ireland, but was forced by King Aengus to abandon his intention, and re- main with him. " The reputation of this holy and learned man was so great, that he was styled ' Another Patrick,' and was reckoned among the principal fathers of A* the Irish Church." "9 He died in 541, and was buried in Emly Cathedral. His festival is 12th September. "9 234 260 339 Albiu or Albinus, an eminent Irish monk, who about 792, with his friend Clement, proceeded to Paris in search of a missionary field. They cried through the streets, "If anybody wants wisdom, let him come to us and receive it, for we have it to sell," and were sent for by Charle- magne, who was so much pleased with them that he entrusted Clement with the education of a number of young men, and sent Albin into Italy, assigning to him the monastery of St. Augustine at Pa via, where he afterwards died. Some epistles of his were extant in Ware's time. "9 339 Allen, John, Archbishop of Dublin. He had been Treasurer of St. Paul's, London, and was consecrated Archbishop, 14th March 1528, being appointed by Wolsey mainly to resist and embarrass Gerald, Earl of Kildare. Soon after his arrival he was invested with the Chancellor- ship, of which office he was deprived in 1 5 32 through Kildare's influence. During Lord Thomas' revolt in 1534, the Archbishop, apprehending a siege of Dublin Castle, endeavoured to escape to England. He embarked at Dame Gate, but his boat stranding at Clontarf, he took refuge in the house of a Mr. Hollywood at Ai'tane. Early next morning, 28th July 1534, Lord Thomas arrived before the house in hot pursuit of him. The Archbishop was dragged out in his shirt, and, falling on his knees, begged for mercy. " Take away the churl," exclaimed FitzGerald to his follow- ers. The old man was then set upon and murdered. Lord Thomas subsequently insisted that he meant only that the Arch- bishop should be removed in custody. Archbishop Allen was the author of the Liber Niger of Christ Church. " He was of a turbulent spirit, but a man of hospi- tality and learning, and a diligent enquirer into antiquities." 339 202 Allen, John, Colonel, was an associate of Eobert Emmet's in the emeute of 1803, and one in whom he placed unlimited con- fidence. He was partner in a woollen- drapery business at 36 College-green. After Emmet's failure he was for a time con- cealed at Butterfield-lane, and then in Trinity College, escaping eventually as a member of the College Yeomanry Corps. On his arrival in France he entered the army, atid rapidly rose, through his daring services, to the rank of colonel. He served with distinction in the campaign of Leipsic ; he joined Napoleon on his return from Elba ; and it is stated that his sur- render was demanded by the British Gov- 3 ALL ernmeut on the second occupation of Paris. He was sent under guard to the frontier to be delivered iip. On the last night of the journey, one of his guard, on conducting him to his room, whispered : " Monsieur le Colonel, the room in which you are to be confined is strong, but one of the iron bars of the window is loose : loe trust you will not escape." He took the hint, and regained his liberty. Some years afterwards he privately visited Dublin, and removed his aged sisters, with whom he spent the remainder of his life in Nor- mandy. The precise date of his death is not known — he was living in 1846. 33° Allen, William Philip, was born near the town of Tipperary, April 1848. When three years old his father, a Pro- testant, moved to Bandon. Young Allen was educated at a Protestant training school, but his mother being a Catholic, he eventually joined that church. He was apprenticed to a carpenter ; but before his apprenticeship expired he left his native town, and worked in Cork, Dublin, and Chester. An enthusiastic Fenian, he in- cited his countrymen in Manchester to at- tempt the rescue of his friend, Colonel Kelly. On the 1 8th September 1867, with a small body of confederates he effected Kelly's release from a prison van strongly guarded by police. In the melee, a police-sergeant named Brett was killed. This attack and rescue provoked a considerable panic in Eng- land in the Autumn and Winter of 1867. Allen and twenty-five others were taken and tried ; and Allen, O'Brien, Lai'kin, Condon, and Maguire, were sentenced to death. The trial was pressed on during the height of the Fenian scare ; and its con- duct may be judged from the fact that Maguire was subsequently pardoned as being innocent (though sworn to by ten wit- nesses as an active member of the releasing party), and Condon, an American citizen, was ref ited. Allen and his friends made spirited and manly speeches before sen- tence. It was on this occasion that the words " God save Ireland," were first ut- tered by one of the prisoners, after convic- tion. Their last hours were spent in relig- ious exercises, and in writing letters to their friends, breathing resignation and devotion to their principles. Allen, O'Brien, and Larkin were executed at the old prison, Mancbester, on the 23rd November 186.7, in the presence of an enormous military force. Their bodies were ultimately in- terred in the new prison, Manchester. Mr. Allen was of a slight figure, and almost feminine in appearance. ^33 308 Alley, Jerome, Rev., a minor poet and author, was born in 1 760. He was edu- ANN cated and took his degree in Trinity Col- lege. He was Rector of Drumcar in the diocese of Armagh, and was the author of several poems and pamphlets. In 1826, shortly before his death, he published a work upon the various religions of the world. 34 39 Ambrose, Miss, a celebrated beauty of the Viceregal court during the adminis- tration of the Earl of Chesterfield (i745-'7). She was a Catholic heiress, of very an- cient descent, allied to the best families in Ireland, gifted with exquisite beauty, and possessed of considerable mental acquire- ments. At one of the Castle balls, given on the anniversary of the battle of the Boyne, she appeared with an orange lily in her breast, upon which Chesterfield im- provised the following lines : Say, lovely tory, where's the jest Of wearing orange on thy breast, AVheu that same breast uncovered shows The whiteness of the rebel rose ? His lordship used to say that she was " the most dangerous rebel in Ireland." In 1753 she married Roger Palmer, M.P. for Mayo (ancestor of the present Sir Roger Palmer of ]\Iayo) ; and by his elevation to a baro- netcy in 1777, became Lady Palmer. She is said to have lived to the age of one hundred years, retaining to the last a vehement hatred of the wrongs under which her Catholic fellow-countrymen la- boured. Although rich, she spent the lat- ter years of her life in seclusion in a small lodging in Henry-street, Dublin. 54 56 Annesley, Arthur, Earl of Angle- sea, was born in Dublin, loth July 16 14. He was educated at Oxford, studied law, and entered Parliament for Radnorshire. When the civil war broke out, he for a time followed the fortunes of Charles, but afterwards went over to the side of the Parliament, and was sent to Ireland in 1645 ^3 a commissioner, in which em- ployment he did good service for the preservation of the Protestant interest. He was one of those who brought about the restoration of Charles II., and was subsequently created Earl of Anglesea, and appointed Vice-Treasurer of Ireland. He held the post of Lord Privy Seal from 1673 to 1682, when he was dismissed in consequence of a misunderstanding with the Duke of Ormond. He died 6th April 1686, aged 71. The Earl was a man of considerable independence of character, " of deep politicks, very subtle and re- served in the management of affairs, of more than ordinary parts, and one who had the command of both a smooth and a keen pen." 339 Ware enumerates nine poli- tical tracts written by him. In Notes and ANS Queries, 2nd Series, will be found a notice of the sale of his library, and an anecdote concerning Sir Arthur Chichester having once unjustly accused him of stealing a purse, which a pet monkey had abstracted. >5i 332 339 Anster, John, LL.D., Professor, was born at Charleville, County of Limerick, in 1793, and was educated at Trinity College, where he took the degree of LL. D. in 1825. He was called to the Bar the same year; in 1837 was appointed Regis- trar of the Admiralty Court, and in 1849, Eegius Professor of Civil Law in Dublin University. Without attaining the first rank, he was favourably known as a writer. Coleridge had a high opinion of his poetical talents. He was a frequent contributor to the University and other magazines ; perhaps his best known work is a transla- tion of portions of Fatist. He died 9th June 1867. 16 40 Arbogast, an Irish ecclesiastic, was consecrated Bishop of Strasbourg, 646. "He came a hermit and a stranger into Alsace, and there built an oratory in a sacred grove, almost where Haguenau now stands, and in that place served God diligently in fasting and prayer. Yet he was not alto- gether idle, for he appeared abroad and diligently instructed the inhabitants in the knowledge and fear of God, and in the true invocation of the omnipotent power of his son Christ." He was appointed by Dagobert II. to the see of Strasbourg, which he governed five years. He died in 658, and was buried near the present site of Strasbourg Cathedral. 339 Archdall, Mervyn, Rev., antiquarian and genealogist, was born in Dublin, 22nd April 1 723. His ancestors migrated from Great Britain in the reign of Elizabeth, and settled in the County of Ferman- agh. He passed through the University with credit, and imbibed a taste for an- tiquities and literary research, and for col- lecting coins, medals, and seals. He finally resolved on collecting materials for a monas- tic history of Ireland. Acquaintance with Walter Harris, Charles Smith (author of the County Histories), and Thomas Piior, led him the more zealously to pursue the de- sign. The living of Attanagh having been bestowed on him, he had leisure for these pursuits. Af terforty years' labour, however, he found publication in extenso beyond his means, and was obliged to cut down his Monasticon Hihernicum to one 4to volume, which appeared in 1 786. Through the in- fluence of the Right Hon. W. Conyngham, a society had been formed in 178 1 for the publication of works on Ireland, and Arcb- dall was one of the members. Vallancey's AET Collectanea appeared under its auspices, but differences sprang up between Led- wich and Vallancey, and the society fell to pieces— one branch publishing the Antholo- (jia Hibernica (i793-'4), under Ledwich's editorship. In 1 789 Archdall brought out an edition of Lodge's Peerage of Ireland, en- larged from four to seven volumes. Many of Lodge's valuable notes had been left in cipher, and would have been lost but that Mrs. Archdall, a woman of remarkable ingenuity (a relation of Prior, the poet), discovered the key and deciphered them. In the index to Lanigan's Ecclesiastical History are to be found eighty-two refer- ences under the head of " Archdall, blun- ders of, noticed." He died 6th August 1 79 1 , aged 68. 8(3) 16 119 233 Archdekin, Richard, Rev., or Mac- Gillacudy, a famous Jesuit, and contro- versial writer, was born in Kilkenny, 1619. At Louvain and Antwerp he filled suc- cessively the chairs of classical literature, moral philosophy, and theology, and ac- quired the reputation of an able divine. He died in Antwerp, 1690. He was the author of several books which enjoyed extensive popularity. His Essay on Mira- cles was said to be the first work printed in English and Irish conjointly. His Theologica Tripartita (Iniversa reached its eleventh edition in 1 700. '6 339 Arthur, Jazaes, Rev., bom in Lime- rick, a Dominican friar in the abbey of St. Stephen at Salamanca, Professor of Divinity, the author of a Commentary on Aquinas, and other works. He was de- prived of his chair in 1642 for refusing to subscribe to the^doctrine of the Immac- ulate Conception, and withdrew to the convent of St. Dominick in Lisbon, where he died about 1670. 339 Arthur, Thomas, Dr., a Catholic physician, born in Munster in 1 593. He studied on the Continent, and became the leading practitioner in Ireland. His fee- book, published in The Journal of the Kilkenny Archaeological Society, is an interesting and valuable document, con- taining a list of his patients (many of them eminent characters of the day), with par- ticulars of their illnesses, and memoranda of the fees received in each ease. Once we find him attending Archbishop Ussher, or, as he styles him, *' Pseudo-Primas Ardmachanus," curing him of a severe disease, and receiving £5 1 for his services at Drogheda and Lambay Island. His usual fees appear to have been los. and 20s. Dr. Arthur lived on through the siege of Limerick in 165 1, and records many liberal honorariums from Parliamentary officers. The date of his death does not ASH BAL appear to be known. After his time, many of the well-known Irish physicians were Catholics, medicine being the only profes- sion left open to members of that church. 10(1867) 8s Ashe, Andrew, a celebrated flautist, was born in Lisburn about 1758. He was sent to school at Woolwich, where he learned the first principles of music. On account of reverses of fortune, his parents were about removing him, when Count Bentick adopted the lad, took him to the Continent, and secured for him a musical education. He devoted himself to the flute, and soon rose to be principal player in Brussels, Dublin, and London, success- ively — being one of the first to use the additional keys. After engagements in the Italian opera, in 18 10 he became di- rector of the Bath concerts. He spent the last years of his life in retirement in Dub- lin, and died in 1838. His wife and daughter were celebrated pianists. 35 250 Ashe, St. George, D.D., was born in the County of Roscommon in 1658. He was educated at Trinity College, where he became a Fellow, and Professor of Mathe- matics ; he afterwards acted as secretary and chaplain to the British Embassy at Vienna. Returning to Ireland in 1692, he was made Provost of Trinity College. He was consecrated Bishop of Cloyue in 1695, and promoted to the see of Clogher in 1697, and to that of Derry in 17 17. He occa- sionally contributed to the proceedings of the Royal Society, of which he was a member. He died in Dublin, 27th Feb- ruary 1 718, and was buried in Christ Church. He bequeathed his mathemat- ical library to the College. "S Ashford, WiUiam, a distinguished landscape painter, and first President of the Royal Hibernian Academy, was born in Birmingham, 1746, and settled in Ire- land, 1764. He resided in College-green. " His ' orks were many, and were justly appreciated. His early pictures were somewhat in the manner of Claude." us He died at Sandymount-park, 1 7th April 1824, and was interred in Donny brook old churchyard. MS 233 Athame, a reputed poet and courtier of the 1st century, who resided at Beinn Edair (Howth). He made an expedition round Ireland, demanding exorbitant "gifts" for the recital of his lays — King Eochaidh is said to have given an eye to satisfy him ! On the way, he was attacked at Ath-Cliath (Dublin) by his late hosts, to recover some of their "presents." In the engagement that ensued, Conall Cearnach fought on his side. On one occasion Athame fought and killed Mesgedra, whose wife Buana died soon after of fright at the sight of her husband's head. This was at the ford of Clane. Athame buried them near by, preserving their brains in a lime ball — the same with which Conor MacNessa was afterwards killed. 194 339 Averell, Adam, Rev., a distinguished Primitive Wesleyan Methodist minister, was born at Mullan, County of Tyrone, 7th May 1 754. His father was a landed proprietor. He early studied for the ministry of the Established Church, was appointed to a curacy, and then married. Becoming acquainted with Wesley, he resigned his preferment, so as to be free to extend his religious ministrations wher- ever he felt called. About 1797, after having being married about seven years, his wife separated from him, apparently from religious incompatibility. He made her an ample allowance, relinquished the personal care of his property, and unreservedly devoted himself to preaching in difi'erent parts of the country. His journal, which proves him to have been a man of exceeding earnestness and great piety, is full of interesting particulars concerning the condition of Ireland in his day. He was a profound believer in spe- cial providences. For nearly thirty years he was president of the Primitive Wes- leyan Conference. Mr. Averell died at Mount Salem, near Clones, i6th January 1847, at the advanced age of 92. ^7 Baillie, "William, Captain, an ama- teur engraver of some note, was born in Ireland in 1736. He passed the early part of his life in the army, from which he retired with the rank of Captain of Cavalry. Thenceforward he devoted him- self to the arts, and was for many years considered one of the most enlightened connoisseurs of his time. His best pro- ductions are those executed in the style of Rembrandt. Bryants Dictionary gives a list of his principal plates. «77 Baldwin, B>ichard, D.D,, was ap- pointed Provost of Trinity College in 1 7 1 7. Little is known concerning his early life, further than that he obtained a Schol- arship at the College in 1686, and a Fel- lowship seven years later. For forty-one years he governed the institution, and upon his decease (aged 92, on 30th Sep- tember 1758) he bequeathed to it his for- tune — upwards of .£80,000. A fine marble monument was erected to his memory in the Examination Hall. The will was dis- puted by his English relatives, but was decided in favour of the College, in 1820, after sixty-two years' litigation. 151 160 333 Balfe, Michael William, a musician BAL and a composer, boru at lo, Pitt-sti-eet, Dubliu, 15th May 180S, was one of the first Irishmen of modern times whose talent as a composer has been widely acknowl- edged, and whose works have been per- formed throughout the Continent. When he was seven years of age, the master of a military band at Wexford, where his father was then residing, was attracted by his aptitude, and gave him lessons on the violin. After six months' tuition, Balfe wrote a polacca for his instructor's band. Receiving further tuition under O'Eourke in Dublin, he appeared as a violinist in a concert at the Exchange, in May 1 816, and became a small celebrity as a composer, singer, and violinist. At sixteen his father died, and he removed to London, supporting himself by performing in the orchestra at Drury-lane, and con- tinuing his musical studies. In 1825 a Russian Count, Mezzara, was so charmed with his talents and touched by his like- ness to a deceased son, that he took Balfe to Italy at his own expense, to continue his studies. This lasted about a year, at the expiration of which he was thrown on his own resources. In 1828 he appeared as " Balfi," in Paris, in the Barbiere di Se- viglia, and did himself much credit by some compositions. For the next seven years he continued his career in Italy — composing / Rivali and other operas, sing- ing with Malibran at the Scala in Milan, and falling in love with, and marrying a German singer, Mdlle. Rosen. In the Spring of 1835, returning to London, he was soon established as a popular com- poser. " The Light of Other Days," from his Maid of Artois, was at one time among the most favourite songs in the language. His success may now be said to have been complete, and he delighted the public by the constant production of new works. In 1843, his best known opera. The Bohe- mian Girl, since arranged for performance in almost every European language, was brought out at Drury-lane. From 1845 to 1852 he occupied the post of conductor in Her Majesty's Theatre, London. In this last year he visited St. Petersburg, where he was feted, and made large sums of money. He then travelled to other parts of the Continent, and in 1856 returned to England and introduced his daughter as a singer at the Royal Italian Opera in London. Balfe wrote altogether about thirty operas. Per- haps II Talismano is the best. The latter part of his life was spent at Rowuey Abbey, Herts. There he died of congestion of the lungs, on the 20th October 1 870, aged 62. He possessed "in a high degree the quali- fications that make a natural musician, viz., BAN quickness of ear, readiness of memory, ex- ecutive faculty, almost unlimited and cease- less fluency of invention, with a felicitous power of producing striking melodies ; " but there was "a want of conscientiousness, which made him contented with the first idea that presented itself, regardless of dra- matic truth, and considerate of momentary effect rather than artistic excellence." 250 Balfe's second daughter, Victoria, after a short artistic career, married Sir John Cramp ton, British ambassador at St. Pe- tersburg, and after procuring a divorce from him, the Duke de Frias, a Spanish nobleman. 18 250 Ball, Biobert, LL.D., a naturalist, was born at Cove, now Queenstown, County of Cork, ist April 1802. He early showed a predilection for natural history. On attaining his majority he took an active part in the public affairs of Youghal, where he then resided. He applied himself to medicine with the intention of adopting it as his profession, but was induced to relin- quish it and enter the civil service in Dub- lin, where he held situations in various gov- ernment departments until 1854, when he retired on a pension. Meanwhile he pro- secuted his scientific investigations, and acquired a high reputation as a naturalist. From 1837 he occupied the post of Secre- tary to the Zoological Society, and soon afterwards became Treasurer of the Royal Irish Academy. In 1 840 he was appointed director of the museum of Trinity College, to which he presented his valuable private collection. Dr. Ball filled honourable po- sitions in most of the scientific societies of Dublin, besides receiving many honoi'ary degrees, both home and foreign. His de- gree of LL.D. was conferred upon him, honoris causd, by the University in 1850. Dr. Ball was a man greatly esteemed and beloved. He died rather suddenly, 30th March 1857, aged 54. 39 151 Banim, John, a distinguished nov- elist and poet, was born in Kilkenny, 3rd April 1798 — the second son of Michael Banim, a small shopkeeper. The lad was of a wondrously sensitive and loving dis- position. After attending successively two dames' schools, he was, in his fifth year, sent to Mr. Buchanan's English school in Kilkenny, and in his tenth year to the Rev. Mr. Magi-ath, who kept what was then considered the best Catholic school in Ireland. He commenced writing at six years of age, when he composed a fairy tale ; and at ten he wrote a romance and some poems ! An introduction to Moore further stimulated his literary ambition. In 181 1 he was placed at Kil- kenny College, where he developed such 7 BAN a taste for art that he determined to pur- sue it as a profession. After leaving the College he continued his studies at the schools of the Eoyal Dublin Society in Dublin, for upwards of two years. When but eighteen he returned to Kilkenny, and commenced life as an artist : an engage- ment of marriage with one of his lady pupils, unhappily broken off, resulted in her death, and the temporary blighting of his prospects. In 1820, he settled in Dublin, and for a time earned a jjre- carious livelihood by occasional literary work. In 1821 appeared his first poem, The Celt's Paradise. This gained him the acquaintance of literary men ; and with Shiel's countenance he brought out The Jest, and Damon and Pythias at Covent Garden Theatre, London. We next find him back in Kilkenny, composing, in conjunction with his elder brother Michael, that series of tales upon which their fame mainly rests — The Tales hy the QHara Family. He shortly after married a Miss Ruth, and removed to London, where he encountered the usual difficulties of a young literary man in that great city. His first residence was 7, Amelia-place, Brompton, the house in which Curran died. In April 1825 appeared the first series of the O'Hara tales. They were immediately successful, and The Boyne Water and other works followed in rapid succession. He befriended Gerald Griffin in his trials and difiiculties, became the intimate friend of John Sterling, and for a time appeared likely to attain a permanent position as a writer. More than one visit was made to Ireland for the purpose of conscientiously examining the localities referred to in his historical tales. In 1829 his prosperity was sadly dimmed by the death of a child, and his own and his wife's illness. Sub- scriptions, set on foot by the Press, enabled him to visit the Continent for a change. In 183 he returned home a complete wreck. On his passage through Dublin, a benefit was accorded him at the Theatre Royal, whilst at Kilkenny he was received with almost regal honours. He settled in a small cottage outside the town, feelingly referred to in his works as "Windgap Cottage," where his quiet life was often en- livened by visits from Gerald Griffin and other friends. Walking was impossible to him, and he spent his time chiefly in a bath-chair in his little garden, or out driving in the vicinity of his residence. In 1837, through the kindness of the Earl of Carlisle, he received a pension of £150 per annum from the Civil List, with £40 for the education of his daughter, but his health never rallied, and the composi- BAN tion of the last joint work of the brothers, one of the Tales, is believed to have has tened his death, which occurred at Wind- gap Cottage, 1st August 1842. He was buried in St. John's graveyard, Kilkenny, aged 44. 19 Baniiu, Michael, brother of John, and the "Abel O'Hara" of the Tales by the O'Hara Faviily, was born in Kilkenny, in August 1 796. He was not, as was his brother, a literary man by profession, but always had an occupation distinct from that of authorship. John Banim had laid aside the painter's palette soon after he had taken up his residence in London, whilst Michael continued to reside in their native Kilkenny, the writings of each being transmitted to the other for correc- tion. In 1825 Michael's first work, Cro- hoore, was written. Amongst his other contributions to the Tales were The Mayor of Windgap, Father Connell, and The Croppy; and a study of much literary interest is to be found in comparing the style and spirit of these productions with those of the younger brother — such as John Doe, The Noiolans, and The Boyne Water. After John's death Michael wrote Clough Fionn, which appeared in The Dublin University Magazine in 1852, and The Town of the Cascades, published in 1864. He has himself stated the object with which The Tales by the O'Hara Family were written to have been, " To insinuate through fiction the causes of Irish discon- tent, and to insinuate also, that if crime were consequent on discontent it was no great wonder; the conclusion to be arrived at by the reader, not by insisting on it on the part of the author, but from sympathy with the criminals." For many years before his death, Michael Banim filled the office of Postmaster in his native city, of which he had been at one time elected Mayor. He died 30th August 1874, aged 78. Fortunately, the Eoyal Liter- ary Fund came to the aid of narrow means before his death, and after his decease a pension to his widow was placed upon the Civil List by Mr. Disraeli. The following critique upon the writings of the Banims appeared in the Daily News a few days after Michael's death: — "The brothers Banim have always enjoyed a certain ce- lebrity, a sort of succes d'estime, in Ireland, where the desire to have some great national novelist has very naturally made people eager to supply deficiencies, and gentle to criticise faults in Irishmen of talent who endeavour to win the title. We do not mean to disparage or to speak in pa- tronising tone of the Banims. They had really some of the greater gifts of the BAR storyteller. Many very powerful dramatic Bituations, and many vigorous, original, and thoroughly lifelike sketches of charac- ter are to be found in their stories. But they failed to force their Avay finally across the barrier which shut in provincialism of any kind, unless where the impulse of ge- nius carries an author fairly over it. . . Tales by the O'llara Family aimed dis- tinctly at a national reputation, and they seemed at one time not to miss the mark by a great deal. . . The early repute of the Banim brothers was a good deal owing to a kind of impression engendered by the marvellous success of Sir Walter Scott. Because Scott's novels succeeded in bring- ing Scottish history, legends, life and manners into public notice and into fashion, it seemed to be supposed that other parts of the Empire had a right to expect the same result if attention were likewise di- rected to them. The feeling prevailed in England just as much as elsewhere. People reminded each other of what de- light they had had when Scott illustrated for them his country's life and history— ' Why should not some one do the same for Ireland?' Of course there was not the slightest reason why some one should not do this, provided only that some one had the genius." =33 Barber, Mary, one of Dean Swift's female coterie, was born in Dublin about 1 71 2. She married a woollen-draper, and appears to have been an estimable charac- ter. She published a small volume of poems under the patronage of the Dean and Lord Orrery. Mrs. Barber died in 1757. There are numerous references to her in Swift's Life. When she went to London to have her poems published, an anonymous letter to Queen Caroline in her favour drew or led Swift into a serious scrape, as it was generally imputed to him. It is probable that it was really indited by Mrs. Barber herself, if not by some friend. The Dean eventually forgave the annoyance, and on more than one occasion presented her with the copyright of some of his short pieces. 4^ 321 Barker, Francis, M.D., a distin- guished chemist and physician, was born in Waterf ord the latter part of the 1 8th century. He obtained his degree from the University of Dublin in 1793, and completed his medical education in Edin- burgh, where he became intimate with Sir Walter Scott. Previous to the dis- covery of the voltaic battery, he suggested the identity of the nervous fluid with dynamical electricity. Returning to his native city, he practised for five years, and took part in the establishment of BAE what has been said to be the first Irish fever hospital. Afterwards in Dublin, as a chemical lecturer, he became deservedly popular, and started the first medical jour- nal in Ireland. In 1821, in conjunction with Dr. Cheyne, he published a treatise on Epidemic Fevers in Ireland, in two volumes ; and in 1826 he edited the Dub- lin Pharmacopoeia. Until 1852 he con- tinued Secretary of the Irish Board of Health. Judging by the omission of his name in Thorn'' s Directory for i860, he probably died the previous year. 39 iji 323* Barker, Robert, was born at Kells in 1 739. He was the inventor and paten- tee of the now well known exhibitions called panoramas, first brought out by him in Edinburgh in 1 788. He died 8th April 1806, and was buried at Lambeth. His son married a daughter of Admiral Bligh, and was, with his wife, living near Bath in 185 1. 146 254(1) 277 Barnewall, John, Lord Trimles- ton. His ancestors came over originally with Henry II. and received large grants of land in the County of Cork. On the first favourable opportunity the old pro- prietors, the O'SuUivans, rose and mur- dered the whole family save one young man, who was absent studying law in England. He ultimately returned and settled at Drimnagh, near Dublin. The subject of our sketch rose to high oflace in Ireland under Henry VIII. and received grants of land near Dunleer. In 1536, with Lord-Treasurer Brabazon, he made an in- cursion into Oflfaly, and drove back the O'Conor, who was then ravaging the Anglo- li'ish settlements. The next year, commis- sioned by the Privy Council, he treated successfully with the O'Neill. He died 25th July, 1538. He was four times mar- ried. 216 Barnewall, Nicholas, Viscount Eingsland, was born 15th April 1668. The family had been ennobled by King Charles I., 12th September 1645, for loyalty to his cause. Before Nicholas was of age he married a daughter of George, Count Hamilton, by his wife Prances Jennings, afterwards married to the Earl of Tyrconnel. In 1688 he entered King James's Irish army as captain in the Earl of Limerick's Dragoons. After the defeat of the Boyne he was moved to Limerick ; and being in that city at the time of its surrender, was included in the articles and secured his estates. In the first Irish Parliament of William III. he took the oath of allegiance, but upon declining to subscribe the declaration according to the English Act, as contrary to his conscience, he was obliged to withdraw with the other 9 BAR Catholic lords. In February 1703, he joined with many Irish Catholics iu an unavailing petition against the infraction of the Treaty of Limerick. He died 14th June 1725, and was buried at Lusk. ^'^ Baron, Bonaventure, a Franciscan writer, nephew to Luke Wadding, was born in Clonmel early in the 17th century. He lived for sixty years in Rome, where he died, old and blind, on i8th March 1696. He was buried at St. Isidore's College, in which he had been for some time Prelector of Divinity. Baron was noted for the purity of his Latin style. Ware enume- rates fourteen books written by him in that language. 339 Barre, Isaac, the son of a Huguenot refugee, was born in Dublin in the first half of the i8th century. Educated at Trinity College, he took his degree iu 1 745 ; he entered the army, and rose to high rank, being Adjutant-General under Wolfe at Quebec in 1759. Afterwards, in Parliament, he distinguished himself by his opposition to the American Stamp Act. In 1776, he was made Vice-Treasurer of Ireland and Privy Councillor, and subse- quently held other oflBces of trust under Government. He died in 1802. >ii '66 Barrett, Eaton Stannard, a writer of considerable merit, was born in Cork towards the end of the i Sth century. Al- though he entered the Middle Temple, he does not appear to have followed the law, but rather to have embraced literature. He was a man of gi'eat private worth and attractive manners. Besides Lines on Wo- man, his best known work is The Heroine, a mock romance of wonderful liveliness and humour. He died in Glamorganshire, of decline, 20th March 1820. Several communications regarding his writings will be found in Notes and Queries, ist and 2nd Series. His brother, Richard Barrett, editor of The Dublin Pilot, was a fellow- prisonei of O'Connell's, and died at Dalkey about 1855. 16 39 254 Barrett, George, an eminent land- scape painter, born in Dublin in 1730. He was one of the originators and tirst members of the Royal Academy, and was in the latter part of his life, appointed mas- ter painter to Chelsea Hospital, through the influence of his friend Edmund Burke. He died at Paddiugton in 1784. "He was a chaste and faithful delineator of English landscape, which he viewed with the eye of an artist, and selected with the feeling of a man of taste. His colouring is excel- lent, and there is a freshness and dewy brightness in his verdure, which is only to be met with in English scenery, and which he has perfectly represented." 277 BAE Barrett, John, D.D., son of a clergy- man at Ballyroan. When but six years of age his father died, and his mother removed to Dublin. He entered Trinity College as a pensioner in 1767, obtained a scholarship in 1773, a fellowship in 1778, and was elected Vice-Provost in 1 807. He was Prof essor of Oriental Languages. For the last fifty years of his life, he scarcely ever left the College — occupying a garret in the Library Squai-e, allowing himself little light and no fire, but stealing down to the College kitchen to warm himself, where his presence was not acceptable to the servants, on account of his ragged and mise- rable appearance. He was of low stature, with a huge head and small feet, so that he looked like an equilateral triangle stand- ing on its vertex. His habits were such as would perhaps effectually exclude him from decent society in the present day. "He spent his life in almost solitary seclusion, devoted to the two passions that absorb- ed him — reading, and the most penurious hoarding of money— the latter habit being probably induced by the extreme poverty of his early life ; yet, with all this, he was a man of the strictest integrity, and was never known to commit a dishonour- able action. With strong feelings, he indulged in cursing and swearing as a thoughtless habit ; he was ever ready to do kind actions, provided he was not called on to give money, and though igno- rant of everything that pertained to the most ordinary affairs of life, his mind was a perfect storehouse of strange knowledge, and his memory so tenacious that he could remember almost everything he had seen, or read." 39 His most important literary achievement was the discovery of an old palimpsest MS. of fragments of the Gospel of St. Matthew. Many stories are told of his uncouth ways and absence of mind concerning ordinary matters — of his being found absorbed in thought, at- tentively regarding an egg in his hand while his watch was boiling in the sauce- pan ; of his wonder at finding that mutton was made from sheep ; of the two holes in his door, a large one to let in his big cat, and a small one to let in his little cat ; of his surprise at seeing a crow in the College Park, and his discovery, after some study among the classics, that it was "a corvus, by Jove." His principal works were con- cerning the Zodiac, an essay on the life of Swift, and comments on St. Matthew. In the first of these, he propounded the wild- est and most fanciful theories. He died on 15th November 1821, leaving most of his property for charitable purposes. '6 3q 116(18) 233 BAR Barrett, John, E.N., a distinguished naval otRcer, born at Drogheda, promoted to the rank of Lieutenant in 1793, and afterwards to that of Post-Captain. He saw much service ; and in 18 10, returning in the Minotaur, 74, in charge of a convoy of one hundred sail from the Baltic, he perished with 490 out of a crew of 600, in consequence of the ignorance of the pilot. After the vessel struck, he said to an offi- cer who evinced some undue eagerness to save himself : " Sir, true courage is better shown by coolness and composure ; we all owe nature a debt, let us pay it like men of honour," 349 146 Barringtou, Sir Jonah, was born 1760 or '67, the fourth of sixteen children of John Barrington of Knap ton, near Ab- beyleix. Queen's County. His pleasing presence, lively conversation, talents, and pushing activity, contributed largely to his advance in public life. He was called to the Bar, 1 788, and two years afterwards, as Member for Tuam, he entered Parlia- ment, where, he says, " I directed my earliest effort against Grattan and Curran, and on the first day of my rising, exhibited a specimen of what I may now call true arrogance." He was rewarded by Govern- ment for his arrogance, in 1793, by a sine- cure in the Custom-house, worth ^1,000 a-year, and a silk gown. He lost his seat in 1798 ; but sat for Banagher in 1799. He boldly voted against the Union, though it deprived him of his sinecure and stopped his further advancement. Nevertheless, most inconsistently, he acted as govern- ment pi'ocurer for bribing at least one member to vote for it. In 1 803 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the city of Dub- lin in the Imperial Parliament, although Grattan, Curran, Ponsonby, and Plunket voted for him. The Government now thought he was worth buying again, and accordingly made him judge in the Ad- miralty Court, and knighted him. In 1809 he published, in five parts, the first volume of the Historic Memoirs of Ireland. It is thought that he was induced to de- lay the second volume — the Government shrinking from the exposure of their con- duct in carrying the Union, and it was understood that to purchase his silence he ■was permitted to reside in France from about 1 81 5, and act as judge by deputy. This foreign residence was, indeed, neces- sitated by embarrassments arising from his extravagant mode of living, and the dishonourable stratagems he often resorted to in business transactions. In 1827, he published two volumes of Personal Sketches of his own Time. In 1830, by an address from both Houses of Parliament, he was BAR removed from the Bench, in consequence of well-proven misappropriation of public moneys. In 1833 appeared the third vol- ume of Personal Sketches, and in the same year the delayed volume of his Historic Memoirs. This book was subsequently reproduced in a cheaper form as The Rise and Fall of the Irish Nation. His works are interesting, racy, and valuable — al- though his statements of fact cannot al- ways be depended on — containing much of personal incident, related in a fascinating style. He died at Versailles, 8th April 1834. " 254(1) BarJTTj Sir David, an eminent physi- cian and physiologist, remarkable for his classical and mathematical acquirements. He was born in Roscommon, 12th March 1 780 ; he completed his medical education at home, and entered the army as an Assistant-Surgeon. Having distinguished himself in the Peninsular War, he settled at Oporto as surgeon to the Portuguese forces. There he married Miss Whately, sister of the future Archbishop. Eeturning to England in 1820, he perfected himself by further study, and in 1826 published his researches relative to the absorption of poison, and the means of counteracting it by the application of cupping-glasses. He was employed by Government in several medical inquiries, both at home and abroad, and was one of the commissioners in the investigations that led to the Factory Acts, His work on hydrophobia and venomous bites is declared in Allibone " to be very important, and to display great ability." He died in Loudon, of aneurism, 5 th No- vember 1835, aged 55. 16 42 146 Barry, James, a distinguished artist, was born in Cork, nth October 1741. His father was captain of a coaster, and desired that his son should follow his calling ; the lad consequently spent part of his youth at sea, displaying greater zeal in chalking sketches on the bulwarks than in learning to be a sailor. The love of art was a passion with him. On shore he worked incessantly — sitting up whole nights drawing and transcribing pictures from books, while his fancy was fed by the legends of saints and martyrs related to him by his Catholic mother — whose relig- ion he embraced in preference to that of his Protestant father. In 1763, at the age of twenty-two, he made his way to Dublin, taking with him a number of historical paintings— amongst the rest, "^neas es- caping from Troy," a "Dead Christ," "Su- sanna and Elders," "Daniel in the Lion's Den," "Abraham's Sacrifice," and " Saint Patrick baptizing the King of Cashel," This last found a place in the exhibition of ir BAR the Society of Arts at Shaw's-court, on the south side of Dame-street. It attracted great attention, and the artist was eagerly inquired for. " It is my picture," exclaim- ed young Barry, coming forward in his rough country clothes. "Yours?" "Yes, and I can paint a better." This painting was subsequently purchased for the House of Commons, Dublin, but was destroyed in the fire that occurred some years after- wards. The wonderful genius of these paintings attracted the attention of Ed- mund Burke, then in Dublin. He took Barry to England after he had been a few months in Dublin, and then sent him to Eome at his own expense. Barry writes to a friend at this period, " My hopes are grounded in a most unwearied, intense application ; I every day centre more and more upon my art ; I give myself wholly to it, and, except honour and conscience, am determined to renounce everything else." His temper was, however, irritable and imperious — a constant source of annoyance to himself and others. Both at Paris and Eome he became involved in art squabbles. "Well would it have been for him if he had taken Burke's advice : " Believe me, my dear Barry, that the arms with which the ill dispositions of the world are to be com- bated, and the qualities by which it is to be reconciled to us, and we reconciled to it, are moderation, gentleness, and a little indulgence to others, and a great deal of distrust of ourselves, which are not qual- ities of a mean spirit, as some may prob- ably think them, but virtues of a great and noble kind." While abroad he does not appear to have painted much, but rather to have spent his time in studying the great masterpieces. He drew from the antique by means of a patent delineator, not aiming to make academic drawings, but a sort of diagi-ams, to which he might at all times refer as a guide and authority. He app ars to have been deficient in col- ouring. On his election as member of the Clementine Academy at Bologna, he pre- sented to that institution his picture of "Philoctetes in the Isle of Lemnos." After five years' residence in Eome, he returned to England, burning to distinguish him- self, and set to work at two pictures — " Venus rising from the Waves," and " Jupiter and Juno," which, like most of his paintings, were of a colossal size. The first proved worthy of his great reputation. He would in no degree adapt himself to the taste of the public, and his whole life was a struggle, through suffering and pov- erty, to uphold 'principles of art which he believed to be correct, quite careless of monetary success. His income was never BAR more than .£60 or £jo a-year, and he was often assisted by Burke, although at times Barry's petulance, arrogance, and pride suspended all personal intercourse between them. He joined Eeynolds and other artists in offering to decorate St. Paul's cathedral with religious paintings gratui- tously — an offer which, unfortunately, was not accepted. In 1775 he refuted conti- nental strictures on British genius in his Inquiry into the Real and Imaginary Ob- structions to the AcqvAsition of the Arts in England. For seven years — during which he supported himself by the occasional sale of drawings made chiefly in the evenings — he occupied himself in adorning gratui- tously the walls of the Institution for the Encouragement of Arts, at the Adelphi, London, with six colossal paintings, and his most indisputable title to fame may rest on one of these — "The Victors at Olympia." When Canova was in London, he declared that had he known of the existence of such a work, he would have made the voyage to England solely for the purpose of seeing it. As the powers of his mind declined, his natural irritability increased. He be- came involved in disputes with the Eoyal Academy, which ended in his expulsion, in March 1 799, from the Professorship of Painting, a post he had held since 1 782. Subsequently the sum of £1,000 was sub- scribed, and an annuity was purchased, which, however, he did not live to enjoy. On the evening of 6th February 1 806, he was seized with an attack of pleuritic fever, and died on the 22nd, aged 64. Sir Eobert Peel generously advanced X200 for his funeral, and after the body had lain in state for a few days at the Adelphi, amid his great masterpieces, it was interred in St. Paul's, near to his friend Sir Joshua Eeynolds. Barry was a staunch impe- rialist. The Act of Union especially ex- cited his enthusiasm ; and he wrote to Pitt suggesting an allegorical painting in honour of what he styled a " glorious achievement, and the hero by whom it was achieved. Surely there never was, nor could be a holy union more pregnant with felicity and blessings of every kind, and made up of more naturally cordial and coalescing materials, than that which you have thus happily effected." " The most prominent feature in Barry's character was his love for art, and for the acquisition of all knowledge connected with it." H His language was coarse and unpolished, and his person slovenly. "Strangers would stare when they saw him in company, as if a beggar had been picked up and brought in. Yet his appearance was forgot the moment he began to discourse on any sub- BAR ject."24 An ardent Catholic, he formed one of the brilliant circle that gathered around Johnson and Burke. The former remarked of one of his paintings, " What- ever the hand may have done, the mind has done its part. There is a grasp of mind there which you will find nowhere else." Instances are given in H. Crabbe Eobinson's Diary of his being subject at times to strong mental delusions. He published several works, all now collected in one series, and appended to his Life. Some notes on his portraits will be found in Notes and Queries, 4th Series. There is an interesting likeness in Walker's Maga- zine for 1806. 24 196 254 396 338 Barry, John, Commodore, was born near Tacumshin, County of Wexford, in 1745. He went to sea at fourteen; the colony of Pennsylvania became his adopted country, and when twenty-five he had risen to be the commander of the Black Prince, one of the finest traders between Philadelphia and London. Early in the War of Independence, he was given a naval command by Congress, and was one of the first to fly the United States flag at sea. In 1777, he was publicly thanked by Washington for his naval services. It is stated that Lord Howe vainly endeavoured to tempt him from his allegiance by the ofier of the command of a British ship-of- the-line. In 1778 and '79> he commanded the Relief, and was accorded the rank of Commodore. In 1 781, he carried the United States' agent to France in his new vessel, the Alliance, and on his way back captured two British cruisei-s — the Atalanta and Trespasa, in an engagement in which he was badly wounded. Later on the same year, he had the honour of conveying Lafayette and Count Noailles to France. From the conclusion of the war until his death, he was constantly occupied in superintending the progress of the United States navy ; indeed he has been called by some naval writers the father of the American navy. He died in Septem- ber 1803, and was buried in Philadelphia. 192* Barry, Spranger, a distinguished actor, born in Skinner-row, Dublin, 20th November 17 19. His father was a silver- smith, and young Barry followed that business until he went on the stage at Smock-alley, about 1744. His success was decided ; and in London he for a time divided the public favour with Garrick. In 1757 he built Crow-street theatre, and ruined himself ; but afterwards, return- ing to London, he repaired his fortunes, and stood high with the public until his death in 1777, when he found a tomb in BEA Westminster Abbey. He was remarkable for habits of magnificence and profuse hos- pitality, and for mean cleverness in put- ting ofi" creditors. He is described as of a noble, commanding person ; his actions were graceful ; his features were regular, expressive, and rather handsome ; his countenance was open, placid, and bene- volent, but mobile, and easily wrought to expressions of haughtiness and con- tempt. Dibdin describes him as "an actor of most extraordinaiy merit, which was confined, however, to tragedy and serious parts in comedy. In some respects it is questionable whether he did not excel every actor on the stage. These were in scenes and situations full of tender woe and domestic softness, in which his voice, which was mellifluous to wonder, lent astonishing assistance . . but certainly, beyond these requisites, Barry's acting did not extend in any eminent degi*ee." 3 Leigh Hunt says : " Barry was one of the old artificial school, who made his way more by person than by genius." 3 43 127 338(1775) Barter, Richard, M.D., a distin- guished hydropathic physician, was born at Cooldaniel, County of Cork, in 1802. He entered on the duties of his profession as a dispensary physician at Inniscarra, where he was elected Honorary Secretary of the County of Cork Agricultural So- ciety, and contributed materially to improve the husbandry of the south of Ireland. About the year 1842, Cork was visited by Captain Claridge, an advocate of hydro- pathy. Dr. Barter had been for some time inclining towards the new system, he now advocated it, and despite the opposition of his professional brethren, devoted his talents and energy to its practice. He opened the now celebrated water-cure es- tablishment at Blarney. It was mainly through his exertions that Turkish baths were introduced into the United Kingdom. He died at Blarney, 3rd October 1870. =5 Bathe, William, born in Dublin about 1564. He became a Catholic, and in 1596 went to Flanders, where he entered the Society of Jesus. Travelling in Italy and Spain, he was ultimately appointed Direc- tor of the Irish College in Salamanca. He wrote some treatises on music, and others on the study of Latin, the Mysteries of the Faith, etc. He died in Madrid, 17th June 1614. 250 Beaufort, Daniel Augustus, Rev., LL.D., son of a French Protestant refugee, was born at Barnet, ist October 1 739. As curate to his father, and afterwards as rector of Collon, County of Louth (to which living he was presented by his 13 BEA BED friend the Eight Hon. John Foster), he distinguished himself in the foundation of Sunday schools, and in the preparation of elementary educational works. He is most -worthy of note, however, on account of his Map and Memoir of Ireland — the latter published at considerable expense, under the encouragement of the Marquis of Buckingham, when Lord-Lieutenant. Lowndes describes his Memoir, as "An ex- ceedingly valuable work, containing a suc- cinct account of the civil and ecclesiastical state of Ireland, and an index of all the places which appear on the author's map." i6 He was one of the founders of the Royal Irish Academy. He died May 183 1, aged 91. 16 39 Beaufort, Sir Francis, K. C.B., Admiral, son of the preceding, was born at Navan in 1774. He entered the navy in 1787, and soon rose by his bravery and talent in the sei'vices on which he was engaged under Lord Howe and others, and was appointed Lieutenant in 1 796. He greatly distinguished himself while Lieu- tenant of the Phaeton in 1800, by cutting out a Spanish vessel, the San Josef, from under the guns of a battery near Malaga. For this service he received a commander's commission. Disabled by wounds, and forced to remain at home from November 1 803 to June 1 804, he devoted his time, in conjunction with his brother-in-law, Rich- ard L. Edgeworth, to the construction of a telegraph from Dublin to Galway. Ga- zetted anew, and after seeing more service in South America, off Spain, and in the Levant, he was paid off in 1812. Having given much attention to coast surveys, he received the appointment of Hydrographer to the Admiralty, and in 1846 attained the rank of Admiral. His second wife was a daughter, by a third marriage, of his brother-in-law, Mr. Edgeworth ; he was consequently uncle and brother-in-law to Maria Edgeworth. He died at Brighton, 16th Df 3mber 1857. 7 253 Bedell, William, Bishop of Kilmore, was born December 15 71, at Black Notley in Essex, of an ancient and respectable family. Educated at Cambridge, he early showed a predilection for the ministry, and entered holy orders. He resided for eight years in Venice as chaplain to the English ambassador. Sir Henry Wotton. There he formed intimacies with Father Paulo and other scholars, with whom he exam- ined and compared the Greek Testament ; he also studied Hebrew with the chief of the Jewish synagogue. In common with other Englishmen, he at this time enter- tained expectations of converting the Ve- netians to Protestantism. On his return to 14 England, he established himself at Bury St. Edmunds, and married the widow of the Recorder of that town. He had by her four children, two of whom died young. In 161 5 he was presented with the rec- tory of Horningshearth, where he resided twelve years. The Provostship of Trinity College, Dublin, becoming vacant in 1627, the Fellows, acting under the advice of Archbishop Ussher, unanimously invited him to accept the post. After much consideration, he gave up his " competent living of above £100 a-year, in a good air and seat, with a very convenient house, near to my friends, a little parish, not ex- ceeding the compass of my weak voice." Once installed, he set to work vigorously and conscientiously to discharge the duties of his office. In 1629 he was consecrated Bishop of Kilmore, when he found a de- plorable state of things in the diocese. " He observed with much regret that the English had all along neglected the Irish, as a nation not only conquered but undis- ciplinable, and that the clergy had scarce considered them as part of their charge, but had left them wholly in the hands of their own priests, without taking any other care of them, but the making them pay their tithes." As a prime means of gain- ing the hearts of the people, he studied Irish, and secured the services of compe- tent persons to translate the whole Bible into that language. He, himself, revised the whole, comparing it with the Hebrew, Greek, and Latin, so as to correct the er- rors in the English. He had preparations made for printing the work at his own house — indeed he had already translated into Irish, and printed and circulated some sermons and homilies, and a catechism in English and Irish, when the War of 1 64 1 -'5 2 broke out. The respect he evinced for Catholics in his writings and discussions, now bore ample fruit in the regard with which he and the numerous fugitives who crowded his mansion and out-offices were treated by the Catholic leaders. He was joined by the Bishop of Elphin, and the free exercise of their religion and services was permitted to them, the elements for the Communion being even specially sup- plied. It is to be noted that while his memoirs speak feelingly of the personal sufferings and outrages which the English settlers had to endui'e in being driven off their plantations, there is nothing in his writings about the massacre so dwelt upon by historians. There is something affecting in the account of his now preach- ing to his flock from the words : " But thou, O Lord, art a shield for me, my glory, and the lifter up of my head. I laid BED me down aud slept ; I awaked, for the Lord sustained me. I will not be afraid of ten thousands of people, that have set them- selves against me, round about." He drew up for the insurgents their Remonstrance and Statement of Grievances for presen- tation to the Lords Justices. After about two months his suflFerings increased. He and his sons, with others, were removed on 1 8th December to Loughoughter castle, a little tower in the midst of a lake, and his own house and library were spoiled by the insurgents. His biographer thus quaintly writes of the dispersion of his library : " And thus what enemies left friends took away . . the Bishop's books went every way but the right ; and certain of his ser- mons were preached in Dublin, and heard there by some of Bishop Bedell's near rela- tions, that had formerly heard them from his own mouth." A month afterwards the family was permitted to retire to the house of a friend near by. But the aged Bishop never recovered from his hardships, which broke down a constitution already weakened by age, and he died of typhus, 7th February 1642, keeping up his hopeful, loving spirit to the end. His last words were : " Be of good cheer, be of good cheer ; whether we live or die we are the Lord's." Unusual honours were paid to his remains by the Irish commanders. A large mili- tary force attended his funeral, and fired a volley over his grave, crying, according to some accounts, " Requiescat in pace, ultimus Anglorum," while Father Farrely, a Catholic priest, was heard to exclaim : " O sit anima mea cum Bedello ! " His writings exhibit him as a man of extra- ordinary sweetness and innocence of dis- position and depth of character, far in advance of his time in many respects. Not considering the revenue of the Church as his own, and to prevent danger of scandal, he was careful to give to his two sons, who were clergymen, but small pre- ferments of £80 and .£60 a-piece. His appearance is thus described : "He was a tall and graceful person ; there was some- thing in his looks and carriage that dis- covered what was within, and created a veneration for him. He had an un- affected gravity in his deportment, and de- cent simplicity in his dress and apparel." 26 Having an objection, both on grounds of decency and health, to interments in churches, he was, at his own desire, buried in a corner of the churchyard of Kilmore, beside his son, and his wife, whose death in 1638 had been a terrible grief to him. His grave is still to be seen, shaded by a sycamore, said to have been planted by his own hands. The new cathedral church BEL of Kilmore, consecrated in 1 860, was, ac- cording to the inscription thereon, erected to his memory. 26 27 93 Bell, Robert, a prolific writer, was born in Cork in 1800, and was educated at Trinity College. In Dublin he wrote for magazines apd newspapers, composed a couple of plays, and assisted in resusci- tating the College Historical Society. Re- moving to London, he met with ready employment as a journalist, having a flu- ent pen and genial manners. " For more than thirty years, INIr. Bell continued to lead the life of a busy literary man, con- tributing to various periodicals, sometimes editing one, and diversifying his journal- istic labours by writing a history or biogra- phy, a play or a novel. , . None of his writings are likely to have more than an ephemeral existence, but they are favour- able specimens of their class, and creditable to their author." Perhaps his best known works are his continuation of Southey's Lives of the British Admirals, and his An- notated Edition of the English Poets, in 29 volumes. He died 12th April 1867. 4° Bellamy, George Anne, an actress, born in Dublin, 23rd April 1 73 1 ; illegiti- mate daughter of an Irish nobleman. The early part of her life was spent in a French convent. Having been renounced by her father, for keeping up an intimacy with her mother, she went on the stage at Coveut Garden theatre, when but fourteen. After playing successfully in London, she re- moved to Dublin, where she was recognized by her father's sister, and introduced to good society. Though she attained to a high position in her profession, hei' ex- travagant and dissolute habits eventually reduced her to poverty, and she died in great distress at Edinburgh, 15th Febru- ary 1788, aged 56. She had a fine express- ive face, an animated manner, and a voice full of sweetness and eminently touching. Garrick describes her as "very beautiful, with her blue eyes, and very fair. . . I often saw her splendid state sedan-chair, with superb silver-lace liveries, waiting for her at the door of LifFey-street Catholic chapel." 3 Her Memoirs — a deplorable ac- count of an ill-regulated life, devoid of general interest or value — are believed to have been written from her notes by Alex- ander Bicknell. 3 29 4° 2S6 Belling, Sir Richard, was born at Belinstown, County of Dublin, in 1613. Having been educated in Ireland, he en- tered at Lincoln's Inn, and studied law for some years. While there he wrote a sixth book to the Arcadia of Sir Philip Sidney. He entered with enthusiasm into theWai" of 1641-52, and rapidly rose 15 BEN to high rank in the army of the Confede- rates. He was defeated by Lord Broghill before the castle of Lismore ; was a lead- ing member of the Supreme Council of the Confederated Catholics at Kilkenny, and was sent as ambassador to the Euro- pean princes. He induced the Pope to commission Rinuccini as Nuncio. Even- tually he broke with the Old Irish party, joined the Marquis of Ormond, and was employed by that nobleman in several im- portant negotiations He is mentioned by Clarendon as one of the Commissioners of Trust at the conference with the Catholic Bishops of 5 th November 1650. Upon Cromwell's Irish successes, he retired to France, where he wrote Vmdicice Catkoli- corum Hibernice, and other works. After the Restoration, he returned home, and through Ormond's influence recovered pos- session of his estates. He died in Dublin, in September 1677, and was buried at Malahide. Lowndes says : — " Belling's account of the transactions in Ireland during the period of the rebellion is es- teemed more worthy of credit than any written by the Romish party." 16 80 219 339 Beuen or Benignus, Saint, one of St. Patrick's most beloved disciples — his successor in the see of Armagh ; a man eminent for piety and virtue. He was baptized by St. Patrick in 433, and in- structed by him in the rudiments of learn- ing and religion. He was specially com- missioned to visit Kerry, and some parts of Clare which St. Patrick was not able to reach in person. According to the most probable computation, he succeeded to the see of Armagh in 465, where he is said to have died and to have been buried in 468. His festival is 9th November. "9 234 339 Berauger, Gabriel, an artist descended of Huguenot parents, was born in Rotter- dam, and in 1750, when about twenty- one years old, came to Ireland. He kept an artidt's warehouse at 5, South Great George's-street, Dublin, from 1766 to 1779. His business did not succeed, and Genei-al Vallancey procured him a situation in the Exchequer Office. In his old age a fortune was bequeathed him by a relative. He died 1 8th February 1 8 1 7. He left some interest- ing itineraries about the neighbourhood of Dublin, and his antiquarian sketches have preserved the appearance of many build- ings now no longer standing, notably the round tower of St. Michael le Pole, in Ship-street, Dublin, demolished in 1799. Sir William Wilde states that Beranger was a flower painter of much taste. 1° Beresford, John, Right Hon., an Irish statesman, was born at his father's l6 BEE house in Dublin, 14th March 1738. He was the second son of Marcus, Earl of Tyrone, whose ancestors first settled in Ireland in 1574. Tristram Beresford ar- rived in James I. '3 reign as manager for the London Company of Planters in Ulster. His mother was Baroness Le Poer, heiress and representative of a long line of barons, descending in direct male succession from Roger Le Poer, a knight who accompanied Strongbow to Ireland. From Kilkenny SchoolJohn Beresford proceeded to Trinity College, where he graduated A.B. in 1757. He then entered at the Middle Temple, studied law for nearly three years, and was called to the Bar in 1760. In April 1761 he was returned Member for the County of Waterford, which constituency he con- tinued to represent uninterruptedly till his death — for forty-four years. He applied himself with great assiduity to the dis- charge of his parliamentary duties, and soon became a power in the House. In 1768 he was sworn on the Privy Council, and in 1770 was appointed a Commissioner of Revenue. Eventually he succeeded to the post of First Commissioner, and it was under his administration, and much at his instance, that| the new Custom House in Dublin was built, between 1781 and 1 79 1, that near Essex-bridge proving quite unsuitable for the increasing trade of the port of Dublin. It was also largely through his exertions that the widening and extending of the Dublin quays, and the opening up of SackviUe and other streets were accomplished. His political position was strengthened in the year 1774 by his taking as his second wife Barbara Montgomery, a celebrated beauty, sister to Lady Mountjoy, and to the Mai"- chioness of Townshend. During the ad- ministrations of the Duke of Portland and Lord Temple (1782 to 1783) he confined himself to routine duties ; but on the arrival of the Duke of Rutland, to whom Mr. Pitt had entrusted the government of Ireland, he threw his whole energies into political affairs. Holding opinions diametrically opposed to Grattan and the national party on almost all questions, he strenuously supported Orde's Trade Propositions, and sided with Mr. Pitt in the matter of the Regency. The almost overwhelming power and influence which the Beresfords attained in the govern- ment of Ireland was signally put to the test in 1795, when Lord Fitzwilliam came over, 4th January, as Lord-Lieutenant, to inaugurate a policy of concession both on religious and political questions. He took Grattan and the leaders of the liberal party into his councils, and Mr. Beresford was BEE immediately dismissed from his various offices, although still left in the enjoy- ment of his salary. Lord Fitzwilliara afterwards gave the following reasons for this step: " AVhen, on my arrival here, I found all those ajjprehensions of his danger- ous power . . were fully justified, when he was filling a situation greater than that of the Lord-Lieutenant himself, and when I clearly saw that if I had connect- ed myself with him, it would have been connecting myself with a person laboui-ing under heavy suspicions, and subjecting my government to all the opprobrium and un- popularity attendant upon his maladminis- tration — what was then my choice 1 . . I decided at once not to cloud the dawn of my administration by leaving in such power and authority so much imputed malversation ; but in doing this, I detei-- mined, whilst I determined to curtail him of his power, and to show to the nation that he did not belong to my administra- tion, to let him remain in point of income as well to the full as he had ever been. I did not touch, and he knew that I did not intend to touch, a hair of the head of any of his family or friends, and they are still left in the full enjoyment of more emolu- ments than ever was accumulated in any country upon any one family." Mr. Beres- ford immediately proceeded to London, where his influence with the Ministry was so great that within a few weeks Lord Fitz- william was recalled. The illness of Mrs. Beresford, who expired near London on 19th May, deferred until 28th June a hostile meeting with Lord Fitzwilliam, provoked by strictures made by the latter in letters to Lord Carlisle. The duel was interrupted by a peace officer. Mr. Beres- ford, in a letter to a friend about this time, gives the following account of the sequel : " Lord Fitzwilliam then turned to me and said, ' Now, Mr. Beresford, that we have been prevented from finishing this business in the manner I wished, I have no scruple to make an apology,' which he did, and hoped it would be satisfactory to me. . . He then hoped that I would give him my hand, which I did, and he said, ' Now, thank God, there is a complete end to my Irish administration.' " Next month Mr. Beresford returned to Dublin, and was restored to all his offices. In the events that soon followed — the Eebellion and the Union — he sided with Lords Castle- reagh and Clare ; and few contributed more than he to the successful carrying through of the Union, or had more to do with the fiscal arrangements consequent thereupon. It was a bitter mortification to him that his son John C Beresford B [C] BEE threw up a good government appointment, and voted against the measure. Before many years were over, however, — in No- vember 1804 — in a letter to a friend, we find him deploring many of the results of the change. He entered the Imperial Parliament for Waterford. In 1802 he was, at his own request, relieved from official duties ; and the three remaining years of his life were spent belween his London residence, and Walworth, his seat in the County of Londonderry. He was all through life devoted to gardening and agriculture. He died after a short illness, on 5th November 1805, aged 67. A portion of his correspondence, edited by a grandson, and published in two volumes in 1854, is replete with valu- able information on current events, and remarks upon public characters. His brother became Marquis of Waterford in 1789, and his grand-nephew, the 3rd Marquis, killed out hunting in 1859, was a nobleman of great sporting no- toriety. The influence of the Beresfords is further shown by the fact that among his descendants, within fiifty years after his decease, may be counted an arch- bishop, a bishop, a governor of a colony, a colonial secretary, an M.P., a colonel, a lieutenant-colonel, a knight of the Legion of Honour, a privy-councillor, and several officers of rank ; while he had one brother an earl, another an archbishop and a baron ; one nephew an archbishop and primate, and another a lieutenant-general, ^o 54 =81 Beresford, Lord John George, Archbishop of Armagh, nephew of pre- ceding, son of the first Marquis of Water- ford, was born at Tyrone House, Dublin, 22nd November 1773. Educated at Eton and Oxford, he entered the Church, and his preferment was rapid — Bishop of Cork and Eoss, 1805 ; translated to Ea- phoe, 1807; Clogher, 18 19; to the arch- bishopric of Dublin, 1820 ; and to Armagh in 1822. Although his published works were confined to four sermons, he was a distinguished prelate, and devoted the best energies of his life to the service of his Church. He restored the Cathedral of Armagh, and Trinity College is indebted to him for the erection of the beautiful cam- panile in the Library-square. He died 19th July 1862, aged 88, and was succeeded in the primacy by his cousin, Marcus G. Beresford, Bishop of Kilmore. 54 isi Berkeley, George, Bishop of Cloyne, was born at Dysert Castle, on the river Nore, two miles below Thomastown, 12th March i683-'4 ; he received his early education at Kilkenny School, and en- tered Trinity College, 2i3t March 1699- 17 BER 1700. Soou after his eutiance into the College, which was his residence during the thirteen years that followed, Berkeley came to be regarded as either the greatest genius or the greatest dunce in the place. Those slightly acquainted with him took him for a fool ; while his intimates thought him a prodigy of learning and goodness of heart. He pursued his studies with extraordinary ardour, '' full of simplicity and enthusiasm." He was elected scholar in 1702; a B.A. in 1704; and took his master's degree in 1707. Farther on in the same year — in June — he was admit- ted to a fellowship. Early in 1705, in conjunction with some of his college friends, he formed a society " to promote investigations in the new philosophy of Boyle, Newton, and Locke." His Com- mon-place Book affords us an insight into the current of his thoughts at this time. His biographer (Mr. Eraser, from whose work all the extracts in this notice are made) says : " The prevailing tendency of the whole is to the banishment of scholas- ticism from philosophy, as well as all talk about things which cannot be resolved into living experience of concrete matter of fact, called by him idea or sensation. He is everywhere eager to simplify things, and make knowledge practical, to bring men back to facts, and to expel empty abstrac- tions from philosophy, as the bane of relig- ion and morality, not less than of physical science. There is also a disposition towards the intellectual independence which rebels against the bondage of words, and an en- thusiastic straightforwardness of character, apt to be regarded as eccentricity by the multitude — but with a desire to conciliate too. What he writes, plainly flows from himself, if ever any writing did flow from the mind of the writer. . . Berkeley's mind everywhere labours under the inspi- ration of a new thought. . . When we compare one expression of it with another, we finu that it implies neither more nor less than this — a conception of the impos- sibility of anything existing in the universe that is independent of perception and vo- lition ; that is not either percipient and vo- luntary, or perceived and willed. This is Berkeley's dualism. He vacillates in the abstract expression of it, but it generally approaches this. All so-called existence that cannot be resolved to this, is, he is beginning to see, only ' abstract idea,' and therefore absurd— to be swept away as sophistry and illusion. . . It is the same principle which in mathematics, with a dim conception of it, he found to press hard against incommensui'ability and infi- nite divisibility. At times he is in awe of 18 BER its tremendous consequences, and of the shock which these may occasion when it is proclaimed to a learned world which had long tried to feed itself upon abstractions. But he is resolved, nevertheless, to employ it for purging science and sustaining faith." Berkeley first appeared in print in 1707, when he published two tracts — both writ- ten in Latin — one an attempt to demon- strate arithmetic without Euclid or algebra ; the other. Thoughts on some Questions in Mathematics. His Essay towards a New Theory of Vision appeared two years later. The outcome of this essay appears to be : " What, before we reflected, we had sup- posed to be a seeing of real things, is not seeing really extended things at all, but only seeing something that is constantly connected with their extension ; what is vulgarly called seeing them is in fact reading about them ; when we are every day using our eyes, we are virtually inter- preting a book." Berkeley's great work, The Principles of Human Knowledge, in which his theories are still further deve- loped, appeared in 17 10. " This book is a systematic assault upon scholastic abstractions, especially upon abstract or unperceived matter, space, and time. It assumes that these are the main causes of confusion and difiiculty in the sciences, and of materialistic atheism." Berkeley " is the most extraordinary instance of original reflective precocity on record." On 1st February 1709 he was ordained a deacon. One of his discourses, preach- ed in the College Chapel, on Passive Obedience, left room for casuistry about individual duty in revolutionary times, and seriously impeded his advancement in after life, by laying him open to the charge of Jacobitism. He was nominated Sub-Lecturer and Junior-Dean in 1710, and held the post of tutor until 1724. His emoluments did not exceed £40 a-year — equivalent to some four times that amount at the present day. On a Sunday in April 1713 Berkeley appeared at the court of Queen Anne, in the com- pany of Swift ; and we soon find him making his way amongst the great men of the time, writing for The Guardian, and spending his days with Steele and Addison. '' Does my cousin answer your expectations 1 " asked Lord Berkeley of Bishop Atterbury; who, lifting up his hands in astonishment, replied : " So much understanding, so much innocence, and such humility, I did not think had been the portion of any but angels, till I saw this gentleman." At Swift's recom- mendation, in November 17 13, he was appointed chaplain and secretary to the BER Sicilian legation ; and he started at once with Lord Peterborough for Sicily. This was the first of a series of long visits to the Continent. His journals and letters of this time are preserved — replete with careful observations upon men and things, relieved with much sprightliness and hu- mour. As yet the taste for Alpine scenery had not been developed in the human breast. He speaks of Savoy as " a perpe- tual chain of rocks and mountains, almost impassable for ice and snow. And yet I rode post through it, and came off with only four falls, from which I received no other damage than breaking my sword, my watch, and my snuff-box." On his return to England in 1720, his gentle na- ture was shocked and astounded at the ex- citement concerning the South Sea scheme, and his feelings found vent in An Essay towards preventing the Ruin of Great Brit- ain. His conviction, therein expressed, that the civilization of the Old World was effete, had a considerable influence on his after life. The conclusions he arrived at were, that if society was to be saved at all it must be by the persons who composed it becoming individually industrious, frugal, public-spirited, and religious. In August 1 72 1, he returned to Dublin as chaplain to the Duke of Grafton,^ Lord-Lieutenant. He was still Junior Fellow in Trinity, leave having been freely granted him, through court influence, for his long absences, during one of which the degree of D.D. had been conferred upon him. The dean- ery of Dromore and other appointments were now given to him. In May 1723, Esther Van Homrigh (Swift's " Vanessa ") died, and left Berkeley, to hisastonishment, £4,000, nearly half her property. She had altered her will after her quarrel with Swift in 1720. Her knowledge of Berkeley must have been chiefly by reputation ; for al- though he had been living close to her for nearly two years, it is stated that he had not seen her once. Next year he was in- stalled Dean of Derry, then one of the richest preferments in the Irish Church. What was the amazement of all his friends, when within six months he went to London, declaring his heart ready to break if his deanery were not taken from him. He had conceived the idea that it was his duty to emigrate, and establish a college in Bermuda for the civilization of America — the glories of Europe were past, the hopes of the future rested in the New World, He immediately published Pro- posals embodying his plans ; he pictured the inhabitants as "a contented, plain, in- nocent sort of people;" the country, "a land of blue skies, rich fruits, coral BER strands." His lines on the Prospects of Planting Arts and Learning in America contain one that may be said to be im- mortal : — Westward the course of empire wings its way. After some years' labour, and exertions to inspire others wiUi his enthusiasm, he procured a charter for a college; about £5,000 was promised in private subscrip- tions ; Sir R. Walpole, on an address of the Commons, promised £20,000 more, and Berkeley threw the whole of his own pri- vate means into the undertaking, besides relinquishing all his lucrative preferments. Now for a time he lived privately in the out- skirts of Dublin, and in August 1 728 mar- ried Anne Foster, daughter of the Speaker of the Irish House of Commons. " AU that one can now discover of Mrs. Ber- keley makes her worthy of her husband. She shared his fortunes when he was about to engage in one of the most romantic moral movements of modern times, and when, in love with an ideal academic life in the Bermudas, he was prepared to sur- render preferment and social position at home, in order to devote the remainder of his life to the great continent of the west." The following month they sailed from Gravesend in a 250-ton vessel he had chartered. Besides his wife and another lady, he was accompanied by some friends, who, imbued with his enthusiasm, had given up all to assist him in his philan- thropic scheme. The passage was a long one, of four months. It was not until the 23rd January 1729 that they cast anchor at Newport, Rhode Island. A few months after his arrival he bought a farm of ninety- six acres in a sequestered spot on Rhode Island, built a commodious house, which he called Whitehall, purchased slaves, and settled down to a life of retirement. It is said that he brought a very extensive library with him. The money for the undertaking, promised by Government, was not forth- coming, and visions of college and his possible influence over the destinies of America appear to have gradually faded away. He built his house in a valley, de- claring : " To enjoy what is to be seen from the hill, I must visit it only occa- sionally ; if the prospect were constantl}' in view, it would lose its charm." His residence of nearly three years in Rhode Island was perhaps the happiest portion of his life. More than one child was born to him there. At length, when it was evident that there was no chance of the government grant, he returned .home, leaving his farm to Yale College, as an endowment for the encouragement of Greek and Latin scholar- ship. His house on Rhode Island stillstands. 19 BER BER He sailed from Boston in October or No- vember 1 73 1 : at any rate, he re-appeared in London in 1732. "Thus ended the ro- mantic episode of Rhode Island, which warms the heart and touches the imagina- tion more, perhaps, than any event in Berkeley's life. Of all who have ever landed on the American shore, none were animated by a purer and more self-sacri- ficing spirit. It is for this, moi'e than for his speculative thought, that he is now remembered in New England. The cos- mopolitan Berkeley has left curiously few local impressions at any of the places where he lived, perhaps more in Rhode Island than anywhere else. The island still ac- knowledges that, by his visit, it has been touched with the halo of a great and sacred reputation." At no period of his life did he contribute more copiously to literature than during the two years fol- lowing his return. The largest of his works, Alciphron, appeared in March 1732, and engaged popular attention sooner than any of its predecessors. For a time he resided in London ; his letters to his friend Prior in 1733, evince an inclina- tion towai'ds Dublin — indeed, at one time Prior appears to have engaged a house on Arbour-hill for him. In January 1734 Berkeley was appointed Bishop of Cloyne, and in May he was consecrated in St. Paul's Church, Dublin. Shortly after- wards, with his wife and two infant boys, he set out for the diocese where he was to spend the next eighteen years of his career. His retired life at Cloyne appears to have been, on the whole, sedentary, while he conscientiously discharged the affairs of his diocese, and occasionally occupied his seat in the House of Lords in Dublin. The social condition of Ireland attracted much of his attention, as may be judged from his admirable Querist. " After the lapse of nearly a century and a-half, the stu- dent of society and the statesman may here find maxims which legislation has not yet outgrown. It is only now that we are fairly resolving, 'whether a scheme for the wel- fare of the Irish nation should not take in the whole inhabitants ; and whether it be not a vain attempt to project the flourish- ing of our Protestant gentry, exclusive of the bulk of the natives.'" His benevo- lence to the poor in the dark days of famine and disease, then so prevalent, was boundless. In 1 744 he came prominently forward as an advocate of tar-water as a universal specific. He published a tract on the subject, and set up an apparatus in his palace for its manufacture. " He satis- fied himself that tar contained an extra- ordinary proportion of the vital element of the universe ; and that water was the menstruum by which this element might be drawn off, and conveyed into vegetable and animal organisms. . . He exulted in the view of a discovery by which the physical maladies of this mortal life might all be mitigated, if not subdued." He even published a poem in praise of his panacea. His efforts to restrain his fellow-country- men from joining in the Scottish insur- rection in 1745, x-ecommended him for further advancement ; and through the influence of Lord Chesterfield the primacy, on falling vacant, was offered to him. However, he resolutely declined to accept the office, saying that he had all he desired, and that further emoluments could not bring him increased happiness : " For my part," he says, " I could not see (all things considered) the glory of wearing the name of primate in these days, or of getting so much money ; a thing every tradesman in London may get if he pleases. I should not choose to be Primate in pity to my children ; and for doing good to the world, imagine I may upon the whole do as much in a lower station." Devotion to the hap- piness and elevation of his children was, in truth, one of his guiding motives. An Italian music master lived in the house, and the concerts given in the palace during the winters were a delight to the whole neigh- bourhood. In 1752 he decided to resign his bishopric, and indulge a long-cherished desire of spending his latter years in re- tirement at Oxford, not alone to enjoy the many social and literary advantages of a university town, but to reside near his son George, who matriculated in Christ Church in June of that year. Accord- ingly, he wrote to the Secretary-of-State, offering to resign his bishopric absolutely. This singular proposal excited the curiosity of King George II ; who, upon learning by whom it was made, declared that Berkeley should die a bishop in spite of himself ; but that he might live where he pleased. He removed to Oxford in August 1752, the passage toEngland being so exhausting that he was obliged to be carried in a horse litter from Bristol. According to tradition his new abode was in Holywell- street, near the cloisters of Magdalen. He did not long enjoy the change. " On the evening of Sunday, the 14th of January 1 753," writes his biographer, " Berkeley was resting on a couch, in his house in Holy well-street, surrounded by his family. His wife had been reading aloud to the little family party the lesson in the Burial Service, taken from the 15 th chapter of the First Epistle to the Corinthians, and he had been making remarks upon that sublime BER passage. His daughter soon after went to offer him some tea. She found him, as it seemed, asleep, but his body was already cold ; for it was the last sleep — the mystery of death ; and the world of the senses had suddenly ceased to be a medium of inter- course between his spirit and those who remained." He was buried in the chapel of Christ Church, Oxford. Bishop Berke- ley is described as having been of ordinary height, handsomely made — the face full and round, of a fair complexion. His expression was one of thoughtfulness and simplicity, not without traces of the refined humour that appears in his writings — animated by a mild, pious, persistent enthusiasm. "He was naturally strong and active, and re- markable for erect, manly grace ; but the robust body was latterly reduced by seden- tary habits and much study." The Bishop was, at the date of his decease, aged 68. His widow survived himthirty-three years, and died 27th May 1 786, in her 86th year. A son and daughter were living at the time of his death. The former, George, born in London in 1 733, became a divine of some eminence. 3i Berkenshaw, John, an Irish musi- cian ; he resided in Dublin, in the family of the Earl of Kildare, until the War of i64i-'52 drove him to England. He lived in London after the Restoration, published works on the study of music, taught the violin, and gave singing lessons. "Burney represents him as a charlatan, who was far indeed from possessing the musical qualifications he laid claim to." 250 The dates of his birth and decease are unknown. Under date 24th February i66i-'2, Pepys mentions him : " Long with Mr. Berken- shaw in the morning at my musique prac- tice, finishing my song of ' Gaze not on Swans,' in two parts, which pleases me well ; and did give him .£5 for this month or five weeks, that he hath taught me ; which is a great deal of money, and troub- led me to part with it." ^^^ 39 ^50 Bermingham, Sir John, Earl of Louth. He inherited large estates from his ancestors, who came over with Strong- bow. In 13 1 8 he was appointed general of the Anglo-Ii'ish forces raised to check the advance of Edward Bruce. The me- morable battle that ensued, and which resulted in the death of Bruce at the hands of John de Maupas, an Anglo-Irish knight, and the overthrow of his army, was fought at Faughart, near Dundalk, 14th October 1318. Sir John sent Bruce's head to Edward II., and was for his services crea- ted Earl of Louth, and granted estates at Ardee. Next year we find him marching into Connaught against the O'Couors and BET MacKellys. In 1 32 1 he was appointed Lord- Justice, and in 1322 conducted a force of 300 men-at-arms, 1,000 hobellars, and 6,000 foot into England, to aid the King against the Scots. In 1325 he founded a Franciscaji friary at Monasteroris (so called from his Irish name, MacFeorais.) On loth June 1329 he fell, with 200 of his kindred and retainers, at Bragans- town, County of Louth, in a feud with the Gernons, Vei'dons, and others of the an- cient Anglo-Irish families of Louth. He was incomparably the ablest Anglo-Irish leader of his day. 216 Betagh, Rev. Dr., a distinguished Catholic clergyman, was born about 1737. After being educated abroad, and resid- ing both at Paris and Metz as a professor for many years, he returned to Ireland and was appointed parish priest of SS. Michael and John's, Dublin, and Vicar-General of the diocese. He made many and great efforts for the good of his people, establish- ing a free evening school for about 330 boys, and otherwise advancing education. He died, greatly beloved, i6th February 181 1, aged 74 ; and his remains were fol- lowed to their resting place in St. Michan's churchyard by a multitude of mourners. 338(1811) Betham, Sir William, an antiquarian and genealogist, born at Stradbrook in Suf- folk, 22nd May 1779. He began life as a printer, and came to Ireland in 1 805, where he distinguish ed himself in genealogy, a taste derived from his father ; he was knighted in 1 81 2, and next year succeeded Sir Chi- chester Fortescue as Ulster King at Arms. He devoted himself with indefatigable in- dustry to his favourite study, collecting an immense mass of materials, and par- tially reducing to order, and making avail- able, the collections in the Birmingham Tower and the Remembrancer's Ofiice. He published several works of a somewhat speculative character connected with the study of Irish antiquities, and contributed largely to the leading literary societies of w^hich he was a member. His greatest MS. work was his index to the names of all persons mentioned in the wills at the Pre- rogative Ofiice in Dublin. It consists of forty large folio volumes, begun in 1807, and not completed before 1828, during a great part of which period he devoted to it from eight to ten hours a-day. His "philological deductions were not gene- rally deemed satisfactory ; and it may be regretted that these speculative studies withdrew his attention from those more tangible questions affecting our political and constitutional history, of which he had made himself a master, and for the BIA BLA illustration of which he had formed such ample coUectious." h^ The acceptance of Mr. Petrie's work on the Hound Towers by the Eoyal Irish Academy did not meet with his approval, and was said to be the cause of his withdrawal for many years from that institution. He died at Strad- brook, Blackrock, County of Dublin, 26th October 1853, aged 74. 146 284 Bianconi, Charles, was born 26th September 1785, at Tregolo, in the Duchy of Milan, Italy, where his father is said to have owned a small silk factory. In 1802 he came to Ireland as apprentice to an Italian print-seller, who was in business in Temple-bar, Dublin. In this capacity Bianconi travelled on foot throughout Ire- land, peddling his master's stock. In 1806, when out of his time, he found himself in possession of about ^£50, and established himself as a print-seller, first at Tipperary, then in Waterford, and afterwards in Clon- mel. In the prosecution of his business he was led to reflect upon the then difiicul- ties of travelling throughout Ireland, and his practical mind saw an opening for a profitable speculation — the establishment of cars between the principal towns. He commenced in 1815, by a one-horse vehicle between Clonmel and Cahir. This proved remunerative ; and the termination of the war enabling him to purchase horses cheap- ly, it was not many years before he had one hundred cars of various sizes travers- ing Ireland, performing daily 3,800 miles, at an average charge of iXd. per mile for each passenger. When the railway system threw him ofi" the main lines, his enter- prise and intelligence opened up new fields ; and by 1858 he had even extended his ope- rations. In August 1 83 1, he obtained letters of naturalization in Ireland, filled the office of Mayor of Clonmel, and was appointed a Deputy-Lieutenant. While amassing a large fortune, his " Bianconi cars " conferred inestimable advantages upon li eland. He died 22nd September 1 8 75, having all but completed his 90th year. He has borne the following testimony to the character of the Irish people : " My conveyances, many of them carrying very important mails, have been travelling during all hours of the day and night, often in lonely and unfrequented places ; and during the long period of forty years that my establishment is now in existence, the slightest injury has never been done by the people to my property, or that en- trusted to my care." 233 Bickerstaff, Isaac, was born in Ire- land about the year 1735. He was one of the pages of Lord Chesterfield when Lord-Lieuteuaut. He afterwards became an officei- in the marines, in which service he continued until forced to quit under very discreditable circumstances. He is known as the author of Love in a Village, Maid of the Mill, and about twenty other light comedies and musical pieces, produced under Garrick's management — of which some yet retain possession of the stage. Charles Dibdin composed the music to many of these pieces. His last was pro- duced in 1787. BickerstaflF died abroad in old age and reduced circumstances. His " pieces present a combination of excellencies seldom found in conjunction." 8(ij 16 116(45) Binns, John, a distinguished journal- ist, was born in Dublin, 22nd December 1772. He received a good education, be- came a United-Irishman, and suffered two years'imprisonment. Soon afterhis release, in 1 801 , he emigrated, with his brother Ben- jamin, to Baltimore. In March 1802, he commenced at Northumberland, Pennsyl- vania, the Republican Argv^, which gave him great influence with the Democratic party. From 1807 to 1829 he conducted, at Philadelphia, the Democratic Press — the leading paper in the state, until 1824, when it opposed the election of Jackson. Besides other works, he published in 1854 an autobiography. He died at Philadel- phia, i6th June i860, aged 2<7. ^^' Black, Joseph, M.D., an eminent chemist and physician, was born, of Belfast parents, at Bordeaux in 1 728. He received his preliminary education at Belfast, whence he proceeded to the University of Glasgow, to acquire a knowledge of medi- cine and the collateral sciences. In 1754 he took the degree of M.D., and delivered as his inaugural thesis an inquiry into the nature and operation of various Uthontrip- tics. This address passed through several editions, and procured for him much repu- tation. " The researches relating to fixed air and carbonic acid gas may fairly be esteemed as having led to the discoveries of Cavendish, Priestley, Lavoisier, and others of the pneumatic school, the impor- tance of which is now justly admitted." 42 Upon the removal of his distinguished preceptor. Dr. CuUen, to Edinburgh, in 1756, Dr. Black was, at Dr. Cullen's earnest desire, appointed his successor as Professor of Anatomy and Chemistry. As early as 1756 he commenced the in- vestigation into the nature and properties of heat, which occupied him many years. " Black discovered and developed the gen- eral law that connects and explains the phenomena of the pi'oduction of heat and cold, which occur in the combination, lique- faction, and evaporation of bodies, several BLA of which it must, however, be admitted, had been previously attended to by Dr. Cullen, The doctrine of latent heat, to the discovery of which Dr. Black's claims are indisputable, was applied to the expla- nation of numerous natural phenomena, and he was assisted in his experiments by two <'f his pupils, afterwards well known in the scientific world— James Watt and Dr. Irvine. Mr. Watt always professed to have been indebted to the instruction and information received from Dr. Black for the improvements that he made in the steam engine." ^^ lu 1766 Dr. Cullen was advanced to the chair of Medicine in Edinburgh, and Dr. Black succeeded to his professorship of chemistry in the same University. His style as a lecturer was unsurpassed — combining elegant simplicity with clearness and precision. Numbers were through his lectures attracted to the study of chemistry. His scientific attain- ments, gentle and pleasing manners, and cultivated tastes, gathered round him a circle of intimates such as James Watt, James Hutton, David Hume, Adam Smith, Adam Ferguson, Dr. Cullen, and Sir G. Clerk. He was a member of many learned societies in Great Britain and upon the Continent. Dr. Black died suddenly, 26th November 1 799, aged 70. He was discov- ered sitting before his usual fmgal meal of bread, prunes, and milk — his death had been so calm that the mug of milk set down upon his knee remained unspilled. A bachelor, he had by will divided his large fortune equally amongst his relatives. His Lectures on Chemistry were edited by his friend Professor Eobinson, in 1803. With- in a short period they went through three editions in German. The President of the British Association at Glasgow, in 1876, in his address says : " It is now conceded that Black laid the foundation of modern chemistry." The British Quarterly Review writes : " Considered as a philosopher. Black ranks amongst the highest of those who have wrought out great theories. In- duction was the only method by which he sought to discover truth." '^ "^ '^ Blackbome, Francis, Lord-Chancel- lor of Ireland, was born at Footstown, County of Meath, i ith November 1782. He distinguished himself at Trinity College, was called to the Bar in 1805, appoint- ed Sergeant in 1 826, Attorney-General in 1830, Chief- Justice in 1846, and Chancellor in 1852. It was he who counselled the Government to put down by proclamation the Repeal monster meetings ; and one of his aphorisms was, " England can never destroy the Irish Church, because, if she does, she will sever the Union." He pre- BLA sided at most of the political trials in 1^48. He was a staunch Conservative, and never recovered the acceptance of his almost com- pelled resignation of otfice by Lord Derby in March 1 867 — regarding it as "a harsh "and cruel return for his abnegation of self, and for the sacrifices which he had so cheer- fully made." He declined a baronetcy ; and died shortly afterwards, 1 7th Septem- ber 1867, aged 84, at his residence, Rath- farnham Castle, near Dublin. He was buried at Mount-Jerome. As a lawyer, his character stood deservedly high ; while in his private Life he was greatly beloved. 43 Blakeley, Johnston, Captain U.S.N., was born at Seaford, County of Down, October 178 1. His parents emigrated to North Carolina ; and before long he was left an orphan. Educated by a friend, he entered the U. S. Navy in 1800 as a mid- shipman ; and by July 1813, bad risen to be a Master-Commander. In the Wasp, on 28th June 18 14, he captured, after a severe engagement, H. B. M. ship, Reindeer. The latter vessel made three desperate and un- successful eiforts to board, in the last of which her commander was slain. For this exploit, Congress voted Commander Blake- ley a gold medal. On 2 1 st September 1814, he captured and sent into Savannah the brig Atalanta. This was the last direct in- telligence ever received of him. The Wasp being heavily armed and sparred, and deep-waisted, probably foundered in a gale. About the time of his death he was gazetted a captain. His only child, a daughter, was educated at the expense of North Caro- lina. 37. Blakeney, Sir Edward, Lieutenant- General, G.C.B., son of W. Blakeney, Member for Athenry before the Union, was born in 1778. He entered the army when but sixteen, as cornet in a dra- goon regiment, and saw much active ser- vice in Holland, Nova Scotia, the V/est Indies, at Copenhagen, and elsewhere. During the Peninsular War, he took part in the battle of Busaco, in the sieges of Ciudad Rodrigo and Badajoz, and in the battles of Albuera, Vittoria, and the Pyr- enees. In 1 814 he was employed in the expedition against New Orleans. He acted as Commander-in-Chief in Ireland from 1832 to 1855, during which time he was a Privy-Councillor. He was appointed governor of Chelsea Hospital in 1856, and became a Field-Marshal in 1862. He died 2nd August 1 868, aged about 90. 241 Blakeney, Lord William, a distin- guished general, was born at Mountblake- ney, County of Limerick, in 1672. He entered the army, and although admitted 23 BLE BLO to be au officer of great merit, his pro- fessional advaucement was long retarded. In 1745, bis skilful and courageous defence of Stirling Castle -against Prince Charles won general applause. Appointed Lieuten- ant-Governor of Minorca, he bravely but unsuccessfully defended it against au over- whelming French force under Marshal Eichelieu, in April 1756. He had pre- viously in vain notified the British Minis- try of the defenceless state of the island. It was for ill-success in relieving Blakeney that Admiral Byng was shot next year. Ou his return to England, he was ennobled by George II. for his heroic conduct of the defence. He died in 1761, aged about 89. *' Blessington, Marguerite, Coun- tess, second daughter of Edmund Power, a country gentleman of decayed fortune, was born at Knockbrit, County of Tip- perary, ist September 1789. Through her mother she was descended from the Sheehys— a family that had suffered much from the Penal Laws in the previous gene- ration. Her beauty was remarkable, and she exhibited great precocity of intellect and feeling. When she was six years of age, the family removed to Clonmel ; and at fifteen she was induced, against her in- clinations, to marry Captain Farmer, of the 47th Regiment. His violent temper and cruelty forced her to leave him in about three months. After living for a time with her parents, she settled in Lon- don with one of her brothers, in 1816. The following year her husband was killed in a drunken frolic in the Fleet Prison (where he was confined for debt), and in 1818 she married the Earl of Blessington. For several years they travelled on the Con- tinent, where she appears to have studied and cultivated her tastes for art and litera- ture. The results of her observations were afterwards given to the world in two books — The Idler in Italy and The Idler in France. In 1829 her husband died; she returned to London next year, and estab- lished herself in Leamore-place, May Fair. Here, and afterwards at Kensington, she gave the most costly entertainments, and her house became the centre of a brilliant coterie of the witty and learned, attracted by her charming and fascinating manners. In 1832 appeared her Journal of Conversa- tions with Lord Byron — one of the most popular books of the day. In the course of the ensuing eight years she wrote some twelve novels. Count d'Orsay, the sculptor, the husband of her step-daughter, from whom he was separated, came to live with her, and contributed not a little to the expenses of her establishment. She 24 could not reduce her style of living, and finally, in 1849, was obliged secretly to remove to Paris with the Count. Upon her jointure of i)2,ooo a-year she set about furnishing a house in the Champs-Elysees, where she hoped again to gather round her a literary circle ; but she died of apoplexy a few days after entering it, on 4th June ^849, aged 59. She was buried in a mausoleum designed by Count d'Orsay, near the vil- lage of Chamboury ; there the remains of the Count were placed three years after- wards. Two inscriptions, one by Barry Cornwall, and another in Latin, by W. S. Landor, are on her tomb. The Countess is thus described byN. P. Willis: "Her fea- tures are regular, and her mouth, the most expressive of them, has a ripe freshness and freedom of play peculiar to the Irish physiognomy, and expressive of the most unsuspicious good humour : add to all this a voice merry and. sad by turns, but always musical, and manners of the most unpretending elegance, yet even more re- markable for their winning kindness, and you have the most prominent traits of one of the most lovely and fascinating women I have ever met." 16 Besides the books she published, she contributed to the Daily News and other papers. Knight says that " the majority of her novels and tales are of little literary worth, and none, per- haps, are likely to have a very long vital- ity ;" and Leigh HuM's London Journal says that " the charm of her title, her indispu- table taste in the fine arts, and above all, her beauty . . have contributed to raise her present position of polite letters beyond the general merit of her wgrks." 16 40 44 Blood, Thomas, Colonel, an adven- turer, was born about 1628. His father, an ironmaster, resided at Sarney in Meath, where, as well as at Gleumalure, County of Wicklow, he had been granted lands by Charles I. Blood was in England at the close of Charles' reign, but returning to Ireland, became a lieutenant in the Parlia- mentary army. After the Restoration, the Act of Settlement rendered him and many others of the Parliamentary officers dis- contented, and in 1663 he became leader of a conspiracy for surprising Dublin Castle and seizing the Duke of Ormond, then Lord-Lieutenant. The plot was dis- covered when on the eve of execution. His brother-in-law suffered death as an accom- plice, while he escaped to Antrim, conceal- ing his identity under different disguises. After various adventures in Ireland and on the Continent he settled in England, passing as a physician under the name of Ayliffe. He fought with the Covenan- ters at the Peutland Hills in November BLO 1666 ; and afterwards passed himself off for a Quaker, He now, probably at the insti- gation of the Duke of Buckingham, entered upon a scheme to seize and perhaps murder his old enemy, the Duke of Ormond. On the night of 6th December 1670, with five accomplices, he waylaid the Duke in the streets of London, and carried him off. For- tunately the populace were roused, and the Duke was rescued ; but although ^1,000 re- ward was offered for the apprehension of the perpetrators of the outrage. Blood's share in the transaction was not discovered until some years afterwards. His next design was to purloin the English regalia. Dis- guised as a clergyman, he made the ac- quaintance of Edwards the custodian at the Tower. When by repeated visits he had gained his confidence, he appeared one day with two associates, under the plea of wish- ing to see the regalia. On being admitted, they threw a cloak over the head of Ed- wards and gagged him. Blood carried away the crown, and his two companions the globe and sceptre : they were appre- hended and brought to trial. Charles II. attended at the examination, and Blood by lying, flattery, cajolery, and threats of the vengeance of associates, so worked on the King, that he was not only pardoned but granted a pension of £500 a-year, and generally received into such favour at court that the whole affair became a public scandal. Afterwards he fell into trouble by making scandalous imputations on the character of the Duke of Buckingham : before his trial could come on, he died at his house in "Westminster, 24th August 1680, aged about 52. 34 42 271 Blount, Sir Charles, Lord Monnt- joy, and Earl of Devonshire, second sou of the 6th Lord Mountjoy, was born in England in 1563. He studied at the Mid- dle Temple, and when about twenty, was introduced at court, and gained Elizabeth's favour. He entered Parliament, served with Sir Philip Sidney in the Low Coun- tries, and was knighted. Advanced from one honour to another, he aroused the ani- mosity of Essex, and a duel ensued between them, in which Essex was badly wounded. From this date, strange to say, they became fast friends. In 1594, on the death of his elder brother, he succeeded to the title of Mountjoy, and an inheritance of under £100 a-year, on which we are told " he lived plentifully, and in a fine way and garb." In 1599, after the failure of the Earl of Essex, and in opposition to his own wishes, the Queen insisted upon his assuming the government of Ireland. On his arrival, 24th February 1599-1600, the Anglo-Irish power was at a low ebb. He immediately BLO took the field with 2, 102 foot and 279 horse, and soon reduced the country to a state of comparative peace, chiefly through the abilities of Sir George Carew, President of Munster. For these successes he received several flattering letters from the Queen. In 1 60 1 Lord Essex was committed to the Tower on a charge of high treason. Mountjoy was certainly implicated in his plans; however the Queen could not afford to quarrel with him, and he escaped the storm that overwhelmed Essex, although he was refused leave to return to England. If he had obtained it, " he meant nothing else," according to his secretary, Fynes Moryson, "but rather . . was purposed with his friends to sail into France, they having privately fitted themselves with money and necessaries thereunto," In the Autumn of 1601, Don John d'Aguila landed at Kinsale with 4,000 Spaniards, to co-operate with O'Neill. Mountjoy and Carew immediately invested Kinsale. The weather was miserable, and the sufferings of the troops were intense, O'Neill and O'Donnell, with the Spaniards of Castle- haven, concentrated for the relief of d'Aguila, A battle ensued on the night of the 23rd December, in which Mountjoy not only defeated the Irish princes with heavy loss, but compelled d'Aguila im- mediately to capitulate, O'Neill retired into Ulster, and in the spring of 1602 Mountjoy organized a final expedition against him. The country was in the most miserable condition from constant warfare : the roads are said to have been strewn with thousands of the bodies of those who had perished by famine. Yet the war lingered on for another year, and it was not until 30th March 1603, that terms were arranged at Mellifont between O'Neill and Mountjoy, It is probable that O'Neill would not then have submitted had he known, what Mountjoy knew, that Queen Elizabeth was dead. Returning to Eng- land, Mountjoy was received at court with favour, by James I,, sworn one of the Privy Council, created Earl of Devonshire, and gi-anted about ^£400 a-year, besides ex- tensive estates in Ireland, He died 3rd April 1605, aged about 42, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. He is thus de- scribed by Moryson : " He was of stature tall, and of very comely proportion, bis skin faire, with little haire on his body, which haire was of colour blackish (or inclining to blacke) and thinne on his head, where he wore it short, except a locke under his left eare, which he nourished the time of this [Irish] warre, and being woven up, hid it in his necke, under his ruffe. . . His forehead was broad and 25 BOL BOR high, his eyes great, black, and lovely, . . and hi3 countenance cheerful. . . He was undoubtedly valiant and wise." =47 39 93 Bolton, Sir Richard, born in Staf- fordshire, in Elizabeth's reign. He rose rapidly in the law, received the honor of knighthood, and having, in 162 1, published an edition of Irish Statutes, and specially turned his attention to Irish legal niat^ ters, was appointed Chief-Baron of the Exchequer, and afterwards, in 1639, Lord- Chancellor of Ireland. During the reign of Charles J. the Irish Court of Chancery was in full work — 726 decrees being enrolled, and the Chancellor's salary re- ceiving an addition of £500 a-year ; while the Irish Bench were directed to take upon them "together with the coif, the very same form and fashion of robes, habits, and other ornaments as are used here by our judges in England." As a friend of Straf- ford, Bolton was with several others im- peached of high treason by the Irish House of Commons. The proceedmgs were even- tually quashed, and it is thought that this impeachment was to prevent his attending Strafford's trial and givingevidencefor him. Amid the conflict of the civil wars he con- tinued patiently and perseveringly penning his Justice of the Peace for Ireland, and other law works. It is probable that he died in England in 1650, whither he had retired during Cromwell's government. 76 339 Bond, Oliver, a prominent United- Irishman, was born in Ulster about 1 762. He commenced business as a wholesale woollen draper in Pill-lane, Dublin, and in in 1786 removed to the house now 9 Lower Bridge-street. Five years afterwards he married the daughter of Henry Jackson, ironfounder, a leading member of the United-Irishmen. He soon rose to be one of the most opulent and respectable mer- chants ir Dublin. He entered enthusias- tically into Irish politics. On ist March 1793, he, together with the Hon. Simon Butler, was committed to Newgate, and fined ^500, for reflections on the House of Lords. On their liberation in August they were presented with congratulatory addresses. In 1797 v/e find him exceed- ingly active in administering the oath, and enrolling and arming men. The meetings of the Leinster Directory were usually held at his house. There, on 19th February 1798, the famous resolution was passed : " We will pay no attention to any measure which the Parliament of this king- dom may adopt, to divert the public mind from the grand object we have in view ; as nothing short of the entire and complete 26 regeneration of our country can satisfy us." Through the treachery of Eeynolds, Bond's house was surrounded by military on tl morning of the 12th March 1798, and foui- teen members of the Leinster Directory were seized. Bond was tried and convicted on 24th July. He was defended by Curran and Ponsonby. It was mainly to prevent the execution of so beloved and venerated a man that Thomas Addis Emmet and other state prisoners entered into the compact with government, which will be found de- tailed in Emmet's life. He survived the commutation but five weeks, dying sud- denly in prison of apoplexy, 6th of Septem- ber 1798, aged 36. He was interred in St. Michan's graveyard, Dublin. His large property was not confiscated ; and his widow and family removed to the United States. Mrs. Bond died in Balti- more, 15th September 1843. "° 331 Bonnell, James, Accountant-General of Ireland, son of Samuel Bonnell, an Eng- lish merchant, was boi-n at Gej.oa, 14th November 1653. Two years after his birth, his father was appointed Accountant- General of Ireland, with reversion of the office to his son. His father died in 1664. The youth's education, which had been com- menced at Trim, was completed at Cam- bridge University. He displayed a spirit of wonderful sweetness and piety ; and none the less did he prosecute his studies with indefatigable diligence. For some time he acted as tutor, travelling with his charge in France and Holland. In 1684 he re- turned to Ireland, and took his employ- ment of Accountant-General into his own hands, which had been since his father's death managed by others for his benefit. The toils of office were peculiarly irksome to him, and nothing but a sense of duty prevented him from throwing them off", and occupying himself with devotions and re- ligious meditations. When upon the ru- mours of war in December 1 688, multitudes hurried away to England, he stood firm at his post, regarding the suff"erings of him- self and fellow Protestants as a just chas- tisement for their many shortcomings in the past. His joy after the victory of the Boyue was abated by news from England of the death of his mother to whom he was tenderly attached. In 1693 he married a daughter of Sir Albert Cunningham. His desire to enter the Church was frustrated by ill health. He died in Dublin, 28th April 1699, aged 45, of a malignant fever, and his remains were interred in St. John's Church. See Notes and Queries, 2nd Series, for a rare poem by Swift upon Bonnell's life. «"^54 Borlace, Edmund, (sou of Sir John BOU Borlace, Master of the Ordnance, and one lOf the Lords-Justices criticized so severely \y Clarendon) was born in Dublin, and is •tated to have been educated at Trinity College. He took his degree of medicine at Leyden in 1650, and settled in Chester, where he practised with success until his death in 1682. Amongst other well known works, he published, in 1680, The History/ of the Execrable Irish Rebellion of 1641, a work that tended much to perpetuate the exaggerations concerning the War of 1 64 1 -'5 2. The opinion that he plagiarized from Clarendon is endorsed by Ware. ''° 339 Boulter, Hugh, Archbishop of Ar- magh, was born in London in 167 1. Edu- cated at Oxford, he became chaplain to George I., Bishop of Bristol in 17 19, and Archbishop of Armagh in 1724. His po- sition was more political than ecclesiastical, and he was a strong upholder of the Eng- lish interest. Writing to Lord Townseud, he says : " But whatever my post is here, the only ^hing that can make it agreeable to me, who would have been very well content with a less station in my own country, is if I may be enabled to serve His Majesty and my country here, which it will be impossible for me to do according to my wishes if the English interest be not thoroughly supported from the other side." With these sentiments he had but a sore time of it, between Swift, Wood's halfpence, and a rather fractious Commons. The plan of Government purchasing off opposition did not meet his views ; and the quantities of goods smuggled from the Isle of Man, and consequent loss of revenue, were a great concern to him — " The only remedy we talk of here for this evil is, if Hi's Majesty were to buy the island of the Earl of Derby." During the nineteen years of his. primacy, the real weight of the government policy with regard to Ireland rested on him. He died in London, September 1 742, aged about 71, leaving upwards of £30,000 for the purchase of glebes for the Irish clergy, and the augmentation and improve- ment of small benefices. His efforts to found schools for the conversion of Catho- lics did not come to much. " I can assure you," be wrote to the Bishop of London, " the Papists are here so numerous that it highly concerns us in point of interest, as well as out of concern for the salvation of those poor creatures, who are our fellow- subjects, to try all possible means to bring them and theirs over to the knowledge of the true religion ; and one of the most likely methods we can think of is, if possible, in- structing and converting the young genera- tion ; for instead of converting those that are adult, we are daily losing several of our BOU meaner people, who go off to Popery. . . The ignorance and obstinacy of the adult Papists is such that there is not much hope of converting them." 196 212 339 Bourke, Miles, sat as Viscount Mayo in the Parliament of 1634, and when the War of i64i-'S2 commenced, was appointed governor of Mayo ; however he soon went over to the side of the Confederates, and joined the Catholic Church. He did his best to lessen the acerbities of the war, and is said to have retired from the Council in j6/J4. He died in 1649 ; and three years later his son and successor in the title was tried by the Commonwealth Commissioners at Galway, for complicity in the rebellion, condemned and shot by their order, and his estates (50,000 acres) were forfeited ; these latter were afterwards restored to the family. '96 216 Bourke, Richard, the husband of Grace O'Malley, was in Queen Elizabeth's reign the head of the Bourkes of Galway ; he sided with the English in their expedi- tions, and held his lands under renewed gift from the Crown. In 1576 he is thus described by Sir Henry Sidney, who knighted him : " I found him very sensible ; though wanting in the English tongue, yet understanding the Latin ; a lover of quiet and civility." He died in 1605. 196 Bourke, Biichard Southwell, Earl of Mayo, was born in Dublin, 21st Febru- ary 1822. The Bourkes of the County of Kildare, whom he represented, were con- nected by ties of family and property with the county since the War of i64i-'52, when their ancestor, having held a captaincy of horse under the Marquis of Ormond, settled at Kill. The Earl was educated at Trinity College, taking his degree of B.A. in 1844 : LL.D. was subsequently conferred upon him. He travelled in Russia in 1845, and published his experiences in a work entitled St. Petersburg and Moscow. In 1849, on the death of his uncle, and his father be- coming Earl of Mayo, the honorary title of Lord Naas devolved upon himself. During more than tweutyyearshe sat inParliament — for Kildare from i847to 1852; Coleraine, 1852 to 1857 ; and Cockermouth, 1857 to 1867 — when, upon the death of his father on 1 2th August, he became Earl of Mayo. He was an earnest and consistent Conserva- tive, and as such held the post of Chief- Secretary for Ireland in each of the three Derby administrations — March to Decem- ber 1852, February 1858 to June 1859, June 1 866 to 1 868. In i S68 he was ap- pointed Governor-General of India, and Knight of St. Patrick. During the Fenian disturbances he had displayed signal ability and statesmanship ; nevei'theless his suita- 27 BOU BOY bility for the post of Governoi'-General was doubted by many. He belied all sinis- ter auticipations, proving one of the ablest administrators that ever ruled India. In the prime of middle life, and possessed of vigorous health, he evinced great activity of body as well as mind, and was constantly on the alert visiting the portions of his viceroyalty that required inspection. In 1872, he went to the penal settlement at the Andaman Islands, concerning which there had been reports of abuses and mal- administration. Returning to embark iu the dusk of the evening of the 8th Febru- ary, he was assassinated by a convict named Shere Ali, who declared that " he had no accomplices, that it was his fate, and that he had committed the act by the order of God." He had long threatened that he would take the life of some dis- tinguished European in revenge for having been imprisoned for murdering a man in a " blood-feud." The Viceroy was only able to totter against a truck, and say faintly to his secretary, " They've hit me, Burne," before he expired. The assassin was exe- cuted at Calcutta on the 20th of the same month. There v/as something very noble in the message Lady Mayo and her family sent him before execution: "God forgive you, as we do." Lord Mayo's remains were brought back to Ireland, were re- ceived in military state in Dublin, and were deposited in the family mausoleum near Naas. Lord Mayo had all but attain- ed his 50th year. A man of genial manners, he was very popular amongst his associates. He was an enthusiastic sportsman, as well in Ireland as in the fiercer and more dan- gerous sports of India. A public subscrip- tion to perpetuate his memory was applied towards the erection of a family mansion. His biography is extremely interesting, and enters fully into his Indian administration. We find the following tribute to his charac^^-^r : " No soldier went over the plan 01 an expedition or the map of a line of defences with the Viceroy with- out discovering, as he rode home from Government House, that he had got valuable practical hints. No diplomatist brought him a draft treaty without feeling certain that any fault in scope would be hit, and any deficiency in foresight remedied. Each head of a department found that Lord Mayo had personally weighed his proposals, and had discovered for himself where they were sound and where they were wanting. The whole body of secretaries, men whose function in life it is never to give way to enthusiasm, would have toiled their souls out for him. It was impossible to work near him with- 28 out loving him : he had a tender conside- rateness, and a noble trustfulness, and a genial strength, which plucked allegiance from the hearts of men." 23S 233 Bowden, John, Rev., a distinguished Protestant divine, was born in Ireland, in January 175 1. He settled in America, 1770. studied divinity, was ordained in England, and in 1 774 became a minister in Trinity Church, New York. There he officiated some years ; afterwards, in other places in the United States, and the West Indies. From 1 80 1 to 181 7 he was Professor of Moral Philosophy in Columbia College. He was the dMihor oi Portrait of Calvinism, and other theological works. He died at Ballstown, New York, 31st July 1817, aged 66. ". Bowles, Williain, a naturalist, was born in Ireland, and died in Spain in 1 780. He was the author of several works on the natural history and productions of that country. Buckle speaks of him as having endeavoured to arouse in Spain an interest in mineralogy. A genus of Peruvian plants has been named after him. 34 Boyd, Henry, Rev., a minor poet and writer, vicar of Rathfriland, and chaplain to the Earl of Charleville. Besides some poems, his best known work is a trans- lation into English verse of Dante's Divina Commedia (3 vols. 1 802). He died at Bal- lintemple, near Newry, 17th September 1832. 7 Boyd, Hugh (or Macaulay), an author, was the son of a gentleman in the County of Antrim, and is said to have been educated at Trinity College for the Bar. His habits were unsteady and extra- vagant, so that, although he married a rich wife, and obtained an appointment in India under Lord Macartney, he disap- pointed all expectations. His miscellaneous works were published in 1798-1800, with a view to proving his identity with Junius, a claim indeed almost his only warrant for notice, and one that has long been set aside. He conducted in Ireland, in 1772, a political paper called the Freeholder. He died at Madras in 1794. '^ 34 42 Boyle, Richard, Earl of Cork, was born at Canterbury, 3rd October 1566. His family had been settled iu Herefordshire for many generations. On leaving Cambridge he entered the Middle Temple ; but losing both his parents, his resources were insufficient for his main- tenance during the usual course of study, and he was led to off"er his services to Sir R. Manwood, Chief-Baron of the Exche7> quer. Ireland was then a desirable fiel'd for young adventurers of push, daring, and ability. Hither he came iu his tvyenty- BOY second year, landing 23rd June 1588. " When I arrived in Dublin all my wealth was then £27 3s. in money, and two tokens, which my mother had formerly given me, viz. : a diamond ring, which I ever have since, and still do wear, and a bracelet of gold, worth about ,£10 ; a taffety doublet cut with and upon taffety ; a pair of black velvet breeches, laced ; a new Milan fus- tian suit laced and cut upon taffety ; two cloaks ; competent linen and necessaries ; with my rapier and dagger." Procuring employment in drawing up memorials, conveyances, and public documents, he ac- quired an insight into affairs, and was ena- bled rapidly to turn over his small capital ; while his acquaintance with government officials gave him an opportunity of purchas- ing at nominal prices some of the vast con- fiscated estates of the Irish chieftains. In 1595 he married a Limerick heiress, who, dying within a short time, left him a con- siderable sum in cash and £500 per annum in landed property. He lived with eco- nomy, and was enabled to purchase so much territory that the envy of several influ- ential persons was aroused. They alleged that his investments on the coast were with the view of co-operating with the Spaniards or other invaders, and indeed that he was supplied with funds by the King of Spain. About to proceed to London to clear him- self of these charges, the war in Munster broke out, his estates were ravaged, and he retui-ned to his studies at the Temple. When on the point of revisiting Ireland in the suite of the Earl of Essex, Sir Henry Wallop and others renewed the charges against him ; his papers were seized and he was retained in prison some months. At length an examination before the Privy Council took place, the Queen being pre- sent. Boyle not only cleared himself, but turned the tables on Sir H. Wallop, and in his own words, Elizabeth " arising from council, gave orders not only for my present enlargement, but also discharging all my charges and fees during my restraint, gave me her royal hand to kiss, which I did heartily, humbly thanking God for that great deliverance." He was now appointed Clerk of the Munster Council, purchased the Pilgrim from Sir Walter Raleigh, freighted her with arms and stores, sailed to Ireland, and assisted at the siege of Car- rigfoyle Castle ; " and," as he says, " this was the second rise that God gave my for- tunes." After the reduction of Kinsale, 24th December 1601, he was employed to carry the news to Elizabeth; he accom- plished the journey from Cork to London in the short space of forty hours, and was graciously received by the Queen, with BOY whom he had an audience in her bed-cham- ber at seven in the morning : whereupon his biographer remarks : " If we reflect upon thehours our ministerskeepatpresent [175 5] we shall be the less surprised to find that our afiairs are not managed altogether so successfully as in the days of Queen Elizabeth." His affairs continued most prosperous ; he bought Sir W. Raleigh's estates of 12,000 acres for a small sum, and on the conclusion of peace set vigorously to settle them with English immigrants, and to build towns and forts. On 25th July 1603, he married his second wife. Miss Fenton, daughter of Sir J. Fenton, Master of the Rolls. On this occasion, at Mary's Abbey, he was knighted by Sir George Carew. He speaks of this marriage as " the crown of all my blessings." He was created a Privy-Councillor (1606), Lord Boyle, Baron of Voughal (1616), Viscount Dungarvan and Earl of Cork (1620), in 1629 he was Lord- Justice, in conjunction with his son-in-law. Viscount Loftus ; he was Lord-Treasurer in 163 1. His man- sion in Dublin, on the site of the present City Hall, gave the name to Cork-hill. He selected as his family motto: "God's providence is my inheritance." There was a violent antipathy between Lord Strafibrd and Lord Cork, said to have had its origin in Stratiford's objection to the original position of the unsightly Boyle monument, still to be seen in St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin. Lord Cork appeared as a wit- ness against Strafibrd at his trial in Lon- don. When the war broke out in 1641, he fortified Lismore, and placed it under command of his son, Lord Broghill. The town of Bandon, built, walled, and fortified by himself, at a cost of .£14,000, he left under his son Lord Kynalmeaky ; while assisted by another son. Lord Dungarvan, a troop of cavalry, and two hundred tenants, he undertook the defence of Youghal, then threatened by the Irish forces, who held the surrounding country. - The details of his actions in the war have not come down to us. His son Kynalmeaky was killed in the battle of Liscarroll, 2nd September 1642. The same autumn, the Earl of Cork was empowered to hold sessions at Cork for the trial of 1,100 men charged with high treason. Even after the heavy losses in the war, his estates continued the most valuable in the kingdom. Cromwell re- marked that " if there had been an Earl of Cork in every province, it would have been impossible for the Irish to have raised a rebellion." He died 15th Septem- ber 1643, aged 76, at Youghal, and was buried in his own chapel in the parish church. His second wife, to whom he was 29 BOY tenderly attached, and by whom he had fifteen children, died in 1630. "'' ^^ ^^^ Boyle, Roger, Lord Broghill, Eavl of Orrery, third son of the Earl of Cork, was born at Lismore, 26th April 162 1. After two years of study at Trinity College, he was sent, when seventeen, to travel on the Continent with his brother. Lord Kynalmeaky. On his return, he com- manded a troop in the expedition against the Scotch, under the Earl of Northumber- land. In 1640 he married a daughter of the Earl of SufTolk, and arrived with her at Lismore the very day hostilities broke out in Ireland. He fortified his father's house, and distinguished himself against the Confederates in several engagements. At the battle of LiscarroU he was taken prisoner, but was soon rescued. He op- posed the cessation of arms in 1643, ^^d in 1644 joined Lord Inchiquin and others in a letter to the King, praying that no peace should be concluded with the Irish. They had such an unsatisfactory answer from the King, on whom his lordship waited at Oxford, that he and Lord Inch- iquin put themselves under the protec- tion of the Parliament. He now acted under Lord Inchiquin at Castle-Lyons, Youghal, and elsewhere, and in 1646 took Lord Muskerry's castle of Blarney. After the execution of Charles I., he retired to his estate iu Somersetshire, and was about departing for the Continent to plot for the restoration of the Stuarts, when Cromwell called on him, showed him copies of his foreign correspondence, proving that his designs were known, and offered him the choice of imprisonment or service under the Commonwealth. He accepted the latter, repaired to Ireland, and met Cromwell near Waterford, late in 1649, with 1,500 men whom he had raised. Lord Broghill's chaplain thus describes the meeting : " He drew up his party and made an halt till Cromw 11 had done so too : while his party cried up, * A Broghill ! a Broghill,' Crom- well's party cried up, * A Cromwell ! a Cromwell ! ' My lord rid up to Cromwell and Ireton, then the head of the army, and after having saluted one another, my lord returned tohis party, and made them cryup, ' A Cromwell ! ' and with much ado, Crom- well made his party cry up, ' A Broghill !' and so they joined." He assisted at the siege of Clonmel, which capitulated on honour- able terms, O'Neill having secretly with- drawn the garrison. Carrigdrohid Castle he frightened into surrender by drawing up to the siege numbers of trunks of trees, which the beleagured imagined were heavy artillery. He also assisted at the siege of Limerick under Ireton, especially distin- BOY guishing himself in an engagement with Lord Muskerry, and upon the conclusion of the war, was one of the commissioners who carried out Cromwell's system of confiscation and expatriation in Ireland. Mr. Prendergast speaks of " Lord Brog- hill, whose name, like that of Sir C. Coote, seems ever the prelude of woe to the Irish." Afterwards in England he continued to be one of Cromwell's most trusted friends and advisers. He was for a time governor in Scotland, and was one of Richard Crom- well's council. Finding the latter an incom- petent ruler, he favoured the restoration of Charles II. Returning to Ireland, and working in concert with Coote, he seized Youghal, Clonmel, Carlow, Limerick, Drogheda, Galway, and Athlone for the King, and helped 10 end the rule of the Parliament in Ireland. After the Restora- tion he was made Earl of Orrery, Lord- Justice, and President of Munster. His latter years were spent between his Presi- dency and London. In 1661 he built a mansion at Charleville, changing the name of the town, in honour of Charles II., from the "heathenish one of Rathgogan." There he kept his Presidency court in " great splendour." " He made up oontroversies betwixt neighbours, and healed up wounds betwixt friends, with a dexterity not to be paralleled. He used the most cunning stratagems to bring about peace and quiet- ness. He was a lion in courage and a lamb in meekness, so that he became the cement of the whole country where he lived, and constantly exercised those excellent parts, and that quick apprehension, with which he was endowed, to the benefit and happi- ness of mankind. '*''* His advice was con- stantly sought by the King and Queen ; yet did he not escape impeachment, from which he was, however, acquitted. Upon this occasion, he rejoined to a friend who remarked with what diflaculty he ascended the stairs of the Court of Requests : " Yes, sir, my feet are week ; but if ray heels will serve to carry me up, I promise you my head shall bring me safe down again." He left England finally in August 1676, and "spent the remainder of his life principally in contemplation, reading the Scriptures and other serious studies, partly at Castle- martyr and partly at Charleville." He died " after great and dreadful strugglings with, his distemper," gout, i6th October 1679, aged 58, and was buried in the church of Youghal, where there is a monument to him. He left two sons and five daughters. Lord Broghill was the author of numerous plays and poems. He is described as " of a middle size, well-shaped and comely; his eyes had the life and quickness in them BOY BOY which is usually the sign of great and un- common parts. His wit rendered his con- versation highly entertainingand amusing. " He is stated to have written a volume of memoirs, which was either lost or sup- pressed. Horace Walpole declared him to have been " a man who never made a bad figure except as an author." About seventeen works from his pen are enume- rated by Ware. His correspondence with the Duke of Ormond is full of interest. 16 47 47* 93 196 =7i Boyle, Robert, one of the greatest natural philosophers of his age, and one of the founders of the Eoyal Society, was the seventh son and fourteenth child of the Earl of Cork, and was born at Lismore, 25th January 1627. He learned to speak Latin and French while a child, and was only eight years old when he was sent to Eton. There he studied about three years, and was next ])laced as private pupil with the rector of Stalbridge in Dorsetshire, where his father had just taken up his residence. In 1638, after a visit to London, he travel- led in France, accompanied by a French tutor, and studied above a year at Geneva. In the autumn of 1 641, he visited Switzer- land and Italy, and spent the winter at Florence. There he studied the works of Galileo, who died near Florence during his residence. On reaching home in 1644, he learned the death of his father, who had left him the manor of Stalbridge, and es- tates in Ireland. These latter he occasion- ally visited during his after life. Next year he became a member of a society of scientific men, the germ of the Royal So- ciety, who in consequence of the agitation of the times used to hold their meetings with as much privacy as possible — first in London, afterwards in Oxford. In 1646 he settled at Stalbridge ; and thenceforward devoted himself to scientific research and authorship. In 1654 he removed to Ox- ford, where he resided for fourteen years, enjoying the society of the first minds of the day, and making improvements in the air-pump, and various discoveries on the properties of air and the propagation of sound — all recorded in his voluminous writings. He was an ardent theologi- cal student, and numbered amongst his friends some of the most eminent oriental- ists. He was favourably received at court after the Restoration, and was urged to enter the Church, which he declined — alleging that it was not his vocation, and that his theological writings would have greater weight coming from a layman than from a cleric. He bore the entire expense of a Malay translation of the Gos- pels and Acts, and of an Irish version of the Bible, and also contributed largely to the cost of a Turkish New Testament, and Welsh Bible : he liberally supported pro- jects for the spread of the Gospel in India and America, and at the same time annu- ally gave away large sums for charitable purposes. He made his first appearance as an author in 1 660, by his publication at Oxford of his New Experiments, and a devotional work, Seraphic Love. In 1680 he declined the post of President of the Royal Society, from scruples of conscience regarding the religious tests and oaths required. In 1689, finding his health de- clining, he refused visits, and commenced to rewrite a quantity of his MSS. that had been stolen and mutilated. With some ex- pectation that science might yet succeed in transmuting the base metals into gold, he procured the repeal of the Act against "the multiplying of gold and silver." He died in London, 30th December 1691, aged about 65, seven days after Lady Ranelagh, to whom he was much attached ; he was buried at St. Martin's-in-the-Fields. Dr. Burnet, to whose History of the Reforma- tion he had contributed, preached his fune- ral sermon. Boyle never married. It is interesting to note that he was born in the year Bacon died ; and Newton in that in which Galileo died — Boyle being fifteen years older than Newton. In person he is described as tall, slender, and emaciated ; excessively abstemious, he was often op- pressed with low spirits. He was brilliant in conversation, benevolent, and tolerant. Though the friend of three monarchs, he ever refused a peerage. He has often been ranked with Bacon, and with his friend and intimate, Newton. He was a voluminous though heavy writer on theo- logical questions, as we may gather from Swift's imitation of his style in the Pious Meditation on a Broomstick. By his will he endowed the " Boyle Lectures," for demon- strating the truth of the Christian religion against " Atheists, Theists, Pagans, Jews, and Mahommedans." His works (about eighty in Ware's list), collected in 5 vols, folio, were published in London in 1744. We find the following remarks in Allibone. " ' The works of Robert Boyle discover the solid learning and great acuteness of the philosopher, blended with all that vene- ration for God, and love of his revealed will, which so eminently characterized him as a Christian.' The value of his contri- butions to the cause of science, to the province of natural philosophy especially, cannot be too highly esteemed. More than two-thirds of his works are composed of the results of his investigations in pneu- matics, chemistiy, medicine, and kindred 31 BOY subjects. The philosophers of the day and of succeeding times acknowledge their ob- ligations to Boyle in the strongest terms. What a .splendid eulogy is that of the great Boerhaave ! — ' Mr. Boyle, the ornament of his age and country, succeeded to the genius and enquiries of the great Chancellor Ver- ulam. Which of all Mr. Boyle's writings shall I recommend ? All of them ! To him we owe the secrets of fire, air, water, animals, vegetables, fossils : so that from his works may be deduced the whole sys- tem of natural knowledge.' " '^ Dugald Stewart writes : " To Boyle the world is indebted, besides some very acute remarks, and many fine illustrations of his own upon metaphysical questions of the highest mo- ment, for the philosophical arguments in defence of religion, which have added so much lustre to the names of Derham and Bentley, and far above both, to that of Clarke." '*"=« Boyle, John, Earl of Cork and Or- i?eiT» gi'andson of Lord Broghill, born 2nd February 1706-7, is chiefly remembered for his Remarks on Swift. He was edu- cated at Westminster, and Christ Church, Oxford. His marriage in 1 728 gave offence to his father, who, when he died in 1731, left a large proportion of his property away from him. He was the author of Imita- tiom of Horace, and many other works. He was much censured for his remarks about Swift " as it exposed to the world matters which it was thought he should, as Swift's friend, have confined to his own bosom. Warburton, in his letters to Bishop Hurd, takes the Earl to task in his usual coarse style, calling them ' detestable let- ters.' Dr. Johnson justified his lordship : ' My friend, the late Earl of Cork, had a great desire to maintain the literary charac- ter of his family ; he was a genteel man, but did not keep up the dignity of his rank. He was so generally civil that nobody thanked him for it. . . His conversa- tion was like his writings, neat and elegant, but without strength. He grasped at more than his abilities could reach ; tried to pass for a better talker, a better writer, and a better thinker than he was.' '"^ He died i6th November I762,aged 55, and was buried at Frome. A large part of his life was spent in Ireland. His father, Charles, Earl of Orrery (born 1676, died 1731), in whose honour the instrument called the " Orrery " was named, spent six months in the Tower (i722-'3) on suspicion of high treason. 1*3747 Boyse, Samuel, author of Tears of the Muses, and other poems, was born in Dub- lin, of respectable parents, in 1708. At eighteen he was sent to study at a Scotch 32 imA university, where unhappily he contracted habits of intemperance, and made an im- provident marriage. He had brilliant abilities, gathered round him many friends, and secured several powerful patrons. His poems suited the taste of the age. Xothiug, however, could redeem him from a vicious and debased course of life. He died in London, May 1747, aged 38, and was committed to a pauper's grave. -^ Brabazon, Sir William, was during some eighteen years Vice-Treasurer and Receiver-General in Ireland. " In 1536, with Lord-Chancellor Trimleston, he pre- vented the ravages of O'Conor in Carbery, by burning many villages in his country of Otfaly, and carrying away great preys." In 1543 he acted as commissioner for re- ceiving surrender of the abbeys closed by Henry VIII. , and as receiver of the official seals when Henry altered his title from " Lord " to " King " of Ireland. Three years afterwards he was made Lord- Justice, pursued the O'Mores and O'Conors into Kildare, and built a fort on the spot where Philipstown was afterwards founded. It was at his suggestion Athlone Castle was repaired and occupied. In 1549, he com- pelled the surrender of Charles MacArt Kavenagh, and caused him to renounce the name of MacMurrough. He died 9th July 1552, at Carrickfergus, and was buried in St. Catherine's Church, Dublin. The Earls of Meath are descended from him. *'* Brady, Field-Marshal, was bom in the County of Cavan, the middle of the 1 8th century. The son of a farmer, he gave promise of ability, and was sent to Vienna to study for the priesthood. One day the Empress Maria Theresa passed the stu- dents in review, and observing the bearing of young Brady, remarked to Colonel Browne, an Irishman : " What a pity it is so fine a young fellow should not be in the army — what was he saying just now ? " " Your Majesty," replied Browne, " he said that you wei'e a beautiful lady, and he only wished he had the honour to serve your Majesty." He was taken into the army and rose rapidly, and as Field-Mar- shal and Baron distinguished himself in the defence of his adopted country against Napoleon. He married an offshoot of the Imperial family, and died, without issue, at Vienna in 1826. ^5 Brady, Nicholas, Rev., was bom at Bandon, 28th October 1659. His father was a royalist officer. When twelve years old he was sent to Westminster School ; he subsequently graduated in Trinity College (M.A. in 1686), and obtained a prebend in the cathedral at Cork. At the time of the Revolution he made himself conspicuous as BRA an adherent of William III. Being sent by his fellow-townsmen of Bandon on a mission to London, he settled in Eng- land, and was appointed chaplain to the Duke of Ormond, and afterwards to the King and Queen. Although in receipt of i/600 a year, he found it necessary to set up a school at Richmond to enable him to meet his engagements. He died 20th May 1726, aged 66. He is remembered as the joint author, with Tate, of a version of the Psalms, which took the place of that of Sternhold and Hopkins, and was for a long period used by the Church of England. This work was first published in 1695. Dr. Beattie says : " Tate and Brady are too quaint, and where the Psalmist rises to sub- limity . . are apt to sink into bombast ; yet Tate and Brady have many good pas- sages, especially in those psalms that con- tain simple enunciations of moral truth." '^ A play by him, entitled The Rape, acted in London in 1692, with fair success, was of a character that would not now be tolerated on the stage. ^^ ^ "^'^^ 'si Bramhall, John, Archbishop of Ar- magh, was born in 1593 at Pontefract, iii Yorkshire. Entering the ministry, he rose to be a distinguished ecclesiastic of the English Church ; about 1 630 he came to Ireland at the instance of Lord Straf- ford, and was made one of the King's Chaplains in Ordinary. On i6th May 1634, he was, by Archbishop Ussher, in the Castle Chapel, Dublin, consecrated Bishop of Derry. He immediately applied himself vigorously to recovering portions of the alienated property of the Church, and was so far successful that within a short time he brought back some ^40,000 a year, wasted or impropriated revenues. He was instru- mental in persuading the Irish Convoca- tion, bent upon retaining its own canons, to adopt the XXXIX Articles. Whilst on a visit to England in 1637, Charles I., Laud, and others, paid him much respect ; but this did not prevent an accusation, from which he soon cleared himself, being pre- ferred against him in the Star Chamber. In March 1641, articles of high treason were brought against him and others in the Irish House of Commons, charging him with a conspiracy to subvert the fundamen- tal laws, and to introduce an arbitrary government. His friends urged him to avoid arrest. This course he considered dishonourable. He was committed to prison ; but released upon the intercession of Archbishop Ussher. He now attended the King in England, materially assisting him with funds and counsel. In 1 644, after the battle of Marston Moor, he was obliged to seek safety abroad, where he occupied BRE himself with religious controversy and authorship. In 1 648 he ventured to visit Ireland — the Marquis of Clanricard pro- tecting him in the exercise of his functions. After the Restoration he was translated to the primacy ; and early in 1 66 1 consecrated in one day two Irish archbishops and ten bishops — amongst the latter, the cele- brated Jeremy Taylor, After the long war, his diocese was, as might be expected, in an almost complete state of disorganization. In the Pai'liament of 166 1 he presided over the deliberations of the House of Lords, and procured the passage of a Bill for aug- menting the livings of the bishops, and recovering the foi-f eited impropriate tithes. He expunged from the records of the House the proceedings against his friend Strafford. Archbishop Bramhall died of apoplexy, 25 th June 1663, aged about 70. He left, amongst other bequests, money for the re- pairof Armagh Cathedral, and black gowns to as many poor men as were the years of his life. Ware gives a list of his numerous writings. " Perhaps the most valuable part of his works is that in which he contended with Hobbes. He argued with great acute- ness against Hobbes's notions on liberty and necessity, in The Catching of the Leviathan, in which he undertakes to demonstrate, out of Hobbes's own works, that no sincere Hobbist can be a good Christian, or a good Commonwealth's man, or reconcile himself to himself." '^ "= 339 Brendan, Saint, was born in Kerry about 484, received his early education from Bishop Ere, and then studied at Tuam and Clonard. To atone for the death of a person who had been drowned at sea — to which catastrophe Brendan feared he had involuntarily contributed— he is said to have gone, by the advice of St. Ita, to Brittany, where he formed a monastery or school. He is chiefly famous for his mythical voyage to Hy Brasail. After gathering information all along our west- ern coast concerning the visionary western land, he set sail from Movmt Brandon, and after a long voyage, his vessel, impelled by a miraculous current, reached a shore where he and his companions found a charming climate and lovely birds. They walked into the interior for fifteen days, but when about to cross a great river, were wai-ned back by an angel, who said that they had gone far enough, and that it was reserved for other men and other times to christianize the land. Lanigan says: "Although the narrative of these voyages abound with fables, yet it may be admitted that Brendan sailed, in company with some other persons, towards the west, in search of some island or country, 3Z BEE the existence of which he had heard of." Not long after his return to Ireland, he founded the monastery of Clonfert, where he presided over a large community of monks, who maintained themselves by the labour of their hands. At a late period of his life, he visited Columcille at lona ; and some years prior to his death retired from Clonfert to Inchiquin in Lough Cor- rib. He died at his sister's monastery of Annadown in 577, aged 93, and was in- terred at Clonfert. His festival is the i6th of May. "9 '71 Brennau, John, M.D., born at Balla- hide, County of Carlow, about 1768. He was educated to the medical profession, and obtained a wide reputation for his success- ful practice in puerperal disorders. An excellent classical scholar, a man of talent and humour, his sallies were long remem- bered. As editor of the Milesian Magazine he unhappily prostituted his talents, by ridiculing for pay the Catholic leaders of his day, and abusing the members of his own profession. He died in Dublin, 29th July 1 830, aged 6 1. In Notes and Queries, 3rd Series, will be found reference to a copy of the Milesian Magazine in the British Museum, containing a MS.key toBrennan's pseudonyms. 39 ^u Brian Borumha, King of Ireland, a descendant of Oilill Olum, was born about 941. His brother Mahon succeeded to the throne of Munsterin 951. The Northmen then occupied much of the dominions of his ancestors, their discipline and ferocity bear- ing down all before them. Mahon suc- cumbed, and entered into a treaty with them ; but Brian, although a lad, headed a small band of warriors in opposing their advances. Eventually there was a general gathering of the Irish clans, headed by Brian and Mahon. The Danes were de- feated at Sulcoit, near the town of Tippe- rary, in 968, and Mahon and Brian entered Limer \, where they took much spoil and a large number of prison ers. N e verth eless it was not long before the invaders were again permitted to occupy the town as traders. About the year 976, Ivar, lord of Limerick, and Molloy, son of Bran, who had been expelled from Desmond, com- passed Mahon's assassination. Brian imme- diately ascended the throne of Thoraoud ; he attacked and slew Mahon's murderers — Ivar and his two sons, and Donovan their Irish ally. Two years afterwards he fought the battle of Bealachlechta, in which fell Molloy, King of Desmond, and Brian found himself master of all Mun- ster. In 982, while he was upon an expedition ravaging Ossory, his domin- ions were invaded by Malachy Mor, King 34 BRI of Ireland, who cut down the sacred tree at Adair, under which Brian and his ancestors of the Dalcassian line had been crowned. In 984 Brian revenged this out- rage by plundering Westmeath ; where- upon Malachy again turned his arms against Thomond, and defeated the Dal- cassians with a loss of 600 men, including Brian's uncle. In 993 Brian prepared a fleet of boats, sailed up the Shannon, and invaded Leitrim and Cavan. Before long, however, the renewed successes of the Danes obliged Brian and Malachy to lay aside their feuds and unite against the common enemy. After preliminary oper- ations, in the year 1000 they fought the Danes at Glenmama, near Dunlavin, in the County of Wicklow ; great slaughter ensued on both sides. The foreigners were de- feated ; 4,000 of the Danes of Dublin were slain, with their chiefs Harold, and Cuilean son of Echtighern. " The victorious army seems to have met no opposition on their way to Dublin, where they immediately made themselves masters of the fortress. Here spoils of great value were found ; great quantities of gold, silver, bronze, and precious stones, carbuncle gems, buffalo horns, and beautiful goblets, as well as vestures of all colours. Brian and his army, we are told, made slaves and captives of many women, boys, and girls; and this is defended as being a just retaliation upon the foreigners, who were the first aggres- sors, having come from their home to con- test with the Irish the possession of their own country and lawful inheritance." ''•'* For the next two months Brian made Dub- lin his head-quarters. After a time he received Sitric, the Danish king, into favour, and re-established him as King of Dublin. The time now appeared suitable to Brian for the accomplishment of designs he long contemplated. Clear-sighted and resolute, he had, by the glory of his achieve- ments and the policy of his alliances, un- dermined the authority of Malachy. He thereupon marched to Tara, and demand- ed Malachy's submission. Malachy craved a month's time for consideration. At the end of this period, unsuccessful in his efforts to obtain assistance (even his kins- men — princes of Ulster and Connaught — coldly holding aloof or demanding an exorbitant price for their assistance), Malachy formally submitted, and then acknowledged Brian as King of Ireland (1002). Brian proved himself worthy of his position, and but for his death at Clon- tarf , might have permanently consolidated the Irish power. We are told that roads, bridges, schools, sprung up under his rule, and that education and the arts of peace BEI began to flourish. We read of his offer- ing twenty ounces of gold on the altar at Armagh ; and his name, inscribed in his presence, may yet be read in The Book of Armagh, px-eserved in Trinity College. His yoke was peculiarly galling to the Danes, who had been able to extend their sway over England and other parts of Europe. There was also latent dissatisfaction among the minor Irish princes. The spark to kindle the flames of war among such com- bustible materials came from Maelmordha, King of Leinster, who received a fancied insult at Kincora, Brian's palace near Kilia- loe, from the hands of Murrough, sou of Brian, over a game of chess. His anger was increased by some insulting remarks on his supineness under Brian's yoke, passed by his sister Gormlaith, Brian's third wife, said to be the most beautiful woman in Ire- land at the period. A league was formed against Brian, and the preparations made for a contest evinced how much depended on the issue. The Northmen summoned to their aid all of their nation in Ireland who could possibly attend ; they also sent to Denmark for reinforcements ; and the Orkneys and Hebrides furnished contin- gents. To these were added the forces of Leinster under Maelmordha, Dunlaing (ancestor of the O'Tooles), and Brogarbhan, tanist of Offaly — indeed of all the country east of the Nore and Barrow, and south of the Liffey. To meet this array, Brian and Malachy marshalled the forces of Munster and south Connaught, with levies from the Eoganachts of Scotland. The two armies, of about 20,ocx3 each, met at Clontarf on Good Friday, the 23rd of April 1014. "Few particulars of this remarkable battle have descended to us deserving of being set down as true histoi y. That a great and de- cisive victory was gained by the Irish troops is undoubted. That it was attended with severe loss to the victors is equally certain. . . If to the 4,000 Danes, who are thus included in the slain, we add the 3,000 of the Leinster troops, it will render highly probable the correctness of the estimate of the Ulster annalists, that the whole loss on the side of the Danes did not exceed 7,000. The loss on the part of the Irish leaders is nowhere stated. . . There fell of the monarch's family, himself, his eldest son Murrough, Turlough, son of Murrough, a youth of fifteen years of age, and who was, according to the Annals of Clonmacnoise, 'found drowned near the fishing weir of Clontarf, with both his hands fast bound in the hair of a Dane's head, whom he had pursued to the sea at the time of the flight of the Danes,' and last, Conaing, nephew to Brian." =*^ Besides minor chiefs, about c* BEI twelve great Irish leaders fell. The follow- iug particulars of Brian's death are given in the account of the battle and of the names of the slain, in The Wars of the Gaedhill with the Oaill. Brian had retired to his tent in the middle of the engagement to pray : " The attendant perceived a party of the foreigners approaching them. The Earl Brodar was there, and two warriors along with him. * There are people coming towards us here,' said the attendant, ' "Woe is me, what manner of people are they 1 ' said Brian. ' A blue stark naked people,' said the attendant. * Alas ! ' said Brian, ' they are foreigners of the armour, and it is not to do good to thee they come.' While he was saying this, he arose and stepped off the cushion, and unsheathed his sword. Brodar passed him by and noticed him not. One of the three who were there, and who had been in Brian's service, said — ' Ciug, Cing,' said he, ' this is the King.' ' No, no, but Priest, Priest,' said Brodar, ' it is not he ' says he, ' but a noble Priest.' ' By no means,' said the soldier, 'that is the great King, Brian.' Brodar then turned round, and appeared with a bright, gleam- ing, trusty battle-axe in his hand, with the handle set in the middle of it. When Brian saw him, he gazed at him, and gave him a stroke with his sword, and cut off his left leg at the knee, and his right leg at the foot. The foreigner dealt Brian a stroke which cleft his head utterly ; and Brian killed the second man that was with Brodar, and they fell both mutually by each other. There was not done in Erinn, since Christianity, excepting the beheading of Cormac MacCuilennain, any greater deed than this. In fact he was one of the three best that ever were born in Erinn, and one of the three men that most caused Erinn to prosper. . . For it was he that released the men of Erinn, and its women, from the bondage and iniquity of the foreigners, and the pirates. It was he that gained five and twenty battles over the foreigners, and who killed and banished them, as we have already said." '« Brian was aged about j^ at the time of his death. After the battle, his body and the bodies of the other mem- bers of his family slain, were carried to the monastery of St, Columcille at Swords, where they were received by the Bishop of Armagh and his clergy, and carried to Armagh, where they lay in state for twelve nights, after which they were in- terred in a new tomb. The general adop- tion of surnames in Ireland is supposed, perhaps erroneously, to have first taken place in Brian's reign— Mac being prefixed for son ; Ua or O for grandson ; Ni, daughter or grand-daughter, Brian's an- 35 BRI nual revenues are stated to have been : — Connaught, 800 cows and 800 hogs ; Tir- connell, 500 cloaks, and 500 cows ; Tirowen, 60 hogs, and 60 loads of iron ; Ulster, 150 cows, and 150 hogs ; Oriel, 160 cows ; Leinster, 300 cows, 300 hogs, 300 loads of iron ; Ossory, 60 cows, 60 hogs, 60 loads of iron ; the Danes of Dublin, 160 hogsheads of wine; the Danes of Limerick, 365 hogsheads of red wine. The proportions contributed by Munster are not specified. Brian derived his cogno- men of "Borumha" from the Bon^omean tribute he exacted from Leinster — a tax that had lain in abeyance since the year 694. The battle of Clontarf was decisive as regards Danish supremacy in Ireland. Nevertheless the Danes continued to occupy most of the sea ports until the Anglo- Norman invasion. After Brian's death, Malachy resumed the supreme power. For Brian's descendants, see O'Brien. '^4 144 171 Bridget, Saint, one of the three patron saints of Ireland, was born about 455, of illustrious parents, at Faugh er, near Dundalk. She received a good education, and to singular modesty and simplicity of manners united great charity. When her parents urged her to accept a suitor, it is said that, in answer to prayer, one of her eyes became frightfully deformed, and she was quietly permitted to take the veil — her eye recovering when the ceremony was over. She was then sixteen years of age. Collecting a number of young girls like herself, she established a religious retreat in the County of Meath ; her reputation for sanctity increased daily, and crowds of young women and widows applied for ad- mission to her institution. To establish similar monasteries she visited Limerick, Roscommon, and other parts of Ireland. Between 480 and 490 she removed to Kil- dare, which will ever be associated with her na- .e. Her charity was only equalled by her humility ; occasionally she used herself to tend the cattle belonging to the nunnery ; while to poor people she was known to give away the rich vestments of the institution. To meet the religious requirements of the place, Coulaeth, a re- cluse, was elevated to the bishopric. She died at Kildare about 525, aged about 70, and was buried in the cathedral. By some it is stated that her body was eventually removed to Down, and interred with the remains of SS. Patrick and Columcille. Lanigan says : "It would be superfluous to enlarge on the extraordinary venei-ation with which her memory has been revered, not only in Ireland and Great Britain, but in every part of the Western Church ; or 36 BRO to undertake a formal refutation of the im- pudent assertion of that pseudo-antiquary, Dr. Ledwich, that St. Bridget was an ima- ginary saint." Her festival is the ist of Febniary. " The bright lamp that shone in Kildare's holy fane " was a perpetual fire kept up in her cloisters probably for the benefit and relief of the poor. The custom was, in 1 220, for a time suppressed by the Archbishop of Dublin, lest there might be supposed to be any connection between it and pagan practices. It was, however, soon relighted, and sus- tained until the suppression of the monas- teries by Henry VIII. For a full discus- sion of this point, see Notes and Queries, 3rd Series. Doubtless some of the vener- ation with which, in Pagan times, the Irish regarded Bridh or Bride, their goddess of wisdom and song, was transferred to the memory of St. Bridget. "» '7' "34 234 339 Brinkley, John, Bishop of Cloyne, a noted astronomer, was bornat Woodbridge, in Sufiblk, about 1765. His distinguished career at Cambridge attracted the atten- tion of the board of Trinity College, and in 1792, he was appointed Andrews' Professor of Astronomy, having at his command the observatory of Dunsink, furnished with some of the finest instruments in Europe. He zealously devoted himself to mathematics and astronomy. His discov- ery of the parallax of the fixed stars in 1 814, with the controversy on the subject that ensued between him and Mr. Pond, the Astronomer-Royal at Greenwich, drew upon him the attention of the astronomical world for some years. He wrote many excellent papers for the Royal Irish Acad- emy, of which he was President. In 1829 he was unexpectedly appointed Bishop of Cloyne. This was a loss to science, as he resigned his professorship, ceased to make observations and write papers, and consci- entiously devoted himself to the duties of his episcopate. He died 14th September 1835, ^§6^ about 70, and was interred under the chapel of Trinity College. One of his chief claims to remembrance is that he was preceptor of Sir William Hamilton. He was also an eminent botanist. On his death, Cloyne became united with the sees of Cork and Ross. "^ "''^* "^ Broderick, Alan, Lord Midleton, an eminent Lord-Chancellor, born about 1660. His father. Sir John Broderick, took an active part in the Irish civil wars, and received in 1653, as his share of the for- feited lands, large estates in the County of Cork. Alan early displayed remarkable intelligence, studied law, sided with his brother Protestants in the War of i689-'9T, soon afterwards was made a Sergeant-at- BRO Law, .and five years later became Solicitor- General. In 1703, returned to Parliament for Cork, he was elected Speaker. He was a friend of toleration, as far as the Presbyterians were concerned, and ad- vocated the repeal of the Test Act— therein opposed by Dean Swift, as well as by his own sop. In 1709 he was appointed Chief- Justice of the Queen's Bench, and on the accession of George I. (1714), was made Lord-Chancellor, and raised to the peerage as Baron Broderick of Midleton. During his tenure of office the famous cause of "Sherlock v. Annesley " grew into national importance. Hester Sherlock appealed against an order of the Barons of the Ex- chequer, and was by the Irish House of Lords put in possession of an estate in Kildare, until such time as the sum of ^1,507 should be paid her. Maurice An- nesley appealed to the English Lords, who directed possession to be given to him. A special meeting of the Irish Lords was held, 23rd September 171 7, and they ordered the Sheriff of Kildare to give Sher- lock possession. The Barons of the Ex- chequer, whose decision the English Lords had upheld, threatened him with dire penal- ties if he complied. The SheriflF, thinking the Irish Lords the stronger party, declined to obey, was fined, and concealed himself to avoid arrest. On 2 7th July 1 7 1 9, the Irish Lords summoned the Barons before them and complimented the Sheriff on his in- tegi'ity and courage in not yielding to them. Lord Midleton opposed these pro- ceedings of his colleagues, but his party was in a minority of thirty-four. The Barons were now ordered into custody for their contempt of the Irish Lords, who drew up an elaborate representation to the King. The English Lords resolved that the Barons had acted with " courage and fidelity to the Crown of Great Britain," and that His Majesty be requested to confer some mark of his royal favour upon them. The 6 Geo. I. cap. 5, declaring the dependency of Ireland upon the Parliament of Great Britain was then passed — an Act nullified in 1782. Lord Campbell thinks that the action of the English Lords was unwar- ranted. Lord Midleton was now an object of hatred to his brother peers ; he was cen- sured for absence in England, and conse- quent neglect of the duties of his court, and in 1725 resigned his seal as Chancellor. Various offices of trust were conferred on him by the Government. In 1728 he died at his seat, Ballyannan, County of Cork, aged about 68. He was thrice married. ''* Brooke, Henry, a distinguished author, was born in 1706, at Rantavan, Couutv of Cavan, four miles east of Vir- BEO ginia. His father was a wealthy and worthy parson ; his mother, a Digby, was a woman of good sense and of good family, of whom Swift, in his occasional visits to the house, is said to have stood more in awe than of most country ladies. Henry Brooke was sent to school in the neigh- bourhood of Rantavan, then to Dr. Sheri- dan's, in Capel-street, Dublin ; he gradu- ated in Trinity College. While at college Swift prophesied wonders of him, only " regretting that his talent pointed towards poetry, which of all pursuits was most un- profitable." In 1 724 he proceeded to Lon- don to study law There he became the favourite of both ^ope and Lyttleton. Some of his correspondence with the former is still extant. His studies were interrupted by the death of an aunt ; he came back to Ireland to settle her affairs, and accepted the guardianship of her child, a beautiful little girl of twelve — Catherine Meares. He placed her at a boarding school in Dublin, and two years afterwards married her — he being twenty years of age, and she fourteen. Kingsley writes : " The marriage was as happy a one as this earth ever saw ; the parents — Irish people not holding the tenets of Malthus — could not find it in their hearts to scold so 'pretty a pair of turtles, and left them to reap the awful fruits of their own folly in the form of a child per year." They had twenty-two children, only two of whom survived their parents. Brooke is described at this time as " fresh-looking, slenderly formed, and exceedingly graceful. He had an oval face, ruddy complexion, and large soft eyes, full of fii-e. He was of great personal cour- age, but never known to offend any man. He was an excellent swordsman, and could dance with much grace." Shortly after his marriage he returned to London, where he wrote and published, under the eye of Pope, his poem of Universal Beauty. "Noticeable throughout is that Platonic and realist method of thought in which he persisted throughout life, almost alone in his gene- ration, and which now and then leads him, young as he is, to very noble glimpses into the secrets of nature." "^^ It was not long before he came back to Dublin, and for eight years plodded on as chamber counsel, not without success. His having worked thus steadily at an uncongenial profession, in the hey-day of his youth and ambition, should redeem him somewhat from the im- putation of want of perseverance. In 1 736 we find him again in London, enjoying the intimacy of Pope, Lyttleton, and Pitt. In 1738 he published an English metrical version of three books of Tasso's Oerusa- Liberata. He next brought out his 37 BRO tragedy of Gustavus Vasa, " full," as Kings- ley says, " of patriotisms, heroisms, deaths to tyrants, indefeasible rights of freemen, and other common-places, at which we can afford to sneer now so superciliously — it being not only the propensity but the right of humanity to kick down the stool by which it has climbed. The play it- self is good enough ; its style that of the time ; its characters not so much human beings as vehicles for virtuous or vicious sentiments." It was eventually prohibi- ted by the Lord Chamberlain on account of its political tendency. Brooke then published it, and sold 4,000 copies at 5 s. each. He now took a villa at Twickenham, close to his friend Pope, and sent over for his wife and family ; but was scarcely set- tled when he became alarmingly ill ; native air was prescribed, and he returned home. On his recovery, his friends expected him back in London, but much to their aston- ishment he sold his London house, and settled finally at Rantavan. This change of plan appears to have been adopted out of deference to his wife's fears that in his party zeal he might involve himself in political difficulties. Doubtless she also saw that the exciting life of London was not the best for him. " Henry Brooke was true lover and wise man enough to obey ; to give up London, fame, and fash- ion, and in the society of a woman whom he had loved from childhood, and at whose death, at last, he pined away, henceforth to ' drink water of his own spirit ; ' and a nobler act of self-renunciation one seldom meets with. It stamps the man at once as what he was — pure, wise, and good." ■" Not long after his return, he procured, through Lord Chesterfield, the quasi-sine- cure government appointment of Barrack- master of Mullingar, with a salary of £400 ; but his able enquiry into the abuses of the Irish barrack system effectually debarred him h( A further chances of advancement. He wrote The Earl of Westmoreland, and other pieces, for the Dublin theatres, and in 1745, The Farmer's Letters, addressed to Irish Catholics, to dissuade them from participation in the Jacobite rebellion in Great Britain, besides several noble ap- peals in favour of the abolition of the Penal Laws, and advocating equal rights for the Irish people. Later on he is said to have been one of the first conductors of the Freeman's Journal, then published on Au- deon's-arch. At one time he was solicited by a large body of Dublin electors to stand for the city, but declined, believing the other candidate had "an acknowledged superiority." The greater part of his life was spent in the country. We have 38 BRO a delightful cotemporary account of a visit paid him in his (then) wild retreat at Ran- tavan — his love of gardening, of reclaiming land, and his affection for the peasantry, by whom he was surrounded — " you would think that Mr. Brooke was talking of his own children, they were all so dear to him ; he prayed for them, and blessed them over and over again, with tears in his eyes." For a time he was obliged to mortgage his family estate and remove to Daisy-park, near Sallins, with his beloved brother Robert — the families of both brothers, as theretofore, living together in one house in perfect harmony. A remittance of £13,000 from a nephew. Colonel Robert Brooke, a successful soldier in India, put them in easy cii-cumstances, and en- abled Henry to return to Cavan, 1764, and build a lodge on the banks of Lough Mullagh, close by his former residence. Two years afterwards the first volume of his great work. The Fool of Quality, ap- peared — the fifth and last volume was not published until 177c. Wesley declared it was " one of the most beautiful pictures that ever was drawn in the world; the strokes are so delicately fine, the touches so easy, natural, and affecting, that I know not who can survey it with tearless eyes, unless he has a heart of stone." His later editor, Kingsley, while admitting that " the plot is extravagant as well as ill- woven, and broken, besides, by episodes as extravagant as itself," believes that one can learn from " this book more which is pure, sacred, and eternal, than from any which has been published since Spenser's Faerie Queene." In this later period of his life we have him described : " He was drest in a long blue cloak, with a wig that fell down his shoulders ; a little man as neat as wax- work, with an oval face, ruddy complexion, large eyes, fuU of fire. In short, he is like a picture mellowed by time." Mrs. Brooke died- in 1772, just after the loss of a very dear daughter. From this time he shut himself up from the world with his beloved daughter Charlotte, and although his closing years were spent in Dublin, his retirement was so complete that he was believed by many to be dead. Charlotte afterwards told Miss Edgeworth that in these latter years he used, instead of his wont of walking up and down the room composing, to sit for hours gazing into vacancy. He died peacefully in 1783, aged about 77 — " as he lived, a phi- losopher, a gentleman, and a Christian." 49 no 116(39) Brooke, Charlotte, daughter of the preceding, was born at Rantavan, between 1 740 and 1 750. She was the first to ap- BRO preciate and collect the scattered poems in the Irish language. These she translated, and in 1 789 published with the originals, in a volume entitled Reliques of Irish Poetry. She certainly did an acceptable service to her country, in rescuing from oblivion a few of the interesting remains of its ancient genius. She had much of her father's poetical talents, was enthusiastically at- tached to the drama, and wrote Belisarius, a tragedy, and other works. She was an intimate friend of Maria Edgeworth's. She died in Dublin in 1 793. ^9 49 50 Brouncker, WUliam, Viscount Castlelyons, a mathematician, was born at Castlelyons, County of Cork, in 1620. [His father was President of Munster, and was made a Viscount in 1645.] ^'^^ ^^^ adherence to the Stuarts he was, at the Eestoration, appointed Chancellor to the Queen, Lord of the Admiralty, and Master of St. Catherine's Hospital, London. He was the first president of the Eoyal Society, an office which he retained for fifteen years. Amongst other mathematical works, he published Contitiued Fractions, and The Quadrature of a portion of the Equilateral Hyperbola. In 1653 he published a transla- tion of Descartes' Musicce Compendium, enriched with observations which show that he was deeply skilled in the theory of music. He died at Westminster, 5th April 1684, aged about 64. '* '^ ^50 Brown, Andrew, a journalist, was born in the north of Ireland, about 1 744. Educated at Trinity College, he went to America as an officer in the British army. He settled in Massachusetts, and fought on the American side at Lexington, Bunker's Hill, and elsewhere — was made Muster- Master-General in 1777, and afterwards Major. After the peace, he opened an academy for young ladies in Philadelphia, for which occupation, however, his ir- ritable temper unfitted him. In 1788 he began to publish the Federal Gazette (changed in 1 793 to the Philadelphia Ga- zette), the channel through which many of the friends of the federal constitution ad- dressed the public. He was the first who regularly reported the debates in Congress. His death (on 4th February 1797) was caused by injuries received while fruitlessly endeavouring to save his wife and three children from the fire which destroyed his establishment eight days previously. His son Andrew until 1803 carried on the Gazette; but, taking the British side in politics, he became unpopular, and removed to England, where he died in 1 847. 37» Brown, William, Admiral in the ser- vice of Buenos Ayres, was bom in Ireland about 1779. He went to the United States BRO in 1793, and was employed in the mer- cantile marine until 1797, when he was impressed by a British war-vessel. In 1 814, being at Buenos Ayres, in command of a merchant-vessel, he was induced to enter the naval service of that country ; and, receiving the command of its flotilla, engaged, in April of that year, some Spanish vessels off Martin-Garcia Island. In the ensuing May he brought about the capture of Monte Video by the defeat of the Spanish fleet. He was now made Admiral, and was successful in expeditions against Spanish commerce in the Pacific. Return- ing upon one occasion with a rich booty, he was taken by a British war-vessel, carried into Antigua and " condemned [we are not told to what] upon frivolous and unreason- able allegations." The war with Brazil brought him again into notice, and in- creased his naval reputation. The date of his decease is not mentioned by Drake. 37* Browne, George, Archbishop of Dub- lin. As friar of the order of St. Augustin, he commended himself to Henry VIII.'s notice, and on the murder of Archbishop Allen by the FitzGeralds,he was appointed to the see of Dublin, and consecrated by Craumer, 19th March 1535. He continued an ardent advocate of the Reformation through life. He wrote to Thomas Crom- well in 1535, that he had "endeavoured almost to the hazard of his life to reduce the nobility and gentry of Ireland to due obe- dience in owning the King their supreme head as well spiritual as temporal, but that he was much opposed therein especially by Cromer, Archbishop of Armagh." 339 He followed all Henry VIII.'s changes, op- portunely supporting them with Scrip- tural arguments. In his efibrts to establish the Reformation in Ireland, he met with but slight success, and Henry found it diffi- cult to reconcile himself to this, seeing how readily his English subjects accorded. The Bishop of Meath and other prelates met him with open resistance, "and his attempts to displace the images and relics from the cathedrals of Dublin were stubbornly op- posed by his clergy, who despatched a secret emissary to Rome, to bear their assurances of devotion and implore for aid." 196 Browne also met much opposition from Lord Grey and others high in power. In 1542 we find him successfully contending in a lawsuit with Lord Howth concerning the ownership of Ireland's Eye. On Mary's accession he was, as a married man, deprived of his see, and he died soon afterwards. Ussher describes him as " a man of cheerful countenance ; in his acts and conduct, plain and down- right ; to the poor, merciful and com- 39 BEO BRU passionate." It is surmised that he died about 1556. 118 196 339 Browne, George, Count de, an Irish soldier of fortune, born 15 th June 1698. He distinguished himself in the Russian service, against the Poles, French, and Turks. His life was one of constant adven- ture, and he was thrice taken prisoner and sold as a slave. Appointed Field-Marshal under PeterIII.,the government of Livonia was committed to him. At the end of thirty years he was anxious to retire from public duties ; but the Empress Catherine would not consent to lose his services. He died in 1792, aged about 94. 39 41 Browne, John Ross, traveller and author, was born in Ireland about the year 1822. Of his early years little is on record, beyond the fact that he was taken to America in childhood, and that he passed his youth in the State of Kentucky. When eighteen, he qualified himself as a short- hand reporter, and went to Washington with the view of earning money with which to travel. After a few months, not being successful, he shipped before the mast on a whaler bound for the Indian Ocean, and was absent eighteen mouths. On his re- turn, he published his first work, Etchings of a Whaling Cruise. In 1849 he went to California, and was employed in reporting the proceedings of the convention which drafted the State Constitution. He then made the tour of the south of Europe, and the East. Returning, he settled in Cali- fornia — travelling from time to time in various parts of Europe and America, and recording his experiences in sundry books of travels, and in numerous articles in Harper's Magazine, written in a graphic and humorous style, and illustrated with clever sketches from his own pencil. In 1866, and again in 1868, having been com- missioned for the purpose by the Govern- ment, he drew up valuable reports on the miner?' resources of the States and Terri- tories west of the Rocky Mountains. In 1868 he was sent as United States' minister to China, where he remained two years. On his return, he built a residence near Oak- land, California, and devoted himself to the care of a numerous family, and to the promotion of various industrial schemes for the development of the resources of the country. He died rather suddenly, at Oak- land, 7th December 1875, aged 53. He is described as singularly versatile and keen- witted, a delightful companion, genial in manners, possessing a graceful, fluent, and often brilliant style, good powers of obser- vation, and a fund of quiet humour. =^^3 Browne, Patrick, M.D., was born at Woodstock, County of Mayo, in 1 720. For 40 several years he resided with a relative in Antigua ; but ill-health compelled his re- turn to Europe. He studied and took his degree of M.D. at Leyden, where he formed an intimacy with Linnaeus and other emi- nent naturalists. After practising two years in London, he returned to the West Indies, and made collections of the fauna and flora of the islands. In 1755 he pub- lished in London a map of Jamaica. Next year he brought out his Civil and Natural History of Jamaica. Altogether he made six visits to the West Indies. The latter part of his life was spent in Mayo. In 1 774 his catalogues of the birds and fishes of Ireland appeared in Exshaiv's Magazine ; and in 1 788 appeared in Latin, English, and Irish, a short Fasciculus Plantarum Hi- bei-nice. He died at Rushbrook, County of Mayo, 29th August 1790, aged about 70, and was buried at Crossboyne. 338(1795) Browne, Peter, Bishop of Cork ; pre- viously Provost of Ti'inity College. He was appointed to the former ofiice in 1 710. A very high character is given of him in Ware's Bishops, where also his generous charitable donations and bequests are mentioned. In 1730 he published a tract Against the Custom of Drinking to the Me- mory of the Dead, in truth levelled against those who were continually pledging to the memory of William III. It attracted con- siderable attention ; but its only efiect was that William's admirers appended to their toasts, " in spite of the Bishop of Cork." He died at Cork, 25th August 1735, and was buried at Bishopstown. Ware styles him " a great enemy to death-bed dona- tions ; an austere, retired and mortified man ; his whole life was one uniform tenor of piety and true religion." " A man not unworthy of note in the philosophical annals of Ireland, as the author afterwards of the Procedure and Limits of Human Understanding, and the Divine Analogy, and as a learned, critical antagonist of Locke. . . In 1 700 he was known as the author of the most learned and vigorous reply then encountered by Tolaud's Christianity not Mysterious." "^ ^i 339 Bruce, Sir Edward, brother of Robert Bruce, King of Scotland, was born about 1275, and crowned King of Ireland in 13 1 6. Encouraged by the success of the Scotch at Bannockburn, and wearied by the contentions of Irish and Anglo-Irish chiefs, some of the leading princes in Ire- land applied to Robert Bruce, as represen- tative of the old Hiberno-Scotic colony, to accept the crown and secvire the inde- pendence of Ireland. He declined for himself ; but, perhaps anxious to be rid of a possible future cause of trouble at BEU home, transferred the invitation to his brother. On the 26th May 13 15, Edward Bruce Umded 6,000 men at Larue, from 300 vessels. He was accompanied by the Earl of Moray and many Scotch lords. Donald O'Neill and other northern chief- tains immediately flocked to his standard •with numbers of retainers. Eichard de Burgh, Earl of Ulster, raised a powerful army, chiefly in Connaught, and marched against Bruce, forming a junction with the army of the Lord-Justice near Dundalk, which town Bruce had occupied on 29th June. A desperate battle was fought on loth September. The Anglo-Irish, weak- ened by the defection of Felim O'Conor, King of Connaught, were defeated, and De Burgh's brother with many Anglo-Irish knights were taken prisoners. After this engagement, the battle of Connor, De Burgh fled to Connaught, while a portion of his army passed north and occupied Carrick- fergus. The remainder of 13 15 appears to have been spent by Bruce in a fruitless siege of this castle. On 6th December, he turned south, through Kells, and Granard, near which he spent Christmas. In the spring of 13 16 he marched further south, defeating Edmund Butler, the Justici- ary, at Ardskull, near Athy. He then returned towards Ulster, and at Kells over- came Sir Eoger Mortimer with an army of 15,000; whereupon the Irish septs in Wicklow and Leix rose and ravaged the Anglo-Irish settlements. At Dundalk, Bruce was with all solemnity inaugurated King of Ireland. In the autumn he re- sumed the siege of Carrickfergus Castle which had bravely held out all the winter. There he was joined by his brother. King Eobert Bruce, with reinforcements, and the operations of the siege being thereupon conducted with fresh energy, the garrison at length surrendered on honourable terms. The remainder of 1 3 1 6 was spent in desultory warfare, which laid waste whole districts of Ireland. To sus- tain their cause, the Ulster princes and Donald O'Brien, sent a memorial to Pope John XXIL, justifying their action, and pointing out the fraudulent means by which the Bull of Adrian had been ob- tained. The Pope appears to have been moved, and wrote to Edward III. that " he had heaped upon the Irish the most unheard of miseries and persecutions, and had, during a long period, imposed on them a yoke of slavery which could not be borne." Notwithstanding this, he afterwards supported Edward III., and directed the Irish hierarchy to excom- municate all who joined Bruce. Both parties prepared to put forth their utmost BRU strength at the commencement of 13 17. The Scottish army mustered 20,000, with an irregular force of 16,000 Irish. The Bruces crossed the Boyne at Slane, after Shrovetide, and then marched to Castle- knock, and on 24th February captured the castle and made it their head-quarters. All was consternation in Dublin. The De Lacys had joined Bruce, and even De Burgh, whose daughter Ellen had been taken as second wife by King Eobert Bruce, was suspected of leaning to their side. The Mayor, Eobert de Nottingham, acted with the greatest energy, arrested De Burgh and confined him in the Castle, and the citizens immediately burned down the outer suburbs, and constructed new walls along Merchant's and Wood Quays. This spirited action, and the impossibility of properly investing the city without a fleet, obliged the Brucea to raise the siege and pass on. Through Naas, Castledermot, and Gowran, they reached Callan on 12th March, plundering and devastating the country on their route. They proceeded as far as Limerick without meeting active opposition, when, learning that Murtough O'Brien had joined the Anglo-Irish, they re- treated to Castleconnell and reached Kells on 22nd March. There they again turned south, the army decimated by disease and famine. Yet the very name of Bruce was so dreaded that an Anglo-Irish army of 30,000 men, under the Earl of Kildare and others, did little more than hover on his flanks. Finally Bruce, having halted at Trim for seven days to refresh his men, retired into Ulster on the ist of May; and King Eobert, convinced that the Irish were not sufliciently organized and united pro- perly to sustain his brother, returned to Scotland with the Earl of Moray, while Edward determined to see the conflict out to the end. Famine raged with such intensity over Ireland, that it brought about a suspension of hostilities. After the harvest of 1318, war was recommenced by Sir John Berraingham crossing the Boyne at the head of 12,000 men, intent upon at- tacking Bruce before promised supplies from Scotland could arrive. Delay would have been the wiser policy for Bruce ; but, relying on the prestige achieved in pre- vious victories, he resolved to risk a battle. The armies met at the hill of Faughart (two miles from Dundalk) on the I4tli October 1318. Bermingham had 15,000 men, Bruce but 2j(^°' The contest was short and fierce. Bruce was killed at the outset by John de Maupas, an Anglo-Irish knight,andhisarmy was completely routed. His trunk was buried at Faughart, his head sent to London, and his limbs distributed 41 BUN through the country. He was at his death aged about 43. Most of the Irish annalists express unmixed satisfaction at his over- throw, and bitterly deplore the devastation that his invasion brought upon Ireland. King Eobert lauded a few days after- wards ; but only to lead back the shat- tered remnants of the Scottish contingent. We find the following reflections on this invasion in the introduction to ClyrCs A n- nals : " Many generations passed before the devastating effects of the Scottish in- vasion, passing thus like a stream of lava through the country, were done away. The animosity between the English and the Irish was embittered, the sense of the greatness of the English power was diminished, the authority of law and order was impaired, the castle and the farmhouse were alike ruined." 83 134 17°* 174- Bunting, Edward, musician and com- poser, was born at Armagh, February 1773. At the age of nine he lost his father, and went to live with his brother in Drogheda. His extraordinary talents soon showed themselves, and when only eleven years old he was appointed sub-organist of a church in Belfast. There he became intimate with the McCracken family, who proved his best friends all through life. The boy taught music ; and it is related that his ears were occasionally boxed by irate young lady pupils, who resented his neces- sary criticisms upon their performances. As he grew older, his attention was mainly directed towards the collection of ancient Irish airs — especially after 1792, when there was an assemblage of Irish harpers at Belfast; and his life may be said to have been principally devoted to this pur- suit — for which he was well qualified, were it not for a spoiled, dilatory, way- ward, and more or less dissipated disposi- tion. His publications supplied Moore with many of the airs for his Melodies. Buntin.-- "j last ambition was, as he himself expressed, " as he was the first to give to the world a regularly arranged selection of our national airs, to terminate his labours by leaving behind him a complete, uniform, and, he trusts, very nearlyperfect collection of Irish music." He died in Dublin, 21st December 1843, aged 70, and was buried in the cemetery of Mount-Jerome. Moore, in liis Journal, speaks of one volume of Bunting's collection as " a mere mess of trash ; " but bears testimony to the good- nature and good sense -wdth which Bunting hailed his success, dimming, as it inevitably did, Bunting's hopes of fame from his own collections of Irish music. "^'°'* *'" Bunworth, Charles, Rev., rector of Buttevant, educated at Trinity College, 42 BUR (M.A. 1 730), was distinguished for his pa- tronage and knowledge of Irish music. He was a good harpist, and at the time of his decease, in 1770, possessed fifteen harps, bequeathed to him from time to time by members of the then rapidly dying-out race of minstrels, out of gratitude for his hospi- tality and care. He examined Curran be- fore going up to college, and gave him assis- tance towards prosecuting his studies. ^49 Burgh, Walter Hussey, an Irish statesman, was born, probably at Donore, County of Kildare, 23rd August 1742. His father's name was Ignatius Hussey. At college he was distinguished for poetic tastes and brilliant talents. He assumed the name of Burgh upon the death of a maternal uncle, the Rev. Rickard Burgh, whose estates in the Coimty of Limerick he inherited. Nominated to a borough by the Duke of Leinster in 1768, he took a leading part in opposing Lord Town- shend's government. Under Lord Buck- ingham's administration he obtained the rank of Prime-Sergeant. In 1779, he was returned for the University, and, on the address to the Lord-Lieutenant, after a spirited debate, he moved a resolution already concerted with Grattan : " That it is not by temporary expedients, but by a free trade alone, that this nation is now to be saved from impending ruin." In the same year his speech on limiting the sup- plies to six months, in consequence of the national demands not being complied with, was a splendid piece of oratory. Mr. Froude, in speaking of this debate, writes : " It was in these debates that Hussey Burgh made his reputation as an orator, by the famous sentence so often quoted. Some one had said Ireland was at peace. ' Talk not to me of peace,' said Hussey Burgh, ' Ireland is not at peace ; it is smothered war. England has sown her laws as dragon's teeth, and they have sprung up as armed men.' Never yet had Grattan so moved the Irish House of Commons as it was moved at these words. From the floor the applause rose to the gallery. From the gallery it was thundered to the crowd at the door. From the door it rung through the city. As the tumult calmed down, Hussey Burgh rose again, and, amidst a renewed burst of cheers, declared that he resigned the office he held \inder the Crown. ' The gates of promotion are shut,' exclaim- ed Grattan, ' and the gates of glory are opened.' " After the Revolution of 1 782, he was appointed Chief-Baron of the Ex- chequer. He died 29th September 1783, aged 41. Fond of ostentatious display, it is said thathe left his family in embai-rassed circumstances ; and that Grattan obtained BUE a grant from Parliament for their benefit. Flood remarked of him : " He did not live to be ennobled by patent — he was ennobled by nature." Lord Temple wrote : " No one had that steady decided weight which he possessed in the judgment and affections of his country ; and no one had more deci- dedly that inilexible and constitutional in- tegrity which the times and circumstances peculiarly call for." His grandson held the family estates in 1868, and was High- Sheriff of Kildare in 1839-40. " ssui 154 .96 Burke, Edmnnd, was born in the house now numbered 12 Arran-quay, Dublin, 1st January lyaS-'g. His father, Richard Burke, a respectable solicitor, about 1725 married Mary Nagle, descended from Sir Richard Nagle, Attorney-General for Ireland in the time of James II. — a family connected by marriage with Ed- mund Spenser the poet. She was a Catho- lic. Edmund was the second son. Of a delicate constitution, he was sent at an early age to his maternal relatives at Balli- duffe, in the County of Cork. They were kind and affectionate in their treatment of him. In May 1741, he was sent with his elder brother Garret and his younger bro- ther Richard, to a school at Ballitore, kept by Abraham Shackleton, a member of the Society of Friends. There he formed a life- long intimacy with Richard Shackleton, the son of his master, who thus writes of him at this period : " Edmund was a lad of the most promising genius ; of an inquisi- tive and speculative turn of mind. He read much, and accumulated a stock of learning of great variety. His memory was extensive ; his judgment early ripe. He would find in his own mind, reason- ing and comparing in himself, such a fund of entertainment that he seemed not at all to regret his hom-s of solitude ; yet he was affable, free, and communicative, as ready to teach as to learn. He made the reading of the classics his diversion rather than his business. He was particularly delighted with, history and poetry, and while at school performed several exercises in the latter with manly grace." He is described by another observer as " then full of genial humour, and with an instinctive and in- vincible hatred to oppression, his leading chai-acteristic through life." In April 1744 he was removed to Dublin, and entered Trinity CoUege. There he does not appear to have specially distinguished himself in the recognized paths of study ; but he revel- led in the expansive field of literature the Library opened to him ; and his letters to his friend Shackleton show the growing energy of his intellect, the increase of his general knowledge, and the genial goodness BUR of his heart. In May 1746 he obtained a scholarship. On 2 1 st April 1 747, a club was foi'med, the germ of the Historical Society. It met in George's-lane. Burke was one of the four original members. " Here," in the records of the society, says Sir Joseph Napier, " we can trace Burke from week to week — busy in speech, diligent in composition — now an essay on society, afterwards on painting — at times speaking in an historic character — again the critic of Milton. . . It is easy to trace his earnest and persevering disposition — that pour- ing out of the very fulness of his heart, without regard to the temper of his audi- ence, which afterwards made him so un- manageable in debate." His life after leaving college was desultory and aimless for several years. Nominally he was study- ing law at the Middle Temple. Although he was not on good terms with his father, of whose temper and bearing towards him he at times complained to his friends, he appears to have had a fair allowance, as he was able to reside in London, to move about from place to place in England, and even to visit France. In one letter we are told that his trouble of mind at this period was at timesso greatthat he formed desperate reso- lutions ; in another, that he contemplated emigration to America. In 1756 he pub- lished anonymously the small but celebrated work, entitled A Vindicatioyi of Natural Society. It was a successful imitation of Bolingbroke's style ; and the design was, as he afterwards declared, to show " that without the exertions of any considerable forces, the same engines which were em- ployed for the destruction of religion might be employed with equal success for the subversion of government ; and that spe- cious arguments might be used against those things which they who doubt of every- thing else will never permit to be ques- tioned." In 1756 his Essay on the Suhli7ne and Beautiful was given to the world. It exhibited much excellence of style and deep thought, and attracted considerable atten- tion. Johnson spoke highly of it, and Blair, Hume, Sir Joshua Reynolds, and other eminent men signified their appro- bation. To the second edition Burke pre- fixed an introductory chapter on Taste. On receipt of a copy of this work, his father sent him £100 as a substantial token of his gratification and approval. Early in 1757 Burke married a Catholic lady, the daugh- ter of Dr. Nugent, a physician whom he had consulted regarding his health, and who had taken him to his own residence to have him under his immediate and vigilant care. *' His marriage proved a happy one ; all who afterwards came in contact with 43 BUR Mrs. Burke agree in the appreciation of her character. ' She was soft, gentle, reasonable, and obliging,' says Fanny Bar- ney, and in the comparatively straitened circumstances in which they had [at first] to eke out life, she managed his affairs with prudence and discretion. Every care, he said, vanished when he crossed his own threshold." 60 For a time this connexion tended to widen the breach with his father, who was naturally dissatisfied that his son should take upon him such responsibilities without settled means of support. Ed- mund's son Richard was born in February 1758. Next year the first number of the Annual Register (a work still published) came out under his editorship. It was de- signed to contain a yearly summary of public affairs, drawn up with clearness and impartiality. Competent judges say that Burke's spirit pervaded the whole. Its compilation proved a useful training, and brought him £100 per annum throughout the eight years of his editorship. On Christ- mas Day, 1 758, he met Dr. -Johnson for the first time, at dinner at the house of David Garrick. The conversation turned upon Bengal, and, to the surprise of all, Johnson submitted to the corrections of the young Irishman upon some matters of fact con- nected with India. In 1759 ^^ ^^^ ^^' successful in an application for the post of consul at Madrid. Later on in the same year he was, by Lord Charlemont, who had already discerned his great talents, introduced to William G. Hamilton, who had a seat at the Board of Trade. Hamil- ton engaged him as an assistant ; and two years afterwards, when appointed Chief- Secretary for Ireland, Bui-ke became his private secretary. About the same period, Burke's father appears to have become reconciled to him and to his marriage: he died soon afterwards, worth about ^6,000. Edmund's share of this amount was bu*^ small, as £r,ooo had been already spent on his education. Afterwards in Parliament, when replying on an occasion to Onslow, whose father and grand- father had been Speakers, Burke proud- ly declared : " I am not descended from members of Parliament, nor am I de- scended from any distinguished characters whatsoever ; my father left me nothing in the world but good principles, good in- struction, good example." On 21st July 1 761, Horace Walpole met Burke at Mr. Hamilton's house. In his Notes are found the following remarks : " There were Garrick and a young Burke, who wrote a book in the style of Lord Bolingbroke, that was much admired. He is a sensible man ; but has not worn off his authorism yet, and 44 BUR thinks there is nothing so charming as writers, and to be one. He will know better one of these days." *° In 1763 Hamilton secured a pension of £300 on the Irish establishment to Burke, who stipu- lated that its acceptance should not imply a sacrifice of all his leisure. Before long his undivided services were claimed, and Burke in a respectful but manly spirit re- pudiated the liability, and threw up the pension, having enjoyed it but a year. The severance of this connexion occurred in April 1765. Burke afterwards declared: " For six of the best years of my life he took me from every pursuit of literary reputation or of improvement of my for- tune." During occasional sojourns in Ireland, he renewed old college and Balli- tore friendships, and became intimate with Flood and other leaders of the liberal party in Dublin. We must not omit to note that in 1764 the famous literary club had been founded by Reynolds, Johnson, Burke, Goldsmith, Dr. Nugent (Burke's father- in-law), and Bennet Langton, who with one or two others, were the original mem- bers. In 1765, regardless of warnings that Burke was a Jesuit in disguise, Lord Rockingham, who had just become Prime- Minister, appointed him his private secre- tary ; and in January 1766, his return was secured for Wendover, a borough once represented by John Hampden. The proceedings and the routine of Parliament had already engaged his earnest attention ; he had been a constant visitor in the gallery ; his training and studies eminently fitted him for the foremost part he almost immediately took in the debates; whilst his tall and commanding figure, in the full prime of manhood, and his noble counte- nance secured attention and inspired re- spect. He quickly caught the ear of the House, and a competent judge writes I hat he " astonished everybody by the power of his eloquence and his comprehensive knowledge in all our exterior and internal politics and commercial interests. He wants nothing but that sort of dignity annexed to rank and property in England, to make him the most considerable man in the Lower House." ^ The question that had brought the Rockingham administration into power was the American Stamp Act, and the pru- dent and conciliatory measures by which the rising storm in the colonies was for the time allayed are understood to have been not only suggested and planned by Burke, but carried mainly by his persevering and persuasive advocacy. This ministry re- mained only a year in office, and on its dissolution, in July 1766, Burke steadfastly continued in opposition — the publication of BTJE many political pamphlets occupying his attention. In August 1 766, he again came to Ireland, and delighted his old friends at BaUitore by a visit, of which Mrs. Lead- beater gives a vivid account in The Annals of BaUitore. He went to see his sister, Mrs. French, at Loughrea, where also were his mother and his brother Eichard. An in- stance of his goodness of heart is here re- lated. He was found by Mr. French and other friends one day in the midst of a crowd of children gathered round a show- man, making a bargain with the proprietor for the admission of the entire group. They proposed to join him in the expense : "No," he insisted, "this must be my own pleasure. I shall perhaps never again have the op- portunity of making, at so small a cost, so many human beings happy." The same disposition had been already shown, but on a more serious occasion, in London. Returning from Parliament late one night he was accosted by an unfortunate, who, when he replied to her solicitations with good advice, implored his assistance to rescue her from a life of shame and misery, and told a story that bore the stamp of truth. They reached his own door. " Are you willing," said he, " to give up your present life of sin ? " He was an- swered with a fervour that bore evidence of sincerity ; he took her into his house ; and it is stated that by his care and that of Mrs. Burke, she was restored to society, A portion of his time in Ireland was de- voted to the study of its language and anti- quities. Of the former he knew enough to make some trifling translations ; and about five years afterwards communicated to his friend, Dr. Leland, then writing his History of Ireland, two volumes of valuable old Irish MSS., he had discovered in London. Materials for a work on the Penal Laws were collected and partially arranged while in Ireland. He also visited his friends in the County of Cork, where a leasehold in- terest his brother Garret had bequeathed him, afterwards involved him in consider- able trouble. Sir Joseph Napier, in his Lecture upon Burke, has completely vindi- cated his character from aspersions cast upon him in connexion with this transac- tion. On i6th January 1767, the freedom of the City of Dublin was presented, "in consideration of his distinguished abilities so frequently exerted for the advantage of Ireland in Parliament." He did not return to London until the meeting of Parliament in November. On the 24th he assailed the new ministry of the Duke of Grafton in an effective speech. In March 1768, Parliament was dissolved ; and in May following Mr. Burke again took his seat BUR for "Wendover. At this period, he writes to his friend Richard Shackleton : " I have made a push with all I could collect of my own and the aid of my friends, to cast a little root in this country. I have purchased a house [Beaconsfield] with an estate of about 600 acres of land in Buck- inghamshire, twenty-four miles from Lon- don, where I now am. It is a place exceed- ingly pleasant, and I propose (God willing) to become a farmer in good earnest. You who are classical will not be displeased to hear that it was formerly the seat of Waller the poet, whose house, or part of it, makes at present the farm-house within a hundred yai'ds of me." He incurred a liability of J2o,ooo for Beaconsfield — paying £6,000 in cash (out of his savings and a consi- derable bequest from his brother Garret) ; while £14,000, raised by two mortgages, remained outstanding until the sale of the property by Mrs. Burke in 18 12. Besides the £20,000, there appear to have been in- cumbrances and charges to the extent of £6,633 that were paid off by Burke him- self in 1769. Again, in connexion with this purchase, it has been endeavoured to blacken Burke's character ; and again the same pen entirely clears him. Sir Joseph Napier endorses the sentiment of another writer: " Believe me, if there be an obscure point in the life or conduct of Edmund Burke, the moment the explanation arrives it will be found to redound to his honour." In 1769 he published an able pamphlet that before long ran to five editions. Observa- tions on a late Publication entitled the Present State of the Nation. A month now seldom passed without his giving to the world some important political manifesto, while the debates from 1768 to 177 1 exhibit him as taking an active part in the discussion of every important question. His position continued that of an independent sup- porter of the opposition, then in an appa- rently hopeless minority. It is probable that he spoke too often and unreservedly ; but, as Johnson remarked, " no one could say he did not speak well." In 1771 he was appointed Agent for New York, in recognition of his labours in Parliament on behalf of the American colonies. This brought a welcome addition of £700 per annum to his income. In 1772 he supported Colonel Burgoyne's motion for a select com- mittee on East Indian affairs. In the summer of this year, and again in 1773, he visited France, where the state of society filled him at once with disgust and alarm. The session of i772-'3 was much occupied with the affairs of the East India Com- pany. During 1774 the attention of Par- liament was imperatively directed to the 45 BUR American colonies, then in almost open in- surrection. On the 1 9th April, on a motion by Mr.Eose Fuller, he electrified the House by a display of thrilling eloquence that had seldom been equalled within its walls, and that called forth irrepressible exclamations of admiration. In autumn, Parliament was dissolved. Through the Marquis of Kockingham's interest, Mr. Burke was re- turned for Malton. As he was expressing his acknowledgments to his new constitu- ents, a deputation arrived from Bristol asking him to stand for that important borough. Travelling night and day, he arrived on the sixth day of the poll, ad- dressed the electors, and after a contest of twenty-seven days was returned — no small honour, considering the weight of the Bris- tol constituency at that period. In March 1775, he introduced in Parliament his Thir- teen Propositions for quieting the troubles in America. His speech on the occasion, recommending some conciliatory measures towards the colonies, then on the eve of revolt, commanded general admiration. In April 1777 he drew up and published an able defence of his conduct on the Ameri- can question, in the form of A Letter to the Sheriffs of Bristol. This was followed in 1 7 7 8 by Two Letters to Gentlemen in the City of Bristol, on the Bills depending in Parliament relative to the Trade of Ireland, relating to a subject upon which he had given great oflFence to many of his constituents. On 1 1 th February 1780, he delivered his speech on economical reform, in submitting to Par- liament his plan for the regulation of the affairs of the Household, the Ordnance, the Mint, the Exchequer, the Army, Navy, and Pension-pay offices, in five Bills. The favour with which this speech was received both within and without the House was almost unprecedented. On the dissolution, in the summer of this year, he prudently declined standing again for Bristol, his opinions upon a' jost all questions being in advance of those of his constituents, who were espe- cially incensed against him for the support he had given to the Acts for opening the trade of Ireland, and for his advocacy of Catholic relief measures. He was returned for Malton, aborough he continued to repre- sentduringtheremainderof hisparliament- arycareer. In March i782,LordNorthand his colleagues resigned. Lord Rockingham again came into power, and Mr. Burke was made a Privy-Councillor, and appointed Paymaster of the Forces. With noble disinterestedness he immediately brought in a Bill curtailing the enormous profits of this office. He fixed the salary at £4,000 a year, where previous occupants netted nearly £20,000. Starting from the vantage 46 BUR ground this treatment of his own interests gave, he carried other Bills of economical reform, in the face of powerful opposing interests. In July 1782 Lord Rockingham died, and on the appointment of Lord Shelbourne to the head of the Treasury, Mr. Burke resigned. In 1 783 he was again Pay- master in the short-lived coalition ministry of Fox and Lord North. The result of the motion on Mr. Fox's India Bill (in the debate upon which he displayed his master- grasp of all matters connected with the great Eastern Empire coming under the dominion of Great Britain) sealed the fate of this ministry. Mr. Pitt came into office. Burke was again thrown into the ranks of the opposition, and never afterwards was a member of the G overnment. To the affairs of India he now devoted most of his atten- tion. The impeachment of Hastings was forced on mainly by his intellectual grasp of the Indian question, and by his matchles.«? eloquence. In 1786 he presented to the House the articles of charge against War- ren Hastings for his treatment of the natives and sovereigns of India whilst Governor-General. In February 1788, Hastings' trial commenced in Westminster Hall. Burke opened proceedings, that ultimately dragged on for six years, in a noble speech occupying four days. Preoc- cupation in Indian affairs did not prevent him from giving earnest attention to the causes and results of the French Revolution. In November 1790 appeared Reflections on the French Revolution, perhaps the ablest of all his works, certainly that prepared with most care. Within one year 19.000 copies were sold in England, and about as many more of a French translation on the Con- tinent. Mr. Prior says : "The publication proved one of the remarkable events of the year, perhaps of the century ; for it may be doubted whether any previous political pro- duction ever excited so much attention, so much discussion, so much praise from one party, so much animadversion from an- other." It had a profound influence upon public opinion in Great Britain and Ireland. Testimonials of approval flowed in upon the writer from different quarters. The allied sovereigns, the French Princes, Catherine of Russia, Stanislaus, King of Poland, sent Mr. Burke direct acknowledgments ; while George III. had a number of copies elegant- ly bound— declaring it was " a book which every gentleman ought to read." The praises of the learned, however, preceded in the order of time, the approval of the great. The University of Dublin conferred upon him the degree of LL.D. ; the graduates of Oxford presented him with an address ; Gibbon wrote : " Burke's book is a most BUR admirable medicine against the French disease ; I admire his eloquence, I approve his politics, I adore his chivalry, and I can almost forgive his reverence for church establishments." It cannot be denied that the horrors of the Re volution blinded him to the fearful oppressions that had roused the French people, and to the pure and elevat- ed motives of many of the leading revolu- tionists — men of a widely different stamp from the effeminate emigrants, lay and ecclesiastic, that claimed so much of his pity. The Revolution had a powerful influence in warping his judgment of public events during the remainder of his life. The sin- cerity of his expressed opinions in regard to it, is shown by his maintaining them at the cost of all his political friendships — more especially those with Fox and with Sheridan. Fox had declared that " he con- sidered the new constitution of France as the most stupendous and glorious edifice of liberty which had been erected on the foundation of human integrity in any time or country." On 6th May 1791, a formal renunciation of his friendship with Fox was made in the House of Commons. The scene is said to have been most distressing — Fox declaring, whilst the tears streamed down his cheeks, " that by being so cast off by one to whom he owed such obliga- tions, he felt that a wound was inflicted for which a grateful heart had no balm." Burke expressed himself thus in his will, written a few years later : " If the intimacy which I have had with others has been broken off by political differences on great questions concerning the state of things existing and impending, I hope they will forgive whatever of general human infir- mity, or of my own particular infirmity, has entered into that contention. I heartily entreat their forgiveness." Before his death he sought and brought about a reconcilia- tion with Fox, and with other statesmen from whom politics had estranged him. In his own words : " I shall soon quit this stage, and want to die in peace with every- body." Fox was supported in his views regarding France by the Whig party. This elicited Burke's Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs. In 1792 his son went to Ire- land as agent for the Catholics ; and his own attention was specially turned to the ques- tion of Catholic disabilities — his opinions being laid before the public in letters ad- dressed to his son and SirH. Langrishe. In " February 1793 war with France, so long pre- dicted by him as inevitable, broke out, and in Parliament he strenuously opposed Mr. Fox's resolutions condemnatory of hostili- ties. In August of this year he formally seceded from the Whig party inconsequence BUR of its action regarding France. Mr. Buckle forcibly points out Burke's extravagance of language on this occasion, and con- cludes his observations upon his advocacy of war in these words : "In his calmer moments, no one would have more wil- lingly recognized that the opinions preva- lent in any country are the inevitable results of the circumstances in which that country had been placed. But now he sought to alter those opinions by force. From the beginning of the French Revo- lution, he insisted upon the right, and in- deed upon the necessity, of compelling France to change her principles, and at a later period he blamed the allied sovereigns for not dictating to a great people the gov- ernment they ought to adopt. Such was the havoc circumstances had made in his well ordered intellect, that to this one principle he sacrificed every consideration of justice, of mercy, and of expediency. As if war, even in its mildest form, was not sufficiently hateful, he sought to give to it that character of a crusade which in- creasing knowledge had long since banish- ed ; and loudly proclaiming that the con- test was religious rather than temporal, he revived old prejudices in order to cause fresh crimes. He also declared that the war should be carried on for revenge as well as for defence, and that we must never lay down our arms until we had utterly destroyed the men by whom the Revolu- tion was brought about; and as if these things were not enough, he insisted that this, the most awful of all wars, being be- gun, was not to be hurried over ; although it was to be carried on for revenge as well as for religion, and these scourges of civi- lized men were to be quickened by the fero- cious passions of crusaders, still it was not to be soon ended ; it was to be durable ; it must have a permanence ; 'it must,' says Burke, in the spirit of a burning hatred, ' be protracted in a long war. I speak it emphatically, and with a desire that it should be marked, in a long war.' It was to be a war to force a great people to change their government. It was to be a war carried on for the purpose of punish- ment. It was also to be a religious war. Finally, it was to be a long war. Was there ever any other man who wished to afflict the human race with such extensive, searching, and protracted calam ities ? Such cruel, such reckless, and yet such deliber- ate opinions, if they issued from a sane mind, would immortalize even the most obscure statesman, because they would load his name with imperishable infamy. For where can we find, even among the most ignorant or most sanguinary politi- 47 i BUE cians, sentiments like these? Yet they proceed from one who, a very few years before, was the most eminent political hilosopher England has ever possessed. 'o us it is only given to mourn over so noble a wreck. More than this no one should do. "We may contemplate with rev- erence the mighty ruin, but the mysteries of its decay let no man presume to invade, unless, to use the language of the greatest of our masters, he can tell how to minister to a diseased mind, pluck the sorrows which are rooted in the memory, and raze out the troubles that are written in the brain." Mr. Morley, in his Essay on the life of Burke, thus writes of his attitude regarding France : " We may be sure that the mo- tives which were at the bottom of his en- venomed war against the Revolution, were different from the motives of the men who chose him for their leader. We owe him this justice. He hated the tenor of affairs in France with a large and understanding hatred. He knew what it was he was at^ tacking, and he knew distinctly both why he attacked it, and how his present views were no more than the fair corollaries of the views which he had maintained throughout a public life of five-and-twenty years. His clamorous admirers perceived little more than that the strongholds of privilege had gone down before the cry for liberty. . . Of Burke's writings, on the other hand, it may be truly said that the further we get away from the immediate passions of that time, the more surprisingly do we find how acute, and at the same time how broad and rational his insight was, though neither acute nor broad enough." In May 1794 Burke brought the proceedings against Warren Hastings to a close, by an address occupying nine days. Referring afterwards to these exertions on behalf of the people of India, Burke him- self says : " If I were to call for a reward (which ~. have never done) it should be for those services in whiph, for fourteen years, without intermission, I showed the most industry, and had the least success — I mean in the affairs of India : they are those on which I value myself the most ; most for the importance, most for the labours, most for the judgment, most for constancy and perseverance in the pursuit. Others may value them most for the intention. In that surely they are not mistaken." "The mind of Burke," says Earl Russell, " com- prehended the vast extent of the question, and his genius animated the heavy mass of materials which his industry had en- abled him to master. For years he perse- vered in his great task. Neither the dila- tory plea of dissolution of Parliament, nor 48 BUR the appalling earthquake of the French Revolution (to none more appalling than to him) ever distracted his attention fi-om his great Indian enterprise. The speeches delivered by him in Westminster Hall are great monuments of industry and elo- quence ; they surpass in power those of Cicero when denouncing the crimes of Verres. Finally, though the impeachment ended in an acquittal, its results were memorable and beneficial. Never has the great object of punishment — the preven- tion of crime — been attained more com- pletely than by this trial." Sir Joseph Napier adds : " Burke's was a noble pro- ceeding, if we can appreciate the moral chivalry which sustained him to the close. For the best years of his mature life, with no interest but duty, with no reward but from his conscience, the unbought advocate of the friendless and the oppressed, he poured forth that mighty eloquence which will ever adorn our literature whilst goodness is honoured, and genius is admired." The labour had, however, worn him down, and the angry debates on the Regency Bill further helped to shake his constitution. The reply of the Prince of Wales to the communication from Pitt relative to the question, is said by Lord Stanhope to be one of the best state papers in the English language. "This masterly performance came from the pen of Burke, and it may well enhance our just admiration of his tran- scendant powers, when we find him, on so lofty an occasion, enabled to adopt a wholly different style — lay aside his glorious ima- gery, and rise clear from those gusts of violence in which he had so recently in- dulged." Mr. Burke was now anxious to retire from public life ; and an arrangement having been made for his son to succeed him in the representation of Malton, he but remained in Parliament to conclude the prosecution of Hastings. The last day of his appearance in the House was the 20th June 1 794, when the thanks of Parlia- ment were voted to the managers of the impeachment for their faithful discharge of the trust reposed in them. An overwhelm- ing affliction now awaited him — the death of his only son, Richard, on 2nd August, at the age of 35. He was a man of some promise, entirely over-estimated by Burke, who believed him to be possessed of greater abilities than his own. He had not shown much prudence or much ability in his management of the affairs of the Catholic Committee. Burke's heart was, however, entirely bound up in him, and from the bereavement he never recovered. "The storm has gone over me, and I lie like one of those old oaks which the late hurricane BUR has scattered about me, I am stripped of all my honours, I am torn up by the roots, and lie prostrate on the earth. There, and prostrate there, I most unfeignedly re- cognize the divine justice. . . I greatly deceive myself, if in this hard season I would give a peck of refuse wheat for all that is called fame and honour in the world." In the course of May 1795, he published his letter to Sir H. Langrishe on the disas- trous effect of the recall of Lord Fitzwilliam upon the hopes of the Eoman Catholics, and the welfare of Ireland. His most im- portant utterances of these years were his Letters on the Proposals for Peace with the Regicide Directory of France. Burke's views regarding the French Eevolution al- tered the attitude of the King and the court party towards him, and but for the death of his son he would probably have accepted the peerage the King was anxious to confer. In October 1795, pensions to the amount of £3,700 per annum were, at the express wish of the King,- settled upon him. For the acceptance of these pensions he was at- tacked in the House of Lords and else- where. He defended himself in his Letter to a Noble Lord, stated to have been " the most brilliant specimen of withering sar- casm and dignified resentment that the English language ever exhibited." His few remaining years were passed in retire- ment at his estate of Beaconsfield, where, however, he at times aided by his pen the solution of important public problems. Many measures — educational, philanthrop- ic, and otherwise, engaged his attention ; whilst most of his time was given to agri- culture, in which he delighted. He wrote much concerning Ireland ; indeed his last thoughts were turned towards her at a time when matters were precipitating to- wards the Insurrection and Union. That he desired a closer and a more workable union between Great Britain and Ireland than the constitution of 1782 admitted, cannot be doubted ; but one does not gather from his writings that an incorporative union would have met his approval. His last publication was in 1 797, on the affairs of Ireland. In February of that year his declining health made desirable a visit to Bath, where at an earlier period of his life he had derived considerable benefit. There he lived for about four months — his health rapidly sinking. In May he was brought back to Beaconsfield. His last moments were occupied in giving directions relative to his affairs, and listen- ing to a paper by Addison on the immor- tality of the soul. During the reading he became faint, and desired to be carried to his bed. The attendants had taken him BUE in their arms, when his breathing became difficult, he uttered an almost inarticulate blessing, and expired (9th July 1797), aged 68. His remains, in accordance with his express desire, were interred at Bea- consfield. " My body, I desire to be buried in the church at Beaconsfield, near to the bodies of my dearest brother and my dearest son, in all humility praying that as we have lived in perfect unity together, we may together have a part in the resurrection of the just." " Thus died," says the EncT/- clopcedia Britannica, " Edmund Burke, one of the greatest orators, statesmen, and authors of his age ; a man whose name will long continue to be celebrated ; and one who, had he fallen during the meridian of his fame and character, would have scarcely been considered as second to any man, either of ancient or modern times." Lord Brougham writes of him : " With the ex- ception of his writings upon the French Revolution — an exception itself to be quali- fied and restricted — it would be difficult to find any statesman of any age whose opinions were more habitually marked by moderation ; by a constant regard to the results of actual experience, as well as the dictates of an enlarged reason ; by a fixed determination always to be practical, at the time he was giving scope to the most ex- tensive general views ; by a cautious and prudent abstinence from sdl extremes, and especially from those towards which the general complexion of his political princi- ples tending, he felt the more necessity for being on his guard against the seduction." Burke left the whole of his property to his " entirely beloved and incomparable wife, Jane Mary Burke." She survived until the spring of 18 12, having lost the use of her limbs by rheumatism some time previously. Most of her property fell to her relations, the Nugents. Some of the statuary formerly at Beaconsfield is now in the British Museum. The most com- plete edition of Burhis Works and Cor- respondence is that of 1852, in 8 vols. 8vo. 42 50» 59 60 61 313 Btirke, John, genealogist and archivist, was bom, probably at Elm Hall, County of Tipperary, in 1787. He planned, in con- junction with his son, the present Sir Bernard Burke, C.B., the numerous genea- logical and heraldic dictionaries, since amplified and perfected by the latter. The name Burke is now inseparably associated with all information connected with pedi- grees, records, and critical and exact know- ledge of the genealogy, heraldry, and family history of the United Kingdom. John Burke died at Aix-la-Chapelle, 27th March 1848, aged 61. 7 53 49 BUE Burke, John Daly, historian and dramatist, was born in Ireland. Having received his education at Trinity College, he emigrated to the United States in 1 796. He conducted papers at Boston and New York, afterwards removing to Petei-sburg, Virginia, where he practised law. His principal works are : History of the late War in Ireland, Philadelphia, 1 799 ; His- tory of Virginia from its First Settlement, 3 vols. 1804. Burke was killed in a duel, in consequence of a political dispute, nth April 1808. 37. Burke, Robert O'Hara, Australian explorer, was born at St. Clerans, near Gal way, in 1821. He commenced his career as a cadet at Woolwich, studied in Belgium, and entered the Austrian service. In 1848 he returned home, and received an appointment in the Irish Constabulary. In 1853 he emigrated to Australia, where he obtained the post of Inspector of the Melbourne Police. He visited Europe with the hope of taking part in the Russian war, but arrived too late. In 1858 he was ap- pointed to command the expedition fitted out to explore the centre of the Australian continent, which started from Melbourne on 20th August i860. It was completely equipped, and supplied with camels and everything that foresight could suggest. On 5th December the party reached Coopez-'s Creek (800 miles north), then far beyond the bounds of civilization. Here it had been arranged to form a depot. Although the main portion of the stores had not arrived, Burke decided on making the attempt to cross the continent without delay. With Mr, Wills, his second in command, two men, one horse, and six camels, he started on the 13th December, leaving a small party behind, with verbal instructions that they would be back in about three months. Mr. Bui-ke's small party crossed the conti- nent, and reached tide-water of the Gulf of Car entaria, about 750 miles from Cooper's Creek, on loth Februaiy 1861. After three days delay they started to re- turn ; their provisions soon ran short, and they were rapidly overcome with the fatigue of travelling in the wet season : one of the party died of exhaustion. Completely worn out, they with great difficulty reached Cooper's Creek on the 21st April 1861. It was deserted. Examination showed that the depot party had left that very morning. For the next two months Burke, Wills, and their companion, King, wandered about in vain efforts to gather strength enough to reach a white settlement. A re- lief party reached Cooper's Creek during one of their temporary absences, but re- turned without being aware of their being 50 BUK in the neighbourhood. When provisions had entirely run out, they lived on the bounty of the natives, who supplied them with fish and the seeds of a plant called nardoo — diet sufficient for the aborigines, but inadequate to sustain life in Europeans. They bore up with fortitude, and met the sure approach of death with calmness — taking every possible precaution to preserve their journals. Wills died on 30th June, having kept up the entries in his diary until two days previously. Burke survived imtil next day, ist July 1861. King, left alone, lived on among the natives, and was rescued by Mr. Howitt's exploring party on the 15th September. Mr. Howitt buried the remains of Burke and Wills where they perished, Lat. 28° 20' S., Long. 141° E. They were eventually brought down to Melbourne, and there interred, a monu- ment being erected to their memory in one of the principal streets of the city. The report of the Royal Commission upon the failure of the expedition, was a virtual cen- sure upon Mr. Burke's judgment in its conduct. ^- -33 Burke, Thomas, Bishop of Ossory, was born of the stock of the De Burghs, in Dublin, about 1709. When quite young he was sent to Rome, and in 1724 was in- vested with the habit of the Dominican order. In 1 74 1 he was commissioned by the Irish clergy to solicit from the Pope the con- firmation of ten new Offices of Irish Saints ; a matter in which he succeeded with Bene- dict XIV. In 1743 he returned to Ireland in full orders, in 1749 and 1757 was de- finitor of a provincial chapter, and in 1759 was promoted to the see of Ossory. His great work, Hibernia Dominicana, was printed in 1762, at Kilkenny, nominally at Cologne. A supplement was added in 1772. The whole was in 1775 publicly condemned by seven of the Irish Catholic Bishops, as tending to "weaken allegiance," " disturb the public peace," " sow the seeds of dissension, and *' give a handle to those who differ in religious principles from us." Bishop Burke died at Kilkenny, 25th Sep- tember 1776. ^"' Burke, Thomas, American revolu- tionary patriot, was born, probably in Gal- way, about 1 747. Emigrating to Virginia, he for some time practised medicine ; and afterwards became a lawyer. Of a bold and impetuous temper, a ready writer and speaker, he was one of the leading spirits in the revolutionary war ; his publications in opposition to the Stamp Act especially drew him into notice. He fought at the battle of Brandy wine ; and was an effici- ent and active member of Congi-ess from December 1776 until 1781, when he was BUE elected Governor of North Carolina, in the formation of the constitution of which state he had a considerable share. He was taken prisoner by the Eoyalists in Septem- ber of that year. After a detention of four months, he broke his parole, reached home, and resumed his office. He died at Hills- borough, North Carolina, 2nd December 1783, aged about 36. 37* Burnyeat, John, was born in Cumber- land in 1 63 1 . He was one of George Fox's earliest converts and coadjutors, suffered severe imprisonments, and travelled as a preacher in America and elsewhere. He settled in Dublin in 1682. Some time afterwards he would have left the country, but that he thought it his duty to remain and bear his share in the troublous times he foresaw were at hand. He was one of those mainly instrumental in introducing the doctrines of the Society of Friends into Ireland. He died at Kilconner, in the Coimty of Car low, nth Jidy 1690, aged about 59. '37 Burrowes, Peter, an eminent lawyer, was born at Portarlington in 1753. He entered Trinity College in 1774, and dis- tinguished himself not only in his studies, but by his fire and eloquence in the debates of the Historical Society. In 1784 we find him a student of the Middle Temple, writing a pamphlet asserting the right of the Catholics of Ireland to parliamentary suffrage. This gained him the friendship of Flood and others of the great men of the day. Next year he was called to the Bar, where he soon took a prominent place. Among the early events of his professional career, was a duel at Kilkenny in 1794 with the Hon. Somerset Butler. His life was saved by the bullet of his antagonist flattening on some coppers in his waistcoat pocket. He ever afterwards regretted his cowardice in not refusing to fight. The antagonists became firm friends in after life. In 1790 he formed a political club, with Tone and others ; and letters occasion- ally passed between him and Tone, who re- fers to Burrowes in his Memoirs as "The Czar." Although he did not share the more advanced views of the United Irishmen, such friendships impeded his promotion in life. His brother, a clergyman, residing in the County of Wexford, was murdered in the Insurrection of 1798; this, however, in no degree lessened Burrowes' detestation of the proposed measure of Union, and he was one of the fourteen King's Counsel who attended the Bar meeting in Dublin to pro- test against it, on 9th December 1798. In 1799 he was elected Member for Ennis- corthy ; and during the few remaining months of the Irish Parliament, was one BUS of the most unwearied opponents of the Union ; his speeches on the subject are models of clear and forcible reasoning. He joined in subscribing to the J 100,000 fund raised for the counter-bribing of Mem- bers. An intimate friend of the Emmet family, he was Robert's counsel in 1803. Although receiving but little government patronage, his further progress at the Bar was rapid. At times his earnings reached £7,000 a year. He was trusted by all parties. He was a consistent supporter of measures for Catholic relief. In 181 1 he successfully defended the Catholic Dele- gates against the Government of the day. Ten years afterwards Mr. Borrowes retired to the comparative repose of a judgeship in the Insolvent Debtors Court. In 1841 he went to London to consult an oculist re- garding his sight. He died there in the same year, aged 88 ; his remains were interred in Kensal-green Cemetery. Many anecdotes are told of his activity and endurance in early life, such as his walking from Dublin to "Portarlington, forty miles, in one day, and dancing all next night at a ball. ^= ^^ Bushe, Charles Kendal, Chief- Justice of the King's Bench, son of Rev. Thomas Bushe, was bom at Kilmurry, County of Tipperary, in 1767. In 1 782 he entered Trinity College, where he was noted for classical scholarship, and for his elo- quence at the Historical Society. " He spoke with the lips of an angel," according to Grattan. On coming of age he secured the payment of his father's heavy debts. His success at the Barwas not rapid. Enter- ing Parliament he opposed the Union. He is said to have expressed to his dying day a continuance of his convictions against that measure. In 1 805 he was appointed Soli- citor-General, and in 1822 Chief -Justice of the King's Bench. " In retiring from the Bench, which he did ' while his eye was not dim, nor his natural force abated,' though at the age of seventy-four or seventy- five, he probably contemplated passing a long sabbath of comparative rest;" 3' but his health began to fail from some ex- citement consequent on the circumstances of his retirement, and a slight surgical operation being followed by erysipelas, he died, loth July 1843, aged about 76. His remains were interred at Mount Jerome. " To law students we know of no books of the same value as the series of reports of judgments of the Court of King's Bench in Ireland during the period in which Bushe presided." ^^ He is described by Barring- ton as " Incorruptible ; as nearly devoid of private or public enemies as any man ; endowed with superior talents ; his elo- quence was of the purest kind." His 51 BUT conversational powers were of the highest order. William H. Curran writes of him : " His imposing figure and deportment ; his graceful, persuasive gestures ; his manly, pliant features, so easily seduced from their habitual dignity by a love of gentlemanly fun ; his fine, sonorous voice ; his genial laughter— such were some, though not all, of the ingredients in that combi- nation which made Bushe the most fasci- nating of companions." "^ 39 185 Butler, 1st Theobald Walter, a descendant of one of the companions of the Conqueror, attended Henry II. to France in 1 1 70, and accompanied him in his Irish expedition next year. On account of his services, large possessions were conferred upon him. He was, in 1177, as a mark of royal favour, made Chief-Butler of Ireland, with a perquisite of two tuns of wine out of every cargo of eighteen tuns or upwards breaking bulk in Ireland. [This right of prisage, as it was termed, was re- purchased from the Butler family by the Government in 18 10, for .£216,000.] Carte cites some interesting charters from his hand. Besides Irish property, he pos- sessed large estates in Norfolk and Suffolk. He founded abbeys and churches in several parts of Ireland and England. He died in 1 206, and was buried at " Witheney," in the County of Limerick. S4 271 Butler, 2nd Theobald, son of pre- ceding, was born about 1200. When he came of age he was put in possession of his father's estates. He was Lord-Justice in 1247, and died in the year following. -^' Butler, 3rd Theobald, was very young when his father died. He married a daughter of Richard De Burgh, and there- by considerably increased the family es- tates. In 1264, he was, with Richard de Capella, Lord-Justice, and other knights, taken prisoner at Castledermot by the Lord of Desmond. He died, and was buried in the Convent of Friars Preachers at Arklow. -'' Butler, 4th Theobald, succeeded his father. By his marriage with a daughter of the Earl of Essex, he acquired consider- able estates in Buckinghamshire. He died 26th September 1285, leaving eight child- ren. He also was buried at Arklow. Carte considers it most probable that the 3rd and 4th Theobalds were one and the same person, who married twice, ^'i Butler, 5th Theobald, succeeded his father in 1285, and at a Parliament of the great Lords of Ireland, held in 1295, stood fifth on the roll. He attended Edward I. in his Scottish wars, and gained great reputation by his valour. He died unmar- ried, 14th May 1299. -^' 52 BUT Butler, Edmund, Earl of Carrick, upon his brother's death, succeeded. In 1303 he was appointed Custos Hibernie, and in 1309 was knighted by Edward II. in London. In 1 3 1 2 he defeated the O'Byrnes and O'Tooles in Glenmalure. In 131 5 he appears to have been created Earl of Carrick. He distinguished himself in an engagement with Bruce. He died in Lon- don, 13th September 1321, but was buried at Gowran, County of Kilkenny. By his wife Joan, daughter of the 1st Earl of Kildare, he had several children, the eldest of whom succeeded. -?' Butler, James, 1st Earl of Ormond, was a minor at his father's death. He married Eleanor de Bohun, grand-daughter of Edward I., was created Earl of Ormond, and had a grant made him of the annual rent of the City of Water- ford. This marriage ultimately procured him still more considerable advantages — particularly the grant of the " Regalities and Liberties of Tipperary," and the rights of a palatine in that county. As soon as he was of age (about 1327) he engaged on the side of his cousin, the Earl of Kildare, in his wars with the De Burghs and Le Poers. In 1329 and 1330 he was at war with the O'Nolans and MacGeoghegans. He founded, in 1336, the Friary of Little Carrick, in the County of Waterford, and dying, 6th January i337-'8, was buried at Gowran. -7' Butler, James, 2nd Earl of Ormond, was born at Kilkenny, 4th October 1331, and was consequently but six years of age at his father's decease. He was given in ward to the Earl of Desmond, and afterwards to Sir John d'Arcy, whose daughter he married during his minority. He is often spoken of as the "Noble Earl." Edward III., his cousin, grjinted him an annuity of about .£40, besides some additional estates. In 1359 he was Lord- Justice, with a salary of £500. He attended Lionel, Duke of Clarence in his Irish wars, and was for u time, during the Duke's ab- sence in England, Lord-Deputy. In 1362 he defeated MacMurrough in the Coimty of Kildare, and slew 600 of his men. In 1372 he was created Constable of Dublin Castle. In 1378 he surrendered the sword of Lord-Justice to Alexander Balscot, Bishop of Ossory. The Earl died at Knocktopher, i8th October 1382, aged 51, and was buried in St. Canice's, Kilkenny. 2i6 271 Butler, James, 3rd Earl of Ormond, son of preceding, styled " Earl of Gowran," from having built Gowran Castle. In 1391 he purchased the estate of Kilkenny Castle, thenceforth the seat of BUT the Butlers. He filled several important offices connected with the government of Ireland ; " being a mighty strong man, he is styled in some annals, the head of the chivalry of Ireland, which kingdom he governed to the content of the King and his good subjects." He was not only suc- cessful in many of his incursions against the native chieftains, but checked the depre- dations of Scotch and Welsh pirates upon the Irish coasts. He died at Gowran, 7th September 1405. "'* ^^i Butler, James, 4th Earl of Ormond, known as the "Wliite Earl," was, like many of his predecessors, a minor when his father died. He received an education in advance of most young Irish lords of his time. Before he was of age he distinguished himself in the field against the Irish, was made Lord-Deputy, and held a Parliament in Dublin about 1408. He travelled in France with Thomas of Lancaster in 141 2. In 1420 he attended Henry V. in his French wars, and ingra- tiated himself so much with that monarch that he returned to Ireland as Lord-Lieu- tenant. He headed expeditions against the native septs into Ulster and other parts of the country. A few months after Henry V.'s death he was replaced in the govern- ment of Ireland by Edmund Mortimer. The Earl held the office of Lord-Deputy in 1425 and 1440, and was Lord-Lieutenant in 1443. A violent feud arose between the Butlers and Talbots ; and members of the latter family used every endeavour, but without success, to lessen the esteem in which he was held by Henry VI. He died at Ardee, 23rd August 1452, and was buried at St. Mary's Abbey, Dublin. His first wife was a daughter of the Earl of Kildare, his second the widow of Earl Grey. The White Earl was esteemed a deep student of history and antiquities, and a proficient in the laws of arms and mat- ters of honour. He endowed the College of Heralds with lands, and advanced the study and culture of Irish heraldry. "^^ 3^9 Butler, James, 5th Earl of Ormond, born 24th November 1420, was almost the first after the settlement of his family in Ireland that was not left a minor on the death of his father. When young he was knighted by Henry VI. and he accompanied Richard, Duke of York, to France. In 1449 ^e was created Earl of Wiltshire, and was for a time Governor of Calais. In 145 1 he was Lord-Deputy ; and next year, upon his father's death, was ap- pointed Lord-Lieutenant. In 1452, with other great lords, he undertook the guard- ing of the British seas for three years. He ■was present at the battle of St. Albans ; BUT at Wakefield, in conjunction with the Earl of Pembroke, he commanded one wing of the Lancastrian army ; and at Mortimer's Cross, leading a body of Welsh and Irish against the Earl of March, he was defeated with heavy loss. Shortly afterwards (29th March 1461) he was taken prisoner at the battle of Towton in Yorkshire, and be- headed at Newcastle on ist May following, aged 40. He was thrice married ; his third marriage, with Eleanor, sister of the Duke of Somerset, engaging him in the Lancas- trian cause. '''' Butler, James, 6th Earl of Ormond, being present with his brother, 5 th Earl, at the battle of Towton in 1461, was likewise attainted. He was after- wards, by Edward IV., restored in blood and to most of his estates. The king used to say of him " that he was the goodliest knight he ever beheld, and the finest gentle- man in Christendom ; and that if good breeding, nurture, and liberal qualities were lost in the world, they might all be found in the Earl of Ormond." He was accounted master of all the European languages, and there was scarce a court to which Edward IV. did not send him as ambassador. He died in the Holy Land, on his way to Jerusalem, 1478. ^^' Butler, Thomas, 7th Earl of Ormond, succeeded his brother in 1478. He also had been attainted by Edward IV. and the attainder was revoked, as in the case of his predecessor. By Henry VII. he was made a Privy-CounciUor, and was in 1492 and 1497 sent on diplomatic mis- sions to France. He was reputed one of the richest British subjects. He died in London, 3rd August 15 1 5. His daughter Margaret married Sir William Boleyn, and was mother of Anne Boleyn. ''^'■ Butler, Fierce, 8th Earl of Ormond, Earl of Ossory, succeeded his father in 1 515. He had already distin- guished himself in the service of the Crown, and had been successful in suppress- ing the insurrections of the native Irish. In 152 1 he was appointed Lord-Deputy. His marriage with a sister of the Earl of Kildare did not extinguish the feud be- tween the Butlers and FitzGeralds. On account of the murder of his friend, Richard Talbot, by James FitzGerald,he impeached the Earl of Kildai-e. The matter ended by FitzGerald being obliged to walk through London candle in hand, and a halter round his neck ; on the other hand, Ormond was replaced in the office of Deputy by Kildare. At one time it is stated negotiations were set on foot for the maiTiage of his son to his cousin, Anne Boleyn. Henry VIII. coerced Pierce to resign his title of Earl of 53 BUT Ormond to Sir Thomas Boleyu, who was desirous of the honour. In its stead, the Earldom of Ossory was conferred upon him by the King, in great state, at Windsor, 23rd February i527-'8. After Sir T. Boleyn's death. Pierce was restored to his ancient honour of Ormond. By this deference to Henry VIII.'s wishes he acquired large additions to his estates in various parts of Leinster. Lord Thomas FitzGerald endeav- oured to induce the Earl to join him in insurrection — offering to divide the King- dom of Ireland with his son James. The Earl declined in a spirited letter, in which he wrote ; " You are so liberal in parting stakes with me, that a man would weene you had no right to the game ; and so im- portunate for my company, as if you would perswade me to hang with you for good fel- lowship. And think you that James is so mad as to gape for gudgeons, or so ungrate- ful as to sell his truth and loyalty for a piece of Ireland." Nettled by this reply, FitzGerald, with O'NeiU and other Irish chieftains, ravaged the County of Kilkenny, and in an engagement near Jerpoint wo'inded and nearly took prisoner James, the Earl's son. Ormond was foremost in suppressing the insurrection, and upon the death of Kildare and the execution of his uncles in 1537, was, as a reward, further enriched by the Crown : he then turned his arms against the Earl of Desmond, who submitted, and took an oath of loyalty. He and his countess brought workmen from Flanders, and enriched Kilkenny Castle with tapestry, diapers, Turkey carpets, and cushions. The latter part of the Earl's life was spent in prayer, contemplation, and alms-giving. He died 26th August 1 539, and waS' buried in St. Canice's, Kilkenny. He is described as " a man of great honour and sincerity, infinitely good-natured, plain, kind, loving, familiar, and liberal to his friends and fol- lowers ; but an enemy and severe scourge to all jad people." His second son was created Viscount Mountgarret, and his illegitimate son Edmund, Archbishop of Cashel. -^' Sutler, James, 9th Earl of Ormond, Earl of Ossory, succeeded on the death of his father in 1 539. Seven years before, he had been made Lord-Treasurer, to balance the power of the Earl of Kildare, then Lord-Deputy. In 1534 he had been entrusted with the custody of all the ports of Ireland, as Admiral of the kingdom ; and was afterwards created Viscount Thurles, and specially commissioned to proceed against Irish insurgents and take them into protection where desirable. The period of the Keformation is marked by his engaging 54 BUT "to resist the usurpations of the Bishop of Rome." Henry VIII. granted him ad- ditional estates in various parts of the country. In 1545 he headed a body of Irish troops in the King's service in Scot- land. Upon his return in 1 546, a dispute with the Earl of Lennox necessitated reference to the King in London. On 17th October he attended a feast at Ely House, Holborn. By some means the viands were poisoned. Seventeen of his servants died, and he succumbed eleven days afterwards, 28th October, 1546. He was interred in London, amongst some of his ancestors, in the church of " St. Thomas d' Acres," but his heart, according to his desire, was deposited in St. Canice's, Kilkenny. He had a numerous family by his wife Joan, a daughter of James Earl of Desmond. ='' Butler, Thomas, 10th Earl of Ormond, Earl of Ossory, surnamed the "Black Earl," born about 1532, was but fourteen at his father's death. He was brought up at the English court with Ed- ward VI. who took delight in his company. Serving as a volunteer under the Duke of Somerset in Scotland, he distinguished him- self by his bravery at the battle of Mussel- borough. In Queen Mary's reign he was made captain of a troop of horse, and gave distinguished proofs of fidelity and courage in the suppression of Wyatt's rebellion. In 1554 he entered into possession of his estates ; and within the next three years more than once marched under the Lord- Lieutenant against the Scots in Ulster. Soon afterwards he relieved the Earl of Thomond, besieged by the native septs at Bunratty. He stood high in the good graces of Queen Elizabeth, who made him Lord-Treasurer, and added to his estates out of the confiscated church lands. In 1 564 and 1 565 Munster was wasted in con- flicts between him and the Earl of Des- mond. Ultimately Desmond and Sir John of Desmond were sent over to London and imprisoned ; whereupon several of the southern chieftains, aided by the Earl of Ormond's brothers, Sir Edmund and Sir Pierce Butler, took the field against the Government. Ormond, in England at the time, was sent over to help to quell the in- surrection. He landed at Waterford, 14th August 1569, and hastened to join the Lord-Deputy at Limerick. There his two brothers submitted and were pardoned. In consequence of the Desmond insurrec- tion, he was, in 1578, made governor of Munster ; and in 1580, in conjunction with Lord-Justice Pelham, made an expedition into Desmond. Carrigfoyle, Askeaton, and other fortresses were taken, and their garri- sons put to the sword. In 1581 the Baron BUT of Lixnaw, one of Desmond's chief follow- ers, submitted to the Earl of Ormond, who interceded for and obtained his pardon. In 1583 he obtained supplies of men, money, and ammunition from England, and made a determined effort to capture the Earl of Desmond, to this end carrying on a war of plunder and devastation in Munster. Within the space of a few months he cut off, of Desmond's party, " 46 captains, 800 notorious traitors, and 4,000 common sold- iers." Before long nearly all the great lords of the south submitted to him at Cork, and the Earl of Desmond was left a wanderer with but a few companions. It is much to Ormoud's credit that he positively refused to accede to Burleigh's directions that he should disregard the protections he had accorded to the native chiefs. He wrote : " I will never use treachery to any man, for it will both touch Her Highness's honour and my own credit too much ; and whosoever gave the Queen advice thus to write, is fitter to execute such base service than I am." The wars that desolated Munster were at length ended by the cap- ture and death of the Earl of Desmond (nth November 1583). In the ensuing con- fiscations, Ormond was given 3,000 acres in Tipperary, and a " great tract of poor laud" in Kerry — less than he considered his fair share after the part he had taken on the Queen's side in the war. In the opera- tions against O'Neill he commanded in dif- ferent parts of the country. On loth April 1600 he accompanied Sir George Carew and the Earl of Thomond to a parley near Kilkenny with Owney O'More. The par- ley resolved itself into a skirmish. Or- mond was taken prisoner — Sir George and Thomond escaping with difficulty. At the instance of O'Neill, the Earl was released in June, giving Owney hostages for the payment of ^3,000, should he thereafter seek revenge for the treacherous injuries he had received. After Elizabeth's death, he was confirmed in his office of Lieutenant- General by King James. He was blind the last twelve years of his life, and died at his house at Carrick, 22nd November 16 14, and was buried at St. Canice's. Carte styles him " a man of very great parts, admirable judgment, great experience, and a prodi- gious memory; . . very comely and graceful, . . of a black complexion which gave occasion to the Queen (in her way of expi'essing kindness to such as she favoured) to call him her ' black husband.' " This favour doubtless occasioned the un- djTing hostility between him and the Earl of Leicester, whose ears he on one occasion boxed, and was therefor sent to the Tower. He repaired and beautified Kilkenny BUT Castle, built an hospital at Kilkenny, and castles at Holycross and elsewhere. Thrice married, he left no heir. This Earl was a Protestant. -'' Butler, "Walter, 11th Earl of Ormond, Earl of Ossory, eldest son of Sir John Butler ; nephew of preceding ; grand- son of the 9th Earl ; succeeded on the loth Earl's death in 16 14. He was born in 1569. His right to the estates was trav- ersed by Sir R. Preston, Baron Dingwall, afterwards Earl of Desmond, a favourite of King James I., who claimed them through his wife Elizabeth, sole daughter of the late Earl. Carte cites the documents upon which these claims were founded, and then proceeds : " Nothing is clearer than that according to these feoffments all the estate of Earl Thomas (except what he had given to his daughter at her marriage) ought to have descended immediately to Sir Walter Butler, Earl of Ormond. But King James interposed so warmly in the case, and wrote such a number of pressing letters to the Deputies and Coimcil of Ireland requiring them to stand by the Earl of Des- mond, that the Earl of Ormond could never get into possession. Vast sums were spent in law ; but the power of the Crown still prevented a decision. At last King James took upon himself to make an award, which Walter, Earl of Ormond conceiving to be unjust, refused to submit to, and was by the King's order taken up and committed to the Fleet prison. He remained in that prison for eight years before the death of King Jamea, who, during that duress, seized on the liberties of the county palatine of Tipperary, and persecuted him in all the ways he could contrive, to the inconceivable detriment of the family." Recovering his liberty in 1625, he lived for a time in Lon- don, and then removing to Ireland, died at Carrick, 24th February 1632, aged about 63, and was buried at St. Canice's. In his youth he had distinguished himself in the Irish wars. A devout Catholic, he was styled "Walter of the Beads and Rosaries." He married a daughter of Viscount Mount- garret, and by her had two sons and nine daughters. His second son died young and without issue. His eldest son, Thomas Butler, Viscount Thurles, father of the 1 2th Earl, was drowned off Skerries, near Holyhead, on a voyage to England, 15 th December 16 19. -'* ^'' Butler, James, 12tli Earl and Duke of Ormond, the " Great Duke," grandson of preceding, eldest son of Thomas, Viscount Thurles, and Elizabeth Poyntz, was born at Clerkenwell, London, 19th October 1610, in the house of his grand- father, Sir John Poyntz. Shortly after his 55 BUT birth, his parents returned to Ireland ; whither he was brought by his nurse when but three years of age. To the last year of his life he remembered being carried through Bristol on this occasion to take shipping for Ireland. He was often brought to visit the loth Earl, at Carrick, and ever after distinctly recollected his ca- resses, and the several circumstances of his long beard, his being blind, and his wearing a George about his neck. Upon the shipwreck and death of his father in 1 6 19, the lad was by courtesy styled Vis- count Thurles. The year following that disaster, his mother brought him back to England, and placed him, then nine years of age, at school with a Catholic gentleman at Finchley— this doubtless through the influence of his grandfather, the i ith Earl. It was not long before James I., anxious that the heir of the Butlers should be brought 'up a Protestant, placed him at Lambeth, under the care of the Archbishop of Canterbury. The Ormond estates being under sequestration (as noted in the life of the nth Earl) the young Lord had but £40 a year for his own and his servant's clothing and expenses. He appears to have been entu-ely neglected by the Archbishop — " he was not instructed even in humanity, nor so much as taughtto understand Latin." AVheu fifteen he went to live with his grandfather (then released from prison) at Drury-lane "who through length of his confinement and his advanced age, was grown very infirm, and never troubled him in matters of religion." Having now more means at command, he entered into all the gaieties of the court and town. At eighteen he went to Portsmouth with his friend the Duke of Buckingham intending to join the expedition for the relief of Rochelle ; a project abandoned upon the assassination of the Duke. It was during his London residence that he set himself to learn Irish, a par" al knowledge of which language proved most useful to him in after years. About six months after his visit to Ports- mouth, he first saw at Court, and fell in love with, his cousin, Elizabeth Preston, only child and heiress of Sir Richard Pres- ton. [See Walter, i ith Earl of Ormond.] The affection between the young people was reciprocal. She was then an orphan, scarcely fourteen. Her father, like his, had been drowned near the Skerries on a pas- sage to England. As the King's ward, she was underjthe care of Henry, Earl of Hol- land. The Duke of Buckingham had in- tended her for a nephew. It was only by a bribe of £15,000 to Lord Holland that Lord Thurles was able to smooth away the many difficulties opposed to his suit. In 56 BUT September 1629, King Charles issued let- ters patent consenting to the match, on the ground that it would put a " final end to all controversies between Walter, Earl of Ormond, and Elizabeth, daughter of Richard, Earl of Desmond." By the marriage, which took place in London, at Christmas 1629, the lands his ancestor had been obliged to divide with Sir Robert Preston came back to him. He was then but nineteen ; his wife (born 25th July 1 61 5) but fourteen. The following year, passed at Acton with her, he devoted to study, making up somewhat for the defi- ciencies of his education. At the end of 1630 he went over with his lady to Ire- land, and resided at Carrick with Earl Walter and his Countess, who had return- ed some years before. Next year he purchased a troop of horse in England. After Strafford's arrival in Ireland, there was an open breach between them, conse- quent on Ormond's refusal to comply with Straff"ord's order that the Lords should attend Parliament without their swords. It was not long, however, before the young lord's abilities were recognised by that astute statesman ; and at twenty-four, now for some years entered on the enjoyment of his title and estates, he was made a Privy- Councillor. He endorsed Strafford's Irish policy, and assisted him materially in the House of Lords. In 1638 he was given a regiment of horse, and shortly afterwards made Commander-in-Chief of the Irish army, collected ostensibly for the pacifica- tion of Scotland. The difficulties in the way of clothing, arming, and victualling troops in Ireland were then almost insuper- able : we are told there was not cloth in the whole kingdom even for the clothing of 1,500 men. Ormond, however, by un- ceasing activity and the exercise of tact and forbearance, man aged to have, by the middle of August 1640, a well disciplined army of some 8,000 men, including 1,000 Pro- testant officers and subalterns, at Carrick- f ergus. Had Strafford's advice been taken, Ormond would at the end of the game year, have been made Lord-Deputy, in place of Lord Wandesford, deceased. One of the last requests Strafford made before execu- tion was that his Garter should be con- ferred upon Ormond. The jealousy of the English Parliament regarding the Irish army in the command of the Earl was so great, that he was obliged in the early part of 1 64 1 to disband it unpaid, except an allowance of ten shillings to each man for the expenses of returning home. This dis- persion of 8,000 discontented, unpaid men, materially contributed to the outbreak of the war a few months later. Charles I. was BUT anxious, and indeed signed warrants, for a large number of these troops entering the service of the King of Spain — a proceeding the Parliament put a stop to, notwithstand- ing the expostulations of the Spanish am- bassador, who had, upon faith of the King's order, the vessels ready for their transport- ation. Some 500 men were actually shipped in Dublin Bay when the war broke out in 1 64 1, and they were forced to land and dis- band. Carte, in his Life of Ormond, states very fully his views as to the causes of the War of 1641. He thus sums them up : "The Irish septs . . abounded with men proud of their ancient race, who thought every em- ployment but that of the sword below them, liked no way of living but that of rapine, and hated the English mortally for abolish- ing their old barbarous customs, and turn- ing them out of their ancestors' possessions. They did not doubt of being joined and instructed in the use and exercise of arms by the disbanded men of the late army, . . and theyflattered themselves with the hopes of supplies from abroad, . . and officers, . . when so favourable an op- portunity offered for regaining the estates and power of their ancestors, and for re- storing the liberty and old religion of their country." Carte devotes several pages of the latter part of the first volume of his Life of Ormond to a consideration of the atroci- ties conunitted by the Irish at the com- mencement of the war, and appears to show conclusively that the current reports con- cerning them have been egregiously exag- gerated. The Earl of Ormond was at his house at Carrick-on-Suir when the war broke out in October. He was at once appointed General of the King's forces in Ireland, and set about overcoming the diffi- culties in which he was placed by the waste, unpreparedness, and maladministration which prevailed in the English as well as the Irish interests in the country. His de- sire to march immediately against the Irish forces was over-ruled by the Lords-Justices — indeed, although nominally Commander- in-chief, he could do nothing without their leave. His first decided action appears to have been on 31st January 1642, when, with a force of 2,ocx5 foot, 300 horse, and five small field-pieces, he marched west out of Dublin — burnt Lyons and Newcastle, and gave up Naas to pillage. The Irish forces occupying the locality had retired on his approach. He brought back with him to Dublin, on safe conduct. Father Higgins, a Franciscan, a " very quiet, inoffensive, religious man . . He had distinguished himself in saving the English in those parts from slaughter and plunder, and had relieved several of them that had been BUT stripped and robbed." About six weeks afterwards, during Ormond's temporary absence from Dublin, this gentleman was executed by Sir Charles Coote and the Lords-Justices, without trial or reason given, but their animosity towards all of the opposite party. In February, 1,500 foot and 400 horse arrived at Dublin from England, under the command of Sir Eichard Grenville, and the first operations of the spring were against a force of some 3,000 under Hugh Byrne, posted at Kil- sallaghan, seven miles from Dublin. In March he proceeded northward to the relief of Sir H. Tichbome at Drogheda. From information received from that able com- mander, he was anxious to attempt the reduction of Newry; but to this the Lords-Justices would not consent, and he returned to Dublin, having accomplished but the reinforcement of the garrison of Drogheda— a reinforcement that e.ventually enabled Sir H. Tichborne to raise the siege. For these services he was thanked by the English Parliament, a jewel worth £600 was forwarded to him, and the King was asked to make him a Knight of the Garter. Early in April he marched south with a force of 3,500 men. Passing through KilcuUen, Athy, Stradbally, and Maryborough, he relieved several castles, and put to rout parties of the enemy. Returning to Athy, he received informa- tion of the presence of an army of some 8,000, under command of Lord Mount- garret. The battle of Kilrush, near Maganey, ensued on 1 3th April, ending in the com- plete rout of Mountgarret, with a loss of some 700 men, whilst Ormond's killed and wounded numbered but 60. In June, Ormond made an expedition into Con- naught, and relieved the small force of Royalists stationed in Athlone. Next Sep- tember he was bound still more than before to the cause of Charles by being advanced to a Marquisate, and appointed Lieu tenant- General of the Irish army — nominally to hold the command direct from the King, clear of all interferences by the Lords- Justices or others. In October 1642, dele- gates from different parts of Ireland met at Kilkemiy, and constituted themselves into a regular government — the Confeder- ation of Kilkenny ; passed laws and coined money. They divided their military com- mand ; Owen Roe O'Neill being appointed to Ulster, Colonel Preston to Leinster, Colonel Garret Barry to Munster, Colonel John Bourke to Connaught. Supplies of arms, munitions, and money, reached them from the Pope and other European po- tentates inimical to the English power. Although early in 1643 negotiations were 57 BUT on foot for a cessation of arms on both sides, the Marquis of Ormond took the field, 2ud March 1643 -'4, and went south with a force of 3,000 men, and artillery. At Car- low a council of war was held, and it was resolved to besiege Eoss, defended by a large force under Preston. On the 1 8th a battle was fought under its walls, in which Ormond was again victorious, although outnumbered three to one. Preston drew off across the Barrow, with a loss of some 500 men, baggage, and ammunition, breaking down the bridge behind him to prevent pursuit. Ormond's army was so badly victualled, and the country was so deso- lated, that he was unable to reap the fruits of this victory, and was glad once more to find himself behind the walls of Dublin. Whilst this expedition was in progress, there was a meeting at Trim on 1 7th March, between four Commissioners on behalf of the King, and four Confederate agents, in which the latter presented a remonstrance, declaring their reasons for taking up arms, and their desire for peace if proper terms were granted — especially the free exercise of their religion. This remonstrance was, upon Ormond's return, forwarded to Charles. The summer was spent in nego- tiations; and on the 15th September 1643, a cessation of hostilities was agreed upon. Consequently in November the Marquis was able to send over 2,000 troops, princi- pally Anglo-Irish, and in December 1,440 more, to the assistance of the King in Eng- land. Their services in the desultory Irish war proved but poor training, and they reflected little credit on their royal master. The Marquis's efforts to induce the Irish party to send over more troops were un- availing. In January 1644, Charles's confidence in Ormond was shown by his creating him Lord-Lieutenant, with ex- traordinary powers. The burden of his instructions was, to endeavour by every means to preserve peace in Ireland, to the end thuu he might be able to assist Charles with men and money in his English affairs. The Irish party meanwhile endeavoured to treat directly with the King. The sum of their demands was : freedom of religion, and repeal of the penal laws ; the passage of an act of oblivion ; the calling of a free Irish Parliament ; the raising and locating of train-bands within each county; a settlement of property. Upon concur- rence with these terms, they professed themselves ready to contribute 10,000 men for the King's service in England, and to " expose their lives and fortunes to serve His Majesty as occasion should require." The Irish Protestant party, on the other hand, sent Sir Charles Coote to the King S8 BUT at Oxford to demand as the price of their allegiance and assistance, legislation in an opposite direction. June 1644 found Ormond at Dublin, as Carte says, "ready to be devoured by want, almost hopeless of relief, blocked up by sea, encompassed with powerful armies, Scots and Irish, having no strength to oppose them but a very small, indigent, unsatisfied army, unforti- fied towns, unfaithful inhabitants for the most part, and upon the matter, empty magazines and stores." Two years were spent in protracted negotiations, and on 29th July 1646, a "peace" was concluded by the Marquis on behalf of the King, and by Lord Muskerry and others on behalf of the Confederates. It was vigorously opposed by Einuccini, the Papal legate. Many of the chief towns refused to accede to the terms, and Owen Eoe O'Neill and his army became the centre of opposition, not alone to Ormond and the Ulster Scotch, but to the old Confederates. The Commis- sioners and their adherents were excom- municated by Einuccini. General Preston, with an army of 3,400 men, appeared neutral. At the end of August the Marquis marched to Kilkenny with 2,000 men ; but it becoming clear that O'Neill and Preston were combining to cut off his army, he managed with considerable difficulty to return to Dublin by the 13th September, losing some of his baggage and plate, and " having," according to Carte, " reaped no other fruits from his expedition, but to be convinced, as well of the vanity of depending any longer upon the Irish Con- federates, as of the necessity of applying elsewhere for succours to oppose the designs of those that governed them." He made a last effort to strengthen the fortifications of Dublin — the Marchioness of Ormond and other ladies of rank setting the ex- ample, by carrying baskets of earth. His means were, however, exhausted ; he could expect no further aid from the Eoyalists in England ; he had raised as much money a.'^ he could, some £27,000, by mortgage of his estates. There was no choice left him but to submit either to the Irish party or the Parliament. He chose the latter ; and sent word to London that if he were sup- plied with 3,500 troops, to be joined with those he had already under his command, with three months' pay, and if all Protes- tants, British, and well-affected Irish, were received into protection and preserved in their persons and estates, he would be will- ing to prosecute the war vigorously against any parties in Ireland in arms against the Parliament. His agents left for England, 29th September 1646; and five Commis- sioners were deputed to treat with him. BUT O'Neill and Preston now marched against Dublin. O'Neill took Maryborough, Strad- bally,and other strong places in the Queen's County ; at Athy he was joined by the Nuncio. Preston had the adherence of the Leinster gentry, who had been outraged by the depredations of O'Neill's Ulster soldiers —"Preston hating O'Neill," as Carte says, and "O'Neill despising Preston." Preston arrived at Lucan on the 9th, and O'Neill on the nth November. Their combined armies numbered 16,000 foot and 1,600 horse. Ormond had been able to effect little for the defence of Dublin, but to bum the crops around and destroy the mills, and had O'Neill and Preston acted toge- ther, nothing could have saved the city ; but their mutual jealousies appeared ine- radicable ; and on the i6th, when news was brought that a small English force had been received into Dublin, O'Neill retired into Meath over a bridge hastUy constructed at Leixlip ; and Preston, by the intervention of Clanricard, appeared not unwilling to join Ormond, although in a short time Rinuccini brought him back to act nomi- nally in concert with O'Neill. The Mar- quis was not able to come to terms with the Parliamentary Commissioners, and on 9th December marched with 1,600 men to join the Earl of Clanricard. This was a necessary move, for although too weak to overcome either O'Neill or Preston, he found sustenance for his troops in West- meath and Longford, and was able to raise ^1,000 among the gentry. The officers of his army were without pay ; the soldiers had been reduced from I2d. to 9d., and afterwards 6d. a week, with 81bs. of bread. Early in 1647 he negotiated a short peace with the Irish, and sent to the Parliament, offering to surrender Dublin uncondition- ally. Whereupon, between March and June, the city was garrisoned by Parlia- mentary troops. On 28th July the Mar- quis, leaving the Viceregal regalia to be delivered to the Parliamentary Commis- sioners, took ship at Dublin, and landed at Bristol after a five-days' passage. By permission of the Parliament, he waited upon the King at Hampton Court, and gave him "in writing a summary of the affairs of Ireland, to be considered by him at his leisure." After a short sojourn in England, he proceeded to France. The 29th September 1648 found him again in Ireland, bent upon making a diversion in favour of his master, whose affairs were in extremity. The Marquis had but thirty pis- toles left, having spent in ships and neces- saries for the expedition the balance of the 3,400 he had received during his residence in France. On 17th January 1649, ^^ ar- BUT ranged a treaty with the Irish leaders, who agreed to act together for the royal cause. Upon the news of Charles's execution, Prince Charles was proclaimed King, and the chief cities contributed small sums to Ormond for sustaining his cause ; Rinuc- cini's and O'Neill's policy of independent Irish action for Catholic ends appeared entirely discredited, and the former return- ed to Italy. In May, Ormond having in- effectually urged upon Charles the desira- bility of encouraging his Irish adherents by visiting the country, marched north at the head of an army of 8,000 men, intent upon recovering possession of Dublin. On 28th July he took Rathfarnham by storm, and early in the morning of 2nd August was fought the battle of Rathmines. Jones, the Parliamentary governor of Dublin, having just received reinforcements from England, made his dispositions with sin- gular ability, and Ormond's army was routed with great slaughter ; 300 officers and 1,500 soldiers (most of whom entered the Parliamentary service) were taken prisoners ; the whole of the artillery, tents, and baggage, fell into the enemy's hands. Carte attributes the defeat to the inexperi- ence of the Irish officers, the rawness of the soldiei's, and the sturdy character of Jones's troops. The Marquis,'who received a musket shot on his armour, retired to Kil- kenny ; but almost immediately set about reorganizing his forces to oppose Crom- well, who landed at Dublin on 1 5th August, commanding a well-appointed army of 1 7,000. Although making the best possi- ble dispositions in his power, he was able to offer but a feeble opposition to Crom- well's march, and was compelled to fall back before him ; Waterford and some other Irish cities were even unwilling to admit Ormond's garrisons. In the spring of 1650 the Marquis's efforts to secure prompt and imited action among the different Irish parties were unavailing ; whilst town after town in the central part of Ireland surrendered to Cromwell's veteran troops. Limerick and Gal way now refused Ormond's garrisons, and he was denounced by a con- vocation of the clergy at Loughrea, on 6th August 1650. On isth of November he called a general assembly, explained the hopelessness of affairs, appointed Clanricard Lord-Deputy, and on i ith December sailed from Galway Bay for France, in the JSliza- beth, a little 4-gun frigate of 24 tons, which had, by the Duke of York's orders, been awaiting him for some time. With him sailed Lord Inchiquin, about forty offi- cers, and several other gentlemen. After a three-week's passage, they landed at St. Malo in Brittany. He delayed a few 59 BUT days with his family at Caen, and then proceeded to Paris to pay his duty to Queen Henrietta Maria. During his en- suing residence in France he was in the greatest straits for money ; and he and his family could scarcely have subsisted were it not that the Marchioness was allowed by Cromwell to visit Ireland in 1653, where after two years' negotiations she secured a reversion of a portion of her jointure. We are told that Cromwell " treated her, indeed, always with the greatest civility ; never refused her an audience ; and when she went away, he always waited on her to her coach or chair." After a short im- prisonment in the Tower, her eldest son, the Earl of Ossory,andher second son, Richard, were permitted to retire to Holland ; while " she lived at Dunmore, applying herself to tillage and country afiairs, and never saw her lord till he came over to England in the June after His Majesty's restora- tion." Meanwhile, the Marquis was en- gaged in constant negotiations. In 1657 he risked his life by visiting London in disguise, to consult with the King's friends, and appears then to have discounten- anced armed opposition to Cromwell's government, as likely to prove ineffec- tual. Upon his return to Paris, he lay concealed until April 1658, "almost in as much danger of the Bastile there as he had been of the Tower of London," treaties between France and England having obliged Charles and his adherents to leave France in 1656, and take up their abode in Holland and elsewhere. In 1660 came the Restoration, and Carte concludes his 5th Book with the words : " The King was invited over without any condition, and the Marquis of Ormond, who had at- tended him in the whole coiirse of his exile, attended him likewise in the latter end of May on his happy return into England." The same author thus opens his 6th Book : "The T^Tarquis of Ormond, after ten year's banishment and a long-continued series of adversity, now found himself in his native country, happy in the favour of his prince, and in the esteem of the world, and dignified with various honours and employments." He was sworn in Privy-Councillor, and made Steward of the Household, and in March 1661 was created a Duke. The Duchess joined him in London ; and he saw himself at Court with all his family about him. All was confusion in Irish affairs. It was found impossible to make such easy terms with the Cromwellian adventurers in Ireland, as with the adherents of the Commonwealth in England. On 27th September 1662 the Act of Settlement was passed ; and Ormond, 60 BUT as the Lord- Lieutenant, became Referee to the Commissioners of the Court of Claims, instituted for the carrying out of the provisions of the measure. This Act, qualified by the Act of Explanation passed shortly afterwards, created what has been described by Mr. Prendergast as " a counter revolution, by which some of the royalist English of Ireland, and a few of the native Irish, were restored to their estates." By the Act of Explanation, says Smiles, in his History, "which closed the settlement of Ireland, thousands of the most respect- able and ancient inhabitants of Ireland were consigned to hopeless ruin and wretched- ness: 3,200 claims, the investigation of which Charles had guaranteed according to his own Act of Settlement, were summarily got rid of ; and the applicants were strip- ped of their property, without so much as the form of a trial. Their repeated appli- cations for a hearing of their cause were pertinaciously refused by the monarch for whom they had sacrificed their all ; while the men who had rebelled against his father, and resisted his own authority, were rewarded with at least two-thirds of the best lands in Ireland." The Cromwel- lians also felt themselves aggrieved ; and the Duke found it necessary to suppress more than one of their plots. Several offi- cers were executed in 1663, for a conspi- racy, in which Colonel Blood was engaged, to seize the Castle of Dublin ; and three years afterwards a mutiny at Carrick- fergus was suppressed after considerable bloodshed, by the Duke in person and his son, the Earl of Arran. While Charles was squandering thousands in licentious- ness, the army in Ireland was in chronic discontent, from arrears of pay, and want of a proper commissariat, and the Duke was occasionally obliged to smooth matters over by supplying deficiencies out of his private estate. During his temporary ab- • sence in London upon business relative to the Act of Explanation, the Earl of Ossory acted as Lord-Deputy. Upon the Duke's return to Dublin, 17th October 1665, he was received in state by the Corpora- tin and citizens. Along the route from James's-gate to the Castle, emblematic "mysteries" were enacted, and at Corn- market, we are told, there was a " conduit whence wine ran freely." Some days after- wards, the Act of Explanation, already referred to, was passed by the Irish Parlia- ment. In June 1663, a Bill was brought into the English Parliament to prevent the importation, alive or dead, of Irish sheep or cattle. There had been an importation since the war, of cattle alone, of 61,000 per annum. The Duke vigorously opposed this BUT measure, believing it would be destructive to the commercial interests of Ireland ; yet it -was carried, including a clause against horses, in the autumn of 1666, by 165 to 104 in the English Commons, and 63 to 47 in the Lords. A subscription of 30,000 cattle from Ireland for the relief of the suiferers by the Fire of London, rather hastened the passage of the measure ; such importation being felt by the English coun- try party to be a direct infringement of their profits. After the passage of the Act, we are told that in Ireland horses fell from 30s. to IS., and beeves fi-om 50s. to los. each. The Duke endeavoured to lighten the gloom that settled down upon the country consequent on this and other measures fettering its trade and commerce. He fostered the linen and woollen manufac- tures, and encouraged the opening up of commercial relations with the Continent. Eeflections upon Ireland by the Duke of Buckingham, in the course of debates upon the Cattle Bill, precipitated differences long brewing between him and the Duke of Ormond, whom Buckingham felt to be his opponent in the King's graces. Lord Os- sory especially resented an expression of Buckingham's, that none were against the Bill "but those who had either Irish estates or Irish understandings," and a duel would have been fought but for Charles's inter- vention on behalf of his favourite. The influence of Buckingham and others was so powerful, that early in 1669 Ormond was dismissed from the Lord-Lieutenancy. The opinion entertained in England of the frivolous character of the pretences upon ■which this change was made, and of Ormond's high character, was shown by his being almost immediately chosen Chan- cellor of the University of Oxford. To rebut charges of malversation and aggran- disement, Carte gives, in his 7th Book, a table showing that the Duke was a loser to the extent of ,£868,590 during the war. An attempt to assassinate Ormond was made by Colonel Blood and his associ- ates, in London, on 6th December 1670. So certain was the Earl of Ossory that Buckingham was mixed up in the transac- tion, that he took the first opportunity, in the King's presence, of charging him with complicity in the crime, adding : " If my father comes to a violent end by sword or pistol, if he dies by the hand of a ruffian, or by the more secret way of poison, I shall not be at a loss to know the first author of it ; I shall consider you as the assassin ; I shall treat you as such; and wherever I meet you I shall pistol you, though you stood behind the King's chair." After- wards, when Blood was forgiven by the BUT King for stealing his regalia, Ormond, who was requested to condone the attack, drily replied, that "if the King could forgive him the stealing of his crown, he might easily forgive him the attempt on his life." His deprivation of the Lord- Lieutenancy did not appear to lessen the Duke's interest in the affairs of Government. The Steward- ship of the Household kept him much about the Court, and he took a prominent part in the deliberations of the Council, labour- ing "more zealously, and with better judgment, integrity, and success than any of the Ministers to advance the King's service, and to prevent the ill effects of the measures of administration in which he was not concerned. . . The Duke's resolution was never to be out of humour with his prince, however his prince might be out of humour with him. . . Nothing provoked the Duke's enemies more than that all the mortifications they threw in his way did neither, on the one hand, humble and make him crouch to them, nor, on the other, drive him to offend the King, to fling up his staff, or join with the disaffected." -''^ The Duke's mother. Lady Thurles, "a lady of admirable sense, virtue, and piety," died in May 1673, aged 86. Next year he left London to return to Kilkenny for a time. In 1675 complaints regarding his late Irish administration were made to the King and Council by Lord Eanelagh : after protracted proceeding he was, in 1677, fully cleared, and was shortly afterwards reinstated in the Lord-Lieutenancy. He again met a warm and respectful reception in Dublin, and about this period laid the foundation stone of the Royal Military Hospital, Kilmainham. Much of his at- tention was necessarily turned towards placing the revenues of the country upon a proper basis. The reputed Popish plot of the following year caused him much anxiety ; the Acts for the banishment of the Catholic clergy were rigidly put in force, and the Catholic inhabitants were deprived of arms and ammunition. On the other hand, it is stated that he discountenanced more extreme measures against the Catho- lic gentry, strongly urged upon the Govern- ment by many of their Irish adherents. In August 1683, during a visit to London, he was made an English Duke. The policy adopted by James II., after his accession, by no means met his approval. He was, however, now far advanced in years, and absented himself more and more from public life. In June 1688 he was seized with a shivering fit, at a residence he had rented — Kingston Hall in Dorsetshire. He gradually declined — preserving, as he had all along desired, his intellect clear 61 BUT to the last — and died 2ist July 1688, aged "JT. A few hours before his de- parture, he remarked to his servant : " This day four years was a very melan- choly day to me — it was the most melan- choly I ever passed in my life — it was the day I lost my dear wife." By his own desire his remains were deposited in Westminster Abbey. The following notes upon his personal and mental qualities are extracted from Carte : " The Duke in his person was of a fair complexion, . . a lively and ingenuous look, and a counte- nance that expressed a greatness of mind, and was yet full of sweetness and modesty. He was somewhat taller than what is deemed the middle size, well shaped and limbed as any man of his time, of active and clever strength, not corpulent, yet always preserving a good embonpoint. He had a noble air and mien : had he been dressed like a ploughman, he would have still appeared a man of quality ; and the manner of his address was natural, easy, graceful, and engaging. . . His dress was plain, but very elegant and neat, nobody wore his clothes better, but he still suited them to the weather. . . The cheerfulness of his temper, the liveliness of his conversa- tion, the ready flow and pleasant turn of his wit, and the care he always took to adapt himself to the King's manner and humour, rendered him very agreeable to that prince ; . . but King James II. seemed always to stand in awe of him. . . The Ministei's about Court cannot be sup- posed to have much affection to a person whom they could not but consider as their rival in power, . . and who would never enter into any of their cabals, . . Conscious of . . integrity, and depend- ing on the remembi-ance of his services, he despised all the little arts that are used about courts to get into power. . . He detested making a low court to any of the King's mistresses; and yet he was not averse to the keeping of measures with them, when it might be useful to the public service, the great end by which he regulated his own conduct in public affairs." He had a wonderful memory ; was an early riser, fond of field sports, and regular and temperate in his habits. Bishop Burnet thus writes of him : " A man every way fitted for a court : of a graceful appearance, a lively wit, and a cheerful temper ; a man of great expense, decent even in his vices; for he always kept up the form of religion. He had gone through many transactions in Ireland with more fidelity than success. . . He was firm to the Protestant religion, and so far firm to the laws, that he always gave good advices ; but when bad ones were followed, 62 BUT he was not for complaining too much of them." The Duke of Ormond had by his lady, eight sons and two daughters: (i) Thomas, born 1632, died before he was a year old. (2) Thomas, Earl of Ossory, bora 9th July 1634; died 1680. (3) James, born 1635, died before he was a year old. (4) James, bom 24th March 1636; died 17th April 1645; buried in Christ Church, Dublin, (s) Eichard, Earl of Arran,born 15 th July 1639; died 1685. (6) Elizabeth, born 29th June 1640; married to the Earl of Chesterfield. (7) Walter, born 6th Sep- tember 1641 ; died March 1643 ; buried in Christ Church, Dublin. (8) John, Baron Aughrim, Viscount Clonmore,Earl of Gow- ran, born 1643; died without issue in 1677. (9) James, bom 1645 ; killed, when an infant, by falling out of a carriage in the Phoenix Park. (10) Mary, born 1646; married William Lord Cavendish, after- wards Earl and Duke of Devonshire. It will be seen that the Duke outlived all his sons. Even after the destruction of a mass of his papers by a fire in Dublin Castle, in 1683, sufficient remained to furnish Carte with materials for his voluminous and invaluable history of the Duke's life. *-' 93 17s 271 Butler, Thomas, Eaxl of Ossory, son of preceding, was born in Kilkenny Castle, 9th July 1634. In 1647 he quitted Ireland with his father, and passed on eventually to France, where he perfected himself in the accomplishments necessary to a youth of his expectations. In 1653 he accompanied his mother to Ireland. In March 1655, being in London, he was lodged in the Tower ; whence he was, after a short imprisonment, released on account of ill health, and permitted to retire to the Continent — "not daring," as his biographer says, " to come near the King as long as Cromwell lived, for fear it should be a pre- tence for taking away from the Duchess the tenancy of her own estate." In November 1 659, he married Emelia Beverweert, daugh- ter of a leading Dutch statesman, a natural son of the Prince of Orange. After the Eestoration he was appointed to several commands in the army, and was in 1665 made Lieutenant-General in Ireland. Next year he was sworn on the English Privy Council, and took his seat in Parliament as Lord Butler of Moor-Park. In 1672, visit- ing the court of France as envoy extraor- dinary, he was pressed by Louis to enter his service, and at parting was presented with a valuable jewel. In 1673, as Admiral of the Blue, he distinguished himself in an engagement with Van Tromp ; and the same year planned a descent on Helvoetsluys, which Charles II. would not permit him to BUT carry into execution. In the ensuing years he occupied several important offices of trust. Five years afterwards (1678) he commanded the British troops in the ser- vice of the Prince of Orange, and at the battle of Mons contributed not a little to tlie defeat of Marshal Luxembourg. He died 1680, aged 46, "to the universal re- gret of this nation and the general grief of a great part of Europe." His father was thereafter accustomed to say that "he would not exchange his dead son for any living sou in Christendom." Mr. Wills writes : "In an agedegraded by the vicesof Buckingham and Eochester, he ran the race of Sidney, ■without the reward of royal favour which valour and virtue could win in better times." His body, after resting for a time in "Westminster Abbey, was removed to Kil- kenny. There is a long disquisition upon his character in Carte's 8th Book. "^ ^^' Butler, James, 2nd Duke of Ormond, son of preceding, born in Dub- lin Castle, 29th April 1665, was, with his brother and sisters, brought up by his grandfather, the great Duke. He was educated in France and at Oxford. When but seventeen, he married a daughter of Lord Hyde, and was left a widower at twenty. He served at the siege of Luxem- bourg, and in suppressing the Duke of Monmouth's rebellion. Shortly afterwards he took as his second wife a daughter of the Duke of Beaufort. Upon his grand- father's death he succeeded to the title of Duke, and was by the University of Oxford appointed Chancellor. He went over to William of Orange upon his arrival in Eng- land, was made a Privy-Councillor, and had other honours heaped upon him. At the battle of the Boyne he commanded the Life Guards ; and a few weeks afterwards entertained William at a grand banquet at Kilkenny Castle, which had been pro- tected from plunder by General Lauzun. He afterwards attended William to Flan- ders. At Landen he was severely wounded, and taken prisoner, but was soon exchanged. He served again on the Continent, among other commands leading the land forces in the attack on Cadiz in 1702. He was twice Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, and was pre- sent in the English Council Chamber at the time of Guiscard's attack on Harley. After Marlborough's disgrace, he was appointed Commander-in-chief, and met but a cool reception from the Dutch and Prince Eugene when he landed in Flanders in 17 12; nor did the subsequent separate negotiations with the French, in which he was the instrument employed by the Eng- lish Ministry, raise him in the estima- tion of the allies. On his return to Eng- BUT land, he was warmly received and made Warden of the Cinque Ports and Governor of Dover, and his Duchess a Lady of the Bedchamber. Through his interest. Swift was appointed Dean of St. Patrick's. Upon George I.'s accession he was deprived of his offices, and fled to France. Before leav- ing he is said to have visited Lord Oxford in the Tower, and upon parting with him to haveexclaimed," Farewell ! Oxford without a head :" to which Oxford rejoined, " Fare- well ! Duke without a duchy." He was immediatelyimpeachedfor: (i) correspond- ing with Marshal Villars in the late war ; (2) having engaged not to attack the French army ; (3) having endeavoured to persuade the confederate generals to raise the siege of Quesnoy, These charges being proved, he was attainted of high treason, and his name was erased from the list of Peers and from the order of the Garter ; while the Irish Houses set £10,000 upon his head, and his estate was vested in the Crown. He thenceforth lived upon an allowance of .£1,500 a year from the court of Spain, and devoted the remainder of his life to the cause of the Pretender, his house at Avignon being the head-quarters of Jaco- bite intrigue. Though of an amiable dispo- sition, his married life was unhappy. In 172 1 he is described as " short and fat in person, but yet of most graceful demeanour, and most noble aspect ; remarkable for his attachment to the Church of England, and refusing large demesnes which were offered to him as the price of his conversion. . . He loves and is beloved by the ladies ; is of low stature, but well shaped, of a good mien and address, a fair complexion, and very beautiful face." He died, after thirty years exile, 1 6th November 1745, aged 80. His body was conveyed secretly to England as a bale of goods, and buried in Henry VII.'s chapel, with some of his ancestors. [His brother Charles, the Earl of Arran, re- purchased his escheated estates from Go- vernment, and was in truth 3rd Duke of Ormond, but he never assumed or was aware of possessing the title, as it had not then been decided that an attainder in the English Parliament did not affect Irish titles. On his death in December 1 758, the titles of the house became dor- mant, until revived in 1791, by John Butler, a descendant of Walter, nth Earl, being created 1 7th Earl of Ormond. James, 19th Earl, was in 1825 created a Marquis, the title now borne by the Butlers.] Sir B. Burke adopts the modern spelling, Ormonde. 54 97 196 271 Butler, Fierce, Viscoxmt Galmoy, descended from the loth Earl of Ormond, was bom 21 st March 1652. In 1677 he took 63 BUT the degree of LL.D. at Oxford. Under James II. he was Privy-Councillor of Ire- land, Lieutenant of the County of Kil- kenny, and Colonel of the 2nd Regiment of Irish Horse. He served with distinction at the Boyne and Aughrim, and was one of the signers of the Treaty of Limerick. He might probably have secured his old estates of 10,000 acres in Kilkenny and 5,000 in Wexford, if he had consented to give his allegiance to William III., in- stead of following Sarsfield to France. On the establishment of the Irish troops in France he was made Colonel of the 2nd Queen's Regiment of Horse. He was at the siege of Roses in 1693, and in 1694 was Brigadier attached to the army of Germany. He served in Italy and other parts of the Continent from 1701 to 1703, sharing all the fortunes of the Irish Brigade. His son fell at Malplaquet, 1 709. Viscount Galmoy died at Paris, i8th June 1740, aged 88. O'Callaghan says : " The succes- sive claimants of the title of Galmoy wei-e officers in France down to the Revolution ; in whose armies, as well as in others, various gentlemen have honourably represented a name, of which the illustrious General Lafayette is related to have said, in the war for the independence of the United States of America, that ' whenever he wanted anything well done, he got a Butler to do it.' " "®* Butler, Pierce, American statesman, of the family of the Dukes of Ormond, was born in Ireland in 1744. An officer in the British army stationed in North America, he resigned shortly before the Revolution, and settled in South Carolina. He was a member of the old Congress in 1 787 ; of the Convention that framed the Federal Con- stitution in 1788; and was Senator from South Carolina 1 789-'96, and 1 8o2-'4. He died in Philadelphia, 15th February 1822, aged about i"]. 37* Bu+ler, Richard, Major-General U.S.A., was born in Ireland. He emigrated to America in 1 7 60, was, in 1 77 7, made Lieu- tenant-Colonel in the Revolutionary army, and distinguished himself on many occa- sions. He held the rank of Colonel at the close of the war, and was appointed agent for Indian affairs in Ohio. In 179 1 he had risen to be a Major-General, and marched in the expedition of St. Clair against the Indians. He was tomahawked and scalped in an engagement on the 4th November of that year, 1791. Several members of the Butler family, of American birth, have distinguished themselves in the history of the United States. 37. Butler, Richard, Viscount Mount- garret, descended from the 8th Earl of 64 BUT Onuond, was born in 1578, His first wife was Margaret, eldest daughter of Hugh O'Neill; and, taking part with his father-in-law, he particulaiiy distinguished himself by the defence of the castles of Ballyragget and Cullahill. Nevertheless, his estates were confirmed to him both by James I. and Charles I. At the commence- ment of hostilities in 1641 he appeared inclined to espouse the Government side, and was appointed Governor of Kilkenny. Fearing, however, that the rights and liber- ties of his Catholic brethren would be still further interfered with, he wrote an explan- atory letter to the Earl of Ormond, and took possession of Kilkenny in the name of the Confederates, He endeavoiu-ed to protect the lives and property of the Protestants, without relaxing his efforts for the side he had espoused. Early in the war he secured all the towns and forts in Kilkenny, in Waterford, and Tipperary, and marched into Munster and took Knockordan and Mallow, and other strongholds. Unfor- tunately for the Confederates, Cork object- ed to his jurisdiction, and insisted upon the appointment of a general of its own. Thus were lost the advantages of undivided and vigorous control of the Confederate armies. On 13th April 1642, he was de- feated at the battle of Kilrush, near Athy, by the Earl of Ormond. Soon after, he was chosen President of the Supreme Council of Kilkenny. In 1643 ^^ '^^^ at the battle of Ross, and at the capture, by his son Ed- mund, of the Castle of Borris, in the Queen's County; also at the siege of Ballynakill, a fortress that had held out bravely for eighteen months. Viscount Mountgarret was outlawed by Cromwell, and excepted from pardon for life or estate. He died in 1651, and was interred in St. Canice's, Kilkenny. His son was even- tually restored to his estates and honours by Charles II. This branch of the Butlers is now represented by the 13th Viscount Mountgarret. 54 196 ^is Butler, Richard, Dean of Clonmac- noise, was born near Granard, County of Longford, 14th October 1794. He was educated at Reading under Dr. Valpy; in 1 814 he entered Oxford, and in 18 19 received priest's orders, and was inducted vicar, of Trim. There his life was passed in attendance on the duties of his cure, and in literary and antiquarian investiga- tions. He was intimate with the best minds of the day in his own party : Maria Edge- worth was an occasional visitor at his house. He was one of the founders of the Irish Archffiological Society, for which association he edited Clyn and Bowling's Annals. Before 1840 he had brought out two BUT editions of his work on the Antiquities of Trim. He died 17th July 1862, aged 67, and was interred beside the church where he had ministered for forty-three years. ^*' Butler, Walter, was a scion of the family of Ormond, who, with his brother James, emigrated to Germany early in the 17th century, and entered the Imperial service. Both obtained command of regi- ments, and served with distinction under Tilly and Wallenstein in many of the ac- tions of the Thirty Years' War. When it became evident to Walter that Wallenstein was turning traitor to the Emperor, and going over to the enemy, he conspired with several other officers, and caused the assas- sination of that great commander, at Egra, on 25 th February 1634. For this crime he was created a Count of the Empire, and large estates in Bohemia, still held by his descendants, were settled on him. Mr. F. Prendergast, who gives an exhaustive ac- count of the transaction, thus apologises for him : " This deed of Walter Butler may have prevented a train of consequences the most momentous ; and if the manner of executing it forbids us to call the act, with Carve, heroic, the circumstances, as now stated, will, I trust, go far to relieve But- ler's character from the infamy which has hitherto rested upon it, and to exhibit him in the light of an officer impelled by a stern sense of duty, in a critical hour, to use the best and only means remaining to him to protect his sovereign's crown." '° He died in Wirtemberg shortly after the battle of Nordlingen, at which he distinguished himself, in September 1634, and was buried with great pomp at Prague. He or his brother left a bequest to found a college of Irish Franciscans in that city. r°l'852) 39 Butler, William, a well-known al- chemist, the pretended discoverer of the philosopher's stone, and of a powder for bringing the dead to life, was born in Clare about 1534. He died at sea, on his passage to Spain, 29th January 161 7. ^ Butler, WilHam Archer, Rev., was born near Clonmel about 18 14, of Catholic parents. At the age of sixteen he became a Protestant, and entering Trinity College, obtained a scholarship in 1832, and dis- tinguished himself by his learning, and by his poetic contributions to the Dublin University Magazine. As Professor of Moral Philosophy, his lectures were re- markable for their elegance and profound reasoning. The latter part of his life was devoted principally to the duties of his parish of Raymoghy, in Eaphoe. He died after a short illness, 5 th July 1848. His Letters on Mr. Newman^s Theory of Develop- ment attracted considerable attention. Sir BYR W. Hamilton thus writes of his Lectures on Ancient Philosophy; " I have seen enough of them to be convinced of their great scientific value, and am much gratified in finding so important a subject treated with so much learning and acuteness." '* 39 "6(19) Byrne, Myles, Chef-de-Bataillon in the service of France, and officer of the Legion of Honour, was born at Monaseed, County of Wexford, 20th March 1780. But a youth, he entered with ardour into the hopes and plans of the United Irish- men. On 3rd June 1 798 he joined the body of insurgents under Rev. John Murphy, encamped at Corrigrua, County of Wexford. Next morning this force, consisting of about 10,000 men, armed chiefly with pikes, with- out artillery, and with but few muskets, and little ammunition, marched on Gorey. Their passage was opposed by troops under Colonel Walpole. He was killed in a skir- mish that ensued, his force routed, and his three pieces of artillery with ammu- nition were captured. Gorey was then occupied, and insurgent levies flocked in from all directions. The 5th and 6th June were spent in drilling and recon- noitring. On the 7th Camew was taken and burned, and a hill close by occupied as a camp. Next day Carnew was evacu- ated, and preparations made for an attack on Arklow. This town was garrisoned in force by the military, and was at- tacked by the insurgents on the 9th June. Byrne commanded a division of pikemen. The battle was hotly contested for some time, but eventually the insurgents had to withdraw, having sufiered fearful losses. The Rev. Michael Murphy, one of their bravest leaders, was killed in this engage- ment. Several days were spent in aimless marches, the want of an efficient commander- in-chief being greatly felt : provisions and ammunition began to grow scai'ce, and the insurgent army, attended by crowds of followers, was further encumbered by the numbers of wounded, whose sufferings they were unable properly to alleviate, and whom they dared not leave behind to the mercy of the soldiers and yeomanry. An attack on Newtownbarry failed, and the southern division of the insurgents was de- feated with terrible slaughter at New Ross. The scattered bands, weakened by death, disease, and exposure, gradually concen- trated on Vinegar Hill, over Enniscorthy. There, on 21st June, they made their last stand, and in it Byrne took a distinguished part. Attacked at early dawn by over- whelming columns of troops under General Lake, they fought with the fury of despair, but were before long defeated, and broke down the hill, through an opening humanely 65 BYE left by their opponent in his columns. Byrne says: "I had been in many combats and battles, but I never before witnessed such a display of bravery and intrepidity as was shown all along our line." Wex- ford was occupied by the military next day, and the work of execution, transportation, and reprisals commenced. Byrne kept command of a small force. Marching over the old battle-ground of Foulkesmill, they turned north through Killan. On the 23rd they attacked Goresbridge, and were joined by a party of colliers from Castlecomer. Here he had to deplore the murder of several prisoners in cold blood, and other atrocities, committed by his men in revenge for the picketing, pitch-caps, and executions to which the peasantry had been exposed before the hostilities commenced. Castle- comer was unsuccessfully attacked; and about 26th June, the now diminished band of pikemen returned into "Wexford through Scollagh Gap. With his wounded brother, he paid a furtive visit home to bid farewell to his mother and sister, and after being engaged in a few skirmishes with the troops, joined Michael Dwyer and General Holt in the glens of Wicklow. On loth Novem- ber he managed to escape into Dublin, disguised as a car driver. He passed the next few years as clerk in a timber yard. In the winter of i8o2-'3, he was intro- duced to Robert Emmet, and, following the example of most of the insurgent refu- gees in Dublin, entered with enthusiasm into his plans. Byrne made contracts for arms with gunsmiths, prepared pike handles, and other necessary materials of war. When the eventful 23rd July ar- rived, Byrne's part in the arrangements was to command a body of men in readi- ness at a rendezvous on the Coal (now Wellington) Quay. Like all Emmet's plans, this miscarried. B}Tne was, according to his own account, ready with his contingent, but tb first news that reached him was of the fracas in Thomas-street and Emmet's flight to Rathfarnham. Two days after- wards he had an interview with Emmet, when it was arranged that Byrne should go to Paris, and endeavour to procure assistance from the French government, In an American vessel, he managed to escape from Dublin to Bordeaux, whence he proceeded to Paris, and was quickly in communication with the refugees there. But all hopes of French intervention were over. Entering the French army, he served Avith distinction in Spain, the Low Coun- tries, and Germany. He continued in the army after the Restoration, and in 1830 was appointed Chef-de-Bataillon. His Memoirs, edited by his wife, though lacking in ar- 66 CAD rangement, are full of interesting particulars of the varied scenes he passed through, and abound with valuable biographical notices and personal details of the Irish exiles in France. He died in Paris on the 24th of January 1862 (aged nearly 82), in the arms of a beloved wife, and was inter- red at Montmartre. His widow writes of the last few days of his life : " He was [then] greatly grieved at the civil war be- tween the States of the North and South ; but he felt hopeful of the ultimate result, and had no fear of the Union being broken up ; on the contrary, he expected it would probably be stronger than ever, and also be purified from the blot of slavery. His aspirations for the emancipation and re- generation of Italy were equally ardent. His love of freedom and the well-being of his fellow-creatures was confined to no country or race, and he was ever ready and active to do good and to serve others." To the last, his love of Ireland and interest in her afiairs continued unabated. He is de- scribed by those who knew him in his latter days, as a singularly noble-looking old man — erect and soldierlike to the last; with all the polish of a perfect gentleman ; genial in his manners, and full of anec- dotes of various scenes through which he had passed. His widow was living in in- firm health in 1877. ^s =33 Cade, John, said to have been an Irish- man, a physician, whose real name was Aylmer, was induced in the summer of 1450 to assume the name of Mortimer, and to head a rising of Kentishmen, osten- sibly as a protest against certain fines and taxes, really in the interest of Richard, Duke of York. He encamped, says Graf- ton the chronicler, "in good order of battaile" at Blackheath, and sent mes- sages to Henry VI. and his council, " with louyng wordes, but with malicious en- tent." Henry marched against the insur- gents, who retreated to Sevenoaks. There they defeated a detachment sent against them— the leaders of same. Sir Humphrey and Sir William Stafford, falling in the en- counter. Henry VI. appeal's to have re- treated into Warwickshire, committing to the Tower the unpopular Treasurer of Eng- land, Lord Say. We are told that Cade apparelled himself in the rich armour of the Staffbrds, "and so with pompe and glorie returned agagne towarde London," his forces being considerably augmented by contingents from Sussex and Surrey. He first entered Southwark, and then London itself, and he struck his sword on London stone, saying : " Now is Mortimer lorde of this citie;" after which, we are told by CAH Grafton, " he rode in euery streete lyke a lordly captayne." At first he restrained the excesses of his followers, and protected life and property. On the 3rd July, however, he had Lord Say and others executed, and the citizens being subjected to wanton outrages, banded themselves together, and with the co-operation of Lord Scales, keeper of the Tower, drove Cade and his following, after a desperate encounter, across the bridge into Southwark. In the fighting many houses were burned, and numbers of women and children perished in the flames or by drowning. Cade's discomfiture was completed by the Archbishop of Canter- bury and Bishop of Winchester secretly crossing the river, and disseminating among his followers the King's pardon to all who would peaceably return to their homes. Grafton, the chronicler, remarks : " Lord, howe glad the people were of this pardon . . and how they accepted the same, in so much that the whole multitude, without bydding farewell to their Capitane, retired the same night, euery man to his own home, as men amazed and striken with feare." Cade fled disguised into Sussex — "but all his metamorphosis or transfigura- tion little prevayled, for after a proclama- tion made, that whoesoeuer could appre- hend the sayed lack Cade should haue for his paine a thousande markes, many sought for hym, but fewe espied hym, till one Alexander Iden, Esquire, of Kent, founde hym in a garden, and there in his defence, manfully slue the caytife Cade, and brought his dead bodie to London, whose head was set on London bridge." ''^ '-* ^^- 33s Cahill, Daniel William, D.D., a pulpit orator, and lecturer upon chemistry and astronomy, was born in the Queen's County, in 1796. After studying at May- nooth, he was ordained, and for a time was a professor in Carlow College. He is well remembered as a lecturer, was the author of many pamphlets, and for a time edited a newspaper in Dublin. Removing to the United States, he died in Boston, 27th October 1864, aged about 68. 27. 78. Cailte MacBionain, one of the heroes of Fenian romance in the 3rd century, the beloved friend and follower of Finn Mac- Cumhaill. His name appears on almost every page of many of the Fenian tales ; yet we are told little definite concerning him. He was one of the "ancient men," fabled to have survived until the time of St. Patrick, and to have communicated to the Saint particulars concerning the heroes of Irish romance, and to have com- plained bitterly of the change from the glories of the past ; as in " The Lamenta- tion of Oisin after the Fenians," in The CAI Transactions of the Ossianic Society: " I am without mirth, without the chase, without music, Amidst the monks and clerics ; Ever groaning and tearfully weeping, Begging the shelter of the mean clergy. " Oft have I seen one feast alone In the dwelling of the King of the Fenians, Better than all that Patrick ever had Or the whole body of the psalm-clerics." 260 372* Caimin, Saint, abbot of Inishcaltra, Lough Derg, was a brother of Guaire, King of Connaught. He chose the life of an anchorite, and attracted large numbers to his island retreat by his piety and learn- ing. A commentary on the 119th Psalm in his own hand is said to have been in the Franciscan convent of Donegal in Ware's days. His greatest desire was " that if the church were thronged with sick and infirm, he would wish, were he able, to take all their infirmities on him- self, and bear them for the love of God and his neighbour." He died about 653. His festival is the 24th of March. "9 =^4 339 Cairbre Lifeachair, King of Ireland, 254 to 281. He fell at the famous battle of Gabhra(Gowra), fought in contiguity to the Hill of Skreen, near Tara. This engage- ment, which took place, according to Keat- ing, in 281, was fought between Cairbre at the head of one tribe of the old Fenian warriors, and Mogh Corb, King of Munster, and Oscar, grandson of Finn MacCum- haill, at the head of another. The rival military tribes were almost exterminated in the battle. Oscar fell in single combat with Cairbre ; but Cairbre, returning from the combat, was met by his own rela- tive Simeon, who fell upon him, severely wounded after his dreadful combat with Oscar, and despatched him at a single blow. The combat is ' referred to by Ferguson in his beautiful lay "Aideen's Grave." '^x Cairnes, David, one of the most prominent defenders of Derry, was born in the north of Ireland in 1645. He be- came a lawyer, and in 1688 was owner of considerable property in land. On the approach of Tirconnell's troops, to occupy Derry, early in December 1688, he ad- vised the citizens to take the defence into their own hands ; and on the I ith he set out for London, carrying letters to William III. and the Irish Society, imploring assistance in men, provisions, arms, and ammunition. He did not return until the i ith of April, i68g, in time to help to counteract Lundy's design of delivering up the city. Appointed Lieutenant-Colonel of a regiment, he distin- guished himself all through the heroic and successful defence. After the war was over, he was returned M.P. for Derry. a trust he 67 CAT continued to fulfil for the succeeding thirty years. He was also appointed Recorder, and filled other offices in the city. Under date 1 6th April 1697, he bitterly complains to the Lord-Lieutenant of the manner in which the city and its defenders had been treated by Government- -"lying to this day in misery and rubbish, for its great zeal to his present Majesty and Government, when it might have had any conditions could be asked from the late King, if it would have surrendered." Mr. Cairnes died in 1722, aged about "]"], and was buried, with all honours, in the Cathedral Churchyard of the city. ''^ =''' Cairnes, John Elliott, LL.D., a dis- tinguished political economist, was born at Castlebellingham, 26th December 1823. After leaving school, he spent some time in his father's counting-house, but was eventually permitted to follow his natural bent, and enter Trinity College. In 1851 he took the degree of M. A. He engaged in the study of law, and was called to the Irish Bar. He does not appear to have felt much inclination for the legal profession, and during some years occupied himself to a large extent with contributions to the daily press, chiefly relating to various Irish social and economic questions. Political economy he studied with great thorough- ness and care ; this led to a friendship with Archbishop Whately, and in 1856 he was appointed to the professorship of Political Economy founded in Trinity College by that prelate. In 1857 appear- ed his Character and Logical Method of Political Economy, which forms a most admirable introduction to the study of economics as a science. Able articles in Frazer's Magazine and the Edinhurgh Re- view on the gold question as relating to prices, next occupied his attention. In 1 861 he was appointed to the professor- ship of Political Economy and Jurispru- dence in the Queen's College, Galway. From tue first he took much interest in the American civil war of 1 86 1 -'5, and combated Confederate sympathies by the publication of The Slave Power in 1 862, a work that rapidly went through two editions, and had considerable influence in modifying opinion in the United Kingdom. The Encyclopcedia Britannica styTes it "one of the finest specimens of applied economi- cal philosophy." His health, at no time very good, was further weakened, about 1863, by a fall from his horse ; and an acutely painful malady gradually crept over him, that ultimately rendered physi- cal exertion impossible. As his friend Mr. Fawcett writes : " The courage of the battle-field sinks almost into insignifi- 68 CAL cance compared with the heroism which enabled Mr. Cairnes, through long years of hopeless pain, to keep up a constant cheerfulness, and to use the great powers of his mind to add by his writings to the knowledge and well-being of mankind." In 1866 he was appointed to a professor- ship in University College, London. He spent the session of i868-'9 in Italy. His health soon rendered it impossible fur- ther to discharge public duties, and he resigned his post in 1872, retiring with the honorary title of Emeritus Professor of Political Economy. Next year the Dublin University conferred on him the degree of LL.D. The last years of his life were spent in the collection and pub- lication of papers contributed to various reviews and magazines, and in the pre- paration of his great work, published in 1874 — Some Leading Principles of Politi- cal Economy Nexoly Expounded— ^^ beyond doubt a worthy successor to the great treatises of Smith, Malthus, Eicardo, and Mill. . , While in fundamental har- mony with Mill, especially as regards the general conception of the science, Cairnes diff'ers from him to a greater or less ex- tent on nearly all the cardinal doctrines, subjects his opinions to a searching exami- nation, and generally succeeds in giving to the truth that is common to both, a firmer basis, and more precise state- ment. . . Taken as a whole, the works of Cairnes form the most important con- tribution to economical science made by the English school since the publication of J. S. Mill's Principles." '^* It may be added that the friendship between Mill and Cairnes was warm and intimate. A careful summing up of the results of these contributions will be found in the last Encyclopcedia Britannica, showing the advances in economic doctrine established by him, in (i) his exposition of the pro- vince and method of political economy ; (2) his analysis of cost of production in its relation to value ; (3) his exposition of the natural or social limit to free com- petition, and of its bearing on the theory of value ; (4) his defence of the wages fund doctrine. Professor Cairnes died in London, 8th July 1875, aged 51, and was interred at Willesden. ^^* ^^3 Caldwell, Hnme, Colonel, son of Sir James Caldwell of Castlecaldwell, was born in 1735. A soldier of fortune, he en- tered the Austrian service as a private, and rose by his bravery and devotion to the rank of colonel. He died of a wound received at Olmutz, 19th August 1762. A lengthened account of his career is given by Ryan. 3« CAL Callioiui, Patrick, an early Americau settler, was born in Ireland in 1727. He left Ireland with his parents in early life and settled in Virginia, and afterwards in the interior of South Carolina, then a wilderness. He and his family suffered severely during the war with the French and the Indians. Shortly after the peace of 1 763 he was elected a member of the pro- vincial legislature, and continued a member of that and afterwards of the state legisla- ture (with the intermission of a single term) till his death in 1796. In the war of the Re- volution he took an early, decided, and active part against the British. His son John Caldwell Calhoun (born in South Carolina in 1782, died at Washington 1850) was Vice-President of the United States from 1825 to 1833, and held other important offices, and was undoubtedly the ablest and most uncompromising champion of slavery and the slave power in his day. Callaghan or Eellachan, King of Cashel, reigned some ten years, dying in 952. He is worthy of notice from the interesting account Keating gives of his capture and imprisonment by Sitric, Scan- dinavian King of Dublin. Sitric lured him to Dublin with promises of the hand of his sister. There he was seized and sent in chains to Armagh. Cemiedigh, sou of Lor- can, a powerful prince, immediately mus- tered both land and sea forces to proceed to his release. A fierce encounter en- sued at Dundalk, and Callaghan, found bound on one of Sitric's ships in the bay, was released. On Ceunedigh and Cal- laghan's return to Munster, they wreaked vengeance upon the Ard-Eigh and other Irish princes who had connived at, and indeed advised, Callaghan's capture. Accor- ding to another account, it was by Muir- cheartach. King of Aileach, that Callaghan was imprisoned for a time with other Irish kings. As Keating says, " He returned to Aileach, carrying these kings with him, and they were for nine months feasting there." '^i Callan, Nicholas, D.D., Professor of Natural Philosophy in Maynooth College, was born at Dromiskin, in the County of Louth, in 1799. He entered college in 181 7, and remained there till his death, a period of forty-seven years. Much of his leisure was devoted to the translation into English of works of piety, particularly those of St. Liguori, Eemarkable for his unassuming manners, he endeared himself to all, especially to the students of the col- lege, who entertained towards him the most affectionate reverence. He died at Maynooth in 1864, aged about 65. '^' CAM Callanan, James Joseph, a poet, was born in Cork in 1795. Intended for the priesthood, he entered at Maynooth ; but finding that he had no vocation for the Church, he left the college in 1816, and became a tutor in his native city. Subse- quently he entered Trinity College with a view to legal studies, a course he also soon abandoned. His resources being com- pletely exhausted, he enlisted, and was upon the point of sailing to Malta with his regiment, the 1 8th Eoyal Irish, when some friends bought him out. In 1823 he became an assistant in the school of Dr. Maginn at Cork, where he remained only a few months ; but through Maginn's in- troduction he became a contributor to Blackwood and other magazines. During six years, and up to 1 829, he spent most of his time in rambling through the country, collecting old ballads and legends, and giving them a new dress in a new tongue. His health began to fail, however, a warmer climate appeared desirable, and early in 1 829 he became tutor in the family of an Irish gentleman at Lisbon. In a few months it is stated that he acquired suffi- cient of the language to make translations from Portuguese poetry. He also set about preparing his writings for publica- tion in a collected form. His health, how- ever, daily declined, and after a fruitless effort to gather strength for the voyage home, he died 1 9th September 1 829, aged 33. Mr. Waller writes of him in these words : "Thoroughly acquainted with the romantic legends of his country, he was singularly happy in the graces and power of language, and the feeling and beauty of his senti- ments. There is in his compositions little of that high classicality which marks the scholar; but they are full of exquisite simplicity and tenderness, and in his de- scription of natural scenery he is unrival- led. His lines on Gougane Barra are known to every tourist that visits the ro- mantic regions of the south of Ireland, and his longer poems possess great merit." Allibone styles this poem " the most per- fect perhaps of all Irish minor poems in the melody of its rhythm, the flow of its language, and the weird force of its expres- sions." '* 39 159' Campbell, Alexander, D.D., was born in the County of Antrim, June 1786, and was educated for the ministry at Glas- gow University. His father, Thomas, a relative and class-mate of Thomas Camp- bell the poet, was a Presbyterian minister, and emigrated to the United States in 1 807. Two years later, Alexander followed and took up his residence near Bethany, in western Virginia. At first a Presbyterian 69 CAM CAN- minister, lie separated from that body ou the ground that the Bible should be the sole creed of the church. With his father he established several congregations, uniting with the Baptists, but protesting against all creeds. In 1827 they and their followers were excluded from fellowship by that body, and organised themselves into a separate body under the name of " Disci- ples of Christ," more commonly known as Campbellites. In 1867 their numbers in the United States were estimated at 424,500, chiefly in the northern and west- ern States. In 1823 Mr. Campbell com- menced the publication of the Christian Baptist, afterwards merged in the Millen- nial Harbinger, the recognised organ of the sect. He also published numerous theological works, and engaged in several public discussions. In 1 840 he founded a college at Bethany, West Virginia : there he died, 4th March 1866, aged 79. Drake styles him : " A man of strong intellect, fine scholarship, and great logical power." He was an apologist for negro slavery, and maintained that the holding of slaves should not disqualify for church membership. 9** Campian, Edmund, an English writer, author of a well-known history of Ireland, was born in Loudon in 1540. He won dis- tinction at Oxford, and went to Ireland in 1568, where he collected materials for his History, published in 1571. Suspected of Catholicism, he fled to England, and eventu- ally to the Low Countries, where at Douay, in 1 5 7 1 , he openly renounced Protestantism. He was admitted to the order of Jesuits, and taught at several universities on the Continent. Sent to England in 1580, he was active in the dissemination of his prin- ciples. His work Rabsaces Romany^ at- tracted considerable attention ; he was arrested, sent to the Tower with a label on his hat, " Edmund Campian, a most per- nicious "^esuit," and was eventually racked and executed at Tyburn, ist December 1 58 1. He left several works that won for him reputation as a writer. His History of Ireland consists of two books — the first principally a cotemporary description of the country and its inhabitants ; the second, a history from the invasion to 1570. The preface to " The Loving Keader," is dated from "Droghedah, the 9th of June 1571." The work is extremely interesting to stu- dents of Irish history. His geographical knowledge of the island was but slight, in common with most writers of the day : " In proportion it resembleth an eggQ, blunt and plaine on the sides, not reaching forth to sea, in nookes and elbowes of land, as Brittaine doth." 3" '« 39 70 Campion, Maria, (Mrs. Pope) an actress, was born in Waterford in 1777. She early evinced a partiality for the stage, and made her first appearance in Dublin, as " Monimia," in The Orphan, 1 7th February 1 790, when it is related that she swooned both in the green-room and on the stage. She first appeared in London, in the same character, at Covent-Garden Theatre, on 13th October 1797, and shortly afterwards (24th January 1798) married Alexander Pope, the distinguished actor. She is stated to have been the authoress of two novels. Charles Mathews, who saw her perform in Dublin, where she was for some time the heroine of the stage, wrote : " There are few such actresses to be met with. She possesses a very beautiful face, extremely elegant figure, and delightful voice, added to every advantage of nature in mental qualifications, and every accomplishment of education." She died of apoplexy, in London, i8th July 1803, aged 26, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. ^ 146 338(1798) Canice, Cainneach, or Kenny, St., patron of Kilkenny (with which locality the events of his life are slightly, if at all, connected), the son of Laidec, a poet, and Mella, was born at Gleugiven, in Ulster, in 514. In his fourteenth year he was sent to Wales, where he studied under St. Docus. Ordained priest, he is said to have proceeded to Rome, and on his re- turn he exerted himself to extirpate the remains of paganism in Ireland. He was intimate with SS. Comgall and Columcille. The Martyrology of Donegal says of him: " Achadh-bo [Aghaboe in the Queen's County] was his principal church. . . A very ancient old vellum book states that Cainneach was, in his habits and life, l.'ke unto Philip the Apostle. And I find no characterizing whatever of the Cainneach of which it gives this account ; and if this be not he, I ask forgiveness of the real saint of whom it was given, if I am acting ignorantly respecting his identity. Co- lumcille frequently speaks of Cainneach in his Life. . . Eighty-four years was his age when he sent his spirit to heaven, a.d. 598." His festival is the i ith of October. 119 234 Cannera, Saint, lived in the 6th century. Her interview and conversation with St. Senan, given by Lanigan, and related by Moore in his Melodies, are her warrant for special notice. Wishing to re- ceive the viaticum from St. Senan, and to be buried in Inishscattery, she left her retreat near Bantry, and set sail for that island. Lanigan proceeds : " When arrived just close to it [she] was met by Senan, who obstinately refused to allow her to land, CAN and requested her to go to the house of his mother, who lived not far distant, and was related to Cannera. At length, however, on understanding that she was near her end, and that she wished to receive the Holy Eucharist, he complied with her de- sire. As she died very soon after, her wish to be interred in that holy place was also fulfilled." If she is the same as St. Cainder, as stated in the Martyrology of Donegal, her festival is the 28th January. "' ^^4 Canning, George, an author, an Irish- man, appears to have taken his degree of B.A. at the University of Dublin in 1754. His father, a gentleman of property in the north of Ireland, disinherited him for mar- rying, in 1768, Miss Costello, a dowerless beauty. George Canning was the author of some poems, and of a translation of Anti-Lucretius. He was called to the Bar, but never pursued his profession with ear- nestness, and his sojourn in London, on an allowance from his father of ,£150 per annum, was a perpetual struggle against adverse circumstances. Nevertheless he and his wife were received into some of the best literary circles, and led a respected, if not a contented and happy life. He died in the Temple, London, nth April 1771, one year after the birth of his son, the great George Canning. ^'' '•** Cantwell, Andrew, M.D., was born in the County of Tipperary, in the begin- ning of the 1 8th century. He took his degree in 1729, at Montpelier, and six years afterwards removed to Paris, where he became eminent as a physician and pro- fessor. A voluminous writer on medical questions, he was noted as a bitter oppo- nent of inoculation for the small-pox, then first practised ; he spent some time in Eng- land pursuing the study of inoculation and confirming his conviction of its inutility and danger. He was a Fellow of the Eoyal Society of London, and contributed three papers printed in the Philosophical Transactioiis. He died in Paris, nth July 1764. 54 42 Carew, Sir Peter, was born at Ottery- Mohun, in Devonshire, in 1514. After a varied and eventful military career, he appeared in Ireland in August 1568, as claimant for the old Leinster and Munster estates of his ancestors, which had gradu- ally been re-occupied by the Irish chieftains during the wars of the Eoses. He first landed at Waterford, and then repaired to Dublin, where he resided during the prosecution of his claims. He was a prom- inent figxire in Irish politics for the next seven years; and his presence materially contributed to the wars of the Butlers and other chieftains who naturally resented the CAR Government putting him in the possession of estates which had been in their occupa- tion for centuries. In 1568 Sir Peter was appointed governor of Leighliu. We are seriously told that " he so courteously dealed, and so friendly entreated his tenants, the Kavanaghs, and so liberally bestowed them, that, albeit it were some grief unto them to be dispossessed of the possessions which so long time they had held and en- joyed, yet they most gladly served him and became his tenants." Several attempts were made to assassinate him. Sir Edmund Butler, brother to the Earl of Ormond, es- pecially resented his claiming some of his lands, and in 1569 raised an insurrection, and gave the Government no small trouble. Sir Peter distinguished himself in the en- suing war, chiefly in the capture of Clog- renan Castle. In 1572, after a short visit to England, he repaired to Cork and prose- cuted his claims to certain Munster estates. He died at Eoss, 27th November 1 575, and his body was interred at "Waterford in great pomp, in presence of Lord-Deputy Sid- ney and other notables. He is described as " of a mean stature, but very well com- pact, and somewhat broad, big boned and strongly sinewed, his face of a very good countenance, his complexion swarte or cholyryke, his hair black, and his beard thick and great." ^9 1° Carew, Sir George, Earl of Tot- nes, soldier and statesman, son of Dean Carew, was born in 1558, probably at Exe- ter. After studying at Oxford, he and his brother Peter came over to Ireland in 1575, under patronage of their kinsman Sir Peter Carew. After Sir Peter's death, both of the brothers are mentioned as being engaged in the Irish wars. They appear as captains of a company of Devon and Cornishmen that landed at Waterford in 1579, and were af- terwards appointed to keep the Castle of Adare, where they were besieged by the Earl of Desmond. Peter was slain in a sally, 25th August 1580. In a letter to Walsingham, three months afterwards, George is able to boast that "Hope of re- venge did . . breed me comfort : . . it hath been my good hap to kill him that slew my brother." ^ On midsummer eve of 1583, being in Dublin with his company, and hearing that one O'Nasye, a follower of the Cavenaghs, who was in town on Government business (having brought in prisoner Walter Eustace, brother of Vis- count Baltinglass) and with a Government safe conduct, had boasted that he was concerned in his brother's death (in battle), George sallied forth and stabbed him mortally. Although, in answer to the representations of the Lords- Justices, Wal- 71 CAR singham admitted, " George Carew hath lately committed a very foul act, able to make the Irishmen to enter into an hatred of us, trusting us in nothing, and thinking that there is treachery in any fair promises made unto them," ^ it does not appear to have interfered with his advancement, and by the spring of 1 5 86 we find him knighted and sent on a private mission to Elizabeth by Sir John Perrot. He had already ac- quired large estates in Ireland. In Feb- ruary 1588 he was appointed Master of the Ordnance, and returned to Ireland; and in 1590 was admitted to the Privy Council. In 1 592 he was Lieutenant-Gene- ral of the English Ordnance, and in 1596 and '97 he was engaged with Essex and Ealeigh in expeditions against Spain ; in March 1599 he was appointed to attend the Earl of Essex to Ireland; and on 27th January 1600 he was made President of Mimster. His proceedings for the next three years are carefully detailed m]Pacata Ilibernia, nominally written by Thomas Stafford, but inspired by himself. Of the proceedings detailed in the early part of the woi-k, perhaps the capture of Glin Castle is the most interesting. By his vigour and decision he succeeded in com- pletely crushing within a short space of time the insurrection in the south of Ire- land. He was somewhat regardless of the means by which he effected the pacification of the country, and on more than one oc- casion negotiated for the assassination of Irish leaders, or as it was then termed, he " drew a draft " upon them. When he had settled matters in the south, the civil administration claimed much of his atten- tion, and we find detailed particulars concerning a new Irish coinage. On ist October 1601, a large Spanish force under Don Juan d'Aguila, in forty-four vessels, appeared off the south of Ireland, and occupied Kinsale, the vessels returning for ad'^''tional troops and supplies. The whole south again rose in arms, and O'Neill and O'Donnell hastened to effect a junc- ture with Don Juan. Carew immediately marched south with a comparatively small force, and blockaded Kinsale. Troops were rapidly sent to him from England, and on 24th December, in conjunction with Lord Mount joy, he routed the allies, and Don Juan was shortly afterwards obliged to capitulate and return to Spain. Dunboy Castle bravely held out until the 1 8th June 1 602, when Carew, after a regular siege, took it by assault, putting the garrison to the sword. Extraordinary devotion was shown by the besieged under MacGeoghegan, who held the place for O'Sullivan Beare, and who perished in the final assault. Carew 72 CAR says : " The whole number of the wai'd consisted of one hundred and fortie three selected fighting men, being the best choice of all their forces, of the which no man es- caped but were either slain, executed, or buried in the mines, and so obstinate and resolved a defence had not been seen with- in this Kingdome." Captain TyrriU and twelve men were respited in the expecta- tion that they would consent to purchase their lives by doing " acceptable service" in betraying others of their countrymen, but indignantly refusing these terms they were all executed a few hours afterwards. The siege of Dunboy, as related in Pacata Hibernia, is one of the saddest and most picturesque incidents in Irish history. The end of the war found the country in a de- plorable condition of ruin and depopulation. Carew and the other English leaders, and their Irish allies, profited largely by the confiscations that ensued. He returned to England in March i6o2-'3 at the earnest request of his friend Cecil. Carew stood in as high favour with James as with Elizabeth, and in the Irish Patent Rolls are recorded the numerous grants bestowed on him from time to time. In 1605 he was created Baron Carew, and was made Governor of Guernsey. In 161 1 he was despatched to Ireland as head of the commission for the plantation of Ulster. His correspondence with Sir Thomas Roe, English ambassador to the Great Mogul, extending from 161 5 to 1625, contains summaries of news that are of the greatest value to the historian. At the funeral of King James he was attacked by palsy, which proved nearly fatal. The favoui- which followed him through the reigns of Elizabeth and James continued unabated under Charles I., by whom he was created Earl of Totnes. Much of the leisure of the last years of his life was spent in arrang- ing with indefatigable industry his invalu- able collection of papers connected with the history of Ireland, now in Lambeth Palace, in thirty-nine volumes, besides four volumes in the Bodleian Library. Brewer's Calendar, in 6 vols. 8vo., is per- haps the richest store of Irish historical materials connected with the time. Cox drew largely upon them in his history. Carew died at the Savoy, London, 27th March 1629, aged about 72, and was buried at Stratford-upon-Avon. He left one daugh- ter. His Countess survived him manyyears. His letters and other manuscripts belonging to Ireland, he left to his natural son, Sir Thomas Stafford. [It may be said that a communication in Notes and Queries, 3rd Series, throws some doubt upon this re- lationship.] Carew's portrait, prefixed to CAR Pacata Hibernia, is eminently pleasing. 69 222 254(3) 27s Carey, John, LL.D., an eminent classi- cal scholar, was born in Ireland in 1756. He edited more than fifty volumes of the Regent's Classics, A insworih^s Latin Diction- ary, Schleiisner's New Testament Lexicon, and the like ; and was besides the author and translator of several valuable works. The Eclectic Review, referring to a work edited by him, says : " Dr. Carey's name is a guarantee for correct impression." He died in 1829. '* Carey, Matthew, brother of pre- ceding, author and publisher, was born in Dublin, 28th January 1760. He was ap- prenticed to the printing business ; and at eighteen he published a pamphlet on the wrongs endured by Irish Catholics. It M'as denounced as treasonable, and he was obliged to fly to Paris, where he was em- ployed for a time by Franklin in his pri- vate printing office. Returning to Dublin, he commenced in 1783 The Volunteer' s Jour- nal, and again incurring the hostility of Government, he was imprisoned in New- gate. Disguised as a woman, he escaped on board an American vessel, and landed at Philadelphia in November 1 784. Lafayette, with whom he had become acquainted in France, advanced him money, and in the January after his arrival he commenced the Pennsylvania Herald. His reports of the debates in the Assembly assured its success. About 1791 he entered on the business of bookselling, in which he was eminently successful. A strenuous advo- cate of protection, he issued fifty-nine works bearing upon that question, besides many other books and pamphlets on social and economic subjects. He advocated a system of internal improvements, by which Penn- sylvania was much benefited. In 18 19 appeared his able work, Vindidoe HibernioE, an examination and refutation of the charges against his countrymen with regard to the War of 1 641 -'5 2. He accumu- lated a large fortune ; and " as a practical philanthropist, brave, munificent, and dis- creet, his adopted country is under lasting obligations to him. He was an untiring advocate of popular education, and a bold reformer of municipal abuses — labouring efi'ectually to carry out the greatest good of the greatest number." ^9 The accidental overturning of his carriage hastened his death, 15th September 1839, aged 79. Alli- bone speaks of him as one to whom " the citizens of the United States will ever owe . . a debt of gratitude for his invaluable labours as a citizen, a politician, and a philanthropist." Henry C. Carey, his son, bom in Philadelphia, continued his father's CAR fame as a writer and publisher. Allibone devotes nearly two pages to a review of his works. '* 39 Carey, William Fanlett, brother of preceding, was born in Ireland in 1768. He was a United Irishman. He subsequently removed to England, and " distinguished himself," says Allibone, " as an eloquent advocate of art, artists, and political reform, and as the author of many critical and poetical contributions to the periodicals of the day. Among those on whose behalf his pen was early enlisted may be mentioned Chantrey, Hogan, Gibson, and James Montgomery." He died in 1 839. '* Carleton, Sir Guy, Lord Dorchester, was born at Strabane, 3rd September 1724. Entering the Guards at an early age, he became in 1748 Lieutenant-Colonel of the 72nd Foot ; served in the German cam- paign of 1757; under Amherst at the siege of Louisburg in 1757; as Quartermaster- General, under WoLfe at Quebec, in 1759 ; and was wounded at the siege of Belleisle. Made a Colonel in 1762, he served in the Havannah expedition, and was wounded at the assault on the Moro Castle. In 1 766 he was Lieutenant-Governor, and in 1774 Governor of Quebec. In October of next year he attempted to retake Ticonderoga and Crown Point from the Americans, and narrowly escaped being made prisoner. Reaching Quebec, he exerted himself suc- cessfully in putting it in a state of defence, and, 31st December 1775, repulsed the as- sault of the Americans, who lost their leader, his countryman. General Mont- gomery. Receiving reinforcements, he drove the Americans from the province, and on 13th October 1776, in a naval battle on Lake Champlain, he totally defeated the flotilla under Arnold. In 1 778 he was made a Lieutenant-General, and in 1781 suc- ceeded Sir Henry Clinton as Commander- in-chief in America, where he had the credit of doing all in his power to soften the acerbities of war. He returned to Great Britain in 1 783, was created Baron Dorchester in 1 786, and for the next ten years was ; Governor of British North America. His administration was mark- ed by mildness and justice. The latter part of his life was spent in England, where he died, loth November 1808, aged 84. 37. Carleton, William, an author, distin- guished for his just delineation of the character of the Irish peasantry, was born on Shrove Tuesday, 1 798, at Prillisk, near Clogher, County of Tyrone. He was the youngest of fourteen children. His father, a small farmer, was a man of considerable intelligence, endowed with a surprising 7i CAR memory ; Iiis mother used to sing the old Irish songs with wonderful sweetness and pathos. " From the one," we are told, "he gleaned his inexhaustible store of legend- ary lore, from the other that sympathy and innerness which have thrown a magic spell round the creations of his brilliant and f ruitful;fancy." He attended a hedge school, travelled as a " poor scholar," and fed his literary taste by reading all the books he could lay hands on. He was destined for the Catholic priesthood ; but was prevented from entering it by his father's death and by some conscientious difficulties, that led, we are told, to his joining the Estab- lished Church. He gained some classical knowledge at the school of Dr. Keenan, a parish priest in the diocese of Down, and became tutor in a farmer's family in Louth, A perusal of Gil Bias roused within him the desire of seeing more of the world ; and throwing up his situation, he found him- self in Dublin with only a few pence iu his pocket. Without any definite plan, he sought everywhere for employment, evsn of a bird-stuffer, of whose art he was ob- liged to confess complete ignorance. Driven to extremities, he contemplated enlisting, and addressed a Latin letter to the Colonel of a regiment, who dissuaded him from his intention, and gave him assistance. Chance threw him in the way of the Rev. Caesar Otway, who, recognizing his abilities, persuaded him to try authorship. He con- tributed a tale, "The Lough Derg Pilgrim- age," to the Christian Examiner. This was favourably received, and soon by his writ- ings and tutorship he attained a respectable position and married. When about tliirty, Carleton published a collected edition of his Traits and Stories of the Irish Peasantry, by far the most brilliant of his works. Fardarougha the Miser, his first novel, followed. The facility with which he wrote was exemplified in 1 845 , when on the death of The- as Davis, who was to have sup- plied Mr. Duffy with a number for his series of monthly publications, Carleton filled the gap on six days' notice with Faddy Go-easy. In the Black Prophet, a tale of the Famine, he has portrayed the Irish female character with matchless strength and pathos. The latter part of liis life was clouded by poverty resulting from irregular habits. He enjoyed a Civil List pension of £200, and latterly lived at Woodville, Sandford, near Dublin, where he died, 30th January 1869, aged 70. He was buried at Mount Jerome. In his delineations of Irish peasant life he stands perhaps unrivalled. What he may have wanted in literary power was made up by that actual experience of the scenes and 74 CAR incidents he WTites about; and he was enabled to catch a certain raciness in the Irish character, since almost obliterated by famine, emigration, and by wider know- ledge of the world, and book-learning. His later publications were in no degree equal to the Traits and Stories. His tales are spoken of in Blackwood as "Admirable truly, intensely Irish. Never were that wild, imaginative people better described ; and amongst all the fun, frolic, and folly, there is no want of poetry, pathos, and passion." '* ^^^ =41 Carmichael, Richard, an eminent surgeon, was born in Bishop-street, Dub- lin, 6th February 1779. After serving with the Wexford militia, and graduating at the College of Surgeons, he settled down in 1803 as a practitioner in his native city. He soon became distinguished by his re- searches concerning scrofula, cancer, and syphilis — tending considerably to lessen the use of mercury by the medical profession. He was more or less connected with all the medical and literary institutions of the city; and it was mainly through his exertions that in 1826 the Richmond (now the Car- michael) School of Medicine was founded. This institution he munificently aided during his lifetime, and endowed by will with ^'10,000. He also bequeathed £3,000 to the College of Surgeons, and £4,500 to the Medical Association of Ireland. Mr. Carmichael's published medical writings number about thirty-one. His honourable and useful career was brought to a melan- choly close on 8th June 1849, in his 71st year. He was drowned while crossing on horseback Sutton strand, near Dublin, on his way to his marine residence at Howth. 39 115(9) 233 Caron, Redmond, a writer, was born in the County of Westmeath, near Athlone, about 1605. When sixteen he entered the Order of St. Francis. Eventually he re- tired to the Continent, and studied at Saltz- burg, and at Lou vain, where he occupied the chair of theology. After some time he returned to Ireland as " Commissaiy- General of the Recollects." He sided with the Anglo-Catholic party, writing in favour of, and promoting the " Loyal Remon- strance." At one time, between the different factions, he would probably have lost his life but for the intervention of Lord Castle- haven; and during Cromwell's Irish cam- paign he thought it safer to visit England. Caron died in Dublin, in May 1666, and was buried in St. James's Churchyard. Ware enumerates seven works in Latin from his pen, and says : " He was esteemed a very pious and learned man, and of honest and loyal principles." ^39 CAR Carpenter, John, Archbishop of Dub- lin, i770-'86, was the son of a merchant- tailor, who resided in Chancery - lane, Dublin. Educated at Lisbon, and ap- pointed curate of St. Mary's, Dublin, he distinguished himself in conjunction with Lord TaafFe, by eflforts for the repeal of the Penal Laws. He was elevated to the arch- bishopric in 1770. He died 29th October 1786, and was buried in St. Michan's Churchyard. " Carr, George W., Rev., the founder of teetotal associations in Ireland, was born at New Ross in 1779. He entered Trinity CoUege as a pensioner in 1794. In 1798 he served amongst the yeomanry at the battle of New Ross, and was made a burgess of the town in acknowledgment of his in- trepidity and humanity on the occasion. In 1800 he was appointed to a curacy, which he eventually resigned because of conscientious objections to passages in the Prayer Book. He afterwards officiated in a small meeting-house. In 1829 he founded a temperance society, said to have been the first in Ireland. He was intimate with Father Mathew, and was the hearty advocate of all philanthropic move- ments. He died at Camlin, near New Ross, 27th January 1849, ^g^^ about 70, ^^- Carte, Thomas, Rev., a learned Eng- lish historian, was born at Clifton, in Warwickshire, 1686. Suspected of com- plicity in the Insurrection of 1715, £1,000 was put upon his head, and he was obliged to fly to France, where he resided until, by the intervention of Queen Caroline, consort of George II., he was permitted to return to England about 1729. The work which has made him famous, The History of the Life of James, Duke of Ormond, was pub- lished in folio — vol. iii., comprising letters, i^ 1735 (io order that paginal references might be made in the other volumes), and vols i. and ii. in 1736. It is considered! one of the most important historical works/ in the language, certainly the most im-J portant relating to Irish history of the' period. The fine edition in 6 vols. 8vo., published at Oxford in 1851, is now the most available ; its usefulness, however, is somewhat marred by the want of an index. In 1738 Carte issued proposals for the publication of a great History of England, and received promises of large annual sub- scriptions for the furtherance of the work. These were mostly withdrawn upon the appearance of the first volume, in conse- quence of his mentioning in a short foot- note that a person had been cured of the king's evil by ,the Pretender. Carte struggled on, but did not live to complete the work. The fourth volume, bringing the CAU History down to 1654, appeared after his death, which took place in 1754. The MS. collections he left were so important, that the Earl of Hardwicke paid £200, and Mr. Macpherson .£300, for their perusal. In 20 folios, 15 quartos, and some loose papers, they were ultimately secured for the Bodleian Library. Carte was the author of other works besides the above men- tioned. '^ "- Carter, Thomas, a singer, pianist, and composer, was born in Ireland in 1768. Having early developed musical talents, the Earl of luchiquin supplied him with means for pursuing the study. At eighteen he published six sonatas for the harpsichord. Subsequently he went to Naples to com- plete his musical education. Passionately fond of travel, he visited India; whence he was obliged to return on account of ill health. The manager of Drury Lane then engaged him to write some operas. He excelled in ballads — " O Nanny, wilt thou gang with me ? " was his ; also some good sea-pieces. On one occasion, being unable to raise money by the sale of his own com- positions, he imitated Handel's style, and procured without any difficulty £20 for the piece. He died of liver complaint, in No- vember 1804, aged about 36. ^^° Carve, Thomas, Rev., a writer, was born about 1590, at Mobaman, in the County of Tipperary. He was chaplain to a regiment of Irish and English Catholics that the Emperor took into his service, and served many campaigns during the Thirty Year's "War. After peace was concluded, he employed himself in the composition of several historical works, which, although destitute of critical acumen, abound in curious information. They are now scarce, and bring high prices. His Itinerariu7n (Mogunt. 1639), -^is Lyra, sive Anacepha- Iceosis Hihernica (Sultz. 1660), and his Oalateus (Nord. 1669), are his best known works. He died at Vienna (where he had passed some time as Apostolic Notary) 1664, aged J 2- ^ ^^' Gathaldus, Saint, was born near Lis- more, and flourished in the 7th century; he was one of the many ecclesiastics that spread the fame of Ireland on the Con- tinent. He travelled to Italy and the Holy Land, was made Bishop of Tarentum, and settled for a time on the shores of Lake Leman. An interesting legend concerning him is related by Ware. His festival is the 8th of March. "' 339 Canlfeild, Sir Toby, 1st Baron Charlemont, was born near Oxford, 2nd December 1565. When a youth he served under Frobisher, and signalized himself with Essex in France and Belgium. He 75 CAU came over to Ireland in 1598 in command of a troop of horse. In 161 5 he was ap- pointed one of the Council for Munster; and afterwards one of the Commissioners for parcelling out the escheated lands in Ulster. He secured considerable estates for himself. Sir B. Burke writes : " In these employments King James I. found him so faithful, diligent, and prudent, that his Majesty deemed him highly deserving the Peerage of Ireland, and . accordingly . . created him, 22nd December 1620, Lord Caulfeild, Baron Charlemont." He died 17th August 1627, aged 61, and was buried in Christ Church, Dublin. He was succeeded by his nephew, Sir William. 54 196 2l6 CaxQfeild, Toby, 3rd Baron Char- lemont, son of the 2nd Baron, was governor of Charlemont Fort at the break- ing out of the War of i64i-'S2. On 22nd October 1641, the fort was surprised by Sir Phelim O'Neill, by whose orders, it is said. Lord Charlemont was put to death shortly afterwards. His brother William, the 5th Baron, was mainly instrumental in having Sir Phelim O'Neill taken prisoner and executed, and was in 1665 created a Viscount. 54 Caulfeild, James, Earl of Charle- mont, great-grandson of the 1st Viscount, was born in Dublin, i8th August 1728. Delicate health obliged his being educated at home, where he early exhibited those strong literary and artistic tastes that clung to him through life. From 1746 to 1754 he spent in continental travel — visiting places of historic interest, cultivating his taste for art, and becoming acquainted with eminent men. Passing through Holland, he went on to Turin, where he formed a life-long intimacy with David Hume. After a winter at Rome (where he con- ceived an almost filial respect for Benedict XIV.), in company with a party of friends he visiMd the Greek islands, Constan- tinople, the Levant, and Egypt. Return- ing home through Spain and France, he visited the philosopher Montesquieu. In June 1754 he returned to Ireland, in his twenty-sixth year — in the full maturity of his powers, endowed with the most re- fined intellectual tastes. Foreign travel had not dimmed his love for his native land. He was now created LL.D., appointed Governor of Armagh, and was given a seat at the Privy Council. Ireland was at this time in a most wretched condition. She had lost most of the ground gained by Swift and Molyneux ; as Mr. WiBs says, "The Irish administration had by art, influence, and the subordinate methods of intrigue, by the management of the public purse, and 76 CAU by the dexterous adjustment and counter- poise of factious interests, gained and pre- served an uncontested ascendancy in every department." The mass of the people, ground to the earth by the Penal Laws, passed their lives in a condition of abject misery. Charlemont joined the liberal party, and the first public business in which he concerned himself was an effort to effect a reconciliation between Primate Stone, the virtual governor of Ireland, and Mr. Boyle, Speaker oi the House of Com- mons. The quarrel was concerning the apportionment of £200,000 Irish surplus. Charlemont apparently succeeded in his good offices, unaware that his relative, Mr. Boyle, had in truth been induced to ac- cede to the Primate by the promise of an Earldom, and £3,000 per annum for thirty- one years. In February 1760 Thurot oc- cupied Carrickfergus and threatened Ulster. Lord Charlemont hastened at once to the north, to command a contingent of the raw levies that poured in for the protection of Belfast. We find the following in his memoirs: "The appearance of these men, many of whom were my own tenants, was singular and formidable. They were drawn up in regular bodies, . . some few with old firelocks, but the greater number armed with what is called in Scotland the Loughaber axe, a scythe fixed longitudi- nally to the end of a long pole, . . the town was perfectly undisturbed by tumult, by riot, or even by drunkenness." Before long Thurot was obliged to evacuate Car- rickfergus, leaving behind General Flobert and some other wounded officers and men. Flobert, as a prisoner, was received with distinction in Dublin, and Lord Charlemont accompanied him to London. Fellowship with the great minds in the metropolis was his highest pleasure. He was on terms of intimacy with Burke, Johnson, Hume, Goldsmith, Beauclerc, Reynolds, Hogarth, Baretti, and indeed all the members of the great Club, At the coronation of George III. we find him vindicating the right of the Irish Peeresses to walk in the procession — a question which created no little commotion. The liberal tendency of his mind was evinced by his seconding the proposal to permit six Catholic regiments to be raised for the service of Portugal. Government was, however, too suspicious of the Catholics to endorse such a propo- sition. In the course of 1762 the tithe exactions, landlord oppression, and heavy taxes laid on the cottiers for the making and repairing of roads, culminated in serious disturbances amongst the Protes- tant population in the north, and led to an emigration to the American colonies. CAU which afterwards perceptibly helped to fan the flame of American discontent. Lord Charlemont immediately repaired to the north, and by firmness and tact materially contributed towards bringing about a more settled state of aSaii-s. All the force Government was then able to supply was 400 foot from Galway, and two troops of horse from Clonmel. For his services on this occasion he was created an Earl : but Government approval did not lessen his independent attitude in Parliament. In 1 768 Lord Charlemont's marriage to Miss Hickman, of a Clare family, added greatly to his future happiness. Until 1 768, mem- bers of the Irish House of Commons held their seats during the life of the Sovereign ; and this contributed in no small degree to the corruption of Parliament. Lord Charlemont ably seconded the introduc- tion and passage of a Bill for octennial parliaments. The discussion thereon created excitement throughout the coun- try, and it was thought that the Commons passed it with the lingering hope that it would be vetoed by the Privy Council in London. Upon the success of this Bill he remarks: "Every measure intrinsically just and good will finally be carried by virtuous and steady perseverance. In the pursuit of that which is salutary and right, let no patriot be discouraged by defeat, since, though repeated eiforts may prove ineffectual, the time will come when the labours of the virtuous few will finally succeed against all the efforts of interested majorities, when a coincidence of favour- able circumstances will conspire with the justice and utility of the measure, and, beyond the reach of human foresight, carry into execution even that which, by the weak and timid, was deemed most impossible." In I ']i'^ his mansion in Rutland-square was finished, and thenceforward he resided in Ireland even more constantly than before. Beauclerc, writing to him from London about this time, urging him to attend oftener the meetings of the Club, says: " If you do not come here, I will bring all the Club over to Ireland to live with you, and that will drive you here in your own defence. Johnson shall spoil your books, Goldsmith pull your flowers, and Boswell talk to you ; stay then if you can." Al- though many minor measures of parlia- mentary reform had been carried, it was not until the American war broke out that Ireland was enabled to assert her legisla- tive independence. Great Britain had then to withdraw almost all her army ; and when the Mayor of Belfast solicited troops for protection against the French, he was in- formed that Government could do nothing, CAU and that Ireland must rely on herself. " Then arose," says Mr. Lecky, " one of those movements of enthusiasm that occur two or three times in the history of a nation. The cry to arms passed through the land, and was speedily responded to by all parties and by all creeds. Beginning among the Protestants of the north, the movement soon spread, though in a less degree, to other parts of the island, and the war of religions and of castes that had so long divided the people vanished like a dream. . . Though the population of Ireland was little more than half of what it is at present, 60,000 men soon assembled, disciplined and appointed as a regular army — fired by the strongest enthusiasm, and moving as a single man. They rose to de- fend their country alike from the invasion of a foreign army and from the encroach- ments of an alien legislature. Faithful to the connection between the two islands, they determined that thatconnection should rest upon mutual respect and upon essential equality. In the words of one of their own resolutions, ' they knew their duty to their sovereign, and they were loyal ; they knew their duty to themselves, and they were resolved to be free.' They were guided by the chastened wisdom, the unquestioned patriotism, the ready tact of Charlemont." °" In July 1780 Lord Charlemont was chosen Commander-in-chief of the Volunteers — a position he occupied during the whole period of their embodiment. The organization and reviewing of the force occupied much of his attention. The famous resolutions passed at the Dungannon meeting, of isth February 1 782, are said to have been drawn up at his house, and with his approval. It scarcely belongs to this biography to relate how events now followed each other in rapid succession. Free Trade was secured ; and then, mainly by the genius of Grattan, supported by Charlemont and the Volun- teers, the edifice of Ireland's liberty was ap- parently crowned in 1782. Passing over the contest between Flood and Grattan as to the necessary guarantees for Irish liberty, we come to the great event with which Charlemont was connected — the Volunteer Rotunda Convention of loth November 1 783, from which may be dated the gradual decline of the power and influence of the Volunteers. This convention, inspired by Flood, insisted upon a reform of Parlia- ment, by opening the close boroughs, giving votes to all Protestant forty-shilling free- holders, and to lease-holders of thirty-one years of which fifteen were unexpired, by amending rotten boroughs, excluding place- men from Parliament, ensuring purity of 1 election, and limiting the duration of Par- n CAU liament to three yeai's. Lord Chai'lemont did not enter fully into the spirit of these resolutions ; he rather took the position of chairman, hoping to modify the proceedings of the Convention, and prevent the evils that might flow from the alternative of the presidency of the Bishop of Bristol. One hundred and sixty-eight delegates from the Volunteers attended. Several days of de- bate ensued, and upon a night of momen- tous importance Flood brought forward in Parliament the Volunteer Eeform Bill. Through the influence of Government it was defeated by 158 to 49 — more than half the majority being placemen. Had this Bill passed, Mr. Lecky surmises that the Catholics of Ireland would soon have been emancipated, the liberties of Ireland would have been placed on a broad basis, the blood of '98 might never have flowed, and the Union never have been consummated. The Volunteers had already at Dungan- non shown their sentiments towards their Catholic fellow-countrymen by resolving "that as men and as Irishmen, as Christians and as Protestants, we rejoice in the re- laxation of the Penal Laws." Upon the defeat of Flood's Bill, Lord Charlemont adjourned the Convention, and the peace- able separation of its members furnished the most eloquent refutation of the charges of opponents. Indeed their spirit was broken ; many gatherings and reviews were held afterwards, but with g)'adually decreasing numbers ; and Lord Charlemont adhered to the organization to the last, with the desire rather of keeping up his influence with its members than with any hope of resuscitating the movement. Matters might have taken a widely differ- ent course had he been a less scrupulous man, of greater force of mind. Mr. Lecky remarks: "This period was perhaps the only one in Irish history, when the con- nection between the two countries might have } .en easily dissolved, and when the dissolution would not have involved Ire- land in anarchy or civil war." On the Regency question, in 1788, he sided with Grattan, and moved the address to the Prince of Wales requesting him to take upon himself regal power in Ireland. He exerted himself with zeal in the formation of the Whig Club, in which Wolfe Tone at one time took part. In 1 79 1 he resigned the lord-lieutenancy of Armagh, in consequence of the executive having made changes in the government of the county. Even upon a man of Lord Charlemont's liberal principles the French Eevolution began to tell, and we find him now opposing Catholic emancipation. His biographer remarks : " His refusal of their 78 CEL demands was so gracious, and accompanied with such known integrity of heart, that it conciliated them more than the votes of others in their favour, preceded, as such votes were, by angry and insulting speeches." " In 1793 he had to lament the death of his second son, aged 17. His circle now began to be sensibly narrowed, and his own health to fail. The successes of the French arms, and the increase of the United Irishmen were causes of deep anguish. Writing to his friend Haliday, he says : " I need not say how ardently I have ever loved my country. In con- sequence of that love I have courted her ; I have even married her and taken her for life; and she is now turned out a shrew — tormenting herself and all her nearest connexions." His popularity con- tinued, the people feeling they might im- plicitly trust in his honesty and patriotism ; and when ill-health obliged him and his wife to visit Bath, Dublin turned out to bid them farewell. Literature and the arts were an unfailing source of pleasure to him in these latter years, as they had been through life. He took much interest in the proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, which had been established in 1785. He was its first president, and its meetings were often held at his house. At the last his mind began again to open to the justice of the Catholic claims. If the Insurrection of 1798 caused him the bitterest mortifica- tion, the proposal for the Union may be said to have broken his heart. Happily for his peace of mind, he passed away before the measure was accomplished, at Charlemont House, on 4th August 1799, aged almost 7 1 . His remains were interred in Armagh Cathedral. He could scai'cely be called a great statesman ; he was not an orator, or a brilliant writer ; but he was an honest man and a patriot. He is described as having been of middle size ; his figure somewhat bent. He had injured his eyes by study ; his eyebrows were large and black ; his features strong, and more expressive than handsome; when in con- versation they lit up with great animation. His Countess survived him about eight years. His son, the 2nd Earl, succeeded, and lived until 1863, when the honours of the family descended to his nephew, the 3rd and present Earl. " '»* =" 331 336 Celeclerech or Eilian, Saint, Bishop and martyr. Apostle of Franconia, flourish- ed in the latter part of the 7th century. He was of an illustrious Irish family, and entered the monastic state early in life. Travelling abroad, he reached Rome in 686 or 687 and was well received by the Pope, who commissioned him to labour at CEL Wurtzburg. There he established himself with two friends, Coloman and Totnan. Amongst others they converted the Duke Gozbert. Celeclerech counselled him to abandon his wife Geilaua, because she had been the wife of a deceased brother. The Duke departing on a warlike expedition, Geilana procured the assassination of Cele- clerech and his friends. Lanigan proceeds : " Geilana was seized with an evil spirit, which tormented her so much that she died soon after. The remains of the holy- martyrs were found in 752 by St. Burchard, Bishop of Wurtzburg, and removed by him to a great church which he had erected in that city." His festival is the 8th of July. Murray tells us that the present 1 1 th cen- tury Cathedral of Wurtzburg occupies the site of the original building erected upon the spot where St. Celeclerech was mar- tyred. "9 =34 Cellach, Celestin, or Celsus, was consecrated Archbishop of Armagh, 23rd September 1 106, when only twenty-seven years of age. His Irish title was MacAid MacMaelisa. He took a leading part in the ecclesiastical affairs of his time. In 1 125 he repaired the cathedral at Armagh. The latter part of his life was occupied in reconciling differences between the princes and great men of the kingdom. In 1128 he arranged a truce between the Kings of Counaught and Munster. He died at Ardpatrick, County of Limerick, ist April 1 1 29, aged about 50, and was buried at Lismore. It is supposed that he once pre- sided over the see of Dublin. The Church was in a very corrupt state in his day : " By his exemplaiy conduct, charity, preaching, erecting of churches, laying down rules of discipline and morality for the clergy and people, and other pastoral exercises, [he] greatly contributed to bring about a better order of things." "' "^ ^39 Chenevix, Biichard, a philosopher and chemist, was born in Ireland in 1774. Like many other celebrated Irishmen, he was descended from Huguenot ancestors. He distinguished himself in science and litera- ture, notably by his chemical researches. A Fellow of the Eoyal Society and member of the Eoyal Irish Academy, he contributed numerous papers to the proceedings of these and other societies, in addition to distinct publications. Besides scientific works, he wrote The Mantuan Rivals, a comedy, and Henry VII., a tragedy. One of his best works, A n Essay upon Natural Character, appeared after his death. The Edinburgh Review speaks of his Henry VII. as " the boldest, the most elaborate, and upon the whole the most successful imitation of the general style, taste, and diction of our older CHE dramatists that has appeared in the present times." He died in Paris, 5th April 1 830, aged about 56. '* "= Cherry, Andrew, an actor and dram- atist, was born in Limerick, nth January 1762. He received a good education, and was apprenticed to his father's business — printing — in Dublin. The lad acquired a taste for the stage, and at fourteen joined a company of strolling players, to return, after a short interval, half-starved and penniless. After a few years' steady work, he married the daughter of Mr. Knipe, a theatrical manager, and joined his company. At Belfast he acquired considerable repu- tation, and in 1797 he won success at the Theatre Eoyal, Dublin. He then accepted engagements in England, and his perform- ance at Bath was pronounced "as finished a picture of the scenic art as had ever been performed on their boards." In 1802 he appeared at Drury Lane, and in 1804 produced The Soldier's Daughter. Other pieces followed, and he continued to act at Drury Lane until it was burned, when he took a company to Wales, with Edmund Kean as leading actor. He died at Mon- mouth, 7th February 18 12, aged 50. ^9 ^^(-m Chesney, Francis Rawdon, General, a distinguished explorer and military officer, was born i6th March 1789. His father, an Irish settler in America, had taken the loyalist side during the re- volutionary war, and served with dis- tinction under Hastings (afterwards Lord Moira) and ComwaUia, and at the time of his son's birth, was settled down as a revenue-officer at Ballvvea, in the County of Down. Young "Chesney was a born soldier : it is recorded that at nine years of age he held a commission in the yeomanry. Presented by Lord Moira with a Woolwich cadetship, he passed through the Academy with honour. During the Peninsular War the chances of the service consigned him to garrison duty inGuernsey; but no sooner was leave granted to him after the restoration of peace, than he set himself the task of walking over Napoleon's principal battle-fields, upwards of 3,000 miles — attentively studying the strategy of that commander, and of those who defeated him. During a visit home in 18 14, he by his intrepidity and powers as a swimmer, rescued the crew of a French barque that had gone ashore in a blinding snowstorm ; and for this he was presented with the medal of the Soci6t6 des Naufrages. He early acquired the habit of devoting several hours daily to the study of military science ; a practice from which no inducements could draw him away. His name first came before the public in 1829, when, as a lieu- 79 CHE tenant of artillery, he was sent on a mission to Egypt to inquire into the relative advan- tages of the Egyptian and Syrian routes to India. He explored Syria by way of Damascus, and Tiberias, and Djerash, until he struck the Euphrates at El Werdi, encountering unlooked for perils and hardships. With a few Arabs he descend- ed the Euphrates on a raft, and continued his explorations for three years. Apart from the practicability of a Suez canal, he also reported the feasibility of steam com- munication with India through Egypt. Soon after his return, Parliament voted .£20,000 to defray the expenses of a second exploration of the Euphrates route under his command, he having volunteered to serve without pay. He received the brevet rank of Colonel, and early in 1835 ^^ set out, accompanied by an efficient staff of army and navy officers, and a detachment of artillery, sappers, and marines. Landing at the mouth of the Orontes, on the coast of Syria, he transported across the desert two small steamboats, and put them together at Bir, on the upper Euphrates. Notwith- standing the loss of one of these boats with twenty lives, and other disheartening difficulties, he accomplished the task of exploring the Euphrates, the Tigris, and the Karum, and making a series of exact soundings and charts of these rivers. Ably seconded by the officers of the expedition, he extended his journey as far as India, and returned across the Arabian desert, reaching London in August 1837. The determination, the energy, and the per- severance that he exhibited, won the ad- miration of his fellow-countrymen and of all interested in geographical research. The death of William IV. and political compli- cations prevented the full results of the expedition being reaped, either in credit to himself or in benefit to the Empire. In 1836 he was made a Major in the British army, .nd two years afterwards Lieuten- ant-Colonel. In 1843 ^^ was appointed Commandant of Hong Kong, and of the de- tachment of artillery sent to China. Upon his return he held commands in Ireland, and in 1 85 1 retired to his family estate of Packolet, near Kilkeel. He was made Colonel the same year; in 1855, Major- General; General in 1868. He visited Constantinople in 1857 and again in 1863 to negotiate concessions for a projected rail- way. He revisited SjTia, and again sur- veyed the line from the Orontes to the Euphrates. In 1849 ^^ published the first two volumes of his great work on the ex- ploration of the rivers Tigris and Euphrates, a standard book of reference, and one that drew forth the warm congratulations of 80 CHI such men as Better and Humboldt. His book on fire-arms and artillery appeared in 1852; and in 1854 his Russo-Turkish Campaigns of i828-'29. He was a Fellow of the Royal Society, a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, and a D.C.L. of Oxford. The last years of his life were spent in his native home, and his latest efforts were given to the cause he had so warmly advocated — the opening of com- munication with India by the Euphrates valley. General Chesney was esteemed a man of essentially conservative instincts. In the recasting of the affairs of the Church of Ireland, of which he was a member, his age and experience gave him an influence which he employed in the same spirit. Like other eminent Irishmen of the generation to which he belonged, he pre- served to the last the simplicity of manners and some of the raciness of accent charac- teristic of the north of Ireland. General Chesney died at Kilkeel, 31st January 1872, aged 82. =33 Chesney, Charles Cornwallis, Colonel, nephew of preceding, was born at Packolet, in Ireland, in 1 826. He entered the Royal Engineers as Second- Lieutenant, 1845; and rose to be First-Lieutenant, 1846; Captain, 1854; Lieutenant-Colonel, 1868; Brevet-Colonel, 1873. An eminent writer and critic on military subjects, his principal works were: Campaigns in Virginia and Maryland, i864-'65 ; Waterloo Lectures, 1868; Military Resources of Prus- sia and France, 1870; Essays on Modern Military Biography, 1874, reprinted mainly from the Edinburgh Review, to which, as well as to the weekly and daily press, he was a large contributor. Predictions in his Waterloo Lectures were singularly ful- filled in the war of i870-'7i— as to the enervating effects upon France of a reliance on past glories, and the lax preparation for future wars induced by such a state of public feeling. Colonel Chesney, who was for nearly ten years Professor of Military History at the Royal Military and the Staff Colleges, and at the time of his death was commanding the Royal Engineers of the London district, died 19th March 1876, aged 49, from the effects of undue exposure to cold in the exercise of his duty. He was a man greatly beloved in private life, whilst, according to the Pall Mall Gazette, the United Kingdom " sustained the loss of an able, useful, and conscientiously industrious officer, whose conspicuous and peculiar merits were fully understood and appreciated by those in authority over him." ^^3 Chichester, Sir Arthur, Baron of Belfast, was born about the middle of the CHI 1 6th century, at Raleigh, in England. He •was early sent to college, but having to fly the country for robbing one of the Queen's purveyors (who, as Lodge puts it, "were but little better than robbers themselves"), he removed to Ireland. He commanded one of Drake's vessels in his last voyage to the West Indies, and afterwards went to France, where he signalized himself under Henry IV., who knighted him. He was knighted again in 1595, according to Lodge for "his skill in the wars of this kingdom [Ireland], where his service in the reduction of the Irish to due obedience was so mani- fest, that he was effectually assistant to plough and break up that barbarous nation by conquest, and then sow it with seeds of civility." He commanded at Carrickfergus in 1599, and was actively engaged through- out the war with O'Neill; in 1602 he erected Mountjoy Fort; in i6o3-'4 he was made Lord-Deputy, and resolutely set about extending the circuits in Ireland, abolish- ing the old laws and customs, and endeav- ouring to make the people Protestant. In 1608, after the flight of the Earls, the plantation of Ulster was urged on, mainly, it would seem, through the influence of Sir Arthur Chichester, who largely profited thereby. "Manorsof 1,000, 1,500, and 3,000 acres were offered by this project to such English and Scottish as should undertake to plant their lots with British Protestants, and engage to allow no Irish to dwell upon them." 93 The old occupiers were, as far as possible, cleared off to waste places in Munster and Connaught. According to Irish law, the tribal lands were the pro- perty of the people, not of the chiefs ; and even if O'Neill and O'Donnell had been guilty of treason, it did not forfeit the people's right to the territory. This planta- tion was perhaps one of the remote causes of the War of 1 641 -'5 2. For his share, Sir Arthur received the district of Inish- owen, and he was created Baron Chichester of Belfast in February 161 2. In the same year he summoned the first parliament that had been held in Ireland for twenty- seven years. James managed to secure a Protestant majority by creatin Darcy, Patrick, Count, an engineer officer, was bom at Gal way, 27th September 1 723. He was sent to an uncle in Paris in 1739. There he studied under Clairaut, and at the age of seventeen distinguished himself by the solution of some extremely difficult mathematical problems. He made two campaigns in Germany and one in Flanders — being Colonel in the Irish Brigade at Eosbach in 1757. His essays on artillery and on scientific questions display genius and solidity of judgment. He died in Paris, of cholera, i8th October I779j aged 56. A eulogium was pronounced upon him by Condorcet. '* ^^ '^ Dargan, William, contractor and financier, was born in the County of Carlow, 28th February 1799. On leaving school he was placed in a surveyor's office, where he showed great aptitude for business. Having gained some experience in England under Telford, he entered into a contract for the construction of the road from Dublin to Howth, in which work he was so successful that in 1831 he contracted for the construction of the Dublin and Kingstown Eailway, the first in Ireland. As tht railway system spread through the cotintry, he undertook the construction of the principal lines — Great Southern and Western, Midland Great Western, and others, in all about 1,000 miles, and accu- mulated a large fortune, mostly invested in Irish railway shares. He undertook the financial risk of the Dublin Industrial Exhibition of 1853, and bore the deficit of about .£10,000 resulting therefrom. On the occasion of its opening by the Queen he declined the honour of knighthood. To commemorate his active interest in the industrial progress of Ireland, his statue was erected in front of the National Gal- lery of Dublin, and from 1853 to 1865 he was among the most honoured men in the country, and was supposed to be one of the DAY wealthiest. But a terrible reverse was impending. In i866 he was severely in- jured by a fall from his horse, and soon afterwards, overstrained by innumerable undertakings, became bankrupt, and died, broken in health and spirits, 7th February 1867, aged nearly 68. He was buried in Glasnevin Cemetery. A small pension on the Civil List was granted to his widow. 39 40 Dathi, the last pagan king of Ireland, reigned twenty-three years, from 404 to 427. The early successes of his arms in Britain and emulation of his uncle Niall stimulated him to continental expeditions. Keating recounts the following legend of his death by lightning while passing through the Alps. "And the manner in which Dathi was slain was this ; to wit, a fla- ming thunderbolt, shot from heaven, smote him upon the head whilst he was making conquests in Gaul. It was near the moun- tains called the Alps that he fell by the vengeance of God, for he had plundered the sanctuary of a holy hermit Parmenius, who cursed him therefor." Dathi's death has formed a favourite subject for Davis, Mangan, Aubrey de Vere, Irwin, and other poets. It is related that his body was carried home by his followers, and interred at Eathcroghan, Tulsk, in Eoscommon, where a pillar of red-grit sandstone stiU marks the spot. He was distinguished for his activity, sprightly manners, and ability in war. '^4 .7x 261 Davies, Sir John, political -writer and historian, was bom at Chisgrove, Wiltshire, about the year 1570. He was author of a well-known poem, Nosce Te- ipsum, and other writings flattering to the vanity of Elizabeth. His abridgment of Coke's Reports showed that he was not destitute of legal acumen. In 1603, having secured James's favour, he was sent to Ireland as Solicitor-General, and four years afterwards was knighted. He spent much of his leisure in studying the history and institutions of Ireland, and thereby ac- quired the imowledge of the country and interest in her afi"airs that distinguish his writings. His well-known Discovert/ of the True Cause why Ireland was never en- tirely Subdued till the beginning of His Majesty's Reign was published in 16 12. The conclusions he arrives at in this work are : " First, the armies for the most part were too weak for a conquest ; secondly, when they were of competent strength they were too soon broken up and dis- solved; thirdly, they were ill paid; and fourthly, they were iU governed, which is always the consequent of ill-payment. . . The clock of the civil government is now DAV well set ; the strings of this Irish harp . . are all in tune, .. . and make a good harmony in the commonwealth ; so we may well conceive a hope that Ireland . . will from henceforth prove a land of peace and concord. And though heretofore it hath been like the lean cow of Egypt in Pharaoh's dream, devouring the fat of England and yet remaining as lean as it was before, it will hereafter be as fruitful as the land of Canaan." Mr. D' Alton says : "It affords the most candid, graphic, and able summary of the vicissitudes of Ireland to his day." Notes and Queries, 1st, 2nd, and 4th Series, contain interesting notes upon his life and writings. He was Speaker of the Irish Parliament of 1615, that repealed the Statute of Kilkenny. The same year saw his Reports of Cases, containing much curious information rela- tive to the laws, history, and antiquities of Ireland. In 1616 he returned to England, and entered Parliament, where he showed an enlightened spirit in opposing measures calculated to injure Irish trade. He died of apoplexy in London, 7th December 1626, after being appointed Lord Chief- Justice of England. Allibone says: "In versatility of talent, brilliancy of imagina- tion, political wisdom, and literary taste, few Englishmen have equalled Sir John Davies." '* ?* '^^ 254 Davis, Thomas Osborne, poet and politician, was bom atMallow, r4th October 1814. From his very earliest years he was noted for his passionate love of Ireland. In 1835 he graduated with distinction at the University of Dublin, mathematics and modem history being his favourite studies. In the debates of the College Historical Society he was distinguished more for talents and learning than for eloquence. Although called to the Bar in his twenty- fourth year he afterwards evinced little taste for following up the profession of the law. He travelled on the Continent, and collected a good library. In 1 840 he con- tributed a series of articles on the state of Europe to the Dublin Morning Register — contending that a crisis was approach- ing in which Ireland would be able to ob- tain her legislative independence. He became an active member of the Eepeal Association, where his ability and the sincerity of his character soon obtained for him an effective and influential position. At times he did not shrink from opposing O'Connell, for whom he had the greatest veneration. In 1842, with a few other persons desirous of strengthening the spirit of nationality in Ireland, he started the Nation, newspaper. The success of his poetical contributions to the paper as- DAV tonished himself, his friends, and the country. His fancy clothed many localities of Ireland with a great interest, and illu- minated many dry incidents in the history of the country. " Thenceforth, as a poli- tical writer and poet, he continued till his premature death to be the chief of that party who, under the name of ' Young Ireland' swayed the democracy of Ireland with extraordinary power. And so he laboured at his great mission from that day with indefatigable industry, unabating zeal, unquenchable enthusiasm ; giving the energies and resources of his vigorous in- tellect, and his large erudition, to what he deemed the work of his life ; producing a wonderful mass of writing, while he toiled incessantly behind the scenes, organizing measures and aiding in committees, till at last he exhausted his constitution, and died of fever at his residence, 67 Baggot- street, Dublin, i6th September 1845, ^g^d nearly 31 ."^' He passed away in the zenith of hopefulness, before the famine had deso- lated Ireland, before the exodus of her people to America, before the splitting up of parties and the imprisonment of his friends. He was buried in Mount Jerome Cemetery, where a marble statue by Hogan marks his resting place. His poems were collected shortly after his decease. They have ever since enjoyed an extensive popu- larity in Ireland. Davis is described as low-sized, fresh complexioned, aught but poetical in appearance. His character was above reproach, and he earned the sincere respect even of those who differed most from him in politics. His poetry is so national in its character that few of his pieces can ever attain to more than an Irish celeb- rity. Many have entered into the life of the people, raising their self-respect and giving them a keener interest in all that belongs to their country and its his- tory. Thomas O. Davis was a Protestant. He died unmarried. The Nation said about the time of his death : "The charac- teristic features in the public life of Davis were a simple, spontaneous truth, that scorned all subterfuges, personal or poli- tical, and counted candour the soundest policy ; an absolute unselfishness ; an ear- nestness that nothing could abate or dis- hearten ; and an industry that has had no parallel in the history of young men in this country. . . His industry was some- thing miraculous. . . In the Eoyal Irish Academy, in the Art Union, in the Eighty- two Club, on the committee of the Dublin Library, he was a zealous, steady worker, seldom absent, never shrinking from the extra duties that fall upon the able and zealous." 39 "« 233 123 DAV D'AG Davis, William, landscape paintei-, was born in Ireland about 1813. The greater part of his artistic career was passed at Liverpool, where he was a mem- ber of the local Academy. The Athenaeum says : " His character was singularly es- timable, modest and unassuming in the highest degree, cheerful, industrious, per- severing, conscientious. He lived bravely a life of much disappointment and some privation, alleviated by a keen sense of what is lovely and lofty in nature, and by the artist's power of realizing, for the delight of others, what he himself felt and saw. . . His merits have been warmly recognized by several of the best judges, but only slightly and intermittingly remarked by the mass of sightseers. He will as- suredly not pass into oblivion, but he wiU hold a distinct and highly honourable position in our school of art. . . No man saw further than Mr. Davis into the op- portunities of a quiet rural subject — a hedge, a stream, a drenched autumnal pasture, a flitting of light and shadow over an English sky, a farm with its sheltering trees and homely appurtenances. All this he felt keenly and thoroughly, and trans- lated it into art, not only familiar and realistic, but touching, elevated, and on occasion even grand." He died in London, 22nd April 1873, ^gsd about 60. 's 241 D'Aguila, Don Juan, a Spanish general, who ''being in prison to answer some actions of his in Brytanny," consented in 1 60 1 to take the command of a large force for the invasion of Ireland. Owing to difficulty in procuring transports, his departure was retarded at the port of embarkation, until the 6,000 men originally composing the armament were diminished to 4,000. On the passage, seven of the ships, conveying a chief part of the artil- lery and military stores, were, thi-ough stress of weather, obliged to put back to Corunn' Don Juan occupied Kinsale and the forts of Eincorran and Castle-ni- Park at the entrance of the harbour, ou 23rd September, sent his transports back for further supplies, and communicated with O'NeiU, O'Donnell, and the other Irish chieftains in arms against Elizabeth. Lord Mount joy and Sir George Carew, with a force of some 3,000 men, 2,000 of whom were Irish, and several war vessels, hastened to blockade Kinsale, and supplies were fast poured in to them from Eng- land. The siege', was carried on with great activity, and the Spaniards behaved with admirable bravery. On ist November the besiegers took Eincorran, and on the 20th Castle-ni-Park. The loss of these forts effec- tually prevented succours arriving by sea to 124 the beleaguered garrison. The Spaniards made several desperate sorties, in which numbers were slain on both sides. The want of artillery wherewith properly to defend the place was severely felt. On the 20th November the investing force had been increased to some 11,800 foot and 857 horse, with 20 pieces of siege ordnance. On ist December a breach was stormed by a party of 2,000 English, who were repulsed by the Spaniards. On the 3rd the missing portion of the Spanish fleet, under Don Pedro Zubiaur, arrived at Castlehaven, and landed 700 men, who were by the Irish put in possession of O'Driscoll's castle of Baltimore, O'Sul- iivan Beare's castle of Dunboy, and the fort of Castlehaven. On 21st December O'Neill and O'DonneU showed themselves on the hill of Belgley, north of Kinsale, about a mile from the English camp. Their forces numbered 6,000 foot and 500 horse, with 300 Spaniards from Castle- haven. Don Juan was urgent that an immediate effort should be made to raise the siege, and on the morning of the 24th December O'Neill and O'Donnell marched to the attack. Their plans had, however, been betrayed. Mount joy was fully pre- pared, and a disgraceful rout of the Irish troops ensued, with little loss on the Eng- lish side. Don Juan's position being now desperate, he demanded a parley, and articles of capitulation were signed by him on the 2nd January i6oi-'2. He surrendered the town and other fortresses in the possession of his countrymen on condition that his whole force, "as well Spaniards as other nations whatsoever that are under his command, . . with arms, munition, money, ensigns displayed, and artillery," should be provided with provisions at market prices, and ships for their return to Spain. He bitterly complained of not having been properly supported by the Irish chieftains, and declared that he had found them " not only weak and barbarous, but (as he fear- ed) perfidious friends." It is right to add that Hugh O'NeUl had always advised that a Spanish force, to effect anything, should be landed in Ulster, especially after the end of the Desmond war, and the occupation of Munster by Elizabeth's troops. Numbers of Irish gentlemen, who are named in F acuta Hibernia, took ad- vantage of the terms of the capitulation to retire to Spain, and as fast as transports could be prepared the Spaniards were embarked. Before Don Juan could de- liver up Dunboy it was re-occupied by O'Sullivan Beare's retainers, who stood a long siege. [See O'Sullivan.] Don Juan DEA felt his honour at stake, and if permitted by Mountjoy would himself have under- taken its reduction and surrender in ac- cordance with the terms of capitulation. Much of his time between the capture of Kinsale and his return to Spain on 8th March i6oi-'2, was spent in company with Sir George Carew at Cork. They became friends, and after Don Juan's arrival in Spain he sent Sir George a present of wine and fruits. Sir George in his letter of acknowledgment says: "I am much grieved then to see that this country pro- duces not anything worthy to be presented to your lordship, that I might in some proportion manifest in what esteeme I hold the favour of a man of your qualities, honour, and merit." No particulars con- cerning the life of Don Juan d'Aguila before or after his Irish expedition appear available. The name is spelled indifferently D'Aguila, D'Aquila, and D'Aquilla. Full particulars of the siege of Kinsale will be found in Pacata Hibernia and the Carew Papers, and an admirable summary in Haverty's Ireland. ^ '^o. 27s Dean, Hugh, an Irish artist in the 1 8th century, who early attained consider- able excellence in landscape. The then Lord Palmerston enabled him to visit Rome to complete his studies, but was ultimately obliged to abandon him on account of the irregularity of his conduct. In 1 780 Dean gave an exhibition of his paintings in London. He soon afterwards became a Methodist preacher. He ia supposed to have died in 1784. ^^s De Barry, Robert, an Anglo-Norman knight who distinguished himself in the invasion of Ireland. He was grandson of Nesta. [See Nesta.] In 1 169 he accom- panied his uncle FitzStephen in the expedi- tion to Ireland, and nearly lost his life in the assault on Wexford. His bravery ob- tained for him the cognomen of " Barry- more." He fell in battle at Lismore in 1 185. His brother, Giraldus Cambrensis, styles him "a young knight, that for his worthi- ness cared not for his life, and was rather ambitious to be really eminent than to seem so. The less he coveted honour, the more it clung to him." He speaks of another brother, Philip de Barry, who ob- tained large estates in Ireland, as "a man of prudence and courage." "^ 5= us De Barry, Gerald (Giraldus Cam- brensis), younger brother of the preced- ing, a distinguished author and ecclesiastic, was born at the castle of Manorbeer in Pembrokeshire, in 1 147. He studied prin- cipally at Paris, and in 1175 was created Archdeacon of Brecknock. In 1 1 84 he was invited to court by Henry II., and became DEB one of his chaplains. Next year he ac- companied Prince John in his expedition to Ireland. He employed much of his time here in collecting materials for his Topography of Ireland and History of the Conquest of Ireland. Mr. Brewer, in edit- ing the former work, remarks : " With all that has been done since by modern topographers trained in the more scientific habits of observation, the conception of his task, as it existed in the mind of Giraldus, if not the execution of it, must remain as a monument of a bold and original genius. , . In the first [Book] the author gives an account of the physical features of the island, including in it the history of its more remarkable productions. . . In the second [Book], devoted exclu- sively to the marvels of Ireland, full scope is given to the creduhty of his age : it is fooled to the top of its bent." The Third Book is devoted to the ancient annals of the country, and the manners and customs of the inhabitants. This work, which ap- peared in 1 1 87, was dedicated to Henry 11. It was followed by his History of the Con- quest of Irelatid, " not only," says Mr, Brewer, "the most valuable of all our author's works, but [one which] as a historical monograph may challenge com- parison with any work of a similar nature. . . The personal sketches of the chief leaders in the expedition, which are nume- rous, are drawn with masterly precision. The only drawback is the occur- rence of artificial orations. . . The Conquest of Ireland is a noble specimen of historical narration, of which the author's age furnished very rare specimens. Events have been carefully gathered, examined, and arranged ; battlefields, sieges, and marches verified by ocular inspection of routes and localities ; accounts on both sides tested. No personal labour has been spared by the historian in collecting, or sifting, or placing his materials in their most lucid order ; no efforts have been wanting which the most rigid historical fidelity could demand." Ginddus returned to England after the Easter of 11 86, and almost immediately gave public readings of his works at Oxford. Many years of his life were occupied in unceasing litiga- tions and journeyings, which in the end proved unavailing, to have himself con- firmed by the Pope in the see of St. David's, to which on the 29th June 1199 he had been unanimously elected by the Chapter. After these events his name disappears from the page of history. The date of his death is uncertain. Mr. Brewer does not find any authority for the age generally ascribed to him at his death — 74, which 125 DEB would place that event in 122 1. He was buried in the Cathedral Church of St. David's, where his supposed monument and effigy are shown. This notice is writ- ten from an exhaustive account of his life, prefixed to Mr. Brewer's splendid seven- volume edition of Cambrensis's works in the Master of the Rolls' series. For gene- ral use, as far as the topography and in- vasion of Ireland are concerned, Mr. Bohn's translation will be found convenient. Cam- brensis's statements regarding the Irish Church have been traversed by Lynch in his Cambrensis Eversus, published in the 17th century. ■''^ De Ba«rry, David PitzJames, Vis- count Buttevant, a descendant of the same family as the two preceding, was born the middle of the i6th century. He was one of the lords of Sir J. Perrot's parlia- ment in 1585; but afterwards took an active part with the Earl of Desmond. Eventually he gave in his submission to Lord Grey, and acknowledged a debt of £500 to the Crown — a claim which was afterwards granted to Florence MacCai'- thy, and created much correspondence and bickering. In 1601 he was made a general by Sir G. Carew, after the siege of Kinsale saw considerable service in Mun- ster, and was granted large estates in Des- mond, forfeited by the MacCarthys. In 161 5 he was appointed one of the Council for Munster. He died at Barryscourt, near Cork, loth April 161 7. s^ 216 222 De Barry, David PitzDavid, Earl of Barrymore, grandson of preceding, a posthumous child, was born March 1605. At the age of twelve he succeeded to the estates of his family, and in 1621 married Alice, daughter of the Earl of Cork, and through the Earl's influence was created Earl of Barrymore. When the war broke out in 1 64 1, he held to the English side, and garrisoned his castle of Shandon with about .JO men; being offered the posi- tion of general in the Irish army, he replied: "I will first take an oflFer from my brother Dungarvan to be hangman- general at Youghal." On loth May 1642 he, with Lord Dungarvan, took the castle of Ballymacpatrick (now Careysville), held by his grand-aunt, a MacCarthy, rescued a large number of English confined therein, and killed in cold blood the whole garri- son, about fifty men. He headed his regiment at the battle of Liscarroll in September 1642, and died on the 29th of the same month, probably from his wounds, or from the fatigues of compaigning. He was buried in his father-in-law's family vault at Youghal. Lodge says : " His lordship was a person of great generosity, 126 DEB humanity, and Christian charity." He was a Protestant. The honours of the family became extinct upon the death of Henry Barry, 8th Earl of Barrymore, in 1824. s^ =^'5 De Bicknor, Alexander, Archbishop of Dublin and Lord-Chancellor of Ireland, an Englishman, favourite of Edward II., who, after being employed by him on several foreign missions, was consecrated Archbishop of Dublin at Avignon, 22 nd July 1 3 1 7. In 1 320 he made vigorous efibrts to found a university in Dublin, and ob- tained the Pope's sanction; but he was unable to carry out the plan for want of funds. In 1323 hewas deputed by the King ambassador to France. He was concerned in the surrender of the town of La Royalle to the French, and thereby incurred the displeasure of the King, who tried to in- duce the Pope to banish him. In 1325 he was entrusted with the Great Seal of Ire- land, the King, however, sequestering the profits of his archdiocese. In 1330 he was appointed by the Pope to collect the Pon- tifical tax. Disputes relative to precedence with the Archbishop of Armagh followed. De Bicknor was empowered by commis- sion to establish a militia for preserving the peace of Meath and apprehending all traitors and their abettors. His high functions did not prevent him descend- ing to peculation and malversation of moneys, for which, however, he received a formal pardon from the Crown in 1347. He died 14th July 1349, having practically administered the government of Ireland for a considerable period, with ability. His opponent, the Archbishop of Armagh, took advantage of his last illness to enter Dublin with crozier erect, and otherwise to assert the precedence of his see. ^s De Blaqniere, Peter Boyle, Cana- dian politician, was born in Dublin, 27th April 1784. A midshipman in H.B.M. fleet at the battle of Camperdown, he afterwards left the navy, and emigi-ated to Canada in 1837. He was a member of the legislature for twenty-two years, and was some time Chancellor of the University of Toronto, He died at Yorkville, near Toronto, October i860, aged 76. 37» De Burgh, William PitzAdelm. The De Burghs, De Burgos, Burkes, or Bourkes, as the name is variously spelled, claim descent from Pepin, King of France. The members of the family who attend- ed "William the Conqueror in his descent on England were considerably enriched thereby. When Henry II. received the news of the first successes of the invaders in Ireland, he sent over William Fitz- Adelm de Burgh with Hugh de Lacy to take the submission of Roderic O'Conor. After DEB Strongbow'3 death, FitzAdelm was appoint- ed governor of Ireland. In 1 1 77 he founded the monastery of St. Thomas, near Dublin. "We are told that he oppressed and impov- erished the Anglo-Norman families, and amassed great wealth by conceding privi- leges to the native princes. It is even said that for bribes he allowed some portions of the fortifications of Wexford to be demol- ished. He was recalled in 11 79, and De Lacy appointed in his place. He was, how- ever, soon received back into favour, and given in marriage Isabel, natural daughter of Ei chard I., and widow of Llewellyn, Prince of Wales, and received large grants of land in Connaught. FitzAdelm was the founder of the Monastery of Dromore, and also the Abbey of Athassel, County of Tipperary, where he was buried in 1204. His character is thus sketched by Giraldus Cambrensis : " This FitzAdelm was large and corpulent, both in stature and shape, but of a reasonable height. He was a pleasant and courtly man ; but whatever honours he paid to any one were always mingled with guile. There was no end of his craftiness — there was poison in the honey, and a snake in the grass. To outward appearance he was liberal and courteous, but within there was more aloes than honey." Several commu- nications regarding the De Burgh family will be found in Notes and Queries, 4th Series, '^s 196 ^54 De Burgh, nichard, Lord of Cou- nanght, son of preceding. In 1204 he succeeded to large estates in the province of Connaught, which were confirmed to him by King John for a fine of 300 marks, and by Henry III. for a fine of 3,000 marks. In 1225, after Cathal O'Conor's death, the whole of Connaught, with the exception of five cantreds for the support of Athlone garrison, was made over to him for 500 marks a year. But the O'Conors clung to their patrimony, and upon one occasion Felim O'Conor was even deputed by Henry III. to act against De Burgh and check his rising power. De Burgh exercised almost regal sway, and at his castle at Galway (built in 1232), and in that at Loughrea (built in 1236), he was attended by a train of barons, knights, and gentlemen. He was for some time Lord-Deputy of Ireland. He died on his passage to France, January 1243, whither he was proceeding, attended by his barons and knights, to meet the King of England at Bordeaux. His wife was Una, daughter of Hugh O'Conor, Prince of Connaught. ^ '34 ^is De Bxirgh, Walter, 1st Earl of Ulster, son of preceding, married Maud, daughter and heiress of Hugh de Lacy, DEB Earl of Ulster. At her father's decease, about 1243, he became, in her right, Earl of Ulster. 5= De Burgh, Bichard, 2ud Earl of Ulster, son of preceding, commonly known as the " Eed Earl," was educated at the court of Henry III. For his successes against the Scots he was made general over the Irish forces in Ireland, Great Britain, and France. He was esteemed the most powerful subject of his time in Ire- land. Besides carrying on hostilities with the native chieftains, he besieged Thomas de Verdon in Athlone, and advanced with a great army to Trim. Three times he as- sisted the English kings in their descents upon Scotland. He founded monasteries or castles at Loughrea, Ballymote, Corran, Sligo, Castleconnel in Limerick, and Green- castle in Down. On Whit-Sunday 1326 he sumptuously entertained the Anglo- Norman knights of the Pale assembled at Kilkenny, previous to shutting himself up in the monastery at Athassel, where he died the same year, s^ "^ De Burgh, William, 3rd Earl of Ulster, was born in 13 12, and succeeded his grandfather in 1326. "He was mur- dered on 6th June 1333 by Eobert Fitz- Eichard Mandeville (who gave him the first wound) and others, his servants, near to the Fords, in going towards Carrick- fergus, in the 21st year of his age, at the instigation it was said, of Gyle de Burgh, wife of Sir Eichard Mandeville, in revenge for his having imprisoned her brother Walter and others." "^ Three hundred of Sir E. Mandeville's followers were put to death for this murder. De Burgh married Maud, great-granddaughter of Henry III. His estates were seized by his relatives, a branch of the De Burghs, who abjured the English name, and adopted that of MacWilliam, assumed Irish dress and cus- toms, and ruled over Connaught conjointly. 134 216 De Burgh, Lady Elizabeth, only child and heiress of preceding, born in 1332, married in 1352, Lionel, son of Edward III., who became in her right 4th Earl of Ulster and Lord of Connaught. Her daughter Philippa, wife of Edmund Mortimer, was ancestor of Edward IV. and subsequent British sovereigns. [See Clarence, Duke of.] s^ De Burgh, Ulick, 1st Earl of Clan- ricard, was a descendant of the second son of Eichard de Burgh, Lord of Connaught. He fortified Eoscommon, Galway, Lough- rea, Leitrim, and several other towns. He was, according to Lodge, called by the native Irish "Negan," or the beheader, having made a mound of the heads of men 127 DEB DEC slain in battle, which he covered with earth." "^ In 1538 he covenanted to fur- nish Henry VIII. with men and supplies ; and surrendering his large estates into the King's hands, received them back with the title of Earl of Claiiricard in 1543. He died 19th October 1544. ='* De Burgh, Richard, 2nd Earl of Clanricard, succeeded upon his father's death in 1544. He was known amongst the native Irish as "Sassanagh." In 1548 he captured Corraac Roe O'Conor, of Offaly, and sent him to Dublin, where he was executed. He was constantly engaged in harassing and bloody feuds with other branches of the De Burghs . In 1 5 5 3, with Sir Richard Bingham, he routed the Scots on the Moy. He was thrice married: (i) to Margaret, daughter of Murrough, ist Earl of Thomond ; (2) Catherine, daughter of Donough, 2nd Earl of Tho- mond ; (3) Honora, daughter of O'Brien of Duharras. He died 24th July 1582 and was succeeded by his son, who does not require special notice. 5= 216 De Burgh, Bichard, 4th Earl of Clanricard and Earl of St. Alban's, son of the 3rd Earl, succeeded in 1601, upon his father's death. In 1 599 he was made governor of Counaught by the Earl of Essex ; and he greatly distinguished him- self at the siege of Kinsale in 1601, when he was knighted. In 1624 he was raised to an English peerage as Baron Somerhill, and four years afterwards was advanced to the earldom of St. Alban's. He married Frances, the widow of Sir Philip Sidney and the Earl of Essex, by whom he had an only son, who succeeded him. He died 1 2th November 1635. ^* °'^ De Burgh, Ulick, 5th Earl and Marquis of Clanricard, son of pre- ceeding, was born in 1604. He attended Charles I. on his campaign in Scotland in 1640, and continued true to the royalist cause i^ the War of i64i-'52. Although his name appears prominently in Claren- don's History, his role was rather that of a negotiator than a warrior. In 1644 he was created a marquis and appointed Commander-in-chief in Connaught. He supported the Marquis of Ormond in the matter of the cessation of hostilities ; and when Ormond retired to France, accepted the Lord-Lieutenancy of Ireland. He was a prime mover in the negotiations with the Duke of Lorraine, for making over to him some of the strong places of the island in return for a sum of money, but ultimately was obliged to repudiate the arrangement. In 1652, wearied out with Irish aflfairs, by the consent of Prince Charles and with the leave of General Ludlow, he retired to his estate in Kent ; where, according to Clarendon, "he was civilly treated by aU men, as a man who had many friends and could have no enemies but those who could not be friends to any." He died in 1657, within a year of leaving Ireland, worn out by the fatigues and dis- tresses he had been exposed to. He was buried with his father at Tunbridge. He was a zealous Catholic. Both Clarendon and Carte speak in the highest terms of his character. The latter writes : " He had a greatness of mind, a nobleness of sentiments, and an integrity of heart, that were not to be corrupted by any tempta- tion, or biassed by any selfish, mean, or unworthy views ; compassionate in his temper, sincere in his professions, true and constant in his friendships, and delicate (if possible to an excess) in the point of honour ; no man ever loved his country more or his friend better than he did, being ready on aU occasions to sacrifice himself for either." Clarendon mentions his having left memoirs of his time, which do not appear to have been as yet given to the public. This branch of the De Burghs is at present represented by Hubert, 2nd Marquis and 1 5th Earl of Clanricard. 54 80 2i6 271 De Bur go, John, Rev., Vicar- Apos- tolic of Killala. He left Ireland in hia youth, and served as an officer in the Austrian army. He afterwards entered the Church, and was appointed abbot of Clare, from 1647 to 1650 acting as Vicar- General of Killaloe. Three years later he was arrested by Cromwell's orders, and sent into banishment. He exercised clerical functions in France and Italy until 1671, when he was appointed Vicar- Apostolic of Killala, and returned to Ireland. In 1674 he was arrested on the charge of " bring- ing Protestants to the Catholic faith," "preaching perverse doctrine," and "re- maining in the kingdom." After two years' imprisonment, having refused many offers of advancement if he would join the Estab- lished Church, he was sentenced to confis- cation of his goods, and banished to the Continent. In compliance with a vow made while in confinement, he visited Palestine during his exile, and was capn tured by pirates and sold as a slave. He eventually found means to escape to Con- stantinople, and thence to Rome, where he ended his days. ^4 De Clare, Bichard, Earl of Fern- broke and Strigul, sumamed Strong- bow, was born about 1 130. He succeeded his father in his title and estates in 1 149. The extensive ruins of his castle at Chep- stowe would alone attest his possessions DEC aud iiifluence ; but having wasted his sub- stance by extravagance, and being out of favour with Henry II., he eagerly seized the first opportunity that ofiFered of re- trieving his broken fortunes. This came in King Henry's licence to Dermot MacMur- rough, permitting him to seek assistance in England to establish his claim to the throne of Leinster. MacMurrough offered Strongbow extensive territories in Ireland, and the hand of his daughter Eva, if he would enter into his plans. The intrepid Earl threw himself heart and soul into the enterprise, and in May ii6g sent forward an expedition under FitzStephen, Raymond le Gros, and De Marisco, with whose assist- ance MacMurrough was reinstated in his kingdom. Henry II. was alarmed at the success attending their arms, and interdict- ed further expeditions to Ireland until he should have leisure to proceed thither in person. Strongbow, whose preparations were made, went to Normandy in 1 1 70, ob- tained an equivocal permission from Henry, and embarked a small army of 1,200 men at Milford Haven. After a favourable passage, he landed near Waterford on the 23rd August 1 1 70. Next day, being joined by Eaymond le Gros and his forces, he marched to the attack of the city, which was bravely defended by the Danish and Irish inhabitants. Even after the walls were scaled and the city occupied by the small band of Anglo-Normans, some of the garrison held out in Reginald's Tower. The nuptials of Strongbow and Eva were immediately celebrated, and having estab- lished his power in Waterford and the sur- rounding districts, he pushed on through Ferns, and by the coast road to Dublin — the more direct route by the Barrow and Kildare being barred by levies hastily collected by the Irish chiefs. Dublin was taken by assault after great slaughter, its Danish king, Asculf, and " the better part" of his followers embarking with their valu- ables, and setting sail for the Isle of Man and the Western Islands. The capture of Dublin was followed by expeditions into Meath and other parts of the island, under the guidance of MacMurrough. Upon the death of the latter, which took place in a few months, Strongbow succeeded to the throne of Leinster. Already Milo de Cogan had defeated an effort made by the Northmen and Irish to recapture Dublin ; but a more formidable confede- racy was now formed by Roderic O'Conor, aided by the Danes of the Hebrides and Man. They commenced operations by in- vesting Dublin — Roderic taking up his position at Castleknock, O'Rourke and O'Carrol at Clontarf, O'Kinsellagh at DEC Irishtown, and the Prince of Thomond at Kilmainhara, while Godred, King of Man, blockaded the harbour. After a siege of two months, the distress of the Norman garrison was increased by the news that FitzStephen was besieged in Ferry Carrig Castle, near Wexford. They therefore opened negotiations with Roderic ; but his terms were so humiliating that they could not accept them, and a desperate sally in the direction of Finglas was headed by Strongbow, Rajonond le Gros, Milo de Cogan, and Maurice FitzGerald, with small bodies of men-at-arms. The Irish troops, disorganized by the assurance of a speedy surrender of the town, offered but a feeble resistance to the redoubtable Normans, and were cut down in multitudes. The siege of Dublin was raised, and vast stores of provisions fell into the hands of the in- vaders. Strongbow next proceeded to the succour of FitzStephen — too late, however, to save him from falling into the hands of the native princes. On the march south he encountered a vigorous resistance near Carlow. From Wexford he proceeded to Waterford, and thence back to Ferns, where he assumed almost regal state. Meanwhile he received news of Henry II.'s great displeasure at his precipitancy, and sent Raymond le Gros to proffer his sub- mission, and reassure the King as to his loyalty. He then followed in person, and found Henry at N ewnham, in Gloucester- shire, making preparations for a personal visit to Ireland. After some demur, Strong- bow's homage and oath of fealty were ac- cepted, and he was confirmed in his Irish estates (Dublin and the seaport towns being reserved by the King), and also in his Eng- lish possessions, which had been confis- cated. Henry thought it more prudent to keep him by his side, until, having col- lected a considerable army, he landed in person at Waterford, i8th October 1171. The following year, when Henry returned to England, Strongbow accompanied him ; but great disasters falling upon the Anglo- Norman colonists, he returned in 1173 as Lord- Warden, or Justice of Ireland. A quarrel ensued between him and Raymond le Gros, who was the beloved of the army, and whose good will was necessary to the further carrying out of Strongbow's plans of conquest. Raymond retired to England, but before long Strongbow was glad to secure his aid by giving him the hand of his sister Basilia, which Raymond had long coveted. Harassed by constant hos- tilities with the Irish, Strongbow's position was by no means an easy one, and he died in Dublin, after a lingering illness, in the year 11 76 or 1177, aged about 47. 129 DEC DEC Eaymond le Gros was absent at the time, and the safety of the Dublin garrison almost depended upon Basilia's concealing even the illness of her brother; so that she could convey the intelligence to her husband only in the following form: " To Eaymond, her well-beloved lord and husband, Basilia wisheth health as to herself. Be it known to your sincere love, that the great jaw-tooth which used to give me so much uneasiness has fallen out. Wherefore, if you have any care or regard for me, or even for yourself, return with all speed." Strongbow is thus described by Giraldus Cambrensis : " His complexion was somewhat ruddy and his skin freckled ; he had grey eyes, feminine features, a weak voice, and short neck. For the rest, he was tall in stature, and a man of great generosity and of courteous manner. What he failed of accomplishing by force, he succeeded in by gentle words. In time of peace he was more disposed to be led by others than to command. Out of the camp he had more the air of any ordinary man- at-arms than of a general-in-chief ; but in action the mere soldier was forgotten in the commander. With the advice of those about him, he was ready to dare anything ; but he never ordered any attack relying on his own judgment, or rashly presuming on his personal courage. The post he oc- cupied in battle was a sure rallying point for his troops. His equanimity and firm- ness in all the vicissitudes of war were remarkable, being neither driven to despair in adversity, nor puffed up by success." Strongbow was buried in Christ Church, Dublin, which he had helped to rebuild. There his reputed monument may be seen. [See Desmond, 8th Earl or.] He is sup- posed to have left a son, who died a few years after him, and a daughter, Isabel, given in marriage by Richard I. to William Marshal, who succeeded to his title and estates. A. building on the site of the pre- sent Eoyal Hospital at Kilmainham was founded and largely endowed by Strongbow as a preceptory for the Knights Templars. Several notices of Strongbow's family — the De Clares — will be found in Notes and Queries, ist Series, s 5= 134 148 174 De Cogan, Milo, was one of Nesta's grandsons who embarked in the Anglo- Norman invasion of Ireland. [See Nesta.] He was by Strongbow appointed governor of Dublin, and successfully defended it against the first attack of the Northmen. He married his cousin, a daughter of Robert FitzStephen. In 1177 he was by patent created " Lord of the moiety of the Kingdom of Cork." He and his son-in-law, Ealph FitzStephen, we are told by Cam- 130 brensis, " jointly governed the kingdom of Desmond in peace for five years, re- straining by their prudence and modera- tion the unruly spirits of their young men on both sides." They were killed in 1182, in an engagement with MacTire, prince of Imokelly, as they were, with a party of knights, proceeding from Cork to Lismore, to hold conference with some of the people of Waterford. "■^ De Cogan, Richard, younger brother of preceding, specially distinguished him- self in the defence, above mentioned, of Dublin. He is spoken of as having been appointed to the command of a picked body of troops by King Henry II. and sent into Ireland to supply the place of his brother Milo. '*« De Conrcy, Sir John, Earl of Ulster, was one of the most valiant of the Anglo-Norman adventurers in the in- vasion of Ireland. An ancestor had ac- companied the Conqueror to England and there obtained large estates. Sir John de Courcy served Henry II. in his French wars, and after Strongbow's death came to Ireland with De Burgh. Dissatisfied with De Burgh's conduct, he, with Armoric St. Laurence (his sister's husband) and Eobert de la Poer, in 1177 proceeded northwards to carve out their fortunes by the sword. Having arrived at Down- patrick, De Courcy seized upon the district, and fortified the town, regardless of the remonstrances of the Papal legate, Vivian, and of the claims of MacDunlevy, prince of the district, who insisted that he had done homage to Henry II. for his estates. MacDunlevy, assisted by Eoderic O'Conor of Connaught, collected a force of 10,000 men to dispossess De Courcy and his fel- lows. After many bloody encounters, at the bridge of Ivora and elsewhere, the dis- cipline of the Normans prevailed over the numbers of the native owners of the soil. De Courcy now parcelled out Ulidia (the counties of Down and Antrim) among his followers. He was confirmed in his possessions by Henry II., who created him Lord of Connaught and Earl of Ulster. Wills says: "He erected many castles, built bridges, made highways, and re- paired churches, and governed the pro- vince peacefully to the satisfaction of its inhabitants, until the days of King John's visit to Ireland." In 1 178 he was obliged to retire for a time to Dublin wounded, after suffering a defeat from one of the northern chieftains. In 1 1 85 he was appointed deputy to Prince John, a post he held for four years. He is thus described by Cambrensis: "In person John de Courcy was of a fair complexion, and tall, DEC with bony and muscular limbs, of large size, and very strong make, being very powerful, of singular daring, and a bold and brave soldier from his very youth. Such was his ardour to mingle in the fight, that even when he had the command he was apt to forget his duties as such, and exhibiting the virtues of a private soldier, instead of a general, impetuously charge the enemy among the foremost ranks ; so that if his troops wavered he might have lost the victory by being too eager to win it. But although he was thus impetuous in war, and was more a soldier than a general, in times of peace he was sober and modest, and paying due reverence to the Church of Christ, was ex- emplary in his devotions and in attending holy worship ; nor did he forget in his suc- cesses to offer thanksgivings, and ascribe all to the Divine mercy, giving God all the glory as often as he had achieved anything glorious, 'But,' as TuUy says, 'nature never made anything absolutely perfect in all points,' so we find in him an excessive parsimony and inconstancy which cast a shade over his other virtues." De Courcy married AflPreca, daughter of the King of Man and the Isles. Soon after the acces- sion of King John, he incurred his dis- pleasure by speaking of him as a usurper, and Hugh de Lacy the younger was ap- pointed Lord-Justice and sent against him, with directions to carry him prisoner to London. By Scandinavian and Irish aid, however, De Courcy managed to hold pos- session of Ulidia against the Viceroy, whom he defeated in a battle at Down in 1204. As Cox says: "The valiant Courcy sent Lacy back with blows and shame enough." He was eventually captured by some of De Lacy's followers, as, in the garb of a monk, he was doing penance at Downpatrick, one of the many monasteries he had founded. He defended himself with the only weapon at hand, the pole of a cross, and is said to have killed thirteen before he was over- powered. He was committed to the Tower of London, and the King granted his lands to De Lacy. We are told that about a year after his arrest a quarrel arose between King John, and Philip Augustus of France, concerning the Duchy of Normandy. It was referred to single combat, and De Courcy was prevailed upon to act as cham- pion, for King John. According to the chroniclers, his proportions and appear- ance so terrified the French King's cham- pion, that he fled, and in recognition of this service the King restored him to his estates, and granted him and his suc- cessors the privilege of standing covered in the royal presence. After this he is DEG stated to have been fifteen times prevented by contrary winds from landing in Ireland, and he retired to France, where he died about 1 2 19. Lords of Kingsale, who claim to be descendants of Sir John de Courcy, asserted their privilege of standing covered in the royal presence in the reigns of Wil- liam III. and some of the Georges. S4 134 148 196 2l6 De Perings, Richard, Archbishop of Dublin, consecrated to that ofiice in 1299. He is worthy of remembrance as having for a time succeeded in allaying the jealousy between the two Dublin cathedral bodies — St. Patrick's and Christ Church. It was arranged that both should be called cathedrals — Christ Church to have the precedence ; the bodies of the Archbishops to be alternately buried in either church ; their crosses, mitres, and rings to be de- posited in Christ Church. He lived much abroad, and died on the Continent, i8tli October 1306, on a return journey from Rome. " De Ginkell, Godert, Earl of Ath- lone, one of William III.'s ablest generals in the Irish War of t689-'9i, was born in Holland, of a noble family. A commander of proved ability, he accompanied William III.'s Dutch troops to England, and in March 1689 distinguished himself by the dispersion of the Scotch regiment that mutinied at Ipswich. At the battle of the Boyne he commanded a regiment of cavalry. The following September he was appointed Commander-in-chief of Wil- liam's Irish army, having his head-quarters at Kilkenny. In February 1691 De Gin- kell issued a proclamation in which he declared that " Their Majesties had no design to oppress their Eoman Catholic subjects of this kingdom in either their religion or their properties, but had given him authority to grant reasonable terms to all such as would come in and submit ac- cording to their duty." Towards the end of the same month a detachment of his army defeated Sarsfield's troops at Moate. During the winter the rapparees, or Irish irregular troops, chiefly men whose ances- tors had been dispossessed of their lands by the Cromwellian settlers, gave him au immensity of trouble ; and he also found ex- treme difficulty in restraining the excesses of his own troops. On the 30th May De Ginkell joined the main body of his army at Mullingar and took the field. On 7th June he attacked and captured Ballymore, a fortress on the road between Mullingar and Athlone, and on the 19th, being joined by the Duke of Wirtemberg with a large body of troops, he stormed and with small loss occupied the portion of the town of 131 DE G Athlone on the east bank of the Shannon. The castle and town on the west bank was defended by D'Usson, Colonel Grace, and Sarsfield, with obstinate bravery, for ten days — their Irish troops displaying despe- rate valour in the defence of the broken bridge, which the assailants made repeated efforts to cross. St. Ruth, in supreme command of the Irish army, had his head- quarters a few miles out of the town. With De Ginkell forage became scarce ; and it was absolutely necessary he should either force a passage across the river or retreat. On the 30th June he consented that an effort should be made by 1,500 grenadiers, headed by a forlorn hope of 60 men in armour, to cross the ford in face of the guns of the castle. The Irish, fancying the English were about to retreat, kept guard carelessly ; St. Euth was in his own quar- ters ; the grenadiers passed over in the face of every obstacle, and after a brave resist- ance, in which Colonel Grace fell, the Irish army was obliged to fall back into Connaught. St. Euth resolved to risk . an engagement, and took up a strong position near the village of Aughrim, on the slope of the hill of Kilcommadan, with a bog in front ; and on Sunday, 1 2th July, the battle of Aughrim was fought. The numbers en- gaged on both sides are variously estimated. De GLnkell probably had 20,000 men, St. Euth 1 5,000. The contest at first inclined in favour of the Irish, and St. Euth, confident of victory, was heading a charge of cavalry, when his head was taken off by a cannon ball. He had not confided his plans to Sarsfield, second in command, and before long the Irish broke and fled in every direction. De Ginkell's loss in the engage- ment was about 2,000 ; that of the Irish twice or thrice as many. De Ginkell next marched to Gal way, which capitulated on the 2 1st July, the garrison marching out with all the honours of war, and joining Sarsfielr" at Limerick. On the 25th August De Ginkell appeared before Limerick. The particulars of the heroic defence of the town belong more properly to Sarsfield's life. The siege lasted to the 23rd Septem- ber, when a truce was agreed upon, and the treaty under which the war was brought to an end was signed on the 3rd October. [See Sarsfield.] The victorious De Gin- kell was received in Dublin with great honours, and on the 21st was entertained at a sumptuous banquet. As a reward for his services he was given the forfeited estates of the Earl of Limerick, comprising 26,480 acres, besides house property in Dublin. This grant, with grants to other Williamite officers, was afterwards reversed by Par- liament, much to William III.'s chagrin. 132 DEL On 4th March 1692 he was created Earl of Athlone and Baron of Aughrim "in consideration of his great merits and services, in valiantly defeating her [the patent was signed by the Queen] enemies in several memorable battles, and by his conduct and courage enforcing them to lose and deliver up the several strong places of Ballymore, Athlone, Galway, and Limerick." De Ginkell afterwards distin- guished himself in command of the Dutch hoi'se in Flanders, and in 1702 was made Field-Marshal of the armies of the States- General. He died at Utrecht after a short illness, 1 1 th February 1 720, and was buried at his castle of Amerongen. His descend- ant, the 6th Earl, sat in the Irish House of Lords in 1795, and the title became extinct in 1844, on the death of the 9th Earl. '75 2.6 -3 318 Delacour, James, an obscure poet, was born at Killowen, near Blarney, in 1 709. He was educated at Trinity College, and before he reached his twenty-fii'st year wrote his Letter of Ahelard to Eloisa, in imitation of Pope. In 1733 appeared his work entitled The Prospect of Poetry. Eventually he fell into intemperate habits and became deranged. The latter part of his life he pretended to have the gift of prophecy, and was regarded with some awe after a successful guess as to the day on which the garrison of Havannah, then besieged, would be compelled to surrender. He died in 1781, aged about 72. ^s 4= De Lacy, Hugh, one of the most dis- tinguished of the Anglo-Norman invaders, came over in Henry II.'s retinue, landing at Waterford, i8th October 1171. The estates that feU to his lot were chiefly in Meath and Connaught. He was appointed Lord-Justice more than once, and vigor- ously maintained the English authority, building castles at New Leighlin, Timahoe, Castledermot, TuUow, Kilkea, and Nar- ragh. His rising power eventually brought him under the suspicion of Henry, and he was twice called to England to give account of his stewardship. On the last occasion De Braosa was appointed in his stead. De Braosa displayed great incapac- ity, and De Lacy, reinstated, had to put forth all his energies to amend the injuries done to the English interest by his pre- decessor's unwise proceedings. Under 1178 mention is made of Hugh de Lacy plunder- ing Clonmacnoise, sparing, however, the churches and the bishop's house. Prince John, during his residence in Ireland, sus- pected him of using his influence to prevent the Irish chieftains from coming in to offer due submission. De Lacy's second wife, whom he married in 1 1 80, contrary to the DEL wishes of Henry II., was a daughter of Eoderic O'Conor. His sudden and violent death is thus related in the Annals of Ulster : " A.D. 1 1 86. Hugo de Lacy went to Durrow to make a castle there, having a countless number of English with him ; for lie was king of Meath, Breifny, and Oriel, and it was to him the tribute of Connaught was paid, and he it was that won all Ireland for the English. Meath from the Shan- non to the sea was full of his castles and English followers. After the completion of this work by him, i.e., the erection of the castle of Durrow, he came out to look at the castle, having three Englishmen along with him. There came then one youth of the men of Meath up to him, having his battle-axe concealed, namely Gilla-gan-inathar O'Megey, the foster son of the Fox himself (chief of Teffia), and he gave him one blow, so that he cut off his head, and he fell, both head and body, into the ditch of the castle." O'Megey, who escaped, was probably actuated by motives of revenge for seizures of laud by Ue Lacy. This murder was by some considered a judgment of Providence for his building the castle on land sacred to St. ColumciUe. Hugh de Lacy was buried in the abbey of Bective with his first wife. His character is thus sketched by Cambrensis : " If you wish to have a portrait of this great man, know that he had a dark complexion, with black sunken eyes and rather fiat nostrils, and that he had a bum on the face from some accident, which much disfigured him, the scar reach- ing down his right cheek to his chin. His neck was short, his body hairy and very muscular. He was short in stature and ill-proportioned in shape. If you ask what were his habits and disposition, he was firm and steadfast, as temperate as a Frenchman, very attentive to his own pri- vate afiairs, and indefatigable in public business and the administration of the govei-nment committed to his charge. Al- though he had great experience in mili- tary aflfairs, as a commander he had no great success in the expeditions which he undertook. After he lost his wife, he abandoned himself to loose habits, and not being contented with one mistress, his amours were promiscuous. He was very covetous and ambitious, and immoderately greedy of honour and reputation." '^4 us De Lacy, Hugh, the younger, suc- ceeded to his father's possessions in 1 1 86, and in 1189 was appointed Lord-Deputy in place of De Courcy. He and his brother Walter compassed the capture of De Courcy, and after his death in exile obtained his Ulster estates. Their power assumed dau- DEL gerous dimensions and they espoused the cause of De Braosa, On King John's visit to Ireland the three fled to France, in which country their adventures were of the most romantic description. They are said to have obtained situations as gardeners at the Abbey of St. Taurin. The abbot discovering their quaUty, and in- teresting himself on their behalf, they were permitted to return to their estates, Hugh paying 4,000 marks for Ulster, and Walter 2,500 for Meath. The De Lacys proved their gratitude to this abbot by knighting his nephew and investing him with a lordship in Ireland. Both Hugh and Walter died in 1234 or 1243, leaving but daughters, Hugh's daughter married Walter de Burgh, and Walter's daughters married Lord de Verdon and Geoffrey Genneville. Mr. Wills says the De Lacys ' ' lived in an endless train of dissensions and intrigues, wars, oppressions, and spoliations, which the law had not force to control, and at which the Government found it neces- sary to connive, unless where circumstances made the opposite policy the more expedient means of conciliating the most efficient servants." '** Delaue, Denis, an Irish actor, was educated at Trinity College, Dublin. He appeared as an actor at Smock-alley Theatre in 1728. His success in England was con- siderable ; his handsome countenance and figure, powerful though somewhat mono- tonous voice, pleasing address, and easy action, secured numbers of admirers, until Garrick, by raising the public taste, threw many of the old school of actors like Delane into the shade. His death, sup- posed to have been accelerated by intem- pemte habits, took place in April 1750. "^ '*'» Delany, Patrick, D.D., Dean of Down, an eloquent preacher, a man of wit and learning, the friend of Swift, Gay, and Bolingbroke, was bom of humble parent- age in 1686. He entered Trinity College as a sizar, and obtained a high reputation for conduct and learning. He rose to be Senior Fellow, and became well known as a preacher at St. Werburgh's. Lord Car- teret, when Lord-Lieutenant, was greatly attracted by his talents, and made him a frequent visitor at the Castle, In 1 727-8 he was impoverished by exchanging the Fellowship for the Chancellorship of Christ Church, an office the emoluments of which were small, but which he hoped woidd lead to still further advancement. In 173 1 he married Mrs. Margaret Tenison, a rich Irish widow, and again found himself in a position to gratify his hospitable disposi- tion and indulge his literary tastes. He wrote and published several works, chiefly 133 DEL DEM theological ; and at his beautiful residence of Delville, Glasnevin, he was wont to collect a brilliant circle, in which Swift shone pre-eminent. His wife died in 1741 , and two years afterwards he married Mrs. Pendarves, a lady of uncommon brilliancy, heart, and accomplishments, his junior by fourteen years. Her fortune brought a considerable addition to his income. She had visited Dr. Delany during his first wife's lifetime, and had long been an ad- mirer of his character and his writings. Her maiden name was Mary Granville : she was highly connected, being a niece of Lord Lansdowne's. At eighteen she was married for money to a Cornish miser of the name of Pendarves. After about six years of misery, her husband died sud- denly in London, in 1724, and she found herself a rich young widow at twenty-four yeara of age. Moving in the dissolute society of the time, nought but her purity and good sense carried her safely through her married life, and her nineteen years of widowhood, during which she received numberless brilliant offers. Her marriage with Dr. Delany proved singularly happy. She writes : "I could not have been so happy with any man in the world as the person I am now united to ; his real bene- volence of heart, the great delight he takes in making everyone happy about him, is a disposition so uncommon, that I would not change that one circumstance of happi- ness for all the riches and greatness in the world." Mrs. Delany deSghted in Del- ville, a spot that will long be associated with her memory and that of her husband. In May 1 744 he was made Dean of Down. Dr. Delany vindicated his friend Dean Swift's memory from the strictures of Lord Orrery. It is related that on one occasion he had the honour of preaching before George XL, and when the moment came he was so awed by the presence of Majesty that Mr Delany was obliged to write out the text for the royal pew. He died at Bath, 6th May 1768, aged about 82, and was buried in Glasnevin graveyard. The last seven years of his life were years of ill-health and great depression; added to which their means had been somewhat reduced by his generosity and hospitality. Allibone writes : " Delany was a man of ability and learning ; disposed occasionally to use his fancy, and to reason confidently on doubtful or disputed premises. There is also a great lack of evangelical senti- ment in his writings." His bust in the Library of Trinity College is thus described in an interesting notice of him in the University Magazine. " The most singular bust in the room. It is that of a man 134 perfectly bald — the cranium well studded with moral and intellectual eminences ; the eyes small, humorous, and piercing ; the under lip, prominent and sensual, is reliev- ed by the firmness of the upper companion ; there is much depth from the ear to the eye, denoting constructive powers of a high order. The head is sculptured looking downwards, 'demisso vultu'; and the whole face seems kindling with either a repressed or an outcoming burst of laugh- ter. Mirth lurks in every chiselled feature, and the genius of good humour is caught and indurated into the marble, there to last, and to look like life for time. The neck, which is scarcely seen, is slovenly arranged in a pair of clergyman's bands, which are tossed and rugged." Mrs. Delany survived imtil 1788. She enjoyed the friendship of George III. and his Queen. Her Autobiography and Corres- pondence were edited by Lady Llanover in 6 vols. — three appearing in 1861 and three in 1862 — enriched with numerous portraits of Mrs. Delany and her correspondents. The particulars of her life in Ireland are interesting. She liked the country and its inhabitants : in her Diary we find the following remarkable testimony to the safety of travel here a century ago : " A comfortable circumstance belonging to this country is that the roads are so good and free from robbers, that we may drive safely at any hour of the night." '* '^ "^'s^) 118 196 De Loundres, Henry, Archbishop of Dublin, was consecrated to the office in 1 213. He was much trusted by King John, and attended him at Runnymede, when he signed the great charter. He occupied more than once the post of Lord- Deputy of Ireland. During De Loundres' episcopate Glendalough was united to the see of Dublin, and St. Patrick's raised from a parish to a cathedral church. He died in July 1228, and was buried in Christ Church. De Loundres obtained the opprobrious epithet of "Scorch- villein" from his perfidyion one occasion, in calling his tenants to produce their leases at an appointed time, and sweeping all the docu- ments into a fire prepared for the purpose. 12 339 De Marisco, Hervey, one of the most distinguished of the Anglo-Norman invad- ers of Ireland, nephew to Earl Strongbow, came over with the first band of adven- turers led by Eobert FitzStephen, in May 1 169, and received large grants of land in Tipperary, Wexford, and Kerry — some of which is still vested in his brother's descendants, but the greater por- tion was carried by intermarriages into DEN the houses of Butler and FitzGerald. Hervey was the rival and opponent of Eaymond le Gros. He was commander of the body of troops defeated by Duvenald, Prince of Limerick, in Ossory. "When Strongbow went over to the assistance of King Henry in Normandy, jealousies broke out between De Marisco and Eay- mond le Gros, upon their being appointed joint governors of Ireland. In 1175 he married Nesta, daughter of Maurice Fitz- Gerald. [See Nesta.] In i i 79 he founded Dunbrody Abbey, Wexford ; and he ulti- mately retired as a monk to Canterbury, where he ended his days. He was interred at Dunbrody. Giraldus Cambrensis places his character in no favourable light : " Hervey was a tall and handsome man, with grey and rather prominent eyes, a pleasant look, fine features, and a com- mand of polished language. His neck was so long and slender that it seemed scarcely able to support his head; his shoidders were low, and both his arms and legs were somewhat long. He had rather a broad breast, but was small and genteel in the waist, which is generally apt to swell too much, and lower down his stomach was of the same moderate pro- portion. His thighs, legs, and feet, were well shaped for a soldier, and finely pro- portioned to the upper part of his body. In stature he was above the middle height. . . He was addicted to lascivious habits. . . He was spiteful, a false accuser, double-faced, full of wiles, and smooth but false, . . a man of no principle. . . Formerly he was a very good soldier after the French school, but now he is more remarkable for his malice than his gallantry." He left no descendants. His large estates passed to his brother Geofirey (whom we find Gustos of Ireland in 121 5, 1226, and 1230), ancester of the Mount- morris family, who with his son perished in an engagement with some of the pirates that then frequented the coasts of Ireland. His sister EUinor married Thomas Fitz- Gerald, ancestor of the Desmonds. ^ 148 196 Deuham, Sir John, a poet and writer, was born in Dublin in 1615. He was early removed to London (upon his father being appointed an English instead of an Irish judge), and receiving his preliminary education there, entered Oxford in 1631. At Oxford he acquired the character of " a dreamy young man, more given to dice and cards than to study." Habits of gaming followed him through early life, and after his father's death in 1638 he squandered most of his patrimony. In 1642 he delighted the literary world with his tragedy of The Sophy, and he was DEP made SheriflF of Surrey, and Governor of Farham Castle. The poet Waller says, "He broke out like the Irish rebellion, three score thousand strong, when no- body was aware, or in the least suspected." While in attendance on the King at Oxford, in 1643, he published his well- known poem of Cooper's Hill. Being devotedly attached to Charles I., he was entrusted with several missions for the Stuarts, and resided a considerable time on the Continent, and suffered the loss of most of his estates. After the Eestoration he received an appointment under Govern- ment, and was created a Knight of the Bath. He died in March 1668, and was buried in Westminster Abbey, near Chaucer, Spencer, and Cowley. Dr. John- son wrote of him : " Denham is deservedly considered as one of the fathers of English poetry. . . Cooper's Hill is the work that confers upon him the rank and dig- nity of an original author. He seems to have been, at least among us, the author of a species of composition that may be denominated local poetry, of which the fundamental subject is some pai-ticular landscape to be poetically described, with the addition of such embellishments as may be supplied by historical retrospections or incidental meditation. He is one of the writers that improved our taste and advanced our language, and whom we ought therefore to read with gratitude ; though, having done much, he left much to do." '98 De Oviedo, Matthew, Archbishop of Dublin, was born at Segovia, in Spain, and educated at Salamanca. He became a Franciscan friar, and having previously visited Ireland on a political mission, was, by the Pope, in May 1600, created Archbishop of Dublin. He then conferred with O'Neill and O'Donuell, returned to Spain, and landed at Kinsale in 1601, in the suite of Don Juan d'Aguila. He afterwards took an active part in the negotiations between the Irish princes and the Spanish court. While nominally Arch- bishop of Dublin he continued to acknow- ledge Philip II. as his sovereign. Upon the discomfiture of D'Aguila's expedition, De Oviedo returned to Spain, and died in obscurity, a court pensioner. " De Palatio, Octavian, Archbishop of Armagh, a Florentine, was advanced to the see by Sixtus IV. in 1480. He was one of the few dignitaries of the Pale that opposed the coronation of Simnel, and maintained unshaken loyalty to Henry VII. He held numerous provincial synods. De Palatio died at an advanced age, in June 15 13, having governed his see thirty- 135 DEE three years, and was buried iu St. Peter's Church, Drogheda. ^39 Dermody, Thomas, a poet, was bom in Ennis, 17th January 1775. Although his memoirs have been written at consider- able length, and his poems were in his time much esteemed, the former contain little of real interest, and the latter are now quite forgotten. Endowed with fine natural abilities, he was befriended by the amiable Countess of Moira, and by other persons of refinement and position, but nothing could wean him from dissolute and irregu- lar habits, and he died in poverty, alone, in a wretched hovel near Sydenham, England, 15 th July 1802, aged 27. His poems were published in 1807 under the title of the Harp of Erin. ^ Derrick, Samuel, a writer, the friend of Johnson and Boswell, occasionally referred to in BoswelVs Johnson, was born in Dublin in 1724. Abandoning the linen- drapery business, he went to London in 1 75 1, made an unsuccessful appearance upon the stage as an actor, and wrote some poetical pieces of a secondary character. Johnson, when asked whether Derrick or Smart was the better poet, replied : "Sir, it is not easy to settle the point of prece- dency between a louse and a flea." His flighty, careless way of living involved him in repeated monetary embarrassments ; but when Beau Nash died, he had the good fortune to be chosen to succeed him as Master of the Ceremonies at Bath. The best known of his works (of which works a list will be found in AUibone) are his Letters, written from Liverpool to Chester, published in 1767. A collection of his jests appeared the year he died, 1769. 16 39 46 De St. Paul, John, Archbishop of Dublin in 1349. In his time the Pope ordained that the Archbishop of Armagh should be styled "Primate of all Ireland," the Ar libishop of Dublin, "Primate of Ireland." De St. Paul was a zealous ad- vocate of the English interest ; he called a synod for the better regulation of the affairs of the Chui'ch. In 1360 he was appointed by the King one of three com- missioners to search for and manage mines of gold and silver in Ireland. In 1361 he was instrumental in procuring an amnesty for such of the Anglo-Irish chief- tains as had been in opposition to Govern- ment. He enlarged and beautified Christ Church, and built the choir at his own expense; and when he died, 9th September 1362, he was buried under the high altar, 12 196 339 Desmonds, The, are properly Eitz- Gei'alds ; but occupying for centuries the 136 DES district of " Deasmhumhain " (pronounced Desmond), or "south Munster," they prac- tically lost their original patronymic, (i) Thomas FitzGerald, Lord of O'Conuelloe, the son of Maurice FitzGerald, one of the Anglo-Norman invaders of Ireland, and a grandson of Nesta [See Nesta], was brother of Gerald FitzGerald, ancestor of the Earls of Kildare and Dukes of Leins- ter ; he died in 121 3. (2) John, son of pre- ceding. Lord of O'Connelloe, and of Decies, Desmond, and Dungarvan, was killed at the battle of Callau, in Kerry, in 1 261, by his son-in-law, MacCarthy Mor, and was buried in the north part of the monastery of Tralee, of which he was the founder. He was the ancestor of Clan Gibbon, the Knights of Glin, the Knights of Kerry, FitzGeralds of Clane, Seneschals of Imo- kelly. (3) Maurice, son of preceding, was slain with his father, in 1 261, at the battle of Callan. (4) Thomas, son of preceding, was called "Thomas an-Apa," or "Thomas Simiacus," from an incident which is thus related in the Desmond Pedigree: " This Thomas, being in his swadling cloaths accidentally left alone in his cra- dle, was by an ape carryed up to the battlements of the monastery of Traly, where the little beast, to the admiration of many spectators, dandled him to and free, whilst everyone ran with theire beds and caddows, thinking to catch the child when it should fall from the ape. But Divine Providence prevented that danger ; for the ape miraculously bore away the infant, and left him in the cradle as he found him, by which accident this Thomas was ever after nicknamed from the ape." [A similar anecdote is related of the ist Earl of Kildare, whose family adopted as their crest two monkeys "environed and chained."] In 1 295 he acted as Lord- Justice, and dying next year, was buried in the Dominican Friary, Youghal, which he had completed in 1268. The war cry of the Desmonds was "Shanet-a-boo!" "Shanid [castle] to victory ! " ^- '"^ ^»* Desmond, Maurice, 1st Earl, son of preceding, caUed " Maurice the Great," appears to have taken the rightful place of his elder brother, who died young. He was Lord-Justice of Ireland, had livery of Decies and Desmond in 1312, of Kerry in X315, and was created Earl of Desmond, 22nd August 1329. He married at Green- castle, 1 6th August 13 1 2, Margaret, fifth daughterof Ei chard de Burgh (the Eed Earl of Ulster), who died 1 33 1 ; and secondly Aveline, or EUinor, daughter of Nicholas FitzMaurice, 3rd Lord of Kerry and Lix- naw. He took an active part iu the war against Bruce in Scotland. In contest DES with the O'Nolans and O'Murroughs in 1330 he first introduced the practice of coigne and livery, or quartering soldiers on the inhabitants of the district they were sent to protect. About this time the Anglo-Normans began to adopt Irish customs and names, and throw off Eng- lish authority. Their estrangement was hastened by an Act of the English Par- liament under Edward III,, confining offices in Ireland to those who had estates in England, which irritated the Anglo- Norman party, and Desmond and others called a counter parliament at Kilkenny, Ufford, the Lord- Justice, marched against them, seized Desmond's estates, and threw him into prison. After Ufford's death, Desmond made his peace, attended Edward III, to the French war with twenty men-at- arms and fifty hobellars, and had his estates restored to him. " In consequence of his having been insultingly termed 'rhymer' by Baron Arnold le Poer, at a public assembly, this Maurice embarked in a fierce intestine strife, the nobles of Ireland banding themselves on the opposite sides. Such ravages were committed that the towns were obliged to provide garrisons for their own protection, and royal writs were issued from England, ordering the Le Poers and Geraldines to desist from levying forces for the purpose of attacking each other ; but to little purpose." '•'^ The 1st Earl died in Dublin, 25th Januaiy 1355, and was buried at Tralee. ■■*' Desmond, Maurice, 2ud Earl, son of preceding. By his wife Beatrix, d aughter of the Earl of Stafford, he had but a daughter, who married Donald Oge Mac- Carty Mor. He was drowned or died a natural death in 1358, and was buried in Tralee Abbey, '"^ Desmond, Nicholas, 3rd Earl, brother of preceding. Being an idiot, Edward III, granted custody of the Des- mond estates to his younger brother Gerald, Nicholas died childless in 1367, '" Desmond, Gerald, 4tli Earl, half- brother of , preceding, surnamed "Gerald the Poet," succeeded to the estates and honours of the family, He married, by the King's command, Eleanor, daughter of James, 2nd Earl of Ormond, who gave her for portion the barony of Inchiquin in Imokelly, Gerald was Lord-Justice of Ireland, 1367, In 1398 he disappeared, and is fabled to live beneath the waters of Lough Gur, near Kilmallock, on whose banks he appears once every seven years. O'Donovan quotes the following concern- ing his character : " A nobleman of won- derful bountie, mirth, cheerfulness in conversation, charitable in his deeds, easy DES of access, a witty and ingenious composer of Irish poetry, and a learned and profound chronicler ; and, in fine, one of the English nobility that had Irish learning and pro- fessors thereof in greatest reverence of all the English in Ireland, died penitently after receipt of the sacraments of the holy church in proper form." ^^-t Fragments of Anglo-Norman verse attributed to him, known as " Proverbs of the Eaii of Des- mond," survive. '^4 u? u?* -16 Desmond, John, 5th Earl, son of preceding, was drowned near Ardfinnan, on the Suir, when returning with his followers from an incursion into the Earl of Ormond's territory, 4th March 1399, and was buried at Youghal. He married according to one account, Mary Bourke; or, according to Lodge, Joan, daughter of the Lord of Fermoy. '*^ '*^' Desmond, Thomas, 6th Earl, son of preceding, was deprived of his earldom in 141 8, on account of his marriage with Catherine, daughter of William MacCor- mac of Abbeyfeale, one of his dependants. The romantic incident of his meeting Catherine as he was out hunting, is told in Moore's lines, commencing : " By the Feal's wave benighted, Not a star in the skies, To thy door by love lighted, I first saw those eyes." The alliance was so unfavourably regarded by his clan, that he abandoned his estates, and retired to France. He died at Rouen, loth August 1420, and was buried at Paris " with great and mighty show, where the two kings of England and France were present." It is said that by his wife he left two sons — Maurice, ancestor of the FitzGeralds of Adare and Broghill, and John Claragh, who died in 1452. 5= Desmond, James, 7th Earl, uncle of preceding, son of the 4th Earl, sur- named "James the Usurper." One of the chief instruments in compelling his nephew's exile, he seized his estates, but was not generally acknowledged as Earl until 1422. In the same year he was made Constable of Limerick, and two years after- wards obtained the custody of Limerick, Waterford, Cork, and Kerry, He mar- ried Mary, eldest daughter of Ulick de Burgh, He was relieved from the duty of attending Parliament in 1445. He and the Earl of Ormond were godfathers to George, afterwards Duke of Clarence. The following is a portion of a letter addressed to him as a descendant of the Geraldines in 1440, in the name of the Florentine republic: "Magnificent lord and dearest friend : If it be true, as is publickly stated, that your progenitors were of Florentine 137 DES origin, and of the right noble and antique stock of the Gherardini, still one of the highest and greatest families of our states, we have ample reason to rejoice and con- gratulate ourselves that our people have not only acquired possessions in Apulia, Greece, and Hungary, but that our Floren- tines, through you and yours, bear sway even in Ibernia, the most remote island of the world. O great glory of our state ! O singular benevolence of God towards our people! from whom have sprung so many nobles and dominators diflFused over the entire orbit of the earth." '"^ By the Earl of Ormond he was appointed Senes- chal of Imokelly, Inchiquin, and Youghal, and founded the monastery of Franciscans at Askeaton. He died in 1462, and was buried in the Friary of Youghal. '^' ^'* Desmoud, Thomas, 8th Earl, son of the preceding, was in 1463 appointed Lord-Deputy under the Duke of Clarence. On assuming the government he was op- posed by 5,000 of the English of Meath, whom he soon reduced to obedience. On many other occasions he had to take the field both against the "King's English rebels," and the "King's Irish enemy." The Irish Parliament, in letters to the King, referred to the great services which he "at intolerable charges," and "in jeopardy of his life, rendered to the reign- ing monarch, as weU as to his father, 'the right noble and famous prince of blessed memory, Richard Duke of York.' They certified that he was and ever had been the King's true and faithful liegeman, governing himself always by English laws, and by those who were well-wishers to his Highness. By God's grace and the great travail and labour of the Deputy, the land, they wrote, was in a reasonable state of peace and tranquillity. The Parliament prayed that it might please the King to bear in remembrance the great services, costs, a^d charges, of the Earl Thomas, to have him in tenderness and special favour, and to reward him according to his wisdom and bounty." '"^ In 1464 he founded the collegiate church of Youghal. In 1467 he was succeeded in the government by John Tip toft. Earl of Worcester, "who caused him to be attainted of treason in a par- liament held at Drogheda, with the Earl of Kildare and Edward Plimket, for alliances, fosterage, and alterage with the Irish ; for furnishing them with horse and arms, and supporting them against the King's subjects ; for which he was beheaded, 15 th February 1467, at Drogheda, and was there buried in St. Peter's Church." "^ Lodge makes the following statement in a note: "His tomb was removed, by order 138 DES of Sir Henry Sidney, to the church of the Holy Trinity in Dublin, where it seems to represent the person of Earl Strongbow, whose monument was broken by the fall of the roof of the church on Whitsun-eve, 1572." He married EUice, daughter of John, Lord Barry of Buttevant. Three of his sons, James, Maurice, and Thomas, became Earls of Desmond. One account attributes his death to the intrigues of Edward IV .'s Queen, Elizabeth Gray, who was jealous of Desmond's influence over her husband. '« "^7'. ^is Desmond, James, 9th Earl, was bom in 1459, and succeeded on his father's execution in 1467. O'Daly says: "Now James FitzThomas, having made terms with King Edward, and received immu- nity for any act which he had committed to avenge his father's death, became Earl of Desmond. He was a man of singular prudence, and largely to the detriment of the Irish did he increase the territories he had acquired.' '■'7' He married Mar- garet, daughter of Thady O'Brien, Prince of Thomond. King Eichard III. endea- voured to attach him to his interests, and sent him a collar of gold weighing 20 oz., with the device of a white boar, pendant from a circlet of roses and suns; also a "long gown of cloth of gold, lined with satin or damask; two doublets, one of velvet, and another of crimson satin; three shirts and kerchiefs ; three stomach- ers; three pair of hose — one of scarlet, one of violet, and the third of black; three bonnets ; two hats ; and two tippets of velvet." But notwithstanding these blandishments, the Earl augmented hia Irish alliances, and retained his Irish habits. He was murdered at Rathkeale, 7th December 1487 (aged 28), possibly at the instigation of his brother and suc- cessor, and was buried at Youghal. His sister Catherine married the MacCarthy Reagh. A book once her property (now knowTi as the Book of Lismore) was dis- covered in a wall in Lismore Castle in 1 8 1 1 . 52 r47 i47» 216 Desmond, Maurice, 10th Earl, succeeded on the death of his brother in 1487. Being lame, and usually carried in a horse-litter, he was styled " Vehiculus," and by some, on account of his bravery, " Bellicosus." He sided with the pretender, Perkin Warbeck, in the siege of Water- ford and other expeditions. Nevertheless, making himible submission, the King not only forgave, but took him into favour, 26th August 1497, and granted him aU the "customs, cockets, poundage, and prize-wines of Limerick, Cork, Kingsale, Baltimore, and Youghall, with other privi- DES leges and advantages." The condition of the inhabitants within the Pale at this period is thus described by a cotemporary writer : "What with the extortion of coyne and lyverye dayly, and wyth the wrongful exaction of osteing money, and of carryage and cartage dayly, and what with the Kinge's great subsydje yerely, and with the said trybute, and blak-rent to the Kinge's Iryshe enymyes, and other infynyt extortions, and dayly exactions, all the Englyshe folke of the countys of Dublyn, Kyldare, Meathe, and Uryell ben more oppressyd with than any other folke of this land, Englyshe or Iryshe, and of worsse condition be they athysside than in the marcheis." -'^ O'Daly thus writes of Earl Maurice : "This man was subsequently far famed for his martial exploits. He aug- mented his power and possessions — for all his sympathies were English — and a furious scourge was he to the Irish, who never ceased to rebel against the crown of England. The bitterest enemy of the Geraldines he made his prisoner, to wit, MacCarthy Mor, Lord of Muskerry ; and now having passed thirty years opulent, powerful, and dreaded, he died [1520] to the sorrow of his friends and the exultation of his enemies." He was buried at Tralee. His first wife was daughter of Lord Fer- moy; his second, daughter of the White Knight. 52 147 147' 216 Desmond, James, 11th Earl, suc- ceeded on his father's death in 1520. In 1529 he proffered fealty to the Emperor Charles V., and declared himself willing to enter into a league against England. The Emperor commissioned his chaplain to visit Ireland. The report of his mission to Dingle, of the resources of the country, of the demeanour of the Earl, and his reasons for hostility to England, as given by Mr. Froude in his History of EngloMd, are extremely interesting. The chaplain writes : "The Earl himself is from thirty to forty years old, and is rather above the middle height. He keeps better justice through- out his dominions than any other chief in Ireland. Robbers and homicides find no mercy, and are executed out of hand. His people are in high order and discipline. They are armed with short bows and swords. The Earl's guard are in a mail from neck to heel, and carry halberds. He has also a number of horse, some of whom know how to break a lance. They all ride admirably, without saddle or stirrup." A skirmish between him and Ormond was thus reported to Henry VIII. by the Lord- Lieutenant : " In the sayd conflyct were slayn of the said Erll of Desmonde's party xviii. banners of galoglas, which bee com- DES monly in every baner Ixxx. men, and the substance of xxiv. baners of horsemen, which bee xx. under every banr at the leest, and under some xxx., xl., and 1.; and emonges others was slayne the said Erll is kinnesman. Sir John FitzGerot, and Sir John of Desmond takyn, and his son slayne, and Sir Gerald of Desmond, another of his uncles, sore woimded and tsky^ ; with many others whereof the certainte yet ap- pereth not. . . His discomfyture and losse may bee right hurtfull ; the moost part of theym that overthrew him bee Irishmen ; and I feare it shall cause theyme to wex the more prowder, and also shall cause other Irishmen to take pride therin, setting the less by Englishmen.'"*^ He died at Dingle, i8th June 1529, and was buried with his father at Tralee. He had but onelegitimate child, Amy, who married, (i) 9th Earl of Ormond, (2) Sir Francis Bryan, Lord- Justice, (3) Gerald, 15th Earl of Desmond. == '*° ''♦^ ''*=" "^ Desmond, Sir Thomas, 12th Earl, uncle of preceding, brother of loth Eai'l, born in 1454, succeeded on his nephew's death in 1529. He was known as "Sir Thomas the Bald," and "Thomas the Victorious." " Far-famed was he in feats of arms ; in nine battles did he win the palm of victory. . . Another subject for congratulation had this Earl — the two Lords of Muskerry fell beneath his sword." '■*'* He took up the intrigues of his pre- decessor. Lodge tells us that " the King without hesitation established him in the earldom, merely endeavouring with friendly phrases to induce him to send his grandson and heir to his Majesty's court ; which, with phrases equally amiable, the Eai4 showed the impossibility of his doing." Eventually emban-assments attendant on the question of the succession obliged him to make every profession of loyalty to the King. He died at Rathkeale in 1534, aged 2,0, and was buried at Youghal. ^^ -47 147« 216 Desmond, Catherine, Old Count- ess, second wife of the 1 2th Earl, was a FitzGerald of Dromana in the County of Waterford. She was married to the Earl in 1529, but a few years before his death, and gave birth to a daughter, married to Philip Barry Oge. Her survival in 1 590 is established by her name being mention- ed in a deed of that date. Her jointure after the Earl's death was the manor of Inchiquin, five miles from Youghal, where she removed with her daughter ; but in 1575 the 15th Earl persuaded her to make it over to him by a deed still in the Record Office, Dublin. Upon Raleigh's arrival in Ireland in 1589, he visited her; and 139 DES Fynes Moryson described her as " able to goe on foote four or five miles to the market towne, and used weekly soe to doe in her last years." It is thought that she died in 1604, aged about 100, The ordinary account of her life — of her being born in 1464; of her dancing -with Eichard III. ; of her visiting James I., landing at Bristol and walking to London in her 139th year; of her losing her life by falling from a tree when gathering nuts ; and other remark- able occurrences — is effectually disposed of by writers in Notes and Queries, ist, 2nd, and 3rd Series, and an article in the Dublin Review for February 1 862. It is question- able whether any of her eleven reputed portraits are genuine — most being without doubt portraits of Rembrandt's mother, '°' ioi» 254 Desmond, James, 13th Earl, grand- son of 1 2th Earl, called the " Court Page," having been hostage for his grandfather at the court of Windsor. On the earldom becoming vacant in 1 534, "the King loaded him with honours, and fitted out ships to accompany him to the Irish shores, and provided him with a number of men who were ready to stand by him against those who were inclined to dispute his title to the patrimonial honours and inheritance." ""• His title to the earldom was disputed by his grand-uncle, Sir John, who being supported by a large faction, was de facto 13th Earl, This Sir John died about Christmas 1536. The "Court Page" did not long enjoy his honours, for he was murdered at Leacan Sgail in Kerry, by his cousin, Maurice an Totane, son of his late opponent, 19th March 1540. He mari-ied a daughter of his grand-uncle, Cormac Oge MacCarthy. s^ m? m?* ^>6 Desmond, Sir James, 14tli Earl, son of Sir John, de facto 13th Earl, suc- ceeded on his cousin's murder in 1540. He is called by English writers the "Traito Earl," In 1538 he had wi-itten to the Pope, declaring that an army of 30,000 Spaniards would ensure the con- quest of Ireland, proposing that Ireland should be annexed to the Holy See, and offering to undertake the government as viceroy, paying a revenue to Paul of 100,000 ducats. " The expedition would be costly, but the expenses would fall neither on his Holiness nor on the Emperor. Desmond, with armed privateers, would seize and deliver into the hands of the Pope the persons of a sufficient number of the here- tical English, whose ransoms would defray the necessary outlay.'"''" In July 1539 we find him in open arms against the English power, in conjunction with O'Neill, but he was soon overcome by Viscount Thurles, 140 DES who seized upon his castle at Lough Gur, Having surrendered and obtained letters from the Lord-Deputy, he sailed from Howth in 1 542, repaired to London, made submission to Henry VIIL, was kindly received, reinstated in his ancient patri- mony, and sent back with the titles of Treasurer of Ireland and President of Munster, He is afterwards said to have "lived in honour and prosperity," until he died at Askeaton, 14th October 1558, He was there buried in the Franciscan Friary, The 14th Earl was four times married — to daughters of Lord Fermoy, Lord Ely O'CarroU, 8th Earl of Ormond, and Don- ald MacCarthy Mor. [See also Fitz- Maurice, James.] s^ '*> '^^ ut ^16 Desmond, Gerald, 15th Earl, son of preceding by his second wife, succeeded on the death of his father in 1558. He is known to English writers as the " Rebel Earl," or " Ingens Rebellibus Exemplar." "Soon after his father's death," says O'Daly, "surrounded by a noble retinue of 100 youths, all of honourable birth, he proceeded to do homage to the Queen, by whom he was graciously received, and restored to aU his ancestral honours by a new patent." Sir Thomas Desmond, his elder half-brother, by his father's first mar- riage, afterwards annulled as contracted within degrees of consanguinity, was for a short time recognized as Earl. Gerald was, however, chosen by the septs of Desmond, and his claim was eventually allowed by Government. (Thomas took no part with his brothers in the succeeding convulsions, and died at his castle of Connagh, near Youghal, 1 8th January 1595.) The Earl sat in a parliament held in Dublin in 1559. For many years he was engaged in bloody and aimless feuds with the Butlers and O'Briens. On 15th February 1564 Desmond proceeded to levy imposts on Sir Maurice FitzGerald of Decies, a relative of the Butlers. Sir Maurice applied to the latter for aid, and a battle was fought at Affane, on the Blackwater, two miles south of Cappoquin, where the Earl of Desmond was wounded and made prisoner. While being carried on a litter from the field, one of his captors is said to have tauntingly asked: "Where now is the proud Earl of Desmond?" to which he haughtily re- joined : " Where he ought to be — upon the necks of the Butlers." The Earl appears to have been liberated soon after- wards. Sir Henry Sidney, in his pro- gress through Munster in January 1567, speaks of the Earl as "a man both de- void of judgment to govern, and will to be ruled," and describes his territories as in a wretched plight. "Like as I never DES was in a more pleasant country in all my life, so never saw I a more waste and desolate land. . . Such horrible and lamentable spectacles are there to behold as the burning of villages, the ruin of churches, the wasting of such as have been good towns and castles." He was espe- cially severe against the Earl for the mismanagement of his estates, and being likewise fearful of his strong Catholic pro- clivities, seized him at Kilmallock, and carried him about in durance the remain- der of his progress. The sons of the Earl of Clanricard were also captured in Connaught, and the Lord-Deputy re- turned to Dublin with his prisoners the 1 6th April. He had caused numberless malefactors to be executed in the course of his visitation. In October Sidney pro- ceeded to England, bringing with him the Earl of Desmond and his brother Sir John, Hugh O'Neill, the O'Conor Sligo, and other chieftains. The Earl and his brother Sir John were detained captives for six years in the Tower of London, while their cousin FitzMaurice assumed the lea- dership of the family, and carried on those hostilities against the Government that will be found detailed in his life. After Fitz- Maurice's submission in 1573, they were set free and received at court. A ship was furnished to convey them to Dublin, where, however, the Earl was detained under an honourable arrest, whilst Sir John was permitted to return to Muuster. Before long the Earl managed to escape whilst out hunting near Grangegorman, and although large rewards were offered for his apprehension, he was soon safe amongst his followers in the fastnesses of Des- mond. During the O'Neill wars of the following months he remained neutral. In May 1574 the Earl met at Waterford by appointment the Earl of Essex and the Earl of Kildare, and under the protection of a safe conduct returned with them to Dublin. There he was informed that the Queen desired his presence in Loudon ; but remembering his former captivity, he made many excuses, and Essex honourably con- ducted him to the frontiers of the Pale. Shortly afterwards he surrendered Cas- tlemaine and Castlemartyr, which were occupied by English garrisons. In other respects his authority over his feudal prin- cipality was left undisturbed, and he passed for a loyal subject. In the autumn of 1575 he proffered Sir Henry Sidney his services against the northern chief- tains. In 1576 he was brought into collision with the new President of Mun- ster, Sir William Drury. He protested against the holding of courts within his DES palatinate ; but finding Drur}' obdurate, and about proceeding to Tralee to hold a sessions, he made a virtue of necessity, and offered the hospitality of his castle. On approaching Tralee, the President per- ceived about 800 armed men retiring into the woods. The Countess of Desmond met him outside the town and assured him that her lord had no hostile intention, but that, his visit being unexpected, the forces had assembled for a general hunting. Shortly afterwards Drury seized Sir John of Desmond in Cork, on suspicion of trea- sonable practices, and sent him imder an escort to Dublin. When FitzMaurice landed with the" Papal expedition at Smer- wick, in 1579, the Earl maintained a sem- blance of loyalty, and even forwarded to Dublin his cousin's letters. The previous year he had arrested, and handed over to the President, Patrick O'Haly, Bishop of Mayo, and other ecclesiastics, who had landed from Spain. Sir John, who ap- pears to have been liberated, and Sir James, hastened to meet their cousin and his allies. The Lord-Justice, who was in Cork, immediately despatched Henry Davells, Constable of Dungarvan, and Arthur Carter, Provost-Marshal of Mun- ster, to summon the Earl of Desmond and his brothers to attack FitzMaurice and the Spaniards. They were extremely offi- cious and insolent to the Earl, reconnoitred the fort at Smerwick, where FitzMaurice and the Spaniards were entrenched, and were on their way back to Cork, when they were murdered by Sir John in a little inn at Tralee. The atrocity of the deed was aggravated by the fact that Sir John and Davells had been intimate friends. A few days after FitzMaurice's death in August 1 5 79, the Earl met Sir William Drury at Kilmallock, and endeavoured to clear himself from the charge of complicity in his cousin's proceedings. After being kept under arrest for three days, he was liber- ated on undertaking to send in his only son, James, as a hostage. He received a promise that his lands and tenants should be respected — an engagement violated almost as soon as made. Most of the Earl's forces went over to Sir John of Desmond, who took his cousin Fitz- Maurice's place — the Spanish officers ma- terially assisting in disciplining these irregular levies. Sir WilUam Drury, on the other hand, collected a considerable army, chiefly composed of Catholic Irish. In an engagement that ensued between a portion of these forces and those under Sir John and Sir James, at Springfield, in the south of the County of Tipperary, the latter were successful. Shortly after- 141 DES wards, on 30th September, Sir William Drury sickened of the fatigues of the campaign, and died at Waterford, where- upon the command of the royal forces de- volved upon Sir Nicholas Malby, who was reinforced by 600 Devonshiremen, landed at Waterford. A fleet also hovered off the coast under the command of Sir John Perrot. Leaving 300 foot and 50 horse at Kilmallock, Malby early in October march- ed with some 600 of his army to Limerick ; then turning south, he encountered and gave battle to Sir John and Sir James with vastly superior forces at Monaster- anenagh, two miles from Groom. For a time victory seemed undecided. Malby's lines were twice broken ; but ultimately the Desmonds were routed with the loss of Thomas FitzGerald, the Earl's cousin, and some 260 men. The Earl of Desmond and FitzMaurice, Lord of Lixnaw, watched the progress of this engagement from top of Tory Hill, little more than a mile distant, and late in the evening sent to congratulate Malby on his victory. This message was treated with contempt — there being no doubt that the Earl would in any case have congratulated the winning side — and Malby proceeded to lay waste Desmond's territory in the neighbourhood. Askeaton, Eathkeale, and Adare, were given to the flames. On 30th October the Earl of Ormond, acting under Malby, demanded that Desmond should give up the Papal Nuncio (Dr. Saunders), and sur- render for the Queen's service the castles of Carrigfoyle and Askeaton. Desmond hesitated ; on 2nd November a proclama- tion was issued declaring him a traitor unless he submitted within twenty days, and the next day the Queen's troops marched into the Earl's palatinate of Kerry, and the Earl of Ormond was con- stituted governor of all Munster. The vacillating Earl of Desmond was forced to choof a side, and he took the field with his brothers about Christmas 1579. The war in which he now found himself in- volved, continued the four remaining years of his life. It had already been carried on by his cousin FitzMaurice and his brothers for nearly six years. For ten years the countiy was desolated by contentions of the most sanguinary and merciless character. The conclusion of the war found Munster well-nigh depopulated, and the whole of Desmond parcelled out amongst new pro- prietors. The war had its origin in the effort of Elizabeth to impose English habits and laws, and English religion, upon the people of Munster; in the rapacity of ad- venturers thirsting for the confiscation of Irish estates ; and in the almost inevitable 142 DES contest between Elizabeth and her Catholic subjects, forced on by the Papal Bull of 1569, which had excommunicated and de- posed her. The points at issue were clearly put by the Earl of Desmond himself : " It is so that I and my brother are entered into the defence of the Catholic faith, and the overthrow of our country by English- men, which had overthrown the Holy Church, and go about to ovei'run our coimtry, an^ make it their own, and to make us their bondmen." The Earl was, however, utterly unfit to conduct a war of any kind; no important engagement occurred ; and his exploits were never more, in Mr. Eichey's words, "than an occasional skirmish or plundering excursion ; and he gradually sank into a fugitive, and finally into a mere criminal fleeing from justice. . . [Between the two parties] the in- terest or the existence of the mass of the people was wholly disregarded. On the one hand, they were excited by|the promises of Spanish invasions, and succour which never arrived [in sufficient force to effect anything] ; on the other, they were tram- pled down and decimated by way of pre- caution ; and thus, from year to year, the plundering and killing went on, until there was nothing left to plunder, and very few to kill." On more than one occasion the Earl nobly refused terms for himself which would involve the surrender of Dr. Saun- ders, the Papal Legate. In January 1580 two Italian vessels with powder arrived at Dingle, bringing news that he might soon expect other forces from abroad. As spring opened Pelham and Ormond "passed through the rebel counties in two com- panies, consuming with fire all habitations, and executing the people wherever they found them. FitzMaurice's widow and her two little girls were discovered by the way, concealed in a cave. Mr. Froude adds : "They are heard of no more, and were probably slain with the rest. The Irish annalists say that the bands of Pelham and Ormond killed the blind and the aged, women and children, sick and idiots, sparing none. Pelham's own words too closely confirm the charge." In August 1580 Sir James of Desmond was captured and taken to Cork. There he was hanged and quartered, and his head spiked over one of the city gates. In September, 700 Spaniards and Italians under Sebastian San Josef were landed from four vessels in Smerwick harbour. They conveyed arms for 5,000 men, together with large sums of money and promises of further aid. The fort of Oilen-an-Oir, at Smerwick, gar- risoned by FitzMaurice and his party the previous year, was again occupied, repaired, DES and strengthened. The Earl hastened to meet his foreign auxiliaries, and some weeks were spent in desultory excursions in the neighbourhood. On 31st October, Lord Grey, burning to retrieve his recent disgrace in Glenmalure, encamped with a strong force under experienced officers some eight miles from Smerwick. Five days afterwards Admiral "Winter arrived with his fleet from Kinsale. Heavy guns were landed, trenches opposite the fort were opened on the 7th, and on the loth the Spaniards surrendered — uncondition- ally, according to English dispatches : Irish authorities state that the lives and liberties of the soldiers were guaranteed. After surrendering, the English commander asked who they were, and for what pur- pose they had landed in Ireland ; to which they replied in effect that they had been brought over to Ireland "upon fair speeches and great promises, which they had found vain and false." Next morning the officers were, by Lord Grey's orders, reserved for ransom, while the soldiers were slaughter- ed in cold blood, and a few women and a priest amongst them were hanged. The bodies, 600 in aU, were stripped and laid out upon the sands — "as gallant and goodly personages, said Grey, "as ever were be- held." "To him," says Mr. Froude, "it was but the natural and obvious method of disposing of an enemy who had de- served no quarter. His own force amount- ed barely to 8cx3 men, and he probably could not, if he had wished, have con- veyed so large a body of prisoners in safety across Ireland to Dublin." Sir Walter Raleigh was one of the officers commanding the party who carried the Deputy's orders into execution. The war in Munster now assumed, if possible, a more savage charac- ter, and untold atrocities were committed on both sides. A large though diminishing number of followers stiU surrounded the Earl and his Countess. About July 1581, while encamped at Aghadoe, Killarney, he was taken unawares by Captain Zouch, many of his men were slain, and he escaped with difficulty. In September he penetrated as far as Cashel, and carried off to Aherlow large spoil of cattle and other property. In the course of the next winter Dr. Saunders, the Papal Legate, died of cold and exposure. In August 1581,5^ one year after his brother's death, Sir John of Desmond was intercepted (a spy having given information as to his whereabouts) at Castlelyons by Captain Zouch with a strong party, was wounded by a spear thrust, and expired before his enemies had carried him a mile. His body was thrown across his own steed, and conveyed to Cork, DES where it was hanged in chains — his head being cut off for exposure on Dublin Castle. The unhappy Earl now remained alone in krms. While the Government offered terms to such minor persons as would submit, he was excluded from mercy. The large re- wards offered for his capture appeared to attach the peasantry of Desmond only the more to the faith and fortunes of their old lord. Hunted from place to place, he occasionally dealt heavy blows at his adversaries. The Glen of Aherlow was his favourite retreat, at other times he frequented the woods in the south-west of limerick, or the fastnesses of Kerry, He passed Christmas of this year at Kil- quane, near KilmaUock. There he was surprised by a party of soldiers led by a spy, John Welsh ; the Earl's retreat was surrounded, and he and the Countess only saved themselves by plunging into a river hard by, and hiding in the water under an overhanging bank until the enemy had retired. On 28th April 1583 he wrote to Queen Elizabeth, offering to come to terms — "So as me country, castles, posses- sions, and lands, with me son, might be put and left in the hands and quiet pos- session of me council and followers, and also me religion and conscience not barred." About June, Lady Desmond, the com- panion hitherto of all her husband's wan- derings, left him, probably by his own desire. Free from the incumbrance of her presence, the aged Earl wandered from glen to glen, and mountain to mountain, attend- ed only by a priest and three or four faith- ful followers who would not leave hira, " Where they did dress their meat," says Hooker, as quoted by Haverty, "thence they would remove to eat it in another place, and from thence go into another place to lie. In the nights they would watch ; in the forenoon they would be upon the hills and mountains to descry the country, and in the afternoon they would sleep." On the 9th November he left the woods near Castleisland and went west- ward towards Tralee. Some of his kerns carried off forty cows and nine horses for his use from Maurice MacOwen, who immediately despatched messengers to Lieutenant Stanley at Dingle, and to his brothers-in-law, Owen and Donnell Moriarty, The two latter followed in the track of the prey, with a band of eighteen kerns. At Castlemaine they obtained the assistance of a few soldiers. From Tralee they traced them to Glanageenty. When dusk fell they saw a fire in the glen beneath them. At dawn (nth No- vember 1583) the Moriartys with Daniel O'Kelly, one of the soldiers, took the lead 143 DES of the band up the glen, and rushed with a loud shout to the cabin where the Earl's party had lain. All escaped except a ven- erable looking man, a woman, and a boy. O'Kelly, who entered first, aimed a blow with his sword and almost severed the arm of the old man, who cried : " I am the Earl of Desmond : spare my life." O'Kelly immediately cut oflF his head, which was forwarded to London and im- paled on the bridge. His body, after being concealed for some time by the peasantry, was ultimately interred in the little chapel of Kilnamanagh, near Castle- island. The spot where the Earl was killed is still pointed out as Bothai'-an- larla, and the trunk of an old tree under which his body was thrown, remained in 1850. ^ " So ended a rebellion," says Mr. Froude, " which a mere handful of English had sufficed to suppress, though three- fourths of Ireland had been heart and soul concerned in it, and though the Irish them- selves, man for man, were no less hardy and brave than their conquerors. The victory was terribly purchased. The entire province of Munster was utterly depopu- lated. Hecatombs of helpless creatures, the aged, the sick, and the blind, the young mother, and the babe at the breast, had fallen under the English sword. And though the authentic details of the struggle have been forgotten, the memory of a vague horror remains imprinted in the national traditions." The whole of Des- mond, extending over nearly four modern counties, or 800,000 acres, was confiscated to the Crown, and the greater part divided amongst English settlers. The Countess appears to have been made an allowance by the Government. In October 1584, Perrot writes : " The Countess of Des- mond lay at Clonmel, where she was allowed a diet of viiis. per diem for her- self, her daughter, and weemen." This was af te ^^ards disallowed, and she was per- mitted to live in Dublin Castle. In March 1587 she repaired to Elizabeth, who gave her a pension of £200 to be paid in Ire- land, with 100 marks for her two daugh- ters. The Earl left no issue by his first wife, daughter of the i ith Earl, widow of James, Earl of Ormond. She died in 1 564, and was buried at Askeaton. By his sec- ond "wife, daughter of Lord Dunboyne (who remarried Sir Donough O'Conor Sligo, and died in 1636), he left two sons and five daughters, s^ 69 100 134 uo 147 170* Desmond, James, 16th Earl, son of the preceding, was born in England, 6th June 1571. Queen Elizabeth was his god-mother, and he is commonly spoken of as the "Queen's Earl." Most of his 144 DES life was spent in the Tower of London, and both body and mind were weak, probably from long confinement and igno- rance of the world. When the Earl and Countess returned to Ireland in 1573, he was detained as a hostage in London. In 1579 he was permitted to return for a short time under strict guard. During his stay, Wallop suggested to Walsingham that " Desmond's son might be executed as an ensample of Desmond's disloyalty." For a time he was committed to the cus- tody of the town of Kilkenny. The citizens petitioning against the expense of his keep, he was removed to Dublin Castle. The Lords- Justices wrote, 17 th November 1583 : " For that we acompt Desmond's sonne here in the Castell to be a prisoner of greate chardge, and that manie escapes have been mad hear, hence (though not in our tyme) we wyshe, for the better assurance of hym, that her Matie mighte be p'suaded to remouve hym hence into the Towre of London, wch. not- withstandinge we leve to yor Ll.'s grave consideracon." They were not relieved of the charge until July 1584, and then the Tower gates closed on him for several years. During the O'Neill wars he was almost forgotten : there are few memorials of his prison life but the numerous apothecaries' and surgeons' bills on his account, still pre- served in the Tower records. His educa- tion does not appear to have been neglected. In 1600, when Irish affairs had become desperate, it was thought that his name might have some influence in establishing Irish loyalty. The Desmond earldom was restored to him on the ist October 1600, and he was sent over to Ireland under the charge of Captain Price. The par- ticulars of this visit are detailed in letters from the young Earl to Lord Burleigh. They set sail from " Shirehampton for Corke," 13th October 1600. Desmond was so sea-sick that after two days he persuaded his custodians to land at Youghal, where, he says, " I had like, comming new of the sea, and therefore weake, to be overthowen uith the kisses of old calleaks." At Kil- mallock he was received with wild enthu- siasm by the people, "insomuch as all the streets, doores, and windowes, yea, the very gutters and tops of the houses, were so filled with them." This enthusiasm, how- ever, completely died away when he was seen to attend the Protestant service — " The people used loud and rude hehorta- tions to keepe him from church, and spat upon him." Government gained nothing by sending him over but the surrender of Castlemaine. With the capture of his cousin James Desmond, known as the Sugan Earl, DES all public interest in his fortunes was at an end, and we find him back in Eng- land at liberty, petitioning the Queen for a proper maintenance, yet owning that his state — penniless, despised, and dying — was happiness compared to "the hell" of his imprisonment in the Tower. He probably died in London towards the end of 1601, aged 30. '''^ Desmond, James, Sugau Earl, was nephew of the 15th Earl. In 1598, exas- perated at seeing his ancestral territories in the hands of the English settlers, and at the efforts made to extirpate Catholicism, he joined Hugh O'Neill in his war, and by him was created an earl. Hence " Sugan Earl"— an "earl of straw" — not appointed by regular authority. He soon became a distinguished commander in Munster against the Queen. The plot for his cap- ture, formed by Sir George Carew, fully detailed in Pacata Eihernia, may be here summarized. Dermot O'Conor Don, a valiant man, had, with a body of 1,500 kerns and gallowglasses, entered his ser- vice. O'Conor's wife was a sister of the 1 6th Earl of Desmond, and with a view to promote his interests, she met the ad- vances of Carew, and his advocate, Miler Magrath, Ai'chbishop of Cashel, and per- suaded O'Conor to betray his chief for the sum of £1,000. Carew furnished O'Conor with a forged letter as if from the Sugan Earl to Carew, offering to betray O'Conor. This letter was to serve as a pretext with his followers for his treachery. Matters being arranged, O'Conor asked the Sugan Earl to an interview at Connello, on the borders of Limerick, i8th June 1600. After some controversy, O'Conor produced the forged letter, made the Earl a prisoner in the name of O'Neill, and carried him off to his fortress of Castleishin, in the great wood and fastnesses of Connello, in the present County of Limerick. The ruins of the castle still remain. The Earl's fol- lowers, with Pierce Lacy and others, immediately assembled, took the castle on the 26th June, and liberated him. At the siege of Glin Castle, by Carew, in July, the Earl, with 3,000 men, watched the proceedings from a distance without being able to interfere. Afterwards, while on his way to the Castle of Aherlow, he was attacked by a strong body of troops from Kilmallock, and after a skirmish, was defeated and driven to seek refuge elsewhere. Even at this low ebb in his fortunes, so strong was his hold on the affections of the people, that the plan of bringing over the "Queen's Earl" com- pletely failed in its object. The successes of Carew, however, left him a hunted fugi- DES tive flying from forest to forest, on the Galtee mountains, and in Aherlow glen — now sheltered by a faithful harper, Der- mond O'Dogan, now escaping by changing clothes with a follower, who allowed him- self to be taken in his place. He was upheld through all by the hopes of Spanish succour. Carew made two attempts to have him assassinated ; both of which re- sulted in the death of those who had undertaken the task. All efforts to suborn his immediate followers proved unavail- ing. At length his relative, the White Knight, agreed for the sum of ;£i,ooo to discover his retreat and betray him. He came upon him concealed in a cave on the Galtees, on 29th May 1601, and effected his capture— although the Earl ap- pealed to his honour as a gentleman, and to the ties of relationship between them. He was first imprisoned in the White Knight's castle of Kilvenay, and after- wards removed in fetters to Cork. Carew was careful to pi-eserve him alive, lest the English adventurers might possibly be baulked of the plunder of his estates by their reverting to an heir, for the confisca'- tion of whose property no legal pretext could be found. On 22nd June Desmond wrote an appeal to the Queen to spare his life, but nobly refused to have any share in betraying O'Neill to the Government — which, it was hinted, would ensure his restoration to favour. He was immured in the Tower on 13th August 1601. Sir George Carew, in sending him to London, wrote of him as being " a man the most generally beloved by all sortes (as well in this towne as in the contrey) that in my life I have ever known j" and calls him a "dull spirited traitor" for not being willing to entrap his associates. His mind soon succumbed under the confinement of the Tower. Among the bills of the keeper is an entry which tells its own tale: "One quar- ter at 3li. per week, physicke, sourgeon, and watcher with him in his lunacy." His death took place about 1608, and he was interred in the chapel of the Tower. The Sugan Earl is designated in state docu- ments "James McThomas," any acknow- ledgment of his Desmond title being avoided. In a petition for pardon, dated 2nd June 1607, his signature, " Jas. Desmond" is crossed over, and "James Gyerallde" substituted in his own hand. The Desmoiid Pedigree states : "Apart from the matter of his rebellion, he ever proved himself an honourable, truthful, and hu- mane man." Cox says he was one of the handsomest men of his time. Though thrice married, he left no descendants. 35 52 147 216 14s DES Desmond, Jolin, last of the line, a brother of the Sugan Earl, went to Spain in 1603, where he was styled Conde de Desmond. He was living in 1 6 1 5 , and died at Barcelona. His son Gerald, "choosing rather to trust to fortune, abruptly left Spain, and taking service in his Caesarian Majesty's army, served him well and chiv- alrously for three years ; but at last, when he had the command of a strong town, then besieged, he was called on to surren- der ; this he refused to do, choosing rather to die of starvation than betray his trust. Thus did his career terminate." [1632] Thomas, loth Earl of Ormond, in right of his mother, Joan FitzGerald, daughter of the nth Earl of Desmond, claimed the Earldom after the death and attainder of all the heirs male. "When his daughter was married to James I.'s Scotch favourite. Sir Eichard Preston, the title was conferred on him. When the only child of the latter, a daughter, was about to be married to the son of the Earl of Denbigh, the title was passed to the intended bridegroom. The marriage never took place; yet the title was retained, and is still held by the Earls of Denbigh. 54147216 Despard, Edward Marcus, Colonel, was born in the Queen's County in 1755. He early embraced a military life, and saw service in the West Indies, on the Spanish main, and in the Bay of Hon- duras, where he was appointed superin- tendent of the British colony. He is described as having been highly educated, and gifted with fascinating manners. He was at one time the companion and friend of Nelson. At the taking of Honduras, he is said to have advanced money of his own for Government pvu-poseg ; and although thanked by Parliament for his conduct, the money was not refunded. Irritated by the delays and difficulties thrown in the way of repayment, he offended the Mir ' ^try by strong and angry expos- tulations, and then appealed in vain to Parliament. He became very much em- barrassed, and entering politics, joined the London Corresponding Society, and was incarcerated under the Habeas Corpus Sus- pension Act in 1799. Lord Cloncurry visited him in Coldbath-fields Prison, and found him in a cell only six feet by eight, poorly furnished, without fireplace or window. Through influence brought to bear on the Government, he was removed to better quarters, until his liberation on the ex- piration of the Suspension Act some years afterwards. Doubtless his mind was dis- ordered by the many indignities he under- went, for when Lord Cloncurry met him in London in 1802 he "looked like a man 146 DEV risen from the grave," and declared that "though he had not seen his country for thirty years, he never ceased thinking of it and of its misfortunes, and that a main object of his visit to me was to dis- close his discovery of an infallible remedy for the latter — a voluntary separation of the sexes, so as to leave no future genera- tion obnoxious to oppression." He soon afterwards engaged in a conspiracy, having ramifications in the chief English centres of population, for overturning the British Government, was arrested in a public house in Lambeth, on 1 6th November 1 802, and brought to trial in the following February. Found guilty, with a strong recommendation to mercy on account of his previous character and services, he was, with six of his associates, executed at the Borough Jail, London, on 21st Feb- ruary 1803, aged about 48. To the last he acted with dignity and firmness, "confi- dently predicting, notwithstanding his fate, and perhaps that of many who might follow him, the final triumph of the principles of liberty, justice, and humanity over falsehood, despotism, and delusion." A full account of his trial will be found in HowelVs State Trials. Lord Cloncurry provided for his widow, a creole, and she resided for many years in his family at Lyons, Hazlehatch. ? 34 42 82 De Vere, Sir Aubrey, Bart., was born, probably at Curragh Chase, County of Limerick, 20th August 1788.5'* He com- bined high literary attainments with the performance of his duties as a landlord and country gentleman. Besides numerous poetical works, he was author of a drama, Mary Tudor, that has lately attracted re- newed attention on account of the appear- ance of Tennyson's drama of Queen Mary. Hayes, in his Ballads, writes of De Vere as " distinguished for his literary attain- ments, and for his high poetic genius. . . He depicts the tragic passions with power and truthfulness. . . His poems and songs are instinct with grace and feeling." He was the friend and ardent admirer of Wordsworth. Sir Aubrey died, as he had lived, in the home of his infancy, Curragh Chase, 5th July 1846, aged 57. His works are sometimes confused with those of his son, the poet, Aubrey de Vere. S4 159» Devereux, Walter, 1st Earl of Essex, was born in Carmarthenshire, about 1540. For ability displayed in sup- pressing the rebellion of the Dukes of Northumberland and Westmoreland, Deve- reux was created Earl of Essex by Queen Elizabeth in 1572. He became so great a favourite, that Leicester and others, jealous of his increasing influence, induced him to DEV embark in a scheme for subduing part of Ulster, expelling the Scotch islesmen, and colonizing it with English. In the spring of 1573 he made an offer of his services to the Queen, and soon afterwards the district of Clandeboy was granted to him. He was to cross with 200 horse and 400 foot, to be kept up at his sole cost. Fortifica- tions were to be erected jointly by him and the Queen, who was to advance the money to him on a mortgage, while he was to have sundry privileges, such as customs duties. There was no excuse whatever for his sei- zure of the Clandeboy estates. In August 1573 Essex embarked at Liverpool, and landed in Antrim, and, says Mr. Eichey, " his dealings with the native chiefs seem almost a counterpart of those of the Span- iards with the Mexican caciques." To secure to himself the coveted estates he invited Brian O'Neill and his retainers to a repast. After three days of feasting, Camden states that he put to the sword two hundred of the Irish, and took Brian, Eory Oge his brother, and Brian's wife to Dublin, where they were cut in quarters. "Such," ac- cording to Mr. Eichey, " was the end of their feast. This unexpected massacre, this wicked and treacherous murder of the lord of the race of Hugh Boy O'Neill, the head and senior of the race of Eoghan, son of Niall of the Nine Hostages, and of all the Gaels, a few only excepted, was a suffi- cient cause of hatred and disgust [towards the English] to the Irish." He was assisted in his Irish wars both by O'Neill and O'Donnell, who were afterwards such bitter opponents of English rule. He was in- volved in constant hostilities, and was guilty of the greatest atrocities towards the natives. He endorsed and approved the massacre by treachery and in cold blood of 400 of the Scots on Eathlin Island. Writing to the Queen, he says that " the soldiers hold back from no travail in her service ; and this now done in the Eaghlins, so do I find them full willing to follow it, until they shall have ended what your Majesty in- tendeth to have done." A writer in Notes and Queries, 3rd Series, who gives full particulars of the capture of the island, re- marks : "How Essex fared on his arrival in Ireland ; how he was persistently thwarted by a jealous Lord-Deputy ; how he was gradually deserted by his followers of every degree ; and how, in fine, he was crushed to death by an ever-increasing weight of disappointment, sorrow, and anguish, are matters too well known to need recapitulation in this place. The only real success he could boast of in his Irish campaign was the surprise and reduc- tion of the island of Eathlin— a service DEY in which he had no personal share. It was effected by the naval skill and mili- tary courage of Francis Drake and John Norreys, . . The plan and all its de- tails originated with and were perfected by himself." Eventually his English set- tlers deserted him, he lost the court favour, and was attacked by dysentery, which terminated his life after a month's illness, in Dublin, 22nd September 1576, aged about 36. He was buried at Car- marthen. There were suppositions of foul play regarding his death. Mr. Eichey says : " He was a pure-minded chivalrous Chris- tian gentleman after the fashion of his day. The killing on the Bann, and the massacre of Eathlin did not lie heavy on his soul." Mr. Froude adds: "Notwith- standing Eathlin, Essex was one of the noblest of living Englishmen, and that such a man could have ordered such a deed, being totally unconscious of the horror of it, is not the least instructive feature in the dreadful story." The Barony of Famey, in the County of Monaghan, was granted to him by Queen Elizabeth. '" '7" ^^ Deverenx, Bobert, 2nd Earl of Essex, son of preceding, was bom in Herefordshire, loth November 1567. He entered at Cambridge when but ten years of age, and at fourteen received the degree of Master of Arts. In 1585 he distinguished himself in the Low Countries: he was soon taken into the gi-eatest favour by Elizabeth, was kept constantly near her, and advanced to the highest offices of state. In 1590 he privately married the widow of Sir Philip Sidney, greatly to the Queen's annoyance. His brilliant exploit of the taking of Cadiz and destruction of the Spanish fleet in 1596 raised him high in the popular estiination; but the misfor- tunes attending the expedition of next year somewhat prejudiced the Queen against him. A quarrel ensued. She used insult- ing language towards him, and he put his hand to his sword, declaring that he neither could nor would put up with such an affront. A few months later he was in- duced to proceed to Ireland (having been appointed Lord-Lieutenant a year pre- viously) to take the field against Hugh O'Neill. He landed 1 5th April 1 599, with an army of 20,000 foot and 2,000 horse, or, as the Four Masters have it, "with much wealth, arms, munition, powder, lead, food, and drink; and the beholders said that so great an army had never tiU that time come to Ireland since the Earl Strongbow and Eobert FitzStephen came in former times with Dermot MacMur- rough. King of Leinster." Having issued proclamations of pardon to such as would 147 DEV come in and submit to Elizabeth, and having garrisoned Newry, Dundalk, Drogh- eda, Wicklow, Naas, and other towns, he marched south-west at the head of 8,000 of his best troops, in direct contravention of his orders, which were, to proceed imme- diately against O'Neill in Ulster. The Kavanaghs, 0'Mores,and 0'Conors,saythe Four Masters, "made fierce and desperate assaults and furious irresistible onsets on him in intricate ways and narrow passes, in which both parties came in collision with each other, so that great numbers of the Earl's people were cut oflf by them." With the Earl of Ormond, he laid siege to Cahir, then held by Thomas Butler, an adherent of O'Neill and Desmond. The siege was tedious, and the garrison did not surrender until the castle was breached by heavy artillery brought up from Water- ford. From Cahir he proceeded to Limerick and into Desmond, by Adare and Askeaton, where he lost many men by an attack made by the Earl of Desmond. He then retraced his steps to Kilmallock, and pro- ceeded south to Fermoy, Ldsmore, Dun- garvan, and Waterford, and thence into Leinster. He met a severe defeat from the native chiefs in an ambush into which he was drawn at the " Pass of the Plumes," near Timahoe, in the Queen's County. The expedition was without much result, and he returned to Dublin at the end of July, having lost nearly half his army. On the 15th August 1599 a detachment of English troops under Sir C. Clifford, Gover- nor of Connaught, was defeated with much loss in the Curlew mountains, near Boyle, by the O'Rourkes and O'Donnells. Early in September Essex marched against Hugh O'Neill, with 1,300 foot and 300 horse. They met and had a conference on the 7th at Ajiaghclint, now Aclint, on the Lagan, between Monaghan and Louth. Essex was charmed by O'Neill'a frank and open bearing, and a peace was concluded be- tween them. When Elizabeth was informed of this transaction, she wrote an angry letter to Essex, full of upbraiding, where- upon he precipitately threw up his com- mand, and hurried across to London. The Queen received him at first in a friendly manner, but shortly afterwards ordered him to be detained prisoner in his own house. The particulars of his subsequent plots against Government, and his execu- tion on 25th February 1601, do not come within the scope of this work. The Earl is described as "brave, eloquent, generous, and sincere; proud, imprudent, and vio- lent, his fate is a lesson. Endowed with talents and qualities that placed him far above the majority of men, his unrestrain- 148 DIG ed and ungovemed passions ruined himself and some of his dearest friends, and brought on them the traitor's doom." '°^ He was a poet, a scholar, and an able speaker. The locality of the "Pass of the Plumes" has probably been identified by the Rev. John O'Hanlon in a paper read before the Royal Irish Academy, and that of Essex's conference with O'Neill, by a writer in Notes and Queries, 4th Series. His son, the 3rd Earl, the well-known Parliament- ary general, resided for a time in the north of Ireland upon the family estates, and in 1631 built the Castle of Carrick- macross. '°^ '34 174 Devlin, Anne, niece of Michael Dwyer, and the faithful servant of Robert Emmet, wjis born about 1778. She was in Emmet's service at his residence in Butterfield-lane, Rathfarnham, and assisted him in his plans. After his failure on 23rd July 1803, and when he was in hiding in the Dublin mountains, she was the messenger between him and his friends in Dublin. When arrested, she resolutely refused to inform the military as to his whereabouts, although subjected to torture and indig- nity. She suffered more than two years' imprisonment. Dr. Madden gives an in- teresting account of his visit with her, in 1843, to the scene of her service with Emmet forty years previously. He says: "The extraordinary sufferings endured, and the courage and fidelity displayed by this young woman, have few parallels even in the history of those times. . . This noble creature preserved through all her sufferings, and through forty subsequent years, the same devoted feelings of attach- ment to that being and his memory which she had exhibited under the tor- ture in her solitary cell in Kilmainham Gaol. . . Will the prestige of the heroine fade away when it is told that [in her latter days] she was a common washer- woman, living in a miserable hovel, utterly unnoticed and unknown, except among the poor of her own class? " She died in Dub- lin in September 185 1, aged about 73, and was interred at Glasnevin, where a monu- ment, erected through the exertions of Dr. Madden, marks her resting-place. 33' Dickinson, Charles, Bishop of Meath, was born in Cork, August 1792. At school he displayed remarkable abilities, and in 18 10 entered Trinity College, where he formed close intimacies with Hercules Graves, his brother (Robert P. Graves), J. T. O'Brien, Charles Wolfe, and others who afterwards became emi- nent men. His mathematical talents early attracted the attention of Dr. Magee. In 1 813 he obtained a scholarship, in 18 15 DIG he took his degree of B.A., and nothing stood between him and a fellowship but the prospect of marriage — celibacy being then enjoined on the Fellows. In 1818 he was ordained, and undertook the tem- porary charge of Castleknock parish, and in 1820 he was happily married. Passing over temporary engagements, we find him in 1832 receiving a few pupils on high terms, and acting as Chaplain of the Dub- lin Female Orphan Home. In this latter position the true nobility and simplicity of his character became known to Arch- bishop Whately, who in 1832 appointed him domestic chaplain and secretary : next year the living of St. Anne's (now held by his son, the Eev. H. H. Dickinson, Dean of the Chapel Royal) was conferred upon him. There was a remarkable agreement in tastes and views between the Arch- bishop and Mr. Dickinson. They united in promoting the National School system, which commended itself to them as the best attainable, and one it was the duty of Irish Protestants heartUy to accept. Upon the death of Bishop Alexander, in 1840, Mr. Dickinson was, much to his sur- prise, appointed by Government to the vacant see of Meath, without the soli- citation of the Archbishop or any of his friends. He was consecrated in Christ Church on 27th December, but adorned the position only long enough to show what he might have eflfected for the Chui'ch had his life been prolonged. Fever carried him off eighteen months after his appoint- ment, on 12th July 1842, aged 49. He was buried at Ardbraccan. His loss was one of the most severe afflictions of Arch- bishop Whately's life. Writing to the son of the deceased, the Archbishop says : "What he was to me, God and I only know, and I feel that to indulge any self- ish grief for a private friend, when the Church has sustained such a loss, would be very unlike his public-spirited character." The Bishop's Remains were edited in 1845 by his son-in-law, the Rev, John West, afterwards Dean of St. Patrick's. '"^ Dicuil the Geographer, an Irish writer who flourished in the 9th century. His De Mensura Orhis Terroe was written in 825, and published for the first time at Paris in 1807, by M. Walckenaer, from the MS. in the Imperial Library. Another edition,with critical notes, by M. Letronne, appeared in 1814, and one by Gustavus Parthey at Berlin in 1 870. He also wrote De Decern Questionihus Artis Grammaticce. There is a full account of DicuU and of these works in a paper by Rev. William Reeves, D.D., in the Irish Ecclesiastical Journal, October 1848. "" '33 339 DIL Dillon, Sir Henry. The Dillon or DeUon family are said by Lodge to be de- scended from an Irish monarch of the 6th century. An ancestor of the family was obliged to flee to France, on account of some misdeed, and settled there. The subject of this notice came to Ireland in 11 85 as se- cretary to Prince John, and was granted large territories belonging to the Mac- Carrons, MacGeoghegans, and O'Melagh- lins, comprising the present County of Longford and the adjacent country. This territory was called Dillon's Country until reduced into shire ground by Henry VIII., when it was divided into the Barony of Kilkenny West, and others. Sir Henry built a mansion house and church at Drum- raney, and abbeys at Athlone, Holy Island, Hare Island, and elsewhere. He was buried in the abbey of Athlone. He mamed a daughter of John de Courcy, Earl of Ulster. His descendants were ennobled in 1619 in the person of Sir James DUlon, created Lord Dillon, Baron of Kilkenny West, advanced in 1622 to the dignity of Earl of Roscom- mon. -'° Dillon, Theobald, Visconnt (de- scended from Sir Henry Dillon), a zealous supporter of Queen Elizabeth in her Irish wars, in 1559 commanded an independent troop in the royal cause, and received the honour of knighthood on the field of battle. In 1582 Theobald was appointed Collector- General of the composition money in Con- naught and Thomond, and in 1621-2 was by James I. created Viscount Dillon of Costello-Gallen. He died 1 5th March 1 624, " at so advanced an age, that at one time he had the satisfaction of seeing above an hundred of his descendants in his house of Killenfaghny." ^'^ Dillon, Thomas, 4th Viscount, was born about 1614, and succeeded to his estates 1 5th March i635-'6. Bred a Catho- lic, at fifteen he became a Protestant, and subsequently took his seat in Parliament, and was raised to several ofiices of trust. Being on a mission to King Charles in February i64i-'2, he was, with Lord Taaffe, seized at Ware by order of the House of Commons. After some months' imprisonment, they escaped and joined the King at York. Upon Dillon's return to Ireland, he was made Lieutenant-General, and was appointed joint President of Con- naught with Viscount WUmot. On the 6th December 1646 he was received back into the Catholic Church by the Nuncio, Rin- nuccini, at St. Mary's, Kilkenny, in pres- ence of a vast concourse of people. He commanded one division of Ormond's army which was defeated before Dublin by the Parliamentary leader. General Jones, in 149 DIL 1649. Dillon's estates were confiscated by Cromwell, and he and his family lived in exile on the Continent until the Eestora- tion. In 1663 most of his extensive landed pi'operty was restored, and several high ofiices in the state were conferred upon him. He died about 1672. The family ap- pear to have had a house in Winetavern- street, Dublin, as his wife and one of his sons died there, and were buried in St. James's churchyard. '^^ Dillon, Arthur, Count (son of Theo- bald, 7th Viscount Dillon, an officer in King James II.'s army), was born in Eos- common in 1670. His mother is said to have been killed by the second bomb thrown into Limerick by King William. Dillon went to France in May 1690, as Colonel of one of the two regiments that his father had raised among his tenants for the service of James II. Colonel Dillon's regiment was sent to France as part of Lord Mountcashel's brigade, in exchange for some veteran French regi- ments. His lengthened services of nearly forty years in the French army are fully set forth in O'CaUaghan's History of the Irish Brigades. There was scarcely a pro- minent operation in the campaigns of the time, under the Duke de Vendome, Mar- shal Villeroy, and others, in which he did not actively take part. In 1704 he was made Marechal-de-Camp, was governor of Toulon, and was ultimately advanced to the rank of Lieutenant-General. In April 1 730 he retired from active service. In person he was tall and handsome ; he was esteemed a good officer and a brave soldier. He died at St. Germain-en-Laye, sth February 1733, aged 63. His Memoirs perished in the French Revolution. He married Catherine Sheldon, Lady of Honour to James II.'s Queen, and by her had five sons and four daughters. His sons were: (i) Charles, loth Viscount, born in 1701, who became Colonel of the regiment after his father, served on the Rhine, married his cousin, and took possession of the family estates in 1735. He lived in Ireland, and died without issue, in London, in 174 1. (2) Henry, nth Viscount, after seeing much service with his regiment, left the French army in 1743 after the battle of Det- tingen, so as not to forfeit the family estates. He married Lady Charlotte Lee, daughter of the Earl of Lichfield, and died in London, 1787. (3) James, who was killed at the head of his regiment at Fon- tenoy, i ith May (n. s.) i 745 . (4) Edward, who commanded the regiment from the date of his brother's death until he fell at the battle of Laffeldt in 1747. (5) Arthur, who entered the Church, rose to be Bishop ISO DIL of Evreux, Archbishop of Toulouse, and Archbishop of Narbonne, died in London, 5th July 1806, and was interred in Old St. Pancras. This ecclesiastic devoted con- siderable attention to the study of the history and antiquities of Ireland. ^4 39 iss Dillon, Theobald, Count, son of the nth Viscount, was bom in Dublin about 1745. He joined the French army as a colonel of cavalry, was made Brigadier in 1780, and Marechal-de-Camp three years afterwards. He was sent to Flanders in 1792 when France declared war against Austria. While he commanded at Lille in April, General Dumouriez ordered him to march on Tournay with ten squadrons of horse, six battalions of infantry, and six pieces of artillery, to make a demonstra- tion, but on no account provoke a conflict. In pursuance of these orders, he advanced slowly and with great precaution, having remarked among his soldiers some symp- toms of insubordination. At Bessieux, on a road half way between the two towns, he perceived the enemy in superior numbers moving forward to give him battle. It was the first time for many years that the French and Austrians found themselves face to face. There was hesitation on both sides. The Austrians opened an artillery fire on the French troops without any effect. DiUon, true to his orders, directed a re- treat, covering it with his cavalry. The infantry retired in good order; but the cavalry, notably those of the Queen's Regiment, attributing the movement to an tmderstanding with the enemy, turned bridle, and threw themselves on the in- fantry, whom they bore down with cries of "Sauve qui pent: on nous trahit!" Mean- while the Austrians, far from pursuing, returned to Tournay, while the French, abandoning two of their pieces of artillery, and four caissons, fled precipitately to Lille, despite all Dillon's efforts to rally them. The men declared their officers had betrayed them, and massacred all without mercy. Dillon fell by a pistol bullet, and his body after being dragged about the streets, was burnt in a fire lit in the market- place (29th April 1792). His murderers were afterwards executed, and by order of the Legislative Assembly the honours of the Pantheon were accorded to his memory, and a pension was granted to his children. The regiment of Dillon had then been commanded by successive members of the same family for loi years. At the French Revolution it was, like the other French regiments, deprived of its distinctive name, and numbered the 87th Regiment. His grandson. Count Theobald Dillon, died in Paris in June 1 874. He was much interest- DIL ed in Irish affairs, and at his death was en- gaged upon a work on the Irish Brigades. Several other members of this branch of the family, born in France or England, have also distinguished themselves. ^4 iss Dillon, Wentworth, Earl of Bos- common, poet and writer (belonging to a branch of the descendants of Sir Henry Dillon, different from preceding, whose honours are now dormant), was born in Ireland about 1633. He was the son of James, 3rd Earl of Roscommon, and of Elizabeth Wentworth, sister of the Earl of Strafford ; his father was converted to Protestantism through the influence of Archbishop Ussher, He was educated principally in Yorkshire, and at Caen in Normandy. Travelling in Italy he acquired an almost perfect knowledge of the lan- guage, and according to Johnson, "amused himself with its antiquities, and particu- lai-ly with medals, in which he acquii'ed uncommon skill." After the Restoration he returned to England, and plimged into gaming and other excesses. For a time he was Captain of the Guards in Ireland, but resigned his commission to a poor gentleman who had saved his life in a brawl, and returned to London, where he became Master of the Horse to the Duchess of York, and married Lady Frances, daugh- ter of the Earl of Burlington. The latter part of his life was entirely devoted to lite- rary pursuits. With his friend Dryden he contemplated the formation of a society for refining the English lajiguage, and fixing its standard. Johnson says of his writings : "We must allow of Roscommon that he is perhaps the only correct writer of verse before Addison ; and that if there are not so many or so great beauties in his composition as in those of some cotem- poraries, there are at least fewer faults. Nor is this his highest praise; for Mr. Pope has celebrated him as the only moral writer of King Charles's reign. . . His great work, his Essay 07i Traiislated Verse, though generally excellent, is not without its faults. . . Among his smaller works, the Eclogues of Virgil and the Dies IrcB are well translated, though the best line in the Dies Iroe is borrowed from Dryden. . . He is elegant, but not great ; he never labours after exquisite beauties, and he seldom falls into gross faults. His versification is smooth, but rarely vigorous, and his rhymes are re- markably exact. He improved taste, if he did not enlarge knowledge, and may be numbered among the benefactors to Eng- lish literature." On the point of retiring to live in Rome, he was carried off rather suddenly by an attack of gout in the DIL stomach, 17 th January 1684. Johnson says: "At the moment in which he ex- pired, he uttered, with an energy of voice that expressed the most fervent devotion, two lines of his own version of Dies Irce : " My God, my Father, and my Friend, Do not forsake me in my end." He was buried with great pomp in West- minster Abbey. Both Dryden and Pope have perpetuated his name in their poems. 198 Dillon, James, Marechal-de-Camp, was born in Ireland, and was with his father and family expatriated after the CromweUianwars ; he entered the service of the King of France, 26th March 1653, raised a regiment called after him, and commanded it until the peace of the Pyre- nees. He served with distinction, espe- cially at the battle of Dunkirk. General Dillon died in 1664, and his regiment was disbanded. 34186 Dillon, John Blake, was born in the County of Mayo in 18 14. When about eighteen, he was sent to Maynooth to study for the priesthood, but deciding upon adopting law as his profession, he entered Trinity College, and there made the ac- quaintance of Davis and the other young men who afterwards formed the nucleus of the Young Ireland party. He was a distinguished member and auditor of the Historical Society. In 1842 he was called to the Bar, and the same year took part with Davis and Duffy in establishing the Nation newspaper. From the Repeal he went forward to the Young Ireland party ; and though opposed to taking the field, felt in honour bound to follow his beloved friend, William Smith O'Brien, in 1848. After the failure of the insurrection, he was for a time concealed by the peasantry in the Aran Islands and elsewhere, and then managed to escape to France by the aid of some of his old Maynooth friends. From France he went to the United States, where with other young exile lawyers of the party he was admitted to practise in the New York courts. In 1852 he returned to Ireland. For a time he took no part in politics, until his friends, feel- ing anxious that his judgment and talents should not be lost to his country, induced him to enter the Dublin Corporation, and afterwards, in 1865, the Imperial Parlia- ment as member for Tipperary. He helped to found the National Association in com- pany with his friends, Martin and The O'Donoghue. The subject he made more especially his own in Parliament was the financial relations between England and Ireland. To the last he held firm to his Repeal principles, and denounced in un- 151 DIL measured terms the schemes of the Fenian organization, thereby proving how highly he valued the liberty of his own opinions, as compared with transient popularity. The following extract from a speech of his delivered but two years before his death shows that his early opinions re- mained unchanged: "What has been the essence of Irish patriotism for the last 200 or 300 years? What have our great men been stiniggling for under various forms — whatever the immediate object might be — but that the rule of the stranger should cease on those shores — that his bigotry should no longer insult our convictions, and that his greed should no longer devour our substance. In front of all our institutions — civil, military, and ecclesiastical — that shameful inscription might still be read, 'This land belongs to England.' To erase this foul legend has been the object of the eflForts of every genuine patriot from Swift to O'Connell." He died after a short illness, at Druid Lodge, KilUney, 15th September 1866, aged about 52, and was interred at Glas- nevin. The GetUleman^s Magazine says of him: "Although he was not specially suc- cessful as a speaker, his calm and earnest manner, and the fulness of knowledge which he brought to bear on the subject, always secured him a hearing when he felt called upon to address the House. . . He had a mind thoroughly free from illiberality of any kind." '"^ =33 Dillon, Feter, an Irishman, bom about 1785. He entered the navy, served as Second-Lieutenant of H.M.S. Hunter, and gained a considerable knowledge of the South Sea Islands. He revisited them in 1826 as captain of a merchantman. On a voyage from Valparaiso to New Zealand, he touched at Tikopia, one of the Queen Char- lotte group, where he was led to suspect, from information received, that LaPerouse, whose ff 3 was at that time unknown, had been wrecked on a neighbouring island. Prosecuting his inquiries in the following year, under the auspices of the East Indian Government, which placed a vessel at his disposal for the purpose, he succeeded in obtaining from the natives not only in- dubitable evidence of the wreck of two French vessels many years before at Vani- koro, but also a number of articles be- longing to them. He reached Paris in 1828, and the articles were recognized as having belonged to La Perouse's ill- fated expedition. Charles X. conferred upon Captain Dillon the star of the Legion of Honour, and an aimual pension of 4,ooof. He published in 1829 a diffuse account of his travels, in 2 vols., which was 152 DOB translated into French. Captain Dillon died 9th February 1 847. ^4 39 Dobbs, Arthur, Gk»vemor of North Carolina, was born 2nd April 1689,"'* at Girvan in Scotland, where his parents were for a short time refugees during distur- bances in Ireland. He was for many years a member of the Irish Parliament for Carrickfergus, and in 1729 had published in Dublin an important work (reprinted by Alexander Thom in 1861), entitled. An Essay on the Trade and Improvement of Ireland. In 1 730 he was appointed Sur- veyor-General of Ireland. By his advice, in May 1741, two vessels sailed to discover a north-west passage to India, and during their voyage named a point of land on the north-west of Hudson's Bay, Cape Dobbs. He was the author of An Account of the Countries adjoining to the Hudson^ s Bay, London, 1748. In January 1753, he was appointed Governor of North Carolina. He was a man of letters and of liberal views, and as a politician adopted humane and conciliatory measures towards the In- dian tribes. Drake says: "His adminis- tration was a continued contest with the legislature on important matters, display- ing on his part an ardent zeal for royal prerogative, and an indomitable resistance on the part of the colonists." He died at Town Creek, North Carolina, 28th March 1765, aged about 75. Additional particu- lars relating to him will be foimd in Notes and Queries, 3rd Series. ^~* "«♦ '^3 ^54 Dobbs, Francis, a noted member of the Irish Parliament, who sat for Charle- mont from January 1 798 to the Union, was born, probably in the north of Ireland, 27th April 1750. He was called to the Bar in 1773, ^^^^ first came prominently before the public as representative from a northern Volunteer corps to theDungannon Convention, 15th February 1782. Bar- rington says: "His intellect was of an extraordinary description; he seemed to possess two distinct minds — the one adapted to the duties of his profession ; the other, diverging from its natural centre, led him through wilds and ways rarely frequented by the human understanding — entangled him in a maze of contemplative deduction from revelation to futurity." He devoted much time to the exposition of the pro- phetical portions of Scripture, and repeat- edly predicted the advent of the millenium. He published a Letter to Lord North (Dub. 1780), a Universal History in several vo- lumes, and many tracts. In 1798 he had to do with bringing about the arrangement between the State-prisoners and the Gov- ernment (detailed in the notice of the elder Emmet). In an extravagant speech against DOD the Union (of which 30,000 copies are said to have been sold) he cited Daniel and Rev- elations to prove that a iinion between Great Britain and Ireland was specially forbidden by Scripture. He consistently voted against the measure. He is said to have sunk into "unmerited neglect and difficulties" before his death — nth April 1811, aged6o. "871041 Dod, Charles Roger, journalist and writer, was born 8th May 1 793, at Drum- lease, County of Leitrim. He was educated for the Irish Bar, but developed a taste for literature, and settled in London as a journalist. He was specially noted as a ready writer, often preparing biographical sketches at three hours' notice. For twenty- three years the Times had the benefit of his services. He projected and established those invaluable compilations, the Parlia- mentary Companion, and the Peerage and Baronetage. Mr. Dod died 21st February 1855, aged 61. 739 Dodwell, Henry, a distinguished author and non-juror. His parents fled from their estate in Connaught on the breaking out of the "War of i64i-'52, and during the first six years of his life they resided in Dub- lin, where he was born in October 1 641 . In 1648 they removed to England, and lived at York. His father, when on a visit to Ireland to look after his afiiairs, died of the plague at Waterford. His mother died soon after of consumption, and the lad was for a time left in the greatest poverty — until 1654, when he was adopted by his uncle, incumbent of Hemley. Two years afterwards he was entered at Trinity Col- lege, where he soon distinguished himself. " From his first entrance he was known by all to have been the eminentest example for studiousness, piety, and all virtues ; . . he lived in bare frugality, and gave the rest of his whole estate in charity to the needy, and in liberality to his relations." He rapidly advanced to a fellowship, which he resigned in 1666, having scruples con- cerning taking orders. In 1674, already well known by his theological writings, he settled in London, to be nearer the great libraries and the company of congenial minds. He engaged in lengthened contro- versies against "Quakers, Deists, Papists, and Socinians, and other enemies of our chiu'ch's and kingdom's peace." In 1688 he was appointed Camden Professor of History at Oxford, reading his inaugural lecture on 25 th May. From this position he was expelled in November 1691 for refusing to take the oath of allegiance to WiUiam and Mary. To him, we are told, "the preservation of a good conscience and the securing of inward peace were DOG preferable to all such secular considera- tions, though ever so advantageous." He afterwards settled at Cookham, in Berkshire, and separated from the Church because new bishops were appointed to succeed non-jurors. Many of his writings were now directed against the new bishops, and towards the support of the position of those who, having sworn allegiance to James II., were unwilling to accept the new government. He married in 1694, solely, we are told, to prevent an estate passing out of the family. Although there w.as considerable disparity between the ages of his wife and himself, the marriage was happy, aud they had numerous chOdren. He was afterwards reconciled to the Church, and died at Shottesbrooke, 7th June 171 1, aged 69. His character, as depicted by his biographer, was a mixture of simplicity and learning, genuine piety, and firm ad- herence to his principles. His constitution was vigorous — he was accustomed to say that he did not know what a headache was. He studied much when travelling, and to this end preferred walking, so that he could read unmolested and in quiet, and his clothes were furnished with large pockets specially for the reception of the small library he carried with him. His biographer enumerates fifty of his works, of which (including different editions) there are fifty-eight in the library of Trinity College, many of them in Latin. He was, perhaps, the most learned man Trinity College, Dublin, ever produced. Gibbon says: "Dod well's learning was immense; in this part of history especially [that of the upper Empire] the most minute fact or passage could not escape him; and his skill in employing them is equal to his learning. The worst of this author is his method and style — the one perplexed be- yond imagination ; the other negligent to a degree of bai'barism." His son Henry, a barrister, the anonymous author of Christianity not Founded on Argument (1742), died in 1763; and his son William, Archdeacon of Berks, a distinguished divine, died in 1785. '* ^s 105 Dogget, Thomas, one of the most dis- tinguished comic actors of his time, was born in Castle-street, Dublin, about the middle of the 17 th century. Few particu- lars are known concerning his life, which was spent chiefly in London. He had amassed considerable property at the time of his retirement from the stage, and he died at Eltham, Kent, 22nd September, 1 72 1. An enthusiastic adherent of the House of Hanover, he bequeathed funds to furnish a waterman's badge and coat to be rowed for on the Thames on each ist DOG August, the anniversary of the Hanoverian accession. He is described as being a little, lively, smart man, remarkably prudent and careful of money. In company he was modest and cheerful, his natural intel- ligence of a very high order. "He, like other men, regarded not the honour of dis- tinction in his profession as the sole reward of his merit, but rather his profession as a means to affluence." "^ Dibdin says : "He was the most original and strictest observer of nature of all the actors then living. He was ridiculous without impropriety; he had a different look for every different kind of humour; and though he was an excellent mimic, he imitated nothing but nature." 3 ^^ Dogherty, Thomas, an eminent special pleader, was born in Ireland about the middle of the 1 8th century. He was a self- made man, having in early life received but a slender education, and his legal knowledge was almost altogether acquired in after hours, while employed in the office of the distinguished lawyer, Mr. Bower. Besides History of the Fleas of the Crown, he was the author of the Crown Circuit Companion and other valuable legal works. The GentlemarCs Magazine says of him: "The most estimable part of Mr. Dogherty 's character was his private worth, his modest and unassuming manners, his independent mind, his strict honour and probity." Intense application greatly im- paired his health. He died at his cham- bers, Clifford's Inn, London, 29th Novem- ber 1805. '"6 Doherty, John, Chief-Justice of the Common Pleas, was bom in Ireland about 1 783. He was called to the Bar in 1 808, and obtained a silk gown in 1823. In 1826 his reputation stood so high that Canning urged him to enter the House of Com- mons. Pledged to Catholic Emancipation, he was, after a severe contest, returned for Kilkenn^ . He at once made a marked impression, speaking with eloquence, per- tinence, and fluency. As Solicitor-General, he encountered O'Connell on the case of the Doneraile Conspiracy in 1829. A breach ensued between them, and it is said that his reply to O'Connell's sharp in- vective in Parliament was the bitterest opposition speech the great tribune had ever to encounter. In 1830 Doherty was, by Lord Anglesea, appointed Chief- Justice of the Common Pleas. It is said that he was afterwards urged by Sir Eobert Peel to give up this position and return to his support in Parliament, but he declined, saying that when he ascended the Bench, he had cut himself off for ever from politics. In appearance the Chief-Justice was con- 154 DOW sidered to bear a striking resemblance to his kinsman. Canning. He died suddenly of heart disease, at Beaumaris, Wales, 1 8th September 1850. ' 39 Donat, Saint, an Irishman, who left his home in youth, travelled through France and Italy, for some time lived a hermit in Tuscany, and was appointed Bishop of Fiesole in 816; "which see," says Alban Butler, "he governed with admi- rable sanctity and wisdom." Colgan gives an extract from his life of St. Bridget in Latin verse. His festival is the 22nd of October. ^^ 339 Donlevy, Andrew, D.D., LL.D., was bom in 1694, probably in the County of Sligo. In 1710 he repaired to Paris, and studied there in the Irish College, of which he ultimately rose to be Prefect. In 1 742 he published at Paris the Catechism of Christian Doctrine, a work stUl in exten- sive circulation. The Irish type employed is peculiar to the Parisian publications, and is that used in MacCurtin's Irish Dictioryxry. He died some time after I 76 1. '°5*^33 Domin, Thomas Aloysius, Com- modore U. S. N., was bom in Ireland, per- haps about 1800. Entering the United States navy, he was Midshipman, 1815; Lieutenant, 1825; Captain, 1856. He served in the South Seas; in 185 1, frus- trated Walker's filibustering attempts on Nicaragua ; served as Fleet-Captain in the Mediterranean and off the coast of Africa, and during the American Civil War was Commodore on the Baltimore station. He died at Norfolk, Virginia, 22ud April 1874. 37* Douglas, John C, M.D., a distin- guished obstetrician, was born at Lurgaa, 14th June 1778. Having passed through the College of Surgeons in 1 800, he acted for a time as surgeon to a militia regiment, in 1803 took the degree of M.D. at St. Andrew's, and in 1808 commenced practice in Dublin, where he soon attained a pro- minent position. The Journal of Medical Science declares that his published trea- tises "along with Dr. Clarke's reports and papers, laid the foundation of the high repute of Dublin as a school of midwifery." He received important foreign acknow- ledgments of his worth, was for a time President of the King and Queen's College of Physicians in Ireland, and in 1832 was elected an honorary fellow. He died of apoplexy, 20th November 1850, aged 72. "s Dowdall, George, Archbishop of Armagh, was born in the County of Louth. Having secured a living through the in- terest of the Lord-Deputy, St. Leger, he was appointed to the primacy in 1543, DOW Bucceeding George Cromer. In February 1550, after the accession of Edward VI., he was deprived of the primacy for re- fusing to adopt the English ritual. Ware says: "I do not find that he was stripped of his bishoprick, but his high stomach could not digest this aflEront. He went into voluntary banishment." He was re- called by Queen Mary, and in 1554 re- stored to his primacy. A commission was then issued to him and others to deprive all married bishops and clergy of their livings. He died in London, 15 th August 1558. 339 Downes, George, A.M., author, was born in South King-street, Dublin, about 1790. He was a man of great and ver- satile genius, exhibited chiefly in some shorter pieces of poetry, and was an accom- plished scholar in the Norse languages. His numerous works of continental travel met with little acceptance from the public. In 1827 he was principal of the Literary and Agricultural Seminary, established by a committee at Fallowlee, near London- derry. For a time he was engaged with his friend Petrie on the Ordnance Sur- vey. He was the author of some papers read before the Eoyal Irish Academy. The latter part of his life was spent in Trinity College, employed upon the cata- logue of the Library. He died at Dalkey, 23rd August 1846, aged 56, and was buried at Ballitore, County of Kildare. "^s 3=3t Dowuie, George, Captain, E.N., was born at New Eoss, and was the son of a clergyman. He entered the navy at an early age, was at Camperdown, and served in the West Indies and elsewhere. The year 18 12 found him in command of a squadron of British gunboats on the Cana- dian lakes. According to the official dis- patches, as quoted in the Gentlemaii's Magazi7ie, his own vessel, at least, was in- sufficiently equipped. He fell in an action on Lake Champlain, gallantly fighting a United States flotilla under Macdonough, nth September 1814. 37* '46 Downing, Sir George, Bart., a lawyer, was born in Dublin in 1624. (His father emigrated to New England in 1638, where he represented Salem in the General Court, i638-'43. His mother was a sister of Governor John Winthrop.) Eeturning to England in 1645, the young man became a preacher amongst the Independents, then a chaplain to one of CromweU's regiments, and in 1653 was appointed Commissary- General to the army in Scotland. He was member for a Scottish borough in 1654 and 1656, and agent in Holland two years afterwards. Becoming a royalist, he was knighted by Charles II., entered Parlia- DOY ment, and was again envoy to Holland. There he basely caused the arrest, trans- mission to England, and consequent execu- tion of three of his former companions in Cromwell's government, who had been judges of Charles I. Through his agency principally the New Netherlands were wrested from the Dutch and annexed to the English possessions as New York. In 1663 he was created a baronet. Sent in 1 67 1 on a mission to Holland, he returned before completing his errand to the satis- faction of the King, and was imprisoned in the Tower, but was again received into favour. He was a man of ability and natural aptitude for politics, and was the author of some tracts on state afiairs. Dovsming-street, in London, perpetuates his name, and his grandson. Sir George, founded Downing College, Cambridge. He died at East Hatley, Cambridgeshire, in 1684, aged about 60. 37* Doyle, Sir Charles William, C.B., military officer, was born in Ireland. En- tering the army in 1793 as Lieutenant of the 14th Foot, he was actively employed for upwards of thirty-seven years in Hol- land and Flanders, the Mediterranean, the West Indies, Egypt, and the Peninsula. He distinguished himself in the Peninsula by his capture of Bagur in 18 10, and his defence of Tarragona in 181 1. He was appointed Commander-in-chief of the army of reserve raised and disciplined at Cadiz during the siege. Sir Charles attained the rank of Colonel in 18 13, Major-General in 181 5, and Lieutenant-General in 1837, and received the decorations distributed to the officers who served in the allied armies in the campaigns against Napoleon. He died in 1843. *" Doyle, James Warren, Bishop of Kildare and Leighlin, was bom at New Eoss in 1786, the posthimious son of a respectable farmer : his mother (Anne War- ren, of Quaker extraction) was living in poverty at the time of his birth. He was a quick-witted, intelligent child. At eleven years of age lie witnessed all the horrors of the battle of Eoss. He received his early education at the school of a Mr. Grace, and in 1 800 was placed under the care of the Eev. John Crane, an Augustine monk, in New Eoss. In 1805 he entered upon his novitiate at the convent of Grants- town, near Carnsore Point, and in the following year took the vows of volun- tary poverty, obedience, and chastity, and was received into the order of St. Augus- tine. From 1 806 to 1 808 he spent in the monastery of Coimbra, in Portugal, com- pleting has education. During the Penin- sular War he shouldered his musket for 155 DOY the Spaniards, and j^oung as he was acted as interpreter for a portion of the British forces. In 1 808 he returned to Ireland, then in the depths of misery and hopelessness. The next year he was ordained a priest, and for some time resided in New Eoss, teach- ing at the Friary. In 181 3 he was appoint- ed Professor of Ehetoric in Carlo w College, where his rather rough and uncouth ap- pearance at first caused some merriment among the students ; but they soon learned to appreciate the depth of his reading, and the extent of his knowledge. The fol- lowing instance of his readiness in dealing with his pupils is related by his biographer. "If you had gone up as you came down," he remarked to a lad who had ascended the pulpit in a confident state of mind to deliver a thesis, and had then broken down, "you would have come down as you went up." In 1 8 14 he was appointed to the chair of theology. His abilities must have attracted general attention, for in 18 19, when the bishopric of Kildare and Leigh- lin became vacant through the death of Dr. Corcoran, he was elected, and his name was sent for confirmation to Home. An era in the Irish Catholic Church may be said to have opened with his conse- cration. Up to that time the persecutions it had undergone had more or less dis- integrated its structure, and the poverty of the congregations and buildings had led to carelessness and disregard of appear- ances in religious ceremonies. Bishop Doyle rapidly set about the task of re- pressing all disorders within his diocese with a stern and uncompromising hand. He entered into politics heart and soul, in the determination to aid in securing Catholic Emancipation, and under the signature of " J. K. L." soon became one of the best known public writers of his day. It would be quite impossible to specify his untiring efibrts in the great struggles of the time. Fls statesmanlike abilities were re- cognized by all, and he became a power in the country on the questions of Emancipa- tion, Education Reform, Anti-Tithe, and Poor-Eelief. In his diocese he had much to contend with in the turbulent character of many of his flock, and was incessant in his endeavour to suppress the illegal com- binations consequent upon the unsettled state of the country. He was often at issue with O'Connell, particularly on the Repeal movement, which he thought un- advisable so long as Ireland could hope to secure ameliorative measures from the Im- perial Parliament. He did not allow poli- tics to interfere with his episcopal functions, or with the correspondence which he kept up with members of his family and per- 156 DOY sons who sought his spiritual advice. He was the first prelate that joined the Catho- lic Association, and thereby opened the way for its ultimate success. At one time he en- tertained hopes of the possibility of a union of the Established and Catholic churches. On no occasion did he more closely rivet pub- lic attention than during his examinations before committees of Parliament in 1825, '30 and '32. The readiness of his answers and the grasp of his mind much impressed the public. — "WeU, you have been exami- ning Dr. Doyle," a person remarked to the Duke of Wellington, "No, but he has been examining us," was the reply. A life of constant mental strain and patriotic devotion to the interests of his church and his country broke down his con- stitution at an early age. He died at Car- low, 1 6th June 1834, aged 48, and was buried in the cathedral he had built, and which is now adorned with a splendid statue of him by Hogan. In person he was tall and commanding ; his counte- nance was intellectual. Though endowed with much softness of heart, his presence was on the whole austere. Like many other men who have begun pubUc life as liberals, and have seen the reforms they advocated accomplished, he tended in his latter days towards conservatism. '°^ Doyle, Sir John, Bart., was born in Dublin in 1756, and was educated at Trinity College. In 1775 he embarked as Lieutenant with the 40th Regiment for America, where he greatly distinguished himself, and was several times wounded. For some time he was Captain of the "Volxmteers of Ireland," on the royalist side. At the commencement of the French war in 1793 he raised a regiment, subse- quently numbered as the 87th, and served under the Duke of York in the campaign of 1794 as Lieutenant-Colonel. He was afterwards appointed Colonel of the 87th, and sent in command of a secret expedi- tion to Holland. Having filled the ofiice of Secretary of War in Ireland under the short viceroyalty of Lord Fitzwilliam, he was continued in that position by Lord Camden. As a member of the Irish House of Commons, he sided with the national party. In the expedition to Egypt, under Abercrombie in 1801, he showed great gallantry, leaving a sick bed, and riding forty miles through the desert to defend Alexandria against General Menou. After residing for some time in Naples for the benefit of his health, in 1804 he was ap- pointed Governor of Guernsey, in 1805 was created a baronet, and in 18 19 a general. He died 8th August 1834, aged 77_ 36 39 42 DOY DEO Doyle, John, well known as a carica- turist under the pseudonym of "H. B.," was born in Dublin in 1797. In early man- hood he paid much attention to art, and obtained some success in portraiture and in the representation of horses. His chief celebrity, however, arose from his carica- tures of political personages, besides illus- trations, in Punch. The physiognomies of numerous British celebrities of the day have been perpetuated by him. It was generally understood that he threw up his connexion with Punch in consequence of his Catholic principles being outraged by the Pope being mercilessly caricatured in its pages. He lived a quiet, retired life, and died at his residence, Clifton Gardens, London, 2nd January 1868, aged about 71. The Annual Register says: "The charm of H. B. was the excellence of the humour shown in his portraits, added to the fact that he did not, as too many political satirists have been prone to do, degenerate into coarseness and vulgarity. . . His sons, inheriting a good name, have in- herited also much of the fun to be seen in their father's drawings, but with much greater technical skill in drawing, in which Mr. John Doyle was rather deficient.". 7 40 Drelincourt, Peter, LL.D., Dean of Armagh, son of the well known Charles Drelincourt, a Huguenot pastor in France, was born in Paris, 22nd July 1644. He came to Ireland as chaplain of the Lord- Lieutenant, the Duke of Ormond. In 1 68 1 he was appointed Precentor of Christ Church, Dublin ; in 1683 he was collated to the further preferment of Archdeacon of Leighlin, which he resigned 28th Feb- ruary 1690-'!, on being appointed Dean of Armagh. The only work published of this eminent divine was A speech to the Duke of Ormond and the Privy Council, to return the humhlc thanks of the French Protestants arrived in this Kingdom, and graciously received (Dublin, 1682). He died 7th March 1 722 [i 720, aged 76 3=3t] and was buried in Armagh Cathedral, where a handsome monument has been raised to his memory, surmounted by a life-like representation of him in a recumbent posture, executed by Eysbrach. His widow founded the Drelincourt Charity School in Armagh, in 1732. "^ 323! Drenuan, William, M.D., a United Irishman, poet and writer, was born in Belfast, 23rd May 1754. His father, Eev. Thomas Drennan, was a Presbyterian minister. William Drennan took his de- gree of M.D. at Edinburgh in 1 778, and practised two or three years in Belfast, then for seven years at Newry, and ulti- mately removed to Dublin in 1 789. Being impressed with a conviction of the neces- sity of Catholic Emancipation, and Parlia- mentary Eeform, he originated the estab- lishment of the Society of United Irishmen, and published a prospectus in June 1791. Many of the most stirring addresses con- nected with the organization were drawn up by him, and his were the beautiful lyrics, "When Erin First Eose," "Wake of William Orr," "Wail of the Women after the Battle." In 1794 he was tried for sedition, but was acquitted. Though depressed by subsequent events, and by the Union, his spirit was not subdued, and his principles remained unchanged. Eelin- quishing his practice about 1800, he re- turned to Belfast, where he joined head, pen, and purse in the foundation of the Belfast Academical Institution, and in conjunction with John Templeton, a botanist, and John Hancock, of Lisbum, commenced the Bel- fast Magazine. In 1815 he published a volume oi Fugitive Pieces, and in 181 7 a translation of the Electra of Sophocles. He died in Belfast, 5th February 1820, aged 65, and was there buried. He first applied to Ireland the epithet, " Emerald Isle." Dr. Drummond says : " He wrote some hymns of such excellence as to cause a regret they were not ^more numerous, and in some of the lighter kinds of poetry showed much of the playful wit and inge- nuity of Goldsmith." 39 -54(=) 331 Dromgoole, Thomas, M.D., a physi- cian, a nationalist, was born in Ireland the middle of the i8th century, and took his medical degree at Edinburgh. He spoke at the meetings of the Catholic Board with a spirit and ability not often met with, and was one of those who ofiered the earliest and most strenuous opposition to the "Veto" compromise. . "The weapon he delighted in was the double-edged sword of scholastic dialectics. The councils, the fathers, the dusty library of ancient and modern controversy, were his classics. Valiant, uncompromising, headstrong, he bore with a sulky composure, on his seven- fold shield of theology, all the lighter shafts of contemporary ridicule." ^^ Shell spoke of him thus : " Dromgoole's counte- nance was full of medical and theological solemnity, and he carried a huge stick with a golden head, on which he pressed both hands in speaking ; and indeed from the manner in which he swayed his body, and knocked his stick at the end of every period to the ground, which he accom- panied with a guttural 'hem,' he seemed tome a kind of rhetorical pa viour, busily en- gaged in making the great road of liberty, and paving the way to Emancipation." 157 DRU His latter days were spent in Eome ; and he died probably in 1 815. " io4t »8 Drummond, Thomas, E.E., states- man, was bom in Edinburgh, loth October 1 797. His father was a Writer to the Signet. Thomas early showed an inventive genius, and when at school evinced considerable aptitude for science. A cadetship was ob- tained for him, and he arrived at Wool- wich in February 1 81 3. The first few months of his cadet life were miserable — he was half-starved, and the tyranny of the elder cadets was all but intolerable. His scientific proclivities and indomitable perseverance carried him through how- ever, and in July 181 5 he passed with distinction, and was drafted into the Eoyal Engineers. In the autumn of 18 19 he became acquainted with Colonel Colby, and in the foU owing year gladly accepted a post under him in the Scotch Ordnance Survey — a field peculiarly fitted for the display and development of his talents. His summer months were occupied in laborious mountain surveys, while the winter was spent chiefly in laying down the summer work at the Tower of London, and in scientific investigations. In the course of i824-'5 he invented the lime- light, otherwise known as the Drummond light, as well as the heliostat, an instru- ment for throwing rays of light in a given direction, and thereby facilitating trig- onometrical surveys in murky weather. The utility of these inventions was at once acknowledged by the scientific world. In the autumn of 1824 the Irish survey was begun by a reconnaissance through the island by Colby and Drummond, and in the following year the triangulation commenced by observations between Divis, near Belfast, and Slieve Snaght in Innish- owen. The sighting between these points, sixty-seven miles, would have been almost impossible in ordinary weather but for Dnimmcad's light and heliostat. The hardships he endured in a sod hut on the top of Slieve Snaght in the winter months resulted in a severe illness, compelling his return to Edinburgh. The years i825-'8 were mainly occupied in preparation for the measurement of the Irish base line of 34,028.5 feet on the eastern shore of Lough Foyle. This was accomplished by the aid of the Colby- Drummond brass-iron compensation bars, six in number, 10 feet 1,5 inches long each, furnished with compensation microscopes. These were prepared with personal labour and scientific research by Drummond him- self in the Ordnance Office in the Tower. Probably the measurement of the Irish base is one of the most accurate ever 158 DRU made. The anxiety and exposure attend- ing this task seriously undermined his health. The autumn of 1829 was occu- pied in establishing by experiment the suitability of the Drummond light for lighthouse purposes. The expense attend- ing its use has been the only bar to its practical application. An intimacy with Lord Brougham led to Drummond's ap- pointment, in August 1 83 1, as head of the Boundary Commission in connexion with the Reform Bill. A pension of ^300 was conferred upon him for these services, which after two years he declined any longer to accept. In 1 833 he became private secretary to Lord Althorp, then Chancellor of the Exchequer, and in July 1835 his scientific career Was brought to a close by his coming to Ireland with Lord Mulgrave as Under-Secretary, A few months later he married Miss Kinnaird, a lady possessed of great personal attrac- tions, who by her mental qualities was admirably fitted to be his companion. She had, moreover, a considerable fortune. The Ordnance Survey had given him ex- ceptional opportunities of seeing the country and studying the character of its people, and he came, as Dr. Madden says, "in the full possession of physical energy and men- tal vigour, and with a mind fiUed with zeal to perform service in Ireland. He believed that Government might efiect wonders in Ireland, and he entered upon his duties with a head teeming with projects of re- form, and a heart overflowing with affec- tion for the Irish people." He soon became the heart and soul of the Irish adminis- tration, and before he was a month in the country set about remodelling the police force established in 18 14, which he found in a most inefficient state. The underpaid, worn-out body of 400 Dublin watchmen, he replaced with a force of about 1,000 able and efficient men; while the constabulary, almost all Protestants, and equally inefficient, he entirely remodelled into the present force, and attracted to the service Catholic officers and men. Sir Chai'les Napier, during a visit to Ireland not long afterwards, having investigated the more efficient condition of the con- stabulary, warmly praised Drummond's powers of administration, and declared that he was "just the sort of man that was want- ed to govern India." With this force, as completely under control at Dublin Castle as one of his own delicate scientific instru- ments, he soon grappled, on the one hand, with the scandal of the bloody faction fights hitherto so prevalent at fairs and gatherings, and on the other, with the intolerant excesses of effete ascendancy. The procedure of the county courts was improved, and in places where crime was rampant, and the local magistrates did not appear efficient, stipendiary magistrates were appointed. This gave oflFence to many, and he drew down on himself a storm of opprobrium by dismissing Colo- nel Verner from the magistracy for pub- licly toasting " The Battle of the Dia- mond." Taking the mean of the years i826-'8, and i836-'8, the various classes of crime in Ireland were reduced under his administration — lo per cent, in the more serious cases, and as much as 86 per cent. in house-breaking. On the other hand, minor oflFences, such as misdemeanours and larceny apparently increased, owing to their being taken cognizance of by the police. In 1838 the Poor-law system was established in Ireland, and it was within the next few years carried into practical operation mainly through his exertions. In April 1838 a communication was received by the Irish Government from Lords Glen- gaU and Lismore and thirty other Tip- perary magistrates, relative to the murder of a Mr. Cooper, giving a dreadful account of the state of the country, and calling upon the Government for more stringent- measures for the suppression of crime. Drummond replied in a long letter, dated Dublin Castle, 22nd May 1838, pointing out the gross exaggerations that charac- terized their communication, and taking the opportunity of expressing his condem- nation of the manner in which Irish land- lords generally neglected their duties towards their tenants. It contained the words: "Property has its duties as well as its rights; to the neglect of those duties in times past is mainly to be as- cribed that diseased state of society in which such crimes take their rise." The enunciation of this apparently simple aphor- ism raised a perfect storm of rage and indignation, and in both Houses of Parlia- ment Drommond's policy was called in question. His leading scheme for the benefit of Ireland was the development of the resources of the country by the con- struction ,of a system of railways in whole or in part by Government. An Irish Railway Commission was appointed in October 1836 (the Dublin and Kings- town Railway being then the only one in course of construction). Drummond, ap- pointed at his own solicitation one of the commission, became in truth its main- spring. It reported in July 1838. "Its labours were most arduous ; their report on the general condition of the coun- try and its trade, with the evidence on which it was founded, and the explana- DRU tory maps and plans which accompanied it, is one of the ablest ever submitted to Parliament." Its main recommendation was the construction by Government of trunk lines from Dublin to Cork, with branches to Kilkenny, Limerick, and Waterford, and from Dublin north to Navan, branching to Belfast and Ennis- killen. Owing to political and private jea- lousies this well-planned scheme was de- feated — one that would doubtless ultimately have expanded into an efficient system of Government railways aU through Ireland, and have saved the construction of many needless lines. Drummond's calculations as to the paying capabilities of the different routes have been singularly verified. Other services in the cause of Ireland followed — the Municipal Boundaries Commission, the abolition of the hulks at Cork and Dublin, the suppression of the disgrace- ful Sunday di'inking booths in the Phoenix Park. But the failure of his railway scheme preyed upon his mind, and his health never recovered the arduous labours undertaken* in connexion with it. About this period he was urged to enter Parlia- ment, but declined, saying that he felt he could serve Ireland better in his offi- cial position of Under-Secretary. In the winter of 1839 his health became visibly impaired; he sank rapidly, and died of internal erysipelas, on 15th April 1840, aged 42. When asked wliether he desired to be buried in Ireland or Scotland, he whispered ; " In Ireland, the land of my adoption ; I have loved her well and served her faithfully, and lost my life in her service." He was buried at Mount Jerome. His biographer, Mr. M'Lennan, says: "In Ireland his death was bewailed as a national calamity. The simplicity of his devotion to her, before known to many, and now believed by all on the evidence of his dying words, combined Irishmen of all classes and parties in a common lamenta- tion." Hogan's fine statue of Thomas Drummond, in the City Hall, Dublin, erected by public subscription, attests the estimation with which his memory was regarded. '°' Dmmmoud, William Hamilton, D.D., a distinguished Unitarian divine, was born probably in the north of Ire- land in 1778. His poetical talents were displayed in his Battle of Trafalgar, the Giant's Causeway, and his Translation of Lucretiiis ; yet his best known work is, perhaps, his edition of Hamilton Rowan's Autobiography (Dublin, 1840). Most of his life was passed in Dublin as pastor of the Strand-street Unitarian Congregation, and he was for many years Librarian of the 159 DEU DUG Eoyal Irish Academy. Dr. Drummond, who was esteemed and beloved by all, after being in infirm health for many years, died in Dublin, i6th October 1865, aged 87. '*^ ^33 Drury, Sir William, an English officer, the particulars of whose early life will be found detailed in Froude's English History, was in November 1576 appointed Presi- dent of Munster. He signalized his ad- vent to office by holding itinerant courts. At Cork, by his own account, he hanged forty-three "notable malefactors ;" one he pressed to death ; two were drawn and quartered. At Limerick he disposed of twenty-two. At Kilkenny he executed thirty-six; three — "a blackamoor and two witches" — he put to death "by natural law, for that he found no law to try them by in the realm." Reporting to Govern- ment, he apologized for his general mode- ration: "I have chosen rather with the snail slenderly to creep, than with the horse swiftly to run." In the second year of his office he hanged 400 "by justice and martial law." He hanged a friar in his habit for attempting to leave the country ; and he hanged a brehon, "who," he says, "was much esteemed among the common people, and taught such laws as were re- pugnant to her Majesty's." Remarking upon these atrocities, Mr. Froude says: "The appointment of the Presidents, and their hard and cruel rule, showed the chiefs that the fine speeches at Sidney's reception had been but an affectation to delude them into quiet, while English authority was establishing itself," In October 1579 Drury was defeated with a loss of 300 men, by the Desmonds near Kilmallock ; and worn out by the fatigues of campaigning, he died at Cork shortly afterwards, having been President for nearly three years. ^^ Duane, William John, a lawyer, was bom at '^lonmel in 1780. He went to America when young, was first a printer, then a paper-dealer, was admitted to the Bar in 1815, and often represented Phila- delphia in the State Legislature. He was a distinguished lawyer, took a deep interest in public schools, and was a trustee and director of Girard College. In 1833 he was removed by Jackson from the position of Secretary of the United States Treasury for declining to order the removal of the deposits from the United States Bank. He was the author of the Law of Natio^is In- vestigated, and other works. He died in Philadelphia, 27th September 1865, aged about 85. 37' Bubdalethy, son of Maelmurry, Abbot of Armagh, was the author of a Chronicle 160 of Ireland quoted in the Annals of Ulster and Annals of the Four Masters. He was Reader of Divinity at Armagh, was Abbot, or successor of Patrick in 1050, and died 1st September 1065. ^39 Duchal, James, D.D., a Presbyterian divine, was born at or near Antrim, in 1697. He studied at the University of Glasgow, where he took the degree of M.A., and became pastor of a small con- gregation in Cambridge. In 1730 he ac- cepted an invitation to settle in Antrim. After he had served there for ten years, his friend Mr. Abemethy, then minister of the dissenting congregation in Wood-street, Dublin, died, and Duchal was induced to become his successor. Duchal was a voluminous writer ; in addition to several theological works issued during his minis- trations, in the decline of life he wrote more than 700 sermons, from which a selection was made after his death, and published in 3 vols. He died in 1 761, aged about 64. '»^ Doff, Mary Anne, an actress, was bom in Dublin. Her maiden name was Dyke ; she was sister-in-law to Moore the poet. She married John Duff, a comedian, and after playing in Dublin for some time, they emigrated to the United States in 1 8 1 o, and became general favourites. Drake styles her "a beautiful woman, and a celebrated tragedian." In 1828 she played for a time in London. She died in Cin- cinnati, November 1832. 37* DnfEy, Edward, a Fenian leader, was bom at Ballaghadereen, County of Mayo, in 1 840. In 1 863 he gave up a situation and devoted himself to spreading Fenian principles in Connaught. He was arrested, November 1865, ^^ company with James Stephens, at Fairfield House, Sandymoiint, and was sentenced to a term of imprison- ment ; but was liberated on bail in January 1866, in consequence of ill health. He again applied himself to the organization, was re-arrested, and tried again in May 1867, and sentenced to fifteen years' penal servitude. He died in Millbank Prison, 17th January 1868, aged about 28. A portion of his speech delivered-in the dock before conviction has been inscribed on his tomb at Glasnevin, ==33 308 Dnggan, Peter Paul, an artist, bom in Ireland. Early in life he went to the United States, developed a taste for art, and ultimately became Professor in the New York Free Academy. Though the crayon was his favourite medium, he occasionally painted a masterly head in oil. For many years an invalid, he latterly resided near London, and died in Paris, 15 th October 1861. 37. DUH DUN Dniiigg, Bartholomew Thomas, the author of the King's Inns Remembrancer, 1805, and a History of the King's Inns, 1807, and some pamphlets, was called to the Irish Bar in 1775, was for many years Librarian of the King's Inus, Dublin, and died in 1 8 1 3. He was " highly commended as a legal antiquary" by Dr. Ledwich. ^S4(2) Dnigenan, Patrick, LL.D., was born in the County of Leitrim in 1735. His father, whose name was in Irish O'Duibh- geannain, intended him for the priesthood. The boy's talents attracted the notice of a Protestant clergyman, who made him tutor in his school. Before long he became a Protestant, entered Trinity College, gained a fellowship in 1761, and was called to the Bar. He took an active part against the appointment of John Hely Hutchinson as Provost, and dis- played his satirical powers in a series of squibs and pamphlets. It is said that being challenged on one occasion, and given the choice of weapons, he took the field armed with a loaded blundei^buss, which so astounded his opponent, that he was glad to settle the quarrel amicably. Duigenan became an active partizan of the Government in opposition to Grattan and the national party. In 1785 he was ap- pointed Advocate-General to the King, and in 1790 he entered Parliament. He strenuously supported the Act of Union, was named one of the Commissioners for distributing compensation under it, entered the Imperial Parliament, and was even- tually appointed a member of the Irish Privy Council. To the last he opposed all measures of Catholic relief. "Dr. P. Duigenan was a rich original, and in his day no inconside)-able personage ; not that he excelled in learning or in talent, though of both he had a fair proportion, but because he established himself as a kind of anti-Papal incarnation, and thereby col- lected a very considerable party." "^ "He adopted that method which is stiU employ- ed by some politicians, of exhuming all the immoral sentiments of the schoolmen, the Jesuit casuists, and the mediaeval councils, and parading them continually before Parliament and before the country." -'^ Curran said that his speeches were " like the imrollingof a mummy — nothing but old bones and rotten rags. . . The nation to whom he owed his birth he slandered ; the common people from whom he sprung, he vituperated; and the religion of his wife he persecuted ; he abused the people ; he abused the Catholics; he abused his country ; and the more he calumniated his country, the more he raised himself." '^4 He was amiable in private life — a kind and indulgent master and a good hus- band. He even kept a Catholic chaplain for his wife. He himself declared : " I live in the strictest intimacy and friendship with sevei-al Roman Catholics, for whom I have the sincerest regard and esteem, knowing them to be persons of the greatest worth, integrity, and honour." He was for a time Vicar-General of Armagh. He is de- scribed as dressing in an antiquated man- ner, with a brown bob wig and Connemara stockings. He died about 1826. In 1771 he published a book of 326 pp. : Lachrymce Academicce, or the Present Deplorable State of the College, levelled against the appoint- ment of Hely Hutchinson as Provost. 5* '54 196 212 Dun, Sir Patrick, was born in Aber- deen in January 1642. He was a graduate both of Dublin and Oxford. He appears to have early settled in Ireland, and to have made rapid advances in his profes- sion. In June 1681 he was chosen first President of the College of Physicians. He is considered to have been in advance of his age in practical anatomy. He was associated with most of the eminent pubUc men of Ireland in the Dublin Philosophical Society. In 1688 he was made Physi- cian to the Army in Ireland, and in that capacity was present at many of the en- gagements in the War of i689-'9i. He entered Parliament in 1692 as member for KiUileagh — a borough under the in- fluence of his friends the Hamiltons, but appears to have made little figure in the House. In 1696 he was knighted, and in 1705 was appointed Physician-General to the Army. He died 24th May 171 3, aged 7 1, and was buried in St. Michan's Church. He left bequests for the founda- tion of medical professorships ; these were so far diverted from his intention by the Irish Parliament as to be applied to the erection of a great Dublin hospital called after him, commenced in 1803, and finished in 1 816. His library is preserved in the College of Physicians, Dublin, where also may be seen a fine portrait of him by Kneller. "' Dunan, or Donat, Bishop of Dublin, 1038 — the first Dane called to that office. He is worthy of remembrance as having, in 1038, by the aid of the Danish King Sitric, built the Cathedral of the Holy Trinity (Christ Church) "in the heart of the city of Dublin." A correspondence, part of which was available in Ware's time, was maintained between him and Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury, con- cerning baptism. Bishop Dunan died 6th May 1074, and was buried near the high altar of the cathedral he had built. 339 i6r DUN Dungal, a writer of the 9th century, an Irishman, who settled in France, prob- ably on account of the Danish invasions of Ireland. He became eminent as a teacher, and his latter days were devoted to cultivating philosophy and astronomy. His reputation in the latter science became so great that in 8 1 1 he was consulted by Char- lemagne concerning an eclipse which had taken place the year before. In 827 he wrote a treatise in defence of images, against Claude, Bishop of Turin, printed in 1608. Some of his poetical pieces are stated to have been printed in a col- lection of poems published in France in 1729. The date of his death is not known. 42 339 DunkLa, William, D.D., a friend of Swift and Delany (one of the witnesses to the former's will), was gratuitously edu- cated at Trinity College, to which a relative of bis had bequeathed an estate. He was probably of the family of the Eev. Patrick Dunkin, whose metrical Latin translations of some Irish ranns are acknowledged by Archbishop Ussher. He was ordained in 1735— in which year we find him repaying Swift's friendship and patronage by assist- ing him in his poetical 'controversy with Bettesworth. In 1 737 Swift endeavoured to obtain for him an English living, writing of him : " He is a gentleman of much wit, and the best English as well as Latin poet in the kingdom. He is a pious man, highly esteemed." This appeal was fruitless'; Dunkin was, however, placed by Lord Chesterfield over the Endowed School of Enniskillen. He died about 1746. A col- lected edition of his poems and epistles appeared in 2 vols, in 1774. ^^ Dunlap, John, an American Eevo- lutionary patriot, was bom at Strabane, 1 747. At the age of eight or nine he went to live with his uncle William, a printer and publisher of Philadelphia. When but eighteer lie took sole charge of his uncle's business, and in November 177 1 commenced the Pennsylvania Packet, and before long became one of the most successful print- ers and editors of the country. During the British occupation of Philadelphia he brought out his paper at Lancaster. From 1784 it became a daily paper — the first in the United States : it now bears the title of the North American and United States Gazette. As printer to Congress, he first issued the "Declaration of Independence," and he was an officer in Washington's body-guard at Trenton and Princeton. He proved his earnestness in the cause of in- dependence by subscribing .£4,000 to sup- ply provisions for the army. He acquired a large fortune by his talents and industry, 162 ECC and died in Philadelphia, 27th November 1 812, aged about 65. 3'* Duns Scottis, John, was born about 1274,339 if in Ireland, as is probable, either at Downpatrick or Taghmon. He was educated at Oxford, where he became a Fellow, and in 1301 was appointed to the chair of divinity, drawing "upwards of 30,000 students to his lectures." In 1304 he removed to Paris, where he held a celebrated disputation on the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception, in which he answered 200 objections, and "established the doctrine by a cloud of arguments." In Paris he was created Doctor of Divinity, and the divinity schools were committed to his care. Afterwards he removed to Cologne, being escorted into the city in a triumphal car by "nearly all the citizens." His career was cut short by an attack of apoplexy, on 8th November 1308 (aged about 34). His collected works were edited at Lyons in 1639 in 12 vols, folio, by Luke Wadding, his biographer. Duns Scotus was esteemed the chief ornament of the Franciscan order. His writings are prin- cipally commentaries on the Scriptures and on Aristotle, with some treatises on gram- mar, and sermons. He was the head of the Scotists in opposition to the Thomists, or followers of Thomas Aquinas. '9* 339 Dwyer, Michael, an insurgent leader in 1798, was born in 1771. In the sum- mer of 1798 he took refuge in the Wicklow mountains, and held out for many months against the Government, at first with Holt, and afterwards with his own band. Con- flicting accounts are given of his conduct; by some he is said to have repressed out- rages among his followers, while others relate shocking atrocities perpetrated by his party. On the evening of Emmet's emeute in 1 803, Dwyer led nearly 500 men to his assistance at Eathfamham, but re- tired to the mountains without efi^ecting anything. Eventually he gave himself up, and was sent to New South Wales, where he received an appointment in the police. He died in 1815. He is described as a handsome and intelligent man. ^^ 154 Eccles, Ambrose, a commentator and arranger of Shakspere, was bom in Ireland in the course of the i8th century. He received a college education, and devoted himself to literary pursuits, publishing editions of Cymheline (1793), Lear (1793), Merchant of Venice (1805). The Biogra- phia Dramatica says: "Each volume con- tains not only notes and illustrations of various commentators, with remarks by the editor, but the several critical and historical essays that have appeared at EDG different times respecting each piece." The Anmidl Register styles him "a pro- found scholar, a perfect gentleman ; he was an ornament to society." He died at his seat at Cronroe, Wicklow, where he had spent the latter part of his life, in 1809. ' '^ Edgeworth, Richard Iiovell, was born at Bath in 1 744 ; his father was the head of a family which had been settled in Ireland since 1583, and had given its name to Edgeworthstown, in Longford. When but seven years of age he exhib- ited extraordinary precocity in scientific knowledge. He was educated by the Rev. Patrick Hughes, who had taught Gold- smith, and when about seventeen entered Trinity College. Most of his time there was spent in mechanical studies and ex- periments. In 1763 he married a Miss Elers (a runaway match, and not a happy one). For discoveries in telegraphy and mechanics, the Society of Arts presented him with both silver and gold medals. For some time, about 17 71, leaving his wife behind in England, he resided upon the Continent, chiefly at Lyons, where he took an active part in works then in progress for diverting the courses of tlie Rhone and Saone. The death of his wife recalled him to England. During her life- time he had become attached to Honoria Sneyd, whom he married in the year 1773. They settled at Edgeworthstown. This union was in every way happy, but was of short duration. Upon Honoria's death, he married her sister Elizabeth in 1 780 — marriage with a deceased wife's sister being then legal. His most intimate friends were Thomas Day, the eccentric author of Sandford and Merton, and Dr. Erasmus Darwin, the botanist. Mr. Edgeworth was one of the original mem- bers of the Royal Irish Academy, and one of its most active supporters. He threw himself with ardour into the Volunteer movement, and was particularly earnest on the question of Reform. Although some- what disapproving of the principles upon which the Rotunda Convention was called, he gave to its deliberations the weight of his authority and influence, believing that parliamentary reform was necessary for the salvation of Ireland. In 1 798 he entered Parliament, and during the Insurrection bore his protest against the severity of the measures taken by the Government for its suppression. At the time of the French landing at Killala, he scandalized most of his friends by admitting Catholics into the ranks of the Volunteer corps for the de- fence of the country. He personally ap- proved of the project of Union, but voted against it because he saw that the feeling EDG of the country was opposed to it, and be- cause of the means by which the passage of the measure was urged. After the Union, he retired from politics, and devoted himself mainly to the question of National Educa- tion. A year after the death of his third wife in 1797, he married a Miss Beau- fort. During the peace of Amiens he visited France with his family, where his labours at Lyons, and a work written by him in French on the construction of mills, led to his reception as a member into the Soci6te d'Encouragement pour I'lndustrie Nationale. During his residence in Paris, he was suddenly ordered to leave within twenty-four hours, the Government sup- posing him to be brother of the Abbe Edgeworth. He retired to Passy, and thence sent a memorial to the First Con- sul, informing him of his independent position, clear of all political parties, and of being no nearer relation than cousin to the Abbe. Napoleon is said to have dis- avowed the action of the oflScials, saying that, far from its being a crime, it was an honour to belong to the family of that faithful and courageous ecclesiastic. Re- turning to Ireland, he betook himself again to his scientific pursuits. In 1804 he established for Government a system of telegraphic communication between Dublin and Galway, by which, in clear weather, a signal could be transmitted both ways in eight minutes. In 1806 he formed one of a commission appointed to enquire into the system of National Education. In 1 809 he reported favourably on the possi- bility of draining the bogs. Subsequently he experimented upon the aid given to horses by the use of spring vehicles. He died at Edgeworthstown, the 13th June 1 8 17, aged about 73, and was buried there. [His widow, Frances Anne, survived till roth February 1865, and died at Edge- worthstown.] His mind was clear and vigorous, he had much logical precision, and was impartial in his judgments. In private life he was sincere and amiable. His conversation was inexhaustible — pro- found or light, according to the subject, and always arousing attention and satisfy- ing curiosity. In his scientific explora- tions, he sought truth rather than distinc- tion, and more than once his inventions were appropriated and published by others as their own, without any protest on his part. Of his twenty-one children, twelve survived him. His writings were princi- pally in conjunction with his daughter Maria, and were often published under her name. ^ =3 1=0 Edgeworth, Maria, daughter of pre- ceding by his first marriage, was born at 163 EDG Hare Hatch, near Reading,in Berkshire, "5» I st January 1 767. Her early life was spent with her maternal aunts in England ; but upon her father's second marriage, in i "j"]-},, he took her with him to Ireland. Her step-mother was all to her that the most affectionate mother could have been, but as Mrs. Edgeworth's health began to fail in 1778, Maria was placed at a school in Derby. Her father paid much attention to her education, corresponding with her, and suggesting subjects for short essays and stories. In 1780 she was removed to a fashionable London school, where she was put through the rigid routine of accom- plishments customary at the time. She exhibited much talent for languages, writ- ing her Italian and French exercises for the quarter in advance. In 1 782 she re- turned home, and the ennobling influences of the period in Ireland were not with- out their effect upon her character. She wrote much in conjunction with her father, and together they prepared some pieces for publication, which were held back until after the death of their friend Mr. Day, in deference to his prejudices against female authorship. Much was written at this period that afterwards appeared in the Parent's Assistant and Early Lessons. Maria Edgeworth first came before the public in 1795 in her Letters for Literary Ladies. Practical Education, the joint production of father and daughter, was published in 1 798. She struck into her peculiar vein of novel- writing in 1800, in Castle Rackrent. Its success was triumphant. In 1 802 appear- ed the Essay on Irish Bulls, another joint production. During the peace of Amiens she with herfather and family visited Paris. Her account of their travels is lively and sensible; they were introduced to Kos- ciusko, Madame de Genlis, and Madame d'Houdetot (Eousseau's Julie), and other celebrities. Whilst in Paris she received a proposal u marriage from M. Edelcrantz, a Swedish gentleman : it cannot be doubted that she was somewhat attached to him, that she refused him from feelings of duty, and that the suppression of her real senti- ments is reflected in her after works, where the obligation of subordination of feeling to duty is so often descanted upon. Enmci and Leonora were afterwards written, as was said, in the style her lover prefer- red, and with the desire that he should think favourably of them. She fortu- nately returned home before the decla- ration of war. Her eldest brother Lovell was stopped on his journey from Geneva to Paris, and detained prisoner until the peace in 18 14. Her publications now fol- 164 EDG lowed each other in rapid succession, and she became widely and deservedly known as an authoress. Byron, in one of his letters, says that while he had been the lion of 1 8 1 2, Miss Edgeworth and Madame de Stael were the exhibitions of the suc- ceeding year — "She was a nice little un- assuming Jeannie Deans-looking body, and if not handsome, certainly not ill-looking. Her conversation was as quiet as herself. One would never have guessed she could wTite her name ; whereas her father talked, not as if he could write nothing else, but as if nothing else was worth writing." Her father's death in 18 17 was a severe blow to her. His Memoirs, completed and published by her, were so severely handled in the Quarterly Review, that she followed her friend Dumont's advice, and never even looked at the article. After this she indulged in a long-pro- jected visit to Paris with two younger sisters by her father's fourth marriage, and they were settled at the Place du Palais Bourbon, 29th April 1820. Their relationship to the Abbe Edgeworth was now a passport to the best society. Some time was spent in Switzerland, a sojourn at Geneva being especially enjoyed. Miss Edgeworth was warmly received by Ma- dame de Stael, Decandolle, and many others who then resided there. Thomas Moore, about this time, thus writes of her appear- ance in society : " The moment anyone begins to speak, off she starts too, seldom more than a sentence behind them, and in general contrives to distance every speaker. Neither does what she says, though of course very sensible, make up for this over activity of tongue." Scott's estimate of her a few years later was different : " It is scarcely possible to say more of this very remarkable person than that she not only completely answered, but exceed- ed, the expectations which I had formed. I am particularly pleased with the naivete and good-humoured ardour of her mind, which she unites with such formidable powers of acute observation." George Ticknor described her in 1834 as "a small, short, spare lady of about 67, with ex- tremely frank and kind manners, and who always looks straight into your face with a pair of mild, deep grey eyes, whenever she speaks to you." In London we find her spending a morning in Newgate with Mrs. Fry, receiving Sir Humphry Davy, being taken by Whitbread to the House of Com- mons, and finishing by a visit to Almack's. The latter part of her long life was spent at Edgeworthstown. She continued vigo- rous to the last, and died rather suddenly of heart disease, 22nd May 1849, ^g^^ 82. EDG It is said that she left many unpublished works in MS. Her literary labours were not profitable ; and she never realized for the best of her tales a third of the sum given for Waverlei/, yet Waverley was called the Scotch Castle RackreiU, and Scott admitted that he was inspired to write his national tales from a perusal of her Irish sketches. Her Harry and Lucy and other children's books are amongst the best fruits of her genius. "All are agreed in ranking amongst her qualities, the finest powers of observation ; the most penetrating good sense ; a high moral tone consistently maintained ; inexhaustible fer- tility of invention ; firmness and delicacy of touch ; undeviating rectitude of pur- pose ; varied and accurate knowledge ; a clear flexible style ; exquisite humour ; and extraordinary mastery of pathos. What she wants — what she could not help want- ing with her matter-of-fact understanding and practical turn of mind — are poetry, romance, passion, sentiment. In her judg- ment, the better part of life and conduct is discretion. She has not only no toleration for self-indulgence or criminal weakness ; she has no sympathy with lofty, defiant, uncalculating heroism or greatness ; she never snatches a grace beyond the reach of prudence ; she never arrests us by scenes of melodramatic intensity, or hurries us along breathless by a rapid train of excit- ing incidents to an artistically prepared catastrophe." ^^ Miss Edgeworth was one of the four ladies who have been honorary members of the Royal Irish Academy — the others being. Miss Beaufort, Mrs. Somerville, and Miss Stokes. '^ 32 Edgeworth, Henry Essex, Abbe, cousin of Richard L. Edgeworth, was born at Edgeworthstown in 1745. His father, Essex Edgeworth, who took the name of "de Firmont" from a neighbouring hill (Fairy Mount), becafae a Catholic and emi- grated to France when Henry was but six years of age. The lad was educated for the priesthood at the Sorbonne, and after ordination became distinguished among the Parisian clergy for his talents and piety. In 1 789 he was appointed confessor to Madame Elizabeth, and was justly es- teemed the friend and adviser of the royal family. When Louis XVI. waa con- demned to the guillotine, he sent for the Abbe Edgeworth, then in concealment at Choisy, who immediately repaired to his master. The Abbe attended the unfortu- nate King to the scaffold, 21st January 1793, and has left a minute account of the execution. He makes no mention of the exclamation usually attributed to him as the knife fell — **Son of St. Louis, ascend EDM to heaven ! " After encountering many dangers, he escaped to England in 1796, where he is stated to have declined a pen- sion offered him by Pitt. He afterwards joined Louis XVIII. at Blankenburg, and accompanied him to Mittau. He was from time to time intrusted with several import- ant missions for the Boui-bons. He fell a victim to a virulent fever, caught in his ministrations amongst French prisoners of war at Mittau, and died 22nd May 1807, aged about 62. In his last moments he was attended by the Princess, daughter of Louis XVI. ; the exiled French royal family went into mourning, and Louis XVIII. composed his epitaph. ^4 i^' ms Edmuudson, William, the father of Quakerism in Ireland, was born at Little Musgrove, Westmoreland, in 1627. He served as a trooper under Cromwell through the campaigns in England and Scotland. In 1652 he left the army, mar- ried, joined his brother, also a Parlia- mentary trooper, in Ireland, and opened a shop at Antrim. His mind had long been deeply exercised in religious matters, and in 1 653, while in England purchasing goods, he was convinced of the truth of the doctrines of the Society of Friends by the preaching of James Naylor, Shortly after his re- turn in 1654, he and his brother, his wife, and others whom he had converted, held at Lisbum the first meeting of that society in Ireland. In consequence of his preach- ing, and that of George Fox and other expounders of the doctrines of Quakerism, the Society of Friends gained many con- verts in Ireland, chiefly among the English colonists of the Cromwellian settlement. Meetings were established at Dublin, Lon- donderry, Cork, Waterford, and Charle- ville, in 1655; at MountmeUick, in 1659; Wexford and Athlone, in 1668; and at other places, in some of which the Society is now no longer represented. After some years' sojourn in Antrim, he removed to Rosenallis, near MountmeUick. While earning a maintenance for his family, much of his life was devoted to preaching and religious labours at home and abroad. The peculiarities of the Society of Friends— their objection to military service, to oaths, and the sacraments, their refusal to uncover the head as a mark of respect except to God, and their adherence to the use of "thee" and "thou" to all men— subjected William Edmimdson and his friends to much persecution. He was imprisoned, without any crime being laid to his charge, no fewer than seven times in the course of his life. The particulars are often too painful for relation. He paid three religious visits to the West 165 EGA Indies and America— in 1671, 1675, 1683 — upon the first occasion in company with George Fox. During the War of i689-'9i his sufferings, and those of the other Friends in Ireland, were very great. Friends were especially the victims of the depredations of the rapparees, or Irish irregular troops, who were disposed to regard with little favour the occupants, however inoffensive, of the lands once held by their ancestors. William Edmund- son made great exertions to relieve the general distress prevalent in Ireland at the time, and his personal appeal to James II. was not without result. His latter days were spent peaceably at Rosen- aUis, where he died, 3 1 st August 1 7 1 2, aged 84. He was twice married. His grave may be seen at the Friends' burial-ground, Rosenallis, and his Bible, the companion of so many of his wanderings, is in the pos- session of his descendants. His Journal, published in Dublin in 171 5, is one of the most valuable contributions to the litera- ture of his society. '=^ Egau, John, Chairman of Kilmain- ham, was bom, probably about 1750, at Charleville, County of Cork, where his father was a Church clergyman. He entered Trinity College as a sizar, studied law in London, and after his return home married a widow lady of some fortune. In March 1 789 he entered Parliament as member for BaUinakill ; and from 1790 to the period of the Union, sat for Tullagh. He was a noted duellist. A contemporary account says: "In person he much re- sembles Fox; in manner he is rough, boisterous, and overbearing." He once fought with his intimate friend, Curran, fortunately without serious consequences. Egan complained of the great advantage his size gave to his adversary : " I'll tell you what, Mr. Egan," said Curran, "I wish to take no advantage of you what- ever. Let ray size be chalked out on your side, and i am quite content that every shot which hits outside that mark should go for nothing." In after life there were few of his old friends of whom Curran was accustomed to speak with greater affection than of Egan. In 1799 he was ap- pointed Chairman of KUmainham. His means were by that time reduced, and the post was then almost his only source of income. The ofl&ce depended upon Government favour, and it was intimated that his support of the Union would lead to further advancement. As the final de- bate on the question proceeded, it was seen that he was writhing under conflicting emotions; at length he rose, delivered a furious speech against the Union, and sat 166 ELR down exclaiming: "Ireland — Ireland for ever ! and damn KUmainham !" He died, it is said in poverty. May 18 10, aged about 60. A writer in Notes and Queries, 2nd Series, suggests that Egan was the author of a number of letters on political charac- ters of the day, that appeared during his life-time in the Dublin Evening Post, signed " Junius Hibernicus." ^^ 96 =54 291 338 Elliott, Charles, D.D., a Methodist divine, was born at Killybegs, 6th May 1792. He studied in Dublin, emigrated to the United States in 1814, and was received into the travelling connexion of the Ohio Conference in 181 8. In 1822 he was Superintendent of the Wyandotte Mission, Upper Sandusky; was subse- quently, for five years, Presiding Elder of the Ohio district, and was in i827-'3i Professor of Languages in Madison Col- lege, Uniontown, Pennsylvania. Stationed at Pittsburg in 1831, he was Presiding Elder of that district, and he afterwai'ds edited some religious papers, latterly at Cincinnati, where he remained till 1848. He was the President of the Iowa Wes- leyan Union for some years, and was the author of numerous important works, principally connected with the history of Wesleyanism. He died at Mountpleasant, Iowa, 6th January 1869, aged 76. 37* Elringtou, Thomas, Bishop of Ferns, was born near Dublin in December 1 760. At the age of fourteen he entered Trinity CoUege, and soon distinguished himself as a mathematician, gaining a fellowship when but twenty years of age. In 1 792 he en- gaged in a controversy arising out of one of Archbishop Troy's pastorals. In 181 1 he was appointed Provost, in which capa- city he exhibited judgment and firmness in repressing disorders and sustaining the discipline of the College. In 1 820 he was consecrated Bishop of Limerick, and two years after was translated to Ferns. He died at Liverpool of paralysis, said to have been induced by sea-sickness, 12th July 1835, ^g^d about 75. He was interred in the College Chapel, Dublin. As a bishop he is said to have been strict in discipline, yet munificent, hospitable, and kind, and beloved by all. His edition of Euclid is well known and much esteemed. He also edited for the use of Trinity College, Dublin, Locke on Government, and an ex- purgated edition of Juvenalis et Persius. Cotton gives a list of twenty-nine publica- tions from his pen — many in defence of the Establishment against the attacks of "J. K. L." and others. He is referred to in Castlereagh's Memoirs imder date of February 1799, as seeking for permission to break the rule of celibacy then enjoined EMM EMM on the Senior Fellows of Trinity College. His son Charles Kichard Elrington was Eegius Professor of Divinity in Trinity College. '^ 39 72 1.8 Emmet, Thomas Addis, M.D., £ar- rister-at-law, a leading United Irishman, son of Dr. Bobert Emmet, State Physician, was born in Cork, 24th April 1764. He was educated at the school of Mr. Kerr, and entered Trinity College in 1 7 78. His career there gave ample promise of future eminence. Upon taking out his degree he proceeded to Edinburgh, where he devoted himself with ardour to medical studies, and formed lasting friendships with Sir James Mackintosh and Dugald Stewart. He was at one time the presi- dent of no fewer than five societies — literary, scientific, and medical— formed among his fellow-students. He remained in Edinburgh the winter after his gradua- tion, visited some of the principal schools of medicine in Great Britain, and after- wards travelled through Germany, France, and Italy. On his way home, news reached him of the death of his elder brother Temple, a young barrister of great promise. At his father's desire, and by the advice of Mackintosh, he immediately relinquished medicine, read for two years at the Temple, and was admitted to the Irish Bar in Michaelmas Term, 1790. The following year he mamed Jane, daughter of the Eev. John Patten of Clonmel. The first case in which he distinguished himself was that of J. Napper Tandy against the Viceroy (the Eai'l of Westmoreland) and others, in which the validity of the Lord-Lieutenant's patent was contested, as having been granted under the great seal of England instead of under the Irish seal. Leonard McNally was one of Emmet's fellow- counsel, and there is every reason to believe betrayed all the pleadings to the Government. Emmet's speech attracted considerable attention, and a full report of the proceedings at the trial was published by the Society of United Irishmen. In September 1793 we find Emmet associated with the Sheareses and McNally, in the defence of a Mr. O'DriscoU, tried for sedi- tious libel at the Cork assizes. In 1795 he appeared as counsel for persons charged with administering the United Irish oath, and to confirm his argument in favour of its legality, solemnly took it himself in open court. The next year, 1796, he began to take a prominent and leading part as a United Irishman. Possessed of private means, already earning £7 50 a year at the Bar, with a young family rising up round him, of domestic Labits and irreproachable character, nothing but the clearest con- victions of duty could have impelled him to range himself against the Government. Already, in 1 792, he had joined the Catholic Committee, and Tone speaks of him as "the best of all the friends to Catholic Emancipation" except himself. In this service he had made no public display. The meeting with Russell and Tone, prior to the departure of the latter for America, took place at Emmet's house near Rath- f axnham in 1 795 . In 1 794 the Society was forcibly broken up; in the beginning of 1795 it was reorganized as a secret society, and in 1 796 the military organization was engrafted on the civil. Upon O'Connor's arrest in 1797, Emmet took his place on the Directory. FitzGerald, O'Connor, and Jackson urged immediate action. Emmet, McCormick, and McNevin advocated the policy of waiting for French assistance. Emmet afterwards admitted that this de- pendence on French assistance was ulti- mately fatal, and that Bonaparte was the "worst enemy Ireland ever had." The Government, having allowed the plans of the Society to reach sufficient maturity, availed themselves of the services of Rey- nolds, the informer, and on the 1 2th March 1 798 the deputies were arrested at Oliver Bond's, in Bridge-street. Emmet and others were taken at their houses, ex amin ed at the Castle, and after a few days committed to Newgate. There was no specific charge against Emmet, but he was rightly regard- ed as one of the most formidable opponents of the Government. Soon after his com- mittal, his wife managed to visit him, and with the connivance of the jailers, and through her own determination and firm- ness, she was permitted to reside with him during the whole term of his incar- ceration of twelve months in Newgate and Kolmainham. Meanwhile, during the sum- mer, abortive risings took place in different parts of the country, and after the engage- ments of Antrim, Ballinahinch, and Vine- gar HiU in June, and the capitulation of Ovidstown on the 12th July, all hopes from insurrection were over. Blood now flowed in torrents, and with a view to arrest the slaughter, Emmet and other State-prison- ers entered into an agreement with the Government, by which they bound them- selves to disclose aU the workings and plans of the association, without implicating per- sons, upon condition that the Government should stop the executions, and allow him and his companions to leave the country. Emmet's examination before Parliamentary Committees took place in August. He defended the policy of the United Irishmen, and showed that revolution was inevitable after the rejection of the moderate demands 167 EMM EMM of the Irish people for reform in Par- liament — demands that embraced Church disestablishment, Catholic emancipation, a national system of education, freedom of commerce, and a reform of the criminal code. In the course of his observations, he remarked: "I have no doubt that if they [the United Irishmen] could flatter themselves that the object next their hearts would be accomplished peaceably, by a re- form, they would prefer it infinitely to a revolution and republic." The gradual improvement of the condition of the peo- ple, in spite of evils complained of, being urged, he declared it was "post hoc sed non ex hoc." A study of these exami- nations will show the nature of the early claims of the United Irishmen, and on the other hand, how convinced Castlereagh and the Government were that the con- cession of reform was incompatible with "constitutional government." The Govern- ment, it is said, published a garbled report of these examinations; the State prisoners replied by advertisement in some of the papers. Upon the plea that this was a breach of faith, and in consequence of the objections of Eufus King, the American Minister in London, to the deportation of rebels to the United States, the Govern- ment altered its intentions (according to Emmet's account, broke faith), and on the 26th March 1799, after a year's im- prisonment, Emmet, O'Connor, Neilson, and seventeen companions were embarked in the Aston Stnith transport, landed at Gooroch on the 30th March, and imprison- ed in Fort George, Inverness-shire. The governor, Stuart, was a humane man, and did all in his power to alleviate their con- finement and mitigate the harsh orders of the Irish executive. About the close of 1 800 Mrs. Emmet was permitted to join her hus- band, with her three boys, Eobei-t, Thomas, and John. Their youngest child, Jane Erin, was born in Fort George. After three years' continement, all the prisoners were liberated, and they landed in Holland, 4th July 1802. From this date, until October 1804, Emmet resided successively at Hamburg, Brussels, Paris, and on other parts of the Continent. He considered him- self absolved from any promise of abstain- ing from action against the Government. In the end of September 1 803 he received in Paris the news of his brother Robert's execution, and in the following December he had an interview with Bonaparte, and presented a memorial relative to an Irish expedition. Under the command of General MacSheehy, the United Irishmen in France formed themselves into a battalion, and prepared to take part in the invasion 168 promised by the First Consul in a com- munication to Mr. Emmet, dated 13th December 1803. Their hopes for a time ran high, as active preparations for invasion went forward ; but they were doomed to disappointmen t . In April 1 804 Bonaparte's plans were changed, and on the 4th October Emmet embarked with all his family at Bordeauxfor the United States. During his residence in France all who were nearest and dearest to him in Ireland had been swept away by death — father, mother, brother, and sister. His intention after landing was to settle in one of the western States, but friends who knew his abilities opened the way for his appearance at the New York Bar, and there his success and advance- ment were more rapid than he had dared to hope. From the first he accepted the States as his adopted country, he seldom referred to the past, and he was happy in his family and in the society of many of his old friends who had settled in New York. His first case was one in which he was employed by some members of the Society of Friends to secure the liberty of slaves who had escaped into New York. Dr. Madden quotes the following: "His efibrt is said to have been overwhelming. The novelty of his manner, the enthusiasm which he exhibited, his broad Irish accent, his pathos and violence of gesture, created a variety of sensations in the audience. His republican friends said that his fortune was made, and they were right." From the first he attached himself to the Repub- lican party. His profession soon brought him in from $10,000 to $15,000 a year. That his opinions regarding Irish affairs remained unchanged, maybe gathered from an extract from a letter to a friend who in after years urged him to revisit Ireland : " I am too proud, when vanquished, to assist by my presence in gracing the triumph of the victor ; and with what feelings should I tread on Irish ground? As if I were walking over graves — and those the graves of my nearest relations and dearest friends. No; I can never wish to be in Ireland, except in such a way as none of my old friends connected with the Government could wish to see me placed in. As to my children, I hope they will love liberty too much ever to fix a voluntary residence in an enslaved country." On Wednesday, the 14th November 1827 he was seized with an apoplectic fit in the United States Circuit Court of New York, and on being conveyed home, expired in the course of the night. The difterent courts were ad- journed, and he was interred with every mark of public respect in St. Mark's Church, Broadway, New York, where EMM a monolith, with inscriptions in English, Latin, and Irish, marks his resting place. Thomas A. Emmet was six feet tall, and stooped somewhat ; his face wore a sedate, calm look ; he was near-sighted, and used an eye-glass frequently. Pleasant and play- ful in his family circle, abroad he was courteous and polished, dignified and self- respecting, without anything approaching to arrogance or self-sufficiency. His widow survived him nineteen years, and died in New York, at the house of her son-in-law, Mr. Graves, on loth November 1846, aged 71. Particulars of the other members of the Emmet family will be found in Mad- den's Lives of the United Irishmen, also in Notes and (Queries, 3rd Series. ^31 Emmet, Kobert, brother of preceding, was born in Molesworth-street, Dublin, iu 1778. Shortly after his birth his father removed to 109 Stephen's-greeu West (comer of Lamb-lane). There, and at Casino, his father's country place near Milltown, his early years were passed. He was sent to Oswald's school, in Dop- ping's-court, oflf Golden-lane ; subsequently he was removed to Samuel White's semi- nary in Graf ton-street ; and was afterwards put under the care of Rev. Mr. Lewis, of Camden-street. On 7th October 1793 he entered Trinity College. His college course, like his brother's, was brilliant. He exhibited great aptitude for the exact sciences, especially mathematics and chem- istry. He took a prominent part in the Historical Society, and espoused the na- tional side in the political debates. Thomas Moore, his fellow-student, thus describes his oratory : "I have heard little since that appeared to me of a loftier, or, what is a far more rare quality in Irish eloquence, purer character; and the efi"ects it pro- duced, as well from its own exciting power, as from the susceptibility with which his audience caught up every allusion to pass- ing events, was such as to attract at last the serious attention of the Fellows ; and by their desire one of the scholars, a man of advanced standing and reputation for oratory, came to attend our debates, ex- pressly for the purpose of answering Emmet, and endeavouring to neutralize the impressions of his fervid eloquence." In April 1798 the Lord-Chancellor held a formal visitation for the purpose of in- quiring into the extent of the sympathy with the United Irishmen existing in the College. Robert Emmet, on being sum- moned, wrote a letter to the Fellows re- questing his name ta be taken off the books, and indignantly denouncing the proposed proceedings. In this he is said to have had his father's approval. Some EMM fervid writings by Moore and Counsellor Walsh (the author of Ireland Sixty Tears Ago) were in truth the cause of this visitation. Emmet's professional prospects were now blighted ; his brother, Thomas Addis, was in prison, and a warrant was out for his own arrest. We know little of his life for some years. Probably he acted occasionally as confidential agent for his brother and others of the United Irish leaders then in confinement. In 1800 he visited his brother Thomas in prison at Fort George, and passed on for a tour on the Continent — visiting Belgium, France, Switzerland, and Spain. On his way back he rested at Amsterdam, and met his brother, then released from confinement, at Brussels. Robert appears at this time to have been much engaged in the study of works on military science. The leading United Irishmen then on the Continent were resolved on renewing their efibrts, in the event of a rupture between England and Fi-ance — regarding the struggle in Ire- land as only suspended. Napoleon gave positive written assurance of his intention to secure the independence of Ireland. In the autumn of 1 802 Robert had inter- views with Napoleon and Talleyrand, and was strongly impressed with the insin- cerity of the former, believing that if he did interfere in the aflfairs of Ireland, it would be merely to advance his own designs. The impression left on his mind by these interviews was that Napoleon would probably invade England in August 1803. He returned to Ireland in October 1802. The day before his departure from Paris, he dined iu company with Lord Cloncm-ry and Surgeon Lawless. Lord Cloncurry afterwards related how Emmet spoke of his plans for a revolutionai-y movement in Ireland with a view to se- curing its independence "wdth extreme enthusiasm — his features glowed with ex- citement ; the perspiration burst through the pores, and ran down his forehead." On arriving in Ireland, he at once took the lead in a plan for insurrection the follow- ing summer. He had about .£3,000 in cash , his owTi fortune, and some ^1,400 advanced by a Mr. Long. His father and mother were then residing at Casino, and he remained there in seclusion for some weeks. In preparation for future possibilities, he formed hiding places between the floors at Casino, as he afterwards did at the house near Harold's-cross bridge where he was arrested. His father's death, in December 1 802, left him more at liberty to pursue his plans. In the course of the spring he estab- lished depots of arms in Dublin, at Irish- town, Patrick-street, and at Marshalsea- 169 EMM lane, where about forty men were engaged in mauufacturing pikes, gunpowder, rock- ets, and explosive materials. Emmet's ar- rangements included an attack on Dublin Castle and Pigeon-house Fort, and all the details of an elaborate system of street warfare were set down on paper. The better to conceal his plana, he, under the name of EUis, took a farm-house in But- terfield-lane, near Eathfaraham. He was untiring in his exertions, corresponding with his friends in the surrounding dis- tricts, and superintending the depots, undis- mayed by failures or mischances — always firm, determined, and hopeful. His printed proclamations and plans of government were conceived in a lofty and generous spirit; life and property were to be re- spected, religious equality upheld, con- stituencies were to be represented in pro- portion to population, in the national government he contemplated. He had not intended his rising before August, when he expected Napoleon to invade England ; but an explosion in Patrick-street depot on the 1 6th of July hastened the devel- opment of aU his plans, and he took up his abode in the Marshalsea-lane depot. "There," says Dr. Madden, "he lay at night on a mattress, surrounded by all the implements of death, devising plans, turn- ing over in his mind all the fearful chances of the intended struggle, well knowing that his life was at the mercy of upwards of forty individuals, who had been or still were employed in the depots; yet con- fident of success, exaggerating its pros- pects, extenuating the difficulties which beset him, judging of others by himself, thinking associates honest who seemed to be so, confiding in their promises, and animated, or rather inflamed, by a burn- ing sense of the wrongs of his country, and enthusiastic in his devotion to what he considered its rightful cause." 33» He now fixed upon Saturday 23rd July for carrying uis schemes into execution. The morning of that day found him and his companions divided in their plans. Consultations were held at the depot in Thomas-street, at Long's in Crow-street, and Allen's in College-green. The Wicklow men under Dwyer had not come in; the Kildare men came in, but dispersed at five in the afternoon through some mis- understanding ; a contingent of 250 from Wexford were at hand, but without definite orders ; so it was with a large body assem- bled at the Broadstone. "There is one grand point," remarked Emmet, "no lead- ing Catholic is committed — we are all Protestants, and their cause will not be compromised." At length, about nine in 170 EMM the evening, when Emmet was confused, heart-sick, and desperate, a report was brought that the military were in motion against them. " If that be the case, we may as well die in the street as cooped up here," he remarked, and putting on a uniform, he distributed arms, sent up a rocket to call in the country contingents, and at the head of about one hundred men sallied out of Marshalsea-lane into Thomas-street, and directed his steps towards the Castle, crying, as he drew his sword, "Come on, my boys." The stragglers in the rear soon perpetrated acts of pillage and assassina- tion — Lord Kilwarden, a humane and popular judge (hastening to a Privy Council at the Castle), was dragged out of his coach and murdered. News of these proceedings reached Emmet, and he hastened back in horror ; but the mob were beyond control, and conscious at last that all was over, he hastened out to Eathfarnham. There was some desultory fighting in Thomas-street and on the Coombe, where Colonel Browne and several soldiers were killed. In less than an hour the rout of Emmet's party was complete. Troops were now poured into Dublin, within a few hours martial- law was proclaimed, and the executions and the reign of terror that followed 1 798 recommenced. Meanwhile his friend Rus- sell had as completely failed in his efibrts to rouse an insurrection in the north of Ireland. Emmet and a few companions remained at Butterfield-lane for nearly two days ; and then, hearing that the house was to be searched, fled to the mountains. The father of their servant Anne Devlin procured horses, and accompanied them. A few days afterwards, Anne Devlin went up to the mountains with letters, and found Emmet and his friends sitting outside a cabin stiU in their uniforms, as they had been unable to procure other clothes. In aU probability he might have escaped to France, had he not insisted upon returning with Anne Devlin for the purpose of taking leave of Sarah Curran, daughter of John Philpot Curran, to whom he was engaged. He concealed himself at the house of a Mrs. Palmer, at Harold's- cross, and while there drew up a paper for transmission to Government, in the hope that it would stop the prosecutions and executions. His hiding-place was not discovered until 25 th August, when he was arrested by Major Sirr, about seven o'clock in the evening. We are yet unacquainted with the name of his betrayer — to whom .£1,000 was paid over on ist November ensuing. Emmet was at once taken to the Castle, and thence removed to Kilmainham. Vigorous but ineffectual EMM efforts were made to procure his escape. His trial for high treason came on at Green- street on 19th September. It is stated that he had previously offered to plead guilty if the Government would return to him an in- tercepted letter to Sarah Curran. The pro- ceedings occupied but one day. Burrowes, his leading counsel, has often related that whenever he attempted to disconcert any Government witness, Emmet would inter- pose with: "No, no; the man's speaking truth ;" and when Burrowes was about to avail himself of the privilege of reply, at the close of the case for the Crown, Emmet whispered : "Pray do not attempt to defend me; it is all in vain." The jury brought in a verdict of guilty. Kobert Emmet's speech before sentence has often been re- marked upon as one of the most thrilling pieces of oratory delivered under Hke cir- cumstances. He was repeatedly interrupted in its delivery by Lord Norbury, the pre- siding judge, who conducted the trial in a spirit of great harshness towards the prisoner. Dr. Madden says: "No pub- lished report gives any adequate idea of the effect its delivery produced on the minds of his auditors. Emmet pronounced the speech in so loud a voice as to be dis- tinctly heard at the outer doors of the court-house ; and yet, though he spoke in a loud voice, there was nothing boisterous in its delivery, or forced or affected in his manner ; his accents and cadence of voice, on the contrary, were exquisitely modu- lated. His action was very remarkable; its greater or lesser vehemence correspond- ed with the rise and fall of his voice." The trial closed at half-past ten o'clock at night, by a sentence of death, to be carried into effect next day. He was immediately heavily ironed, and placed in a cell in Newgate, hard by the court, and at mid- night was removed to Kilmainham. He spent part of the night in writing a long letter to his brother, explaining and jus- tifying his conduct. (This letter was never delivered. Many years afterwards its contents reached Thomas Addis Emmet through the press.) His last houx's were spent in religious exercises and conver- sation with his friends. He rejoiced on hearing of the death of his mother a few days previously, as he hoped the sooner to meet her in the other world. He declared his political principles to be unchanged. About noon he wrote a letter to Eichard Curran respecting his love for his sister Sarah. He had already during the night written to the father, justifying his en- gagement with his daughter. About one o'clock he was conveyed under a strong guard to Thomas-street, where, at the EMM corner of the pavement by St. Catherine's Chm-ch, a scaffold had been erected. He ascended the steps with firmness, and addressed the crowd in a sonorous voice : "My friends, I die in peace and with sen- timents of universal love aiid kindness towards all men." The halter was then placed round his neck, the plank on which he stood was tilted from beneath him, and after hanging a few minutes the head was severed from the body, and held up to the crowd. (This was 20th September 1 803 ; he was aged 24.) His remains, first interred in BuUy's-acre, near Kilmain- ham Hospital, are said to have been afterwards removed either to St. Michan's or to old Glasnevin churchyai'd. In his speech before sentence he had made the request : " Let no man write my epitaph; for as no man who knows my motives dares now vindicate them, let not prejudice nor ignorance asperse them. ' Let them rest in obscurity and peace: my memory be left in oblivion, and my tomb remain uninscribed, until other times and other men can do justice to my character. When my country takes her place among the nations of the earth, then, and not tiS then, let my epitaph be written." Robert Emmet is described as slight in person; his features were regular, his forehead high, his eyes bright and full of expres- sion, his nose sharp, thin, and straight, the lower part of his face slightly pock- pitted, his complexion sallow. All with whom he came in contact were impressed with the sincerity of his convictions. The uniform in which he arrayed himself on the day of the rising (a green coat with white facings, white breeches, top-boots, and a cocked hat with feathers) has in Ireland become historical. Emmet was the author of several pieces of poetry, which will be found in his memoir by Dr. Madden. Sarah Curran, cruelly disowned by her father for her attachment to Emmet, was kindly received into the family of Mr. Pen- rose, a member of the Society of Friends residing near Cork, and two years after- wards (24th November 1805) married Cap- tain Sturgeon, nephew of the Marquis of Rockingham, and accompanied him to the Mediterranean. Before her return to the United Kingdom she gave birth to a child, whose early death hastened a decline that seized her. She died at Hythe in Kent, 5th May 1808. Her father is stated to have refused a last request that she might be buried with a favourite sister in the lawn of his residence, the Priory, Eath- farnham, and she was interred with her ancestors, at Newmarket, County of Cork. 171 ENG England, John, Bishop of Carolina and Georgia, was born in Cork, 23rd September 1786. He entered Carlow Col- lege in 1803, and while there founded a female penitentiary, and poor schools for both sexes. Admitted to orders at Cork in 1808, he was soon appointed Lecturer at the North Chapel and Chaplain of the prisons. There he edited a religious magazine, and distinguished himself in the cause of Catholic Emancipation. The courage of his utterance more than once brought him before the courts; on one occasion he was fined ^1500. After filling other appointments, he was in 1817 made parish priest of Brandon. In 1820 he was appointed Bishop of Carolina and Georgia, and settled at Charleston, South Carolina. There he established the Catholic Miscellany, the first Catholic paper in the United States, and otherwise exerted him- self to extend Catholicism. His writings in favour of slavery attracted considerable attention. In 1832 he travelled in Europe, and spent some time in Rome, when the Pope appointed him Legate to Hayti. He died at Charleston, nth April 1842, aged 55. His works were published in 5 vols. 8vo. in 1849. '* ^'* ^' England, Sir Richard, Lieutenant- General, one who advanced the early colonization of western portions of Upper Canada, was bom at LiflFord, County of Clare. Aa Captain in the 47th Regiment of British troops, he was wounded at Bunker's Hill. He served with distinction through the American Revolutionary war, and at one time was Commandant of Detroit. He died 7th November 181 2. 37* English, William, Rev., was born at Newcastle, County of Limerick. He began life as a schoolmaster at Castletownroche and Charleville, and afterwards entered the Augustinian order. He had already become celebrated as a Gaelic poet. His writings '^ontain several allusions to the Pretender. Perhaps his best known piece is "Cashel of Munster," excellently trans- lated by Samuel Ferguson. He died in Cork, 13th January 1778, where he was buried in St. John's churchyard. "^'^ Ensor, George, a voluminous writer, was born in Dublin in 1769. His first publication. The Prhiciples of Morality, appeared in 1 801 ; a Refutation of Malthus, in 18 18. He died in 1843. His work On the Defects of English Laws and Tribunals is styled by a legal critic "A rambling, desultory, fault-finding, ill-digested volume, in which the author finds little to praise, and much to blame." '^ 39 Erard, Saint, missionary of Ratisbon, was born, probably near Lough Neagh, in 172 EUS the 7 th century. The particulars of his life are confused and somewhat contradic- tory. They ai-e given at full by O'Hanlon. All that is at all certain is that he was one of the many Irishmen engaged in mis- sionary labours upon the Continent. He died about 671. His festival is the 8th January. ''= Esmond, Sir Laurence, Lord Es- mond, descended from an ancient Wexford family, was born probably in the second half of the 1 6th century. In 1 60 1 -'2 he com- manded a troop of 1 50 foot and horse, was knighted by Sir Henry Sidney, and served the Queen in Connaught, with Murrough O'Flaherty and Sir Theobald Burke. In 1622, being Major-General of all the King's Irish forces, he was raised to the peerage as Lord Esmond. During one of his cam- paigns in Connaught he fell in love with and married a beautiful Catholic lady, the sister of O'Flaherty. After the birth of their son Thomas, she carried him away to her Connaught relatives, so that he might be reared in her own faith, where- upon Lord Esmond entered into a union with Elizabeth, grand-daughter of the 9th Earl of Ormond. Lord Esmond was for many years Governor of Duncannon Fort, on the Suir. In the 4th Book of Carte's Ormond will be found full particulars of his negotiations in 1644 with the Duke regarding the custody of the fort, and of his ultimately going over to the side of the Parliament. He died 26th March 1646. From his son, before mentioned, Sir Thomas Esmond, Bart., a General of Horse in the armies of Charles I., the present Esmonds of Ballynastra, County of Wexford, are descended. 5= 53 S4 =71 Eustace, or FitzEustace, Sir Ro- land, Lord Fortlester, was descended from a branch of the Geraldines to whom Henry II. had granted the country round Naas. In 1454 he was appointed Deputy to Richard, Duke of York ; and again in 1462 he filled the same oflUce for the Duke of Clarence. Subsequently he was tried for plotting with the Earl of Desmond, and ac- quitted. Created Lord Portlester, he mar- ried Margaret, daughter of Janico d' Artois, by whom he had two daughters ; the elder married Gerald, 8th Earl of Kildare. He held the office of Treasurer of Ireland for many years, and was in 1474 appointed to the custody of the great seal, which six years afterwards he refused to surren- der when the King granted the post to another. This was for a time a great hindrance to public business, until the King authorized the construction of a new great seal for Ireland by Thomas Arch- bold, Master of the King's Mint in Ire- EUS land, and that in Eustace's hands was "damned, annulled, and suspended," while his acts Jis Treasurer were also repudiated. A turbulent spirit was at that period shown by many of those who should have been foremost among the King's supporters. Eustace refused to give up the seal ; his son-in-law Kildare positively declined to admit a new Lord-Deputy, Lord Grey; James Keating, Constable of Dublin Castle, broke down the drawbridge, and defied the Deputy and his three hun- dred archers and men-at-arms to gain admittance ; and the Mayor of Dublin pro- claimed that no subsidy should be paid the Earl; while a parliament held at Naas repudiated Lord Grey's authority ; and one summoned at Trim declared the proceed- ings of Kildare's parliament at Naas null and void. Lord Portlester died 14th De- cember 1496, and was buried at Cotlands- town, County of Kildare. Two monu- ments were erected to his memory — one in the new abbey, Kilcullen, which he had founded in 1460; the other in St. Audoen's Church, Dublin, where he had built a chapel to the Virgin. 5= 76 Eustace, James, 3rd Viscount Baltiuglass, a descendant of preceding, who distinguished himself in the Desmond war, was born early in the i6th century. Having with other lords of the Pale complained in 1576 to Elizabeth that their liberties and privileges had been annulled by the imposition of a cess, and that no tax ought to be levied upon them but by Act of Parliament, he was, with Lords Delvin, Howth, and Trimleston, committed prisoner to the Castle of Dublin, while their lawyers, whom they sent to re- present their case to the Queen, were committed to the Tower of London. Mr. Richeysays: "The opponents of the cess were the best and most loyal of the Pale — Baltinglass, Delvyn, Nugent, Howth, Plunket, Sarsfield, Nenagh, and Talbot. Thus all these thoroughly English gentle- men were laid in prison in the Castle for stating that although most willing to supply the necessities of the Government, they objected to illegal exactions, forbidden by a series of Acts of Parliament, and which every Deputy had denounced as mischie- vous and un j ust." After a year's con finement they gave way ; " but," says Mr. Froude, " they went home in bitter humour, and the rebellion in the south was a sore temptation to them. Had they risen when Desmond rose, the resources of English power would have been severely tried. , . [Baltinglass] was a passion- ate Romanist ; but besides his creed he was connected in blood with the marauding EUS tribes of the "Wicklow mountains. He was the owner of Glenmalure, the scene of the murderous performance of the Naas garrison, and the victims of that remark- able atrocity were dependants of the house of Eustace." [See Sidney, Sir Henry.] After vainly endeavouring to persuade the Earl of Kildare to rise with him, he, in the middle of July 1580, threw oflF his allegiance, and sent letters to his friends asking them to join in defending their country and their religion from the assaults of the English, saying : "A woman incapa- ble of orders could not be head of the Church — a thing which Christ did not grant to his own mother." The Four Mas- ters thus relate his proceedings : " James Eustace . . broke down his castles, after having embraced the Catholic faith and renounced his sovereign ; so that war and disturbance arose on the arrival of Arthur, Lord Grey, in Ireland, as Lord- Justice. The Kavanaghs, Kinsellaghs, Byrnes, Tooles, Gaval-Rannall, and the surviving part of the inhabitants of Offaly and Leix, flocked to the assistance of James Eustace ; so that from the Slaney to the Shannon, and from the Boyne to the meeting of the Three Waters, became one scene of strife and dissension." One of Lord Grey's first acts was to collect a large force and march against him and his con- federates entrenched in Glenmalure. Possibly they were put upon their guard by the Earl of Kildare, who was in Lord Grey's company. The English force of 800 men was led into an ambuscade and cut off" almost to a man— Sir Peter Carew, Colonel John Moor, and Francis Cosby being amongst the slain, and the Lord- Deputy Grey escaping with difficulty. After this success Lord Baltinglass appears to have hastened to join the Desmonds and their Spanish allies in Kerry, and to have taken an active part in the Desmond war. His fortunes, after the death of the Earl of Desmond in 1583, are thus related by Holinshed : " The Viscount of Baltinglass, being aduertised of the death of the earle of Desmond, which was no small gi*ief vnto him, and he also verie wearie of his trotting and wandering on foot amongst bogs, woods, and desert places (being al- together distressed, and in great miserie, and now destitute of all his friends and acquaintances, and not able to hold head anie longer against her maiestie's force), did embarke himself e for Spaine, in hope to haue some releefe and succor, and to procure some aid from the King of Spaine ; and by that meanes to be of some abilitie to renew his force and re- bellion. But he found in the end verie 173 EUS small comfort. And therefore of a verie melancholie greefe and sorrow of mind, as it is thought, he died, being in verie extreame pouertie and need." His death is supposed to have taken place in 1583. By an ex post facto law, known as the Statute of Baltinglass, the Eustaces were deprived of their estates and titles. Sir Bernard Burke cites strong reasons in favour of the present representative of the family being legally entitled to the viscountcy. 5= S3 134 uo 164 174 Eustace, Sir DflCaurice, Lord-Chan- cellor, descended from family of preceding, was born at his father's seat at Castle- martin, about 1 590. He gained a fellow- ship at Trinity College, and was called to the Bar, where he soon distinguished himself. He was a clear-headed man, and lost no opportunity of advancing his own interests in those disturbed times, and received grants of Harristown and other lands forfeited by Lord Baltinglass. As sergeant-at-law he attracted the notice of Lord Strafford, and in 1639 he was elected Speaker of the Irish House of Commons. His bombastic inauguration speech, given in Flanagan's Chancellors, is singularly illustrative of the times. In the Journals of the House of Commons under 1647, is to be found his complaint concerning the stealing of his cattle from Clontarf for the use of the army. After the Restoration, in 1660, he was appointed Lord-Chancellor ; but as he was one of the Lords-Justices, Archbishop Bramhall was appointed Speaker of the Lords. He op- posed some of the most unjust results of the Acts of Settlement and Explanation. He continued Chancellor until failing health obliged him to resign the seals to Ai-ch- bishop Boyle. He delighted in rural af- fairs, and his demesne at Harristown came to be regarded as the most beautiful seat in Ireland. The ex-Chancellor died in 1665, leaving his estates in Kildare, Dub- lin, and v/icklow, besides the Abbey of Cong, to his nephews. Sir John and Sir Maurice Eustace; also a "great house" (which probably gave its name to Eustace- street) in Dame-street, to Trinity College for the maintenance of a Hebrew lecturer. He was interred in St. Patrick's Cathedral. 76 Eustace, John Chetwode, Eev., bom about 1765, received his education at Stonyhurst, and in 1795 accepted the pro- fessorship of belles-lettres at Maynooth. He travelled on the Continent as a tutor, and published the results of his observations in 18 1 3 in his Classical Tour through Italy. It ran through six editions in eight years. Lady Morgan is said to have made it the 174 FAC basis of her well-known work on Italy; but it has now fallen into disfavour. He was engaged in collecting materials for a supplementary volume, when he was carried off by fever at Naples in 1 8 1 5 . Hobhouse speaks of him as " one of the most inaccurate and unsatisfactory writers that have in our times attained a temporary reputation." He was the author of an Elegy to Burke and other works of minor importance. '^ ^9 Evans, Sir De Lacy, Lieutenant- General, K.C.B,, was bom at Moig, County of Limerick, in 1787. He entered the 22nd Regiment as ensign in 1807, and served three years in India; afterwards joining the 3rd Light Dragoons, he served with distinction in Spain and Portugal in the campaigns of i8i2-'i3-'i4. He was espe- cially commended by Wellington for his survey of the Pyrenees. Early in 18 14, having become brevet Lieutenant-Colonel of the 5th West India Regiment, he was ordered to America. At the battle of Bladensburg, 24th August 1 8 14, he had two horses shot under him. It was he who, at the head of 100 men, acting under orders of General Ross, forced the Capitol at Washington. He also took part in the attack on Baltimore. He was wounded before New Orleans, 8th January 181 5, and was sent home. He recovered in time to join Wellington at Quatre Bras, where he had two horses killed \uider him, and remained on Wellington's staff during the occupation of France. His next mili- tary employment was in 1835, when he commanded the British Legion of io,cxx> men in Spain, in aid of Queen Isabella against Don Carlos. After his return in 1837 he entered Parliament as member for Westminster — a seat he held for almost thirty years, until he retired from political life in 1865. During the Crimean war he commanded the second division of the British army as Lieutenant-General, par- ticularly distinguishing himself at the Alma. At Inkerman (5th November 1 854) he rose from a sick bed to join his division, refusing to take the honours of the day from General Pennefather, who was in actual command under him. He received the thanks of the House of Commons on his re- turn in February 1855. He was gazetted General in 1861, having already received the grand cross of the Bath and of the Legion of Honour. He resigned his seat in Parliament in 1865, on account of ki- creasing infirmities, and died 9th January 1870, aged 82. 37. Fachtna, Saint, was established as first Bishop of Ross before 570, having been previously Abbot of Molana, a monas- FAE tery on an island in the river Black water, in the County of Waterford. His school at Boss [Ross Carbery, in the County of Cork] was one of the most celebrated in Ireland, and continued to be so esteemed even after his death, which took place in the forty- sixth year of his age, and towards the close of the 6th century. His festival is the 14th of August. "5 Farqnliar, George, actor and drama- tist, was born at Londonderry in 1678, and received his education at Trinity College, whence he was expelled for a jest on a sacred exercise. Through the influence of Wilks, the actor, he obtained an engage- ment at Smock -alley Theatre, at a salary of 20s. a week. After two years, however, he left the stage, in consequence of having, in the course of a performance, accidentally wounded a brother actor. He accompanied "Wilks to London, where the Earl of Orrery gave him a commission in his regiment. In 1698 he published Love and a Bottle. It was eminently successful, and other popular plays followed from his pen, such as The CotistmU Couple, Sir Harry Wildair. About 1700 he served in Holland with his regiment. Ultimately selling out of the army, he was reduced to great misery, notwithstanding the popularity of his plays. He died in April 1707, aged 29, and was buried in the churchyard of St. Martin's- in-the-Fields, London. He left two help- less children to the care of his friend "Wilks. "The appearance of his comedies may be regarded as an important epoch in the history of the English drama ; . . he was the first to write in an easy flowing style, equally removed from the pedantic stifihessof Congi-eve,and the formal, court- ly viciousness of the Etherege school." 9? Licentious as his plays may now appear, they were purer than many of his contem- poraries'. As a player, his merits were of an ordinary stamp. 9? =86 339 Farren, Elizabeth, Countess of Derby, an actress, was born in 1759 at Cork, where her father, George Farren, was a surgeon and apothecary. His drinking habits brought on bankruptcy and early death, and his widow returned to her relatives in Liverpool, and went on the stage to support herself and her three children. Elizabeth, when scarcely more than a child, became an actress, and gave so much promise of excellence, and was endowed with such delicacy of mind and refinement of man- ners, that she soon became a public favour- ite. After her early novitiate, she never consented to appear in male attire, and thus shut herself out from many characters in which her rival and countrywoman, Mrs. Woffington, shone. After playing FAU in the provinces, in June 1777 she made her appearance in London, at the Hay- market, as "MissHardcastle" in She Stoops to Conquer. Her reception, though favour- able, was by no means enthusiastic. Next year she played at Drury-lane, and her talents were there fully appreciated : during the summer vacations she filled up her time at the Haymarket and in the pro- vinces. She had not been many seasons on the London stage, when by her purity of life and her professional success she obtained the entree of the fashionable world, and occasionally took peirt in, and conducted the stage arrangements at the private theatricals of the nobility. It was thus she first became acquainted with the Earl of Derby. Mr. Fox was one of her ardent admirers. The Earl of Derby was at this time married, but separated from his wife — the marriage had been most unhappy. Miss Farren is thus described at this period : "Her figure is considerably above the middle height, and is of that slight texture which requires the use of full and flowing drapery ; her face, though not regularly beautiful, is animated and prepossessing ; her eye, which is blue and penetrating, is a powerful feature when she chooses to employ it on the public, and either flashes with spirit, or melts with softness ; her voice we never thought to possess extreme sweetness, but it is refined and feminine ; and her smile fasci- nates the heart, as her form delights the eye." On 14th March 1797 the Countess of Derby died ; a month afterwards Miss Farren took leave of the stage in her favourite character of " Lady Teazle," and on the 8th May she was married to the Earl of Derby. She was received at Court with peculiar favour by Queen Charlotte. She died 29th April 1829, aged 70. Her husband survived her five years. For notes regarding her ancestry, see Notes and Queries, 3rd Series. ^ 54 ^^i^6s) =86 •Pa. TiThTt er, George, a well-known pub- lisher, was born in Dublin 1 699. He settled in Dublin as a printer and publisher soon after 1726, and there made a fortune by his Journal and other publications. He was satirized by Foote, in the character of " Peter Paragraph," and commenced a suit against him, which was dropped on the in- terference of Lord Townshend. He was well knowTi as Swift's printer, and as having undergone imprisonment on account of the Dean's publications. For the rest, he was an alderman, vain and fussy, though not devoid of taste, who gave brilliant entertainments to literary men and per- sons of rank. His name is mentioned in many anecdotes relating to Swift. Some 175 FEI of his work is creditable to the charac- ter of Dublin printing of the time. He died 30th August 1775, aged about 76. The bust of the Dean, intended for a niche in front of Faulkner's house in Parliament- street, was by his nephew presented to St. Patrick's Cathedral, where it is now placed over the Dean's tomb. In Notes and Queries, 2nd Series, will be found an in- teresting discussion relative to Faulkner's editions of Swift's works. '"' "° ^^4 Feichin, Saint, said to have been de- scended from Con the Hundred Fighter, was born early in the 7th century. Having finished his studies under St. Nathy, and being ordained for the priesthood, he re- tired to Fore, in the County of Westmeath, where he gathered round him a commu- nity of 300 monks. He founded another establishment on the island of Inishmaan, one of the Aran Islands, oflp the coast of Galway. Most of his life was passed in retirement and self-mortification, and he died of a pestilence that raged over Ireland in 665. His festival is the 20th January, This saint is venerated in Scotland as St. Vigeon. "» =34 Felim, King of Munster, and for a time monarch of Ireland in the 9th cen- tury, is by some writers represented as having rivalled the worst deeds of the Danes in the devastation of his country, taking advantage of their incursions to plunder and lay waste the land. In one engagement he defeated the Ard-E.igh Nial Caille, and carried ofi" his daughter Gorm- laith. O'Mahony says: "That he was nevertheless a brave and wise prince, within the limits of his own principality, may be judged from the fact that Munster was kept comparatively free from the ravages of the Northmen during his life- time." O'Curry styles him "a distin- guished scholar and a scribe." He died 1 8th August 845. His name is in Irish spelled F°-^.hlimidh. '34 171 261 Fergus, one of the chiefs who headed the migration of the Irish to the Western Highlands of Scotland, about the beginning of the 6th century. He was the second son of Ere, King of Dalriada, and with his brothers Lorn and Angus made a success- ful settlement on the promontory of Can- tire about 503. Fergus took possession of Cantire, Lorn of the district which bears his name ; and Angus colonized Islay. Fer- gus is said to have died in 506, and to have been succeeded by his son Domangart. ^^ Fergus MacRoigH, King of Ulster, one of the heroes of Fenian romance, said to have flourished in the ist century. He won the hand of a beautiful widow Nessa, upon the condition that he would permit 176 FIE her son, Conor MacNessa, to sit beside him on the judgment seat of his kingdom for one year, and he allowed himself to be gradually supplanted in the affections of his people by Conor, who delighted them by his wisdom and kingly bearing. After- wards, when Conor had treacherously put to death the sons of Uisneach, for whose safety Fergus had pledged his honour, Fergus went into voluntary exile to the court of Meave and Ailill in Connaught. In the legend of the Tain Bo ChuaUgne he was the guide and director of the ex- pedition on the side of the Connaught men against Conor MacNessa, ; and, as it would appear, was himself the histo- rian of the war. He eventually fell a victim to the not unmerited jealousy of Ailill, husband of Meave, Queen of Con- naught, who caused him to be killed by a javelin, cast as he was swimming in Lough Ein, near Cruachan. It was by Fergus MacRoigh's grave that the seer Murgen was fabled afterwards to have re- covered the story of the great Tain Bo Chuailgne. [See Meave.] '?' '7' =^ Field, John, a distinguished pianist, was born in Dublin, 26th July 1782. His father was a violinist in a theatre ; from his gi-andfather, an organist, he received his first lessons on the piano ; these he per- fected under Clementi, after his family removed to London. Field accompanied his master on a Continental tour in 1802, and left a lasting impression in Paris by his performances, especially his rendering of the fugues of Bach. Master and pupil arrived in St. Petersburg towards the close of 1 803, and found so many admirers that Field remained behind to push his fortune. He received large sums for playing at con- certs and giving lessons. He was, how- ever, incurably lazy and addicted to drink, and thereby lost the opportunities afforded him of amassing a fortune. In 1822 he removed to Moscow, and there established himself with even ' greater honour and profit than attended his nineteen years' residence in St. Petersburg. In 1831 he revisited England, and performed in Lon- don; then he travelled through France, the Netherlands, and on to Italy, giving concerts with his usual success. Illness induced by dissipation compelled him to seek shelter in a Neapolitan hospital, where he remained several months, until rescued by a Russian family, who brought him back to Moscow. There he ended his days in indigence, nth January 1837, aged 54. Field had married a French pianiste, Mdlle. Charpentier, by whom he had one son, who became a distinguished Russian tenor — Leonoff. Field's musical abilities were of FIN Fm the highest order, and his published works were numerous. He is said to have been the originator of those pieces called "noc- turnes." 39 =5° Finaghty, James, an Irish astrologer and exorcist, flourished the end of the 17th century. He acquired a wonderful repu- tation for curing diseases by passes and incantations, and was followed at times by vast crowds, so that persons were trod- den to death in their eagerness to approach him. His deceptions were eventually un- masked by the efforts of Sir William Petty, and he sank into obscurity, "5(4) Finan, Saint, born in Ireland, was in 651 appointed successor of St, Aidan as Bishop of Lindisfarne, an island off" the eastern coast of Northumbria. He appears to have been educated at lona. In his efforts for the conversion of the surround- ing peoples, he was ably assisted by King Oswin, and he is specially noticed by the Venerable Bede as having borne an import- ant part in the conversion of the northern Saxons, In the differences concerning the time for holding Easter, he held to the precedents of the Western Church. He died towards the close of the 7th century, and his festival is generally celebrated upon the 9th January, ''^ Findley, William, a politician, was bom in the north of Ireland, about 1 750. He went to America in early life, served in the Revolutionary war, and at its close moved to Western Pennsylvania. A fluent speaker, he before long became a noted politician, entered the legislature, was a member of the State Constitution Convention, and was afterwards a member of Congress for more than one term. He opposed the adoption of the United States Constitution, and was a supporter of Jeffer- son. He published a Review of the Funding System in 1 794, a History of the Insurrec- tion in Western Pennsylvania in 1 796, and Observations, in which he vindicated re- ligious liberty. He died in Unity Town- ship, Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, 5th April 1 82 1. 37* Fiuen, or Fiunian, Saint, Bishop of Clonard, was a native of Leinster, born the end of the 5 th century. He was educated under Bishop Fortchern at Roscor, and when thirty years of age travelled in Britain, and became acquainted with Brit- ish saints and missionaries. Finen ulti- mately returned with several ecclesiastics, and landing at Carn, in the County of Wexford, settled at Clonard, on the Boyne, about 530, and founded there the renowned school with which his name has since been associated. Among his pupils were Ciaran and St. Columcille, We are told that " his usual food was bread and herbs ; his drink water. On festival days he used to indulge himself with a little fish and a cup of beer or whey. He slept on the bare ground, and a stone served him as a pillow." He died at Clonard in 552. He is the patron saint of the diocese of Meath, and his effigy is on the seal of the clergy. His festival is the 1 2th December. The Martyrology of Done- gal styles him " a doctor of wisdom, and tutor of the saints of Ireland in his time." 119 234 Finley, Samuel, D.D., a scholar and Presbyterian divine, was born in Armagh in 17 1 5. He arrived in Philadelphia in September 1 734, and was licensed to preach in 1740. He was ordained at New Bruns- wick in October 1742, and at once occupied himself in itinerant labours during the great revival of the day. Preaching in New Haven, contrary to a law of the colony forbidding unauthorized itinerant minis- try, he was seized by the authorities, and carried as a vagrant beyond its limits. From 1744 to 1761 he was settled at Not- tingham, Pennsylvania, and conducted an academy which acquired a high reputation. He was for some time principal of Prince- ton College — succeeding President Davies, whose sermons he edited. He was the author of some sermons and dissertations, Mr. Finley died in Philadelphia, 1 7th July 1766, aged about 51, 37* Finn MacCumhaill was a distin- guished chief who flourished in the 3rd century. He was son-in-law to King Cor- mac, being married in succession to his daughters Graine and Ailbe, Innumer- able stories are related of him — in Irish legend as "Finmacool," and in Scottish as Fingal. He was commander of the Fenian militia, a body of several thousand warriors maintained by the Irish monarchs of that age. In peace they are said to have numbered 9,000, in war, 2 1,000. In winter they lived in small parties on the in- habitants of the country, while in summer they maintained themselves by hunting and fishing. When Finn was on the point of being married to his first wife, Graine, she eloped with his friend Diarmaid. The wanderings of the lovers and Finn's pur- suit was one of the most fruitful themes of Fenian romance. Diarmaid eventually met his death from the thrust of a wild boar on Benbulben, in the County of Sligo, Finn's arrival on the scene before his rival's death, forms the subject of one of the most beautiful of Ferguson's Lays of the Western Oael. In addition to his warlike accom- plishments, Finn is reported to have pos- sessed the gifts of poetry, second sight, and healing. His principal residence was on 177 FIN Dun Almhain (the Hill of Allen, near Kil- dare) — an abode glowingly described in so many of his son Oisin's lays. The surround- ing rath or fortification is still traceable, even from a distance. His other abode was Moyelly in the present King's County. Moore says in his history : " It has been the fate of this popular Irish hero, after a long course of traditional renown in his country — where his name still lives, not only in legends and songs, but yet in the most indeUble records of scenery connected with his memory — to have been all at once transferred, by adoption, to another country [Scotland], and start under a new but false shape, in a fresh career of fame." The Four Masters state that Finn met his death in 283, at Rath-Breagha, near the Boyne, whither he had retired in his old age to pass the remainder of his life in tranquil- lity. He was killed by the blow of a fish- ing gafi", at the hands of one Athlach, and his death was avenged by Cailte Mac- Ronain, his faithful follower. '^ 134 171 Finnachta, King of Ireland, 686 to 693. His age is memorable on account of a British invasion of Ireland, a great cattle plague, a severe frost, and his crushing de- feat of the Leinster men in a battle at La- gore, near Dunshaughlin. Some remains of this encounter have been found in our own time. The invasion occurred in 683, when the British plundered Leinster, and carried away captives, who were afterwards returned at the intercession of St. Adam- nan. Bede declares that this expedition ended in the unhappy plunder and wasting by Saxon hands of a country most friendly to the English. At the request of Saint Moling, Finnachta is said to have remitted the Borromean tribute ofi" Leinster. He was killed in a battle near KeUs, in 693. 134 171 Finnbarr, or Bairre, Saint, a native of Connaught, was born in the 6th century, his original name being Lochan. He was educated in Leinster by MacCorb, afterwards travelled in Britain with St. Maidoc, and spent some time with St. David. In the beginning of the 7th cen- tury he founded his monastery on the banks of the Lee, on ground granted to him by a chief, Aedh. The number of students who flocked thither caused habi- tations to spring up, and the foundations of Cork to be laid. He was consecrated Bishop of the district, and died in 623 at Cloyne, after an episcopate of seventeen years. The most eminent of his disciples was St. Nessan. One of St. Finnbarr's favourite retreats was Glengarifi". His fes- tival is the 25th of September. The island of Lough Ere, now Gougauebarra, was 178 FIT his hermitage, and preserves his name. [Barra, gen. of Barr.] He is also patron saint of a northern diocese in Scotland. Dr. Richard Caulfield, of Cork, has pub- lished his life in Latin, with a collation of various MSS. "9 =^3 =J4 235 Finnbarr, Findia, or Finnian, Saint, Bishop and Abbot of Moville, near New- townards, in the County of Down, was born about the beginning of the 6tli century. He was educated by St. Colman of Dro- more, and thence passed to the school of Nennio, or Ninian, in North Britain. In 540 he established his famous school at Moville, where he died and was buried in 576. His festival is nth February. See concerning him in Reeves's Antiquities of Down and Connor. "' ^^* Finnerty, Peter, one of the ablest reporters of his time, was born at Lough- rea in 1766. At an early age he sought his fortune in Dublin, and became a printer. In 1797 he was printer and editor of the Press, the organ of the United Irishmen, to which both Curran and Moore are said to have contributed. On 22nd December 1797 he was tried for a libel on the Govern- ment concerning the trial and execution of Orr, and, refusing to disclose the name of the author, was sentenced to stand in the pillory, pay a fine, and suffer imprisonment for two yeai's. Arthur O'Connor, Lord Edward FitzGerald, and others of his party, attended him at the pillory in Green-street. At the expiration of the sentence he re- moved to London, and procured an engage- ment as reporter on the Morning Chronicle. He sailed as an army reporter with the Walcheren expedition in 1 809. Two years afterwards he was committed to Lincoln jail for eighteen months, for a libel on Lord Castlereagh. In the course of his defence on his trial, he made a false quantity in a Latin quotation, and was set right by Lord Ellenborough, whereupon he rejoined : " Pronounce it as you like, my lord, isn't the English of it the same." He memorial- ized the House of Commons against the treatment he received, and in the several discussions on the subject he was highly spoken of by Brougham, Romilly, Burdett, and Whitbread. He died at Westminster, I ith May 1822, aged 56. ^ "° =^S4C=) Fitton,WiQiani Henry, M.D.,F.R.S., an eminent geologist, was born in Dublin, January 1780. At Trinity College he ac- quired his degree of B. A. in 1 799. During a residence in Edinburgh, he formed the acquaintance of Sydney Smith, Jeffrey, Lord Brougham, and other eminent men ; and in 1809 ^^ removed to London. In 1 8 1 1 he began to write geological articles, the first being on the geological structure FIT of the neighbourhood of Dublin. In 1812 he settled as a physician at Northampton, occasionally contributing articles to the Edinburgh Review on his favourite study. As an original observer, he worked hard from 1824 to 1836, developing the true order of the secondary strata of England and France. He was President of the Geological Society, and a Fellow of the Royal and other scientific societies. He died in Loudon, 13th May 1861, aged 81. ''° FitzGerald, Maurice, one of the most prominent of the Anglo-Norman in- vaders of Ireland, was a son of Nesta, a Welsh princess [See Nesta], and Gerald FitzWalter, grandson of Lord Otho, an honorary Baron of England, said to have been descended from the Gherardini of Florence. [The Gherardini pedigree will be found in the Kilkenny Archceological Journal for 1877.] His descendants are consequently styled Geraldines, as vrell as FitzGeralds. When Dermot MacMur- rough was returning home, after having arranged with Strongbow for a descent on Ireland, he was hospitably received by David FitzGerald, Bishop of St. David's. The Bishop proposed to Dermot that his brother Maurice and his half-brother FitzStephen should join him with a body of troops in the spring, and gain a footing in the country, while Strongbow was getting together his larger armament. Dermot gladly accepted the offer, and agreed to give them two cantreds of land, and the town of Wexford. In May 1 1 69 FitzStephen landed at Bagenbun with 400 archers and men-at- arms, and marched against Wexford, which he took by assault. Soon after FitzGerald arrived at Wexford with two ships, having on board 10 knights, 30 men-at-arms, and about I (Marchers. Dermot, having vested his allies with the lordship of the town, marched to attack Dublin with FitzGerald, while FitzStephen remained to build a castle at Ferrycarrick, near Wexford. After exacting hostages from the Danish King of Dublin, Dermot, thinking Strong- bow had given up his projected expedition, offered his daughter Eva in marriage to FitzGerald or FitzStephen, if they would bring over a force sufficient to subdue the island; but they being married de- clined the offer, and on Strongbow's arrival at Waterford, Eva was married to him. In 1 1 7 1 Maurice and Strongbow were in Dublin, when it was besieged by Eoderic O'Conor at the head of 30,000 men, and the harbour blockaded by a Manx fleet. FitzStephen was at the same time besieged by the Irish at Ferrycarrick. At a council of war, Cambrensis represents Maurice as making the following speech: "We FIT have not come so far, comrades, for plea- sure and rest, but to try the chances of fortune, and under peril of our heads to meet the forces of the enemy. For such is the mutability of human affairs, that as the setting of the sun follows its rising, and the light in the east dispels the dark- ness of the west, so we, on whom fortune has hitherto conferred glory and plenty, are now beleaguered by land and sea, and are even in want of provision ; for neither the sea brings succour, nor would the hostile fleets permit it to reach us. Fitz- Stephen, also, whose courage and noble daring opened to us the way into this island, is now with his small force besieged by a hostile nation. What should we, therefore, wait for? Though English to the Irish, we are as Irish to the English ; for this island does not show us greater hatred than that. So away with delays and inactivity; for fortune favours the bold, and the fear of scarcity will give strength to our men. Let us attack the enemy manfully; though few in number, we are brave, well-armed, and accustomed to hardship and to victory, and will terrify the ill-armed and unwarlike multitude." This advice was adopted. Next morning at daybreak the Anglo-Normans attacked the headquarters of Eoderic at Finglas, routed him, and then marched to the relief of FitzStephen— too late, however, td pre- vent his falling into the hands of the Irish. In April 1 172, Henry II., on his departure for England, appointed FitzGerald and FitzStephen Wardens of Dublin, under Hugh de Lacy. It was FitzGerald who saved De Lacy's life in the encounter with O'Rourke at the Hill of Ward. On the re- call of De Lacy in 11 73, FitzGerald retired to Wales, in consequence of misunderstand- ings with Strongbow. In 1176 matters were arranged between them, and he was made a grant of the barony of Offaly, and the territory of Offelan, comprising the present towns of Maynooth and Naas. He was given the castle of Wicklow in return for his share of Wexford, appropriated with other towns by the King. In September 1 177 he died at Wexford, and was buried in the Abbey of Grey Friars, without the walls of the town. According to Lodge, his death was "not without much sorrow of all his friends, and much harm and loss to the English interest in Ireland. He was a man witty and manful ; a truer man, nor steadfaster, for constancy, fidelity, and love, left he none in Ireland." Cam- brensis thus describes him : "Maurice was indeed an honourable and modest man, with a face sun-burnt and weU-looking, of middle height ; a man well modelled in 179 FIT FIT mind and body ; a man of innate goodness ; desiring rather to be than to seem good. A man of few words, but full of weight, having more of the heart than of the mouth, more of reason than of volubility, more wisdom than eloquence ; and yet, when it was required, earnest to the purpose. In military affairs valiant, and second to few in activity; neither impetuous nor rash, but circumspect in attack, and resolute in defence ; a sober, modest, and chaste man ; constant, trusty, and faithful ; a man not altogether without fault, yet not spotted with any notorious or great crime." One of his sons, Thomas, surnamed the "Great," was ancestor of the Desmond FitzGeralds. [See Desmonds.] ^= FitzGerald, Rasnnond, surnamed Le Gros, nephew of preceding, son of William FitzGerald, was one of the bravest and most adventurous of the Anglo-Norman invaders of Ireland. Strongbow sent him forward to Ireland with ten men-at-arms and seventy archers, on ist May 1 170. He landed, says Cambrensis, at " Duudunolf, which lies on the sea coast, about four miles from Waterford, and to the south of Wexford : they threw up a rather slight fortification made of turf and boughs of trees." They were almost immediately attacked by a large party of the men of Waterford and Offaly. Kaymond and his little party making a sally, gained a com- plete victory over their assailants ; " 500 quickly fell by the sword, and when the pursuers ceased striking from sheer weak- ness, they threw vast numbers from the edge of the cliffs." They kept seventy of the principal townsmen as prisoners. Shortly after their arrival they were joined by De Marisco, who had come with FitzStephen the previous summer. We are not told much of how they fared until Strongbow's arrival in August, when they placed themselves under his command, and took ^art in his campaigns against Waterforu and Dublin. When Strongbow left Ireland for England, Eaymond was associated with Hervey de Marisco in the government. On his return, Raymond asked for his sister Basilia in marriage ; but Strongbow rejected his suit, jealous of Rajrmond's popularity among the soldiers, and Raymond returned to Wales in high displeasure. The perilous position in which the invaders found themselves be- fore long compelled Strongbow to recall him, and consent to the man-iage, giving him at the same time a large dowry of lands and the post of Constable and Standard- bearer of Leinster. The nuptials were immediately celebrated in Wexford, and the next day Raymond marched north to 180 repel an incursion of Roderic O'Conor into Meath. He was too late to prevent the destruction of the castle of Trim. He then turned westward, and besieged and took Limerick, displaying remarkable bravery in fording the Shannon and leading his troops to the assault. De Marisco forward- ed alarming reports to Henry II, of the rising power of Strongbow and Raymond, and commissioners were sent over to watch the one and recall the other. Limerick was soon besieged by O'Brien, Prince of Thomond, and as the soldiers would march only under Raymond, the commissioners had to invest him with the command, or permit the place again to fall into the hands of the Irish and Northmen. Ray- mond entered into a successful treaty with O'Brien, brought even Rodei'ic to terms, and secured considerable possessions in Desmond from the MacCarthys. In the midst of these successes, he heard from his wife of the death of Strongbow, and, confiding Limerick to O'Brien (who imme- diately re-established his own authority), marched to Dublin, where the council chose him as Strongbow's successor. The King, still jealous of his influence, before long appointed FitzAdelm de Burgh to the post. This ended Raymond's public career; he appears to have lived the remainder of his life as quietly as the times permitted on his estates at Wexford — seeing occa- sional service, as when he went to the succour of his uncle FitzStephen in Cork. He died about 1 1 82. He is thus described by Cambrensis : " Rajnnond was very stout, and a little above the middle height ; his hair was yellow and curly, and he had large, grey round eyes. His nose was rather prominent, his countenance high-coloured, cheerful, and pleasant; and, although he was somewhat corpulent, he was so lively and active that the incumbrance was not a blemish or inconvenience. Such was his care of his troops that he passed whole nights without sleep, going the rounds of the guards himself, and challenging the sentinels to keep them on the alert. , . He was prudent and temperate, not ef- feminate in either his food or his dress. He was a liberal, kind, and circumspect man ; and although a daring soldier and consummate general, even in military affairs prudence was his highest quality." 5 148 FitzGerald, Gerald, 1st Baron Offaly, son of Maurice FitzGerald, was with his father at the siege of Dublin in 1 171, and distinguished himself by his bravery in the sortie. After his father's death, he was induced to exchange with FitzAdelm de Burgh his castle of Wick- FIT low for that of Ferns. In 1 205 he sat in the Irish Parliament as Baron OflFaly, and died the same year. His wife was Catha- rine, a daughter of Hamo de Valois, Lord- Justice of Ireland in 1 197. ■•' FitzGerald, Matirice, 2nd Baron Offaly, son of preceding, must have been very young at his father's death, as it w^as not until 1 2 1 6 that he was put in posses- sion of Maynooth and the other paternal estates, by a mandatory letter of Henry III. In 12 15 he introduced into Ireland the order of the Franciscans, and in 12 16 the Dominicans. He was appointed Lord- Justice both in 1229 and 1245. In 1233 he built the Franciscan Abbey of Youghal. In 1 234, at a conference on the Curragh between Richard, Earl Marshal, the Baron of Offaly, and others,* the former was murdered ; whereupon FitzGerald proceed- ed to London, and took an oath before Henry III. that he was innocent of all participation in the deed. In 1234 the King issued a writ directing FitzGerald to proclaim free trade between Ireland and England. In 1236 he founded the Domini- can Abbey at Sligo as the abode of a com- munity of monks to say prayers for the Earl Marshal's soul, and the same year built the Castle of Armagh, and in 1 242 that of Sligo. In 1235 he marched at the head of a large force into Connaught, and reduced the province to submission. In 1245 he and Felim O'Conor of Connaught were admonished for tardiness in joining the King in an expedition into Wales. After this, among other rights, the Irish Barons claimed exemption from attending the sove- reign beyond the realm. In 1246 Fitz- Gerald subdued Tyrconnel, and in 1248 marched into Tyrone, and forced O'Neill to give hostages; but in 1257 he was de- feated by Godfrey O'Donnell at the Bosses, near Sligo. Soon after this he retired to th e Franciscan monastery at Youghal, assumed the habit of the order, and died the same year. He had married a daughter of John de Cogau. ^' FitzGerald, Maurice, 3rd Baron Offaly, succeeded his father in 1257. Terrible feuds i-aged in his time between the Geraldines and De Burghs. In 1 272 he was made Lord-Justice. He more than once invaded Thomond, in 1 277 taking prisoner and executing O'Brien Roe, prince of that district; on his return, with part of his forces, he was surrounded in a pass of the Slieve Bloom mountains, and his men were reduced to eat horse flesh, and ultimately compelled to give hostages, and grant to the Irish the Castle of Roscommon. A poem celebrating the eflforts made to defend Ross against rival factions, by wall- FIT ing it in 1265, is given by Mr. Croker in his Popular Songs of Ireland. The Baron of Oflfaly died at Ross in 1277. FitzGerald, Sir Gerald, 4th Baron Offaly, succeeded his father in 1277. He completed the Grey Abbey at Kildare, and founded the Franciscan Abbey at Clane. He carried on wars with the O'Conors. In a battle with the O'Briens in 1287 many Anglo-Norman knights were slain, and he received a wound from which he shortly afterwards died at Rathmore. He was buried at Kildare. ^^ FitzGerald, Maurice, 5tli Baron Offaly, succeeded. He married Agnes de Valence, great grand-daughter of Eva and Earl Strongbow. "° FitzGerald, John, 1st Earl of Kil- dare. On the death of the 5th Baron Ofialy, who left no children, John, de- scended from the third son of the 2nd Baron, was the only surviving male de- scendant of the 1st Baron. The story of an ape saving a member of the family from a burning castle, is told of the ist Earl of Kildare, as well as of one of the Des- monds. When Swift was writing Gulliver's Travels, he had quarrelled with the then Earl of Kildare, and hence introduced the incident of Gulliver being carried off and fed by the Brobdingnagian ape. Whatever may be the truth of the story, the ape was adopted as the FitzGerald crest. [See Desmonds.] In 1293, in consequence of a dispute between him and William de Vesci, Lord of Kildare, they were both summoned to appear before Edward I. After mutual recrimination, FitzGerald challenged De Vesci to single combat. When the day came, De Vesci fled to France, and the King declared FitzGerald innocent, and added: "Albeit Albert de Vesci conveyed his person into France, yet he left his lands behind him in Ireland," and he gi-anted them to FitzGerald. Having consistently opposed the "Irish enemy," assisted on three occasions against the Scotch, and in 13 1 5 opposed Edward Bruce at Ardscull, in Kildare, he was, 14th May 13 16, created Earl of Kildare, and granted the castle and town of that name. He died at Maynooth or at Laraghbryan, loth September 1316, and was buried in the Grey Abbey at Kildare. ^' FitzGerald, Thomas, 2nd Earl of Kildare, succeeded his father in 1 3 1 6. In 1 3 17 he took the field at the head of an army of 30,000 men against Edward Bruce, who was slain the following year near Dundalk. FitzGerald held the office of Lord-Justice more than once. During his lifetime Ireland continued to be torn by 181 FIT contending factions. The Earl introduced into his territories the Irish exaction of "bonaght," or "coigne and livery" — money and food for man and horse without pay- ment, as did the Earls of Orraond and Desmond into their palatinates. He died at Maynooth, 9th April 1328, and was buried in the Grey Abbey at Kildare. ^^ FitzGerald, Richard, 3rd Earl of Kildare, was born in 131 7. He died at Eathangan, 7th July 1 329, and was buried beside his father. ^^ FitzGerald, Maurice, 4th Earl of Kildare, brother of preceding. In 1345 he was imprisoned in Dublin Castle by the King's order, but released the next year on the recognizances of twenty-four lords and gentlemen. In 1 347 he attended Edward III. to Calais with thirty men-at-arms and forty hobellers, and for his bravery was knighted by the King. In 1378 we find him granted ^10 from the Exchequer as compensation for his loss of six men, four coats of mail, and other armour, " in a certain great hosting upon the O'Mor- choes of Sliewmargy." He died on 25th August 1390, and was buried in Christ Church, Dublin. =°= FitzGerald, Gerald, Sth Earl of Kildare, succeeded his father. In 1398 he was taken prisoner by Calvagh O'Conor Faly, and was not released until he had paid heavy ransom. In 1407 he defeated O'Carrol at Kilkenny, slaying him and 800 of his men. In 1408 he was sent prisoner to Dublin Castle, and all his goods plundered by the servants of the Lord- Lieutenant, for disrespect to the Viceregal authority. He was afterwards liberated on paying a fine of 300 marks. He died in 1 4 1 o, and was buried in the Grey Abbey at Kildare. He acted as Lord-Deputy in 1405. ^" FitzGerald, John, 6th Earl of Kil- dare, succeeded his father in 1410. He was known, as " Crouchback," or " Shane Cam " by the Irish. He strengthened and enlarged the castles of Maynooth and Kil- kea ; the former had then been for more than a century the principal residence of the Earls of Kildare. He died 17th Octo- ber 1427, and was buried at All Hallows, the site of Trinity College, Dublin. ^= FitzGerald, Thomas, 7th Earl of Kildare, succeeded his father in 1427. He more than once acted as Lord-Deputy to the Duke of York, who as far as possible divided his favours between the Fitz- Geralds and the Butlers. When the Duke fell at the battle of Wakefield, several members of both families were slain under his banners. As Deputy the Earl held several parliaments, at Naas, Drogheda, 182 FIT and elsewhere ; he also acted as Lord-Chan- cellor. In 1467 he and his brother-in-law the Earl of Desmond were attainted " for alliance, fosterage, and alterage with the King's Irish enemies." Desmond was be- headed ; but Kildare pleaded his own cause before the King, had the attainder reversed, and the same year was appointed Lord-Jus- tice. He established the " Brothers of St. George," the only standing army of the Pale, consisting of 120 mounted archers, 40 horsemen, and 40 pages ; the archers received sixpence, the horsemen fivepence, per diem. The object of the fraternity was to resist the " Irish enemies and Eng- lish rebels." The Earl died 25th March 1477, and was buried beside his father. '°- FitzGerald, Gerald, Sth Earl of Kildare, called the " Great Earl," suc- ceeded his father in 1477. He was ap- pointed Lord-Deputy to the young Duke of York ; but was shortly dismissed, and Lord Grey appointed in his place, on the plea that an Englishman was more suited to the office. This roused the indignation of the lords of the Pale, who, declaring that Lord Grey's patent was informal, opened a parliament of their own, under the presi- dency of Kildare. On appeal, Edward IV. believing it his best policy to govern Ireland through the Geraldine faction, recalled Lord Grey and appointed the Earl. Kildare displayed great vigour in the government, and continued in his post undisturbed by the accession of Eich- ard III. On the accession of Henry VII. it was a matter of surprise that he for a time permitted the Earl, a known Yorkist, to continue in office. The Earl was sum- moned to London, but made sundry excuses for non-compliance, with which Henry had to content himself at the time. Kil- dare's adhesion to the cause of Simnel afibrded clear evidence of his insincerity, and Henry, still unable to dispense with his services, sent over Sir Richard Edgecomb to exact the most binding oaths possible from him and the other men of mark who had espoused Simnel's cause and invaded England. It was considered necessary that Sir Richard should have the Host upon which these oaths were taken prepared by his own chaplain. FitzGerald continued to exhibit ability in the government. Lodge mentions that he received a pre- sent from Germany of six muskets, then a great novelty, with which he armed his guard at Thomascourt. After some time Kildare found it necessary to go over to London to answer complaints of the Archbishop of Armagh. The decision was in his favour, and he and his friends were entertained at a banquet, where it is FIT said they were deliberately humiliated, by Simnel, whom they had once crowned, being set to attend on them. When the adven- turer Warbeck appeared in Ireland, Henry prudently displaced the Earl, and for a time the Butlers regained their supremacy. Both Kildare and Ormond joined Lord- Deputy Poyning in a raid on the O'Han- lon's territory in Ulster. Eventually the enemies of Kildare triumphed, and he was thrown into the Tower, where he remained two years. During his imprisonment, on 22nd November 1494, his Countess, Alison, died of grief, and was buried at Kilcul- len. When brought to trial in 1496, and asked whether he was provided with coun- sel, he replied, "Yea, the ablest in the realm ; youi' Highness [the King] I take for my counsel against these false knaves." Accused by the Archbishop of Cashel of burning down his cathedral, he answered : " I would not have done it if I had not been told that my Lord Archbishop was in- side." This frankness delighted the King, and we are told that when some one exclaimed, "All Ireland cannot govern this Earl," Henry VII. rejoined, " Then let this Earl govern aU Ireland." He had been sent to England almost a convicted traitor, and returned Lord-Deputy. Soon afterwards he showed his zeal by expe- ditions against the O'Briens in Thomond and the O'Neills in the north. In 1499 he entered Connaught and established castles at Athleague, Roscommon, Tulsk, and Castlerea. Many useful enactments were passed at a parliament held by him at Castledermot in 1499. Next year he rnarched against malcontents in the north, and also against Cork, the mayor of which city he hanged. Some years later a power- ful confederacy under Lord Clanricard was formed in Connaught, and a large army as- sembled. Kildare marched against them, and on the 19th August 1504 a battle was fought at Knocktuagh ("Hill of Axes"), now Knockdoe, seven miles from Galway. Clanricard was routed with a stated loss of 4,000 to 9,000 men, and Galway and Athenry were taken. O'Brien fell, and two sons and a daughter of Clanricard were taken prisoners. " We have for the most number killed our enemies," said Lord Gormanstown to Kildare, on the field of Knocktuagh, " and if we do the like with the Irish that we have with us, it were a good deed." The battle is thus described by the Four Masters : " Far away from the troops were heard the violent onset of the martial chiefs, the vehement efforts of the champions, the charge of the royal heroes, the noise of the lords, the clamour of the troops when en- FIT dangered, the shouts and exultations of the youths, the sound made by the faUing of brave men, and the triumphing of nobles over plebeians." Kildare's power was firmly established by this victory, and he was created a Knight of the Garter by the King. In 1 5 1 3, in an expedition against the O'CarroUs, he was wounded by the enemy while watering bis horse in the river Greese at KUkea. He was conveyed by slow stages to Kildare, where, after lingering a few days, he died, 3rd September, and was buried in his chapel of St. Mary in Christ Church. He it was that first intro- duced artillery into Ireland. The door was until lately shown in St. Patrick's through a hole in which the Earl of Ormond and he shook hands after an encounter between their followers in the church. Some of the coins issued in Ireland in bis time bear his arms. He was thrice married. Holinshed says : " He was a mightie man of stature, full of honoure and courage, who had ben Lord-Deputie and Lord-Justice of Ireland three-and-thirtie years. Kildai'e was in government milde, to his enemies sterne. He was open and playne, hardley able to rule himself, when he was moved ; in an- ger not so sharp as short, being easily dis- pleased and sooner appeased. . . Not- withstanding hys simplicitie in peace, he was of that valoure and policie in warre, as his name bred a greater terrour to the Irish than other men's armyes." '5* ^- ^'^ PitzGerald, Gerald, 9th Earl of Kildare, son of the preceding, was born in 1487. He is said to have been one of the handsomest men of his time. The Irish annalists call him " Geroit Oge," or "Garrett MacAlison," after his mother. In 1496 he was detained by Henry VII. at his coui't as a hostage for his father's fidelity. In 1 503, when but sixteen, he mar- ried Elizabeth Zouche, and was soon after permitted to return to Ireland. Next year he was appointed Lord High Treasui-er. In August 1 504 he commanded the reserve at the battle of Knocktuagh, where his rashness and impetuosity were the cause of some loss. On the death of his father in 1 5 1 3 he succeed- ed to the title, and was by the council chosen Lord-Justice. Henry VIII. soon after- wards appointed him Lord-Deputy. Some of the Irish chiefs at the end of 1 5 1 3 having ravaged parts of the Pale, the Earl, early in the following year, defeated O'More and his followers in Leix, and then, marching north, took the Castle of Cavan, killed O'Reilly, chased his followers into the bogs, and returned to Dublin laden with booty. This energetic action was so highly approved by the King that he granted the Earl the customs of the ports in the County 183 FIT of Dowu— rights repurchased by the Crown from the 17th Earl in 1662. In 15 16 the Earl invaded Imayle, and sent the head of Shane O'Toole as a present to the Mayor of Dublin. He then marched into Ely O'CarroU, in conjunction with his brother-in-law the Earl of Ormond, and James, son of the Earl of Desmond. They captured and razed the Castle of Lemy- vannan, took Clonmel, and in December he returned to Dublin " laden with booty, hostages, and honour." In March 15 17 he called a parliament in Dublin, and then invaded Ulster, stormed the Castle of Dun- drum, marched into Tyrone, and took Dungannon, "and so reduced Ireland to a quiet condition." On the 6th October of the same year his Countess died at Lucan, and was buried at Kilcullen. Next year, 1 5 18, his enemies having accused him of maladministration, he appointed a deputy and sailed for England. He was removed from the government, and the Earl of Surrey appointed in his stead. He appears to have accompanied the King to France in June 1520, and was present at "the Field of the Cloth of Gold," where he was distinguished by his bearing and retinue. On this occasion he met the King's first- cousin, Lady Elizabeth Grey, whom he married a few months afterwards, and thereby gained considerable influence at court. Reports now came from Ireland that he was secretly striving to stir up the chieftains against the new Deputy. After inquiries, the King wrote to Surrey that, as they had "noon evident testimonies" to convict the Earl, he thought it but just to "release hym out of warde, and putt hym under suretie not to departe this our realme without our special lisense." He was per- mitted to return in January 1523. About this date he founded the College of May- nooth, which flourished until suppressed in 1538. He signalized his return to Ire- land by a'^ expedition into Leix in com- pany with the Mayor of Dublin. Having burnt several villages, they were caught in an ambuscade, and after considerable loss retreated with some difficulty to Dublin. In consequence of disputes and misunder- standings between the Earl of Kildare and Ormond, now Lord-Deputy, they appealed to the King, accusing each other of mal- practices and treasons. Arbitrators were appointed, who ordered that both the Earls should abstain from making war without the King's assent, that they should cease levying coigne and livery within "the four obeysant shires — Meth, Urgell, Dublin, and Kildayre," that the two Earls should persuade their kinsmen to submit to the laws, and that they should be bound 184 FIT by a bond of 1,000 marks each to keep the peace for one year. Before long, however, their mutual hatreds blazed forth again in consequence of the murder of James Talbot, one of Ormond's followers, by the retainers of Kildare. Again the Earls appealed to the King, and again commis- sioners were sent over, who conducted an inquiry at Christ Church, Dublin, in June 1524. Their decision was in the main in favour of Kildare, and an inden- ture was drawn up, by which the Earls agreed to forgive each other, to be friends, and to make common cause for the future. Soon afterwards Kildare was reappoint- ed Lord-Deputy. He took the oaths at Thomascourt, his nephew. Con Bacagh O'Neill, carrying the sword of state before him. He then entered into an indenture with the King not to grant pardons with- out the consent of the council, to cause the Irish in his territories to wear English dress, to shave their "upper berdes," and not to levy coigne and livery except when on the King's business, and then only to a specified amount, not exceeding 2d. a meal for horsemen, i>^d. for footmen, and id. for horseboys, with 1 2 sheaves per day of corn for war horses, and 8 for pack horses. Next year, 1525, Kildare and Ormond were again at daggers drawn. They appealed to the King concerning a disputed sum of .£800 in account between them, accusing each other, as before, of sundry enormities and malfeasances. About the same time Kildare, in accordance with a royal man- date, assembled a large force, and marched into Munster to arrest the Earl of Des- mond, making a show of great eagerness, but sending private instructions to the Earl how to keep out of the way. He next turned north, and by diplomacy and force pacified the O'Neills and O'Donnells. In 1526 he was ordered to England to meet the charges of the Earl of Ormond (now Earl of Ossory through surrender of the higher title to the King) of having secretly assisted the Desmonds, and having murdered many good subjects because they were adherents of the Butlers. On arrival in London, he was for a time committed to the Tower, and was retained in Eng- land for four years; and when he was brought before the council, a violent alter- cation ensued between him and Wolsey, which is reported at full length by Holin- shed. Wolsey is said to have obtained an order for his immediate execution, which his well-wisher, the Constable of the Tower, frustrated by exercising a right (still inhe- rent in the office) of demanding a personal interview with the King. Liberated on bail for a time, Kildare was recommitted FIT ou the discoveiy of his intriguing with the Irish princes to induce them to commit as- saults on the Pale, so as to make his re- turn appear necessary. Liberated again, he was one of the peers who in 1530 signed the letter to the Pope relative to the divorce of Queen Catharine. The same year, to the joy of his retainers, he was permitted to return to Ireland with Skeffington, the new Lord-Deputy. On his arrival he marched against the O'Tooles to punish them for ravages on his tenantry in his absence, and then accompanied the Deputy against the O'Donnells. The friend- ship of the Deputy and Earl did not last long, and they sent letters and messages to the King accusing each other. Tlie Deputy, as might be expected, was supported by the Butlers. Nevertheless, the Earl appears to have cleared himself, and to have been appointed to succeed SkeflBngton as Deputy to the Duke of Eichmond. Landing at Dublin in this capacity, in August 1532, Klildare was received with great acclamations. But lengthened peace appeared impossible. He insulted the late Deputy, degraded Allen, Archbishop of Dublin, wasted the terri- tories of the Butlers, was accused of form- ing alliances with the native chiefs, and in 1533 the council reported to the King that such was the animosity between the Earls of Kildare and Ormond that peace was out of the question so long as either of them was Deputy. At this period , Kildare had partially lost the use of his limbs and his speech, in consequence of a gun-shot wound received in an attack upon the O'Carrolls at Birr. He was again summoned to court ; and in February 1534, at a council at Drogheda, in an affecting speech, he nomi- nated his son Thomas, Lord Offaly, as Vice- Deputy, and then, embracing him and the lords of the council, set sail for England. On his arrival in London he was arraigned on several charges, and was committed to the Tower, where he died of grief, 1 2th De- cember 1 534, on hearing of his son's rebel- lion, and perusing the excommunication launched against him. He was buried in St. Peter's church in the Tower. He is described as valiant and well-spoken, "nothing inferior to hys father in marshal! prowesse," hospitable and religious, be- loved by his friends and dependants. He strengthened and kept in repair several castles — Eathangan, Eheban, Kildare, Woodstock, Athy, Kilkea, Castledermot, and Carlow. His likeness, painted by Hol- bein in 1530, is still preserved at Carton; while a book containing his rent-roll, and lists of his horses, plate, and furniture, is in the British Museum. From it we learn FIT that his library consisted of 31 Latin, ^7 French, 22 English, and 18 Irish books. The war cries of the time — "Crom-a-boo" (from Croom Castle, and " a buaid," to vic- tory) of the Kildares, " Shanet-a-boo " (from Shanid Castle) of the Desmonds, and "Lamhlaider-a-boo" ("the strong hand to victory") of the O'Briens, as well as the other Irish war cries — were declared illegal by 10 Henry VII. c. 20. ■" '^ FitzGerald, Lady Elizabeth, gene- rally known as "The Fair Geraldiue," daughter of the preceding by his second wife Lady Elizabeth Grey, was born about 1 528, and was still an infant when she was taken by her mother to England. She was brought up at Hunsden, with the Prin- cesses Mary and Elizabeth. When about thirteen she was there seen by the Earl of Surrey, who has immortalized her in seve- ral sonnets. There is no reason to suppose that the friendship which existed between them in the following years was anything but Platonic. " From Tuskaue came my ladies worthy race ; Faire Florence was sometime her auncient seate ; The western yle, whose plesant shore doth face WUde Cambers clifs, did gyve her liuely heate ; Fostred she was with milke of Irish brest ; Her sire, an Erie ; her dame of princes blood : From tender yeres, in Britain she doth rest With kinges chUde, where she tasteth costly food. Honsden did first present her to mine yien ; Bright is her hewe, and G^eraldine she hight : Hampton me taught to wishe her first for mine : And Windsor, alas, doth chase me from her sight. Her beauty of kind, her vertues from aboue ; Happy is he, that can obtaine her loue I " There is an apocryphal story that Surrey, at a tournament at Florence, defied all the world to show such beauty as hers, and that he visited the celebrated alchemist, Cornelius Agrippa, who revealed to him in a magic mirror the object of his affections. Scott, in his Lay of the Last Minstrel, re- counts the tale in five stanzas, of which the following is one : " Fair all the pageant— but how passing fair The slender form, that lay on couch of Ind 1 O'er her white bosom strayed her hazel hair, Pale her dear cheek, as if for love she pined ; All iu her night-robe loose, she lay reclined, And, pensive, read from tablet ebumine Some strain that seemed her inmost soul to find :— That favoured strain was Surrey's raptured line, That fair and lovely form, the Lady Geraldine." In 1543, when but fifteen, "The Fair Geraldine" married Sir Anthony Brown, K.G., then sixty years of age. After his death in 1548, she became the third wife of the Earl of Lincoln, who died in 1583 without issue by her. She died in March 1589, and was interred beside the Earl, her husband, under a fine monument in St. George's Chapel at Windsor. A fac-simile of a letter written by her, and a photo- graph from her portrait preserved in the Duke of Bedford's gallery (a copy of which is at Carton) are given in the 1 85 FIT Kilkenny A rckceological Journal iov 1873. The portrait, according to Mr. Graves, "does not represent what would now be called a beautiful woman. She had red- dish hair and high cheek bones, and the chin was longer and more pointed than the strict rules of beauty allow ; but her eyes were fine, the mouth had a sweet expression, the forehead expansive and in- telligent, and brows well arched ; altogether we can well imagine that the features . . combined with the delicate com- plexion which usually accompanies auburn hair, made her a very lovely girl when first she met Surrey's eyes." '° <'^73) 198 FitzGerald, Thomas, 10th Earl of Kildare, son of the 9th Earl, commonly known as " Silken Thomas," was born in England in 1 5 1 3. In 1 5 34, then bearing the title of Lord OflTaly, he was appointed Vice- Deputy by his father. He was brave, open, and generous, but wanting in discretion. One day he kept the council at Drogheda waiting for some hours, when John A lien. Archbishop of Dublin, exclaimed: "My Lords, is it not a prettie matter that all we should stay this long for a boy." This the Deputy, coming up the stairs, heard ; and he rejoined, on entering the room, much to the Archbishop's coniusion, '^My Lordes, I am heartily sorry that you stayed this long for a boy." In the beginning of June 1534 a rumour was spread that his father, then in the Tower, was to be be- headed, and that the same fate was pre- pared for himself and his uncles. There- upon he took council with O'Neill, O'Conor, and his other friends. To avenge his father's reported death, and save himself, his only course appeared to be to thi'ow off his allegiance. The occasion was favour- able, for as Vice-Deputy he had under his control most of the Pale fortresses, and large government stores. The Earl of Desmond and many of bis father's oldest and best fiends reasoned with him ; but he was not to be turned from his purpose, and on nth June 1534 he rode to the council at St. Mary's Abbey, attended by 140 gallow- glasses with coats of mail and silken fringes to their helmets. This display of finery caused him to be thenceforward known as " Silken Thomas." When he had seated himself at the head of the council board, his followers rushed in and filled the hall. In a stirring speech he renounced his allegiance, and declared his intention of striving for the mastery with Henry VIII. — " I am none of Henrie his Deputie ; I am his fo. I have more mind to conquer than to governe— to meet him in the field than to serve him in office." The Chancellor, Allen, with tears in his eyes, besought 186 FIT him not to commit himself to such a rash proceeding ; but the young Lord's harper, understanding only Irish, and seeing signs of wavering in his bearing, commenced to recite a poem in praise of the deeds of his ancestors, telling him at the same time that he lingered there over long. Roused by this he exclaimed: "I will take the market as it ryseth, and will choose rather to die with valiantnesse and libertie, than to live under King Henrie in bondage and villanie." Throwing down the sword of state, he rushed from the hall, followed by his adherents. The council sent an order for hisjimmediate arrest to the Lord Mayor, who, however, had not sufficient force at his disposal. Now, nearly four centuries after the invasion, the English power in Ireland had sunk almost to the point at which it stood when FitzStephen and his little band fortified themselves at Bagen- bun. The Castle of Dublin alone held out for the King of England : almost all Ire- land had to be reconquered. Lord Ofialy immediately called the lords of the Pale to the siege of the Castle : such as refused to swear fidelity to him he sent prisoners to his castle of Maynooth, Goods and chat- tels belonging to the King's subjects he declared forfeited, and he announced his intention of exiling or putting to death all born in England. He sent messengers to his cousin and friend Lord Butler, son of the Earl of Ormond, offering to divide the kingdom with him if he would join his cause, but this Butler indignantly re- fused. Several children of the citizens of Dublin in different parts of -the Pale were seized as hostages for the good affection of the city. Archbishop Allen, in an attempt to escape by sea, was wrecked near Clontarf, and on the 28th July bar- barously murdered in the presence of Lord Offaly and his uncles. Lord Offaly sent his chaplain to Pope Paul III. craving absolu- tion for this sacrilege ; and an envoy with a present of "twelve great hawkes, and four- teen fair hobbies" to the Emperor Charles v., to ask for aid in the task of secur- ing Ireland. Meanwhile the citizens of Dublin, having secretly sent provisions by night into the Castle, were obliged to admit Lord Offaly's troops within the city walls. He himself marched south to bring the Butlers under subjection, but was glad to make a truce and return, on receiving news that Dublin had closed its gates, and thus entrapped the assailants of the Castle. After burning the vessels in the harbour, and endeavouring to stop the water supply of the city, he assaulted the Castle from the east — cutting through the partitions between the houses in the FIT FIT streets, aud thus protecting his followers from the arrows and shot from the Castle walls. Encouraged by the news of approach- ing succour from England, the besieged made a brave sally, slew loo gallowglasses, and obliged Lord Offaly to raise the siege, and agree to a temporary truce and an ex- change of prisoners. On the 14th October he left his army encamped at Howth, and went to place the castle of Maynooth in a proper state of defence. Portlester, Eath- angan. Lea, Athy, Kilkea, Castledermot, and Carlow, were all well garrisoned and fortified. His chief allies were his cousin Con Bacagh O'Neill of Tyrone, his brother- in-law O'Conor Faly, O'More, O'Byrne, MacMurrough, O'Brien, and most of the gentlemen of Kildare. In the autumn he defeated at Clontarf an English contin- gent that had lauded, sending the survi- vors prisoners to Maynooth. His admiral, Roukes, about the same period, captured several English transports. On 14th Oc- tober Sir W. Skeffington, Lord-Deputy, sailed from Beaumaris with a fleet, which was driven by a storm under shelter of Lambay ; but he was shortly enabled to land with troops and supplies for the relief of Dublin ; and the Earl of Ossory invaded and ravaged Carlow and Kildare, and in- duced Sir Thomas Eustace and forty of Lord OfFaly's adherents to return to their allegiance. The winter passed over with de- sultory operations on both sides. In Decem- ber OtFaly succeeded to the earldom of Kildare on the death of his father in the Tower of London. In March 1535 the new Earl of Kildare had with him 120 horse, 240 gallowglasses, and 500 kerns. Leaving Maynooth Castle strongly fortified in the hands of his foster brother and con- fidant, Christopher Parese, he went into Offaly to raise additional adherents for the summer campaign. Skeffington invested Maynooth Castle on the 14th March, and on the 23rd Parese, consenting to betray his trust, permitted the outer defences to be taken without resistance, after which the keep was carried by assault. A park of heavy artillery, brought up to the siege by the English, and for which the Anglo- Irish were quite unprepared, had no small eff"ect in compelling such a speedy surren- der of a place the Earl of Kildare regarded as almost impregnable. Of the garrison, twenty-five were beheaded, and one hanged, as it was thought dangerous to spare skUled soldiers. "Great and rich was the spoile ; such store of beddes, so many goodly hang- ings, so rich a wardrob, suche brave fur- niture, as truly it was accompted, for house- holde stuffe and utensiles, one of the richest earle his houses under the crowne of Eng- lande." Parese, to increase the estimation in which his treachery should be regarded, dwelt on the trust and confidence Kildare bestowed on him : and Stauihurst tells us how his treachery was rewarded : " The Deputy gave his officers commandment to delyver Parese the summe of muney that was promised to him upon the sur- render of the castell, and after to choppe off" his heade." The Earl had meanwhile raised 7,000 men in Offaly and Connaught, and was on his way to relieve the castle, when the news of its fall induced most of his forces to disperse and return to their homes. With such as remained true, he advanced aud gave battle to the royal forces near Slane. The Deputy's artillery again gave him a superiority, and the Earl was defeated with heavy loss. Again the Deputy considered he was justified in put- ting his prisoners, 140 gallowglasses, to death. After this disaster, the Earl took refuge in Thomond, with a retinue of six- teen gentlemen and priests, sending a deputation to the Emperor to entreat for succour. The Irish chiefs one by one sub- mitted, and the Earl's castles were taken, except Crom and Adare. In July, aided by O'Conor Faly, the Earl assaulted and took Kathangan Castle, and held it for a time; he also harassed the Deputy by cutting off his supplies, and carrying on a skirmishing warfare; nevertheless, but for the supineness of the English commanders and the extreme disorder of the soldiers, the war would soon have been ended. On 3rd August Kildare's forces were further disorganized in an engagement near the Hill of Allen — indeed, would have been an- nihilated, but that at the decisive moment, the kerns of O'More and O'Conor, nomi- nally in alliance with the English, refused to fall upon their fellow-countrymen. Wil- liam Keating, one of Kildare's captains, was taken in this engagement, and saved his life by not only deserting the cause of his leader, but undertaking to di'ive him out of his fastnesses in Kildare, and to al- lure from him the Keating kerns, his last reliance. Driven out of a fortified rath near Eathangan, the Earl was forced to retii'e into Offaly, and at length, worn out by fatigue, and deserted by all his fol- lowers, he surrendered himself to Lord Grey, near Maynooth, on the i8th August 1 535, as Stanihurst asserts, on the promise that he should be pardoned on his convey- ance to England. During the first six mouths of the fourteen which the war lasted, Ireland was practically clear of English troops, and it was in the power of the Irish lords and chiefs to have made a permanent stand against the English rule, 187 FIT had they so desired, and been united. In none of the communications between Skef- fington and London is there any mention of the Earl of Kildare's surrender being other than unconditional ; yet the following extract of a letter from the Duke of Nor- folk to Thomas Cromwell would lead one to suppose that some terms were agreed to : "One [reason against executing him] is, that consernying the facion of his submys- sion, my Lord Leonard and my Lord Buttler shuld for ever lose their credight in Irlond ; which wer pite, for they may do gode servize : another is, that sewerly the Irishemen shall never after put them seliFes into none Inglisheman his handes." At the end of August the Earl was sent prisoner to London, under the escort of Lord Grey, and by the King's order was committed to the Tower. His uncles Sir Oliver and Sir John were also captives, while Sir James, Sii- Walter, and Sir Richard, who had been all along opposed to their nephew's proceedings, were on the 31st December treacherously seized, and also sent to the Tower. On the passage to England, Stanihurst relates that Sir Eichard asked the captain the name of the vessel, and was informed it was the Cow. " Dis- mayed at this, he said : Now good brethren, I am in utter despaire of our return to Ireland, for I beare in mind an old pro- phecie that five Earle's brethren should be caryed in a cowe's belly to England, and from thence never to retume. Whereat the rest began afresh to houle and lament, which doubtelesse, was pitifull to behold five valiant gentlemen, that durst meete in the fielde five as sturdie champions as could bee picked out in a realme, to bee so sodanily terrified with the bare name of a modern cow." In May 1536, an Act of attainder was passed against Kildare and his relatives. In a letter from the Tower, towards the end of 1536, to his follower -Tohn Rothe, he gives a most de- plorable account of the barbarity with which they were treated. On the wall of the State-prison may still be seen the letters, "Thomas FitzG" — the name was never completed— for on 3rd February 1537 the Earl of Kildare, then aged but 24, after an imprisonment of sixteen months, and his five imcles, after an imprisonment of eleven months, were executed at Tyburn. Stanihurst thus describes him: "Thomas FitzGiralde, upon whom nature poured beautie, and fortune by byrthe bestowed nobilitie, which, had it been well employ- ed, and were it not that his rare gyftes had bene blemished by his later evill quali- ties, hee would have proved a ympe worthie to bee engrafte in so honourable a stocke FIT Hee was of nature tall and personable ; in countenance amicable; a white face, and withall somewhat ruddie, delicately in eche lymme featured ; a rolling tongue, and a rich utterance; of nature flexible and kinde; verie soon caryed where hee fansied ; easily with submission appeased, hardly with stubbomnesse weyed ; in mat- ters of importance an headlong hotespurre, yet nathelesse taken for a young man not devoyde of witte; were it not, as it fell out in the ende, that a fool had the keep- ing thereof." He married Frances Fortes- cue, but had no children. "He lovys hir well," says a writer of the time ; "howbeit I cannot perceyve that sche favors him soo teuderlye." ^^ FitzGerald, Gerald, 11th Earl of Kildare, brother of the preceding, was born 25th February 1525, and was conse- quently but ten years old at the time of Lord Thomas's arrest. He was then lying iU of the small-pox at Donore, in Kildare, and being the only hope of the family, he was carefully conveyed in a large basket, by Thomas Leverous, a priest and foster- brother of his father, into Offaly, to his sister Lady Mary O'Conor ; and when re- covered was removed into Thomond, to the care of his cousin James Delahide. The Irish Council spared no efforts to induce the O'Briens to surrender him ; but after using all their diplomacy, they had to confess to the Lord Chamberlain, Thomas Crom- well : " And as to O'Brene, notwithstand- ing his letters and promises of subjection and obeydens to the Kinges Highness, we coulde neyther gett hym to condescend to anny conformyte according the same, ney yet to delyver the Erie of Kyldare's plate and goodes." After six months' rest in Thomond, Delahide and Leverous con- veyed Gerald to his aimt. Lady Eleanor MacCarthy, at Kilbriton, in Cork, Her son, the MacCarthy Reagh, was tributary to the Earl of Desmond, and the Govern- ment endeavoured to induce the Earl to compel the lad's surrender. Royal Com- missioners were appointed, and a "most gracious pardon " offiered to the lad him- self if he would but come in. Remem- bering the fate of his uncles, and the known anxiety of the King for the extinction of the Geraldines, he wisely declined putting himself into the English power. It ap- peared desirable that he should seek some safer asylum, and accordingly his aunt, Lady Eleanor, urged by O'Neill and Des- mond, consented to a long-talked-of mar- riage with Manus O'Donnell of Tirconnell, so as to be enabled to ofi'er him an asylum in the north. The marriage took place, and all the plottings and plans of the FIT Government for securing Gerald's person were completely frustrated. In September 1539 Cromwell was informed by an Irish correspondent : " I ensuere your Lordship that this English Pale, except the towens, and a very few of the possessioners, bee too affectionat to the Geraldynes, that for kynrede, maryage, fostering, and adhering as followers, they coveite more to see a Geraldyn to reigne and triumphe, then to see God come emonges theym ; and yf they might see this young Gerotes baner dis- played, yf they should lose half their sub- stance, they would reyoise more at the same, then otherwise to gayne great goodes," Later on, in the beginning of 1540, the Council inform the king that "the detestable traictors, youge Geralde, ONele, ODonyll, the pretended Erie of Desmonde, Brene, Connor, and O Mulmoy, continued to destroy the pro- perty of his Majesty's subjects, to subdue the whole land to the supremacy of the Pope, and to elevate the Geraldiaes." ^^ In March 1 540 Lady Eleanor O'Donuell, suspecting that her husband harboured intentions of surrendering the young Earl, determined to send him away. " She en- gaged a merchant vessel of St. Malo, which happened to be in Donegal Bay, to convey a small party to the coast of Brittany. She then gave 140 gold Portugueses to Gerald, and he departed with his tutor Leverous, and Robert Walsh, a faithful servant of his father. He is described as having been dressed in a saffron coloured shirt like one of the natives. The vessel immediately set sail, and arrived safely at St. Malo, where Gerald was hospitably received by the governor. Gerald once in safety, Lady Eleanor reproached O'Donnell for his intended treachery, told him no fur- ther inducement existed for her tolerating his company, " and trussing up bag and baggage, returned to hir country." After Gerald's departure, the Irish league fell to pieces, and O'Donnell, O'Neill, Desmond, and the other Irish princes submitted, and were ultimately pardoned and received into royal favour. The attention young Gerald met with on the Continent, and the reports sent abroad that he was the rightful heir to the Irish crown, created much manceuvreing and correspondence at the court of King Henry VIII. Francis I . placed him with the young Dauphin for a time ; he was next sent privately into Flanders, then part of the dominions of the Emperor Charles V. — the English am- bassador keeping a careful watch on his movements. From Charles V. he was passed on to Cardinal Pole at Rome, who settled upon him an annuity of 300 crowns, FIT treated him with affection, and had him educated and trained as a prince of high expectations. In 1544, when his education had been completed, he visited the Knights of Malta (to which body two of his uncles had belonged), and gathered laurels in an expedition to the coast of Africa. In 1545 he was appointed master of the horse to Cosmo de Medici, vdth a salary of 300 ducats per annum, besides other handsome allowances. In June of the same year Lady Eleanor O'Donnell was pardoned for her part in his escape. After the death of Henry VIII. in 1547, he visited London together with some foreign ambassadors, accompanied by his old friend, Thomas Leverous. At a masque given by Edward VI. he fell in love with Mabel Brown, a lady of the court, whom he shortly after- wards married. He was received into favour and restored to his Irish estates by patent of 25th April 1 552. [His faithful adherent, Leverous, was appointed Bishop of Kildare and Dean of St. Patrick's, pre- ferments of which he was deprived in 1 559 on refusing to adopt the reformed tenets. He afterwards kept a school at Adare, and died about 1577, in the 80th year of his age, at Naas, where he was buried in the parish church of St. David.] Rein- stated in all his father's possessions and titles, the young Earl returned to Ire- land in November 1 5 54, and was received with an outburst of delight by the depen- dents of the Geraldines. If we except one recall to London in 1 560, in consequence of reported machinations between him and the Earl of Desmond, he appears to have been regarded as a loyal and trusted ser- vant of the Crown, and as such often ac- companied the Deputy in his expeditions against rebellious Irish chieftains. He is praised by contemporary writers for having " presented the Government many times with a number of principall outlawes heades." In 1562 he accompanied Shane O'Neill on his visit to Queen Elizabeth. On 25th August 1580 he formed one of the party that accompanied the Lord- Deputy, Lord Grey, and was defeated in Glenmalure by the O'Bjmes. Later on, however. Government had occasion to sus- pect his loyalty, and he and his family were for some time confined successively in Dub- lin Castle and the Tower of London. He was eventually liberated, and died in Lon- don i6th November 1585 ; his remains were brought over and interred at Kildare. His wife survived him until 25th August 1 6 1 o. " He was of low stature and slender figure, and was reputed to have been the best horseman of his day. With many good qualities — honourable, courteous. FIT valiant, affable, and having all the quali- fications belonging to a gentleman, he was passionate and covetous. He conformed to the Protestant religion in the beginning of the reign of Queen Elizabeth." ■" ^- FitzGerald, Henry, 12th Earl of Kildare, second son of preceding, was born in 1562. He was called " Henry na Tuagh" — " of the battle-axes." Espousing the Anglo-Irish side in the wars with Hugh O'Neill, he was wounded in a skirmish on the Black water, July 1597. Brought to Drogheda, he died there on 30th Septem- ber (aged about 35) from the effects of the wound and through grief for the death of his two foster-brothers, O'Conors, who had been slain by his side. He was buried in St. Bridget's Cathedral, Kildare. His wife was Lady Frances Howard, daughter of the Earl of Nottingham. ^■ FitzGerald, William, ISth Earl of Kildare, brother of preceding, was born about 1563. Eeturning from a visit to England in March 1 599, prepared to accom- pany the Earl of Essex in the war against O'Neill, he perished at sea with " eighteen of the chiefs of Meath and Fingall." ^^ PitzGerald, Gerald, 14tli Earl of Kildare, grandson of the 9th Earl, suc- ceeded on the death of his cousin in 1 599. He was well affected towards the Crown, and occupied several positions of trust. He died nth February 1 6 1 2, and his obsequies were solemnized at Maynooth ; but his remains were not buried at Kildare until November. He married Elizabeth Nugent, daughter of Lord Delvin. ^^ FitzGerald, Gerald, 15th Earl of Kildare, son of preceding, was born 26th December 161 1, and was only six weeks old at the time of his father's death. He was given in ward to the Duke of Lennox, with an order from the King that he should be married to the Duke's granddaughter. This plan was frustrated by his early death at Maync^th, nth November 1620, aged 8. He was buried at Kildare. ^"^ FitzGerald, George, 16th Earl of Kildare, great-grandson of 9th Earl, born January 161 2, was known as the "Fairy Earl," apparently for no other reason than that his portrait, still extant, was painted on a small scale. Given in charge to the Earl of Cork, he, when but eighteen, mar- ried the Earl's daughter, Lady Joan Boyle. The castle of Maynooth, which had fallen into decay on the death of the 14th Earl of Kildare, was restored and improved for him by his guardian. In 1638 he was committed to prison for refusing to submit the title-deeds of his estates to the Earl of Strafford. He took the Anglo-Irish side in the War of i64i-'52, and suffered much 190 FIT in estate — Maynooth Castle being pillaged and dismantled by the Confederates. After Cromwell's landing in 1649, his regiment was with many others disbanded. He died in 1660, aged about 48, and was buried at Kildare. ^' FitzGerald, Wentworth, 17 th Earl of Kildare, son of preceding, was born in 1634. He died 5th March 1664, aged 30, and was buried in Christ Church, Dublin. =°= FitzGerald, Hobert, second son of the 1 6th Earl of Kildare, and father of the 1 9th Earl, born August 1637, was an active pro- moter of the restoration of Charles II. He received estates, and many offices of trust and emolument were conferred upon him. Opposing James II.'s Irish policy, he was deprived of his lands and was for a time confined in Trinity College with about fifty other persons of distinction. When the news of the battle of the Boyne arrived, he was released, and exerted himself to pre- serve Dublin from pillage before its sur- render to William III., exhibiting the greatest nerve and executive capacity. On the 6th July, when William entered Dub- lin in state, it was FitzGerald that present- ed him with the keys of the castle and city. The King returned them, saying : " Sir, they are in good hands, you deserve them weU and may keep them." He was shortly afterwards restored to all his estates and oflices of trust, and reappointed on the Privy-Council. He died 31st January 1699, aged 61. He was the author of a work extolling the benefits of salt water sweetened (Lond. 1683), and of A Full and True Account of the late Revolution in Dub- lin (Lond. 1690). =°^ FitzGerald, John, 18th Earl of Kildare, son of the 17th Earl, was born in 1 66 1, died in 1707, aged about 46, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. In 1683 the degree of D.C.L. was conferred upon him by the University of Oxford. In 1689 his estates, of the annual value of £6,800 in Ireland, and .£200 in England, were sequestered by -lames's Irish Parlia- ment. He sold the family lands of Adare and Croom to pay off incumbrances on his other property. ^- FitzGerald, Robert, 19th Earl of Kildare, grandson of the 1 6th Earl, was born in 1675. H^ died 20th February 1744, aged 68, and was interred in Christ Church. Finding Maynooth Castle too much dilapidated to be restored, he pur- chased Carton, the present seat of the family. He is said to have been " ex- tremely formal and delicate, insomuch that when he was married to Lady Mary O'Brien, one of the most shining beauties FIT FIT then in the world, he would not take off his wedding gloves to embrace her." ^= FitzGerald, James, 20th Earl of Eildare, and 1st Diike of Leinster, son of preceding, was born 29th May 1 722. He laid the foundations of Leinster House, Dublin, saying, when told that it was in an unfashionable part of the town, " They will follow me wherever I go." In conse- quence of a spirited remonstrance to the King relative to the disposition of the large unappropriated surplus of Irish revenue, he became one of the most popular men in Ireland — a medal being struck in his ho- nour. He was created a Marquis in 1761, and Duke of Leinster in 1766. He died in Leinster House, 19th November 1773, aged 5 1, and was buried in Christ Church. In 1746 he married Lady Emily Mary Lennox, daughter of the Duke of Rich- mond, sister of Lady Holland, Lady Louisa ConolJy, and Lady Sarah Napier. They had nine sons and ten daughters. She sur- vived the Duke many years, and married William Ogilvy, by whom she had two daughters. She died 27th March 18 14. ^^ FitzGerald, William Robert, 2nd Duke of Leinster, the second son of the preceding, was bom in London, 2nd March 1749. Upon the death of his elder brother in 1765 he became Earl of Offaly ; and when his father was created Duke in 1766, Marquis of Kildare. In 1767 he was elected member for Dublin, and continued to be a member of the House of Commons until his father's death in 1773. He held many important offices connected with the State, was one of the generals of the Volunteers, and on the institution of the order of St. Patrick in 1783 was the first of the original knights. Upon the Union, he received .£28,800 com- pensation for the disfranchisement of Kil- dare and Athy. He died 20th October, 1804, aged 55, leaving a family of five sons and eight daughters. Barrington says : " His disposition and address combined almost eveiy quality which could endear him to the nation ; . . he always intend- ed right. . . Something approaching to regal honours attended his investiture " [as a General of the Volunteers]. *' =°- FitzGerald, Lord Edward, twelfth child of the ist Duke of Leinster, and brother of preceding, was born at White- hall, London, 15th October 1763. At the age of sixteen he accompanied his mother and step-father (Mr. Ogilvy) to France. The latter superintended his studies, which were chiefly directed to the acquisition of knowledge that would fit him for a military career. In 1 7 7 9 they returned to England, and Lord Edward received a commission in a militia regiment of which his uncle, the Duke of Richmond, was colonel. In 1780 he was appointed to a lieutenancy in the 26th Regiment. Soon after joining at Youghal, he exchanged into the 19th, then under orders for America, and in June 1 78 1 sailed for Charleston. His letters from America exhibit ardent enthusiasm for the military profession and the warmest affection towards his mother, to whom they were written. He distinguished himself in an engagement with the United States commander. Colonel Lee, and was soon ap- pointed Aide-de-camp on Lord Rawdon's staff. Probably the success of the American colonists in fighting against regular troops, led him in after years to the conviction that his countrymen in Ireland could cope with them with a similar result. He brought with him from America a negi'o servant, " the faithful Tony," who followed his after fortunes with devoted affection. In- deed Lord Edward had a singular power of attaching to himself all who came within his influence. In 1 783 he visited the West Indies. A few months afterwards he re- turned home, finding that his hopes of pro- motion lay in Europe. In the autumn of the same year he entered Parliament for Athy, and for the two following years re- sided chiefly at Frescati, Blackrock. He derived a moderate income from the rents of his estate of Kilrush in the County of Kildare. In the spring of 1786 he took the then unusual step for a young nobleman of entering the Military College, Woolwich. In 1787 he visited Gibraltar, and travelled in Portugal and Spain. In May 1788 he joined his regiment, the 54th, in Nova Scotia, and for a year was sta- tioned at New Brunswick, Halifax, Quebec, and Montreal. He wrote to his mother : "I grow fouder of my profession the more I see of it, and like being Major much better than Lieutenant-Colonel, for I only execute the commands of others." Cobbett was then Sergeant-Major of the 54th, and afterwards wrote of him : " Lord Edward was a most humane and excellent man, and the only really honest officer I ever knew in the army." In April 1789, with Tony and a brother officer, he explored the country from Frederickstown, New Brunswick, to Quebec, camping out. He accomplished the journey of 175 miles in twenty-six days, and established a shorter practicable route than that hitherto followed. In June he sojourned amongst the Indians near Detroit, and was made an honorary chief of the Bear Tribe. In December he ar- rived at New Orleans, and finding it im- practicable to proceed to Spanish America, returned to Ireland. The simplicity of 191 FIT life in the colonies delighted him. He writes: "There are no devilish politics here;" and "every man here is exactly what he can make himself, and has made himself by his own industry." In Feb- iniary 1787 he expressed himself much disappointed, though not dispirited, at the turn aflFairs were taking in Ireland. On the 13th March, in a speech in Parlia- ment in support of a motion by Grattan, he said: "Tithes having for thirty years been considered as a hardship and matter of grievance, it became the wisdom of the House to inquire into them. While the people were quiet no inquiry was made; while they were outrageous no inquiry, perhaps, ought to be made ; but certainly it was not beneath the dignity of the House to say that an inquiry should be made when the people returned to peace and obedience again." Family considera- tions induced him for a time to consent not to vote against the Government ; but to show that he was not influenced by mercenary motives, he declined to accept promotion during that interval. In 1 790 he was oflPered by Pitt the command of an expedition against Cadiz ; but finding that acceptance might necessitate his voting against his convictions in Parliament, he was obliged to relinquish this chance of dis- tinguishing himself. The same year he was returned for the County of Kildare. In Octo- ber 1 792 he visited Paris, and he writes : " I lodge with my friend [Thomas] Paine ; we breakfast, dine, and sup together. The more I see of his interior, the more I like and respect him. I cannot express how kind he is to me; there is a sim- plicity of manner, a goodness of heart, and a strength of mind in him, that I never knew a man before possess." At a meeting of the British residents in Paris on the 19th November, he joined in drinking to the progress of liberty and the revo- lution. A mongst other toasts was : "The people ot Ireland, and may Government profit by the example of France, and reform prevent revolution." He and other young noblemen renounced their titles, actual or honorary; and for participation in these pro- ceedings he was dismissed from the army. On the 2 1st December, after a short ac- quaintance, he married Pamela, a lovely and fascinating girl of about eighteen years of age, a ward of Madame deGenlis — mostpro- bably her daughter by the Duke d'Orleans (Philip Egalite). Pamela had been pre- viously, while on a visit to England, engaged to Sheridan, then a widower. The nuptials took place at Tournay, and Louis Philippe, afterwards King of the French, was amongst the witnesses to the ceremony. The mar- 192 FIT riage proved in every respect happy. In his place in Parliament, soon after his re- turn home with his wife, he denounced the Government for prohibiting a meeting of volunteers in Dublin. When called upon to apologize, he said : " I have spoken what has been taken down ; it is true, and I am sorry for it." In 1793 he voted and spoke against the Arms and Insurrection Bills, declaring: "The disturbances of the coun- try are not to be remedied by any coercive measures, however strong ; . . nothing can efiect this, and restore tranquillity to the country, but a serious, a candid endeavour of Government and of this House to redress the grievances of the people." No en- deavours in that direction were made, and many men like Lord Edward lost hope of all constitutional changes, and gradually drifted into revolution. He became in- timate with Arthur O'Connor, who occa- sionally resided with him at Frescati. About this period he formally joined the United Irishmen. In May 1796 he and his wife proceeded by Hamburg to Basle, for the purpose of communicating with the agents of the French Government relative to obtaining armed assistance in Ireland. It is now known that his pro- ceedings were carefully watched by spies, and information of all his negotiations conveyed to Pitt. In the spring of 1797 Edward J. Lewins was sent to France by the Leinster Directory of United Irish- men, and resided at Paris as accredited agent of " the Irish nation." In May of the same year Lord Edward again visited the Continent, and met an emissary of the French Government. Wolfe Tone was then, and had been for some time, work- ing within France, and the United Irish leaders were woi'king from without, in urging on the French expeditions that eventuated in the abortive Bantry attempt in December 1 796, the preparations at the Texel in July 1797, Humbert's landing at Killala in August 1798, and the engage- ment off" Lough Swilly in September 1 798, in which Tone was taken prisoner. At the election of 1797 Lord Edward addressed the electors of Kildare, and expressed his intention of not soliciting their votes, on the ground that nothing was to be hoped for from Parliament as then constituted. Grattan retired about the same time, and for the same reason. Lord Edward now assumed the military leadership of the United Irishmen, determined to assert by arms the independence of Ireland, a post for which he was in every way qua- lified both by training and disposition. It was decided that an insurrection should take place in March 1798. The union FIT considered it could rely upon i(i'],'i<^(i armed men: Ulster furnishing 110,990; Munster, 100,634; Leinster, 55,672. None appear to have been enrolled for the County of Wexford, where the most vigorous stand was subsequently made. As the plot thickened, it was intimated to Lord Edward that the Government would connive at his leaving the country; but he spurned the suggestion, declaring: "It is now out of the question ; I am too deeply pledged to these men to be able to withdraw with honour." In March 1798 he was residing at Leinster House with Lady Edward FitzGerald, and on the 12th (the day of the seizures at Bond's in Lower Bridge- street) an attempt was made to arrest him there. Frescati was also searched in vain. His papers at both places were examined. From this time until the 19th of May he was a wanderer, secreted with friends in different parts of Dublin : first at a friend's in Harold's-cross ; then at Dr. Kennedy's in Aungier-street, where he was constantly visited by his associate Surgeon Lawless, and once by Ee}Tiolds the informer, whose perfidy was not yet known to the United Irish leaders. He was afterwards re- moved in disguise to the house of a Mrs. Dillon, close by the Portobello Hotel. Whilst there he visited Lady FitzGerald, then residing in Denzille-street with her children, a faithful maid, and Tony. A servant afterwards related that "on going into her lady's room late in the evening, she saw his lordship and Lady Edward sitting together by the fire. The youngest child had been brought down out of its bed for him to see, and both he and Lady Edward were, as she thought, in tears." Tony often bitterly lamented that "his unfortunate face" prevented him from visiting his master. For three weeks Lord Edward was concealed at Mrs. Dil- lon's. We are told that he attached him- self much to a little child that used to accompany him in his night walks along the canal. From Mrs. Dillon's he was removed to the house of Mr. Murphy, a feather mer- chant, 153 Thomas-street, where he held frequent consultations with the leaders on the intended insurrection, and again visit- ed Denzille-street disguised as a woman. Their daughter Emily was bom during Lady Edward's residence in Denzille-street. The leaders of the United Irishmen now concluded that French aid could not be de- pended on, and it was arranged that Lord Edward should take the field at the head of their forces on the 23rd May. The increased vigilance of the authorities now necessitated more frequent changes of re- sidence — to Mr. Cormack's, 22 Thomas- FIT street, Mr. Moore's, 119 Thomas-street, Mr. Gannon's, 22 Corn-market. A reward of £1,000 was placed upon his head, and he had more than one narrow escape from capture. On the 17th of May he re- turned to Murphy's — by day hiding in a valley on the roof of an outhouse — by night holding consultations with his friends. In the afternoon of the next day he was in bed with a cold, when the house was sud- denly surrounded, and Majors Swan and Sirr, accompanied by a body of soldiers, rushed up stairs and into his room. In the struggle that ensued Lord Edward wounded more than one of his antagonists ; but in the end, disabled by a shot from Major Sirr's pistol, he was made prisoner, and was conveyed under a strong guard to the Castle, and afterwards to Newgate. He expressed regret when told by a surgeon that his wound was probably not mortal. [It is now known that Lord Edward was betrayed by Francis Higgins, or the "Sham Squire."] The Surgeon-General, Stewart, had been called in, and while dressing his wound he whispered to Lord Edward his readiness to convey any message he de- sired to Lady Edward. "No, no," he rejoined, "thank you; nothing, nothing; only break it to her tenderly." He lingered on for sixteen days in Newgate, until two o'clock on the morning of the 4th June 1798, when he passed away, aged 34. Until within a few hours of his death aU communication with his relatives and friends was denied. Then (through the influence of Lord Clare) Lady Louisa Con- nolly and his brother. Lord Henry Fitz- Gerald, were admitted to his bedside. He kissed and embraced both of them, spoke of his wife and children, raved about public affairs, and remarked, " I knew it must come to this ; we must all go." His re- mains were privately interred in a vault of St. Werburgh's Church. Attainted by Act of Parliament, his estate was forfeited and sold, but was secured by his step-father for the benefit of his children. The attainder was reversed in 18 19. Lady Edward Fitz- Gerald's after life, passed upon the Con- tinent, was not happy. Her means were derived from an allowance by her reputed half-brother, Louis Philippe. She died in Paris, 8th November 1831, aged 55, and was buried at Montmartre. Lord Edward's only son, Edward Fox, died in 1863, leaving a daughter. His daughters Pamela and Lucy, who married respectively General Sir Guy Campbell, and Captain G. F. Lyon, had died a few years previously. Dr. Mad- den, in concluding his sketch of Lord Edward, says: "The loss of Lord Edward , to the cause of the United Irishmen was 193 FIT irretrievable. It might be possible to re- place all the other members of the Directory after the arrests in March ; but there was no substitute to be found in Ireland for Lord Edward. He was the only military man in connexion with the Union capable of taking command of any considerable number of men, competent for the impor- tant office assigned him, and qualified for it by a knowledge of his profession, prac- tical as well as theoretical. When he was lost to the cause, it was madness to think there was any hope left of a successful issue for resistance." Lord Holland, writing in 1824, bears the following testimony to Lord Edward's character and intentions : " More than twenty years have now passed away. Many of my political opinions are softened — my predilections for some men weakened, my prejudices against others removed ; but my approbation of Lord Edward Fitz- Gei"ald's actions remains unaltered and unshaken. His country was bleeding under one of the hardest tyrannies that our times have witnessed. He who thinks a man can be even excused in such cir- cumstances by any other consideration than that of despair from opposing a pre- tended government by force, seems to me to sanction a principle which would insure impunity to the greatest of all human de- linquents, or at least to those who pro- duce the greatest misery among mankind. . . Lord Edward was a good officer. The plans found among his papers showed much combination and considerable know- ledge of the principles of defence. His apprehension was so quick, and his courage so constitutional, that he would have ap- plied, without disturbance, all the faculties he possessed to any emergency, however sudden, and in the moment of the greatest danger or confusion. He was, among the United Irish, scarcely less considerable for his political than his military qualifica- tions. Hi'=( temper was peculiarly formed to engage the aflfections of a warm-hearted people. A cheerful and intelligent counte- nance, an artless gaiety of manner, with- out reserve, but without intrusion, and a careless yet inoffensive intrepidity, both in conversation and in action, fascinated his slightest acquaintance, and disarmed the rancour of even his bitter opponents. These, indeed, were only the indications of more solid qualities — an open and fear- less heart, warm affections, and a tender, compassionate disposition. Where his own safety was concerned, he was bold even to rashness ; he neither disguised his thoughts nor controlled his actions : where the inter- ests or reputation of others were at stake, he was cautious, discreet, and considerate. 194 FIT . . Indignant as he was at the oppres- sion of his country, and intemperate in his language of abhorrence at the cruelties exercised in Ireland, I never could find that there was a single man against whom he felt the slightest personal animosity. He made allowance for the motives and even temptations of those whose actions he detested." Perhaps there is no one whose memory is held in more loving re- gard by the Irish people than Lord Edward FitzGerald. '^ '^2 331 FitzGerald, Angnstus Frederick, 3rd Dtike of Leiuster, Grand Master of the Freemasons of Ireland, eldest son of the 2nd Duke, was born 21st August 1791. When quite a boy he succeeded his father as Duke of Leinster. He was educated at Eton and at Oxford. In politics he was a staunch Whig, and supported in the House of Lords the cause of Queen Caroline, Catholic Emancipation, the Reform Bill, and other measures of a liberal tendency. Most of his life was passed in Ireland at- tending to the duties connected with his estates and his position in the country. He was a man of singular refinement and amiability of character. He died loth October 1874, aged 83, and was succeeded by his son. ' 54 =02 FitzGerald, Edward, a leader in the Insurrection of 1798, was a country gentle- man of ample means who was bom at New- park, County of Wexford, about 1 770. He was in Wexford jail on suspicion, at the breaking out of the Insurrection in 1 798, was released by the populace, and during the occupation of the town commanded in some of the engagements that took place in different parts of the county, showing far more ability than the Commander-in-chief, Bagenal B. Harvey. Dr. Madden says : " With regard to the prisoners that fell into his hands at Gorey, he behaved in the most humane manner possible ; amid the threats and shouts of the people for vengeance on those who had recently slain or butchered their nearest relatives, . . he said to the people : ' You cannot bring the dead to life by imitating the brutality of your enemies. It is for us to follow them, and come face to face with them.' " He par- ticularly distinguished himself at the battle of Arklow, where he commanded the Shel- malier gimsmen. He afterwards joined in the expedition against Hacketstown ; and surrendered upon terms to General WilJford, in the middle of J uly. With Garrett Byrne and others he was detained in custody in Dublin until the next year, when he was allowed to remove to England. He was re- arrested on 25 th March 1800, imprisoned for a short time, and then permitted to FIT emigrate to Hamburg, where he died in 1807. He is described as a handsome, finely formed man. 331 PitzGerald, George Robert, "Fight- ing FitzGerald," a noted duellist and lawless desperado, was born at Turlough, County of Eoscommon, about 1 748. He was of good family, nephew of the Earl of Bristol, Bishop of Derry; was educated at Eton; was received at the court of Versailles ; com- manded a body of the Volunteers, and in 1 784 was presented with the freedom of the city of Londonderry. He brought one young wife to an early grave, mourned for her in an extravagant manner, and before long married a second. An account of his wild freaks and lawless excesses would fill a small volume. Most of his life was spent on his paternal estate in the County of Mayo. There he hunted by torchlight, terrified his friends by keeping bears and other ferocious animals as pets, erected a fort and set the law at defiance, and even held his father to ransom for a sum of £3,000. In 1 782 he published a volume of 463 pages — An Appeal to the Public, rela- tive to legal proceedings in which he had been engaged. On 12 th June 1786 he was executed at Castlebar, with two accom- plices, for the murder of an obnoxious attorney. Considering his station and con- nexions, the Irish Government showed remarkable firmness in permitting the law to take its course. His wife adhered to him to the last. His daughter, brought up by a relative, died in 1794, it is said of anguish on reading of her father's fate in an old copy of the GeiUleman's Magazine, hidden away on the top shelf of a bookcase. An interesting series of articles on his life will be found in the University Magazine for 1840. 53 13. 146 FitzGerald, John FitzEdmund, Seneschal of Imokilly, in the County of Cork, was one of the most distinguished FitzGeralds of the i6th century — "the chief man of service among the rebels." He went out into insurrection with the Earl of Kildare. In 1569 Sir H. Sidney captured his castle of Ballymartyr; and eventually, with FitzMaurice, he had to submit to Sir John Ferrot among the ruins of the church of Kilmallock, which they had destroyed a short time before. When FitzMaurice proceeded to France to seek assistance against England, the Seneschal was discovered to be in com- munication with him ; and in Novem- ber 1579 he threw aside the mask of loyalty and invaded the country of the Butlers, burning Nenagh and some other of Ormond's towns. Soon after, we are told, " Sir Walter Rawley returning fi'om Dub- N* FIT lin, had a hard escape from the Seneschal, who set on him with fourteen horse and sixty foot. . . About Twelfth-tide the Seneschal of Imokelly killed thirty-six of Pers's soldiers, and ten of Sir W. Morgan's, as they had been to get- a prey." Next year he burnt down numerous towns in the Decies, and carried off 7,000 head of kine ; reaping all the com and conveying it to hiding places in the woods. In September 1582 he was m the field at the head of 200 horse and 2,000 foot ; but his fortunes, like those of his friend the Earl of Desmond, were soon on the wane. Shortly before the Earl was slain, the Seneschal, much to the satisfaction, of Queen Elizabeth, sub- mitted unconditionally; and Oi-mond, re- specting the character of his former anta- gonist, successfully exerted himself to save his life. In 1585 he was committed to Dublin Castle, where he appears to have ended his troubled career early in 1589. He must not be confounded with his name- sake and cousin, the following. "•' FitzGerald, Sir John FitzEdmund, Seneschal of Imokilly, cousin of preceding, was bom about 1528. He stood by the Government all through the Desmond war, although often sorely tempted to join the Earl, who was a relation of his. In July 1572 he was recommended to the Queen by Sir H. Sidney as deserving of reward for his sufferings in her service, and was granted an immediate sum of 100 marks and an annuity of 100 more out of the Munster forfeitures. When Parliament met for the ai-rangement of the forfeitm-es of the Desmond estates, he produced a feoffment which the deceased Earl had made of his property to him before the war. The dates of the document were proved to be erroneous, and his character for loyalty was compromised by this at- tempt to aid the family of his kinsman, and cheat the undertakers out of their prey. Nevertheless he continued to show himself " the best subject the Queen had in Munster.' ' In March 1 60 1 , when Mount- joy sojourned at his house in Cloyne, he was knighted. He was a friend of Sir George Carew, and in his old age was in the enjoyment of as much leisure and dignity as ofl5cial favour could procure for him. He died 1 5th January 1 6 1 2, aged 84, and was buried in Cloyne Cathedral, where his monument may still be seen. '*' FitzGibbon, John, Earl of Clare, was born near Donnybrook, in 1749- His father, a lawyer, originally was a Catholic, who had risen from obscurity to eminence, and amassed a large fortune. Young Fitz- Gibbon, of a haughty and imperious temper- ament, received his early education under 19s FIT Mr. Ball in Ship-street. He was distin- guished as an apt scholar, totally devoid of fancy or taste. Among his school-fellows were Foster, Boyd, and Grattan. FitzGib- bon obtained his degree of B.A. from the UniTersity of Dublin in 1762, and that of LL.D. in 1765. He also took a degree at Oxford, and then entered as a student at the Temple. He was called to the Irish Bar, 19th June 1772, in his twenty-third year, and being a well-read and accom- plished lawyer, his progress was rapid. The first year his fees were J343. By 1 788 they had risen to ^7,980 per annum. Altogether, between June 1772, and June 1798, he received ^£45,91 2. He joined the Munster circuit, where his father's reputation as a careful and painstaking lawyer, and his owning large estates near Limerick, gave him a status. Amongst those who rode circuit with him were Barry Yelverton and Curran. " Of slender figure, not very robust health, and rather delicate features, he had the haughty air, the im- perious glance, the despotic will of a Roman emperor. He was an able and ready ad- vocate, exceedingly painstaking, always master of his case, and these qualifica- tions ensured him abundance of briefs." '* His personal appearance is also de- scribed by Barrington : " He was about the middle size ; slight, and not graceful ; his eyes — large, dark, and penetrating — be- trayed some of the boldest traits of his vm- commoncharacter ; his countenance, though expressive and manly, yet discovered no- thing which could deceive the physiogno- mist into an opinion of his magnanimity, or call forth an eulogium on his virtues." Am- bitious and desirous of distinction, a large allowance from his father did not lessen his eagerness for practice. The success of his advocacy on the University election petition of 1778, led to his election for the University of Dublin in 1780, his coad- jutor beip" Hussey Burgh. When request- ed by the electors to support Grattan's Petition of Rights, he wrote : " I have always been of opinion that the claim of the British Parliament to make laws for his country is a daring usurpation on the rights of a free people, and have uniformly asserted the opinion in public and in pri- vate." We are told that " FitzGibbon's oratory, though inferior to that of many of his great cotemporaries— Grattan, Hussey Burgh, Yelverton, or Flood — was of no mean order. . . It was bold, rapid, and forcible — ministering always to his wants, and rescuing him from difliculties by its quick and apposite application. He had the power of awakening attention and in- fusing animation into the dull and flagging 196 FIT debate. When carelessness or absence of interest rendered the proceedings of the House stupid, he rushed forward, and by a sharp stroke of personal invective, or a vigorous attack upon the opposition gener- ally, elicited the applause of his own party, or provoked the indignation of his adversaries, so that the strife was again re- newed, and sparks of a divine eloquence were generated in the collision." '^ In 1 783 he succeeded Yelverton as Attorney- General. Grattan approved of this ap- pointment, although many of his colleagues feared FitzGibbon — amongst the rest, Mr. Daly, who declared : " You are quite mis- taken ; that little fellow will deceive you all." Before long he joined the Government side — in March 1 784, opposing Flood's Re- form Bill in a speech of singular power and acuteness, m which he bitterly denounced the action of the Volunteers. He was now foivnd upon all occasions — especially upon the questions of Reform and Emancipation — in opposition to the popular party. Wri- ters are much divided as to whether his course was prompted by ambition or by sin- cere conviction. From whatever motives, however, he bent his great powers and stern will implacably against Irish self-govern- ment, and supported EngUsh supremacy in all matters. Unlike many politicians, he is said to have carried his public resent- ments into private intercourse, and is often represented as a man rather to be feared than loved. The influence he before long exer- cised was enormous ; his will became the pivot upon which the movements of the Government party turned, and he ruled in every department of Irish afiairs with irresistible sway. He recommended him- self to the King and Government by preventing the holding of a national con- ference in Dublin — threatening to attach the Sherifi", who had agreed to preside. His action was brought before Parliament, and in the course of the ensuing debate he styled Curran "a pimy babbler." Curran retorted: "I am not a man who denied the necessity of parliamentary re- form at a time when I proved the expedi- ency of it by reviling my own constituents — the parish clerk, the sexton, and the grave-digger." On the Regency question in 1788 FitzGibbon sided unreservedly with Pitt, proving the sincerity of his convic- tions by voting with the party that desired to limit the prerogatives of a probable king de facto. In the course of the debate FitzGibbon declared that it was Ireland's duty on all such questions implicitly to follow the leadings of the Parliament of Great Britain, and that a contrary course would inevitably lead to a union. The FIT King's recovery the following spring put an end to the discussion of the question, and Government dismissed from place all the members who had voted on the popular side. Grattan and his party protested against this course in a famous document, signed by fifty-six noblemen and members of the House of Commons, binding them- selves not to accept the place of any person so dismissed, and FitzGibbon violently de- clared that those who signed were worthy of "being whipped at a cart's tail," and that it was a combination beneath that of j ourney men pin-makers. During a debate in August 1789, on a question at issue between Great Britain and Ireland, he said: "If Ireland seeks to quarrel with Great Britain, she is a besotted nation. Great Britain is not easily aroused, nor easily appeased. Ireland is easily roused, and easily put down." For this he was called to order by Flood, who said " he never heard more mischievous or more in- flammatory language, nor more saucy folly." Curran followed with a violent diatribe against FitzGibbon, and a duel ensued between them at Ball's Bridge. While the sheriff's officer was held down in a ditch, they fought, and after harmless shots on both sides FitzGibbon declared himself satisfied ; according to Lord Plun- ket, " Curran and FitzGibbon fought, but unluckily they missed each other." After FitzGibbon became Chancellor, he is said to have carried his animosity against Curx'an to the extent of making it aU but impossi- ble for him to hold a brief in Chancery. Curran was wont to declare that the Chan- cellor's hatred had been a loss of fully .£30,000 in his practice. It was mainly through his influence that anefiicient Police Bill was passed for Ireland, establishing a force of 3,000 sub-constables and 520 chief- constables. The system of county chairmen was also inaugurated by him. In 1 789, on the death of Lord Lifford, FitzGibbon was created Lord-ChanceUor of Ireland, Baron FitzGibbon of Lower Connello. It had not theretofore been customary to give the office to an Irishman ; and it is said that Pitt could not have overcome Lord Thur- low's objection to the appointment, but for the influence of the beautiful Dowager Duchess of Eutland, of whom FitzGibbon had at one time been an ardent admirer. His advancement in the peerage was rapid. In 1 793 he was created a viscount ; in 1 795 , Ear] of Clare; and in 1799 a British peer. He opposed the Catholic Relief Bill of 1 793 and other kindred measures. Dreading the march of " French principles," he held that the only hope of maintaining the in- • tegrity of the Biitish Empire lay in the FIT union of Great Britain and Ireland, and therefore bitterly opposed all projects for re- form in any way likely to interfere with the carrying of that measure. Mr. Lecky writes: " There appears indeed to be little question that during the later years of the ministry of Pitt, it was the firm resolution of the Government not only to resist the attempts to purify the Parliament, but also steadily and deliberately to increase its corruption. FitzGibbon, afterwards Lord Clare, was the chief agent in attaining this end. His avowed political maxim was that 'the only security for national concurrence is a per- manent and commanding influence of the English executive, or rather English cabi- net, in the councils of Ireland,' and for many years before the Union, the Govern- ment was continually multiplying places, in order to increase that influence." "^ He opposed Lord FitzwiUiam's policy in 1795, and advised his recall ; and on the entiy of Lord Camden, his house would have been broken into, and he would have been sacri- ficed to the fury of the mob, but for the fortitude of his sister, Lady Jeffries, of Blarney Castle, who mixed with the crowd and led them to seek him elsewhere. His conduct during the Insurrection of 1798 has been thus eulogized : " Nor was it long before he had reason to perceive that his measures produced the desired effect. The disaffected were everywhere panic-stricken; the invading force became prisonei'sof war." As Chancellor of the University of Dublin, he effectually prevented the spread of revo- lutionary sentiments amongst the students ; and caused the expulsion of Robert Emmet and others knowu to be disloyal. Moore gives a vivid account of the visitation that was held, of the "awfulness" of the Chan- cellor's presence, and the difficulty with which he himself pulled through without implicating his friends. FitzGibbon's per- sonal character should be relieved of much of the odium attaching to it by his con- siderate conduct towards Lord Edward FitzGerald, Before the Insurrection broke out he besought Lord Edward's friends to induce him to leave the country, assuring them that all his plans were known, and that he would guarantee his escape if he departed immediately. And afterwards, when Lord Edward lay dying of his wounds in Newgate, DubUn, the Chancellor him- self accompanied his brother and aunt to his death bed, and waited for three hours in an outer apartment during the interview. Lord Clare's position upon the Bench en- abled him to counteract and overcome the anti-Union sentiments of the Irish Bar. When the measure was first discussed at a meeting of lawyers, it was opposed by 166 197 FIT voices and advocated by only 32. He managed matters so as effectually to silence the oppoaents of the measure, and to re- ward the minority with places or pensions. In the final debate upon the Union, Lord Clare delivered an able speech, stigma- tized in Grattan's Life as " distressing to hear, and delivered with discreditable pur- pose, full of mis-statement, misrepresenta- tion, and calumny." On the other hand, Cornwallis, writing to the Duke of Port- land, says : " The Chancellor exerted his great abilities in a speech of four hours, which produced the greatest surprise and effect on the Lords, and on the audience, which was uncommonly numerous." Lord Clare opposed Cornwallis's desire that the Act of Union should include emancipation of the Catholics, and he was kept in igno- rance of the secret negotiations between the Irish Government and the Catholics, by which Catholic neutrality upon the question was secured through hopes held out of im- mediate measures of relief. This reticence on the part of his colleagues afterwards aroused his most lively indignation — none the less that the hopes held out to the Catho- lics were not realized. The Union accom- plished. Lord Clare set himself vigorously to work to remove many of the abuses in his court. The sale of offices was put an end to, and the post of Master of the Rolls established on a more satisfactory footing. Upon taking his seat in the Im- perial House of Lords, we are told that his irritable and overbearing disposition, his opposition to all liberal views, his sup- port of martial law, and his tendency upon all occasions to depreciate Ireland and Irishmen, rather disgusted his English auditors, and embarrassed a government anxious in words at least to conciliate the Catholics. In private life his friendships were as fixed and sincere as were his pub- lic enmities ; in money matters he was strict anr" punctual ; his hospitality was liberal and splendid; his application to business was incessant. " He did much to establish equity practice in Ireland on a solid basis ; he reformed abuses with no niggard hand, and purged the court of much that called for reform. Fraud fled before him, for when grasped he punished it with relentless rigour. . . His decisions dis- play his great legal mind and, I must add, despotic disposition." '* One of the last public matters in which he interest- ed himself, shortly before his death, was assisting Mrs. Hamilton Rowan to save her husband's property, and to obtain leave to join him on the Continent. Lord Clare died at his mansion in Dublin, after a brief illness, 28th January 1802, aged 53, FIT and was buried in St. Peter's churchyard. Eloquent encomiums upon his services to Ireland are to be found in Mr. Froude's English in Ireland. One remarkable pas- sage must not be omitted : " Grattan has been beatified by tradition as the saviour of his country. In his own land his me- mory is adored. . . FitzGibbon is the object of a no less intense national execra- tion. He was foUowed to his grave with curses, and dead cats were flung upon his coffin. If undaunted courage, if the power to recognize and the will to act upon un- palatable truths, if the steady preference of fact to falsehood, if a resolution to op- pose at all hazards those wild illusions which have lain at all times at the root of Ireland's unhappiness, be the constituents of greatness in an Irish statesman, Grattan and FitzGibbon are likely hereafter to change places in the final estimate of his- tory." Cornwallis, although often obliged to differ from Lord Clare, styles him " the most right-headed politician in this coun- try." The death of Viscount FitzGibbon, Lord Clare's grandson, in the charge of the Light Brigade at Balaclava, brought his lineage to an end. *' ^ 54 7= 76 87 FitzHenry, Miler, grandson of Henry I. by the Welsh princess, Nesta [See Nesta], one of the principal Anglo- Norman invaders of Ireland, was in 1199 appointed Lord-Justice by King John. This post he held until 1203, and again from 1205 to 1208. By his wars in Con- naught he dispossessed the native chief- tains, and obtained large tracts of country. He lowered the overweening power of De Burgh, and deprived him of the govern- ment of Limerick. On his death, in 1220, he was interred in the Abbey of Great Connell, County of Kildare, which he had built. He married a niece of De Lacy. He is thus described by Giraldus Cam- brensis : " Miler was of a dark complexion, with black eyes and a stern, piercing look. Below the middle height, for his size he was a man of great strength. Broad-chested and not corpulent, his arms and other limbs were bony and muscular, and not encumbered with fat. An intrepid and adventurous soldier, he never shrank from any enterprise, whether singly or in company, and was the first in the onset, the last iu retreat. . . He would have deserved the highest praise if he had been less ambitious of worldly honours, and had paid due reverence to the Church of Christ, not only by preserving its ancient rights and privileges inviolate, but also by hal- lowing their new and sanguinary conquest, in which so much blood had been shed, and which was stained by the slaughter of a FIT Chriatian people, by liberally contributing some portion of their spoils for religious uses." 5 '48 196 FitzManrice, Thomas, Lord of Kerry, was, according to Lodge, " born in 1502, and being bred a soldier in Milan, in Italy, under the Emperors of Germany, for many years before the honour accrued to him, was then in that country ; where- upon one Gerald FitzMaurice, the nest heir male apparent, entered upon Lixnaw, and possessed it about a year, when Joan Harman, who had been nurse to the Lord Thomas (being then very old), accompa- nied by her daughter, went in search of him, and taking ship at Dingle, landed in France, proceeded to Milan, and having acquainted him with her errand, died on her return home." After considerable difficulty he obtained possession of the family lands and title. He was in favour with Edward VI. and Queen Mary, having several estates granted or confirmed to him, and he sat in several parliaments. In 1 5 8 1 , howev er, he rose in rebellion, and took Adare and Lisconnell castles. Zouche, the Governor of Cork, marched against him, and defeated him at the wood of Liscon- nell, whereupon he escaped into the Galtee mountains, was reduced to great distress, and besought pardon. This was granted through the intercession of the Earl of Ormond, and he was received into favour and knighted by Sir H. Sidney. He died at Lixnaw, 1 6th December 1 590, aged about 88, and was buried in Bishop Stack's tomb in the Cathedral of Ardfert. He is said to have been handsome and athletic. A correspondent writing to Walsingham, in 1 58 1, describes him as dressed in a russet mantle, hat, leathern jerkin, pair of hose, and a pair of brogues, the whole "not worth a noble." "^ ='* FitzMaurice, James, cousin of the 15th Earl of Desmond, bom early in the 1 6th century, was styled by English writers, "James Geraldine," or "the Arch Traitor." ffis early life abroad is thus referred to in the Desmond Pedigree: "In his lifetime, being a great traveller in France, Spaine, the Low Countrys, Germany, and Turkye, and a renowned Irish warrior, had letters of recommendation from the King of France to the Emperor, and from the Emperor to the King of Poland, where he was honour- ably entertained, and promoted for his fighting against the Turks. In that war he behaved himselfe soe bravely that he won greate applause and honor both for himselfe, his king, and his country." On the imprisonment of Gerald, i sth Earl of Desmond, and his brother, in the Tower of London, in 1 567, the leadershipof thefamily FIT fell by their desire to James FitzMaurice. He resisted the pretensions of Sir Thomas Desmond to his brother's earldom. Sir Thomas was supported by the Butlers and by FitzMaurice of Kerry. The ori- gin of the contest that ensued between the chieftains of the south and the Govern- ment is thus stated by Mr. Froude: "A number of gentlemen . . chiefly from Somersetshire and Devonshire — Gilberts, Chichesters, Carews, Grenvilles, Courteneys — twenty-seven in aU, volun- teered to relieve Elizabeth of her trouble with Ireland. . . They insisted they must have the whole coast line from the mouth of the Shannon to Cork har- bour included in their grant. . . The Irish, it is true, were not whoUy savages ; they belonged, as much as the English themselves, to the Aryan race ; they had a history, a literature, laws, and traditions of their own, and a religion which gave half Europe an interest in their preserva- tion ; but it is no less certain that to these intending colonists they were of no more value than their own wolves, and would have been exterminated with equal indiffer- ence. . . [Old title deeds were raked up, and a number of farms and castles, belonging to the Desmonds, MacCarthys, and Butlers, were occupied by some of these adventurers.] . . MacCarthy More, James FitzMaurice, the Earl of Desmond's brother, and the south-western chiefs held a meeting in Kerry, and de- termined to use the opportunity of the quarrel between the Butlers and the Eng- lish for a common rising to save them- selves from impending destruction. To them the struggle was for their lands and lives, and as the colonization scheme leaked out, it became easy, with such a cause, to unite all Ireland against the invader. The religious cry and the land cry fell in together. The land was the rallying ground among themselves; religion gave them a claim on the sympathy and the assistance of the Catholic powers." They sent Sir James Desmond and some ecclesiastics to the Pope to crave his assistance ; they overran the country in various directions ; made an ineffectual attack on Kilkenny, sacked Enniscorthy, and marched into Ossory, where they were accused of com- mitting every kind of outrage. They also sent messages to Turlough Luineach O'Neill, inviting him to join their standard of revolt with some of his Scotch auxiliaries. At this juncture Sidney set out on a mili- tary expedition into Munster, and the Earl of Ormond was sent over to bring his refractory brothers to order. The ranks of the insurgents being thus broken up, 199 FIT James FitzMaurice retired with a few followers to the mountains. All the castles and the plain country were in the hands of Government, and Sir John Perrot was put in command of the conquered province. FitzMaurice renewed the war early in 1570. On 2nd March he invested, took by escalade, plundered, and burned Kil- mallock. In 1571 Sir John Perrot took the field in Munster, boasting that he "would hunt the fox [FitzMaurice] out of his hole;" who, however, in the wilds of Aherlow was able to set Perrot and his troops at defiance. At the same time a desultory warfare was waged by the Irish chiefs in Connaught and Ulster. In 1572 the Earl of Clanricard having been taken prisoner by Sir Edward Fitton, his sons renewed the war ; multitudes of the Irish rallied to their standard, and amongst the rest FitzMaurice. In May he went into Ulster, collected 1,500 Scots, and came down upon the country bordering the Shannon. His first step was to burn Athlone — the scanty English guard left in the castle being unable to interfere. Thence he moved down to Portumna, where he was joined by the De Burghs, and crossed the river into Limerick. Sir John Perrot came up with him between Limerick and Kil- mallock, cut his forces in two, and might have annihilated them but for a mutiny among his soldiers, whose wages were in arrear. Perrot again surprised Fitz- Maurice at Ardagh, and killed thirty of his Scots ; a month later the Butlers destroyed a hundred more, and sent their heads to rot on the gates of Limerick. After aim- less and wasting expeditions, the Con- naught insurgents dispersed to their homes, and FitzMaurice, having encountered in- numerable perils, forced his way south, only to find that Castlemaine, the last of his strongholds, had been compelled to capitulate to the Lord-President. He sustained 'limself in the woods iintil the following February (1573), when he sent in hostages and proffered his submission to the President. This was gladly re- ceived ; and he was still powerful enough to ensure his life being preserved. The ruined church of Kilmallock, the scene of his principal aggression, was selected for the ceremony of reconciliation. There, on his knees, in the most abject terms, he con- fessed his guilt, and craved the pardon of the President, who held his naked sword with the point towards the fallen chief- tain's breast. The latter kissed the wea- pon, and fallingij on his face exclaimed : " And now this earth of Kilmallock, which town I have most traitorously sacked and burnt, I kiss, and on the same FIT lie prostrate, overfraught with sorrow upon this present view of my most mischievous part ! " FitzMaurice after this appears to have taken up his residence in France, and before long was engaged in plots for the subversion of Elizabeth's power in Ireland. Having made application unsuccessfully both to Henry III. of France and Philip II. of Spain, to furnish him with means for an expedition against the English power in Ireland, he proceeded to Rome, where he was favourably received by Gre- gory XIII. in 1 5 78. His solicitations were warmly seconded by the Bishop of Killaloe, and Dr. Saunders, an English ecclesiastic. The Pope granted a bull encouraging the Irish to fight for their autonomy and in defence of their religion, and an expedition was fitted out under the command of Stukely, an English adventurer — formerly high in the confidence of Sidney in Ireland. Stukely, created Lord of Idrone by Gregory, acted as admiral of the expedition, while Hercules Pisano, an experienced soldier, had the military command. The soldiers numbered about 800, many, according to O'Sullevan's Historioe Compendium, high- waymen, who had been pardoned on con- dition of their joining the expedition. Stukely sailed with his squadron from Civita Vecchia. Touching at Lisbon, he was easily persuaded to join Sebastian, King of Portugal; in an expedition to Morocco, upon the promise of after assist- ance in the Irish project. At the battle of Alcansar, Stukely, Sebastian, and the greater part of his troops, were killed. Meanwhile FitzMaurice, travelling by land to Spain, embarked for Ireland with about eighty persons in three small vessels. [Philip's -views regarding England had been changed by Drake's doings in the West Indies.] The party consisted of Fitz- Maurice and his wife ; Saunders, the Legate ; two Irish bishops ; a few friars ; a handful of English refugees ; and some twenty-five Italians and Spaniards. Their strength lay in FitzMaurice's name, and in their being representatives of the Pope, who had furnished them with a banner blessed by himself. Off the Land's End they took a couple of small vessels, and on the 17th July 1579 landed at Dingle, and crossed over to Smerwick, where they set to work to fortify Oilen-an-Oir. Fitz- Maurice sent a long explanatory letter to the Earl of Desmond, who immediately forwarded it to Government with assurances of his loyalty. He was, however, joined by the Earl's brothers, Sir John and Sir James of Desmond, and by some 200 of the O'Flahertys, who came round from Galway in their galleys. The murder of Da veils FIT and Carter followed. [See Desmond, 1 5th Earl.] Before long the Spaniards, who had been led to expect a general rising of the people, were much disheartened. Eight days after landing their vessels were cap- tured by English cruisers, the O'Flahertys returned home, and to avoid starvation the Spaniards left their fort and marched inland under the three Desmonds. On 1 7th Au- gust they separated into small parties. Sir John retired to the fastness of Lynamore ; Sir James to that of Glenflesk; whilst FitzMaurice, accompanied by a few horse- men and kerns, proceeded towards Tip- perary (on pretence of making a pilgrimage to Holycross Abbey), to rally the disaffected in Connaught and the north. In the dis- trict of Clanwilliam their horses gave out, and they seized some from the plough. These horses belonged to William Burke of Castleconnell, whose sons Theobald and Ulick, with Mac-I-Brian Ara, pursued the party, and came up with them a few miles east of Limerick, near the present Barrington's Bridge, i8th August 1579. FitzMaurice remonstrated with his assail- ants, but was fired at and mortally wound- ed. Even after this he rushed into the thick of the melee that ensued, with one blow cleft the head of Theobald Burke, and with another that of his brother. FitzMaurice expired in a few hours, the rites of religion being administered to him by Dr. Allan, who was in his company, "After that he was thus dead," says Holin- shed, " and the same made known to the lord iustice, he gaue order that he should be hanged in the open market of Killmal- locke, and be beheaded and quartered, and the quarters to be set upon the towne gates of Kilmallocke, for a perpetuall me- moriall to his reproch for his tresons and periuries, contrarie to his solemne oth taken in that errour." '*■• FitzMaurice left two sons, one of whom was shortly afterwards slain in the Irish wars, and the other is said to have perished by ship- wreck on the Irish coast in one of the vessels of the Spanish Armada. His widow andyoungerchildren died miserably shortly afterwards at the hands of the Anglo-Irish soldiers who were ravaging Desmond. [See Desmond, 15th Earl.] 5= 'oo 134 140 147 170. FitzMaurice, William, Earl of Shelburne, Marqiiis of Lansdowne, a distinguished statesman, was born in Dublin, 20th May 1737. [His father, on the decease of a maternal uncle, inherited the large Irish estates of his grandfather. Sir William Petty, and was in 1 753 created Earl of Shelburne.] His early years were spent in Munster with his grandfather, the Earl of Kerry. There he was allowed FIT to run wild. He owed his first steps in learning to the care of his aunt, Lady Arabella Denny. At sixteen he was sent to Christ Church, Oxford. Afterwards, entering the army, he served in Germany, and gave signal proof of personal valour at the battles of Kampen and Minden. At the accession of George III. he was appointed aide-de-camp to the King, with the rank of colonel. In 1761 he was elected member for Wycombe, a seat he held but for a few weeks, as upon his father's death on loth May of that year, he passed to the House of Lords as Earl of Shelburne in the Irish and Baron Wy- combe in the British peerage. In April 1763 he was, though not then twenty-six years of age, appointed to the head of the Board of Trade, and sworn of the Privy Council. In these official positions he re- ported upon the organization of the govern- ment and the settlement of boundaries of the newly-acquired Canadian territories. His strongly-worded representations as to the danger attending the proposed plans for the taxation of the American colonies, caused him to be regarded with disfavour by George III. On Grenville's modifi- cation of his cabinet in the following September, Shelburne resigned his office, and thenceforth remained closely united with Pitt, against whom, at the outset of his career, he had been strongly preju- diced. For more than a year he lived in retirement at Bowood, adding to his library and improving his estate. In 1766 Pitt, then Earl of Chatham, formed his second administration, and the Earl of Shelburne accepted the post of Secretary of State for the Southern Department, which included the colonies. As might have been expected from his previously declared opinions, he endeavoured to gain the good- will of the American colonies — putting himself in communication with their several agents in England, and seeking full information on the points in which the colonists regarded themselves aggrieved. In these good offices he was to some extent thwarted by his colleagues, and when illness obliged Lord Chatham to withdraw from an active share in the Government, the influence of Graf- ton, Townshend and others became para- mount, and Shelburne's conciliatory policy was cast to the winds. After the passage of the Import Duties Act, he would pro- bably have resigned, were it not that he considered himself bound to Chatham, then too ill to see any of his coadju- tors even on the most important affairs. The management of the colonies was shortly afterwards transferred to Lord Hillsborough, the other secretary, and FIT Lord Shelbume gladly resigned office on 19th October 1768. Lord Chatham's resignation followed, and George III. found a congenial minister in Lord^ North. Shortly after this Lady Shelbume died, and he paid a prolonged visit to the Con- tinent with his friend Colonel Barre. In Paris he became acquainted with Baron d'Holbach, Malesherbes, the Abbe Morel- let, and other eminent men ; and he after- wards declared that his intimacy with Morellet was the turning point in his career ; in his own words, " Morellet libe- ralized my ideas." Many of his French friends were afterwards induced to visit Bowood, where, in company with Frank- lin, and Garrick, Barre, Priestley, and others, they found the equivalent of the brilliant society of Paris. Out of office. Lord Shelburne continued the steady friend of Chatham, opposing Lord North's ministry on most leading questions, espe- cially those relating to America. Never- theless, like Lord Chatham, he expressed the strongest repugnance to the plans of the colonists for independence — opinions of which he was afterwards reminded by opponents, when as Premier he was forced to acknowledge the independence of the United States. In the debate on the American Conciliatory Bill, 5 th March 1778, he went so far as to say: "The moment that the independence of America is agreed to by our Government, the sun of Great Britain is set, and we shall no longer be a powerful or respectable people." He desired that the countries should be united by at least a federal union, in which they would have the same friends and the same enemies, one purse and one sword for common purposes. A few days after these utterances. Lord North resigned (April 1778), and the negotiations for the return of Lord Chatham to office (put an end to by his death) were carried on almo?' entirely by Lord Shelburne. Next year his marriage with Lady L. FitzPatrick connected him more closely than before with Fox and Lord Holland. After Lord Chatham's death, Shelburne joined Lord Rockingham, consenting to waive in his favour, in case of office being offered to him, his title to the premiership. His opposition to Lord North increased in activity as the policy of the latter became more and more unsuccessful, while Shel- bume himself may be said to have become proportionately popular. The measures passed in December 1779 for t'he relief of Irish commerce had his heartiest approval. On 20th March 1782, in consequence of the surrender of Cornwallis, Lord North's ministry succumbed, and Lord Rockiug- FIT ham became his successor, with Lord Shelburne and Charles James Fox as Sec- retaries of State. As Secretary of State, Shelbume, in the House of Lords on 1 7th May, moved those measures which con- ceded Parliamentary independence to Ire- land. The ministry lasted little over three months — Rockingham's death in July being the immediate cause of its dissolution. Fox, with Burke and his other friends, then insisted on the Duke of Portland being made Premier ; the King, however, who had come to place great confidence in Lord Shelburne, preferred him, and entrusted him with the forma- tion of a ministry. Fox's party, unable to dissuade him from acceding to the King's desire, seceded in a body, being unwill- ing to accept his leadership. During Shelburne's administration of little over seven months, Gibraltar was successfully defended, the great victories of Howe and Rodney enabled Great Britain to make honourable terms with France, Spain, and Holland, and separate preliminaries of peace were arranged with the United States. Shelburne resigned in February 1783, and did not again accept office, or take any prominent part in public affairs' — giving, however, a steady and use- ful support to his younger and abler col- league, Pitt. He was created Marquis of Lansdowne in 1784. His health being feeble, he felt neither strength nor inclina- tion again to enter into the turmoil of party politics. In the debate in the British House of Lords on 19th March 1799, he expressed himself very fully regarding the proposed union with Ireland. It is, however, difficult to gather his exact sentiments. On the one hand, he declared, as a party to the concessions of 1782, that that settlement by no means precluded a measure of closer union when desirable. Referring to the disturbed state of Ireland he said : " There is no remedy for aU these evils but a union ; . . a union was at aU times desirable ; at present it was indis- pensable. The resolutions respecting it should be acted on immediately, for our very existence was at stake." On the other hand, he appeared to desire that the real sentiments of the people of Ireland upon the question should be consulted — not merely the opinions of the members of the Irish Parliament. He declared immediate Catholic emancipation desirable. " There was one point on which his mind doubted, as to the mode of carrying a union into eflfect, and that was the union of the Parlia- ments. . . He felt inclined to adopt aU the resolutions except that which related to the addition of one hundred members to FIT the House of Commons." Lord Lausdowne died on 7th May 1805, aged 67, and his remains were interred in the church of High Wycombe. The following sum- mary of his character is from Knight's Cyclopccdia :—" TYxQ Earl of Shelburne was not a great statesman; but he was a highly cultivated and well-informed one, liberal in his general views, and pos- sessing a wider acquaintance with foreign affairs and sounder commercial principles than most of the political men of his time. He was, moreover, an able debater, assidu- ous in his attention to business, and there can be now little doubt, honest in purpose, and less swayed than many of his eminent contemporaries by mere party motives : but he was proud, unaccommodating, and wanting in frankness ; so that, while he made many enemies by his assumption, he failed to secure a character for sincerity, earnestness, and firmness. In private life he was highly esteemed. He was the friend of men of talent and genius, and his love of letters led him to form one of the noblest libraries which had ever been col- lected in England by a private individual. It was in his librai-y that his last years were chiefly spent, though he continued to superintend personally as much as possible his extensive estates. On his death, his collection of printed books was dispersed by auction ; but his MSS. were purchased for the British Museum — a parliamentary grant of £4,925 being voted for the purpose." The Edinburgh Review (January 1877) says : "History has not done justice to the character of the first Marquis of Lansdowne, ivho only wanted the opportunity to have taken his place in the first rank of English statesmen. During his short adminis- tration he concluded a disastrous war by a peace in which the interests and the honour of the country were duly regarded, and the domestic policy which he pursued was only in fault inasmuch as it was in advance of the knowledge and morality of the time. His personal failings were certainly not those of casuistry and du- plicity, which are popularly attributed to liim. He rather erred from a stubborn faith in the virtue of principle, and a contemptuous neglect of those party connexions, without which, even in this improved age, it is difficult to carry any measure bearing the stamp of novelty or progress. But in truth Lord Shelburne was even more of a political philosopher than a statesman ; and his political phi- losophy was far above the level of his own age. He was an ardent champion of American independence. He hailed with enthusiasm the French Kevolution. He FIT had always firmly maintained that France ought not to be the enemy, but the friend and ally of England. He was the stre- nuous advocate of free trade. He was for Catholic emancipation and complete re- ligious equality before the law ; he would have proposed a Keform Bill and the disenfranchisement of nomination bo- roughs ; he was in favour of the rights of the neutral flag in time of war ; he did institute a close search into the gross abuses that pervaded every branch of the administration ; his house became, what it continued to be for two generations, a centre of cultivated and liberal society, for Priestley, Price, Morellet, Dumont, Romilly, Bentham, were among his most constant associates. On all these points Lord Shelburne was fifty years ahead of his own times ; and whatever place may be assigned to him in the ranks of party, he was undoubtedly one of the most genuine liberals who has ever played a part in the affairs of England. If his public life was on the whole a failure, it was throughout consistent in its adherence to these liberal principles ; it was neither stained by corruption nor disfigured by faction ; and in one respect Lord Lans- downe was most fortunate ; his declining years were cheered by the early promise of a son who ultimately inherited his honours and added lustre to his name." He was twice married — in 1765 to Lady Sophia Carteret, and after her death, to Lady Louisa FitzPatrick in 1779. One of his sons by the first marriage succeeded him as 2nd Marquis of Lansdowne, and another by the second became 3rd Marquis. "^ '^^ 201 t 30s FitzPatrick, Sir Bamaby, Lord of Upper Ossory, was descended from an old Milesian family, and succeeded to the title on his father's death, about 1 550. In his youth he served in the French army, and was a personal friend of Edward VI., by whom he was greatly beloved. He was knighted in 1558 for bravery at the siege of Leith, and Sidney in his report concern- ing the condition of Ireland in 1575 bears testimony to the ability with which he then governed his territories. He completely reduced the O'Mores and O'Conors, and in 1578 attacked and killed Rory Oge O'More, and was recommended to the Eng- lish council " for that, of his own chardge, and with his owne forces onelye, without her Majesty's pay,hehath adventured hym- selfe in the service, and so happelye hath atchieved to his greate esttmacion and creditt." Of the 1,000 marks due for Eory's head, he accepted only £100, which I he distributed amongst his followers. In 203 FIT 1579 he attended the Deputy into Mon- ster against James FitzMaurice and the Spanish garrison of Smerwick, in consider- ation of which services he received a pen- sion and further grants from Government. He died nth September 158 1, "at the house of William Kelly, surgeon, in Dub- lin." ='* FitzFatrick, Bichard, Lord Gow- ran, a distinguished naval commander, born at Castletown, of same family as pre- ceding. Entering the naval service, he was in May 1687 appointed to a command, and signalized himself in several actions against the French. "William III. granted him an estate in the Queen's County. In February 1691 he drove ashore two French frigates, and captured their convoy of four- teen merchantmen. In the reign of Queen Anne he assisted in the expedition against Cadiz and in the attack on Vigo. On the accession of George I. he was created Baron Gowran, and took his seat in the Irish Par- liament. He died 9th June 1727, leaving two sons, the eldest of whom afterwards became Earl of Upper Ossory. s^ 349 FitzRalph, Bichard, Archbishop of Armagh, one of the moat eminent Irish churchmen of the middle ages, was born at Dundalk about the end of the 13th century, and was educated at Oxford. He com- menced Doctor of Divinity, and became Chancellor of that University in 1333. He was collated Chancellor of the church of Lincoln in 1334, became Archdeacon of Chester in 1336, and was installed Dean of Lichfield in 1337. By Pope Clement VI. he was advanced to the see of Armagh, and was consecrated at Exeter, on 8th July 1347. He espoused the cause of the secular clergy in their contests with the mendicant orders, whose abuses he discerned and ex- posed both by writings and preaching. The heads of the Irish Franciscans and Dominicans cited him to Avignon, where he appeaT-'^d, and in presence of Pope In- nocent VI. undauntedly maintained the conclusions he had arrived at. The exa- mination of the matter was committed to the cardinals, who, after a long contro- versy, decided against him. FitzRalpb was silenced, and the rights of the friars in relation to preaching, confession, and free sepulchre were maintained. Fitz- Ralph died at Avignon, i6th November 1360."^ Ten years afterwards, in 1370, his bones are said to have been translated to Dundalk, by Stephen de Valle, Bishop of Meath. Harris's Ware says: "Because he was an enemy to the mendicants, some have spoken but indifferently of him and his writings, and Bellarmine thinks they ought to be read with caution. Prateolus 204 FIT and others, although they allow him to have been possessed of great accomplish- ments, yet rank him among the heretics ; but Wadding, though not favourable to his cause, yet clears him of this aspersion, . . and adds that he rather offended by the exuberance of his knowledge than by the perversity of his will." He is said to have translated the Bible into Irish, and by some writers has been ranked amongst the earliest British reformers. Harris's Ware gives an extended list of his writings. Another will be found in N'otesand Queries, 2nd Series, by a writer who, as also the author of a note in Cotton's Fasti, cites authorities to show FitzRalph's claim to be considered a native of Devon."* ^24(2) 339 FitzSimmous, Thomas, an Ameri- can statesman, was born in Ireland in 1 741. He was an eminent merchant of Philadelphia, subscribed large sums for the supply of the army, and during the Revolutionary war commanded a volun- teer company. He was for many years a member of the State Assembly, was a delegate to the old Congress in 1 782-3, and to the Federal Convention in 1787, and was a member of Congress 1789-95. He died in Philadelphia, August 181 1, aged about 70. 37» FitzSimon, Henry, Rev., was born in Dublin about 1569, of Protestant parents. After matriculating at Oxford, he travelled on the Continent, where he became a Jesuit. On his return to Ire- land he was soon involved in religious disputations, and was committed to Dublin Castle. There, we are told, he expressed a desire for exercising his logical faculties — declaring that, " as he was a prisoner, he was like a bear tied to a stake, and wanted somebody to bate' him." Ussher, then only in his nineteenth year, took up the gauntlet and proved an able adversary. This was in 1599. On gaining his liberty he travelled on the Continent, and then returned to Ireland. " He was a great abetter and encourager of the rebellion in 164 1 ; but when the rebels began to be subdued, he was obliged to fly for shelter into woods and mountains, and to skulk from place to place ; until at last he died miserably on the ist of February 1643." He was the author of several con- troversial works. 339 FitzSimons, Walter, Archbishop of Dublin, who was consecrated in 1484, joined the Earl of Kildare and others in crowning Simnel in 1487 ; but, having made his submission and craved pardon of King Henry VII., he was again received into favour, and was entrusted with many im- portant oflSces. He died at Finglas, 14th FIT May 1 5 1 1, and was buried in St. Patrick's Cathedral. " He was a prelate of great gravity and learning ; of a graceful pres- ence." He inveighed against idle younger sons and beggars, " who live in sloath and indolence on account of the great plenty of all kinds of provision that the land naturally produceth ; and for this they neglect to labour." ^39 FitzStephen, Robert, son of Nesta and Stephen, constable of Cardigan [See Nesta], the first Anglo-Norman invader of Ireland, in the 12th century. He was one of those who with Strongbow en- tered into Dermot MacMurrough's plans, upon his return from his interview with Henry II. in Normandy. He had been confined in prison by Rhys-ap-GrifFen, a feudatory of Henry II., and was released so as to be able to join in the invasion of Ireland, on the intercession of his half- brothers the Bishop of St. David's and Maurice FitzGerald. Dermot agreed to grant him and Maurice FitzGerald the town of Wexford and two adjacent cantreds of land. Accordingly, whUe Earl Strongbow made his preparations for invasion on a more extensive scale, in May 1 169 FitzSte- phen embarked at Milford 30 men-at-arms, 60 men in half -armour, and 300 archers and foot-soldiers, in three ships, and after a favourable passage landed at Bannow, or Baginbun Head, on the south coast of "Wexford " on the calends of May." He was accompanied by his nephews, Miler FitzHenry and Miles of St. David's, and by Hervey de Marisco, his son-in-law. Maurice de Prendergast joined them next day with two ships containing 10 men-at- arms and a body of archers. They were immediately waited on by Dermot's sou Donal, " a valiant gentleman," with 500 spearmen. Dermot himself followed with a large force of horse and foot, and the united armies immediately marched to the assault of Wexford. The town was bravely defended, and did not surrender imtil it had sustained an assault for seven hours, and the citizens had been advised to submit by two bishops. FitzStephen and Fitz- Gerald were immediately put in possession of the town, and Hervey de Marisco was given two cantreds lying between Wex- ford and Waterf ord. ' ' These things having been accomplished according to their desires," says Cambrensis, "and their troops having been reinforced by the townsmen of Wexford, they directed their march towards Ossory, with an army numbering about 3,000 men." Roderic O'Conor, monarch of Ireland, now led a large force against the Anglo-Normans and their allies, and the latter were FIT obliged to entrench themselves near Ferns. Terms were ultimately agreed to : Dermot acknowledged Roderic paramount king and monarch of Ireland, and Roderic confirmed Dermot in the sovereignty of Leinster. FitzStephen appears now to have applied himself to the settlement of his newly-acquired territory, and to have brought over his wife and children, and next year, while Strongbow and FitzGerald were engaged at Dublin, " he was," says Cambrensis, " building a fort upon a steep rock, commonly called Karrec [Ferry- carrick], situated about two miles from Wexford, a place strong by nature, but which art made still stronger." There he was shortly beleaguered by the townsmen of Wexford, who had thrown off his au- thority, and had been joined by the men of Kinsale, to the number of 3,000. The castle was only in process of construction ; he had to depend upon an ill-fortified hold built of turf and stakes ; and he and the garrison were obliged to surrender to the overwhelming numbers of their assail- ants. Upon the arrival of Strongbow from Dublin, Wexford was given to the flames, and the Irish retreated with their captives to Begeri, then an island in Wexford harbour. FitzStephen must have been detained prisoner nearly a year by the Irish, for we are told by Cambrensis, that on the arrival of King Henry II., " the men of Wexford, to court his favour, brought to him in fetters their prisoner FitzStephen, excusing themselves because he had been the first to invade Ireland without the royal licence, and had set others a bad example. The King having loudly rated him, and threatened him with his indignation for his rash enterprise, at last sent him back loaded with fetters, and chained to another prisoner, to be kept in safe custody in Reginald's Tower." After Henry's return from Lismore, FitzStephen " was again brought before him, and being touched with compassion for a brave man, who had been so often exposed to so great perils, and pitying his case, at the inter- cession of some persons of rank about his court he heartily forgave and pardoned him, and freely restored him to his former state and liberty, reserving to himself only the town of Wexford, with the lands adjoining." On Henry II.'s departure for England, in April 1 1 72, FitzStephen was appointed joint Warden of Dublin with FitzGerald. King Henry granted him and Milo de Cogan the southern part of Mun- ster, west of Lismore, excepting the city of Cork. Having taken possession of this dis- trict, they proceeded north with De Braosa, to put him in occupation of Limerick and 205 FIT the surrounding country. On their ap- proach, the inhabitants of Limerick fired the city, and the confederates retreated, " rather than run the risk," says Cambrensis, " to which they would be exposed in a country so hostile and so remote from all succour." The same writer attributes their failure to the pusillanimity of De Braosa and the pack of "cut-throats, and murderers, and lewd fellows" who accompanied himfrom Wales. FitzStephen's latter days were clouded by misfortunes. His son and many of his bravest companions fell in battle with the Irish ; he was himself beleaguered in Cork, and when the siege was raised by his nephew, Eaymond le Gros, it was found that the first and the bravest of the little band of Anglo-Norman adventurers had been deprived of reason. He died shortly afterwards, in 1 182. His memory is thus spoken of by Giraldus Cambrensis : "O excellent man, the true pattern of singular courage and unparalleled enter- prise, whose lot it was to be obnoxious to fickle fortune and suffer adversity with few intervals of prosperity. . , Thou wert indeed another Marius ; for if you consider his prosperity no one was more fortunate ; if you consider his misfortunes, he was of all men most miserable. Fitz- Stephen was stout in person, with a handsome countenance, and stature some- what above the middle height ; he was bountiful, generous, and pleasant, but too fond of wine and women." s ms 196 202 Flaun Mainistrech was a chief pro- fessor of the school of St. Buite, at Monas- terboice, in the nth century. He was of Munster extraction, " Of Flann's private life or history nothing remains to us ; of his public life we have on record the fact of his having risen to the highest position in the profession of learning, . . and we have evidence of his great celebrity in after ages in the high compliment paid to him by the Four Masters (whose words of praise are always very measured), in the following entry of his death : 'A. D. 1056. Flaun of the Monastery, chief professor of Saint Buite's monastery, the wise master of the Gaedhils in literature, history, philosophy, and poetry, died.' " -^' " Flann compiled very extensive historical syn- chronisms, which have been much respected by some of the most able modern writers on early Irish history." ^ O'Curry gives a lengthened analysis of his numerous poems, and writes as follows of some of them : " They are precisely the documents that supply life and the reality of details to the blank dryness of our skeleton pedi- grees. Many a name lying dead in our genealogical tracts, and which has found 206 FLE its way into our evidently condensed chronicles and annals, will be found in these poems, connected with the death, or associated with the brilliant deeds of some hero whose story we would not willingly lose ; while, on the other hand, many an obscure historical allusion wUl be illustrated, and many a historical spot as yet unknown to the topographer will be identified, when a proper investigation of these and other great historical poems pre- served in the Book of Leinster shall be un- dertaken as part of the serious study of the history and antiquities of our country." '^ ^' Flannan, Saint, a confessor and Bishop of Killaloe, 639, was the son of Turlough, King of Thomond. Educated in the monastery founded by St. Molua, he ulti- mately retired to Lismore, where he was joined by his father, who resigned his throne. We are told that he spent much time in this retreat between " the soaring mountains on the north and the thick and extensive forests on the south." Archaeo- logists have maintained that the traces of artistic taste acquired during a sojourn in Rome are evident in the churches erected by St. Flannan in Munster. He died "full of years," and was buried at KUlaloe, of which he was the first Bishop. His f estiv&l is the 1 9th December. "5 '34 235 Fleming, Patrick, Rev., of the family of the Lords of Slane, was bom in the townland of Lagan, County of Louth, 17th April 1599. At thirteen he was sent to the Continent, and studied diligently at Douay and Louvain ; at the latter place he took the habit of St. Francis on 17th March 1 6 1 7. At Paris he became intimate with Hugh Ward, and perceiving his capa- city for the task, induced him to undertake the work of collecting materials for a work on the lives of the Irish saints. In 1623 he removed to Rome in company with Hugh MacCaughwell, afterwards Arch- bishop of Armagh. After studying in St. Isidore's at Rome, Fleming returned to Louvain ; and in a few years removed to Prague, where in 163 1 he was ap- pointed President of the Irish College. When Prague was about being besieged by the Elector of Saxony in 1 63 1 he fled with a companion, but was set upon by some peasants and murdered, 7th Novem- ber in the same year. Fortunately when departing for Prague he left his Collectanea Sacra in MS. in the hands of Moret, a printer in Antwerp. It appeared in Lou- vain in 1677. The work is now extremely rare, having at Dr. Todd's sale brought .£70. An exposition of the contents, by Dr. Reeves, will be found in the Ulster Journal of ArchcBology, vol, ii. " ^39 FLO Flood, Henry, a distinguished orator and statesman, was bom on the family estate near Kilkenny, in 1732 ; his father was Chief-Justice of the King's Bench ; his grandfather came over to Ireland as an ofB- cer, during the War of i64i-'52. After the death of a brother and sister, he remained an only child, and his studies were attended to with the care proportioned to his ex- pectations as the inheritor of extensive property. He entered Trinity College as a fellow-commoner when but in his six- teenth year, and completed his education at Oxford, where he studied under Dr. Markham, afterwards Archbishop of York. He devoted himself especially to the clas- sics, and wrote some poetry. Having left Oxford, he entered at the Temple, and altogether he spent about seven years of study in England. He was passionately fond of private theatricals, and he is said to have occasionally acted with Grattan, although the latter was fully eighteen years younger. In youth he was a singu- larly attractive companion — "genial, frank, and open ; endowed with the most bril- liant conversational powers, and the hap- piest manner — 'the most easy and best tempered man in the world, as well as the most sensible,' according to Grattan. His figure was exceedingly graceful, and his countenance was in youth of correspond- ing beauty. He was of a remarkably social disposition, delighting in witty so- ciety and in field sports, and readily conciliating the affection of all classes." He entered Parliament in 1759 as mem- ber for Kilkenny, being the sixth of the name and family who sat in Parliament during the i8th century. Two years later, his marriage with Lady Frances Maria Beresford added to his position and prestige in the country. Endowed with re- markable eloquence, indomitable courage, and singularly acute judgment, he pos- sessed almost every requisite for a leader of public opinion. The Irish Parliament was at this time corrupt to the last degree : of the 300 members, 200 were elected by 100 individuals, and nearly 50 by 10. Lord Shannon returned 16 ; the Ponsonbys, 14 ; Lord Hillsborough, 9 ; and the Duke of Leinster, 7. An enormous pension list and the entire Government patronage were systematically and steadily employed in corruption. Amongst the nobility ab- senteeism was the rule. The House was almost independent of popular control, lasting during the reign of each sovereign ; while, under Poyning's law, the British Government had the power either of altering or rejecting all Bills. Flood's eloquence soon made him the leader of the FLO growing party determined to abridge the corrupt influence of Government, and establish a modified independence. " His eloquence," says Mr. Lecky, " as far as we can judge from the description of con- temporaries and from the fragments that remain, was not quite equal to that of some later Irish orators. He was too sententious and too laboured. He had, at least in his later years, but little fire and imagination ; his taste was by no means pure ; and his language, though full of force and meaning, was often tinged with pedantry. He appears, however, to have been one of the very greatest of par- liamentary reasoners." "In comparison with Grattan," continues Mr. Lecky, " Flood was invariably considered the more convincing reasoner of the two. He was a great master of grave sarcasm, of invective, of weighty, judicial statement, and of reply ; and he brought to every question a wide range of constitutional knowledge, and a keen and prescient, though somewhat sceptical judgment." Through his exertions a healthy public opinion soon began to spring up outside the walls of the House, and a powerful opposition was organized within. For about ten years a desultory warfare was carried on between the two parties — the Government, while growing weaker, stUl able to command working majorities — Flood becoming more and more the idol of the country. In 1767, however, a great and unforeseen change came to favour the popular party, after the appointment of Lord Townshend as Lord- Lieutenant. A measure for making the judges ir- removeable was recommended from the throne and passed, but was considerably altered by the English Ministry. On the other hand, the Octennial Bill, urged on by Mr. Flood, and passed by the Irish Parliament in 1768, perhaps only to gain popularity, and in the hope of its being vetoed in England, was, much to the dis- may of the majority, allowed to become law, and Parliament became in some real sense an organ of popular sentiment, as far at least as the Protestant portion of the nation was concerned. In the course of the election that took place after the passing of this Bill in September 1769, Flood had an unhappy quarrel with Mr. Agar, his colleague in the representation of Callan, who forced on two duels, and in the second was shot through the heart by Flood. As a matter of form Flood stood trial for the ofi'ence; but, in accordance with the feelings of the time, was triumphantly acquitted. The same year a money bill, originated by Government, was rejected 207 FLO by the House of Commons, whereupon the Lord-Lieutenant delivered an angry protest (inserted by his directions in the Journals of the House of Lords), and prorogued Parliament, though pressing business was on hand. It was not sum- moned again for more than a year, Grovern- ment improving the opportunity by a wholesale system of bribery — not less than ,£5oo,CKDo being spent in seeking to obtaLa a majority. Nevertheless the Parliament of 177 1 rejected another money bill without a division. Lord Townshend now resolved upon increasing the number of the Com- missioners of Eevenue from seven to twelve, and thereby increasing the Govern- ment influence in the House. Flood denounced the proposed measure. By the casting vote of the Speaker a vote of censure upon Government was carried, and Lord Townshend was immediately recalled. In the course of these contests the famous Baratariana paper appeared, supposed by many to be the joint pro- duction of Flood, Grattan, and Langrishe. According to Mr. Lecky, Flood's por- tions "are powerful and well reasoned, but, like his speeches, too laboured in style, and they certainly give no countenance to the notion started at one time that he was the author of the Letters of Junius." The same author goes on to say : " Flood had now at- tained to a position that had as yet been un- paralleled in Ireland. He had shown that pure patriotism and great abilities could find scope in the Irish Parliament. He had proved himself beyond all comparison the greatest orator that this country had as yet produced, and also a consummate master of parliamentary tactics. In the midst of a corruption, venality, and sub- serviency which could scarcely be ex- aggerated, he had created a party before which ministers had begun to quail— a party which had wrung from England a concessio of inestimable value, which had inoculated the people with the spirit of liberty and of self-reliance, and which promised to expand with the development of public opinion, till it had broken every fetter and had recovered every right." Flood now appeared to believe that all concessions possible had been gained for Ireland, and that it was the duty of Irish- men to accept the situation and work with the Government. Whatever may have been his inspiring motive, it is certain that on the accession of Lord Harcourt as Lord-Lieutenant, Flood, hitherto in bitter opposition and possessed of an ample fortune, solicited place. Lord Har- court, writing 19th June 1774, says: " Among the many embarrassments of my 208 FLO situation, I have found none more difficult than to make a proper provision for Mr. Flood." Again : "It may be better to secure Mr. Flood almost at any expense, than risk an opposition which may be most dangerous and mischievous." Event- ually he was appointed Vice-Treasurer, a post hitherto reserved for Englishmen, and one that added £3,50x3 per annum to his income. The confidence of the Irish people now passed from him, and during the seven years that he remained in office he was necessarily obliged to keep silence on those great questions which before he so ceaselessly expounded. He formed part of a government that upheld the com- mercial restraints on Ireland, that im- posed a two years' embargo in consequence of the American war, that sent 4,000 Irish troops to fight against American independence — troops that Flood desig- nated " armed negotiators." Grattan after- wards, in his famous invective, refer- ring to this expression, spoke of him as standing " with a metaphor in his mouth and a bribe in his pocket, a champion against the rights of America — the only hope of Ireland, and the only refuge of the liberties of mankind." When these troops were sent abroad, Ireland was de- fenceless ; and on the first hint of a French invasion Government had to ad- mit that it was powerless to defend the country. The Volimteers sprang into being, with the series of important events whose recital more properly belongs to the lives of Grattan and Charlemont. " Con- spicuous amongst their colonels was Flood, not uninjured in his reputation by his ministerial career ; yet still reverent from the memory of his past achievements and the splendour of his yet unfading intel- lect." -'- In the torrent of patriotic enthu- siasm that then swept over Ireland, Flood found his position as a minister intolerable. He threw up his £3,500 a year, returned to his old friends, and the King himself erased his name from the list of Privy-Councillors. However great his mistake may have been in taking office, he amply atoned by thus renouncing it. Nevertheless it was too late for him to resume his old place in the afiec- tions of his country. Mr. Lecky says : "In 1779 Yelverton broxight forward a Bill for the repeal of Poyuing's law ; and Flood, while supporting the measure, complained bitterly that after a service of twenty years in the study of this particular question he had been superseded. He add- ed : ' The honourable gentleman is erecting a temple of liberty, I hope that at least I shall be allowed a niche in the fane.' Yelverton retorted by reminding him that, FLO by the civil law, 'if a man should separate from his wife, desert and abandon her for seven years, another might then take her and give her his protection.' " The next occasion upon which Flood prominently came before the public was on the ques- tion of " simple repeal." He asserted that the simple repeal of the Acts that had fettered Ireland was not enough — that there should be a formal renunciation of them by the British Parliament. Grattan was willing to confide in the honour of the British {xovemment ; Flood declared that Great Britain would upon the first op- portunity endeavour to reassert her lost supremacy. The conflict that ensued between Flood and Grattan was most unfortunate. Having gained so much, mainly by the influence of the Volun- teers, it was desirable that the country should settle down into the old paths of constitutional action. But Flood's declamations threw Ireland into a state of fresh unsettlement. In October 1783 occurred a deplorable altercation between Flood and Grattan in Parliament. An uncalled-for allusion to Flood's illness escaped from Grattan in the heat of a debate. " Flood rose indignantly, and after a few words of preface, launched into a fierce diatribe against his opponent. His task was a diflicult one, for few men pre- sented a more unassailable character. Invective, however, of the most outrageous description, was the custom of the time, and invective between good and great men is necessarily unjust. He dwelt with bitter emphasis on the grant the Parlia- ment had made to Grattan. He described him as ' that mendicant patriot who was bought by his country, and sold that country for prompt payment ;' and he dilated with the keenest sarcasm upon the decline of his popularity. He con- cluded in a somewhat exultant tone : * Permit me to say that if the honourable gentleman often provokes such contests as this, he will have but little to boast of at the end of the session.' Grattan, how- ever, was not unprepared. He had long foreseen the collision, and had embodied all his angry feeling in one elaborate speech. Employing the common artifice of an imaginary character, he painted the whole career of his opponent in the blackest colours, condensed in a few masterly sentences all the charges that had ever been brought against him, and sat down, having delivered an invective, which for concentrated and crushing power is almost or altogether unrivalled in modem oratory. Thus terminated the friendship between two men who had done FLO more than any who were then living for their country, who had known each other for twenty years, and whose lives are imperishably associated in history. Flood afterwards presided at a meeting of the Volunteers where a resolution compli- mentary to Grattan was passed ; Grattan, in his pamphlet on the Union, and more than once in private conversation, gave noble testimony to the greatness of Flood ; but they were never reconciled again, and their cordial co-operation, which was of such inestimable importance to the country, was henceforth almost an impossibility." ='^ Flood and Grattan attempted a hostile meeting at Blackrock, but were interrupt- ed by sheriflPs officers, and were bound over to keep the peace towards each other for two years. In the Volunteer Reform Convention of 1783, Flood took a lead- ing part, and the result of its delibera- tions was the preparation of a Reform Bill giving votes to all Protestant forty-shilling freeholders, and to leaseholders for thirty- one years of which fifteen were unex- pired ; extending the franchise in decayed boroughs to the adjoining parishes ; exclu- ding from Parliament pensioners who held pensions during pleasure, while those who accepted pension or place should vacate their seats ; prescribing that each member was to take an oath that he had not been guilty of bribery ; limiting the duration of Parliament to three years. The Bill was sadly one-sided, in not extending the poli- tical power to the Catholics, a point upon which Flood and Charlemont were equally firm. Flood brought this Volunteer Re- form BiU before Parliament in a speech of singular vigour and brilliancy; his recovered popularity dispelled the gloom that had so long hung over his mind. It was, however, strenuously opposed by a majority of the members, declai-ed to be insulting to the House as emanating from an armed convention, and was defeat- ed by 150 to ']']. Grattan voted in the minority. A resolution followed tanta- mount to a vote of censure on the Volun- teers. Next year Flood made another efibrt for reform, and, failing in it, carried into eflfect his purpose of leaving Ireland, and entering the British Parliament. Al- though ofiered a seat by the Duke of Chandos, he preferred independence, and purchased one at a cost of ^£4,000. Grat- tan's surmise proved correct, that ''he was an oak of the forest too great and too old to be transplanted at fifty." He made little impression in the British Parliament. We are told that "the slow, measured, and sententious style of enunciation which I characteri2ed his eloquence — however cal- 209 FLO culated to excite admiration it might be in the sister kingdom — appeared to English ears cold, stiff, and deficient in some of the best recommendations to attention." lu 1785 he took a prominent part in the opposition to Orde's commercial regula- tions, and in 1787 to the proposed com- mercial treaty with France. In 1790 he introduced a Eeform Bill, providing for the addition of 100 members to the House of Commons, to be elected by household suffrage. Both Burke and Fox are said to have approved the measure ; aud Pitt based his opposition almost exclusively upon the disturbed state of public affairs. There is something pathetic in the speech delivered by Flood on this Bill, shortly before he re- tired, soured and disappointed, from public life: "I appeal to you whether my conduct has been that of an advocate or an agitator ; whether I have often trespassed upon your attention ; whether ever, except on a ques- tion pf importance; and whether I then wearied you with ostentation or prolixity. I have no fear but that of doing wrong ; nor have I a hope on the subject but that of doing some service before I die. The accident of my situation has not made me a partizan; and I never lamented that situation till now that I find myself as un- protected as I fear the people of England will be on this occasion." He now retired to his estate at Farmley, near Kilkenny. While suffering from gout he imprudently exposed himself in helping to extinguish a fire, and took a cold, followed by pleurisy, of which he died, 2nd December 1791, aged 59. His remains were interred in the family vault at Burnchurch, close to Farm- ley. Of his property of £6,000 or £7,000 per annum, he willed the major portion, on the death of his wife, to Trinity College, for the purchase of Irish manuscripts, and to promote the study of the Irish lan- guage. The will was eventually set aside by the pl^^ of the law of mortmain, which barred the claims of Trinity College, and the property went to his descendants, by whom it is now held. Mr. Lecky says: "A few pages of oratory, which probably at best only represent the substance of his speeches, a few youthful poems, a few laboured letters, and a biography so meagre and so unsatisfactory that it scarcely gives us any insight into his char- acter, are all that remain of Henry Flood." Z12 96 133 141 196 233 Flood, Valentine, M.D., a distin- guished anatomist and demonstrator, was bom in Dublin early in the present cen- tury. He was the author of several works on anatomy, published between 1828 and T839. He was entering on a successful 210 FOL career as a lecturer and teacher, when, devoting himself unreservedly to practice amongst the poor during the typhus epi- demic accompanying the famine, he caught the fever himself, aud died at Tubrid, County of Tipperary, i8th October 1847. "5(5) Foley, Daniel, D.D., an Irish scholar, was born about 18 15. He was for some time Professor of Irish in Trinity College, Dublin, and was the compiler of an Eng- lish-Irish Dictionary. He strenuously op- posed the disestablishment of the Irish Church, and lectured in England and Scot- land in its defence; and when the ques- tion was finally settled, threw himself with equal earnestness into its reorganization. He was latterly rector of Templetouhy, and prebendary of Kilbragh, in the dio- cese of Cashel. He was an occasional con- tributor to the University Magazine, Dr. Foley died at Blackrock, DubUn, 7th July 1874, aged about 59, and was buried near by at Grange cemetery. =33 Foley, John Henry, R.A., sculptor, was born in Dublin, 24th May 181 8. At the age of thirteen he became a student in the art schools of the Eoyal Dublin Society, where he obtained first prizes for studies of the human form, for animals, for archi- tecture, and for modelling. Removing to London in 1834, he entered the schools of the Royal Academy, and first appeared as an exhibitor in 1839 with ^i^ "Death of Abel," and a figure of "Innocence." In 1840 his group of " Ino and Bacchus" elicited much commendation, and hence- forth his success was rapid and striking. He became an A.R.A. in 1849. Two of the statues — those of Hampden and Selden — in the House of Parliament at West- minster, were executed by him. In 1856 he completed in bronze a statue of Lord Hardinge for Calcutta, believed to be the finest equestrian statue up to that t^'me executed in the United Kingdom. In 1858 he modelled "Caractacus" for the London Mansion House, and the same year became a R.A. The overpowering press of work thenceforward imposed upon him prevented the prosecution of his earlier ideal studies. He is best known in Ire- land by his statues of Goldsmith and Burke in front of Trinity College, Dublin, and of Father Mathew in Cork ; whilst his design for a monument to O'ConneU, to be erected in Dublin, was, at the period of his death, nearly completed. Amongst other works from his chisel are the principal statue and five of the emblem- atical figures belonging to the Albert Memorial, in Hyde Park, London. Foley wrote poetry, and was an accomplished FOR and enthusiastic musician; he was much beloved and esteemed in all the private relations of life. He died at the Priory, Hampstead, London, 27th August 1874, aged 56, and was buried in St. Paul's Cathedral. The Examiner said at the period of his death : " We have said that ]Mr, Foley was our greatest practical sculptor, by which we mean the greatest artist who had fairly embodied his ideas. Flaxman as a designer and a draughtsman — as what we might term a sketcher in sculpture — has no equal; and if we say that Foley's art in its concrete, finished form, combining as it does the severity of the ancient with the picturesqueness of the modern school, is the finest yet seen in England, especially if we confine our re- marks to historic portraiture, few, we should imagine, would be prepared to dis- pute the assertion. Mr. Foley's devotion to his art was as intense as his manners were simple. He flattered no literary coterie, and was never seen much in what we call society. His familiar friends were few, and nothing delighted him more than to see them round his table. He was a sympathetic listener, but could at oppor- tune moments show that he was not de- ficient in the sprightly qualities of his countrjTnen. In all matters of a philan- thropic kind he was always the first to move, and in this respect his wife was a read}-- and active helpmate unto him. The very last flower-wreaths that fell upon his coSin were dropped by grateful hands." ^ ^33 Forbes, Sir Arthur, 1st Earl of Granard, was bom in 1623. [His father came to Ireland in 1620, from Scotland, and obtained large estates in the County of Longford: in 1632, while serving as an officer under Gustavus Adolphus, he was killed in a duel at Hamburg. His mother distinguished herself by the heroic defence of Castleforbes against the Confederate Irish in 164 1.] He served Prince Charles in Scotland, and afterwards returned home, and was included in the Articles — not having fought against the Common- wealth in Ireland. After the Eestora- tion he was appointed one of the Com- missioners of the Court of Claims, and in 1663 helped to frustrate the plot of the discontented Parliamentary soldiers for seizing the castles of Dublin, Drogheda, and Derry. A few years afterwards he became a Privy-Councillor, and was made Marshal of the Army, with an allowance. In 1675 ^6 "^^ raised to the peerage as Vis- count Granard, and was afterwards made an Earl. He augmented the family es- tates. By James II. he was continued in the post of Marshal and Lieutenant-G«ne- o* FOE ral of the Army in the North, and was appointed Lord- Justice in conjunction with the Archbishop of Armagh. Not agreeing to James's plans for the reorga- nization of the army, he was superseded in his commands by the Earl of Tirconnell. He joined WilUam III., and in 1691 commanded one wing of the army that reduced Sligo and other towns. He died at Castleforbes, in the County of Longford, in 1696, aged about 73. He is described as "a statesman as weU as a soldier, who un- derstood the interests of Ireland perfectly well. He was wise and experienced in publick afiairs ; upright, frank, and gener- ous." 'S3 =16 Forbes, Sir Arthur, 2nd Earl of Granard, son of preceding, was born about 1656. He served in the French army imder Turenne. In 1686 he was made Colonel of the Eoyal Eegiment of Ireland (now the iSth Eoyal Irish), raised by his father. He adhered to the fortunes of James IL, and was by "William III. committed to the Tower. In confinement he is said to have refused a present of £300 from William, and on his release to have declined a commission in the army; and so late as 1702, although ap- pearing at court, he refused the govern- ment of Jamaica. Afterwards he accepted a pension of ;£50O a year (which appears never to have been paid) from his friend Godolphin, and in 17 15 was made Lord- Lieutenant of the County of Longford. He died at his mansion at Simmonscourt, near Dublin, 24th August 1 734, and was interred at Castleforbes. '^3 216 Forbes, Sir George, 3rd Earl of Granard, second son of preceding, was bom 2ist October 1685. He received most of his education at Drogheda Gram- mar School. He entered the navy in 1704, served with distinction in the Mediterranean and elsewhere, and acted as adviser to the Emperor of Austria in naval matters. In 1 729 he was appointed Governor of the Leeward Caribbee Islands. In 1733 he was sent as plenipotentiary to Eussia, chiefly to negotiate a treaty of commerce. On his return in 1734 he was made Eeai'-Admiral of the White, then Eear- Admiral of the Eed, and the same year became Earl of Granard on his father's death. The latter part of his life was spent on his Irish estates, promoting the com- mercial interests of the country. He had much to do with putting the coinage of Ireland on a more correct basis. He also appears to have devoted much of his time to study and literary pursuits. He died 19th Jime 1765, aged 79, and was buried at Newtownforbes. 'ss 216 FOR Porbes, Sir George, 6th Earl of Granard, great-grandson of preceding, was born 14th June 1768, and succeeded his father in April 1780. He was educated at Armagh, and entered the army at an early age. He commanded the Longford Militia at Castlebar in 1798, during the French invasion of Connaught, and took part in the battle of Ballinamuck. He was a steadfast adherent of the Irish liberal party, and as he had supported Charle- mont, Grattan, and Curran in early life, so in 1 7 99- 1 800 he stood firm with his brothers-in-law. Lords Moira, Kingston, and Mountcashel, against the Union, and was one of those that signed the Peers' protest against the measure. For some years afterwards he took little part in politics, and devoted himself to his estates ; but in 1806 he accepted the post of Clerk of the Crown and Hanaper, and was created a peer of Great Britain. He supported Catho- lic Emancipation and Reform, and declined the Ribbon of St. Patrick. The latter part of his life was spent principally in France. He died in Paris in 1837, aged 69, and was buried with his ancestors at Newtown- forbes. The present Earl (1877) is his grandson. '^3 Forde, Samuel, an artist, fellow- student of Daniel Maclise, was born at Cork, 5 th April 1805. Most of his short life was spent in his native city, and there he died of consumption, 29th July 1828, aged about 23. He was of a refined and contemplative nature. We are told in somewhat extravagant language that " there exists in the generality of Forde's works that dignified pathos, that saddening grace, that drowsy tenderness, inducing 'a most sweet pain,' which we perceive or feel on surveying the finest Greek statues." "^ Forg^, Dalian, or the "Blind," a famous bard, a native of Connaught, who flourished in the 6th century. Harris's Ware sayp he was styled "the arch-master or supreme professor of the antiquities of Ireland. . . He wrote in Irish several works, which (as Colgan says) were couched in so ancient an idiom, that in latter ages, few, though tolerably skilled in the lan- guage and antiquities of Ireland, could well understand." He was the author of an elegy on St. Columcille. According to Eugene 0' Curry he took a prominent part in the convocation of bards at Drom- ceat in 574, and died and was buried on Iniskeel, in Gweebarra Bay, Donegal, about 594. Numerous references to him will be found in O'Curry's works. =^' 339 Foster, John, Baron Oriel, last Speaker of the Irish Parliament, was born in Ireland, 28th September 1 740. He was 212 FOS educated in Ireland, and called to the Bar, but early devoted himself to political life. Entering Parliament for Dunleer in 1 768, he was appointed Chancellor of the Ex- chequer in 1785, and in 1786 was chosen Speaker of the Commons. Liberal on many matters, he was a strong opponent of the Catholics. In 1792 he opposed the peti- tion in favour of a relaxation of the Penal Laws, declaring his opinion that "on the provisions for securing a Protestant Parlia- ment depended the Protestant ascendency, and with it the continuance of the many blessings they enjoyed." Bitterly hostile to the measure of Union, he did all in his power as Speaker to thwart it, and was presented with addresses of thanks by the Lord Mayor, Aldermen, and Council of Dublin. When the House was in com- mittee on the Bill he said : "I declare from my soul that if England were to give us all her revenues, I could not barter for them the free constitution of my country." It was supposed that as Speaker he might decline to put the final question from the chair. Banington thus describes the scene at the last vote on the Union : "The Speaker (Foster) rose slowly from that chair which had been the proud source of his honours and of his high character ; for a moment he resumed his seat, but the strength of his mind sustained him in his duty, though his struggle was apparent. With that dignity which never failed to signalize his official actions, he held up the Bill for a moment in silence ; he looked steadily around him on the last agony of the expiring Parliament. He at length repeated in an emphatic tone : ' As many as are of opinion that this Bill do pass, say aye.' The affirmative was languid but in- disputable. Another momentary pause ensued — again his lips seemed to decline their office. At length with an eye avert- ed from the object which he held, he pro- claimed, with a subdued voice, ' The ayes have it.' The fatal sentence was now pro- nounced. For an instant he stood statue- like. Then indignantly, and with disgust, flung the Bill upon the table, and sunk into his chair with an exhausted spirit." He declined to surrender the mace of the House of Commons, declaring that "until the body that intrusted it to his keeping de- manded it, he would preserve it for them," and it is now held by his descendants, the Massareene family. After the Union he entered the Imperial Parliament for Louth, and accepted the post of Chancellor of the Exchequer for Ireland. In July 182 1 he was created Baron Oriel. He died at his seat at Collon, in Louth, 23rd August 1828, aged 87. Although not eloquent, FOW Foster had a calm, clear, and forcible delivery. He took a somewhat prominent part in the proceedings of the Imperial Parliament. Two of his speeches in the Irish Parliament — one against Catholic Emancipation, and the other against the Union — were printed at the time of deli- very, and enjoyed a wide circulation. His son married the Viscountess Massareene, and assumed her surname of Skeffington. no 114 146 154 Fowke, Francis, Captain, E.E., was born at Belfast in 1823. After studying in the Military CoUege, Woolwich, he in 1842 obtained a commission in the En- gineers, and was ordered to Bermuda. He soon distinguished himself, and on his retm'n home, superintended the erec- tion of several government buildings, the Industrial Museum, Edinburgh, the Na- tional Gallery, Dublin, the London Ex- hibition buildings of 1862, and others. He had just commenced the South Ken- sington Museum, when he died from the bursting of a blood-vessel, 3rd December 1865, aged about 42. The plan of the Albert Hall, London, was based upon his suggested designs. Besides his architectu- ral labours, he made important improve- ments in fire-engines, travelling scaJSblds, and collapsing pontoons. ^ Francis, Philip, D.D., a well-known author, was born in Dublin early in the 1 8th century, [His father had been ejected from the rectory of St. Mary's and other clerical preferments, for political reasons.] He was educated at Trinity College, en- tered the church, and obtained the degree of D.D. Occasionally he wrote for the Castle. He edited several of the classics, and in 1743 published his well-known translation of Horace. About 1746, soon after the death of his wife, he removed to England, and in 175 1 or 1752 established a school at Esher, in Surrey. One of his pupils was Gibbon the historian, whose recollections of his master were by no means pleasing. In 1756 he was almost domiciled in HoUand House, and he was afterwards private chaplain to Lady Hol- land. He taught Stephen and Charles Fox to read, and Lady Sarah Lennox and Lady Susan to declaim. He wrote and published anonymous political pamph- lets in the interest of Henry Fox and his ministerial colleagues, and for some years was one of the editors of the Gazette daily paper, in the pay of the court and Government. In i757-'8 Dr. Francis dedicated to Mr. Fox his translations of Demosthenes and jEschines. His dramatic productions were not successful — neither the acting of Garrick nor the charms of FRA Mrs. Bellamy could establish his plays of Eugenia and Constantine. The intercourse between him and his only son. Sir Philip Francis, was of the most afiectionate char- acter, although clouded for a time by what he considered his son's misalliance, and the diflference of their political prin- ciples. In religious matters there is little reason to suppose that he was more ortho- dox than Sir Philip. In June 1761 he was presented to the vicarage of ChUham, in Kent, and he died at Bath, Sth March 1773, having suffered from palsy the last seven years of his life, "^'''^i ^^ Francis, Sir Philip, K.C.B., states- man and author, son of preceding, was bom in Dublin, 22nd October 1740. He was educated at his father's school in Surrey, and afterwards at St. Paul's School, London, and was appoiated to a clerk- ship in the office of the Secretary of State, continuing to occupy his leisure with classical and literary studies. In 1760 he went as Secretary of Lord Kinnoul'a special embassy to the court of Portugal, and between January 1761 and May 1 762 he acted as occasional amanuensis to the elder Pitt. On 27th February 1762 he married Elizabeth Macrabie, a lady without fortune, thereby incurring his father's displeasure. In the same year he became first clerk in the "War Office under the Deputy-Secretary at War, Christopher D'Oyly. A warm friendship soon sprang up between them, and the Secretary en- trusted nearly all the official correspon- dence of the office to Francis. This position he resigned in March 1 772, probably on ac- count of a quarrel with Lord Barrington, perhaps from chagrin at the failure of his hopes of promotion. He was now left without employment or resources, with a wife and several young children to pro- vide for, and his fortunes seemed at a low ebb. In 1773, however, he was appointed one of the members of the new India Council, with a salary of £10,000 a year. With the other members of the Council, he sailed for India, 31st March 1774, and reached Calcutta on the 19th of October. That day seven years (19th October 1781), he landed at Dover on his return. While in India his conduct at the Council board was characterized by bitter hostility to Warren Hastings, and intrigues against him, with a view of obtaining the governor- generalship. His contention with Hastings culminated in a duel, in which Francis was shot through the body. His private life while in India was marked by grave ir- regularities ; but it is to his credit that at a time when men in his position were re- turning to England with large fortunes 213 FRA wrung from the natives, all he brought back was ^30,000, for the most part saved out of his salary. Immediately on his re- turn to England, he entered Parliament for Yarmouth, his introduction to the House being heralded by a strong eulogium from his friend Burke. He sided with the Whigs, then in opposition, led by Fox, and soon became a distinguished member, but never rose to any height of oratory. The impeachment of Hastings was to a great extent his work. Though he did not take a prominent part in the matter, it was he who supplied most of the grounds of impeachment, and he was ever at hand to second the action of Burke and the other accusers. Through the horrors of the French Revolution his radicalism con- tinued of the most prominent type. From 1797 to 1802 he wa^ out of Parliament. The death of Pitt in 1805 brought his party again into power, and he strove in vain to be appoiuted Governor-General of India ; he was, however, made Knight of the Garter. His parliamentary career closed in 1807. His latter years, rendered irksome by disease, were spent in literary pursuits and social intercourse. He died on the 23rd of December 1 8 1 8, aged 7 8, and was buried at Mortlake. In religion he was through life a freethinker. There are good grounds for believing that Francis was the author of the Letters of Junius, and the sev- eral anonymous contributions to the public press, under the signature of "Candor" and "Anti-Sejanus," that led up to "Ju- nius." The first letter of the "Candor" series appeared in "Woodfall's paper, the Public Advertizer, in August 1764. Two years afterwards, in 1766, a series of six- teen letters in the same paper, imder the signature of " Anti-Sejanus," were com- menced. The Junius Letters number sixty- nine — the first appeared in the Public Advertizer, 21st January 1769; the last, 2 1st Janu"^ 1772. This series of power- ful letters from the pen of an anony- mous writer asserted the claims of civil liberty, constitutional law, and freedom of religious thought and profession, against the Government policy that culminated in the arrest and trial of Wilkes. They are singularly free from personalities and coarseness, though lavish in sarcastic irony and wit. We are not told how the copy and proofs were conveyed between Wood- fall and his anonymous correspondent, nor is it believed that Woodfall had any idea as to who it was that so largely contributed to the enormous sale and popularity of his pa- per, and the large profits arising therefrom — profits that amply repaid him for the risks he ran of public and private actions 214 FEE at law. "The classic purity of their lan- guage, the exquisite force and perspicuity of their argument, the keen severity of their reproach, the extensive information they evince, their fearless and decisive tone, and, above all, their stern and steady attachment to the purest principles of the constitution, acquired for them, with an almost electric speed, a popularity which no series of letters have since possessed, nor, perhaps, ever wUl ; and, what is of far greater consequence, diflnsed among the body [of the people] a clearer know- ledge of their constitutional rights than they had ever before attained, and ani- mated them with a more determined spirit to maintain them inviolate. Enveloped in the cloud of a fictitious names, the writer of these philippics, unseen himself, beheld with secret satisfaction the vast influence of his labours, and enjoyed, though, as we shall afterwards observe, not always with- out apprehension, the universal search that was made to detect him in his disguise. He beheld the people extolling him, the court execrating him, and ministers, and more than ministers, trembUng beneath the lash of his invisible hand." '* Charles Chabot, the distinguished expert, says, in summing up a report upon a comparison of handwriting of " Junius " and Francis, which occupies a large quarto volume, pub- lished in 1 871 : "I have shown in matters of detail, in the several component parts of the writing, in matters of style connected therewith, and in matters of material, there is in each abundance of evidence to justify me in the opinion I have formed, and to demonstrate that the Junian letters have emanated from no other hand than that of Sir Philip Francis." ^' The controversy regarding the authorship of the Letters of Jxmius cannot, however, be considered as definitely settled. ■* '^s =01 3x3 Fraser, John, a verse- writer, was born near Birr about 1809. He was a cabinet- maker, " a steady and unassuming work- man, enjoying the respect of his fellow- workmen, and the friendship of those to whom he was known by his literary and poetic talents. He possessed much mental power ; and had his means permitted him to cultivate and refine his poetic mind, he would have occupied a higher position as a poet than is now allotted to him. As it is, he has clothed noble thoughts in terse and harmonious language." He wrote un- der the assumed name of "J. De Jean." Pieces from his pen will be found in most collections of Irish poetry. He died in Dublin in 1849. '59» French, Nicholas, Bishop of Ferns, a distinguished politician and writer, was FEE born in Wexford in 1 604. He was one of the earliest and most promising pupils of the Irish College of Louvain. After receiving orders, he returned to Wex- ford as parish priest. He was consecrated Bishop of Ferns in 1643, and in 1645 "^^^ returned as burgess for Wexford to the Parliament of Kilkenny, where his learn- ing, zeal, and enthusiasm before long made him a prominent member. He was one of those who impeached the conduct of General Preston. In 165 1 he formed one of the deputation sent to urge the Duke of Lorraine to put himself at the head of the Irish Catholics. At Brussels he had an in- terview with the Inter-Nuncio, Arnoldi, and was by him reconciled to the Papal court, which had disapproved of his action in reference to the peace of 1648. The negotiations with the Duke of Lorraine came to nought, and as Ireland was then in the throes of the Cromwellian invasion, the Bishop remained upon the Continent. He acted for a short time as Coadjutor Bishop in Paris, and then travelled in different parts of the Continent, and at last found a home with the Archbishop of Santiago, in Spain. There he com- posed his Latin work, Lucubratioyis of the Bishop of Ferns in Spain. After the Re- storation, a long correspondence ensued be- tween him and Father Walsh on behalf of Ormond, relative to his return to Ireland, which ended in 1665, with the following words: "Seeing that I cannot satisfy my conscience and the Duke together, nor be- come profitable to my flock at home, nor live quietly and secure, his anger not being appeased, you may know hereby that I am resolved aiter dog-days to go to Louvain, and there end my days where I began my studies." From Louvain he scattered over the Continent numerous tracts relating to Irish affairs, and there he endowed a bourse of 180 florins a year for the diocese of Ferns. He died at Ghent, 23rd August 1678, aged 73, and was interred in the cathedral. The principal of his numer- ous works were: A Narrative of the Sale and Settlement of Ireland, Louvain, 1668; The Bleeding jphigenia, 1674; and The Unkind Deserter of Loyal Men and True Friends, Paris, 1676. The last refers to the Marquis of Ormond. Harris's Ware says : " His writings gave occasion to the Earl of Clarendon of writing his History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars, . . in defence and justification of the Marquis's behaviour." A collected edi- tion of the most important of Bishop French's works was published in 2 vols. i6mo. in Dublin in 1846, with a valuable History of the Irish Colleges of Louvain pre- FUR fixed. A perusal of his works is incumbent upon all students of the history of the War of i64i-'52. «° '35 339 Fridoliu, Saint, patron of the Canton of Glarus in Switzerland, was an Irish missionary who flourished in the early part of the 7th century. The German form of his name "is to be accounted for by the common practice of translating Celtic names, or accommodating them by transformations, more or less violent, to the genius of the languages spoken in the regions where the Irish missionaries settled." All authorities refer his birth and mission to Ireland, whence he set out as a pilgrim. He is often styled "Viator," which title is borne out by his appearance on the seal and banner of Glarus. He finally settled on the island of Seckingen in the Rhine, above Basle ; and there his remains ai-e said to have been buried. His festival is the 6th March, ^^^st Prye, Thomas, an artist, was bom in Ireland early in the i8th century. He painted portraits in London with success, being patronized by several of the Royal Family ; and is said to have been the first manufacturer of porcelain in England. He spent fifteen years practising this art at Bow. His constitution was so much impaired by working about furnaces that he was obliged to retire to Wales for a time, and on his return to London he re- sumed bis profession, devoting himself especially to mezzotint engraving. Frye was carried off by consumption in London, 3rdAprUi762. '^^ ^^ Furlong, Thomas, a poet, the trans- lator of Carolan's Remains and other Irish works, was born at Scarawalsh, County of Wexford, about 1794. His education was neglected, and at fourteen he was ap- prenticed to a grocer in Dublin. His first contributions to literature were pro- bably to the Ulster Register. In 18 19 ap- peared his longest poem, The Misanthrope. Two years later he was instrumental in establishing the New Irish Magazine, wherein many of his minor productions afterwards appeared. In 1825 he joined the Catholic Association, and took a pro- minent part in the agitation for Catholic Emancipation. His Plagues of Ireland, one of his ablest works, was a pungent satire on the state of parties in Ireland at the time. He died, 25th July 1827, aged 33, and was buried at Drumcondra. He is described as of low stature ; his face was refined and marked with care, but lit up by eyes of great brilliancy. One of the most beautiful of his songs, "Loved Land of the Bards and Saints," was written but a few days before his death. "* '^ 21S FUE Fursa, or Pursey, Saint, flourished early in the 7th century. "Among the Irish saints," says Dr. Reeves, "who are but slightly commemorated at home, yet whose praise is in all the churches, St. Fursa holds a conspicuous place. With Venerable Bede as a guarantee of his ex- traction, piety, and labours, and above a dozen difierent memoirs, of various ages, which were found on the Continent in Colgan's time, the history of this saint is established on the firmest basis." He was the son of Fintan, a prince of Munster, and Gelgis, daughter of Aedh-finn, a chief among the Ui Briuin of Breffny ; he was bom near Lough Corrib. When he was grown up, he placed himself under St. Meldan, who was then abbot of a monas- tery on Inchiquin, in Lough Corrib. How long he continued there is not narrated. On leaving St. Meldan, he erected a monas- tery at Rathmat, on the shores of the be- fore-mentioned lake. We then read of his travelling in Munster, and during an ill- ness witnessing some wonderful visions, which caused him to abandon the idea of returning to his monastery, and to make a circuit of the country, relating what he had seen, and exhorting the people to repent- ance and amendment of life. He thus spent fourteen years in Ireland, and then crossed over to England, where he preached the gospel with his usual success amongst the East Angles. In a fort, now known as Burg Castle, in Suffolk, granted him by King Sigbert, he founded another monas- tery between the years 633 and 639. Af- terwards he gave up the charge of this place to his brother and two priests, and then spending a year with another brother, IJltan, passed over to France, and at Lagny, on the Marne, erected a religious establishment, where he was joined by several brethren from Ireland. In 648 he founded the monastery of Foss. His death is believp^ to have taken place while so- journing with his friend, Duke Haimon, in Ponthieu, on his way to visit Ireland, about 649, and his body was ultimately brought to Peronne, and there interred. His festival is the i6th January. A calendar of Scottish saints says: "The reputation of St. Fursey extends far beyond the limits of the Scoto-Irish Church. Not only is he one of the most distinguished of those missionaries who left Erin to spread the gospel through the heathen and semi- heathenized races of mediaeval Europe, bridging the gap between the old and new civilizations, but his position in view of dogma is a most important one. He has profoundly affected the eschatology of Christianity ; for the dream of St. Fursseus, 216 GAL and the vision of Drycthelm contributed much to define the conceptions of men with regard to that mysterious region on which every man enters after death." These par- ticulars are taken from a critical manuscript account of the Saint by Dr. Reeves. ^^3 Gage, Thomas, Rev., or Friar Thomas of St, Mary, a missionary and author, was au Irishman, born in 1 597. Travelling in Spain, he joined the Dominican order, and was sent as a missionary to the Philip- pines in 1625. He afterwards laboured amongst the Indians in Guatemala and elsewhere. After his return he abjured Catholicism, settled in England, and ob- tained the living of Deal in Kent. He published in 1648, a Survey of the West Indies. Southey says the portion relating to Mexico was copied verbatim from Nicholas's Conquest of West India. He was also the author of a History of Mexico. He died about 1655. '* ^ 37' Gall, Saint, the Apostle of Switzerland, was born in Ireland in 551. He was edu- cated at Bangor, and in 585, following St. Columbanus into France, accompanied him to Luxeuil and in his various wandeiings in exile. When Columbanus was depart- ing for Italy, St. Gall was detained by illness at Bregentz, on Lake Constance, where, as a convenient centre for the con- version of an idolatrous people, he ulti- mately fixed his residence. In a desert place he erected the Monastery of Arbon, which eventually became so celebrated that the name of its founder was given to the surrounding country — now the Canton of St. Gall. He was later on unavailingly solicited to accept the bishopric of Con- stance and the abbacy of Luxeuil. Many of his disciples became noted in the ec- clesiastical world — as St. John, Bishop of Constance, and St. Magne and St. Theo- dore, founders of well known abbeys. His sermon preached at the ordination of his disciple John, comprising a history of re- ligion from the earliest times, still ex- tant, is said to display, "a simple style, full of force, brilliancy, and piety, and a depth of erudition uncommon in those times." 3* He died about 640, and his fes- tival is celebrated on the i6th October. The Abbey of St. Gall eventually became one of the most famed monastic estab- lishments in Europe — alike for the learning of its monks, the splendour of its architec- ture, and its library. It was suppressed for a time during the Reformation, but re-established in 1532. In 1798 it was secularized, and its revenues were se- questered in 1805. It is now occupied chiefly by government offices ; but many GAN valuable manuscripts remain in the libraiy. 34 "5« Gandon, James, a distinguished archi- tect, was born in London, 29th February 1742, at the house of his grandfather, a Huguenot refugee. He early developed a taste for mathematics and drawing, and studied architecture. In 1769 he sent in a design for the Royal Exchange (now the City Hall), Dublin, which was, however, rejected. He made many friends in Ire- land — Lord Charlemont amongst the num- ber — and was induced in 1 78 1 to come over and take up his abode in Dublin, to super- intend the construction of the Custom House, his design for which had been ac- cepted. His Life by Mulvany gives a deplorable account of the state of art in the Irish metropolis at the time. There was but one print shop. "The few houses to which I had access, scarcely possess- ed a picture or print, and those which they had were but indifferent, mostly sus- pended from the wall, without either frame or glass." The first stone of the Custom House was laid on 8th August 1 78 1. The works were carried on with great difficulty, at first in the face of the armed opposition of the residents near the old Custom House, on what is now Wel- lington-quay, and then from the nature of the ground. The foundation of the dome had ultimately to be laid on a huge timber gridiron. The land to the north and east of the site was then an uninhabited waste. During the progress of the work his wife died, and he removed his family from London to Dublin. At first Gandon had the sculpture for the building executed by English artists, but he was soon able to confide most of it to Mr. E. Smith, a Dublin sculptor of much ability. During the pro- gress of the Custom House, additions to the Houses of Parliament were entrusted to him. The main portion of the building, facing College-green, had been erected from the designs of Captain Edward L. Pearce in 1728. Gandon added the screen wall, and the Corinthian portico facing College-street, the works being commenced in 1785. Shortly afterwards the western screen, and the Foster-place portico were added from his designs, but under the superintendence of a Mr. Parke. The three-quarter columns in the screen walls, and the gateway next Westmoreland-street, were added after the building became a bank.^'ts On the 3rd March 1 786 were laid the foundations of the Four Courts, also from his designs. He was much hampered in the work by the factious opposition of some persons of influence, and was mortifi- ed at having to set back the front several GAE feet, thereby spoiling his plan, by which it was intended that the portico should cover the footway, as did that of the Houses of Parliament. He also undertook the erection of the King's Inns — the first stone being laid ist August 1795. During 1798 he retired to London with his family, glad of the opportunity to renew acquaint- ance with his old circle of friends. About 1808, being much afflicted with gout, and having amassed a fortune of about £20,000, he retired to Lucan. The following were his chief Irish works : the Custom House, with stores and docks ; the Four Courts ; Carlisle- bridge ; Military Hospital, Phcenix Park ; additions to the Houses of Parliament; King's Inns— all in Dublin ; and the Court-house at Waterford. Much of Gan- don's retirement was devoted to improving his estate at Lucan, and the preparation of plans for private residences and fur- ther improvements in Dublin architec- ture. None of the latter were carried out. Nelson's Pillar was substituted for his plan of triumphal arches over Carlisle-bridge, and the Wellington Monument for a pro- posed arch over the entrance to the Phoenix Park. The tedium of illness was much lightened by his cheerful and amiable dis- position, by correspondence with a circle of friends of congenial tastes, and by in- tercourse with others who thronged the then fashionable watering-place of Lucau. He died at his residence, Canonbrook, Lucau, and was buried at Drumcondra, with his friend Francis Grose, 27th Decem- ber 1823, aged 81. '" '« ^33 Gardiner, Luke, Viscount Mount- joy, an Irish statesman, was born 7th February 1745. He for some time repre- sented the County of Dublin in Parliament, was a Privy-CouncUlor, and Colonel of the Dublin Militia. Both in 1778 and 1781 he introduced measures of Catholic relief, which were partially carried ; while his proposals for complete equality (on the subscription of a simple oath of allegiance, and declaration against foreign jurisdic- tion) were successfully opposed by Fitz- Gibbon and others. In 17 89 he was created Baron Mountjoy, and six years afterwards a viscount. Upon the Insurrection break- ing out in Wexford in 1798, he hastened thither at the head of his regiment of militia, and formed a portion of General Johnson's army that took pai-t in the battle of New Ross on the 5th June. Ac- cording to Musgrave, Lord Mountjoy fell early in the engagement, while Froude quotes authorities going far to prove that he was taken prisoner, and fell a victim to the fury of the insurgents in the course of the day. Musgrave says: "His public 217 GAE and private virtues made him an object of general esteem. He was possessed of mgh mental endowments, being an ele- gant scholar and a good public speaker. He had the gentlest manners and the mildest affections, warm and sincere friend- ship, and was so benevolent and humane that he never harboured revenge." His son, the 2nd Viscount, created Earl of Blessing- ton, took as his second wife the well-known authoress of that name. [See Blessington, Marguerite.] 5= ui 249 Gardiner, William, an engraver of some note, bom in Dublin, nth June 1 766. He was a man of unsettled habits, and died in London, 8th May 18 14, aged 47. A pupil of Bartolozzi, his engravings are said to be admirably executed. Among them are a set on the "Economy of Human Life," illustrations to Shakspere, the Memoirs of Grammont, and Dryden's Fables. 349 Gast, John, D.D., an author, bom in Dublin, 29th July 17 15, was the son of a Huguenot refugee. He was educated at Trinity College, and after serving as chap- lain to the French congregation at Portar- lington, he became Archdeacon of Glenda- lough, and held several preferments. He died in 1788, aged about j^. Mr. Gast was the author of a History of Greece and other works. The degree of D.D. was con- ferred upon him by the University of Dub- lin, in appreciation of his services to litera- ture and his high character as a divine. 8(2) 332 Gentleman, Francis, a dramatist and poet, was born in Ireland, 23rd October 1728, and received his education in Dublin. He served in the army, but was dismissed on the reduction of the forces in 1748. He then went on the stage, and succeeded beyond his most sanguine expectations — appearing in Dublin, London, Edinburgh, and the provinces. He wrote several plays, and works bearing on the drama, and has t^- ? unhappy notoriety of being the editor of perhaps the most faulty ecBtion of Shakspere that was ever published. Biographia Dramatiea goes even so far as to call it "the worst edition that ever appeared of any English author." He re- turned to Ireland in 1777, and died in want, 2ist December 1784, aged 56. '^ 27 Gilbert, Eliza (Lola Montez, Coun- tess of Landsfeldt), was bom at Limerick in 1824. Her parents were not Irish. At an early age she developed extreme beauty ; at fifteen she was married to an old man. Captain James, in Dublin, but quitted him on account of cruelty, and appeared as a ballet dancer in Paris in 1840, and after- wards at Munich. The Annual Register says: "The natural powers of her mind 218 GLO were very considerable ; she had a strong will and a certain grasp of circumstances ; her disposition was generous, and her sympathies large. These qualities raised the courtezan to a singular position. She became a political power. She exercised a fascination over sovereigns and minis- ters more widely extended than per- haps had before been possessed by any woman of the demi monde. She was in- vited from the stage to the palace at Dres- den ; she was flattered by royalty at Berlin ; the good King of Prussia himself offered her refreshment ; she was for a short time affianced to a prince. . • She became the mistress of the old King of Bavaria. Over this weak but amiable monarch she exercised an unbounded influence. He created her Countess of Landsfeldt, en- dowed her with an estate of ^5,000 a year, with feudal rights over a population of 2,000 persons. She ruled the kingdom, and, singular to say, ruled it with wisdom and ability ; had not the revolution driven her from power, she would probably have established a free parliament and liberal institutions at Mimich. Her audacity con- foimded the policy alike of the Jesuits and of Mettemich." Her extravagance had dissipated all the treasure lavished on her by the King, her estate was confiscated, she fled the country in disguise, and in London, Paris, and the United States, sank deeper and deeper into degradation. She wrote some trashy books, and she lectured. Finally, a prey to illness, and full of remorse for her mis-spent life, she died in New York, 17th January 1861, aged 37. 7 37* Giolla Caoimhghin, who died in 1072, was the most celebrated Celtic poet and historian of his time. Copies of some of his pieces are preserved in the Book of Ballymote and Book of Leacan, and form the basis for the Irish chronology of many after writers. His Irish version of the Historia Britonum of Nennius was edited by Dr. Todd, with an English translation and notes, for the Irish Archaeological Society, in 1848. ^sst 339 Glover, Jtilia (Miss Betterton), a distinguished actress, was born at Newry, 8th January 1781. She commenced her theatrical career as an infant prodigy at the age of six years, playing at York, Bath, and elsewhere. In 1800 she became the wife of Mr. Glover, and subsequently ap- peared at Covent Garden and atDrury Lane, where she played with Edmund Kean. She was thus written of in 181 3: "This lady has not a tragic voice, and very far from a tragic face. She was dressed well, however, and is a commanding figure. GOB though monstrously fat." Twenty years afterwards Boaden speaks of her as the " ablest actress in existence." Her Shak- sperean readings ranked very high. Mrs. Glover died i6th July 1850, aged 69. ^ 39 Gobban Saer, "Gobban the Builder," or St. Gobban, a distinguished builder of ecclesiastical edifices, was probably born at Turvey, on the coast north of Dublin, early in the 7th century. Tradition as- cribes to him the erection of the round towers of KHmacduagh, Antrim, and many others. Dr. Petrie writes: "Nor can I think the popular tradition of the country is of little value, which ascribes the erec- tion of several of the existing towers to the celebrated architect Gobban, . . for it is remarkable that such a tradition never exists in connexion with any towers but those in which the architecture is in per- fect harmony with the churches of that period, as in the towers of Kilmacduagh, Killala, and Antrim. . . It is equally remarkable that though the reputation of this architect is preserved in aU parts of the island in which the Irish language is spoken, yet the erection of the oldest buildings in certain districts in the south and west of Ireland is never ascribed to him, the tradition of these districts being that he never visited, or was em- ployed on buildings south-west of Gal way, or south-west of "fipperary." Some of the annalists inform us that blindness was in- flicted on him in old age as a just punish- ment for the exorbitant charges he had made ecclesiastics for his services. Dr. Eeeves has shown " Gobbin's Heir Castle," near BaUyoastle, to be a corruption of " Gobban Saer's Church ;" and Kilgobbin, in the County of Dublin, may have re- ceived its name from him. No fewer than eight St. Gobbans appear in the Mar- tyrology of Donegal; under 17th March, 26th March, 30th March, 1st April, 30th May, i6th July, 5th November, 6th De- cember. =^' ^ Goldsmith, Oliver, was born at Pal- lasmore, in the County of Longford, loth November 1728. He was the son of the Rev. Charles Goldsmith, a clergyman with a large family and a poor living. Shortly after Oliver's birth, his father was appoint- ed to another parish, Kilkenny West, with an income of about ^200 a year, and the family moved to a good house and farm at Lissoy, midway between BaUymahon and Athlone. A dependent, Elizabeth Delap, taught Oliver his letters. "Never was so dull a boy ; he seemed impenetrably stupid" — was her account of his early abilities. At the age of six an attack of confluent smallpox left indelible traces, and extin- GOL guished any pretensions to good looks. At the diocesan school of ElpMn he was con- fessed by all to be kind and affectionate, cheerful, and agreeable, nevertheless "a stupid, heavy blockhead, little better than a fool, whom every one made fun of." He was singularly sensitive, and sufiered acutely from the roughness of his fellows. Eis school-days were spent at several suc- cessive places of instruction — the expense being defrayed by his kind uncle Con- tarine, a clergyman at Kilmore, near Carrick-on-Shannon, who in youth had been the college companion of the future Bishop Berkeley. A trade was then thought of for the boy; but some early flashes of wit and his evident love for Livy and Tacitus led to his being sent to College. On nth June 1745, his name appears on the books of Trinity College as a sizar. Burke and Flood were his contemporaries; but he knew nothing of them. His four years' course was a period of never-to-be- forgotten misery. His tutor was unsym- pathetic ; and like many men distinguished in after life, the strict course of coUege study did not suit his genius ; it was with difficulty that he could find the means of sup- port. His father died eighteen months after his entrance, and he thenceforward depend- ed solely on occasional allowances from his uncle. He lounged about the College gates, wrote ballads for five shillings each, and crept out at night to hear them sung. On one occasion, elated by having obtained a small exhibition of thirty shillings, he gave a supper in his rooms ; but the party was roughly broken up by his tutor, and Gold- smith ran away to Cork with the intention of going to America ; but being unable for want of means to procure a passage, he was induced to return. Something of a re- conciliation was effected ; and he managed to finish a course to which he uniformly looked back with horror in after life. On 27th February i749-'5o, he took his degree of B.A., and returned home. The family desired he should qualify for orders, al- though he was only twenty-one, and would have to wait two years. He assented, and the time was passed at BaUymahon, near Edgeworthstown. Mr. Forstersays: "It is the sunny time between two dismal periods of his life. . . He assists his brother Henry in the school; runs household er- rands for his mother ; writes scraps of verses to please his uncle Contarine; and, to please himself, gets cousin Bryanton, and the Tony Lumpkins of the district, with wandering bear-leaders of genteeler sort, to meet at an old inn by his mother's house, and be a club for story-telling, for an occasional game of whist, and for the 219 GOL singing of songs. . . In the evenings of summer strolling up the Inny's banks to fish or play the flute, otter-hunting by the course of the Shannon, learning French from the Irish priests, or winning a prize for throwing the sledge-hammer at the fair of Ballymahon." At length he presented himself to the Bishop of Elphin for ordi- nation, but was rejected as unqualified. An engagement as a tutor followed. In the course of a year he managed to save £30, buy a horse, and start a second time for Cork, to take shipping for America. He appears on this occasion to have paid for his passage, but to have lost it by not being at hand when the vessel sailed. At the end of six weeks he returned penniless. "And now, my dear mother," he said, "after having struggled so hard to come home to you, I wonder you are not more rejoiced to see me." His uncle came forward with £50, and Oliver was in 1752 sent to London to study law. While in Dublin on his way to England, he was seduced into play, and lost every- thing ; and in bitter shame, and after much physical suffering, returned home, and was forgiven. He now for a time lived alter- nately with his brother and his good- natured uncle, telling stories, writing verses, and accompanying his cousin's harpsichord- playing with the flute. Again Mr. Con- tarine advanced something to start him in life, and in the autumn of 1752, Oliver, in his twenty-fourth year, left Ireland for ever, and proceeded to Edinburgh to study medi- cine. There he had but an unhappy time, managing as best he could to eke out his small allowances by teaching. We hear of a tour in the Highlands ; and then he visits the Continent, takes out a degree equivalent to that of Medical Bachelor, at Leyden, and travels through France, sup- porting himself mainly by playing on his flute, as he afterwards described in his weU-V" own poem. The Traveller. Gold- smith's remarks on the state of things in France at this period show considerable foresight. He had an interview with Voltaire, visited Switzerland, and de- spatched to his brother Henry eighty lines of poetry afterwards published in The Traveller. It is likely that he visited Milan, Verona, Mantua, and Florence, and that he received another medical degree at Padua. He did not find travelling in Italy so easy as in France — in his own words : "My skill in music could avail me nothing in Italy, where every peasant was a better musician than I." On ist February 1756 he landed at Dover on his return, and a few days later found him penniless and friendless in the streets of Loudon. It is GOL on record that, to enable him to reach the metropolis, he had been obliged to give a comic performance in a barn. For a time he procured employment at an apothecary's, living in a wretched lodging. This may have been the period of his life to which he referred a few years later, when he startled a polite circle at Sir Joshua Re3Tiolds's by speaking of something having occurred "when I lived among the beggars at Axe- lane." He was next a reader in the office of Mr. Richardson, the printer, author of Clarissa; and in the beginning of 1757 was installed as usher at a school at Peckham. This he afterwards regarded as about the most miserable of the many miserable experiences of his life. He pro- bably referred to it when he wrote: "The usher is generally the laughing-stock of the school. Every trick is played upon him ; the oddity of his manner, his dress, or his language, is a fund of eternal ridicule ; the master himself now and then cannot avoid joining in the laugh ; and the poor wretch, eternally resenting this ill usage, lives in a state of war with all the family." Yet even here he found solace in the society of children, delighting them with his stories, and amusing them with his flute and con- juring tricks. After a few weeks, Mr. Griflalhs, a friend of his employer's, en- gaged him to assist in editing the Monthly Review, one of the many periodicals that at this period enjoyed an ephemeral ex- istence in London. Goldsmith after- wards averred that all he had written for this review was tampered with by Grif- fiths or his wife. Hopeless of success as an author, he returned to Peckham school, where he commenced his Inquiry into Polite Learning. His next change was to get an appointment to the Coromandel Coast, which he lost through want of means to procure an outfit ; after which he unsuccess- fully offered himself for the position of naval hospital mate. The opening of 1759 found him engaged on a life of Vol- taire. Amid all his troubles and changes he must have been gradually making aname for himself, for we read of Percy, author of the Reliques, seeking an introduction, and stumbling up the dark stairs of his poor lodging. In October 1759 he com- menced the Bee, a threepenny weekly after the manner of the Rambler, which saw but eight numbers. He continued to contribute to various magazines — the first of his delightful series of "Chinese Let- ters" appearing in the Public Ledger, 24th January 1 760. These essays led to an ac- quaintance with Dr. Johnson, who ever afterwards continued his truest friend and best adviser. To present a respectable GOL figure in the higher circles to which he was now introduced, and to gratify his natural vjinity, he indulged in lavish expenditure for clothes and other things, and involved himself in heavy debts, that increased and hung over him all his life, and remained unliquidated to the extent of ^2,000 at his death. In 1763 he was one of those who inaugurated the famous literary club, with which the names of Johnson, Burke, Garrick, Reynolds, Charlemont, Beauclerc, Langton, Boswell, and other eminent lite- rary men are associated. A characteristic anecdote regarding the sale of The Vicar of Wakefield must not be omitted. One morning in the autumn of 1 764, Johnson received a message from him that he was in great distress— being in the custody of bailiffs for his rent. Johnson sent him a guinea for immediate necessaries, and fol- lowing as soon as he was dressed, found G<3ldsmith in a towering passion. Johnson continues : " I perceived that he had already changed my guinea, and had got a bottle of Madeira and a glass before him. I put the cork into the bottle, desired he would be calm, and began to talk to him of the means by which he might be extricated. He then told me that he had a novel ready for the press, which he produced to me. I looked into it, and saw its merit ; told the landlady I would soon return ; and having gone to a bookseller, sold it for ,£60. I brought Goldsmith the money, and he discharged his rent, not without rating his landlady in a high tone for having used him so ill." This work was The Vicar of Wakefield, which, published fifteen months later, es- tablished Goldsmith's reputation as a prose writer. In December of the same year ap- peared The Traveller, a poem based upon his own experiences abroad, which, like The Deserted Village, afterwards publish- ed, was marked by exquisite diction, serene graces of style, and rich, mellow fiow of verse. His comedy of the Oood- natured Man was acted in January 1768, after which he entered upon his Roman, Grecian, and English Histories, his Aiii- mated Nature, and other compilations, charming and attractive in style, but which, after enjoying an extensive popularity for nearly a century are now entirely supersed- ed as text books. His comedy. She Stoops to Conquer, published in 1773, was a com- plete success, and the first few nights of its performance brought him in fully £400. But none of these successes availed to free him from his grinding difficulties ; and, at length, overworked and harassed by debt, he fell ill of a nervous fever in London, on 25th March 1774, and lingered on until the morning of 4th April, when he died, aged GOL 45. Nothing gives one a higher idea of the estimation in which he was held, than the manner in which the news of his death was received — Burke, we are told, burst into tears ; Reynolds laid aside his pencil ; the meetings of the Club were adjourned ; while the staircase of his lodging was crowded by many who had no friends but himself — "outcasts," saysMr.Forster,"of that great, solitary, wicked city, to whom he had never forgotten to be kind and charitable." His funeral at the Temple Church was attend- ed by every name distinguished in litera- ture and art. The one romance of Gold- smith's life was connected with his regard for a Miss Horneck, the " Jessamy Bride," as he was wont to call her, the younger of two beautiful girls with whom he was acquainted. With Mrs. Horneck and her daughters he had at one period made a short tour in France, and some of his most charming letters were addressed to them ; but with his monetary difficulties, and his uncouth person, he felt he could never pass the bounds of an acquaintanceship. Goldsmith was generous, improvident, and careless of money considerations to a cul- pable extent, yet we must remember that he ever steadily refused to prostitute his pen to party, or seek worldly advantage or the means of paying his debts by the sacrifice of his independence. As we turn over the pages of The Vicar of Wakefield, his poems, and his essays, we are im- pressed with the conviction that he was far in advance of his age in his views re- garding prison discipline and many other social questions. "In person," says Judge Day, quoted by Allibone, "he was short, about five feet five or six inches ; strong, but not heavy in make ; rather fair in com- plexion, with brown hair ; such, at least, as could be distinguished from his wig. His features were plain, but not repulsive — certainly not so when lighted up by con- versation. His manners were simple, na- tural, and, perhaps, on the whole, we may say, not polished ; at least without the re- finement and good breeding which the ex- quisite polish of his compositions would lead us to expect. He was always cheer- ful and animated — of ten, indeed, boisterous in his mirth ; entered with spirit into con- vivial society; contributed largely to its enjoyments by solidity of information, and the naivete and originality of his charac- ter; talked often without premeditation, and laughed loudly without restraint." Sir Walter Scott says : " We read The Vicar of Wakefield in youth and age : we read it again and again, and bless the memory of an author who contrives so well to recon- cile us to human nature," His character GOR is thus summed up in Chambers's Encyclo- pcedia : " Goldsmith, was the most natural genius of his time. He did not possess Johnson's mass of intellect, nor Burke's passion and general force, but he wrote the finest poem, the most exquisite novel, and — with the exception, perhaps, of the School for Scandal— the most delightful comedy of the period. Blundering, im- pulsive, vain, and extravagant, clumsy in manner, and undignified in presence, he was laughed at and ridiculed by his contemporaries ; but with pen in hand, and in the solitude of his chamber, he was a match for any of them, and took the finest and kindliest revenges. Than his style — in which, after all, lay his strength — no- thing covdd be more natural, simple, and graceful. It is full of the most exquisite expressions and the most cunning turns. Whatever he said, he said in the most graceful way. When he wrote nonsense, he wrote it so exquisitely that it is better often than other people's sense. Johnson, who although he laughed at, yet loved and understood him, criticized him admirably in the remark : ' He is now writing a natu- ral history, and will make it as agreeable as a Persian tale.' " Concerning his sistei-s and brothers, Mr. Forster tells us that his sister Catherine married a wealthy hus- band, and his sister Jane a poor one, and that both died in Athlone some years after Oliver. His brother Henry entered the church, and died in 1768; Maurice became a cabinet-maker at Charlestown, Roscom- mon, and we are told "departed from a miserable life" in 1792; Charles went to seek his fortune in Jamaica in early man- hood, and died there about 181 5 ; John died in childhood. It would be fortunate if all biographies were as completely and con- scientiously worked out as John Forster's Life and Adventures of Oliver Goldsmith. 16 i25» 149 Gordor-, James, Rev., vicar of Bar- ragh and rector of Killegney, the author of several historical works published between 1790 and 1815. Those relatingto Ireland were : History/ of the Rebellion in Ireland in 1798 (Dublin, 1801), and History of Ire- latvi^from the earliest accounts to the Union (Dublin, 1806). Lowndes styles this last " a party work, abounding in misrepresen- tation." The second edition of his Rebellion contains a reply to some observations by Sir Richard Musgrave. '^ Gormlaith, Queen, daughter of Flann Sinna, Monarch of Ireland, was bom about 880, She was a very beautiful woman, and was first married to Cormac MacCul- Unan. After his death, she was won by Cearbhall, or Carroll, King of Leinster, 222 GOU •who was slain in the year 909. She then espoused Nial Glimdubh, with whom she lived till he was slain by AmlafiF at Dub- lin, in 919. Gormlaith was then left destitute, and is said even to have been forced to beg from door to door, and died in 946, say the Four Masters, "after in- tense penance for her sins and transgres- sions." Her chequered life has furnished a theme for many poems. '34 Gotofrid, a Dominican friar, a native of Waterford, was a distinguished classical, French, and Arabic scholar, who flourished in the 13th century. He travelled in the east, and translated several works from Latin, Greek, and Arabic into French. ^39 Gongh, Hugh, Viscount, G.C.B., was born at Woodstown, County of Lime- rick, the seat of his father, 3rd November 1779, and was educated at home. When but thirteen he entered his father's regi- ment, the Limerick militia ; from which he was soon transferred as Lieutenant to the 1 19th Regiment of the line. His mili- tary abilities soon asserted themselves, and he was appointed Adjutant at an unprece- dentedly early age. He served in different regiments at the Cape and in the West Indies. Having obtained his majority in the 87th, he was sent to Spain in 1 809, and held commands at Talavera, Barossa, Vit- toria, Nivelle, Cadiz, and Tarifa — receiving a medal and a heraldic augmentation to his armorial bearings. He had a horse shot under him at Talavera, and was severely wounded at Tarifa and Nivelle. His conduct was highly commended by the Duke of Wellington, and he was the first ofiicer who ever received brevet rank for services performed in the field in com- mand of a regiment. At Barossa his troops captured a French eagle, and at Vittoria they secured the baton of Marshal Jourdan. The years between 18 15 and 1837 were spent chiefly at home, fulfilling the duties of a country gentleman on his Tipperary estates, or in command of troops in differ- ent pstrts of the country. He was ap- pointed a magistrate of Cork, Limerick, and Tipperary ; and we are told that by his gentle and engaging manners he not only conciliated the good- will of the gentry with whom he had to act, but by a system of min- gled firmness and mildness, succeeded, to a great extent, in winning the respect and con- fidence of the peasantry. Ini83ohebecame Major-General, and seven years afterwards was sent to India and China to take com- mand of a division of the army. He served in the Chinese war, and at its conclusion and the signature of a treaty at Nankin, in August 1842, he was for his services created a G.C.B., a baronetcy was confer- GOU red upon him, and he received the thanks of both Houses of Parliament. In August 1843 ^^ assumed the post of Commander- in-chief in India, and in December took command in the campaign against the Mah- rattas, which terminated in the decisive victory of Maharagpore (29th December). In 1 845 and the following year he defeated the Sikhs at Moodkee, Ferozesha, and Sa- braon, again receiving the thanks of Parlia- ment, and in April 1846 was raised to the peerage as a baron. On the renewal of hostilities, he fought the battle of Chil- lianwaUah, 13th January 1849, where he was virtually defeated by the Sikhs. Mr. Marshman, in his History of India, thus writes of his conduct on this occasion : " The spirit of defiance and antagonism at once overcame his better judgment [of de- ferring an attack] and, rejecting all ad- vice, and trampling on every remonstrance, he gave orders to prepare for immediate action. . . Four guns of the Horse Ar- tillery were captured. . . The colours of three regiments were lost in the battle, and the price paid by us for our doubtful victory, was the loss of 2,357 fighting men, and 89 oflicers killed and wounded. . . The character of the Sikhs for prowess was greatly elevated, the reputation of British cavalry was deplorably tarnished. . . The public did not cease to admire the private virtues, the quick perception, the indomitable energy, and the chivalrous valour of the Commander-in-chief, which rendered him the idol of the soldiery ; but there was, nevertheless, a painful convic- tion that nature had not designed, or edu- cation or experience fitted him, for exten- sive and independent command." When the news reached home, he was railed at for his "Tipperary tactics," an order for his recall was issued, and Sir Charles Napier was appointed to succeed him. However, before this change could take effect, he had re-established his reputation by the victory of Guzerat, 21st February 1849, which put an end to the war, and enabled him on leaving the army to boast that "that which Alexander attempted, the British army have accomplished." Again he was thanked by Parliament, was advanced to a vis- countcy, and granted a pension of ^4,000 a year. In 1854 he was appointed Colo- nel of the Eoyal Horse-Guards, and in 1862 was created a Field-Marshal. The latter part of Viscount Gough's life was spent in retirement, at his residence, St. Helen's, Booterstown, near Dublin, He died 2nd March 1869, aged 89, and was buried at Stillorgan. Viscount Gough was of a singularly noble presence, and retained his brilliant intellect to the last. GEA He is said to have commanded in more general actions than any ofiicer of the age, except the Duke of Wellington. ^ 116(36) 169 233 Gongh, John, arithmetician, was born at Kendal, in 1721, became a minister of the Society of Friends, and in 1750 came over to Dublin, and took the management of a Friends' school. In 1774 he removed to a similar appointment at Lisbum. He was the author of a valuable work, the Rise aTid Progress of the People called Quakers, also an Arithmetic, which has now been superseded by more advanced works, as it displaced the Vaster s theretofore in use. Until of late, a Oough was, in Ireland, synonymous with "an arithmetic." John Gough died of apoplexy, 25th October 1791, aged7o. '37 Gould, Thomas, Abbe, a Catholic con- troversialist, was bom at Cork in 1657. At the age of twenty-one he passed into France, and studied theology at Poitiers. Having taken orders, he was sent to Thouars com- missioned for the conversion of Protestants — his spiritual exhortations being support- ed by the full powers of the state. His successful labours were recompensed with substantial pensions and the abbacy of St. Laon de Thouars. A list of his con- troversial works, which are stated to dis- play learning and ability, will be found in the Biographie Oenerale. ^ Grace, Richard, Colonel, the younger son of Robert Grace, Baron of Courtstown, was bom the early part of the 17th cen- tury, of a Kilkenny family, descended from Raymond le Gros (corrupted into Grace). He resided at MoyeUy Castle, Queen's Coimty, and served Charles I. in England, until the surrender of Oxford in 1646. He then returned to Ireland, and was for some years engaged in the War of 16^1-^2. He is referred to in State Papers as being at the head of 3,000 men, harassing the Parliamentary troops — now in Wicklow, and again at Crogan, beyond the Shannon. In 1652 a reward of £300 was by the English government set upon his head, yet at the conclusion of the war he was permitted to enter the Spanish service with 1 ,200 of his men. After some time he went over to the French side, without betray- ing any trust imposed upon him, having given due notice to his Spanish friends. After the Restoration he was appointed Chamberlain to the Duke of York, and in consideration of his faithful and indefati- gable services, received " pensions of £400, and a portion at least of his estates were restored to him." When James II. came to Ireland, Grace was appointed Governor of Athlone, with a garrison of three regi- 223 GEA ments of foot, and eleven troops of cavalry. After the battle of the Boyue, the town was invested by General Douglas with ten regiments of foot, and five of horse. Grace having burnt the English town, and broken down the bridge, defended the Connaught works with indomitable spirit. When called upon to surrender, he fired a pistol over the messenger's head, and declared : "These are my terms; these only will I give or receive ; and when my provisions are con- sumed, I will defend till I eat my old boots." At the end of a week, Douglas was obliged to draw ofi", with, the loss of 400 men. The town was again invested by De Ginkell in 1691. St. Euth had mean- while obliged Grace to exchange three of his veteran regiments for inferior French troops. Nevertheless he made a heroic de- fence under St. Ruth, and on 30th June 1 69 1, after De GinkeU's passage of the Shannon and the capture of the citadel on the Connaught side. Colonel Grace's body was found under the ruins. His conduct towards the Protestants within his district is described as having been peculiarly hu- mane and just ; and although the severity of his discipline contrasted with the irre- gularities tolerated in other portions of the Irish army, he was greatly beloved by his men. '^o Grattan, Henry, was born in St. John's parish, Dublin, 3rd July 1746. His father was for many years Recorder of, and member for Dublin ; his ancestors on the paternal side were intimatefriends of Swift ; and his mother's family, the Marlays, were descended from Captain Anthony Marlay, who received an appointment in the Duke of Ormond's regiment in 1677. Henry Grattan was sent to Ball's School in Ship- street (where John FitzGibbon, afterwards Lord Clare, was his school-mate), thence he was removed to Mr. Young's, in Abbey- street, where were educated others of his parli Jieutary contemporaries. He was considered a lad of much spirit, and was highly respected by his school-fellows. In 1763 he entered Trinity College, where his greatest intimate was Mr. Broome, a cornet in the army. Grattan's correspon- dence with him discovers a somewhat gloomy turn of mind at this period. There was considerable incompatibility of temper between Henry Grattan and his father, who at his death in 1766 left the family mansion to another; but through his mother a small independence was secured to him. In 1767 Grattan went to London, and entered in Michaelmas term as student at the Middle Temple. The Houses of Parliament soon became his favourite place of resort, and there he was enthralled by the 224 GRA oratory of Lord Chatham. The loss of his beloved sister, Catherine, during his Lon- don residence, was a cause of profound grief to him, and in November 1768, he received the news of his mother's sudden death. In consequence of her intestacy, the bulk of the property intended for him reverted to another branch of the family. In 1 76S the marriage of his eldest sister to Mr. Gervase P. Bushe, M.P. for Callan, cemented a close intimacy between Grattan and Henry Flood, who resided near Mr, Bushe, in the County of Kilkenny. They corresponded, argued, and debated, and together per- formed in private theatricals, then much in vogue in Ireland. In the autumn of 1 7 71 Grattan travelled in France, where he made many friendships ; he was called to the Irish Bar next year, and began se- riously to apply himself to legal studies, and go circuit. By this time he had also become intimate with Lord Charlemont, Hussey Burgh, Denis Daly, Yelverton, Bushe, Langrishe, Day, and other eminent Irish statesmen. Day continued one of his most intimate and attached friends through life. These kindred spirits form- ed a club, chiefly for the discussion of politics, entitled the "Society of Granby- row." Grattan gradually became more and more interested in Irish affairs, and on the nth December 1775 took his seat in Parliament for the borough of Charlemont, having been nominated thereto by his friend. Lord Charlemont. His first speech, made on the 15 th December, was an unavailing protest against the grant of ^3,500 a year each to two absentee Vice-Treasurers of Ireland. A Dublin paper of the day wrote : " Mr. Grattan spoke — not a studied speech, but in reply — the spontaneous flow of na- tural eloquence. Though so young a man, he spoke without hesitation; and if he keeps to this example, will be a valuable weight in the scale of patriotism." In February 1776, with Bushe, Yelverton, and others, he protested against the em- bargo laid by the British government on Irish provisions, which was defended by Mr. Flood. In November 1777 he again took a prominent part against a similar measure, made a motion for retrench- ment, and inveighed against the war being waged with the American colonies. Al- though his efforts in the cause of his country as yet bore little fruit, he was re- garded by many as a leader of the party which declared itself irreconcilably op- posed to the policy by which Ireland was governed. At this period, Mr. Fox visited Ireland, and then commenced that acquaintance and warm sympathy between him and Grattan which con- GRA tinued through life. At length the Brit- ish reverses in America, to which the expatriated Protestant Irish had so ma- terially contributed, aroused Ministers to the necessity of conceding something to Irish demands, and on 4th November 1778 a Bill was passed enabling Catholics to take leases for lives or years concurrent, and to hold land for 999 years, or any number of years determinable on lives not exceeding five. This measure met Grattan's warmest approval. The country was then in the most miserable condition — its trade fet- tered, and the Government, almost in a state of bankruptcy, obliged to borrow from La Touche's Bank to sustain its credit. Next year matters culminated in the Government declaring its inability to defend Ireland, and the Volunteers spi-ang into being. Their support of the national party entirely altered the possibilities in Ireland. Grattan, aided by Burgh and Daly, was enabled to press on measures for free trade; and the address on that question, carried in the Commons, was taken to the Castle through streets lined by the Volimteers. The influence of the Ministers was paralyzed by the flood of generous enthusiasm that swept over the country, and Grattan's motion on 24th November 1779, "That at this time it would be inexpedient to grant new taxes," was carried by 170 to 47. In December an Act was passed in the British Parlia- ment permitting Ireland to export glass and woollen goods, and to trade with America, Airica, and the West Indies. There were general illuminations through Ireland, and Government hoped the storm was over, while Grattan and his friends pushed on to further measures. At county meet- ings, grand juries, and Volunteer associa- tions, resolutions were passed claiming that Ireland should be bound only by her own laws, and demanding a modification of Poyning's Act, and a repeal of 6 Geo. I., which declared the dependence of Ireland upon Great Britain. Early in 1 780, Grattan gave notice of his intention to move a Declaration of Eights, embodying these demands ; while, on the other hand, in the House of Lords the Duke of Leinster car- ried an address to the King, expressing satisfaction with the concessions already made. Grattan pressed on almost alone. Many of his friends were deterred by threats and blandishments; and Edmund Burke, applied to by the opponents of the Bill of Eights, wrote over: "Will no one speak to this madman? Will no one stop this madman, Grattan?" At this period Grattan lived much with his uncle, Colonel Marlay, who resided at Marlay GRA Abbey on the Lifiey , at Celbridge. He after- wards wrote: "Along the banks of that river, amid the groves and bowers of Swift and Vanessa, I grew convinced that I was right; arguments unanswerable came to my mind, and what I then prepared con- firmed me in my determination to perse- vere ; a great spirit arose among the people, and the speech which I delivered after- wards in the House communicated its fire and impelled them on ; the country caught the flame, and it rapidly extended. I was supported by eighteen counties, by the grand jury addresses and the resolutions of the Volunteers, I stood upon that ground, and was determined never to yield. I brought on the question the 19th April 1780. That was a great day for Ireland— that day gave her liberty." These resolu- tions were: "That his most excellent Ma- jesty, by and with the consent of the Lords and Commons of Ireland, are the only power competent to enact laws to bind Ireland : That the crown of Ireland is and ought to be inseparably annexed to the crown of Great Britain : That Great Britain and Ireland are inseparably united under one sovereign, under the common and indissolu- ble ties of interest, loyalty, and freedom." Although the decision upon them was post- poned, the debate diffused a hopeful spirit through the country. During the ensuing summer the Volunteers held imposing re- views in difierent parts of Ireland, at many of which Grattan and Charlemont were present, and received popular ovations. The review in College-green, Dublin, in front of the Houses of Parliament, on 4th November, assumed a national character. Yet through 178 1 the Government man- aged kept up its opposition to the Irish measures of reform, and the only important result of the session was the passing of a Habeas Corpus Act. On the 15th Feb- ruary 1782, 242 Volunteer delegates met at Dungannon, and passed resolutions drawn up by Grattan, Lord Charlemont, and Flood, embodying a declaration of Ireland's right to self-government, and a resolution in fa- vour of the relaxation of the Penal Laws. Government by force in Ireland was now no longer possible. Lord Carlisle was re- called, and the Duke of Portland sent over as Viceroy, with instructions to concede the popular demands as far as appeared necessary to allay the excitement into which the country was thrown. Grattan and his friends urged on the question of independence. They perceived that delay might be fatal — that the country might be discouraged, and the ardour of the Volun- teers possibly cool down. They refused all the offers of place held out by the 225 GKA Government on condition of a temporiz- ing policy. Grattan afterwards said: "I was young and poor ; I had scarcely oCsoo a year. Lord Charlemont was as poor as any peer, and T as any commoner. We were, however, determined to refuse office ; and our opinion, and a just one, too, was that office in Ireland was different from office in England ; it was not a situation held for Ire- land, but held for an English government, often in collision with, and frequently hos- tile to, Ireland." Parliament met by ad- journment on 1 6th April 1 782. The streets were lined with the Volunteers. An ad- dress in favour of Grattan's Declaration of Eights was carried enthusiastically. He concluded his speech on the occasion with the memorable words: "I found Ireland on her knees ; I watched over her with an eternal solicitude ; I have traced her pro- gress from injuries to arms, and from arms to liberty. Spirit of Swift ! spirit of Moly- neux ! your genius has prevailed ! Ireland is now a nation ! In that new character I hail her ! and, bowing in her august pre- sence, I say, Esto perpetua" On the 27th May the Viceroy announced the concur- rence of the British legislature in the Irish resolutions, and Bills were immediately passed embodying the Declaration of Eights, a Mutiny Act, and the repeal of of Poyning's Act, securing to the Irish House of Lords final judicature, and estab- lishing freedom of election and the indepen- dence of the judges. Grattan thereupon moved a grant of £100,000 and 20,000 men to the British navy, as an earnest of that good will and indissoluble connexion that he desired should subsist between the coun- tries. Congratulations poured in on all sides, and £100,000 was voted by a grateful country to Grattan for his services. With difficulty he was prevailed upon to accept half this amount. In the course of the summer of 1782 Grattan married Hen- rietta Fi+~Gerald, a descendant of the Desmond family. She was considered a great beauty, and the marriage proved a very happy one. Although her health was often infirm, she worthily sustained him and stood by him in all the difficulties of life. With the parliamentary grant he bought an estate in the Queen's County, at Moyanna, near Stradbally, while he fixed his permanent residence at Tinne- hinch, near the Dargle, in the County of Wicklow, a spot to which he had been always passionately attached. Grattan had indeed gained much for Ireland ; but the seeds of future disaster lay in a cor- rupt system and an inadequate repre- sentation, by which Ministers still held control over the country. The Catho- 226 GEA lies, who formed four-fifths of the people of Ireland, were wholly unrepresented — likewise the Nonconformists, half the re- mainder of the population. Parliament in fact represented only the members of the Established Church, who formed but a small part of the nation. Out of the 300 members, 2 1 6 were returned for boroughs or manors. According to Mr. Lecky, 200 were elected by constituencies numbering but 100, and 50 by constituencies of only 10 voters each. Four noblemen virtually returned 46 members. The pension list was actually greater than that of Eng- land: in 1793 it amounted to £124,000 per annum. In the autumn of 1 782 Grat- tan came into collision with Flood and the body of the Volunteers on the question of " simple repeal." He contended that it was ungenerous and distrustful not to be satis- fied with the simple repeal of the statutes which had bound Ireland; while Flood held that Ireland's liberties were inse- cure until a declaratory Act was passed by the British legislature, renouncing all control over Ireland in internal matters. This controversy, followed up by Flood's efforts to reduce the Irish contingent of the army, led to a rupture between the friends. A night in October 1783 was made memorable by an explosion between them in the House of Commons, and a duel was happily interrupted. [See Flood, Henry.] In the will made by Grattan before the meeting, he left back to the nation the £50,000 it had granted him, charged only with an annuity of £800 to his wife. Next month Grattan voted in favour of Flood's Eeform BiU brought up from the Eotunda Convention ; he also supported that brought forward by Flood in March 1784. He was, however, on the whole opposed to Flood's policy of agitation outside the doors of Parliament, and for a time a coolness existed between him and Lord Charlemont, who inclined to support Flood. Grattan put forth his powers in the session of 1784 chiefly in opposition to Orde's commercial propositions, under which Ireland would have been in some matters necessarily subordinate to Great Britain. His prognostications as to the prosperity of the country in consequence of the reforms he had helped to bring about were amply justified. Dublin increased rapidly in population and importance, and most of the great public buildings which adorn it were erected during the few years of parliamentary independence. The session of 1786 passed over without any specially important measures. In consequence of disturbances in the south, Grattan made an ineffectual effort in the session of 1 787 GEA to have some relief granted in the matter of tithes, and again, on 14th February 1788, he proposed that they should be com- muted for a uniform tax of so much per acre on tillage. He sketched the condition of the peasantry as deplorable, and spoke of the tithe war as "an odious contest between poverty and luxury — between the struggles of a pauper, and the luxury of a priest. . . The whiteboy is the least of his foes ; his great enemy is the precept of the Gospel, and the example of the Apostles." His opponent, the Attorney-General, pro- nounced this speech to be the most splendid display of eloquence the House ever heard. Government, however, opposed all reform, and Grattan's measui-e was rejected by 121 to 49 votes. In consequence of Mrs. Grattan's ill-health, he took her to England in the autumn of 1 788. They sojourned at Bath for a time ; and he visited Lon- don, where he had much intercourse with Fox and other English political friends. Next February, in consequence of the in- sanity of George III., the Kegency ques- tion came before the Irish Parliament. The Prince of Wales had by the British Parliament been constituted Regent, with restricted powers, while in the Irish Parlia- ment Grattan proposed that he should be entrusted with full regal authority. The Government party insisted that Ireland should unhesitatingly follow the British precedent, FitzGibbon using the ominous words — " Government never could go on unless Ireland followed Great Britain im- plicity in all regulations of imperial policy." Grattan's party, however, in spite of all opposition, obtained a majority, and the Lord-Lieutenant refusing to transmit their decision to London, Grattan, the Duke of Leinster, Lord Charlemont, and a few more were appointed to present it in person to the Prince of "Wales. The recovery of the King put an end to further compli- cations, but the difference between the two Parliaments was afterwards used as a powerful argument in favour of a union. Fifteen gentlemen, including the Duke of Leinster and the leading members of the Liberal party, holding offices to the amount of .£20,(X)o a year, were dismissed for their votes on this occasion. Whereupon fifty- five other members of the party signed an undertaking not to accept any of the vacant posts, or under any circumstances to support a Government persevering in its efforts to interfere with the prerogatives of Parlia- ment. On the other hand, FitzGibbon, Wolfe, Toler, Cooke, and a large number of Government partizans were promoted in the peerage or otherwise. Government also divided many offices, and created new p* GEA ones, so as still further to extend their patronage. Before matters reverted into their old channel after the recovery of George III., Grattan was enabled to ad- vocate and pass some beneficial measures — one disabling revenue officers from voting at elections, and another limiting the amount of pensions. On 8th May 1789 he again, in a brilliant speech, unavailingly introduced the question of tithe reforms. About this time Grattan, Charlemont, and several of their party, formed the Whig Club, which numbered among its members Curran, Lord Edward FitzGerald, and most of the Irish reform party, and for a short time its resolutions and meetings had an appreciable effect in stemming the torrent of corruption which was let loose upon the country. In the session which opened 21st January 1790, Grattan drew attention to this matter of Government patronage ; but his motion for a committee to inquire into corrupt practices was de- feated by 144 to 88. Grattan renewed the tithe question next session, and was again defeated by 1 1 7 to 56 votes. One great re- form was, however, accomplished — a Catho- lic Relief Bill was passed, opening up the magistracy and the Bar, legalizing Catho- lic places of worship, and declaring Catho- lics eligible for certain offices in the state. Grattan belie ved the passage of such reforms to afford the only hope of counteracting the " French principles" then rampant, which he so bitterly detested. The session of 1 793, that saw the passage of the impor- tant measure of Catholic relief detailed in the notice of Mr. Keogh, also witnessed the enactment of a severe Arms Act, and the Convention Act, which has ever since pre- cluded the gathering of representative as- semblies in Ireland. When the Bill for this last measure was in committee, Grat- tan strenuously protested — declaring it to be a false declaration of the law, and that it deprived the subject of his constitutional right of petitioning effectually, by rendering impossible the previous organizations from which effective petitions had emanated. He declared himself especially indignant in that by implication it condemned all pre- vious meetings of delegates that had taken place. Government thenceforth consis- tently opposed further measures of reform, and the people drifted more and more into revolutionary plans. There occurred, however, one singular episode, when for a brief period Government appeared inclined to alter its policy. In December 1 794 Lord Westmoreland was recalled, and Lord Fitz- william was sent over on 4th January 1795, with instructions to concede Catholic Eman- cipation, He was received with significant 227 GRA euthusiasra. Petitions poured in from the Catholics; and the majority of the Pro- testants were unquestionably then in favour of a large measure of relief. In Parliament this feeling was fully reflected ; extraordinary supplies were voted, and Grattan, though without official position, became virtually the leader of the Govern- ment. The French party almost entirely disappeared. Leave was given, with but three dissentient voices, to bring in an Emancipation Bill ; it was believed that a Eeform Bill would follow ; the whole Catho- lic population were eager with excitement ; the Protestants were for the most part en- thusiastically loyal. One of the leaders of the United Irishmen afterwards declared that if these reforms had passed, their quar- rel with England was at an end. Such was the state of public feeling, when Fitzwilliam was peremptorily recalled on 19th March. Government, moved by the remonstrances of the Beresfords and several of its old supporters in the country, determined to revert to its accustomed policy. There- upon addresses of condolence poured in upon Grattan, and at Fitzwilliam's de- parture the shutters of the Dublin shops were put up, and crowds followed him to the wharf. Lord Fitzwilliam vigorously protested against the Government thus going back on its contemplated liberal policy towards the Catholics, at a period " when the jealousy and alarm which cer- tainly at the first period pervaded the minds of the Protestant body exist no longer — when not one Protestant corpora- tion, scarcely an individual, has come forward to deprecate and oppose the in- dulgence claimed by the higher order of Catholics — when even some of those who were most alarmed in 1793, and were then the most violent opposers, declare the indulgences now asked to be only the necessary consequences of those granted at that ti_ie, and positively essential to secure the well-being of the two coun- tries." At the swearing in of the new Lord-Lieutenant, Lord Clarendon, a se- rious riot occurred, which had to be quelled by the military. Denouncing in Parliament the conduct of Ministers, Grat- tan remarked : " It is a matter of melan- choly reflection to consider how little that cabinet knows anything relating to Ireland. Ireland is a subject it considers with a lazy contumely, and picks up here and there by accident or design interested and erroneous intelligence. . . I reprobate that pernicious and profligate system and its abettors, which disgraced this country, and with them I deprecate its return." Such was the influence of Government that 228 GEA his motion for Catholic relief was now re- jected by 158 to 48, and the only impor- tant measure of the session was the estab- lishment of Maynooth College, with a grant of £8,000 a year. The feelings between the Protestants and Catholics were embittered by a contest known as the " Battle of the Diamond," between the rival factions in the north, and by the clearance of a num- ber of Catholics out of Antrim and Down by their Protestant neighbours. In the session of 1796, against the vehement pro- tests of Grattan and Curran, a stringent Insurrection Act was passed. A report of the Whig Club at this period gives a melancholy picture of the state of the poor and the condition of the country generally. In October 1796 Parliament reassembled in consequence of the appre- hension of French invasion. The suspen- sion of the Habeas Corpus Act was enacted, and all measures of relief and reform were persistently opposed. Grattan wound up his speech in opposition to this policy with the words: " I know not where you are leading me — from one strong Bill to another — until I see a gulf before me, at whose abyss I recoil. In it I see no safety — nothing but the absence of our dearest rights, the absence of the Habeas Corpus Act, the absence of civil liberty. Govern- ment have made it a question of passion as well as of power. Do you imagine there is any man who would prefer the wild schemes of republicanism to the sober blessings of the British Constitution, if he enjoyed them ? What is the tree of liberty ? It is sprinkled with the blood of kings and of nobles — some of the best blood of Europe; but if you force your fellow- subjects from under the hospitable roof of the constitution, you will leave them, like the weary traveller, at length to repose under the dreadful tree of liberty. Give them, therefore, a safe dwelling — the good old fabric of the constitution, with its doors open to the community." He made several similar protests in the session of 1797. Matters went from bad to worse. Addressing the ministers in Parliament, Grattan said : " ' You must subdue before you reform ! ' Indeed, alas ! you think so ; but you forget you subdue by reforming : it is the best conquest you can obtain over your own people. But let me suppose you succeed — what is your success? — a military government — a perfect despotism — a hap- less victory over the principles of a mild government and a mild constitution — a union — but what may be the ultimate con- sequences of such a victory? — a separation." On account of the manner in which the yeomen were encouraged, and their con- GRA sequent excesses, Grattau withdrew from the mounted corps to which he belonged. He thus wrote to Lord Monck, the com- mander : " It gives me great concern that the late determination of Government with respect to the people of Ireland should have been against measures of conciliation, and for measures of coercion and force. Such a determination makes it impossible for me to hold any military situation, however insignificant, under a government so disposed. If ever I am sent into actual service, it shall never be against my country." Then " finding that his exertions were no longer of any avail — that he could not support the measures of Government consistently with his duties or his feelings, nor oppose them with any hope of success ; and unwilling by further opposition to countenance the United party, whose principles he entirely dis- approved, he retired from Parliament alto- gether, declining to stand at the general election of 1797." Writing twenty years afterwards of this time, he said: "Our error was in not having seceded sooner ; for the opposition, I fear, encouraged the United men by their speeches against the Government. The Government were so abominable, their measures were so violent, that no man would sanction them. There was high treason certainly, but these were measures that no high treason, that no crimes could warrant. Nothing could ex- cuse the torture, the whippings, the half- hanging ; it was impossible to act with them ; and in such cases it is always better that a neutral party shovdd retire. We could do no good — we could not join the disaffected party, and we could not sup- port the Grovemment. We woxild not tor- ture, we would not hold the lash, we would not flagellate. . . They did not treat the people as if they were Christians, they treated them not like rebel Christians, but like rebel dogs ; and afterwards when these men who had thus acted came to be tried at the Union, they sold themselves and their country ; it was infamous. The question men should have asked was not, ' Why was Mr. Sheares upon the gallows?' but * Why was not Lord Clai-e along with him?'" At a meeting of the Bar held about this time, a series of resolutions were passed, condemning the conduct of Government, and declaring that an ade- quate reform would satisfy the country. It was signed by seventy- six gentlemen, amongst whom were Bageual Harvey, Henry Sheares, T. A. Emmet, and several who were afterwards, by the course of events, hurried into the rebellion. There can be no greater proof of the implacable GRA character of the government opposition to reform of any kind than the fact that Grat- tan's name was then struck from the list of Privy Councillors, without any evidence to connect him even in sympathy with the designs of the revolutionary party. (His name was restored to the roll in 1806.) Grattan, broken down in health and spirits, now retired to the country, and was induced by the entreaties of Mrs. Grattan and the advice of his physicians to spend most of the summer of 1798 in the south and west of England. During his absence his resi- dence at Tinnehinch suffered severely at the hands of the yeomanry and troops. The means by which the Union was pressed on after the Insun-ection of 1798, until Grattan's return to Parliament, belong more properly to the notices of Lord Clare, Lord Castlereagh, Lord Cornwallis, and to general history. The following may be given from Grattan's Life, by his son : " All that could be accomplished by gold or by iron, by bribes or by threats, or by promises, was set in motion ; every effort was strained to bring round those who were disinclined, to seduce those who were hos- tile but necessitous, to terrify the timid, and bear down the fearless and those who had at heart the interest and independence of their country. The doors of the Treasury were opened, and a deluge of corruption covered the land. The bench of bishops, the bench of judges, the bar, the revenue, the army, the navy, civil offices, military and naval establishments, places, pensions, and titles, were defiled and prostituted for the purpose of carrying the great govern- ment object— this ill-omened Union," The country was overawed by 137,590 troops, yet 28 counties petitioned against the mea- sure, 8 principal towns, 12 municipal cor- porations, Dublin and all the mercantile, manufacturing, and trading interests of the kingdom. Only 7,000 individuals peti- tioned in favovir of a union, while 1 10,000 freeholders and 707,000 others signed against it. The Catholics of Ireland gene- rally were kept quiet by hints that a union would result in their speedy emancipa,tion ; while the Protestants were told that if the Union was not carried the English Parlia- ment might leave them to be annihilated by the Catholic majority. Able pamph- lets teemed on both sides of the question. Duelling clubs for challenging opponents were established by both parties ; and an effort was even made by Grattan's friends to raise a fund for outbribing the Govern- ment. In this state of affairs, at the end of 1 799, Grattan returned to Tinnehinch, from the Isle of Wight, abnost broken- hearted, not only hopeless but helpless— 229 GEA enfeebled in body, depressed in spirits, but still unsubdued in mind. It was desirable he should re-enter Parliament when the session of 1800 opened. He expressed no desire in the matter himself, but Mrs. Grattan urged "that it was his duty; that he had got a great deal from the peo- ple ; that he ought to spend his money and shed his blood in their defence." At length Mr. Grattan yielded, and was brought to Dublin. Being unable to bear any noise, he avoided hotels, and went to a friend's house in Baggot-street. A vacancy oc- curred for the borough of Wicklow; through the friendly offices of the sheriff the election was held at midnight, and Grattan was elected, and a horseman was despatched to Dublin with the return. Mrs. Grattan tells us what followed: " He arrived in Dublin about five in the morning, when we heard a loud knocking at the door. Mr. Grattan had been very ill", and was then in bed, and turning round he exclaimed, * Oh, here they come ; why will they not let me die in peace ? ' The question of Union had become dreadful to him ; he could not bear the idea, or listen to the sub- ject, or speak on it with any degree of pa- tience ; he grew quite wild, and it almost drove him frantic. I shall never forget the scene that followed. I told him he must get up immediately, and go down to the House : so we got him out of bed, and dressed him. I helped him down stairs ; then he went into the parlour and loaded his pistols, and I saw him put them in his pocket, for he apprehended he might be attacked by the Union party, and assassi- nated. We wrapped a blanket round him, and put him in a sedan chair, and when he left the door I stood there, uncertain whether I should ever see him again. Afterwards, Mr. McCann came to me and said that I need not be alarmed, as Mr. Grattan's friends had determined to come forward * . case he was attacked, and if necessary take his place in the event of any personal quarrel. When I heard that, I thanked him for his kindness, but told Mm * My husband cannot die better than in defence of his country.' " This was the early morning of the i6th January 1800. Parliament had opened the previous even- ing ; the question of the Union had at once come up, and had been opposed through the night by Blanket, FitzGerald, Ar- thur Moore, Ponsonby, and Bushe. At seven o'clock Grattan entered the House, supported by Ponsonby and Moore. He was dressed in the Volunteer uniform — blue, with red cuffs and coUar. "The House and the galleries were seized with breathless emotion, and a thrilling sensa- 230 GRA tion, a low murmur, pervaded the whole assembly, when they beheld a thin, weak, and emaciated figure, worn down by sick- ness of mind and body, scarcely able to sustain himself; the man who had been the founder of Ireland's independence in 1782, was now coming forward, feeble, helpless, and apparently almost in his last moments, to defend or to fall with his coun- try." '54 When Mr. Egan, who was speak- ing when he entered, ceased, Grattan rose, but obtained leave to address the house sitting, and delivered a speech of two hours' duration, in which he went over the whole question. But the Government carried the address embodying the question of Union by 1 38 votes to 96. On 5 th Febru- ary Lord Caatlereagh delivered a message to Parliament from the Lord-Lieutenant, re- commending a union. In the course of the debate Grattan said: "Whether you will go, with the Castle at your head, to the tomb of Charlemont and the Yolunteers, and erase his epitaph; or whether your children shall go to your graves, saying, ' A venal military court attacked the liberties of the Irish, and here lie the bones of the honourable dead men who saved their country !' Such an epitaph is an epitaph which the King cannot give his slaves ; it is a glory which the crown cannot give the King." On this occasion Government secured 160 to 117 votes. The complaints made in the House of the dispersion by the military of meetings to petition against the Union, were not denied by Toler, the Attorney-General. On Friday, 17th Feb- ruary, the House went into committee on the Union Bill. In the course of debate, Corry made a personal attack on Grattan, which he repelled in a speech of surpassing eloquence. Since his reply to Flood in 1 7 83 nothing of that character had been heard in Parliament. Speaking of 1798, he said : " The stronghold of the constitution was nowhere to be found. I agree that the rebel who rises against the Government should have suffered ; but I missed on the scaffold the right honourable gentleman. Two desperate parties were in arms against the constitution. The right honourable gentleman belonged to one of these parties and deserved death. I could not join the rebels; I could not join the Government; I could not join torture ; I could not join half-hanging ; I could not join free quar- ter ; I could take part with neither. I was therefore absent from a scene where I could not be active without self-reproach, nor indifferent with safety. Many honourable gentlemen thought differently from me. I respect their opinions, but I keep my own ; and I think now, as I thought then, that the GRA treason of the Minister against the liberties of the people was infinitely worse than the rebellion of thepeopleagainsttheMinister." The Government after this debate had i6i votes to 140. A duel between Grattan and Corry was inevitable. James Black- wood (LordDufferin) oflFered to beGrattan's second. The opponents met at Ball's-bridge. The sheriff appeared, but was held down in a ditch until the affair was over. At the se- cond discharge Corry was wounded. Not- withstanding lavish bribery and corrup- tion, Government appear still to have enter- tained some apprehensions of final failure ; and Lord Cornwallis speaks of their party in general being "but cold and languid friends." On 4th March George Ponsonby brought forward a motion of address to his Majesty against the Union, showing the state of public feeling in the country against the measure. This proposal was defeated by 155 to 107. To strengthen the hands of Government, further stringent Insurrection Bills were passed. The Irish Militia were also sent to England, and their places filled by English regiments. On the 25 th March the report of the commit- tee in favour of a Union was brought up and passed. On the 26th the Union Bill was read a second time and passed by 1 1 7 to 73. Grattan wound up his final pro- test against the measure in these words : " Yet I do not give up the country ; I see her in a swoon, but she is not dead. Though in her tomb she lies helpless and motion- less, stiU there is on her lips a spirit of life, and on her cheek a glow of beauty. ' Thou art not conquered ; beauty's ensign yet Is crimson on thy lips and in thy cheeks, And death's pale flag is not advanced there.' While a plank of the vessel sticks together, I will not leave her. Let the courtier pre- sent his flimsy sail, and carry the light bark of his faith with every new breath of wind —I will remain anchored here, with fidelity to the fortunes of my country, faithful to her freedom — faithful to her fall ! " Further resistance was vain — as Grattan expressed it, "Finding all useless, we re- tired with safe consciences, but with break- ing hearts." On 7th June the Bill was read a third time; on the 12th, it passed the House of Lords, and on ist August re- ceived the royal assent. A similar Bill, passed in the British House of Lords on 24th June, had received the royal assent on 2nd July. After the Union, Grattan for a time gave up politics and retired to Tinnehinch, where he devoted himself to country pur- suits, to study, and the education of his children. He could not speak with tran- quillity on the subject of the Union ; at one time he would start as if seized with frenzy ; GRA at another he would remain musing and melancholy ; or if he ventured to speak on the subject, his eyes would fill with tears. He continued, however, to keep up close intimacy and correspondence with his political friends. After Emmet's emeute, and in consequence of continued reports of French intrigues in Irish affairs, Grat- tan offered his services to Government, and raised a yeomanry corps on his estate — for the first time in that part of the countiy, enrolling Catholics. In 1805, at the earnest solicitation of Lord Fitzwil- liam and Mr. Fox, he consented to enter the Imperial Parliament, with the hope of being able to forward the Catholic claims. He sat for a short time for an English borough — Malton — and from 1806 repre- sented Dublin. His return was often severely contested, and the elections gene- rally entailed very great expense. In one of Ms first speeches in the Imperial Parlia- ment, he digressed into a eulogium on the extinct Irish Parliament, and uttered those words so famous for their touching and concentrated beauty — "I watched by its cradle; I followed its hearse." The Irish members of his party ever addressed him in Parliament as "Sir," with the same respect as they addressed the Speaker. He devoted himself almost exclusively to the cause of Catholic Emancipation, not hesitating on occasions to incur unpopu- larity in Ireland in the advocacy of mea- sures he deemed necessary — as in 1807, when he voted for a new Insurrection and Arms Act; in 18 18, when he was mobbed and stoned in Dublin for declining to sup- port the repeal of the window tax; and again, when he forfeited the confidence of the Catholic Committee, by refusing to present a petition which contained claims he considered extravagant and unwise. His opposition to the policy of the Union ever continued unshaken. In answer to an application from a meeting held in the Ex- change, Dublin, in September 18 10, that he should support a repeal of the Union, he wrote: "I shall present their petitions, and support the repeal of the Act of Union, with a decided attachment to our connexion with Great Britain, and to that harmony between the two countries, without which the connexion cannot last. I do not im- pair either, as I apprehend, when I assure you that I shall support the repeal of the Act of Union. You wiU please to observe that a proposition of that sort in Parlia- ment, to be either prudent or possible, must wait until it shall be caUed for and backed by the nation." Again, late in life, speaking of the change to his friend, Mr. Burro wes, he said: "The people take 231 GRA no interest in the Imperial Parliament ; it is too far, and its remedies too late. . . The Union has sunk the country. Ireland held up her head formerly, but she is now a beggar at the door of Great Britain." Then striking his forehead, he exclaimed, as in anguish : "There is no thinking of it : but these countries from their size must stand together — united quoad nature — dis- tinct quoad legislation." During his re- sidence in London he enjoyed the society of a large circle of such men as Wilber- force and Rogers, and was especially happy at Holland House, where he was greatly beloved and esteemed. His mag- nanimity never shone out more strongly than on occasions when he defended Lord Castlereagh, his bitterest opponent con- cerning the Union, from what he consi- dered the unjust attacks of his own party. The autumn of 1 8 19 he resided with his family for a time at Luggelaw, and on his return to Tinnehinch complained of diffi- culty of breathing. In December these symptoms increased, and he consulted Mr. Crampton. His mind appeared singularly active, and his conversation as brilliant and fresh as ever. At the election that followed George III.'s death in 1 820, Grat- tan was, on i6th March, retiimed without opposition, but was too weak to appear on the hustings. He spoke calmly of the state of his health, and quoted Caesar's wish for "a short death, and unexpected." Speak- ing of Ireland he said: "To keep alive the spirit of liberty, a man must belong to some country: here there is no country — England is not our country ; it vsdll take a century before she becomes so." Again, he remarked: "What a pleasing reflection it is for me, that I have taken an indepen- dent part through life. I can look back without reproach. I know what I have done, and what othei's have not done: it is a great consolation, a second immor- tality." '^n 1 2th May, having rallied a little, he visited Dublin, and received a deputation from the Catholic Association, headed by O'Connell. Although it was evi- dent that his end was near, he adhered to his determination of going to London to make a final appeal for the Catholics in Parliament, and sailed from Dublin on 20th May. The quays were lined with crowds to bid him farewell, and just as the vessel began to move, he asked for a glass of wine, and drank to the health of the citizens of Dublin. From Liverpool, the fatigue of land travelling was more than he could bear, and with extreme difficulty he was conveyed by canal in an open boat, fitted up with matting and canvas cover. On 31st May he ai'rived 232 GRA in London; but mortification had set in, and there was an end to any hope of his being able to appear in Parliament, al- though the Speaker of the House of Com- mons offered to give up his apartments to him. As the end approached he said, " Tell the Catholics if I cannot speak, I can pray for them. I shall then die contented." Again, to his daughter : "My life, my love, God gave me talents to be of use to my country, and if I lose my life in her ser- vice, it is a good death." " He lingered for a few days," says Mr. Lecky, "retaining to the last his full consciousness and interest in public affairs. Those who gathered round his death-bed observed with emotion how fondly and how constantly his mind reverted to that legislature which he had served so faithfully and had loved so well. It seemed as though the forms of its guid- ing spirits rose more vividly on his mind as the hour approached when he was to join them in another world ; and, among the last words he is recorded to have uttered, we find a warm and touching eulogium of his great rival, Flood, and many glowing recollections of his feUow-labourers in Ireland." He expressed a strong desire to be buried at his estate of Moyanna; but being somewhat importuned, and it being represented to him that there was a general wish that he should rest in Westminster, he at length feebly whis- pered, " Well, Westminster Abbey." He drew up a paper containing his last de- sire — that Ireland should not seek for other connexion than with Great Britain ; that Great Britain should help to repeal the civil and political disabilities of the Catholics. Nearly his last words were: "I die with a love of liberty in my heart, and this declaration infavourof my country in my hand." He passed away at six o'clock on the morning of the4th June 1 820, aged 7S. That day forty years the Volun- teers had presented him an address for his assertion of the liberties of Ireland. He was buried in the north transept of Westminster Abbey. His person is thus described: "Grattan was short in stature, and unprepossessing in appearance. His arms were disproportionably long : his walk was a stride. With a pei-son sway- ing like a pendulum, and an abstracted air, he seemed always in thought, and each thought provoked an attendant ges- ticulation. Such was the outward and visible form of one whom the passenger would stop to stare at as a droll, and the philosopher to contemplate as a study. How strange it seems that a mind so re- plete with grace and symmetry, and power and splendour, should have been GRA allotted such a dwelling for its residence. Yet so it was, and so also was it one of his highest attributes, that his genius by its excessive light, blinded the hearer to his physical infirmities. It was the victory of mind over matter — the man was forgotten in the orator." Mr. Lecky says of the brilliant oratory by which Grattan had effected so much for his country: "It is curious that Grattan, who was so sensible to the advantages of a graceful delivery in others, should have been always re- markable for the extreme singularity and awkwardness of his own. Byron, who otherwise admired his speaking exceed- ingly— ' With all that Demosthenes wanted endowed, And his rival or victor in all he possessed ' — called it a 'harlequin manner.' O'Connell said that he nearly swept the ground with his gestures, and the motion of his arms has been compared to the roUing of a ship in a heavy swell. . . The eloquence of Grattan, in his best days, was in some re- spects, perhaps, the finest that has been heard in either country since the time of Chatham. Considered simply as a debater, he was certainly inferior to both Fox and Pitt, and, perhaps, to Sheridan; but he combined two of the very highest qualities of a great orator to a degree that was al- most unexampled. No British orator ex- cept Chatham had an equal power of firing an educated audience with an intense en- thusiasm, or of animating and inspiring a nation. No British orator except Burke had an equal power of sowing his speeches with profound aphorisms, and associating transient questions with eternal truths. His thoughts naturally crystallized into epigrams; his arguments were condensed with such admii-able force and clearness that they assumed almost the appearance of axioms ; and they were often interspersed with sentences of concentrated poetic beauty, which flashed upon the audience with all the force of sudden inspiration, and which were long remembered and re- peated. Some of his best speeches com- bined much of the value of philosophical dissertations with all the charm of the most brilliant declamation. I know, in- deed, none in modem times, except those of Burke, from which the student of poli- tics can derive so many profound and valuable maxims of political wisdom, and none which are more useful to those who seek to master that art of condensed energy of expression in which he almost equalled Tacitus. . . His speeches show no wit, and no skill in the lighter forms of sarcasm ; but he was almost unrivalled in crushing invective, in delineation of character, and GEA in brief, keen arguments. . . There was a certain transparent simplicity and recti- tude of purpose, a manifest disinterested- ness, a fervid enthusiasm of patriotism in his character, which added greatly to the effect of his eloquence, and gave him an ascendency that was exercised by none of his contemporaries in Ireland." ^" Grattau's children were : (i) James, an oflBcer in the army, who served in the Peninsula and at Waterloo, was born in 1783, and died 24th October 1854. He was member for Wick- low for twenty years. His widow, Lady Laura Maria Grattan, still (1877) resides at Tinnehinch. (2) Henry, born 1789, died in 1859. He was member for Dublin from 1826 to 1 83 1, and for Meath from i832toi85i. He left a large family. (3) Harriett, married in 1836, to Rev. E. W. Wake. (4)Mary Anne, married, first, John Blatchford, and, secondly, in 1834, the Earl of Carnwath. She died in 1853. Grattan's Memoirs by his son Henry were completed in 5 vols. 8vo. in 1846. The work is not alone a history of the man but of the country during his lifetime ; and read in conjunction with the biographies of Lords Cornwallis and Castlereagh, gives perhaps the clearest view that can be obtained of that important epoch in Irish history. ^ 141 154 173 212 237 331 Grattan, Thomas Colley, an author, was born at Clayton Lodge, in the County of Kildare, in 1796. He was distantly related both to Henry Grattan and Wel- lington. Educated at Athy, in due time he was apprenticed to a Dublin attorney. However, the prospect of a confined life was little to his taste, and he entered the militia, then passed on to the line, and saw some service on the Continent. Marrying, he settled in France, and engaged in litera- ture. At Paris he associated with Moore and Irving, Beranger and Lamartine, and was a constant contributor to the West- minster and Edi-nhurgk Reviews. High ways and Byways and Traits of Travel were well received; and his reputation as, an author became established. His History of the Netherlands showed that he could excel in the graver as well as the lighter walks of literature. In the Revolution of 1830 his house was consumed, and he lost all his property through some unfortunate speculations. He removed to the Hague, where he wrote, among other works, Jacqudine of Holland and Legends of the Rhine. These were followed by Agnes of Mansfeldt, perhaps the best of his novels. In 1839 he was appointed British Consul at Boston, where he took a prom- inent part in the negotiations relating to the boundary between the United States and 233 GEA GRA Canada. In 1853 he was permitted to re- sign hia consulship in favour of his son. Drake styles hia Civilized America (2 vols. 1859) " a bitterly abusive book." In 1861 he wrote England and the Disrupted States of America, and a drama — The Woman of Colour. The Edinburgh Review says of his Highways and Byways: " The style is throughout sustained with equal vigour, . . and we may safely pronounce this work to be executed in a manner worthy of the patriotic motive which the author proposed to himself in its composition — the eradication of national prejudices." He died in London, where he had passed the latter part of his life, 4th July 1864, aged about 68. '« 36 37. 39 ^ms) Graves, Bichard, D.D., Dean of Ar- dagh, wasbom ist October 1763, at Kilfin- nane, in the County of Limerick, of which place his father was vicar. His career in Trinity College was distinguished, and he secured a fellowship in his twenty-second year. He soon became one of the most earn- est and popular preachers of his day. In 1798 he published An Essay on the Char- acter of the Apostles and Eoangdists. His desire for parochial duties was satisfied in 1 80 1 by the gift of a prebendal stall in Christ Church, Dublin, to which was attached the parish of St. Michael's, where he labour- ed assiduously and devotedly, especially amongst the poor. His Lectures on the Pentateuch, published in 1807, are widely known, and for many years retained the position of a text-book in the L^niversities. In 1 809 he became rector of Raheny ; in 1814, Dean of Ardagh ; and he was Regius Professor of Divinity in Trinity College the same year. The faithful dis- charge of the duties of these offices did not prevent the composition of numerous theo- logical works. In 1823 he exchanged his prebend of St. Michael's for the richer benefice of St, Mary's in Dublin, During a tour in ""^agland, in 1827, he was attacked with paralysis. He was kindly tended by his friend Southey, and recovered sufficiently to return home, where he lingered until 31st "^ March 1829, when he died, aged 65, " Graves was a man of sound judgment, well trained intellect, and fertile imagination ; his eloquence was copious ; his manner was earnest, affectionate, and awakening ; he was as noted for his simplicity as for his learning, for his benevolence as for his pastoral piety,"^^ A collected edition of his works, numbering seventeen in Cotton's list, was published by his son, R, H, Graves, D.D,, in 4 vols, 8vo, in 1840. 39 116(17) "8 Graves, Robert James, M.D,, F,R.S., son of the preceding, was bom in Dublin, 234 27th March 1797. Having passed through Trinity College with success, and taken out a medical degree, he spent several years in travelling on the Continent, visiting hos- pitals, and becoming acquainted with some of the leading continental physicians and physiologists. On his return in 1821 he was appointed physician to the Meath Hospital, and was one of the founders of the Park-street School of Medicine. He soon took a prominent position as a physi- cian, and wrote several important works on the study of medicine, chief among which must be mentioned his Lectures on Clinical Medicine, edited for him by Dr. Neligan in 1848, besides numerous con- tributions to medical periodical literature. His colleague Dr. Stokes thus writes of him : " To the labours of Graves we must award the highest place, as combining in a philosophical eclecticism the lights of the past with those of the present. For hia mind, while it mastered the discoveries of modem investigation, remained imbued with the old strength and breadth of view so characteristic of the fathers of British medicine. And thus he had the rare pri- vilege of leading the advance of the present school of medicine, while he never ceased to venerate and to be guided by the wis- dom, the mode of thinking, and the labours of the past," 3' Dr. Graves died 20th March 1853, aged 55. 39 ti6(i9) Graves, Sir Thomas, K.B., Admiral, a distinguished naval officer, was born in the north of Ireland, Entering the navy at an early age, he served with credit in many parts of the world. In January 1783, when in command of the Magicienne, he had a desperate engagement in the Atlantic with the SybiUe and another French vessel. In 1 80 1 he was appointed Rear- Admiral of the White, and was second in command to Nelson at the bombardment of Copen- hagen, The thanks of both Houses of Parliament were voted to him, and the Order of the Bath was conferred upon him personally by Nelson at the command of the King. Sir Thomas Graves died 29th March 1814, at his seat near Honiton, Devon, ^"^ Gray, Sir John, was bom at Clare- morris, in the County of Mayo, in 18 16. He studied medicine, and shortly before his marriage in 1839 settled in Dublin as physician to an hospital in North Cum- berland-street. He was before long drawn into politics, and in 1841 began to write for the Freeman! s Journal, of which paper he eventually became proprietor. He warmly advocated the repeal of the Union, and was one of O'Connell's ablest sup- porters. Full of suggestive energy and GRA resource, he origiuated aud organized those courts of arbitration which O'Connell en- deavoured to substitute for the legal tribu- nals of the country. He was prosecuted in 1844 for alleged seditious language, and suffered imprisonment with O'Connell. After O'Connell's death Dr. Gray continu- ed to take a prominent part in Irish poli- tics and in local affairs. It was to his energy and determination, as a member of the Dublin Corporation, that the citi- zens of Dublin owe their present ex- cellent Vartry water supply. His capa- city for business and his mechanical skill were never more clearly shown than in carrying this undertaking to a successful issue in the face of determined opposition from a large party of his fellow-citizens. On the opening of the works, 30th June 1863, he was knighted by the Earl of Carlisle, Lord-Lieutenant. At the general election of 1865 Sir John was returned for Kilkenny, a seat which he held until his death. He took a prominent and effective part in the passage of the Church and Land Bills, and supported the Home Rule movement. He died at Bath, 9th April 1875, ^sd 59> f*^d ^13 remains were honoured with a public funeral at Glasnevin. His fellow-citizens almost immediately set about the erection of a monument in appreciation of his many services to his country, and of the splendid supply of pure water which he secured for Dublin, Sir John Gray was a Protestant. The Alhenceum said at the period of his death: "Sir John Gray was, among his compatriots, a remarkable, and in many respects a singular man. Without the rigidity or sectarianism of Ulster Anglo- Saxonism, he possessed in an eminent degree the logical and self-reliant charac- teristics of the race. Without the eloquence or wit which distinguished so many of the more Celtic and southern of his competitors for fame, he possessed all their versatility of temperament and readiness of expres- sion. Ardently attached to scientific in- quiry, many of his leisure hours were devoted to chemical and mechanical pur- suits, and his rare versatility in arithmeti- cal calculation gave him gi-eat advantages in council and debate. His decease at the comparatively early age of sixty years is, we believe, ascribed in a great degree to his unresting love of work, and the ear- nestness with which he entered into all he put his hand to do." His paper, the Freeman^s Jourmxil, which he raised by his talents to be the most powerful organ of public opinion in Ireland, he left to the management of his son, Mr. Edmund D. Gray, 's ^33 GEE Greatrakes, Valentine, the " Touch Doctor," was born at Affane, County of Waterford, 14th February 1628. In 1649 he held a commission in Lord Broghill's regiment, and at the Eestoration he was made C^erk of the Peace for the County of Cork. At thirty-four he began to develop those powers of curing scrofula aud other diseases for which he was afterwards famous. His stables, barns, and outhouses were at times full of invalids whom his powers attracted, not only from distant parts of Ireland, but from England. At one time an effort was made in the bishop's court of Lismore to interdict these prac- tices as savouring of necromancy. At the desire of Charles II. he was invited to London, where he became a wonder to many and a subject of ridicule to others. Some of his notable cures were certified by the Royal Society, and he was lionized and entertained in many parts of England. A writer describes him as a man of good life and benevolent principles, "seeming by his faith and by his charitableness to include some grains of the golden age, and to be a relic of those times when piety aud miracles were sincere. . . AH he did was only to stroke the patients with his hands, by which all old pains, gout, rheu- matism, and convulsions, were removed from part to part to the extremities of the body, after which they entirely ceased, which caused him to be called the stroker — of which he had the testimonials of the most curious men in the nation, both phy- sicians and divines." "S Eventually his powers fell into disrepute. He was living in 1681 ; the date of his death is not men- tioned. Some of his descendants were stated to be still living in the County of Waterford in 1833. Sources of further information concerning Greatrakes are in- dicated in Notes and Queries, 2nd and 3rd Series. "^ "5 ^54 339 Gregory, George, D.D., a divine and man of science, son of a Wexford clergy- man, was bom 14th April 1754. When he was but twelve years old his father died, and his mother removed to Liverpool. He studied in Edinburgh, and in 1776 was ap- pointed to a curacy in Liverpool, where he became a fearless opponent of the slave- trade. He afterwards enjoyed ecclesiasti- cal preferments in the south of England ; and in 1804, by the interest of Mr. Adding- ton, was presented to) the valuable living of West Ham, in Essex, in consequence of political support afforded by him in the pages of the Neio Annual Register, of which he was editor. He was a voluminous writer. Ryan says " his works display a minute and profound acquaintance with the arts 235 GEE and sciences, commerce, manufactures, and political institutions." He was the author of a Life of Ckatterton, and was an active and zealous member of the Royal Humane Society. Dr. Gregory died, after a short illness, 12th March 1808, aged 53, and was buried at West Ham. '* "^' Grey, Bessie, an Irish heroine, who followed her lover and brother into the battle of Ballynahinch (13th June 1798), and, carrying a green flag, encouraged her insurgent friends. She perished in the in- discriminate slaughter inflicted on the insurgents in their retreat. " She was," says Teeling, "the pride of a widowed mother, the loved and admired of their village, where to this hour the perfection of female beauty is described as it approxi- mates in resemblance to the fair Elizabeth Grey." ^37 3=« Grey, Lord Iieonard, son of the Marquis of Dorset, brother-in-law to the Earl of Kildare, was in January 1535 ap- pointed Lord-Justice of Ireland, on the demise of Sir W. Skeffington. He had previously been a marshal in the army, and it was to him Lord Thomas FitzGerald had surrendered. He found Ireland apparent- ly quiet, but it was not long before the Earl of Desmond and the O'Briens began to give signs of revolt. In July 1536 he marched towards Limerick, captured Car- rigogunnel, and destroyed O'Brien's-bridge, not, however, without considerable loss and much discontent amongst his troops at the hardships to which they were subject- ed. Grey, haughty and passionate, was during his five years of office engaged in constant bickerings with his council, espe- cially with Ormond. Mr. Froude says : " He would start on his feet in the council chamber, lay his hand on his sword, and scatter carelessly invectives and opprobrious epithets." In August 1 537 he involved the Pale in a somewhat fruitless expedition into Offa' . Next year we are told he ceased to hold communications with his council, and selected a private circle of ad- visers from the partisans and relations of the Earl of Kildare. In 1538 he paid a visit to Thomond, and is said to have ac- companied O'Brien in an attack on a hos- tile clan. Next year he marched against the O'Neills, and defeated them on the borders of Ulster; and in the following winter he made a progress through Ulster, establishing the EngUsh power. He re- turned to England in March 1 540, leaving Sir William Brereton as Lord- Justice, and was almost immediately sent to the Tower upon charges of high treason. The t ongues of Ormond and his quondam friends were now unloosed. In December he was 236 GEE brought to trial and convicted on the charge of intimacy with native chieftains inimical to English power, of aiding them in their incursions on the territories of other chief- tains, of despoiling churches and castles, and of being secretly opposed to Ormond and the king's friends upon all occasions. The State Trials relate the sequel : " And there was a commission sent to Ireland to examine witnesses ; and they say that these articles were proved by the testi- mony of above seventy persons, whereof some were of quality — that is, some of them swore to one article and some to another ; so that the Lord Grey, who was son to the Marquess of Dorset, and Viscount Grassy in Ireland, but no peer in England, being tried by a common jury, thought it his best way to confess the indictment, in hopes of the King's grace and pardon ; but in that he was mistaken ; and although his services did infinitely overbalance his faults, yet he was publickly executed on the 28th of July 1 54 1." '*° '7° 3" Grey, Sir Arthur, Lord Wilton, landed in Dublin, 12th August 1580, as Lord-Deputy, to succeed Sir William Pel- ham, who was then at Limerick. On 6th September the latter came to Dublin, sur- rendered the sword to Lord Grey, and left for England. We are now told by the Four Masters that "James Eustace, the son of Roland, son of Thomas, broke down his castles, after having embraced the Catholic faith, and renounced his sove- reign ; so that war and disturbance arose on the arrival of Arthur Lord Grey in Ireland as Lord-Justice. The Kavanaghs, Kinsellaghs, Byrnes, Tooles, Gavel-Rau- nall, and the surviving part of the inhabi- tants of Ofl!aly and Leix, flocked to the assistance of James Eustace ; so that from the Slaney to the Shannon, and from the Boyne to the Meeting of Three Waters, became one scene of strife and dissension. These plunderers pitched a camp on the confines of Slieveroe and Glenmalure." Lord Grey hastily collected an army and marched against this hosting. Those ex- perienced in Irish warfare cautioned him against rashly attempting the Wicklow passes thus garrisoned ; but haughtily rejecting their advice, he entered the defile of Glenmalure on 25th August 1580. The Deputy himself, with the Earl of Kildare, Wingfield, and George Carew, occupied an eminence in the entrance of the valley with their reserve, while the remainder of the army advanced up the valley. Cox says : "The rebels being well acquainted with these woods, laid their ambushes so cun- ningly that the English could neither fight in that devilish place, nor retire out GEE of it; courage could but little avail them, whilst being mired in the bogs, they were forced to stand still like butts to be shot at. Discipline or conduct were of no use in that place, where it could not be prac- tised ; in short, the English were defeated, and the whole company slain, except some few who were rescued by the horsemen, and amongst the rest. Sir Peter Carew, Colonel Moor, and the valiant Captains Audely and Cosby were killed in this un- fortunate conflict." Lord Grey beat a hasty retreat to Dublin, and the news of the "Spanish landing at Smerwick almost immediately called him south at the head of a small force of about i,ooo men. He invested the fort on 31st October, and obliged the defenders to capitulate on loth November. The officers were reserved for ransom, and next day the garrison, about 600 men, were slaughtered in cold blood, and a few women and a priest amongst them were hung. The bodies, 600 in all, were stripped and laid out on the sands — " as gallant and goodly personages," says Grey,"aseverwere beheld." "To him," says 'Mr. Froude, "it was but the natural and obvious method of disposing of an enemy who had deserved no quarter. His own force amounted to barely 800 men, and he probably could not, if he had wished, have conveyed so large a body of pri- soners in safety across Ireland to Dublin." Sir Walter Raleigh was one of the offi- cers commanding the party who car- ried the Deputy's orders into execution. Further particulars of the war in Munster during hjs tenure of office, will be found under notice of the 15th Earl of Desmond. In the summer of 1582 the war was vir- tually at an end — James FitzMaurice and Sir John and Sir James of Desmond were dead, and the Earl was a hunted fugitive. Mr. Froude says he was recalled at his own request, while Cox gives the following ac- count of the matter : " But this good Deputy by the contrivance of the rebels was re- presented at the court of England as a bloody man, that regarded not the lives of the subjects any more than the lives of dogs, but had tyrannized with that bar- barity, that there was little left for the Queen to reign over but carcasses and ashes. And this false story being believed in England, a general pardon was sent over to such of the rebels as would accept thereof, and the Lord-Deputy in the midst of his victories was recalled, so that in August [1582] he left Ireland to the care of Adam Loftus, Archbishop of Dublin, Lord- Chan- cellor, [and] Sir Henry "Wallop, Treasurer- at-Wars, Lords-Justices." He was subse- quently one of the commissioners that sat GRI in judgment on Mary Queen of Scots at Fotheringay, and one of the council of war for the defence of England against the Armada. He died in 1593. 5= 134 140 170 .7« Grierson, Constantia, a woman of uncommon literary abilities, was bom at Kilkenny in 1 706. Her maiden name is not mentioned. Her parents were poor, illiterate people. Her friend Mrs. Pil- kington says that she was mistress of Hebrew, Greek, Latin, and French, and had a good knowledge of mathematics. " She received some little instruction from the minister of the parish when she could spare time from her needlework, to which she was closely kept by her mother, . . Her turn was chiefly to philosophical or divine subjects. . . Her piety was not inferior to her learn- ing."^^ At the age of eighteen she came to Dublin to receive instruction in mid- wifery. There her literary acquirements introduced her to society, and she married Mr. Grierson, a printer, to whom Lord Car- teret granted a patent as King's Printer, with her name inserted. She edited a new edition of Tacitris, with a Latin dedica- tion to Lord Carteret; and Terence, to which was prefixed a Greek epigram from her pen. She also wrote poetry. She has been des- cribed as "happy in a fine imagination, a great memory, an excellent imderstanding, and an exact judgment, but had all these crowned by virtue and piety ; she was too learned to be vain, too wise to be conceit- ed, too knowing and too clear-sighted to be in-eligious." Mrs. Grierson died in 1733, at the early age of twenty-seven. Her eldest son, who proved a man of learning, wit, and vivacity, was educated by her. He died in Gennany at the same age as his mother. Johnson once remarked that he possessed more extensive knowledge than any man of his years he had ever known. The Grierson family continued government printers in Ireland for several generations, and after they gave up business some of the government printing was executed un- der their patent until Mr. Thom's ap- pointment as Queen's Printer in 1 876. ^7 38 98 no Grif5,n, Gerald, poet and novelist, was born, 12th December 1803, in Lim- erick, where his father was a brewer. Gerald was a remarkably gentle and sus- ceptible lad. His first master wasRichard McEligot, a genius of some celebrity in Limerick. When Gerald was seven years old the family removed to Fairy Lawn, a cot- tage charmingly situated on the Shannon, twenty-eight miles below Limerick. His re- collections of this spot were ever of the most delightful character. The home family then 237 GEI consisted of the father, an amiable, easy- going man ; the mother, a woman of sound sense, strong religious feelings, and acute literary perceptions ; two elder sisters ; two brothers (Gerald and Daniel) ; and two younger sisters. The rest of the family were scattered. Here his strong literary tastes began to develop themselves : they were wisely directed and encouraged by his mother, and fostered by a visiting tutor. Gerald was almost constantly immersed in books, and he even began to write poetry. At times he devoted himself to fishing and shooting, more from the opportunity they afforded of revelling in the contemplation of nature, than from any love of the sports themselves. His education was continued at ^neighbouring schools — Vir- gil becoming his favoui'ite author. In 1 820, in consequence of pecuniary difficul- ties, his parents removed to Pennsylvania, with some of the elder members of the family — a bitter trial to a lad of Gerald's tender and loving nature. He was then, with his brother Daniel and two sisters, received into the house of his elder brother, a doctor at Adare. Gerald ever consider- ed that the antiquities and historical asso- ciations of the place had much to do with impressing his imaginative faculties. He was intended for the medical profession, but his preference for literature now be- came marked ; he wrote for the papers in Limerick, joined a Thespian society, be- came acquainted with John Banim, and one day called his brother into his room, and showed him Aguire, a tragedy he had written, and announced his inten- tion of proceeding to London to push his fortune. Nothing could turn him from this resolve, and in the autumn of 1823, not twenty years of age, he started for the great metropolis where he remained more than three years — until the early part of 1827. At first he was quite unsuccess- ful in his 'iterary attempts, and, too high spirited to pain his friends at home with the truth, he sufiered the bitterest priva- tions, by which his health was permanently inj ured. John Banim , as far as he was per- mitted, proved a true friend. Gerald ulti- mately turned his attention to writing for reviews and magazines, and attained a re- spectable position. His Hollantide Tales were his first decided success. The plea- sure of his return home in 1827 was sad- dened by the death of a beloved sister, in whose memory he wrote the exquisite lines commencing, "Oh, not for ever lost." During his sojourn at Pallaskenry, whither his brother had removed from Adare, he enjoyed a delightful season of rest, and wrote the Tales of the Munster Festivals, 238 GEO which he brought to London to publish in the autumn. The Collegians, the ablest and most successful of his works, followed. One of the most laboured of his works was his novel The Invasion, a book displaying minute acquaintance with the mannei-a and customs of ancient Ireland. About this period he became intimate with a family in Limerick, one of whose mem- bers, a married lady, exercised a great in- fluence over his after life. She was the inspirer of many of his best poetical pieces, and with her and her husband and children he passed probably some of the happiest days of his life. Their correspondence oc- cupies a large portion of his memoirs edited by his brother. As his literary abili- ties became more recognized, he appeared to lose a relish for all mundane affairs, and in September 1838, having burnt most of his unpublished writings, he entered on a noviciate in the Catholic society of Christian Brothers, in Dublin. As far as we can judge, this retirement from the world brought him happiness. He became absorbed in the duties of his new life ; but died of fever on the 1 2th of June 1840, aged 36, at the North Monastery, Cork, and was buried in the cemetery attached to the institution. He was tall and well formed, with an intellec- tual and rather pensive cast of counte- nance. Many of his poems are very beau- tiful, and some will doubtless long hold a place in English literature. The preserva- tion of several is due to the memory of his friend, Mrs. Fisher. His drama of Gisip- pus, acted at Drury-lane in 1 842, after his death, met with a warm reception, but has not held a permanent place on the stage. Miss Mitford says : "The book that, above any other, speaks to me of the trials, the sufferings, the broken heart of the man of genius, is that Life of Gerald Griffin, writ- ten by a brother worthy of him, which precedes the only edition of his collected works." '* A notice of his elder brother, William Griffin, M.D. (born, 25th Octo- ber 1794; died, 9th July 1848), author of a few tales published in Gerald's Hollantide and Tales of a Jury-room, and of some medical treatises, will be found in the Dub- lin Journal of Medical Science, vol. iv. '* '^6 Grimshaw, William, born at Green- castle in 1782, died in Philadelphia in 1852, aged about 70, was the author of numerous American school-books and dic- tionaries — Etymological Dictionary, Life of Napoleon, and other works. 37» Grogan, Cornelius, born about 1738, was a Protestant gentleman, owner of Johnstown Castle and demesne, and estates worth about £8,ocxd a year, in the County GEO of Wexford. He was High Sheriff of the county, and for six years represented Enniscorthy in Parliament. When the In- surrection broke out in 1798, he accepted the post of Commissary-General in the in- surgent army ; and when Wexford was re- occupied by the royalists, he was tried by court-martial for complicity in the insur- rection, and executed on Wexford bridge, 28th June 1798. The Cornwallis Corre- spondence states : " It was clearly proved that he had joined what he believed would be the winning side." He suffered death with great composure. The bodies of Gro- gan, Colclough, and Bagenal Harvey were thrown into the Slaney, and their heads were spiked on the Court-house. Some followers dragged the river at night and rescued the remains. Grogan's body was secretly buried at Kathaspick, near Johns- town. His estates were escheated to the Crown, but eventually restored to his brother upon the payment of heavy legal charges. His brother Thomas fell fighting on the royalist side at the battle of Arklow, 87 154 331 Grose, Francis, a distinguished Eng- lish antiquary, was born in Middlesex in 1 73 1, After publishing several works on the antiquities of England, he came over to Ireland, and commenced the neces- sary drawings for a similar work on this country ; but he died of apoplexy in Dublin, 1 8th May 1 79 1 , aged 60, ^^^^t and was buried in Drumcondra graveyard. The results of his labours, supplemented by engravings from drawings in the collection of Right Hon. William Conyngham, were edited with prefaces and descriptions by his friend Edward Ledwich, in 2 vols. 4to. — the An- tiquities of Ireland, by Francis Grose, F.S.A., London, 1791. There are 263 plates, many of them especially interest- ing as showing the condition of buildings since gone utterly to decay. ^* '^ '■'^ 3=3t Gtiiniiess, Sir Benjamin Lee, Bart., born 1st November 1798, was an opulent brewer, and M.P. for Dublin from 1865 until his death. He is best remembered as the restorer of St. Patrick's Cathedral (at a cost which some have estimated at £130,000), and as the head of a business firm that has acquired a world-wide repu- tation. He died possessed of a large fortune, and besides several mansions in and near Dublin, was the owner of a beautiful estate at Cong, on the shores of Lough Con'ib. He evinced great and practical interest in Irish archaeology by his tasteful preservation of the antiquarian remains upon his large estates. He died 19th May 1868, aged 69, and was buried at Mount Jerome, Dublin. ^33 GUIT Gunning, Maria (Countess of Coven- try), and Elizabeth (Duchess of Hamil- ton and Duchess of Argyll), celebrated Irish beauties, born about 1733 ^^^ I734> "W'ere daughters of John Gunning, of Castlecoote, in the County of Roscommon. When bud- ding into womanhood, their mother sent them to Dublin in the hope that they would make their way on the stage. Sheridan was kind to them, lent them dresses, and they were presented at the Castle. Their ex- ceeding beauty created a wonderful sensa- tion ; they went to London, and were the belles of the season 1 75 1 . Horace Walpole writes of them as " two Irish girls of no fortune who make more noise than any of their predecessors since the days of Helen, and who are declared the handsomest women alive." In February 1752 Elizabeth was married to the Duke of Hamilton, a dissi- pated gambler. Three weeks afterwards, Maria, the elder and handsomer, was mar- ried to the Earl of Coventry. Among the many stories told of her extreme silliness is her awkward reply to the old King George II.'s enquiry as to whether she was not sorry that there were to be no more masquerades : — " She was tired of them — indeed she was surfeited with most London sights ; there was but one left that she wanted to see — and that was a coronation ! " Elizabeth became a widow in 1758, and refusing the addresses of the Duke of Bridgewater, gave her hand a twelvemonth later to Colonel John Campbell (who became Duke of Ai-- gyll in 1770). Maria died from the efiects of the excessive use of white paint in Octo- ber 1760 (aged about 27), a fortnight before George 11. Her son became 7th Earl of Coventry. In 1776 Elizabeth was created Baroness of Hami Iton in her own right. She was one of the Ladies of the Bed-chamber to Queen Charlotte. She died 20th Decem- ber 1 790, aged 56. The wife of two Dukes, she was the mother of four — of the 7th and 8th Dukes of Hamilton by her first hus- band ; and of the 6th and 7th Dukes of Argyll by her second. The present (1877) Duke of Argyll is her grandson. In the Tour in the Hebrides we learn that John- son and Boswell visited her and the Duke at Inverary. On 23rd October i j'j'^ Boswell complains bitterly of her coldness and ne- glect of himself ; but she appears to have been all politeness to Johnson. Boswell consoled himself for her rudeness by the remark : " When I recollected that my punishment was inflicted by so dignified a beauty, I had that kind of consolation which a man would feel who is strangled by a sUken cord. . . He [Dr. Johnson] was much pleased with our visit at the cas- tle." Describing portraits of the Misses 239 HAL Gunning, Mr. Walford "9* says : " The two sisters are very much alike ; both are remarkable for their small mouths, high foreheads, aquiline noses, and arched eye- brows. Certainly Maria would be adjudg- ed by the ladies now-a-days the prettier in detail — she is slim and_ elegant, though rather inanimate; but I much prefer the looks of Elizabeth, who is darker, plumper, and more intelligent, and altogether a finer woman." There was a third and younger sister, Catherine, who, in 1769, married Eobert Travis and passed most of her life in Ireland. She had a daughter who, in the next generation, kept up the fame of the family for personal beauty. It is amusiug now-a-days to read of the excitement their beauty occasioned — of the nobility at a di-awing-room clambering on to chairs and tables in the presence of royalty, to get a sight of them ; of 700 persons sitting up all night in and about an inn to see them pass to their chaise in the morning ; of a guard of soldiers being necessary to protect Lady Coventry from the curiosity of the public. This interest continued even after her death : io,cx3o persons went to see the out- side of her coffin. "^ '^^ Holiday, William, a promising Irish scholar, who died at an early age, the son of a Dublin tradesman, was born about 1 788. He studied Irish as a dead language, and produced a grammar in his nineteenth year. He was one of the founders of the Gaelic Society, and projected a translation of Keating^ s History of Ireland with the Irish text and a memoir of the author, only one volume of which (Svo. Dublin 181 1) had appeared at the time of his death, aged 23, on 26th October 18 12. Edward O'Reilly, in the preface of his Irish Dictionary (1821), acknowledges in warm terms his obligations to him. The inscription on his tomb in Dimdrum churchyar', County of Dublin, was written by his friend Dr. Lanigan. He is thus spoken of in the Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy, vol. xv. : "A Oranunar of the Irish Latiguage, Dublin, 1808, pub- lished in Svo. under the fictitious signature 'E. O. C; but the author was William Haliday, a native of Dublin, and a singu- larly g&ted youth, who not only compiled this grammar, but published the first volume of a most excellent translation of Keating's History of Ireland, with the original on collateral pages. He also pro- ceeded on a lexicon of the language, which he would have published, but was pre- vented by a premature death at the early age of twenty-three. Had this young gen- tleman lived he would most probably have 240 HAL achieved more for the ancient literature of Ireland than any other individual of his time. His early display of talents, and deep knowledge of the Greek, Latin, and some of the Oriental languages, joined with unwearied antiquarian research and an enthusiastic zeal for devoting his talents to the service of his country, would have rendered him one of its brightest literary ornaments." =°^ ^^ s^st 349 Haliday, Charles, a distinguished Irish antiquary, a Dublin merchant, bro- ther of preceding, was bom in 1 789. He was elected one of the Royal Irish Academy in January 1847, and thenceforward was among its most active and useful members. For many years he was on the council. His paper on the ancient name of Dublin is printed in the 22nd vol. of the Transac- tions; that on the Danes and Danish anti- quities of Ireland, read but not printed, he afterwards set himself to extend and develop. He made some important disco- veries relative to the history of Dublin and the extended rule of the Danish colony of that city. He did not live to complete the work, but his manuscript was con- signed to Mr. John P. Prendergast, who is now (1877) engaged in preparing it for publication. He died 14th September 1866, aged jj, and was buried in Monks- town cemetery. County of Dublin. His splendid collection of pamphlets on Irish affairs was presented by his widow to the Royal Irish Academy ; and his portrait, painted by order of the Academy, adorns its walls. '4* ^33 Halpiue, Charles G., Major, an author, better known by the pseudonym of " MUes O'Reilly," was bom at Oldcastle, in the County of Meath, November 1829. His father, a clergyman, a scholar, and an author, was at the time of his birth editor of the Bvhlin Evening Mail. Having passed through Trinity College, when but eighteen he emigrated to America, and was engaged on the press in New York and Boston until AprU 1861, when he volun- teered in the Union army and rose to the grade of major in the regular service. He resigned in 1864, ^^d became editor of the Citizen, supported Mr. Lincoln's second candidature, and was appointed Register of the County of New York. He died from an overdose of chloroform, 3rd August 1868, aged 38. While serving in the south he wrote Poems by the Letter H, two volumes of humorous writings under the name of " Private Miles O'Reilly," and a volume of war songs and verses, which became favourites in the army. The New York Times says : " Person- ally, General Halpine was extremely HAM popular. Fond of society, and overflowing ■with wit and humour, his presence was ever welcome in the social circle. As a writer he was sprightly, terse, and vigor- ous. His last poetical production was written on the occasion of the gathering at Jones's Wood, to raise funds for the erection of a monument to the Irish sol- diers who fell during the war. It is en- titled ' Lines for the Day,' and was recited by the author during the gathering."^?* ^^s Hamilton, Cotuit Anthony, was bom in Ireland about 1646. In Childhood his family passed over to France as followers of the fortunes of Charles II. He died at St. Germain's, in J 720, aged 74. Eose says : " He was an elegant and accomplished character, and was for many years the de- light and ornament of the most splendid circles of society, by his wit, his taste, and above all by his writings." " The Memoirs of Grammont, by Count Hamilton," says Hallam, " scarcely challenge a place as his- torical ; but we are now looking more at the style than the intrinsic importance of books. Every one is aware of the peculiar felicity and fascinating gaiety which they display." The Athenoeum says of his fairy tales : " These tales appear to us cumbrous and entangled, their satii-e insipid, and their meaning rather unmeaning. Measur- ed against Voltaire's philosophical stories, or Dean Swift's bitter caricatures, they are pigmies indeed ; and their popularity with him who loved to quote them [Horace Walpole] is but another proof of the facti- tious value with which genius can invest that which is essentially mediocre, at once giving to trifles the importance, and turn- ing them to the use, of treasures." '^ *^ ^ Hamilton, Charles, a captain in the East India Company's service, distinguish- ed for his acquaintance with the laws and literature of the Hindoos, was bom at Bel- fast in 1753. He was one of the first mem- bers of the Asiatic Society of Calcutta, and in 1786 wrote an account of the Eohilla Afghans. Subsequently, in 1796, he was employed by the Directors of the East India Company to edit a commentary on the Mussulman law, which AUibone styles " a valuable work." He died 14th March 1792, aged about 39, and was buried in Bunhill Fields, London. '^ ^49 Hamilton, Elizabeth, an authoress, sister of preceding, was born at Belfast in 1758. Her attention was turned to litera- ture in 1786, by the return of her brother from India. Her Hindoo Rajah and Modern Philosophers were intended as coimterfoils to free-thinking. Her writ- ings on education were much in ad- vance of the time, and attracted consi- HAM derable attention. In 1 804 a Civil List pen- sion was settled on her. She lived much in Edinburgh, where she took an active part in ameliorating the social condition of the poor. Her Cottagers of Glenbumie, published about 1 808, a simple and graphic sketch of Scotch peasant life, is perhaps the most enduring of her works. " Her warm and sincere piety was untinctured by severity, and her natural cheerfulness and lively talents rendered her delightful iu society, and, in old age, a universal favourite with the young." 5' She died at Harrogate, 13th July 1816, aged about 58. Her writings are warmly praised by Jeflfrey in the Edinburgh Review. '^ " 19^ Hamilton, Gustavns, Visconnt Boyne, was born in 1639, and obtained a commission in the army towards the end of Charles II.'s reign. At the com- mencement of the War of i689-'9i, the Protestants of Coleraine entrusted him with the defence of their town. He was ultimately forced to evacuate it and fall back on Enniskillen, followed by crowds of Protestant refugees from the surrounding covmtry. He was appointed Governor of Enniskillen, and organized those regiments of horse and foot after- wards known as the Enniskilleners — the forerunners of the present Inniskilling regiments. "These Enniskilleners were furious fighters. They were attended by their favourite preachers, . . who en- couraged them in their efibrts to ' purge the land of idolatry.' They attacked with the utmost impetuosity, and were rarely deterred by inequality of numbers. They had no system of attack, but fell on peU- mell. They rode together in a confused body, each man attended by a mounted servant, bearing his baggage; and they only assumed a hasty and confused line when about to rush into action." ''^ He defeated Lord Galmoy in his attack on Crom Castle, and in the spring of 1689 was successful in several engagements with the Catholic forces. In July his army is said to have numbered seventeen troops of light horse, thirty companies of foot, and a few very ill-armed troops of heavy dragoons. Later on, at the head of his Enniskilleners, he defeated General Mac- Carthy at Newtown butler. He commanded a regiment at the battle of the Boyne, and took a prominent part in the after opera- tions of the war, heading the troops in the successful attack on Athlone in 1691, and being afterwards made governor of the town. When peace was concluded he re- ceived an ample share of the forfeited estates, and was made Privy-CounciUor I and Brigadier-General. For his bravery 241 HAM afterwards at the siege of Vigo, he was presented with a service of plate by Queen Anne, and George I. raised him to the peerage as Viscount Boyne. He died i6th September 1723, aged 84. '" 196 =-6 Hamilton, Hugh, an artist, was born in Dublin the first half of the i8th century. He studied at the Dublin Society House, then in Grafton-street, and commenced his career as an artist in crayons. He settled for a time in London, where he was over- whelmed with orders, and then for twelve years resided in Italy, where, by the advice of Flaxman, he turned his attention to oils. He painted the likenesses of many dis- tinguished Irishmen. His picture in the Royal Dublin Society of Dean Kirwan preaching is one of the best known of his works. Hamilton died about 1 809. "ts Hamilton, Hugh, Bishop of Ossory, an eminent mathematician, was bom in the County of Dublin, 26th March 1 729, and was educated at Trinity College, of which he afterwards became Fellow. In 1758 he published a Treatise on Conic Sections. Wills says: "Dr. Hamilton was the first to deduce the properties of the conic sec- tion from the properties of the cone, by demonstrations which were general, unen- cumbered by lemmas, and proceeding in a more natural and perspicuous order." In 1759 he was appointed Erasmus Smith's Professor of Natural Philosophy. From the Vicarage of St. Anne's, Dublin, he was promoted to the Deanery of Armagh. In 1 796 he was consecrated Bishop of Clon- • fert, whence he was translated to Ossory in 1799. He died at Kilkenny, ist De- cember 1805, aged 76. His works were collected and published by his son. His brother was a judge. Baron Hamilton of Hami)ton, Balbriggan. ^ ^ "^ '^ Hamilton, Sir James, Viscount Claneboy, a Scotch gentleman, was, in 1587, with his friend James FuUerton, sent to Ii land by James VI. of Scotland (afterwards James I.), " in order to hold a correspondence with the English of that kingdom," writes Lodge, " and inform his Majesty, from time to time, of the state, condition, inclinations, and designs of the Irish in case of Queen Elizabeth's death ; they disguised the cause of their errand (that they might execute it the better) by taking upon them to teach school." Their place of instruction was the Corporation City Free School, possibly for the children of freemen only ; it was situated in School- house-lane, near Christ Church. James Ussher, afterwards the celebrated Arch- bishop, was one of their pupils. [In 1603, Fullerton was appointed Clerk of the Cheque and Muster-Master General ; with- 242 HAM in a couple of years he was made Commis- sioner of Wards and Liveries, was knighted, made Ambassador to France, and was buried in Westminster Abbey, in 1630.] Hamilton was made a Senior Fellow of Trinity College, and received still higher honours and rewards than his companion, being made a Sergeant-at-Law, Privy- CounciUor, and named Commissioner of Wards and Liveries and Commissioner for the plantation of Longford. " In 1622, he was raised to the peerage with the titles of Claneboy and Hamilton. He lived to be 84 years old, having had 'three ladies, the two first of whom proved but little comfort to him.' He had large estates at Bangor, County Down, where he built a church in- side the ruins of the old abbey, in which he was buried in 1643. He had on his estates six parishes, which he planted with ' pious Scotch ministers ; ' and while he sheltered his own chaplains from the Epis- copal constables, it is remarkable that he continued the persecution of the other Irish northern Pui-itans." ^^3 His son James was created Earl of Clanbrassil. ''^ ^33 Hamilton, William, D.D., an eminent divine and naturaMst, was born in the County of Antrim, 1 6th December 1755 or '57. He took his degree at Trinity College, and was elected to a fellowship in 1779. His geological Letters on the Coast of the County of Antrim attracted considerable attention, and he occasionally contributed to the Transactions of the Royal Irish Aca- demy. As rector of Clondavaddog, or Fanet, in Donegal, his best exertions were devoted to the welfare, good order, and improvement of that remote and little- frequented district. He was appointed a magistrate ; and it is believed it was be- cause of his exertions in that capacity to suppress revolutionary movements that he was brutally murdered at the residence of a friend on the shores of Lough Swilly, 2nd March 1 797 — the house being surrounded by armed men and he being pusillani- mously given up to them by the servants. His family was provided for by a vote of the House of Commons. '** ='? 3^' Hamilton, Sir William Bowau, mathematician and astronomer, was born in Dublin, 9th August 1805, His father was an attorney ; his mother was related to Hutton, the mathematician. Intended for an Indian appointment, he was, when a mere child, sent to study with an uncle at Trim. At four he had made some progress in Hebrew, and in the two succeeding years he acquired the elements of Greek and Latin. At the age of fourteen he was familiar with the rudiments of Hebrew, Latin, Greek, French, Italian, Spanish, HAM German, Syriac, Arabic, Sanscrit, Hindu- stani, and Malay, and had written a letter in Persian to the Persian ambassador on his visiting Dublin. In mathematics he was almost self-taught. Entering Trinity College in 1822, he carried every- thing before him, and had mastered Newton's Primipia, the DiflFerential .Cal- culus, and La Place's Mecanique Celeste before he was nineteen. A paper contain- ing original researches on curves of double curvature, and a memoir on caustic curves, read before the Eoyal Irish Academy in 1824, placed him in the front rank of scien- tific Irishmen. The astronomers of Europe were somewhat astonished when, in 1827, a young man who had not attained the age of twenty-two stepped at once from the position of an undergraduate to that of Andrews Professor of Astronomy and superintendent of the Observatory at Dunsink, near Dublin, especially as he was not known to have displayed any talent for practical astronomy or observ- ing. Until his marriage in 1833, tis sisters, women of uncommon abilities, resided with him at the Observatory, Dunsink. He early produced his great work on The Theory of Systems of Rays, " which with its supplements is regarded as of the high- est importance in relation to the geometry of optics. Chasles spoke of it as ' dominant toute cette vaste theorie.' Starting from the fundamental idea that light, whatever be its cause or constitution, must be amenable to the principle of least action (nature's economy in using up force), he arrived at most important deductions relating to re- flection and refraction. One of his disco- veries, literally made upon paper, was that of conical refraction, a thing neither known nor surmised by practical experimenters in optics." *> This discovery was first veri- fied experimentally by Eev. Humphrey Lloyd. Mr. Hamilton was knighted by Lord Mulgravein 1835, on the occasion of the first meeting in Dublin of the British Association. In 1837 he was elected Pre- sident of the Koyal Irish Academy; of which, from 1832, he was one of the most active members. His works on General System of Dynamics, Calculus of Quater- nions, and his various contributions to philosophical transactions, besides stores of mathematical research left behind in MS., and to which it has been said the scientific world has not yet come up, are all monuments of his amazing genius and abili- ties. His Calculus is considered by mathe- maticians to be of great scope and power ; it has been illustrated and developed since his death by Professor Tait of Edinburgh. He declined becoming a member of the Q* HAN Eoyal Society on account of some conditions incident to membership. Poetry had a great charm for him — he numbered amongst his friends Coleridge, Southey, Wordsworth, and Mrs. Hemans, while his own poetical productions are of some value, "more, perhaps, as beautiful emanations of his character, evidencing the strength and gene- rousness of his affections, and the loftiness of the aspirations and communings of his spirit, than as works of poetic art." '"^ A beautiful ode commencing " brooding spirit of wisdom and of love " is given in his memoir in the Dublin University Magazine. He had little love of money, and was content to spend his days in the Obser- vatory at Dunsink, on a small salary. He appeared last in public at the Dublin Exhibition of 1865, and died the 2nd of September in the same year, aged 60. His sister Elizabeth Mary in 1838 pub- lished a volume of poems dedicated to him. 40 116(19) 233 Hand, Edward, Brigadier-General, United States Army, was born at Clyduff, in the King's County, 31st December 1744. In October 1774 he accompanied the i8th Eoyal Irish to America, as surgeon's mate ; he resigned his post on arrival, and settled in Philadelphia for the practice of his pro- fession. He espoused the cause of the Eevolution, joined a rifle regiment as Lieu- tenant-Colonel, and served at the siege of Boston. In March 1776 he was promoted to be Colonel, and led his regiment at the battles of Long Island and Trenton. As Brigadier-General he was in command at Albany in October 1778, and soon after- wards was engaged in Sullivan's expedition against the Indians of central New York. He held other important commands during the war, and after its termination was a member of the old Congress, i784-'5 ; and his name is affixed to the Pennsylvania constitution of 1790. In 1798, when Washington accepted the command of the army raised in anticipation of a war with France, he recommended the appointment of Hand as Adjutant-General. He died at Eockford, Lancaster County, Pennsyl- vania, 3rd September 1802, aged 57. ^* Hanger, George, Lord Coleraine, better known as Colonel Hanger, born in Ireland about 1 750, was distinguished alike by his talents and his eccentricities. He entered the army at an early age, and served in America during the whole of the war of independence. The highest rank he reach- ed was that of Major of the British Legion of Cavalry. In 1789 he published A n Ad- dress to the Army relative to the Campaigns 0/ 1 780 and '81. He mixed much in fash- ionable society, where he was always wel- 243 HAN come ou account of his social qualities, and was at times the boon companion of George IV. In 1 80 1 he published his Life, Ad- ventures, and Opinions, embellished with a representation of his own figure suspended from a gaUows. In 1 814 he succeeded to the family title of Lord Coleraine, which he resolutely refused to assume. He died at his house near Eegent's Park, 3 1 st March 182;, aged 73. 37. Hanmer, Meredith, D.D., a native of Wales, an ecclesiastic who about 1582 '"^ was appointed Treasurer of Christ Church, Dublin. He died of the plague in 1604, and was buried in St. Michan's, Dublin, Besides an Ecclesiastical Chronography, and other works, he was the author of a Chronicle of Ireland, collected in the Teare JS7J, extending from the earliest times to 1284, This valuable addition to the col- lected annals of Ireland has gone through several editions. It will be found in most available form as contained in Ancient Irish Histories, 2 vols. 4to., published in Dublin in 1 809. It occupies almost the whole of the second volume. Probably all that is known concerning him is contained in Wood's Athenoe Oxonienses. "*+ '^ ^39 Hardiman, James, a distinguished Irish writer, a lawyer, probably a native of Galway, was born about the end of the i8th century. His important work, The History of Oalway, 4to., with plates, ap- peared in Dublin in 1820; his Irish Min- strelsy, 2 vols. 8vo., in London in 1831 ; Statute of Kilkenny, 4to. 1843; and i^ 1846 he edited O'Flaherty's West or H-Iar Con- naught for the Irish Archaeological Society. He was a prominent member of the Eoyal Irish Academy, and was for some time sub- commissioner on the public records : he spent the latter part of his life in Galway as librarian to the Queen's College, and died in 1855, probably in November, 's 233 Harris, Walter, LL.D., one of the most distinguished of Irish antiquarian writers, the editor U Sir James Ware's works, was bom at Mountmellick late in the 17th century. Although expelled from Trinity College in early l3e for participation in a riot, the degree of LL.D. was afterwards conferred upon him for his services to Irish historical research and archaeology. He married a great-granddaughter of Sir James Ware, and thereby inherited his MSS., and possessed of competence, he devoted his life to literary pursuits. His principal works were : History of the Life and Reign of King William III, Dublin, 1745 ; Hiber- nica, a collection of eleven interesting and important tracts relating to Ireland, Dub- lin 1747. The great work by which he has earned the grateful remembrance of all 244 HAR students of Irish history, is his translation and expansion of the principal works of Sir James Ware, published in two volumes folio in Dublin, between 1739 and 1746. Abbe MacGeoghegan truly says of him : " The nation is under great obligations to that learned writer for the trouble he has taken and the curious researches he has made in order to complete Sir James Ware's work ; a work which he has so considerably enlarged, and enriched with such a number of articles that have escaped his prototype's notice, that he should be rather esteemed its author than the editor, which is the title he has so modestly as- sumed." 349 Ware's Lives of the Bishops, which in the English translation of 1705 occupies about 200 pages, Harris has ex- panded to 660 ; the Antiquities of Ireland he has expanded from 154 to 286 pages ; and the meagre notices of Irish Writers, from 42 to 363 pages. Of Ware's AnTials of Ireland he doubtless intended to make a third volume — all the early editions of Harris's Ware are noted on title pages as three volumes. Harris died 4th July 1761. His History and Antiquities of the City of Dublin, which he left in manuscript, ap- peared in 1766. Some of his MSS. are preserved in Armagh Library, whilst the majority were purchased from his widow by the Irish Parliament for £500. They may now be consulted in the Library of the Eoyal Dublin Society. They occupy twenty volumes closely written, almost entirely in Harris's hand — in themselves a monument of his indefatigable industry and research. He was a most laborious copyist, and much of these materials are copied even from printed books. Particulars of the con- tents of these MSS. wiU be found m Notes and Queries, 2nd Series, while of his print- ed works ample notices are given under the title " Ware " by Allibone and Lowndes. 254 339 339* 349 Harvey, Bagenal Beanchamp, an estated gentleman of about £3,000 a year, in the County of Wexford, and a barrister, commander of the Wexford insurgents in 1798. He was bom about 1762, was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, stu- died at the Middle Temple, and was called to the Bar in 1782. Madden says that before the Insurrection of 1798 he " was in tolerable practice as a barrister, and was extremely popular with all parties. He was high-spirited, kind-hearted, and good-tempered, fond of society, given to hospitality, and especially esteemed for his humane and charitable disposition towards the poor." He resided at Bargy Castle, and when the insurgents took the field in May 1798, in the north of the county, HAR Harvey, with his friends Colclough and FitzGrerald, was immediately imprisoned in "Wexford on suspicion. After the defeat of the royalists at the Three Rocks, Wex- ford was evacuated by the small garrison that remained, and the prisoners were on 30th May released by the inhabitants, who implored Harvey to intercede with the insurgents for the safety of the town. This he did; and upon its being occu- pied by the insurgents he was appointed Commander-in-chief. A provisional go- vernment was established, and with the exception of the barbarous massacre of ninety-seven Protestants on the bridge, and the inevitable requisitions for provi- sions incidental to all military occupations, their lives and property were secured to the inhabitants. Nearly the whole of Wex- ford County was soon in the possession of the insurgents, frightful atrocities being committed on both sides, and it was neces- sary that New Ross should be taken, so as to open communication with those ready to rise in other counties. Accordingly, on 4th June, the Wexford force under Harvey marched out, and having been joined by a contingent from the camp at Carrickbyme, they concentrated at Corbet Hill for the attack on New Ross. It is said that the evening before the battle was spent by Harvey and the insurgent officers in a carouse, from which they had scarcely re- covered when the engagement began. At first the insurgents carried all before them, drove the troops from their in- trenchments, through the town, and across the bridge into the County of Kilkenny. Instead of following up their success, as regular troops would have done, they commenced drinking and pillaging ; and when the royalists returned to the support of a brave party that still held the market-house, they were able to retrieve their losses, and the insurgents were slaughtered almost like sheep to the num- ber perhaps of 2,500. After the engage- ment a straggling band of insurgents set fire to a barn at Scullaboge, containing 1 20 fugitives, in retaliation, it is said, for the previous burning of an insurgent hospital containing nearly 100 patients, by the troops at Enniscorthy. During the battle of Ross, Harvey and his aide-de-camp, Mr. Gray, a Protestant attorney, spent most of the day on a neighbouring hill, almost inactive spectators of the fight. In the )'etreat, on seeing the blackened walls of Scullaboge barn, he remarked to a friend : " I see now the folly of embark- ing in this business with these people : if I succeed, I shall be murdered by them ; if they are defeated I shall be hanged." HAR After these events Mr. Harvey was deposed from the supreme command, and appointed president of the coxmcil of government. The battle of Vinegar Hill was lost by the insurgents on 2 1 st June, and next day Wex- ford was re-occupied by the King's troops. Harvey and Colclough, with the wife of the latter, took refuge on one of the Saltee Islands. They were pursued, and after a long search were found concealed in a cave, disguised as peasants. Harvey was tried by court-martial and executed on Wexford bridge on the 28th June, with Mr. Grogan, Captain Keugh, Governor of the city, and numbers of others. He met his fate reverently and bravely. His body was cast into the river, and his head spiked on the Court-house. The body was ultimately recognized by some friends and buried at Mayglass, a few miles south of Wexford. A Bill of attainder was passed against him, but his property was, in 1829, restored to his brother James. 331 Harvey, WiUiain Henry, M.D., a distinguished botanist, was born at Lime- rick, 5th February 181 1. His attention was turned to flowers by his nurse when quite a child, and he early developed a passionate love for the study of nature. He was educated at Ballitore school, and his youth was passed in business pursuits in Limerick. From 1835 ^ ^841 he held the position of Colonial Treasurer at the Cape, where he had ample opportunities of studying the flora of South Africa, and he soon acquired a European reputation as a careful and laborious student. Shortly after his return he was appointed Professor of Botany in the University of Dublin. He devoted himself specially to algae, and in pursuit of this department of botany visited the United States, and in 1853 undertook a voyage round the world for the purpose of collecting speci- mens. His Seaside Book, his Thesaurus Capemis, Flora Capensis, and Phycologia Britannica, embellished with illustrations from his pencil, are amongst the best known of his numerous works. The Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge contain some elaborate treatises by him on American algae. He belonged to many of the learn- ed societies of Europe. Originally a mem- ber of the Society of Friends, he joined the Established Church. He was the intimate friend of Dr. Hooker. Dr. Har- vey died of consumption, 15th May 1866, aged 55, at Torquay, where he was buried by his special desire. He was eminently remarkable for the spirituality, playful sweetness, and amiability of his disposi- tion. Besides his botanical works he was the author of some poems published in 24s HAU his youth, and of Charles and Josiah, or Friendly Conversations between a Church- man and a Quaker, published in Dublin in 1862. '^'59 Haughton, James, philanthropist, was born at Carlow, 5 th May 1795, His parents were members of the Society of Friends. He was educated at Ballitore school, and after residing five years in Cork to learn business, in 1817 settled in Dublin as a com merchant, in partnership with his brother, imtil the year 1 850. Occupied with the cares of his family for many years, and with what he regarded as one of the duties of civilized man — adding moderately to the capital of the country — he did not appear much in public before the year 1830. After the early death of a beloved wife his attention became devoted to questions of reform. In 1838 he went to London as a delegate to an Anti-Slavery Convention, and thenceforward was known as an energetic philanthropic reformer. He took a warm interest in the anti- slavery cause in America and elsewhere, and enjoyed the friendship of many of its principal advocates. Although he could ex- press himself with clearness, he was not a fluent speaker, and always preferred to write and read his addresses. For thirty- five years he sent out a stream of letters on anti-slavery, temperance, crime, capital punishment, land reform, and other ques- tions, which were published by the press of all parties with unusual liberality. As a politician he was not very active, but his opinions were decidedly national, liberal, and in favour of all popular reforms. During O'Connell's Eepeal agitation Mr. Haughton occasionally attended the Con- ciliation Hall meetings, and spoke in favour of the Repeal of the Union, and he had a high opinion of O'Connell's character as a true friend of liberty. He became a mem- ber of the Unitarian body about the year 1834. Amongst many local public benefits which he especially laboured to carry out, were the establishment of the Dublin Mechanics' Institute, the opening of the Zoological Gardens on Sunday afternoons at a penny charge, the free opening of the Glasnevin Botanic Gardens on Sunday afternoons, and the formation of the Peo- ple's Garden in the Phoenix Park. He was a thorough free-trader, in the broad and imrestricted sense of the word, and he believed war to be totally opposed to the teaching of Christ. He took more or less part in nearly all the reform questions of his day ; but the chief mission of his life was to promote the disuse of alcoholic liquors, and for many years before his death he gave up most of his time and 246 HAY energies to the cause of total abstinence, and the endeavour to secure legislative restrictions on the sale of intoxicating drinks. He died in Dublin, 20th February 1873, aged 77, and his remains were fol- lowed to Mount Jerome Cemetery by a concourse of people unusually large even for Ireland. '59t Havard, William, bom in Dublin in July 1 7 10, was an actor of some repute, and was the author of Charles I., Regidus, and other plays, which had a passing celeb- rity. He died in London 20th February 1778, aged about 67, and was buried in Covent Garden, his epitaph being written by his friend Garrick. "* Eaviland, William, General, was born in Ireland in 17 18. He served at Carthagena and Portobello ; in the Rebel- lion of 1745 ; under Abercrombie at Ticon- deroga in 1 7 58 ; under Amherst in 1 759-'6o ; and as Brigadier-General commanding the expedition which reduced Isle-aux-Noix, St. John's, and Chambly. His mechanical genius enabled him to concert measures for passing the rapids with success, and in other ways he largely contributed to the tri- umph of the British arms in America. He was second in command at the reduction of Martinique in February 1 762 ; command- ed the fourth brigade at the siege of Ha- vannah; was made Lieutenant-General 25th May I772,aud General 19th February 1783. He died i6th September 1784, aged about 66. 37» Hay, Edward, was born about 1761 in BaUinkeel, County of Wexford, de- scended from an old Ariglo-Norman family deprived of most of their property for espousing the cause of James II. He was active in the cause of his co-religionists, the Catholics, both before and after the Union. Although he took no overt part in the Insurrection in 1798, he narrowly escaped hanging — his successful efforts to mitigate the suflFerings of the royalists during the occupation of Wexford, causing suspicion to centre on him as a person of influence among the insurgents. He was for many years secretary to the Catholics of Ireland in their efforts for emancipation. We are told that he died in absolute want in Dublin in October 1826, and was buried in St. James's churchyard, where his grave "is unmarked by any memorial of his faith- ful services to the Catholic cause, or any record of the base ingratitude with which they were repaid by his Roman Catholic fellow-countrymen and the Catholic Asso- ciation." 33' He was the author of a book relating to the Insurrection of 1 798 — the History of the Rebellion in Ireland. John Hay, his brother, once a Lieutenant in the HAY Irish brigade in France, was executed ou Wexford bridge in 1798 for complicity in the Insurrection ; whilst another brother, Philip, rose to be a Lieutenant-General in the British service, dying at Lambeth, 8th August 1856, aged 82. In June i860 two daughters of Edward Hay were still living in indigence in DubUn. 331 Hayes, Catherine, a celebrated singer, was bom about 1820 in Limerick, where her family were in humble circumstances. Her vocad talents attracted the notice of Dr. Knox, Bishop of Limerick, and through his exertions funds were procured to enable her to study in Dublin with Signor Sapio in 1839. Her success was so marked at concerts given in different parts of Ire- land, that she was enabled to continue her studies at Paris, and afterwards at Milan, where she created a great sensation at La Scala in Linda di Chamounix. Thenceforth her success was assured, and she became for a time almost the leading cantatrice of the day — at least in the United Kingdom. On account of her nationality she was es- pecially popular in Ireland. "Her voice is a clear and beautiful soprano of the sweetest quality in all its ranges ; ascend- ing with perfect ease to D in alt., and in its freshness, mellowness, and purity, giving no token of having at all suffered by the ex- cessive severity of her Italian discipline." "* She made a successful operatic tour round the world, being warmly received in Austra- lia, California, and the Atlantic States of the American Union. In 1857 she married a Mr. Bushnell. Her life thenceforward is believed not to have been a happy one ; ill- health supervened, and she died at Sydenham, near London, nth August 1 86 1 , aged 41. She was described by those who knew her as a woman of great sweet- ness and purity of character, ^s se 116(36) 233 Head, Richard, author of the English Rogue, the Art of Wheedling, the Humour?, of Dublin, comedies, and other pieces, was an Irishman, who after studying at Oxford, became a bookseller in London, and was drowned in 1678, crossing to the Isle of Wight, f^ Helsham, Richard, M.D., an eminent Dublin physician, Professor of Physic and of Natural Philosophy in the University of Dublin in the first half of the 18th cen- tury. He became a Fellow of Trinity College, Dublin, in 1704, a Senior Fellow in 1 7 14; he resigned in 1730, and was appointed Regius Professor of Physic in 1733. His course of Lectures on Natural Philosophy were much esteemed, and have been more than once reprinted. He was Swift's intimate friend and medical adviser. In a letter of I2th July 1735 Swift writes HEL of him as "the most eminent physician of this city and kingdom." He died ist August 1738. 37 3=1 Hely-Hutchinson, John, an eminent lawyer, and Provost of Trinity College (son of Francis Hely of Gertrough), was born about 17 1 5. On his marriage to an heiress in 1 75 1 he assumed the name of Hutchin- son. A man of commanding abilities, he was called to the Bar in 1748 ; returned to Parliament for Lanesborough in 1759, and for Cork in 1761; appointed Prime-Ser- geant in 1762; Provost of Trinity College in 1774; Secretary of State for Ireland, and Keeper of the Privy Seal in 1777. In 1783 he obtained a peerage for his wife, as Baroness of Donoughmore. He was a noted pluralist, being at one and the same time Secretary of State, Major of Horse, Provost of Trinity College, and Searcher, Packer, and Gauger of the Port of Strangford. Lord Guildford once remarked, "if England and Ireland were given to this man, he would solicit the Isle of Man for a potato garden." His appointment as Provost created some turmoil ; as a layman he was considered unsuitable for the post, and he became in- volved in constant disputes with the Fel- lows and students. Dr. Duigenan wrote a book in opposition to his appointment ; a series of satirical publications appeared against him under the title of Pranceriana; and he was also involved in several duels. Full particulars of these proceedings will be found in the OerdlemarHs Magazine no- ticing his death, which took place at Bux- ton, 4th September 1794; he was aged 79. He wrote an excellent treatise on the Com- metcial Restraints of Ireland. In QrattarCs Life it is stated that he supported nearly every good measure — the Claim of Right, Free Trade, the Catholics, Reform. "As a speaker he was good ; he possessed, per- haps, greater powers of satire than any other man ; it was incomparable ; nothing could be better; it was the finest and severest style, adapted to the highest order of matter, and in its effects it was fatal." He was considered to have sensibly elevated the style of speaking in the House of Com- mons. Mr. Taylor, in his History of the University of Dublin,whil3t admitting that his appointment to the provostship was ill-advised, considers that his government conferred great benefits on the University, and that "he was a man of an enlightened mind and extended views." One of his sons became an earl, another a baron ; and others of his numerous descendants were distinguished in the senate, the Church, and the army. [His eldest son, Richard, created Earl of Donoughmore, was the untiring advocate of Catholic Emanci- 247 KEN pation. At his death in 1825, the title devolved upon his brother John, a dis- tinguished general, who succeeded Aber- crombie in the command of the British army in Egypt ; he sat in the Irish Parlia- ment in 1800, and voted for the Union, and was created Baron Hutchinson, with a pension of ^2,000 per annum. He died in 1832.] The present Earl of Donoughmore (1877) is fourth in line of descent from the founder of the family. S4 146 154 33=> Henry II., King of England, Duke of Normandy and Aquitaine, was born at Mantes in 1133, and succeeded King Ste- phen in 1 1 54. He early harboured designs for the conquest of Ireland. In 11 56 he obtained a grant of the island from Pope Adrian IV., confirmed by Adrian's successor, Alexander III. Unable imme- diately to undertake the enterprise, he laid by the bulls until opportunity should arise. In I i68DermotMacMurrough came before him in Aquitaine, "represented the malice of his neighbours, and the treachery of his pretended friends, and the rebellion of his subjects, In proper and lively expressions; he suggested that kings were then most like gods when they exercised themselves in succouring the distressed, and that the fame of King Henry's magnificence and generosity had induced him to that address for his Majesty's protection and assist- ance." '7° The King, unable to respond to this appeal immediately, gave Dermot a patent, declaring he had taken him into his protection, grace, and favour, and as- suring all who were willing to aid him of " our favour and licence in that behalf." Dermot's return to Ireland, and its inva- sion by FitzStephen, Strongbow, and other lords, will be found related under their several names. The success of the Anglo- Norman arms in all parts of the island rendered Henry desirous to assert his supre- macy as soon as possible, and in the autumn of 1 171 h'^ collected a fleet of some 400 vessels at Milford Haven. He himself, having gathered an army of horse and foot, numbering about 500 knights and 4,000 soldiers, came to the same place to meet his ships, and with his army embarked on 1 8th October 339* or i6th November 3" 1 171, and on the next day landed at Crook, near Waterford. To meet the ex- penses of the expedition, a special feudal exaction known as scutage was levied out of knights' fees in the counties of England. The returns of the stores got together for the expedition, as given in Mr. Sweetman's Calendar of Dooicments relating to Ireland, 1 1 7 1 - 1 2 5 1 , are very interesting. They com- prise hogs, wheat, oats, beans, cheese, and other provisions ; the lure of ships ; pay of 248 HEN masters, seamen, and artificers ; payments for horses and their passage ; supplies of axes, hand-miUs, wooden towers, bridges, spades, pick-axes, naUs. There are some curious payments on his own account — garments for 1 63 cottagers in his service in Ireland, robes for MurtoughMacMurrough and burgesses of Wexford, £10 14s. iid. ; expenses of eight ships to carryover twenty knights and five attendants " who went with Adam the Archbishop into Ireland." We are also given abstracts of letters from Pope Alexander III., admonishing the Archbishops of Ireland to aid the King in governing it, and exhorting the kings and princes to persevere in their fealty to Henry. The King was attended in the expedition by Strongbow, WiUiam FitzAdelm (De Burgh), Humphrey de Bohun, Hugh de Lacy, Robert FitzBarnard, and many other lords. To impede the entrance of the fleet, the Irish had stretched three massive iron chains across Waterford harbour. A landing having been effected, however, Reginald MacGillemory and his adhe- rents were seized and hanged, and all the Norse and native inhabitants of Waterford were expelled, except Gerald MacGillemory and his people, who allied themselves to the Anglo-Normans. From Waterford Henry proceeded to Lismore, where he ordered the erection of a castle. He then return- ed to Waterford, and marched through Leinster to Dublin — many of the chief- tains giving in their adhesion on the way, while Roderic O'Conor and the more distant ones boldly held out against them. Henry's gorgeous pavilions, hung with tapestry, were pitched on Hoggin (now College) green, and there he held court during the ensuing Christmas. His cour- tesy and tact conciliated all comers. The Irish chiefs were astonished at the magni- ficent entertainments given by him, and the splendour of the dress and armour of his barons and troops. There were jousts and tournaments in the Norman fashion, mimes and music, and their fame spread far and wide. Mr. Supple writes : " King Henry presided at his feast in great ma- jesty, and in his royal robes. This monarch, gifted with great natural abilities, and with an amount of learning wonderful in a lay- man of his time, is described, now in his thirty-eighth year, by a contemporary, as a man courteous, cheerful, and eloquent ; of the middle size, with a high complexion, his head large and round, his eyes fiery and stern, his voice tremulous, his neck short ; broad-breasted, strong-armed, but big-bel- lied — though to keep down this deformity he was very abstemious and exercised over much — often from daybreak until night. HEN hunting or hawking ; in disposition he was parsimonious at home, but most liberal abroad." s A synod of the Irish clergy assembled at Cashel early in the spring, and a number of canons were passed tend- ing to break down the independence of the old Irish church, and assimilate it to the English. A parliament was also convened at Lismore, which a number of the Irish chiefs were induced to attend. The most important statute passed was that entitled the " Statute of Henry FitzEmpress," which empowered the Irish barons to elect a temporary Viceroy in the event of the vacation of the office by death or other- wise, Henry does not appear to have penetrated farther than Dublin, nor does he seem to have taken the style either of King or Lord of Ireland. He divided almost the whole country amongst the most powerful barons, expecting that they would make as quick and complete a conquest of the island as their ancestors had of England. Strongbow received large possessions in Leinster ; De Lacy in Meath; FitzGeralds, FitzStephen, andDeCoganin Munster ; and De Courcy in Ulster. The seaport towns he kept principally under his immediate control, while Dublin he con- ferred on the citizens of Bristol. Hugh de Lacy, appointed Constable and to the com- mand of Dublin Castle, is generally regard- ed as the first regularly constituted Vice- roy. Eichard FitzGislebert he appointed Lord-Marshal'; Bertram de Verdun, Sene- schal ; Theobald .Walter, Chief -Butler ; and De Wellesley, Royal Standard Bearer. These arrangements were carefully made with the view of counteracting the hitherto overwhelming influence of Strongbow in the affairs of the island. The easterly winds in spring brought Henry bad news from England, he went to "Wexford to await the first favourable opportunity for crossing, and on Easter Monday, 1 7th of April 1 1 72, the wind being fair, he embarked at sunrise and landed at Port Finnen in Wales about noon same day. Henry did not again visit Ireland. He died at Chinon, near Tours, 6th July 1 1 89, and was buried at Fontev- raud, in Anjou. s 148 170 3" 335 Henry, James, M.D., scholar and author, was bom in Dublin in 1799. Edu- cated at a Unitarian school and at Trinity College, he adopted the medical profession, in which he soon attained great eminence and large practice, though his sceptical and independent ways of thinking, and his adop- tion of a five-shilling fee estranged from him most of his professional brethren. His sarcastic and trenchant tracts on questions of the day set him openly at war with the profession, yet his practice continued to in- HEN crease, and he had realized some fortune, when a large legacy made him completely independent of his ordinary work, and in- duced him to lay aside professional contro- versies for literary pursuits. About the year 1848 he began to travel through Europe with his wife and only child, and to make researches on his favourite author, Virgil. Dr. Mahaffy says : " This occupation became an absorbing passion with him, and filled up the remainder of his life. After the death of his wife in the Tyrol (where he succeeded in cremating her and carrying off her ashes, which he preserved ever after), he contin- ued to travel with his daughter, whom he brought up after his own heart, who emu- lated him in all his tastes and opinions, and who learned to assist him thoroughly and ably in his Virgilian studies. It was the habit of this curious pair to wander on foot, without luggage, through all parts of Europe, generally hunting for some ill-col- lated MS. of Virgil's ^neid, or for some rare edition or commentator. . , Seventeen times they crossed the Alps on foot, some- times in deep snow, and more than once they were obliged to show the money they carried in abundance, before they were re- ceived into the inns where they sought shel- ter from night and rain. . . In his Twelve Years' Journey through the JEneid of Virgil Dr. Henry first disclosed to the world that a great new commentator on Virgil had arisen, and those who will look through Conington's work will see how many of the best and most original notes are ascribed to Henry. He also printed privately (he never would publish anything except a few pa- pers in periodicals) versified accounts of his travels, something like the Roman saturce or medleys, and other poems more curious than beautiful — some of them, however, striking enough from their bold out-spoken- ness in religious matters." Having exam- ined every MS. of the JEneid of any value, he returned to Dublin, when declining years disposed him to rest, and where the Library of Trinity College afforded him a rich supply of early printed books on his subject. The JEneidea : or Critical, Exe- getical, and j^sthetical Remarks on the ^neid, appeared in 1873, with the follow- ing dedication : "To my beloved daughter, Katherine Olivia Henry, etc., I give, dedi- cate, and consecrate all that part of this work which is not her own." His daughter's death, shortly after the appearance of this book, was a terrible blow to him. He him- self passed away, 14th July 1876, aged yj, A full list of his publications will be found in the Academy, 12th August 1876, in the ample notice by his friend Mr. Mahaffy, 249 HER from which this sketch is taken. His most permanent printed works are prob- ably his poems; but his commentary on Virgil left behiiid in MS., will doubtless, if given to the world, establish bis reputa- tion as a scholar. Unable to satisfy him- self as to the completeness of any part of it, he had long before his death abandoned the prospect of publication during his life- time. ^33 Heryey, Frederick Augustus, Earl of Bristol, and Bishop of Derry, was bom in 1 730, educated at Westminster and Cam- bridge ; consecrated Bishop of Cloyne in 1767, and translated to Derry in 1768. He was noted for the prominent part he took in the Volunteer movement. Barrington tells us he "acquired a vast popularity among the Irish, by the phenomenon of an English nobleman identifying himself with the Irish nation, and appearing inferior to none in a zealous assertion of their rights against his own countrymen. It was a cir- cumstance too novel and too important to escape their marked observation, and a conduct too generous and magnanimous not to excite the love and call forth the admi- ration of a grateful people." He was a more advanced, though less discreet Irish politi- cian than Lord Charlemont, and contested unsuccessfully with him the presidency of the Eotunda Convention of Volunteers. At times he assumed almost regal state, and paraded Dublin in a coach drawn by six horses, attended by a body-guard of light dragoons which had been raised and was commanded by his nephew,_the notorious George Robert FitzGerald. Among other munificent benefactions, he erected the spire of Derry Cathedral. His last years were spent on the Continent ; and he died at Albano, in Italy, i8th July 1803, aged about73. His remainswere interred atBury St. Edmunds, Suffolk, where maybe seen an obelisk erected to his memory by the inhabi- tants of Df ry. Mr. Lecky says : "The char- acter of the Bishop hasbeen very differently painted ; but its chief ingredients are suffi- ciently evident, whatever controversy there may be about the proportions in which they were mixed. He appears to have been a man of respectable learning and of real talent, sincerely attached to his adopted country, and on questions of religious dis- qualification greatly in advance of most of his contemporaries ; but he was at the same time utterly destitute of the distinc- tive virtues of a clergyman, and he was one of the most dangerous politicians of his time. Vain, impetuous, and delighting in display, with an insatiable appetite for popularity, and utterly reckless about the consequences of his acts, he exhibited, 250 HIG though an English peer and an Irish bishop, all the characteristics of the most irrespon- sible adventurer. Under other circum- stances he might have been capable of the policy of an Alberoni. In Ireland for a short time, he rode upon the crest of the wave ; and if he had obtained the control he aspired to over the Volunteer movement, he would probably have headed a civil war. But though a man of clear, prompt judg- ment, of indisputable courage, and of con- siderable popular talents, he had neither the caution of a great rebel nor the settled principles of a great statesman. His habits were extremely convivial ; he talked with reckless folly to his friends, and even to British officers, of the appeal to arms which he meditated ; and he exhibited a passion for ostentation which led men seriously to question his sanity." ^* "^ ="" Hibemicus, Thomas, a theologian, who flourished about 1270, was born at Palmerstown, in the County of Kildare. He left his own country and became a Fellow of the College of Sorbonne, in Paris. He afterwards removed to Italy, and died in the "Convent of Aquila, in the Province of Penin." On his death-bed he bequeath- ed his books and papers to the Sorbonne, " together with six pounds for the purpose of purchasing a rent to celebrate his anni- versary." He wrote De Christiana Reli- gione, De Illusionibus Doemonum, and other works. '9* Hiffernan, Paul, M.B., a minor poet of slender abilities, who occasionally asso- ciated with Foote, Garrick, and Goldsmith, was born in Dublin in 17 19. Intended for the Catholic priesthood, he was sent to study in France, and lived there seventeen years. On his return to Dublin he took the degree of Bachelor of Medicine, and conducted in 1750 the Tickler, a periodical paper in opposition to Lucas and his friends. About 1753 he removed to London, and was employed by the booksellers in the com- pilation and translation of various works. He wrote several short plays, trained can- didates for the stage, lived the life of a literary vagabond, and died in an obscure lodging in June 1777. Eeferences will be found to him in Notes and Queries, 2nd and 3rd Series ; and a full memoir, with list of his works, is given in Walke?s Magazine for 1794. =54 338(1794) Higgins, Bryan, a distinguished phy- sician and chemist, was born in the County of Sligo about 1737. After obtaining his medical 'degree he went to London, where he practised with considerable success. He early devoted his attention to chemistry, and opened a school for its practical study in Greek-street, Soho, London, in July 1 774. HIG In 1786 he published his best known work — Experiments and Observations on Chemical Philosophy. Between 1780 and 1790 he appears to have visited Russia, and en- joyed the favour of the Empress Cathe- rine. In 1789 he obtained a patent for a cheap and durable cement. On his return from Russia he resumed his chemical lectures. ISIr. Higgins died on his estate of Walford, in StaSbrdshire, in 1820, aged 83. His biographer, W. K. Sullivan,"= who gives a full analysis of his works, says : " He was rather a speculator than an ex- perimentalist, and many of his views are, for their time, remarkable for their acute- ness and generalizing character." "^is) Higgins, Williaiu, a distinguished chemist, nephew of preceding, was born in the County of Sligo. He graduated at Oxford, and doubtless received his in- structions from his uncle in the science in which he afterwards became eminent. In 1 79 1 he was appointed chemist to the Apothecaries' Company of Ireland, at what was then considered a high salary — ^200. In 1 795 he was made Chemist and Libra- rian to the Royal Dublin Society. He was a man of peculiar habits and devoid of energy. His style of lecturing was very quaint, and a number of laughable anec- dotes were long remembered of circum- stances the result of this quaintness. His life was singularly uneventful : he died in 1825. W. K. Sullivan "s gives a full ac- count of his discoveries in chemistry, more especially the law of multiple proportion, in which he is said to have anticipated by many years some of Dalton's greatest achievements. Indeed he may be said to have led the way in the discovery of the atomic theory. "^(S) Higgins, Francis, Archdeacon of Cashel, a High Church clergyman, and Tory politician, styled by Sir Walter Scott the " Sacheverell of Ireland," was born in Limerick about 1670. He was elected a scholar of Trinity College in 1688, became reader of Christ Church Cathedral in 169 1, rector of Gowran in 1694, and in 1705 was elected to the prebend of St. Michael's in Christ Church Cathedral. After ap- pearing prominently before the public upon more than one occasion, he, in Feb- ruary 1 707, preached at Whitehall Chapel in London , a sermon from Revelations iii. 2-3 , which created a great sensation, and caused him to be for a time imprisoned under a warrant of the Secretary of State. Before his arrest he had preached this sermon no less than six times in dififerent parts of London. An anonymous pamphlet (supposed to be by himself) in support of it was burnt by the common hangman HIN at the Tholsel in Dublin, in July 1707. On his return to Ireland he became in- volved in squabbles with his fellow magis- trates at Kilmainham, was by the gi'and jury presented as a " common disturber of her Majesty's peace;" and on the other hand was upheld by Convocation as one that " hath both in his life and doctrines upon all occasions shown himself to be an orthodox divine, a good Christian, and a loyal subject." After the accession of the house of Hanover we hear no more of his political doings. In 1725 he was collated to the Archdeaconry of Cashel. He died in August 1 728, and was buried in St. Michael's Church, Dublin. Dr. Reeves concludes a manuscript notice of him with the words ; "Three sermons, and his Cases were his only productions fi-om the press, and even these were rather the develop- ments of political excitement than the expressions of calm consideration or bene- volent feelings." ^^3 Higgins, Francis, the "Sham Squire" (bom 1750, died 19th January 1802), a Dublin celebrity, who by flagitious means raised himself in society, became proprie- tor of the Freeman^ s Journal, was admitted an attorney, and acquired a large fortune. Concerning his unsavoury life an interest- ing work has been written. He acquired the sobriquet by which he is generally known, by personating in his early life a gentleman of landed property, and gaining the hand of a lady, who died of grief subse- quently. Mr. FitzPatrick has established beyond doubt the fact that Higgins was the betrayer of Lord Edward FitzGerald, for the sum of £ i ,000. He left most of his pro- perty for charitable purposes. He was buried at KUbarrack, near Howth, but his gravestone, bearing a fulsome epitaph, has long since been destroyed, ^oj Higgins, Mathew James, better known as " Jacob Omnium," was an Irish- man, born about 18 10. He was educated at Eton and Oxford, and served for some time in the army. " He was for upwards of twenty years a constant contributor to the Times, and is the author of innumera- ble articles chiefly bearing on colonial, military, educational, and social reforms, in the Quarterly and Edinburgh Reviews, the Cornhill Magazine, and other leading periodicals." In 1863 Mr. Higgins joined the staff of the Pall Mall Gazette. He died 14th August 1868. ^' Hincks, Edward, D.D., a distin- guished philologist, was bom in Cork, in August 1792. [His father. Rev. T. I)ix Hincks (bom 1767; died 24th February 1857), a Presbyterian minister, was a well- known orientalist.] After a careful train- 251 HOG ing under his father, he entered Trinity College, became scholar in 1810, and ob- tained a fellowship in 1813, having as an opponent the Kev. Thomas Romney Robin- son. He retired on the College living of Ardtrea in 18 19, and in 1826 exchanged it for that of Killileagh, which he held until his death. " The fact of his not hav- ing received any other promotion, notwith- standing his European reputation and high personal character, has been ascribed to the earnestness with which he advocated a reform in the Irish Established Churcli, and a larger and more liberal system of education." ^ He was an excellent Orien- tal scholar, and published a Hebrew Gram- mar. But it was in the field of Egyptian and Assyrian translation that his laurels were chiefly won. Mr. Layard remarks : " It is to Dr. Hincks we owe the determi- nation of the numerals, the name of Senna- cherib on the mommients of Kouyunjik and of Nebuchadnezzar on the bricks of Baby- lon — three very important and valuable discoveries." He threw a flood of light on the grammar of the language, on cuneiform writings generally, and in various ways did much to smooth the path for subsequent investigators. His views have not all met with acceptance ; but concerning the value of his researches and the soundness of his judgment, there is no diSerence of opinion. Most of his investigations were published in the. Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy. In 1 854 he published & Report to the Trustees of the British Museum respecting certain Cylinders and Terra-cotta Tablets, with Cu- neiform Inscriptions; and in 1863 a Letter on the Polyphony of the Assyrio-Babylonian Cuneiform Writing. Mr. Hincks cUed 3rd December 1866, aged 74. His brother, Francis Hincks, C.B., still living, may be said to have secured to Canada the inde- pendence she enjoys. ^ ^^ Hogan, Jolin, sculptor, was bom at Tallow, ir the County of Waterford, in 1 800. Shortly after his birth his father, a builder, removed to Cork. His mother, Frances Cox, was great-granddaughter of Sir Eichard Cox, the Chancellor. Though the family were in humble circumstances, the tone of their circle was elevated and refined. John was educated for a time at a school in Tallow, and when fourteen was placed in an attorney's office. This posi- tion was not congenial ; a strong taste for art asserted itself, and much of his time was spent in cutting figures in wood, draw- ing fancy sketches, and copying architec- tural designs. Eventually he was engaged by a local firm as draughtsman and carver of models ; and with extraordinary indus- try he employed himself during the next 252 HOG few years in mastering the principles of his art, and attending anatomical lectures. Some friends were attracted by the young artist's works, and raised sufficient funds to enable him to sojourn at Rome for a few years. The Royal Dublin Society and the Royal Irish Institution contributed towards this expense. Hogan reached Rome on Palm Sunday, 1824, and forth- with set to work in good earnest, attending the schools of St. Luke, studying in the Vatican and Capitol, and modelling in the life academies. His best friend was Signor Gentili, then a lawyer, afterwards a popu- laa' Catholic priest and preacher in Dublin. His first piece of merit was " A Shepherd Boy ; " his next a " pieta ; " followed by " Eve startled at the sight of death," which he finished in marble ; a " Drunken Fawn " was next executed, and drew from Thorwaldsen the exclamation : " Ah ! you are are a real sculptor — Avete fatto un miracolo." He returned home in 1 829, and received a gratifying reception in Dublin, where the Royal Irish Institution placed its board-room at his disposal for the exhi- bition of his works, and the Royal Dub- lin Society awarded him a gold medal. The Carmelites purchased for ^403 his " pieta," which now adorns the panel of the high altjir of the church in Clarendon- street. Mr. Hogan returned to Italy in high spirits. He completed a "pieta" for Francis-street church ; and in 1837 the statue of Bishop Doyle for Carlow Cathe- dral. The execution of this last work procured for him election as a member of the Society of the Virtuosi of the Pantheon, an honour to which no Irishman had been before raised. Through Lord Morpeth's (the Earl of Carlisle) influence he received the order for the execution of Drummond's statue for £1,200 — which, with his colossal figure of O'Connell, adorns the City Hall in Dublin. His twenty-four years' resi- dence in Rome, from 1824 to 1848, may be said to have been the happiest period of his life. In 1838, Mr. Hogan married an Italian lady, and became almost naturalized in the country. The Roman revolution of 1848, to which he was bitterly opposed, impelled him to return home, and he took up his residence in Dublin. The last ten years of his life were saddened by many trials and disappointments ; and the change from the glories of Rome to a narrow and uncongenial life in Dublin nearly broke his heart. The rejection of his beautiful model for the Moore statue was in itself a se- vere blow to a man of his temperament. He was taken ill early in 1858, and died on 27th March, aged 57. He was buried in Glasnevin Cemetery, in the old O'Con- HOL nell circle, near his friend Gentili. In private life he was a man singularly be- loved and esteemed. His biographer says : " His tail, lithe, powerful frame, and his noble head and eagle look were eminently characteristic. He was full of gesture and vivacity, yet withal was simple in manner and direct in speech." "^^ Holiushed, Kaphael, a distinguished chronicler, or rather collector of chronicles, was an Englishman, who seems to have been educated at one of the English uni- versities, and to have taken orders in the church ; but the only fact in his his- tory known with tolerable certainty is that he died in 1580. In the six- volume 4to. edition of his Chronicles of England, Scot- land, and Ireland, published in London in 1 807 -'8, the portion relating to Ireland oc- cupies the sixth volume. It consists chiefly of excerpts from Stanihurst, Cambrensis, riatsburie, and Marlborough, continued to the end of the Desmond war, by John Hooker, alias VoweU, a native of Devon- shire, who came to Ireland as agent for Sii- Peter Carew, represented Athenry in the Parliament of 1568, and died about 1605. The real value of Holinshed's work " de- pends on its learning and research, which have made it an invaluable aid to all who have since undertaken to illustrate the early annals of England [the United King- dom]." '* "* '*■» Holmes, Robert, a distinguished Irish lawyer, for many years father of the north- east Bar, was bom in Dublin in 1 765. He entered Trinity College in 1 782, and was called to the Bar. In 1 798 he entered the lawyers' corps of yeomanry. During a parade in the hall of the Four Courts, he threw down his arms on the announcement being made that the corps was to be placed under the command of the military autho- rities, dreading least he might be called upon to assist in the atrocities then per- petrated upon the country people. This led to a challenge, for giving which he was sentenced to six months' imprison- ment. In 1 799 he published a passionate appeal against the Union. In 1803, al- though clearjof participation in the plans of his brother-in-law, Robert Emmet, he was imprisoned for many months on suspicion. This of course retarded his advancement, but his great legal abilities eventually asserted themselves, and he rose to the highest eminence at the Bar. Never being able to forget the means by which the Union had been carried, and the sad fate of many of his relatives in 1798, he resolutely refused the oflFers of advance- ment, and even of a silk gown, made him by successive governments. The University HOL lys : " Few who had an op- portunity of hearing will ever forget that splendid burst of impassioned eloquence by which the peroration of his speech, in the case of the Queen v. the Nation news- paper was distinguished. There is thought in every sentence ; everlasting truths are enunciated in language of the rarest beauty ; and when the old man, eloquent as he warmed with his subject, touched upon the sufi'erings of his country, her beauty, and her griefs, the musical into- nation of his voice, his venerable and im- posing aspect, the tear which stood trem- bling in his eye, the natural and simple grace of his gesture, all produced upon ua an impression that can never be efiaced. It was truly a fine sight to see him in his eightieth summer, advocating at the close of his life, with all the fire and all the vigour of his early years, those principles which persecution had failed to make him abandon, or temptation induce him to change." "* His Case of Ireland Stated, published in 1847, was an able advocacy of the Eepeal of the Union. He died at the house of his daughter in London, 7th October 1859, ^3' aged 94. "*(3i) 254(3) 331 Holt, Joseph, a leader in the Insurrec- tion of 1798, was bom at Ballydaniel, County of Wicklow, in 1756, of Protes- tant parents, descended from English planters in the reign of James I. At the breaking out of the insurrection he lived near Hound wood, in the County of Wick- low — a substantial farmer, a wool-buyer, and barony constable. From his own ac- count, he does not seem to have been an United Irishman, or to have been engaged in any of the political plots of the time, but upon his house being burnt down by the yeomanry, he took to the mountains and gathered round him a formidable band of insurgents. It was " the possession of these superior qualities — for Holt's acts were his own, he had no instractor — added to his strict enforcement of discipline, and atten- tion to the comforts and wants of his men, that enabled him, as the leader of a war of mountain skirmishes, to defy for six months the united efforts of the royal army, and the numerous corps of yeomanry [sometimes chasing parties into the very suburbs of Dublin] in an area of little more than twenty miles square, within thirty miles of Dublin at its further or ten at its nearest point of approach. Nor was it by skulk- ing in the wild and secluded districts of bog and mountain which the County of Wicklow presents — a county the appear- ance whereof was most happily compared by Dean Swift to a frieze mantle fringed with gold lace. Holt frequently came in 253 HOL contact with detachments of the army sent against him, and seldom shunned an en- gagement. In one instance, by the melan- choly slaughter of a large body of the * Ancient Britons,' he executed what in military parlance would be termed a bril- liant affair ; and when Holt was beaten or outnumbered, he generally contrived to effect his retreat without any serious loss ; on one occasion in particular, when he was supposed to be surrounded by the King's troops, Holt retired with his corps unbroken." '*5 There is scai'cely a glen in Wicklow that has not been rendered notable by his exploits. Through the negotiation of Mrs. Latouche with Lord Powerscourt, Holt surrendered on loth November 1 798, on condition that his life was to be spared and that he was to be transported to New South Wales with his family. Though he strenuously denies the imputation in his memoirs, passages in the Casilereagh Correspondence state that he " gave much information." He sailed along with other convicts from Cork on the 24th August 1799, and reached Port Jack- son after a five months' voyage. He received a free pardon for good conduct in 1 809, and in 1 81 2, having amassed a little property, returned home. On the home passage of sixteen months, he was shipwrecked on the Falkland Islands, and encountered other adventvires. In the year 1 8 1 4 he set- tled at Dunleary (now Kingstown), as a publican, and invested his savings in house property. He died on i6th May 1826, aged about 70: his family returned to New South Wales, Holt is described as five feet ten inches in height, well made, of compact muscle, and remarkably athletic and vigorous ; his hair was black, his eye-brows heavy and bushy ; his eyes small, dark, and penetrating. He had the power of readily assuming a commanding or determined look, but there was nothing ferocious i" his appearance, and his smUe was beaming with benevolence. His man- ners were simple and unaffected. His voluminous memoirs, copied from his dic- tation by an illiterate amanuensis, were carefully edited by Crof ton Croker, in 2 vols, in 1838, and are a valuable contribution to the history of Ireland and New South Wales. The first volume recounts his ad- ventures in Ireland, the second deals prin- cipally with his life in Australia. ^^ '^^ Holwell, John Zephaniah, a writer on Indian affairs, was bom in Dublin in September 171 1. He went to India in 1732 as a surgeon, and in 1736 became a member of the Court of Calcutta. In 1756 he defended Fort William, Calcutta, against Surajah Dowla, Nabob of Bengal ; but was 254 HON obliged to surrender on 20th June, after a gallant defence. He and 146 companions were, the evening of the surrender, shut up in the memorable "Black-hole" of Cal- cutta, a room some twenty feet square, where the wretched prisoners soon became frantic with suffocating heat and insuffer- able thirst. But twenty-three survived a night's confinement. They were liberated from captivity by Clive a few months afterwards. It is from Mr. Holwell's nar- rative we learn the particulars of this outrage. In after years he raised a monu- ment at his own expense to his fellow- prisoners who died in the Black-hole. After a short visit to England, he succeeded Clive in 1758 as Governor of Bengal, in which office he was superseded about the end of 1760. He died in England in 1798. In his various works he treated especially of some of the native systems of religion — believing them to be of divine origin. His principal books were : Indian Tracts (1764), Historical Events relative to Bengal atid Indostan, and Mythology of the Gen- toos. '^ 38 Homes, WiUiam, a divine well known in America, was born in the north of Ire- land in 1663. He received a liberal edu- cation, when a young man removed to New England, and there taught school for three years. He returned to Ireland, and was ordained at Strabane in 1692. Again re- moving to New England in 1 714, he settled as a minister in Chihnark, where he died 20th June 1746, aged about 83. He was the author of sermons on the Sabbath, Secret Prayer, Church Government, as well as other theological works. His son. Cap- tain Eobert Homes, married a sister of Benjamin Franklin. 37» Hone, Horace, an eminent miniature painter, was born in Dublin about 1753. It was at his house that Captain Grose died. The decay of Irish prosperity after the Union obliged him to remove to Lon- don, where he died in 1827. Many well- known prints of the time were engraved from his originals. '''^ Hone, Nathaniel, E.A., a painter, who lived in the i8th century, was a native of Dublin. In early life he went to England, and followed the profession of an artist in several parts of the country, particularly York, where he married a lady of some means. Eventually he settled in London, where he ranked amongst the first painters of miniature portraits. He was chosen a member of the Eoyal Academy at its first institution, but took offence at one of his pictures, intended as a satire on Sir Joshua Rey- nolds, being rejected for the exhibition. HOO He died I4tli August 1784. " As a painter in oil he was by no means an inferior artist, yet the colouring of his pictures was too red for the carnations, and the shadows were not sufficiently clear." =^* Hood, John, the inventor of a survey- ing instrument known as Hood's compass theodolite, was born at Moyle, in the County of Donegal, in 1 720. He was the author of a Treatise on Land Surveying (Dublin, 1772). Mr. Hood is said to have anticipated the invention of Hadley's quad- rant. He died about 1783. His grandson, Samuel Hood, who emigrated to Philadel- phia in 1826, was the author of a Practical Treatise on the Law of Decedents (Phila- delphia, 1847), and other works. '* Hope, James, a United Irishman, who supplied Dr. Madden with materials and information for a portion of his work upon the actors in the Insurrection of 1798, was bom near Templepatrick, County of Antrim, 25th August 1764. A Presbyte- rian, he threw himself into the movements of 1798 and 1803, and was the beloved and trusted friend of Neilson, Eussell, Mc- Cracken, and Emmet. Most of his life was spent over the loom, and he was living in Belfast in 1846, then aged 82, still true to the principles which had actuated him in youth. Madden describes him as "a modest, observant, though retiring man, discreet and thoughtful, . . strictly moral, utterly fearless, inflexible and in- corruptible. . . He is a man of very profound reflexion. . . For a term of upwards of sixty years he has earned his bread by his own industry." ^30 Hopkins, John Henry, Bishop of Vermont, was born in Dublin, 30th Janu- ary 1792. He went to America with his parents iu 1 800. After receiving a classical education, he spent a year in a counting- house at Philadelphia, assisted Mr. Wilson the great ornithologist to prepare plates for one of his works, and about 18 10 em- barked in the manufacture of iron in Penn- sylvania. He became bankrupt in 18 17, turned his attention to the law, for which he had been originally intended, was admit- ted to the Bar at Pittsburg, and practised for a time. In November 1 823 he entered the Protestant Episcopal ministry and be- came rector of Trinity Church, Pittsburg. He then studied architecture and built a new church . In 1 83 1 he removed to Boston, and next year was consecrated Bishop of Vermont. He was afterwards involved in severe monetary difficulties by the failure of a boys' school opened under his respon- sibility. He took a prominent part in the Pan- Anglican Synod at Lambeth, and was made a D.C.L. of Oxford. He was a HUG decided champion of the High Church party. Besides innumerable pamphlets, he published many books, amongst which may be mentioned : Christianity Vindicated (1833), Essay 071 Gothic Architecture (iS'^G), Tioelve Canzotiets, words and music (1839), Refutation of Atilnefs End of Controversy (1854), Vindication of Slavery (1863). He died at Eock Point, Vermont, 9th January 1868, aged 75. 37. Houston, John, M.D., a Dublin physi- cian, was bom in 1802. For many years he was curator of the museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin, to the high standing of which collection he largely contributed. He was the author of valua- ble descriptive catalogues, and of numerous papers read before the Royal Irish Aca- demy, or contributed to the medical press of the United Kingdom, fvdl particulars of which will be f oimd in the memoir from which this notice is taken. He died of an overworked brain, 30th July 1845. "^'^* Howard, Gorges Edmund, a poet and architect, dramatic, legal, and political writer, a native of Ireland, was born early in the i8th century. Educated by Dr. Sheridan, he entered the army, and after- wards became an attorney. He was the intimate friend of Henry Brooke. His most useful publications were those on the Exchequer, Chancery, revenue, and trade of Ireland, i759-'8i. His miscellaneous works were published in 3 vols, in Dublin, in 1782. Mr. Howard died in Dublin "^ in June 1786. '^ "* Howard, Hugh, an artist, was bom in Dublin, 7th February 1675. The "War of i689-'9i drove his father to England, and Hugh appears to have spent from 1697 to 1700 in France and Italy, where he deve- loped his taste for the fine arts. He after- wards returned to Dublin ; but the latter part of his life was spent in England prac- tising painting — " at least with applause," according to Walpole. He enjoyed the position of Keeper of the State Papers and Paymaster of his Majesty's Palaces. He died on 17th March 1737 (aged about 62), bequeathing to his brother, the Bishop of Elphin, a large collection of books and medals. He was buried at Richmond. 198 278 Hnghes, John, Archbishop of New York, was bom in the parish of Errigal Trough, County of Monaghan, in 1798. He has written of his boyhood : " My schoolboy days were spent among my neighbours who were not Catholics; but I think if I had been reared in the most Catholic portion of the island, I could not ha-y^Jge en surround ed with kinder or more gallantTnends than the scholars, of whom 255 HUM there were not a dozen Catholics." His father, a respectable farmer, emi^ated to the United States in 1817, and John was placed with a florist. He devoted his spare time to study, entered a Catholic seminary in Maryland, and in 1825 was ordained a priest. As a preacher he soon distinguished himself, and was elected a member of various literary societies. In 1838 he was consecrated Coadjutor Bishop of New York, and in 1 842, upon the death of Bishop Dubois, was confirmed in the see. Already he had made a tour through France, Austria, and Italy, to coUect funds for the spread of his faith in the United States. In 1850 New York was made an archbishopric, and he was created the first Archbishop, as his coxmtryman Archbishop Kenrick had been created first Primate of the United States. He was a bitter op- ponent of the abolitionists, and a strenu- ous apologist for slavery. Drake says : " He was prominent in the effort made by the Catholics to modify the existing school- system in their favour, and was successful." In 1847 he delivered, by request, before Congress an address — " Christianity the only source of moral, social, and political regeneration." The organization and ex- tension of Catholicism through the United States was largely due to his statesmanlike abilities . He was ever devoted to the cause of Irish nationality, and when the report reached New York in 1848 that Ireland was in insurrection, a public meeting was held to subscribe funds. " I attended," says Bishop Hughes, " to show, that in my conscience I have no scruple in aiding this cause in every way worthy a patriot and a Christian." " My contribution shall be for a shield, not for a sword," he added, "but you can contribute for what you choose." After the breaking out of the Civil War in 1 861, he was by the United States government sent on a mission to Europe to ounteract the intrigues of the Confederates. He does not appear to have been the author of any works beyond lec- tures and pamphlets. Archbishop Hughes died in New York, 3rd January 1864, aged 66. His sister Ellen (Mother Angela), who died two years after him, was for many years superioress of a New York hospital, and during the war was active in aiding the Sanitary Commission. 37* 233 Humbert, Jean Joseph Amable, a French general, was born at Rouvray, Lor- raine, 25th November 1755, and was in 1 798 appointed to command an expedition for the invasion of Ireland. With his flotilla of three frigates and a brig, he arrived off Killala, on the coast of Mayo, on the 22nd August 1798, and next day landed 256 HUM his troops and occupied the town. His force consisted of 1,060 men, with three pieces of cannon and large supplies of arms. He was accompanied by Matthew Tone and Bar- tholomew Teeling, two United Irishmen. Proclamations were issued, and large num- bers of the peasantry flocked to his stand- ard to be drilled and armed. About 1,000 Irish were completely equipped; and in all 5,500 muskets were distributed. The people themselves manufactured large num- bers of pikes. " The uncombed, ragged pea- sant, who had never before known the luxury of shoes and stockings, now washed, pow- dered, and full dressed, was metamorphosed into another being, the rather because the far greater part of these mountaineers were by no means deficient either in size or person. * Look at these poor fellows,' said Humbert with an air of triumph, ' they are made, you find, of the same stuff as our- selves.' " =°3 The officers occupied the Bish- op's palace at Killala as their head-quarters — scrupulously respecting private property, and intruding as little as possible on the privacy of the family. Temporary magis- trates were appointed in the occupied dis- tricts ; but in a state of war many outrages on private property were inevitable. The exercise of Protestant worship was not in- terfered with, except that one Presbyterian meeting-house was wrecked. Bishop Stock, who was in Killala during the entire oc- cupation, thus speaks of the conduct of the people ; " During the whole time of this civil commotion, not a drop of blood was shed by the Connaught rebels, except in the field of war. It is true the example and influence of the French went a great way to prevent sanguinary excesses ; but it will not be deemed fair to ascribe to this cause alone the forbearance of which we are witnesses, when it is considered what a range of country lay at the mercy of the rebels for several days after the French power was known to be at an end. . . Intelligence, activity, temperance, patience, to a surprising degree, appeared to be com- bined in the soldiery that came over with Humbert, together with the exactest obe- dience to discipline." The French troops were amused at the deep religious feelings of their new allies, and at their being spoken of by the Irish as "the Virgin Mary's soldiers." The French frigates sailed on the 24th August, and on the 27th, Humbert's army, with about 1,500 Irish auxiliaries, marched against Castlebar, and drove General Lake's forces out of the town, not without a stout resistance and much bloodshed. A considerable number of militia deserted to Humbert's standard. Lord Comwallis, however, immediately HUM reinforced General Lake with about 13,000 men, and the country people failing to re- spond to the extent Humbert had expected, he retraced his steps from Castlebar to Foxford, and then proceeded northward to Colloouey. Cornwallis had entered Con- naught at Athlone, and marched to Holly- mount, and then north-east to Frenchpark, detaching General Lake to follow the en- emy, while he proceeded east to intercept him about Carrick-on-Shannon, or follow him up to Sligo if necessary. On the 5th September, Colonel Vereker marched from Sligo and engaged the French at Collooney. After an hour's fighting, in which the Limerick militia suffered con- siderably, the French and Irish were again victorious, but Colonel Vereker materially retarded Humbert's advance. Near Manor- hamilton Humbert turned south, closely pursued by General Lake, and crossing the Shannon at BaUintra, was marching into Leinster, when on the morning of 8th September, he was forced to make a stand at Ballinamuck. After an engagement lasting half an hour. General Humbert and the whole of the French troops, then con- sisting of 96 officers and 746 men, surren- dered at discretion. The King's forces"lost in the engagement but three killed, and thirteen wounded ; the French casualties are not given ; while the Irish levies were followed up and butchered without mercy. A reign of terror ensued throughout Con- naught, and the people were for weeks hunted down like wild beasts. Bishop Stock says : " The rapacity [of the soldiers] differed in no respect from that of the re- bels, except that they seized upon things with somewhat less ceremony and excuse, and that his Majesty's soldiers were in- comparably superior to the Irish traitors in dexterity at stealing." The small French force left at Killala, supported by the Irish, made a short stand against overwhelming numbers. As the royal troops advanced. Bishop Stock says : " The loyalists were desired by the rebels to come up with them to the hill on which the Needle Tower is built, in order to be eye-witnesses of the havock a party of the King's army was making, as it advanced towards us from Sligo. A train of fire too clearly distin- guished their line of march, flaming up from the houses of the unfortunate pea- sants. ' They are only a few cabins,' re- marked the Bishop ; and he had scarcely uttered the words when he felt the impru- dence of them. * A poor man's cabin,' an- swered one of the rebels, ' is to him as valuable as a palace.' " On the 27th October a second French expedition, upon which Napper Tandy had embarked, anchored HUS at Killala ; but sailed away hurriedly without landing troops, on the approach, of a superior British naval force. General Humbert and his officers were received with great courtesy in Dublia as prisoners of war. He was shortly after exchanged ; and from Dover, on the 26th October, he wrote a letter to Bishop Stock thanking him for his courtesy, and regretting any inconve- nience he and his troops had put him to. General Humbert subsequently took an active part in the Mexican war of indepen- dence, and died at New Orleans in Febru- ary 1823, aged 67. Bishop Stock's account of the French invasion is graphic and im- partially written. A monument has been erected near Castlebar to the memory of the French expeditionary troops who fell during Humbert's invasion. 34 203 242 Hussey, Thomas, Bishop of Waterford 1 797- 1 803, one of the founders of Maynooth College, was born about 1745. He studied at Salamanca, and then buried himself for some years in a Trappist convent, where he hoped to pass his life. His abilities being recognized, however, a Papal mandate obliged him to lay aside the cowl ; he was ordained, and for many years was chaplain of the Spanish Embassy in London. He was a powerful preacher, "a man," says Mr. Butler, the historian of English Cath- olics, " of great genius, of enlightened piety, with manners at once imposing and elegant, and of enchanting conversation; he did not come in contact with many whom he did not subdue ; the highest rank often sunk before him." He enjoyed the friendship of King and Ministers — of John- son and of Burke — was admitted a member of the Royal Society, During the American war he was sent on a mission to Madrid for George III. It was mainly through his exertions that Maynooth College, of which he was first President, was founded in 1 795. In 1 797 he was consecrated Bishop of Waterford and Lismore — the whole in- fluence of the Government being exerted to secure the post for him ; yet his first pastoral — conscientiously expounding and enforcing the doctrines of his religion — is said to have given great ofi'ence to his Protestant friends. He was one of those who in 1802 drew up the Concordat between Napoleon and the Pope. He died at Tramore in July 1 803, of apoplexy, after bathing. The Gen- tleman^ s Magazine remarks: "In 1797 he wrote his famous pastoral letter, which set the country in a ferment. The enemies of administration said he was employed by Government to sow the seeds of dissension with a view to bring about an union ; others considered him an agent of France." '''^ Mr. Froude, in his English in Irdand, 257 HUT places his character in a very unfavourable light, and denounces the Government for availing itself of his services during the Insurrection of 1798. "^ ''' ''^ Hntcheson, Francis, LL.p., the reviver of speculative philosophy in Scot- land, was bom, 8th August 1694, at Downpatrick, where his father, John Hutcheson, was a minister. He studied theology and followed his father's profes- sion of Presbyterian divine. His Inquiry into the Original of our Ideas on Beauty and Virtue, a work which made his name widely known, introduced him to the notice of such men as Archbishop King, Dr. Synge (Bishop of Elphin), and Vis- coimt Molesworth. In 1 728 he published his essay on The Passions and Affections, in virtue of which he was the following year promoted to the Chair of Moral Phi- losophy in Glasgow. His next works were text-books for the use of his classes. He died at Glasgow in 1747, aged 52. His System of Moral Philosophy, the work on which his fame as an ethical writer depends, did not appear until 1755. It was edited by his son. An admirable memoir by Dr. Leechraan is prefixed thereto. Dugald Stewart writes: "The metaphysical phi- losophy of Scotland, and indeed the lite- rary taste in general which so remarkably distinguished this country during the last century, may be dated from the lectures of Dr. Francis Hutcheson. . . Butler and Hutcheson coincided in the two important positions, that disinterested affection and a distinct moral faculty are essential parts of human nature. Hutcheson is a chaste and simple writer, who imbibed the opi- nions without the literary faults of his master, Shaftesbury. . . He was the father of speculative philosophy in Scot- land, at least in modern times. We are told by the writer of his life that * he had a remarkable rational enthusiasm for learn- ing, liberty, religion, virtue, and human happiness ; that he taught in public with persuasive eloquence ; that his instructive conversation was at once lively and modest ; that he united pure manners with a kind disposition. What wonder that such a man should have spread the love of know- ledge and virtue around him, and should have rekindled in his adopted country a relish for the sciences which he cultivated. To him may also be ascribed that proneness to multiply ultimate and original princi- ples in human nature, which characterized the Scottish school till the second extinc- tion of a passion for metaphysical specula- tion in Scotland. A careful perusal of the writings of this now little-studied philoso- pher will satisfy the well-qualified reader 258 lEE that Dr. Adam Smith's ethical speculations are not so unsuggested as they are beauti- ful." His person is thus described: "A stature above middle size, a gesture and manner negligent and easy, but decent and manly, gave a dignity to his appearance. His complexion was fair and sanguine, and his features regular. His countenance and look bespoke sense, spirit, kindness, and joy of heart. His whole person and man- ner raised a strong prejudice in his favour at first sight." '^'t «4 larlath, Saint, of Tuam, the son of Loga, was born about the beginning of the 6th century. He was the first Bishop of Tuam, of which he is the patron saint, and where his memory has ever been highly venerated. He established a school where several eminent men of the time were educated. He died at Tuam in 540. The 26th December is observed as his festival. He must not be confounded with St. lar- lath, third Archbishop of Armagh, who died nth February 482, ^33339 Ibar, or rberins. Saint, flourished in the 5th century. He was a disciple of St. Patrick and the friend of St. Bridget. His school and retreat at Begerin in Wex- ford Harbour were long famous. His death is placed in the year 500; and the 23rd April is regarded as his festival. He is locally known as St. Ivory. "' ^^4 Ingham, Charles C, portrait painter, was born in Dublin in 1797. Having studied art, probably in the schools of the Eoyal Dublin Society, he removed to the United States in 1817, and with his brother occupied a front rank as a por- trait painter. He was the founder of the National Academy, and was for many years its Vice-President. Drake says: " Besides a great number of portraits of the reigning beauties of his day in New York, his 'Flower Girl,' 'Day Dream,' and ' Portrait of a Child,' are good speci- mens of his style and manner." He died in New York, loth December 1863, aged about 67. 37. Ireton, Henry, a distinguished gene- ral and statesman of the English Common- wealth, who served in Ireland, was bom at Attenton, in Nottinghamshire, in 16 10. He married Cromwell's daughter Bridget. On 15th August 1649 he sailed from Mil- ford for Dublin as Major-General in com- mand of one division of Cromwell's army, and served through the campaigns of the autumn and spring. After Cromwell's de- parture for England in May 1650, he was appointed President of Munster and to the supreme command of the Irish army. Con- naught with a large part of Munster still IRE acknowledged the King's sway, and Water- ford, Galway, and Limerick remained in the hands of the Irish, as well as Sligo, Duncannon, Carlow, Athlone, Nenagh, and Charlemont. There was, however, neither order, union, nor co-operation among the Irish parties; and faction, discord, and ill-management did for Iretonfar more than all his military force could have accom- plished. After the defeat of the Bishop of Clogher at Letterkenny by Sir Charles Coote, and the surrender of Charlemont, almost the whole of Ulster was subdued. General Hudson reduced Naas, Athy, Maryborough, and Castledermot. Duncan- non was taken. "Waterford surrendered on loth August. The garrison of Carlow, after enduring a short bombardment, sur- rendered, and were allowed to march out with the honours of war. In December the Marquis of Ormond retired to France, and after the reduction of Athlone by Coote, the only places of importance that remained in the hands of the Irish were Limerick, Sligo, and Galway. Ireton be- gan his operations against Limerick early in 165 1. The city was defended by Major- General Hugh O'Neill, who had so distin- guished himself in the defence of Clonmel against Cromwell. Ireton forced the pas- sage of the Shannon at O'Brien 's-bridge, dispersed Castlehaven's army, and was thus enabled to invest Limerick, while Lord Muskei-ry, who got together a considerable force to raise the siege, was defeated by Lord BroghiU, with great slaughter, at Castleishen, in the County of Cork, on 26th of July. The castle on the salmon-weir at Limerick was next taken. Ireton lost 1 20 men in his first attempt on King's Island, and 300 more were cut ofi" in a sally ; but soon afterwards a bridge was constructed to the island, and 6,000 troops marched over, and eflfected a permanent lodgment. The defence was heroically conducted for several weeks. Pestilence raged within the walls, and one of the most thrilling in- cidents in Ludlow's Memoirs is his account of how they beat back into the town a crowd of famished and plague-stricken non-com- batants who sought to leave it. At length, when Ireton's preparations for bombard- ment were complete, and when upwards of 5,000, according to one account, had fallen by the plague, the city capitulated on 27th October 1 6 5 1 . The garrison and inhabitants, except the governor, Hugh O'Neill, Gene- ral Purcell, the Bishops of Limerick and Emly, and eighteen other persons of dis- tinction who had " opposed and restrained the deluded people from accepting the con- ditions so often offered to them," received liberty to remove themselves, their families, R* ITA and property to any part of Ireland. As the garrison of 2,500 men marched out, several fell dead of the plague. On a third vote of a court-martial, and partly at the solici- tation of Ludlow, O'Neill's life was spared, while most of the other excepted persons were executed : O'Dwyer, Bishop of Emly, and Father "Wolfe suffered with singular bravery and fortitude. Ireton died of the plague at Limerick on i5th^Novem- ber 1 65 1, aged about 41. His death was deeply felt by his own party, who revered him as a good soldier, an able statesman, and a saint. Cromwell had a profound faith in his judgment, and entrusted to him the drawing up of many of the important public acts, memorials, and documents of his party. His body was embalmed and conveyed to England, where it was buried in Westminster Abbey. After the Restora- tion his remains were, with Cromwell's, disinterred, exposed on a scafibld, and burned at Tyburn. '"5 no* m =15 219* Irvine, William, Brigadier-General in the American revolutionary army, was born in the County of Fermanagh, 3rd Novem- ber 1 74 1. Educated at Trinity College, Dublin, he studied medicine, was for some time a surgeon in the royal navy, and after 1763 removed to America, and practised at Carlisle, Pennsylvania. He was a mem- ber of the convention which met at Phila- delphia in 1774, and recommended a gene- ral congress ; was representative of Carlisle until 1776; raised and commanded the 6th Pennsylvania regiment; was taken prisoner at Trois Rivieres, Canada, and exchanged in 1778. After minor commands, he was, in the autumn of 1781, stationed at Fort Pitt, and entrusted with the defence of the north-western frontier. In 1785 he was appointed to examine the public lands of the State of Pennsylvania, and suggested the purchase of the " Triangle " which gave to that State an outlet upon Lake Erie. He was a member of the old Congress of i786-'8, of the convention that revised the constitution of Pennsylvania, and of Con- gress, i793-'5. He died in Philadelphia, 29th July 1804, aged 62. Two of his bro- thers and three of his sons also served in the army of the United States. 37* Ita, Saint, so called "from the ita (thirst) of the love of God which she had," ^34 flourished in the 6th century. " Deirdre was her first name," she was also known as Mide. She was born in the present County of Waterford about 480, and became one of the most venerated of Irish saints. O'Hanlon devotes five chapters of his great work ^34 to the particulars of her life, and gives an engraving of the ruins of her church of Klilleedy, in the County of Lime- 259 JAC JAC rick, where she is chiefly venerated. She died in 570"': her festival is the 15th January. "9 '9^ ''^ Jackman, Isaac, was born about the middle of the i8th century, in Dublin, where he afterwards practised as an attor- ney. He ultimately removed to England, and for many years edited the Morning Post. He wrote some dramatic pieces. One, All the World's a Stage, is still occa- sionally acted. His other works have fallen into oblivion. "* Jackson, William, Rev., boru of an Irish family, possibly in England, in the middle of the i8th century. His father held a post in the Prerogative Court, Dublin. Early in life he maintained himself as a tutor in London, and after- wards, entering the Church, he became a popular preacher in Tavistock Chapel, Drury-lane. He was next chaplain to the Duchess of Kingston, on whose be- half he engaged in a controversy with Foote, the comedian. He went over to Paris on the business of the Duchess about 1790, and continued to reside there. Early in 1794 he came to Ireland on a secret mission to the leaders of the revolution- ary party. Passing through London, he divulged his plans to an old friend John Cockayne, an attorney, who immediately entered into private communication with Pitt. In Dublin, Jackson and Cockayne had interviews with Tone, Rowan, and Lewins, relative to French assistance. Cockayne revealed everything that had passed to the Government, and on the 28th April 1794 Jackson was arrested on a charge of high treason, at Hyde's Coffee- house, in Palace-street, Dublin. He was tried a year afterwards, and upon Cock- ayne's evidence convicted. Brought up to receive sentence, 30th April 1795, he managed before entering the court to swallow r quantity of arsenic — in the hope, we are told, that in djang before conviction his little property might be pre- served to his family. As he entered the dock he whispered to one of his coimsel : " We have deceived the senate." The scene that ensued was one of the most dramatic enacted in those exciting times. His fortitude did not forsake him to the last ; for it was scarcely perceived by the spectators that he was ill, when he fell down in the agonies of death, and after a few minutes' struggle died in the dock. In his pocket was found a paper with a few verses from the 25th Psalm, commencing: " Turn thee unto me and have mercy upon me ; for I am desolate and afflicted." His remains were followed to St. Michan's 260 (where his tombstone may now be seen) by an immense number of mourners. In Newgate before his trial he wrote a reply to Thomas Paine. A volume of his sermons was printed after his death. Cockayne was requited for the sacrifice of his old friend and client by a pension of £250. 331 Jacob, Arthur, Dr., an oculist, was born at Knockfin, Maryborough, 30th of June 1790. He studied medicine at Stee- vens' Hospital, Dublin, and subsequently at Edinburgh, Paris, and London. He settled in Dublin, where his high scientific attainments were soon acknowledged. In 1 8 19 he discovered the membrane in the eye, afterwards called " membrana Ja- cobi." He was one of the founders of the Park-street School of Medicine, and of the City of Dublin Hospital. In 1838 he started the Dublin Medical Press. He died in September 1874, aged 84, having many years previously retired from prac- tice. ^33 Jacob, Josbna, the leader of an eccen- tric sect, generally known as " White Qua- kers," was born in Clonmel about 1805. After a business career of great success as a grocer in Nicholas-street, Dublin, about 1838 he was "disowned" by the Society of Friends, of which he was a member, on account of the extravagance of his preaching and behaviour. He thereupon gathered a few disciples, for the most part members of the Society of Friends, with whom he entered upon a career of the wildest eccentricity. They dressed in white, destroyed everything ornamen- tal in their houses, and cherished innu- merable scruples — professing all through to keep to the spiritual sense of the Bible. The society had its principal stations in Dublin, Mountmellick, Clonmel, and Wa- terford. They issued a series of tracts en- titled the Progress of Truth. Joshua Jacob was imprisoned for two years for contempt of court connected with trust property, and while a prisoner fulminated anathe- mas against Lord-Chancellor Sugden and Master Litton, as " Edward Sugden and thy man Edward Litton." About 1 849 he gathered his followers into a communistic society at Newlands, near Dublin, once the residence of Lord Kilwarden. They eschewed the use of meat, used bruised corn alone as food, and accepted the fellow- ship of all comers. Joshua Jacob had early put away his first wife without cause. After her death he married a Catholic, a woman of humble origin. The commu- nity at Newlands soon fell to pieces, and he returned to " the world," and en- tered into business at Celbridge. There he reared a large family, all Catholics. The JAM JAM latter part of his life was spent in Wales ; and, at least to within a few years of his death, he showed symptoms of delusion upon many questions. He died 1 5th Feb- ruary 1877, aged about 72, and was buried in Glasnevin Cemetery, where many years before he and his female coadjutor, Abigail Beale, had purchased a plot of ground and erected a bas-relief emblematic of the purity of their faith. ^33 James II., King of England, Ire- land, and Scotland, was born at St. James's, London, 15 th October 1633, and succeeded his brother, Charles II., 6th Feb- ruary 1685. James retired to France 23rd December 1688, and on 2nd February 1689, was declared to have abdicated the government. Eleven days afterwards his daughter Mary and her husband, William Prince of Orange, were proclaimed Queen and King. James was befriended by Louis XIV., and furnished with a fleet of fifteen sail, carrying a French contin- gent that numbered about 2,500 men, well supplied with military stores, also several experienced French officers and some Eng- lish and Irish refugees, all under command of De Rosen. He landed at Kinsale on 12th March 1689. At Cork next day he was met by Tirconnell, whom he created a duke. We are told that his progress towards the capital was like a triumphal procession. He left Cork on the 20th, and reached Lismore that evening ; on the 2 1 st he stopped at Clonrael ; on the 22nd at Kilkenny ; on the 23rd at Kilcullen ; and on the 24th he entered Dublin about noon. The houses were decorated, the streets new laid down with gravel, harpers played " God save the King," and " The King shall have his own again," and girls strewed flowers before him on his way from James's-gate to the Castle. James rode on a " pad nag, in a plain cinnamon-coloured cloth suit, a black slouching hat, and a George hung over his shoulder with a blew ribbon." Loyal addresses poured in on all sides. That of the Protestant clergy of Dublin, with the Bishop of Meath at their head, declared that they came " to congratulate your Majesty's arrival, and to assure your Majesty of their resolution to continue firm to that loyalty which the principles of our church oblige us to, which in pur- suance to those principles we have hitherto practised. We come, may it please your Majesty, to implore the honour of kissing your Majesty's hand, and your gracious protection for our persons, churches, and religion, and a liberty to represent our just grievances as occasion shall off'er : and we shall ever pray." James's Roman Catholicism, which was the original cause of the breach with his English subjects, made him specially acceptable to the majority of the inhabitants of Ireland ; while, as might be supposed, the Irish Protestants bitterly resented the changed circumstances in which they found them- selves under his rule. They alone had been allowed to carry arms ; in many cases they were now, as possible enemies of the King deprived of the privilege. The free exercise of the Catholic reli- gion was permitted ; yet, with the ex- ception of Christ Church Cathedral, re- tained by James as a Royal Chapel for his own use, and a few churches in remote parts of the country forcibly occupied by the people in contempt of James's orders, the Protestants were left in peaceable possession of the ecclesiastical buildings. Most of the hardships of which the Pro- testants complained were the inevitable consequences of the great change from a policy based on Protestant ascendancy to one of professedly general toleration, and of the abrogation of the Cromwellian settle- ment made thirty-six years previously, and the restoration of theii- lands to the original Catholic proprietors. A tolerably clear conception of the state of affairs in Ireland under James II. can best be arrived at by a perusal of Archbishop King's State of the Protestants of Ireland under the late King James's Government, London, 1691, Leslie's Answer thereto, published anony- mously next year, and the numerous con- temporary tracts. In the appendices of the first-named work are to be found a number of valuable illustrative lists and documents. Having given directions for the summoning of a parliament, James proceeded to Londonderry, but was unable to make any impression on the inhabi- tants of that city, who bravely held out for King William. Parliament assembled in Dublin on 7th May, at the King's Inns, on the site of the present Four Courts. The House of Lords consisted of : Sir Alexan- der Fitton, Lord-Chancellor; Boyle, Pro- testant Archbishop of Armagh ; the Duke of Tirconnell ; 9 Earls ; 1 7 Viscounts ; 4 Protestant Bishops ; 20 Barons ; altogether 53 members— about half Catholic and half Protestant. The House of Commons numbered 233, almost exclusively Catho- lic, no representatives appearing from the following constituencies, situated in dis- tricts not acknowledging James's authority: Antrim, Arklow, Augher, Ballyshannon, Baltinglass, Bangor, Birr, St. Canice, Carrickdrumrusk, Carrickfergus, Clogher, Coleraine, County of Donegal, Donegal, Down, Duleek, Dunleer, Enniskillen, County of Fermanagh, Hillsborough, 261 JAM Kells, Killybegs, Lifford, Limavady, Lis- more, County of Londonderry, London- derry, Longford, Monaghan, Newtown, Tallow, Thurles, Tipperary, and Tulsk. James, dressed in the royal robes and bearing the crown on his head, opened the proceedings in person, and his speech was responded to by a unanimous vote of confidence. Large subsidies were voted, and the utmost alacrity was shown in the effort to establish his authority firmly in Ireland, and help him to re- gain the English crown. Thirty-five Acts were passed; the principal were the fol- lowing : Enacting that the Parliament of England could not bind Ireland ; repealing the Acts of Settlement and Explanation ; declaring liberty of conscience and the equality of all religions ; encouraging the settlement of strangers and others in Ire- land ; prohibiting the importation of Eng- lish, Scotch, or "Welsh coals ; for the ad- vance and improvement of trade, and the encouragement and increase of shipping and navigation; for vesting in the King the goods of absentees ; discontinuing the celebration of 23rd October as a thanksgiv- ing day. '97' By far the most important was An Act for the Attainder of Divers Rebels, and for Preserving the Interest of Loyal Subjects, under which about 2,515 landed proprietors, mostly Protestants, were, from one cause or another, attainted or declared guilty of treason, and deprived of their estates. The Bishop of Meath (Dr. Anthony Dopping) and other members made courageous and eloquent appeals against the passage of this Act. A mea- sure which gave great umbrage was the establishment of a mint, and the coinage of a quantity of brass into shillings and half- crowns of a nominal value of .£965,375 — perhaps one hundred times its intrinsic worth. Archbishop King, in his State of the Protestants of Ireland, gives a recital of he consequences of the enfor- ced circulation of this money. [These pieces were occasionally current in Ire- land until 1861 — the half-crowns "pass- ing" as bad pence, and the shillings as bad half-pence.] Parliament was pro- rogued the 20th July. The computed force of his army at this period, in gar- rison and the field, was 42,432 men. The siege of Londonderry was raised the end of July, and the same day James's troops suffered a signal defeat at the hands of the Enniskilleners at Newtownbutler. On 13th August the Duke of Schomberg landed at Bangor with 10,000 men in the service of William III., but was not able to penetrate farther south than Dundalk, where he established his winter quarters. 262 JAM He wisely declined giving battle to James, who moved north at the head of about 20,000 men. Some brilliant exploits of Sarsfield in Conuaught — sweeping the English out of Sligo and securing Gal- way — ended the campaign. The winter of 1 689-' 90 was spent in Dublin by James to no good purpose. Macaulay says : " Strict discipline and regular drilling might, in the interval between November and May, have turned the athletic and enthusiastic peasants who were assembled under his standard into good soldiers. But the opportunity was lost. The court of Dublin was, during that season of inac- tion, busied with dice and claret, love- letters and challenges." "We are told that Avaux, the French minister, adjured James to pay more strict attention to affairs ; but his appeals were neglected. On the 27th March a French army of 6,000, under Count Lauzun, was landed at Cork and Kinsale from a squadron of thirty-six ships of the line, besides transports ; and early in April a large supply of stores was landed. Lauzun found no preparation made for his troops in the south, and marched north to Dublin. James sent to Louis XI"V, five Irish infantry regiments, under Lord Mountcashel and Colonels O'Brien, Dil- lon, Butler, and Fielding. They were landed in France early in May, and formed the nucleus of the Irish Brigades. Lauzun was now appointed Commander-in-chief of the Irish army, with apartments in the Castle. Finding the funds in the Trea- sury at a very low ebb, he waived drawing his pay, which had been fixed at .£10,000 a year. The campaign was inauspiciously opened for James on 12th May, by Schom- berg's capture of Charlemont fort, after a brave defence by Teigue O'Regan. On the 14th June "William III. landed at Carrickfergus, with a large force, chiefly foreign Protestants, and joined Schomberg. On the 1 6th James marched north to meet him, at the head of about 25,000 men. He was at Dundalk on the 22nd, but fell back as "WUliam marched south, at length taking up a position on the Boyne, where a decisive battle was fought on Tuesday, ist July. James, with some 30,000 men, held the south side of the river near Donore, two miles above Drogheda, which was gar- risoned by his troops. "William, with 36,000 men, proposed to force the shallow passage. He was superior to James, not only in number of men, but in discipline of his troops, in material, and in artillery. At the last moment James appeared anxious to avert an engagement, which was, however, pressed upon him by his Irish officers. In the dispositions for the JAM fight he made a fatal mistake in not securing the bridge of Slane, a few miles up the river, and it was crossed early on the morning of the ist by 10,000 of William's troops, under General Douglas. To keep them in check, and to prevent his flank from being turned, James was obliged to weaken his centre by the detachment of a large body of his best troops. About ten o'clock, under cover of a heavy fire from his batteries, the main body of William's army commenced the passage of the river. They met with a stout resistance from the Irish, who fought well. The contest continued all day with varying fortune, and it was not until night began to fall that James's troops gave way, and poured through the Pass of Duleek in broken masses, the re- treat being effectually covered by some reserve regiments of cavalry. The Irish loss at the battle of the Boyne is generally set down at 1,500, including Lord Dungan, Lord Carlingford, and Sir Neal O'Neill ; William's at 500, including Duke Schom- berg, who was the first that fell as the army crossed the ford. [For further par- ticulars of the battle, see William III.] James was almost the first to convey the news of his own defeat to Dublin. Lady Tirconnell met him on the Castle steps. " Madame," he is reported to have said, "your countrymen can run well." "If so," replied the lady, " I see your Majesty has won the race." At six o'clock next morning, 2nd July, James summoned the Lord Mayor and some of the principal inhabitants to the Castle, advised them to submit to William's army, and not to let the French troops injure the city, and made the remark, so imgracious to the represen- tatives of a people who had staked life and property in his cause, " I never more deter- mine to head an Irish army, and do now resolve to shift for myself, and so, gentle- men, must you." He then took his de- parture with a small retinue, and according to one account, rode through the County of Wicklow, never drawing rein until he reached the Castle of the Deeps on the Slaney, where he spent the night at the house of a Quaker. He pressed on next day (the 3rd) to Duncannon Fort, near Wa- terford, where he went on board a French vessel Lauzun had in waiting for him. It is said to have sailed without even waiting to weigh anchor. [A latrge anchor, sup- posed to have been that cut away on this occasion, was dredged up in 1 866, and pre- sented to the Marquis of Abercorn, a de- scendant of one of James's adherents who fled with him.] According to other accounts James rode through from Dublin to Dun- JAM cannon with but two hours' rest at the house of a Mr. Hacket, near Arklow. In either case, from Duncannon he sailed to Kjnsale, where was a small fleet of store ships and transports, in one of which he reached Brest on the 20th July. The war in Ire- land was continued another year by Sars- field and the French general St. Euth. When, after the surrender of Limerick next year, nearly 30,000 Irish troops passed over to France, James reviewed them as they arrived at Vannes, and elsewhere in Brittany, thanking them for their zeal and suflFeriugs in his service. Although they formed part of the French army and were in French pay, the greater portion of the Irish Brigade continued nominally in James's service, and the ofl&cers held com- missions directly from him. He spent the remainder of his life at St. Germain's, a pensioner of Louis XIV., and died i6th September 1701, aged 67. ^4 170 .70. 175 '86 197 197. 201. 20lt 223 318 Jameson, Anna, an authoress, was bom in Dublin in 1797. Her father, Mr. Mvu'phy, a miniature painter of repute, gave her an excellent education, and im- bued her with an intelligent love of art. In 1824 she married Mr. E. S. Jameson, a barrister. He was subsequently appointed Vice-Chancellor of Canada ; and they went to reside there. This union proved un- happy, a virtual though not legal separa- tion took place, and Mrs. Jameson return- ed to Europe to a life of literary effort. Her works enjoyed an extensive popularity, and we are told that " few writers of the age have done so much to refine the public taste, and diffuse a knowledge of the great masters of art." "^ Her chief works were : Diary of an Ennuyee (1826), Loves of the Poets (1829), Characteristics 0/ Women (1832), Beauties of the Court of Charles II. (1833), Visits and Sketches at Home and Abroad (1834), Memoirs of Early Italian Painters (1845), Memoirs and Essays on Art, Literature, and Social Morals (1846), Legends of the Monastic Orders as represettted in the Fine Arts(i 850). Eev. W. E. Chan- ning wrote of her : " I do not know a writer whose works breathe more of the spontaneous, the free. Beauty and truth seem to come to her unsought." Christo- pher North calls her " one of the most elo- quent of our female writers ; full of feeling and fancy ; a true enthusiast with a glow- ing soul." During the latter part of her life she was untiring in her efforts to improve the position of women, and to this cause on several occasions devoted her pen. For some years before her death she was in receipt of a Civil List pension. She died 17th March i860, aged about 63. '^ ^9 263 JAR JOA Jarvis, John, an artist, distinguished for his paintings on glass, was born in Dub- lin about 1749. His chemical studies in early life enabled him to attain great emi- nence in his artistic line. Among his best works are the west window of New College chapel, Oxford, from the design of Sir Joshua Eeynolds : and the '' Eesur- rection," designed by West, in the east window of St. George's Chapel, Windsor. He died in London in 1804. ^s Jebb, John, Bishop of Limerick, was born at Drogheda, 27th Septemiber 1775. He received his early education at Cel- bridge and Londonderry, and entered Trinity College, where he distinguished himself. In 1799 ^^ was ordained, and entered upon a curacy at Swanlinbar. He gi'adually gained preferment, and was con- secrated Bishop of Limerick in 1823. He was the author of several theological works. He died 7th December 1833, aged 58, hav- ing been incapacitated from any public duties for six years by paralysis. The London Christian Observer said of him^: " Perhaps he approaches more closely the standard of the amiable and pious Fenelon, whose deeply spiritual sentiments we could sometimes fancy him to have enunciated with the superior energy of a Massillon or a Bourdaloue." He is spoken of by another writer as an " amiable, accomplished, and pious man, . . one of the most engag- ing and soundly constituted characters that have ever been delineated for the lasting benefit of mankind." The name of this divine will perhaps survive longest in his correspondence with Alexander Knox. [See Knox, Alexander.] '* ''^ Jephson, Robert, dramatist and poet, was born in Ireland in 1 736. Entering the army, he attained the rank of captain ; and when his regiment, the 73rd, was reduced in 1763, he was put on the half -pay list. He was intimate with Burke, Johnson, and Golds'^ith. In 1767 he married the daughter of Sir E. Barry, the physician, and procuring a government appoint- ment in Dublin, resided there for the remainder of his life. He sat in the House of Commons in the government in- terest, but did not in any way distinguish himself. Jephson was an intimate friend of Edmund Malone, in whose Memoirs he is constantly mentioned. "In the society of the Castle and its chief — amid the wit, talents, and hospitality which then shone pre-eminent in Dublin, he found the position fitted above all others for that species of enjoyment, where the flow of soul was aided by liberal streams of claret and whisky punch." ==3' He wrote numerous works, of which the tragedies of Braganza 264 (1775) and the Count of Narbonne (1781) were the most popular. He died at Black- rock, County of Dublin, 31st May 1803, aged about 67. 37 231 Jervas, Charles, a portrait painter, was born in Ireland about 1 67 5 . He studied under Sir Godfrey Kneller, visited Paris and Rome, settled in London in 1708, and died there about 1740. A second-rate ar- tist, he was distinguished by his vanity and his good fortune. " He married a widow with ,£20,000 ; and his natural self-conceit was greatly encouraged by his intimate friend Pope, who has written an epistle to Jervas full of silly flattery." ^^ We are told that " on one occasion, having copied a picture of Titian, he looked alternately at the two, and at last exclaimed : ' Poor little Tit, how he would stare ! ' When Kneller was told that Jervas had set up a carriage with four horses, he exclaimed : ' Ah, mine cot, if his horses do not draw better than he does, he will never get to his journey's end.' " ^9 =76 Joannes Scotus Erigena, a cele- brated scholar and metaphysician, a native of Ireland, flourished in the 9th century, He is said to have studied in Greece, and to have appeared in France before the year 847, and at the court of Charles the Bald before 853. He was on terms of intimacy with this monarch, by whom he was greatly esteemed. Some of his theological writings are considered heterodox. His Dialogus de Divisione Naturae displays wonderful erudition and an intimate ac- quaintance with the Greek language. He died in France about 874. Numerous works are attributed to him, of which the princi- pal, besides that just mentioned, were De Prcedesti^iatione Dei, De Visione Dei, and De Corpore et Sanguine Domini. Interest- ing references to his writings will be found in an article in the Biographie Generate, which combats the supposition of his na- tionality being other than Irish. Allibone quotes an author who says: "He was a skilful logician and controversialist, and had imbibed, by the perusal of some of the Greek Fathers, a considerable taint of the Platonism of the school of Alexandria. He thus became one of the founders of the philosophic school of the Bealists, who at- tracted so much attention in the nth and 12th centuries. Anastasius had so high an opinion of Erigena that he ascribed his translation of the works of Dionysius to the special influence of the spirit of God." Considering the important place he holds amongst ecclesiastical writers, provokingly little is known concerning his personal history. George H. Lewis writes : "Scotus Erigena, with whom in the middle JOG of the 9th century scholasticism may be said to begin, if any definite beginning can properly be assigned to it, . . was thus denounced by the Bishop of Lyons : 'By his vain and pernicious eloquence [he] so subjugates his auditors, that they no longer humbly submit themselves to the divine Scriptures, nor to the authority of the Fathers, but prefer to follow his fan- tastic reveries.' Erigena made himself the mouthpiece of those who sought a rational basis, however narrow, for their convic- tions. This idea once suggested could not be disregarded. The Church thundered against it, but the very echoes of that thunder only aroused a more wide-spread and prolonged attention to the idea." The Encylopccdia Britannica says : " This emi- nent thinker stands alone as an original advocate of pantheism during this entire epoch. . . He begins with Absolute Unityas theorigin and esseneeof all things, and endeavours, in his De Divisione Natu- rae, to explain how this radical unity, or Deity, has produced the universe of multi- plicities with which he is emphatically iden- tical. From the plenitude of the Divine Intelligence first causes {primordiales cau- scb) are derived, which gave birth in turn to the world of nature, destined idtimately to return to the bosom of the absolute. . . He winds up his theory of human know- ledge in these words : ' Everything is God ; God is everything ; God is the only real substantial existence.' " "* A complete edi- tion of the works of this great man, by H. J. E'loss, was published in the Patrolo- gia of Abbe Migne at Paris in 1 863. '* ^4 124 196 254(3) 285 339 Joceljrn, Robert, Earl of Roden, a distinguished Orangeman, was born 27th October 1788. His great-grandfather, Robert Jocelyn, Lord-Chancellor of Ire- land, was elevated to the peerage as Vis- count Jocelyn, in 1755, while his grand- father was created Earl of Roden in 17 71. He succeeded to the title and estates in Herts and Louth, in 1820. Lord Roden was created a peer of the LTnited King- dom as Baron Clanbrassil, in 182 1. As member of Parliament for Dundalk, and afterwards in the House of Lords, he was the unswerving advocate of Conser- vative principles — trusted and honoured by his party, and beloved by the mem- bers of tbe Orange Association, which he joined at an early age, and of which he was Grand Master. He was deprived of the commission of the peace and other county honours on account of his strong party bias. He took a prominent part at most of the great Protestant and Con- servative gatherings in the north of Ire- JOH land in his lifetime, and was strong in his opposition to O'Connell and his policy during one of the stormiest political periods of Irish history. His addresses are said to have been characterized by " prudent wisdom and Christian kindness . . he was a model Orangeman." Lord Roden died at Edinburgh, whither he had gone some months previously for the benefit his health, on the 20th March 1870, aged 81. "33 John, styled " King of England, Lord of Ireland," and so forth, was born at Oxford, 24th December 11 66, and came to Ireland as Viceroy in 11 85. It is said to have been King Henry's intention to have him crowned King of Ireland. Pope Urban III. had ratified his title to the crown, and even transmitted a diadem of gold inter- woven with peacock's feathers ; but dread of the jealousy of his other sons prevented Henry carrying this plan into execution. The prince was accompanied by Giraldus Cambrensis as tutor and secretary, and was attended by a numerous retinue, compris- ing many ecclesiastics, 300 knights, and a large body of cavalry, archers, and men- at-arms, all in sixty ships. Sailing from Milford, the fleet reached Waterford about noon on Easter Thursday, 1185. We are told that several of the chiefs who came to pay their respects to him on his arrival were insulted by the youths of his suite, who mocked their long beards, which ap- peared ridiculous to the closely-shaven Anglo-Normans. The native princes were further incensed by lands which they believed Henry II. had secured to them, being seized and given to John's followers. Yielding to the allurements of vice, and repelling the counsels of his advisers, John devoted himself to luxurious enjoyment, and squandered among his associates the revenues of the towns which should have been applied to the defence of the colony and the payment of the soldiery. In a series of unsuccessful engagements with the Irish he lost almost his entire army, including some of his most valiant knights, and seve- ral of the newly erected castles were sacked by the native princes. Part of these troubles were due to intrigues fomented by Hugh de Lacy, who was incensed at having been superseded in the viceroyalty. After a sojourn of about eight months in Ireland, John was recalled and the govern- ment was committed to De Courcy. His character is thus sketched by Cambrensis at the time : " He is more given to plea- sure than to arms, to dalliance than endu- rance ; to juvenile levity, more as yet, than to manly maturity, which he has not at- tained. He employs most of his time in 265 JOH those evil courses which gallants pursue, by which even youths who are naturally good are often roused to feats of arms." John was crowned King on 27th May 1 199, and again visited Ireland in 12 10. The Calendar of Documents relating to Ireland, 1 1 71-125 1, is full of interesting particulars of his preparations for the expedition, and of the stores and warlike material got together, much the same as those enume- rated in his father's preparations for the invasion of the island twenty-eight years before. [See Henry II.] This second expedition was principally for the purpose of chastising De Braosa, De Lacy, and other lords then in rebellion against his author- ity. His fleet consisted of 700 vessels. He lauded at Waterford on 20th June. Thence he marched to Thomastown, Kil- kenny, and Naas, and on the 28th June arrived at Dublin. There he tarried but two days; and then proceeded north to Trim and Kells. Reinforced by O'Brien of Thomond, and Cathal O'Conor, King of Connaught, he marched against Hugh de Lacy. Passing through Dundalk, Carling- ford, and Downpatrick, he arrived at Car- rickfergus. This stronghold he besieged and captured, making prisoners of De Lacy's bravest soldiers. De Braosa's wife and his relatives were captured in Gallo- way. The King liberated them on gua- rantee of a payment of 50,000 marks ransom. On the 29th July King John turned southwards, marched through Drogheda and Kells, and reached Dublin again on i8th August. There he delay- ed about a week, occupied with public affairs. The Anglo-Norman lords were compelled to swear obedience to the laws of England ; he divided the territories under his sway into twelve counties — Dub- lin, Kildare, Meath, Uriel (or Louth), Catherlagh (or Carlow), Kilkenny, Wex- ford, Waterford, Cork, Limerick, Kerry, and Tipp /ary, and arrangements were made for the government of the country. He granted a charter to the King of Con- naught, who surrendered to John the cas- tle of Athlone, and consented to hold his territories from the King for a subsidy of 5,000 marks, and an annual payment in Dublin of 300 marks. John ordered the erection of numerous castles, and confirmed charters he had granted to the Leper Hos- pital at Waterford and other institutions. After a sojourn of sixty-six days in Ire- land, John landed at Fishguard, in Wales, on the 26th of August. The first sterling money was coined in Ireland under his directions. His vigorous efforts for the government of Ireland on the occasion of his second visit scarcely accord with JOH the disposition usually attributed to him. In 12 13 John suirendered his kingdom of England and lordship of Ireland to Pope Innocent III., and received them back, swearing fealty and promising to pay yearly 700 marks to the English church, and 300 marks to the Irish ; and on 28th October next year the Pope issued a bull commanding the archbishops, bishops, abbots, prelates, princes, earls, barons, knights, and people of Ireland, to pre- serve fealty to King John. John died at Newark Castle, Notts, 19th October 1216, aged 49, and was buried in Worcester Cathedral. '34 us 3x1 33s Johnson, Guy, Colonel, a prominent loyalist in the American Revolution, was born in Ireland about 1740. He served against the French in North America in 1757, and commanded a company of rangers under Amherst in 1759. In 1744 we find him superintendent of the Indian department. His zeal as a loyalist on the breaking out of the Revolution obliged him to fly to Montreal. Afterwards he participated in the exploits of Brant and the Mohawks, and was in the battles of Chemimg and Newtown in western New York between them and General Sullivan. His estates were confiscated, and he died in poverty in London, 5th March 1788, aged about 48. At one period of his life he managed a theatre at New York. 37' Johnson, Sir Henry, Bart., G.C.B., General, was bom in Dublin in 1748, entered the army in 1761, and rose through the several grades — Captain, 1 763 ; Lieutenant-Colonel, 1 778 ; Colonel, 1782 ; Major-General, 1793 ; General, 1808. He commanded a battalion of Irish light infantry in the American Revolutionary War, and was severely wounded ; and while in command at Stony Point was sur- prised by General Wayne on the night of the 15th July 1779, and made prisoner with his whole force. In 1782 he mar- ried an American lady, and returned to England after the capture of Yorktown. During the Insurrection of 1 798 he com- manded a division of the army in the County of Wexford, and on 5 th June de- fended New Ross. It was attacked early in the morning of that day by an over- whelming body of insurgents under Bage- nal Harvey, who were at first successful, driving most of General Johnson's troops out of the town, but not following up their success, and abandoning themselves to pillage and inebriety, were in the after- noon obliged to retreat to Slievecoiltia. Musgrave places the insurgent loss at 2,500, while Johnson's casualties numbered alto- gether but 227, In the engagement General JOH Johnson displayed signal bravery, and had two horses shot under him. Lord Cornwal- lis thus writes of him : "Johnson, although a wrong-headed blockhead, is axiored for his defence at New Ross, and considered as the saviour of the south." General Johnson received a baronetcy in 1818, and died i8th March 1835, aged about 87, being succeeded in the baronetcy by his son, a distinguished Peninsular officer, who survived until 27th June i860. 37- 54 87 249 Johnson, James, M.D., a distinguished physician, was bom at Ballinderry, County of Cork, in 1777. Having taken out his degree, he entered the navy, served on the Walcheren expedition, in 18 12 was ap- pointed surgeon to the North Sea fleet, in 1 8 14 surgeon to the Duke of Clarence, and, upon the Duke's accession to the throne, Surgeon-extraordinary to his Majesty. He enjoyed a large practice in London, being especially consulted by persons whose health had suffered from residence in hot climates. Besides editing the Medico- Chirurgical Revieio, his treatises on Influ- ence of Tropical Climates, Economy of Health, and Indigestion have enjoyed con- siderable reputation. He died at Brighton 9th October 1845. The Annual Register, in recording his death, remarks: "The doctor was a lively as well as philosophical writer, and his books of travels are an amusing melange of gossiping anecdote, shrewd observation, and professional dis- sertation." '* 39 Johnson, Sir WiUiam, Bart., Gene- ral, one of the early settlers of New York State, was born in the County of Down in 1 715, the younger son of a gentleman of good family. In 1 738 he went to America to manage the property of his uncle, Admiral Sir Peter Warren, established himself in the Mohawk Valley, about twenty-four miles from Schenectady, New York, and embarked in trade with the Indians, whom he always treated with perfect honesty and justice. Drake says that, " by acquainting himself with their language, and accommodating himself to their manners and dress, by his easy, dig- nified, and affable manner, he won their confidence, acquired over them an influ- ence greater than was ever possessed by any other white man, and was adopted by the Mohawks as one of their tribe, and chosen sachem." During the French war of 1 743-'48 he acted as sole superin- tendent of the Indians. In 1750 he was returned a member of the Provincial Coun- cil. We are told that three years after- wards he severed his connexion with In- dian affairs ; yet in 1 754 we find him atten- ding a grand council with them, and in 1 755 JOH Braddock made him sole superintendent of the Six Nations. The same year he acted as Commander-in-chief of the expedition against Crown Point. On 8th September 1755 Johnson defeated Baron Dieskau at Lake George, was wounded in the hip, and received the thanks of Pai-liament, £5,000, and a baronetcy. In 1756 George II. confided to him a permanent care over the Indians, with a salary of £600. He was engaged with his Indians in the abortive attempts to relieve Oswego and Fort Wil- liam Henry, and was present at the repulse of Abercrombie at Ticonderoga in 1758. Second in Prideaux's expedition against Fort Niagara in 1759, he took the supreme command upon that leader's death. He continued the siege with vigour, cut to pieces the French army sent to its relief, and compelled the garrison to surrender at discretion. With his Indian allies, he took part in Amherst's expedition of 1 760, which ended in the surrender of Canada to the British. For his services he received a tract of 100,000 acres north of the Mohawk — long kBOwn as Kingsland, or the " Eoyal Grant." There he fostered agriculture, lived in baronial style, and exercised the most unbounded hospitality. By his wife, who died young, he had a son, John, knighted in 1765, and two daughters, who married military officers ; and by a sister of the great Mohawk sachem Brant, with whom he lived happily the rest of his life, he had eight children. Sir William was the author of a paper on The Customs, Manners, and Language of the Indians, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1772. He died near Johnstown, Fulton County, New York, 1 ith July 1 774, aged about 59. 37- Johnstone, Charles, author of Chry- sal or the Adventures of a Guinea, was bom at Carrigogunnel, County of Lime- rick, about 17 19. He was called to the Bar, but deafness prevented him from practising otherwise than as a chamber counsel. His Chrysal attracted much at- tention at the time, revealing as it did the secret springs of some current politics, and exposing the profligacy of several men of rank. Amongst other works he wrote the Reverie. In 1 782 he sailed for India, where he became the proprietor of a news- paper, and having acquired considerable property, died in Calcutta about 1800. 37 349 Johnstone, John Henry, actor and vocalist, was bom in 1 750, in Tipperary, where his father was a farmer. When eighteen years of age he enlisted in a dragoon regiment, where his abilities at- tracted the attention of the colonel, who bought him out and placed him in a 267 JON position suitable for the display of his dramatic powers. His success in Dublin, and in London, whither he removed in 1 783, was marked ; in the delineation of Irish characters he is stated to have shone pre-eminent. In 1803 he quitted Co vent- garden for Drury-lane, and the same sum- mer visited Dublin, where his company was obliged to play in the day-time, in con- sequence of martial law being then in force. He amassed a large fortune, which was inherited by his daughter, Mrs. Wallack, and her children. He died in London, 26th December 1828, aged about 78, and was interred in a vault under the church of St. Paul, Covent-garden. " In the records of the stage no actor ever ap- proached Johnstone in Irish characters. Sir Lucius O'Trigger, Callaghan O'Bral- laghan, Major O'Flaherty, Teague, Tully, and Dennis Brulgruddery were portrayed by him in exquisite colours. In fact they stood alone for felicity of nature and original merit." ^ " His rich and delicious singing, and his agreeable and social man- ners gained the hearts of gentle and sim- ple in his native city. There have been many excellent actors of the low Irishman, but there has been only one comedian that could delineate the refined Irish gentleman, and enter into the genuine unsophisticated humour of a son of the Emerald Isle, with equal talent." 3 3* 338(1803) Jones, Frederick E., a well-known theatrical manager, was born at Vesings- town, in the County of Meath, about 1759. Several of his early years were spent on the Continent; in 1794 he was permitted by patent to conduct subscription theatri- cals in Dublin; and in 1795 the Earl of Westmoreland nominated him to raise a fencible regiment. In 1796 he purchased Mr. Daly's interest in Crow-street Theatre, which he beautified and conducted with considerable success for many years, not- withstand'- g the political disturbances of the time, and the occasional outrageous conduct of Dublin audiences. Full par- ticulars of his management will be found in Gilbert's History of Dublin. He was con- sidered one of the handsomest men of his time, and was popularly known as " Buck Jones." His name is preserved in Jones's- road, Dublin, which led to his mansion of Clonliffe House. He died in 1834. "° Jones, Henry, Bishop of Meath, was born in Wales about the year 1605. [His father, Lewis Jones, Bishop of KUlaloe, died in Dublin in 1646, aged about 103, and was buried in St. Werburgh's. He had four sons — Sir Theophilus Jones, a cap- tain in the army ; Colonel Michael Jones, an able Parliamentary officer, appointed 268 JON Governor of Dublin, who defeated Ormond at the battle of Rathmines ; Henry Jones, the subject of this notice; and Ambrose Jones, Bishop of Kildare.] In October 1 64 1 Henry Jones unsuccessfully defended the castle of Belanenagh against the O'Reillys, was for a time held prisoner by the Irish, and after his release was instrumental in the preservation of Drogh- eda, by giving the Lords-Justices timely notice of a plan for its seizure. He did much to mitigate the suflferings of the Protestants during the war, and went to London to coUect money for their relief. Upon his return in 1645 he was consecrated Bishop of Clogher ; yet we afterwards find him Scout-Master-General to Cromwell's army, a post which Ware declares " not so decent for one of his function." Ap- pearing early in favour of the Restoration, his countenance of Cromwell was forgotten, and in 1661 he was advanced to the see of Meath. Fifteen years Vice-Chancellor of Trinity College, he made considerable im- provements in the Library. He died in Dublin, 5th January 1681, and was buried in St. Ajidrew's Church. Harris styles him " a prelate of considerable fame for his learning and profound judgment in poli- ticks, hospitality, and a constant exercise of preaching." Besides numerous sermons, he wrote historical relations of the War of i64i-'52, an account of St. Patrick's Pur- gatory, and several works enumerated in Harris's Ware. Harris says in his notice of Lewis Jones and his sons : " From the first of these gentlemen [Sir Theophilus Jones, above mentioned] are descended three orphan females, who are the printers of these sheets. 'God is the judge, he maketh low, and he maketh high.' " The printer of Ware's first volume in 1739 is E. Jones— probably the " Miss Elizabeth Jones, 3 Books," in the list of subscribers. Both she and Harris lived in Clarendon- street. 339 Jones, Henry, a poet and dramatist of the 1 8th century, was born at Drogheda. While still a journeyman bricklayer in 1745, some poetry which he wrote secured him an introduction to the Earl of Chester- field, then Lord-Lieutenant. This noble- man took him under his protection, brought him to London, introduced him to society, and prevailed on the managers of Covent Garden Theatre to bring out one of his plays. The Earl of Essex. With fair abili- ties and good friends, success was assured, were it not for his capricious temper and irregular life. He died in poverty, in a London garret, April 1770. '* 36 Jones, Thomas, Archbishop of Dub- lin and Lord-Chancellor, was bom in JOR Lancashire about 1550, and was educated at Cambridge. Entering the Church, he married Archbishop Loftus's sister-in-law, and was shortly afterwards (i 581) appoint- ed Dean of St. Patrick's. In combination with his Chapter, he made some disgraceful demises of the property of the Church — one afterwards endorsed by Dean Swift as "A lease of Coolmine, made by that rascal, Dean Jones, and the knaves or fools of his Chap- ter, to one John Allen . . for £2 per annum, now worth £150." In 1584 he was appointed to the see of Meath, and on Archbishop Loftus's death in 1605 was promoted Archbishop of Dublin and made Lord-Chancellor. The consecutive parliamentary history of Ireland may be said to date from his time — the Journal of the House of Commons commencing l8th May 1613. His legal functions were not onerous ; but the obstinancy of the Catholics in adhering to their religion aroused his ire ; and he treated "recusants" with unrelenting severity. He caused ex- tensive repairs to be made in his Cathedral of Christ Church, The Archbishop died lOth April 16 1 9, and was buried in St. Patrick's, where his monument may be seen. This prelate is thought to have been the author of An Answer to Tyrants Seditious Declaration sent to the Catholics of the Pale in 1596, which remains in manuscript in Marsh's Library, and in that of Trinity College, Dublin. Both he and his son Roger, created Viscount Rane- lagh, were engaged in bitter disputes with Lord Howth. Letters from both parties occupy considerable space in the Calendar of State Papers, Ireland, i6o8-'io (London 1874). '' Jordan, Dorothea, a distinguished actress, was born near Waterford in 1 762. Her maiden name was Bland. When but sixteen she went on the stage, appearing in Dublin in Mr. Daly's company under the assumed name of Miss Francis, so as not to hurt the susceptibilities of her father's relatives. The charms of her manner, her graceful figure, her talents, and her voice, captivated the public, and it was not long before she came to be acknow- ledged one of the foremost British actresses. She appeared in London in October 1 785, as Mrs. Johnson. Hazlitt, in his criticisms of the stage, writes of her: " Her face, her tones, her manner, were irresistible; her smile had the effect of sunshine, and her laugh did one good to hear it ; her voice was eloquence itself — it seemed as if her heart was always at her mouth. She was all gaiety, openness, and good nature ; she rioted in her fine animal spirits, and gave more pleasure than any other actress, KEA because she had the greatest spirit of en- joyment in herself." ^ In 1 790 she became the acknowledged mistress of the Duke of Clarence (afterwards William IV.), and for twenty years they lived happily together. About 181 1, partly in consequence, it is said, of her extravagance, a separation took place, and an annuity of £4,400 was se- cured to her upon certain conditions. In August 1 8 1 5 she was obliged to fly to France from her creditors, and at Versailles, un- der the name of Johnson, in the greatest privacy, she awaited in vain some settle- ment of her affairs. She died at St. Cloud the 3rd July 1 816, aged about 54. Sir Jonah Barrington bears the highest testi- mony to Mrs. Jordan's disposition and ac- complishments. Mrs. Jordan had nine children by the Duke of Clarence, who were granted the titles and precedency of the younger issue of a marquis. The sons were well provided for in the army, the navy, or the Church ; the eldest was created Vis- count FitzClarence, and eventually Earl of Munster, whilst the daughters made bril- liant marriages. ^ 22 54 199 Jumper, Sir William, a distinguished naval officer, was born at Bandon about the middle of the 1 7th century — his commis- sion as Second Lieutenant being dated 29th November 1688. Six years after- wards his high reputation gained him the command of the Weymouth. Besides other important services, he captured off the coast of Ireland several French priva- teers, and in 1695 some French vessels in the Channel. He served under Sir George Rooke in the expedition against Cadiz, was instrumental in the reduction of Gibraltar, and signalized himself in a naval engagement off Malaga. Returning from the Straits with Sir Cloudesley Shovel in 1707, he arrived at Falmouth in safety on the 22nd October, the same day that Sir Cloudesley and part of his fleet were lost on the Scilly Isles. He was knighted, and in 17 14 was appointed resident Navy Commissioner at Plymouth, and died 12th March 171 5. 349 Eeane, John, Lord, a distinguished military officer, was bom at Behnount, County of Waterford, 1781. He entered the army when but twelve, obtained a company in the 44th Foot in 1799, and served in Egypt and at Martinique. In 181 2 he was appointed to the co m mand of a brigade in the Peninsular army, and signalized himself by his prudence and bravery at Vittoria, the Pyrenees, Nivelle, Orthez, and Toulouse. At the peace of 1 8 14 he was made a major-general; was afterwards sent out to a command in the war 269 KEA with America, and was severely wounded at the battle of New Orleans. From 1823 to 1830 he was Commander-in-chief in Jamaica; three years afterwards he was sent to Bombay, and appointed to lead the forces intended for Scinde. The army entered Cabul in May 1839, and on 21st July invested the fortress of Ghuznee, garrisoned by 500 Afghans, and deemed impregnable. After two days' desperate struggle, however, the gates were blown in and the place captured. The fall of Ghuznee terminated the war for a time. Marshman, in his History of India, writes : " There can, of course, be no wish in any quarter to deny that he commanded the forces of the Queen and the Company on more than one occasion when brilliant victories were achieved ; but it cannot be concealed that no commander of modern times has been more severely criticized, and that the memorable victory of Ghuz- nee did not obtain for Lord Keane that unqualified approbation which conquests of equal magnitude usually procure for the General Commander-in-chief. We find him much censured for the hau- teur with which he treated the Ameers of Scinde, and there are not wanting many persons who attribute the fatal difficul- ties into which those unfortunate princes plunged themselves to the open suspicion and irritating manner with which they were treated about this period." '^ He was rewarded with a peerage and a pen- sion of .£2,000 a year. Baron Keane died 26th August 1844, aged about 63. ? 39 169 Keating, Geoffrey, D.D., a distin- guished Irish historian, was born about 1 570, at Surges or Tubbrid, near Clogheen, in the County of Tipperary, where, we are told, his family lived in 'affluent circum- stances. He went to school at an early age, and at sixteen was sent to a foreign college (in all possibility Salamanca) to complete his studif and qualify himself for the priesthood. He returned to Ireland in 1610, after twenty-four years' residence abroad, and was appointed curate to the Eev. Eugene Duhy in his native parish. His fame as a preacher soon extended ; and the building of a new church at Tubbrid engaged his care. About this period he produced some religious works, and con- ceived the idea of collecting materials and writing an Irish history. In one of the seasons of Catholic persecution which then occasionally swept over Ireland, when laws, always in force, were attempted to be car- ried out, he was obliged to secrete himself for many years in the fastnesses of the Glen of Aherlow, and thus found leisure for the completion of his great work. 270 KEA According to one account, the Uniformity Act was put in force specially against him, for having dared to protest against out- rages perpetrated upon some of his flock by a neighbouring magnate. O'Curry, speaking of Keating's History of Ireland, which was written in Irish, says: "This book is written in the modified Gaedhlic of Keating's own time ; and although he has used but little discretion in his selec- tions from old records, and has almost entirely neglected any critical examination of his authorities, stiU his book is a valua- ble one, and not at all in my opinion the despicable production that it is often igno- rantly said to be. . . It would be more becoming those who have drawn largely, and often exclusively, on the writings of these two eminent men [Colgan and Keat- ing], and who will continue to draw on them, to endeavour to imitate their devoted industry and scholarship, than to attempt to elevate themselves to a higher position of litei-ary fame by a display of critical pedantry and what they suppose to be independence of opinion, in scoffing at the presumed creduKty of those whose labours have laid in modern times the very ground- work of Irish history." Keating's History extends from the earliest times to the Anglo-Norman invasion. It is specially valuable as containing numerous refer- ences to MSS. no longer in existence. Of Dr. Keating's later life or death no record remains, except an inscription on the ruins of the old church at Tubbrid : " Orate pro animabus Eev. Psetria Eugenii Duhuy, Vicarii de Tubrid, et D. Doctoris Keating, hujuscesac elli fundatorum nee non et pro omnibus aliis, tarn sacerdotibus quam laicis, cuj us corpora in eodem jacent. A.D. 1644." His Foras Feasa ar Eirinn was first trans- lated into English and printed in 1723. References to some of the numerous trans- lations will be found in Notes and Queries, 2nd Series, and the following remarks on the different editions of the work were made by Dr. Todd, in his Wars of the Oaedhil with the Gaell: " The new trans- lation of Keating's History of Ireland, lately published at New York (Haverty, 1857) by Mr. John O'Mahony, largely indebted to O'Donovan's notes upon the Four Masters, . . is a great improvement upon the ignorant and dishonest one published by Mr. Dermid O'Connor more than a century ago (West- minster, 1 726, fol.) which has so unjustly lowered, in public estimation, the character of Keating as a historian ; but O'Mahony's translation has been taken from a very imperfect text, and has evidently been ex- ecuted, as he himself confesses, in gi'eat KEE haste ; it has, therefore, by no means super- seded a new and scholarlike translation of Keating, which is greatly wanted. Keat- ing's authorities are still almost all acces- sible to us, and should be collated for the correction of his text. Two excellent MS. copies of the original Irish, by John Torna O'Mulconry, a contemporary of Keating, are now in the library of Trinity College, Dublin." '^ "34 260 Eeegan, John, the author of several poetical pieces of great beauty, was born in 1 809, on the banks of the Nore, in the Queen's County. He received a hedge- school education, and was all through life essentially a man of the people; In a short notice in the Irishman of October 1876, it is remarked : " All the different phases of Irish passion— the fierce outbursts of anger — the muttered tone of contempt — all the deep and heart-rendering sorrow of the people — John Keegan was master of all ! Not a side of the Irish character was there that he did not probe and understand. From the sweet mood of love murmured in the eventide over the milk-pail, to the violent words of animosity at the faction fight, there was not a page of the Irish character that escaped the keen eye of Keegan." Several of his verses wiU be found in Hayes's Ballads of Ireland : " Caoch the Piper," and " The Dark Girl at the Holy Well," are amongst the best. Keegan died in 1849, aged 40, when on the point of publishing his poems in a col- lected form. "33 Kelly, Hugh, a dramatist, was born at Killarney in 1739. Having received a tolerable education, and served his time to a stay-maker, he went to London, where before long he obtained employment as a scrivener. In 1762 he began to write for the press, and was entrusted wdth the management of the Ledger and other minor periodicals. His satire of Thespis attracted the attention of Garrick, who brought out for him his first comedy of False Delicacy, which had great success. A writer in the University Magazine says : " "We may thank our stars that the de- generacy of modern taste has utterly repu- diated this vapid sentimentality. At the same time let it be fully admitted that none but an accomplished and elegant mind could have conceived and written this comedy." His second work, although of equal merit, met a far different fate, in London at least. Kelly had rendered him- self unpopular as a government hack- writer, and for several nights Drury-lane was turned into a "bear-garden" by the de- termination of Wilkes's friends not to listen to the play, and the wish of the KEL author's friends that it should be heard ; while the desire of Garrick and Kelly that it should be withdrawn was not lis- tened to. Kelly brought out several other plays, many under an assumed name, and they were mostly successful. The writer from whom we have previously quoted, remarks : " On summing up his pretensions as a dramatic wi'iter, we perhaps strain a point in his favour when we place him in the middle rank of the second class." It must have been a bitter enemy who when asked if he had hissed one of his plays, replied: "How could I? a man can't hiss and yawn at the same time." Desirous of more settled employment than authorship, he entered at the Middle Temple, and was studying law when he was cut off after a few days' illness, 3rd February 1777, aged 37. "*''*5' 338(1777) Kelly, Michael, distinguished as a musician and vocalist, was bom in Dublin about 1764. "5° He early showed decided musical talents, and when but eleven was able to play the most diffi- cult sonatas on the piano. Eauzzini, who was then singing at the Rotunda, gave the lad some lessons, and advised his father to send him to Italy to perfect his musical education. Accordingly he set out provided with a letter of introduction to Sir William Hamilton, who procured an entrance for him to the Conservatory of Music at Naples. There he made the acquaintance of Aprile, then the foremost singing master in Naples, and was soon qualified to make his debut as first tenor at Leghorn and at Florence. This success procured him engagements at Venice and other places in Italy, and ultimately at Vienna, where he became a favourite with the Emperor Joseph 11. Mozart wrote for him the part of "Basilio" in Nozzi di Figaro. Having obtained leave of absence from the Emperor, he went to London in 1787 with the cantatrice Storace, and in April appeared at Drury-lane in English opera. He decided not to return to Italy, and continued as first tenor at Drury-lane, and afterwards as musical director, singing occasionally at the ItaUan Opera, at the Haymarket, and at royal state concertos. He composed or adapted upwards of sixty pieces of music. In his latter days he appears to have reverted to his father's business of wine merchant, and Sheridan facetiously proposed that his sign should be : " Michael Kelly, composer of wine, and im- porter of music." A writer in the Imperial Dictionary of Biography remarks : "Kelly, though a shallow musician, had a highly cultivated taste. His own airs,_ though slight, are always elegant ; and his know- 271 KEN ledge of the Italian and German schools, not very general among the English musi- cians of his day, enabled him to enrich his pieces with many gems of foreign art. The popularity, therefore, of Kelly's nume- rous pieces had a very favourable influence on the taste of the public. As a singer, his powers were by no means great ; but his intelligence, experience, and know- ledge of the stage rendered him very useful." He died at Margate, 9th October 1826. His Reminiscences of the King''s Theatre and Theatre Royal, Drury-lane, was published posthumously in 1826, in 2 vols. 8V0. 39 =50 338(1807) Kennedy, Patrick, was born in the County of Wexford early in 1801. In 1823, although a Catholic, he came to Dublin as assistant at the Protestant Training School, Kildare-place. After a few years he estab- lished the small lending-library and book- shop in Anglesea-street (corner of Cope- street), where he spent the remainder of his life. He was a man of considerable ability, and contributed several articles to the pages of the University Magazine. The best of these, Legends of the Irish Celts, Tales of the Duffrey, Banks of the Boro, were afterwards published separately. In the graphic delineation of Irish rural life, as he experienced it when a boy in the County of Wexford, he has seldom been surpass- ed. His works are singularly pure, and he cramped his prospects in trade by declining to lend or deal in works that he considered of an objectionable tendency. For many years the committees of the Hibernian Temperance Association and kindred bodies were held at his house. Mr. Kennedy was widely known and re- spected by the literary world of Dublin. He died 28th March 1873, aged about 72, and was buried at Glasnevin. "^33 Kenney, James, a dramatic author, was born in Ireland in 1 780. The Univer- sity Maga- '.le, vol. 47, which gives a careful resume of his writings, says : " Tragedy, play, comedy, opera, farce, interlude, and melodrama alternately employed his pen, which was seldom idle for forty years, during which long period he produced as many different pieces, the greater number of which are eminently attractive, and still keep the stage with undiminished popu- larity." Love, Law, and Physic; Matri- mony; The World; The Illustrious Straiv- ger — were amongst the best of his works. For these he was well paid, yet he died in poverty ist August 1849, aged about 69, his health having been for a long time broken. He suffered cruelly from a ner- vous affection which gave him such an eccentric appearance that he was more 272 K'EO than once taken for an escaped lunatic. Byron, who evidently had a low estimate of him, wrote thus : " While Kenoey's World— ah ! where is Kenney's wit ? Tires the sad gallery, lulls the listless pit." 166(47) Kenrick, Prancis Patrick, Catholic Archbishop of Baltimore, was born in Dub- lin, 3rd December 1797. He received a classical education, and after six years of theological study at Rome, was in 1821 ordained a priest. He then went to the United States, and conducted a school in Kentucky. In 1828 he published Xe«ers of Omicron to Omega in defence of his reli- gion. In 1842 he was consecrated Bishop of Philadelphia, and in 1851 was pro- moted Archbishop of Bal timore. The Pope named him Apostolic Delegate to pre- side over the first plenary Council of the United States, convened at Baltimore in May 1852, and in 1 859 conferred on him and his successors the Primacy of the United States. He was the author of numerous theological works, and was latterly engaged upon a revised English translation of the Scriptures. Primate Kenrick died at Bal- timore, 8th July 1863, aged 65. His bro- ther Peter, also an Irishman, was in 1 843 consecrated Archbishop of St. Louis. 37» K'eogh, John, D.D., a learned divine, born at Clooncleagh, near Limerick, the middle of the 17th century. His family, originally MacEochadhs, lost their pro- perty in the Cromwellian wars. He enter- ed Trinity College in 1669, was a scholar in 1674, and M.A. 1678. Taking orders, he was, by his relative John Hudson, Bishop of Elphin, given a living in that diocese; and was collated and installed prebendary of Termonbarry in 1678. There he continued forty-seven years, until his death, devoting himself to literary pursuits. He is said to have been the author of Hebrew, Greek, and Latin grammars, and other learned works. His biographer in Walker's Magazine (1778) writes : " He also wrote a demonstration of the Trinity in Latin verse ; he has been often heard to say, that it was as plain to him as two and three made five ; this performance was shown to Sir Isaac Newton, who seemed to approve mightily of it. He wrote many other books which were destroyed by an accidental fire that happened at his dwell- ing house near Strokestown. . . Al- though the Doctor had a very numerous issue, not less than twenty-one children, males and females, yet he never would take tythe from a poor man." His numerous writings still remain unpublished. His eldest son, John K'eogh, D.D., was the author of Boianologia Hibemica (Cork, KEO 1 735), containing a list of medicinal plants growing in Ireland, with their names in Irish, English, and Latin; also Zoologia Medicinalis Hibernica (little in accord with modem medical science), and a Vindication of the Antiquities of Ireland (Dub. 1748), in which last he gives an account of his family. 338(1778) 339 Eeogh, John, the prominent Catholic leader, a Dublin merchant, was born in 1740. In his own words, he "devoted near thirty years of his life for the purpose of breaking the chains of his countrymen ;" and his mansion at Mount Jerome was long the rallying point for discussion and organization upon all questions relating to Emancipation. Although he did not in- volve himself in the revolutionary plots of the United Irishmen, he was the ardent friend and confidant of many of them. Tone thus writes : "I can scarcely pi'o- mise myself ever to see him again, and I can sincerely say that one of the greatest pleasures which I anticipated in case of our success was the society of Mount Jerome, where I have spent many happy days, and some of them serviceable to the country. It was there that he and I used to frame our papers and manifestoes. It was there we drew up the petition and vindication of the Catholics which pro- duced such powerful effects both in England and Ireland." Henry Grattan, Junior, says : " He was the ablest man of the Catholic body ; he had a powerful under- standing, and few men of that class were superior in intellect, or even equal to him. His mind was strong and his head was clear ; he possessed judgment and discre- tion, and had the art to unite and bring men forward on a hazardous enterprise, and at a critical moment. He did more for the Roman Catholics than any other indi- vidual of that body. To his exertions the meeting of the Convention [held at the Tailors' Hall, Back-lane, 2nd December 1 792] was principally owing, and their suc- cess in procuring the elective franchise. He had the merit of raising a party, and bringing out the Catholic people. Before his time they were nothing ; their bishops were servile, and Dr. Troy, Archbishop of Dublin, though an excellent man, was un- der the influence of the Castle. . . At the outset of life he [Keogh] had been in business, and began as an humble trades- man. He contrived to get into the Catholic Committee, and instantly formed a plan to destroy the aristocratic part, and introduce the democratic. He wrote, he published, he harangued, and strove to kindle some spirit among the people. . . When Keogh went to London [as a delegate of the Catho- KET lies in 1792] he was introduced to Mr. Burke, who liked him, and said that he possessed parts that were certain to raise him in the world. The account of that mission afforded Mr. Burke and Mr. Grat- tan much amusement — seeing Keogh and the other delegates on their journey to Lon- don, admitted to the first court in Europe, going in great state, and making a splen- did appearance. . . He was highly de- lighted with his position, looked very grand and very vain —he seemed to soar above all those he had left in Ireland. But when he returned home he had too much good sense to preserve his grandeur ; he laid aside his court wig and his court manner, and only retained his Irish feelings." '^4 The Act of 33 George III. c. 21, passed mainly through his instrumentality and that of the committee emanating from the Catholic Convention of 2nd December 1792, enabled Catholics to vote for members of Pai'liament ; admitted them to the outer Bar ; enabled them to vote for municipal officers ; permitted them to carry arms, provided they possessed a certain freehold and personal estate, and took oaths, neither of which were necessary for Protestants ; allowed them to serve on juries ; admitted them, under certain restrictions, to hold military and naval commissions, some of the higher grades being excepted. Most of these privileges were subject to the taking a humiliating oath ; and the term *' Papist or Roman Catholic " was used all through the Act. The Bill (given in full in Mitchel's History of Ireland) received the royal assent on 9th AprU 1793. A clause admitting Catholics to sit in Parliament was defeated by 136 to 69. The passage of this Act was, however, followed by the Convention Act (33 George III. c. 29), passed on 29th September, by 128 to 27, which has ever since prevented the holding in Ireland of assemblies such as those of Dungannon, the Rotunda, and the Catholic Convention. John Keogh died in Dublin, 13th November 181 7, aged 77, and was buried in St. Kevin's churchyard, under a stone he had erected to his father and mother ; and where eight years later his wife was laid. " 154 173 173. 3=3t 331 Kettle, Dame Alice, a reputed witch, resident in Kilkenny in the 14th century, to whom frequent references are made in the history of the Pale. One of the Cam- den Society's publications, for 1843, is devoted to full consideration of her strange history. It quotes the following short account of her career from Holinshed's Chronicle of Ireland, under date 1323. It may be premised that she was four times married— to William Outlaw (a Kilkenny 273 KEU banker), Adam le Blound, Richard de Valle, and John le Poer. Her favourite son, William, was a banker. Seeing that the proceedings against her were not fol- lowed up in England, it is possible they had their origin either in jealousy of her wealth, or in some dispute with the Church. " In these dales lived in the diocese of Os- sorie the lady Alice Kettle, whom the Bishop asscited to purge herselfe of the fame of inchantment and witchcraft im- posed unto hir, and to one PetroniU and Basill hir complices. She was charged to have nightlie conference with a spirit called Robert Artisson, to whom she sacrificed in the high waie nine red cocks and nine pea- cock's eies. . . At the first conviction they abjured and did penance, but shortlie after they were found in relapse, and then was PetroniU burnt at Kilkennie, the other twaine might not be heard of. She at the hour of hir death accused the said William [the Dame's son] as privie to their sorceries, whome the bishop held in durance nine weeks, forbidding his keepers to eat or to drink with him, or to speake to him more than once in the daie. But at length, through the sute and instance of Arnold le Powre then seneschall of Kilkennie, he was delivered, and after corrupted with bribes the seneschall to persecute the bishop ; so that he thurst him into prison for three moneths. In rifling the closet of the ladie, they found a wafer of sacramental bread, having the devil's name stamped thereon in" ested of Jesus Christ, and a pipe of oint- ment, wherewith she greased a staffe, upon which she ambled and gallopped through thicke and thin, when and in what manner she listed. This businesse about these witches troubled all the state of Irelande the more, for that the ladie was supported by certeine of the nobilitie, and lastlie con- veied over into England, since which time it could never be understood what became of hir." ^^ Kengh, Matthew, Governor of Wex- ford during its occupation by the insur- gents in 1 798, was born in Ireland about 1744, entered the army, served during the American war, and rose to be Captain- Lieutenant. At the breaking out of the insurrection he was living upon his pro- perty in the town of Wexford. For revo- lutionary proclivities he had been deprived of the commission of the peace in 1796. His appearance is thus described by Mus- grave : " He was about five feet nine inches high, and rather robust. His countenance was comely, his features were large and indicative of an active, intelligent mind. Joined to a very happy and persuasive manner of expressing himself, he had an 274 KIL engaging address and great afiability of manner." Upon the occupation of Wex- ford by the insurgents on 30th May 1 798, he was appointed Military Governor of the town. Though his power was much limited by the passions and prejudices of the peo- ple, he spared no endeavours to secure the safety of such of the royalists as re- mained. But he was not able to prevent the piking on the bridge on 20th June, of 97 out of the 260 royalist prisoners, against whom charges were brought of previous insults or wrongs against the peasantry. When Wexford was reoccupied by the mili- tary two days afterwards. Captain Keugh and others of the leaders remained, under the impression that their lives would be spared. He was, however, with many others, immediately brought to a drum- head trial. He made an able and manly defence, " during the whole of which," says Musgrave, "he was cool and delib- erate, and so eloquent and pathetick as to excite the most tender emotions in the breasts of his auditors. Lord Kingsborough, Mr. Lehunte, and other respectable wit- nesses proved that he acted on all occasions with singular humanity, and endeavoured to prevent the eflfusion of blood ; and that they owed their lives to his active interfe- rence." ""^^ He was executed on the bridge on 25th June — suffering with dignity and composure. His body was thrown into the river, and his head placed on the Court- house. ="' 33» Eidd, William Lodge, M.D., a dis- tinguished medical practitioner, was bom at Thornhill, in the County of Armagh, 1 6th December 1784. His early life was spent at sea as a navy surgeon during the French war. In the Raleigh, Polorus, and Bacchante he saw much active service. In 1 81 6 he retired on half -pay, and before long entered upon extensive practice at Armagh. In November 181 7 he read an important paper before the Royal Physical Society on the dreadful typhus then raging in Ireland. His exertions were untiring during the cholera year — 1832. He died 2nd April 1851, aged66. "s Eilbum, William, an artist and calico printer, was born in Capel-street, Dublin, 1st November 1745. He was the only son of an architect of some eminence, and was apprenticed to calico-printing, as a busi- ness likely to afford scope to his talent for design. Removingto London, he executed the plates for Curtis's Flora Londiniensis, engaged in calico-printing, and rapidly amassed a large fortune. He died 23rd December 18 18, aged 73. Edmund Burke passed a bill through Parliament to protect Kilbum's designs from piracy. "* KIL Eilmaine, Charles Jennings, a dis- tinguished general in the French army, was bom in Dublin in 1754.^ In his fifteenth year he went to France, and entered the cavalry regiment of Lauzun as a private. He served under Lafayette through the American Wai' of Independence, distin- guished himself in several engagements, and was appointed Sous-Lieutenant. He returned to France with strong republican principles. Upon the breaking out of the French Revolution he contributed largely by his influence and example to keep the men of his regiment true to their colours ; while, as the principal officers left the country in large numbers, the way was opened for his rapid promotion, and he soon attained to the post of Chef d'Esca- dron. In this capacity he served through the first campaigns of the Revolution, and fought with remarkable bravery at Jemap- pes (6th November 1 792). In consequence of the neglect of the National Convention, his cavalry were for a time destitute of boots, saddles, carbines, pistols, and even sabres, the military chest was empty, and 6,000 horses were permitted to die of star- vation. With other staff officers, he fre- quently supplemented out of his private means the miserable rations of his men, who with difficulty were prevented from deserting. After the defection of Dumou- riez, Kilmaine adhered to the National Convention, and so ably seconded General Dampierre and the aroused energies of the country, that the army was quickly sup- plied with all necessaries, and discipline was re-established. He took a leading part in the engagements of the army of the north with the Allies ; and escaped the fate of many of the leading commanders, only to be thrown into a Paris dungeon. By the influence of the more extreme revolutionary party, Kilmaine recovered his liberty after the fall of Robespierre. Without employment for a time, on the 22nd May 1795, he assisted General Pichegru in his defence of the National Convention against the faubourgs. He was appointed to the command of a divi- sion of the army of Italy, marched with Napoleon across the Alps, and shared in all his Italian victories. He conducted the operations of the siege of Mantua, which (gallantly defended by Wurmser) ul- timately surrendered, 3rd February 1797, after a desperate resistance. In the spring of the following year he was appointed to command the centre of the army in- tended for the descent on the British Isles. On St. Patrick's day he and the other Irish generals met at a great ban- quet in Paris, at which Thomas Paine and KIN Napper Tandy were present. The Irish Republic was enthusiastically toasted, and every confidence expressed in the accom- plishment of their most ardent desires for the emancipation of Ireland. There were 500 gunboats ready, and 300 transports were collected at Dunkirk to carry over the vast armament encamped on different parts of the French coast. By the end of the year, however. Napoleon turned the ambition of the Directory eastwards ; and Tone's two descents upon the Irish coast failed miserably. In 1 798 Kilmaine was appointed generalissimo of the army of Switzerland, but his rapidly failing health obliged him to resign the baton to Massena. Family sorrows and disappoint- ments contributed to the break-up of his constitution, and he died in Paris, 15th December 1799, ^S^^ about 45. ^ "^i*'' King, Edward, Viscount Eings- borough, author of The Antiquities of Mexico, was born in the County of Cork in 1795. With the exception of a parliamen- tary career of six years, which he volunta- rily abandoned, his life was devoted to the study of Mexican antiquities. This pas- sion was acquired when a student atOxford, where a Mexican MS. in the Bodleian Library fired his imagination. His magni- ficent work, replete with illustrations, was given to the world in 183 1, in 7 vols, im- perial folio, price ,£210. Two additional volumes appeared after his death at a price of J25 4s, The book cost him upwards of £32,000, and nis life ; for, oppressed with debt, he was arrested at the suit of a paper- manufacturer,'* and lodged in the debtors' prison, Dublin, where he died of typhus fever, 27th February 1837, aged 42. Had he lived, he would within a year have be- come Earl of Kingston, with a fortune of £40,000 a year. Mr. Prescott, the historian of Mexico, says : "The drift of Lord Kings- borough's speculations is to establish the colonization of Mexico by the Israelites. To this the whole battery of his logic and learning is directed. For this, hierogly- phics are unriddled, manuscripts com- pared, monuments delineated. . . By this munificent undertaking, which no government, probably, would have, and few individuals could have executed, he has entitled himself to the lasting grati- tude of every friend of science." ^ '^ King, William, Archbishop of Dublin, was born at Antrim, ist May 1650. He received his preliminary education at Dun- gannon, and took his degree of M.A. at Trinity College in 1673, and in the same year took orders in the Church. He became chaplain to the Archbishop of Tuam (who, we are told, took him into his 275 -Km protection), in 1679 "^^^ preferred to a chan- cellorship of St, Patrick's, and next year wa3 made Dean of the Cathedral. He took a prominent part in forwarding the in- terests of the Prince of Orange, and on James II.'s accession to power in Ireland, suffered several months' imprisonment. Eventually he was liberated and permitted the free exercise of his religion. At this period he prepared the materials for one of his great works — The State of the Pro- testants of Irelatid under the late King James's Government (London, 1691). This book was characterized by Burnet as "not only the best book that hath been written for the service of the Government ; but without any figure it is worth all the rest put together — and will do more than all our scribblings for settling the minds of the nation." It is indeed an extremely in- teresting and valuable work, containing a mass of information regarding James II.'s Irish career. Heavy spiritual cares devolv- ed upon him until after the battle of the Boyne, in consequence of many Protestant clergymen having fled to England. He was by William III. preferred to the bishopric of Derry, left vacant by the death of Bishop Walker at the battle of the Boyne. In his diocese he did much to re- pair churches burned or dilapidated during the war ; he improved the episcopal palace, established a library, and was altogether untiring in the affairs of the see, and in ex- ertions for the amelioration of the condition of the clergy. In 1703 he was promoted to the archbishopric of Dublin. On four occasions he acted as one of the Lords-Jus- tices. Harris says : " He knew the temper, disposition, and genius of the nation most exactly, and as he was remarkably happy in a quick and clear conception of things, a piercing judgment into the consequences of political affairs, and a marvellous saga- city and readiness in properly executing business 0' the greatest importance; so he exerted all these excellent qualities with continued vigour and resolution to their utmost stretch to promote the public good and his Majesty's interest in the kingdom." Disappointed in his expectations of being raised to the primacy on the death of Arch- bishop Lindsay (the excuse being that he was too old), we are told that he received the new Primate, Dr. Boulter, without get- ting out of his chair, remarking, " My lord, I am sure your grace will forgive me, because you know I am too old to rise." Archbishop King died at his palace of St. Sepulclire's, Dublin, 8th May 1 729, aged 79, and was by his own desire buried in Donny- brook old churchyard. In Harris's list his works number some twenty. The State of 276 KIN the Protestants was replied to in 1692 by the Rev. Charles Leslie, a non-juror. The Encyclopaedia Britannica, in commenting on Archbishop King's writings, says : "The greatest of all his works was his essay On the Origin of Evil, published in Latin at Dublin in 1702. In this essay he advo- cated what is known as the optimist view, which, with differences on subordinate points, is that adopted by Augustin and Leibnitz. According to this view. King, in common with these great thinkers, at- tempts to reconcile the existence of evil with the government of a perfectly holy, good, and powerful being, by treating it as the necessary result of creature limitation. His work attracted great attention both at home and abroad. Among its assailants was Leibnitz, who, while holding the monoistic hypothesis, denied much of King's reasoning and many of his conclu- sions on minor points ; and Bayle, the last and greatest defender of the dualistic hy- pothesis. King did not publish any reply to either of his assailants, but left notes of a defence, which, after his death, were given to the world by Edmund Law, Bishop of Carlisle, along with an English version of the Be Origine Mali. Amongst his other works maybe mentioned his Dis- course on Predestination, which has been edited, with valuable annotations, by Arch- bishop Whately. King's personal charac- ter stood very high through life ; and his correspondence with Swift shows him to have been a man of fine wit and great general accomplishments." Interesting notes upon his correspondence will be found in Notes and Queries, 4th Series ; and upon other matters relating to his life in the 2nd and 3rd Series, ^s ^^, 254 33^ 339 Einrechtin, Maurice, Bev., was born in Kilmallock in the i6th century, entered the priesthood, was appointed chaplain to Gerald, Earl of Desmond, and continued true to his cause through the succeeding years. Falling into the hands of the English soldiery, he was thrown into prison at Clonmel, where he was con- fined in chains for more than a year. His jailer was bribed by a wealthy Catholic to let the father out to celebrate Easter, 1585. The English commander, however, caused the house where mass was being secretly celebrated to be surrounded, and Father Kinrechtin was taken prisoner. He was executed 30th April, in the same year. — " When he came to the place of execution, turning to the people, he ex- horted, as far as time would permit, and at the end, begging all Catholics to pray for him, and blessing them, he was hung from the gallows, and, being taken down KIK half dead, his head was cut off, and his body cut into four parts ; and these were watched all night by the soldiers, lest they should be taken away by the Catholics. The next day the four pieces were fastened on a cross in the middle of the town, and the head on a high place where it could be seen by all, and so he completed his glorious martyrdom." ^'' Kiarwan, Francis, Bishop of Killala, was born in Gal way in 1589, and received the rudiments of education from his uncle, Eev. Arthur Lynch, a Catholic clergyman, who from time to time had endured the most trying persecutions on account of his faith. He subsequently studied at Lisbon, and was ordained in 16 14. Proceeding to France the year following, to pursue his studies, he for a time " taught philoso- phy" at Dieppe. In 1620, returning to Ireland, he was commissioned by Florence Conroy as Vicar-General of his province of Tuam, and in this capacity laboured un- tiringly in the wilds and islands of the west until Conroy's death in 1629, after which he proceeded to France. At Paris, on 7th May 1645, Kirwan was consecrated Bishop of Killala, when he returned to his native city for a time ; but after its fall in 1651 had to lie concealed from the fury of the Parliamentary troops in the neighbour- hood for many months. He underwent the greatest sufferings and privations — during eight entire months being able but thrice to leave his hiding place in a miserable garret infested by mice. He was after- wards imprisoned in Galway, where, for- getful of his own sufferings, he strove to alleviate those of his fellow-prisoners. In August 1655 the Bishop was banished to France, and at Nantes was for some years sheltered in the house of a " noble widow." His death took place at Eennes, 27th August 1 66 r, at the age of 72 years. His Life, written by his nepliew, the Arch- deacon of Tuam [See Lynch, John] was republished, with a translation and notes by Rev. C. P. Meehan, in 1848. =°5 Kirwan, Richard, LL.D., an eminent chemist and geologist, was born in the County of Galway, early in the 1 8th cen- tury. He studied at Trinity College, Dublin, and at St. Omer's, his family intending him for the medical profession. The death of his brother put him in possession of an ample fortune, and he quitted college, became a Protestant, re- nounced the study of medicine, and devoted himself to science. In 1779 he settled in the neighbourhood of London, and read many papers before the Royal Society, gaining the Copley medal in 178 1. In 1 789 he returned to Ireland, was for some KIR time President of the Royal Irish Academy, and became associated with most of the scientific societies of the metropolis, and intimate with all the leading literary men. The following estimate of his scientific researches is taken from the Eiicyclopoedia Britannica: "Though Kirwan devoted his whole life to scientific inquiry, and was contemporary with Cavendish, Lavoisier, Black, Scheele, Priestley, and the fathers of modern chemistry, he did not advance the boundaries of the science by any great discovery of his own. One of the earliest of his works was his Essay on Phlogiston and the Composition of Acids, in which he endeavoured to reconcile the old chemistry with modern discoveries. . . [The work was refuted by Lavoisier and other eminent French chemists.] . . These refutations, though quite irrefragable, were so skilfully and courteously worded, that Kirwan, with a candour and liberality unfortunately too rare, abandoned phlogiston and adopted the theory of his opponents. In 1794 Kirwan published his Elements of Mine- ralogy, in 2 vols. 8vo., a work of great merit for its day, though now quite super- seded. His Geological Essays were less successful; but his Essay on the Analysis of Mineral Waters was useful, both for the number of analyses which it con- tained, and for the method of procedure which it inculcated. Kirwan was also the author of numerous papers in the Transac- tions of the Royal Society and of the Royal Irish Academy, on subjects connected with mineralogy and meteorology, as well as chemistry." "■^ He was an enthusiast concerning Irish music, and travelled with Mr. Bunting for the purpose of collecting old tunes. His latter years were devoted almost exclusively to theology. At his residence in Cavendish-row, Dublin, he was accustomed to receive his friends once a week, as he " reclined on a sofa, his hat on, a long screen behind him, and a blazing fire before him, no matter whether winter or the dog days." =°^ He remained covered even in courts of justice and at levees, and gave as a reason for never going to a place of worship the impossibility of removing his hat. He was singularly gene- rous and imselfish as a landlord and a friend. He strenuously opposed the Union, and is said to have indignantly refused a baro- netcy offered him by Lord Castlereagh if he would support the measure. He died in Dublin, 22nd June 1 8 1 2. Portraits of him will be found in the Royal Dublin Society and Royal Irish Academy. «= '"* ^^ ^49 Kirwan, Walter Blake, Dean of Killala, a distinguished preacher, was born in the County of Galway in 1754. 277 KIE A Catholic, he was educated at St. Omei'^s with a view to entering the Church. At seventeen he visited a rich relation in the "West Indies ; but the trying climate and the miseries of slavery so wrought on his mind and body that he threw up prospects of opulence and returned to Europe. He took orders, rose to distinction at Louvain, and in 1 778 went to London as chaplain to the Neapolitan Embassy. Coming to Ire- land to visit his relatives, he was converted to Protestantism, received into the Estab- lished Church, and appointed rector of St. Peter's, Dublin, June 1 78 7 . He almost im- mediately took his place as the most popular city preacher of the day. Barrington says : " He was by far the most eloquent and effective pulpit orator I ever heard ; . . his figure, and particularly his countenance, were not prepossessing ; there was an air of discontent in his looks, and a sharpness in his features, which, in the aggregate, amounted to something not distant from repulsion. His manner of preaching was of the French school): . . his tact equal- led his talent. . . In St. Peter's, where he preached an annual charity sermon, the usual collection, which had been under J200, was raised by the Dean to £1,100. I knew a gentleman myself w^ho threw both his purse and watch into the plate." In 1800 Lord Comwallis advanced him to the deanery of Killala. He died iu Dub- lin, 27th October 1805, aged about 51, leaving a family but poorly provided for. George III. granted his widow £300 a year, with reversion to his daughters. A painting in the Eoyal Dublin Society House represents him preaching, while a ^oup of orphans for whom he is pleading sit round the base of the pulpit. Grattan uttered a brilliant eulogium on Dr. Kirwan in the Irish Parliament, on 19th June 1792 : " What is the case of Dr. Kirwan ? This man preferred our country and our religion, r A brought to both genius supe- rior to what he found in either. He called forth the latent virtues of the human heart, and taught men to discover in themselves a mine of charity of which the proprietors had been unconscious. In feeding the lamp of charity, he has almost exhausted the lamp of life. He came to interrupt the repose of the pulpit, and shakes one world with the thunder of another. The preacher's desk becomes the throne of light. Hound him a train — not such as crouch and swagger at the levee of princes — not such as attend the procession of the viceroy, horse, foot, and dragoons ; but that where- with a great genius peoples his own state — charity in ecstacy, and vice in humiliation — vanity, arrogance, and saucy empty pride 278 KNO appalled by the rebuke of the preacher, and cheated for a moment of their native im- probity and insolence. What reward ? . . The curse of Swift is upon him : to have been bom an Irishman and a man of genius, and to have used it for the good of his country." '^4 in ^otes and Queries, ist Series, mention is made of his delivering even a shorter sermon than Swift's famous one. Too ill to preach, he mounted the pulpit while the church was crowded to suffocation, and having given out the text, he merely pointed to the orphan children in the aisle, and said : " There they are." It is added that the collection ensuing was one of the largest ever made in Dublin, Dean Kirwan left a son who became Dean of Limerick. ^ '*^ '54 =04 234 Snowies, James Sheridan, a dis- tinguished actor, dramatist, author, and preacher, was born in Cork, 12th May 1784. His father, James Knowles, first cousin of Eichard Brinsley Sheridan, was a schoolmaster of high reputation, and the editor of an edition of Walker's Pronouncing Dictionary, at which he is said to have laboured for thirty years. When only twelve years of age, .Tames evinced considerable dramatic talents. In London (whither his father removed when James was quite a young man), he gained much from intimacies foi-med with Hazlitt, Coleridge, Lamb, and other literary men. He visited Dublin in 1 808, and resided for a time with his relations, the LeFanus, who endeavoured to dissuade him from going on the stage. In 1809 he acted at Water- ford, in company with Edmund Kean. There he played in tragedy, comedy, and opera, and having a good voice, suc- ceeded well in the latter. In Waterford he published a volume of Fugitive Pieces of Poetry and his drama of Leo, or the Gipsy. His father and he afterwards established a school at Belfast. Sir Joseph Napier was one of his scholai-s, and praises his method of teaching : "His habits were altogether those of a child of genius — hence his discipline was irregular — he was neither our school- master nor our schoolfellow — he was both, and sometimes more than both, but we loved him, and he taught us." In Belfast he produced his drama of Brian Boroihme. Cains Gracchus followed in 181 5. At the request of his friend Kean he now wrote his great tragedy of Virginius, which was brought out at Glasgow, and afterwards in London. William Tell appeared in 1825, establishing the author's reputation as one of the greatest dramatists of the age. Other works followed each other in quick succession, and he acquired a right to be considered a great actor as well as a great KNO writer, by impersonations in his plays of The Hunchback and The Wife. He was also the author of several novels. He ap- peared at the principal theatres throughout the United Kingdom, his visit to Cork in 1834 being made the occasion of an ovation from his fellow-townsmen. Amongst in- dications of his warmth of heart may be mentioned the fact that on this last occasion he sought out his old nurse, and insisted on her occupying the best seat in the boxes during his engagement. In 1 836 he visited America ; some time after his return, iU- health obliged him to give up the stage, and he appeared as a lecturer on oratory and the drama. In his later years his mind received a theological bias ; he wrote on religious subjects, and ultimately be- came a Baptist preacher. He died at Tor- quay, on 1st December 1862, aged 78. From 1849 ^^ ^^d h^en in the receipt of a pension on the Civil List of £200 a year. Besides numerous minor writings, his works in Allibone's list number twenty- six. A posthumous play, Alexina, or True unto Death, in two acts, waa produced in 1866. Allan Cunningham writes of Elnowles : " The poetry of his dialogue is the poetry of passion ; it is kindled up in him by the collision of events, and seems less proper to the man than to the scene ; his language is to the purpose ; it is but little ornamented. His dramas are full of impressive groupings, domestic incidents, the bustle of business, the activity of life ; he subdues subject, scene, and language to the purpose and aim of his play. In this he dilfers from many writers, and differs for the better. His strength lies in home- bred affections : his Virginius, his Beggar's Daughter, and his Wife of Mantua, aWhesir evidence of this, and contain scenes of per- fect truth and reality, such as no modern dramatist surpasses — he touches the heart and is safe." '* '"' "*('^' Enoz, Alexander, a man of great learning and piety, a voluminous writer on religious questions, was born in Lon- donderry the middle of the i8th century. He was the author of Essays on the Political Circumstances of Ireland (Dub- lin, 1798), in denunciation of the United Irishmen and their principles. Their drift may be gathered from a portion of the concluding paragraph : " Let me entreat the sober, moderate, intelligent part of the community . . to ask theii" own understandings, to consult their own feel- ings, whether the sovereignty of the public will or the will of the people is not a principle in every point of view ruinous and detestable. Whether it is not a monater in politics, which even poetic KYA fiction is inadequate to describe, a blind and shapeless thing, which adds to the mutability of Proteus, the hands of Briareus and the heads of the hydra." Private Secretary to Castlereagh, he strenuously supported and advanced the passage of the Act of Union, but no less strenuously and consistently advocated the admission of Catholics and dissenters to complete equal- ity of political rights. After the Union he for a short time represented his native city in Parliament, but most of his life, apart from official duties, was given up to religious meditation, and correspondence, especially with Bishop J ebb. The editor of his Remains says : "His least digested thoughts are precious. . . With every qualification for a distinguished career in public life, . . his choice was made for a more immediate service of God, in the cultivation of revealed truth, for the dis- semination of which he was eminently fitted, not more by the powers of his pen than by the unrivalled charm of his conversation. The whole tenor of Mr. Knox's writings is evidence that, for the ground of man's hope and trust, he looked to Christ as ' all in all.' " He died in 1 83 1 . Thirty Tears' Correspondence between John Jebb, Bishop of Limerick, and Alexander Knox, appeared in 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1834, and his Remains, in 4 vols, 8vo. London, 1834- 1837 — yet we have no particulars concern- ing his life. '^ =°* ^** Euox, William, politician and author, was bom in Ireland in 1732. In 1756 he received an appointment in the American colonies, and after his return in 1761 recommended the creation of a colonial aristocracy and colonial representation in the British Parliament. He was soon afterwards appointed agent for Georgia and East Florida, a post which he forfeited by writing in favour of the Stamp Act. His principal political work, the Present State of the Nation, published in 1 768, drew forth a reply from Burke. He held the office of Under-Secretary of State for twelve years succeeding 1 770. Through the Eevo- lutionary War his pen was untiring in sup- port of the American loyalists, and at the conclusion of peace he submitted a plan for making New Brunswick a refuge for such of them as desired to leave the United States. He secured a pension of £1,200 for losses incurred by himself and his wife in the War of Independence, In 1789 he published the valuable Extra-Ojlcial State Papers. Mr. Knox died at Great Ealing, 25 th August 1 8 10, aged about 78. 37* Eyau, Esmonde, a distinguished lead- er in the Insurrection of 1798, was a gentleman of some property, who resided at 279 LAC Monamolin, near Oulart. At the breaking out of hostilities in the County of "Wex- ford, he threw himself heartily into the struggle. Courageous to desperation, his arm was shattered at the battle of Arklow, whUe leading his division against the royalist artillery. Confined in Wexford by this wound, he did all he could to prevent the disgraceful massacre of royalists on the bridge. He subsequently joined the in- surgent force that, after the fall of Wex- ford, endeavoured to penetrate the County of Carlow, and for a time held out with Holt, Myles Byrne, and Dwyer in the glens of Wicklow. Eeturning to his home secretly to visit his relatives, he was arrested, and executed in July 1798. Few particulars are preserved of Esmonde Kyau. He is uniformly spoken of by his associates in terms of the highest I'espect, as a man of talents and nobility of character. Myles Byrne writes : " He was, of all the chiefs of our little Irish army, the one who merit- ed most good terms from the English. Throughout the war he had shown the greatest humanity, and made unceasing exertions to save the Uves of prisoners, even of those whose hands were steeped in the blood of the inhabitants of the County of Wexford." ^s 331 Lacy, Peter, Count, Field-Marshal, was born at Killeedy, County of Limerick, 29th September 1678. At the capitulation of Limerick, Peter, a lad of but thirteen, was an ensign in Sarsfield's army, and quitting Ireland with the remains of his regiment, joined the Irish Brigade in France, and was appointed lieutenant in the Kegiment of Athlone. He served with Marshal Cantinet's army in Italy until the end of 1696; and after the peace of Ryswick entered the service of reter the Great, and rapidly rose to distinc- tion. In 1708 he was appointed colonel of a regimen *^ of infantry, and in December of that year distinguished himself while in command of 15,000 men at the assault of Rumna. In the following month he was given a regiment of grenadiers by the Czar. At Pultowa he commanded a bri- gade, and was wounded. In 1720 he was Lieutenant-General, and in that and the succeeding year commanded several de- scents on the Swedish coast. After Queen Catherine's accession we find him a gene- lul-in-chief ; and in 1 729 Governor of Livo- nia. In 1733, at the head of 30,000 men, he made an expedition to Poland to support the claims of Augustus of Saxony to the throne, and entered Warsaw triumphantly. Operations against Turkey, and notably the occupation of the Crimea, next engaged 280 LAE his services. In 1741 war with Sweden again broke out, and he was engaged in all the most important actions. In 1 742 a Swedish force of 1 7,000 laid down their arms to him at Helsingfors, and he added part of Finland to the Russian crown. When peace was finally concluded he retired to his estates in Livonia, where he died nth May 1751, aged 72, leaving five daughters and two sons. He left upwards of £60,000 personal property, as well as extensive estates. Lacy is described as tall and well made, vivacious yet cool, of sound judgment and prompt in action. His father and two brothers were killed in the French service. 34 ise Laeghaire, Monarch of Ireland from 42 7 to 45 7. His reign was rendered memo- rable by the advent of St. Patrick, and by the arrangement of Irish laws and customs in the Senchus Mor. Although his wife Agneis was a convert to Christianity, Laeghaire continued true to his old faith — nevertheless giving every facility for the spread of Christianity. The collection of the Senchus Mor, called also Nofis from the number of its compilers, is thus referred to by Keating : " Laegari was induced to call a general convention, at which the kings, clergy, and bard-sages of Ireland were assembled together for the purpose of rec- tifying the said national records. When this convention had met, its members selected nine of their number for the duty, to wit: 'three kings, three bishops, and three oUamhs.' The three kings were, Laegari, son of Niall, King of Ireland ; Dari, King of Ulster; and Core, son of Lugaidh, King of Muuster; the three bishops were, Patrick, Benen, and Cair- nech ; the three oUamhs, or doctors of his- tory, were, Dubthach, Fergus, and Rosa, son of Trichim. By these nine the tradi- tions were purified and set in order. It is the work that resulted from their labour that is now called the Senchus Mor, that is, the great tradition." 'J" Professor O'Curry considered "the recorded account of this great revision of the body of the laws of Erin is as fully entitled to confidence as any other well-authenticated fact in ancient history." The work, we are told, was composed at "Teamhair [Tara] in the summer and in the autumn, on account of its cleanness and pleasantness during these seasons; and Rath-guthaird [Lisa- nawer, near Nobber] was the place during the winter and the spring, on account of the nearness of its firewood and water, and on account of its warmth in the time of winter's cold." ^°°* Laeghaire was killed by lightning in 457, and was buried upright in the ramparts of Tara, "as if in the LAK midst of warriors standing iip in battle." The republication of the Senchus Mor (which when complete will extend to seve- ral volumes, three being already publish- ed in 1877, and a fourth in the press far advanced), with a translation and notes, was commenced by order of Government in 1865, from MSS. in Trinity College and the British Museum, the oldest dating from the early part of the 14th century. 171 300» Lake, Gerard, Viscount, an English general, who took a prominent part in suppressing the Insurrection of 1 798, was born 27th July 1744. He served in Ger- many during the Seven Years' "War, and in America during the War of Indepen- dence. He was Lieutenant-Colonel under Cornwallis, and was taken prisoner at York- town. He served in the Low Countries in 1 793. In 1 797 he was engaged in Ulster chiefly in disarming the population and counteracting the plans of the United Irish- men. Early in 1 798 General Abercrombie resigned, apparently sickening at the seve- rity which the Government considered it necessary to exercise towards the people of the disaflfected districts. General Lake was appointed to the chief command on 23rd April; and on 24th of the following .month the insurrection burst forth. His most distinguished military service in the County of Wexford was the capture of Vinegar Hill, and the occupation of Wex- ford next day, the 22nd June. The former was the culmination of a series of combined movements by General Lake, supported by Dundas, Needham, Johnson, and Loftus, with 13,000 troops in four columns. Early in the day the insurgent position on the hUlwas attackedand carried with trifling loss to the assailants. General Lake says: "The carnage . . was dread- ful. The rascals made a tolerable good fight of it." He had a horse killed under him early in the action. Great as was the loss of the insurgents, it would have been greater but that large bodies were able to break away through a pass left open by the accidental delay of General Needham in taking up his position. This accident has been by some erroneously ascribed to General Lake's deliberate in- tention to leave way open for the people to escape. Of the executions which he afterwards carried out at Wexford he writes to Lord Castlereagh : " I really feel most severely the being obliged to order so many men out of the world ; but I am convinced, if severe and many exam- ples are not made, the rebellion cannot be put a stop to." After the landing of the French at Killala in 1798 [See Hum- LAN bert]. General Lake marched to confront them. On 27th August he was, partly through the unsteadiness of the Galway, Kilkenny, and Longford militia (probably in secret sympathy with the enemy), de- feated at Castlebar by a combined force of about 2,000 French and insurgents. After this disaster General Lake fell back upon Tuam, where he was reinforced, and acting in concert with Colonel Vereker and Lord Cornwallis, after a series of exhausting marches, he effected the capture of General Humbert and the whole remaining French force at Ballinamuck on the 8th September. The French were treated honourably as prisoners of war ; but the insurgents, num- bers of them in French uniforms, and in- deed the country people generally of the districts that had been in occupation of the French, were slaughtered unmercifully, and their cabins were burnt to the ground. General Lake was brought into Parliament for Armagh in 1 799, by Lord Castlereagh, to vote for the Union. He was afterwards Commander-in-chief in India, where on more than one occasion he strenuously op- posed the policy of Lord Cornwallis, his former coadjutor in Ireland. For distin- guished services, especially at the battles of Delhi and Laswanee, he was granted a pension, and was in 1804 created Baron Lake, and in 1807 raised to a viscountcy. He died in London, 20th February 1808, aged 63. 7- ^7 '•** ^^9 Lambart, Sir Oliver, Lord Lam- bart, an officer distinguished in the Irish wars, who served with much credit in the Low Countries and Spain, and was knighted at Cadiz in 1 596, by Essex, with whom he came to Ireland in command of a company. In 1600 Sir Oliver led a force into Leix and Offaly against the O'Mores and O'Conors ; afterwards served under Mountjoy, and in 1 60 1, at his recommendation, was appointed Governor of Connaught. He built a fort at Galway, served at the siege of Kinsale, and was granted estates in Cavan. He was created Lord Lambart, Baron of Cavan in 1 617, and died 9th July next year. The present Earl of Cavan is his descendant. 54 196 339 Lauigan, John, D.D., ecclesiastical historian, was born at Cashel in 1758, the eldest of sixteen children — the youngest of whom (Anne) survived until 30th October i860. At sixteen, after receiving the edu- cation of a Cashel school, he started for the Irish College, Eome, to pursue his studies for the priesthood. He sailed from Cork to London, where he was robbed of everything by a f eUow-passenger ; but for- tunately a clergyman took him into his house imtil funds were sent him from home 281 LAN to enable him to reach Italy. His progrfess at college was bi-illiant and rapid ; he re- ceived ordination at an early age, and was soon afterwards induced by his friend Tamburini to settle at Pavia, where he was appointed to the chairs of Hebrew, Ecclesiastical History, and Divinity, at the University. Here he published his Pro- legomena to the Holy Scriptures, according to Mr. Fitzpatrick, " unrivalled for erudi- tion and lucid arrangement; . . elaborate and critical." In 1786," smelling mischief," he declined attending the Synod of Piatoja, held under the presidency of Scipio Ricci. Its proceedings are now regarded as schis- matical. In 1 794 he was granted a doc- tor's degree, in recognition of his labours and numerous writings, well known, at least amongst the alumni of Pavia, if not throughout Italy. In 1796 Napoleon's Italian successes broke up the University, and Lanigan hastily returned home, leav- ing behind many valuable books and MSS. He embarked at Genoa for Cork, and set foot in Ireland after an absence of twenty- two years. He was but coldly received by his brother clergy, as the suspicion of his friend Tamburini's heresy hung about him ; and he was obliged to proceed on foot to his friends in Cashel, where he took up his residence and rested for a time. Through the influence of a college friend he was attached in a clerical capacity to the old Francis-street chapel in Dublin ; where he was hardly settled, when he was invited to take, at Maynooth, the chair of Scripture and Hebrew, for which he was especially qualified. Suspicions regarding his ortho- doxy again intervened; while declaring that he was no Jansenist, he declined to make any such disavowal in writing, and was consequently obliged to vacate the position just entered upon. In May 1 799 he was appointed sub-librarian at the Royal Dublin Society at a salary of thirty shillings i. sreek, never raised beyond .£150 a year, and with the exception of periods of illness, he held the post until incapacitated for further work. We find his name inti- mately associated with the literary doings of the time in Dublin. His wit, learn- ing, liberal Catholicism, and the dignity and suavity of his continental manners, were a ready passport to the best society. We find him editing Alban Butler's posthumous meditations and discourses, and occasionally contributing articles on ecclesiastical history to the Dublin pa- pers, under the signature of "Irenseus." From the time of his appointment he ap- pears to have been privately and steadily working at his Ecclesiastical History of Ireland, from the First Introduction of 282 LAE Christianity among the Irish to the begin- ning of the Thirteenth Century, which was brought out by subscription in 1822, in 4 vols. 8vo. It was many years after his death before this great work was fully ap- preciated, as at present, for its wonderful re- search and its striving after truth. On some questions, such as the origin of the round towers, it does not, nor have we any right to expect that it should, come up to the later discoveries of Petrie, O'Curry, and O'Dono- van. Rev. John O'Hanlon says Lanigan's work " may be considered a chronologi- cal arrangement of our principal saints' biographies, with their acts necessarily abridged, while, for the most part, their recorded miracles have been suppressed. . . Dr. Lanigan has contrived to present a clear, consecutive, and recondite his- tory." '9^ Premonitions of insanity ap- peared in 1 813, and he was granted leave of absence and tenderly cared for by his sis- ters at Cashel. Though for a time enabled to resume work, and even to superintend the removal of the Royal Dublin Society's library from Hawkins-street to KUdare- street, softening of the brain gradually settled down on him, and he vdtimately became a permanent patient at Dr. Harty's asylum at Finglas. He died 7th July 1828, aged about 70, and was Interred in Finglas, churchyard, where thirty-three years after- wards a suitable monument was erected to his memory. During the latter years of his life he was so far forgotten that many readers of his History were even ignorant whether he was alive or dead. At one time of a portly form, somewhat resem- bling Scott in features, he became in his latter years thin, shrivelled, and wasted. 192 208 Lardner, Dionysius, Rev., LL.D., a voluminous scientific writer, was born in Dublin, 3rd April 1793. At fourteen he was placed in the office of his father, a solicitor, but his scientific tastes were so marked that he was permitted to enter Cambridge, where he took his degree of B.A. in 181 7, and gained fifteen or six- teen prizes in metaphysics, mathematics, moral philosophy, and other departments of learning. During his fourteen years' residence in College he prepared several mathematical treatises for the Edinburgh and Metropolitan Cyclopwdias. He also delivered before the Royal Dublin Society, a series of scientific lectures for which he was awarded a gold medal. In 1828 he retouched these lectures and published them in a volume under the title of Lec- tures on the Steam Engine. Upon the estab- lishment of the University of London in 1827, Lardner, at the solicitation of Lord LAS Brougham, accepted the chair of Physics and Astronomy. He now conceived the idea of compiling a large popular scien- tific cyclopsedia. Obtaining the best as- sistance in the United Kingdom, the first volume of Lardnefs Cabinet Cyclopaedia appeared in 1830. It was completed in 135 vols. i2mo. in 1844. The articles on Hydrostatics, Pneumatics, Heat, Arith- metic, and Geometry were written by him- self. From 1830 to 1840, he was occasion- ally employed by railway companies in preparing reports and giving advice at the inception of their several lines. In 1840 he left the country, in consequence, it is stated, of a verdict, with £8,000 damages, having been obtained against him in a suit for seduction. After a visit to France, he removed to the United States, where he was received -with great attention as a leading scientific man. He gave courses of lectures in the principal cities of the Union, by which he is said to have made ^40,000, besides the profits afterwards arising from their publication in book- form. On his return to Europe in 1845, he settled permanently in Paris. Besides many works and articles on scientific sub- jects, he projected and carried out his Museum of Science and Art, published in X2 vols, between 1 854 and 1856. It has been styled by Sir David Brewster "one of those works the most interesting and the most useful which have been published for the scientific instruction of all classes of the community." Indeed Dr. Lardner may be said to have done more to popularize science amongst English-speaking people than any other writer in modern times. He died in Naples, 29th April 1859, aged 66. t^^ '** Lascelles, Rowley, an English bar- rister, bom in Westminster about 1770, educated at Harrow, called to the Bar in 1797, practised about twenty years in Ire- land, and died in London 19th March 1841, aged 70. Besides Letters of Publicola (Dublin, 1 816) in defence of the Estab- lished Church, and minor works, his lite- rary history is remarkable as connected with a turgid, imindexed book in two large folio volumes. Liber Munerum Publicorum Hibernice, published at the expense of Government, and compiled chiefly from MSS. left by John Lodge. After he had drawn i)4,ooo as editor, the work was stopped in the autumn of 1830, and Mr. Lascelles bitterly complained at being put oflF with ^£500 in two instalments as a final settlement. The book was suppressed for twenty-two years, on account of the par- tizan tone of the History of Ireland, or as it is styled, Ees Oestoe Anglorum in Hiber- nia, written or compiled by Mr. Lascelles, LAW and prefixed solely on his own authority. At length, in 1852, the work, incomplete as it is, was given to the public at the price of two guineas. It is now very scarce. Containing much, valuable matter, "it is in the main," says Dr. Cotton, " a great mass of curious information carelessly put together, and disfigured by flippant and impertinent remarks of the compiler, most unbefitting a government employe." For further information regarding this work, see Notes and Queries, 2nd Series, vol. vi., p. 350, and the Gentleman^ s Magazine, September 1829, September 1841, and September 1854. A partial index to the LU)er Munerum is given in the Report of the Deputy-keeper of the Public Records in Ireland, 26th February 1877. '^* ^^4 Lathaxa, James, a portrait painter of some merit, who resided in Trinity-lane, Dublin, in the early part of the 1 8th cen- tury. He was born in Tipperary, and studied at Antwerp. His portraits of Mrs. Woffington andof Geminiani,the composer, procured for him the title of the Irish Van- dyke. He died in Dublin about 1750. "° LaTouche, David Digues, founder of the Irish banking house of the name, was born on the family estate, near Blois, France, in 167 1. When but fifteen he was obliged, in consequence of the revo- cation of the Edict of Nantes, to fly to an uncle in Amsterdam, and the family estate was conferred upon his brother Paul, who conformed to the Catholic faith. David entered Caillemotte's Huguenot regiment, and served at the battle of the Boyne in 1690. At the conclusion of the war the regiment was disbanded in Dublin, and he established a silk, poplin, and cambric manufactory in High-street, and married a Dutch lady. A banking trade gradually sprang up; his ability, transparent pro- bity, and unselfish generosity inspired confidence ; and in 1 735 the banking busi- ness had so much increased that it was re- moved to what were then considered hand- some premises in Castle-street, where for generations afterwards it was carried on. David Digues LaTouche died while at prayers in the Castle Chapel, 17th October 1 745, aged about 74. The family has become one of the wealthiest and most honoured in Ireland. ^^ Lawless, John, an Irish politician, was born about 1772. Educated for the Bar, he was refused admission by Lord Clare, on account of his weU-known revo- lutionary sentiments, and his intimacy with HiQmas-Addis Emmet. He then became partner with his father in a brewery ; but business not suiting his tastes, he edited the Irishman in Belfast, became a leading 283 LAW member of the Liberal party, and occupied a prominent position during the stormy agitation for Catholic Emancipation. He was foremost in opposition to the "Veto" as well as the " wings " which Government attempted to attach to Emancipation — the payment of the Catholic clergy, and the dis- franchisement of the forty-shilling free- holders. O'Connell latterly entertained a bitter animosity against him, and opposed bis candidature for Meath. His unflinch- ing integrity gained for him the title of "Honest Jack Lawless." His oratory was nervous, forcible, and convincing ; his manner was earnest and often vehe- ment, every gesture showing that the heart of the speaker was engaged in his subject. He died in London, 8th August 1837. '^* Lawless, Valentine Brown, Baron Cloncnrry, was born in Merrion-square, I gtb August 1 7 73 . [His father, originally a Catholic, sought in France in early life those rights from which he was debarred in Ireland. Nettled at religious partiality shown towards titled neighbours by the clergy, we are told that he sold his Rouen estate, returned home, and turned Pro- testant. Engaging in trade, he became a woollen merchant and banker, was created a baronet in 1 776, and elevated to the peer- age as Baron Cloncurry in 1 789.] Valentine was educated at Portarlington, and at Dr. Burrowes' school at Blackrock, and gradu- ated at Trinity College in 1 791. He threw himself into the circle of which Lord Ed- ward FitzGerald, the Emmets, and Samp- son, were leading spirits. After a tour on the Continent he entered at the Middle Temple in 1795 — ^^^^^ keeping up the closest intimacy with the leaders of the United Irishmen, although not, overtly at least, entering into any of their revolu- tionary plans. In consequence of these relations he was arrested in London in June 179" and committed to the Tower. The Duke of Leinster, Curran, and Grat- tan, who happened to be visiting him at the time of his arrest, were also taken into custody, but were immediately liberated. This imprisonment lasted about six weeks. Forbidden by his father to return to Ire- land, then in the throes of the Insurrection, he made a tour of England on horseback. On 14th April 1799 be was again arrested under the Habeas Corpus Suspension Act, and again committed to the Tower, where he remained until the expiration of the Act in March 1801. "Of the sufferings and privations I was made to endure throughout the protracted and rigid impri- sonment, I will not trust myself to write at length : . . dragged from a sick bed 284 LAW in the heart of the metropolis of British freedom, incarcerated in a filthy and loath- some cell, subject to the continual compan- ionship (even in my hours of sleep) of a double guard, deprived of the society of my nearest relatives, and even of the use of pen and paper." In the course of those two-and-twenty months he lost his grand- father, his father, and the lady to whom he was engaged. We are told that his father voted for the Union against his con- science, in the hope of obtaining his son's release, and before his death he left away from Valentine about £65,000, through fear of confiscation of his property by Government. "Whatever air or exercise I took was upon the leads of my prison, as the shouts of ' bloody Irishman ' which greeted me from the mob allowed to as- semble upon the parade when I was brought there for exercise in custody of my guards, obliged me to decline that indulgence." ^' He succeeded to the title on his father's decease. During his imprisonment his affairs were neglected ; and after his re- lease it required all his ability to set them to rights. He subsequently paid a length- ened visit to the Continent. The particidars of his sojourn in Eome are most interest- ing. There he was on intimate terms with the Pope, whose body-guard then consisted of a squadron of British hussars. Lord Cloncurry brought home to his seat at Lyons, not far from Dublin, a large num- ber of works of art, which it was then pos- sible to purchase at low prices. He was created a peer of the United Kingdom and a Privy-Councillor in 1831. Although taking part in all liberal measures, and retaining to the last his opinions regarding the Act of Union, he held aloof from O'Connell in his Eepeal agitation. Yet on one occasion he offered to take the chair of a committee to adjust the dispute between the Old and Young Irelanders, which pro- posal, we are told, John O'Connell rejected " in very saucy and unbecoming language." In 1849 he published an interesting vol- ume of Personal Recollections. The sum- ming up of the work shows that his hostility to the Act of Union continued unabated. Lord Cloncurry was twice married. He died 28th October 1853, aged 80, and was buried in the family mausoleum at Lyons. The honours of the family are at present (1877) enjoyed by his grandson. 54 82 213 233 Lawless, William, General, an ar- dent United Irishman, the confidant of Lord Edward FitzGerald, was Pro- fessor of Anatomy and Physiology in the Eoyal College of Surgeons, Dublin. Closely connected with John Sheares in LAW the direction of affairs in the spring of 1 798, a warrant for his arrest was issued on 20th May. Timely notice was, however, given him of the fact by Mr. Stewart, the Surgeon-General, and he escaped to France, where his abilities and spirit re- commended him to the special favour of Napoleon. Entering the army, he rose to the rank of general, and distinguished himself on several occasions. He lost a leg at the battle of Dresden. Greneral Lawless died in Paris, 25th December 1824. He was a distant relative and occasional correspon- dent of Lord Cloncurry. Thomas Moore speaks of him as " a person of that mild and quiet exterior which is usually found to accompany the most determined spirit." 65 72 33' Lawrence, Sir Heniy, K. C. B., Brigadier-General, a distinguished Indian administrator, was born at Mattura, in Ceylon, 28th June 1806. [His father, Lieutenant-Colonel La'WTence, who died in 1835, originally a poor Irish soldier of fortune, was bom in Coleraine, and his mother was from the yame locality.] He was educated at Foyle College, of which his uncle. Rev. James Knox, was principal. The puritan training and im- pressions imbibed from his parents and instructors, had a marked influence on his after life. In August 1820, Henry followed his brother George to Addis- combe, passed in artillery, sailed for India in 1822, and joined the head-quarters of the Bengal Artillery near Calcutta. There his religious impressions were much strengthened by acquaintance with the Rev. George Craufurd. In 1825 he served in a short campaign in Burmah, and was appointed adjutant of artillery. After this he was invalided, and obliged to pass two years and a half at home, part of the time being engaged on the Ord- nance Sui-vey of Ireland. Returning to India in 1829, he passed an examination in native languages, and was then occu- pied for five years on the Indian Survey, in Moradabad, Futtygurh, Goruckpore, and Allahabad. Two years afterwards he married Honoria Marshall, an Irish lady, with whom he fell in love when at home, and who was in every way quali- fied to make him happy. In 1839 he re- ceived the civil charge of Ferozepore, and in 1842 was specially thanked by General Pollock for his assistance in forcing the Khyber Pass. From this time forward important trusts in the government of India were confided to him — at Nepaul, La- hore, and elsewhere. One of his most re- markable achievements was in 1 846, when, at the head of 10,000 Sikh soldiers, only LAW eighteen months after their defeat at Sobraon and enlistment in the British service, he compelled the Lahore govern- ment to make over the richest province in the Punjaub to a British tributary. In 1846 he became Lieutenant-Colonel, and in 1 848 the honoui- of knighthood as a K.C.B. was conferred upon him. In the following years he was sadly at issue with his brother John, acting Resident at La- hore, regarding the proper policy to be pursued towards the Punjaub — John fa- vouring almost immediate annexation, and Henry desiring the maintenance of its semi-independent position. During, this period he was an occasional contributor to the Calcutta Review. His subscriptions to religious and charitable institutions throughout India for many years averaged above ^350; and in 1846 a school for the education of soldiers' children, now known as the Lawrence Asylum, and educating some 500 boys and girls, was opened through his instrumentality at Kussowlee, amongst the first ranges of the Himalayan mountains. As to his government of the Punjaub, the Westminster Revieu- wrote in 1858: "Among the marvels achieved by Englishmen in India, there is nothing equal to the pacification of the Punjaub. . . The wisdom and beneficence of our rule were never more clearly vindicated than by the present condition and conduct of the Sikhs. All this is due to Sir Henry Lawrence. It was his genius which con- ceived and carried through that system to which we owe the preservation of India. The work which he undertook in the Pun- jaub was nothing short of an absolute re- construction of the state. In five short years he had done it. He had brought order out of chaos— law out of anarchy — peace out of war. He had broken up the feudal system, and established a direct re- lation between the government and people. He had dissolved the power of the great Sirdars. He had disbanded a vast prse- torian army, and disarmed a whole popu- lation. He had made Lahore as safe to the Englishman as Calcutta. And all this he had done without any recourse to violence, and with scarcely a murmur on the part of the conquered people." In 1854 his life was embittered by the death of Lady Law- rence — " as high-minded, noble-hearted a woman as was ever allotted for a life's companion to one called to accomplish a laborious and honourable career." In March 1857 he was appointed Chief Com- missioner and Agent to the Governor- General in Oude, and took up his residence at Lucknow. Almost immediately after- wards the Indian Mutiny broke out. For 285 LAW a short period he managed to maintain order at Lucknow. On 29th June he marched out with all the force he could spare (some 300 European and 220 native bayonets, 36 European and 80 Sikh sabres, and II guns), and gave battle to a large body of insurgents at Chinhut, a short dis- tance from the city, where he was de- feated with a loss of 118 European men and officers. Sir Henry exposed himself in the thickest of the fight, and suffered the greatest agony of mind at the loss of so many of his little band. Next day he retreated to the Residency, which he had already fortified and supplied with stores and ammunition. There he gathered around him 927 Europeans and 765 natives, and withstood the attack of an army of 7,000 men formed of the revolted regiments. His situation was all but desperate; and had the natives continued to display the vigour and unity of purpose shown at Chinhut and for a few days afterwards, prolonged resistance would have been impossible. Sir Henry kept up the appearance of sanguine confidence, al- though his whole soul was engrossed with the thought of the dreadful fate awaiting the numbers of helpless women and children entrusted to his charge. " He had to soothe, argue with, command, the miscellaneous tempers which surrounded him and hampered him with their fears and their advice ; the timid, who yielded to despair ; the impulsive, who were always urging him on what they conceived more decisive measures." On 2nd July, while resting on his couch listening to an officer reading orders he had dictated, a shell came through the wall in front of his bed, exploded and shattered his thigh. (A short time before he had been urged to leave the apartment, which was much exposed to the fire of the enemy, one shell having already exploded there, but laughingly remarked that he dr' not believe they had an artil- leryman good enough to put another shell into such a small room.) It was at once seen that the wound was mortal. He gave the clearest du-ections for the defence of the place, talked humbly of his own life and services, and died on the morning of the 4th July 1857, aged 51. Among his last directions was, " Never give in." On account of the heavy fire to which all the space round the Residency was exposed, it was with difficulty he was hurriedly buried in a grave with othei-s of his com- panions in arms. Before the news of his death reached the United Kingdom, he had been appointed to succeed to the post of Governor-General of India in certain eventualities. Fourteen months 286 LEA after his death the government of India passed to the direct control of the crown. " He was therefore," says his biographer, "the last of that great line of states- men soldiers — the last in the list which begins with Clive and ends with him- self — who held to the end, and digni- fied, the simple title of ' servants of the company.' " His eldest son Alexander was created a baron in memory of his father's achievements ; he died from an accident, in Upper India, in 1864, leaving an infant son, the present owner of the title. Sir Henry's four surviving brothers all at- tained high positions in Indian civil and military service. Major-General Alexan- der W. Lawrence (born 1803, died 1868); Lieutenant-General Sir George St. Patrick Lawrence (born 1804); Sir John L. M. Lawrence (born 181 1), created Lord Law- rence in 1869, Viceroy of India i863-'68 ; and Major-General Richard C. Lawrence (born 181 7). 54=09. Lawrence, Martin, Dr., a physician of considerable local eminence at Dundalk, was born there in 1815. He established a small free Public Library in Dundalk, and otherwise displayed public spirit. He died 14th November 1847, ag^d 32, of typhus fever, caught while attending the sick poor of the town. A monument to his memory was erected by public subscription in a churchyard near Dundalk. "?t Lawson, John, D.D., was born in 1712 at Omagh, of which parish his father was curate. He early discovered a taste for study, and entered Trinity College as a sizar, became a scholar in 1729, a Fellow in 1735, Senior Fellow 1743, D.D. 1745, and Profes- sor of Divinity in 1753. His acquaint- ance with the European languages was wide ; he excelled in pulpit eloquence, and acquired some celebrity by his Lectures on Oratory. AlUbone quotes the following remarks concerning his sermons : "It is surprising that sermons possessing such originality of thought, splendour of diction, knowledge of human nature, and forcible appeals to the heart, should not have been reprinted." Dr. Lawson died in January 1 759, aged 47. ^<^' '^ 349 Leadbeater, Mary, an Irish author- ess, was born at Ballitore, in 1758. Her father, Richard Shackleton, kept a board- ing-school, which had been established in that village in the year 1726 by his father, Abraham Shackleton, a member of the Society of Friends, a learned and good man from whom Edmund Burke received his education. Richard was educated at Col- lege, equalled his father in learning, and wrote with facility in several languages. Mary inherited her father's genius. In 1 79 1 LEA she married William Leadbeater, a descen- dant of the Huguenot refugee family Le- Batre. He was a farmer and landowner, and Mary kept the village post-oflB ce. Her first essay in authorship was Extracts and Original Anecdotes for the Improvement of Youth, 1 794. In 1 798 she experienced the horrors of the insurrection, in the sack of Ballitore by the royal troops, and the murder of many of her neighbours and friends. Her Poems, published in 1808, were but of local and transitory interest. The first Series of her Cottage Dialogues of the Irish Peasantry appeared in 1 8 1 1 ; the second in 1813 ; the third after her death. " In these dialogues, with a felicity of language rarely equalled by any writer previous to her time, she has painted the virtues and the failings, the joys and the sorrows, the feelings and the prejudices, of our impulsive and quick-witted country- men. This is the work by which Mary Leadbeater is chiefly known ; and its utility has been fully proved by the approbation of all who were at that time interested in the welfare of the Irish poor." ^" Besides pub- lications of a kindred character, and Bio- graphical Notices of Irish Friends, she wrote poems, essays, characters, and tales, which found their way into various peri- odicals. The last work she lived to publish was The Pedlars, a tale, for the Kildare- place Society. Amongst her numerous correspondents were the poet Crabbe and !Mr8. Trench, mother of Archbishop Trench. Besides keeping a private journal from her eleventh year, she wrote the Anrials of Ballitore, extending from 1 766 to 1824. They give a faithful picture of an Irish Quaker village one hundred years ago, tell of the terrible year of the Rebel- lion, and portray the small but cultivated circle of which she was the ornament. This work was published in 1862 in the Leadbeater Papers — the first volume of which comprised the Annals, the second Richard Shackleton's correspondence with Edmund Burke, and a portion of Mrs. Leadbeater's with Crabbe and Mrs. Trench. Her Annals were continued by her niece Elizabeth Shackleton in Ballitore Seventy Years Ago, pubUshed in 1862. Mrs. Leadbeater died 27th June 1826, aged about 68, and was buried at Ballitore. Gerald Griffin's friend, Mrs. Fisher, is her daughter. ^" Leahy, Patrick, Archbishop of Cashel, was bom near Thurles about the year 1807. Entering Maynooth, he distinguished him- self ; and at the end of his course was ap- pointed Professor in St. Patrick's College at Thurles. He soon became President of that institution; and in 1850 occupied the LED onerous post of Secretary to the Synod of Thurles. Not long afterwards he was appointed Vice-Rector of the Catholic University. On the death of Archbishop Slattery he was in 1857 consecrated Arch- bishop of Cashel. One of his first acts was the enforcement of the Sunday closing of public houses ; and he made strenuous en- deavours to put down the barbarous practice of faction-fighting. The fine cathedral in Thurles is an enduring monument of his zeal and energy. "He had special gifts which fitted him to make a great impres- sion as an ecclesiastical orator. Wide and varied learning, a profound mastery of theology, a comprehensive grasp of intel- lect, an unfailing store of language, a noble voice, an imposing presence, were all his ; and to these were added the apostoli- cal zeal and tender piety which distinguish- ed him from youth up." He died 26th January 1875. "^s Ledwich, Edward, Rev., a distin- guished antiquary and topographer, son of John Ledwich, merchant, was born in Dublin in 1 738, and was educated at Trinity College — entering on the 22nd November 1755, and taking B.A. in 1760; LL.B. in 1763. [In his obituary notice in the Oen- tleman^s Magazine, 1823, ii., 278, he is also styled "LL.D,, F.S.A. of London and Scotland, and member of most of the distinguished litei-ary societies of Europe ; secretary to the Committee of Antiquaries of the Royal Irish Academy, and formerly a resident at Old Glas Durrow." LL.D. is also appended to his name on the title of the second edition of his Antiquities.] He was instituted to the vicarage of Aghaboe in 1772, a benefice he must have resigned in 1797, as his successor was then ap- pointed. His article on the " History and Antiquities of Irishtown and Kilkenny " forms No. ix. of Vallancey's Collectanea, published in 1781. The same article is appended to the second edition of his Antiquities of Ireland, 1804. Gough, in his edition of CamderCs Britannia, 1789, acknowledges his obligations to " Mr. Ledwich and other curious gentlemen of Ireland, for an excellent comprehensive view of the government of that kingdom from the earUest times to the latest revo- lution in it." '''^ In 1 790 he published his Antiquities of Ireland, in i vol. 4to. 473 pp., illustrated with numerous engravings, a work of great repute in its day, but now of no authority. Following the lead of Dr. Ryves, he all but denied the exist- ence of St. Patrick, and advanced the theory, efiectuaUy set aside by Petrie and later writers, that a large proportion of Irish remains were to be attributed to the 287 LED Northmen. In the index to Lanigan's Ecclesiastical History there are no fewer than ninety-five references under the head, " Ledwich, Dr., proofs of, and animadver- sions on, the ignorance, errors, and male- volence of." "' In 1 791 Mr. Ledwich completed a work of considerable labour, the editing and publication of his friend Captain Grose's Antiquities of Ireland, in 2 vols. 4to. His Statistical Account of the Parish of Aghahoe was published in 1796. The dissolution of a society of antiquaries, of which the Right Hon. W. B. Conyngham was head, has been attributed to "the free pleasantry with which Mr. Ledwich treated certain reveries circulated among them." He died at his house in York-street, Dublin, 8th August 1823, aged 83 according to the notice in the OentlemarCs Magazine, 84 or 85 accord- ing to the Entrance Book of Trinity Col- lege, Dublin. The mistakes into which Dr. Ledwich was led, through the imperfect information regarding Irish history cur- rent in his day, must not be allowed to nullify our sense of obligation to him as an original investigator in the field of Irish archaeology. [This author is not to be confounded with Edward Ledwich, LL.D., Dean of Kildare, who died in 1782, and who was a theologian rather than an antiquary.] "' '*« =33 Iiedwich, Thomas Hawkesworth, an eminent Dublin surgeon, grandson of preceding, and son of Edward Ledwich, a Waterford solicitor, was born in 1823. He was indentui-ed to Dr. J. Mackessy, and in 1844 was admitted a licentiate, and in 1845 a Fellow of the Royal Col- lege of Surgeons. In 1847 he became one of the principals of the Peter-street (now the Ledwich) School of Medicine, where he had been educated, and at once took his stand among the most able and popular lecturers on anatomy, physio- logy, and ' ^rgery. He contributed largely to the Dublin Journal of Medical Science, and other publications of a kindred cha- racter, and his Anatomy (Dublin, 1853), written in conjunction with his brother, entirely from original observations, is now a standard work. On the death of Sir Philip Crampton he was appointed, in his place, surgeon to the Meath Hospital. Surgeon Ledwich died in Dublin, 29th September 1858, aged 3 5, and was buried at Mount Jerome. On his deatli, by the unanimous wish of his colleagues, the name of the Peter-street School of Medicine was changed to that which it now bears (Ledwich School of Medicine), in recog- nition of his important services to the institution. "5(1859) 233 288 LEF LeFann, Philip, D.D., was descended from a noble Huguenot family, a member of which served as an officer under William III . Philip was boru in Ireland, graduated at Trinity College in 1755, and took the degree of D.D. in 1776. He was author of z.Eistory of the Council of Constance (Dub. 1 787), and the translator of Lettres de Cer- taines Juives d M. Voltaire (Dub. 1 790). ^^a LeFanu, Alicia, elder daughter of Thomas Sheridan, and favourite sister of Richard Brinsley Sheridan, married Joseph LeFanu, brother of preceding. She wrote numerous works, among which may be named The Flowers, a Fairy Tale (18 10), The Sons of Erin, a Comedy ( 1 8 1 2). Alicia LeFanu was buried in St. Peter's grave- yard, Dublin, where many members of the LeFanu family had been interred. '* =33 LeFanu, Elizabeth, younger sister of preceding, married Captain Henry LeFanu, brother of Joseph LeFanu. She was author of The Indian Voyage, Strathallan (18 16), Helen Monteagle (1818), and other novels, besides a volume of poetry (181 2). '* ^^3 LeFanu, Joseph Sheridan, poet and novelist, eldest son of Thomas P. LeFanu, Dean of Emly, and grandson of Alicia LeFanu, was bom in Dublin, 28th August 1 8 14. He early showed literary abilities, took honours in Trinity College, Dublin, was called to the Bar, and in 1838 bought the Warder, a Dublin newspaper, of which he had previously been editor. He had already contributed some humorous stories to the University Magazine, and had writ- ten two admirable pieces of ballad poetry — " Patrick Crohore," and " Shamus O'Brien." The latter was some years later introduced to the notice of the American public, with whom it first became popular, by Samuel Lover. Mr. LeFanu was ever a staunch Conservative. To the Warder he after- wards added by purchase the Evening Packet; and investing in half the proprie- torship of the Evening Mail, the three papers became amalgamated in one as a daily paper, with the Warder as a weekly reprint. His literary responsibilities were increased by the purchase of the Dublin University Magazine, about 1869. After the death of his wife in 1858 he retired almost entirely from Dublin society, of which he had been one of the brightest ornaments. Besides numerous poems, stories and sketches, he was the author of several novels, characterized by wonderful power over the mysterious, the grotesque, and the horrible. The Cock and Anchor, a chronicle of old Dublin, appeared about 1 850 ; The House by the Churchyard in 1 863 ; soon followed by Uncle Silas, and five other well-known novels. Shortly after com- LEF pleting his last, Willing to Die, he died at his residence, 1 8 Merrion-square South, 7th February 1873, aged 58. He was buried at Mount Jerome Cemetery. Most of these particulars are taken from an appreciative article in Temple Bar iov August 1877, and a short notice in the Dublin University Magazine shortly after his death. The writer of the latter says : " He was a man who thought deeply, especially on religious subjects. To those who knew him he was very dear. They admired him for his learning, his sparkling wit, and pleasant conversation, and loved him for his manly virtues, for his noble and generous quali- ties, his gentleness, and his loving, affec- tionate nature." '^'^ ^^3 Lefroy, Thomas Langlois, Chief- Justice of the Queen's Bench, was born in the County of Limerick, 8th January 1776 — descended from an old Huguenot family. He entered Trinity College, 2nd November 1 790, and was a member of the old College Historical Society, broken up in 1794. As auditor of the new society established in 1795, he delivered the opening address, and obtained four gold medals for oratory. He was called to the Bar in 1797. Two years afterwards he married at Aberga- venny a Miss Paul, a member of one of the many Wexford families that retired to Wales during the Insurrection. In 1 806"^, having risen high in practice, and hav- ing, in conjunction with his friend Mr. Schoales, published a valuable series of Re- ports, he was appointed King's Counsel ; two years later he was made King's Ser- geant. He was a prominent member of nearly all Protestant religious associations, including the Kildare-place Education Society. In 1830 his resignation of the sergeantcy created some sensation. He was prompted to this step by the Govern- ment declining to send him as usual judge of assize on a vacancy occurring. His known Protestant proclivities and his un- popularity with the Catholic party were the causes of this apparent slight. He sat aa member for Dublin University from 1 830 to 1 84 1 — taking the Conservative side, and opposing the extension of the Reform Bill to Ireland. In 1841, not without re- luctance, seeing that his claims to the Chancellorship had been overlooked, he accepted the post of Baron of the Exche- quer. He sat as judge during most of the political trials of 1848, and passed sentence on John Mitchel and other leaders of the Young Ireland movement. In 1852 he became Chief-Justice. "As a judge, he was remarkable for the quickness with which he apprehended the essential fea- tures of the cases submitted to him, while LEL his comprehensive grasp of legal principles, and his skill in the application of them, have rarely, if ever, been surpassed." ^* In 1 866 unsuccessful efforts were made in Parliament to remove him because of his great age. Later in the same year he resigned, refusing offers of a baronetcy and a seat on the Privy Council for his son. He died at Newcourt, near Bray, 4th May 1869, aged 93 years, retaining his ifaculties to the end. He was buried at Mount Jerome. Mr. Lefroy was a devoted parent, delighting in home ; and was of a deeply religious cast of mind. He left behind a collection of meditations on religious sub- jects. '* ='3 304 Leland, Thomas, D.D., author of an Irish history and other works, was born in Dublin, 1722, "of parents worthy and respectable, but not opulent or exalted." He was educated at Dr. Sheridan's school ; in 1737 entered Trinity College as a pen- sioner, and in 1746 was chosen Fellow. In 1754 he and his friend Dr. John Stokes published an edition of the Philippic Ora- tions of Demosthenes, with a Latin version and notes; and between 1754 and 1761, partly at the solicitation of Lord Charle- mont, he brought out an English transla- tion of the same. His History of Philip, King of Macedon, appeared in 2 vols. 4to. in 1758. In 1768 he commenced his His- tory of Ireland, published in London and Dublin, in 3 vols. 4to. in 1 773. This last was written principally at his vicarage at Bray. He was the author of sermons, and numerous works not necessary to specify. In 1773 he exchanged to the vicarage of St. Anuft's, Dublin. We are told that " from the time he became a parish minis- ter he was unwearied and exemplary in the discharge of every part of his duty, and particularly that of a public instructor." ^'^ In 1 78 1 he resigned his fellowship for the rectory of Ardstraw, in the County of Lon- donderry. He died in Dublin, August 1785, aged about 63. Disraeli speaks of him as " the eloquent translator of De- mosthenes " ; Allibone, as " a profound scholar and most eloquent preacher." In a notice of Dr. Leland in the Anthologia Hibernica, vol. i., in which will be found a portrait and list of his works, the author remarks ; " His fame for classical learning is unrivalled. . . He never evidenced the smallest specimen of fondness for, or researches into, Irish antiquities. . . In this history, on which his friends, with ill- judged fondness dwell, we find very trifling intimations of the constitution, govern- ment, and laws of Ireland ; nothing of its learning, commerce, coin, or shipping; nothing of its architecture, poetry, or 289 LES music, though admirable specimens of these exist; nothing of the language, dress, diversions, diet, and customs of the Irish. What then, it may be asked, does it con- tain? I answer, a dull, monotonous detail of domestic convulsions, a weak govern- ment, and a barbarous people." ^ ^^ *^ "9 ^'•» Lesley, John, Bishop of Clogher, was born in Scotland towards the close of the 1 6th century. He is described as a very learned and accomplished man, who resided on the Continent for many years, and was high in favour with Charles I. In 1633 he was translated from the see of Orkney to that of Eaphoe. By an expensive law-suit he retrieved some of the jilienated emolu- ments of the diocese ; and also built a " stately palace " for himself and his suc- cessors, contriving it for strength as well as beauty. On the breaking out of the war in 1641, he took an active part for the King, and at times evidenced in " action as much pereonal valour as regular conduct." The Bishop raised and manned a foot company at his own charge, and bravely defended his palace at Eaphoe against Cromwell's forces. Ware says : " He de- clared then against the Presbyterian as well as the Popish pretences for religion ; and would neither join in the treasons nor schism of those times, but held unalterably to the practice as well as the principles of the Church of England." In 1 66 1, after the Restoration, he was translated to Clogher. "He was a person of great temperance, and was so great a stranger to covetousness that he hardly understood money. . . He wrote on the Art of Memory, and several other curious and learned treatises ; which were designed for the publick, but were all destroyed, with his library of many years' collection, and several manuscripts which he had gathered in foreign countries, partly by the rapine of the Irish, and partly by King William's army in 1690, long after his death " He died at Glaslough in the County ot Monaghan, in September 1671, "aged 100 years or more,""^and was there interred in the parish church. "^ 339 Lesley, Charles, Rev., second son of preceding, was born in Ireland about the middle of the 17th century; educated at Enniskillen, and admitted a fellow-com- moner of Trinity College in 1664. There he continued till he commenced M. A. He then entered the Temple and studied law. In 1680 he took orders, and seven years afterwards became Chancellor of the Cathe- dral of Connor. He engaged in several public disputations, notably with the Catho- lic Bishop of the diocese, " which he per- formed to the satisfaction of the Protestants and the indignation and confusion of the 290 LEV Papists," though, as usual, both sides claimed the victory. He opposed the claims of the Catholics during James II. 's sojourn in Ireland, but steadily refused to take the oaths to King William and Queen Mary ; for this he was deprived of his preferments, and he became the vir- tual head of the non-j uring party. An able and interesting Ariswer to Archbishop King's State of the Protestants in Ireland, printed anonymously in London in 1692, is attributed to him. He followed James II. to France, and we are told took much pains to convert him to Protestantism. Returning to Ireland in 1721, he died 13th April 1722,'^ at his house at Glas- lough in Monaghan. Dr. Johnson said that " Leslie was a reasoner, and a rea- soner who was not to be reasoned against." Concerning his legal abilities Hallam writes: "Leslie's case of the Regale and Pontificate . . is full of enormous misrepresentation as to the English law. Leslie, however, like many other contro- versialists, wrote impetuously and hastily for his immediate purpose." Macaulay says of him : " His abilities and his con- nexions were such that he might easily have attained high preferment in the Church of England. But he took his place in the front rank of the Jacobite body, and re- mained there steadfastly through all the dangers and vicissitudes of three-and-thirty troubled years. Though constantly engag- ed in theological controversy with Deists, Jews, Sociuians, Presbyterians, Papists, and Quakers, he found time to be one of the most voluminous political writers of his age. Of all the non-juring clergy he was the best qualified to discuss constitutional questions, for before he had taken orders he had resided long in the Temple, and had been studying English history and law, while most of the other chiefs of the schism had been poring over the Acts of Chalce- don, or seeking for wisdom in the Targum of Onkelos." '^ ^ '^ 339 Lever, Charles James, novelist, was born 31st August "'t 1809,^''' in Dublin, where his father was a professional man. He took his B.A. degree at the University of Dublin in 1827, and four years after- wards that of Bachelor of Medicine. Of a mercurial temperament, and endowed with a keen relish for social pleasures, medicine was little congenial to him. Nevertheless he pursued it with dili- gence, completed his studies at Gottin- gen, and entered upon practice in Ireland. When cholera was raging in 1832 he was settled in one of the northern counties, and acquired considerable reputation for his skill and devotion towards his patients. LEV He was one of the early contributors to the Dublin University Magazine, first published in 1833. Gaining confidence by the reception accorded to some articles, he commenced his first novel, Harry Lor- requer, in the columns of that periodical in February 1837; and with each suc- ceeding number the genius and power of the author appeared to expand, and the popularity of the tale increased. For a time, however, he was unconscious of the resources of his intellect, and little dis- posed to devote himself to literature as his profession. In 1840 he obtained the posi- tion of physician to the British Embassy at Brussels. On the completion of Harry Lorrequer the same year, he found himself taking rank amongst British novelists of reputation. Charles OMalley followed — its success was also complete — he gave up his position in Brussels, and adopted litera- ture as the business of his life. Eeturn- ing to Dublin in 1842, he undertook and held for three years the editorship of the University Magazine, and gathered around him the most eminent literary men in Ire- land — Carleton, Samuel Ferguson, Wilde, MacCarthy, Butt, "Waller— and the Maga- zine attained the summit of its success. About 1 845 he obtained a diplomatic post in Florence, and thenceforward resided permanently abroad, occasionally visiting England and Ireland, and continuing to write for various periodicals with unwea- ried industry and increasing reputation. In 1858 he was appointed Vice-consul at Spezzia, and in 1 867 at Trieste. The Uni- versity of Dublin conferred on him the honorary degree of LL.D. in 1871. He passed away painlessly in his sleep, after an illness which, though sudden in its termination, was of short duration, at Trieste, ist June 1872, aged 62. For some years before his death he contributed a se- ries of interesting papers on current events to Blackwood) s Magazine, under the signa- ture of " Cornelius O'Dowd." Altogether he wrote some twenty novels, which have enjoyed a wide popularity. His merits are thus estimated by the Athe- nceum : " A writer of the romantic novel — before the novel had taken to the embodiment of the earnest realities of life of the present day, as it did in the hands of the Brontes, Miss Mulock, Mrs. Lewes, and Thackeray, where there is little exaggeration or over-colouring — in the novels of Lever the grotesque element is always present in a greater or less degree, lapsing occasionally into the caricature; yet his portraits never violate nature to an extent to ofi'end, and generally conduce to heighten the picturesque efi'ect and enhance LEW the sense of enjoyment. As a depicter of Irishmen and Irish manners, he describes a phase which none of his contemporary countrymen, except perhaps Maxwell, suc- cessfully touched upon— that of the higher- class society, the impulsive, dashing soldier, the old Milesian squire, the adventures of war, the incidents of the camp, the gaieties of the ball-room, the sports of the hunting field and the race-course. In the portrayal of all these, from an Irish point of view, he is unrivalled. You see transparently throughout his novels the experiences of the man of the world, who scans with a keen eye and a quick intellect all the phases of society, and who reproduces these ex- periences in vivid, genial, dashing pictures, ever warm with the sunshine of wit and gaiety. In all this we think Lever has no rival. But in another field he is no un- worthy competitor of Carleton, theBanims, or Gerald Griffin —we mean in depicting middle-class and peasant life. If he has not all the simple pathos of Carleton, he has at least as much humour ; and 'Mickey Free' is as fine a creation of the bold, clever, ready-witted, free-and-easy Irishman, as any novelist has produced. Some of Lever's songs are admirable of their kind. . . Charles Lever was a mannerist — as, in- deed, were Dickens, Thackeray, and most novelists of the day. . . Lever was one of the best cameurs and raconteurs to be met with, and managed convei-sation with singular tact, never seeking to monopolize the talk, but, by the felicity of some re- mark thrown in at the right moment in- sensibly attracting the attention of all, tiU he was master of the situation, and then went oflf in one of his characteristic sallies." It is much to his honour that diplomatic service never dimmed the independence of his political expressions. '= ""^ "" ^33 241 Lewis, Andrew, Colonel, an American revolutionary soldier, was born in Ulster about 1 730. His father, descended from a Huguenot family of settlers, removed to America, shortly after Andrew's birth, in consequence of having been engaged in an agrarian disturbance, and was the first white settler in Augusta County, Virginia. Andrew was endowed with great bodily vigour and a commanding presence. He was a volunteer in the expedition to take possession of the Ohio region in 1754; served with "Washington at the surrender of Fort Necessity ; was Major in his brother Samuel's company at Braddock's defeat ; commanded the Sandy Creek ex- pedition in 1756 ; and in the unfortunate expedition of Major Grant in October 1758, was made prisoner and taken to Montreal. In 1 768 he was appointed commissioner to 291 LLO treat with the Six Nations at Fort Stanwix ; and in 1 774 he was made Brigadier-General, and commanded the Virginia troops at Point Pleasant, gaining a victory over the most formidable Indian force that ever as- sembled in the Old Dominion. He was a member of the conventions of March and June 1 775 ; and was made Colonel in the War of the Eevolution. He drove Lord Dunmore from Gwynne's Island, and was on duty in the lower part of the State, when he contracted a fever of which he died, in Bedford County, Virginia, in 1780. Drake says : " His military abilities were highly valued by Washington ; and his statue fills one of the pedestals around the Washington monument at Richmond. His brothers, all distinguished in the military annals of the State, were Samuel, Thomas, Charles, and William." 37« Lloyd, Bartholomew, D.D., Provost of Trinity College, was bom at New Ross 5 th February 1772. He entered College as a pensioner in 1787; his talents and in- dustry soon asserted themselves, and in 1 790 he gained a scholarship. For some years he filled the office of college tutor. In 1796 he was elected Junior Fellow, and in 18 13 was appointed Professor of Mathematics; in 1822 he took the chair of Natural Philosophy, and in 1831 was elevated to the provostship. Dr. Lloyd vigorously and successfully exerted him- self to raise the status of Trinity College, especially in mathematics ; he re-arranged the coUege terms, and initiated several improvements, such as the new squares to the college buildings. The Quarterly Review (No. 78) speaks highly of his well-known Treatise on Mechanical Philo- sophy; while "Dr. Whewell places Lloyd among that new generation of mathe- maticians in whose hands it is reasonable to suppose the analytical mechanics of light will be improved as much as the analytical -aechanics of the solar system was by the successors of Newton." ** Dr. Waller writes : " The merits and learning of this distinguished man have been commemorated by many eloquent eulogies, as the most devoted, the most enlightened, and the most energetic gover- nor the University ever possessed. Above all, the University herself has shown her sense of her deep obligations to him by instituting mathematical exhibitions which bear his name." Dr. Lloyd was President of the British Association on its first visit to Ireland in 1835. He died 24th Novem- ber 1837,'''^ aged about 65. His masterly treatise on Analytic Geometry held a high place as a text-book for many years. ■»" Iz6(ii) 146 292 LOD Lodge, John, the distinguished ar- chivist, was born in England early in the 1 8th century, and was educated at Cam- bridge University. In 1 744 was published at Dublin a Report of the Trial in Ejectment of Campbell Craig, taken in shorthand by him. In 175 1 "Mr. John Lodge, of Abbey- street," was appointed Deputy-Keeper of Bermingham Tower Records. Three" years afterwards his Peerage of Ireland was pub- lished in 4 vols. 8vo. in Dublin. In 1 759 he was appointed Deputy-Clerk and Keeper of the Rolls. In 1 770 he published anony- mously The Usage of Holding Parliaments in Ireland, and in 1772, also anonymously, a valuable collection of historical tracts en- titled Desiderata Curiosa Hihernica, 2 vols. 8vo. Mr. Lodge died at Bath, 22nd Febru- ary 1774. His wonderful collection of indexes remained in the possession of his family for nine years, until 1783, when they were deposited in the office of the Civil Department of the Chief-Secretary to the Lord-Lieutenant, in return for a life pen- sion of ;£ioo a year to his widow, and £200 a year to his son, the Rev. William Lodge. A transcript of a portion of these manuscripts sold at Sir William Betham'a sale for £155. These documents were largely drawn upon by Mr. Lascelles [See Lascelles, Rowley] in his Liber Munei'um Hibernice. Mr. Lodge's first wife is re- ported to have been a Hamilton of the Abercorn family, his second, Edwarda Galland. He was a great expert in short- hand, and almost all his note-books are full of it. Dr. Reeves writes : " In the de- partment of genealogy he was the most distinguished compiler that Ireland has produced. Archdall is to him what Harris is to Ware. His industry was unbounded, his appetite for compilation insatiable, and his accuracy such as stamps all that he did and all that he has left with unfailing reliability." Mervyn Archdall, in the pre- face to his edition of Lodge's Peerage of Ireland, published in 7 vols, in 1789, writes: "When I reflect on the perform- ance which, though imperfectly, I have attempted to revise, then do I deplore, and I am sure my readers will accompany me, the death of my much valued friend the author. To the desire of improving his Peerage of Ireland, whilst in the various offices, as Deputy-Keeper of the Records in Bermingham Tower, Keeper of the Rolls in the High Court of Chancery, and Regis- trar of the Court of Prerogative, and to the necessary attendance on the duties of his employments, the public owe his loss." It is to be regretted that so little is known concerning the life of this unassum- ing man— one of the ablest and most pains- LOF taking that ever devoted himself to the investigation of Irish history. His son, Kev. William Lodge, born in 1742, the only survivor of nine children, was in 1790 Chancellor of Armagh Cathedral and rector of Kilmore, in the same diocese. Through him several of John Lodge's books with marginal notes and corrections, came into the Armagh Library ; and a further accession was made about 1867 by the pur- chase from his gi-andson, son of Eev. Wil- liam Lodge, rector of Killybegs, of a large collection of his great-grandfather's papers, with rough draughts of his clerical and other lists. John Lodge must not be con- founded with Edmund Lodge (born 1756; died 1839), who edited the Gallery of Portraits. "^ ^^3 =54(=) Lofbns, Adam, Archbishop of Dub- lin, and Lord-Chancellor of Ireland, was born at Swineshead, Yorkshire, in 1534. His graceful deportment at a Cambridge examination attracted Queen Elizabeth's notice, and he was appointed, after his ordination in 1559, chaplain to the Bishop of Kildare. This conscientious bishop, Craike, eventually desired to be relieved of his Irish charge, as "he could not preach to the people, nor could the people under- stand Mm." Lof tus was advanced rapidly, and when but twenty-seven was consecra- ted Archbishop of Armagh. Six years af- terwards he exchanged the primacy for the archbishopric of Dublin. His anathemas against O'Neill in 1566, for burning the Cathedral of Armagh, passed unheeded, that chief ostentatiously disregarding a Protestant excommunication. A general system of Irish education was a favourite project with the Archbishop, and by his influence, in 1 570, an Act was passed direct- ing that free schools should be established in the principal town of each diocese, at the cost of the clergy. Not satisfied with being appointed Lord-Chancellor in 1573, he, either for himself or his family, grasped at every public place'tbat became void. In the Parliament of 1585 he was amongst the prelates that defeated the Bill for the repeal of Poyning's Act. Although he opposed Sir J. Perrot's plan for the application of the revenues of St. Patrick's Cathedral to the establishment of an Irish university, he was foremost in supporting and carrying out Queen Elizabeth's foundation of Trin- ity College on the site of the suppressed monastery of All-Hallows. At a meeting convened at the Tholsel he addressed the Mayor, citizens, and Council on the sub- ject ; and on 29th December 1591 the Queen's licence was obtained for the foun- dation of the College. Loftus was named the first Pi'ovoat. The charter was dated LOF the following year, when Fitz William, the Lord-Deputy, made an appeal to the coun- try at large on behalf of the institution, " whereby knowledge, learning, and civili- tie may be increased, to the banishing of barbarisme, tumults, and disordered lyving from among them." Some time after this he fell into disgrace, and was reprimanded in a letter from the Queen for committing a servant of hers on a frivolous pretext to the Marshalsea, " a noysome place, repleat with sundry prisoners." The spirit of the time was shown by Archbishop O'Hurley being tortured and executed at his instance, for keeping steadfast to the open profes- sion of Roman Catholicism. His daughters made fortunate man-iages ; one of them, who married Sir Henry (^olley, was an- cestress of the Duke of Wellington, He expired at the palace of St. Sepulchre's, Dublin, 5th April 1605, aged about 71, and was biu-ied in St. Patrick's Cathedral. '^ Loftus, Dudley, writer and publicist, son of Sir Adam Loftus, was born at his father's castle (built by his great-grand- father Archbishop Loftus) at Rathfarnham, near Dublin, about 16 18. He took his degree of B.A. at Trinity College, and finished his studies at Oxford, being in- corporated Bachelor of Arts in 1639. ^^' turning to Ireland after the breaking out of the War of 1641, he for a time held command at Rathfarnham, and defended Dublin from the incursions of the Irish of the Wicklow mountains. He was after- wards made a Master in Chancery, Vicar- General of Ireland, and a Judge of the Prerogative Court. Ware says : " His great- est excellence lay in the knowledge of the tongues, so that by the time he was twenty years of age he was able to translate as many languages into English. Yet, not- withstanding his learning, he was accounted an improvident and unwise person, and his many levities and want of conduct gave the world too much reason to think so. They gave occasion to a very satyrical re- flection made by a great but free-spoken prelate, who was well acquainted with him, viz. : ' That he never knew so much learn- ing in the keeping of a fool' " His mind became much impaired with years ; when seventy-six he married a second wife, and died the following year, June 1695. He was buried in St. Patrick's Cathedral. Part of his large collection of books is now in Marsh's Library. Both Harris's Ware and Wood's Athence Oxonienses give a list of his writings, some thirty in number. The most important were in Latin — many being commentaries on the Scriptures and philosophical works translated from Syriac into Latin. '"* 3?' '« 339 293 LOG Logan, James, a statesman, secretary to William Perm, was born at Lurgan, 20th October 167 4.J''* His parents were mem- bers of the Society of Friends. Although apprenticed to a Dublin linen-draper, he appears to have received a good classical and matliematical education, and to have acquired a knowledge of modern languages not common at the period. The War of i689-'9i obliged him to follow his parents, first to Edinburgh, and then to London and Bristol. He appears to have been engaged in teaching for some years. In 1 698 he was trading between Dublin and Bristol, when his co-religionist William Penn, who had heard of his abilities, induced him to ac- company him to Pennsylvania as his secre- tary. The passage occupied three months, from September to December 1699. In 1 70 1 Penn returned to England, leaving Logan, then but twenty-six years of age, virtually in sole charge of his interests. As Penn wrote : " I have left thee in an un- common trust, with a singular dependence on thy justice and care, which I expect thou wilt faithfully employ in advancing my honest interest." The judgment of the proprietor of Pennsylvania was not mistaken. Logan displayed the greatest capacity for business, the most statesman- like qualities, and the sincerest loyalty, not only to William Penn, but after his death to his widow and children. He served many years for a stipend of about J 100 per annum ; yet he was Chief-Justice of the State, Provincial Secretaiy, and Com- missioner of Property, and for nearly two years governed the province as Pre- sident of the Council. The difficulties of his position were at times very great — what between the jealousies of parties, the conflicting interests between the Qua- kers and other bodies, the dissolute cha- racter of Penn's eldest son, and the necessity for forwarding sums to England to relievf Penn's monetary difficulties. Logan's treatment of the Indians was sin- gularly wise and considerate, and they ever regarded him as their best friend. He visited England in 17 10, where he success- fully vindicated himself from charges brought against him by a faction in the assembly. James Logan did not retire from public life until about 1 747. Thence- forward, living in dignified leisure at Stenton, near Germantown, he devoted himself to literature, translated Cicero, and penned those scientific papers which will be found appended to his Memoirs. Some of his works were printed by his friend Benjamin Franklin. He died at Stenton, 31st October 175 1, aged 77, and was interred in Friends' burial-ground, 294 LOV Arch-street, Philadelphia. He bequeathed his valuable classical library to the city of Philadelphia, Logan is described as " tall and weU-proportioned, with a graceful yet grave demeanour. He had a good com- plexion, and was quite florid, even in old age ; nor did his hair, which was brown, turn grey in the decline of life, nor his eyes require spectacles." His son, William, who survived until 1801, was for many years in the Governor's Council ; and his grandson, George Logan, M.D., was a United States senator and a distinguished philanthropist. 37* 216 Lombard, Peter, Archbishop of Ar- magh, was born in Waterford about 1 560. He studied at Westminster and Oxford, took his degree at Louvain, and was made Provost of the Cathedral Church of Cam- bray. He was consecrated Archbishop of Armagh by Paul V., and died in Eome in 1625. He was the author of De Regno Hibernice Commentarius, and other Latin works. * 339 Lover, Samuel, " poet, novelist, dra- matist, painter, etcher, and composer," was born in Dublin, 24th February 1797. He was the eldest son of a member of the Stock Exchange. He was a delicate and sensi- tive child, possessing, however, " life's first good — a good mother." Almost before he could reach the keyboard of a piano, he exhi- bited extraordinary aptitude for music and composition. The scenes of bloodshed and violence, consequent on the military govern- ment of Ireland after the Union, left an indelible impression on his mind. At thir- teen he entered his father's office, all his leisure being spent in drawing, music, and theatrical entertainments, a course that was strongly objected to by his father, who con- sidered that the lad's whole energies should be devoted to money-making. At eighteen the differences between father and son cul- minated, and young Lover went out into the world to make his own way. Three years he spent in obscurity, living as best he could, probably on slender donations from his mother. He studied painting and music, largely assisted by the friendship of Comerford, then amongst the first portrait painters of the day. Lover's delicate and finished miniatures soon attracted attention at the annual exhibitions of the Hibernian Academy, and won for him the patronage of the Marquis Wellesley, the Duke of Leinster, Lord Cloncurry, and other leaders in Dublin society. At the same period he commenced contributing to the Dublin magazines some of his inimitable tales and legends. His personal qualities, his tal- ents as a story-teller, and the drollery and pathos he was enabled to throw into a na- LOV turallypoor and feeble voice, gaiued for him an entrance into the best drawing-rooms in Dublin, and he soon became one of the re- cognized lions and diners-out of the me- tropolis, ranking with Brophy the State dentist, Butler the architect, and Jones the sculptor. His song of " Rory O'More," written at the suggestion of Lady Morgan, and wedded to an old Irish tune, made his name well-known on both sides of the channel. About forty songs of much the same class, such as "Widow Machree," and " Molly Carew," followed, combining a certain arch humour and feeling with a rollicking dash. In 1827 he married a Miss Berrel ; " home became the anchor- age which enabled him to ride in safety through many a sudden gust of trouble and many a swaying tide of passion, and it is certainly one of the most striking, as it is one of the best traits of his character, that he should have been able to unite qualities which are so rarely found compatible — such a devotion to his home, and such a strong love of society." "^ In 1828 he was appointed Secretary to the Royal Hiber- nian Academy. His miniature of Paga- nini, exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1 833, brought him prominently as an artist before the English public. For many years he had looked to London as the true arena for the exhibition of his talents ; and accord- ingly removed thither in 1834. It was, however, as a song- writer and novelist, not as a painter, that he became popular. His reception in the leading literary and artistic circles was most flattering. He commenced novel-writing in 1836, his first work being Bory O'More, his second Handy Andy. The latter, though somewhat coarse, is incom- parably the best and most brilliant of its class. It contains his most touching song " What will you do, love ? " The close of 1835 ^6 commenced writing dramas, with his Olympic Picnic. An adaptation of Rory CMore followed, succeeded by The White Horse of the Peppers, The Happy Man, and others now less known. Artist, author, and composer. Lover next became a public en- tertainer ; and in 1 846 he carried his " Irish Evenings " from the United Kingdom to America, where he made money, but dam- aged his health. On his return he again reverted to art, taking a deeper delight in the delineation of nature than he had ever done before. His wife having died, he mar- ried a second time in 1 85 2. His last paint- ing, "The Kerry Post on Valentine's Day," was exhibited in 1862. In 1858 he edited a well-selected collection of Irish Lyrics. Failing health marked his latter days ; and a CivU List pension of ;£ioo was settled upon him. The last four years of his life LUC were spent in retirement in Jersey ; and there he died 6th July 1868. He was buried in Kensal Green Cemetery, in the grave with his two daughters. "He was lightly and neatly built, had the dark grey, mirthful eyes so characteristic of his countrymen, good teeth, a kindly mouth, and an open, honest, frank expression." ^'® The AthencBum says : " Lover was one of those unfortunately qualified men who do everything well, but fail to be pre-eminent in anything. He was a clever miniature painter, but he could no more have made a fortune by that pursuit than he could as a vocalist. Lover had far more success as a song-writer, but his Ij'rics, beautiful as some of them are, never made capital for him, as worse lyrics for song-writers not to be compared with him, have done in later days. As an author of stories. Lover was at his very best in Rory O'More. On that subject he founded a triple glory, and Lover's Rory O'More in story, song, and drama was the greatest success of the day. It was altogether only a ' little day,' but a bright 'little day' all the same ; and Lover passed so softly and unassumingly along the various paths of life trodden by him that nobody was offended ; and as he trod on nobody's heels, and no one had espe- cially to get out of his way, he created no jealousy. He seemed to communicate his own sweet temperament to all around him, and ' Sam Lover ' had no enemy, secretly or publicly." '^ ='8 Lucas, Charles, M.D., a distinguished Irish patriot, was born i6th September 1 71 3, in Dublin, or according to some ac- counts at Ballymageddy, County of Clare. Having served the usual apprenticeship, he became an apothecary, and for many years kept a shop in Charles-street, Dublin. Afterwards he took out the degree of M.D., became a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons, London, and entered upon an extensive and lucrative practice in Dublin. At the outset of his career he was obliged to retire to the Continent/according to one account, for opinions expressed against the despotic principles of his day. After his return, and about the year 1748, he addressed a number of letters to his fellow- citizens, devoid of style and taste, but full of ardour, spirit, and. love of freedom : they exposed all the leading Irish grievances, denied the supremacy of the British Par- liament, and asserted Ireland's right to self- government. " He denounced Poyning's Act as unconstitutional, and declared that the imposition of laws made in a ' strange, a foreign parliament,' without their con- sent or knowledge, placed the Protestant Irish under a more severe bondage than the 29s LUC Israelites suflFered in Egypt. Lucaa averred that he disdained the thought of being the representative of a people who dared not be free, and called on his fellow-citizens to demand a repeal or abolition of the un- just and oppressive statutes : telling them that they could not, consistently with their duty to their God, their king, and country, themselves and their posterity, relinquish the claim to their birth-right — liberty." "° "With his friend James LaTouche, he in- veighed against the abuses of the city authorities ; and thus had not only the Government, but the Lord-Mayor and the Aldermen of Dublin allied against him. The grand jury presented his addresses " as tending to promote insurrection, and as justifying the bloody rebellion raised in Ireland," and ordered them to be burned by the common hangman. The House of Commons also took umbrage, and the cor- poration, in violation of their own rules and institutions, disfranchised him. He was called to the bar of the House, a prosecution with certain imprisonment was imminent, and he was obliged to retire to England for some years. There he applied himself with success to the practice of medicine, and wrote a treatise on the Bath waters, (1756) which was highly esteemed. Among other pei-sons, he became acquainted with Johnson, who thus wrote of him : " The Irish ministers drove him from his native country, by a proclamation in which they charged him with crimes which they never intended to be called to the proof ; and oppressed him by methods equally irre- sistible by guilt and innocence. Let the man thus driven into exile for having been the friend of his country, be received in every place as a confessor of liberty." "-^ He returned to Dublin in 1 760, and next year was chosen by his fellow-citizens to represent them in Parliament, and became the efficient coadjutor of Flood in his efforts for reform He continued member for Dub- lin until his death. In 1 761 he brought in a Bill to limit the duration of Parliament ; and next year one to secure its freedom. His Translation of the Oreat Charter of Dublin was a forcible document, and tended to draw attention to public rights which had long lain in abeyance. During his latter years he suflFered frightfully from rheumatism and gout, yet he con- tracted a third marriage in old age. He died in Henry-street, Dublin, 4th November 177 1, aged 58, and his remains, which rest in St. Michan's graveyard, were honoured with a public funeral. His later appear- ance in the House of Commons is thus described: "The gravity and uncommon neatness of his dress ; his grey, venerable 296 LTJD locks, blending with a pale but interesting countenance, in which an air of beauty was still visible, altogether excited attention, and I never saw a stranger come into the House without asking who he was." "■* The fine statue of him in the Dublin City Hall is by Mr. Smith. Mr. Lecky says: "His pamphlets and addresses have been col- lected; they form one thick and tedious volume." =" Henry Grattan, Junior, thus writes of him : " He rendered to his country very great and distinguished services, and in fact laid the gi'oundwork of Irish liberty. Lucas was the first who, after Swift, dared to write * freedom.' He established the Freeman^s Journal, a paper that upheld liberal principles, that raised a public spirit where there had been none, and kept up a public feeling when it was sinking, and to which, in a great degree, Ireland was in- debted for her liberties. . . He was another Swift, but without the vast talents of that writer. . . Lucas possessed all the qualities of a tribune. . . Bold, active, and turbulent; querulous and am- bitious ; quarrelsome, yet kind ; he was always ready to spread out to the people a perpetual catalogue of their calamities and their wrongs. . . He loved his country, he detested tyranny; no threats could terrify, no bribes could purchase him." '^4 114(1) 212 349 Ludlow, Edmund, a distinguished Parliamentary General who served in Ire- land, was born in WUtshire about 1620. He was employed by CromweU as Lieu- tenant-General of the Horse in Ireland in 1650; after Ire ton's death in 1651, he suc- ceeded him as Commander-in-chief, and spent altogether several years in the coun- try. The portions of his Memoirs relating to Ireland are extremely interesting. While recounting few striking events, they throw much light on the conduct of the closing scenes of the war between 1651 and 1653, the condition of the people, and the Cromwellian settlement. The most vivid pages relate to Ireton's siege of Limerick, the surrrender of Galway to Sir Charles Coote, 12th April 1652, the reduction of Gorteen Castle, near Portumna (where he speaks of the garrison "sounding their bagpipes in contempt of us"), the capture of Eoss Castle, Killarney, on 27th June 1 652, and the consequent surrender of Lord Muskerry's army of 5,000 horse and foot. On the 1 ith October 1652 the last vestige of royal authority disappeared from the island, when Clanricard surrendered at Carrick-on-Suir, on terms to transport him- self and 3,000 followers to a foreign country within three months. While there is much to show that Ludlow was a high-spirited LUN and compassionate man, in the course of the war he hesitated at no measures, how- ever extreme, which he believed necessary for the conquest of the country — as when he half-smothered and put to the sword a party of Irish in a cave near Dundalk, and when {Memoirs, vol. ii. p. 8) he and other officers caused the mother of Colonel Fitz- Patrick to be burned to death for complicity in the early transactions of the war. Lud- low was engaged in all parts of the country against large bands of the Irish who held out for months, and can-ied on a harassing warfare against the Cromwellians. The war was not proclaimed at an end until 26th September 1653, and he returned to England in December. His recitals are sin- gularly deficient in dates. His life outside Ireland — his early career as a Parliament- ary general ; his participation in the trial of the King; his independent opposition to Cromwell ; his flight at the Eestoration, and his long exile and death at Vevay in 1693, aged T^ — do not come within the limits of this work. He was buried in the church of St. Martin, Vevay, where may be seen a slab erected to his memory by his widow. His Memoirs, written by himself, relating more to the events of his time than to his life, were published at Vevay in 1698 and 1699. He was also the author of some political tracts. ^ "?* ^'9' 3=3t Luudy, Robert, Lieutenant-Colonel, was in December 1688 received into Derry as Governor, being thereto appointed by the citizens and Lord Mount joy, who had decided upon holding out in favour of William III. According to Walker's ac- count of the siege, Lundy from the first endeavoured to damp the enthusiasm of the inhabitants, and of the Protestants who were arming themselves in the sur- rounding country. On 17th of April 1689, when the news of James's approach at the head of an efficient army reached the town, Lundy called a council, and point- ing out the small means available for defence, recommended immediate surren- der as the wisest course for the inhabitants and garrison. He also advised some Eng- lish reinforcements to return. Most of the inhabitants, however, headed by the Eev. George Walker and Major Baker, deter- mined to hold out to the last. " The com- mission he [Lundy] bore, as well as their respect for his person, made it a duty in them to contribute all they could to his safety ; and therefore, finding him desirous to escape the danger of such a tumult, they suffered him to disguise himself, and, in a sally for the relief of Cuhuore, to pass in a boat with a load of march on his back, from whence he got to the shipping.''^^? LTJT His conduct is generally supposed to have been due to deliberate treachery and an understanding with James II. In that case it might reasonably have been expect- ed he would have immediately joined the Irish army ; instead of which he soon after- wards appeared in London. Macaulay says: " It is probable that his conduct is rather to be attributed to faintheartedness and poverty of spirit than to zeal for any pub- lic cause. He seems to have thought re- sistance hopeless ; and in truth, to a military eye the defences of Londonderry appeared contemptible." We have no particulars of Lundy's life. He is still annually burned in effigy at Londonderry. 223 337 Lnttrell, Simon, Colonel in James II.'s Irish army, was born about 1654, probably at Luttrellstown, a beautifully situated estate near Lucan, which had been granted to Sir Geoffrey Luttrell by King John. Several members of the family held high offices in the state, and Simon's grandfather was exiled to Connaught by Cromwell ; but after the Eestoration, the family estate was restored to his father, Thomas Luttrell. Simon raised a regiment of dragoons for James II., was appointed Governor of Dublin, and represented the county in James's Parliament. When the Irish party at Limerick, opposed to Tir- connell, despatched their deputation to the King at St. Germain's, Colonel Luttrell was associated therein. After the fall of Limerick in 1691, he retired to the Con- tinent, refusing to avail himself of amnesty proffered upon condition of his taking the oath of allegiance to William III. He became Colonel of the Queen's Eegiment of Guards in the Irish Brigade, and died 6th September 1698, as is recorded on his monument in the chapel of the Irish Col- lege at Paris. He was described by the Duke of Berwick as " of a mild disposition, and he always appeared to him to be an honest man." '^ '«'* Luttrell, Henry, Colonel, younger brother of preceding, born about 1655, also commanded a regiment of horse in James's army, and also formed one of the deputation to James II. at St. Germain's, to seek Tirconneli's removal. He served with distinction atSligo,but was afterwards believed to have carried on a treasonable correspondence with De Ginkell, and to have betrayed an important post at Lime- rick. He brought over his regiment to William III.'s service after the fall of Limerick, had the family estates and a pension of £500 settled on him, and became a major-general in the Dutch army. On the death of William III. he returned to 297 LYN Luttrellstown, where he thenceforward chiefly resided. In 1 793 he was employed as agent for the Venetian government to enlist 2,000 Irish Catholics for service against the Turks. He was murdered in his sedan chair in the streets of Dublin, 3rd November 1717,'^* aged 62. We are told that he possessed "a great deal of talent, a great deal of intrigue, a great deal of courage," and was " a good officer, capable of everything in order to bring about his own ends." His memory has always been held in especial hatred by the Irish people, for having "sold the pass" at Limerick. O'Callaghan quotes a pungent epigram on his death, and says: "He was a bad man, the father of a bad man, and the grand- father of a bad man." The last was the Earl of Carhampton, who sold the family estate to Luke White, by whom its name was altered from Luttrellstown to Wood- lands. '^ '971 Lynch, John, D.D., Archdeacon of Tuam, author of Cambrensis Eversus and other works, was born in Galway about 1600, of a family which claimed descent from Hugh de Lacy. [His father, Alexan- der Lynch, was at the period of his son's birth, one of the few schoolmasters left in Connaught. Hardiman, in his West Con- naught, gives the following extract from the report of a regal visitation to his school in 1 615 : " We found in Galway a publique schoolmaster, named Lynch, placed there by the cittizens, who had great numbers of schollers, not only out of that province but also out of the Pale and other partes, resorting to him. Wee had daily proofe, during our continuance in that citty, how well his schollers profited under him, by the verses and orations which they present- ed us. Wee sent for that schoolemaster before us, and seriously advised him to con- form to the religion established, and, not prevailing with our advices, we enjoyned him to for" ear teaching ; and I, the Chan- cellour [Thomas Jones], did take a recog- nizance of him and some others of his kins- men in that citty, in the sum of 400 li sterl. to his Mate, use, that from thenceforth he should f orbeare to teach any more without the speciall license of the Lo. Deputy."3'»^] John Lynch was ordained priest in France about 1622. On his return to Ireland he, like his father, taught school in Galway, and acquired a wide reputation for classical learning. Though he expresses in glowing language his emotions on first celebrating mass in the churches during the ten years from 1642 to 1652, he never speaks of the War of i64i-'52 but as " that ill-omened, insensible, fatal war." He was bitterly op- posed to the policy of the Nuncio, and was LYO much prejudiced against Owen Roe O'Neill. Essentially belonging to the Anglo-Irish party, he could not endorse any policy irreconcilable with loyalty to the King of England. During the war he took no part in politics, and lived most of the time secluded in an old castle that had once belonged to Roderic O'Conor. On the sur- render of Galway in 1652 he fled to France. We have no particulars of his life in exile at St. Malo. Besides minor works, he was the author of Cambrensis Eversus, published in 1662, under the name of " Gratianus Lucius." It was dedicated to Charles II. This great work, written in Latin, like all his other books, was an eloquent defence of Ireland from the strictures of Giraldus Cambrensis. About the same period ap- peared his Alithonologia. "As a history of the Anglo-Irish race, especially of their anomalous position under Elizabeth, the Alithonologia has no rival. It is in that work that he gives his opinion on the his- tory of the Irish Catholics, and sketches of their leading men from 1641 to 1652."^ In 1667 he wrote a pathetic poem, in answer to the question : " Cur in patriam non redis ? " " He would not return, he says, because, broken down by age and in- firmities, he would be a burthen to himself and others ; he could not bear to see re- duced to beggary those whose opulence and public spirit had adorned his native town ; he could not exchange the free altars and noble churches of France for the garret chapels and dingy hiding places in Ireland ; nor behold the churches, where he had officiated for ten years, transferred to an- other worship." ^ In 1669 he published a life of his imcle, Francis Kirwan, Bishop of Killala — edited vdth a translation and notes by Rev. C. P. Meehan in 1 848. It is probable that he died where his works were published, at St. Malo, between 1 667 and 1673. Cambrensis Eversus was re- published in 1848 by the Celtic Society of Dublin, in three 8vo. volumes, with a translation and copious notes by the Rev. Matthew Kelly. ^ 3^'^ Lyon, Mathew, an American politi- cian, was born in the County of Wicklow in 1 746. At the age of thirteen he emigrated to New York, assigning himself for a term of years to a farmer, in payment of his passage. During a portion of the War of Independence he served as Colonel of militia, and held some civil appointments. In 1783 he founded the town of Fairhaven in Vermont, and embarked in numerous speculations and manufactures. He was ten years a member of the Vermont Legis- lature, and while a member of Congress (1797-1801), he gave the vote that made LYS Jefiei-aon President. On one occasion he was imprisoned for four months for libels on President Adams. He became bank- rupt in 1812 by engaging in the build- ing of gun-boats for the Government. In 1820 he was made a factor among the Cherokee Indians. Mr. Lyon died at Spadra BluflF, Arkansas, ist August 1822, aged about 76. He was an able debater, though somewhat rough and impetuous in manner. His son, Chittenden Lyon, took a foremost place for many years as a Ken- tucky politician. 37* Lysaght, Edward, a poetical writer, was bom in the County of Clare, 21st December 1763. He was educated at Cashel and at Trinity College, where he became a B.A. in 1782. In 1784 he took his degree of M.A. at Oxford ; and four years aftei-wards was called both to the English and Irish Bar. Sir Jonah Bar- rington tells us that he attempted to prac- tice at the English Bar, but after a short experience declared that he had not law enough for the King's Bench ; that he was not dnll enough for the Coui-t of Chancery ; and that before he could succeed at the Old Bailey, he should shoot Garrow, the then leading practitioner. His valuable services were often eagerly sought at elec- tions, and as a diner-out he was unap- proachable. In the end he came to live for little beyond " poetry and pistols, wine and women ; " and some of the closing years of his life were spent within " the sanctuary" of Trinity College, to avoid ar- rest for debt. He is best known for his songs, such as " The Sprig of Shillelagh," and "The Man who led the Van of the Irish Volunteers." But if Barrington can be believed, his patriotism was only as- sumed, as he received £400 from Castle- reagh to write up the Union. He must have died shortly before 181 1, at which date a small collection of his Remains was published in Dublin. He was once an associate and intimate acquaintance of Dr. Lanigan, the ecclesiastical historian. ^^ ^ McAllister, George, was bom in Dublin in 1786. Having begun life as a jeweller, he turned his attention to paint- ing on glass, and after some years suc- ceeded in bringing the art to greater perfection than it had yet attained in Ireland. He finished a fine window for Lismore Cathedral, and was engaged upon one for Tuam, when his bodily powers failed through excessive anxiety and close application. He died 14th June 181 2, aged only 25, leaving three sisters, who, we are told, completed his unfinished works. '■»* ^ MAC MacArdell, James, said to have been "the most skilful mezzotinto portrait en- graver of his day," was born in Dublin about 1 7 10. Early in life he removed to London. The number of his engravings (mostly portraits of distinguished persons from the principal painters of the time) is considerable. He executed plates from paintings by Vandyck, Murillo, and Eem- brandt, some of which are declared by Eyan to have been extremely fine. He died in London, 2nd June 1765. "° ^49 Macartney, Sir George, Earl Macartney, was born at Lissanoure, in the northern pai-t of the County of Antrim, 14th May 1737. Having passed through Trinity College, he entered the Middle Temple, made an extended tour of Eu- rope (becoming acquainted with Rous- seau and other persons of eminence), and shortly after his retum home in 1764, was, through an intimacy with Lord Hol- land, appointed a special envoy to nego- tiate a commercial treaty with Russia. His biographer says : " His knowledge of European politics alone fitted Imn for the undertaking ; but a graceful person, with great suavity of manners, a conciliating disposition, and winning ad- dress, were considered as no slight recom- mendations at a female court, where such accomplishments, it was fair to conclude, might work their way, when great and un- accommodating talents alone would prove inefiectual." "' After long and arduous ne- gotiations, during which he was thwarted not alone by opposing interests at the Russian court, but by the short-sighted policy of ministers at home, he brought the matter to a satisfactory conclusion, and returned to England in June 1767. He was enabled more than once, by his position at St. Petersburgh, to serve King Stanislaus of Poland, and was by him decorated with the order of the white eagle. In Febmary 1768 he married a daughter of the Earl of Bute. In April he entered the British Parliament as member for Cockermouth; and in Jtdy changed this seat for one in the Irish Parliament for Armagh. In 1769 he was appointed Chief-Secretary for Ireland, on the nomi- nation of Lord Townshend, Lord-Lieute- nant. The position he took in Irish affairs is illustrated as follows by his biographer: "In the early part of the government of Lord Townshend, Sir George had occasion to fight many hard battles for his principal in the Irish House of Com- mons ; and he was among the few members in that house who, by his manly and spir- ited retorts, could temper the impetuous eloquence of Mr. Flood, or silence the 299 MAC wild and democratic eflPusions of Dr, Lucas." ^' He held the secretaryship until June 1772, when he was made a K.B. and appointed to the sinecure office of Gover- nor of Toome Castle, with a salary of £1,000. In October 1774 he re-entered the British Parliament ; and in December 1775 was sent out as Governor of the island of Granada. In 1776 he was created Baron Macartney. He remained at Gra- nada until July 1779, when, after a gallant defence against overwhelming numbers, he was obliged to surrender the island to the French Admiral d'Estaing, and was sent prisoner to France. After a short deten- tion at Limoges, his exchange was facili- tated by Louis XVI. On 22nd June 1 78 1 he landed at Madras as Governor of that presidency, a post which he occupied for more than four years. The British g)wer in India was at that time insecure, wing to the war with France, Holland, and the American colonies, reinforcements could with difficulty be spared from home, while Hyder Ali, Sultan of Mysore, attacked the British settlements in the Camatic. Macartney found the resources of the Presidency almost exhausted ; he borrowed money, raised recruits, estab- lished confidence, and aided by Sir Eyre Coote and Lord Hastings, repulsed the natives, drove the Dutch from the Coro- mandel coast, and concluded advantageous treaties with many of the Nabobs. The arrival of the French Admiral Suffren in the Indian seas terminated his successes. Aided by the French, Tippoo Sahib, son of Hyder Ali, retook Gondalour, while Ma- dras itself was blockaded. Although en- couraged by temporary successes elsewhere, Macartney must have succumbed, had not the peace of Versailles (1783) put an end to hostilities. Delivered from these dan- gers, the Governor of Madras had to contend against the jealousy of Hastings, Governor jf Bengal. Both were recalled in 1785. On his arrival in England, Lord Macartney found he had been appointed Governor-General of India. This high post he declined, disgusted with the treat- ment he had been subjected to. A duel (in which he was severely wounded) with Major-General Stuart, whom he had re- moved from the service in India, termi- nated his Indian career. The Company, in consideration of his services, settled upon him a pension of £1 ,500. He resided principally at home until 1792, attending to his estates, and taking part in the de- liberations of the Irish House of Lords. From September 1792 to September 1794, he spent abroad as ambassador to China. The country was then little known, and 300 MAC Lord Macartney's published account of his embassy long continued the standard book of information on Chinese matters. Commenting on his mission, a writer says : "The amount of the benefit gained by this first diplomatic communication on the part of England with the Court of Pekin has been matter of dispute; but it is generally agreed that no other per- son could have accomplished more than was done by Lord Macartney, whose conduct at least was well calculated to impress the subjects of the Celestial Empire with a respect for the country which he represented." '^ In 1795 he was sent on a confidential mission to Italy ; and from November 1796 to November 1798 he was Governor of the Cape of Good Hope, then newly captured from the Dutch. " There is no praise," says Lord Melville, "to which he is not en- titled on the score of his government of the Cape." All his nerve and tact were called forth in 1797 by an attempted mutiny of the British fleet in Simon's Bay, following the news of the mutiny at the Noi'e. Impaired health obliged him to give up this, his last official post, and return home. The Union gave him un- bounded satisfaction: writing during the negotiations, he said : " I bow with admi- ration and respect to those by whose wis- dom this great and important object has been brought so near to its completion. Considering many things that have hap- pened in my time, painful to recollect and invidious to mention, I little imagined to see this happy day. Thank God ! I have seen it. I thank the Father of all mercies that he has been graciously pleased to prolong my days to this auspicious period. The measure before us has my dying voice. It will annihilate the vain hopes of a vain insidious foe from without, and, I trust, will contribute to defeat the projects of a dark and treacherous enemy within." His last years were passed in retirement at Chiswick ; his enjoyment of the society of a large circle of eminent men being les- sened by severe sufferings from gout. He died, childless, 31st March 1806, aged 68, and was buried at Chiswick. In 1 792 he had been created a Viscount; in 1794 an Earl; and in 1796 a British peer. His features were regular and well propor- tioned, his countenance open, placid, and agi-eeable. He possessed all the dignity of the " old school," without its stifiness, and retained it in his dress, which he did not materially alter for the last forty years of his life. 34 97 2« MacBride, David, M.D., one of the most eminent Dublin physicians of his day, MAC was born at Ballymoney, Countyof Antrim, 26th April 1 726. He served for many years as surgeon in the navy, and made those observations which resulted in his valuable treatise on scurvy, published in 1767. After the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle he left the service, and studied anatomy under Hunter, and midwifery under Smellie. He settled at Ballymoney in 1749, and removed to Dublin in 1751, where his bashfulness kept him in the backgroundfor many years. In 1764 he published his Experimental Essays on the Fermentation of Alimentary Mixtures, a work which, translated almost immediately into French and German, gained for him a European reputation. The value of his improvements in the art of tanning were recognized by the presen- tation of medals from more than one learned society. The results of his medical experience were given to the world in 1772 in his valuable Methodical Introduc- tio7i to Medicine, afterwards translated into Latin, German, French, and Dutch. Dr. MacBride died from the effects of a neglect- ed cold, at his house in Cavendish-row, Dublin, 28th December 1778, aged 52. His portrait is given in the interesting memoir from which this notice is compiled. "5(3) McCabe, William Fntuam, a United Irishman, was born near Belfast, about 1775. [His father, Thomas, a watchmaker and part owner of a cotton-mill, died about 1827. He was a man of liberal principles, and it was on account of his indignant remonstrances that, in 1786, the project of fitting out slavers by Belfast merchants was abandoned.] Young William was some- what wild in youth. His connexion with the United Irishmen dated from Tone's visit to Belfast in 1791 ; and he soon became one of the most active organizers and propagators of the principles of the society, and was noted for his abiUty in eluding the law by his powers of disguise and mimicry. For some time he attracted large gatherings for the propagation of his principles under notifications that "a con- verted Papist would preach the Word in — , on — , and explain how he became con- vinced of the true doctrines of Presby- terianism." His field of operations was chiefly in Leitrim and Eoscommon. He also helped to rouse the County of Wexford. A Wexford gentleman afterwards assured his biographer that he had met him on twenty different occasions, and had not recognized him once until he revealed himself. In May 1 798, he was arrested in Dublin while acting as one of a body-giiard to Lord Edward FitzGerald. He managed, however, to persuade his guard of Scotch soldiers that he was a countryman of MAC theirs wrongfully arrested, whereupon they signed a memorial in his behalf, and he was at once liberated. We next find him in Cork, and then in company with the French during Humbert's campaign. After Ballinamuck he escaped to Wales, where he lay concealed for some time. About 1 801 he made his way to France, where he married. He made frequent visits to England and Ireland on political errands, and being specially named in the Banishment Act, ran great risk of arrest and execution. His establishment of a cot- ton factory at Eouen gained Napoleon's special favour. In 1 807 he was able to lend Arthur O'Connor £4,792 — a transaction that led to much litigation between them even in the Irish courts, at a time when their personal appearance would have ren- dered them both liable to a sentence of death. In 1814, having ventured to Ire- land, he was arrested and imprisoned, but was ultimately deported to Portugal. He came again in 1817, in company with his daughter, a beautiful girl of about sixteen years of age. Again arrested, be was im- prisoned in Kilmainham for a year and a half. Two years afterwards he visited Scotland, and was again imprisoned. There was, perhaps, some excuse for the Home Secretary's rejoinder to the plea of his friends, that he only travelled on his own business: "It might be true that Mr. McCabe never went to any part of England or Ireland except upon business of his own ; but it was very extraordinary that, in whatever part of the King's dominions his own business brought him, some public disturbance was sure to take place," He died in Paris, 6th January 1821, aged about 46, and was buried in Vaugirard cemetery. ^^ 330 MacCaghwell, Hugh, Archbishop of Armagh, was born about 1572, in the County of Down. He studied at Sala- manca, became a Franciscan friar, and for many years governed the college of his order at Louvain, in the foundation of which he had been instrumental. Haying occupied several other important positions in the Church, he was appointed Arch- bishop of Armagh (7th June 1626), upon the death of Peter Lombard. While making preparations to come to Ireland, he took iU, and died in the convent of Ara Coeli, at Rome, 22nd September 1626, aged 54, and was buried in the church of St. Isidore. Harris notes seven of his works, chiefly upon the life and writings of Duns Scotus, and says : " He was reckoned a man of great learning, of singular piety and himii- lity, as well as one of the greatest among the schoohnen of his time." "9 301 MAC MAC nCacCartliy Beagh, Fineeu (Flo- rence), Tanist of Carbery, MacCarthy Mor, the eldest son of Sir Donough MacCarthy Eeagh, was bom about 1563. [He was descended from the elder branch of the MacCarthys, one of the oldest Irish fami- lies, lords of Desmond before the Anglo- Norman invasion. From the younger branch were descended the Lords of Mus- kerry.] Though brought up in the wild life of an Irish chieftain on his father's estates in Carbery, County of Cork, his education was not neglected. In after life his letters proved him a perfect master of English; he had a competent knowledge of Latin and Spanish ; while a treatise on the antiquity and history of the mythic ages of Ireland displayed knowledge both of modern and ancient Irish, and inti- mate acquaintance with the traditionary history of his country. He must have acquired experience both in the Brehon and English law. From the outbreak of the Desmond war he served with the royal forces ; and at its close, at the age of twenty, he repaired to the English court, where he was warmly received by the Queen " who most graciously and bountifvdly re- warded him, presenting him at once with a gift of a thousand marks, and settling on him an annuity of two hundred marks." In 1588 he quietly left London, returned to Munster, and espoused his young cousin, daughter of the Earl of Clancar. This was a high offence in the eyes of Eliza- beth, and a source of mortification to the Irish Council. The Earl had delivered up his estates to the Crown, and received them back on English tenure. They would revert to his daughter ; and it was the desire of the Government that she should be married to some English undertaker or nobleman in whom they could have confidence. This marriage to the Tanist of Carbery would ultimately lead to the union of 'xrge estates in the possession of an Irish prince — a catastrophe that it was the main policy of Elizabeth and her advisers to prevent. Accordingly his arrest, and that of his wife and all who had any share in the alliance, was imme- diately ordered. Sir Thomas Norreys even thought it might be well if he was " cut off by lawe." A correspondent advised the Government that the main offender was at " Corcke, where he remaynethe with the resorte of his frends and the Earle's daugh- ter, with small restraynte, he rather reioy- ceth with banquettinge, then that he seemethe sorie for his contempte." He was immediately conveyed to Dublin, and on loth February 1589 was committed to the Tower of London. At the end of 302 nearly two years, on 19th January 1591, he was liberated, on the Earl of Ormond giving baU that he would not depart farther than three miles from London, or repair to the court, without leave. His wife had, meanwhile, eluded the vigilance of her custodians in Cork, and joined him in London. Early in November 1593 he was permitted to return to Ireland, having persuaded the Queen that his presence would tend to allay discontent, and bring some of his relatives over to the govern- ment side. The reversion of a fine of .£500, due by Lord Barry, was bestowed upon him. To escape the payment of this sum, Lord Barry brought a series of charges against Florence, impugning his loyalty and good faith towards Elizabeth. An interminable correspondence and end- less enquix-ies ensued, and Florence visit- ed London more than once. Meanwhile O'Neill and O'Donnell broke out into open war, the old Earl of Clancar died, and Florence became the most impor- tant chief in Munster. In the " hope of Florence, his loyal tie and service, being best hable to recover those lands out of the rebells hands," all his vast estates were confirmed to him, and in April 1599 he was declared free from any charge, and at liberty to betake himself home, " to reco- ver Desmond for the Queen out of the hands of Donal [MacCarthy], to rid the province of O'Neill's mercenaries, and to withdraw every member of his own nu- merous and powerful sept from the action into which their usurping chieftain had forced them." It is all but impossible to arrive at the truth as to his subsequent conduct and his motives. There is no doubt that he entered into communication with O'Neill and O'Donnell, and that the title of MacCarthy Mor was conferred upon him by the former. He explained away these undeniable facts by the necessities of his position, the wisdom of temporizing, and the certain destruction that awaited him if he showed an open resistance to the Irish party. The conclusion suggested by the perusal of his Life and Letters is that he was anxious to be on friendly terms with both parties, so that whatever way the course of events turned, he might be safe. It appears that latterly his wife acted as a spy upon his proceedings, and was in constant communication with the Government. On his side it may be pleaded that the mere restraining of the armed forces at his disposal, about 2,600 men, from joining the confederates, was in itself no small benefit to the Government. His arrest being decided upon, he was enticed to Cork in June 1601, under the solemn MAC promise of a safe-conduct, was seized, and almost immediately sent prisoner to Lon- don. When the war was over, and O'Neill and O'Donnell had fled to Spain, there appeared no valid grounds for detaining him. But he was still the most powerful chief in the country, and was " infinitely beloved in Ireland ;" so that state reasons, as well as the influence of the undertakers battening on his estates, induced the Government to detain him until his death, about 1640, aged some TJ years. He wrote to Cecil in 1602, ofi'ering to serve against his compatriots and to employ bards to break down the spirit of the Irish people, if Government would but grant him liberty. His forty yeai's of detention were not all spent in the Tower ; he was often consigned to the Fleet and other prisons ; occasionally he was let out on recognizances ; at times he was permitted to have his children with him, and again he was kept in the most rigid confinement. His time was much spent in conducting law-suits relative to such portions of his estates as were left to him, in writing petitions for release, and in compiling his ancient annals of Ireland. Little is said of the personal appearance of this remarkable man, beyond his " being of extraordinary stature, and as great policy ; he had competent courage, and as much zeal as any one for what he imagined to be true religion and the liberty of his country." His last lineal representative, Charles MacCarthy Mor, an officer in the Guards, died without issue in 1 770, when his estates on the shores of the Lakes of KiUarney passed to the Herbert family, by whom they are now held. =7 222 MacCarthy, Cormac, Lord of Mus- kerry, who flourished early in the 1 6th century, descended from a younger branch of the family of preceding. His father, Cormac Ladir, built the castles of Blarney, Kilcrea, and Carrignamuck, with several ecclesiastical edifices. The subject of our notice carried on hostilities against James, nth Earl of Desmond, inflicting disas- trous defeats upon him in 1522. Surrey thus writes concerning his giving in his adhesion to Henry VIII. : " Surely he is substantial of his promise, and without any safe-conduct hath come to me, tender- ing his service, and is very willing to con- form himself to the English order." He was the friend and ally of Ormond. The 1 3th Earl of Desmond married his daugh- ter. He died in 1536. '^^ MacCarthy, Sir Cormac, was third in descent from preceding. An adherent of the English power, he served under Sir George Carew at the siege of Kinsale, and took an active part against the Spaniards MAC and their allies, O'Neill and O'Donnell. Afterwards Carew learned that he was carrying on a secret correspondence with the enemy, and was about to give up his stronghold of Blarney Castle to the Spanish commander for 800 ducats. He was therefore immediately imprisoned and an ineflfectual attack made upon Blarney Castle. He eventually agreed to surrender Blarney and Kilcrea to the Queen until his innocence was proved. His castle of Macroom was taken by Sir Charles Wil- mot — the defenders having accidently set it on fire. Mistrusting the promises of the Government, MacCarthy effected his escape from prison in his shirt. His dependents immediately gathered round him, and O'Sullivan Beare rallied to his standard. In view of the trouble he might give if driven to extremities, and of the heavy losses he had sustained in the war, a par- don was accorded, upon his giving solvent securities for his good behaviour to the amount of ^63,000, and a portion of his estates secured to him. " As the war sub- sided," says Mr. Wills, " and the country settled into a temporary repose, MacCarthy exchanged the troubled life, which entitled his name to appear in the records of the day, for the peaceful possession of his castles and lands." He died 23rd February 1616. [His son Cormac was in 1628 created Vis- count Muskerry and Baron of Blarney, and died in London, 20th February 1640.] 52 196 MacCarthy, Douongh, Viscount Muskerry, Earl of Clancarty, grand- son of preceding, devoted himself to the defence and assertion of the religion of his ancestors. He married a sister of the Duke of Ormond. He was one of the generals in Mimster in the War of i64i-'52, and was among the last to lay down his arms in the final conflict — being defeated by Ludlow in Kerry, in June 1652, and upon the 27th of that month obliged to sur- render his last stronghold, Eoss Castle, KUlarney, and his army of 5,000 men. He then passed into Spain. Charles II. created him Earl of Clancarty, and his estates were restored to him by Act of Parliament. He died in London, August 1665. 34 52 MacCarthy, Charles, eldest son of preceding, took service in France, and dis- tinguished himself in the Low Countries. He afterwards entered the English service, and lost his life in the naval engagement imder the Duke of York with the Dutch, 3rd June 1665 ; and was buried with great pomp in Westminster Abbey. ^4 52 MacCarthy, Justin, Viscount Mountcashel, younger brother of pre- 303 MAC ceding, entered the English army at an j early age, and married Lady Arabella Weutworth, second daughter of the Earl of Strafford. Described as a man of honour and liberality, he attained the rank of Lieutenant -General ; but his military powers were marred by defective sight. In 1688, or early in 1689, he was appointed by Tirconnell Muster-Master General and Lord Lieutenant of the County of Cork. He took Castlemartyr and Bandon from the Protestant party, met James II. on his landing at Kinsale, and received com- mands to raise seven regiments of foot. Early in May 1689 he was created Viscount Mountcashel and Baron of Castleinchy. In July, with 3,600 men and eight field pieces, he was sent north to act against the Enniskilleners, then numbering some 3,300 men, with six field pieces, under the command of Hamilton, Berry, and Wolse- ley. After some desultory engagements. Viscount Mountcashel was miserably de- feated at Newtownbutler on 31st JuJy.^''* The force under his command was almost annihilated, 1,500 being slain, 500 drowned in Lough Erne, and 500 taken prisoners. He was amongst the latter, and was brought to Enniskillen, and aUowed out on parole. He escaped by boat on Lough Erne, in December following, and reached Dublin, where he was received by his party with all imaginable demonstrations of joy. He justified this breach of his parole by a quibble ; and although afterwards acquitted on his own evidence by a French court of honour, the infamy of the act disgraced his name and nation. " I took Lieutenant- General MacCarthy to be a man of honour," remarked Schomberg on hearing of his es- cape, "but would not expect that in an Irishman any more." For the 6,000 vet- erans under Lauzun whom Louis XIV, sent to aid James II., he received a correspond- ing number of Irish troops early in 1 690. Mountcas^3l commanded this force, and therefore left Ireland before the campaign of 1690. AsLieutenant-General of France, he was ordered to Savoy, where his brigade, acting in conjunction with French troops under St. Euth, greatly distinguished itself. He afterwards commanded in Catalonia and on the Rhine ; and died at Barege (whither he had retired on account of wounds) 2 1 St July 1 694. '^^ "'• ^'^t ^3 MacCarthy, Donogli, 4th Earl of Clancarty, grandson of the ist Earl, was born about 1 670. His father died in 1 676, leaving him estates equivalent to £200,000 in present value. He was educated a Pro- testant at Oxford. When but sixteen he was privately married to Lady Elizabeth Spencer, daughter of the Earl of Sunder- 304 MAC land. On James II.'s accession, MacCarthy became a Catholic, and afterwards warmly espoused his cause in Ireland. He joined his uncle Mountcashel in the operations against Bandon, received James II. on his landing, and was appointed to many impor- tant offices. Being under age, he sat by royal dispensation in the Irish Parliament of May 1689. Assisting in the defence of Cork in 1690, he was, on its capture by Marlborough, sent prisoner to the Tower of London, where he was held until the autumn of 1 694, when he escaped to France (leaving his periwig block dressed up in his bed, with the inscription, "The block must answer for me"). He commanded a troop of King James's Guards until the Peace of Eyswick in 1697. Next year he ventured to cross to England to visit his wife, whom he not seen since their marriage. He had not been in her com- pany more than two hours when, on the information of his brother-in-law. Lord Spencer, he was arrested and again com- mitted to the Tower, his wife insisting upon accompanying him. He was eventually pardoned and a pension of £300 a year granted him on condition of his leaving the country. He retired to Hamburg, and purchasing an island in the Elbe, near Altona, made it his residence until his death. His Countess died in June 1704. The attainder was reversed and his honours restored in 1721, but he never returned to England, and died at Hamburg, 19th Sep- tember 1734, aged 64. His son and heir, Eobert, the 4th Earl, after serving for a time in the British navy, resided many years at Boulogne on a pension of £1,000 from the French government, and died in 1770, aged 84. His two sons died without issue, and the Muskerry family became extinct in the male line. The greater part of the . MacCarthy estates were bestowed upon Lord Woodstock, the eldest son of the Duke of Portland, s? x86 ..3 MacCarthy, Sir Charles, an Irish- man, was an officer in the Irish Brigade in France at the time of the Eevolution. In 1800 he entered the British service, and was stationed in New Brunswick, where a local regiment was raised and trained by him. In 18 1 1 he was appointed to command Cape Coast Castle, and under his rule the colony is stated to have advanced in a few years to "a state of prosperity and happiness which had far out-stripped the expectations of the most sanguine." He lost his life 21st January 1824, in an expedition against the Ashantees. * MacCarthy, Nicholas, Abbe, was bom in Dublin, 19th May 1769. He was educated at the University of Paris, and MAC especially distinguished himself in philos- ophy and Hebrew. When but foui'teen he received the tonsure. The Revolution obliged him to take refuge with his relatives at Toulouse, where his foreign birth enabled him to escape proscription, and he occupied his time in incessant study. The loss of a sister decided him to seek ordination as a priest, at Chambery, 19th June 18 14. This step he had put off for twenty years, priuci- pally from Ul-health, and a fear that he was not competent for the office. His mind was so richly stored wath well-arranged materials, that he acquired the power of speaking on almost any subject upon short preparation; it is said that he was able to arrange a sermon in his passage from the sacristy to the pulpit. His oratorical powers were something remarkable, and he would have been made Bishop of Montauban in 18 1 8, but for his sudden determination to enter the Society of Jesus. His appeals for charitable institutions were as effective as those of his fellow-countryman, Dean Kir- wan — persons who had neglected to bring money, laid watches, jewellery, or notes of hand for large amounts on the collec- tion plate. After the Revolution of July 1830, Abbe MacCarthy retired to Italy, where most of his latter days were spent. He died of fever, at Annecy, 3rd May 1833, aged 63. In consequence of his insuperable aversion to writing, few of his sermons have been preserved. 34 McClnre, Sir Robert John Le Mesnrier, Rear Admiral, K.C.B., was bom in Wexford, 28th January 1807. His father having been killed in the naval service, Robert was brought up by his fuardian. General Le Mesarier. At twelve e was sent to Sandhurst, but not fancying a military life, he ran away to France with three of his comrades. His guardian, re- specting his preferences, induced him to return, and entered him in the navy as a midshipman. He sailed first in Nelson's Victory. After several years' service in American and Indian waters, he in 1836 volunteered to join the Arctic exploring expedition under Captain Back. On his re- turn he was made Lieutenant of the Hast- ings, was employed as Superintendent of Quebec Dockyard, and saw some service during the Canadian rebellion. From 1842 to 1846 he commanded the Romney at the Havannah, and in 1847 served in the coast guard. When it was determined to send an expedition under Sir James Ross in search of Sir John Franklin in 1848, McClure volunteered, and was ap- pointed First Lieutenant of the Enterprise. On the return of this expedition in the following year, it was decided to send out MAC another — not only with the hope of reliev- ing Sir John Franklin, but of discover- ing the North-west passage. Accordingly the JEnterprise, under Captain CoUinson, and the Investigator, under Commander McClure, were equipped. These clumsy little vessels of about 400 tons register sailed for Behring's Straits, by Cape Horn, on 20th January 1 850. They were parted almost immediately, and only once met again, in the Straits of Magellan, in April. In July the Investigator reached Honolulu, and stopped for a few days to refresh the crew. Entering Behring's Straits, McClure rounded the north-west point of America, and steering between the ice and the land, discovered Prince of Wales Strait. There the vessel was frozen up on 12th September 1850. Exploring parties were pushed forward, and on 26th October, McClure ascertained that Prince of Wales Strait opened into Melville Sound, and that no land intervened between them and Melville Island, thereby proving the exist- ence of the North-west passage. In spring, sledge parties were sent in different direc- tions in search of the missing voyagers. On 1 7th July 1 85 1 the Investigator, clear of ice, sailed southwards, and rounded Banks Land to the north. On 24th September she was again frozen up in the Bay of Mercy, in 74° north latitude and 118° west longitude. During the winter the crew were fortunately able to supplement their provisions, rapidly running short, with numbers of deer and hares. The summer of 1852 did not release them, and the third winter (i852-'3) found them in the same position, on short rations, and with scurvy making rapid progress among the ship's company. On the 6th AprU 1853 every preparation had been made for sending off the sick in sledges, in the almost forlorn hope of reaching white settlements, while McClure and the rest remained by the ship, when they were unexpectedly relieved by a sledge party from the Resolute and Intrepid, under Cap- tain Kellett, which had wintered at Mel- ville Island. McClure and his companions had been nearly three years without seeing white faces, except those of their own party. Captain McClure was still anxious to stop by his vessel and save her if pos- sible ; but a medical inquiry into the state of the crew, held by the surgeons of Kellett's expedition, placed it out of the question, and the Investigator was aban- doned, 3rd June 1853, her crew being received into the Resolute and Intrepid. The summer enabled them to reach only as far as 101° west longitude in Melville Sound, where they were obliged to spend 305 MAC the winter of i853-'4. On 26th August 1854 these vessels were in turn abandoned, by order of Sir Edward Belcher, who had arrived in those seas, senior in command, and the crews returned home by Davis Strait, reaching England on the 28th of September. Captain McClure and his com- panions had been absent nearly five years, and had passed by water from west to east round the northern coast of America. Efforts were afterwards made to dim the glory of his achievement by drawing at- tention to the probability that Sir John Franklin or some of his party had made an earlier discovery of the North-west passage. [See Crozier, Captain.] " How- ever," in the words of the Athenaeum, "the discoverer of the North-west pas- sage must be one who has made it by Bailing, or walking over the ice, from ocean to ocean. This was done by McClure and his Investigators, and by them alone. The discoverer's commission as Post-Cap- tain was dated back to the day of his dis- covery, and he received the honour of knighthood. It never was more worthily bestowed. Aselect committee of the House of Commons reported that Sir Eobert McClure and his companions ' performed deeds of heroism which, though not accom- panied by the excitement and the glory of the battle-field, yet rival in bravery and devotion to duty the highest and most suc- cessful achievements of war.' Accordingly, a reward of J 10,000 was granted to the officers and crew of H.M.S. Investigator, as a token of national approbation. . • In this generation, there are very few men who have achieved more lasting fame than Eobert McClure." Sir Eobert, in command of the Esk, afterwards served during the China war. This was the last time he was actively employed. He died, somewhat suddenly, i8th October 1873, aged 66, having attained the rank of Vice- Admiral, Pid received a Companionship of the Bath lor his services in China. He was buried at Kensal Green Cemetery, London. 7 IS 34 228 241 McCoise, Errard, chief poet of the court of Malachy Mor, King of Ireland, in the i ith century. O'Curry gives a par- ticular account of his writings, and thus speaks of his Tale of the Plunder of the Castle of Maelmilscothach : "This tale is remarkable for the vigour and purity of the language in which it is told ; but it is especially useful . . for the important corroboration which it contains of the authenticity of other ancient tracts and pieces, which go more or less into minute descriptions of the state of civilization and the social economy of the Gaedhil at 306 MAC the period spoken of ; that is so far back at least as a thousand years ago." ^' MacConmara, Donough, author of the "Fair Hills of Ireland," and other poetical pieces, was bom at Cratloe, County of Clare, early in the i8th century. His intemperate and irregular habits, which adhered to him through life, prevented his reaping any happiness for himself by his genius. Most of his days were passed as a hedge schoolmaster; yet he managed to visit the Continent more than once, and also Canada. He died at a very advanced age in 18 14, and was buried at Newtown, near Kilmacthomas. He wrote poems in Irish, English, and Latin. =^^ McCormick, Charles, was bom in Ireland in 1 742. He entered the Middle Temple, turned from law to literature, and supported himself principally by writ- ing for the press. His writings were not, according to Dr. Johnson, " composed under the shade of academic bowers." One of his principal books, a Life of Ed- mund Burke, is characterized by Lowndes as " a disgraceful piece of party virulence," He died in London, 29th July 1 807, aged about 65, leaving his wife and family un- provided for. He had collected materials for a history of Ireland, concerning which the Oentleman^s Magazine says: "The great and laudable end which he had in view in the execution of this arduous under- taking, was to induce the natives to sacri- fice their political and religious prejudices on the altar of public affection." ^^^ '* McCracken, Henry Joy, a distin- guished United Irishman, was bom in Belfast, 31st August 1767. His ancestors on both sides, Calvinist and Huguenot, sought refuge in Ireland from religious persecution. Brought up to the linen busi- ness, when but twenty-two he was en- trusted with the management of a cotton factory. In 1791 he co-operated with Thomas Eussell in the formation of the first society of United Irishmen in Bel- fast, and soon gave himself up entirely to politics. When the society in 1795 assumed its secret and military organi- zation, he became one of the most trusted members of the council in the north. He was arrested with his brother William, in October 1796, and sent to Dublin under military escort. There they endured an incarceration of thirteen months, being ultimately liberated on the recognizances of their cousin, Counsellor Joy, after- wards Chief Baron of the Exchequer, and another gentleman, Henry returned immediately to Belfast, and entered with increased ardour into the plans for in- surrection. In the spring of 1798 he had MAC frequent interviews with the leaders in Dublin, and was appointed to the supreme command in Antrim. On 6th June he issued a short proclamation, calling the United Irishmen to arms, and of 2 1 ,000 on the rolls in his district, some 9,000 re- sponded to the summons. Having made arrangements for simultaneous risings in different parts of the country, on 7th June he led one of the columns that attacked the town of Antrim. In the first onset they were successful, putting to flight a body of the 22nd Dragoons, with a loss of 5 officers, 47 men, and 40 horses. The troops were, however, reorganized, and, supported by a brigade of light infantry, re-entered the town, and drove out the in- surgents. Maxwell says : ' ' That the rebels fought with great determination at Antrim is not to be denied ; and that they were not successful, from their overwhelming numbers and very superior material to the insurgents of the south, is in a great degree attributable to the imbecility or cowardice of their leaders. Some there were, un- doubtedly, whose personal intrepidity was unquestionable ; but whUe many betrayed want of judgment and a total absence of military talent, others, when called into action, evinced weakness and indecision bordering on fatiuty. If one leader led his followers with spirit and determination, another paralyzed the effort by leaving him unsupported. At Antrim this was fatally experienced, and the bravery McCracken displayed was neutralized by the pusillani- mous conduct of his second in command." The defeat of the insurgents was decisive — besides 150 killed and wounded in the town, it was computed that 200 fell in the rout that followed. For some weeks McCracken and his gradually diminishing force were fugitives in the neighbourhood of Slemish mountain. A well bearing their leader's name, dug by them on the southern brow of the mountain, was shown for many years. They were treated with great kindness by the country people, who made every effort to conceal them. His sister. Miss McCracken, who at times visited the little party, afterwards told how one young man was concealed by a respect- able family, disguised as their daughter, in a bed in the family room, with two of their younger children. On the eve of making his escape to America, McCracken was recognized and arrested. His trial and conviction by court-martial followed. The authorities offered to spare his life on condition of his giving information con- cerning other leaders. His aged father encouraged him to spurn the proposition, and he was hanged in Belfast on the V* MAC evening of the day of his trial, 17th July 1798, in the 31st year of his age. His sister accompanied him almost to the last, and wrote: "At five p.m. he was ordered to the place of execution — the old market-house, the ground of which had been given to the town by his great-great- grandfather. I took his arm, and we walked together to the place of execution, where I was told it was the general's orders I should leave him, which I peremptorily refused. Harry begged I would go. Clasp- ing my hands round him (I did not weep till then) I said I could bear anything but leaving him. Three times he kissed me, and entreated I would go. . . I suf- fered myself to be led away. . . I was told afterwards that poor Harry stood where I left him at the place of execution, and watched me until I was out of sight ; that he then attempted to speak to the people, but that the noise of the trampling of the horses was so great that it was im- possible he should be heard ; that he then resigned himself to his fate, and the mul- titude who were present at that moment uttered cries which seemed more like one loud and long-continued shriek than the expression of grief or terror on similar occasions. He was buried in the old churchyard where St. George's church now stands, and close to the corner of the school-house, where the door is." ^^ More than forty years afterwards she wrote: " Notwithstanding the grief that overcame every feeling for a time, and still lingers in my breast, connecting every passing event with the remembrance of former circumstances which recall some act or thought of his, I never once wished that my beloved brother had taken any other part than that which he did take." She took home his illegitimate girl. "Good indeed came to us out of evil. That child became to us a treasure. My brother Frank and I would now be a desolate old couple without her. She is to us as an only and afi'ectionate daughter." Much of Miss McCracken's life was devoted to acts of charity and unselfish devotion to others. She never married, and lived until after 1852, greatly esteemed, in Belfast. *33 237 249 308 329 mcCtillagh, James, one of the most emiuent mathematicians of his day, the son of a blacksmith, was born at Landa- hussy , in the County of Tyrone, in 1 809. He entered Trinity College as a sizar in 1824; in 1827 was elected a scholar, and in 1832 obtained a fellowship. He early became a member of the Royal Irish Academy and an important contributor to its pro- ceedings : from 1844 *o 1846 he was its 307 MAC Secretary, and he did much to raise its status : he presented the Cross of Cong and other antiquities to the museum. He was the author of valuable papers on light and refraction. In 1838 he gained the Academy's medal for an essay on " Laws of Crystalline Reflection and Refraction," in which " he linked together, by a single and simple mathematical hypothesis, the peculiar unique laws which govern the motion of light in its propagation through quartz."^' In 1846 the Royal Society awarded him the Copley medal for like researches. His lectures as Professor of Natural Philosophy in the University of Dublin are said to have given an impetus to the study of the more abstruse sciences. " It was in the delivery of them that Pro- fessor McCullagh used to display the exten- sive information, the elaborate research, and the vast acquired treasures of his highly cultivated mind. . . Nothing could ex- ceed the depth, or surpass the exquisite taste and elegance of all his original concep- tions, both in analysis and in the ancient geometry in which he delighted. . . In his investigations on the dynamical theory of light — the unaided creation of his own surpassing genius — he has reared the noblest fabric which has ever adorned the domains of physical science, Newton's Si/s- tem of the Universe alone excepted." ^9 This is doubtless an over estimate of the value of his researches. In private life he was re- tiring, modest, and unselfish. To his public spirit was in a measure due the break-up of the practice of choosing the parliamentary representatives of the University from men educated outside its precincts. Towards the end of 1847 the confinement and intense application consequent on researches con- nected with a paper on A Theory/ of the Total Reflection of Light, brought on dys- pepsia'and melancholia ; his mind was over- turned, and he died by his own hand in his college ch?-ibers, 24th October, aged about 38. His remains were interred near Stra- bane. '* 39 m6 MacCurtin, Hugh and Andrew, natives of Clare, distinguished as poets in the 1 8th century. Hugh wrote an Irish Grammar, an English-Irish Dictionary, and an essay in vindication of the anti- quity of Ireland. MSS. in the Library of Trinity College, copied by Andrew between 1 716 and 1720, are referred to by Eugene O' Curry, who styles him " one of the best Gaedhlic scholars then living." ^ ^^ SEacDermot, Brian, Chief of Magh Luirg, between 1585 and 1592, had his principal residence on an island in Loch Ce, near Boyle, and died in November 1592. He is worthy of remembrance as the owner, 308 MAC restorer, and con tinner of the Annals of Lough Ce, the only copy of which known to exist is in the Library of Trinity Col- lege. They originally commenced with the year 1014 and ended with 1590, but are now imperfect. They have been edited in the historic series of the Master of the Rolls, with translation, notes, and a valuable in- troduction by William M. Hennessy. ^ MacDonnell, Sorley Boy, was de- scended from Fergus, son of Dounell, an Ulster chieftain, who, with his brothers Loarn and Angus, about the year 506, permanently laid the foundation of the Dalriadic kingdom in Scotland. He was born in Ulster about 1505, probably at Dunanney Castle, near Ballycastle, and was early trained as a soldier. We find little mention made of him until 1552, when he assisted in driving the English from Carrickfergus, declaring "playnly that Inglische men had no ryght to Yrland." Six years later his release from Dublin Castle, after a year's imprisonment, is noticed in the state papers. He had been appointed by his elder brother, James, to the lordship of the Route, a portion of the territory conquered from the Macquillans. A determined efltort was made in 1559 by the latter to repossess themselves of their ancient inheritance. Sorley was sustained by a number of MacDonnells he brought from Scotland, and one of the principal battles that ensued was at Bonamargy. The English favoured the MacDonnells, deeming it wise to secure as many alliances as possible in the north. On war breaking out between Shane O'Neill and the Anglo- Irish in 1 560, Sorley and his brother James kept aloof from the conflict. After Shane had made his submission to the Queen, and was received into favour, he turned his arms against the MacDonnells. On 2nd of May 1565, he inflicted a crushing defeat upon Sorley and his brother James at Ballycastle. O'Neill's account of the trans- action, in a Latin letter to the Lords- Justices, is still preserved amongst the state papers, James and Sorley were taken prisoners ; the former soon suc- cumbed to the cruel treatment he received ; the latter endured a galling incarcera- tion of upwards of two years, and after his release was somewhat instrumental in securing Shane's assassination. The Government now prepared to possess themselves, not only of the territory of O'Neill, but also of that of the MacDon- nells. Sorley collected large bands of adherents in Scotland, opposed the en- croachments of the Government, and by the commencement of 1568 had repossessed himself of all the castles and strong places MAC in the territories claimed by him, except Dunluce. A few months later he was the acknowledged leader in the Ulster league against the Government— a league strengthened and consolidated by alliances with O'Neill and O'Donnell. In 1572 Sorley made peace, and was granted "let- ters of denization " for the quiet possession of his lands ; but not permitting himself to be made an instrument in Essex's hands for the spoliation of his Irish allies, he was before many months again in opposi- tion to the Government. On the invasion of his territory by the Earl of Essex in 1575, he sent part of his own family, and the women and children of many of his fol- lowers, with plate and other valuables, to the island of Eathlin for safety. Essex heard of their retreat, and on the 22nd of July sent a considerable force to the island under the command of John (afterwards Sir John) Norris. The castle soon submitted, and all, upwards of 200, were put to the sword, ex- cept the constable's wife and child, besides 300 or 400 more "that they have found hidden in caves and in cliffs of the sea." The Queen was delighted at the news of this slaughter, and wrote to Essex : " Give the young gentleman, John Norrice, the exe- cutioner of your well-devised enterprise, to understand that we will not be unmind- ful of his good services." Essex says in his account of the transaction: "Sorley then also stood upon the mainland of the Glynnes, and saw the taking of the island, and was likely to run mad for sorrow, tearing and tormenting himself, as the spy sayeth, and saying that he then lost all he ever had." For eight years after Essex's death in 1576, Sorley MacDonnell seems to have reigned without a rival on the northern coast, he and his followers being left in almost undisputed possession of their lands. The increase in numbers of the Scottish settlers under his rule, and their prosperity, gave Sir John Perrot an excuse for an expedition against them in 1584. His troops numbered about 2,cxx3 men, besides such " risings out of the Irishry " as he was able to command on his route. He was accompanied by the Earls of Thomond, Ormond, Clani-ickard, Sir John Norris, Hugh O'Neill, besides the chiefs of the O'Conors and O'Mores. Sorley re- treated behind the Bann; Dunluce was taken after a brave defence; and Perrot was able to boast that whereas Sorley had been "lord over 50,000 cows . . he now has scarce 1,500 to give him milk." MacDonnell retired to Scotland, and soon returned with large reinforcements; and the war dragged on for many months with varying success, and with little honour or MAC profit to Perrot. The losses inflicted on the Anglo-Irish allies were considerable ; Dunluce was ultimately retaken, and Go- vernment, sick of a contest in which it was possible to effect so little, was glad to leave Sorley Boy in possession of his estates on condition of his coming to Dub- lin, prostrating himself before a portrait of the Queen at the Castle, and expressing very great "contrition for his own reck- less and ungrateful career." He performed this ceremony, nth February i585-'6, and was presented by Perrot with " a velvet mantle adorned with gold lace." He en- gaged to hold his lands of the Queen by the service of homage, fealty, and two knights' fees. According to the Four Masters, Sorley's wife, Mary O'NeiU, daughter of Con, first Earl of Tyrone, died in 1582, and he himself in 159c. He was buried in Bonamargy, in the County of Antrim. " The Irish caoine and the Highland coronach mingled in one wild wail " over his grave. He was succeeded by his third son, Sir James MacDonnell, who made himself peculiarly obnoxious to the Government by his active co-operation with Hugh O'Neill, and who died at Dun- luce, 13th April 1 60 1. ^ MacDonnell, Sir Randal, 1st Earl of Antrim, son of Sorley Boy, succeeded to the family estates and name on the death of his brother James in 1601. He was known as " Arranach," from having been fostered in the island of Aran. In the autumn of 1602 he abandoned the cause of Hugh O'Neill, and passed over to Sir A. Chichester, offering to serve against his former ally with 500 foot and 40 horse, maintained at his own expense. He was subsequently knighted by Mount joy. In 1603 James I. granted him 333,907 acres between Lame and Coleraine. About 1 604 he married Alice, daughter of O'Neill, then in her twenty-first year. His position after the flight of O'Neill and O'Donnell was perilous in the extreme ; but by devoting himself entirely to the consolida- tion and improvement of his estates, his movements, as O'Neill's son-in-law, ceased to excite the suspicion of the authori- ties; and when he had occasion to visit London in 1608, he was cordially received at court. He did not participate in the abortive insurrectionary plots in which so many of the northern chieftains, stung to desperation by the spoliation of their lands and the plantation of Ulster, engaged, and lost their lives. In 16 18 he was created Viscount Dunluce, a member of the Privy Council, and Lieutenant of the County of Antrim, andtwo years afterwards the title of Earl of Antrim was conferred 309 MAC upon him. Besides estates in Ulster, he owned lands on the Scottish coast — the sustainment of his rights to which at times gave him no little trouble. The Earl died at Dunluce, loth December 1636, and was buried at Bonamargy. ^* MacDonneU, Randal, 2ud Earl and Marquis of Antrim, son of pre- ceding, is stated to have been born 9th June 1609. " Being bred in the Highland way, he wore neither hat, cap, nor shoe, nor stocking, till seven or eight years old." He travelled on the Continent, was well re- ceived at court, and in 1635 married the beautiful and accomplished widow of the Duke of Buckingham, who thereupon returned to Catholicism, which she had renounced on her first marriage. On the breaking out of the war in Scotland he was appointed by Charles I. one of his lieuten- ants and commissioners in the Highlands and Islands. In June 1 640 he took his seat in the Irish House of Lords, and continued to reside in Dublin until the War of 1641- '52 broke out. For a time he avoided en- gaging in the war, and endeavoured to prevent or alleviate the sufferings to which others were exposed thereby. At the siege of Coleraine he induced his kinsman, Alaster MacColl, to permit the inhabitants to graze their cattle within three miles of the town. In 1642, on the plea that some of his tenants had been engaged in the war, Monro seized his person and plundered Dunluce. The Earl was in- carcerated in Carrickfergus Castle from June to December. He escaped by a simple but ingenious stratagem : " Having obtain- ed the General's pass for a sick man, two of his servants carried him in a bed, as sick, to the shore, and got him boated to Carlisle, whence he went to York." Next summer he returned to Ireland on a mission from Charles, was again taken by Monro, and again escaped. In January 1643 ^^ entered into an ar- .ngement with Montrose to re- cruit troops in Ulster and the Highlands for the King's service, and in July sent over Alaster MacColl with 1,500 men, principally his own tenantry. This force contributed to the victories of Montrose, and Antrim was rewarded for his zeal by a marquisate, dated from Oxford, 26th January 1644. Until the end of 1646 he laboured strenuously to sustain his little Irish army in Scotland. Erom 1646 to 1649 he was in almost constant opposition to Ormond's Irish policy ; for which he is severely criticised by Carte. His wife shared his unsettled and distressing life, and died at Waterford in November 1649. The Cromwellian settlement deprived him of his estates for a time. In 1653 he 310 MAC married his second wife. Rose, daughter of Sir Henry O'Neill of Shane's Castle. From 1660 to 1665 was a most anxious period. After the Restoration every influence was exercised by Sir Charles Coote, Sir John Clotworthy, and their friends, to prevent his estates being re- turned to him. False reports were cir- culated concerning his action towards Charles I., and it was not until after the most protracted proceedings that, in July 1666, he was restored to the possession of 87,086 acres in Dunluce and Glenarm. His latter days passed in peace. Time and the chances of war had rendered the Castle of Dunluce unsuited for a residence (although, indeed. Archbishop Plunket speaks of spending a few days with him there in February 167 1), and the Marquis built a new mansion hard by, named Bally- magarry House ; this he used as a summer residence, while Shane's Castle was a more suitable abode in winter. He died at Ballymagarry, 3rd February 1682, aged 72, and was buried in state in the family vault at Bonamargy. The leaden coffin in which his remains were enclosed has been long since stripped of its oaken covering ; it bears inscriptions in Irish, English, and Latin. An interesting note regarding the present condition of the burying place of Bonamargy, where rest the remains of Sorley Boy and several of his descendants, will be foimd in I^otes and Queries, lat Series. The title is stiU extant in the per- son of the nth Earl, "the representative of that Irish prince CoUa Uais, whose name is so distinctly and inseparably associated with the history of ancient Ulster." ''* Glenarm Castle, the principal residence of the family, was re-edified and put in its present condition in 1825. -^* -'^ 't- MacDonneU, Alaster MacColl, Major-General, created knight of the field by Montrose after the battle of Kilsyth in 1645, 3. Scottish chieftain, collaterally related to preceding. In the summer of 1639, having refused to accept the Cove- nant, he, with 300 other persons, took refuge in Ulster. There he was hospitably received by his kinsfolk, and his Highlanders became an effective aid to the northern Irish in the War of 1 641 -'5 2. Early in the war he overthrew an Anglo-Irish force of about 900 men near Badlymoney. Afterwards, in June 1642, he was, with Sir Felim O'Neill, defeated at Glenmaquin, in Ra- phoe. Next year he was appointed by the Earl of Antrim to command the force sent into Scotland to assist Montrose, and took a prominent part in the war in that country. Burton, however, makes little of the aid afforded by him and his Irish MAC troops. In 1647 he returned to Ireland, and was, by the Supreme Council of the Confederates appointed Lieutenant-Gene- ral of Munster, under Lord Taaffe. He was killed in an engagement with Lord Inchiquin, at Knocknanuss, between Mal- low and Kanturk, 13th November 1647, and was buried in the tomb of the Cal- laghans, in Clonmeen churchyard, Kan- turk. He is described as of gigantic stature and powerful frame. MUton, in one of his sonnets, writes of " Colkitto, or Macdonnel, or Galasp." The appellation of "Colkitto," Coll Ciotog, or "Left-handed Coll," often applied to this chieftain, pro- perly belongs to his father. See HUl's MacDonndls, p. 83. "'' "^'^ macDounell, Sir Alexander, Bart., was bom in Belfast in 1794, being the seventh in descent from the preceding. He was educated at Westminster and Oxford, where he displayed the most bril- liant abilities (gaining four prizes but once before carried off by one and the same person), and was called to the English Bar at the age of thirty. Of an exceed- ingly sensitive temperament, he broke down in pleading a case before a committee of the House of Lords, and, mortified be- yond expression, renounced the Bar, re- turned to Ireland, and accepted the position of Chief Clerk in the Chief Secretary's office, under Mr. Drummond. In 1839 he was appointed Resident Commissioner of the Board of Education, of which he became the presiding and animating genius. A zealous Protestant, he uniformly sustained the principle that the faith of the children of his poorer fellow-countrymen should be protected in the spirit as well as in the letter. He was made a Privy-Councillor in 1 846. He resigned the commissionership in 1871, at the age of jy, and was created a baronet early the following year. The Spectator thus speaks of him : "On at- taining his leisure he turned anew with the avidity of one-and-twenty to history and the classics. • . Those who have enjoyed his conversation must despair of expressing its charm. Frank, enthusiastic with the enthusiasm of a boy, full of recol- lections of the men he had known, and of the statesmanship of fifty years, yet hap- piest and most winning in the region of pure literature, and above all, of poetry. He loved Ireland dearly, but all his hopes for her had as their rooted basis the desire to see her won over to England by persis- tent fairness of treatment. . . Indivi- dually, he was characterized by a noble diffidence of nature and an utter superior- ity to the vulgar passions. Thus he had the happiness during his long life of elud- MAC ing notoriety. . . He was in his daily life and amongst his friends an example of how high a creature the Celt may become under the fairest influences of cul- ture. For he was a Celt of the Celts, if an ancestry of a thousand years could make him so." He died 2i8t January 1875, aged 80, and was interred at Kilsharvan, near Drogheda. Arrangements are being made by his numerous friends and ad- mii'ers to erect a statue to his memory in Dublin. 5" ^33 MacDonnell, Francis, Major, a dis- tinguished Irish officer in the Austrian service, was born in Connaught in 1656. At the surprise of Cremona (ist February 1702) he particularly signalized himself. On that occasion he took Marshal Ville- roy prisoner, and refused brilliant offers of rank and money to connive at his escape. On the other hand, he did not scruple to en- deavour by bribes to bring over the Irish regiments serving with the enemy. He fell at the battle of Luzzara, the following August (1702). 34 88 MacDowell, Patrick, R.A., was born in Belfast, 12th Augiist 1799. His father dying early, the family moved to London, and although Patrick showed a decided taste for art, and desired to follow it, he was apprenticed to a coachmaker. When he had served about four years, his master became bankrupt, and the lad, sixteen years of age, was thrown on his own resources. Accident brought him to lodge in the house of a French sculptor, M. Chenu. He in- dtdged once more in his old tastes, copied from his landlord's models, and soon de- lighted him with a " Venus " for which he obtained eight guineas. He was now fairly started in the career of an art student ; his progress was rapid; he soon received seve- ral commissions ; and through the kindness of Mr. Beaumont, M.P., he was enabled to spend eight months in Home. The work that first brought him prominently before the public, was his beautiful statue of " The Girl Reading." After its exhibi- tion he was elected an associate ( 1 841), and in 1846 he was elected a member of the Royal Academy. He soon attained the high- est eminence in his art. Among his works may be mentioned the group of " Yirgi- nius and his daughter," a statue of Lord Exmouth in Greenwich Hospital, his " Eve," and " Psyche," according to some critics, his masterpiece. The statues of the Earl of Belfast in Belfast, and of Viscount FitzGibbon in Limerick, are from his studio. His last great work was the group typical of Europe in the Albert Memorial, Hyde Park. Mr. MacDowell died in London, gth December 1870, aged 311 MAC 71. A sketch of his life will be found in the University Magazine. Most of his works are widely known through engrav- ings in the pages of the Art Journal. ^* "^'3^' MacFirbis, Duald, the last of a long line of historians and chroniclers of the name, was born in Lecan, County of Sligo, in the latter part of the i6th century. He was sent at an early age into Munster to the school of law and history then kept by the MacEgans, and studied also at Barren in Clare, about 1595, under Don- nell O'Davoren. In 1650, in the College of St. Nicholas in Gal way, he completed a volume of pedigrees. The autograph copy of this great compilation (known as the .Boo^ of MacFirbis) is in the Earl of Eoden's library, and a transcript by Professor O'Curry is iu the Eoyal Irish Academy. After the loss of his family property in the War of 1 641 -'5 2, he entered Sir James "Ware's service, and gave him invaluable assistance in his works on Ireland. We find the following note in one of Sir James Ware's Irish MSS. : " This trans- lation begitmed was by Dudley Firbisse in the house of Sir James Ware, in Castle-street, Dublin, 6th of November 1 666." He compiled a glossary of the Bre- hon laws, a fragment of which is in the Library of Trinity College, and a biograph- ical dictionary of Irish writers, of which no traces have been found. Altogether there are five copies of ancient glossaries in his handwriting in Trinity College. This eminent scribe died in 1670, at an advanced age, from wounds received in protecting a young woman from insult, in a small inn at Dunflin, County of Sligo, '53 =& McG-ee, Thomas D'Arcy, statesman, was bom at Carlingford, 13th April 1825. His mother was the daughter of a Dublin bookseller (Mr. Morgan) who participated in the Insurrection of 1798 ; and all the men both of his father's and his mother's families w-re United Irishmen, except his father, who was in the coast guard service. When eight years of age his parents re- moved to Wexford, and there he lost his mother. She had specially stimulated his young mind to a love of Ireland — her poetry, her traditions, her history. At seventeen he had read all that had come within his reach, and seeing little prospect of advancement at home, he emigrated to America. At that period the Irish popu- lation in the States were eager in the Repeal movement; and on the 4th July 1842, he made his debut as an orator at a gathering of his countrymen. He obtained an engagement on the Boston Pilot, and two years later became chief editor of that paper— a position of great responsibility 312 MAC for a youth of nineteen. The fame of his speeches at Eepeal meetings crossed the Atlantic, and O'Connell referred to them as "the inspired utterances of a young exiled Irish boy in America." He now accepted an invitation to return to Ireland and assume the editorship of the Freeman; but the Freeman proved too moderate in its tone — too cautious, as it were — and finding that he was not at liberty to change its character and its course, he accepted the oflFer of his friend, Charles Gavan Dufiy, to assist him in editing the Nation in conjunction with Davis, Mitch el, Eeilly, and their friends. In such hands the paper became the exponent of the advanced ideas that ultimately led to the separation of the Young Ireland from the O'Connell party. As secretary to the committee of the Confederation, he was one of those deputed to rouse the people to action. For a stirring address at Eoundwood, County of Wicklow, he was imprisoned, but soon after succeeded in obtaining his release. In the summer of 1848 he was in Scotland on a mission to his fellow-countrymen, when the abortive rising took place in Ireland. At imminent risk of arrest, he crossed to Belfast, was concealed by Dr. Magran, Bishop of Derry, had an interview with the young wife to whom he had been married but a few months, and, disguised as a priest, escaped to America, landing in Philadelphia the loth of October. He immediately started the New Torh Nation, devoted to the interests of his country. In its columns he openly threw the blame of failure in Ireland on the Catholic priest- hood and hierarchy, thereby involving himself in a controversy with Archbishop Hughes. Having abandoned the Nation, in 1 850 he commenced in Boston the.4 mertcan Celt. But a change soon came over his mind, and he threw himself unreservedly into the cause of Catholicism, apart from any nationality, believing, as he expressed himself in a letter to his friend Meagher, " that it is the highest duty of a Catholic man to go over cheerfully, heartily, and at once, to the side of Christendom — to the Catholic side — and to resist, with all his might, the conspirators who, imder the stolen name of liberty, make war upon all Christian institutions." He continued to edit the Celt in various parts of the States as the exponent of these principles, and to lecture on various questions connected with Ireland and Catholicism. About 1858 he removed to Montreal, and was returned to the Canadian Parliament, in which he soon took a prominent part. In 1 862 he accepted the post of President of the Executive Council ; yet found time to write his His- MAC lory of Iretaiid whilst performing the onerous duties of that office. In 1865 he visited home, and while sojourning with his father in Wexford, gave much offence to his countrymen in America by descant- ing upon the generally degraded condition of the Irish population in the United States. In 1867 he was sent to Paris as a Canadian Commissioner to the Great Ex- hibition, and took the opportunity of making a general tour of the Continent. The same year he met his colleagues of the Canadian cabinet in London, to lay before the Imperial Government their plan of federation. Indeed the grand project which united into the Dominion of Canada the scattered provinces of British North Amer- ica was largely his own, both in conception and the carrying out of its details. His persistent opposition to the Fenian organi- zation, and his bitter denunciations of the invasions of Canada, led to his assassination at Ottawa on the morning of the 7th April 1868, aged 42, when returning alone from the Legislature. But three weeks before, on St. Patrick's-day, he had been enter- tained at a public banquet at Ottawa. The assassin was captured, tried, and exe- cuted. Mr. McGee will be best remembered in Ireland for his Poems (published in a collected form soon after his death), many of which are very beautiful — his early pieces being almost purely national, his later, purely religious. Besides a Popular History of Irelmid ( 1 862), already noticed, he was the author of Lives of Irish Writers (1846), History of the Irish Settlers in North America (185 1), Catholic History of North America (1854), and many other works. In the latter part of his life he evinced the most unswerving loyalty to the British Government, and entirely abandoned the revolutionary ideas and projects of his earlier years. ^^ -'" MacGeoghegan, James, Abbe, an historian, was born in Ireland about 1701, and was sent at an early age to France, where he entered the Church. For the latter part of his life he was attached to the church of St. Mery, Paris. He died 30th March 1764, aged 63. He is worthy of remem- brance as the author of a standard history of Ireland — Histoire de PIrlande Ancienne et Moderne — the first two volumes publish- ed in Paris in 1758 and 1762, and the third at Amsterdam in 1 763. An English trans- lation by P. O'Kelly appeared in Dublin in 183 1, and was republished in 1844. MacGeoghegan's history extends from the earliest period to the Treaty of Limerick. It has been continued to our own times by John Mitchel. The work, despite its dif- fuseuess of style, is highly spoken of in the MAC Biographic Ghierale. This author spells his name Ma-Geoghegan on the title-page of his first volume, and MacGeoghegan on that of the second. ^4 MacGrady, Augnstiu, born about I349j '"^^ ^ writer who continued the Annals of Tighernach, from that annalist's time to the year of his own death, nearly 300 years, thereby contributing valuable materials for Irish history. An unknown hand continued the Annals two years fur- ther, to 1407, and gives the following note concerning MacGrady's death : " Augustin MaGradaigh, a canon of the canons of the Island of the Saints [in Lough Eee, in the Shannon], a saoi [doctor] during his life, in divine and worldly wisdom, in literature, in history, and in various other sciences in like manner, and the doctor of good ora- tory of western Europe — the man who compiled this book, and many other books, both of the lives of the saints and of his- torical events — died on the Wednesday before the ist day of November [1405], in the 56th year of his age." ^^ MacGregor, John James, author of a voluminous History of the French Revolu- tion, History of the County and City of Limerick, and True Stories from the History of Ireland, was born in Limerick, 24th February 1775. He resided at Limerick, Waterford, and duringjthe latter part of his life in Dublin, where he was literary assist- ant to the Kildare-place Education Society. An ardent Methodist, he edited ih.e Mwnster Telegraph for some years, and for a longer period the Primitive Wesleyan Methodist Magazine. His death took place in Dub- lin, 24th August 1834, in his 60th year ; his remains were interred in the burial ground attached to St. Patrick's Cathedral. Mackay, James Townsend, was a distinguished Scotch botanist, who resided most of his life in Ireland. He was Cura- tor of the College Botanic Gardens, Dublin, which he laid out in 1808 and he made a valuable contribution to the study of Irish botany in his Flora Hibernica (Dublin, 1 836). Mr. Mackay died, probably in Dub- lin, 25th July 1862. =33 33= Mackeu, John, a poet, who wrote un- der the pseudonym of "IsmaelFitzAdam," was born at Brookeborough, County of Fer- managh, probably about the close of the 1 8th century. We have few particulars concerning his life, except that he passed some years as a sailor in the navy, and was present at the bombardment of Algiers. In 18 18 a volume of poems by him was published in England — The Harp of the Desert, and in 1821 his Lays on Land. Despite the earnest commendations of his 313 MAC friend, the editor of the Literary Gazette, they met little acceptance, and he returned disheartened to his native country. He started and edited the Erne Packet, or Enniskillen Chronicle, to " which he con- tributed many elegant compositions in prose and poetry." He died 7th June 1823. Several communications respecting him and his works wiU be found in Notes and Queries, 3rd Series. In one of these Dr. Gatty writes : " It appears to me that this neglected writer had much of that condensed power which is so remark- able in Campbell's war lyrics ; and his tenderness and delicacy are exquisitely shown in the five love sonnets." The Literary Gazette, June 1823, which notices his death, contains some stanzas to his memory by "L. E. L." The same are also given in the Gentleman^s Magazine a few months later. '** ^33 234(3) Macklin, Charles, a distinguished actor, was bom in the County of West- meath, probably in 1700. His real name was MacLoughlin, which he changed to Macklin after his arrival in London. His father was a Presbyterian, his mother a Catholic. It is said that at the siege of Derry he had thi'ee uncles on the WUIiamite side, and three on that of the besiegers. He was apprenticed to a saddler, but at fourteen ran away to Dublin, and after some time obtained occupation in Trinity College as a "badgeman." About 1725 he went to London, acted for a time at Lincoln's Inn Theatre, and then joined a strolling com- pany in Wales. He settled in London as an actor in September 1730. In 1735 he was tried at the Old Bailey for having when in. a passion unintentionally killed a fellow actor, and he was found guilty of manslaughter. In 1741 he estab- lished his reputation in the character of " Shylock," the only one in which he ever excelled. It was largely owing to Mack- lin's enco'' agement that the difficulties of Garrick's first years on the stage were smoothed over. He warmly seconded Gar- rick's efforts to introduce a more natural style of acting in place of the formal strut and stilted tones theretofore considered essential. It is to be regretted that the good understanding between them did not continue in after life. After a dispute with the manager, and his consequent exclusion from Drury Lane, in 1744, Macklin opened the little theatre of the Haymarket. He afterwards acted in Ireland as one of Thomas Sheridan's com- pany, and was for a time the head of a stroUing troop at Chester. In 1753 he took formal leave of the stage, and opened a tavern, coflfee-house, and " school 314 MAC of oratory," in the Piazza of Covent Gar- den, with the expectation of making a rapid fortune. This scheme failed miser- ably, and he became bankrupt. We next find him present at the laying of the foun- dation-stone of Crow-street Theatre, Dub- lin, in 1757. He remained in Dublin for several years, and there brought out his play of The Man of the World, and other pieces. He continued to act both in Eng- land and Ireland until January 1 789, when his powers, as might have been expected at his advanced age, began decidedly to fail. During his latter years he lived on a small annuity purchased by his friends. His greatest pleasure continued to be at- tending the theatre, although his memory was almost entirely gone, and he continu- ally asked : " What is the play ; who are the performers ?" He died i ith July 1 797, aged 97, and was buried in St. Paul's, Covent Garden. Percy Fitzgerald speaks of him as "a strange character, an Irish- man of rough humour and ability, a good fives player, and a very promising actor. His appearance was very remarkable ; a coarse face, marked not with ' lines,' but what a brother actor with rude wit had called 'cordage.' He was struggling hard to get free of a very pronounced brogue, and having come to the stage with what was to English ears an uncouth name, and to English mouths an almost unpronounce- able one, had changed it from McLoughlin to Meeklin, and later Macklin. . . He was a most striking and remarkable char- acter, and one that stands out very dis- tinctly during the whole course of his long career, which stretched over nearly ninety years. He was quarrelsome, overbearing, even savage ; always either in revolt or conflict, full of genius and a spirit that carried him through a hundred misfor- tunes." The question of his age, long con- sidered to have extended to 106 years, is pretty well settled by a communication in Notes and Queries, 3rd Series. ^ 254 286 MacLiag, chief poet to Brian Borumha, flourished at the beginning of the nth century. He was a native of south Connaught. On Brian's accession to the throne of Ireland in 1002, MacLiag became his attendant, and resided at Kincora. O'Curry gives a list and particulars of the works written by him; the best known being, perhaps, the Wars of the Danes. He died about loi 5. ^^ =^' Maclise, Daniel, E.A., a distinguished artist, was born at Cork, 25th January 181 1. He exhibited artistic abilities of no common order at an early age ; and after passing some time in a mercantile office, his parents yielded to his wishes MAC MAC to be allowed to study at the Cork Academy. There he benefited by the splendid series of casts from the antique, modelled under the superintendence of Canova, which form the great art treasure of Cork, and have had no little influence in fostering artistic taste in that city. His progress was rapid, and his first com- mission, illustrations to Crofton Croker's Fairy Legends, attracted considerable at- tention. The success of a surreptitious likeness taken of Scott during his visit to Cork in 1825, induced Maclise to open a portrait studio, where his skill and rapidity of execution brought him ready customers at thirty shillings a portrait. Occasional holiday rambles in search of the picturesque in diflferent parts of Ireland, afforded scope for the exercise of his talents in landscape drawing. In July 1827 he left Cork, and prosecuted his studies at the Eoyal Aca- demy in London, where one by one he gained every honour the schools of the Academy had to bestow. Before long the sale of his portraits and sketches enabled him to set up a comfortable establishment, and his success gained for him the entree of the best literary and artistic society of the metropolis. In 1830 some of his pic- tures were shown at the Royal Academy. His " AH HaUow Eve " was exhibited in 1833. A friendship formed about this period with Dickens and Forster continued firm aU through life. In 1837 he was elected an associate, and in 1 840 a Royal Academician. Thenceforward his career was one of unbroken prosperity. Several of the historical frescoes in the new Houses of Parliament were executed by him. For that of the " Meeting of Wel- lington and Blucher after Waterloo " he re- ceived £3 , 500. Maclise was never married . The death of his favourite sister Isabella, in April 1865, was a severe blow to his sensitive nature. His last great work was " The Earls of Desmond and Ormond," which appeared in the Academy exhibi- tion of 1870. After a lengthened illnees, Maclise died 25th April 1870, aged 59, and was buried in Kensal Green Cemetery, in the vault with his father, mother, bro- ther, and sister. Mr. Maclise was more than six feet in height ; his face was eminently prepossessing; his eyes large and expressive of intelligence. He was generous and amiable, unobtrusive and tole- rant, appreciative of the talents of others, and especially of younger artists. The Biographie Generate says of him : " He has succeeded in every branch of art, from caricature to fresco. He generally selects familiar or semi-historical subjects, which modem taste prefers to more ambitious art. AU his productions exhibit the false and exaggerated mannerism characteristic of the English school ; but they possess an indescribable finish and touch, a harmo- nious treatment, expressive heads, and pieces of true and well-rendered art." The N'ew Fork Nation, criticising his work, says : " The complete, deep-seated unreality of these and aU other Maclises gives one a pitying feeling for the nation whose historical painting he long represented almost alone. . . Nothing can strike a falser note than Maclise's elaborate ma- chines, with their strained drama, their unpronounceable horrors in colour, their contented opacity and obtuseness of sha- dow." There is every fear that the man- nerism here spoken of, and which was a striking characteristic, especially in his later works, will prevent their being lastingly held in esteem. In his portraits of celebrities in Frazer's Magazine, and in his designs for Moore's Melodies and other illustrated works, he has been, perhaps, more happy than in his paintings. ^ ^^ SXacIionain, Flanu, chief poet of Ireland, a native of south Connaught, flourished in the loth century. Some of his pieces, many of which are stiU extant, were written for Lorcan, grandfather of Brian Borumha. O'Curry gives a minute account of the poems attributed to him. ^' MacMahou, Heber, Bishop of Clogh- er, and General of the Ulster Irish, was a Catholic prelate who took a prominent part in the War of 1 641 -'5 2 in Charles I.'s in- terest. Clarendon speaks of him as " much superior in parts to any man of that party," andsays that duringStrafibrd's government " he gave frequent advertizements of some agitations by obscure and unknown persons of that nation at Rome, and in France and Spain. . . From the beginning of the rebellion his power was very great with those who had been (and he was with least dissimulation) violently opposite to any re- conciliation ; . . and so he continued firm to that party which followed Owen O'Neal, or rather governed Owen O'Neal, who commanded that party." He was created Bishop of Clogher in June 1643. On the death of Owen Roe O'Neill, in November 1649, he was appointed, at Belturbet, Com- mander of the Ulster Ii'ish, and received his commission from the Earl of Ormond. He immediately put himself at the head of 5,000 foot and 600 horse, and marched to Charlemont, where he issued a manifesto inviting the Scots serving under Coote and Venables to make common cause with the Irish ; but only a smaU number of them joined his standai-d. Hoping to crush Coote and Venables in succession, he 3IS MAC marched northwards and crossed the Foyle near LiflFord, but was too late to prevent the junction of their troops. Against the advice of his officers, he attacked the united forces at Scarriflfhollis, two miles from Letterkenny, on 2 1 st^^'* June 1 650. In the early part of the engagement his troops carried all before them, but they were after- wards defeated, and almost annihilated. Major-General O'Cahan, many principal officers, and 1,500 soldiers were killed on the spot; and Carte states that Colonels Henry Eoe and Felim O'Neill, Hugh Ma- guire, Hugh MacMahon, and many more, were slain after quarter given. The Bishop quitted the field with a small party of horse. His fate is thus related by Clarendon : " Next day, in his flight, he had the mis- fortune, near Enniskilling, to meet with the governor of that town, in the head of a party too strong for him, against which, however, the Bishop defended himself with notable courage ; and after he had received many wounds, he was forced to become a prisoner, upon promise, fii*st, that he should have fair quarter ; contrary to which, Sir Charles Coote, as soon as he knew he was a prisoner, caused him to be hanged, with all the circumstances of contumely, re- proach, and cruelty which he could devise." ^ " Nor is it amiss to observe," says Cox, in his History of Ireland, "the variety and vicissitude of the Irish affairs; for this very Bishop, and those officers whose heads were now placed on the waEs of Derry, were within less than a year before confede- rate with Sir Charles Coote, and raised the siege of that city, and were jovially merry at his table, in the quality of friends." 80 izSt 170 =S4 271 339* MacMahon, John B., Marquis d'Eguilly, was bom at Limerick in 17 15. He entered the French service at an early age, and in 1750 having proved royal descent from Brian Borumha, was ad- mitted t' the estates of Burgundy, and created Marquis d'Eguilly. His younger brother Maurice, Lord of Moguien in Bur- gundy, was in 1746 made Captain in the Pretender's Scotch army. Marshal Mac- Mahon, President of the French Republic, is grandson of the first above-named. An interesting note on the MacMahon famOy, based on the Annals of the Four Masters, will be found in Notes and Queries, 4th Series. ^=7* '^* MacMauus, Terence Bellew, a distinguished Young Irelander, was born in Ireland probably about 1823. At the time of the Young Ireland agitation in 1848 he was in business as a shipping agent in Liverpool. In the summer of that year he threw up everything, managed 316 MAC to give the detectives the slip in Dublin, joined Smith O'Brien at Killenaule, and shared the fortunes of the small band of insurgents until their dispersion at Ballin- garry. The following is Smith O'Brien's experience of him : " My acquaintance with him commenced at the time of the Eepeal agitation, and was developed by the events of 1848. When he learned that I had called upon the people of Ireland to take up arms in resistance to the mani- fold oppressions which the people of Ireland at that time endured, he hastened to the scene of action, and assuredly the result of our efforts would have been very different from that which we experienced if an Irish army could have been formed consisting of such men as Terence Bellew MacManus. Intrepidity which knew no fear — resolution of purpose, directed by intelligence, and accompanied by promptitude of action and by personal prowess — these were the quali- ties which he displayed during the few days which we spent in Tipperary — qualities which, if our struggle had been sustained even for a few months, would have placed the name of MacManus in the catalogue of those warriors whose deeds have given to our country the fame of heroism."*^^ When all hope was over, he was for a time con- cealed by the peasantry, and then managed to make his way to Cork, and was on board a vessel in the harbour about to saU, when he was arrested. On 9th October 1 848 he was brought to trial for high treason at Clonmel, found guilty, and condemned to death. His sentence was ultimately commuted to transportation for life. He was sent to Tasmania, whence he escaped to California, 5 th June 1851. His friend Meagher wrote of his Califomian life : " Arriving in San Francisco, MacManus resumed his old business. But in a new country it had to be conducted in a new way — more boldly, perhaps, and less scru- pulously, but with results less positive and legitimate — and this his sterling mind would not bend to, trained as it had been to the more prudent, correct, and certain mercantile system wb ich prevails in Europe. It was all strange to him, he said to me, all wrong, wild, hazardous, false, and des- perate ; and he would have nothing to do with it. Hencehis days in California were days of poverty, and his proud face that once was full of light, and light alone, now had heavy shadows crossing it at times."^33 He died about nine years s^er his arrival in California; and his remains were con- veyed to Ireland, and buried in Glasnevin, loth November 1861. His funeral was made the occasion of a great nationalist demonstration. =^3 308 MAC McMaster, Gilbert, D.D,, a divine, and theological writer, was born in Ireland 13th February 1778. While he was still a child, his father emigrated to America, and settled in Pennsylvania. Gilbert was ordained pastor of a Presbyterian congre- gation at Duanesburg, New York, in 1 808, • where for thirty-two years, and afterwards for six years at Princeton, Indiana, he ex- ercised his ministry with great acceptance. He was the author of .471 Analysis of the Shorter iCatechism (181 5), The Moral Vhar- aeter of Civil Government Considered ( 1 832), and many other theological works. He died at New Albany, Indiana, 17th March 1854, aged 76. 37' MacMoyer, Florence, was last here- ditary keeper of the Book of Armagh, a MS. of 221 vellum leaves. A portion dates as far back as 807. It is written in Latin, and contains the only complete copy of the New Testament scriptures transmitted to our time from the ancient Irish church. Besides the Gospels, Acts, and Epistles, it comprises St. Patrick's Confession and some tracts. It has always been regarded with peculiar veneration, was supposed to have been written by St. Patrick, and was preserved in a silver shrine. This precious relic was in MacMoyer's care on 29th June 1662, as appears from an entry on the reverse of the 104th leaf. MacMoyer was one of the witnesses against Archbishop Plunket in London in 1681. Previously he had pawned the volume for £5. He died, 1 2th February 171 3, and was buried at Ballymoyer. On account of his con- nexion with Archbishop Plunket's death, his memory is held in the greatest abhor- rence by the country people, who believed, until a recent period, that he was annually cursed by the Pope. After passing through various hands, the Book of Armagh came in. 1858, by the care of the Rev. William Reeves, and the munificence of the then Lord Primate, into the Library of Trinity College, Dublin. The particulars of the life of John Moyers, given in his evidence against Archbishop Plunket, do not exactly correspond with those generally given of MacMoyer, the hereditary keeper, so that they may have been different persons, and Florence MacMoyer may have given his evidence privately. "* ^'^ MacMurrough, Dermot, King of Leinster, was bom in 1090. His family had given rulers to the province for some time previous to the Anglo-Norman invasion. In early times they held court at Dinnrigh, on the Barrow, and at Naas in Kildare. Afterwards they had castles at Ferns, which was their capital, at Old Ross in Wexford, and at Ballymoon, near Carlow. MAC The Annals of the Four Masters tell of con- stant differences between Dermot and his feudatory chiefs, and of the plundering expeditions in which he engaged in differ- ent parts of the country, often in alliance with the Northmen. In 11 53 he carried off Dervorgilla, daughter of O'Melaghlin, and wife of O'Ruark, prince of Breffny. The transaction cannot have had much of the romance usually associated with the idea of an elopement. She was forty-four years of age, and did not leave her lord without carrying off her cattle and furniture. This was fifteen years before Dermot sought Anglo-Norman assistance, so that the in- vasion can scarcely be attributable to the elopement. O'Ruark sought the assistance of Turlough O' Conor, then nominal Mon- arch of Ireland, who was glad of the oppor- tunity of lending aid against Dermot, who had supported the rival house of O'Neill. He ravaged Dermot's territories, and com- pelled the return of Dervorgilla. Upon O'Conor's death in 1156, Dermot was one of the first to acknowledge the supre- macy of Murtough O'Lochlainn, an O'Neill, who reigned ten years, and who established Dermot in all his possessions. O'Lochlainn was slain at the battle of Leiter-Luin (in the barony of the upper Fews, County of Armagh), whereupon Roderic O'Couor assumed the sovereignty ; and one of hia first acts was to deprive Dermot of his crown. Dermot was evidently a man of singular determination, and not wanting in resource. It had probably reached his ears that King Henry II. of England had re- ceived a grant of Ireland from one Pope, and had it confirmed by another, and that he but waited a^ opportunity to assert his title. He therefore astutely de- termined to seek an interview, and perform homage, in the hope of regaining his king- dom of Leinster. How he fared cannot be better told than in Keating's words : " Diarmaid then proceeded to the Second Henry, King of Saxon-land, who was then in France, and when he arrived in this King's presence, he was received with a welcome, and with a very great display of friendship. And when he had explained the object of his visit to bis host, the latter furnished him with kindly letters to bring him to the land of the Saxons. In these he gave him permission to enlist every one of the Saxons which might be willing to go with him to Ireland, and thus aid in recovering the sovereignty of his own country. Upon receiving these, Diarmaid bid farewell to that King, and set out for the country of the Saxons. When he arrived there he caused the letters of Henry to be read publicly at Bristol, and 5^7 MAC at the same time made a proclamation in which he promised large rewards to all persons who would aid him in the recovery of his territories. It was there that he met Eichard FitzGilbert, Earl of Strigul, with whom he made the following compact, to wit : Diarmaid promised to give his own daughter Aeifi [Eva] to this Earl as his wife : and with her he promised him the inheritance of Leinster after his own death. The Earl bound himself upon his part to follow the exiled prince into Ireland, and there to assist him in recovering his lost principality." On his return through Wales he visited Rhys-ap-GriflFen, who was induced to liberate Robert Fitz- Stephen, his prisoner, " upon the express condition that he should follow Mac- Murcadha into Ireland in the course of the summer ensuing. To Robert, Diar- maid promised to grant Loch Garman [Wexford] and the two cantreds of land that lay next thereto, as a reward for his agreeing to come to his assistance." Some doubt exists as to whether Dermot sought Henry II. in the summer of 1167 or of 1 168. In view of the dealings he was likely to have with the Anglo-Normans, he prudently attached to his service as his secretary Maurice Regan, probably an Irishman who had resided for a consider- able time in England. Keating's state- ment that Dermot on his return proceeded secretly to Ferns, "and placed himself under the protection of the clergy and brotherhood of that monastery, and there dwelt in sadness and obscurity for a short time, until the summer had set in," does not agree with the tolerably well-ascer- tained fact that before FitzStephen's ar- rival in the spring of Ii6g, Dermot had regained possession of at least a portion of his kingdom. After the advent of the diflferent bands of Anglo-Normans in 1169 and 1 1 70, he was little more than a cypher, and any /ents in which he was engaged are more properly related in the notices of Robert FitzStephen, Maurice FitzGerald, Strongbow, and their fellows. According to promise, he gave his daughter Eva in marriage to Earl Strongbow at Waterford shortly after his landing in 1 1 70. Dermot lived little more than a year after this. His death in 1171 (aged about 81) is thus noticed by the Four Masters: "Diarmaid MacMurchadha, King of Leinster, by whom a trembly sod was made of all Ireland — after having brought over the Saxons, after having done extensive inju- ries to the Irish, after plundering and burning many churches, as Ceanannus, Cluain Iraird, etc. — died . . of an in- suflferable and unknown disease; for he 318 MAC became putrid while living, through the miracle of God, Colum-Cille, and Finnen, and the other saints of Ireland, whose churches he had profaned and burned some time before; and he died at Fearnamor [Ferns], without making a will, without penance, without the body of Christ, with- out unction, as his evil deeds deserved." Cambrensis sketches his appearance and character : " Dermidius was tall in stature, and of large proportions, and, being a great warrior and valiant in his nation, his voice had become hoarse by constantly shouting and raising his war-cry in battle. Bent more on inspiring fear than love, he oppressed his nobles, though he advanced the lowly. A tyrant to his own people, he was hated by strangers ; his hand was against every man, and the hand of every man against him." The same writer admits that the invaders encountered "no dastards, but valiant men who stood well to the defence of their country, and manfully resisted their enemies." Dervorgilla spent much of her later life in religious exercises, and part of her substance in endowing cfiurches. She survived until 1193, when she died at Mellifont Abbey, County of Meath, which she had enriched with many presents. Although Dermot's kingdom nominally passed into Earl Strongbow's family after his decease, much of it appears to have been soon again occupied by the MacMur- roughs, by whom it was held in almost undisputed sway for several centuries, '^s 148 171 MacMurrough, Art, King of Leinster, collaterally descended from preceding, was born in 1357. He was knighted when but seven years of age. At twenty his father died, and he succeeded to the govern- ment of Leinster. From his sixteenth year he had successfully repelled encroach- ments and levied exactions upon the colo- nists in retiu-n for leaving open the roads between the northern and southern portions of the Pale. Many of the Leinster septs, claiming descent from Cahir Mor, obeyed Art as their chief. According to their chroniclers, he held in "his fair hand the sovereignty and the charters of the pro- vince." He is spoken of as " replete with hospitality, knowledge, and chivalry; the prosperous and kingly enricher of churches and monasteries with his alms and offerings." He strengthened his position by marrying the Baroness of Narragh, daughter of Mauiice, 4th Earl of Kil- dare. She was entitled to estates in Kildare, which were seized and granted by the crown to others, on the ground of her having forfeited them by marrying one of the principal enemies of the King MAC of England. The war that ensued was one cause of Richard II.'s expedition to Ireland in 1394. When MacMurrough was informed of his arrival at Waterford, he immediately made a descent upon and ravaged New Eoss, and carried thence a large booty and many hostages. King Richard could make little head against the harassing irregular warfare carried on by MacMurrough, and at length expressed willingness to come to terms with him, and make grants of lands in exchange for those of which he had been deprived. On i6th February 1395, MacMurrough, mounted on a black steed, and accompanied by his tributary chiefs, met the King's commis- sioners at Ballygorry,*^ near Carlow. The terms of agreement having been read over in English and Irish, MacMurrough swore allegiance conditional on the restitution of his wife's lands, the payment of an annuity, and equivalent territories for some he was asked to surrender near Carlow. In the following month, MacMurrough, attired in rich silk garments, edged with fur, was entertained at Dublin in great splendour, accompanied by O'Neill, O'Brien, and O'Conor, and with them accepted knight- hood from Richard, having kept his vigils in Christ Church. The English Privy Council jubilantly congratulated the King upon having effectuaUy subdued " Mac- mourg," " le grand O'Nel," and others of the greatest and strongest captains. On Richard's return to England, he took with him as hostages sons of MacMurrough, and other young chiefs. It was not long, however, before MacMurrough was again engaged in hostilities. In 1397 he took Carlow ; and on the 20th July, next year, at the head of a large force, defeated the Anglo-Irish army on the banks of the Nore. The Viceroy, Roger Mortimer, fell in this engagement. King Richard was again obliged to visit Ireland to assert his supremacy, and on the 23rd June 1399, '^^.h a fresh army, marched against MacMur- rough, who said he " would neither submit nor obey Richard in any way, but afiBrmed he was the rightful king of Ireland, and that he would never cease from war and the defence of his country till his death, declaring that the wish to deprive him of his land by conquest was unlawful." ^^^ With but 3,000 men he harassed Richard's large forces, and retreating before them into the fastnesses of Wicklow, reduced them to the greatest straits for provisions. Indeed the King's army would have been almost annihilated but for his timely meeting with some of the fleet at Arklow. Eventually MacMurrough consented to a parley with the Earl of Gloucester. His MAC appearance on the occasion is thus described by Froissart : " From a mountain between two woods, not far from the sea, I saw MacMurrough descend, accompanied by multitudes of the Irish, and mounted on a horse without saddle or saddle-bow, which cost him, it was reported, four hundred cows, so good and handsome an animal it was. This horse was fair, and in his de- scent from the hUl to us, ran as swift as any stag, hare, or the swiftest beast I have ever seen. In his right hand he bore a long spear, which, when near the spot where he was to meet the Earl, he cast from him with much dexterity. The crowd that followed him then remained behind, while he ad- vanced to meet the Earl near the brook. He was of large stature, wonderfully active, very fell and ferocious to the eye — a man of deed." We are told that " Gloucester and MacMurrough, meeting at a little brook, exchanged much discourse. Mac- Murrough declared he would have no terms but peace without reservation, free from molestation of any kind, and asserted that otherwise he would never come to a com- pact so long as he lived. Failing to agree, they parted hastily ; and on learning the result of the conference, Richard's usually ruddy face grew pale with anger, and he swore, in great wrath, by St. Edward, that he would never depart from Ireland, till he had taken MacMurrough, alive or dead. . . From Dublin the king despatched three bodies of well-appointed soldiery against MacMurrough, and exhorted them to behave bravely, promising one hundred marks of pure gold to any who might kill or capture him. He declared that should they fail, he would himself pursue Art, and burn all the woods after the fall of the leaves in autumn."33S Richard was, however, com- pelled to return home, leaving his threats unfulfilled. Art now took and kept Camo- lin, Enniscorthy, and Wexford, and sack- ed Castledermot. In 1408 he advanced to the attack of Dublin, and defeated the garrison under Lord Thomas of Lancaster, but was unprepared to lay regular siege to the city. His power within his own limits continued unquestioned. He died at New Ross a week after Christmas, in 14 17, aged about 60. D'Arcy McGee thus writes of him : " In the Irish history of the middle ages — from Brian's era to Hugh O'Neill's — he has no equal for prudence, foresight, perseverance, valour, and success." The Four Masters declare that " he was a good father and a true friend; a cultivator of knowledge, and a lover of letters." Mac- Murrough's line is at present repre- sented by Arthur Kavanagh, of Borris. 134 196 229 33S 319 MAC MacNally, Leonard, a barrister who distinguished himself in the defence of the United Irishmen, but who, since his death, has been discovered to have been a govern- ment spy, was bom in Dublin in 1752. Early in life he abandoned the grocery business, to which he had been brought up, studied law with great assiduity, entered at the Middle Temple, and was called to both the EngUsh and the Irish Bar. Prac- tising first in England, he is said to have been induced by Curran to transfer his talents to his native country. He was one of the original members of the Society of United Irishmen, and assisted in the defence of Emmet, Jackson, Tandy, Tone, and many others. He was the trusted friend of Curran — one of the intimates to whom the family felt it proper first to com- municate Curran's death, MacNally was the author of twelve dramatic pieces, in- cluding the opera of Rohin Bood, 1 779-'96 ; also of The Claims of Ireland, 1782; Rules of Evidence, 1802 ; Justice of the Peace for Ireland, 1808; and other works. For two editions of his Justice he received £2,500, He died at 22 Harcourt-street, Dublin, 13th February 1820, aged 68. Then only did his treachery appear. His heir claimed a continuance of a secret service pension of £300 a year, which his father had enjoyed since 1798. The Lord-Lieutenant demand- ed a detailed statement of the circumstances under which the agreement had been made ; it was furnished after some hesitation, and the startling fact became generally known, not only that he had been in regular receipt of the pension claimed, but that during the state trials of 1798 and 1803, while he was receiving fees from the prisoners to defend them, he also accepted large sums from Government to betray the secrets of their defence. The Cornwallis Corre- spondence, Madden's Lives of the United irishmen, and communications from Mr, FitzPati-w'k in Notes and Queries, 2nd Series, put all this beyond doubt. Another writer in the same series relates how in the London riots of 1780, MacNally saved the life of Dr, Thurlow, Bishop of Lincoln. Sir Jonah Barrington gives an amusing account of a duel between himself and MacNaUy, in which he says : " Mac- Nally stood before me, very like a beer- barrel on its stilly, and by his side were ranged three unfortunate barristers, who were all soon afterwards hanged and be- headed for high treason — namely, John Sheares, who was his second, . . and Henry Sheares and Bagenal Harvey, who came as amateurs." In the same connexion. Sir Jonah, who was of course ignorant of MacNally's perfidy, thus describes 320 MAC him : " His figure was ludicrous ; he was very short, and nearly as broad as long ; his legs were of unequal length, and he had a face which no washing could clean. . . He possessed, how- ever, a fine eye, and by no means an ugly countenance ; a great deal of middling in- tellect ; a shrill, full, good bar voice. . . In a word, MacNally was a good-natured, hospitable, talented, dirty fellow." ^ '^ ^^ 146 254 331 MacNevin, William James, M.D., a distinguished United Irishman, was bom 2 1st March 1763, at Ballynahowna, County of Galway, where his father possessed a small estate inherited from an ancestor who in the Cromwellian settlement was consigned to Connaught. His uncle. Baron MacNevin, lived at Prague, where he was physician to the Empress Maria Theresa. Thither young MacNevin, precluded by the Penal Laws from obtaining an educa- tion at home, was sent when about eleven years old, and there he resided ten years, received a classical education, and passed through the medical college — finishing his professional studies at Vienna, where he graduated in 1783. Next year MacNevin commenced as a physician in Dublin, and soon worked into extensive practice. He became an active member of the Catho- lic committee, was returned from Navan in 1792 as representative to the Catholic Convention held in Back-lane, and took a firm stand with Tone in opposition to the pusillanimous policy of Lord Kenmare, Entering cordially into the views of the United Irishmen, he joined the body at the solicitation of FitzGerald and O'Connor — taking the oath from Miss Moore of Thomas-street, the friend of Lord Edward FitzGerald, and an enthusiast in the national cause. He never shrank from danger, and with Bond and McCormack arranged with Colonel McSheehy, Tone's aide-de-camp, relative to the proposed descent by the French on the Irish coast, and also conferred personally with Tone in Paris. In after life he often referred to the delightful evenings he spent with other leaders of the party at Frascati, Blackrock, in the company of Lord Ed- ward, his wife, and his sister. Lady Emily FitzGerald. On 12th March 1798 he was seized, with the principal leaders of the party, and imprisoned at Kilmainham. He joined the other state prisoners in their agreement with Government, and was re- moved to Fort George, Scotland. [See Emmet, Thomas A.] He lightened his subsequent impriso})ment by study — trans- lating many of the Ossianic legends into English, and noting traditions from the MAC mouths of the Scotch soldiers of the fort. Por the use of his friend Emmet's children he compiled a grammar. He passed the summer and autumn of 1802, after his liberation, in travelling through Switzerland ; and next year he joined Emmet in Paris, and entered an Irish Brigade as captain. Deceived and dis- appointed at the failure of all hopes of an invasion of Ireland, and concerned at the fatal issue of a duel in which he acted as second, he sailed from Bordeaux for the United States in 1805, and landed in New York on the 4th of July. With favourable introductions, and among old friends, he soon felt himself at home, and his rise in the honours and the emoluments of the medical profession was rapid. He occupied several important medical posi- tions in New York, and married in 18 10. In 1820 he published an exposition of the Atomic Theory ; his other works were an edition of Brande^s Chemistry, Argu- ment in opposition to a Union, Rambles in Sioitzerland, Pieces of Irish History, Nature and Functions of an Army Staff. Mr. MacNevin was an accomplished scholar, and spoke German, French, Italian, and Irish. During his long career in America he continued to take a warm interest in Catholic Emancipation and the different movements which agitated his native country. He died at the residence of his son-in-law, Thomas A. Emmet, Jun., near New York, 12th July 1841, aged 78. The most striking features of his character were imperturable coolness and self-possession, combined with remarkable simplicity of mind, and singleness of purpose. 33' McSkiiuin, Samuel, a writer on the affairs of 1798-1803, was bom at Carrick- fergus in 1775. He kept a small huxter's shop in a back street of his native town — a little room behind serving him at once for bedroom, parlour, and library. The latter consisted of not more than about fifty volumes ; yet in this humble position, and with these poor appliances he made some valuable contributions to Irish literature. Besides a History of CarricJcfergus, he con- tributed papers to the Gentleman's Maga- zine on extinct birds and the round towers, and to Fraser's Magazine on the emeute of 1803. He died 17th February 1843, aged about 68. Dr. Eeeves says : " He pos- sessed a marvellous taste and faculty for archaeological pursuits. His History of Carrickfergus is a book of great merit, and especially rich in family history. When he died, his son, a carpenter, be- came possessed of all his MS. collections, and instead of selling them as a whole, to be deposited in some public library, they w MAD were broken up and scattered. A manu- script containing his experiences of the United Irishmen in the County of Antrim subsequently fell into the hands of the late John Mullen, a bookseller of Belfast, who printed it in a neat i2mo (Belfast, 1849), under the title. Annals of Ulster, or Ireland Fifty Tears Ago." ^3' =^33 Madden, Samuel, D.D., "Premium Madden," a distinguished writer, and one of the founders of the Royal Dublin Society, was bom in Dublin, 23rd De- cember 1686. He took the degree of B.A. at Trinity College in 1705, and was collated to DrummuUy, near Newtown- butler, in 172 1. The celebrated Philip Skelton was his curate here, and tutor to his sons. (In his life by Burdy are several interesting particulars concerning Mr. Madden.) In 1723 he took the degree of D.D. He first appeared before the public^as an author in 1 729, when he pub- lished *his tragedy of Themistocles, played with considerable success in London. In 1 73 1 he wrote A Proposal for the General Encouragement of Learning in Trinity College, and in 1733 published anony- mously in London his Memoir of the Twentieth Century, 527 pp., a cumbroiis effort at a jeu d' esprit on current poli- tics, " unrelieved by any merits adequate to counterbalance the serious defect of too great prolixity." Almost the whole edition of i ,000 copies was withdrawn and cancelled by himself a few days after pub- lication. In 1 738 he wrote Reflections and Resolutions proper for the Gentleman of Ireland, a suggestive and valuable work, partaking somewhat of the character of Bishop Berkeley's Querist. About this time he promoted a system of quarterly pre- miums at Trinity College (which obtained for him the appellation of "Premium Madden"), and constantly exerted himself to induce persons of rank and influence to give their support to plans for the ame- lioration of the country. The Dublin Society was originated at a meeting held in Trinity College on 25th June 1731. While Thomas Prior was most active in found- ing the Society, Madden was one of those to whom the ultimate success of this great national institution was due. It was mainly through his influence that in April i749-'5o a charter of incorporation was obtained. Commencing in 1739, he contributed annually £130 in premiums for the encouragement of manufactures and the arts by means of the Society — a sum increased to above £300 per annum a few years later. Having spent a life of exemplary piety and charity, and devoted his talents and liberal fortune to the 321 MAE improvement of the contlition of his fellow-creatures, he died at Manor Water- house, in the County of Fermanagh, 31st December 1765, aged 79. He be- queathed a large and valuable collection of books to Trinity College, and several paintings now in the Provost's house. Dr. Madden was the friend of many of the most eminent men of his time, and was greatly esteemed by Dr. Johnson, who said, his was " a name which Ireland ought to honour." So little is now known of this distinguished man that even his de- scendants are unacquainted with the place of his interment, and the accounts of his life are most meagre and contradictory. The particulars here given are principally taken from a notice of his family, his life, his descendants, and the rise of the Royal Dublin Society, in the Irish Quarterly Review, 1853. His son, Samuel Molyneux Madden, who died in 1798, bequeathed his estate in the corporation of Belturbet, together with the residue of his personal estate, for the founding of a prize to be given to the best of the disappointed can- didates at the Fellowship examinations at Trinity College, Dublin. '9* =33 Maelbrigid McDoman, Archbishop of Armagh iu 885, was eminent for his learning and piety. Armagh was thrice (in 890, 893, and 919) taken by the Danes during his occupancy of the see. On several occasions he arranged disputes, and pre- vented wars between the northern chief- tains ; and in 908, we are told, visited the wilds of Munster, to redeem from servitude a strange Briton who was there held in captivity. Maelbrigid died about 927. 339 Maelmnry, or Marian, Archbishop of Armagh, a man of great reputation in his time, who governed the see from 1 00 1 to 102 1. He is called in the Annals of the Four Masters, "the head of the clergy of the west of Europe, the principal of ^ th holy orders of the west ; and a most wise and learned doctor." He fol- lowed Brian Borumha's body from Swords to Armagh, and performed the funeral obsequies. It is said that he died of grief 3rd June 1020 (or 1021), on the destruc- tion of a great part of Armagh by fire. ^39 Maffit, John Newland, an eloquent Methodist preacher, was born in Dublin, 28th December 1794. He early joined the ministry of the Methodist Church, and displayed great oratorical powers. He re- moved to the United States in 18 19, and preached, lectured, and delivered addresses in various parts of the Union — his la- bours as a preacher in the west and south being attended with great success. He was chaplain to Congress in 1841. Mr. 322 MAG Maffit was the author of Tears of Contri- tion (iS2\), Poems (Louisville, 1839), and an autobiography. He died at Mobile, Alabama, 28th May 1850, aged 55. His son, John Newland Maffit, was a com- modore in the Confederate navy, and in the Florida did great damage to United States s tipping. 37» Magee, William, Archbishop of Dub- lin, a distinguished author and divine, was bom at Enniskillen in 1766. "^ In 1781 he was entered of Trinity College, Dublin, where he quickly distinguished himself and obtained all the academic honours, in- cluding a scholarship in the year 1784. In 1 788 he was elected a Fellow ; in 1 790 entered into orders; in 1800 became Pro- fessor of Mathematics; in 18 12 retired on the college livings of Cappagh and Killy- leagh ; in 18 14 was made Dean of Cork; in 1 81 9 was consecrated Bishop of Baphoe ; and in 1822 was advanced to the see of Dublin. He attained a wide literary repu- tation, his most important work being Discourses on the Scriptural Doctrines of Atonement and Sacrifice (London, 1801), which has seen numerous editions, and is declared by a competent authority to be "one of the ablest critical and polemical works of modern times." He was in his early days a strenuous opponent of the Union, as he afterwards was of Catholic Emanci- pation. He died at Redesdale, nearDublin, 19th August 1831, aged about 65, and was buried in the centre of the old churchyard of Rathfarnham, under a tomb as yet un- inscribed. The Archbishop's works were collected and printed from his own cor- rected copies, with a memoir, by Rev. A. H. Kenney, in 2 vols., London, 1842. The present Bishop of Peterborough is his grandson. " "^ '^s Maginn, William, LL.D., a dis- tinguished writer, was born in Cork in July 1794. He entered Trinity College at an unusually early age, and attained the degree of LL.D. when but twenty-three. In the literary society of Cork he soon excelled all his contemporaries in the depth and universality of his reading. The publica- tion of Blackwood's Magazine, commenced in 1 8 1 7, opened up a field especially favour- able for the display of his talents. His earliest contribution was a translation into Latin of Chevy Chase. At first he wrote under the assumed name of "Ralph Tuckett Scott," and occasionally had con- siderable difficulty in getting cash for Mr. Blackwood's cheques in favour of that supposed individual. It would be impos- sible to specify his numerous contributions to the magazine, of which for a time he was the main stay. In 1 823 he married, MAG and giving up a school he had opened in Cork, removed to London. In 1824 he went to Paris for a time as correspondent of the Representative, and on his return continued to earn a livelihood by writing for magazines, annuals, and newspapers. His political articles in the early numbers of the Standard contributed much to the success of that newspaper. Disagreement with Mr. Blackwood led to the establish- ment by Maginn and his friend Hugh Eraser, of Fraser's Magazine in 1830. All the ability that characterized his articles in Blackwood shone out in the new serial, which rapidly sprang into public esti- mation. An article in the number for January 1836, led to a duel with Grantley Berkeley. Habits of dissipation and extra- vagance now grew upon him. Besides increasing money difficulties, and the losses resulting from his irregular life, "there was another external attraction that made home less agreeable — . . . his sup- posed attachment to Miss Lanyon. What- ever were the terms on which he stood to that gifted and fascinating creature, certain it is that the strongest friendship existed between them." "^ On her death Maginn appeared inconsolable, and shortly afterwards he separated from his wife and children. In January 1838 appeared the first of his celebrated Homeric Ballads. Dissipation had now brought him to a miserable condition, and he suffered im- prisonment for debt several times ; yet through all he retained his serenity of mind, and was able to write political leaders when too ill to rise from bed. Near the last a friend wrote of him: " He was quite emaciated and worn away; his hands thin, and very little flesh on his face ; his eyes appeared brighter and larger than usual ; and his hair was wild and das- ordered. He stretched out his hand and saluted me. He is a ruin, a glorious ruin, nevertheless. . . But he lives a rollick- ing life, and will write you one of his ablest articles, while standing in his shirt, or sipping brandy. We talked on Seneca, Homer, Christ, Pluto, and Virgil." Like most men brought low by their own fail- ings, he was ceaseless in his denunciations of the ingratitude of the world. He died 2 1 st August 1 842, at Walton-upon-Thames, aged 48. He is described as of middle height, " of slender make ; his hair is very grey, and he has a gentle stoop. . . He has a slight stutter, and is rather thick in his delivery. He is completely and per- fectly an Irishman in every look, and word, and movement." Allibone quotes the fol- lowing estimates of his character ; " For more than a quarter of a century the most w* MAG remarkable magazine writer of his time was the late William Maginn, LL.D., well known as the ' Sir Morgan Odoherty ' of Blackwood's Magazine, and as the princi- pal contributor for many years to Fraser's, and other periodicals. The combined learning, wit, eloquence, eccentricity, and humour of Maginn had obtained for him, long before his death, the title of the modem Eabelais. His magazine articles possess extraordinary merit. He had the art of putting a vast quantity of animal spirits upon paper ; but his graver articles — which contain sound and serious principles of criticism — are earnest and well-reason- ed. . . Few men were equal to him in conversation, though he was the reverse of a great talker. It was the variety of topics upon which he threw light, and not the diffuseness of his remarks, which gave a happy idea of the wealth of his conversation. Meet him when you might, turn the dis- course into whatever channels you pleased, Maginn was a master of every subject — the most recondite as well as the most familiar." " Now it was a parody, and now a transla- tion ; to-day, a critique, to-morrow, a letter from Paris ; one month a novel, and the next a political essay. Versatile, learned, apt, and facile, the genial Irish Doctor made wisdom and mirth wherever he went. Too convivial for his own good, too im- provident for his prosperity, he was yet a benefactor to the public, a deUght to scholars, and an idol to his friends." '^ Dr. Kenealy, who afterwards took a promi- nent part in the Tichborne trial, was his friend and biographer. Several interest- ing particulars regarding Dr. Maginn will be found in JVotes and Queries, ist and 2nd Series. ? '* "^<*3) =54 Magraidain, Angnstiu, was canon in the monastery of All Saints' Island, in Lough Eee, at the end of the 14th century. He wrote an important work, Vitce Sanc- torum Hibernice, frequently referred to by Colgau, a copy of which is said to be pre- served m the library of the Convent of St. Francis, Dublin. Magraidain also com- piled a chronicle known as Annales In- sulenses. He died in 1405, and was buried on the island (now a peninsula) where he had passed so much of bis life. '^2 339 Ma^ath, Miler, Archbishop of Cashel and Bishop of Emly, was born in the County of Fermanagh about 1522. Originally a Franciscan Friar, he became a Protestant, and was consecrated Bishop of Clogher,and in i57o-'7l advanced to the archbishopric of Cashel and bishopric of Emly. He also held the bishoprics of Waterford and Lis- more in commendam from 1582 to 1589, and from 1592 to 1607, when he resigned 323 MAG them, and was placed in charge of Killala and Achonry, He contrived to recom- mend himself favourably to Queen Eliza- beth, but appears to have been an unscru- pulous waster of the temporalities of the sees committed to his charge. In the Eegal Visitation of 1615, the Commissioners speak of him as the " Archbishop, Miler Magrath, who would give the Commis- sioners no satisfactory information respect- ing the revenues. He held four bishoprics and a great number of benefices in various dioceses." Among the Patent Eolls of James I. (1624) will be found an important letter from the King to the Lord-Deputy concerning Magrath's abuse of the aich- bishopric. He had four sons and four daughters. Some of the former, although Catholics, contrived to possess themselves of several church livings. Amongst other nefarious alienations from the Church was that of the manor and see lands of Lismore, with the castle, to Sir Walter Raleigh, for the annual rent of £ 1 3 6s. 8d. In 1 602 this property was purchased by the Earl of Cork, from whom the greater part of it is inherited by the present Duke of Devon- shire. In the Life and Letters o/MacCar- tky More will be found well authenticated proofs of the Archbishop's complicity with Carew and Cecil in their high-handed government of Ireland, and in their attempts to secure the assassination of some of the Irish chieftains. After occu- pying the archbishopric for fifty-two years, he died at Cashel in December 1622, aged 100 years, and was buried in the cathe- dral under a monument previously erected by himself, which may still be seen. Upon it are some curious Latin verses, of which the following translation is given in Harris's Ware. One line has doubtless given rise to the tradition that he became a Catholic at the last, and directed his body to be secretly buried elsewhere : " Patrick, ihe glory of our isle and gown, First sat a bishop in the see of Down. I wish that I succeeding him in place As bishop, had an equal share of grace. I served thee, England, fifty years in jars, And pleased thy Princes in the midst of wars ; [is. Here, where I'm placed, I'm not ; and thus the case I'm not in both, yet am in both the places." 118 222 339 Maguire, Cathal, Dean of Clogher, an eminent divine, philosopher, and his- torian, and a canon of Armagh, was born about 1438. He was the 7th in descent from Maguire, a distinguished chief of Fermanagh, who died in 1302. Harris's Ware says he wrote Annates Hibernice usque ad sua tempora. They were called Annates Senatenses from a place called Se- nat-Mac-Magnus, in the County of Fer- managh [BeUe Isle in Lough Erne], where 324 MAG the author wrote them, and oftener Annates Ultonienses, the Annals of Ulster, because they were compiled in and by natives of that province. They begin in 431, and are carried down by the compiler to his death in 1498; but they were afterwards con- tinued by Eoderic Cassidy to the year 1532. He also wrote a book entitled Aengusius Auctus, or the Martyrology of Aengus enlarged. He died of small-pox on the 23rd of March 1498, aged 59. There are also ascribed to him Scholia, or anno- tations on the Registry of Clogher, a work now lost. Several interesting notes on this annalist, by Dr. O'Donovan, will be found in the A)inals of the Four Masters under the year 1498 ; and O'Curry devotes the larger portion of a chapter of his Manuscript Materials of Ancient Irish His- tory to a disquisition on the five copies of the Annals of (lister known to exist. He says " the text is a mixture of Gaedh- lic and Latin, sometimes being written partly in one language and partly in the other." '34 260 339 Maguire, Hugh, Lord of Ferma- nagh, who took a prominent part in the war during Elizabeth's reign, was son of Cuconnaught Maguire, Prince of Ferman- agh, and cousin of Hugh O'Neill. His mother was Nuala, daughter of Mauus O'Donnell. On the death of his father in 1 5 89, he became possessed of the estates held by his ancestors since 1302. He soon took up a defiant attitude towards the Government, replying, when told by the Deputy FitzWilliam that he must allow the Queen's writs to run in Fer- managh : " Your sherifi" shall be wel- come, but let me know his eric, that if my people should cut ofi" his head I may levy it upon the country." He succoured Hugh Roe O'Donnell in his escape from Dublin Castle. In 1 593 he besieged the sheriff and his partyin a church, and would have starved them out, but for the inter- vention of Hugh O'Neill, then an ally of the Anglo-Irish. On 3rd July of the same year Maguire carried off a large prey of cattle from Tulsk, from under the eyes of Sir Richard Bingham, Governor of Con- naught. The Four Masters give a spirited account of the engagement. Sir William Clifford and a few horsemen were slain on Bingham's side, while Maguire lost, amongst several of his party, Edmond MacGaurau (Archbishop of Armagh) and Cathal Maguire. Some months later he unsuccessfully endeavoured to prevent Marshal Bagnall and Hugh O'Neill cross- ing the Erne at Athcullin. We are told that his forces, a great number of whom were slain, consisted of Irish, armed with MAG battle-axes, and some Scotch allies, armed with bows. Hugh O'Neill was severely wounded in the thigh in the contest. According to MacGeoghegan, the Anglo- Irish were ultimately forced back across the river. Early in 1594 the Anglo- Irish took and garrisoned Enniskillen ; and in June it was invested by Maguire and his friend Hugh Roe O'Dounell, who had collected a large force for the purpose. Sir George Bingham endea- voured to raise the siege in August, but was intercepted by Maguire at a ford on the Arney river (now Drumane bridge), in the County of Fermanagh, and defeated with a loss of some 400 men. This en- gagement was generally known as the bat- tle of Bel-Atha-na-mBriosgaidh (the Ford of the Biscuits), from the quantity of bis- cuits and supplies taken by the Irish. The garrison of Enniskillen surrendered almost immediately after this disaster. Next year Maguire devastated Cavan, so that he did not leave a " hut in which two or three persons might be protected" in the entire district. He threw himself heart and soul into O'Neill's war, and took part in the victory of Clontibret and Kilclooney, and was in command of the cavalry at Mullagh- brack in 1 596, where the Anglo-Irish were defeated with heavy loss. The same year he was, with O'Neill and O'Donnell, for- mally outlawed, and a price was set upon his head. In 1598 he held a command at the defeat of Marshal Bagnall at the Yellow B'ord. Next year Maguire joined O'Donnell in a marauding expedition into Thomond, and took Inchiquin Castle. In March 1600 he commanded the cavalry in Hugh O'Neill's expedition into Leinster and Munster. Accompanied by a small party, he reconnoitred the country towards Cork; but was intercepted by Sir War- ham St. Leger and Sir Henry Power, with a superior force. Nothing daunted, he struck spurs into his horse, and dashed into the midst of the Deputy's band, where St. Leger inflicted a deadly wound on him with his pistol. Maguire, summon- ing his remaining strength, cleft his ad- versary's head through his helmet, and then fell exhausted and almost immedi- ately expired. According to the Four Masters^ " the death of Maguire caused a giddiness of spirit and a depression of mind in O'Neill and the Irish chiefs in general, and this was no wonder, for he was the bulwark of valour and prowess, the shield of protection and shelter, the tower of support and defence, and the pillar of the hospitality and achievements of the Oirghialla, and of almost all the Irish of his time." His wife was a daughter of MAG Hugh O'Neill. Hugh Maguire's name will probably live longest in the ode addressed to him by his bard, O'Hussey, which has been so forcibly rendered into English by 3 52 X34 135 Maguire, Cuconuaught, Lord of Fermanagh, younger brother of preced- ing, was upon his death in 1600 installed chief in the presence of his clansmen. He procured the ship for the flight of the Earls of Tyrone and Tirconnell, and accompanied them to the Continent. This prince, whom the Four Masters style " an intelligent, comely, courageous, magnani- mous, rapid-marching, adventurous man, endowed with wisdom and personal beauty, and all the other good qualifications," died at Genoa on 12th August 1608. After his departure from Ireland, almost the whole of Fermanagh was confiscated and " plant- ed " with English settlers, by King James I. ; 2,000 acres were settled upon one Brian Maguire, son or brother of Cucon- naught. The direct descendants of this prince (the representative of one of the most distinguished Milesian families), through Cuconnaught Mor, who fell at the battle of Aughrim, and Brian, an oflScer in the East India Company's service, of duel- ling celebrity, have become so reduced that when O'Donovan was editing the Annals of the Four Masters, they were " common sailors on the coast vessels trading between Dublin and Wales." See Notes and Queries, 4th Series, for an inte- resting note on the burial place of the Maguires; while notes on the family de- scents may be consulted under the years 1498 and 1608 in the Aiinals of the Four Masters. '^4 =54 Magtiire, Connor, Baron of Ennis- killen, son of Brian Roe, ist Baron, and his wife, a sister of Owen Roe O'Neill. He was of the same family as the preceding, and was born in Fermanagh about 161 6. He entered enthusiastically into the plans for insurrection in October 1 64 1, for ex- pelling the English settlers and asserting the freedom of Catholic worship, and was one of the leaders who came to Dublin to arrange for the outbreak. His lodging was at ."one Nevil's, a chirurgeon, in Castle-street, near the pillory," and there several private conferences were held. Sir Felim O'Neill was deputed to seize Char- lemont ; Maguire, Barry, Preston, Moor, and Plunket, Dublin Castle ; Sir James Dillon, the Fort of Galway ; Sir Morgan Cavanagh and Hugh MacFelim, the Fort of Duncannon. The plot to take Dublin Castle was betrayed, however, and while most of his confederates fled across the Liffey and escaped, Maguire was arrested. 32s MAG He was imprisoned in the Castle for nearly a year, and then removed to the Tower of London, with his friend MacMahon. During his incarceration he was more than once examined, and substantially admitted the charges brought against him. After nearly two years' imprisonment, he and MacMahon escaped on i8th August 1643, and were at liberty until 20th October. They lay hid in a house in Drury-lane, and would probably have escaped to the Conti- nent, but for the rashness of one of them in calling from a top window to an oyster-man in the street. The voice was recognized ; they were recaptured, and in two hours were again in the Tower. Maguire was brought up for trial for high treason at the King's Bench on the nth November 1644. He pleaded his right to be tried by his peers in Ireland. This was overruled by the judge, as well as by both Houses of Parliament, to whom the matter was re- ferred, and his final trial came on loth February i644-'5. He defended himself with great ability, and urged so many technical objections to the proceedings that the case went over to the second day. The judge charged strongly against him; he was found guilty, and condemned to be hanged, drawn, and quartered. Both after conviction in court, and in an appeal to Parliament from his prison, he unsuc- cessfully prayed that his body might be spared the indignity of quartering. ' ' Then the prisoner departing from the bar, Mr. Prynne advising him to confer with some godly ministers for the good and comfort of his soul, he answered that he would have none at all, unless he might have some Eomish priests of his own reUgion."^^^ This prayer was also denied, and when he was brought up on a sled for execution the 20th February i644-'5, te repeatedly broke in upon the reiterated exhortations of the sheriff that he should renounce his faith, w ^n cries of " For Jesus Christ's sake, I beseech you to give me a little time to prepare myself. . . For God's sake, give me leave to depart in peace. . Pray let me have a little time to say my prayers." At the final moment " the sherifi" commanded his pockets to be searched whether he had no bull or pardon about him ; but they found in his pockets only some beads and a crucifix, which were taken from him." 3=3 His title was assumed by his son and descendants, the last of whom, Alexander Maguire, 8th Baron, was^ a captain in the Irish Brigade in France. [In commemoration of his aiTest and the discovery of the plot for insurrec- tion in October 1641, it was customary, until the year 1829, for the bells of St. 326 MAH Audoen's Church to be rung every 22nd of October at midnight.} William Prynn, the Parliamentarian, took a prominent pai-t against Maguire on his trial, and printed a pamphlet (running to thirty-two pages of Cobbett's State Trials) to prove " that Irish peers, as well as commons, may be law- fully tried in this court in England." s? "o 312 323 MagTiire, John Francis, politician and- writer, the son of a merchant in Cork, was born about 1 8 1 5 . He was called to the Irish Bar in 1843, sat as member for Dun- garvan from 1852 to 1865, and for Cork from that date till his death. He actively supported the Liberal party, especially in its legislation regarding the disestablish- ment of the Church, and the land ques- tion. It was known that he was not in affluent circumstances, and it was ex- pected that he would soon be ofi'ered a government position of some description ; so that his sincerity was strikingly shown in 1870, when he joined the Home Rule party, led by Mr, Butt, and thereby sacri- ficed all his prospects of an official career. A series of articles on the question of Home Rule, which appeared in his paper, the Cork Examiner, were published in a collected form in 1871. Mr. Maguire was author of Rome aoid its Rvler (1857), Life of Father Mathew (1862), Irish in America ( 1 868), The Next Generation, a novel ( 1 87 1 ), and other works. He was a brilliant raconteur, was a prominent advocate of female suffrage, and for his defence of the position of the Pope was created a Knight Commander of St. Gregory. He died near Cork, 1st November 1872, aged 57. His character for earnestness and sincerity stood so high that a testimonial subscrip- tion, opened after his death, was joined in by the Queen, and by many others who were imable to endorse his political opinions. ^ -33 Mahony, Francis Sylvester, Rev., a distinguished writer, was born in Cork about 1805. He was educated at a Jesuit college in France, and at the University of Rome, and returning home in orders, he for a short time performed the duties of a Catholic clergyman, and was a tutor in Clongowes Wood College. Eventually he gave up his cure, and devoted himself entirely to literature. His ripe scholar- ship, his pathos and wit, soon became known to the public in a series of papers, " The Reliques of Father Prout," which first appeared in Eraser's Magazine, and were published in a separate form in 1836. For Eraser, also, he wrote "The Bells of Shandon" and other well-known pieces of poetry. His powers of versification MAH in foreign languages was strikingly exhi- bited in a series of articles on " Moore's Plagiarisms," wherein the Latin and Greek "originals" of most of the Melodies were given. In the Greek versions he was assisted by Francis Stack Murphy, Mahony also wrote " The Groves of Blar- ney " in Italian, as " sung by a Garibaldian bivouac amid the woods over Lake Como, 25th May 1859," besides versions in French, Greek, and Latin. The writer of the pre- face to his works says he " belonged to a race of mortals now quite gone out of Irish existence, like the elk and wolf-dog." The " Prout Papers " as a whole brim over with humour, dash, and feeling. He spent some years in travelling through Hungary, Asia Minor, Greece, and Egypt ; and in January 1846 accepted, under Dickens, the position of Eoman corre- spondent of the Daily News. His articles were afterwards republished as Facts and Figures from Italy, hy Don Jeremy Savonarola, Benedictine Monk. He was Paris correspondent of the Globe the last eight years of his life, and until within a few weeks of his death, which took place at his residence in the Kue des Moulins, Paris, i8th May 1866. A re- viewer thus speaks of his Reliques : " Do you wish for epigrams? There is a fairy shower of them. Have you a taste for ballads, varying from the lively to the tender, from the note of the trumpet to the note of the lute ? Have you an ear for translations which give the semblance of another language's face ? Are you given to satire ? . . . Do you delight in the classic allusion, the quaint though yet profound learning of other days 1 AH these and a great deal more are to be found in Father Front's chest." '* Father Mahony strenuously opposed O'Connell and the Eepeal movement. Hardly any- thing more bitter in its way was ever written against the " Liberator" than "The Lay of Lazarus," which appeared in the Times in 1845. He was also opposed to the disestablishment of the Church in Ireland. His person is thus described : "He was a remarkable figure in Lon- don. A short, spare man, stooping as he went, with the right arm clasped in the left hand behind him ; a sharp face, with piercing grey eyes that looked vacantly upwards, a mocking lip, a close-shaven face, and an ecclesiastical garb of slovenly appearance — such was the old Fraserian, who would laugh outright at times, quite unconscious of by-standers. Mahony was a combination of Voltaire and Rabelais ; . . . but there was never the slightest doubt as to his orthodoxy." '^o He never MAL allowed a day to pass without reading his Office from the well-worn volume which he always carried about with him. " He may have been, canouically speak- ing, an indifferent priest, an inefficient memberof an uncongenial profession, which I have always understood he entered from family pique and impetuosity ; . . but he was in heart and soul a thoroughly be- lieving and, as everyone knew, a most sincerely tolerant Christian. He was on friendly and in some instances aff'ectionate terms with many ministers of various Christian denominations ; had the highest esteem for several Jewish rabbis, and their noble old faith ; and even his academic pride and high cultivation did not hinder him from sympathizing with field and street preachers, whose mission, however rude their speech and manner might be, he always declared was generous and good." 230 16 40 233 Maildiilpli, a learned Irish monk, who was the author of several theological works named in Harris's Ware, flourished in the 7th century. He removed to Britain, and fouqded a monastery and school at Ingle- borne, where he instructed many after- wards eminent for learning, of whom the great St. Aldhelm was the chief. " From this Maildulph, Ingleborne, situated in "Wiltshire, was anciently called Maildul- fesburg (by Bede, Maildulfi Urbs), but now commonly Malmesbury, where there was afterwards an abbey enriched by the presents of King Athelstane and other benefactors." ^39 Makemie, Francis, a Presbyterian divine, who was distinguished in the early settlement of Virginia. He was born in Donegal, and went to America in 1682. He preached principally in Virginia and the Carolinas, and was for a time engaged in the West India trade. For preaching without licence in New York in 1707, he was arrested by Governor Cornbury, and imprisoned for two months. Cornbury, in justifying his action, reported that Ma- kemie was " a preacher, a doctor of physic, a merchant, an attorney, a counsellor-at- law, and, which is worst of all, a disturber of governments." He printed a Narrative of this affair, and many tracts, some of which have been since republished. His Ansxoer to George Keith's Libel (Boston 1692) bears the imprimatur of Increase Mather. He died in Boston in the sum- mer of 1708. 37- Malachy I. (Maelseachlainn), Monarch of Ireland, reigned, according to the Four Masters, from 845 to 860. Before his accession he compassed the assassination of Turgesius, a Dane, and the expulsion 327 MAL of the Northmen from Ireland ; but they returned in force before long, and his reign was marked by constant descents and depredations of the Dubh-Lochlan- naigh (Black Scandinavians, or Danes), and Finn-Lochlannaigh (White Scandina- vians, or Norwegians). His reign was also notable for a regal convention which he called at Eathhugh, in the present County of Westmeath. '3s 171 Malachy Mor, Monarch of Ireland, flourished from 980 to 1022, the rival, and afterwards the tributary of Brian Borumha. He succeeded to the nominal sovereignty of Ireland in 978, two years after Brian became King of Munster. He married Maelmaire, sister of Sitric, the Danish King of Dublin ; and after the death of his father, his mother married Olaf, a renowned warrior of the same nation. The early part of Malachy's reign was spent in constant contentions with Brian and other Irish chiefs, and with his connexions, the Northmen. Upon more than one occasion he inflicted severe defeats on the latter, carrying away 2,000 hostages, jewels, and other valuables, and " freed the country from tribute and taxa- tion from the Shannon to the sea ; " and " wore the collar of gold, Which he won from her proud invader." In 982 he invaded Thomond and rooted up and cut to pieces the great tree at Magh-Adhair [now Moyry Park, in the County of Clare], under which Brian and his ancestors of the Dalcassian line had been crowned, and where for generations they had received the first homage of their subjects. Eventually Brian and Malachy had to lay aside their feuds and unite against the common enemy, and in the year 1000 they defeated the North- men at Glenmama, near Dunlavin, in the County of Wicklow, as is related in the notice of Brian Borumha. In 1002 Brian, whose p .wer had been gradually increas- ing, marched to Tara, deposed Malachy, and assumed the supreme sovereignty. Malachy not only submitted, but appears to have entered into Brian's plans for the government of the country, and helped him in his operations against the North- men. After the battle of Clontarf and Brian's death, 23rd April 1014, Malachy again assumed the supreme authority in Ireland. His energy in following up the struggle refuted the calumny that he se- cretly favoured the Northmen in the fight. He reigned nine years after Brian's death, and is mentioned as the founder of churches and schools ; but the annals of the time show that the latter years of his life were passed chiefly in plundering 328 MAL expeditious in various parts of the island, and murderous contentions with the chiefs who owed him a nominal allegiance. Malachy died at Croinis (Cormorant Is- land), in Lough Ennel, near Mullingar, in 1023. A month before he had defeated the Northmen of Dublin at Athboy. ^^ 144 171 263 Malachy O'Morgair, Saint, Arch- bishop of Armagh, was born near Armagh, in 1095. He was educated near his home, by Abbot Imar, and afterwards at Lis- more, under Bishop Malchus. Returning to Ulster, he was admitted to orders, and in 1 1 20 was placed over the Abbey of Ban- gor. Four years later he was consecrated Bishop of Connor. According to Harris, St. Bernard gives a lamentable account of the people of his diocese, saying that Malachy found them rude, barba- rous, and uncultivated ; but " in a few years wrought such a reformation in the morals of his flock as was little inferior to that brought about by St. Patrick in these parts." Archbishop Celsus, on his death-bed in 11 29, desired that Malachy should be his successor in the primacy ; bat it was not imtil 1 134 that he was per- mitted to enter on the duties of the see, which he held but three years. In 1137 he resigned (Gelasius being appointed), and betook himself to the see of Down, where he founded an abbey. In 1 1 39 he proceeded to Rome, was received with great distinction by the Pope, and ap- pointed Legate. " He returned to Ireland and landed at Bangor, where he was re- ceived with the universal exultation of all degrees of people. He entered 01. the exercise of his legatine function over all parts of Ireland, held many synods, and restored and reformed the old disci- pline ; " 339 he purified the monastic orders, and introduced a branch of the monks of St. Bernard. In 1148 he undertook another journey to Rome to solicit palls for the Irish Church, but died of fever at Clairvaux, 2nd November, aged 53, and was there entombed. In 1 793, during the French Revolution, his remains and those of his friend St. Bernard were removed from their sepulchres. What are believed to be portions of them, since recovered, are now regarded with great veneration. An account of his life, from which subsequent writers have derived almost their entire information, was written by St. Bernard, in whose arms he died. He was canonized in 1190 : his festival is 3rd November. An exhaustive memoir of this saint has been written by the Rev. John O'Hanlon. By Protestant writers his ministry is believed to have marked MAL a most important era in the history of the Irish Church, at which it aban- doned its independence, and was brought under the influence of Rome ; and it is thought that the accounts of the disorders of the state and of the Church before his time are unduly exaggerated by contem- porary writers, so as to justify and glorify the change that then took place. ^' 339 Blalone, Anthony, a distinguished politician, was born in Ireland 5th De- cember 1700. In his twentieth year he en- tered at Oxford, pursued his studies at the Temple, and in May 1726 was called to the Irish Bar. The following year he was elected to represent Westmeath, a seat he held without interruption until 1760. In 1740 he was appointed Prime-Sergeant, a position from which he was dismissed in 1754 for joining in the assertion of the right of Parliament to dispose of un- appropriated taxes. In 1757, under the Duke of Bedford's government, he was made Chancellor of the Exchequer. From this office he was also removed, for main- taining the right of the Irish House to ori- ginate the supplies. Soon afterwards, however, he was placed on the Privy- CouncU, and granted a patent of precedence at the Bar. In 17 71 he voted against Lord Townshend's government, although, as the Viceroy bitterly complained in a black list forwarded to London, he had " been ob- liged in ever)i;hing that he had asked." " To a commanding person, fine voice, an impressive yet conciliatory manner, temper rarely to be ruffled by an opponent, were added powers of argument and persuasion so effective that it was once proposed to transfer him from the Irish to the English House of Commons, in order to oppose Sir Eobert Walpole." ^^^ Grattan declared "Malone was a man of the finest intellect that any country ever produced. The three ablest men I have ever heard were Mr. Pitt (the father), Mr. Murray, and Mr. Malone. For a popular assembly I would choose Pitt ; for a Privy Council, Murray ; for twelve wise men, Malone.''^^! He died 8th May 1776, aged 75. His nephew, afterwards Lord Sunderlin, in- herited most of his estates. "^ '*' '^ "<* ^3- Malone, Edmond, Shaksperian com- mentator and author, nephew of the pre- ceding, was bom in Dublin, 4th October 1 741. He was fij-st educated at Ford's school in Molesworth-street (with Eobert Jephson, Marquis of Lansdowne, General Blakeney and many who subsequently be- came distinguished), and then passed on to Trinity College, where steadiness rather than shining abilities characterized him. In 1763 he entered the Temple, and three MAL years afterwards we find him travelling in France. He was called to the Irish Bar, and for a time rode the Munster circuit, but being possessed of a competence, he gradually yielded to the charms of a lite- rary life, and in 1 7 77 settled permanently in London. Remaining unmarried to the last, almost his whole life was devoted to the study and elucidation of Shaks- pere. The result of these labours, a Ifew Edition of Shakspeare, appeared in II vols. 8vo. in 1790. In 1821, some years after his death, a second edition, in 21 vols., was edited by his friend James Boswell. The priucipal of his other nume- rous works were. History of the English Stage (1790), Works of Sir Joshvxi Reynolds (1797), Prose Works of Dryden (1800). He was a prominent member of "The Club," and was consequently intimate with John- son, Burke, Charlemont, and the best men of his time. " Of Malone it is not, perhaps, very high praise to say that he was with- out doubt the best of the commentators on Shakspere. He is, compared with his predecessors, more trustworthy in his assertions, more cautious in his opinions, and more careful to interpret what he found in the text than to substitute his own conjectures. But he belonged to an age when the merits of Shakspere were not properly appreciated ; and he is, like the rest of his brethren, cold and captious. He was of a critical school which, to a great extent, is fortunately extinct."'^ The Saturday Review says : " In diligence, integrity, and veneration for Shakspere himself, Malone stands second to none of the Shaksperian commentators. But his was not the subtle and catholic spirit to discover under the rough integument of first essays the sacred fire of genius, or to make allowance for the passion and vigour which streak and sometimes redeem their extravagance. Malone was an ex- cellent ferret in charter warrens, but there his skill ended ; for the higher matters of criticism he was as blind as a mole." After twenty-three years' residence in England we find him advising his Irish friends against voting for the Union. Intimate with men high in power, bis influence was courted on both sides— by Lord Clare as well as by the members of the opposite party. Two of his correspondents lost their appointments for following his ad- vice. Mr. Malone died, principally from over study and sedentary habits, 25th May 181 2, aged 70. Lord Sunderlin, his brother, buried him by the family man- sion at Baronstown in Westmeath. Al- though it is stated to have been his wish that hia splendid library should go 329 MAL to Trinity College, where he had been educated, Lord Sunderlia made it over to the Bodleian at Oxford, in the belief that it would there be useful to a larger number of persons than if sent to Ireland. His biographer says : " His countenance had a most pleasing expression of sensibility and serenity. . . He wore a light blue coat, white silk stockings, and I think buckles in his shoes. His hair was white, and tied behind." There are numerous references to him and his writings in Notes and Queries, especially in the 2nd Series. 34 97 231 254 Slaloue, William, Rev., best known for his challenge to Protestant writers and Archbishop Ussher's reply, was born in Dublin about 1586. At an early age he was sent to Portugal, and then to Rome, where in his twentieth year he entered the order of Jesuits. After a sojourn in Ireland, he was sent for to Rome and appointed Rector of St. Isidore's College. He returned to Ireland as Superior of the Jesuit mission. He excited the suspicion of the Government and was arrested ; but contrived to make his escape to Spain, where he died Rector of the Irish College at Seville, in 1659, aged about 73. ^34 Manby, Peter, Rev., Dean of Deny, an Irish writer who flourished in the 1 7th century, was educated at Trinity College, became chaplain to Archbishop Boyle, and in 1672 was appointed Dean of Derry. In 1686 he embraced Catholicism, being permitted by James II. to retain his deanery. After the defeat of James in Ireland he removed to France and after- wards to London, where he died in 1697. He was the author of several controversial works, some of which were replied to by Dr. King, afterwards Archbishop of Dublin. "8 339 Mangan, James Clarence, a distin- guished Irish poet, was bom in Fishamble- street, J ablin, in the spring of the year 1803. Little is recorded concerning his parentage. Those who knew him in his later days had a vague sort of knowledge that he had a brother, sister, and mother still living, whose scanty subsistence de- pended partly on him. He received what scholastic training he ever had at a poor school in Derby-square, near his birth- place. For seven years he laboured as a copyist with a scrivener at a weekly salary, and afterwards passed two years in an attorney's oflice. " At what age he devoted himself to this drudgery, at what age he left it, or was discharged from it, does not appear. . . Those who knew him in after years can re- member -with what a shuddering and 330 MAL loathing horror he spoke, when at rare intervals he could be induced to speak at aU, of his labours with the scrivener and the attorney. He was shy and sensitive, with exquisite sensibility and fine impulses. . . At this time he must have been a great devourer of books, and seems to have early devoted himself to the exploration of those treasures which lay locked up in foreign languages. Mangan had no education of a regular and ap- proved sort ; neither, in his multifarious reading had he, nor could brook, any gui- dance whatever." ^^^ How he came by the brilliant acquirements he soon displayed is not recorded. How he made his unaided studies in the attorney's oflSce, or at the top of a library ladder so effective, is diffi- cult to understand. It is certain that he became a classical scholar, and that he was familiar with at least three modern languages — German, French, and Spanish — besides his own. During this obscure and unrecorded period of his life, he appears to have contracted an unhappy passion for a certain " Frances," whose name often appears in his poems. About 1830 we find him contributing short poems, usually translations from the German, or render- ings of literal translations from the Irish, to Dublin periodicals. He thus became acquainted with Dr. Anster, Dr. Petrie, and Dr. Todd, and through their influence was given employment suited to his tastes and acquirements, in the catalogue depart- ment of Trinity College Library. John Mitchel describes his appearance here : '' It was an unearthly and ghostly figure in a brown garment ; the same garment (to all appearance) which lasted till the day of his death. The blanched hair was totally un- kempt ; the corpse-like features stiU as marble ; a large book was in his arms, and all his soul was in the book. . . Here Mangan laboured mechanically, and dreamed, roosting on a ladder, for certain months, perhaps years ; carrying the pro- ceeds in money to his mother's poor home, storing in his memory the proceeds which were not in money, but in another kind of ore, which might feed the imagination in- deed, but was not available for board and lodging. All this time he was the bond- slave of opium." He found emplojonent in the Ordnance Survey. He also wrote for the Dublin Penny Journal, the Irish Penny Journal, and the University Maga- zine, and later for the Nation. When John Mitchel left the Nation, and started the Irishman, Mangan, who thoroughly sympathized with his revolutionary senti- ments, confined his writings almost ex- clusively to its columns. Nothing could MAR reclaim him from habits of intemperance. It has been well said, " There were two Mangans, one well known to the Muses, the other to the police. . . Some- times he could not be found for weeks ; and then he would reappear, like a ghost, or a ghoul, with a wildness in his blue, glittering eye, as of one who has seen spectres. . . Yet he was always humble, affectionate, almost prayerful. He was never of the Satanic school, never devoted mankind to the infernal gods, nor cursed the sun ; but the cry of his spirit was ever, * Miserable man that I am, who will deliver me from the wrath to come ? ' " Anster, Father Meehan, Petrie, and James Haugh- ton retained generous friendship for him to the last. Early in June 1849 ^^ was seized with cholera in a miserable lodging in Dublin, was taken to Mercer's Hospital for treatment, and there sank and died on the 20th of the same month, aged 46. He was buried in Glasnevin Cemetery. His poetry, instinct with tenderness, pathos, and force of imagery, is too little known. A memoir and an essay on the character- istics of his poetical genius are prefixed to the edition of his Poems published by John Mitchel (New York, 1859). Of his distinctly Irish pieces, perhaps his " Dark Rosaleen," and " Lament for the Princes of Tyrone and Tirconnell" are the best known. In these and other translated Irish pieces he has so completely caught the feeling of the original that it is difficult to believe that his knowledge of Irish was very limited, and that he trusted to literal translations made for him by friends. His German Anthology contains perhaps the most widely-known of his translations. Mitchel says : " I have never yet met a cultivated Irish man or woman, of genuine Irish nature, who did not prize Clarence Mangan above all the poets that their island of song ever nursed." -^^ Marianas Scotus, whose Irish name was SSaelbrigde, an annalist of the 1 1 th century, a contemporary of Tigernach, was bom in 1028. He is said to have been the first by whom the name Scotia, theretofore applied to Ireland only, was given to Scot- land. He went abroad in 1056, and joined a religious community at Cologne. From 1059 to 1069 he was imprisoned by com- mand of the Bishop of Metz. He died in 1086, aged 57. Harris gives a list of his works, and quotes the opinion that, "with- out comparison, he was the most learned man of his age, an excellent historian, a famofts man at calculations, and a solid divine." 339 ^^ Marsden, "William, F.R.S., a dis- tinguished oriental scholar, was born in MAR Dublin, 1 6th November 1754. Obtaining an Indian appointment in 1771, he broke off his theological studies at Trinity College, and went out to Bencoolen, Sumatra, as secretary to the British representative. His duties were by no means arduous, and he devoted his leisure to the study of the Malay language, and was enabled to lay up the stock of oriental knowledge that was afterwards given to the world in his various publications. After eight years' residence abroad, he returned to England in 1 779, with an income of a few hundred pounds a year, determined to devote himself to literature. Before long he became ac- quainted with Sir Joseph Banks and the leading literary men of the day, and was elected a member of the Eoyal Society and other learned bodies. His History of Sumatra was published in 1782 — accord- ing to Southey, " a perfect model of topo- Saphical and descriptive composition." aving declined several offers of lucrative employment in India, in 1 795 he was ap- pointed Second Secretary of the Admiralty, and in due time became Chief Secretary, with a salary of £4,000 per. annum. He discharged the duties of this office for twelve years eventful to the British navy, much to his own honour and the public advantage. In 1807 his health began to suffer from overwork, and he retired on a pension of .£1,500. The first fruit of his labour in retirement was the publication, iu 1 81 2, of his Grammar and Diction- ary of the Malay Language, thirty-three years after he had collected the materials. In 181 7 appeared a translation of the Travels of Marco Polo. According to MacCulloch, "this is incomparably the best translation of the celebrated Travels of Marco Polo, . . . and is in all re- spects one of the best edited books that have ever been published." Several other works followed— notably Numismata Ori- entalia. In 1 83 1 , from feelings of patriot- ism, he voluntarily resigned his pension. He died of apoplexy, 6th October 1836, aged 81, and was buried in Kensal-green. He bequeathed his collection of oriental coins and medals to the British Museum, and his library to King's College, London. 16 40 Marsh, Sir Henry, Bart., a distin- guished physician, was bom at Loughrea in 1790. (He was lineally descended from Francis Marsh, Archbishop of Dublin.) He graduated at Trinity College in 181 2; but having attached himself to a sect known as the Walkerites, abandoned the studies which he had been pursuing with a view of entering the Church. He turned his attention to medicine, and was 331 MAR apprenticed to Philip Crampton. In 1818 he took his degree, walked the Paris hospi- tals, and in 1820, having settled in Dublin, was appointed physician to Dr. Steevens' Hospital. Thenceforward his progress in the medical profession was rapid. He en- joyed an increasing private practice, and held some of the most onerous and honour- able positions connected with Dublin medical charities; and in 1839 he and Surgeon Crampton were created baronets. He died suddenly at his residence in Mer- rion-square, Dublin, ist December i860, aged 70, and was buried in Mount Jerome Cemetery. Sir Henry was greatly beloved in private life, and was held in high esteem by the members of his own profession. "* 's?) Marsh, James, a Dublin physician and chemist, who distinguished himself by the discovery of a process by which the most minute portions of ai-senic can be de- tected in any body or liquid, was born in 1789. His discovery was given to the world in the Edinburgh Philosophical Journal for October 1836. The process, details of which will be found in the En- cyclopoedia Britannica, is constantly made use of in medical jurisprudence. He died at Woolwich, where for some time he had occupied the position of practical chemist to the Royal Arsenal, 21st June 1846, aged 56. 7 34 Marsh, Narcissxis, Archbishop of Armagh, was born at Hannington in Wilt- ehire, 20th December 1638. Educated at Oxford, he became Doctor of Divinity in 1671 ; and seven years afterwards, through the influence of his friend the Duke of Or- mond, was appointed Provost of Trinity College, Dublin. In 1682 he was conse- crated Bishop of Leighlin and Ferns ; in 1690 was translated to Cashel; in 1694 he was promoted to the archbishopric of Dublin; and in 1702 became Archbishop of Armagh. The writings of this eminent prelate jarcely merit record ; he is re- membered for his bequests to the see of Armagh, for the foundation of widows' alms-houses at Drogheda, and above all by the foundation, in 1707, of a free public library contiguous to St. Patrick's Cathe- dral, Dublin — probably the first of its kind in Ireland. He laid out £4,000 on the build- ing, which at his death contained 10,000 volumes. Forty years afterwards it re- ceived an important addition in a bequest of books and MSS. from Dr. Steame. The salary of a librarian was provided for by a charge of £250 per annum on church lands in Meath. An Act of the Irish Par- liament exempted Marsh's Library from taxes. This venerable foundation, which, although somewhat restricted in ita scope, 332 MAR contains many valuable works, is still open to the public. Archbishop Marsh died 2nd November 1713, aged 75,^' and was buried in a vault in the churchyard of St. Patrick's, adjoining the library. A stately monument was erected to his memory in St. Patrick's Cathedral. He at one period occupied a house at Leixlip, still known as the Archbishop's palace. No relation- ship appears to have existed between him and Francis Marsh, his predecessor in the see of Dublin. '" "^ =54 332 Martin, John, a distinguished Irish nationalist, was born 8th September 181 2, at Loughorne, near Newry, where his father was a Presbyterian clergyman. After a preliminary education at Newry, he passed to Trinity College, where he took a degree in 1834. He then commenced the study of medicine, which he eventually abandoned, partly from want of nerve in the dissecting-room, and partly from want of faith in the science. The death of an uncle in 1835 left him in indepen- dent circumstances. In 1839 he visited America, and in 1841 travelled on the Continent. His attention was turned to politics by the progress of the Repeal agi- tation, and he gave in his adhesion to the movement, nothing but diffidence prevent- ing him from advocating the cause in public. He joined in the secession of the Young Ireland party, and took a prominent part in the councils of the Confederation, occasionally contributing articles to the United Irishman. Although the purity and sincerity of his character were well known, he showed more courage and deter- mination than he had been credited with, when, on the seizure of the United Irish- man in 1848, he settled his affairs in the north, proceeded to Dublin, and commenced the publication of the Irish Felon from the abandoned office of the United Irishman, and openly advocated the policy of revolu- tion and forcible separation from Great Britain. After the issue of the third number a warrant for his arrest was in the hands of the police, and the fifth number was the last. On 8th July 1848 he surrendered himself to the authorities (having kept out of the way for a few days to avoid trial at a commission then sit- ting), and was committed to Newgate. On 19th August he was tried for treason- felony before the Commission Court sit- ting in Dublin, and a verdict of guilty having been returned, he was sentenced to ten years' transportation. Next year he was sent in the ship Elphinstone, in com- pany with Kevin I. O'Doherty, to Tasma- nia, where they arrived in November 1849. During his exile, in common with the other MAR MAS Irish political prisoners, Mr. Martin en- joyed comparative freedom in the district assigned to him. In 1854, together with W. Smith O'Brien and Kevin I. O'Doherty, he was pardoned, on condition of not visiting the United Kingdom, whereupon he returned to Europe by the overland route, and settled in Paris in October. Two years afterwards his pardon was made unconditional, and he paid a short visit to his friends in Ireland. He had made no eflFort to secure these pardons, and in accepting them placed himself under no restraint as to his future action. His sister- in-law died in 1858, and the illness of his brother induced him to return to Ireland to tend him in his dying moments, and to assume the guardianship of his children and the care of his business at Kilbroney, Eostrevor. These duties he performed with scrupulous fidelity, and in their discharge, and in communion with nature in the romantic neighbourhood of Eostrevor, he found the best support against the anguish he endured at the failure of his hopes for Ireland, and the faithlessness of many of his old friends. In January 1 864, with The O'Douohoe and some others, he established "The National League," having for its object the securing of the legislative independence of Ireland. It had a short existence, chiefly owing to the active op- position of the Fenian party, then rising into power. On Sunday, 8th December 1867, Mr, Martin took a prominent part in the funeral procession in Dublin in honour of Allen, Larkin, and O'Brien, who had been executed at Manchester a few days previously. For this he was prosecuted by Government, and defend- ing himself in a speech of singular ability and moderation, was acquitted. Mr. Martin gave in his hearty adhesion to the principles of the Home Government Association, established in May 1870, to agitate for a federal arrangement between Great Britain and Ireland. Late in the same year he was, without cost to himself, elected member of Parliament for Meath. When applied to by the editor of Dehretfs Heraldic and Biographical House of Com- mons for his arms, he wrote : " I carry no arms : this is a proclaimed district." He was re-elected by an overwhelming ma- jority at the general election in 1874. Attendance at the House of Commons was very irksome to him : yet when he spoke it was with feeling and impressivene'ss, and he won general respect. His greatest parliamentary efibrt was perhaps a speech delivered during the discussion of a Coer- cion Act, 26th May 1871, in reply to Mr. Gladstone, who taunted him with being " the servant of the evil traditions of his country," and said the Ministry were " not afraid to compete with him for the future confidence of Ireland." At the Home Eule Conference of 1873 in Dublin, he unreservedly accepted the programme then adopted. For a time he was induced to occupy the post of Secretary to the Home Eule League — drawing, however, only half the salary agreed upon, although his means had been much straitened by his unceasing sacrifices for Ireland. Shortly before his death he resigned the paid secre- taryship, and accepted an honorary one, finding it impossible, on any terms, to re- ceive money for patriotic services. The death of his friend and brother-in-law, John Mitchel, in March 1875, ^^ ^ severe blow to him. Within one week thereafter he succumbed to an old complaint, spasmodic asthma, on the 29th March 1875, aged 62, and was buried in Loughorne churchyard, close by the homestead^where he was bom. Few men have been more revered both in public and private life. He was lovingly known in Ireland as "Honest John Mar- tin." His knowledge of languages was extensive, and his literary tastes were refined. '" 233 308 Martin, Mary Lsetitia Bell, an authoress, daughter of Thomas B. Martin, of Ballinahinch Castle, County of Galway (who died in 1847), was bom early in the present century. An heiress to landed pro- perty in the county, worth some ^£5,000 per annum, she married Arthur G. Bell, who took her name. She was a writer of no mean ability, and contributed largely to the Encyclopedie des Gens du Monde and other French periodicals, besides writing some novels, of which St. Etienne, a Tale of the Vendean War, and Julia Howard may be mentioned. The failure of the potato crop and the famine and pestilence of 1845 -'7 caused the financial ruin of herself and her husband. " Her projects for the improvement of the wild district over which she had reigned as a sort of native sovereign were at an end, and she went forth from the roof of her fathers a wanderer, without a home, and, as it would appear, almost without a friend." She died in a hotel in New York, 30th October 1850, ten days after her arrival in America, having sufiered much from fever, the consequence of a premature confine- ment during her passage on board a sailing vessel. 7 -6 Massey, Eyre, Lord Clarina, was born in Ireland, 24th May 17 19. He en- tered the army at an early age, and was wounded at Culloden in 1745. At the head of the storming party that took Moro 333 MAS Castle, Havannah, he was again Tvounded, as also at the capture of Martinique. He fought under Wolfe at Quebec, and cap- tured Fort Oswegachie, in August 1760. During the American Revolutionary War he was a Brigadier-General in command at Halifax. He was Colonel of the 27 th Regiment, Governor of Limerick, and of Kilmainham Hospital, and was created an Irish peer, 27th December 1 800. He died at Bath, 17th May 1804, aged 84, being one of the last survivors of those who served under Wolfe. 37» 54 Massne, Henry de. Marquis de Ruvigny, Earl of Galway, a distin- guished general (son of the first Marquis de Ruvigny, a General in the French army and Councillor-of-State), was born in France in 1648, and left the country with his father on the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, and settled at Greenwich. When news reached him of the death of his only brother, De la CaUlemotte, and of his friend Marshal Schomberg at the battle of the Boyne in 1690, he offered his services to William III., was appointed Major-General, and Colonel of Schom- berg's Regiment of Huguenot Horse, and joined De Ginkell at Athlone. His regiment lost 144 men in the capture of the town. " After the battle," says De Bosanquet, " Ginkell came up and em- braced De Ruvigny, declaring how much he was pleased with his bravery and his conduct ;" '^ and the King raised him to the Irish peerage, as Earl of Galway. After serving William III. upon the Continent, he was appointed one of the Lords-Justices of Ireland ; and, says Mr. Smiles, " dur- ing the time that he held office, devoted himself to the establishment of the linen trade, the improvement of agriculture, and the reparation of the losses and devasta- tions from which the country had suffered during the civU wars." The King con- ferred u^on him an estate in the Queen's County, on which he founded the colony of Portarlington, where he induced a large number of the best class of Huguenot refugees to settle. He liberally assisted them out of his private means, erected more than one h\indred dwellings of a superior kind, built and endowed a French and an English Church, and established two excellent schools for the education of their children. " Thus," says Mr. Smiles, " the little town of Portarlington shortly became a centre of polite learning, from which emanated some of the most distinguished men in Ireland, while the gentle and in- dustrious life of the colonists exhibited an example of patient labour, neatness, thrift, and orderliness, which exercised a consi- 334 MAT derable influence on the surrounding population." The appropriation of the Portarlington estate was, however, ob- jected to by the English Parliament, and a Bill was passed annulling that and all grants of a like kind made by the King. The property was eventually made over to the Hollow Sword-Blade Company, along with many large estates throughout the country, and in 1701 Lord Galway returned to England. Fortunately the leases he had given to the Huguenot exiles were not in- terfered with ; and he ever continued to take a deep interest in the colony he had established. The rest of his life was passed in active military service on the Continent, and for the last few years in retirement at Rookley, near Southampton. He died 3rd September 1 720, aged 72, and was buried in Micheldever churchyard. Samuel Smiles's Huguenots, their Settle- ments, Churches, and Industries in England and Ireland, is full of interesting parti- culars concerning the French settlers in Ireland. '^ Mathew, Theobald, D.D., tempe- rance reformer, was born at Thomastown, in the County of KUkenny, loth October 1790. His family were connexions of the Baron of Landaff, and at Thomas- town House, the seat of that nobleman, much of the lad's early life was passed. He was of a sweet and engaging disposi- tion, incapable of anger or resentment, free from selfishness, always anxious to share with others whatever he possessed, and jealous of the affections of those to whom he was particularly attached. Hav- ing passed through the usual preliminary course of studies for Maynooth College, he was sent thither in September 1807 ; but left it within a short time to avoid expulsion for some trifling breach of discipline, and placed himself under the spiritual care of Rev. Celestine Corcoran, Dublin. In 18 14 he was ordained by Archbishop Murray, and admitted a member of the Capuchin Order. For more than twenty years he devoted himself untiringly to the duties of his order, principally in Cork, without any thought of the more comprehensive mission that lay before him. Mr. Maguire, his biographer, thus speaks of his ministra- tions between 1820 and 1830, at a little priory in Cork, of which he and a colleague, Father Donovan, were the principal occu- pants : " Father Mathew was not a man of shining abilities, nor was he a profound or severely-trained scholar. Neither had he fashioned his style upon the best models, or improved his taste by a thorough ac- quaintance with those authors whose works are the classics of English litera- MAT MAT ture. He certainly was not then an ac- complished pulpit orator, if at any period of his life he could lay claim to that distinction ; and in the earlier years of his ministry he was frequently guilty of errors of taste and violations of those rules laid down by rhetoricians of ancient and modern schools. . . What was the charm that held spell-bound the close- packed hundreds beneath the pulpit, that riveted the attention of the crowded galleries, and moved the inmost hearts even of those who had come to criticise ? The earnestness of the preacher — . . . the earnestness of the truth, of sincerity, of belief. Father Mathew practised what he preached, and believed what he so per- suasively and urgently enforced." His striking personal appearance is thus described : "A finely -formed, middle- sized person, of exquisite symmetry ; the head of admirable contour, and from which a finished model of the antique could be cast ; the countenance intelligent, animated, and benevolent ; its complexion rather sallow, inclining to paleness ; eyes of dark lustre, beaming with internal peace, and rich in concentrated sensibility, rather than speaking or kindling with a super- abundant fire ; the line of his mouth harmonizing so completely with his nose and chin, is of peculiar grace ; the brow open, pale, broad, and polished, bears upon it the impress not merely of dignified thought, but of nobility itself." Endowed with such capacities of mind and body, and divested of sectarian bitterness, it is not sur- prising that he exercised a considerable in- fluence not only over his co-religionists, but over persons of all persuasions in the south of Ireland. Through his exertions, a new cemetery was opened at Cork, and he estab- lished several literary institutions and in- dustrial schools. He was fearless and untiring in the cholera epidemic of 1832. During all these years his ministrations were mostly amongst the poor, and he saw more clearly day by day that most of the miseries of their lot arose from drink. Already considerable efforts had been made in Ireland by different associations in the direction of temperance, or abstinence from the use of spirits of all kinds. About 1830, however, a new movement was inaugurated — that of teetotalism, or total abstinence from all intoxicating liquors. The apostles of this reform in the south of Ireland were Rev. Nicholas Dunscombe, a Church clergyman ; Richard Dowden, a Unitarian gentleman ; and William Martin, or " Billy Martin," as he was familiarly called, a member of the Society of Friends. Of these, perhaps William Martin most closely identified himself with the cause, and through his influence. Father Mathew, in April 1838, was induced to sign the total abstinence pledge at a public meeting in Cork, and to promise to the move- ment all the aid in his power. His brother and many of his intimate friends were brewers or distillers, so that this de- cided step showed great depth of convic- tion and determination. The influence that Father Mathew — a popular Catholic clergyman — exercised by thus throwing himself into the temperance cause can scarcely be over-estimated. Thousands flocked to hear him, and take a pledge to abstain from all intoxicating liquors ; and the immediate benefit to those who ab- stained appeared so great that it was thought by many, forgetting the weakness of human nature, that the habits of a people were about to be permanently changed tkrough his means. Father Mathew ex- tended his temperance crusade from Cork to the most remote parts of Ireland, and wherever he went addressed and gave the pledge to enormous multitudes of people. The face of Irish society was almost revo- lutionized ; public-houses and distilleries were closed in many places, temperance halls were opened, and temperance musi- cal bands organized. It was estimated that at one time the pledged abstainers in Ireland numbered some millions. Com- paring the years 1839 and 1842, the an- nual consumption of spirits in Ireland fell from 12,296,000 to 6,485,443 gallons ; the duty from ^1,434,573 to ^86 1,725 ; and the number of persons committed to jail from 12,049 to 9,875. Dr. Channing said : " History records no revolution like this ; it is the grand event of the present day." After a few years Father Mathew extended his ministrations beyond Ireland, and was warmly received in different parts of England and Scotland, where some 600,000 took the pledge from him. An observer, writing on his mission there, says : " The secret of his success consists chiefly in the fact that he has wholly abstained from doing what his opponents have accused him of. He has avoided making his labours subservient either to religious or political objects ; but it is by this singleness of purpose — this de- termination to make temperance his chief and only object — that he has been able to achieve so much for the cause he has undertaken." He gave away much in charity, and subscribed largely for eccle- iastical purposes, contributed to the sup- port of temperance bands, and spent much money in the gratuitous distribution of thousands of medals ; and although he 335 MAT travelled free in Ireland, through the courtesy of the coach proprietors, and received large sums for the furtherance of his mission, he was soon immersed in pecuniary difficulties. In 1 844 he became so involved that he was for a short time incarcerated for debts, none of which were incurred for personal expenditure. Father Mathew was untiring in his exertions dur- ing the famine years of 1 845-'6-'7- In 1 847, on the death of Dr. Murphy, his name was sent forward to Rome by the Arch- bishop of his province and his suffra- gans as "dignissimus," on a list of candi- dates for the appointment of Catholic Bishop of Cork ; and confirmation in the office was regarded by himself and others as certain. His was not the name selected. While bowing to the unexpected Papal decision, he felt the blow acutely — a blow lightened, however, by the reverence and love of the public, which thereafter as- sumed a character at once deeper, more aflFectionate, and more sympathetic than ever. The same year, mainly through the exertions of S. C. Hall, he was granted a Civil List pension of £300 by Lord John Russell, a sum which, though ample in it- self, is understood to have been little more than sufficient to keep up the payments on policies of assurance on his life for the benefit of his creditors. After rigorous fasting in the Lent of 1 848, he was attacked with paralysis of a very alarming charac- ter. His mind, fortunately, was not af- fected, the weakness in his limbs soon diminished, and the entreaties of friends and physicians were unable to prevent him from resuming his arduous labours in the temperance cause. More than two years, from the summer of 1849 *^ ^^- cember 185 1, were passed in a mission to the United States. He was received with great respect in the twenty-five States in which he travelled. He was honourec with a formal reception by the Senate, and was entertained by the Presi- dent. His abstinence from all expression of opinion regarding the horrors of Ameri- can slavery greatly disappointed his anti- slavery friends. There can be little doubt that the fatigues endured in this journey gave the finishing stroke to a frame already enfeebled by anxiety and disease. Yet to the warnings of physicians who recom- mended absolute rest, as necessary to pre- serve his life, he replied : " Never will I desert my post in the middle of the battle — it cannot be sacrificed in a better cause. If I am to die, I will die in har- ness." In February 1852, he was stricken with apoplexy ; yet he recovered sufficiently to pass some months in Madeira, and on his 336 MAT return to his home — his brother's house at Lehenagh — .resumed his old routine. " Day by day he became more feeble and helpless; still he would totter down the steps, and limp along the avenue, to meet a poor drunkard half-way, or to anti- cipate the arrival of a friend whom he had recognized from the window or the door. Sweetness, humility, and holiness marked every hour of his declining days." His last years were piissed at Queens- town — a white-haired, venerable old man, slowly creeping along sunny places — his tottering steps assisted by a lad, on whose shoulder one hand of the invalid rested for support — softening of the brain sadly and darkly settling down upon him. He was often absorbed in prayer before the altar two hours of each day. He passed away, 8th December 1 856, aged 66, in the forty-second year of his ministry, and was buried in the cemetery he was instrumental in establishing at Cork. Reference must not be omitted to Father Mathew's influence in curing or allaying diseases. Dr. Barter, the distinguished hydropathic physician, says : " I often witnessed great relief af- forded by him to people suffering from various affections, and in some cases I was satisfied that permanent good was effected by his administration. Such satisfactory results, on so large a scale too, made him the more earnest in his purpose, and gave the recipient unbounded faith in his power ; and the result from such a favourable combination of circumstances, could not be otherwise than beneficial to the public. Father Mathew possessed in a large degree the power of animal magnetism, and I believe that the paralytic affection from which he suffered, and which brought his valuable life to an untimely end, was pro- duced by an undue expenditure of this power." His biographer, Mr. Maguire, thus summarizes the benefits that have accrued to Ireland mainly from Father Mathew's mission : " Formerly, drunken- ness was regarded rather as a fault for which there were numerous excuses and palliations ; now, drunkenness is looked upon as a degrading vice, and the drunkard finds no universal absolution from the judgment of society. What- ever opinion may be held as to the neces- sity of total abstinence, or the wisdom of moderation, there is but one opinion as to excess— that is one of just and gene- ral condemnation. Formerly, there was not a circumstance in one's life, or an event in one's family, or in the family of one's friend or acquaintance, that was not a legi- timate excuse for a poor fellow * having forgotten himself,' or ' being overtaken by MAT liquor ; ' but a sterner verdict, which evi- dences a higher tone of public "wisdom and morality, is another of the results of Father Mathew's teaching." A fine statue of Father Mathew was erected in Cork shortly after his decease, ^^^ Mattirin, Charles Robert, Rev., author, was born in Dublin in 1782. [His ancestor, Gabriel Maturin, a Huguenot refugee, arrived in Ireland a cripple, after twenty-six years' confinement in the Bastile. His son Peter became Dean of Killala, and his grandson Dean of St. Patrick's : from the latter descended Eev. C. Maturin, Senior Fellow of Trinity Col- lege, Dublin ; and Rev. C. E. Maturin, the subject of this notice.] He distinguished himself at school and college, married before he took his degree, and having entered the Church, obtained the curacy of Loughrea, which he afterwards ex- changed for that of St. Peter's in Dublin. To increase his narrow income of about .£85, he prepared scholars for college, and under the name of "Dennis Jasper Murphy," published some works of fiction. For his Milesian Chief he received ^80 from Col- burn. In 1 816 he met an unexpected success in the reception of his tragedy of Bertram, at Drury-lane — a tragedy praised by Scott and Byron, who took much in- terest in having it brought forward. His profits on this occasion were more than £ 1 ,000, and he was induced to throw oiF the disguise of authorship. In 1 81 5 he obtained a prize for a poem on the Battle of Water- loo. His next play, Manuel, brought out in 1 8 1 7, was a failure, and having launched into expenses on prospects that were never realized, the remainder of his life was a severe struggle for subsistence. He wrote several other novels and poems, besides a volume of controversial sermons. He died of a lingering disease, at his house in York-street, Dublin, 30th October 1824, aged about 42. A writer in the University Magazine says : " He was eccentric in his habits almost to insanity, and compounded of opposites — an insatiable reader of novels; an elegant preacher; an incessant dancer (which propensity he carried to such an extent, that he darkened his drawing-room windows, and indulged during the day- time) ; a coxcomb in dress and manners ; an extensive reader. . . Among other pecu- liarities, he was accustomed to paste a wafer on his forehead whenever he felt the estro of composition coming on him, as a warning to the members of the family, that if they entered his study they were not to interrupt his ideas by questions or conversations." Talfourd styles his Fatal Revenge "one of the wildest and strangest X MAX of all false creations proceeding from the heat-oppressed brain. It is for the most part a tissue of magnificent yet appalling horrors." Sir Walter Scott speaks of Ber- tram as "grand and powerful, the lan- guage most animated and poetical, and the characters sketched with a masterly enthusiasm ;" while Allan Cunningham says it contains " incoherent language, im- probable incidents, and distracted vehe- mence." Byron styles his Manuel "the absurd work of a clever man." Black- wood calls his romance of The Alhigenses, publishedin 1 824, " four volumesof vigour, extravagance, absurdity, and splendour. . . This last work is also his best." "^<^*> 16 166 SCaxwell, Hugh, a distinguished oflacer in the United States revolutionary army, was born in Ireland, 27th April 1733. His father shortly afterwards emi- gi-ated to New England. Hugh served five campaigns in the old French war ; and on one occasion was taken prisoner at Fort Edward, barely escaping with his life. At Bunker's Hill, where he acted as Lieu- tenant, he was wounded ; he was Major in Bailey's regiment, July 1777, and at the battle of Saratoga, and was Lieutenant- Colonel at the close of the war. He died at sea, on a return voyage from the West Indies, 14th October 1799, aged 66. His brother, Thompson Maxwell, born at Bed- ford, Massachusetts, was also a distin- guished revolutionary soldier. 37* Maxwell, William Hamilton, Rev., a voluminous writer, was born at Newry, in 1794. He graduated with distinction at Trinity College. His wish to enter the army was opposed by his family, especi- ally by an aunt, who promised to leave him her fortune if he chose some other career. Whilst yielding to the wishes of his friends, he yearned for excitement, and proceeding to the Peninsula, travelled in the track of Wellington's victorious troops, picking up information upon military mat- ters, and encountering adventures with the narration of which he delighted his readers in after life. On his return home he anticipated his future income by confirm- ing leases granted by his father as tenant for life; and spent his time in hunting and shooting, and reading military history, poetry, and romance. On the death of his aunt it was found that her will was infor- mally executed, and the property for which he had sacrificed his military tastes, went to another. His design of going to South America was frustrated by the death of a friend upon whom he had relied for advancement in that country; whereupon he turned to the Church as his 337 MEA career, and having taken orders and mar- ried, was in 1819 collated to the rectory of Balla, in Connemara. There he occupied his leisure time in authorship. His Stories of Waterloo (1829) and Wild Sports of the West (1833) were received with favour by the public, and between 1829 and 1848, a series of works (numbered up to twenty by Allibone) flowed from his pen. Most of them, whether truth or fiction, deal with military matters. His Life of Wellington (3 vols. i839-'4i) was declared at the time of its publication to have " no rival among similar publications of the day." Maxwell is thus spoken of in the University Magazine : " If a briUiant fancy, a warm imagination, deep know- ledge of the world, consummate insight into character, constitute a high order of intellectual gift, then he is no common man. Uniting with the sparkling wit of his native country the caustic humours and dry sarcasms of the Scotch, with whom he is connected with the strong ties of kin- dred, yet his pre-eminent characteristic is that simshiny temperament which sparkles through every page of his writ- ings." His History of the Rebellion in Ireland in 1798, illustrated by Cruik- shank, and published in 1845, meant probably as a corrective to Madden's Lives of the United Irishmen, is a solid contribution to the history of the period of the Insurrection and Union. He was a frequent contributor to Bentley's Miscel- lany and the University Magazine. Cotton, who states that he was deprived of his living for non-residence in 1 844, is probably mistaken in saying he was once a captain in the army. Notwithstanding his popu- larity and success, he never made provision for the future ; and after the failure of his health and the exhaustion of his spirits, he is said to have passed his days in penury. He died at Musselburgh, near Edinbur a, 29th December 1850, aged 55. 16 116(18) 146 Meagher, Thomas Francis, Irish nationalist and Brigadier-General in the United States service, was bom in Water- ford, where his father was a respectable merchant, 3rd August 1823. He was educated by the Jesuit fathers at Clon- gowes and Stonyhurst, and entered upon the world in 1843 with a reputation for rare talents and great oratorical powers. He early became a zealous Repealer, and with O'Brien, Mitchel, Davis, and others, joined the Young Ireland party. His fiery and impassioned eloquence stimulated the people to hope for a restoration of their national rights by force of arms. In the spring of 1848 O'Brien and Meagher were 338 MEA sent as a deputation to France to congratu- late the French people on the establishment of the Republic. On their return they were received by an enthusiastic meeting, and Meagher presented to the citizens of Dublin, with glowing words, an Irish tricolor flag — green, white, and orange. In May he was brought up for trial before the Queen's Bench in Dublin, "for exciting hatred and contempt against the Queen, and inciting the people to rise in rebellion." On the 1 6th the jury disagreed, as in W. Smith O'Brien's trial on the same occasion on a similar charge. The Habeas Corpus Suspension and Treason-Felony Acts hav- ing been passed, in July, Smith O'Brien, Meagher, Dillon, and a few others, un- supplied with arms or ammunition, and almost without plan of operations, took the field in Tipperary. The struggle was short and decisive. Meagher was one of those arrested and, with MacManus and O'Brien, was tried at Clonmel for high treason, found guilty, and on 23rd October sen- tenced to be hanged, drawn and quartered. The capital sentence was subsequently commuted to penal servitude for life. On 29th July 1 849, he was, with his friends O'Brien and MacManus, sent to Tasma- nia, where he was allowed considerable liberty, and married the daughter of a squatter. Early in 1852 he made his escape from the colony, and landed in New York in the latter part of May. He was tendered a public reception, which he declined to accept, because of his "country remaining in sorrow and subjection," and so many of his companions being still in confinement. Meagher soon became a dis- tinguished popular lecturer, and in Sep- tember 1855, after preliminary study, was admitted to practise at the Bar of New York. Shortly afterwards he undertook an exploring expedition to Central Ame- rica, and gave his experiences in a series of lectures, afterwards published in Har- per'' s Magazine. He had already, in 1852, published a volume of his Speeches on the Legislative Independence of Ireland. On the secession of the Southern States in 1 86 1, he threw himself with ardour into the support of the Union, and in a series of letters to the Dublin Nation endeavoured to impress his view of the case upon his fellow-countrymen, in opposition to Mitchel and other Irishmen who upheld the Con- federates. He raised a company of zouaves for the 69th New York Regiment, and after the battle of BuU Run formed an Irish Brigade. He was untiring in the cause of the Union : " Never," he de- clared, "never, I repeat it, was there a cause more sacred, nor one more great, nor MEA one more urgent ; no cause more sacred, for it comprehends all that has been con- sidered most desirable, most valuable, most ennobling to political society and humanity at large ; no cause more just, for it involves no scheme of conquest or subjugation, contemplates no disfranchisement of the citizen, excluding the idea of provincialism and inferiority." He delivered addresses in different parts of the Union, urging his countrymen to rally under the Federal flag. Ou 1 8th November 1861 he left for Washington, with the first regiment of the Irish Brigade ; and in February 1 862 he was created Brigadier-General. In the ensuing operations his brigade specially distinguished itself at Fair Oaks(ist June 1862), and in the manoeuvres that followed the Seven Days' battles. At the battle of Antietam (i6th September) his com- mand played a prominent part. Greeley writes of "Caldwell's and Meagher's (Irish) brigade vieing with each other in steadiness and gallantry." An eye-witness thus describes its services at the battle of Fredericksburg, 13 th December 1862 : "To the Irish division, commanded by General Meagher, was principally com- mitted the desperate task of bursting out of the town of Fredericksburg, and form- ing, under the withering fire of the Confe- derate batteries, to attack Marye's Heights, towering immediately in their front. Never at Fontenoy, Albuera, nor at Waterloo, was more undoubted courage displayed by the sons of Erin than during those six frantic dashes which they directed against the almost impregnable position of their foe. . . The bodies which lie in dense masses within forty yards of the muzzles of Colonel Walton's guns are the best evi- dence what manner of men they were." Meagher was himself distinguished for his cool bravery. Of the 1,200 men he led into action, only 280 appeared on parade next morning. The annihilation of the brigade was completed at Chancellorsville, on the 3rd May 1863. There for two days and nights they held their ground in front of a line of defence, and on one occasion dragged into action a battery of guns, the horses and drivers of which had been killed. Five days afterwards Meagher tendered his resignation, on the ground that it was " perpetrating a public decep- tion " to keep up a brigade so reduced in numbers, and which he had been refused permission to withdraw from service for a time and recruit." He was immediately appointed to the command of the Etowah district (his head-quarters at Chattanooga), with a force of 12,000 infantry, 200 guns on the forts and in the field, and a regi- X* MEA ment of cavalry. His district was over- run with guerillas, and he had to furnish supplies to divisions of the army through an unprotected country. On the conclusion of the war in 1 865, he was appointed by President Johnson, Secretary (or Acting- Governor) of the territory of Montana, and until his death satisfactorily discharged the duties of the office. He was acciden- tally drowned off a steamer in the Missis- sippi, 1st July 1867, aged 43. His body was never recovered. ' '^^ Meave, Queen of Conn aught, an Irish princess, said to have flourished in the ist century, and to have held her court at Cruachan, now Croghan, near Tulsk, in the County of Roscommon. The great extent of the raths and other remains there attest the ancient importance of the place. Out of a discussion between Meave and her hus- band, Ailill, respecting the comparative merits of their different possessions, and Meave's desire to possess a bull to equal in beauty her husband's " Finnbennach " (white-horn), arose the incidents related in the story that has been styled the Irish Iliad — the Tain Bo Chuailgne, or " Cattle Spoil of Cooley." The effort to secure a noble bull, Donn Cuailgne, involved the whole island in war, in which Fergus MacEoigh, Cuchulaind, Conall Cearnach, Ferdia, and other heroes of Fenian ro- mance were engaged. For ages the lay was lost, until recovered by the sage Mur- gen, by the grave of Fergus MacEoigh. The story is graphically told in Mrs. Fer- guson's Ireland before the Conquest ; while the " Tain-Quest " is among the most beautiful of the Lays of the Western Gael. Ailill was eventually slain by Conall Cear- nach ; and Meave passed her widowhood on Inis Clothran in Lough Eee. She sur- vived all her contemporaries, and reigned over Connaught about eighty years. She was killed by the cast of a stone from Forbaid, as she was enjoying her favourite reci-eation of swimming in Lough Eee. It has been suggested that Meave is the prototype of Mab, the fairy queen. '?' '7' MUesins, or Miledh, a mythical personage, whose widow and descendants are fabled, according to the Four Masters, to have landed in Ireland long before the Christian era. "The fleet of the sons of Miledh [Milesius] came to Ireland to take it from the Tuatha-de-Dananns ; and they fought the battle of Sliabh Mis with them on the third day after landing. In this battle fell Scota, wife of Miledh ; and the grave of Scota is between Sliabh Mis and the sea [still pointed out in the valley of Gleann-Scoithin, County of Kerry]. . . After this the sons of Miledh fought a battle 339 MIL at Tailtinn [Teltown, Meath], against the three Kings of the Tuatha-de-Dananns." Eremhon and Eamhear then divided Ireland between them ; but a dispute arising, they fought a battle at Geshill, at which Eam- hear was kUled. Eremhon, after reigning fifteen years, died, and wag buried at Argat Eos, a mile below Ballyragget, on the banks of the Nore. The long line of Irish kings, given by Keating and other his- torians, all trace their descent from Mi- lesius, through his three sons, Eremhon, Eamhear, and Ith (who died before the settlement in Ireland). '^4 171 ULilej, John, D.D., a distinguished Catholic divine, was born in the County of Kildare about the year 1800. He received his education at Maynooth and at Rome. After his ordination he was appointed a curate in the metropolitan parish, Dublin, by Archbishop Murray. He became Eec- tor of the Irish College, Paris, in 1 849 ; and in 1859 was appointed parish priest of Bray. He was the friend of O'Connell, whom he attended in his last moments, and whose funeral panegyric he pronounced in Dublin. Dr. Miley was an accomplished preacher, and was the author of several works, amongst which may be noted Rome under Paganism aiid the Popes (1848), History of the Papal States (1850), and Temporal Sovereignty of the Popes. He died at Bray, 18th April 1861, aged 61. '^ Miller, George, D.D., author of the Philosophy of History and numerous theo- logical works, was born in Dublin, 22nd October 1764. He entered Trinity College in 1779, and in May 1789 was elected a Fellow. His memoirs contain many interesting details regarding his school- fellow, Wolfe Tone, the fortunes of the Historical Society, the opposition to the appointment of Hely-Hutchinson as Pro- vost, and the efforts made by his party to secure the post in future for " distinguished alumni c ' the University." The particu- lars of his deputation to London and in- terview with Edmund Burke regarding the appointment of a provost, are specially worth perusal. In 1793, as Senior Non- Eegent of the University, his best efforts were put forth to smooth the way for the admission of Catholics to degrees. In the same year he made an extended tour in England, and became acquainted with Sir Joshua Eeynolds and other distinguished personages. Dr. Miller married in 1794, and settled down diligently to college work. In 1795 he delivered a series of lectures on the Philosophy of History, which were first published between 1816 and 1828, in 8 vols., and have since run through several editions. The correction of the last edi- 340 MIT tion, for Mr. Bohn, employed the author to within a week of his death. "Examin- ing the progress of eveiy leading nation in Europe, from its first foundation, through all the vicissitudes of wealth and poverty, of triumph and decay, and developing the causes of their several catastrophes, he views them in combination, and elucidates the general principles of the European commonwealth, by their reciprocal actions and impressions." In 1 804 he accepted the living of Derryvullen, in the diocese of Clogher, and in 1 8 1 7 became head master of the Royal School of Armagh. He strenu- ously opposed Catholic Emancipation — in the words of his biographer — " that fatal policy of statesmen, by which Eoman Ca- tholics were admitted, in the year 1829, to political power." He was the ardent sup- porter of the Church Education Society, and a formidable opponent of Dr. Pusey and his party. Dr. Miller died 5 th October 1848, aged 83. "*'t MUlikin, Richard Alfred, a minor poet, was born at Castlemartyr, County of Cork, in 1767. He wrote several fugitive pieces, and was for a time editor of a Cork magazine. During the Insurrec- tion of 1798 he became conspicuous by zeal and activity in the formation of yeo- manry corps. About the year 1798 he wTote The Oroves of Blarney, a short humorous ballad, in imitation or ridicule of the rambling rhapsodies then so popu- lar amongst the Irish peasantry. He died 1 6th December 181 5, aged 48, and was buried at Douglas, near Cork. ^33 349 Mitchel, John, a politician and jour- nalist, was born in Newry, 3rd November 1 81 5. His father, who had been a United Irishman, was the Unitarian clergyman of the distinct. Mitchel was educated at Newry, studied for a time at Trinity Col- lege, and in 1835 married Jane Vemer, a girl of extraordinary beauty, but sixteen years of age. He practised as a solicitor at Banbridge until 1845, became more and more deeply interested in the progress of the Repeal movement, wrote for the Nation, and contributed a Life of Aodh O'N'eill to Duffy's Irish Library. After the death of Thomas Davis, ISIitchel re- moved to Dublin, and became editor of the Nation. His brilliant, trenchant, and picturesque style added greatly to the influence of the paper, and he became a prominent figure in the circle of young men that surrounded O'Connell. In July 1846, Mitchel, Meagher, O'Brien, Duffy, and others, hopeless of effecting anything for Ireland by peaceful means, formally separated from O'Connell's party, and es- tablished the Irish Confederation. In the MIT proceedings of this body Mitchel took a prominent part, openly advocating the doc- trine of the necessity of complete separa- tion from England, which he clung to during the rest of his life. He gradually became even more extreme than his asso- ciates ; in December 1 847 he withdrew from the Nation, on the 5th February 1848 abandoned the Confederation on the question of the advisability of immediate resistance to the collection of rates, and shortly afterwards issued in Dublin the first number of the United Irishman news- paper. In this publication he advocated a " holy war to sweep this island clear of the English name and nation," and the Lord-Lieutenant was addressed as "Her Maj esty's Executioner General and General Butcher of Ireland." On 21st March he was arrested, but let out on heavy bail ; and in a few days re-arrested on a charge of "treason-felony." He was indicted under the Act 1 1 Victoria cap. 1 2, passed on 22nd April 1848, whereby certain poli- tical offences previously classed as high treason or misdemeanour, and subjecting the offender to death or simple imprison- ment, were brought under the new desig- nation of treason-felony, the punishment prescribed for which was the same as that of ordinary felons. On 24th May he was brought to trial at the Commission Court in Dublin, and was defended by Robert Holmes, brother-in-law of Robert Emmet. He was found guilty, and on the 27th was sentenced to fourteen years' transporta- tion, and immediately removed in fetters on board H.M.S Shearwater and.conveyed to Spike Island, whence, on ist June, he was taken in the Scourge to Bermuda. In April 1 849 he was forwarded in a convict vessel to the Cape. The colonists refused to receive convicts, and after a detention of eight or nine months in Table Bay, the vessel went on to Tasmania, where she arrived in April 1850. Here he was al- lowed at large on parole, and lived with his old friends John Martin, Meagher, Mac- Manus, and Kevin Izod O'Doherty, and was solaced by reunion with his family, who went out to join him. In 1853 his friend Patrick J. Smyth proceeded from New York to Tasmania, with the purpose of achieving bis escape. In com- pany with Mr. Smyth, Mitchel presented himself, armed, to a magistrate, and handed in a resignation of parole, thereby techni- cally keeping himself within the bounds of his word of honour. He then fled, and after many wanderings, found means to reach the United States, where he met a hearty welcome from his fellow-country- men. He who had ao strenuously advo- MIT cated freedom at home now openly joined the pro-slavery party. In 1854, in his paper, the Citizen, he thus answered an appeal James Haughton of Dublin had made to the Irish exiles to side with the abolitionists : " Now let us try to satisfy our pertinacious friend, if possible, by a little plain English. We are not abolitionists : no more abolitionists than Moses, or Socrates, or Jesus Christ. We deny that it is a crime, or a wrong, or even a peccadillo, to hold slaves, to buy slaves, to sell slaves, to keep slaves to their work by flogging or other needful coer- cion. * By your silence,' says Mr. Haugh- ton, 'you will become a participator in their wrong.' But we will not be silent when occasion calls for speech ; and as for being a pai-ticipator in the wrongs, we, for ovu- part, wish we had a good plantation well stocked with healthy negroes in Ala- bama. There now, is Mr. Haughton con- tent ?" After carrying on the Citizen for some time, he edited the Southern Citizen at Knoxville, Tennessee ; and as editor of the Richmond Enquirer, during the American Civil War, consistently supported the side of the slaveholders. Two of his sons were killed fighting in the Confederate army — one at Gettysburg, the other at Fort Sumter. He himself was a prisoner in United States hands for some time. After the war he published the Irish Citizen in New York, which he ultimately gave up on account of ill health. A con siderable sum of money was collected and presented to him as a mark of esteem, on occasion of his visit to Ireland in Janu- ary 1875. He had hardly returned to the United States after this his first visit to Ireland since 1848, when a vacancy oc- curred in the parliamentary representation of the County of Tipperary . His name was put forward, and he was returned without opposition on i6th February, on the basis, in his own words, of " Home Rule — that is, the sovereign independence of Ireland." He landed next day at Cork, in declining health, and was enthusiastically received. On the 1 8th an animated debate took place in the House of Commons on the question whether he should be allowed to take his seat, and by 269 to 102 votes a new writ was ordered to be issued, on the ground that Mitchel was a convicted felon whose guilt was not purged by expiration of sentence or by pardon. He was re-elected by the same constituency, i ith March, but died at Newry nine days later (20th March 1875), aged 59. He was buried at Newry. The seat was awarded to a Conservative candidate, who at the election had regis- tered 746 votes to Mitchel's 3,146. John 341 MOC Mitchel'a most important works were : Life of Aodh O'Neill, Jail Journal, Last Con- quest of Ireland (Perhaps), an edition of MangarCs Poems, History of Ireland from the Treaty of Limerick, and Reply to the Fal- sification of History hy J. A. Froude. ' "^33 308 ])£ocIiuda, or Carthage, Saint, was first Bishop of Lismore, to which see he was consecrated between 631 and 636. He had previously established the abbey of Rahan, in Offaly, which he governed forty years, and whence he was expelled, probably on account of his views in the Paschal controversy of the day. He died in 637, and the 14th of May is considered his festival. =34 =35 339 ]V[olaisse, or Lasrean, Saint, of Devenish, an ecclesiastic of the 6th century, of whom little is known, although we often meet his name in church history. He was a native of Connaught, and is mentioned among the chief disciples of Finnan of Clonard. He ultimately retired to Deve- nish Island, in Lough Erne, where he erected a monastery, which for centuries continued to be a place of great resort. He died about 563, and his festival is cele- brated on 12th September. Another saint of the same name was founder, bishop, and ultimately patron saint of Leighlin. "' '^ Molesworth, Robert, Viscount Molesworth, son of an opulent mer- chant, was born in Dublin, December 1656. He was educated at Trinity College, and married a sister of the Earl of Bella- mont. In 1688 he espoused the cause of William of Orange, and was consequently attainted, and his estate sequestrated by James's Irish Parliament. He was, by William III., who had an especial esteem for him, created a Privy-Councillor ; and in 1692 was sent envoy to Denmark. After three years' residence, he became obnoxious to the King for "pretending to some privileges which by the custom of the Country are denied to everybody but the King ; as travelling the King's road, and hunting the King's game." ''^ He retired to Flanders, where he wrote an Account of Denmark, in which he re- presented the government of that country in a very unfavourable light. It created great discussion, and drew forth several answers, the Danish envoy at St. James's presenting a memorial to William III. against it. In this work Molesworth showed himself the strenuous friend of civil and religious liberty, and the bitter opponent of the clergy. It secured him the friendship of Locke and Molyneux. He subsequently became a member both of the Irish and English Commons. In 17 13 he ■was removed from Anne's Council Board, 342 MOL for saying of the clergy, who had come with an address to the Lord-Lieutenant : " These that have turned the world upside down are come hither also." By George I. he was appointed to several offices of trust in Ireland, and in 17 16 was advanced to the peerage. He was an active member of the Eoyal Society, and it was said that "few men of his fortune and quality were more learned, or more highly esteemed by men of learning." 's* Locke styles him an " ingenious and extraordinary man." He died at Brackenstown, County of Dublin, 22nd May 1 725, aged 68, and was buried at Swords. [His son John, 2nd Viscount, filled several diplomatic offices on the Continent, and Richard, 3rd Viscount, a captain of horse, saved the life of the Duke of Marlborough atRamillies. His daughter (see MoNCK, Mary) was the author of several poetical pieces.] 37 54 196 216 Moling, or Daircliilla, Saint, one of the first Bishops of Ferns, who suc- ceeded in 632, was born in the County of Wexford. He was Abbot of Techmolin, (now called after him St. Mullin's), a monastery founded by himself on the banks of the Barrow ; he also spent many years at Glendalough. In 693 he induced Fin- achta. Monarch of Ireland, to remit the Borromean tribute. He died about 697, and was buried at Techmolin : the 17th June is considered his festival. A note appended by Harris to the notice of this saint is very widely applicable : " I must again warn the reader, that antient writers have often confounded the names of abbots and bishops, and that they are fre- quently taken for synonymous terms." ^39 Molloy, Charles, a lawyer of the Inner Temple, born in the King's County about 1640, was the author of a book which at one time bore a high reputation, De Jure Maritimo et Navali, published in London, in 1676. '* According to Mr. McCulloch, it " continued to be the best English book on maritime law down to the publication of the work of Lord Tenterden." He died in London in 1690. '* 339 Molloy, Charles, was born in Dublin early in the 1 8th century. He was educated at Trinity College, and was elected to a fellowship. Afterwards, proceeding to London, he entered at the Middle Temple, and wrote for such magazines as Fog''s Journal and Common Sense. He married a rich heiress, and died i6th July 1767. " His political tracts evince powerful abili- ties, great depth of understanding, an ample command of language, and clear- ness of reason." His dramatic writings, some of which are enumerated in Harris's Ware, are now little known, "* '"s' 339 MOL MoUoy, or O'Molloy, Francis, was Professor of Divinity in the College of St. Isidore, at Rome, in the middle of the 17th century, and was author of several works in the Irish language. Lhuyd gives an abstract of Molloy's Grammatica Ladno- Hihernica nunc Compendiata, 1677, in his Archaeologia Britannica, and says that it was the most complete Irish grammar then extant, although imperfect as to syntax. 16 34 Molna, or Lugidns, Saint, belong- ing to the second order of Irish saints, flourished in the 6th century. He was of a distinguished Munster family. His father was Carthach, and his mother Sochla. He became a disciple of Comgall of Bangor, about 559. Having entered the monastic state, he founded an establishment at Clon- fert (now Kyle, '«= in the Queen's County), to which numbers of monks flocked from various parts. Killaloe(Kill-da-lua, church of Lua) was probably so named after this saint. He died early in the 7th century. His festival is the 4th of August. "' '^^ -^■* Molynenx, William, patriot and philosopher, was bom 17th April 1656, in New-row, Dublin. [His father, Samuel Molyneux, was a master gunner, and an officer in the Irish Exchequer. He had distinguished himself in the War of 1641- '52, and although ofi"ered the recordership of Dublin, clung with fondness to his own profession, making experiments in gunnery and the construction of cannon, at pri- vate butts of his own.] WiUiam entered Trinity College in April 1 671, and having taken out his bachelor's degree, proceed- ed to London and entered at the Middle Temple in 1675. While diligently study- ing law, his attention was also turned towards scientific pursuits. He returned to Dublin in 1678, and soon afterwards married Lucy Domville, daughter of the Irish Attorney-General. In 1683 was formed the Dublin Philosophical Associa- tion, the forerunner of the Royal Dublin Society and the Royal Irish Academy. Sir WilliamPetty was president, and Molyneux acted as secretary. Its first meetings were held in a house on Cork-hill. He now be- came acquainted with some of the leading personages of the time, and through the Duke of Ormond's influence, was in 1684 appointed Engineer and Surveyor of the King's Buildings and Works. Next year he was elected a fellow of the Royal So- ciety. Sent by the Government to survey fortresses on the coast of Flanders, he passed on to Holland and France, and in Paris became acquainted with Borelli, the famous mathematician. In 1686, soon after his return, he published an account MOL of the telescope dial invented by himself. The following year he had the pleasure of reading advanced sheets of Newton's Prin- cipia, sent him by Halley. During the War of i689-'9i he resided at Chester, where he lost his wife. He there oc- cupied himself in the composition of a work on dioptrics. On his return he was appointed one of the Commissioners of Forfeited Estates, with a salary of £500. But the task was suited neither to his tastes nor his feelings ; he was indiff'erent about money, and soon resigned a labo- rious and highly invidious and unpopular office. About this time he speaks of his well-selected library of 1,000 volumes, and of being visited by the Duke of Wur- temberg. General De Ginkell, and Scrava- moer. Both in 1692 and 1695 he was elected member for the University of Dub- lin, which had conferred upon him the de- gree of LL.D. The laws passed for the destruction of Irish trade and commerce induced Molyneux to write the work that has since rendered his name conspicuous in Irish history : The Case of Ireland, being hound hy Acts 0/ Parliament made in England, Stated, published, with a dedication to the King, early in 1698. It maintained that Ireland and England were separate and independent kingdoms under the same sovereign — that Ireland was an- nexed, not conquered — "If the religion, lives, liberties, fortunes, and estates of the clergy, nobility, and gentry of Ireland may be disposed of without their privity or consent, what benefit have they of any laws, liberties, or privileges granted unto them by the crown of England ? I am loth to give their condition an hard name ; but I have no other notion of slavery but being bound by a law to which I do not consent. . . We have heard great outcries, and deservedly, on breaking the Edict of Nantes, and other stipulations ; how far the breaking our constitution, which has been of five hundred years' standing, exceeds that, I leave the world to judge." The work created a great sensation, was stigmatized as seditious and libellous by the English Parliament, and ordered to be burned by the common hangman. Shortly after its publication, he went to England to visit his friend and correspondent, John Locke. The fatigues of the journey brought on a severe attack of illness, and he died on the i ith October 1698, soon after reaching home, aged 42. He was buried in St. Audoen's Church, Dublin. Some interesting notes regarding his monument will be found in Notes aiwi Queries, 3rd and 4th Series. Locke, writ- ing to his brother, said : " I have lost in 343 MOL MON your brother not only an ingenious and learned acquaintance, that all the world esteemed, but an intimate and sincere friend, whom I truly loved, and by whom I was truly loved." The highest tribute ever paid to his patriotism and genius was by Grattan, in his great speech in the Irish Parliament, on i6th April 1782. Harris's Ware enumerates fifteen works, chiefly philosophical, from his pen. The most important, besides his Case of Ire- land, were Six Metaphysical Meditations (Lond. and Dub. 1680), Sciothericura Tele- scopicum (Dub. 1686), and Dioptrica Nova (Lond. 1692). [His son Samuel, born in 1689, was secretary to George II. when Prince of Wales, and was afterwards Lord of the Admiralty and a member of the Privy-Council. He died childless in 1727.1 ''° '9^ ^^^ 339 Molyneux, Sir Thomas, Bart., State Physician, younger brother of preceding, was born in Cook-street, Dublin, 14th April 1661. He was educated in Trinity Col- lege, and took out his degree of Bachelor of Medicine, and afterwai'ds visited Lon- don, Oxford, Cambridge, and the Conti- nental schools, to extend his knowledge. An interesting correspondence between him and his brother WiUiam, contaiuing an account of his travels, is to be found in the University Magazine, vol. xviii. At Leyden he became acquainted with Locke and many persons of note. During the War of i689-'9i he resided in Chester with his brother. They returned im- mediately after the battle of the Boyne. Thenceforward for some time Dr. Moly- neux resided in the house with his father, and engaged in practice. His pro- gress must have been rapid, for in 1693 he was enabled to purchase an estate worth £100 per annum, and in 171 1 he founded the Molyneux Blind Asylum in Peter-str'^et, Dublin, at a cost of £2,310 for the nouse and £2,341 for furniture. In 1 71 5 he was appointed State Physician, afterwards Surgeon-General to the army ; and in 1 730 a baronetcy was conferred upon him by Lord Carteret. He died in 1733, aged 72. He was a Fellow of the Koyal Society in London, and a constant contribu- tor to the proceedings of the Dublin Philo- sophical Society, being especially interested in antiquarian and zoological enquiries relating to Ireland. "He was allowed by all the learned world who knew him, to be a man of uncommon skill and abili- ty in his profession. ... It was not without good cause that John Locke chose him as his friend and adviser." The present Baronet is the 7th. An interest- ing reference to his fine statue by Roubil- 344 liac, standing in Armagh Cathedral, will be found in Notes and Queries, 3rd Series. 54 "6(18) Iffonck, Mary,awomanofgreatbeauty and considerable poetical abilities, daughter of Lord Molesworth, was bom in the latter half of the 17th century. She acquired an intimate knowledge of Latin, Italian, and Spanish literature. Chiefly residing in the country, one of a numerous family, she cultivated poetry more as an amuse- ment than with a view to publication. She married George Monck of Dublin. A f ter her early death from consumption, at Bath, in 17 1 5, a volume of her poems and trans- lations was published. Several of her pieces are given in Gibber's Lives of the Poets. 34 349 Monro, Robert, Major-General, a Scotch soldier who took a prominent part in the War of 1 641 -'5 2. He distinguished himself in Flanders, and afterwards in the Thirty Years' War. Of his services under the Swedish King he published an account, now very scarce — Monro's Expedition . . . under the Invincible King oj Sweden, 1637. On his return to Scotland he zealously espoused the cause of the Covenant, and "appears to have had much real enjoyment in ruthlessly carrying out its behests. "^^ In 1642 he passed over to Ireland to reinforce the Scotch Presbyterians there. The position of the Scotch force in Ireland — opposed alike to the Irish Catholics and the royal- ists — is as difficult to follow as that of the other parties among whom Ireland was desolated for eleven years. On 15 th of April he landed with 2,500 Scotch at Car- rickfergus, and being joined on the 28th and 29th by Lord Conway and Colonel Chichester with 1,800 foot, five troops of light horse, and two of dragoons, advanced on 1st May to Newry. The Irish Confede- rates almost immediately quitted the town, and the Castle surrendered on 3rd May. Monro put sixty men, eighteen women, and two priests to death, and leaving a garrison of 300 men, set out on the 7th for Carrickfergus, wasting the country and driving off" a prey of 4,000 cattle. After a short delay he again marched out into the County of Antrim, burnt Glenarm, and carried off great cattle preys. He was hospitably received at Dunluce by the Earl of Antrim, who proffered his service and assistance in the pacification of the country, and provided for him a great entertain- ment ; but it was no sooner over than Monro made him a prisoner and occupied the castle. Confining his operations to Ulster, he spoiled the counties of Down and Antrim, and shipped off such num- MON bei-s of cattle to Scotland that the Lords- Justices felt obliged to interfere, and complained to the English Parliament, in whose interest Monro was acting. In May next year he unsucessfully endea- voured to surprise Owen Eoe O'Neill at Charlemont, and was obliged to retreat with the loss of loo men and a large cattle prey he had taken. On 14th May 1644 he seized Belfast, previously in occupation of an English force. In July of the same year he advanced into the County of Cavan with an army of 10,000 foot and i ,000 horse, and sent parties into Westmeath and Longford, which burnt the houses and crops, and put to the sword all the country people they met. Besides this expedition, he conducted several simi- lar movements during his command in Ulster. He was defeated by Owen Eoe O'Neill at the battle of Benburb, in June 1646, Monro commanded 6,000 foot and 800 horse, whilst O'Neill's army con- sisted of but 5,000 foot and 500 horse. O'Neill occupied a strong position between two hills, with a wood behind him, and the Blackwater on his right. He was there attacked by Monro, who was routed, it is said with loss of half his army, his artillery, baggage, the greater part of his arms, and thirty-two colours. On 13th September 1647, when in command of Carrickfergus, the town was, through the treachery of his own officers, delivered up to General Monck, and he was sent prisoner to the Tower of London, where he lay for five years. Although a cap- tive he is believed to have had consider- able influence with Oromwell. Excepted from pardon for life and estate in 1649, ^^ was ultimately permitted to return to Ireland and compound for his estates. He married the second Viscountess Montgo- mery, and resided at Mount Alexander in the County of Down, until her decease in 1670, and afterwards probably at Cherryvalley, near Comber, in the same county. He was alive in 1680. [His brother. Sir George Monro, served with him both imder Gustavus Adolphus and in Ireland, and was Commander-in-chief of the King's army in Scotland after the Restoration. He died about 1686, The present Sir Charles Monro, Bart., is his lineal descendant.] The surname is in- differently written "Monro," "Monroe," and " Munro." '?°* ^*^ "^'^ Montgomery, Richajrd, a distin- guished genei'al in the American War of Independence, was born near Eaphoe, County of Donegal, 2nd December 1736. His father was member of Parliament for Lifford. Entering the army at eighteen MON years of age. his courage and capacity at the siege of Louisburg won the approval of Wolfe, under whom he served at the taking of Quebec from the French in 1 759, and his regiment formed part of the force sent with Amherst to reduce the French forts on Lake Champlain. Montgomery became adjutant of his regiment, 15th May 1760; and was in the army that marched upon Montreal under Colonel Haviland. Two years afterwards he was appointed cap- tain, and served in the expedition against the Spanish West Indies. Having re- turned home, he, in 1772, sold his com- mission, went back to America, purchased a small estate at Ehinebeck, on the Hud- son, married, and settled down to culti- vate those arts of peace which he was naturally best qualified to enjoy. In April 1775 he was selected as a dele- gate to the first Provincial Convention in New York, where he distinguished himself by promptness of decision and soundness of judgment. In the autumn of the same year he reluctantly accepted from Congress the appointment of Briga- dier-General, reconciling himself to the abandonment of his scheme of a quiet life by the consideration that "the will of an oppressed people, compelled to choose between liberty and slavery, must be obeyed," Ordered by Washington to take part in an expedition against Canada, he was attended as far as Saratoga by his beloved wife, whose fears he soothed by his cheerfulness and good humour. Owing to the illness and incompetency of General Schuyler, Mongomery was obliged to take supreme command of the expedition. He had great difficulties to contend with, from the insubordi- nation and want of patriotism of his troops ; yet, on 3rd November 1775 he took Fort St. John, after a siege of fifty days, on the 12th entered Montreal, and on the sth December effected a junc- tion with Arnold under the walls of Quebec. The town, defended by a garri- son of 2,500 men, with batteries of 200 cannon, was immediately besieged by Montgomery's small force of 1,200 men. Many of his troops, disheartened by severe cold and protracted marches, were on the point of mutiny, and their guns were few in number and insufficient in size. At a council of officers it was determined to attempt to capture Quebec by a coup-de- main. The assault took place early on the morning of 31st December, in the midst of a snow storm, and would probably have been successful, but for the fall of the gallant leader, who, with two of his aides, was killed by the first discharge of a bat- 345 MOO tery against which they advanced up a steep ascent. His troops, disheartened by his death, retreated, and a desultory block- ade of the town (extending over some months) was eventually raised. Mont- gomery was aged 39 when he fell. His ftineral was attended, with every mark of respect, by the Governor and officers of the garrison. The small wooden house in Quebe3 where his remains were laid out is still shown, and an inscription on the cliff marks where he fell. His loss was deeply mourned all over the States, and his me- mory was eulogized in the British Par- liament by Lord Chatham, Burke, and Barre. Lord North having spoken of him as " only a brave, able, humane, and generous rebel," Fox retorted: "The name of rebel is no certain mark of dis- grace ; all the great assertors of liberty, the saviours of their country, the benefac- tors of mankind in all ages, have been called rebels." Bancroft, the American historian, says of Montgomery : " He was tall and slender, well-limbed, of graceful address, and a strong and active frame. He could endure fatigue and all changes and severities of climate. His judgment was cool, though he kindled in action, im- parting confidence and sympathetic cou- rage. Never himself negligent of duty, never avoiding danger, discriminating and energetic, he had the power of conducting freemen by their voluntary love and es- teem. An experienced soldier, he was also well vei-sed in letters, particularly in natural science. In private life he was a good husband, brother, and son, an amiable and faithful friend." His body was ultimately exhumed and buried in Washington, and Congress voted money to erect the monument to him which stands in front of St. Paul's Church, New York. Montgomery's widow survived him for more than half a century. His brother, Alexander, commonly called "Black Montgomery," sat in the Irish Parliament for many years as member for the County of Donegal. '^ 37* 349 Moody, John, a well-known actor, born, probably in Cork, in 1727. The poet Churchill wrote of him : " Long from a nation ever hardly used, At random censured, wantonly abused, Have Britons drawn their sport with partial view, Porm'd general notions from the rascal few ; Condemn'd a people, as for vices known. Which, from their country banished, seek our own. Taught by thee, Moody, we now learn to raise Mirth from their foibles — from their virtues praise." Few particulai-3 are given of his life. He showed both spirit and tact in managing the unruly theatrical mobs of the time. In 1796 he retired fx-om the stage, after 346 MOO fifty years' service, and died in London, 26th December 181 2, aged 84. The Gen- tle.marCs Magazine,, in a notice that throws some doubt on his Irish birth, calls him the "father of the English stage. . . His character was uniformly unblemished, and for kindness as well a.s probity he had long been a sort of 'pater patrice behind the scenes." ^ "6(62) 146 Moor, Michael, D.D., Provost of Trinity College, was born in Bridge-street, Dublin, in 1640. He was educated in France ; for some years taught philosophy and rhetoric in the college at Grassin, and upon his return home was ordained a priest by Luke Wadding (not the Fran- ciscan), who was Catholic Bishop of Ferns in 1684. For some time Moor had, as Vicar-General, charge of the whole diocese of Dublin. During James II.'s personal government of Ireland he was, in op- position to the Jesuits, and although a Catholic, made Provost of Trinity CoUege, He did much to mitigate the sufferings of the Protestant prisoners ; and it was largely owing to his exertions that the valuable collections in the Library were preserved from injury during the militaiy occupation of the College. In preaching before the King he upon one occasion took the text : " If the blind lead the blind, both shall fall into the ditch." This so incensed his Majesty (who having a Jesuit confessor with weak eyes, considered the discourse levelled against himself) that he deprived Moor of his preferments, and obliged him to retire to France, whence, on James's return, he removed to Rome, where he enjoyed the favour of Innocent XII. and Clement XI. After James II.'s death he returned to France, and, according to Harris's Ware, was made Eector of the University of Paris, in which he estab- lished an Irish College. To it he bequeathed his choice library, which, however, was found sadly thinned at his death, owing to the depredations of an amanuensis he had employed when afflicted in his latter days with blindness. He died in Paris, 22nd August 1726, aged 85, and was buried in the chapel of the Irish College. Harris's Ware gives a list of his theological works, which are all in Latin. No men- tion is made of him in the history of " The Irish College, Paris," which appeared in the Irish Ecclesiastical Record in 1866. 233 339 Moore, Charles, Visconnt Drogh- eda (descended from Sir Edward Moore, a soldier of fortune, who came over in Elizabeth's reign), was born in 1603, and succeeded his father, the ist Viscount, in 1627. He was in 1641 residing at his MOO castle of Mellifont, near Drogheda, which, with the surrounding abbey lands, had been granted to his ancestors by Queen Elizabeth. On the news reaching him of the rising of the Catholic Irish, he has- tened to Drogheda and put the town in a proper state of defence. The particulars of the ensuing hostilities, in which he took a prominent part, and the raising of the siege at the end of five months, belong more properly to the notice of Sir Eoger Tichborne. Viscount Drogheda had been obliged at an early period to abandon his own castle of Mellifont to the enemy. He assisted at the subsequent operations at Ardee and Navan ; in August 1643 ^^ hastened to defend Athboy against Owen Eoe O'Neill; and on the isths^ of the same month fell in an engagement with the Irish at Portlester ford, on the Black- water, five miles from Trim. The present Marquis of Drogheda is his descendant. 54 216 Moore, Thomas, poet and prose writer, was born at 12 Aungier-street, Dublin, 28th May 1779. His father, John Moore, kept a grocer's shop, which he had probably established with the small fortune he received with his wife, Anasta- sia Codd, a Wexford girl. Both parents were Catholics. Young Moore's cheerful and sprightly disposition made him a favourite with many besides his own fa- mily. One of his earliest recollections was of being taken to a public dinner in honour of Napper Tandy, and sitting on that gen- tleman's knee. At an early age he was sent to a school kept by a Mr. Malone, and a lit- tle later to the academy of the well-known teacher Samuel Whyte, where Sheridan and many distinguished men received their education. Whyte was passionately fond of the stage, and encouraged young Moore's declamatory and histrionic powers ; and before he was twelve years of age his name appeared in the handbills of his master's private theatricals. He soon began to scribble verses, and when four- teen was referred to in the Anthologia Hihernica as "our esteemed correspondent, T. M." His family were anxious he should go to the Bar, and such were then ttte dis- qualifications to which Catholics were subjected, that it was seriously debated whether he should not be entered on the books of Trinity College as a Protesttot. His mother strongly opposed such a step, which was, however, rendered unnecessary by the legislation of 1 793, which opened the University to Catholics, and he entered in 1794 with much credit, under his true designation. At college he showed more disposition to cultivate the modern than MOO the ancient languages. He joined the College Historical Society, of which Robert Emmet and Arthur O'Connor were then the most prominent members. Edward Hudson, one of those afterwards arrested at Bond's, and Robert Emmet, were among his most intimate friends ; and nothing but his mother's influence prevented Moore himself becoming perhaps fatally involved in the revolutionary movement of 1798. In his diary he gives a graphic account of the difficulty with which he pulled through without implicating any of his friends, at the visitation of the Chancellor (Lord Clare) for the purpose of clearing the College of students infected with revolu- tionary principles. Thanks to a friend- ship with the librarian of Marsh's Library, Moore had.free access to it even during the summer months, when it was closed to the public, and in exploring its shelves he laid up much of that out-of-the-way information which afterwards appeared in his works. He acquired a tolerable know- ledge of Italian from a Catholic clergyman, and of French from a refugee. In 1799 he took the degree of B.A., and next year entered at the Middle Temple, London. An introduction to Lord Moira soon made him at home at his seat near London, and the best literary society of the metropolis was opened to him. He delighted all by his pleasant manners, literary tastes, and effective, although not brilliant, musical abilities. He brought with him to London his Odes ofAnacreon in manuscript, which, published by subscription in 1800, were much admired, and established his reputa- tion as apoet. In 1 80 1 , under the pseudonym of " Thomas Little," he published a volume of light poetical pieces, which brought him £60, but did not add much to his re- putation. In 1803, through Lord Moira's influence and the friendship of Lady Donegal, Moore received the appointment of Admiralty Registrar at Bermuda, and proceeded thither in the Phaeton frigate. The seclusion of the Bermuda islands was, however, little to his taste, and after a residence extending only from January to April 1804, he confided his duties to a deputy, and made an extended tour through the United States and Canada, during which he wrote his poems relating to America, and had the good fortune to be presented by the British minister to Pre- sident Jefferson. The institutions of the country were little to his taste; but we can scarcely excuse the coarse terms in which he afterwards wrote of it and its inhabitants. His conception of the enor- mity of slavery was clear and decided. In October 1804 Moore returned to Eng- 347 MOO land in the Boston frigate, with his friend Captain Douglas, to the great joy of his numerous friends. Lord Moira now pro- cured a situation for his father in the Customs ; but Moore for himself preferred trusting to his talents for a livelihood. In 1806 he published a volume of Odes, Epistles, and other Poems, for which he was criticised in the Edinburgh Review as " the most licentious of modem versi- fiers, and the most poetical of the propaga- tors of immorality." His Odes of A nacreon had perhaps given some ground for these charges, but it is possible that Jeffrey was prejudiced against him on account of his aristocratic tendencies. A duel between them, at Chalk Farm, in the month of August 1806, was interrupted by the police. Both gentlemen were sub- jected to much ridicule, when it was stated that the bullet had fallen out of Jeflfrey's pistol, and it was suggested that, by consent, both pistols were leadless. Jeffrey and Moore after this became fast friends. The latter says : " He had taken a fancy to me from the first moment of our meeting together in the field, and I can truly say that the liking for him is of the same early date." Lord Byron men- tioned the duel with ridicule in English Bards and Scotch Reviewers, and in his turn was challenged by Moore. The letter was delayed some months in reach- ing its destination, and the affair termi- nated in a good-humoured explanation from Byron, and a life-long friendship between them. In 1807 Moore entered into an arrangement with Mr. Power, the musical publisher, to write suitable words to a collection of old Irish tunes, which were to be arranged by Sir John Stevenson. The Irish Melodies were completed in ten numbers, issued between 1807 and 1834. Supposing him to have received the f uU re- muneration agreed upon (£500 per annum), he was }. j,id for them £5 a line. They are the most lasting monuments of his genius, and have been translated into both Latin and Irish. Byron declared some of them were " worth all the epics that ever were composed ; " while the Biographie Generale says: "Thomas Moore has vividly repro- duced in his Melodies the characteristic traits of Irish music. Originality is the special claim of these short pieces. They have neither the vigour, nor the nature, nor the profound and passionate sensibility of the works of another national poet, Eobert Bums; but, at the same time, they have not the same air of rudeness. A sustained elegance, a lightness, a ten- derness, an esprit, a rich and brilliant imagery, give ttem a durable, though per- 348 MOO haps a somewhat artificial charm." Of the same character as the Irish Melodies are the i\^aiionaO/e^oc?ie5, published 1815, and the Sacred Songs, in 18 16. Three satirical pieces. Corruption, Intolerance, and the Sceptic, appeared in 1808 or i8og. In 181 1 one of the happiest events of his life occurred — his marriage to a Pro- testant lady, Miss Bessy Dyke. Lord John Russell says : " From 181 1, the year of the marriage, to 1852, that of his death, this excellent and beautiful person received from him the homage of a lover, enhanced by all the gratitude, all the confidence, which the daily and hourly happiness he enjoyed was sure to inspire. Thus, what- ever amusement he might find in society, whatever sights he might behold, whatever literary resources he might seek elsewhere, he always returned to his home with a fresh feeling of delight. The time he had been absent had always been a time of exertion and of exile ; his return restored him to tranquillity and peace." "I'd Mourn the Hopes that Leave me," " 'Tis all for Thee," and others of his poems were addressed to her. In public life he lost none of his home affections. With a never-dying love, he wrote regularly twice a week to his parents, and settled £100 a year on them as soon as he could afford it. At first he and his wife lived at Lord Moira's ; in the spring of 1812 he took a house at Keyworth ; whence they re- moved next summer to Mayfield Cottage, near Ashbourne. His independence was strikingly shown in 1 8 1 4 by the publication of the Twopenny Postbag, hy Thomas Brown the Younger, a bitter satire directed against the Prince of Wales and his ministers. It immediately became popular, and ran through fourteen editions in one year. In 18 1 2 Messrs. Longman offered him £3,000 for an oriental romance he had in contemplation. The work, Lalla Rookh, was not written until after the most careful and extensive reading on eastern subjects — until he had thoroughly imbued his mind with oriental tradition and romance. It was published in 181 7, and was received most favourably; but the estimate of his contemporaries, and even of Lord John Russell writing in 1853, has not been endorsed by more recent critics — Lalla Rookh now holding a far inferior place to the Irish Melodies, and many of his lighter pieces. In the autumn of 181 7 Moore occupied Sloperton Cottage, near Devizes, at the moderate rent of £40 a year. It continued, with intervals, to be his resi- dence during the rest of his life. Next year he visited Ireland, where he was received with the most flattering attentions, and MOO hailed as the national bard of the country. In the same year he went to Paris with his friend Rogers, and laid up materials for his humorous piece, The Fudge Family in Paris. In 1818 it was found that his deputy at Bermuda had absconded, leaving him responsible for some ^6,000, and next year, pending a settlement, he was obliged to retire to the Continent. With Lord John Eussell he travelled through France and Switzerland to Milan, and spent some time at Venice with Lord Byron. Moore returned by the south of France to Paris, where his wife and family joined him in January 1820. During the three years he resided abroad he wrote The Epicurean and The Loves of the Angels, At length a settlement was made with his creditors (chiefly by means of a loan from Lord Lansdowne, which he was soon enabled to repay), and in November 1822 he returned to his home at Sloperton Cottage. During Moore's visit to Italy, Byron madehim a present of his manuscript autobiography, upon condition that it should not be published until after his death. Pressed for money in April 1824, he sold it to Murray, the publisher, for .£2,100. Byron died the same month. Lady Byron and her family desired its destruc- tion, and offered to reimburse the pub- lisher what he had paid upon it. Moore resisted the proposition for some time, and at last, nobly resolving to meet the loss himself, paid Murray the £2,100, with interest, and burned the manuscript. Scarcely any action of his life has been more canvassed : there can, however, be little doubt of his disinterestedness and conscientious desire to do what was right. A delightful episode was his visit to Abbotsford in October 1825, where he was received with all the warmth of Sir Wal- ter Scott's nature. His Life of Richard B. Sheridan was published in the same year, and in 1827 The Epicurean, yihich., " though perhaps the least popularly known of Moore's works, is by some considered among the most chaste and exquisite." Macaulay says that, " con- sidered merely as a composition, his Life of Lord Byron, published in 1830, deserves to be classed among the best specimens of English prose our age has produced." In 1831 was published his Life of Lord Edward FitzOerald, a feel- ing tribute to the memory of that noble- man. Moore had visited Ireland with his wife in the previous year, principally to collect materials for this work. His plod- ding literary labours were often lightened by visits to London, where his wit and musical talents made him ever welcome at MOO the gayest and most brilliant assemblages. In 1832 an ineffectual effort was made to induce him to staud as candidate for Limerick, under O'Connell's banner. In 1835, under the ministry of Lord Mel- bourne, a Civil List pension of £300 was settled on him. In the same year he again paid a fljnng visit to Ireland — and was lionized in Dublin, enjoyed the beauties of the County of Wicklow from the top of a four-in-hand drag, and was feted at Wex- ford, and at Bannow, where his friends, Mr. and Mrs. S. C. Hall then resided. This was one of several visits necessitated by his preparation of the History of Ireland. In his Captain Rock, already published, he showed that a protracted residence in England had not extinguished his love of country, or lessened his indignation at the disabilities under which his co-religionists suffered. His History of Ireland (which appeared between 1839 ^"^^ 1846), form- ing four volumes of Lardner's Cyclopaedia brings the history of the country down to the death of Owen Roe O'Neill in 1646. Although written in an easy and attrac- tive style, it does not possess much merit. The Athemzum remarked at the time of its publication : " Mr. Moore fortunately brings to his laboiu-s not only extensive learning in the rarely trodden paths of Irish history, but strict impartiality, ren- dered still more clear and imcompromising by an ennobling love of liberty. Every page of his work contains evidence of re- search ; and innumerable passages might be cited in proof of the independent and truth-seeking spirit of the author." This History was Moore's last important work. In 1841 he collected and published his Poetical Works in 10 vols, crown 8vo., with illustrations. The prefaces contain many interesting particulars regarding his life. His latter days were embittered by the death of the last of his children. Anne, aged 5, died in 181 7 ; Anastasia Mary, aged 17, in 1829 ; Olivia Byron lived but a few months-; John Russell, died in India, aged 19, in 1842, a cadet in the East India Com- pany's service ; and Thomas Lansdowne, his eldest son, a wild youth, died in Algiers, in the French service, in 1849, aged 27. Like Swift, Scott, and Southey, the end of Moore's life was passed in an increasingly depressed condition, owing to softening of the brain. Sustained to the last by the tender solicitude of his wife, he died at Sloperton — " That dear home, that saving ark, Where love's true light at last I've found. Cheering within when all grows dark. And comfortless, and stormy around"— 26th February 1852, aged 72. He was 349 MOO buried in Bromham churchyard, within view of his cottage-home, and beside his beloved daughter Anastasia. Mrs. Moore was laid beside him, 4th September 1865, aged 68. ^^ She made an appropriate gift to the Koyal Irish Academy of his library, portrait, and view of Sloperton Cottage. The Encyclopaedia Britannica concludes an appreciative notice of Moore, with the words : " Her [Ireland] he served with all his soul and strength, uplifting her banner in the hour of darkest danger ; and with the names of Grattan and Cur- ran, as Irish patriots, that of Thomas Moore will be for ever associated." He was small in stature and slight, his eyes were bright and sparkling, his mouth delicately cut and expressive, his "slightly- tossed" nose confirming the fun that lurked on his countenance. Concerning his religious opinions and character, Lord John Eussell writes : " He was bred a Eoman Catholic, and in his mature years he published a work [Captaiii Rock] of some learning in defence of the chief arti- cles of the Eoman Catholic faith, yet he occasionally attended the Protestant Church ; he had his children baptized into that Church. . . Of two things all who knew him must have been persuaded : the one, his strong feelings of devotion, his aspirations, his longing for life and immor- tality, and his submission to the will of God ; the other, his love of his neighbour, his charity, his Samaritan kindness for the distressed, his goodwill to all men. In the last days of his life he frequently re- peated to his wife : ' Lean upon God, Bessy ; lean upon God.' That God is love was the summary of his belief ; that a man should love his neighbour as him- self, seems to have been the rule of his life. . . Never did he make his wife and family a pretext for political shabbi- ness ; nev^r did he imagine that to leave a disgraceo name as an inheritance to his children was his duty as a father. . . Mingling careful economy with an intense love of all the enjoyments of society, he managed, with the assistance of his excel- lent wife, who carried on for him the de- tail of his household, to struggle through all the petty annoyances attendant upon narrow means — to support his father, mo- ther, and sister, beside his own family, and at his death he left no debt behind him." The very high estimate of his lite- rary abilities entertained by Byron, Scott, Eussell, and his contemporaries generally, has scarcely stood the test of time; but there is little doubt that his Melodies, wedded as they are to such appropriate music, will continue to delight genera- 350 MOE tions — melodies whose grace and tender- ness were never more effectively rendered than when sung by himself. Lord John Eussell, his literary executor, edited his Memoirs, in 8 vols, in i853-'6. The first volume and half the second are occupied with an unfinished autobiography and a selection from his letters, the rest of the work chiefly with a slightly abridged diary, extending from August 1818 to October 1847. Alliboue devotes five pages to an exhaustive critical enumeration of Moore's writings. His father died in 1825, and his mother in 1832 : they lie buried with his sister in St. Kevin's churchyard, Dublin. A beautiful stained-glass window has been inserted in Bromham church, to the me- mory of his wife. An interesting com- munication on the present condition of Sloperton Cottage will be found in the Athen(Bum for 7th July 1877. A statue of Thomas Moore was erected in Dublin shortly after his decease, 's is 34 36 124 =44 =45 SCore, Roger, a prominent leader in the early part of the War of 1 641 -'5 2, was descended from the O'Mores of Leix, and was born about the end of the i6tli century. He passed some years of his youth in Spain, where doubtless much of his time was spent in the company of the numerous Irish refugees. He married a sister of Nicholas Barnewall, Viscount Kingsland, and resided at Ballynagh, in the King's County. In 1641 he joined Lord Maguire, Sir Felim O'Neill, and other representatives of the ancient fami- lies of Ireland, in organizing a general rising against English power, and against the oppression to which, as Catholics, they were subjected. The co-operation of the Irish soldiers in the Low Countries was counted upon : Cardinal Eichelieu promised aid in arms, ammunition, and money; and Owen Eoe O'Neill agreed to join from Spain at fourteen days' notice. Carte says that More was tempted to take up arms "by a desire of recovering his ancestral estates, which were in the hands of the English, and with the glory of asserting the freedom and liberty of his country. He was admirably qualified for this pur- pose, being endowed with all the talents and qualifications proper for persuasion ; he was one of the most handsome, comely, and proper persons of his time; of ex- cellent parts, good judgment, and great cunning ; affable and courteous in his behaviour, insinuating in his address, and agreeable in his conversation. He un- derstood human nature, and knew men perfectly well. . . He was a man of fair character, highly esteemed by all who knew him, and had so great a reputa- MOE tion for his abilities among the Irish in general, that he was celebrated in their songs ; and it was a phrase among them : * God and our Lady be our assistance, and EogerMore.'" The 23rd October 1641 was agreed upon for a general rising. Though the attempt on Dublin Castle faUed, in many parts of Ireland the movement was for a time completely successful. The Eng- lish settlers were subjected to great cruel- ties and di'iven out, and many fortified towns were seized by the Confederates. Eoger More's post was in Ulster : there he issued a proclamation setting forth the grievances of the Irish, and their reasons for taking arms, and by his address at a meeting of landed proprietors at Crofty, in Meath, he attracted to the Irish side a large number of waverers. As the war proceeded, however, More's influence de- clined, and he was superseded by perhaps less scrupulous men. His health became impaired, and after the siege of Drogheda in 1642 he retired to Flanders. Upon his return to Ireland he took part in the deliberations at Kilkenny, where he fell ill and died in 1643. Even his enemiesjpay the highest tribute to his noble qualities, and to the efforts he made to lighten the horrors of war. '^ 196 271 Morgan, Sydney, Lady, authoress, was born in Dublin between 1780 and 1786. Her father, MacOwen or Owen- son, an actor and manager of the Theatre Eoyal, was a man of considerable versa- tility of talent, but without any ability for getting on in the world. His only children, two little girls, were early deprived of their mother, and were brought up in a rambling way by a devoted old servant, Molly. At so early an age as fourteen, Sydney gave to the world a small volume of poems ; and in 1 800 she began life as governess. In 1804 her novel St. Clair, or the Heiress of Desmond, appeared, and was much admired; and in 1806 The Wild Irish Qirl, which established her reputation as a novelist. The publication of these and the other works, which fol- lowed in quick succession from her pen, opened up to her the best circles, where her talents were fully appreciated. A visit to the Marquis of Abercorn in 1812 re- sulted in her marriage to his physician, Sir Thomas Charles Morgan, M.D., an inti- mate friend of Jenner. The union proved happy: his death in 1843 "^^s the darkest shadow cast upon her life. At the time of her marriage she had already saved £5,000 from her literary labours ; and altogether her works are said to have brought her in some £25,000. Sir Charles and Lady Morgan settled in Kildare-street, Dublin, MOE where they drew around them a brilliant cir- cle. Lengthened visits to France and Italy between 1816 and 18 19 resulted in several volumes of sketches concerning those coun- tries then comparatively little visited. The liberal opinions expressed in these works brought upon her much obloquy, and caused the loss of many friends. Though anj^thing but an admirer of O'ConneU, she warmly advocated Catholic Emancipation. Her novels upon Irish manners and his- tory, and Irish subjects generally, attracted considerable attention to the country, then in the most depressed condition. In 1837 the Morgans removed to London, where they enjoyed the advantages of a wide circle of the best literary society of the day. During the ministry of Lord Grey a Civil List pension of £300 was conferred upon her, as an acknowledgment of her services to literature and to the Whig party. Lady Morgan's character, as shown by her works, widened and deepened with years. She died at 11 William-street, London, 13th ■^ April 1859, aged between 73 and 79, and was interred in Brompton Cemetery. Allibone enumerates twenty- two of her works, in the authorship of many of which her husband assisted. Her novel, Ida of Athens, published in 1809, was thus savagely attacked by Gifford in the Quarterly Review: " If we were happy enough to be in her confidence, we should advise the immediate purchase of a spelling- book, of which she stands in great need ; to this, in due process of time, might be added a pocket dictionary ; she might then take a few lessons in joined-hand, in order to become legible.^'' '* Eight years afterwards her France was thus reviewed by the same hand : "Bad taste, bombast, and nonsense, blunders, ignorance of the French language and manners, general ignorance. Jacobin- ism, falsehood, licentiousness, and impiety. These, we admit, are no light accusations of the work ; but we undertake, as we have said, to prove them from Lady Morgan's own mouth.'"* On the other hand, the Athenaeum thus speaks of her collected works : " In the fulness of years and literary honour — ere the brightness of the fancy dims, or the strength of her execu- tion fails — it is well that Lady Morgan should collect her works. . . So long as wit fascinates, so long as beauty of style has power over the soul, and so long as goodness, gaiety, and dashing spirits are in the ascendant, so long may we expect a public for the works of the writer.'"^ "^^ Morrison, Sir Richard, an architect of some local celebrity, one of Gandon's pupils, and President of the Institute of Architects, was born in Cork in 1767. He 351 MOR was at first employed in the Government service in the Ordnance department ; but afterwards devoted himself to private en- gagements, and erected many important public buildings in Ireland — as Sir Patrick Dun's Hospital, Dublin, and the County Court-houses at Carlow, Clonmel, Dundalk, Galway, Maryborough, Naas, Eoscommon and Wexford. He was knighted in 1841, and died 313! October 1849, ^g^d about 82. 7 40 Moryson, Pynes, traveller and author of an Itinerary, was born in Lincolnshire in the year 1566, and was educated at the University of Cambridge where he became a Fellow of Peter-House. Ob- taining from the Master and Fellows of his house a licence to travel, he spent nearly ten years abroad. In 1598, soon after his return, he came to Ireland (where his brother. Sir Eichard, was Vice-Pre- sident of Munster), and was appointed secretary to the Lord-Deputy, Sir Charles Blount, Lord Mount joy. He died about 1 614. Three years afterwards was pub- lished a folio volume of 900 pages : An Itinerary, written by Fynes Moryson, genl., first in the Latine Tongue, and then trans- lated hy him into English : containing his Ten Yeeres Travell through the Twelve Dominions of Germany, Bohmerland, Sweitzerland, Netherland, Denmarke, Po- land, Jtaly, Turky, France, England, Scot- land, and Ireland. To Ireland are devoted 302 pages, principally an account of the wars of Tyrone, His works are fuU of in- terest, and contain invaluable notes on the condition of the countries he visited, and the manners and customs of the inhabi- tants. The Irish portion of his Itinerary was published separately in 2 vols, at Dublin, in 1735. The Retrospective Review says of his works : " We speak advisedly and within bounds when we assert that Fynes Moryson's work need not dread a comparison with any other book of travels, so far as amusing and instructive details regarding manners and the state of society are concerned." Dibdin says : " His deli- cacy and purity are equal to his love of truth." '^ '^ ^*7 Mosse, Bartholomew, M.D., the founder of the Eotunda Hospital, Dublin, was bom at Maryborough in 1712. He studied medicine, travelled on the Conti- nent, and devoted himself to obstetrics. In 1745 he opened a lying-in hospital on a small scale in George's-lane, Dublin, said to have been the first of its kind in the British Isles. Encouraged by its useful- ness, he, on his own responsibility, took a large plot of ground on the north side of the city, and with but ^£500 in hands, 352 MOS set about the erection of the present Eotimda Hospital, on the plans of Mr. Cassels. The foundation-stone was laid by the Lord Mayor on 24th May 1751. By subscriptions, parliamentary grants, and the proceeds of concerts and lot- teries, the work was pushed on, and the present noble institution was opened for the reception of patients in 1757. Dr. Mosse diedatCuUenswood, i6th February 1759, aged 47, and was interred at Donny- brook. An admirable memoir, with inter- esting particulars concerning the history of the institution founded by him, will be found in the DMin Journal of Medical Science, vol. ii. " For this one great ob- ject of providing an asylum and a refuge for woman in her greatest hour of trial, he lived — for this he may be said to have died — died poor as to wealth, but rich in the blessings of the needy, and of those who Avere ready to perish." "5(2) DCossop, Henry, a distinguished actor, was born in Ireland, in 1729. His father was rector of Tuam. While studying at Trinity CoUege, he was attracted to the stage by Garrick's acting, went himself upon the boards, and showed extraordi- nary promise. After acting for a time in Dublin, he quarrelled with the manager and went to London, where he appeared as " Eichard III." " His style of acting seems strongly to have resembled that of Kean of the present day — singularly vivid, subtle, and forcible ; but with defects of abruptness of delivery, and irregularity of performance. He had another grand imperfection — that of believing that his talents were as unlimited as his ambi- tion. He grasped at all the leading characters without discrimination, and of course played many of them without efiect." 3 Quitting Drury-lane in, disgust, he returned to Ireland, declaring that " there should be but one theatre in Ire- land, and that he would be at the head of it." Eef using a salary of £1,000 at Crow- street Theatre, in November 1760 he took a lease of Smock-alley, and entered upon a career of theatrical management, for which he was ill-qualified. The Countess of Bandon and others of his friends spared no etforts to make his entertainments fashionable ; but after twelve years' strug- gle (having in that period leased both the DubUn theatres) he became bankrupt, and returned to London in 1772, broken down in health and spirits. He died, pen- niless, in a poor lodging at Chelsea, in November 1773, aged 43. While admit- ting many faults in his acting, a dramatic critic has remarked : " Garrick and Barry only were his superiors ; in parts of vehe- M05 mence and rage he was almost unequalled, and in sentimental gravity, from the power of his voice and the justness of his conceptions, he was a very commanding speaker." 3 "o 349 Mossop, William, a medallist, was bom in Dublin in 1751, and died of par- alysis in 1804. He was the engraver of many of the finest medals and coins of pre-Union times in Ireland. Mr. Gilbert writes : " Although the medallic works of Mossop are not numerous, they are inter- esting as the first works of the kind pro- duced in Ireland, and a lasting evidence of his natural ability in this department of art." His son William (born iu 1788; died in 1827), first Secretary of the Eoyal Hibernian Academy, was also a medallist of some note. "° Moylan, Stephen, Brigadier-General in the United States revolutionary army, was born in Ireland in 1734. He was one of the first to answer the call to arms against the British at Cambridge, Massa- chusetts, and distinguished himself in many of the operations of the war. A man of education and gentlemanly address, he for a short time acted as aide-de-camp to Washington. He was made Brigadier- General by brevet, in November 1 783, and after the peace occupied some civil posts in Pennsylvania. He died nth April 181 1, aged about 'jf. His brother was Catholic Bishop of Cork. 37. Mullen, or Moline, Allan, M.D., said to have been one of the most eminent anatomists of his time, was bom in the north of Ireland in the middle of the 1 7th century. He took his medical degree in the University of Dublin in 1684, removed to London in 1686, and was elected a mem- ber of the Eoyal Society. The particulars of his last days are thus given in Harris's Ware : " In 1690 the Earl of Inchiquin took him with him to his government of Jamaica, he being desirous of that voyage ; having a mind to enquire after some mines he heard were in those parts ; but putting in at Barbadoes he met with some friends who made him drink hard, which threw him into a calenture, of which he died." The same work gives a list of six surgical treatises from his pen, published between 1682 and 1689. 319 339 Mnlready, William, E.A., was born at Eimis, it is said in 1785 (probably much earlier''*). While a mere lad he went to England and was introduced to Banks, the sculptor, who took him into his studio, and set him to work drawing from his casts. When fourteen he was admitted a student at the Eoyal Aca- demy, and before long gained the silver MUL palette in the Society of Arts' competition. For some years he earned a living by teaching drawing, and designing illustra- tions for works published by William Godwin. He gradually won his way as a painter till he took a foremost place, and became a Eoyal Academician. The follow- ing is taken from the Art Jounvd: " Wil- liam Mulready began life as an art-student ; all through his career — that is, for a period extending over sixty years — he confessed himself still a learner ; and when death called him somewhat suddenly from his easel . . he felt that he had not even yet done all which art was capable of achieving, though everyone else was con- vinced that he had long since accom- plished the end. This was the great secret of his unvarying success — his motto waa 'progression'; and year after year, even to the closing act of his professional life, one could always detect in his works some evidence of more matured powers of thought or of execution. And no wonder, since he caused his pictures to grow slowly under his hand, allowing sometimes years to elapse from the time when he sketched his first ideas on the canvas tiU they ap- peared in a complete form on the wall of the exhibition room. He could much more easily please the public, and even the critics, than he could satisfy him- self. . . There is nothing in the whole range of Dutch or Flemish art that can be brought into comparison with most of them for truth of drawing, elaborate finish, and splendour of colouring ; it hais been well said that, * as a painter, Mulready's art is perfection.' By intense study, and by the display of consummate technical powers, he triumphed over all the greatest difficul- ties of his art. And if we look beyond the mere externals, so to speak, of his paint- ings, into the materials of which the seve- ral subjects are composed, what evidence we find of his intimate acquaintance with the heart and mind — how much of humour, and not unfrequently of pathos too ! . . Note, too, the refined character of his faces. . . He was a lover of his species, and would not hold even the youngsters up to ridicule, though he set forth their humours, both good and evil." He was of a commanding figure, and handsome in old age as in youth. His features were finely cut, his eyes bright, the mouth severe. But few particulars are given of his life. His early marriage at seventeen proved unhappy ; and he and his wife lived separately the latter part of their lives. He died, yth July 1863, aged, pre- sumably, 78, and was buried at Kensal Green, London. '" ^ ^' 353 MUN KCtmro, Henry, a distinguished United Irishman, was born in Lisbum, about 1768. At the termination of his appren- ticeship he entered into the linen business, and shortly afterwards married. He is described as of fair complexion, with in- telligent features and large blue eyes ; of middle size, and remarkable for strength and agility. He was, says Mr. Madden, scrupulously honourable in his dealings, truthful and faithful. A Presbyterian, he was the ardent advocate of Catholic Emancipation, and to forward this object he joined the United Irishmen in 1795. He had been a Volunteer, and always had a taste for military studies ; yet we are told that leadership in the ensuing insurrection was rather pressed upon him. At the breaking out of the insurrection in 1798, Munro occupied Ballynahinch, in Down. The disposition of his forces was made with great care. There on the 13th June he was attacked by General Nugent with about 1,600 men and eight pieces of artillery, and what has been since known as the battle of Ballynahinch, was fought. The insurgents defended themselves for a time with stubborn pertinacity. " Ex- posed to the cross-fire of musketry in the market square, raked by artillery, their ammunition exhausted, they still pressed boldly on the royalists with pike and bayonet." But as in every other important engagement in the Insurrection they were in the end overpowered. Munro fled alone and unattended to the mountains ; but was eventually captured, tried by coui't-martial, and executed at Lisbum, opposite his own door. He displayed wonderful fortitude at the foot of the gaUows ; gave directions concerning an unsettled account with a neighbour, and after uttering the words, "Tell my country I deserved better of it," gave the signal for his own execution. His widow sur- vived uuliI February 1840. =37 330 JUTarpliy, Arthur, actor and dramatic author, was born near Elphin, County of Roscommon, 27th December 1730.''° Early in 1736 he was sent to an aunt re- siding at Boulogne, by whom he was placed at St. Omer's. He was there known as "Arthur French," it being necessary for Irish boys to assume false names to avoid the penalties incurred by being edu- cated abroad, while at the same time education at home was forbidden unless at Protestant schools. He passed with credit through the full course of study, and in 1744 returned to his relatives, then settled in London. He applied himself to law for a time ; served in a merchant's oflBce in Cork for two years, and then 354 MUE in the banking house of Alderman Iron- side, London. After this he turned his attention to literature, and for two years edited the Gray's Inn Journal. He then attempted the stage, but was not suc- cessful. At last he hit upon his vein in dramatic authorship. The Apprentice, a farce, brought him in nearly ^800, and enabled him to pay his debts and com- plete his legal studies, but in consequence of his connexion with the stage, the Benchers refused to admit him to the Bar, until Lord Mansfield lised his good offices. Murphy's mature life was passed as a bar- rister, a dramatic author, and a classical translator, and in all walks alike he may be said to have distinguished himself. He was never married. Towards the close of his life he fell into poor circumstances, from which he was rescued by receiving the appointment of Commissioner of Bank- rupts, and a Civil List pension of £200 per annum. He was also bequeathed some property in the West Indies. Arthur Murphy died at his lodgings. Knights- bridge, London, i8th June 1805, aged 74, attended to the last by his landlady and her Irish servant girl, who were both devoted to him. He is described as having been " Tall and graceful : . . his face oval, and marked a little with small-pox, his nose aquiline ; his eyes light and fuU ; his complexion fair ; and his voice deep and sonorous ; he rarely laughed loud, but his smile was uncom- monly gracious." Of his plays, one tra- gedy, three comedies, and three farces have retained their hold of the stage to the present day. " Murphy," says Macau- lay, "was supposed to understand the temper of the wit of his time as well as any man." Hazlitt writes of him : " Mur- phy's plays of All in the Wrong, and Know your own Mind, are admirably written — with sense, spirit, and conception of cha- racter, but without any great efi"ect of the humorous, or that truth of feeling which distinguishes the boundary between the absurdities of natural character and the gratuitous fictions of the poet's pen." Yet Moore said " he was a dull man in spite of his comedies, which act well, but read most ponderously." '^ Chancellor Kent remarks : "His translation [of Tacitus] wants the compression of the original, and is too periphrastic. . . [It is] distinguished for elegance, and strength, and dignity, and gives the sense of the original with fidelity." '* ^° "'''•s) 248 Murphy, James Cavanah, a native of Ireland, who gained some reputation as a traveller and an author, and more by his skiU as an architectural artist, but MUR of whose life no particulars are attainable, died in 1816. Dibdin speaks of his name as " united with all tender and honourable reminiscences," and says he " fell a victim to his labours." His principal works were : Plans of the Church of Batalha, in Portu- gal (i792-'96); Travels in Portugal during lySg-'go (1795) ; Arabian Antiquities of Spain {181 y'' 16), in numbers, atlas folio, 100 engravings; a work of which Allibone says "it would be difficult to say too much in commendation." His Travels in Portugal were translated into French and German. '^ Uurphy, John, a Gaelic poet, born in the County of Cork, in March 1700, is stated by O'Daly to have been distinguished for the beauty and pathos of his elegiac compositions. He was the preserver and transcriber of many Irish historical tracts, and the patron of a bardic session held annually for some years at Charleville. ^^9 Murphy, John, D.D., a Catholic clergy- man, acted aa one of the leaders of the Wexford insurgents in 1 798. He was born at Tincurry, in the County of Wexford, studied at Seville, took orders, and re- turned to Ireland in 1785, and became parish priest of Boulavogue. In November 1797 he joined eighteen Catholic clergymen in endeavouring to avert the proclamation of their parishes by swearing allegiance to the Government. He is said to have been driven into insurrection by the oppressive conduct of the soldiers and yeomanry, and by the wreck of his chapel ; or as Mr. Froude says : " After forty-five years of hitherto inoflfensive life, he had become possessed with the ' Irish idea.' " On the 25 th May he took the field at the head of a large body of pike-men, defeated a party of troops at Oulart, next day took Camolin and Enniscorthy, and encamped on Vine- gar Hill. According to Froude and Musgrave, he and his men now embarked upon a course of unprovoked plunder and murder ; while Dr. Madden says their operations were in retaliation for imme- diate injuries, or were such as were neces- sary in the prosecution of the insurrection. After the defeats at Arklow and Vinegar Hill, he joined the column that passed through Scollagh Gap, crossed the Barrow, and was defeated at Kilcomney. Dr. Murphy found his way to Taghmon, where he was recognized and arrested. He was executed on 26th June 1798. Several documents relating to his career will be found in the appendix to Musgrave's Irish Rebellions. '*' ^« 331 Mnrphy, Michael, Rev., a Catholic clergyman, who took an active part in the Insurrection of 1798 in the County of T* MUR of Wexford, was bom at Kilnew, in that county, and was educated at a hedge- school at Oulart. Having been ordained at Ferns in 1785, he proceeded to Bor- deaux, and pursued his studies at the Irish College. After his return he be- came parish priest of Ballycanew, and according to Musgrave, " behaved himself there with very great propriety till the rebellion broke out." Dr. Madden says he was driven into joining the insurgents by his chapel being wrecked by the yeo- men. He shared the fortunes of the Eev. John Murphy's brigade until the battle of Arklow, 9th June. His heroic death at that battle is thus related by Mr. Froude : " The battery behind the barricade com- pletely swept the road. Twice the priests led on their followers, over the bodies of their falling comrades, through musket- shot and round shot and grape, to the yeiy mouths of the guns, the priests com- ing so close that they shot the gunners at their posts with their pistols. Twice they failed ; the second time with such desperate loss that they wavered and sought shelter among the walls. . . A third time they charged till they again touched the barri- cade. With a contempt of death which was really admirable they seemed deter- mined to take the guns, though every man might fall in doing it, when a round shot, . . . caught him and his horse, and hurled them into ruin." '■*' =-»9 331 Murphy, Robert, Eev., a mathema- tician, the son of a shoemaker, was born at MaUow in 1806. When he was eleven years of age he accidentally fractured his thigh, and during his confinement to bed his attention was attracted to the study of mathematics; rudimentary books were with difficulty procured, and before his recovery he acquired considerable acquaint- ance with the science. Through the solu- tion of some problems in a newspaper, he became known to a Mr. Mulcahy, who put him to school, where his pro- gress was rapid. In 1824 he published remarks upon a pamphlet by Rev. John Mackey, of Maynooth, on the Duplication of the Cube. In October 1825 he was by his friends entered in Caius CoUege, Cam- bridge. In May 1829 he was elected a Fellow ; he took deacon's orders, and in 1 83 1 was appointed Dean of his coUege. He eventually fell into dissipated habits, was obliged to leave Cambridge, and spent the latter part of his short life as a teacher and writer in London. He con- tributed a number of papers to the Penny Cyclopcsdin and the Cambridge Philoso- phical Transactions, besides publishing separate works on Electricity (1833) and 355 MUR Algebraical Equations (1839). He died of cousumption, 12th March 1 843, aged about ■^j. Some time before his death, he was appointed Examiner in Mathematics at University College, London. "He had a true genius for the mathematical inven- tion ;" his habits, however, "made it im- possible for him to give his undivided attention to researches which, above all others, demand both peace of mind and undisturbed leisure. ^ Murray, Daniel, Archbishop of Dub- lin, was born at Sheepwalk, near Arklow, 1 8th April 1768. He received his ele- mentary education in Dublin, under Dr. Betagh, and completed his studies at the University of Salamanca. He was ordained priest in 1790, and appointed curate of Arklow, but was obliged to fly to Dublin in 1798, in consequence of the threats of the soldiery. He became coadjutor to Dr. Troy in 1809, and succeeded that prelate as Archbishop of Dublin in 1823. Dr. Mun-ay has been designated the " De Sales of Ireland, and the Borromeo of Dub- lin, combining, as he did, the meekness of St. Francis with the episcopal vigilance of St. Charles." He died in Dublin, 26th Feb- ruary 1852, aged 83. Archbishop Murray was a staunch supporter of the system of National Education, and he and Archbishop Whately were intimate friends. He was held in high esteem by Popes Gregory XVI. and Pius IX., and it is said to have been out of respect for him that the Papal condemnation of the Queen's Colleges was withheld during his lifetime. '^* '^^* Murray, John, a Presbyterian minis- ter, was bom at Antrim, 22nd May 1742. He was educated at Edinburgh, and emi- grated to America when twenty-one. He entered with enthusiasm into support of the Revolution ; such was his eloquence that after one of his addresses a company was raised for Washington's army in two hour^. He acquired great ascendancy over the people of his district by his powers as a preacher and his patriotic activity. In 1780 he published a volume of Sermons on Justification, and in 179 1, one on Original Sin. The latter part of his life was passed at Newburyport, Massa- chusetts, where he died, 13th March 1793, aged 50. 37* Murray, Nicholas, D.D., a distin- guished divine and author, was born at Ballinasloe, 25th December 1802. He went to the United States in 1818, and was apprenticed to the printing house of Harper Brothers. Subsequently he studied theology and became pastor of a Presbyte- rian church in Pennsylvania. In 1849 he was Moderator of the Presbyterian 356 MUS General Assembly. He was the author of numerous works on archaeology and social statistics, travels, and sermons. Perhaps his correspondence with Arch- bishop Hughes on the doctrines and prac- tices of Catholicism brought him most prominently before the public. He died at Elizabethtown, New Jersey, 4th Feb- ruary 1 86 1, aged 58. ^^* Musgrave, Sir Richard, Bart., was born in Ireland about 1757. He sat for Lismore from 1778 until the Union, and was a strenuous supporter of Government. In 1782 he was created a baronet. In the Cornwallis Correspondence will be found a letter from him to Secretary Cooke, under date i st November 1 799, hinting at the desirability of some place being secured to him before he gave his vote for the Union. He was appointed Receiver of Cus- toms in Dublin, with a salary of £1,200 a year. In 1801 appeai-ed his Memoirs of the Different ReheClions in Ireland, with maps and plans, chiefly dealing with the Insurrection of 1798. Three large editions were exhausted in a few months. The book contains many valuable particulars not to be found elsewhere ; but is, according to Lowndes, "a party work, abounding in misrepresentations" — not, however, more prejudiced than many written from an opposite standpoint. He displayed such animosity against the Catholics, and out- raged public decency so much by his defence of flogging and free-quarters, that, accord- ing to a long notice of the work in the Aoi- nual Biography, " the Irish government at length deemed it necessary to disown all connexion with the author ; and publicly disclaimed the idea of afibrding him either patronage or protection in future." In pri- vate life Sir Richard was greatly beloved. He died in Holies-street, Dublin, 7thApril 1818, aged6i. * '^ '? Muspratt, James Sheridan, an emi- nent chemist, was born in Dublin, 8th March 1821, and educated in Liverpool, where his father established large chemical works. After travelling on the Continent, and managing print-works in Manchester for some years, he went to America. In 1843 he removed to Germany, and studied under Liebeg. In association with Hof- mann, he discovered some of the organic bases of the coal-tar dyes. In 1848 he married Susan Cushman, the American actress, and about 1850 he established a College of Chemistry in Liverpool, which was eminently successful in training prac- tical chemists. Besides numerous contri- butions to scientific papers, he translated Plattner's Treatise on the Blowpipe, and wrote Chemistry f Theoretical, Practical, NAG and Analytical. One of the springs at Harrogate has been called after him. He died at West Derby, near Liverpool, 3rd February 1871, aged 49. Liebig speaks of his translation of Plattner as " executed with fidelity and ability . . further enhanced by Dr. Muspratt's annotations." Professor Penny speaks of his Chemistry as " the most valuable and elaborate work of the kind in our language;" while Pro- fessor Morfit characterizes it as " the very best and most elaborate guide-book on technical chemistry." '^ ^ ="' Nagle, Nauo, f oxindress of the Presen- tation order, a woman of singular devo- tion and piety, daughter of Garrett Nagle, a Catholic gentleman of property, was born at Ballygriffin, County of Cork, in 1728. She was educated in Paris. At an early age her thoughts were turned to the miserably ignorant condition of the poor Irish Catholic children, deprived under the Penal Laws of all chances of education. In Dublin, in 1763, almost pri- vately and on a small scale, and afterwards in Cork more openly, she established schools, principally at her own cost, for the religious and secular education of the very poor. In these establishments, and in the homes of the poor, she laboured at all hours and in all weather, teaching, and advising, and sympathizing with the people in their sorrows. In September 1 771, at her instance, a house for the re- ception of nuns of the Ursuline order was opened at Cork, and a small community, in filiation with that of St. Jacques in Paris, was settled there. So strong was the prejudice against them among the dominant class, that for many years, ex- cept in the privacy of their convent, these nuns had to wear secular dress. Disap- pointed, however, that the Ursulines de- voted themselves chiefly to the education of the rich, she collected together a number of ladies who agreed to give themselves solely to the poor. Nano Nagle did not live to see the full results of her labours. She died in the South Presentation Con- vent in Cork, 20th '5°t April 1784, aged 55. The work established by her grew and spread; and in 1791 the community was recognized by Pope Pius VI., and given authority " to erect, and to form, not only in the city of Cork, but in other towns, houses for the reception of pious virgins, whose duty it should be to instruct little girls in the rudiments of faith and morals, to teach them diflferent works peculiar to their sex, to visit sick females in the public infirmaries, and help them in their neces- sities ; " and in 1805 it was fully estab- NAP lished as the Presentation order, with power to take vows, and with a rule founded upon that of St. Augustin. There are at present seventy-three Presentation Convents — most of them in Ireland, but several in England, and some in America and Australia. '5°'i'5» '5°*<-'"' Napier, Sir William Francis Patrick, General, K.C.B., was bom at Celbridge, near Dublin, 17th December 1785. He was third son of the Hon. George Napier and Lady Sarah Lennox, daughter of the Duke of Eichmond ; and was conse- quently first cousin of Charles James Fox and Lord Edward FitzGerald. William was educated at Celbridge with his elder brother, Charles, afterwards conqueror of Scinde, who had been born in London. After passing through some experiences of the Insurrection of 1798, he entered the army as an ensign, 14th June 1800 ; be- came lieutenant, i8th April 1801 ; and captain, 2nd June 1804. He served at the bombardment of Copenhagen in 1807, and in 1808 went with his regiment to Spain, and bore more than his share of the hard- ships of Sir John Moore's retreat. He conceived a great veneration for Moore, and in after years declared that it was mainly to clear his memory from false im- putations that he conceived the idea of writing a history of the Peninsular War. In 1809 Napier became Aide-de-camp to his uncle, the Duke of Eichmond, Lord- Lieutenant of Ireland, but gave up the appointment to accompany his regiment to Portugal. He received a hip wound at the fight on the Coa ; was at Busaco, and at Cazal Noval, where he received a bullet in the spine, and his brother George had an arm broken. As a reward for their bravery, the brothers were selected by Wellin^on (two of eleven captains out of the whole army) for the brevet rank of major. While still suflfering from his wounds he fought at Fuentes d'Onore ; but after the second siege of Badajos was stricken with fever, and obliged to return home in the autumn of 181 1. In the spring of the following year he married a daughter of General Henry Fox, and only three weeks afterwards, on learning that Badajos was besieged, sailed again for Por- tugal, though far from recovered of his wounds. He took command of the 43rd Eegiment, which was not in the best of training, and required vigorous measures to restore it to proper discipline. He was present at Salamanca in July, and was with the division that entered Madrid next month. Major Napier went to England in January 1813, and rejoined his regiment in the Pyrenees in the following August, 357 NAP taking a prominent part in the storming of the Petite Rhune, and at the passage of the Nive. He was severely wounded in defending the churchyard of Arcanques ; and was again engaged at Orthes. He re- turned to England in April or May 1814, and received the brevet rank of Lieutenant- Colonel at the termination of the campaign. After recovering from a protracted illness, resulting from wounds and exposure, he joined the Military College at Farnham, whence he was hurried to Belgium in the summer of 181 5 ; but, much to his mortification, arrived too late to take part in the battle of "Waterloo. He now de- voted himself to literary pursuits, while taking an intelligent and active interest in home politics. From 1842 to 1848 he was Lieutenant-Governor of Guernsey ; in the latter year he was created a K.C.B., and subsequently a General. Besides minor publications, he wrote The Conquest of Sdnde (1844) ; a history of his brother Charles's administration of Scinde (185 1) ; English Battles and Sieges in the Peninsula (1855); and Life and Opinions of General Sir Charles Napier, 4 vols. (1857). In this last work, as remarked by a critic, "the ido- latry of the Napiers was carried to the ex- tremest] fanaticism, and every one who had by any chance interfered with the plans or prospects of either of the brothers was attacked with the most contemptuous acerbity." The great work upon which his reputation as an author rests is his History of the War in the Peninsula and the South of France, 1807 to 18 14. The first volume appeared in 1828, and the sixth and last in 1840. This History has passed through several editions, and is con- sidered a standard work. The following remarks upon it will be found in the English Cyclopczdia (1857) : "Perhaps no military history of equal excellence has ever been written. It cost the author six- teen year of continuous labour. He was himself a witness of several of the series of operations, and was engaged in many of the battles. His wide acquaintance with military men enabled him to consult many distinguished officers, English and French, and he was especially supplied with materials and documents by the Duke of Wellington and Marshal Soult. The ordi- nary sources of information were embar- rassing from their abundance. One mass of materials deserves especial mention. When Joseph Bonaparte fled from Vit- toria, he left behind him a very large collection of letters, which, however, were without order, in three languages, many almost illegible, and the most important in cipher, of which there was no key. It 3S8 NEL was the correspondence of Joseph Bona- parte while nominally King of Spain. Sir William Napier was in a state of per- plexity, and almost in despair of being able to make any use of these valuable materials, when his wife undertook to ar- range the letters according to dates and subjects, to make a table of reference, and to translate and epitomize the contents of each. Many of the most important docu- ments were entirely in cipher; of some letters about one-half was in cipher, and others had a few words so written inter- spersed. All these documents and letters Lady Napier arranged, and with a rare, sagacity and patience she deciphered the secret writing. The entire correspondence was then made available for the historian's purpose. She also made out Sir William Napier's rough interlined manuscripts, which were almost illegible to himself, and wrote out the whole work fair for the printers, it may be said three times, so frequent were the changes made. Sir William Napier mentions these facts in the preface to the edition of 1851, and in pay- ing his tribute to Lady Napier, observes that this amount of labour was accom- plished without her having for a moment neglected the care and education of a large famUy." Criticisms and rejoinders to state- ments in this work form almost a literature in themselves, and are fully detailed by Allibone. General Sir William Napier died at Clapham, 1 2th February 1 860, aged 74. A marble statue has been erected to his memory in St. Paul's Cathedral. '^ ^so* Nary, Cornelius, Rev., was bom in the County of Kildare in 1660, and received his education at Naas. At twenty-four years of age he was ordained at Kilkenny, and shortly afterwards removed to Paris. He studied at the Irish College, of which he subsequently became Pro visor, and in 1694 took the degree of LL.J), at Cambray. After actuig for a time as tutor to the Earl of Antrim, he returned to Ireland, and was appointed parish priest of St.Michan's, in Dublin, where he continued until his death on the 3rd March 1738, aged about 78. Harris styles him " a man of learning and of a good character." He was the author of The Chief Points in Controversy between the Catholics and the Protestants (Antwerp, 1699) ; The New Testament Translated into English from the Latin (Lond. 1705); and some thirteen other works enumerated by Harris. ^^^ Neilson, Samuel, United Irishman. See Addendum, Neligan, John Moore, M.D., a dis- tinguished physician, was born in 181 5 at Clonmel. At an early age he lost his NES father, who was a medical practitioner. When but twenty-one years of age he took his medical degree, practised for a short time in Clonmel and Cork, and in 1840 re- moved to Dublin, where he soon took a fore- most place in the profession, both as a teacher and practitioner. Dr. Neligan's great book. Medicines, their Uses and Modes of Administration, which has gone through many editions, and is still a standard work, was first published in 1843. I^ 1848 he edited a second edition of his friend Dr. Graves's Clinical Lectures. He edited the Dublin Quarterly Journal of Medical Science from 1849 to 1861, contri- buting to its pages numerous important papers. Dr. Neligan specially devoted himself to cutaneous diseases, and in 1852 published a work on Diseases of the Skin, which established him in the position he had been rapidly attaining as the leading consulting physician in Ireland on those affections. He was a member of the prin- cipal medical bodies in Dublin, and an honorary member of at least two on the Continent. Dr. Neligan died 24th July 1863, aged 48. "Of a commanding ap- pearance, highly favoured by nature in mind and person, his industry was untir- ing. . , In him society has lost a skilful physician — medicine, an able exponent — the profession, a dauntless upholder of its rights and dignity." "5('863) Nesta, a beautiful Welsh princess, daughter of Ehys ap Tudor Mawr, Prince of South Wales, was the ancestor of some of the leading Anglo-Norman invaders of Ireland, and consequently of several of the most important Irish families : she died in 1 136. The following list of her children and grandchildren may be found useful for reference. Great care has been taken in its compilation from diflFerent authorities, no two of which, however, agree as to the names of her descendants, or the order of their birth. Nesta, by King Henry I. of England, had two sons — Robert FitzRoy, Earl of Gloucester, mar. Mabel, daughter and heiress of Sir Eobert FitiAymon, the conqueror of Glamorgan ; Henry FitzRoy (killed in an attack on Anglesea about 1156) left two sons — Miler FitzHenry, mar. niece of Hugh de Lacy ; Eobert FitzHenry. Nesta married (about 1095) Gerald Fitz- W ALTER (died about 1 135), Castellan of Windsor, and Constable of Pem- broke, and bv him had issue — NEW William FiizQerald (died 1 1 74), ancestor of the FitzMaurices and Graces, was father of — Eaymond FitzGerald (commonly styled Eaymond le Gros), mar. Basilia, sister of Strongbow ; Griffith FitzGerald ; A daughter. Maurice FitzGerald (died 11 76), mar. Alice, daughter of Amulph, a con- nexion of WiUiam the Conqueror, and was father of — William FitzGerald, Baron of Naas ; Gerald FitzGerald, Baron of Oflfaly, ancestor of the Earls of Kildare ; Thomas FitzGerald (died 1213), an- cestor of the Desmond FitzGeralds, mar. Ellinor, sister of Hervey de Marisco ; Alexander FitzGerald, of Compton in England ; Nesta, mar. in 1 175, Hervey de Ma- risco. David FitzGerald, Bishop of St. David's, 1 147 to 1 176, had a son- Miles of St. David's. Angharat, mar. William de Barry, and had four sons — Eobert de Barry ; Philip de Barry ; Walter de Barry ; Gerald de Barry (Giraldus Cambrensis). A daughter (? Gledewis),m3x. Cogan, by whom she had — Milo de Cogan, mar. a daughter of Eobert FitzStephen ; Eichard de Cogan. Nesta lastly espoused Stephen, Constable of Cardigan, and to him she bore Robert FitzStephen, the conqueror of Waterford, whose sons were — Ealph FitzStephen (died 1 182), mar. daughter of Milo de Cogan ; Meredith FitzStephen (died 1171). 52 54 147 148 148* 202 216 233 Newport, Sir John, Bart., a politi- cian, the son of a Waterford banker, was bom there 24th October 1756. He was created a baronet in 1789. In 1802 he en- tered Parliament as member for his native city, and acting in concert with the Whigs, continued to represent it, with short inter- missions, until 1 832. After the passage of the Eeform Bill he was appointed Comp- troller of the Exchequer; from which office he retired in 1 839 with a pension of £ i ,000. He died at Newpark, near Waterford, 9th February 1843, aged 87. He was thus spoken of in 1830 : " There never was an Irish question during the last twenty-eight years on which the member for Waterford did not distinguish himself by a fearless 359 NIA NIC and uncompromising devotion to his coun- try's welfare." ' "** iriall of the ITine Hostages, a dis- tinguished warrior, reigned over Ireland, according to the Four 3f asters, from 379 to 405. He carried his victorious arms into different parts of Ireland, Britain, and Gaul, and derived his name " Naoighial- lach," from the hostages held captive for the good behaviour of districts he had con- quered. A Eoman poet, Claudian, is by some believed to have referred to his ex- peditions in the lines : " Totam cum Scotus lemen, Moyit, et infesto spumavit remige Tethys." It has been suggested that St. Patrick may have been brought to Ireland among the captives taken in one of Niall's foreign incursions. He was assassinated in Gaul in 405, by Eochaidh, King of Leinster, whom he had exiled. Niall was succeeded in the sovereignty by Dathi. The O'Neills and other Irish families trace their ancestry to Niall. '34 171 Niall Gltindtibh, Monarch of Ireland, 914 to 919, Lord of Aileach, a descendant of the preceding. In 910 he and the men of Aileach were defeated in a great battle at Crossakeel, in Meath, by Flann Sinna, In 914, on Flann's death, Niall assumed the supreme power, and in the summer of next year fought an indecisive battle against the Northmen, who had arrived in great numbers, and established them- selves at Dublin and other seaports. In October 919 he fell in an encounter with them at Elilmashoge, near Eathfarnham ; when they extended their plundering ex- peditions into aU parts of the country. Niall's queen was Gormlaith [see Gorm- laith] " a very fair, virtuous, and learned damosell." '34 Nicholson, John, Brigadier-General, son of an Irish physician, Dr. Alexander Nicholson, was born in Dublin, nth De- cember I ''jr. He lost his father when eight years old, whereupon his mother re- moved to Lisbum, and most of his educa- tion was received at Dungannon School. In 1837 he obtained an appointment as ensign in the Indian army, and joined the 41st Native Infantry at Benares. He took part in the Affghan war, in 1842, saw some severe fighting, and endured a miser- able captivity of some months. On the 6th November in the same year his brother Alexander was killed in action in India. In 1846 he was appointed one of two mili- tary instructors to Gholab Singh's army in Cashmere, and next year assistant to Sir Henry Lawrence, Eesident at Lahore. There his great executive abilities became ■apparent, and he was entrusted by his 360 chief with several important missions. In the spring of 1848 the Sikh war broke out, and he specially distinguished himself at Attock and the Marguila Pass. His services at Chillianwallah and Guzerat were fully acknowledged in Lord Gough's dispatches. In 1849, when the Punjaub became a British province. Captain Nichol- son, then but twenty-eight, was appointed a Deputy-Commissioner under the Lahore Board, of which Sir Henry Lawrence was President. In 1850 he left for home on furlough — on his way engaging in an un- successful plot to liberate Kossuth from captivity in a Turkish fortress. On his return to India next year, he was reap- pointed to his old post in the Punjaub, and did good service as an administrator and governor for several years. The break- ing out of the mutiny in May 1857 found him Colonel Nicholson, at Peshawur. He acted with the greatest promptitude, removed a large treasure to a place of safety, dismissed some native regiments under circumstances that required con- summate tact and decision, and at Mur- dan, on 25th May, helped to put to rout a force of the mutineers. On this occasion he was fully twenty hours in the saddle, traversed not less than sev^aty miles, and cut down many fugitives with his own hand. On 22nd June hr took command of a movable column for the relief of Delhi, annihilated a large force of the enemy at Trimmoo, and effected a junction with the small band of British at Delhi on 14th August. Ten days afterwards he fought the battle of Nujufgurh, in which between 3,000 and 4,000 of the mutineers were slain. Already he had been created Brigadier-General. On 14th September, while heading an attack on a Sepoy posi- tion, he was mortally wounded ; and died on the 23rd (1857), aged 35. Sir John Lawrence, writing a few weeks later to his brother. Lieutenant Charles Nicholson, who lost a foot in the same engagement, said : " His loss is a national misfortune ;" and he remarked in a despatch : " He was an otficer equal to any emergency. . . His services since the mutiny broke out have not been surpassed by those of any other officer in this part of India." Brigadier- General Nicholson, like his friend and fellow-countryman Sir Henry Lawrence, who fell shortly before him, was of a deeply religious cast of mind. He was never married. A pension of ,£500 a year was granted by the East India Company to his mother ; and it was officially announced that had he survived he would have been created a Knight Commander of the Bath. NIC Nicolson, William, Archbishop of Cashel, was born in Cumberland in 1655, was in 1 702 consecrated Bishop of Derry, and in 1 726 advanced to the archbishopric of Cashel, and died of apoplexy, 15th Feb- ruary 1727, He deserves notice as author of the Irish Historical Library, printed in Dublin in 1724, containing a valuable list of authors and records in print and manu- script on subjects relating to the history of Ireland. Cotton styles him " a zealous antiquary and a learned historian and philologist." Harris's Ware says : " He fell into many errors in this work, for want of sufficient acquaintance with the Irish manuscripts and language. But notwithstanding that, much thanks are due to him for the extraordinary pains he took to inform himself about the ma- terials which may be had for improving Irish history." O'Curry speaks of his "valuable Irish Historical Library." '** »6o 339 Nolan, Uichael, Judge of a Welsh circuit, a distinguished Irish lawyer, was bom the middle of the 18th century. He was the author of a Treatise on the Irish Poor Laws (2 vols. 1805) and other im- portant law books, a list of which is given by Allibone. He died in 1827. '* "^^ Norris, or TSorveja, Sir Johu, Pre- sident of Munster (grandson of Sir Henry Norris, executed for alleged crimi- nality with Queen Anne Boleyn), was born the middle of the i6th century. He distinguished himself in the Low Countries, in 1 575 served under Lord Essex in Ireland, and on 22nd July carried out the massacre on Eathlin Island [see Mac- DoNNELL, SoRLET Boy]. According to Mr. Froude, some 200 of a garrison, and 400 women and children were slain on this occasion — " chiefly mothers and their little ones, . . hidden in the caves about the shore. There was no remorse, not even the faintest shadow of perception that the occasion called for it. They were hunted out as if they had been seals or otters, all destroyed." (Froude's Englaind, vol. xi. p. 185.) He was appointed President of Munster in June 1584. In 1589 he was joint commander with Drake in an expe- dition against Spain. In February 1595 he lauded a force of some 2,000 veteran troops to oppose O'Neill and the confede- rate chieftains of the north. He and his brother Sir Thomas were wounded in an eflFort to revictual Armagh the same sum- mer. Next year he headed a great hosting against O'Neill, O'Donnell, and the north- ern chieftains, and placed garrisons at Cong, Galway, Athenry, Kilconnell, Ballinasloe, Eoscommon, Tulsk, and Boyle. He was NOR knighted in Christ Church, Dublin, in April 1597. In the same year, according to the Four Masters, he " was deprived of his office by the new Lord-Justice, who had last arrived in Ireland, and went to Mimster, where he remained with his bro- ther. Sir Thomas Norris, who had been previously [Vice] President under him of Munster for the period of twelve years." Fynes Moryson says that the ill success of the war in Ireland and the jealousy of the Earl of Essex on account of some old transactions in Brittany, " brake his brave and formerly undaunted heart, for -wdthout sickenes or any publike signe of griefe, he suddenly died in the embrace of his deere brother Sir Thomas Norreys." Consider- able differences had latterly existed be- tween him and Lord Deputy Russell as to the proper policy to be pursued towards the native chieftains — Sir John favouring conciliation, and Eussell desiring a "rigor- ous prosecution of the rebels." Probably on account of his cruelty at Eathlin, he was believed by the Irish to have sold him- self to the Devil, who carried him off un- expectedly. 0' Sullivan Beare concludes that O'Neill had often defeated, not only Norris, " peritissimum Anglorum imperato- rem, omni pugnandi apparatu superiorem, sed ipsum eiiam diabolum qui illi ex pacto f uisse opitulatus creditur vicerit." '^ ^4 69 140 247 Norris, Sir Thomas, President of Munster, younger brother of preceding, also distinguished himself in the wars of Ireland. He figures on several occasions in the Annals of the Four Masters and in Fynes Moryson's Itinerary. In 1588 he accompanied Sir Eichard Bingham in an expedition against Connaught ; in 1 595 he and his brother John were wounded in a skirmish near Athlone ; and in Sep- tember 1597, he was appointed President of Munster in Sir John's place, having been already Vice-President thereof for some years. He was mortally wounded in a conflict with the Burkes near Kilmal- lock in the summer of 1599 ; and died six weeks afterwards at Maola, near Kilmal- lock. The death of "a noble young knight, Sir Henry Norris," probably his elder brother, in a battle at Finneterstown, near Adare, about the same time, is noted by the annalists. Sir Thomas was ancestor of the present Sir Denham Norreys, Bart. 54 69 134 247 Norris, Sir John, Admiral, a dis- tinguished British naval officer, was bom in Ireland about the year 1674. In July 1690 he was appointed to command the Pelican, on account of gallant behaviour as Lieutenant at the engagement off Beachy 361 NUG Head. In March 1 707, he was promoted to the rank of Rear- Admiral of the Blue, and in the same year served under Sir Cloudesley Shovel in the Mediterranean, and was actively engaged in the abortive attack upon Toulon. After having been advanced to be Vice- Admiral of the White, in 1708 he became Vice- Admiral of the Red, and a few months afterwards Admi- ral of the Blue. His supposed ill-luck in the matter of weather procured for him the appellation of " Foul- weather Jack." In 171 7 he was Envoy-Extraordinary to the Czar. At the time of his death he repre- sented Eye in Parliament, and was the oldest admiral in the British navy, having seen sixty years' service. He died 13th June 1749, aged about 75. "ts 349 Nugent, Sir Richard, 15th Baron Delvin, Earl of Westmeath, was born in 1583. He was descended from Sir Gil- bert de Nugent, who came to Ireland with Hugh de Lacy. At the age of twenty he was knighted in Christ Church, on occasion of the creation of Eury O'Donnell, Earl of Tirconnell. Suspected of being impli- cated in a conspiracy for the subversion of the English power in Ireland, in May 1607 (the discovery of which real or pre- tended plot led to the flight of the Earls of Tyrone and Tirconnell), he was arrested, and committed to the Castle. Thence he escaped a fortnight afterwards, descending into the foss by cords which a servant managed to convey to him. Next year he submitted to the Crown, and was received into favour. He attended the Parliaments of 1613 and 1615, and in 1621 was ad- vanced to the dignity of Earl of West- meath. Eef using to join in the outbreak of October 1641, the Lords- Justices sent a party of horse to escort him to Dublin. The escort was defeated by the Irish near Athboy, and the Earl captui-ed. Though liberated soon afterwards, he ultimately fell a vict- a to the Irish. Lodge tells us : "His lordship, in coming away towards Trim in his coach, was forcibly drawn and hauled out of it, and shot with pistol shots into the thigh, and then, in pulUng and drawing him up and down, they drew both his shoulders out of joint ; of which that noble Earl (being above sixty years old, blind of his eyes, and often struck with a dead palsy) died " [1641]. s* ^'^ Nugent, Thomas, 4th Earl of Westmeath, was a colonel in the Irish army of James II., and was outlawed ; but being one of the hostages exchanged for the observance of the articles of Limerick, the outlawry was reversed, and he was re- stored to his estates and honours. He died in 1752, aged 96. s* 362 NUG Nugent, John, 5th Earl of West- meath, a cadet in James II. 's Horse Guards at the Boyne, afterwards served with distinction on the Continent — in Flanders, at Luzzara, Eamillies, Oude- narde, Malplaquet, Kehl, and elsewhere. He died in retirement at Nivelles, in Bra- bant, 3rd July 1754, aged 83, the last Catholic representative of the title. '^^ "^ Nugent, Christopher, a Lieutenant- Colonel in James II. 's Irish army, went to France upon the capitulation of Limerick in 1691, and was given command of the Irish Horse Guards. He served in Flanders, and was wounded at Landen. In 1701 he joined the army of Italy and fought at Chiari, Luzzara, and Spire, He com- manded a regiment of the Irish Brigade at Eamillies, Oudenarde, and Malplaquet. In 17 1 2 he was present at the sieges of Denain and Douay ; and in 1713, at Fri- burg. Having, without permission, ac- companied the Pretender to Scotland in 1715, he was, on the remonstrance of the British ambassador, nominally deprived of his regiment. In 1 718 he became major- general of horse. He died 4th June 1731.'®^ Nugent, Lavall, Count, Field-Mar- shal in the Austrian service, descended from the 1st Earl of Westmeath, was bom in Ireland in 1777. At an early age he be- came heir to his imcle Oliver Count Nu- gent, went to Austria in 1789, and entered the Imperial army in 1794. His abilities soon attracted notice. After the battle of Varaggio in 1799, he was elected a Knight of the military order of Maria Theresa, and after Marengo received his commission as major. In 1805 he became a lieutenant- colonel ; 1809, major-general ; and in the same year he was a plenipotentiary to the congress which preceded Napoleon's mar- riage to Maria Louisa. Eefusing to sign the conditions forced upon the exhausted Austrians by Napoleon, he retired to Eng- land and was made a lieutenant-general in the British army. In i8ii he was sent on a diplomatic mission to Austria, and re- turned with important communications relative to the coahtion organizing against France. In the winter of i8i2-'i3 he was sent by the British Government to Spain ; and in 18 13 he resumed the sword for Austria, drove the French out of Illy- ria ; and next year bore a leading part in the successful campaign in Italy. He was gazetted a British K.C.B. In 18 15 he led the force in Tuscany that defeated Murat, and in the summer of the same year com- manded in the south of France. He next became Captain-General of the Neapolitan army ; but in 1820 returned to the Austrian service. Although commanding in Italy NUG and Hungary in 1848, he took no very active part in the field. In 1 849 he was pre- sented with the baton of a Field-Marshal, and honours of all kinds were showered upon him. He was present with his old companion Eadetsky in Italy during the war with Sardinia, and accompanied the Emperor of Austria in his unfortunate cam- paign against the French and Italians in 1859. Field-Marshal Nugent married the Duchess of Eiario Sforza, a descendant of Augustus III., King of Poland. He died on his estate in Croatia in August 1862, aged 84. ^ S4 Nugent, Thomas, LL.D., born in Ire- land probably early in the i8th century, was the author and translator of numerous works. Amongst the former may be men- tioned, The Grand Tour, 4 vols., 1756; History of Vandalia, 3 vols., i766-'73 •, Pocket Dictionary of French and English, 1767 (of which many editions have been published, still commanding a large sale) ; Travels in Oermany, 2 vols., 1 768. Perhaps the most important of his translations were Montesquieu's Spirit of Laws, and a Life of Benvenuto Cellini. In 1765 the degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by the University of Aberdeen. He died in Gray's Inn lane, London, 27th April 1772. '* 349 O'Beime, Thomas Lewis, Bishop of Heath, was born in the County of Long- ford in 1747. He was intended for the Catholic priesthood, and was sent with his brother to St. Omer's ; but eventually joined the Established Church. Much of his success in life has been attributed to a chance meeting with Charles Fox and the Duke of Portland at an inn in England. He was appointed chaplain in the British fleet under Lord Howe ; and whilst in this service published a pamphlet in defence of his patron, the Admiral. In 1 782 he ac- companied the Duke of Portland, Lord- Lieutenant, to Ireland as his private secre- tary. He was in 1 79 1 collated to the rectory of Templemichael and vicarage of MohiU, in the diocese of Ardagh, where his brother was at the same time a parish priest. In 1795 he became chaplain to Lord Fitzwil- liam, who obtained for him the bishopric of Ossory, whence, in 1798, he was trans- lated to Meath. In his place in the Irish House of Lords he objected to the recall of Lord Fitzwilliam, and was one of those peers who voted against the Union and signed the Lords' Protest. As a preacher he was highly esteemed. " He was occa- sionally sublime, frequently pathetic, and always intelligible to his auditors. . . His person was of the middle size and O'BR slight ; his face was thin and expressive." * Cotton gives a list of his niimerous ser- mons, charges, and pamphlets. He died at Ardbraccan, 17th February 1823, aged yS, and was there buried. During his episcopate fifty-seven churches and seventy- two glebe houses were built in his diocese. 6 iiS 154 265 O'Brien, Donongh, King of Munster, son of Brian Borumha, was away plunder- ing during the battle of Clontarf (23rd April 1014), but returning immediately afterwards, although the youngest surviving son of Brian, he assumed command of the Dalcassians, and prepared to return to Tho- mond. At Mullaghmaat Donough and his brother Teige were opposed by his relative Cian, one of the chiefs of the Eugenian line, who demanded that Donough should resign the crown. The difference was adjusted through the intervention of Donald, Chief of the O'Donoghues. The Dalcassians had not proceeded much farther on their way home, when they were attacked by FitzPatrick, Chief of Upper Ossory, who thought the death of Brian a favourable opportunity to renounce his dependency on Munster, and to demand hostages. According to legend this treachery so enraged Donough's army that even the wounded demanded to be tied to stakes interspersed amongst their comrades, to assist in opposing FitzPatrick's onset. This bold front so intimidated the men of Ossory that they refused to attack, and confined their hostilities to cutting off a few stragglers. Donough had scarcely settled at home when he was obliged to repel the incursions of the neighbouring chiefs. In 1016 Kincora and Killaloe were demolished by the men of Connaught. Some years later Donough and Teige fought between themselves ; the foi-mer was de- feated, and shortly afterwards, in 1023, procured the assassination of Teige. After Malachy's death, the same year, Donough advanced pretensions to the supreme power in Ireland, and the country was devastated by apparently aimless wars, in which Donough and his nephew Turlough, son of Teige, figured on opposite sides. Eventually Donough was defeated, and, according to the annals of Clanmacnoise, retired to Rome, where he died in 1064. -^^ O'Brien, Tnrlongh, King of Munster, nephew of preceding, was born about 1009, and upon the defeat of his uncle, Donough, assumed the sovereignty. In 1067 he and his allies marched against Connaught, but were caught in an ambush and defeated. Next year saw Turlough without a com- petitor, his cousin Murrough having been killed in a predatory excursion into Teffia. 363 O'BR In 1073 he made preparations to reduce Ulster to obedience ; but was defeated nearArdee. Better fortune awaited him in 1076, when he invaded Connaught and compelled the submission of Roderic O'Conor. On the 29th October 1084, his son Murtough, with several allies, includ- ing the Danes of Dublin, fought an indeci- sive battle with the opposing Munstermen in Leinster. Four thousand were left dead on the field, including many princes of the O'Brien blood. In 1085 Turlough led a successful incui'sion into Ulster. He died at Kincora next year (1086), aged 76. He was twice married — to Gormlaith, a prin- cess of Ely, and to DervorghaU, daughter of a prince of Ossory, Turlough O'Brien is said to have presented to William Eufus the oak with which the roof of "West- minster Hall is constructed. '** ^^^ O'Brien, Mnrtough, King of Mun- ster, succeeded his father Turlough in 1086. He signalized his accession by ravaging the territories of such of the surrounding chiefs as were obnoxious to him. He de- feated the men of Leinster and the Danes of Dublin at Rathedair, near Howth, in 1087. This victory was counterbalanced next year by the invasion of Thomond. Roderic O'Conor marched into Munster, and took possession of an island in the Shannon, whence Murtough in vain en- deavoured to dislodge him. Murtough was also assailed by Donald MacLoughlin, Prince of Aileach, who with O'Conor, entered Munster, burned Limerick, and laid waste the country as far as Emly, Lough Gur, and Bruree. They then de- molished Kincora, and returned home with hundreds of prisoners both Irish and Danish. In 1089 Murtough made repri- sals in Connaught, but had ultimately to waive his pretensions to the crown of Ireland, and rest satisfied with his posi- tion as a provincial king. A conference was held '.n 1090, and it was agreed by O'Brien and O'Conor to acknowledge O'Melaghlin as monarch ; yet it had hardly separated when war was renewed. In iioi the supremacy of Murtough O'Brien was recognized. It was about this time that he made a grant of the royal residence of Cashel to the Church. A contest between Murtough and Mag- nus, King of Norway, who arrived off the Irish coast with a large fleet, was averted by Murtough giving his daughter, with a large dowry, to Sigfried, son of Magnus. In 11 14 ill-health obliged Mur- tough to resign the sceptre to his brother Diarmaid for a time. Murtough O'Brien died on nth March 11 19. We read that " the character of this prince ranks high, 364 O'BE not only among the chroniclers of his own nation and time, but also among contem- porary writers in England. Malmesbury says that he was held in such respect by the English monarch, Henry I., that that prince frequently availed himself of the wisdom and advice of Murtough. His reign appears, until his powers were sub- dued by disease, as one career of persever- ing energy, unnerved by defeat, and only stimulated by reverses to still greater efforts ." He was buried at Killaloe. "^^ O'Brien, Donald, King of Munster, succeeded to the throne about 1167. On the advent of the Anglo-Normans he turned against Roderic O'Conor, and was amongst the first to pay homage to Henry II. He surrendered Limerick to King Henry, and agreed to render tribute as to his sovereign lord, but took the first occasion to turn against the Anglo-Normans. In 1 174 Earl Strongbow marched south to reassert his authority, but was intercepted at Thurles by forces under Roderic O'Conor and Donald O'Brien, and defeated with great loss. According to the Anyials of Inis- f alien, four knights and 700 of Strongbow's troops were killed, and the Four Masters say : " He returned in sorrow to his house in Waterford, and O'Brien proceeded home in triumph." On his return from victory, Donald blinded and put to death several of his relatives, to prevent the possibility of trouble from their designs upon the crown. He and the other chiefs were capa- ble of sudden rallies and the accomplish- ment of brilliant exploits, but were quite unequal to sustained or combined efforts of any kind. Soon afterwards, Strongbow and Raymond FitzGerald besieged and took Limerick, and Roderic O'Conor mak- ing an incursion about the same time, Donald again submitted to the Anglo- Normans. When FitzGerald hastened to Dublin in 1 177, on receiving the news of Strongbow's death, O'Brien, forgetful of all his engagements, cut down the bridge over the Shannon, and fired the town, stored with supplies of all kinds, declaring that it should no longer be a nest for foreigners. Henry II. shortly afterwards granted Donald's dominions to Philip de Braosa, and in 1 192 two bands of English settlers entered his territory, but were defeated near Killaloe, driven across the Shannon, and again defeated near Thurles. Donald O'Brien died in 1194. =*3 O'Brien, Murtough, King of Mun- ster, succeeded his father in 1194. One of his first acts was to put to death his cousin, Douough, who advanced pretensions to the crown. In 1196, with O'Conor and MacCarthy,he marched upon Cork, obliged O'ER the Anglo-Normans to evacuate it, and afterwards defeated them at Limerick, and at Kilfeacle, where they had erected a castle. The Irish allies, however, soon fought among themselves. In 1201 De Burgh led a large army of O'Briens and MacCarthys into Connaught, and de- vastated the monastery of Athdalaarg, on the river Boyle, After this the O'Briens again fell out among themselves, and also fought against the Anglo-Normans, by whom, in 1208, Murtough was taken pri- soner and blinded. He died in 1239. ^^^ O'Brien, Sonough Cairbreach, King of Munster, was upon the deposition of his brother, in 1208, allowed by the Anglo-Normans to succeed him, and sub- mitting to King John, Thomond was conferred on him and his heirs, with the fortress and lordship of Garrigogonnell, which had belonged to William de Braosa. Donough fixed his residence at Clonroad, near Ennis, and commenced the erection of the beautiful Franciscan abbey, the ruins of which still remain. He was engaged in constant wars with the princes of Con- naught. His death took place in 1242. -^^ O'Brien, Conor na Sindaine, King of Munster, succeeded his father in 1242. With twenty other Irish princes, he was summoned by Henry III. to aid him in an expedition against the Scots, and after- wards, the Four Masters record that "a great battle broke out between him and the English of Munster." The territories of all the Irish princes but the O'Neills, the O'Conors, and the O'Briens had long before this been partitioned amongst the descendants of the Norman invaders. In 1258 a conference was held at Caeluisce (Narrow- water) on the Erne, between Hugh O'Conor and Teige O'Brien, on behalf of their respective fathers, and Brian O'Neill, to concert measures for mutual safety. They made peace with each other, and conferred the sovereignty of the island upon Brian O'Neill. Little practical re- sult followed this compact ; several Irish princes were soon detached from the alli- ance by the Anglo-Normans, and next year, when O'Neill and O'Conor collected their forces, no representative of the O'Briens joined them. The battle of Drumdearg, near Downpatrick, ensued, in which the Irish were defeated with the loss of Brian O'Neill, and a large number of Ulster and Connaught chieftains. On the other hand, O'Brien defeated the English at Kilbarron, in Clare, where many of the Welsh settlers of Mayo were slaughtered. He was then strong enough to compel several of the ancient tributaries of his house to acknow- ledge his authority. He fell at the battle O'ER of Siudan, in Clare, in 1267, in an expedi- tion against the O'Loughlins and O'Conors of Corcomroe. =^^ O'Brien, Brian Roe, King of Munster, Conor's second son, succeeded on the death of his father in 1267. Violent contentions immediately ensued between him and his nephew Turlough, in the course of which Brian called to his assistance Thomas de Clare, a young knight, to whom Edward I. had granted Thomond. When in 1277, De Clare, armed with Edward's grant, arrived at Cork from England with a numerous band of followers, Brian met him on land- ing and conveyed to him as the price of his assistance the district comprised in the present barony of Lower Bunratty, Ac- cording to a note in the Four Masters, they swore "to each other all the oaths in Munster, as bells, relics of saints, and croziers, to be true to each other for ever, and not endamage each other ; also, after they became swome gossips, and for con- firmation of this their indissoluble bond of perpetuall friendship, they drew part of the blood of each of them, which they put in a vessall and mingled it together." De Clare immediately erected Bunratty Castle. The same year O'Brien and De Clare were defeated by the De Burghs of Connaught and the Irish of Burren in a bloody en- gagement at Maghgresain, and fled to Bun- ratty. There, in vexation at his defeat and at the instigation of his wife, De Clare caused O'Brien, in the words of the chroni- cler, to be " bound to sterne steedes and tortured to death" [1277]. '^^ O'Brien, Mnrrongh, 1st Earl of Thomond, was a descendant of preced- ing. In 1 540 he met O'Neill, O'Donnell, and O'Conor at Fore in Westmeath, and concerted joint operations against the Anglo-Irish power ; but they were shortly afterwards defeated by Sir William Brere- ton, Lord-Justice. This defeat and one at Bellahoe the previous year, opened the way for a general pacification through the sub- mission of the Irish chieftains. A Par- liament in 1 541 proclaimed Henry VIIL King of all Ireland, and declared it high treason to impeach this title or oppose the royal authority. Murrough O'Brien re- nounced all idea of opposing Henry, and ofiered to support the King in his con- test with Rome, provided his estates were confirmed to him. The King and Council joyfully accepted his conditions. One hun- dred pounds was lent to O'Brien to enable him to visit London ; and on Sunday, ist July 1543 he was received by Henry at Greenwich, and created Earl of Thomond, with remainder to his nephew Donough. Other Irish chieftains were ennobled at 36s O'BR O'BR the same time, and all were granted resi- dences in Dublin, so that they should be able to attend Parliament. On the death of the Earl in 1 55 1, Thomond and Desmond were again involved in a war regarding the succession ; and nominal peace was not restored until 1558, when the Lord- Deputy, Sussex, entered Thomond at the head of a large army, and placed the right- ful Earl in power. ^^^ O'Brien, Conor, 3rd Earl of Tho- mond, in 1570 broke out into rebellion, was defeated, and passed over into France ; but was afterwards received back into favour by Elizabeth, and returned to Ire- land with commendatory letters to the Council. In October 1 5 'j']^ after another period of civil war, he visited the Queen, and again obtained several advantages for himself and his descendants. He died in 1580, aged 46, and within five years Tho- mond was completely settled into counties and shire ground, all old rights and cus- toms abolished by law, circuits established, and the powers of the O'Briens restricted to those enjoyed by the nobility in England. "^^^ O'Brien, Donongh, 4th Earl of Thomond (the "Great Earl"), son of preceding, was brought up at the court of Elizabeth, and succeeded to the titles and estates on the death of his father in 1580. In July 1597, at the head of his clansmen, he joined the Lord-Deputy at Boyle for an attack on O'Donnell. In crossing the Erne in the face of O'Donnell's troops, the Baron of Inchiquin, the Earl's relative, was killed. The reduction of the castle of Ballyshan- non was unsuccessfully attempted, and the Lord-Deputy and O'Brien were compelled to beat an ignominious retreat, abandoning some of their artillery and baggage. In the following January the Earl was de- spatched by the Lords-Justices to inform the Queen of the true position of aflfairs in Ireland, and to be the bearer of the condi- tions upo'- which O'Neill and O'Donnell were willing to lay down their arms. After O'NeiU's victory of the Yellow Ford, the flame of insurrection spread into Tho- mond. The Earl, in 1599, visited his domains at the head of a considerable body of the Queen's troops, and inflicted a terrible retaliation on the insurgents — hanging the garrison of the castle of Dun- beg in couples on the nearest trees, and reducing Dunmore, Derryowen, Cloon, and Lissofin. Later in the same year he attended the Earl of Essex in his progress through the south of Ireland — parting from him at Dungarvan, and returning by Youghal and Cork to Limerick. In the summer of 1600 O'Brien joined Sir George Carew in his victorious expedition 366 through Desmond, and was present at the reduction of Glin Castle and other strongholds. In 1 60 1 the Earl again visited England, and returned with reinforcements for Mountjoy, thea engaged at the siege of Kinsale. After the surrender of Don Juan d'Aguila, and the settlement of the country, he had leisure to look after his own afiairs, and the historian of the O'Briens quotes documents to prove that he still exercised or claimed almost regal authority over the other members of the sept. In May 1619, he was made Governor of Clare and Thomond ; but we do not often find his name in connexion with public affairs. The Great Earl died, 5th September 1624, and was buried in Lim- erick Cathedral. ^^ O'Brien, Mnrrongh, 6th Baron and Earl of Inchiquin, known as " Mur- rough-an-tothaine" (the Incendiary), was born about 1 6 1 8. His grandfather perished at the Erne, in 1 5 97, fighting for the English against Hugh O'Donnell. His father died while he was a minor, and Murrough did not enter into the enjoyment of his estates until 1636. Inchiquin served for some years in the Spanish army, and returning home in 1639, took his seat among the peers. He early attracted the notice of Strafi'ord ; he was commended by Charles I. for his loyalty; and in April 1640 was ap- pointed Vice-President of Munster, under Sir William St. Leger, his father-in-law. On the breaking out of the War of i64i-'52, he distinguished himself against the Confederates at Rathgogan and Bally- hay, near Charleville. On 13th April 1642, he defended Cork with gi-eat ability, and soon afterwards the entire civil and military administration of Munster devolved upon him. On 2nd September 1 642, with 2,000 foot and 400 horse, he defeated Mountgarret and a superior force at the battle of LiscarroU. The Irish on this occasion lost 800 men besides their ordnance, colours, and baggage. After the armistice of September 1643, Inchiquin was enabled to despatch five regiments for the service of the King. Subsequently he proceeded to Oxford to solicit the post of President of Munster ; but finding that reports had been circulated to his disad- vantage, and that Charles was prejudiced against him, he returned to Ireland, " de- termined to assert his own importance, and prove the value of those services to which little regard had been paid." In 1644 he appears to have put himself under the protection of the Parliament, and to have received from it the appointment he coveted. He joined Lord Broghill in the campaign of 1645, driving out the O'BR Catholic inhabitants of Cork, Youghal, and Kinsale, burning their houses, and confis- cating their goods. The satisfaction of the Catholic Irish at Einuccini's entrance into Kilkenny, the autumn of the same year, ■was damped by the news that Lord Inchi- quin had taken Bunratty Castle from his relative the Earl of Thomond. The Supreme Council immediately transferred Inchiquin's title to his younger brother, ■who still sided with them, and next sum- mer an expedition was sent vmder Lord Muskerry to retake Bunratty, which was defended by MacAdam, a Parliamentary officer, and by a fleet under Admiral Penn, After a ■dgorous defence, Mac- Adam ■was killed, and the garrison capitu- lated, being permitted to join Inchiquin at Cork. In 1647, at the head of 5,000 foot and 500 horse, Inchiquin successively reduced Cappoquin, Dromore, Dimgar- van, Cahir, Fethard, and Cashel. In the assault of Cashel frightful atrocities ■were committed. In November he routed Taaffe's army of 8,500 men, -with great slaughter, at Knocknanuss, near Mallow. Upon receipt of the news of this ■victory. Parliament voted ^10,000 for the support of the army in Ireland, and sent a present of £ 1 ,000 to Inch iquin himself. After this a misunderstanding arose between Lord Lisle, the Parliamentary Lord-Lieutenant, and Inchiquin, ending in an abortive im- peachment of the latter in Parliament. Inchiquin no^w turned again towards his royalist friends, and commenced a corre- spondence ■with Ormond, and Parliament, apprised of his designs, sent a force to block- ade Cork, Kinsale, and Youghal. On 29th September 1648, Ormond arrived at Cork, Inchiquin and his army received him ■with all honour, and the Confederation resigned their power into his hands. On the news of the King's death next January, Ormond marched to Dublin and encamped at Fin- glas ; while Inchiquin -with a body of dra- goons, secured Drogheda after a short siege. On the 15th July he invested Dun- dalk, and Monk, in command of the place was forced by his soldiers to surrender. Inchiquin took no part in the unsuccess- ful operations for the recovery of Dublin from the Parliamentarians, and the charge that a secret understanding existed between him and Jones, Governor of Dublin, ap- pears to be ■without foundation. Ormond and Inchiquin were quite unable to with- stand the advance of Cromwell's ■victo- rious arms, and on nth December 1650, accompanied by many royalist officers, he embarked at Galway for France. Lord Inchiquin served in the French army for several years, was made Viceroy of Catalo- O'BR nia, and fought in the Netherlands. In 1654 he was created Earl of Inchiquin by Prince Charles. On one occasion, within sight of Lisbon, he and his son were taken prisoners by Algerine pirates, and he was not released until, strangely enough, the English Council of State intervened on his behalf. In 1662 he served in the Portuguese army against Spaiu. The notices of his remaining years are few and comparatively unim- portant. After the Eestoration, he was appointed Vice-President of Munster. He was awarded £8,000 for the losses he had suffered in the royalist cause, and his estates (consisting of 39,961 acres in Clare, 1,138 in Limerick, 312 in Tipperary, and 1 5,565 in Cork) were restored to him. He died 9th September 1674, aged 56, and was buried by his ©■wn directions in Limerick Cathedral. " By the Catholics he has been described as the relentless persecutor of themselves and their religion. . . The republicans . . and the Independents denounced him as one whose sole aim was seLf-aggrandizement, and they instance as justifying these charges, his frequent change of sides. . . It must not be for- gotten, in weighing the charges advanced against Inchiquin by the Catholic party, that foreign agency had been employed to stir up the Catholic subjects of Charles to resist his authority, and to oppose any peace that did not embrace concessions which it was out of the power of the King to grant. . . Inchiquin was well aware from his correspondents in the Council of Kilkenny, that the Nuncio meditated, and went so far as to propose, to confer the kingdom upon either the Pope or the Grand Duke of Tuscany." On the death of his descendant James, 3rd Marquis, 7th Earl, and 12th Baron, in 1855, the earldom became extinct; but the barony of Inchiquin devolved on Sir Lucius O'Brien, Bart. ^4 =63 O'Brien, Daniel, Viscount Clare, (brother of the 4th Earl of Thomond), was created Viscount Clare in 1662 for his signal ser"vices in the wars of Ireland, Daniel, his grandson, the 3rd Viscount, es- poused the cause of James II., raised two regiments of foot and one of dragoons for his service, fought at the Boyne, and re- tired to France. His regiments ultimately formed part of the Irish Brigade (in which his dragoons specially distinguished them- selves), and his estates, comprising about 60,000 acres in Clare, were forfeited. Vis- count Clare's dragoons fought at Ramillies and elsewhere on the Continent, and re- trieved the dishonour of their vmsteadiness at the Boyne. His sons both fell in battle — 367 O'BE Daniel, the 4th Viscount, at Pignerol in 1693, and Charles, the 5th Viscount, at Ramillies in 1706. This branch of the O'Briens became extinct on the death of Charles, the 7th Viscount, at Paris in 1774. ^^3 O'Brien, Sir Lucius, Bart., (of the Dromoland O'Briens), descended from a younger son of the ist Baron Inchiquin, was bom in the first half of the i8th century. On the death of his father, Sir Edward, in 1765, he entered the Irish Parliament as member for Clare. He sided with the popular party in their eflForts for the advancement and indepen- dence of Ireland ; and " pursuing an independent parliamentary career, which extended over the administrations of thir- teen viceroys, from the Duke of Bedford to the Earl of "Westmoreland, a period of six-and-thirty years, he has left to his country and his posterity the character of a high-minded patriot and statesman, as zealous for the interests of his country as he was thoroughly acquainted with its wants, and ready to assert its rights. The appreciation of his high and independent character, his public spirit, and his illus- trious lineage, by the House of Commons, was frequently testified by the deference paid to his opinions whenever questions of impoi'tance or difficulty happened to en- gage their attention." He was a Privy- Councillor, and Clerk of the Crown and Hanaper. Sir Lucius died 15th January 1795. 54^63 O'Brien, William Smith, grandson of preceding (second son of Sir Edward O'Brien, a member of the Irish Parlia- ment, who strenuously opposed the Union), was born at Dromoland, County of Clare, 17th October 1803. He was educated at Harrow and Cambridge University, entered Parliament in the Conservative interest in 1826, as member for Ennis, and repr .ented the County of Limerick from 1835 to 1848. His name does not appear in Hansard until the 3rd June 1 828, when he addressed the House in favour of the paper currency. In July of the same year he spoke in Parliament in favour of Emancipation, and avowed himself a mem- ber of the Catholic Association; yet he opposed O'ConneU's second candidature for Clare in 1829, and fought a duel with Thomas Steele.^ss in 1830 he published a pamphlet on the question of Irish Poor Re- lief. Although his views must have been gradually veering towards those held by the Irish nationalists, it was not imtil January 1844 that he formally joined the Repeal Association, and presided, over a meeting in Conciliation Hall, Dublin. " I 368 O'BE find it impossible," exclaimed O'Connell, who was present on the occasion, " to give adequate expression to the delight with which I hail Mr. O'Brien's presence in the Association. He now occupies his natural position — the position which centuries ago was occupied by his ancestor, Brian Boru." Six weeks afterwards a banquet was given in Limerick to celebrate his adhesion to the Nationalist cause. O'Connell was pre- sent. O'Brien gave the following as the reasons which had wrought such a change in his opinions : " The feelings of the Irish nation have been exasperated by every species of irritation and insult ; every proposal tending to develop the resources of our industry, to raise the character and improve the condition of our population, has been discountenanced, dis- torted, or rejected. Ireland, instead of taking its place as an integral portion of the great empire which the valour of her sons has contributed to win, has been treated as a dependent tributary province ; and at this moment, after forty-three years of nominal union, the affections of the two nations are so entirely alienated from each other, that England trusts for the main- tenance of their connexion, not to the attachment of the Irish people, but to the bayonets which menace our bosoms, and the cannon which she has planted in all our strongholds." The prospects of the Repeal movement were not at their brightest when O'Brien entered Conciliation Hall ; nevertheless the prestige of his name and the influence of his example were expected to do much. He soon perceived the dis- asters likely to arise from the party temporizing with the Government and permitting its adherents to take govern- ment pay and government place, in the expectation that the influence in favour of Repeal would thereby be strengthened. An ever-widening breach was soon appa- rent between the Old and Young Irelanders — the parties of O'Connell and O'Brien — one tending more every day to timidity and conservatism — the other advancing farther on the path of revolution and republicanism. In July 1846, O'Brien, Mitchel, Meagher, and Duffy, with their followers, quitted Conciliation Hall. Six months later a meeting was held in the Rotunda, at which the Irish Confedera- tion was established, for the purpose of "protecting our national interests, and obtaining the legislative independence of Ireland by the force of opinion, by the combination of all classes of Irishmen, and by the exercise of all the political, moral, and social influence within our reach." The horrors of the famine, and the French Re- O'ER volution of February 1 848 combined to urge the Confederation to extreme measurea. In the spring of 1848, O'Brien, Meagher, and O'Gorman went to Paris and presented a congratulatory address to Lamartine, Pre- sident of the French Republic, but received a vague reply, which extinguished their hopes of support from France in any pos- sible revolutionary movement. On his re- turn through London he thus expressed himself in what proved to be his last speech in Parliament: "I do not profess disloyal- ty to the Queen of England. But . . it shall be the study of my life to overthrow the dominion of this Parliament over Ire- land. . . I would gladly accept the most ignominious death . . rather than wit- ness the sufferings and the indignities . . inflicted by this Legislature upon my countrymen during the last thirty years." On the 15th May he was tried before the Queen's Bench, Dublin, for speeches " in- ducing the people to rise in rebellion," but the jury disagreed. Matters now rapidly precipitated themselves. Treason-Felony Acts, Arms Acts, Coercion Acts were passed, Mitchel was arrested and con- victed. Duffy, Martin, Doheny, and O'Doherty were aiTested. Duffy's trial was fixed for August, and this was the time selected for taking the field. Although O'Brien and Dillon advocated delay until the crops were reaped, on 21st July a war directory, consisting of Dillon, Reilly, O'Gorman, Meagher, and Father Kenyon was appointed, and on the following morn- ing O'Gorman started for Limerick, Do- heny for Cashel, and O'Brien for Wexford, to prepare the people for an outbreak. At this time Ireland was flooded with troops, and almost every public building in Dublin was turned into a barrack, and on the morning that O'Brien set out on his mission, the suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act came into operation. Meagher and Dillon joined O'Brien, and it was de- termined to raise the standard of revolt near Kilkenny. Their harangues on the way thither were listened to -with enthu- siasm by the people, who, however, showed no inclination to take the initiative. At Kilkenny not one in eight of the men enrolled under their banner possessed a musket, and even the supply of pikes was miserably small. They left Kilkenny on the 24th, and at Callan and Carrick-on-Suir addressed large gatherings, and at Mulli- nahone they reviewed their first body of adherents, numbering 3,000 or 4,000, about 300 of whom were armed with guns, pistols, swords and pitchforks. We are told that O'Brien wore a plaid scarf across his shoulders, and carried a pistol in his z O'ER breast, and he assured the people that Ire- land would have a government of her own before many weeks. On 26th Jvdy his men were left the whole day without food or shelt er . O' Brien gave them all the money h e had, but told them that in future they should provide for themselves as he could allow no one's property to be interfered with. "Hungry and exhausted, the men who listened to him returned at night to their homes ; they were sensible enough to per- ceive that insurrection within the lines laid down by their leaders was impossible ; the news that they were expected to fight on empty stomachs was spread amongst the people, and from that day forward the number of O'Brien's followers dwindled away." 3°^ He was joined at Ballingarry by MacManus and Doheny. On the 27th they returned to Mullinahone, and went thence to Killenaule. A barricade was thrown up in the latter village. Great dis- inclination was shown by the leaders to shed the first blood, and a smaU party of dragoons was permitted to pass through this barricade on the oflacer giving his word of honour that he was not going to arrest O'Brien. The hearts of the most resolute of O'Brien's followers now began to falter. It was clear the case was desperate, and that nothing awaited them but ruin and death. Only about 200 men, wretchedly armed, adhered to him, and the country generally showed no signs of rising. But Smith O'Brien was immovable, and de- clared " he would do his duty by his country, let the country answer for its duty towards him." The collision came at last. On 29th July a party of forty-six police, under Sub-Inspector Trant, marched to Ballingarry to arrest O' Brien. They were opposed by a crowd of insurgents behind a barricade, and thereupon rushed across some fields, and occupied a house. Of the 200 weak and hungry men whom O'Brien now led to the attack of the Con- stabulary, not more than twenty possessed fire-arms, about twice that number were armed with pikes and pitchforks, and the remainder had but their naked hands and the stones they could gather by the way- side. Before the fighting began, the owner of the house implored O'Brien to get her children out of the house ; and at the risk of his life he endeavoured to persuade the police to permit this, but they declined, and a contest commenced which continued for nearly two hours. The insurgents' am- munition was soon exhausted. MacManus attempted to fire the house by wheeling a cart-load of burning hay up to the door ; but O'Brien put a stop to the movement on account of the children. Some Catholic 369 O'BE clergymen now appeared on the scene, one of whom has since written an account of the transaction. They pointed out the hopelessness of the struggle, and induced the people to disperse. Two'^' of the insurgents had been kiUed, and a large number wounded, amongst whom was James Stephens. O'Brien had all through acted with perfect coolness, needlessly ex- posing himself to the firing, and for a long time refused the entreaties of his friends to leave the spot. A reward of .£500 was now placed upon his head by Government ; but he was effectually con- cealed by the peasantry, although many who were arrested and imprisoned might have gained liberty and wealth by giving evidence as to his whereabouts ; whilst his spirit forbade him availing himself of the opportunities afforded for escape out of Ireland. At length he resolved upon paying a last visit to his family and then surrendering himself for trial. On the 5 th August he appeared openly at Thurles railway station and took a ticket for Limerick ; whereupon an English guard in the employment of the railway earned the reward by arresting him. O'Brien was at once sent under escort in a special train to Dublin. " I have played the game, and lost," he remarked to the officer of the Constabulary, " and am ready to pay the penalty of having failed. I hope that those who accompanied me may be dealt with in clemency. I care not what happens to myself." On 21st September O'Brien, MacManus, Meagher, and a few others were arraigned for high treason at Clonmel. The trial lasted from the 28th September to 9th October, and resulted in a verdict of guUty, with a strong recom- mendation to mercy. A simUar verdict, accompanied by a similar recommendation, was returned in the cases of his com- panions. Several witnesses refused to give evidf .ce against him, and were im- prisoned for contempt. One of them, John O'Donnell, a respectable farmer, on being proffered the book, exclaimed: "No, I won't be sworn ; if I were placed before a rank of soldiers not one word would I speak, though twenty bayonets were to be driven into my heart. . . Directly or in- directly I will give no evidence." O'Brien, before sentence of death was passed, made a short speech, in which he said : " I am perfectly satisfied with the consciousness that I have performed my duty to my country — that I have done only that which it was, in my opinion, the duty of every Irishman to have done." ' Mr. O'Brien, who in the spring of 1848 had been com- mitted to the custody of the Master-at- 370 O'ER Arms, for refusing to serve on committees of the House of Commons, was, after his conviction, formally- expelled the House. A writ of error in his case and that of T. B. MacManus was argued before the Queen's Bench, and its decision establish- ing the judgment of the court below was confirmed, on appeal, by the House of Lords in May 1849. The capital sen- tence was commuted to transportation for life, and after a detention of about nine months at Spike Island, in Cork Har- bour, O'Brien, Meagher, MacManus, and O'Donohoe were sent, on the 29th July 1849, from Kingstown to Tasmania in the brig Swift. In November they reached Hobart Town. He refused the ticket-of- leave accepted by his companions, and was confined on Maria Island. Thence he made an ineffectual effort to escape, and was removed to closer confinement at Port Arthur ; but his health breaking down, he was ultimately induced to accept a ticket-of -leave and comparative freedom. On 26th February 1854, without any soli- citation on his part, a pardon was accorded to him, conditional on his not setting foot within the United Kingdom. At Melbourne, on his way to Europe, a golden cup, value .£1,000, was presented to him, which he bequeathed to the Eoyal Irish Academy at has death. Mr. O'Brien spent two years with his family on the Conti- nent. At Brussels, in 1856, he wrote two volumes of Principles of Government, or Meditations in Exile (published in Dub- lin), characterized by clear and moderate views, especially with regard to the posi- tion of the Australian colonies. A free pardon was sent him in May 1856, and on 8th July he stood once more on Irish soU. Although thenceforward he took little active part in politics, his opinions remained unchanged. In 1 859 he travelled in America, and he gave the results of his observations in a series of lectures in Dub- lin. In the early part of 1864 his health began to fail ; and on i6th of June he died at Bangor, North Wales, aged 60. His remains were laid in the churchyard of Eathronan, County of Limerick, being followed in their passage through Dublin by an immense number of mourners. When taking the field in 1848, he con- veyed his property to trustees for the benefit of his family ; and he latterly lived on ^1,000 a year allowed him by them. O'Brien was over six feet high, and walk- ed very erect. His figure was elegant, graceful in proportion and motion, vigorous in appearance : he was very active : his features were by no means handsome : he was of a rather reserved manner, except O'BR to his intimates. Mr. Lecky thus esti- mates his character : " Though very de- ficient, both in oratorical abilities and in judgment, he obtained great weight with the people from the charm that ever hangs around a chivalrous and pol- ished gentleman, and from the transparent purity of a patriotism on which suspicion has never rested ; and he was also a skilful and ready writer. Of the wisdom he displayed in one unhappy episode of his career there are not likely to be two opinions, but it should not be for- gotten that it was the ceaseless labour of his life to inculcate the importance of self- reliance, to dissociate the national cause from the claptrap and bombast by which it was so frequently disfigured, and to teach the people that Liberal politics are only truly adopted when they are applied without respect of persons and without feai" of consequences. It was thus that he laboured during the lifetime of O'Connell to check the place-hunting and the boast- ing that disgraced the Repeal cause, and that near the close of his life he cfilmly and fearlessly risked all the popularity which years of suffering had gained him, by opposing those who sought to identify Irish liberalism with Italian despotism, and to draw down upon their country the horrors of a French invasion. Few poli- ticians have sacrificed more to what they believed to be right, and the invariable integrity of his motives has more than re- deemed the errors of his judgment." All his children (five sons and two daughters) survived him. His wife died in 1 86 1. ^ '7t 158 212 2171 233 25s 308 O'Brien, Henry, author of The Round Towers of Ireland, or the Mysteries of Freemasonry, of Sahaism, and of Budhism (1834), was born in Kerry in 1808, was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, and died in Loudon, 28th June, 1835, aged 27. His extraordinary work on the Bound Towers was at one time much esteemed, and was even awarded a prize of £zo by the Royal Irish Academy. ''' ^^ O'Brien, James Thomas, Bishop of Ossory, Ferns, and Leighlin, was born in the County of Westmeath, in September 1 792. His father was a corporation officer of New Ross, and the lad was sent to Trinity College, chiefly at the expense of the borough. He became Fellow in 1 820, and in 1826 we find him refunding the amount that had been spent for his educa- tion. Having entered the Church and been for some time Dean of Cork, he was in 1842 consecrated Bishop of Ossory. His biographer says : " Few will be found to deny that the many-sided excellence O'BR of Dr. O'Brien's long episcopal career has conferred a quite exceptional distinc- tion on the ministry that appreciated and promoted him. . . He was an in- satiable reader, and until latterly a very early riser. He was a keen logician and a forcible writer ; his style being weighty and luminous, and his sentences, though long, yet not involved." He was an ardent advocate for the Chui-ch Education Society as against the National System of Educa- tion ; and was the foremost champion of the Irish Church against disestablish- ment. He published Sermons on Justifi- cation, and other theological works. "He possessed perhaps the loftiest and best cul- tured intellect that Dublin University has produced since the time of Bishop Berke- ley ; and, take him for all in all, there was in his day and generation no more lordly type of the Celtic race. . . His entire life was one of the most unsullied purity." He was of a commanding presence ; his face was massive and intellectual, and Ht up with eyes of peculiar brilliancy and beauty, Bishop O'Brien died in London, 12th De- cember 1874, aged 82, and was buried at St. Canice's, Kilkenny. =^^ O'Brien, Jeremiah, Captain, was born probably in Ireland, about 1 740, and was one of five sons of Maurice, a native of Cork, who emigrated to America. On the nth of May 1775, hearing of the battle of Lexington, he and his brothers with a few volunteers captured the British armed schooner Margaretta, in Machias Bay, Maine. Jeremiah was the leader in this exploit, the first blow struck on the water in the course of the American revo- lutionary war. He soon afterwards cap- tured two small British vessels, and was commissioned Captain. He cruised in the Liberty schooner, in which his first capture was made, for two years, and then fitted out the Hannibal, 20-gun letter-of -marque, and took several prizes. He was captured, but after two years' imprisonment escaped, and retired to Brunswick, Maine. He was Collector of Customs at Machias, Maine, at the time of his death (5th October 1 818), at the age of 78. His brothers, John and William, also served at sea dur- ing the Revolution. 37» O'Brien, Terence Albert, Bishop of Emly, was born at Limerick in 1600. He entered the Dominican order, receiving most of his education on the Continent, and returned to Ireland and laboured zealously in his native city. In 1647, on the recom- mendation of Rinuccini, he was consecrated Bishop of Emly. He was one of the prelates who, in August 1650, offered the protectorate of Ireland to the Duke of 371 O'BY Lorraine. In 1651 he was shut up in Limerick when invested by Ireton, and was cfeaseless in his exertions to mitigate the horrors of the siege. On the surrender of the city, he was one of the number excepted from amnesty by the victorious Parliamentarians, and was accordingly executed on the 31st of October. We are told that " he went with joy to the place of execution, and then, with a serene coun- tenance, turning to his Catholic friends who stood in the crowd, inconsolable and weeping, he said to them : ' Hold firmly by your faith and observe its precepts ; murmur not against the arrangements of God's providence, and thus you will save your souls. Weep not at all for me, but rather pray that in this last trial of death I may, by firmness and constancy, attain my heavenly reward.' The head of the martyr was struck oflF, and placed on a spike on the tower." Two other Dominicans, Fathers John Collins and James Wolf, were exe- cuted at the same time. ''■' O'Byrne, Fiagh Mac Hugh, chief of that sept of the O'Byrnes called Graval- Eannall. His father, Hugh, who died in 1579, was far more powerfvd than The O'Byrne, and possessed a large tract of territory in the County of Wicklow. Upon the death of The O'Byrne, in 1580, Fiagh, who resided at Ballinacor, in Glenmalure, became the leader of his clan, and one of the most formidable of the Irish chieftains. In 1580 he joined his forces to those of Lord Baltinglass, and defeated Lord Grey in Glenmalure [see Grey, Sir Arthur]. After holding out in the rocky fastnesses of his principality for several years, he was, in 1595, driven up Glenmalure, and BaUinacor was occupied by an Anglo-Irish garrison. He then made terms, but seized the first opportunity of driving out the garrison and razing the fort. He was killed in a skirmish with the forces of the Lord-Dep^- '.y, in May 1 597, and his head was impaled on Dublin Castle. The family estates were confirmed to his son, Felim, by patent of Queen Elizabeth, but he was ultimately deprived of them by the perjury and juggling of adventurers under James I., and although, in 1 628, acquitted of all the charges brought against him, he was turned out upon the world a beggar. The genealogy of the different branches of the O'Byrnes, and the fate of Felim's descen- dants, will be found stated in the notes to Dr. Donovan's Four Masters, under the years 1578, 1580, and 1597. '35196233 O'Carolan, Turlough, a well-known harper, was born at Nobber, County of Meath, in 1670, on the lands wrested from his ancestors at the Anglo-Norman 372 O'CA invasion. Blinded in infancy by the small- pox, he discovered considerable musical genius, which was cultivated by his family. He married early, and settled on a farm at Mosshill, in the County of Leitrim; but both he and his wife were unthrifty, and consimied their substance in extrava- gant living, and O'Carolan was obliged to become an itinerant harper. His great taste and feeling in music ensured him a welcome at the houses of the gentry, and he composed many beautiful airs ; but the words he attempted to wed to them, if we may judge from the English translations, were rude and almost barbarous in their composition. It is said that he preferred Italian to all other music. He did not learn English tiU late in life, and indeed never spoke it with fluency. In his later years O'Carolan fell into intemperate habits, which hastened his death, in March 1 738, at the age of 67. His remains were interred at Kilronan, in the County of Fermanagh. A visitor to the spot in 1785 writes : " I stood over poor Carolan's grave, covered wuth a heap of stones ; and I found his skull in a niche near the grave, perfo- rated a little in the forehead, that it might be known by that mark." A collected edition of O'Carolan's music was pub- lished in 1 747, and another in 1 780. He was held in extravagant esteem in Ireland through the last century. Walker, in his Irish Bards, writing in 1786, says : "The spot on which his cabin stood will . . . be visited at a future day with as much true devotion by the lovers of natural music, as Stratford-upon-Avon and Binfield are by the admirers of Shakespeare and of Pope." Lady Morgan left funds for a tab- let to his memory, which has recently been erected in St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin. An interesting though somewhat acrimo- nious discussion relative to his life and works, his portraits, and his skull, will be found in Notes and Queries, 4th Series. O'Carolan left six daughters, and one son who studied music, and taught the Irish harp in London. ^ =54(4) O'Carroll, Margaret, "Margaret-an- Einigh" — (Margaret the Hospitable), was bom early in the 15 th century, and mar- ried Calvagh O'Conor, chief of Offaly. The Four Masters speak of her as "the best woman of her time in Ireland." " She was the only woman that has made most of preparing highways, and erecting bridges, churches, and mass-books, and of all manner of things profitable to serve God and her soul," says MacFirbis, the chronicler. It was her custom twice each year to give a sumptuous entertainment to the bards and the poor. D'Arcy McGee has written two O'CL poems in her praise — one relating an anec- dote connected with her pilgrimage to Compostella, in Spain. She died of cancer in 1451. Her two sons survived her but a short time; and her daughter, Finola, after being twice married — to Niall Garv O'DonneU and Hugh Boy O'Neill — ended her days in a convent, 25 th July 1493. '^ 196! O'Clery, Michael and Conary, bro- thers, and Cucogry (Peregrine), their cousin, were three of the annalists known as the FoTXr Masters, the fourth being Ferfeasa O'Mtilconry. Michael, origi- nally known as " Teige-an-Tsleibhe"—(Teige of the Mountain), was born about 1575, at Kilbarron Castle, the ruins of which over- hang Donegal Bay. His ancestors had for generations been historians and lawyers. Early in the 1 7th century, through confis- cations, the family were reduced to poverty, and Teige entered the order of St. Francis as a lay brother, assuming the cognomen of Michael. Soon after joining his order at Louvain he was sent back to Ireland by Hugh "Ward, Guardian of the monastery, to collect materials for a work upon the lives of the Irish saints. Michael O'Clery was eminently qualified for this task, and pursued his enquiries for about eighteen years, visiting distinguished scholars and antiquaries, and transcribing ancient ma- nuscripts. Ward did not live to avail him- self of these materials, but they were of essential service to the Eev. John Colgan in the compilation of his great work. Acta Sanctorum. During O'Clery's stay in Ire- land he compiled the following works : Reim Rioghraidhe, a list of the Irish kings, and genealogies and festivals of Irish saints : finished in the Franciscan convent at Ath- lone, 4th November 1630 ; the autogi-aph original is in the Burgundian Library at Brussels, and a copy in the Eoyal Irish Academy. Leahhar-Gahhala, or Book of Conquests: completed 31st August 1631 ; a copy in the writing of Cucogry O'Clery is in the Eoyal Irish Academy. Annala Rioghachta Eireann,th.e Annals of Ireland, hereafter mentioned. He also wrote, and printed at Louvain in 1643, Sanas an Nuadh, a dictionary or glossary of difficult or obsolete Irish words, which Lhwyd transcribed into his Irish Dictionary. He is supposed to have died in 1643. Concern- ing Conary O'Clery very little is known. He was not a member of any religious order, and appears to have acted simply as scribe or copyist. Cucogry O'Clery was the head of the Tirconnell sept of the O' Clerys. He wrote in Irish a life of Hugh Eoe O'DonneU, afterwards transcribed into the Annals of the Four Masters. In O'CL 1632, "being a mere Irishman, and not of English or British descent or surname," he was deprived of the small remaining por- tions of his lands in Donegal, and removed to Bally croy, in the barony of Erris, and County of Mayo. In his will, dated 1664 (preserved in the Eoyal Irish Academy), he says : " I bequeath the property most dear to me that ever I possessed in this world, namely, my books, to my two sons, Dermot and John, Let them copy from them without injuring them, whatever may be necessary for their purpose, and let them be equadly seen and used by the children of my brother Carbry as by them- selves." John O'Clery, fifth in line of descent from Cucogry, removed to Dublin in 1 8 17, carrying with him a number of valuable manuscripts in the handwriting of his ancestor. Concerning the fourth annalist, Ferfeasa O'Mdlconry, nothing is known but that he was a hereditary antiquary, and a native of the County of Eoscommon. The A nnals of the Four Mas- ters were written in Irish by these four men in the monastery of Donegal, be- tween 22nd January 1632 and 10th August 1636. We are told that the brotherhood supplied the annalists with food and atten- dance, and the work was carried on under the pati'onage of Ferral O'Gara, Prince of Coolavin, to whom it is dedicated. Many of the materials from which the u4?i?iaZ« were compiled are no longer in existence. No perfect copy of the autogi'aph is now known to exist, though portions scattered through Europe would make one perfect copy and almost another. Of the First Part, from A.M. 2242 to A.D. 1 171, there is a copy in Michael O'Clery's writing in the library of the Franciscans in Dublin — removed thither with other valuable manuscripts relating to Ireland, from St. Isidore's in Eome, in 1872. There is another auto- graph copy of this part in Lord Ashburn- ham's library. Of the Second Part, from 1 172 to 1616, there is a copy in the library of the Eoyal Irish Academy. The first translation of the Annals was of the First Part, by Eev. Charles O'Conor in 1826. The Irish is given in Eoman-Italic charac- ters, and the translation and occasional notes are in Latin. It fills the third volume of his Rerum Hibernicarum Scriptores — a quarto of 840 pp. O'Curry says "this edition is certainly valuable, but it is very inaccurate." No one being allowed access to the original of the First Part at Stowe, O'Donovan was obliged to take the text for his translation from O'Conor. An Eng- lish translation of the Second Part, made by Owen Connellan from a copy of the autograph in the Eoyal Irish Academy, 373 O'CO with notes by Dr. MacDermott, was pub- lished by B. Geraghty in Dublin in 1846. It occupies a quarto of 720 pp. The first complete printed edition of the work — the Irish original, with an English translation and ample notes — was given to the world by John O'Donovan in 1 85 1 , being the most important single contribution ever made to the study of Irish history. Including index, the work fills seven quarto volumes. [See O'Donovan, Johx.] The notices of events in the A nnals are in the main bald, and entirely wanting in colour or pictu- resqueness. '34 260 O'Connell, Daniel, Count, was born at Dai-rynane, in the County of Kerry, in August 1 743 : of twenty-two children by one marriage he was the youngest. Hav- ing studied mathematics and modern lan- guages, he entered the French army at the age of fourteen, as lieutenant in Lord Clare's regiment of the Irish Brigade. He served with honour in the Seven Years' War in Germany ; and at its conclusion, having gained much experience and studied mili- tary engineering, he was attached to the Corps du G6nie, and became one of the best engineers in France. He distinguished himself at the siege and capture of Port Mahon from the British in 1 779, and at the unsuccessful siege of Gibraltar, in Sep- tember 1 782. From the plans of assault on the latter place submitted to him, he felt satisfied that the attack could not suc- ceed ; yet he claimed the honour of leading a body of troops, and was wounded in nine places. Soon after this he was ap- pointed Inspector-General of the French Infantry, with the rank of a general officer. At the [Revolution it is said he declined a military command pressed upon him by Carnot, feeling it his duty to remain near Louis XVI., and share the fortunes of the royal family. Eventually he joined the French Princes at Coblentz, and took part in the dis otrous campaign of 1792. He then returned to Ireland, and was ap- pointed to the command of an Irish regi- ment in the British service. During the peace of 1802 he visited France to look after a large property to which his wife was entitled. He was one of the British subjects seized by Napoleon, and remained a prisoner until 18 14. The advent of the Bourbons restored him to his military rank in France ; and he enjoyed in the decline of life full pay as general in the French army, and as a colonel in the British service. Refusing to take the oath of fidelity to Louis Philippe in 1830, he was deprived of his French emoluments. He died at the country seat of his son-in- law, Madon, near Blois, 9th July 1833, 374 O'CO aged 89. He was uncle of the great Daniel O'ConneU. "'^ =s6 O'Connell, Daniel, " The Liberator," was bom 6th August 1775, at Carhen, near Cahersiveen, County of Kerry. His father was Morgan O'Connell ; his mother, Kate O'MuUane, of Whitechurch, near Cork. They were poor, and he was adopted by his uncle Maurice, from whom he eventually inherited Darrynane. At thirteen he was sent, with his brother Maurice, to a Catholic school near Cove (Queenstown), the first seminary kept openly by a Catholic priest in Ireland since the operation of the Penal Laws. A year later the lads were sent to Liege ; but were debarred admission to the Irish Col- lege, because Daniel was beyond the pre- scribed age. After some delay they were entered at St. Omer's. There they re- mained another year (from 1 791 to 1792), Daniel rising to the first place in all the classes. They were then removed to Douay, but before many months the con- fusion caused by the French Eevolution rendered it desirable for them to return home. They left on 21st January 1793. At Calais they heard of the execution of the King. We are told that when the vessel was outside the harbour the lads tore the tricolor cockades from their hats and threw them into the sea, while two other Irish brothers on board, Henry and John Sheares, gloried in the successes of the Revolution, and boasted of having been present at the King's execution. In 1794, O'Connell was entered as a stu- dent of Lincoln's Inn. He writes to a friend at this period : " Though nature may have given me subordinate talents, I never will be satisfied with a subor- dinate situation in my profession. No man is able, I am aware, to supply the total deficiency of ability ; but everybody is capable of improving and enlarging a stock, however small, and, in its beginning, contemptible. It is this reflection that affords me consolation." We are told that for a time after his return from France he believed himself a Tory ; but events soon convinced him that he was at heart a Libe- ral. In after life, when the excesses of the Irish people under misery and famine were spoken of, he often referred to a scene he witnessed in London, in October 1795, when the King narrowly escaped being torn to pieces at the hands of an infuriated mob. He was a member of the society of United Irishmen, but avoided implication in any of the overt acts of the brother- hood. He was induced to spend the sum- mer of 1798 (after his call to the Bar on 19th May) at home in Kerry, enjoying his O'CO favourite sports of hunting and fishing. All through life he was a keen sportsman, and often expatiated on the delights of crouching " amid the heather, waiting for day ; the larks springing all around, and the eager dogs struggling to get free from the arms that restrained them." O'Con- nell's first public speech was made on 13th January 1800, at a meeting of Catholics held in the Eoyal Exchange, Dublin, to protest against the Union. Five strong re- solutions were passed against the measure, and O'Connell said : " Let every man who feels with me proclaim, that if the alter- native were offered him of Union, or the re-enactment of the Penal Code in all its pristine horrors, that he would prefer without hesitation the latter, as the lesser and more sufferable evil ; that he would rather confide in the justice of his brethren the Protestants of Ireland, who have al- already liberated him, than lay his country at the feet of foreigners." At this period he is thus described by his biographer : " The bright, kindly blue eyes flashed with intelligence and that dash of humour which seems inherent to the Irish charac- ter. His action was gentle, but sufiiciently marked. His form was strong and mus- cular, but devoid of that portliness which gave dignity to his later years. The fea- tures were clearly cut and tolerably regular. It was not a handsome face, but it was a kindly one, and scarcely told all the power of mind that lay hidden within." The events of 1798, the Union, and the emeute of 1803, left an indelible impression on his mind : " I saw that fraternities, banded illegally, never could be safe ; that invari- ably some person without principle would be sure to gain admission into such socie- ties ; and either for ordinary bribes, or else in times of danger for their own preserva- tion, would betray their associates. Yes ; the United Irishmen taught me that all work for Ireland must be done openly and above-board." O'Connell married a cousin in the summer of 1 802. It seems to have been a love match. Late in life he often said that his " Mary gave him thirty-five years of the purest happiness that man ever enjoyed." His commanding talents were soon recognized at the Bar, and although a Catholic might not then aspire to a silk gown, he could not complain of want of busi- ness. His fees the first year amounted to ^58 ; the second, ^150; the third, J200 ; the fourth, £300; thenceforward they advanced rapidly, until in some years they amounted to £9,000. So early as 181 1 he appears to have taken the house in Mer- rion-square, where he resided the rest of his life. His biographies abound in racy O'CO anecdotes of his wonderful readiness and ability at the Bar, and the effects of his brilliant though somewhat coarse rheto- ric. The Whig party attained to power in 1 806 under Lord GranviUe. They were the supporters of Catholic Emancipation, and the Catholics were elated, but divided as to their proper course of action. John Keogh, the old and trusted leader of the party, maintained that dignified silence was their true policy, wWle O'Connell advocated a course of constant agitation, and his opinions were endorsed, by 134 votes to 1 10, at a conference of the party. He soon became the undisputed leader of the Irish people. Whenever professional duties led him through Ireland, he ma- naged to address audiences on the great questions of the day. A Eepeal agitation was inaugurated in 1 8 1 o by the Dublin Cor- poration, then a purely Protestant body, and at a meeting of the freemen and free- holders in the Eoyal Exchange, O'Connell repeated the sentiments he had enunciated in 1800 : "Were Mr. Percival to-morrow to offer me the repeal of the Union upon the terms of re-enacting the entire Penal Code, I declare it from my heart, and in the presence of my God, that I would most cheerfully embrace his offer." In May of the same year a banquet was given by O'ConneU and the leading Ca- tholics to some of their Protestant sup- porters. At the same time efforts were made by Government to suppress the Catholic" Association, on the ground of its being a seditious body. From 18 13 to 1815, what with efforts to keep the Catholic party together, and his con- stantly increasing practice, O'Connell was overwhelmed with work. His defence of Magee, a Dublin newspaper proprietor, prosecuted in 18 13 for publishing an article reflecting on the Government, has been re- garded as one of his master efforts at the Bar. Atameetiugheldin January 1 8 1 5 , O'Connell spoke of the " beggarly" Cor- poration of Dublin, and J. N. D'Esterre, one of the guild of merchants, challenged him for the insult. O'Connell was of all men hated by D'Esterre's party ; the chal- lenge became a matter of public notoriety ; and as D'Esterre was a man of determina- tion and courage, it was thought the duel would result in the death of one of them. They met on the afternoon of the 31st January, in Lord Ponsonby's demesne, thirteen miles from Dublin, a considerable number of spectators being present. Both combatants were perfectly cool and deter- mined. D'Esterre fired first ; O'Connell's shot took effect, and the crowd actually , shouted with satisfaction. Some 700 gen- 375 O'CO tlemen left their cards on him next day. D'Esterre died three days afterwards, and though no proceedings were taken against O'Connell, the affair left a painful and last- ing impression on his mind. He contri- buted to the support of D'Esterre's family, who were but slenderly provided for. Archbishop Murray's exclamation on learn- ing the result of the duel — "God be praised ; Ireland is safe " — may be taken as an index of the estimation in which O'Connell was held. In August of the same year he was involved in an affair of honour with Eobert (later Sir Eobert) Peel, who resented imputations cast upon him at a public meeting. They were about to proceed to the Continent to fight ; but O'Connell was arrested in Lon- don, and bound over to keep the peace, and the affair terminated. The peace of 1815 laid the hopes of the Irish Ca- tholics prostrate; and to aggravate mat- ters, the divisions on the Veto question continued unabated for several years. This was a proposal that the grant of Catholic Emancipation should be coupled with a Government power of veto in the appoint- ment of the Catholic Bishops. Pope Pius VII., in 1815, "felt no hesitation" in conceding it ; but the Catholics of Ireland were seriously alarmed for the indepen- dence of their church. Grattan and Shell advocated the concession, whilst O'Connell vigorously opposed it. At length O'Con- nell's party prevailed : it was agreed that no plan of Catholic Emancipation should be accepted that allowed any governmental interference in the affairs of the Catholic Church in Ireland. The state of politics until 1 819 might have caused any man less energetic and buoyant than O'Connell to despair. There was in the Catholic party no spirit, no heart, no united action. The committee rooms had to be removed to smaller premises in Crow-street, and for some time O'Connell alone paid aU the ex- penses connected with keeping them up. On one of the few occasions on which he addressed a public audience during these years, he spoke despondently of " the de- pression of those miserable times." In 1 8 19 a meeting of Protestants was held in Dublin to support Catholic Emanci- pation, and notwithstanding Grattan's death in 1820 — a loss deplored by none more than by O'Connell, who had often been obliged to oppose Grattan's policy— the cause again commenced to make way. Plunket's relief Bills, passed by the Com- mons, but rejected by the Lords, were from the first repudiated by O'Connell as unsa- tisfactory. During George IV.'s visit to Ireland in 182 1, O'Connell showed him as Z7e O'CO subservient a deference as the rest of his countrymen. The Catholics were soothed by soft words and promises. Lord Eldon afterwards said the King at one time half believed himself to be sincere, and that his departure was thereupon hastened by the Ministry. At length Catholic feeling gathered suflScient strength to enable O'Connell to found the Irish Catholic Association. Care was required in draw- ing up the rules to avoid infringing the Convention Act and similar laws hamper- ing the free expression of public opinion in Ireland. The first meeting was held on the 12th May 1823, in a tavern in Sack- ville-street. Forty-seven gentlemen put down their names as members, and for a time the Association made steady progress. O'Connell was the life and soul of the movement. His diatribes were directed not alone against the opponents of Eman- cipation, but against CathoUcs themselves, who compromised their cause by careless- ness and want of spirit, in not vindicating and exercising such rights as they already possessed. At a meeting on the 4th Febru- ary 1824 — a quorum of ten having been obtained by O'Connell running down into Coyne's book-shop, over which the Associa- tion met, and forcing up stairs two reluc- tant Catholic priests (ex-officio members of the Association) whom he found there — the motion for establishing the Catholic "rent" was carried. Although this fund never reached the amount originally expected (■£50,000 per annum), it attained a very respectable figure : in 1825, ^616,213 ; 1826, £6,261 J 1827, £3,067 ; 1828, £21,425 ; three months of 1829, £5,300; in all, £52,266. It was principally allocated for parliamentai-y expenses, services of the press, legal defence of Catholics, education, and the cost of meetings. At a gathering on 17th December 1824, O'Connell de- clared "he hoped that Ireland would never be driven to the system pursued by the Greeks. He trusted in God they would never be so driven. He hoped Ireland would be restored to her rights ; but if that day should arrive — if she were driven mad by persecution, he wished that a new Bolivar might arise — that the spirit of the Greeks and of the South Americans might animate the people of Ireland." This, caUed his " Bolivar" speech, led to a Go- vernment prosecution, but the Grand Jury ignored the bills. On loth February 1825, Lord Liverpool introduced a Bill for the suppression of the Association, when he said : "If Catholic claims were to be granted, they ought to be granted on their own merits, and not to the demand of such associations, acting in such a manner." O'CO On the other hand, Lord Brougham and many Liberals defended the existence of the Association. O'Connell spent a con- siderable time in Loudon endeavouring, and somewhat successfully, to influence public opinion, and striving to obtain a hearing at the bar of the House, Mr. Peel advocated the abolition of the Association, and a Bill to effect that object, styled by O'Connell the " Algerine Act," was carried by 253 to 107 votes. O'Connell received an ovation on his return home ; the As- sociation held its last meeting on the 1 6th March 1825, and he immediately set about the formation of another within the law. For a time his popularity was im- paired in consequence of his approving a relief Bill, with clauses providing for the payment of the clergy, and raising the franchise in counties from £2 to ;£5 (the " wings " as they were called) ; and he found that he had been much deceived as to the amount of influential English support their adoption would conciliate. The first meeting of the new Catholic As- sociation was held in the Corn Exchange, Dublin, on 1 6th July 1825 ; O'Connell had managed, as many expected, to " drive a coach and six" through the "Algerine Act." The Act forbade holding meetings continuously for more than fourteen days. The Association accordingly arranged an- nually to hold fourteen days' continuous meetings, which were most successful. The principal incident in the movement in 1826 was the defeat of the Beresf ords at Water- ford (which they had theretofore regarded as a pocket borough), by a vote of 1,172 to 501. The political campaign of 1828 opened with the usual fourteen days' meet- ings ; and 2,000 meetings were convened for one day in January, at which almost the whole of Catholic Ireland met to de- mand Emancipation. The question came before Parliament in May, and had suf- ficiently advanced in public estimation to be passed in the Commons by six votes, while it was rejected in the Lords by forty- four — the Duke of Wellington advising the Catholics to desist from agitation, as their only chance of having their claims favour- ably considered. The Act that virtually excluded Catholics from sitting in Parlia- ment did not preclude their return as members. It had been the opinion of the vetertm Catholic leader, Keogli, that some Catholic should be elected, so as to bring the English people face to face with the absurdity of disfranchising a constituency because the man of its choice would not swear that his belief was damnable and idolatrous. A vacancy occurred for the County of Clare in June, on Vesey Fitz- O'CO Gerald's being made President of the Board of Trade, and O'Connell caught at the suggestion of contesting the seat. He im- me(£ately issued an address, declaring himself in favour of Catholic Emancipa- tion, Repeal, and the reform of the Estab- lished Church. The Catholic Association granted £5,000 towards the expenses, and ^9,000 more was raised within a week. The utmost enthusiasm was aroused in Clare, and throughout Ireland, and on Saturday the 5th July, O'Connell was returned by a vote of 2,057 to Fitz- Gerald's 982. Decorum and good order prevailed throughout the election. The following months were a time of feverish excitement in Ireland. O'Connell used his "frank" as a member of Parliament, but did not present himself at the House. It was now perceived that a settlement of the Catholic question could not be much longer delayed. The Lord-Lieutenant, Lord Anglesea, was recalled for recommend- ing the Catholics to persevere in constitu- tional agitation, and on his departure received an ovation such as had not been seen since Lord FitzwUliam's time. In the King's speech of next February (1829) a revision of the Catholic disabilities was advised, " consistently with the full and permanent security of our Establishment in Church and State, with the mainte- nance of the Reformed religion established by law." In the debate on the address, Lord Eldon declared "that if ever a Roman Catholic was permitted to form part of the legislature of this country, from that moment the sun of Great Britain would set ;" and the Duke of Cumber- land said that if the King gave his assent to a Bill embodying such principles he would leave the kingdom and never return. Before introducing a Catholic Relief Bill, Peel passed the Act 10 Geo. IV. cap. i, for the suppression of the Catholic As- sociation, or any similar association in Ireland — in fact, any " association, assem- bly, or meeting of persons in Ireland, which he or they [the Lord-Lieutenant or Lords-Justices] shall deem to be dan- gerous to the public peace or safety, or inconsistent with the administration of the law." It became law on the 5th March, but the Association had dissolved nearly a month before. The Emancipation Bill passed the second reading in the Commons by 353 to 173 votes, and the Lords by 213 to 109, and received the royal assent on 1 3th April. It is known as loGeo. IV. cap. 7, consists of forty sections, and occupies eleven pages in the Statutes. The chief pro- visions were : (i) Catholics might sit in the Lords and Commons, upon taking a 377 O'CO lengthy prescribed oath not to subvert the sovereign or constitution, the Protes- tant religion as by law established, or the settlement of property : (2) Catholics might hold all civil and military offices except those of Eegent, Lord- Chancellor, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, and a few others : (3) They might become members of corporations, but must not appear at chapels with their insignia of office ; (5) Ca- tholics should not assume the title of Arch- bishop, Bishop, or Dean within the United Kingdom : (5) Jesuits and members of re- ligious communities to register their places of abode — it being "expedient to make pro- vision for the gradual suppression and final prohibition of religious orders in the United Kingdom." All Jesuits coming into the realm to be banished. By the deliberate in- sertion in the second clause of the Act, of the words, " who shall after the commence- ment of this Act be returned as a mem- ber," O'ConneU's election for Clare was made invalid. Another Act disfranchised the forty-shilling freeholders, by whom the Clare election had been carried. In com- menting on the passing of the Emanci- pation Act, Mr. Lecky says : " It was thus that this great victory was won by the unaided genius of a single man, who had entered on the contest without any advantage of rank, or wealth, or influence, who had maintained it from no prouder eminence than the platform of the dema- gogue, and who terminated it without the effusion of a single drop of blood. All the eloquence of Grattan and of Plunket, all the influence of Pitt and Canning, had proved ineffectual. . . He had gained it at a time when his bitterest enemies held the reins of power, and when they were guided by the greatest statesman who had arisen since Pitt, and by one of the most stubborn wiUs that ever directed the affairs of the nation." Although his elec- tion for Hare was virtually invalidated by the Act, O'Connell, desiring to record a protest, went to the House of Com- mons on 15th May and claimed his seat. The Speaker told him he must take the old oaths. He withdrew. Brougham then moved that he be heard at the table of the House ; and a debate ensued, adjourned to the 1 8th, which ended in his being heard at the bar. His speech was a close legal argument, which ■ occupies more than six pages of Hansard's Debates. Having con- cluded, he bowed to the House and with- drew, " amidst loud and general cheering." After a long discussion, it was decided, by 190 to 116, that he should take the old oaths ; and upon his attendance at the bai* on 19th May, the Speaker proffered them 378 O'CO to him. " Allow me to look at the oath of supremacy," said O'Connell. It was handed to him ; he regarded it in silence for a few seconds, and then, raising his head, said : " In this oath I see one as- sertion as to a matter of fact, which I know to be untrue. I see a second asser- tion as to a matter of opinion, which I believe to be untrue. I therefore refuse to take this oath." He then retired. A new writ was ordered for Clare, and he was trivunphantly returned on 30th July. O'Connell held a seat in Parliament the rest of his life — being elected successively for Clare, 1829 ; Waterford, 1830 ; Kerry, 1831 ; Dublin, 1832; Kilkenny, 1836; Dublin, 1837; Cork. 1841.7 It soon be- came evident that the party in power was determined, as far as possible, to render the Emancipation Act nugatory. In a distribution of silk gowns O'Connell was studiously passed over, and for many years no Catholic judge or stipendiary magis- trate was appointed. During the great Reform agitation he brought in a Bill for universal sufirage, triennial Parliaments, and the ballot. An association formed by O'Connell for the repeal of the Act of Union was put down by Government on the 1 8th October 1830. In 1831 Ireland was astir with the Anti-Tithe and Repeal agitation. In 1832 came a general elec- tion, and about forty members were re- turned on Repeal pledges. The condition of the country was deplorable ; agrarian outrages were of frequent occurrence, and secret societies were organized and rami- fied over the land. Suspensions of Habeas Corpus, and coercion Bills were enacted, and exceptional legislation of every descrip- tion was directed alike against criminal and constitutional agitation. Riots, and loss of life often resulted from efforts to collect the tithes. At length Parlia- ment swept away a number of bishoprics ; and a land-tax in the form of a tithe rent-charge was substituted for the tithe system. The Doneraile trials, in the year 1829, were among the most exciting in which O'Connell was ever employed, and his advocacy saved the lives of several persons in the County of Cork, who were accused, it is believed wrongfully, of a gene- ral conspiracy to murder their landlords. Holding a foremost place in British politics, it would be impossible to specify the part he took in the important measures brought before the public — Church Reform — Cor- poration Reform — Anti-Corn Laws — Poor- Laws. Under few names in the Index to Hansards Debates are there more refer- ences. He opposed the abolition of the Corn Laws as likely to injure Irish inter- O'CO ests ; he also opposed the iutroduction of the Poor Laws ; on this, as on many other questions, differing from his friend. Bishop Doyle. At the opening of Parliament in 1834, he introduced the Eepeal question in an amendment to the address. A long debate ensued, brought to a conclusion on the 29th by a division, in which he was defeated by 523 to 38 votes. Thereupon a joint address of the Lords and Commons was presented to the King, recording their " fixed determination to maintain, unim- paired and undisturbed, the legislative union between Great Britain and Ire- land." This was the only occasion upon which O'Connell challenged a decision of the House on the subject, though it was often afterwards brought forward on side issues. Minor associations, under different names, were the precursors of the Loyal National Eepeal Association, founded at a meeting held in the Corn Exchange, Dublin, 15th April 1840. The Associa- tion consisted of three classes — members who subscribed 203. ; volunteers who sub- scribed or collected los. ; and associates who subscribed is. The "rent," as it was called, was collected by Eepeal " wardens," under the supervision of the Catholic clergy. The Association had its badges, caps, and buttons. A permanent place of meeting. Conciliation Hall, was built in Dublin. There were Eepeal libraries and reading rooms scattered over the country : a political party could not be more com- pletely organized. On the 4th of May O'Connell issued an elaborated detail of his Eepeal scheme, giving an alphabeti- cally-arranged schedule of the counties, cities, and towns that should return mem- bers to the restored Irish Parliament, pro- viding for 173 members for the counties, and 1 27 for boroughs. He was thus minute, that his scheme might be thoroughly understood by the public. O'Connell was elected Lord-Mayor of Dublin in 1841. All previous efforts in favour of Eepeal were thrown into the shade in 1 843, when O'ConneU abstained from attending Par- liament, and devoted himself to pro- moting a series of monster gatherings in different parts of the country. From the Tuam meeting in March, to that at Tara in August, thirty large assemblies were held. The sum of £48,421 was sub- scribed during this year, and O'Connell expressed himself certain of gaining Eepeal within a short time. Mr. Lecky, in his Leaders of Public Opinion in Ireland, writes: " Whoever turns over the magazines or newspapers of the period will easUy per- ceive how grandly his figure dominated in politics, how completely he had dispelled O'CO the indifference that had so long prevailed on Irish questions, how clearly his agita- tion stands forth as the great fact of the time. It would be difficult, indeed, to conceive a more imposing demonstration of public opinion than was furnished by those vast assemblies which were held in every Catholic county, and attended by almost every adult male. They usually took place upon Sunday morning, in the open air, upon some hiUside. At day- break the mighty throng might be seen, broken into detached groups and kneeling on the green sward around their priests, while the incense rose from a hundred rude altars, and the solemn music of the Mass floated upon the gale, and seemed to impart a consecration to the cause. O'Con- neU stood upon a platform, surrounded by the ecclesiastical dignitaries and by the more distinguished of his followers. Be- fore him that immense assembly was ranged without disorder, or tumult, or difficulty ; organized with the most perfect skill, and inspired with the most unanimous enthu- siasm. There is, perhaps, no more im- pressive spectacle than such an assembly, pervaded by such a spirit, and moving under the control of a single mind.- The silence that prevailed through its whole extent during some portions of his address ; the concordant cheer bursting from tens of thousands of voices ; the rapid transi- tions of feeling as the great magician struck alternately each chord of passion, and as the power of sympathy, acting and react- ing by the well-known law, intensified the prevailing feeling, were sufficient to carry away the most callous, and to influence the most prejudiced; the critic, in the contagious enthusiasm, almost forgot his art, and men of very calm and disciplined intellects experienced emotions the most stately eloquence of the senate had failed to produce. The greatest of all these meet- ings — perhaps the grandest display of the kind that has ever taken place — was held around the Hill of Tara. According to very moderate computations, about a quarter of a million were assembled there to at- test their sympathy with the movement. , . O'Connell, standing by the stone where the Kings of Ireland were once crowned, sketched the coming glories of his country. Beneath him, like a mighty sea, extended the throng of listeners. They were so numerous that thousands were unable to catch the faintest echo of the voice they loved so well ; yet all remained passive, tranquil, and decorous. In no in- stance did these meetings degenerate into mobs. They were assembled, and they were dispersed, without disorder or tu- 379 O'CO mult ; they were disgraced by no drunken- ness, by no crime, by no excess. When the Government, in the state trials, ap- plied the most searching scrutiny, they could discover nothing worse than that on one occasion the retiring crowd trampled down the stall of an old woman who sold gingerbread." The following is Bulwer's description of the scene, as quoted by Mr. Lecky : " Once to my sight the giant thus ■was given, Walled by wide air and roofed by boundless heaven : Beneath his feet the human ocean lay. And wave on wave flowed into space away. Methought no clarion could have sent its sound E'en to the centre of the hosts around ; And, as I thought, rose the sonorous swell, As from some church-tower swings the silvery bell ; Aloft and clear from airy tide to tide. It glided easy, sis a bird may glide. To the last verge of that vast audience sent, It played wdth each wild passion as it went : Now stirred the uproar — now the murmurs stiUed, And sobs or laughter answered as it willed. Then did I know what spells of infinite choice To rouse or luU has the sweet human voice. Then did I learn to seize the sudden clue To the grand troublous life antique — to view. Under the rock-stand of Demosthenes, Unstable Athens heave her noisy seas." On Sunday, the 8th of October, this series of meetings was to have been crowned by one at Clontarf ; which, owing to the proximity of Dublin, was expected to surpass all the others in magnitude and importance; but on the evening of the 7th a Government proclamation was issued forbidding the gathering. O'ConneU, by his promptness in despatching messengers in all directions, prevented the possibility of any disturbance. " It has always been believed by many that the delay in issuing the proclamation was intended to provoke a collision, in order that the blood thus shed might give a crushing effect to the prosecution that was meditated, and thus disorganize the people and annihilate the movement.""' On 14th of October war- rants were issued for the arrest of Daniel O'ConneU, John O'ConneU, Richard Bar- rett, Char^3s Gavan Duffy, John Gray, Thomas Matthew Eay, Thomas Steele, Ilev. Thomas Tierney, and Rev. Peter James TyrreU, on a charge of "unlawfuUy, maliciously, and seditiously contriving, in- tending, and devising to raise and create discontent and disaff'ectiou amongst the liege subjects of our said lady the Queen, and to excite the said Uege subjects to hatred and contempt of the government and constitution of this reahn." Bail was accepted. Condolences and indignant pro- tests against the action of Government came in from all quarters — from Joseph Sturge, the Quaker phUanthropist, and from Arch- deacon Bathurst, son of the Bishop of Nor- wich. From the first, the prospect of the prosecution appears to have dispirited and 380 O'CO depressed O'ConneU. True bUls were found by the Grand Jury on 8th November ; and after various delays the traversers (with the exception of Rev. P. J, Tyrrell, who had died in the interval) were put upon their trial at the Queen's Bench, Dublin, on i6th January 1844. There were eleven counts in the long indictment. The charges varied against each traverser. Utterances at public meetings formed the principal evi- dence upon which the Government relied. There was not a single Catholic on the jury. O'ConneU was escorted to the court by large crowds and almost in regal state, accompanied by the Lord Mayor and the Catholic aldermen in their robes. On the 12th February, the jury, after six hours' deliberation, returned a verdict of guilty. A writ of error was argued, and the verdict was upheld by the judges. MeanwhUe O'ConneU visited London, addressed large meetings, and was respectfuUy received in the House of Commons. On 30th May the court gave judgment, and O'ConneU was sentenced to be imprisoned for twelve months, to pay a fine of ^2,000, and to give bonds to keep the peace for seven years — himself in .£5,000, and two sure- ties in £2,500 each. The other traver- sers, except the Rev. T. Tierney, against whom the Attorney-General did not pray judgment, were condemned to be impri- soned for nine months, to pay fines of £50 each, and to find securities to keep the peace. The judge was much affiected in announcing the sentence. The prisoners were allowed to choose their own prison, and were conveyed to Richmond Bride- well at four o'clock the same afternoon, by mounted police, followed by immense crowds. O'ConneU addressed the people of Ireland in a short, earnest letter, adjuring them to keep firm and quiet ; and the Repeal rent, which had amounted to £6,679 ^^^ fourteen weeks before the trial, mounted to £25,712 the fourteen weeks succeeding it. In Richmond BrideweU they were treated with every consideration, and were freely allowed to receive visitors. The writ of error was on 4th July brought before the House of Lords. Lengthened arguments ensued, and the opinion of the EngUsh judges was sought. On 4th September the question was brought for- ward for decision. The counts held good by the four Irish judges were held bad by nine English judges, unanimously, by the Lord Chancellor, and Lords Denham, Cot- tenham, and CampbeU. On the appeal of Lords WharncUflfe, Brougham, and Camp- bell, aU except the law Lords withdrew, thereby establishing a precedent never since violated. The judgment of the court O'CO below was reversed. In discussing the matter next day in the House of Commons, Lord John Eussell declared : " I must, I say, reassert my own opinion, more than once expressed in this House, that the trial of Mr. O'Connell and the other traversers in Ireland was not such a trial as could give an impression of the fairness and justice of the Government. . . The trial was not a trial by a fair jury, but one elabo- rately put together for the purpose of con- viction, and charged by a judge who did not allow any evidence or consideration in favour of the traversers to come fairly be- fore his mind. . . I trust the effect of these proceedings will be, that no example of such a trial will again occur." The news of the decision was swiftly flashed over Ireland by signal fires, and was received with enthusiasm. The prisoners were released, and on the 7th September were formally accompanied to their homes by a monster procession — O'Connell upon a triumphal chariot, with an Irish harper playing before him. Although the incar- ceration had been short, O'Connell never recovered his buoyancy ; hope and spirit appeared gone, and the illness of which he ultimately died was beginning to creep over him. The progress of the Eepeal movement gradually slackened. A rescript from Bome, though it did not actually for- bid the clergy joining in the agitation, obliged them to refrain, to a certain de- gree, from public expressions of opinion. It has been asserted that about this time the Whig party debated the pro- priety of arranging a federal parliament for Ireland ; but the advent of the famine rendered unnecessary any idea of conces- sion. The winter of i845-'6 broke O'Con- nell's heart. Not alone were the people he most dearly loved decimated by star- vation and pestilence, and obliged to fly from the country in multitudes, but the ranks of the Repeal Association were split up into Old and Young Irelanders — the former holding to O'Connell's moral force programme, and the latter, comprising the j-outh, talent, and energy of the party, sick of delay, gradually drifting into a policy of revolution, with a view to sepa- ration from Great Britain. Under these influences O'Connell's health rapidly de- clined, and he left Ireland for the last time in January 1847. On the 8th Feb- ruary he made his last speech in Parlia- ment — a short appeal, uttered with evident difficulty, on the condition of Ireland — con- cluding with the words : " She is in your hands — in your power. If you do not save her, she cannot save herself. I solemnly call on you to recollect that I predict, O'CO with the sincerest conviction, that one- fourth of her population will perish unless you come to her relief." His physicians ordered him to the Continent, and his desires led him towards Eome ; but his strength failed him at Genoa, where he died, 15th May 1847, aged 71. O'Connell bequeathed his heart to Rome. It rests in the church of St. Agatha. His body was not removed to Ireland until August, and was buried atGlasnevin, after lying in state in the Catholic Cathedrjil, Dublin. O'Con- nell's presence was commanding. His shoulders were broad, his face massive, his features, naturally plain, were lit up by the light of genius ; his eyes were piercing. His voice was musical, great in power and compass, rich in tone, ever fresh in the variety of its cadences. His accent was unmistakably Irish. His style was forcible — when addressing popular audi- ences often coarse, and perhaps too rhe- torical. His career has never been more ably sketched than by Mr. Lecky : " The truth is, that the position of O'Connell, so far from being a common one, is ab- solutely unique in history. There have been many greater men, but there is no one with whom he compares disad- vantageously, for he stands alone in his sphere. We may search in vain through the records of the past for any man who, without the effusion of a drop of blood, or the advantages of office or rank, succeeded in governing a people so absolutely and so long, and in creating so entirely the ele- ments of his power. A king without re- bellion, with his tribute, his government, and his deputies, he at once evaded the meshes of the law and restrained the pas- sions of the people. He possessed to the highest degree the eloquence and adroit- ness of a demagogue, but he possessed also all the sagacity of a statesman and not a little of the independence of a patriot. He yielded frequently to the wishes of the people and to the passions around him, but on points which he deemed important he was quite capable of resisting them. . _ . It was said ^at he exhibited a systematic disregard for truth. It Is extremely diffi- cult to form any adequate judgment on such a question in the case of a man so long and fiercely assailed as O'Connell ; but we are inclined to think that the truth was simply that he had a natural propen- sity to exaggeration, and, like all popular orators, a great passion for producing those effects which the statement of a startling fact in an unqualified form so often causes. His conversation was fuU of witty anecdotes, which it is impossible I to read without feeling that they are too 381 O'CO pointed to be quite true — that some quali- fication must have been withheld, or some imaginary circumstance artistically insert- ed to give them such epigrammatic bril- liancy. . . We have dwelt long upon the intellectual and moral calibre of O'Con- nell, for there is, we think, scarcely any- one who is more underrated in England, and there is scarcely anyone concerning whom English and Continental writers more widely differ. It is impossible for those who do not realize the position which he occupied with reference to the progres- sive party in his Church, to understand the full grandeur of his position." O'Con- uell showed great clearness of moral vision and unflinching consistency in his oppo- sition to American slavery. He attended the Anti-slavery Convention held in Lon- don in 1840, and afterwards sent back money forwarded to him by slaveholders for the furtherance of Repeal. In a speech delivered in Conciliation Hall, Dublin, about 1845, he said: "I hold in my hand the Boston Quarterly Review, in which this Ajnerican scribbler charges me with being an enemy to America— to her * peculiar institution,' as it is called. I am not an enemy to America ; but I am a friend to civil and religious liberty all over the world. My sympathies are not confined to my own green island, but my spirit walks abroad upon the clement waters, and wherever there is tyranny I hate the tyrant — wherever there is oppres- sion, I hate the oppressor. T will con- tinue to hurl my taunts against American slavery ; my voice shall make its way against the western breezes ; shall cross the Atlantic ; it shall ascend the Missis- sippi ; it shall descend the Monongahela, and be heard along the banks of the Ohio in denunciation of American slavery ; until the black man becomes too big for his chains, and shall arise a regenerated and enfra'^ ;hised American citizen." Few British politicians stood higher in the estimation of foreign nations, or have been regarded with more aversion by political opponents, than O'Connell. The only book written by him appears to have been one volume of A Memoir on Ireland, Native and Saxon, 1 172-1660 (Dublin, 1843), never completed. In 181 1 he published anony- mously in London, a pamphlet : An Histori- cal Account of the Laws against the Roman Catholics of England. He left four sons (now deceased)— Maurice, Morgan, John, and Daniel — all of whom occupied seats in Parliament ; and three daughters — Ellen, Catherine, and Elizabeth. Ellen (Mrs. Fitzsimon) published a volume of poetry, which has been much admired. 382 O'CO The centenary of O'Connell's birth was celebrated vsdth great enthusiasm in many parts of Ireland in 1875. ^or notes on his English ancestry, see Notes and Queries, 4th Series. ? '* ss m 146 158 173 212 «?: =33 254 ^ss 256 257 O'Connell, John, third and favourite son of preceding, was born in 181 1. He was called to the Bar, and early took a prominent part in politics with his father, entering Parliament in 1832 for Youghal. Successively representing Youghal, Ath- lone, Kilkenny, and Limerick, he sat continuously until 1 85 1 , and again repre- sented Clonmel from 1853 to 1857. An amiable and conscientious man, he was generally respected, but he was quite un- able to sustain the role of leader of the Repeal agitation after his father's decease. The Loyal National Repeal Association was broken up, 6th June 1848, the "rent" having dwindled down to £12 the previous week. Its only ofiicial publications ordi- narily to be met with are three volumes (i844-'6) of Reports of the Parliamentary Committee of the Repeal Association. John O'Connell retired from parliamentary life in 1857, on being appointed by Lord Car- lisle to the clerkship of the Hanaper Ofiice in Ireland. He was known in the literary world as the editor of the Life and Speeches of Daniel O'Connell (Dublin, 1846), and as the author of two volumes of Parliamentary Recollections and Experi- ences (Dublin, 1846), and the Repeal Dic- tionary (1845). He died in Kingstown, 24th May 1858, aged 47, and was buried at Glasnevin. ? ^33 O'Connor, Roger, for many years a prominent character in Irish affairs, son of Roger Conner, the descendant of an opulent London merchant, was born at Connerville, in the County of Cork, in 1 762. Possessed of ample means, and having received a good education, he was called to the English Bar in 1784. He more than once suffered imprisonment for being involved in the revolutionary designs of the United Irishmen, and was consigned to Fort George in Scotland, with his brother Arthur, Thomas A. Emmet, Neil- son, and others. He was subsequently engaged in several not very creditable transactions. He was proved to have wasted his brother Arthur's property, which he held in trust, to the extent of £10,000. His residence, Dangan Castle, once the home of the Wellesley family, was burnt down shortly after he had effected an insui-ance for £5,000. Twice married, he eloped with a married lady. In 18 1 7 he was tried at Trim for complicity in the robbery of the Galway coach and O'CO murder of the guard, and was acquitted, although there were grounds for believing that he had planned the affair to secure cer- tain letters, the possession of which was of importance to him. An agent to whom he had paid ^700 was robbed of the money before he was clear of O'Connor's land, by persons who were never discovered. Roger O'Connor has been described as " a hale, hearty, joyous, good-humoured, kindly- looking, broad-faced, honest-minded seem- ing person — a man in the full vigour of life. . . His conversational powers were of a high order ; his manner was fascinating ; his tone of voice sweet and persuasive ; his style impressive, full of energy, and appa- rent candour ; his language eloquent, and always appropriate." In 1822 he pub- lished, in London, in two bulky volumes, Chronicles of Eri, being the History of the Gael, Sciot Iber, or Irish People; trans- lated from the Original Manuscripts in the Phoenician Dialect of the Scythian Lan- guage. The work is dedicated to his friend Sir Francis Burdett, and is illustrated with numerous maps and plates. A por- trait of the author faces the title-page, with the words : " O'Connor Cier-rige, head of his race, and O'Connor, chief of the prostrated people of this nation. Soimiis, pas vaincus." The book is an extraordi- nary production ; as far as the annals are concerned, a piece of gross literary forgery. Roger O'Connor openly advocated the most extreme free-thinking opinions in religion. He died at Kilcrea, County of Cork, 27th January 1834, aged 71, and was buried in the vault of the MacCarthys at Kilcrea. a^i O'Connor, Arthur, a prominent United Irishman, General in the French service, brother of preceding, was bom at Mitchels, near Bandon, 4th July 1763. He was educated in Trinity College, Dublin, and in 1788 was called to the Bar ; but, inheriting a fortune of about £1,500 a year, never practised. In 1791 he entered Pai-liament for Philipstown, and next year delivered such an able speech on Indian affairs, that it is said he was offer- ed by Pitt a place as Commissioner of Revenue. He early attached himself to the popular party, led by Grattan, and joined in demanding Catholic Emancipa- tion and other reforms. Beforerlong, how- ever, he went fai-ther, and in 1 796 was in constant intercourse with Lord Edward FitzGerald and the leaders of United Irish- men. In November he formally joined the organization, and soon became one of the most active members of the Leinster Directory. He accompanied Lord Edward to the Continent, and had an interview O'CO with Hoche on the French frontier, rela- tive to the possibility of obtaining French assistance in asserting the independence of Ireland. Arrested next year, he suffered six months' imprisonment in Dublin Castle. Shortly after his liberation he was mainly instrumental in starting the Press newsr paper, the organ of the United Irishmen, It was suppressed in March 1798, after sixty-eight numbers had appeared. On 27th February 1 798, he and his friend Rev. James O'Coigley (or Quigley), a Catholic clergyman, with Binns, Allen, and Leary, were arrested at Margate, on their way to France, on a supposed mission from the United Irishmen. In O'Connor's baggage were found a military uniform, £900 in cash, and the key to a cipher correspond- ence with Lord Edward FitzGerald. They were put upon their trial at Maidstone in May. Erskine, Fox, Sheridan, Grattan, the Duke of Norfolk and several other noblemen, testified to O'Connor's character, and their belief that he was innocent of the charges preferred against him. The prisoners were all acquitted but O'Coigley, who was sentenced to death, and executed on Pennington Heath, 7th June, aged 35. He bore himself with singular dignity and fortitude. Interesting notes of his career will be found in the State Trials. Before O'Connor could leave the dock he was re- arrested on another warrant, and after a few days detention in the Tower of London, was transferred to Dublin, and committed to Newgate. The Earl of Thanet and a Mr. Ferguson, for attempting O'Connor's rescue in court, were sentenced to a year's im- prisonment in the Tower and a heavy fine. Arthur O'Connor, with the other state prisoners, entered into a compact with Government, under which, on the under- standing that the executions should be stopped, and that they should be permitted to leave the country, they agreed to reveal, without implicating individuals, the plans and workings of the society of the United Irishmen. The examination of O'Connor and his fellow-prisoners before select com- mittees of the Irish Lords and Commons throws the fullest light upon the origin and progress of the movement that led to the Insurrection of 1798. The correctnessof a report of this examination was question- ed by some of their number in a letter to the papers. This breach of prison discipline, and the refusal of Ruf us King, the United States Ambassador, to permit their depor- tation to America, induced the Govern- ment to alter its intentions with regard to them, and in April 1799, the following prisoners were committed to Fort George, in Scotland : John Chambers, Matthew 383 O'CO Dov/ling, William Dowdall, Thomas A. Emmet, Edward Hudson, Robert Hunter, Arthur and Roger O'Connor, Thomas Rus- sell, Hugh Wilson, (Churchmen) ; Joseph Cormack, Dr. MacNevin, John Sweetman, John Swiney, (Catholics) ; George Cum- ing, Joseph CuthbertjDr. Dickson, Samuel Neilson, Robert Simma, William Tennent, (Presbyterians). They were treated with great consideration by Lieutenant-Gover- nor Stuart; and in June 1802, after a confinement of over three years, were de- ported to the Continent and set at liberty. Arthur O'Connor proceeded to Paris, in hopes of being able to join in a contem- plated expedition for the liberation of Ireland, and in February 1804 was ap- pointed General of Division in the French army. According to the Biographie Gene- rale, " the openness of his character, and his unalterable attachment to the cause of liberty, rendered him little agreeable to Napoleon, who never employed him." In 1 807 he married Elisa Condorcet, only daughter of the gi-eat philosopher, and the following year purchased the estate of Bignon, near Nemours (once the pro- perty of Mirabeau), devoted himself to agriculture, and became a naturalized Frenchman. In 1834 he was permitted to visit Ireland with his wife, to dispose of his estates, which had been mismanaged by his brother Roger. He was the author of numerous pamphlets and addresses, edited the Journal de la Liberie Religieuse, and in 1 849 helped Arago to prepare a com- plete edition of Condorcet's Works. His Monopoly/, the Cause of all Evil, published in 1848, contains a brilliant defence of the policy of the United Irishmen, throws much of the blame of failure upon the clergy, and enunciates his heterodox reli- gious convictions. He was bitterly op- posed to O'Connell and his policy. General O'Connor died at Bignon, 2Sth April 1852, aged 88, and was interred in the family vault hard by. His portrait wiU be found in the Lives of the United Irishmen, by Dr. Madden, who says that " no man was more sincere in his patriotism, more capa- ble of making great sacrifices for his country, or brought greater abilities to its cause." An interesting communication relative to his visit to Ireland in 1834, his character, and his opinions, will be found in Notes and Queries, ist Series, vol. v. 34 87 254 331 O'Connor, Feargns Edward, a nephew of preceding, one of the numerous children of Roger O'Connor by his second wife, was born at Connerville, County of Cork, in 1796. He first took an active part in politics in 1831, vehemently advo- 384 O'CO eating Reform and Repeal, and supporting the people in the tithe- war ; and rather to the surprise of his friends, and greatly to the dissatisfaction of those who had there- tofore considered the seat an appanage of their property, he was in 1832 returned for the County of Cork. His language was vituperative and bombastic to the last degree, yet not without considerable power. Although at first he acknowledged O'Connell's leadership, and attended his National Council of Irish members in Dublin, in November 1833, he eventually broke away, and strove to lead the Repeal party. This made him unpopular in Ire- land, and after being unseated on petition in 1834, he retired to England, threw himself into the Chartist movement, and became very popular throughout the north and centre of England. He established and edited the Northern Star newspaper, which al; one time attained a circulation of 60,000. For seditious Ubel he suffered an imprisonment of some duration in York Castle, where it is stated he was treated with great and unnecessary sever- ity. In July 1847 O'Connor was re- turned to Parliament for Nottingham, and in 1848 he headed a great Chartist demon- stration in London. A Chartist land scheme involved hundreds in ruin, and perhaps contributed to the overthrow of his intellect. After indulging in some strange freaks in the House of Commons in 1853, he was committed to a private asylum. He died in London, 30th st August 1855, aged 59, and a large funeral procession followed his remains to Ken- sal-green Cemetery. A statue has been erected to his memory in Nottingham. 5t 57 177 312 233 O'Conor, Turlongh, Monarch of Ire- land and King of Connaught, was born in 1088. He was son of Roderic O'Conor, who died in the monastery of Clonmac- noise, where he had resided after being blinded by the O'Flahertys. Turlough conquered the princes of Ireland in the south and west, and, according to Keat- ing, held the nominal sovereignty of Ire- land from 1 1 26 to 1 156; but the Irish princes were engaged in continual hos- tilities among themselves and with the Northmen during his reign. In 11 53 he subdued Dermot MacMurrough, King of Leinster, and compelled him to return to her husband — O'Ruark, Prince of BreflFny — Dervorgilla, with whom he had eloped a short time previously. We are told that he established a mint at Clonmacnoise, built bridges across the Shannon at Ath- lone and Atherochta (near Shannon Har- bour), and across the Suck at Ballinasloe, O'CO and that he was a munificent friend of the Church. He died in 1 1 56, aged 68, and was interred in the church of St. Ciaran at Clonmacnoise. ''' O'Conor, Roderic, last Monarch of Ireland, King of Connaught, was born about 1 1 16. He succeeded to the govern- ment of Connaught on the death of his father, Turlough, in 11 56, and to the nominal rule of Ireland on the death of Murtough O'Lochlainn in 1 166. He began his reign by imprisoning three of his bro- thers, one of whom he blinded, and he was soon engaged in the accustomed hostilities with other Irish princes. On the death of O'Lochlainn he marched to Dublin, paid the Danes a stipend in cattle, levied for them a tax of 4,000 cows on Ireland at large, and was with much pomp inaugurated King of Ireland. One of his first acts was to deprive O'Lochlainn's old ally, Dermot MacMurrough, of his kingdom of Leinster, whereupon the latter appealed to Henry II., and brought over the Anglo- Normans to assist him in obtaining posses- sion of his territories. In 1169 O'Conor celebrated, with extraordinary ceremony, the ancient fair of Tail tin, in Meath ; while within a few miles Dermot MacMur- rough and his allies were permitted to overrun the province of Leinster, and lay the foundations of Anglo-Norman rule in Ireland. Later in the same year he col- lected a large army, and arrived before Ferns, where Dermot and FitzStephen were intrenched. Instead of insisting on the unconditional submission of Dermot, and the expulsion of FitzStephen and his knights, he entered into an arrangement, by which, on his nominal supremacy being acknowledged, he permitted Dermot (who bound himself by a secret treaty to bring over no more foreign auxiliaries, and to take the first opportunity to dismiss those then in his service) to resume the full sovereignty of Leinster. Eoderic there- upon withdrew his levies, and MacMur- rough proved the worthlessness of his promises by hastening to welcome a newly-arrived band of Anglo-Normans under Maurice FitzGerald. On Earl Strongbow's arrival in August 11 70, Eo- deric hastily collected a large body of men and occupied the passes between Waterford and Dublin ; but the Anglo- Normans and their allies passed through Wicklow, and captured Dublin before O'Conor was able to co-operate with the Danish inhabitants for its defence. Ac- cording to the Four Masters, the fall of Dublin was due to its inhabitants not acting in concert with him. After occu- pying Clondalkin, and engaging in a few O'CO skirmishes, he withdrew his ill-organized hosts. Eoderic now put to death the hostages delivered to him by MacMur- rough for the performance of the treaty of Ferns — Dermot's son, Conor (heir ap- parent of Leinster), his grandson, and the son of his foster-brother O'CeaUaigh, and collecting a fleet, passed down the Shan- non, and plundered Munster. In 11 71 he joined in an eflPort to drive the Anglo- Normans out of Dublin. He had his camp at Castleknock, while the forces of O'Eourk and O'CarroU completed the in- vestment of the town, and a fleet of thirty vessels from the Isle of Man blockaded the harbour. The Irish chiefs, relying on their numbers, contented themselves with an inactive blockade. After some weeks the besieged were reduced to extremities. Strongbow demanded a parley, and Arch- bishop O'Toole acted as negotiator. Earl Strongbow oifered, upon being left in peaceable possession of Leinster, to hold it as Eoderic's vassal. The latter de- manded that the Anglo-Normans should leave Ireland. Eef using to agree to these terms, the Normans made a desperate sally. The Irish were taken by surprise ; Eoderic, bathing in the Lifley, had some difficulty in efiiecting his escape ; great num- bers were slain, and the rest put to flight. Earl Strongbow and his companions re- turned to the city laden with provisions and spoils. Next year Eoderic came to terms with Henry II., and, according to the English chroniclers, did homage through his envoy, Archbishop O'Toole, for his kingdom of Connaught. In 11 74 O'Conor and Donald O'Brien combined their forces to resist an invasion of Munster by Earl Strongbow, at the head of an army of Dublin Northmen, and defeated him near Thurles. This disaster necessitated Ea/- mond FitzGerald's recall from Wales, and his being placed at the head of the Anglo- Norman forces. On his approach the league which had been formed amongst the native princes fell to pieces. In 11 75 the "Treaty of Windsor" is said to have been entered into between Henry II. and Eoderic. It commences with the words : " Hie est finis et concordia quae facta f uit apud Windsore in octavis Sancti Michaelis, anno gratiag 11 75, inter domi- num regem Angliae Henricum II. et Eo- dericum regem Conacise." O'Halloran condenses its terms : " By the first ar- ticle, on Eoderic's agreeing to do homage to Hem"y,and to pay him a certain tribute, he was to possess his kingdom of Con- naught in as full and ample a manner a.s before Henry's entering that kingdom. By the second article, Henry engages to 385 O'CO support and defend the King of Con- uaught in his territories, with all his force and power, in Ireland, provided he pays to Henry every tenth merchantable hide through the kingdom. The third excepts from this condition all such domains as are possessed by Henry himself and by his Barons — as Dublin with its liberties ; Meath with all its domains — in as full a manner as it was possessed by O'Meal- sachlin, or those deriving under him ; Wexford, with all Leinster ; Waterford, with all its domain as far as Dungarvan, which, with its territory, is also excluded from this taxation. Fourth : Such Irish as fled from the lands held by the English barons may return in peace, on paying the above tribute, or such other services as they were anciently accustomed to perform for their tenures, at the option of their lords : should they prove refractory, on complaint of such lords, Eoderic was to compel them ; and they were to supply Henry with hawks and hounds annually." Roderic was thus left in full possession in Counaught, and his sovereignty over the rest of Ireland, except the Pale, was acknow- ledged, on his collecting for the King cer- tain annual tribute. Mr. Eichey, in his Lectures on Irish History, shows that Henry before long altered his policy of governing Ireland by the aid of both Irish and Anglo- Norman feudatories, and in the face of his solemn treaty, granted, in 1179, the province of Connaught to William Fitz- Adelm de Burgh and his heirs. On the Irish side plundering expeditions went on as before ; and Roderic's sons joined the Anglo-Normans in their invasions of Connaught. Worn out and broken-heart- ed, Eoderic abdicated in 11 83, and retired to the Abbey of Cong, where he died in 1 198, aged 82. He was buried at Clonmac- noise. Mr. Moore, in his History of Ire- land, says : " The only feeling his name awakens \ that of pity for the doomed country which at such a crisis of its for- tunes, when honour, safety, indepen- dence, national existence, were all at stake, was cursed, for the crowning of its evil destiny, with a ruler and leader so utterly unworthy of his high calling." 134 170* I73t 174 O'Conor, Cathal Crovderg, Prince of Connaught, succeeded as head of the O'Conors on his brother Eoderic's death in 1 198. The early part of his reign was passed in contests with the Anglo-Nor- mans and with his nephew Cathal Carrach, who at one time succeeded in expelling him from his territories. In 1201, how- ever, Cathal Crovderg, with the assistance of the DeBurghs, defeated and slew his 386 O'CO nephew in battle near Boyle. On King John's arrival in Ireland, he paid him homage, and by the surrender of a portion of his territories, secured to himself a toler- ably peaceful old age. He died in the abbey of Knockmoy (having assumed the habit of a Grey Friar) in 1224. The prin- cipal abode of the heads of the O'Conor family at this period was at Rathcroghan, near Tulsk, in the County of Eoscommon. [His son Felim was confirmed in his estates by the King, whilst another Felim, a descendant, joined Edward Bruce, and fell in battle at Athlone, i6th August 1316.] O'Conor, Charles, of Belanagare, a distinguished Irish scholar and antiquary, was born in 1710. [His family traced its descent from a younger brother of King Eoderic O'Conor. His grand-uncle fol- lowed Charles II. into exSe, was restored to his estates by the Act of Settlement, was a major in the service of James II., and died a prisoner in the Castle of Ches- ter. At great cost, some 800 or 900 acres of poor land were rescued from the wreck of the family property.] Charles O'Conor being a Catholic, was debarred from the advancement due to his talents. But meagre particulars of his life are pre- served. In 1754 he published a tract re- lative to Irish mining, and in 1766 the work by which he is best known — Disser- tations on the History of Ireland. He is spoken of with uniform respect by Irish scholars. Dr. O'Donovan styles him " this patriotic and venerable gentleman . . who understood the Irish language well," pays a tribute to his exertions for the preservation of Irish manuscripts, and acknowledges that it was his writings which first induced him to devote himself earnestly to the study of the annals of Ireland. Mr. Wyse, in his History of the Catholic Association, says: "The entire object of his long life seems to have been to redeem it [his country] from the self- ignorance, the blind impolicy, the national degradation to which it had been reduced. In this lofty and noble vocation, no man ever put out, with more perfect abandon- ment of all unworthy motive, the valuable gifts which he had received." Charles O'Conor died at Belanagare, ist July 1791, aged 81. His valuable collection of manu- scripts (containing the only then known original of the First Part of the Annals of the Four Masters), passed by purchase into the hands of the Marquis of Bucking- ham, and are now in Lord Ashburnham's library; where, when O'Curry wrote in 1857, they were inaccessible to scholars. ^3 73 134 J46 O'CO O'Conor, Charles, D.D., a learned antiquary, grandson of the preceding, was bom 15th March 1764. He was educated for the Church, and passed his early years in Italy. In 1796 he published the first and only volume of his Memoirs of the Life and Writijigs of the late Charles O'Conor of Belanagare, now a very scarce work. An interesting note regarding it will be found in Notes and Queries, 3rd Series, vol. xi. Introduced to the Marquis of Buckingham as a proper person to arrange and trans- late the MSS. purchased by the Marquis from Charles O'Conor of Belanagare, he became chaplain to the Marchioness, and after her death in 1 813 continued at Stowe as librarian. There he edited those works (printed and published at the expense of the Marquis) which will ever connect his name with the study of Irish antiquities and literature. Of his Rerum Hihernica- rum Scriptores, published in four volumes between 18 14 and 1826, only 200 copies were printed, at a cost of about ^3,000. Dr. John O'Donovan says, regarding Dr. O'Conor's edition of the First Part of the Annals of the Four Masters, which fills the third volume of the above work : " His text is full of errors ; it is printed in the italic character ; and the contrac- tions of the MS., which in many places Dr. O'Conor evidently misunderstood, are allowed to remain, although without any attempt to represent them by a peculitir type. There are also many serious errors and defects in his Latin translation, arising partly from the cause just alluded to, but chiefly from ignorance of Irish topography and geography." His letters, Columbanus ad Hibernos, given to the world between 1 8 10 and 1816, supported the Veto, and were declared unorthodox, and he was for- mally suspended by Archbishop Troy in 1812. Mr. Fitzpatrick says: "Dr. O'Conor was a man of mild and almost timid dis- position, liked by every one who knew him, and possessing the most extensive historical and bookish information, . . His manners were a curious compound of Italian and Irish. He was fond of good living and his bottle of port, but never entered into excess. . . He was ex- tremely tolerant on all religious questions. . . In person Dr. O'Conor was short and slight, of sallow complexion and promi- nent features, but of a venerable appear- ance, and possessing much the air charac- teristic of his real profession — that of the superior class of Catholic priests." ^^ Towards the latter part of his life he lost his reason, and was confined in Dr. Harty's asylum at Finglas, with his old class-mate and fellow-labourer in the field of Irish 2A* O'CU archaeological research. Dr. Lanigan. He died at his brother's seat at Belanagare, 29th July 1828, aged 64, His brother Owen, upon the death of a kinsman in 1820, became the O'Conor Don, and was grandfather of the present O'Conor Don. 134 146 208 O'Conor, SXatthew, author, brother of preceding, was born i8th September 1773, and at an early age was sent to Rome to study for the priesthood ; but when the time arrived for taking orders, he left pri- vately, and with great difficulty made his way home, where he became a barrister. He was the author of History of the Irish Catholics, Recollections of Switzerland, and Military History of the Irish Nation, post- humously published. He died, probably at his seat of Mount Druid, in the County of Eoscommon, 8th May 1844, aged 70, '^ 53 233 O'Cnllaue, John, a man of consider- able poetic genius, a Gaelic writer, de- scended from an ancient Irish sept stripped of their possessions by the Cromwellian settlement, was born in the County of Cork, about 1752. Several beautiful pieces of his poetry are to be met with in Munster, where they are held in high estimation. His soliloquy on Timoleague Abbey, so effectively translated by Samuel Ferguson, is considered one of the finest modern poems in the Irish language. Most of his life was passed as a school-master ; he died at Skibbereen in 18 16, aged 64, '^^ O'Cnrry, Eugene, a distinguished Irish scholar, was born at Dunaha, near Carrigaholt, County of Clare, in 1 796, [His father, Owen Mor O'Cuny, had a thorough knowledge of the antiquities and traditions of the country, was an Irish scholar, pos- sessed a collection of Irish manuscripts, partly inherited from his forefathers, and sang Irish songs with peculiar power and pathos.] In youth Eugene devoted him- self enthusiastically to the study of Irish, acquired much proficiency in deciphering ancient documents, and learned to write a clear, bold, and beautifully-formed hand in Irish. He added to his father's collec- tion of manuscripts by copying those in the possession of others. These pursuits were doubtless favoured by a slight lame- ness, which prevented him from working as much as his brothers upon his father's farm, and incapacitated him from joining in active outdoor exercises. During the agricultural distress after the conclusion of the war in 1815, the family was scat- tered, and Eugene and his brother Anthony procured situations in Limerick, when their father abandoned his farm and went to live near them. Eugene continued to 387 O'CU employ Ms leisure in prosecuting Celtic studies. Not long before his death, he re- marked to a friend : "It was not until my father's death that I fully awoke to the passion of gathering those old fragments of our history. I knew that he was a link between our day and a time when every- thing was broken, scattered, and hidden ; and when I called to mind the knowledge he possessed of every old ruin, every old manuscript, every old legend and tradition in Thomond, I was suddenly filled with consternation to think that all was gone for ever, and no record made of it." His acquirements ultimately became known beyond his immediate circle, and in 1834 he was associated with Dr. John O'Dono- van (afterwards his brother-in-law), Dr. Petrie, Mr. Wakeman, and Clarence Man- gan, in the topographical and historical department of the Ordnance Survey of Ire- land. His duties led him into researches amongst Irish manuscripts in the libraries of Trinity College, the Eoyal Irish Aca- demy, Oxford, and the British Museum. After the completion of the ordnance Memoir of Londonderry , Government aban- doned the intention of publishing similar memoirs of the other counties of Ireland, the staff was discharged, and the collection of materials, comprising upwards of four hundred quarto volumes of letters and docu- ments relating to the topography, language, history, antiquities, productions, and social state of Ireland was stowed away. Many of the original documents are available for reference in the library of the Royal Irish Academy. He next found employment, at a very inadequate, salary, in the Royal Irish Academy and Trinity College, Dublin, restoring, deciphering, and transcribing their collections of Gaelic manuscripts. The Irish Archaeological Society was in- augurated in 1840, mainly trusting to the assistance he and O'Donovan were capable of giving. The Celtic and Ossianic Societies also availed themselves of his services. In 1849 and 1855 he made some valuable discoveries among the Irish manuscripts in the British Museum ; and in 1849 lie visited Oxford with Mr. Todd, for the purpose of examining the Celtic manuscripts there. The catalogue of Irish manuscripts in the British Museum was compiled by him and is in his hand-writing. On the establishment of the Catholic Uni- versity, O'Curry was appointed Professor of Irish History and Archaeology. Some of his latest labours were in connexion with the translation and publication of the Bre- hon Laws, for which he was but moderately paid. McGee thus describes O'Curry at work in his later years : " In the recess 388 O'DA of a distant window there was a half-bald head, bent busily over a desk, the living master-key to aU this voiceless learning. It was impossible not to be struck at the first glance with the long, oval, well-spanned cranium, as it glistened in the streaming sunlight. And when the absorbed scholar lifted up his face, massive as became such a capital, but lighted with every kindly in- spiration, it was quite impossible not to feel sympathetically drawn towards the man. There, as we often saw him in the flesh, we still see him in fancy. Behind that desk, equipped with ink-stands, acids, and microscope, and covered with half- legible vellum folios, rose cheerfully and buoyantly to instruct the ignorant, to cor- rect the prejudiced, or to bear with the petulant visitor, the first of living Celtic scholars and palaeographers." Professor O'Curry died in Dublin, 30th July 1862, aged 66, and was buried at Glasnevin. His twenty-one Lectures on the Mantbscript Materials of Ancient Irish History, deli- vered at the Catholic University of Ireland during the sessions 1855 and 1856, were published, with an appendix (Dublin 1 861), in one volume, illustrated with numerous fac-simile specimens of ancient manuscripts. They are a veritable mine of information on the subject. His thirty- eight Lectures on the Manners and Cus- toms of the Ancient Irish, delivered at the same college, between May 1857 and July 1862 (the last only a fortnight before his death), were published in Dublin, in three volumes in 1873. These last were edited, with an introduction (occupying the whole of the first volume), appendices, and other supplementary matter, by Dr. W. K. Sullivan, and are monuments of the learn- ing and research of both author and editor. A writer iu the University Magazine for 1 876 charges him with want of wide cul- ture, and prejudice in favour of whatever seemed to indicate the antiquity of the literary monuments of Ireland ; but con- cludes with the words : " As an indefa- tigable, enthusiastic collector of materials upon which other men are to pronounce an opinion, he deserves all praise. More- over, he has given an impulse to the study of the old Irish monuments by his devotion and zeal, and the good work which he has done will yet bear fruit." "*''^?*> "^3 239 ^fc ^. O'Daly, Aengus, an Irish poet of the 16th century, was one of those who, at the instance of Florence MacCarthy, was em- ployed by the Government to satirize and write down his countrymen. His Satire on the Tribes of Ireland was published in 1852, from manuscript copies in the Royal Irish Academy, with notes by John O'Donovan, O'DA accompanied by a literal translation, and a poetical version previously made by Clarence Mangan. It contains much local information, and throws considerable light on the manners and customs of the times in which he wrote. O'Daly was stabbed in the house of one O' Meagher, near Eoscrea, 1 6th December 1617, on account of some lines in his Satire regarding O'Meagher. ^^f O'Daly, Dominic de Rosario, a writer of the 17th century, was born in Kerry in 1596. Educated in the Domini- can convent of Tralee, he continued his studies in Flanders, and went thence to Madrid, where he was employed in the negotiations of the Prince of Wales (Char- les I.) with Philip IV. for the hand of the Infanta Isabella. He afterwards moved to Portugal, and played an impor- tant part in the revolution of 1640 which freed that kingdom from Spain, and raised the Duke of Braganza to the throne. He was appointed confessor to the Queen, and is said to have declined being made Arch- bishop of Braga in Portugal and Goa in India. In 1 65 5 he was sent as ambassador to Louis XIV., and on his return was ap- pointed censor of the Supreme Court of the Inquisition, and became the founder aud Vicar-general of the Irish convent of the Dominican order in Portugal. A bull appointing him Bishop of Coimbra arrived a few days after his sudden death, 30th June 1662, at the age of 66. He was buried in the Dominican convent in Lisbon, where a monument was erected to his memory. His Initium, IncremeiUum, et Exitus Familioe Giraldinorum . ac Persecutionis Hcereticorum Descriptio (Lisbon, 1655) was translated and edited by Rev. C. P. Meehan in 1847, and has been drawn upon in all subsequent notices of the Desmond FitzGeralds. ^°° 339 O'Daly, DonotigliMor, a distinguish- ed bard, styled by the Four Masters " chief of Ireland for poetry," was head of the O'Dalys of Finnyvarra, in the County of Clare. He died at Boyle, and was interred in the Abbey there, in 1244. O'Reilly says that his poems are principally of a religious or moral character, possessing considerable merit, but not such as to entitle him to the unqualified praise be- stowed upon him by the Four Masters. O'Donovan says : " There is certainly no family to which the bardic literature of Ireland is more deeply indebted than that of O'Daly." The Four Masters mention some seventeen bards of the name, and O'Reilly, in his Irish Writers, twenty-eight. An interesting account of the family, by O'Donovan, is prefi:xed to Aengus O'Daly's Tribes of Ireland. Donough was ancestor O'DO of Denis Daly, a distinguished member of the Irish Parliament. =*3t O'Dogherty, Sir Cahir, was born in 1587. On the death of his father, Sir John, in 1600, Cahir was set aside on ac- count of his youth, his uncle Felim being installed Prince of Inishowen by Hugh Roe O'Donnell, Cahir was fostered by the clan MacDavitt, His foster-brothers, Hugh and Felim MacDavitt, resented his exclusion, and proposed to Sir Henry Docwra, governor of the stations on the Foyle, that if he would maintain Cahir's right, they would place the lad underhis guardianship, and would themselves yield service to the state. Docwra agreed ; and Cahir was proclaimed the Queen's O'Dogh- erty, and had his patrimony secured to him under the Great Seal. Docwra took the lad under his charge, instructed him in all martial exercises, and made him con- versant with English manners and litera- ture, without interfering with his religious opinions. Cahir grew up strong and comely, and before he was sixteen, had signalized himself in skirmishes against his relatives. He received knighthood for services on the field of Augher, where Hugh O'Neill's brother was defeated by the Queen's troops. When the war was terminated by O'Neill's submission, Sir Cahir went to London, and was favour- ably received at Court. On his return he ingratiated himself with James I. by mar- rying a daughter of Viscount Gormans- town — belonging to a family at all times noted for loyalty to the Crown. Return- ing to his district of Inishowen, he resided at one or other of his castles of Elagh, Burt, and Buncrana. After the flight of O'Neill and O'Donnell, he was foreman of the jury that found themgtdltyof high treason. Sub- sequently O'Dogherty himself came under suspicion, and was obliged to give.security for his good behaviour. In April 1608 he called on Sir George Paulet, Governor of Derry, relative to the sale of a portion of his lands. High words ensued between them, and Paulet, a man of violent temper, struck the young chieftain. O'Dogherty moodily departed, and took councU with his foster-brothers, who declared that the insult could be wiped out only with blood. Collecting friends and followers, Sir Cahir determined at once to go out into rebellion. He invited Captain Harte, Governor of Culmore, with his wife and children, to an entertainment at Elagh. He seized his guests, started at dead of night for Cul- more, surprised it, butchered the garrison, and sacked the place. With the muni- tions of war there procured he armed his followers, and marched rapidly on Derry. 389 O'DO At two in the morning the townsfolk were roused from their beds by the bagpipes and war shouts of his clansmen. The town was taken, sacked, and burned. Sir George Paulet falling amongst the first victims. Bishop Montgomery's valuable collection of books and manuscripts was destroyed. He next made an unsuccessful attack upon Lifford, and then marched into Mac- Swyne's country. A force of 3,000 men was at once despatched from Dublin, by the Lord-Deputy ; and after various skirmishes, Sir Cahir was killed in an en- gagement under the Eock of Doon, near Kilmaci'enan, on Tuesday, 5th '34 July 1 608, "eleven weeks, i.e., seventy-seven days after the burning of Derry, which," re- marks Sir John Davies, " is an ominous number, being seven elevens, and eleven sevens." According to Giraldus Cambren- sis, Tuesday was ever a fortunate day for the English in Ireland. Sir Cahir's head was struck off and sent to Dublin. An apocry- phal story is told of its having been sent by a soldier, who used it as a pillow at night on the road ; and of his host at one stopping-place purloining the head, setting off for Dublin with it, and se- curing the offered reward of 500 marks before the rightful custodian could over- take him. The Foit,r Masters thus con- clude their notice of his life : " He was cut into quarters between Derry and Cuil-mor, and his head was sent to Dublin to be exhibited ; and many of the gentle- men and chieftains of the province, too numerous to be particularized, were also put to death. It was indeed from it, and from the departiu-e of the Earls we have mentioned, it came to pass that their prin- cipalities, their territories, their estates, their lands, their forts, their fortresses, their fruitful harbours, and their fishful bays, were taken from the Irish of the province of Ulster, and given in their presence to foreign tri^ js ; and they were expelled and banished into other countries, where most of them died." '^ =^"3 =^ 3" O'Donnell, Manus, Lord of Tircon- nell, flourished in the i6th century : he had his principal residence at Donegal, where his predecessor, Hugh Eoe O'Donnell, had erected a castle and monastery. In 1527 he built a castle at Lifford, to oppose the inroads of the O'Neills, and we read of his heading powerful expeditions against the MacQuUlans and the neighbouring tribes. In 1537, on the death of his father Hugh in the monastery of Donegal, he was for- mally inaugurated Lord of Tirconnell. He cannot have been wanting in mag- nanimity, as he spared the life of the slayer of his son, Niall Garv, in an assault 390 O'DO upon the castle of Moygara, and, against the wishes of his clansmen, sent him away in safety. In 1539 he ravaged Meath, in company with Con O'Neill ; yet two years afterwards he met the Lord-Justice at Cavan, and formed a " league of peace, alli- ance, and friendship " with him. In 1 543 he attended "the great council" at Dublin, bringing with him in chains two of his relatives, Egneghan and Donough O'Don- nell, whom he liberated on the advice of the Lord-Justice. In 1555 he was deposed by his son Calvagh, who held him a pri- soner for three years. Manus died at his castle of Lifford, 9th February i563-'4, and was buried with his ancestors in the Franciscan monastery at Donegal. He appears to have been four times mar- ried and to have had fourteen children. His first wife was sister of Con Bacagh O'Neill ; his second, daughter of the 8th Earl of Kildare ; his third, daughter of MacDonnell of Islay ; and his fourth, daughter of Maguire of Fermanagh. His apparel is thus described by St. Leger in a despatch to Henry VIII. : " He was in a cote of crymoisin velvet, with agglettes of gold, twenty or thirty payer ; over that a greate doble cloke of right crymoisin saten, garded with blacke velvet ; a bo- nette, with a fether, sette full of agglettes of gold." 52 134 O'Donnell, Calvagh, eldest son of preceding, by Johanna O'Neill, was one of the most distinguished members of the family in the i6th century. In 1555 he obtained troops and a piece of artillery from Scotland, and deposed his father, whom he imprisoned for three years at his stronghold of Rossreagh, in the County of Donegal. But though he held him a pri- soner, Calvagh took his father's advice as to the best means of defeating Shane O'Neill, who invaded his territory in 1557 with a large army. Calvagh set upon the enemy's camp on a dark and rainy night, and obtained a complete victory, O'Neill escaping only by swimming the Finn and Derg on horseback. In 1559, however, matters were reversed, and Cal- vagh and his family were taken prisoners by O'Neill at Killodonnell. They were released in 1561, and Calvagh was rein- stated in some of his possessions. He died suddenly on 26th October 1566. He had one son. Con, and a daughter, Mary, wife of Shane O'Neill, who died of grief at her father's imprisonment by her husband, "ts O'Donnell, Sir Niall Garv, grand- son of Calvagh O'Donnell, an ally of the English in the O'Neill wars. After the defeat of the Irish and their Spanish allies at Kinsale, and Hugh Eoe O'Donnell's de- O'DO parture for Spain in 1602, complaints of Sir Niall's insolence and insatiable ambition reached the Government ; and Eury (after- wards Earl of Tirconnell) offered to prove that he had been a secret ally of O'Neill and the Spaniards. Thereupon he went into rebellion, but after a while submitted, and proceeded to London with Eury, whose claims were preferred to his. Sir Henry Docwra, the English commander in Ireland, considered this to be hard treatment of one who had been a staunch ally in the late wars. Sir Niall was left in possession of considerable estates. (Sir B. Burke says he refused the title of Baron of Lifford.) In 1608 he became involved in Sir Cahir O'Dogherty's rebellion, and was arrested for high treason on the accusation of Ineenduv, mother of Hugh Eoe O'Donnell, who received a grant of lands for the ser- vice. He was imprisoned in the Tower of London for eighteen years, with his son Nachtan, and died in 1626, aged 57. O'Sullivan Beare calls him " a man of great and daring spirit, endowed with a know- ledge of military affairs." ^3 134 O'Donnell, Hugh Roe, Lord of Tir- connell, son of Hugh Duv, younger son of Manus O'Donnell, was born in 1571. His mother was a MacDonnell. As his family were rising rapidly into importance, and their influence was dreaded by the Anglo- Irish Government, young Hugh was one of those marked for capture by Sir John Perrot, in carrying out his policy of hold- ing hostages for the good behaviour of the Irish chiefs. In the summer of 1587, an armed vessel laden with Spanish wine was sent round from Dublin to Lough Swilly, and anchored off Eathmullen, near which it was knowTi O'Donnell was sojourning with MacSweeny, his foster-father. O'Don- nell and a party of his friends were in- veigled on board and plied with wine : the hatches were fastened down, and the vessel sailed, regardless of the imprecations of the crowds that lined the beach, and MacSweeny's offers of ransom. We are told by the Four Masters, who give graphic details of most of the incidents in O'Don- nell's life, that " the Lord-Justice and the Council were rejoiced at the arrival of Hugh ; though, indeed, not for love of him. . . They ordered him to be put into a strong stone castle [the Birmingham Tower] which was in the city, where a great number of Milesian nobles were in chains and cap- tivity, and also some of the old English. The only amusement and conversation by which these beguiled the time by day and night was lamenting to each, other their sufferings and troubles, and listening to the cruel sentences passed on the high-born O'DO nobles of Ireland in general." In the winter of 1 590, after an incarceration of more than three year.s, he and some of his companions managed to escape by means of a rope from the window of their prison, and made their way out of the city and into a wood on the side of Slieve Eoe (the Dublin mountains). There Hugh, over- come with fatigue, was obliged to conceal himself, while his companions scattered in different directions, and his servant went to seek help from Felim O'Toole, residing at Powerscourt, whom Hugh be- lieved to be his friend, as he had visited him when in prison. But O'Toole, on the plea that escape was impossible, and that he would be compromised by O'Don- nell's presence in his territory, returned him to captivity. A year afterwards, in December 1 591, he made a more successful effort, in company with Henry and Art O'Neill, sons of Shane. They managed to strike off each others' fetters, and let them- selves down through the jakes. Once clear of the Castle, they were met by Tur- lough Eoe O'Hagan, a confidential emis- sary of Hugh O'NeiU, and again reached the mountains. They bad to throw off their outer clothes in their descent, the weather was bitterly cold, and their limbs were cramped through having long borne fetters. They lost Henry O'Neill in passing through the city, and on the side of Slieve Eoe, Hugh and Art, completely exhaust- ed, lay down under a rock, while O'Hagan hurried on to Glenmalure. Feagh O'Byrne proved a sincere friend, and sent servants with assistance. The youths were found covered with snow. Art O'Neill was dead, and O'Donnell was with difficulty restored to consciousness. They buried Art beside the rock which had sheltered them. Hugh was carefully tended in Glenmalure for some days, and then escorted across the Liffey by a band of horsemen, amongst whom, strange to say, was his former be- trayer, Felim O'Toole. Proceeding north- wards, under the guidance of O'Hagan, Hugh crossed the Boyne by a ferry kept " by a poor little fisherman," whilst his atten- dant led their horses through Drogheda, At Mellif ont they rested one night in the house of a friendly Englishman, pushed boldly through Dundalk, crossed the Fews, and on the third day reached Armagh. Next day they were safe with Hugh O'Neill at Dungannon, where it is presumed the two chiefs entered into an alliance, and talked over their plans of resistance to the Anglo- Irish power. O'Donnell was received with great rejoicings by his relatives, the Ma- guires ; was conveyed across Lough Erne ; I and soon found himself once more among 391 O'DO O'DO his own people at Ballysbannon. There he remained under the care of physicians until April, having to suffer amputation of his great toes, which had been frost- bitten on Slieve Eoe. On 3rd of May (1592) his father resigned the lordship and he was solemnly inaugurated The O'Donnell. The first use he made of his power was to march into Tyrone and pil- lage the country of Sir Turlough Luineach O'Neill, then in alliance with the Anglo- Irish. He besieged him in his castle of Strabane, and burned the town up to the walls of the fortress. His friend, Hugh O'Neill, fearing that his exploits would bring against them both the full power of the Pale, brought about a meeting be- tween him and the Lord-Deputy at Duu- dalk. A free pardon was accorded him, his title of O'Donnell was acknowledged, andfor a short time he settled down in the undisputed government of his ancestral domain. Two years afterwards, in 1594, when the Lord-Deputy placed a garrison in Enniskillen, he threw off all semblance of allegiance, proceeded to the aid of his friend Maguire, besieged the castle of Enniskillen, and wasted the lands of those who lived under English jurisdiction. A force for the relief of the town, under Bingham, Sir Edward Herbert, and Sir Henry Duke was defeated with heavy loss by Maguire at Bel- Atha-na-mBriosgaidh (Dru- mane bridge, on the river Arney), where- upon the garrison capitulated, and was permitted to depart unharmed. It is un- necessary to enumerate the minor opera- tions of the war between the northern confederacy and the Government, in which he acted such an important part. In 1595, when Hugh O'Neill went openly into rebellion, O'Donnell threw himself heartily into the struggle. In March and April he skirmished in Connaught, mov- ing with such rapidity as to escape any serious ccVision with the forces of the Lord-Deputy. His successes raised the confidence of the Irish, and Sligo was given up to him by Ulick Burke. "With the aid of 600 Scots under MacLeod of Ara, he overran the country as far as Tuam and Dunmore, raised the siege of Sligo, and demolished the castle, that it might not be re-occupied by the English. In the autumn he again marched out and destroyed thirteen castles. In 1 596 three Spanish pinnaces arrived off the coast of Donegal, bringing a supply of military stores and encouraging letters, addressed specially to O'Donnell, who entertained Philip III.'s messenger with great state at Lifford. He took part in the conference between O'Neill and the Queen's Com- 392 missioners at Dundalk early in the same year. On 24th July 1597, Sir Conyers Clifford assembled a large force at Boyle, marched into O'Donnell's territory, and laid siege to Ballysbannon Castle, which was defended by Crawford, a Scotchman, and a garrison of eightymen, of whom some were Spaniards. The arrival of O'Don- nell obliged Clifford to retreat to Sligo, abandoning three pieces of ordnance and a quantity of stores, and losing several men in fording the Erne at Assaroe. O'Donnell commanded the cavalry in O'Neill's defeat of Marshal Bagnall, at the Yellow Ford, on 14th August 1598. In the autumn he purchased the castle of Ballymote, and made it his principal resi- dence. The following spring he invaded Thomond in force, and swept the country of its cattle. The Four Masters- tell us that when he saw "the surrounding hills covered and darkened with the herds and numerous cattle of the territories through which his troops had passed, he proceeded on his way homewards, over the chain of rugged-topped mountains of Burren." On 15th August 1599, O'Don- nell defeated an English force under Sir Conyers Clifford at Ballaghboy, on the side of the Curlew Mountains in Sligo. According to Fynes Moryson, the English lost only 120 men ; whilst O'Sullivan Beare says their loss numbered 1,400. Sir Conyers Clifford was amongst the slain. The Irish annalists mourn his tragic end : — " He had never told them a falsehood." He was buried on Trinity Island, in Lough Key. The most important military operations of 1600 were in Munster. In the north, Niall Garv O'Donnell, Hugh's brother-in-law, with his brothers, went over to the English side. Hugh made several incursions into Thomond to harass the Queen's allies, and in May attempted to dislodge Sir Henry Docwra, who had landed 4,000 foot and 200 horse on the shores of Lough Foyle, and entrenched himself at CuLmore. O'Donnell spent Christmas of 1600 at Dunneill (Castle- quarter), in the County of Sligo ; and a few days afterwards proceeded with O'Neill to Killybegs, to divide the money and munitions of war landed from a Span- ish vessel. The war dragged on through the summer of 1601, and in September, Hugh attacked Niall Garv O'Donnell, who with some 500 English troops occu- pied the old monastery of Donegal. The building was quickly set on fire ; but Niall held out with indomitable bravery, and managed to make good his retreat in the night, leaving nothing but the charred walla of the buUding. Soon afterwards, O'DO when news reached O'Neill and O'Donnell of the arrival of the Spanish fleet, under Don Juan d'Aguila, at Kinsale, they hastened south to join him, O'Donnell, with his habitual ardour, being first on the way. With a force of about 2,500 hardy men, he set out about the end of October, and reached Ikerrin, in Tipperary, where he purposed to await O'Neill. Finding his passage south barred by Sir George Carew and Lord St. Lawrence, he took advantage of a hard frost to pass by a cir- cuitous route across Slieve Felim, and by the Abbey of Owney to Groom, which he reached on the 23rd November, after a march of forty miles in one day. On 2 1st December he and O'Neill appeared before Kinsale with some 6,000 native foot and 400 horse, besides ^oo Spaniards from Castlehaven. Their eflFort on the morning of the 24th to raise the siege by an attack on Mountjoy's lines, was a failure, and the Spaniards were obliged to capitulate on the 2nd January. We are told that " O'Donnell was seized with great fury, rage, and anxiety of mind, so that he did not sleep or rest soundly for the space of three days and three nights afterwards." Desiring to seek further as- sistance from Philip IIL, he sailed with a few attendants, from Castlehaven on the 6th January 1602, and landed at Co- runna on the i6th. He was graciously received by Philip III. at Zamora, in Castile, was promised assistance in men and money, and desired to wait at Co- runna. The summer passed away with- out the royal promises being fulfilled, and heart-sick for his cause and country, he again resolved to visit the King. He set out for Valladolid, but fell sick at Simancas, and died on the 10th September 1 602, aged about 30. He was buried with royal honours in the monastery of St. Francis in Valladolid — a building long since demolished. O'Donnell, who had been the sword as O'Neill had been the brain of the Ulster confederacy, is said to have married a daughter of the Earl of Tyrone. He left no children, and his branch of the family is now believed to be ex- tinct. Mr. Wills pays the following tribute to his character : " O'Donnell, of all the Irishmen of his day, seems to have been actuated by a purpose independent of self-interest ; and though much of this is to be traced to a sense of injury and the thirst of a vindictive spirit, strongly impressed at an early age, and cherished for many years of suffering, so as to amount to an education ; yet, in the mingled motives of the human breast, it may be allowed that his hatred to the O'DO English was tempered and dignified with the desire to vindicate the honour and freedom of his country. And if we look to the fickleness, venality, suppleness, and want of truth which permanently charac- terizes the best of his allies in the strife — their readiness to submit and to rebel — O'Donnell's steady and unbending zeal, patience, caution, firmness, tenacity of purpose, steady consistency, and indefati- gable energy, may bear an honourable comparison with the virtues of any other illustrious leader whose name adorns the history of his time." '^ s^ m ^70* O'Donnell, Rnry, Earl of Tircon- nell, younger brother of preceding, bom in 1575, kept up a desultory warfare in the north for some months after the defeat at Kinsale, and Hugh's departure for Spain in 1602. In the autumn he and O'Conor Sligo were induced to submit to Lord Mount joy at Athlone,and were thereupon permitted to settle in their own territories. Next year he was commissioned to proceed against Sir Niall Garv, who had gone out into opposition to the Anglo-Irish power, and assumed the title of O'Donnell. After some skirmishes, Niall submitted ; and in June 1603 he and Rury proceeded to London to have their claims to precedency settled. Rury was made Earl of Tirconnell, and confirmed in his territories, except- ing the fishery at Ballyshannon and 1,000 acres contiguous. On his return to Ireland he was duly invested in Christ Church, Dublin, on 29th September. He married Brigid, daughter of the 12th Earl of Kil- dare. He was one of those who fled to the Continent with Hugh O'Neill in 1607, and died at Rome, 28th July 1608, aged 33, his remains being buried in the church of San Pietro di Montorio. His Countess remained in Ireland, and after his death married Viscount Kingsland. His brother Caffar died less than two months after him, and was buried beside him. [For further particulars of the flight of the Earls, see O'Neill, Hugh.] Several descendants of both branches of the O'Donnells, born on the Continent, distinguished themselves in the Spanish and Imperial services. ^^ '^4 269 O'Donnell, Hugh, surnamed " Ball- dearg" — (Red-spot — from a blood mark), a prominent character in the War of 1 689-'9 1 , was born in Donegal, in the middle of the 17th century. He was either a grandson of Caffar, brother of Hugh Roe O'Donnell, or a grand-nephew of Niall Garv. After serving several years in the Spanish army, where he rose to be a brigadier, he, in 1689, asked leave to enter James II.'s service, and on beingrefusedjthrewup his command and appeared in Ireland, where he was hailed 393 O'DO with enthusiasm by numbers of his coun- trymen, who, placing faith in an ancient prophecy, believed him destined to deliver their land from its connexion with Eng- land. He was commissioned by James II. to command an irregular force of some 5,000 men, raised mainly by himself ; but in consequence of the jealousy of other Irish officers, was not permitted to take much part in the regular operations of the war. He carried on a desultory warfare in James's interest, and had to trust to forced requisitions for the provisioning and arm- ing of his force. After the battle of Augh- rim he went over, with 1,200 men, to the Williamite side, on being secured a pension of £500 per annum. His services in Sligo against his former friends will be found detailed in D' Alton's Annals of Boyle. After the capitulation of Limerick, he retired to Spain, served three years in Piedmont, and in 1695 was appointed a major-general. He probably died about 1703, as his pension does not appear to have been paid after that date, ''^t O'Donovan, John, a distinguished Irish scholar, was born at Atateemore, in the County of Kilkenny, 9th July 1809. The death of his father in 1817 caused the dispersion of the family, and John was brought to Dublin by his elder brother Michael, who although in poor circum- stances, procured for him the rudiments of a sound education. He often ascribed his taste for historical pursuits to the narrations of his uncle, Patrick O'Dono- van, who was well versed in the Gaelic lore of the county of his birth. In 1826 O'Donovan began to apply himself to archae- ological investigations and to the philoso- phical study of the Irish language. Through James Hardiman he was engaged to tran- scribe legal and historical documents in the Irish Eecord Office ; and with some slight assistance from his brother, was enabled to suppo.., himself until he obtained a situation on the Ordnance Survey of Ire- land, in the historical department, under George Petrie, left vacant on Edward O'Reilly's death in 1 829. To him was con- fided the examination of the ancient manu- scripts in the Irish language in the Royal Irish Academy and elsewhere, for the pur- pose of fixing the nomenclature on the maps, and extracting the local information they contained. Already acquainted with modern Gaelic, in the course of these labours he gradually acquired a knowledge of the language in its ancient and obsolete forms. Working in company with Petrie, O'Curry, and Mangan, after researches in all parts of Ireland, the names of the 62,000 townlands were satisfactorily 394 O'DO fixed. "Of the entire 144,000 names on the maps, every one was made the subject of more or less investigation ; the name finally adopted being that among the modem modes of spelling most consistent with the ancient orthography, and ap- proaching as near to correctness as prac- ticable, without restoring the original and often obsolete appellation." ^^* His first important essays appeared in the Dublin Fenny Journal, to which he was a frequent contributor, until the fifty-sixth number, in July 1833, when the paper passed out of the management of John S. Folds. His articles upon such subjects as " The antiquity of Corn in Ireland," "The Battle of Clontarf," "Irish Pro- verbs," " Antiquity of MiUs in Ireland," " Dunseverick Castle," " Cormac's Glos- sary," established his character as an his- toric topographer. Several of his papers will also be found in the Irish Penny Journal, i84o-'4i — indeed it is chiefly his writings that make sets of these magazines now so valuable. In 1836 he commenced the compilation of an analytical catalogue of the Irish manu- scripts in Trinity College, Dublin. The residt of these investigations satisfied all conversant with the subject that the writings of many who during the previous century had been considered authorities on Irish history were worse than useless. Mainly through the instrumentality of Dr. Todd, the Irish Archaeological Society was formed in 1840. O'Donovan edited the first and many of its most important publications, as the Battle of Magh Rath, the Tribes and Cicstoms of Hy Fiachrach, and the Miscellany ; he also edited the Book of Rights for the Celtic Society — " with the exception of the Brehon Laws, the most valuable extant document illustrative of the clan government of the ancient Irish." In 1845 his Irish Grammar appeared, which had engaged his attention at in- tervals during the preceding seventeen years. In its compilation he was much assisted by Dr. Todd and Eugene O'Curry. It treated both of the vernacular and the language of ancient records, and " although not marked by profound philo- sophical or philological dissertations," or at all coming up to Zeuss's subsequent work (the importance of which he was the first to impress on the British public), it gained for him a high place amongst European scholars. In 1842 the Govern- ment had unexpectedly stopped the grant for the Historic Department of the Ord- nance Survey of Ireland, and O'Donovan and his fellow labourers, just when they were prepared to arrange and give to the O'DO world the mass of materials collected with such study and investigation, were left to seek occupation elsewhere. He was called to the Bar in 1847. He was now en- gaged on the great work of his life — the translation, annotating, and editing of the first complete edition of the Annals of the Four Masters, for Hodges & Smith, the Dublin publishers. The volumes of the Annals from 1172 to 1616 appeared in 1848, and from 2242 a.m. to 1171 a.d, in 185 1. They fill six volumes (3,764 pp.) and index (405 pp,)— Irish and English on opposite pages : often more than half of both pages being occupied with notes in small type. This work gained for O'Donovan the degree of LL.D, from Trinity College, and the Royal Irish Academy awarded its highest distinction — the Cunningham medal, O'Curry says : " The translation is executed with extreme care. The im- mense mass of notes contain a vast amount of information, embracing every variety of topic — historical, topographical, and genea- logical — upon which the text requires elu- cidation or correction ; and I may add, that of the accuracy of the researches which have borne fruit in that informa- tion, I can myself, in almost every instance, bear personal testimony, . . There is absolutely nothing left to be desired, . There is no instance that I know of in any country, of a work so vast being undertaken, much less of any completed in a style so perfect and so beautiful, by the enterprise of a private publisher," The Irish type for the Annals was cast from designs drawn by George Petr The work was entrusted to Michar" ., Gill, College Printer, Dublin, who .ais and similar books printed ab the same period, carried typography t y higher perfection than it had ever before at- tained in Ireland, On the completion of this work, John O'Donovan looked for- ward with gloomy apprehensions towards the future of himself and his numerous children, and even thought of emigrat- ing ; but the establishment, in November 1852, of a commission for the translation of the ancient laws of Ireland {SenchiLs Mor) gave him and O'Curry the prospect of a narrow livelihood for some years to come. The translation was commenced by them in January 1853, and continued "regularly daily from ten a.m, to four p.m., at a scale of remuneration quite in- adequate for the work, which no other living scholars had qualified themselves to execute," The first volume was not given to the world until 1865, long after the de- cease of both the great translators. For the Archaeological and Celtic Society he O'DO edited The Topographical Poems of John O'Duhhagain and of Giolla na Naomh O'Euidhrin, from the original Irish manu- script in the library of the Royal Irish Academy, with a translation, notes, and introductory dissertations, and finally re- vised the work for the press ; but it was not published until 20th January 1862, the index being entirely the work of Dr. Reeves, His translation of The Martyro- logy of Donegal, for the same Society, was edited in 1864 by Dr. Todd and Dr. Reeves. Nor was his supplement to O'Reilly's Irish Dictionary given to the public until after his death. There is scarcely an important work on Irish antiquities or topography which appeared during his manhood that does not to some extent bear the marks of his scholarship. We are told that " O'Donovan had begun life full of hope in the resurgence of true Irish learning, trusting that the results of his exertions, while advancing the repu- tation of his country, would gain for him- self somewhat of national gi'atitude and estimation; . . [but as the years passed over] he gradually fell into a condition of fixed depression and despondency, taking an interest only in the education of his children, and in preserving and eluci- dating the historic records of the ancient Irish. . . O'Donovan may be said to have been the first historic topographer that Ireland ever produced, and in this de- partr ent he will, in all probability, never be er u,lled, as a combination of circumstances milar to those under which he acquired his knowledge is not likely to arise again." "st He died in Dublin, 9th December 1861, aged 52, and was buried in Glasnevin Cemetery. The materials for this notice are taken almost entirely from an article in the Dublin Review, by his friend J. T. Gilbert, "st(si) 134 233 260 300* O'Dovany, or O'Devany, Cornelius, Bishop of Down and Connor. He em- braced the rule of St. Francis in his youth, and was consecrated Bishop 27th April 1 582. He was imprisoned in Dublin Castle for some three years preceding 1590, being obliged at times to keep himself alive by drawing up crusts of bread through a hole in the floor from other prisoners confined beneath him. After being at liberty for several years, he was again arrested in June 161 1, on the charge of having assisted Hugh O'NeiU with his counsel during his wars, and aided him in his flight to the Continent. In the face of a strong alibi, and the provisions of a recent Act of oblivion, he was sentenced to death, and sufiered in company with the Rev. Patrick 1 Locheran, his friend and companion, in a 395 O'DU field near Dublin, i st February 1 6 1 2. They met their doom with fortitude, and after being half-hanged, were subjected to the barbarities then attendant on executions for high treason. It is related that "all the field was crowded with men, women, and children, and when the martyr was dead all struggled to carry away some relic, either a scrap of his clothes, or a drop of his blood, or a fragment of bone or skin ; yet, though all crowded and struggled no one was hurt, and he was deemed most happy who was able to carry off the head of the bishop, deemed more precious than gold or precious stones." The following night the bodies were dug up from beneath the foot of the gallows, and buried within the precincts of a neighbouring chapel. ?■* "^t O'Dugan, or O'Dubhagain, John Mor, a bard, who flourished in the 14th century, author of a topographical and historical poem of 880 lines, beginning, "Triallam timchealt na Fodhla" — (Let us go around Ireland). Edward O'Eeilly says : "This poem gives the names of the prin- cipal tribes and districts in Meath, Ulster, and Connaught, and the chiefs who pre- sided over them at the time Henry II. King of England was invited to this country by Dermod MacMorogh, King of Leinster. From the first line of this poem, and from the few ranns that this author has left us on the districts of the province of Leinster, it would seem that it was his intention to have given a complete account of aU the districts and chief tribes in Ire- land."^'' [For account of the sequel to this work, see O'Heerin.] He died in 1372, at the monastery of Rinn-duin (Ran- down, in the County of Roscommon), where he had spent the last seven years of his life. '34 264 O'Fihely, Maurice, or Maurice de Portti, Archbishop of Tuam, was born near Baltimore, in the County of Cork, in the middl of the 15 th century. Educated at Oxford, he proceeded to Italy, continued his studies at Padua, and acted as corrector for the press (then an office of considerable emolument) to two early Venetian printers — Octavian Scott and Benet Locatelli. He became a Franciscan friar, and in 15 06 was consecrated Archbishop of Tuam by Julius II. In 15 12 he assisted at the first two sessions of the Lateran Council. He died at Gal way, 25 th May 1513, where he was buried in the church of the Franciscans. Harris's Ware says : " He was a prelate of such wonderful esteem with some for his learning and other endowments, that they gave him the name of Flos Mundi." He was also known as " Maurice of Ireland." Wood's Athenoe Oxonienses notes twelve 396 OTL of his works written in Latin. Two of them, published at Venice in 1499, ^^^e commentaries upon the writings of Duns Scotus, of whom he was an ardent disciple. I4t 339 O'Plaherty, Roderic, historian and antiquary, was born at Moycullen Castle, Gal way, in 1629. His father Hugh, last cliief of the race, died when he was an in- fant. Roderic was educated by Dr. Lynch, author of Camhrensis Eversus, and was intimate with Duald MacFirbis, of Lecan. He devoted his life to the study of the history and antiquities of Ireland. His first production was a letter on the Chro- nology of Irish History, addressed to his master. Lynch. He had scarcely arrived at manhood when, in 1652, without hav- ing taken any part in politics, he was included in the general Cromwellian pro- scription. On appeal to the Parliamen- tary Commissioners sitting at Athlone, he was allowed a portion of his estates in west Connaught, but so burdened with taxes and dues that he was reduced to great destitution. He was disappointed in an alleviation of his circumstances at the Restoration, and wrote : "I live a banished man within the bounds of my native soil ; a spectator of others enriched by my birth- right ; an object of condoling to my relatives and friends, and a condoler of their miseries." His first important work was a reply to Dr. Borlace's History of the Rebellion. He also wrote A Descrip- tion of West Connaught, first published by the Archaeological Society in 1846. His great work, the Ogygia, "remains a lasting monument of our author's learn- ing and genius. Immediately on its ap- pearance it excited the curiosity and attracted the attention of the learned of Europe, many of whom testified their approbation of the work in the most flat- tering terms. Our ablest antiquaries since that time have admitted that in it he has given secure anchorage to Irish history." ^^ His Ogygia Vindicated, which followed, remained in manuscript until published by Charles O'Conor, in 1775. A number of minor tracts and treatises will be found in the appendix to West Connaught. His English is bald and stiff ; he wrote with greater ease in Irish or Latin. Most of his works were written at Parke, about seven miles west of Gal way. Thomas Moly- neux, after visiting him there in 1709, wrote : " I went to visit old Flaherty, who lives very old, in a miserable condi- tion. . . I expected to have seen here some old Irish manuscripts, but hia iU- fortune had stripped him of these as well as his other goods, so that he has nothing OTL now left but some few pieces of hia own writing, and a few old rammish books of history, printed." O'Flaherty was of a commanding presence, and was proud of his blood and ancestry. He was a strange mixture of simplicity and wisdom ; and amongst his neighbours had the reputation of being able to work miracles and exor- cise evil spirits. He died in 1718, aged about 89, leaving an only son Michael, to whom, in 1 736, a portion of the family estates was restored. "^^ ^*^ O'Flinu, Eochaidh, an eminent Irish writer, who died in 984. O'Curry gives a particular account of his writings, several of which have been preserved in the Books of Leinster, Ballymote, and Lecain, and O'Clery's Book of Invasions. ^' O'Glacan, ITeil, a distinguished phy- sician who flourished in the early part of the 1 7th century, was born in the Coimty of Donegal. He studied medicine, and ad- vanced himself to the position of Professor of Medicine at Toulouse, and Physicijm and Privy-Councillor to the King of France. He travelled in Spain to make observations upon the plague, and ultimately removed to Bologna, where he was much esteemed, and where he probably died. He wrote Trac- tatus dePeste (Toulouse, 1629), and Cursus Medicus (Bologna, 1655). 339 O'Gorman, Marian, or Maelmnire, Abbot of Knock, near Louth, composed in 1 171 a calendar generally known as the Calendar of Marianus. Colgan says it is in elegant Irish verse, and much esteemed for its beauty of style and faithfulness of detail. The only old copy of this manu- script is preserved in the Burgundian Library at Brussels. Dr. Todd and Dr. Beeves considered it sufficiently valuable to have transcripts made for their private use. ^33 339 O'Halloran, Silvester, surgeon and historian, was born in Limerick, 31st De- cember 1 728. He studied medicine in the schools of London, Paris, and Leyden, and devoted himself to practice in his native city. Before he was twenty-one he pub- lished a Treatise on Cataract, the first of several medical essays from his pen. Archteology divided his attention with medicine ; he was an Irish scholar, and one of the earliest members of the Eoyal Irish Academy. A treatise on the pre- servation of ancient annals appeared in 1770 ; An Introduction to the Study of the Antiquities of Ireland, in 1772 ; his General History of Ireland, in 2 vols. 4to. London, 1774; besides minor papers read before the Academy and else- where. His ^'History is now but little referred to, as the most valuable and ac- O'HA curate portions of it are to be found in Colgan and OTlaherty. It is distinguished throughout by great national enthusiasm and considerable erudition, but its topo- graphical descriptions, though on the whole tolerably correct, have been in many in- stances revised and altered by modern in- vestigators. . . It was an astonishing performance at the date of its publica- tion." "s He is spoken of by a contempo- rary as " the tall, thin doctor, in his quaint French dress, with his gold-headed cane, beautiful Parisian wig, and cocked hat ; . . his entire time nearly given up to liter- ature and the discovery of antiquities." O'Halloran died in Limerick in 1807, aged about 78, and was buried in Kileedy churchyard. His portrait is prefixed to a notice in the Dublin Journal of Medical Science, vol vi. [One of his sons, Joseph, entered the army, served fifteen years in India, and rose to be Lieutenant-General Sir Joseph O'Halloran : he died in London about 1843, aged 80.] "s 196 "s O'HaiUou, Redmond, a dispossessed proprietor of Ulster, under the Cromwel- lian settlement, and leader of a band of outlaws. [His father or grandfather, here- ditary Royal Standard-bearer north of the Boyne, was killed in 1 600 at the pass of Carlingford, fighting on the English side. James I. bestowed upon his family seven townlands, of which they were dispossessed in 1653, under the Cromwellian settlement, receiving some pittance of land in Con- naught. J Redmond headed a band of " tories," and kept the counties of Tyrone and Armagh in terror, the farmers paying him regular contributions to be protected from other outlaws. He thought more than once of retiring to France, where he was known to fame as Count O'Hanlon ; but the expectation of a French invasion, and the hope of retrieving his ancestral lands kept him at home. He was at length betray- ed by his foster-brother in the hills near Eight-mile-Bridge, in the County of Down, 25th April 1 68 1, and his head was placed over the jail of Downpatrick. Many other dispossessed proprietors followed O'Hanlon's example. Colonel Poer in Munster, Colonel Coughlan in Leinster, and Colonel Dudley Costello in Connaught, headed bands of tories that gave infinite trouble to the Government. '3 O'Hara, Sir Charles, Baron Ti- rawley, an officer distinguished in the War of the Spanish Succession, was born in the County of Mayo, in 1640. He was raised to the peerage in 1706. In the following year he commanded the left wing of the allied army at the battle of Almanza (25th April 1707, N. s.), and re- 397 O'HA mained in the Peninsula until the conclu- sion of the war. On his return to Ire- land he took his seat in the House of Lords. He was for some time Commander- in-chief of the army in Ireland. He died 8th June 1 724, aged 84, and was buried in St. Mary's Church, Dublin. [His son James, 2nd Baron Tirawley (born 1690, died 1 774), was created Baron of Kilmaine in 172 1, for eminent military services. He attained the rank of General, filled several impoi-tant diplomatic posts, and was Governor of Minorca.] s* O'Hara, Kane, a musician, author of several burlettas or comic operas, was born in Ireland early in the 18th century. He attained a foremost position in Dublin, and was elected the Vice-President of the Musical Academy, founded mainly through his exertions in 1758. Next year ap- peared his burletta of " Midas," written to throw ridicule on Italian operas, and shortly afterwards "Golden Pippin" and other pieces. O'Hara also dabbled in art. He is described as remarkably tall, with the " appearance of an old fop, with spec- tacles and an antiquated wig ; " yet withal a polite, sensible, agreeable man, the pink of gentility and good breeding, and an amusing companion, although somewhat prosy. He died (probably at his resi- dence in Molesworth-street, Dublin) 17th June 1782, having been totally blind for some time previous. "° "^''*5' O'Hartigan, Eineth, was a distin- guished poet and scholar, who died in 975. Several of his pieces are preserved in the Leabhar na h- Uidhre and Book of Leinster. A particular account of his writings will be found in O'Curry's Lectures on the Manuscript Materials of Irish History. '^^ ^' O'Heeriu, or O'Huidhrin, Giolla na If aomh, a historian and bard, who died in 1420. His principal work was a topographical poem, intended as a supplemei to O'Dugan's [see O'Dugan, John] itinerary. O'Dugan described the tribes and territories of Leath Cuinn (Meath, Ulster, and Connaught), at the time of the Anglo-Norman invasion ; O'Heerin, in a poem of 780 verses, de- scribes those of Leath Mogha (Leinster and Munster). O'Heerin's work commences with the line " Tuille Feasa ar Erinn Oigh'''' — (An addition of knowledge on sacred Erin). The oldest existing copies of these poems date from the 17th century, and are in the handwriting of Michael and Cucogry O'Clery, two of the Four Masters. John O'Donovan remarks : " The style of the poems is necessarily very stiff, in some in- stances defective, in others redundant. . . The orthography is in general that of 398 O'HU the 17th century, the age in which the O'Clerys lived ; sometimes, however, they have introduced very ancient forms of spelling. . . They adhere, however, to no regular rule, but write sometimes the ancient, sometimes modern orthography, in the most capricious manner." These poems were edited for the Irish Archaeolo- gical and Celtic Society by O'Donovan, ela- borately noted, and prefaced witha valuable essay ,on Ancient Irish Names and their modernized forms. '34264 O'Hely, Patrick, Bishop of Mayo, was a native of Connaught. Having in his youth entered the order of St. Francis, he proceeded to the Continent, and after a residence in Spain and Italy, was, in July 1576, appointed to the see of Mayo. In returning to Ireland with some clerical associates, he had much difficulty in elud- ing the vigilance of the English cruisers, and landed at Dingle, in Kerry, to be almost immediately an'ested and brought before Sir William Drury, at Kilmallock (August 1578). When questioned, heavow- ed his office and his mission, and declared himself ready, if necessary, to die for his faith. With Father O'Rorke, he was sen- tenced to be put to the torture, and then hanged in the presence of the garrison. We are told that " the two prisoners were first placed on the rack, their arms and feet were beaten with hammers, so that their thigh-bones were broken, and shai'p iron points and needles were cruelly thrust under their nails, which caused an extreme agony of suffering." After this they were hanged, 22nd August 1 5 78, and their bodies were allowed to remain suspended on the gallows for fourteen days. ''■* "^* O'Higgins, Ambrose, a native of Ire- land, entered the Spanish service, and was in 1787 appointed Captain-General of Chili, and subsequently Viceroy of Peru. While in Chili he made great exertions to promote the prosperity of the country, and several important public works were due to him. [His son, Don Bernardo O'Higgins, born in Chili, and educated in England, took an active and distinguished part on the popular side in the war by which Chili achieved her independence of Spain. He held the office of Supreme Director of the young republic from 18 18 to 1823, when he retired into private life, in consequence of public dissatisfaction with the acts of his ministers.] '®* "* O'Hurley, Dermot, Archbishop of Cashel, was born near Limerick, about 1519. Educated for the priesthood, he resided at Louvain for fifteen years, and held the chair of Canon Law at Eheims for four years. On the nth September 158 1 O'HU he waa appointed by Gregory XITI. to the see of Cashel. With considerable diffi- culty he procured passage in a ship from Cherbourg, landed at Skerries, and pro- ceeded to Waterford. For two years go- vernment spies sought opportunities to seize him, but their plans were frustrated by the fidelity of his co-religionists. To avoid observation he was obliged, in com- mon with other bishops and priests, to wear a secular dress, and for a considerable time he lay concealed in a secret chamber at Slane Castle. At length he was arrested and brought before the Privy Council for examination. He was horribly tortured. "The executioners placed the Archbishop's feet and calves in tin boots fiUed with oil ; they then fastened his feet in wooden shackles or stocks, and placed fire imder them. The boiling oil so penetrated the feet and legs that morsels of the skin, and even flesh, fell oflf and left the bone bare." The Archbishop resolutely refused to pur- chase a cessation of his torments by ac- knowledging the Queen's supremacy in matters of religion. An end was put to his sufferings by his being hanged on a tree outside Dublin, 19th June 1 584. The above particulars as to his treatment are said to be incontestibly proved by docu- ments in the public records. He was buried in St. Kevin's, Dublin. ^4 i^st O'Kussey, last hereditary bard of the great sept of the Maguires of Fermanagh, flourished about 1630. When quite a youth he celebrated in verse the escape of Hugh Eoe O'Donnell from Dublin Castle. The noble ode which O'Hussey addressed to Hugh Maguire, when that chief went on a dangerous expedition, has been trans- lated by Mangan. Samuel Ferguson says " there is a vivid vigour in these descrip- tions, and a savage power . . which claim a character almost approaching to sublimity. '^ O'Eeefe, John, a popular dramatic writer, was born in Dublin, 24th June 1747. In youth he studied art at the schools of the Dublin Society ; but develop- ing a decided taste for the stage, and writing a comedy displaying considerable taste, he obtained an engagement with Mossop in Dublin, and acted for twelve years with considerable success. When but twenty-three years of age an accident brought on weakness of the eyes, which after some years resulted in almost total blindness, and he removed to London, where he devoted himself entirely to composition. During the next twenty years he wrote upwards of fifty comedies and farces, a collection of which was pub- lished in four volumes in 1798. Keduced O'LE to a state of great embarrassment in 1800, he was accorded a benefit at Covent Gar- den, and after the performance was led on to the stage, and delivered a touching address. He published his Recollections in 1826, and died at Southampton, 4th Febru- ary 1833, aged 85. Some among his numer- ous pieces still keep their hold on the stage , A writer in Representative Actors says: " His inventive powers in the construc- tion of odd phrases and quaint burdens for songs, his extraordinary combinations of strange fancies, and the contrivance of a sort of significant gibberish, without mean- ing in itself, but fashioned so as to convey the most accurate and vivid ideas of what he himself meant to express, are matters beyond the power of analysis ; yet his fancies are obsolete, and, with the dramas of the King of Leinster, . . lost to the stage and the public." 3 « ^ "6(43) .ast Olaf Cuaran (Olaf the Red, Amlav, Sitricson) was Norse King of Dublin in the loth century. After the death of his father Sitric, he went to Scotland, and married a daughter of Constantino III. In 939, we read of his arrival at York, his siege of Northampton, and sack of Tamworth, and a few years later the cession to him by King Edmund of the northern part of his kingdom. In 945 he rebuUt Dublin, after its destruction by the Irish. In 952 he was expelled from England, and retired to Ireland. Four years after- wards he defeated and slew Congalach, King of Ireland. In 964 he was himself defeated at Innistiogue by the men of Ossory ; in 970, in conjunction with the Leinster Irish, he plundered Kells ; and in the same year defeated Domhnall O'Neill, King of Ireland. He again defeated the Irish in 978 and 979, on the former occa- sion slaying the heirs to the throne of Ire- land in the two royal lines of the northern and southern O'Neills. The last scene in Olaf's life as a warrior was his total defeat at the battle of Tara, fought in 980, against King Malachy. Dublin was occupied by the Irish, and, according to the Four Mas- ters, the country was released from the " Babylonian captivity " of the Northmen — " next to the captivity of hell." Olaf's son Eaguall was slain, and he retired broken-hearted to lona, where he died in 981. He was thrice married — to a daugh- ter of Constantine III., to Gormlaith, sister widow of Domhnall, King of Ireland, and mother of King Malachy. ^^ O'Leary, Arthtir, D.D., a prominent politician and writer, was born in 1729, at Acres, near Dunmanway, County of Cork. He was educated at St. Malo, in France, where he spent twenty-four years as prison 399 O'LE chaplain. Little is known of his life be- fore the year 177 1, when he officiated at the Friary of the Capuchins in Cork, where his preaching soon attracted large audiences. His Thoughts on Religion, written in answer to a free-thought publi- cation by a Cork physician named Blair, first brought him prominently before the public outside the pale of his congregation. Several brilliant pamphlets on current topics followed, characterized by learning, religious feeling, a spirit of toleration, and steadfast allegiance to the British Crown. His biographer, a Catholic clergy- man, says : " His eager desire to mitigate the suflFerings of his fellow-countrymen, caused by religious bigotry, seduced him into unwarrantable theological concessions — forced him to make rash admissions — to indulge in a freedom of expression unwise as it was unnecessary, and thus expose himself unconsciously to the danger of heterodoxical teaching." ^5 He vehe- mently opposed the action of the White- boys, denounced the French invasion, wrote an essay on toleration, and engaged in a warm controversy with John Wesley for saying that " no government not Eoman Catholic ought to tolerate men of the Roman Catholic persuasion." Wesley afterwards wrote in his Journal, 12th May 1787 : "A gentleman invited me to breakfast with my old antagonist. Father O'Leary. I was not at all displeased at being disappointed. He is not the stiff, queer man that I expected, but of an easy, genteel carriage, and seems not to be wanting either in sense or learning." His Essay on Toleration had a large cir- culation both in England and Ireland. In recognition of his scholarly acquire- ments and his supposed patriotism and philanthropy, he was elected an honorary member of "The Monks of the Screw," a club formed by Grattan, Curran, and other Irisl jien of liberal politics. Numer- ous instances are recorded of his ready wit and powers of repartee, such as his re- joinder on being told by a Protestant friend that " the bottom had fallen out of purga- tory, and all the Papists had been precipi- tated into hell" — " Lord save us ! What a crushing the Protestants must have got !" He suggested to a Protestant friend who quarrelled with the idea of purgatory, that "perhaps he might go farther and fare worse." Although it was known that Dr. O'Leary was in the receipt of a Govern- ment pension during the latter part of his life, and that this was conferred partly to restrain him from writing against the Union (it is believed that he declined the suggestion that he should write in its 400 O'LE favour), it was never suspected until lately that he was in receipt of government pay as early as 1784. In September of that year, says Mr, Froude, " the Irish Secretary applied to the English cabinet to furnish him from their own staff of in- formers. Two valuable persons answer- ing to Mr. Orde's description were sent, and the name of one of them will be an unpleasant surprise to those already inte- rested in the history of the time. They were both Irishmen. One was a skilled detective named Parker. . . The other was no less a person than the celebrated Father O'Leary, whose memory is wor- shipped by Irish Catholic politicians with a devotion which approaches idolatry. O'Leary, as he was known to the world, was the most fascinating preacher, the most distinguished controversialist of his time — a priest who had caught the lan- guage of toleration, who had mastered all the chords of liberal philosophy, and played on them like a master ; whose mis- sion had been to plead against prejudice, to represent his country as the bleeding lamb — maligned, traduced, oppressed, but ever praying for her enemies ; as eager only to persuade England to offer its hand to the Catholic Church, and receive in re- turn the affectionate homage of undying gratitude. O'Leary had won his way to the heart of Burke by his plausible elo- quence. Pitt seemed to smile on him : it is easy now to conjecture why. When he appeared in the Convention at the Rotunda the whole assembly rose to receive him. [They] reached Dublin at the end of September, and were both at once set to work. ' Your experts have arrived safe,' wrote the Secretary, report- ing their appearance. 'At this moment, we are about to make trial of O'Leary'a sermons and Parker's rhapsodies. They may be both, in their different callings, of very great use. The former, if we can depend on him, has it in his power to discover to us the real designs of the Catholics, from which quarter, after all, the real mischief is to spring." ''*' At this very time Grattan spoke of him in Parliament as " a man of learning, a philosopher. . . If I did not know him to be a Christian clergyman, I should suppose him by his works to be a philo- sopher of the Augustan age." '54 In 1 789 Dr. O'Leary left Ireland for ever, and took up his residence in London as one of the chaplains to the Spanish em- bassy. There, as in Ireland, his society was courted by leading politicians of liberal views— by Burke and Sheridan, by Fox and Fitz William. Towards the close of OLI 1 80 1 his health began to decline, and after residing a short time in France, he returned to England, broken down in health and spirits, and died in London on 7th January 1802, aged 72. It is related by his biographer (writing before Mr. Fronde's disclosures) that when dying he more than once exclaimed : " Alas ! I have betrayed my poor country." Dr. O'Leary was buried in old St. Pancras churchyard, where a monument was erected to his memory by his friend, Lord Moira. He was nearly six feet high, " a perfect per- pendicular, with a kind of rigour in his muscles, that seemed to suffer from bend- ing ;" with a full mouth, heavy chin, and " sparkling eyes, overshadowed by bushy eye-brows." '* '"' '=* ^s Olioll Olum, King of Munster, who died in 234, is said to have been progenitor of most of the great families of the south of Ireland. He married Sabia, daughter of Con of the Hundred Battles, ruler of the north of Ireland. He willed that after his death the sovereignty of Munster should vest alternately in the descendants of his son Eoghan Mor (the Eugenians, or Eoganachts, occupying the southern part of Munster), and those of his son Cormac Cas (the Dalcassians, occupying the north- ern part of the same province). ^^ Ollamh Fodla, a somewhat mythical Irish monarch, who, according to Keating, reigned from 953 to 923 B.C., and according io the Four Masters, from 1318 to 1274 b.c. The compilation of a code of laws is attri- buted to him. He is said to have been interred in the cemetery of Tailtin, on the Loughcrew hills, in Meath. '?' ^ ^ O'Loghlen, Sir Michael, Bart., a distinguished Irish judge (the first Catholic who occupied a seat on the Bench since 1688), was born in the County of Clare, in October 1789. He was called to the Irish Bar in 181 1, was elected member for Dungarvan, and having filled succes- sively the offices of Solicitor-General of Ireland in 1834, and Attorney-General in 1835, was elevated to the Irish Bench as Baron of the Exchequer in 1836. This ofiice he relinquished on being made Master of the Rolls the following year. He was created a baronet in 1838. A consolidation of the Grand Jury Laws, and several other legal improvements, are due to his exertions. He is thus described in Shell's Sketches, Legal and Political: " His head is large ; . . his large eyes of deep blue, although not enlightened by the flashings of constitutionad vivacity, carry a more professional expression, and be- speak caution, sagacity, and shyness, while his mouth exhibits a steadfast kindliness O'MA of nature, and tranquillity of temper, mixed with some love of ridicule." Sir Michael O'Loghlen died in London, 28th October 1842, aged 53. [His son. Sir Col- man O'Loghlen, a somewhat prominent Irish lawyer and politician, born in 1 8 19, died suddenly in 1877, whilst on his pas- sage from Holyhead to Kingstown.] ' ^4 304 O'Lothchain, Cuan, was chief poet to King Malachy Mor in the i ith century, and on his death acted as joint regent of Ireland with Corcran Cleireach. He was slain in Teffia in 1024. Six of his histo- rical poems, said to be of great value, are noticed by O' Curry. ^^ O'lKCahony, Connor, a member of the Society of Jesus, who Lived in the 17th century. Considerable excitement was created in Ireland by the anonymous pub- lication, in 1645, of his work : Disputatio Apologetica de Jure Regni Hibernice pro Catholicis Hihernis adversus Hoereticos An- glos, author e C. M. Hiberno, Artium et Sacrce Theologice Magistro, a small 4to. of some 130 pp., published nominally at Frankfort, but more probably in Portugal. It was a violent denunciation of English Protestant rule in Ireland, and an appeal to the Irish Catholics to root out the English as the Israelites had rooted out and massacred their enemies. Although at once burnt by order of the Supreme Council of Kilkenny, denounced by the corporation of Gal way, and preached against by Peter Walsh, this book was productive of lamentable consequences. It embittered the feeling between Protestants and Catholics, and O'Mahony's rhetorical flourish about the killing of 150,000 of "the heretics" between 1641 and 1645. has ever remained an argument in the hands of those who sought to fasten the disgrace of a deliberate and hideous massacre upon the Irish people. O'Mahony was living, an old man, in Lisbon about 1650. His book was reprinted in Dublin in 1829. io4» 319 O'Mahony, Daniel, Lieutenant-Gene- ral, a distinguished officer in the Irish Brigade in France, brother-in-law of the Marshal Duke of Berwick. He signalized himself at the Boyne, Aughrim, and Limerick, and accompanied his regiment to the Continent. In Januaiy 1702, some of the Irish Brigade under O'Mahony, turning out in their shirts in the middle of the night, defeated Prince Eugene's attempt to capture Cremona. For their bravery and their resolute refusal of the offers made by Prince Eugene to turn them from their allegiance, Louis XIV. sent his thanks to the regiment and raised their pay. O'Mahony was made a colonel, 401 O'MA and was subsequently recommended to Philip V, of Spain, by whom he was put in command of a regiment of Irish dra- goons. He was subsequently appointed a Lieutenant-General and created Count of Castile, He died at Ocana in January 1 7 14. A contemporary French writer, quoted by O'Callaghan, says : " He has always been not only brave, but indefati- gable, and very pains-taking ; his life is, as it were, a continued chain of dangerous combats, of bold attacks, of honourable re- treats." His descendants rose to high rank in Spain. '^ O'Mahony, John, organizer of the Fenian movement, was born at Kilbe- heny, County of Cork , in 1 8 1 6. His father and uncle had been implicated in the in- surrection of 1 798. On the death of an elder brother, he came into the enjoyment of property worth £300 per annum. He entered at Trinity College, Dublin, but never proceeded to his degree. He studied Hebrew and Sanscrit, became an accom- plished Gaelic scholar, and was in after life able to teach Greek and Latin, and to contribute articles to French news- papers. In 1843 ^6 became interested in the Eepeal movement. He attached himself to the Young Ireland party, and was one of those who took the field with Smith O'Brien in 1848. After the failure at Ballingarry, he escaped to France, and lived in Paris for several years. In 1854 he joined Mitchel in New York, and took part in the Emigrant Aid Association, the Emmet Monument Association, and other Irish organizations. In 1857 he publish- ed the History of Ireland, hy Geoffrey Keating, D.D., translated from the original Gaelic, and copiously annotated. (New York, 1857). Dr. Todd, in his preface to the Wars of the Gaedhill with the Gaell, says : " His translation of Keating is a great improvement upon the ignorant and dishonest ae published by Mr. Dermod O'Connor more than a century ago, . . but has been taken from a very imperfect text, and has evidently been executed, as he himself confesses, in great haste." [See Keating, Geoffrey.] O'Mahony's notes are copied from O'Donovan's Four Masters, It was on this ground that Hodges & Smith procured an injunction against the sale of the book in the United Kingdom. This work brought Mr. O'Mahony no pecuniary profit, and, partly owing to the mental strain thrown upon him in its composition, he had soon afterwards to be placed for a short period in an asylum. The extent to which the early portion of Keat- ing's History is occupied with the exploits of the ancient Fenians, probably led to 402 O'MA the adoption of this name for a secret society inaugurated by O'Mahony about the year i860, to promote the object ever nearest his heart — the independence of Ireland. The Fenian Brotherhood, or Irish Republican Brotherhood (I.R.B.) was reorganized at conventions held in Chicago in 1864, and at Cincinnati the following January. At this time O'Mahony held the rank of Colonel of the 69th Regiment of New York State Militia, recruited mainly from the ranks of the Brotherhood, which had also furnished a large proportion of Meagher's Irish Brigade, the Corcoran Legion, and Irish regiments engaged in the civil war. But the rapid growth of the organization demanded the unceas- ing attention of its chief officer ; and, at the urgent request of the Central Council, O'Mahony resigned the colonelcy of his regiment, and devoted himself en- tirely to Fenianism, and though various differences arose from time to time with James Stephens and the Central Council relative to the policy to be pursued for the attainment of their object, he continued President for some years. The designs of the Brotherhood seemed to be favoured by the conclusion of the American civil war in the spring of 1865, which liberated a large number of Irish- Americans anxious to see service elsewhere. It would be impossible to particularize the events that followed, and the immense influence this society came •to exercise in Ireland. Perhaps £80,000 was contributed to its exchequer in the United States and Canada between i860 and 1 867. Although O'Mahony for many years assisted in its councils, he appears not to have taken part, personally, either in the raids upon Canada, or the abor- tive insui-rection in Ireland, which Lord Kimberley stated in Parliament to have been the most formidable effort, since 1 798. to sever the connexion between England and Ireland. The latter part of John O'Mahony's life was passed in literary pursuits, under the shadow of declining health and poverty, in New York. The man who had handled thousands of public money was utterly regardless of it for himself. A New York paper, de- scribing him, says : " John O'Mahony was a strange being. He was tall and well formed, and had shaggy, dark brown hair and handsomely chiselled features, but a haggard and care-worn expres- sion. . . He had friends who were willing to sacrifice anything for him : yet he was often sadly in need of a dollar, and when his poverty was discovered he de- clined to receive assistance in any shape or form. One way or another he always O'MA O'MA managed to earn his own living. He seemed, however, to care nothing for suc- cess in life, his whole mind being absorbed with one idea— rebellion in Ireland. A ten-dollar greenback over and above his immediate wants was a fortune to him, but one that he held a loose hold of ; for any pei-son who approached him with a woeful story was sure to get it out of him." He died in New York 7th February 1877, aged 61 ; and his remains were shortly afterwards brought to Ireland, and attend- ed to the grave at Glasneviu with the honours of a public fxmeral. ^^3 O'Malley, Grace, or Grania Uaile, a Connaught princess, who flourished in the 1 6th century. Her father, Owen O'Malley, was a noted leader of piratical expeditions, and she appears to have fol- lowed in his footsteps. Her larger vessels were generally moored off Clare Island, where her chief stronghold was situated, whilst her smaller craft were kept at Carrigahowly Castle, in Newport Bay. Ee wards were from time to time set upon her head by the Government. She was first married to Donald O'Flaherty, a chief who owned the extensive fortress of Bunowen ; and secondly, to Sir Eichard Bourke, chief of the Mayo sept of that name. Viceroy Sydney writes concerning his visit to Galway in 1576 : " There came to me a most famous feminine sea captain, called Grany I-Mallye, and offered her service unto me wheresoever I would com- mand her, with three galleys and 2CX) fight- ing men, either in Ireland or Scotland. She brought with me her husband, for she was, as well by sea as by land, more than master's mate with him. He was of the nether Bourkes, and now, as I hear, Mac- WUliam Enter, and called by nickname ' Eichard ' in Irish. This was a notorious woman in aU the coasts of Ireland." In 1577, while engaged on a piratical expe- dition to Kerry, she was taken prisoner by the Earl of Desmond. The Lord-Justice wTote from LeighUn in 1578 : "To that place was brought unto me Grane-ny- MaUle, a woman of the province of Con- naught, governing a country of the O'Flahertys, famous for her stoutness of courage and person, and for sundry ex- ploits done by her at sea. She was taken by the Earl of Desmond a year and a half ago, and has remayned ever since partly with him, and partly in her Majesty's gaol in Limerick ; and was sent for now by me to come to Dublyn, where she is yet remayning." Obtaining her release, she returned home ; but her depredations again became so intolerable to the merchants of the west that in March 1579 an expedi- tion was sent from Galway against her castle of Carrigahowly, which, after hos- tilities lasting over twelve days, proved an ignominious failure. After the death of her second husband [See Bourke, Eichard], " she gathered together aU her own fol- lowers, and with 1,000 head of cows and wares departed and became a dweller in Borosowle, parcel of the Erie of Or- mond's lands." She and her sons were constantly at war with their neighbours. Sir Eichard Bingham, Governor of Con- naught, writing about the year 1590, says she was "a notable traitress, and has been nurse of all the rebellions in the province for forty years." Never- theless we find her in 1593 embarking in one of her own galleys, and visiting Queen Elizabeth at Westminster, or, as one writer says, " giving Queen Elizabeth an opportunity of being introduced to her." She was pardoned by Elizabeth, and, in the words of a memorial afterwards presented to the Queen promised " ever to remayne in all obedience and allegiance, and to the uttermost of her power resist aU remnants of rebellious enemyes, and pray continually for your Majesty's long life and prosperous reign. . . Ever thence she dwelleth in Connaught, a farmer's life, verie poore, bearing cess, and paying her Majesty's composition rent. Utterly did she give over her former thrade of maintenance by sea and land." Yet on her return from England she is said to have carried off the heir of the' St. Lawrence family from Howth Castle, because of not having been hospitably entertained there. Furthermore, in July 1 60 1, a sloop of war cruising off the west of Ireland fell in with a large piratical sailing galley, reputed to belong to Grace O'Malley, and commanded by her son. It was described as powerful for offence or defence, rowed with thirty oars, and defended by 100 musketeers. The vessel was not captured until after a severe struggle. Grace O'Malley is said to have been buried within the pre- cincts of a religious establishment on Clare Island, which she had endowed. All we are told of her personal appearance is that she was "a dark lady, tall and command- ing." Lord Mayo is said to be lineally descended from her. "^'55) S4 55 330 O'Malley, Thaddeus, Eev., "The Father of Federalism in Ireland," as he was wont to call himself, was born in the dio- cese of Limerick about 1796. He entered the priesthood at an early age. His first appearance in politics was as an advocate of the introduction of the Poor-law into Ire- land, in opposition to O'ConneU's denun- ciations. He also favoured the system of 403 O'ME National Education. In consequence, per- haps, of his support of these measures, he was appointed Rector of the Government College at Malta. This position he occu- pied for some time, but he ultimately left it, in consequence of differences regarding the management of the institution, and returned to Ireland. He subsequently carried on a long and somewhat warm correspondence with the London officials on the matter. He differed from O'Con- nell as to the comparative merits of Repeal and Federalism, being a strong advocate of the latter, and they had a lively and pas- sionate public debate upon the question. For a short period, in the advocacy of his opinions, he edited the Federalist news- paper. After remaining more than twenty years in comparative retirement, he again came prominently before the public, after the inauguration of the Home Rule move- ment by Mr. Butt in 1 870, being almost the only Catholic clergyman of the diocese of Dublin who appeared publicly in its favour. He was constant in his support of the new movement in speech and print, and delighted in being recognized as the early advocate of opinions become at length apparently so popular. He came under much censure among his co-religion- ists as the supposed author of a certain work, Harmony in Religion, advocating the marriage of the priesthood and other changes in the Catholic Church. His little book, Home Rule on the Basis of Federal- ism, went through more than one edition. An honest man, a gentleman, and a scholar, he was greatly beloved by a large circle of friends. He died at his humble lodgings in Henrietta-street, Dublin, 2nd January 1877, aged 81, and was buried in Glasuevin Cemetery. ^^3 O'Meara, Barry Edward, Dr., sur- geon to Napoleon Bonaparte at St. Helena, was born in Ireland in 1770, educated at Trinity C ilege, and at an early age ap- pointed Assistant-Surgeon to the 62nd Regiment. He served for some years in Sicily, Egypt, and Calabria. In conse- quence of a duel, he was obliged to quit the army, but soon received an appoint- ment in the navy. He was serving in the Bellerophon, when, on the 14th July 181 5, Napoleon surrendered himself on board of her. His professional skill and know- ledge of Italian gained the favour of the ex-Emperor, at whose request he was sent ■with him to St. Helena, as his medical attendant. O'Meara appears to have agreed tolerably well with Sir George Cockburn and Sir Pulteney Malcolm, Governors of St. Helena ; but soon after the arrival of Sir Hudson Lowe misunder- 404 O'MO standings arose, and he returned to Eng- land in 1 818. O'Meara was at first well received by the Admiralty, but having pre- ferred accusations against Sir Hudson for tyrannical and oppressive treatment of Napoleon, his name was erased from the list of naval surgeons. In 1822 he pub- lished Letters from St. Helena., in which he feelingly depicted the petty annoyances and degrading restrictions to which, ac- cording to him. Napoleon was subjected. He became exceedingly popular, his view of the case being supported by current public opinion. He died in London, 3rd June 1836, aged 66, of erysipelas, the result of a cold caught while attending one of O'Connell's meetings. The publi- cation, in 1853, of Mr. Forsyth's History of the Captivity of Napoleon in St. Helena, an exhaustive work, compiled from origi- nal documents, has considerably modified the public estimate of the value of Dr. O'Meara's disclosures. « '^ "^ '^^ ^si O'Meara, Denuot, a learned physi- cian, was bom in the barony of Ormond, County of Tipperary, and lived at Bally- ragget, in the County of Kilkenny, early in the 17th century. According to his own account (questioned by Anthony Wood), he was educated at Oxford, and there took a medical degree. Besides a Latin poem in praise of the Butlers, He- roico Carmine Conscripta (London, 161 5), he wrote some treatises on medicine, only one of which was published — Pathologia Hcereditaria Generalis (Dublin, 161 9). It was afterwards republished with the works of his son Edmund. ^39 O'Meara, Edmund, a leading physi- cian in the 1 7th century, son of preceding, was also born in the County of Tipperary. He studied at Oxford, practised both in England and Ireland, was a member of the College of Physicians in London, and lived for some time in Bristol. He was the author of Examen Diatribce Thomce Wil- lisii, . . cui aecesserunt Historice aliquot Medicoe Rariores (London, 1665, and Am- sterdam, 1667), dedicated to Sir Kenelm Digby, with some Latin verses prefixed, from the pen of his sou William O'Meara, also a physician. Edmund O'Meara died about the year 1680. Besides William, he had two other sons — one a Jesuit ; the other a major, who fell in James II.'s service in the War of i689-'9i. ^39 O'Molloy, Albin, Bishop of Ferns. First a monk and then Abbot of the Cis- tercians at Baltinglass: in 11 85 he gave much offence to Giraldus Carabreusis and the English clergy in Ireland by making disparaging remarks regarding them in a sermon preached in Christ Church, in O'MO Dublin. In 1 1 86 he was consecrated Bishop of Ferns, a dignity declined by Cambren- sis. He died at the close of 1222 "in a very advanced age." The particulars of a contest between this prelate and William Marshal, Earl of Pembroke, are detailed in Harris's Ware. '34 339 O'Morau, James, General, was born at Elphin, ist May 1739. He entered Dillon's regiment of the Irish Brigade in France, and rose to be a major-general. At the breaking out of the Revolution he was also a Chevalier of St. Louis, and bore the American order of Cincinnatus. He acted under Dumouriez in his Belgian campaigns; in 1792 he was made a general of division, and was entrusted with the government of Conde. In August 1793 he took Toumay and occupied Cassel ; but a few days afterwards he was accused, it is believed falsely, of intriguing with the enemy, was sent to Paris, and guillotined on the 6th March 1794, aged 55. ^4 ise O'More, Kiiiry Oge, a chieftain who carried on almost incessant warfare against the English settlers in Leix and Offaly in the 1 6th century. In 1576 we find him, in conjunction with Brian O'Conor, at the head of many himdred wood kerns, " deso- lating large portions of Leinster, Meath, and Fingall." After the massacre of MuUaghmast next year, in which numbers of his relatives perished, he was stirred up to still greater bitterness against the occupiers of the lands of his ancestors. In noticing his death in 1579, the Four Masters say : " This Rury was the head of the plunderers and insurgents of the men of Ireland in his time ; and for a long time after his death no one was de- sirous to discharge one shot against the soldiers of the Crown." '34 O'Neill, Flaherty, Lord of Aileach, on the shores of Lough S willy, was the first prominent member of the O'Neill family whose name appears in history, ruling his territory from 1004 to 1036. O'Dono- van, cited by O'Mahony, says : " The TJi Neill, or the descendants of the monarch Niall of the Nine Hostages, were divided into two great branches, namely, the southern and northern. The southern Ui Neill were kings of Meath, and many of them monarchs of Ireland. The northern Ui Neill, of which there were two great branches, namely, the race of Eogan, princes of Tyrone, and the race of Conel, princes of Tirconnell,also furnished many monarchs of Ireland ; but the descen- dants of Eogan were the most celebrated of all MUesian clans ; of them a great many were kings of Ulster, and sixteen were monarchs of Ireland. The race of Eogan O'NE took the name of O'Neill in the loth century, from Nial Glundubh (Black Knee), who was killed in a great battle with the Danes, near Dublin, a.d. 919. The elder branch of the O'Neill took the name of O'Lochlainn, and MacLoughlin, from Lochl.ainn, one of their ancient chiefs. The O'Neills afterwards recovered the supremacy, and made a distinguished figure in Irish history, down to the 17th century, as princes of Tyrone and kings of Ulster. The O'Neills had their chief seat at Dungannon, and were inaugurated as princes of Tyi'oue at Tullaghoge palace, between Grange and Donaghenry, in the parish of Desertcreight, barony of Dun- gannon, where a rude seat of large stones served them as a coronation chair." The Four Masters record fourteen plundering expeditions led by Flaherty into difi"erent parts of Ireland, both against his country- men and the Northmen. He is sometimes called " Flaithbheartach an Trostain" —(Flaherty of the Pilgrim's StaflF), from a pilgrimage he made to Rome, He was slain in 1036. "' '^4 O'Neill, Hugh, Lord of Tyrone, late in the 1 2th, and early in the 13th centuries, was one of the most determined opponents of the Anglo-Normans in the north of Ire- land. In 1 198 he attacked them at Larue, and for a time broke their power in the district. Next year, after a temporary success, in conjunction with the " men of Moy-Itha and the men of Oriel," he was defeated at Ballysadare, by the chiefs of Connaught, William de Burgh, and the Anglo-Normans of Limerick, In 1 200 he was for a time deposed from his chieftaincy, and Conor O'Loughlen elected in his stead. Eight years afterwards a battle was fought in Inishowen between him and the O'Don- nells, " in which," say the Four Masters, " countless numbers were slaughtered on both sides." The combatants subsequently entered into an alliance against such of the Irish or Anglo-Normans as should oppose them. Hugh O'Neill was one of the princes who attended King John in 12 10; but the English and Irish annalists are not agreed as to whether he gave in his submission. Next year he and O'Don- nell made a descent upon the new settlers on the shores of Lough Erne. In 12 12 he burned down the castle of Clones, erected but a few months, and in 12 13 destroy- ed Carrickfergus and " defeated and dread- fully slaughtered the English," In 12 15 his wife " Benmee, Queen of Aileach," died. His name does not appear again in the Annals until 1221, when, in conjunc- tion with Hugh de Lacy the younger, he demolished the castle of Coleraine, and 405 O'NE spoiled Meath and Leinster, being ineflfec- tually opposed by a hosting of the lords of the PaJe. In 1225 he made a like suc- cessful expedition against the O'Conors of Connaught. His death in 1230 is thus noticed : " Hugh O'Neill, Lord of Tyrone, . . who had never rendered hostages, pledges, or tribute to English or Irish ; who had gained victories over the English, and cut them off with great and frequent slaughter ; the plunderer of the English and Irish ; a man who had attempted the subjugation of all Ireland — died a natural death, although it was never supposed that he would die in any other way than to fall by the hands of the English." '^ 335 339. O'Neill, Niall More, Lord of Ty- rone, is mentioned in the Four Masters as leading expeditions against the Anglo- Irish districts in 1374, 1375, 1383, 1384, and 1392. In 1368 he was discomfited by Brian MacMahon in an attack on Oriel — a defeat avenged in 1370. In 1380, with many other chieftains, he paid homage to Edmund Mortimer, Lord-Lieutenant. Under 1387 it is mentioned that he built a house near Armagh (Eamhain Macha, now Navan fort), where he entertained the bards and learned men of Ireland. He died in 1397. A string of high-sounding titles (such as " Destroyer of the English," " Uniter of the Irish," " Exalter of the Church"), is appended to his name by the annalists. '^4 O'Neill, Henry Aimreidh, entitled " The Contentious," by antiphrasis, from his peaceable disposition, was son of Niall Mor, and founder of the Clann-Enri, who in the 14th century settled in and about the present town of Newtownstewart, in the County of Tyrone, where he is still remembered as Henry Ouree. O'Donovan says : " There are more traditions pre- served about this Henry Avry O'Neill than any of the later chieftains of that family, excepting, perhaps, Owen Koe and Sir Phelim." '34 233 O'Neill, Owen, Lord of Tyrone from 1432 to 145s, occupies a prominent place in the annals of the north of Ireland, during the first half of the 15th century. He is mentioned so early as 1398. He was en- gaged in constant expeditious, with vary- ing success, both against the Anglo-Irish, his neighbours, the O'Donnells and Mac- Quillans, and against rival branches of the O'Neill family. In 1425 he was taken pri- soner, and held captive in Dublin for some time. In 1430 and 1444 he appears to have levied contributions on the Pale ; but in 1442 he is mentioned as co-operating with the Anglo-Irish in an expedition against the O'Donnells. In an expedition against 406 O'NE the Maguires of Fermanagh, in i43S, it is said that the inhabitants of the district, flying from his advance, carried their goods across the frozen surface of Lough Erne. Owen was deposed by his son Henry in 1455, and died the following year. '^4 O'Neill, Henry, Lord of Tyrone, son of preceding, flourished in the 15 th cen- tury. His wars and exploits are often referred to in the i^owr i/asfers. In 1431 he was taken prisoner by Naghtan O'Don- nell ; but he was soon liberated, and they became for a time fast friends. In 1442 his father and he joined the Anglo-Irish, and led an army against the same Nagh- tan, forcing him to surrender Caatlefin and the surrounding territory. For some cause, his father was banished in 1455, and he was inaugurated as The O'Neill at TuUaghoge, in presence of the Archbishop of Armagh, the Maguires, MacMahons, and his own kinsmen. Two years after- wards he led a successful expedition against the O'Donnells. In 1464 the King sent him a present of a chain of gold, and a piece of scarlet cloth. Henry O'Neill died in 1489. '^4 O'Neill, Con Bacagh (the Lame), Earl of Tyrone, was inaugurated as The O'Neill, upon the death of his brother in 1 5 19. He was soon afterwards received into royal favour, upon a resolve taken by Henry VIII. that Ireland should be go- verned by "sober waies, politique drifts, and amiable perswasions." In 1 523 he bore the sword of state before the Lord-Deputy. In 1534, however, he became involved in Silken Thomas's rebellion, and in 1538, buoyed up by hopes of foreign assistance, he joined Manus O'Donnell, and marched upon the Pale, and reviewed his forces at Tara. He next year turned homewards ; but was overtaken by Lord Grey, at Ballahoe, in Monaghan, and defeated in a bloody engagement. In January 1542, at Maynooth, he renounced the Pope's supremacy, and Henry VIII. desiring his presence in London, he set sail for England and presented himself at Court on the 24th September. He was created Earl of Tyrone and renounced the name of O'Neill, engaging that he and his heirs should adopt the English dress and language, that he would be obedient to the King's laws, assist the Deputy in his hostings, and not succour any of the King's enemies, traitors, or rebels. His illegitimate son Matthew was created Baron of Dungaimon (a title to be after- wards borne by the heirs apparent of Earls of Tyrone), and two of the Ma- guire family who accompanied him were knighted. "And for his reward we O'NE [Henry VIII.] gave unto him a chayne of three score poundes and odde ; we payd for his robes and the charges of his crea- tion three score and fyve poundes, tenne shillings, two pens, and we gave him in redy money oon hundreth poundes sterl- ing." Mr. Richey says of his submission to Henry YIII. : "Although Con O'Neill might for himself accept any title from the King of England, he, acting as chief of bis tribe, had no shadow of right to take a grant of all their tribal lands to himself ; but in their eyes the King's granting was simply a nullity." Before long, however. Con regretted his submis- sion, and is said to have cursed any of his posterity who should learn to speak English, sow wheat, or build castles. In 1 55 1, on the accusation of his son, the Baron of Dungannon, he was taken pri- soner and confined in Dublin, whilst his younger sons waged war with the English and with the Baron, and his territories were devastated. Con died of a broken heart in 1559, within the precincts of the Pale. " His death would have been," ac- cording to the Four Masters, " a great cause of regret to Kinel Owen, but for his great age and infirmities, and that he left an heir worthy of him, i. e., John." His wife, by whom he had his son Shane, or John, was Alice, daughter of the 8th Earl of Kildare. His son Feardoragh, or Matthew, Baron of Dungannon, who was killed in battle two years before him, was the reputed offspring of Alison, wife of a Dundalk blacksmith. '34 i-to 174 196 ^^ O'Neill, Shane (John), son of preced- ing, bom about 1 500, was from an early age at war with other members of his family. In 1552 he avenged his father's imprisonment by attacking his reputed half- brother, the Baron of Dungannon, and his Anglo-Irish allies, who had already, accord- ing to the state papers, "done notable good service" against him. In 1557 he col- lected a large army and made a raid into TirconneU, but was defeated by the O'Don- nells in Raphoe, near the hill of Binnion. Next year the Baron was killed in an en- counter with some of Shane's forces — no warrant for the statement of an eminent writer that " Shane cut his brother's throat." Shane carried off from Dungan- non Castle his father's plate and other valuables, together with about £800 in money, determined, according to the chro- nicler, "to do what he coulde to destroy the pore country." In 1 559 the old Earl of Tyrone died, and Shane thereupon, in de- fiance of the claims of his nephew, son of the Baron of Dungannon, was elected The O'Neill. This placed him in direct O'NE opposition to the English crown, which had granted Tyrone to the Baron and his heirs. Mr. Richey says : " The origin of the war with Shane O'Neill was that fruitful cause of mischief, the attempt of the English government to change the chieftaincy of an Irish tribe into an estate in land, and to force it, instead of being elective, to descend according to the rule of the Eng- lish law of inheritance." The policy both of O'Neill and the Government was from the first tolerably clear. He desired to keep in check the powerful O'Donnells, to draw under his influence the various smaller tribes by whom he was surrounded, and thus to maintain himself as supreme lord in Ulster; whilst the Government sought to prevent the aggrandizement of any particular chief. Soon after assuming the chieftaincy, Shane engaged in a con- spiracy of the Geraldines ; but the feeble- ness of the Government prevented active steps being taken against him. In Febru- ary 1559, the Deputy, Sir Henry Sidney, desired a meeting at Dundalk, which Shane declined until Sir Henry consented to be god father to one of his children. The ceremony over, they entered into confer- ence, when Shane boldly gave his reasons for opposing the Government, and the Deputy advised him to rest quiet until the matter was considered by the Queen. Elizabeth and her council decided : " We think most meet, especially for the prefer- ment of the person legitimate in blood, and next for that he is thereof in quiet possession, that the Deputy should allow him to succeed his father ;" at the same time the Deputy was authorized "to prac- tise with such other our subjects as be neighbours unto him, by reward or other- wise, by whom ye may most probably re- form the said Shane, or otherwise by our force compel him to stand to your order and governance." Shane engaged in a voluminous correspondence relative to a proposed visit to the Queen in London, whilst secret machinations continued on both sides. Elizabeth's representatives privately arranged for a general assault upon him — by the Deputy and the Earl of Kildare on the south, O'Donnell on the north-west, and the Scottish colony of Antrim on the north-east. Suddenly, in May 1 560, Shane appeared in TirconneU, and carried ofi" O'Donnell and his wife, sister of the Earl of Argyle. He imprisoned O'Donnell, and made such successful love to his wife that, through her influence, the Scotch settlers in Antrim, upon whose assistance the English had reUed, were brought to his side. The Lord-Lieutenant (the Earl of Sussex) made an ineffectual 407 O'NE effort to reduce Shane to obedience ; and at the same time that he was laying plans for Shane's assassination, Queen Elizabeth ao;ain urged that he should be induced to visit her. After the failure of another expedition under Sussex, a peace was patched up on the 19th October 1561 ; and on the 6th of January 1562, he made his submission before the Queen. Mr. Froude thus describes his reception : " The coun- cil, the peers, the foreign ambassadors, bishops, aldermen, dignitaries of all kinds were present in state, as if at the exhibi- tion of some wild animal of the desert. O'Neill stalked in, his saffron mantle sweeping round and round him, his hair curling on his back and clipped short below the eyes, which gleamed from under it with a grey lustre, frowning, fierce, and cruel. Behind him followed his gaUoglasses, bare- headed and faii'-haired, with shirts of mail which reached beneath their knees, a wolf- skin flung across their shoulders, and short, broad battle-axes in their hands." Although in words he made an humble submission, the courtiers rightly described his attitude as that of " O'Neill the great, cousin of St. Patrick, friend of the Queen of Eng- land, enemy to all the world besides." After the interview, and in direct vio- lation of his safe conduct, O'Neill was detained in London, and refused confirma- tion in his tribal lands until he agreed to proceed against his former allies the Scots, not to make war without the con- sent of the Government, and virtually to abandon all claim of supremacy over the adjoining chiefs. Even these terms he did not secure until he had cajoled and flattered the Queen — deferring to her on all minor points, and even asking that she should choose a wife for him. On 5th May 1562, a proclamation was issued that he was in future to be reputed a good and natural subject. Immediately on his return he invaded "^.rconnell, not considering the articles binding, owing to the manner in which they had been forced upon him. Attempts were now made to secure his per- son : he was invited to a meeting at Dun- dalk, and was solicited to court Sussex's sister at Dublin. Hostilities were recom- menced with little effect on either side ; and on nth September 1563, Elizabeth, sick of the war, concluded another peace, under which he was confirmed in the title of O'NeUl. " As an evidence of returning cordiality," says Mr. Eichey, " a present of poisoned wine was sent to him by Sussex, which being unskilfully prepared, failed of its due effect, though it brought him and his household to the verge of death." He was now left in peace, virtual ruler of | 408 O'NE Ulster. He built a castle by Lough Neagh, which he called " Fuath na Gall " (Abomi- nation of the Strangers), and might have retained a splendid principality, but for his insatiable ambition and inability to live with his neighbours. In August 1 564 the council approved Shane's desire to attack the Scots. At the same time the Lord- Justice Arnold assured Cecill that he acts with the wild Irish " as with bears and bandogs ; so that he sees them fight earnestly and tug each other well, he cares not who has the worse." Constant corre- spondence went on between Shane and the Government: in April 1565 he writes acknowledging the Queen's great favour to him ; in May he announces his defeat of the Scots ; in July he sends the Queen a list of his captives ; in March 1566 " he would have his parliament robes sent into his country, but he cares not to be made an earl. He never made peace with the Queen but by her own seeking. His ancestors were Kings of Ulster ; Ulster was theirs, and Ulster is his, and shall be his. . . He hath won all by the sword, and by the sword he wiU keep it." On 25th April 1566, he writes, styling himself " Defender of the Faith," to Charles IX., King of France, for 5,CKX) well-armed men, to assist in ex- pelling the English from Ireland. In July he entered the English Pale with fire and sword, and a little later he urged John of Desmond to join him against the English. On 17th September the Lord-Deputy, Sidney, marched from Drogheda against O'Neill. He destroyed Shane's house at Benburb, burned the country round Clogher, fortified Derry, and took the castles of Donegal, Ballyshannon, Belleek, and Sligo, which he handed over to the O'Donnells and O'Conors in trust for the Queen. In an encounter between O'Neill and Colonel Eandolfe on 23rd November, Shane lost 400 of his men. In December O'Neill sought to make terms with the Queen ; and in February 1567 he again wrote to the French King urging him to send an army to assist him to restore and defend the Catholic faith. In May he was defeated near Lifford by the O'Don- nells, when, utterly disheartened, he fled to his old enemies, the MacDonnells, at Cusheudun. They received him with pre- tended friendship. A drinking bout and quarrel ensued, and he was killed, with most of his followers, on the 2nd June, His head was spiked on Dublin Castle, and his body was buried in the grounds of the old monastery at Glenarm. Acts were quickly passed for his attainder, and the abolition of the very name of O'Neill. O'NE Shaue O'Neill was about 67 at the time of his death. The English Council directed the Lord-Deputy " not to forget Shane's wife and family if they do humble them- selves." Shane was twice married — to an O'Donnell and a MacCarthy. He left Henry, Con, Art, Hugh, Shane, and two other sons, and a daughter, Alice. His cai'eer cannot be better summed up than by the following remark from Mr. Richey's Lectures on Irish History : " Of all the Celtic chiefs of the i6th century none was so feared and hated by the English as Shane O'Neill. English statesmen of his own time accused him of every public crime and private profligacy. The later writers upon Irish aflfairs have improved upon their predecessors, and in the case of Shaue freely sprinkle their pages with epithets not usual in polite literature. ' Rufl5an' and ' adulterous murdering scoundrel,' are the terms used by Mr. Froude ; but it is obvious that a man who excelled in address and diplomacy the ministers of Elizabeth — who wrote such letters as are stiU pre- served in the state papers — for whose destruction the English Government thrice stooped to assassination — could not have been an ordinary man. So thoroughly has Shane's personal character been black- ened, that the Irish have never attempted to make him a national hero ; and he enjoys the unfortunate position, between the two nationalities, of being defamed by the one, and tacitly repudiated by the other. The peculiar position which he occupies in his- tory is that of the last, if not the only purely Celtic chief, who oflFered a protract- ed and almost successful resistance to the national enemy. His better-known suc- cessor, Hugh O'Neill, was English by education, associations, and habits, and assimied the character of a Celtic chief as the means of gratifj-iug his ambition ; Owen Roe O'Neill was an accomplished Spanish officer, with nothing Irish in him save his origin and family tradition ; but Shane was a thorough Celtic chief, not of the traditional type, but such as centuries of prolonged struggle for existence had made the chieftains of his nation. From his earliest days he had passed his life in civil wars and desperate adventures. A price had ever been set upon his head, and his life was constantly threatened by assassins. He knew that his very exist- ence was an insult to the English govern- ment ; he had great pretensions, and small means to carry them into execution ; he was always involved in a net of intrigue and treachery ; he had fierce passions, and never had learned to regulate them. No possible charge against him has been O'^E omitted ; but, though they all contain some element of truth, they are manifestly ex- aggerated, and generally made by men who were themselves, with less excuse, open to similar imputations. He is a mur- derer; but he slew rivals set up by the English government, one of whom had already attempted his life ; and the accu- sation is made by those who had themselves no scruple in attempting his assassination. He was bloodthirsty and merciless ; but he never perpetrated such cruelties as the contemporai-y Earls of Desmond and Or- mond were guilty of — crimes dropped out of sight by English writers. He was false and treacherous ; but he only lied and in- trigued more skilfully than his English opponents. He had little regard for the sanctity of matrimony, and was profligate in his life ; he was not much worse than his own father, or the Burkes of Con- naught, and was almost the contemporary of Henry VIII. and Henry IV. He was a drunkard ; he indulged in deep carouses, and drank like the Scotch chiefs of the succeeding centvu-y. He was a tyrant ; the inhabitants of the Pale fled from the English rule to his protection, and his ter- ritory, when Sir Henry Sidney penetrated it, is stated to have been 'so well inhabited as no Irish county in the realm was like it.' He is described as barbarous in his manners ; but he held his own in the Court of Elizabeth." '^ '*> ''°* '?" =^* 3.. O'Neill, Turlough Luiueacli, ne- phew of Con Bacagh, and the great rival of his cousin, Hugh O'Neill (Earl of Ty- rone), was, after Shane's murder in 1567, inaugurated The O'Neill. In 1570 he compassed the death of some of the prin- cipal MacSweenys. In 15 81 he attacked and humbled the O'Reillys, in retaliation for their having imprisoned some of his cousins. In the month of July of the same year he was engaged in hostilities with the O'Donnells. "The Four Masters say : "A furious and desperate battle was fought between them ; and the celebrated proverb was verified on this occasion, i.e., ' Lively is each kinsman when fighting against the other.' " In 1 585 he went to Dublin to attend the Parliament that as- sembled on 26th April, but does not ap- pear to have taken his seat, as his name is not on the official list. It was Elizabeth's intention to have created him Earl of Clan O'Neill and Baron of Clogher ; but the patent was never perfected. Probably it was at this time that, encumbered with his fashionable English garments, he ex- pressed his discontent to Perrot with good-natured simplicity : " Prithee, my lord, let my chaplain attend me in his 409 O'NE Irish mantle; thus shall your English rabble be diverted from my uncouth figure, and laugh at him." In 1588 he defeated his cousin, the Earl of Tyrone, and a large force, at Carricklea, near Stra- bane. In 1592 he received an Anglo-Irish garrison into his stronghold at Strabane, and engaged in a series of operations against the Earl and his allies. Next year, how- ever, he appeal's to have dismissed these troops, and made peace with his cousin. He died at Strabane in 1595, and was buried at Ardstraw. He is represented as having been a staunch friend of the bards and brehons. Professor O'Donovan says : " There are stiU extant several Irish poems addressed to Turlough Luineach, inciting him to shake off the English yoke and become monarch of Ireland like his ances- tors. . . But he was so old when he was made O'Neill that he seems to have then retained little military ardour to tread in the wake of his ancestors ; and he was so much in dread of the sons of Shane the Proud and of Hugh (Earl of Tyrone), that he continued obedient to the Queen." '^4 O'Neill, Hugh, Earl of Tyrone, was born about 1540. He was the second son of Matthew, Baron of Dungannon, the reputed son of Con O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone. Hugh's elder brother died in 1 562. His claims to the title were disregai-ded for many years ; but great efforts were made to conciliate him to the English interest, and imbue him with English ideas. He was brought over to court by Sidney, and was given a troop in the Queen's service and an annual allowance. He served in the English army in the Irish wars, was present at the Smerwick massacre in 1580, co- operated with Essex in the settlement of Antrim, and the Ulster wars, and was more than once commended for his zeal in the Queen's service. Fynes Moryson says " he was of a meane stature, but a strong body, abl' ^0 indure labours, watching, and hard fare, being withal industrious and active, valiant, affable, and apt to manage great affairs, and of a high dissembling subtile and profound wit. So as many deemed him borne either for the great good or ill of his countrey." In 1584 he was put in the possession of the south- eastern portion of Tyrone, Turlough Lui- neach being restricted to the north-western. Before long the rival chieftains were en- gaged in hostilities — Hugh being aided by the English government. In his letters to the Queen he lamented the unwilling- ness of his countrymen to accept English manners and customs, and mourned over their barbarous preference for Celtic ways. He even desired that effectual steps should 410 O'NE be taken to suppress the title of The O'Neill, In the Parliament of 1585 he took his seat as Baron of Dungannon, and ere its termination, was promised the title of Earl of Tyrone, which was con- firmed to him by the Queen in 1587, He gave up 240 acres upon the Blackwater for a fort, and renounced all authority over his neighbours. In May 1590 he made suggestions to the Privy Council as to the affairs of Ulster, and express- ed his desire to have it made shire ground, being anxious that his people should adopt English tenure and English laws and dress. He promised that he would " neither receive or maintain any Popish priest, monk, or friar, or any pro- claimed traitor." On the other hand, he was studiously friendly to the crews of some vessels of the Spanish Armada wrecked on the coast of Ulster ; he harboured Hugh Eoe O'Donnell after his escape from Dub- lin Castle ; and constantly augmented the number of his trained retainers, by passing them rapidly through the small troop he was permitted to keep up in the Queen's pay. In 1591 he was again en- gaged in active hostilities against Tur- lough, whereupon the Deputy, B'itzwilliam, summoned him to a conference at Dundalk in June, and was able to report to the Queen : " In the quarrel between the Earl of Tyrone and Sir Turlough O'Neill it was complained that the Earl was alto- gether in fault; but upon examination . . it fell out that Sir Tir was therein for to blame. I and the council have so ended these causes as they are both re- turned home with good contentment, and have given both their consents to have Tirone reduced to shire ground, and to accept of a sheriff." After the death of his second wife, daughter of MacManus O'Donnell, Hugh won the heart of a beauti- ful English girl, sister of Marshal Bagnall. The Marshal opposed the match, and re- moved her from Newry to Dublin. Thi- ther O'Neill followed. She accompanied him from the house of her sister, where she had been placed, to the residence of a friend at Drumcondra, and on 3rd August 1 59 1 they were married by the Protestant Bishop of Meath, Thomas Jones. (The Countess died in January 1596, some years before the last scenes of the contests be- tween her brother and her husband.) In June 1593 Sir Turlough abandoned the contest with Hugh O'Neill, and upon being secured certain lands, and an income for life, agreed that the Earl should stand undisputed master of Tyrone. This posi- tion as head of the O'Neill family made him formidable in the eyes of Elizabeth's O'NE O'NE advisers. Day by day he brought the sur- rounding clans more and more under his influence. He was soon involved in diiS- culties with the Lord-Deputy, and with Sir Henry Bagnall regarding the payment of his wife's dowry. The Maguires and O'Donnells were at this time in open rebel- lion. Hugh O'Neill last served the Govern- ment in a skirmish against Maguire, in which he was wounded in the thigh. In August 1594 a new Lord-Deputy, Sir Wil- liam Kussell, arrived. O'Neill, after a long absence from Court, suddenly appeared in Dublin, and, according to Moryson, '' pro- mised al humble obedience to the Queeue, as well before the state at Dublin, in his own person, as to the Lords in England by his letters ; and making his most humble submission to her Majesty, besought to be restored to her former grace, from which he had fallen by the lying slander of his enemies." Against the advice of Marshal Bagnall, his apology was half -accepted, and he was permitted to return home. Elizabeth was much incensed that a man so strongly suspected should be permitted to escape : " Our commandments to you in private for his stay ought otherwise have guided you." The O'Neill war, which lasted about eight years, until March 1603, may now be said to have commenced. The contest between Protestantism and Catho- licism, which then convulsed the Continent, had doubtless much to do in creating ani- mosity between O'Neill and the Govern- ment ; but the principal causes of the war were the incompatibility of his palatine rights with the settled Anglo-Ii'ish go- vernment, and the desire of the chief- tains to guard themselves against the greed and rapacity of adventurers, eager for land, who then swarmed in Ireland. Mr. Eichey inclines to the opinion that Hugh O'Neill rather drifted into the war than entered upon it with a precon- ceived purpose. When it was once inevit- able, he acted with the greatest prudence towards his neighbours, welding them into a confederacy of those who had suffered wrongs at the hands of the Government. He assumed the leadership rather than asserted the mastery. In the subsequent hostilities Hugh Roe O'Donnell, to whom he had bound himself by the strongest ties of friendship, was his ablest colleague. The entire force the Ulster chief s could put into the field was some 15,000 foot and 2,200 horse — for the most part ii-regular levies which it was all but impossible to keep together for any length of time. The entire English force in Ireland at the commence- ment of the war was 4,040 foot and 657 horse ; but they were quickly reinforced, and the Lord-Deputy could always count on efficient aid from the Earl of Ormond and other Irish allies. The Desmond war had ended in 1585 ; and Hugh O'Neill was not joined by the Sugan Earl of Desmond until 1598. O'Neill's first move was to storm and demolish the fortress of Portmore on the Blackwater. With the Maguires and MacMahons he besieged Monaghan. O'Donnell invaded Connaught in March and April, plundered the recent English settlements, and destroyed several castles. Sir John and Sir Thomas Norris marched north with a force of some 3,000 men ; but could do little more than strengthen the English gaiTison at Armagh. Their at- tempt to revictual the place was de- feated by O'Neill at Clontibret, a few miles from Monaghan, where the Nor- rises were both wounded, and obliged to retreat to Newry with a loss of 600 men. This check did not prevent their soon after- wards relieving the English garrison in Monaghan. Before one of these engage- ments, in sight of both armies, O'Neill engaged and slew in single combat one Sedgrave, an Anglo-Irish knight, who had come forward to challenge him. O'Neill was now proclaimed a traitor and a bas- tard — "that vile and base traitor raised out of the dust " by the Queen. On Sir Turlough O'Neill's death in 1595, he as- sumed the title of The O'Neill, in addition to that of Earl of Tyrone. In September he wrote to the King of Spain soliciting aid, asserting that the only hope of re- establishing the Catholic religion lay with him, and saying that with 2,000 or 3,000 troops he and his friends hoped to restore the faith of the Church, and secure the Spanish king a new kingdom. " To Don Carolo he wrote that, with the aid of 3,000 soldiers the faith might be estab- lished within one year in Ireland, the heretics would disappear, and no other sovereign would be recognized save the King-Catholic." '^^ Excepting some trifling supplies in arms and money, and a few troops, the assistance promised by Philip did not arrive for five years — too late to efiect anything. In January 1 5 96 an armis- tice was arranged between the Government and O'Neill, who was requested to set forth his offers and demands. If these should be acceptable to her Majesty, the Council assured him of her gracious pardon for his life, lands, and goods, and the same for his confederates. On the 20th Janu- ary Sir Henry Wallop and Sir Robert Gardner met Hugh O'Neill and Hugh Roe O'Donnell "a mile out of Dundalk, neither of either side having any other weapons than their swords. The forces 411 O'NE of either side stood a quarter of a mile distant from them ; and while they par- lied, which was on horseback, two horse- men of the Commissioners stood firm in the midway between the Earl's troops and them, and likewise two horsemen of the Earl's was placed between them and her Ma j esty 's forces. These scout officers were to give warning if any treacherous attempt were made on either side." '''' There was more than one such meeting. Fynes Moryson writes : " Tyrone in this confer- ence complained of the Marshal for his usurped jurisdiction in Ulster, for de- priving him of the Queenes favour by slaunders ; for intercepting his late letters to the Lord Deputie, and Lord Generall, protesting that he never negotiated with forraine Prince till he was proclaimed traytor. His humble petitions were, that hee and his might be pardoned, and have free exercise of religion granted (which notwithstanding had never before either been punished or inquired after). That the Marshal should pay him one thousand pound for his dead sister's, his wive's por- tion. That no garrisons nor sheriffes should be in his country. That his troope of fiftie horse in the Queenes pay might be restored to him. That such as had prey- ed his country might make restitution." O'Donnell complained of invasions of his father's territory, and of an opposing O'Donnell being set up, and of his and Owen O'Toole's long imprisonment. His demands were substantially the same as those made by O'Neill. The conferences were ultimately broken off without definite result. Mr. Richey, in discussing these terms in his Lectures on Irish History, comes to the conclusion that O'Neill's claim of liberty of conscience " was merely a form, to prevent the prosecution of the war, which had been represented to Philip II. as a Catholic crusade, losing altogether its religior character. . . [It] was put forward in the mildest form, and then silently abandoned. . . As the negotia- tions proceeded, O'Neill and O'Donnell assumed the position of protectors of all insurgents against the Queen. . . The Government, perplexed and exasperated, discovered that Irish affairs were entering into a new phase, and a national league was being formed, which would require the utmost strength of England to sub- due." The Government was unprepared for immediate hostilities, and unwilling to yield to the terms required, so that the truce was prolonged. The Commissioners reported to the Deputy : " Had we not considered our weakness and our want of victuals and other necessaries, we would 412 O'NE have broken off our treaty rather than en- dured their insolence." For the next two years it is impossible to describe the state of Ireland as one either of peace or of war. Supplies of arms arrived from Spain, and on one occasion O'Neill forwarded to the Deputy the letter accompanying them. In consequence of operations against his friend O' Byrne, O'Neill marched against Armagh and forced the garrison to surrender. There was another conference near Dun- dalk — O'NeiU submitted to the Queen's terms, and a pardon was sent over ; but when it arrived he would not accept of it. The northern garrisons were in a continual state of blockade ; interminable letter writing was carried on between the parties without definite result ; and the negotiations were interspersed with oc- casional fighting, and an abortive raid into Ulster. Under O'Neill's guidance, these operations tended to make good soldiers of the Irish, who were now " growne ready in managing their peeces, and bold to skirmish in bogges and wooddy passages." -^^ On 7th June 1598 the last " truce" expired. The northern garrisons were in extreme dis- tress for provisions. Marshal Bagnall, at the head of the flower of the English forces, conveying provisions, arms, and money, occupied Armagh. On the morning of 14th August the Marshal marched out at the head of about 3,500 foot and 300 horse, and attacked O'Neill's intrenched position at " Beal-an-atha-bue " (Yellow Ford) on the Blackwater. O'Neill's forces were about as numerous as Marshal Bagnall's. Hugh Roe O'Donnell held chief command under him, and Hugh Maguire was at the head of the cavalry. After a contest last- ing the whole forenoon, the English were utterly defeated . Marshal Bagnall, thirteen officers, and 1,500 soldiers were killed, according to English accounts, and the standards, arms, ammunition, and supplies were captured. The relics of the force es- caped by capitulation, and Armagh, with the other northern garrisons, surrendered a few days afterwards. The Irish loss in killed and wounded is put down at 800. Fynes Moryson goes on to say that " the English from their first arrivall in that kingdome never had received so great an overthrow. . . Thirteene valiant cap- taines, and i , 500 common souldiers (whereof many were of the old companies which had served in Brittany under Generall Norreys) were slaine. . . Tyrone was among the Irish celebrated as the deliverer of his country from thraldom, and the combined traytoi-s on all sides were puffed up with intolerable pride. All Ulster was in arms; all Connaught revolted ; and the rebels of O'NE Leinster swarmed in the English Pale, while the English lay in their garrisons, so far from assailing the rebels, as they rather lived in continuall feare to be sur- prised by them. . . And now they raised James FitzThomas, a Geraldine, to be Earle of Desmond [See Desmond, James, SuGAN Earl] . . with condition that, forsooth, he should be vassal to O'Neill. The Mounster rebelUon brake out like lightning. . . May you hold laughter, or will you think that Carthage ever bred such a dissembling foedifragous wretch as Tyrone, when you shall reade that even in the middest of all these garboyles, and whilest in his letters to the King of Spaine he magnified his victories, beseeching him not to believe that he would seeke or take any conditions of peace, and vowing con- stantly to keepe his faith plighted to that King, yet most impudently he ceased not to entertain the Lord Lieutenant by letters and messages, with offers of submission." Complete as was the victory of the Yellow Ford, O'XeiU had neither the resources nor the ability to follow it up. Mr. Eichey says : " At this date the whole force of the rebels throughout Ireland was estimated by the Council at no more than 18,368 foot and 2,346 horse, scattered over the whole face of the island, without any line which could be taken up by them for de- fensive purposes — without unity of action ; without commissariat, magazines, or sup- plies of any kind, except stray cargoes of munitions from Spain ; without the most ordinary requisites for carrying on a cam- paign in a civilized manner. Most of the insuigent force must have been utterly vmdisciplined, and, for a prolonged cam- paign, practically useless. Crallowglass and kerne sound formidable, and may have looked so ; but as soon as the war in Ire- land was carried on, as it was by Lord Mount joy, such irregular levies merely in- sured the defeat of their party. . . His [O'Neill's] only hope of ultimate success was the arrival of support from Spain; and his constant object was to avoid com- mitting his forces to any decisive engage- ment, and thus to keep them together as long as possible." The Earl of Essex landed in April 1599, with an army of 20,000 foot and 2,000 horse, sufiicient, as Queen Elizabeth and her advisers be- lieved, to crush O'Neill. Essex's forces were wasted in his southern campaign, and his expedition against O'Neill resulted only in a personal interview at Aclint on the Lagan, on 7th August. They met half way in the river (the water reaching to their saddle-girihs), and held a private conference of nearly an hour, at which it O'XE is supposed that O'Neill, who possessed profound insight into character, made an impression on his adversary by no means to the advantage of English interests. O'Neill is believed to have demanded the free exercise of the Catholic religion ; that the principal officers of state and the judges should be natives of Ireland ; that half the army should be Irish ; and that he, O'Donnell, the Earl of Desmond, Ma- guire, and his associates should freely en- joy the lands pertaining to their respective tribes. On the 8th September, a truce until the ist of May following was agreed upon, terminable by a fortnight's notice on either side. Elizabeth was indignant at such an inglorious termination of the ex- pedition. In January 1600 Hugh O'NeLU, with a force of nearly 3,000 men, made a foray into iMunster, ravaged the territo- ries of his countrymen in alliance with the English, and strengthened his posi- tion by fresh alliances. He turned aside to visit Holy Cross Abbey, upon which he bestowed many gifts. At Cashel he was joined by the Sugan Earl of Des- mond, and at Inishcarra, near Cork, re- ceived the homage of the MacCarthys, O'Donoghoes, O'Donovans, O'Suliivans, and O'Mahonys. The prestige thus gained was dearly purchased by the death, in a skirmish, of Hugh Maguire, one of his ablest lieutenants. The appointment of Sir George Carew as President of Munster, and the arrival of Lord Mount joy with reinforcements, induced O'Neill to retire to Lester. In May Matthew de Oviedo, who had been named Archbishop of Dublin, arrived as envoy to O'Neill, bringing from Clement VIII. indulgences to all those who had fought for the Catholic faith in Ireland, and to O'Neill himself a crown of peacock's feathers, probably similar to that sent by a former Pontiff to John on his being nominated King of Ireland. Lord Mount joy and Sir George Carew now vigorously set about the reduction of the south, whilst Sir Henry Docwra es- tablished himself at Culmore on Lough Foyle, and opened up commimications with Art O'Neill, Niall Garv O'Donnell, O'Dogherty of Inishowen, and other chief- tains who repudiated O'Neill's authority. No stronger evidence of the inherent weakness of the northern chieftains can be adduced than the fact that a force of 1,938 English and 702 Irish auxiliaries (whereof 388 were unarmed and 315 were left sick at Dundalk) was considered suf- ficient in September 1 600 to make a host- ing into T}Tone.=^' Early in 1601 Tyrone was wasted by Mount joy, who offered .£1,000 for O'Neill's head, and plotted un- 413 O'NE successfully for his assassination. The Sugan Earl and Florence MacCarthy were captured and sent to the Tower. On the other hand, O'Donnell obtained several trifling successes in Ulster and Connaught. Lord Mountjoy abandoned the old system of marching in force across the country, dispersing the insurgents merely to rally again, and occupied various posts in the disturbed districts, whence he was able to send out flying columns. At Benburb, on 1 6th July 1 60 1, the Lord-Deputy, with a loss of but five English, defeated a party of Hugh O'Neill's followers, killing his secretary and 200 of his kerns. Of their Irish auxiliaries the English lost twenty-six killed and seventy-five wounded, concerning whom Fynes Moryson writes : " Those L-ish being such as had been rebels, and were like upon the least discontent to turne rebels, and such as were kept in pay rather to keepe them from taking part with the rebels, then any service they could doe us, the death of those unpeaceable sword- men, though falling on our side, yet was rather gaine then losse to the common- wealth." On the 23rd September 1601 a Spanish fleet, conveying 4,000 men and a quantity of arms and stores, under Don Juan d'Aguila, entered Kinsale harbour. D'Aguila occupied the town and defences, sent back his transports for reinforce- ments, and communicated with O'Neill. Lord Mountjoy and Sir George Carew, with a force of 2,000 Irish and 1,000 English, immediately invested Kinsale, while their fleet blockaded the harbour. Reinforcements were hastened from Eng- land, and before long there were 11,800 foot and 857 horse before the town. Hugh O'Neill allowed three months to elapse before he appeared at Belgoley, a hill north of Kinsale, a mile from the Anglo- Irish camp. Both he and O'Donnell had wasted much time on the way south in plunderin( and burning the districts under Anglo-Irish rule and influence. Mountjoy's forces had by that time been reduced by death and sickness, and the necessity of oc- cupying minor posts, to 6, 5 87 . O'Neill had under his command about 6,000 foot and 500 horse, including O'Donnell's division of 2,500, and 300 Spaniards, who had been landed at Castlehaven. If he had held this large force in hand, and cut off the supplies of Mountjoy's army, there is little doubt but that he might have raised the siege, and efiected a junction with the Spaniards; but he allowed himself to be urged into action by messages from D'Aguila, and by the precipitancy of O'Donnell, and on the night of the 23rd and 24th December (o.s.), having arranged beforehand with the 414 O'NE Spaniards, he made an attack upon the entrenchments of the besiegers. Mount- joy had received private information of the intended movement, and was on the alert. The night was dark, broken by frequent flashes of lightning. Captain Tyrrell led the vanguard, O'Neill the centre, O'Donnell the rear. The guides missed their course, and when they reached the entrenchments at dawn of day they found the English army under arms, the cavalry mounted and in advance, and all ready to receive them. As O'Neill en- deavoured to bring his division into some order, the English cavalry poured down upon him. For an hour his troops strug- gled to maintain their ground. There was fearful confusion and carnage. The Spani- ards made a gallant stand ; their leader was taken, and most of them were cut to pieces. O'Donnell's division came at length into the field, and repulsed a wing of the English cavalry ; but the panic of the Irish became general, and ended in utter rout. Mountjoy's loss was compara- tively small. Fynes Moryson computes O'Neill's at 14 officers and 1,995 men killed, and 76 wounded. "After the battUe," says the same writer, " the Lord Deputy, in the middest of the dead bodies, caused thanks to be given to God for this victory." The Four Masters tell us that O'Neill and O'Donnell camped that night at Inishannon — " There prevailed much reproach on reproach, moaning and dejec- tion, melancholy and anguish, in every quarter throughout the camp." Tlie Spanish force capitulated on 2nd Janu- ary 1602. O'Donnell immediately sailed for Spain in the hope of procuring ad- ditional assistance, and O'Neill returned with his followers to Tyrone. Follow- ing up the defeated Earl on his retreat north from Kinsale, Lord Mountjoy broke to pieces the stone at Tullaghoge, upon which, for centuries, the O'Neills had been inaugurated. The war was practically at an end, although O'Neill held out for another year. The state of Ulster was ap- proximating to that of Munster after the Desmond war : " No spectacle was more frequent in the ditches of townes, and especiallie in wasted countries, then to see multitudes of these pooer people dead, with their mouths all coloured greene by eating nettles, docks, and aU things they could rend up above ground. These and very many like lamentable effects followed their rebellion." If O'Neill could not continue the war, the English Goverimient was utterly sick of it. Within four years it had cost Elizabeth, " besides great con- cordatums, great charge of munitions, and other great extraordinaries," in money alone J 1,198, 71 8, an enormous sum for those days. On the 20th March the Lord Deputy wrote to the Secretary of State : " Believe me, that I have omitted nothing, both by power and policy, to mine him, and utterly to cut him off, and if by either I may procure his head, before I have engaged her royall word for his safety, I doe protest I will doe it, and much more be ready to possess myself of his person, if by only promise of life, or by any other means, whereby I shal not directly scandal the maiesty of publike faith." On 30th March 1603 Hugh O'Neill met the Lord- Deputy and members of his CouncU at MelUfont, near Drogheda, and made sub- mission upon his knees — craving pardon for past offences, renouncing and abjuring all foreign powers, especially the King of Spain, resigning his lands and seigniorial rights, and promising to use his best en- deavours for " the abolishing of all bar- barous customes," and "the cleering of difficult passages and places, which are the nurseries of rebellion." He must have been still a formidable adversary ; for im- mediately following this submission, he was confirmed in his earldom and all his former rights and territories (except small grants to the Queen's allies, Henry Oge O'Neill and Turlough MacHenry, 300 acres for the erection of Charlemont Fort, and 300 for Mount] oy Fort). For some days before this submission the Deputy was aware of Elizabeth's death ; when the news was communicated to O'Neill he burst into tears, rightly judging that he might have made even better terms had he known of it before his submission. Hugh O'Neill was received at court in London. " I have lived," wrote Sir John Harrington, an old soldier, " to see that damnable rebel, Tyrone, brought to England, honoured and well liked. O what is there that does not prove the inconstancy of worldly mat- ters? How I did labour for all that knave's destruction ! I adventured perils by sea and land, was near starving, eat horse flesh in Munster, and all to quell that man, who now smileth in peace at those who did harass their lives to destroy him ; and now doth Tyrone dare us, old commanders, with his presence and protec- tion." The officials and adventurers who had looked forward to the forfeiture of his lands were also disgusted at being baulked of their expected prey. The soldiers of the garrisons in his territories longed to avenge old scores. James was determiued to enforce uniformity of re- ligion. "Tyrone," says Mr. Richey, " during all bis career, attempted nothing O'NE so difficult as to live a loyal subject of the English king. It would be tedious to re- late in detail the complications and annoy- ances in which Tyrone was involved — his lawsuits with O'Cahanand with the Bishop of Derry and Raphoe ; the interference in religious matters of the Archbishop of Armagh ; the expressions publicly used towards him by the Deputy ; the conduct of the English garrisons and sheriffs. Day by day he must have learned, by a con- tinuous coui-se of litigation and insult, that he was a marked man ; that every Eng- lishman in Ireland regarded him as an enemy ; that at any moment he might find himself involved in a charge of treason, supported by interested or bigoted wit- nesses, and that his life and fortune were hourly in peril." On iSth of May 1607 an anonymous document (now known to have been written by Lord Howth) was found at the door of the Council Chamber at Dublin Castle. "Without naming indi- viduals, it disclosed a "Popish plot" — plans for the assassination of the Lord- Deputy, and a general insurrection, assisted from abroad. Nothing is more improbable than that there was any truth in the statements contained in the document. But the Government was seriously alarmed. Cuconnaught Maguire was then in the Netherlands. The Archduke Albert re- ceived private information of the finding of the letter, and the intention of the Govern- ment to seize O'Neill and the northern lords. This was communicated by the Archduke to Florence Conroy, and by him to Maguire, who sent a messenger to O'NeiU and his friends to put them on their guard, while he set about providing means for their escape. "With 7,000 crowns contributed by the Archduke, he purchased at Rouen a vessel of eighty tons, mounting sixteen guns, manned her with marines in disguise, freighted her with a cargo of salt, and sailed for Ireland. On his ar- rival off the coast of Ulster, Maguire managed to communicate with the Earls of Tyrone and Tirconnell ; and in Lough S willy on 14th September 1607, he em- barked them and their families. On board the little vessel were altogether ninety-nine persons, "having little sea-store, and being otherwise miserably accommodated." They set sail at midnight, and after a tempestoua passage of twenty days, entered the Seine on 4th October. We are told how on the passage " two poor merlins, with wearied pinions, sought refuge in the rigging of our vessel, and were captured for the noble ladies, who nursed them with tenderest affection." In France they were warmly received by Henry IV., but, upon the re- 415 O'NE presentations of the English ambassador, were obliged to pass on to Rome, where they arrived in May 1608. They were welcomed by Pope Paul Y., and " amply provided with every requirement befitting people of their condition." The King of Spain settled pensions upon them. The Earl of Tirconnell died in a few weeks ; and within two years O'Neill was almost the last of the little band of exiles. He made more than one ineffectual appeal to be permitted to return to Ireland and occupy a portion of his old estates. He became blind; and dying on 20th July 1616, at the age of 76, was buried in the church of San Pietro di Montorio, beside the Earl of Tirconnell and others of his fellow exiles. His tombstone bore the inscription : " D . o . M . hic . quiescunt IJGONIS . PRINCIPIS . O'NEILL . OSSA." To his sister Nuala, weeping over his grave, his bard MacWard addressed that noble " La- ment," which, translated by Mangan, is known to all Irish readers. The epitaph is no longer to be seen, the stone having probably been reversed in repairing the pavement of the church ; but the grave is marked by the tombs of the Tirconnells and of the Baron of Dungannon, beside which his is supposed to have been. The inscriptions upon these last are given in Meehan's Fate and Fortunes of Tyrone and Tyrconnell. Mr. Richey thus sums up Hugh O'Neill's character : " In his course of conduct he was essentially not a Celt. He possessed none of the enthusiasm or in- stability of his nation ; he did not exhibit the reckless audacity, self-confidence, vani- ty, and uncivilized craft of Shane ; his composed and polite manners, when treat- ing with the English commissioners, were noticed in contradistinction to the violent and excited expressions of his chiefs. He never committed himself by any hasty or ill-considered step, yet he was able, when the occasic^ required it — as in his attempt to relieve Kinsale — to put his whole for- tune at hazard. He was led astray by neither patriotism nor enthusiasm, as his conduct proved repeatedly ; he perfectly knew the measure of his power ; and — patient, cool, and conciliatory — was ad- mirably adapted to play a losing game ; and when he had lost his stake, he exhibit- ed the very un-Irish quality of appreciating existing facts, and having failed in his attempt to make himself not merely The O'Neill, but the ruler of Ireland, acquiesced in his position, and was willing to make the best of circumstances, by sinking back into the position of an English nobleman. He was not a great (but almost a great) man ; a most able adventurer, whose repu- 416 O'NE tation has been dwarfed by the small theatre in which he played his part ; yet, after every allowance, he was undoubtedly the ablest man whom the Celtic race, since the arrival of the English, has produced." Of O'Neill's widowed Countess, Catherine Magennis, his fourth wife, little is known ; she probably died in the Netherlands. His son Con, left behind in Ireland, was educated at Eton as a Protestant, and died in the Tower some time after 1622 ; Ber- nard was left at Louvain to be educated by the Franciscans, and either was mur- dered or committed suicide, 16th August 1617; Henry commanded a regiment in the Spanish service, and died some time before 1626, when the earldom devolved upon John, who also served Spain, and survived until about 1641. By his death Hugh O'Neill's line became extinct. Hugh's daughter Alice, born in 1583, married Sir Randal MacDonnell (ist Earl of Antrim). She is described as " of good cheerful aspect, freckled, not tall, but strong, well set, and acquainted with the English tongue." At a parliament held in Dublin in 161 3, the Earls of Tyrone and Tirconnell and their companions in flight were attainted, and their vast estates, some 5 1 1 ,465 acres, escheated ; 209,800 were made over to the London Companies and to "servitors and natives," and the rest was variously appropriated. An inter- esting disquisition on the results of the treatment of O'Neill and the Ulster chiefs generally, and the policy of the Govern- ment, will be found in the tenth of Mr. Richey's Lectures on Irish History, 2nd Series. The Rev. C. P. Meehan's Fate and Fortunes of the Earls of Tyrone and Tyr- connell contains minute particulars of the lives of Hugh O'Neill, his family, and friends, from his submission at Mellifont to his death. '34 170. 174 n? =69 O'Neill, Sir Felim, one of the most prominent actors in the inception of the War of 1 64 1 -'5 2, fourth in descent from a younger brother of Con Bacagh O'Neill, was born in 1604. Carte gives the follow- ing account of him : " Sir Phelim O'Neile of Kinard, in the County of Tyrone, had a very good estate in that and the adjoin- ing county of Ardmagh, and was the most considerable person of his name in Ireland. His grandfather, Sir Henry O'Neile, had deserved well of the Crown ; and by a patent under the Great Seal of Ireland, dated 12th June 1605, had a grant made him of the whole and entire territory called Henry Gage's country. Sir Henry was slain in the King's service on June 20th 1608, in an action against Sir Cahir O'Dogharty, who had risen in rebellion in O'NE Ulster. By an inquisition taken before Sir Kobert Jacob, on March 30th 1609, it was found that Sir Phelim was next heir to his grandfather, and then five years and an half old. After he came of age, he was desirous of a new grant in which all the lands mentioned in Sir Henry's patent in general terms, should be specially named ; and accordingly, upon a report of the King's coimcil, on May 6th 1629, a new patent was ordered, vesting in him all his grandfather's estate in the manner and form he desired. Sir Phelim was a person of very mean natural parts, and improved them very little in his English education, whilst he was a student at Lincoln's-inn ; during which time he had professed him- self a Protestant, but changed after, if not before, his return into Ireland ; and then entering upon his estate before he had dis- cretion enough to manage it, or to conduct himself, ran into all the follies and extra- vagances of youth ; and having thereby contracted an heavy debt, and mortgaged in a manner all his estate, was the more liable to receive those impressions, and engage in those measures which the other conspirators suggested to him. Old Tyrone had died a.d. 161 6, and his son had no children ; so that Sir Phelim, as the nearest to them in blood, and the greatest in interest among the O'Neiles, saw him- self in a fair way of being set up as the head of that family, and of succeeding to those vast possessions, and that absolute power which the O'Neiles had been used to enjoy in Ulster." In 1641 he entered warmly into plans for insurrection with Roger More, Lord Maguire, his brother Turlough O'Neill, Sir Con Maginniss, and other persons of distinction in Ireland. [For the motives by which they were actuated, see the notice of the Duke of Ormond, p. 57.] His house was the ren- dezvous for the meetings of the leaders ; and he was one of the five who met in Castle-street, Dublin, in October, to con- cert measures for the capture of the Castle. Their plans were discovered through the carelessness of a drunken servant, and the leaders fled. Escaping north. Sir FeUm seized and garrisoned Charlemont Fort, Dungannon, and the northern fortresses, and soon found himself governor of ten counties. Mr. Prendergast in his Crom- wellian Settlement, clears him of the charge of having murdered Lord Caulfeild. " He treated him and his family with great care when he surprised the Fort of Charle- mont, on the 23 rd October 1 64 1 ; and there Lord Caulfeild was kept imtil the 14th of January 1642, when he was sent with an escort to Cloughouter Castle. . . He O'NE was shot in the back by Edmund O'Hugh, a foster brother of Sir PheUm, and thus murdered in the absence and without the knowledge of Sir Phelim. That Sir Phelim had no part in this murder is certain." '3 On the 5 th November 1 641, at the head of 30,000 men, he established his head-quar- ters at Newry, declaring that he fought for the King. As warrant for going out into insurrection, he exhibited a document with the Great Seal attached, which he after- wards acknowledged was detached from a patent he found at Charlemont Fort. Great atrocities are, not without reason, charged against his followers. He was twice de- feated with considerable loss before the castle of Derrick, in Tyrone. He took Dundalk in November; and about the ist of January 1642, at the head of a large force, invested Drogheda. The place was defended with extraordinary resolution by Sir Eoger Tichborne, and after a siege of about two months, Sir Felim drew off his forces to Dundalk. Thither Sir Roger Tichborne followed, took the town by storm, with the loss of only eighteen men, and obliged his adversary to retreat to- wards i^magh. There was considerable jealousy between Sir Felim and Owen Roe O'Neill, as rival heads of the family, and although the former commanded in several minor conflicts, after Owen Roe'a arrival from the Continent, he did not take a leading part in military opera- tions. He, however, held a prominent place at the coimcil board of the Con- federation. Rinuccini's efibrts to bring about an understanding between the O'NeUls proved successful in 1646. Sir Felim commanded a division of Owen Roe O'Neill's army at Benburb (5th June), where, says Rinuccini, "everyone slaugh- tered his adversary, and Sir Phelim O'Neill, who bore himself most bravely, when asked by the colonels for a list of his prisoners, swore that his regiment had not one, as he had ordered his men to kill them all vsdthout distinction." ='5 In Novem- ber 1649 he married Lady Jane Gordon, a daughter of the Marquis of Huntley, and widow of Lord Strabane. He had just before relieved her castle of Stra- bane, attacked by Monro. Three years afterwards, in 1652, he was taken prisoner by Lord Caulfeild, on an island in Lough Roughan, near Dungannon, and was forth- with sent to Dublin. He was tried and convicted in October, and was executed with all the barbarities then inflicted on persons adjudged guilty of high treason. His head was fixed on the bridge at Dublin, and his quarters were scattered throughout difierent parts of Ireland. According to 417 O'NE Mr. Froude'3 account, his trial took place at Kilkenny, under General IFeetwood. ''* 224 295 323 O'Neill, Owen Roe, General of the Ulster Irish between 1642 and 1649, son of Art O'Neill, who was brother of Hugh, Earl of Tyrone, was born • in Ire- land about 1599. He was taken to the Continent by his uncle when he fled in 1607, was educated in the Irish Franciscan monastery at Louvain, entered the Span- ish army, where he was known as Don Eugenio O'Neill, and before long rose to the rank of colonel. He married Rose O'Dogherty, sister of Sir Cahir, From 1 3th June to loth August 1640, with 1,500 foot, chiefly Irish, and 400 horse, he defended Arras against a French force of 25,000 infantry and 9,000 cavalry ; and, although ultimately obliged to capitulate, was per- mitted to march out with all the honours of war, and retire to Douay. In April 1642 he was waited upon at Brussels by a deputation from the northern Irish, then in arms. With the cordial assent of Urban VIII., and by the advice of Luke Wadding, he accepted their ofier of the command of the Ulster forces, and with money sent him by the Pope, purchased a frigate, the St. Francis, and freighted her with arms and munitions. He sailed from Dunkirk about 1 8th June, with his sons Henry, Bryan, and Con ; O'Cahan, Bryan O'Byrne, Owen O'Dogherty, Gerald FitzGerald, and many of his countrymen anxious to join in the struggle. Eluding the vigilance of Eng- lish cruisers, specially despatched to inter- cept her, the St. Francis dropped anchor at Castledoe, in Donegal, towards the end of July. Sir Felim O'Neill, with i ,500 men, escorted him to Charlemont, where he was invested with supreme command in Ulster. The English general, Leslie, wrote that he was sorry a person of his experience and reputation abroad should come to Ire- land to s*^ ond so bad a cause, and ear- nestly besought him to return whence he came, whereupon O'Neill replied that he " had more reason to come to relieve the deplorable state of his country, than Leslie had to march at the head of an army to England against his own King." Twelve more sail afterwards arrived, and landed contingents of officers and men trained in the continental wars, and stores of arms and ammunition contributed by diff"erent European powers. The Confederation of Kilkenny was constituted on 24th October 1642. Eleven spiritual and fourteen tem- poral peers, with 226 commoners, repre- senting the Catholic population of Ireland, assembled, and swore to observe true alle- giance to King Charles, to sustain an Irish 418 O'l^E Parliament, to maintain the free exercise of the Roman Catholic faith, and to obey the laws made by the Supreme Council then elected. A declaration of rights was issued, a government constituted, an army organized, a mint established, a great seal cut, and ambassadors were sent to foreign states. O'Neill was appointed to command the Ulster forces, Thomas Preston those of Leinster, Gerald Barry in Munster, John Burke in Connaught. It would be impos- sible clearly to follow O'Neill's course through the troubled politics of the next few years in Ireland, There were the parties of the Confederation and of the English Parliament ; there was Ormond's party, and the party of Rinuccini, the Papal Nuncio; there was General Monro's Scotch Presbyterian party, the party of Inchiquin, and the party of the Old Irish. These factions were much split up, and at times formed the most unlooked-for alli- ances. Union and patriotism were lament- ably wanting. The name of Owen Roe O'Neill stands out more clearly than that of any other of the actors in the drama, as one sincerely anxious to sink personal considerations and serve his country and religion. Only the main points in his career can be noticed. He spent the winter of 1642 in disciplining his levies of Irish kerns, who were thus described by Rinuccini : " The soldiers of Ulster, and, in some parts, those of Connaught, natu- rally accustomed to sufl'ering, and habitu- ated to the frosts of that northern climate, have few wishes and few wants. Caring but little for bread, they live upon sham- rock and butter. Their drink is milk, and, as a great luxury, usquebagh. Pro- vided they have shoes and a few uten- sils, a woollen cloak serves for their covering — more zealously careful of their sword and musket than of their personal comfort. They seldom touch money, and therefore complain but little about it." In May 1643 he successfully repulsed General Monro's attempt to surprise Charlemont. He was deeply mortified at the Supreme Council preferring Lord Castlehaven to him for the chief com- mand of the armies of the Confederation. On 24th June he joined Preston near MuUingar. Their forces numbered about 12,000 men. They reaped the com in Meath, and took the castles of Killelan, Balrath, Ballybeg, Bective, Balsoon, and ArdsaUagh, and defeated Lord Moore at Portlester. On 15 th September O'Neill's progress was stayed by a cessation of arms agreed upon between the Marquis of Ormond and the Confederates. More than a year was passed in negotiations — O'NE the Anglo-Irish Confederates were inclined to temporize, whilst the Old Irish, headed by Einuccini and supported by O'Neill, opposed all proposals of permanent peace that would not include complete toleration for the Catholics. In November the Su- preme Council commanded him to join his forces to those of Castlehaven, and attack Monro in Munster. The operations during 1644 and 1645 resolved themselves into a series of skirmishes which, while they did not accomplish their end of driving Monro out of Ireland, tended to discipline the Irish troops. Towards the close of 1645 O'Neill quarrelled with Castlehaven, charging him with supineness or cowardice in the opera- tions of the war. Both generals appealed to the Supreme Council, and O'Neill re- tired to Belturbet, where he established his headquarters until the spring of 1646. He was then summoned to Kilkenny by Einuccini, who supplied him with a large portion of the arms he had brought from the Continent ; and, smoothing over the differences between him and his kinsman. Sir Felim O'Neill, induced the latter to consent to serve under him. By the fol- lowing May, Owen had an army of 5,000 foot and 500 horse, with which he marched, about ist June, in the direction of Armagh, to attack Monro. The Scottish general met him with 6,00c infantry and 800 horse, and on the 5th June the battle of Benburb was fought, in which O'Neill was completely victorious. Carte, in his Life of Ormond, thus writes of Monro's defeat : " Sir James Montgomery's regiment was the only one which retired in a body ; all the others fled in the utmost confusion, and most of the infantry were cut in pieces. Colonel Conway, after having two horses shot under him, made his escape almost miraculously to the Newry, with Captain Burke and about forty horse. Lord Mont- gomery was taken prisoner, with about twenty-one officers, and one hundred and fifty common soldiers. There were found three thousand two hundred and forty- three slain on the field of battle, and others were killed next day in the pursuit. O'Neile had only about seventy killed, and two hundred wounded. He took all the Scots' artillery, being four field pieces, with most of their arms, thirty-two colours, their tents and baggage. The booty was very great : one thousand five hundred di-aft horses being taken, and two months' provisions for the Scotch army — enough to serve the Ulster Irish (an hardy people, used to live on potatoes and butter, and content generally with only milk and shoes) double the time. Monro fled without his wigand coatto Lisnegarvy, and immediately O'NE burned Dundrum, deserted Port a Down, Clare, Glanevy, Downepatrick, and other places." One of 0' Neill's chaplains carried the news of the victory to Einuccini at Limerick on the 13th, and presented to him the captured colours at the cathedral with much state. Three days later they were forwarded to Eome, and the Pope shortly afterwards sent O'Neill, as an augury of future victories, the sword of his distinguished uncle, the Earl of Tyrone. After this triumph O'Neill's army dis- persed over Monaghan, Cavan, Leitrim, and Longford, until the crops should be ripe, while the wounded were sent to Charlemont, where Sir Felim O'Neill had surgeons for them. The account of the battle posted in the streets of London de- scribed " the bloody fight at Blackwater, on the 5 th of June, by the Irish rebels against Major-General Monro, where 5,000 Protestants were put to the sword." A message from Einuccini again summoned O'Neill south, and his army being in- creased by deserters from Monro and fresh levies, to 10, 000 foot, and twenty-one troops of horse, he marched to Kilkenny, and in conjunction with Preston supported the cause of the Nuncio and those anxious to reject the peace ofi'ered by Ormond. O'Neill and Preston then moved towards Dublin, in the hope of wresting the city from Ormond before he could deliver it into the hands of the Parliamentarians. The two generals proceeded by different routes, and pitched their camps between Lucan and Celbridge. Much animosity existed between them. O'Neill distrusted Preston, and Preston was really more anxious to fall on O'Neill than to march on Dublin. A month was wasted in con- tentious bickerings, and when the news arrived that a large Parliamentarj' force had been received into the city, O'Neill collected together his troops by cannon shot, crossed the Liffey by a temporary bridge, and retreated to Westmeath, and afterwards to Connaught. On 8th August 1647, Preston was defeated by General Jones near Trim, and the safety of the Supreme Council was left in the hands of O'Neill, who marched from Sligo, and kept Jones shut up in Dublin for four months. At times the citizens could count from their church-towers two hundred Irish watch fires. Throughout 1648 O'NeiU ad- hered to the cause of Einuccini, who still rejected the peace proposals that did not provide for the free exercise of the Catholic religion in Ireland. Preston and other Confederate generals seceded from the Nuncio, and proclaimed O'Neill a rebel, and Lord Inchiquin, hitherto on the side 419 O'NE of the Parliamentarians, joined them — re- solved to destroy O'Neill and turn Einuc- cini out of Ireland. On 28th May 1648, the Nuncio, from Maryborough, excom- municated the abettors of the peace, and put under interdict all towns that should receive it ; 2,000 of Preston's troops there- upon joined O'Neill, and the approach of a force under Inchiquin alone prevented him from sacking Kilkenny. O'Neill then turned aside into Thomond, stormed the castle of Nenagh and the fortresses gar- risoned by Inchiquin's soldiery, and occu- pied a fortified position at Ballaghmore. Einuccini left Ireland in March 1649, and it became O'Neill's only object to keep his army together, in the hope of Continental assistance. At one time he even entered into a treaty with General Jones, and in return for a herd of 2,000 cattle, raised the siege of Londonderry, where Coote, who held that city for the Parliament, was shut up. After Ormond's defeat at Eathmines, and in the face of Cromwell's arrival, all the principal Irish parties sank their dif- ferences and showed willingness to com- bine against the common enemy. Owen Eoe detached 6,000 men to join Ormond, in the vain effort to withstand the Parlia- mentary army before Wexford, and was himself hastening south, when he was attacked with an old complaint — acute gout — at Londonderry. For some days he was carried in a horse-litter at the head of his army ; but at length resigned the command to his nephew Major-General Hugh O'Neill, and getting worse and worse, died at Cloughouter Castle, the residence of his brother-in-law, Philip O'Eeilly, 6th November 1649, aged about 50. He was interred in the abbey of Cavan. Carte says, Owen Eoe O'Neill was " a man of few words, cautious and phleg- matic in his operations, a gi-eat adept in concealing his feelings . . the imitator of Fabiup" His widow, Eosa, survived until ist November 1660. She died at Brussels, and was buried in the convent of the Franciscans at Louvain, where her tomb may still be seen. His son Henry was taken prisoner by Coote at the battle of Scarriffholles [See MacMahon, He- ber], 2ist June 1650, and notwithstanding promise of quarter, was executed in cold blood. His other sons — Bryan, Con, and John (a priest)— ultimately reached the Continent ; but no further record remains of them. '*' '7°* '''■» '8*t 269 29; 340 O'Neill, Hugh, Major-General, served with distinction in the War of i64i-'52. in the autumn of 1649 he succeeded his uncle, Owen Eoe O'Neill, in the command of his army, and took part in some of the 420 O'NE minor operations of the ensuing winter. In May 1650, with 1,500 Ulstermen he stubbornly defended Clonmel against Cromwell. He ultimately drew off se- cretly, after the Parliamentarians had lost some 2,500 before the place. One of Crom- well's officers admitted in a letter that they " found in Clonmel the stoutest enemy this army had ever met in Ireland. . There was never so hot a storm of so long a continuance, and so gallantly defended, either in Ireland or England." In the autumn of the same year (1650) he was appointed Governor of Limerick, and for weeks sustained a siege against Ireton and Ludlow. The latter, in his Memoirs, gives a fearful account of the sufferings endured by the inhabitants. Upon one occasion at least, a crowd of famine-stricken wretches, endeavouring to leave the city, were beaten back. Limerick capitulated on the 27th October, on the humiliating con- dition that O'Neill, the Mayor, the Bishops of Limerick and Emly, Major-General Purcell, and some twelve of the principal inhabitants should be exempted from pardon. As the garrison marched out several dropped dead of the plague. The Bishop of Emly, Major-General Purcell, and others of the exempted persons were executed. Hugh O'Neill, after giving Ireton the keys of the place, and showing him round the fortifications, was con- demned to die. But Ireton, resolving to hear him, demanded of him what he had to say for himself. His defence, according to Ludlow, was " That the war had been long on foot before he came over ; that he came upon the invitation of his country- men ; that he had always demeaned him- self as a fair enemy ; and that the ground of his exception from the articles, being his encouraging to hold out, though there was no hope of relief, was not applicable to him, who had always moved them to a timely surrender ; as indeed he made it appear; and therefore hoped that he should enjoy the benefit of the articles; in confidence of which he had faithfully delivered up the keys of the town, with all the arms, ammunition, and provisions without imbezzlement, and his own person also, to the Deputy. But the blood for- merly shed at Clonmel . . had made such an impression on the Deputy, that his judgment, which was of great weight with the court, moved them a second time to vote him to die ; though some of us earnestly opposed it." Ireton having car- ried his point, a third time remitted the case to the consideration of his officers, reserving his own opinion, and O'Neill's life was spared. That he lived ten years O'NE after this, and assumed the title of Earl of Tyrone, appears by a letter from him (dated from Madrid, 27 th October 1660) to the Marquis of Ormond, soliciting the restoration of his family to royal favour. This appeal was supported by the English Ambassador, Henry Bennett, in a letter in which he set forth Hugh's lineal succes- sion to the title. == ^ «= =-s ^19. O'Neill, Arthur, a blind harper of " unrivalled skill," one of the last of the Irish bards, died in 1816, aged 89. He was remarkable for his antiquarian know- ledge, and is said to have been instru- mental in the preservation of many ancient Irish melodies. '^^ O'lTeill, Elizabeth (Lady Becher), a celebrated actress, was bom in Drogheda in 1 79 r . Her father was manager of a small theatrical company. About 181 2, says the Athenaeum, "father and daughter were doing very ill in Dublin, half-starving, while they waited for luck, when it came to the latter all of a sudden. Miss Wald- stein, the theatrical heroine of the hour, refused to act unless at an advanced salary. The manager was in despair, when he heard of the priceless pearl that was to be had for nothing. Miss O'Neill was forth- with attached to the Dublin Theatre, where she excited such sensations of de- light, that the Irish capital was beside itself. Forthwith, Covent Garden ob- tained her services. In October 18 14, Miss O'Neill made her debut as 'Juliet,' and London acknowledged a new charm. Her grace, sweetness, delicacy, refinement, were things that London playgoers had long been strangers to. In her first season she ran through a line of characters which filled the town with admiration and poor Mrs. Siddons with disgust. . . She may be said to have united the old stage with the new. She played, as the great Mrs. Barry did, * Belvidera,' ' Isabella,' ' Mo- nimia,' and 'Calista.' She was also the ' Biauca' of Milman's ' Fazio,' and the original heroine of Shell's stilted and now forgotten plays, but plays which included in their caste Young, Charles Kemble, Macready, and Miss O'Neill. Her last season was the last in which Mrs. Siddons acted, that lady returning to the stage for a night, to play 'LadyKandolph' for her brother Charles's benefit." In December 1819, after a theatrical career as brief as it was brilliant, she relinquished a pro- fession at which she was said to be making £12,000 a year, and married Mr., after- wards Sir William W. Becher, of Bally- giblin. County of Cork. The statement that £ifter her marriage she was ashamed of her old calling, and never referred to it O'EE — ignoring even the passages in plays in which she had been most effective — is pro- bably exaggei-ated. She died at Bally- giblin, 20th October 1872, aged 81, having survived her husband twenty-two years. In private life she was as remarkable for her benevolence and practical kindness as during her professional career she was for her talents. ? -s 39 O'Reilly, Alexander, Count, a Spanish General, was born at Baltrasna, in the County of Meath, in 1722. He en- tered the Spanish service as a lieutenant in the Irish Brigade, and served in Italy, where he received a wound which lamed him for life. In 1757 he passed into the Austrian army, and distinguished himself against the Prussians at Hochkirchen, in 1758. The following year he entered the French service and assisted at the battle of Bergen (i 759), and the taking of Min- den and Corbach. War having broken out between Spain and Portugal, he re-entered the Spanish service, was made a lieu- tenant-general, and defeated the Portu- guese before Chaves, in 1 762. The advent of an English army, under Burgoyne, checked the Spanish successes, and the Peace of Paris (February 1 763) deprived O'Reilly of active military employment. In 1 765 he saved the life of Charles III. in a popular tumult in Madrid. He re- modelled the Spanish army, and introduced the German discipline. Promoted to be Field-Marshal, he was sent to Havannah as second in command, and in June 1 768 took possession of Louisiana, which had been ceded to Spain by France. On his re- t urn he was made Governor of Madrid and Inspector-General of Infantry. His selec- tion for the command of an expedition against Algiers excited some jealousy amongst the Spanish officers, and caused the failure of the enterprise, Charles III. not daring to reinstate him in the govern- ment of Madrid, made him Governor of Cadiz and Captain-General of Andalusia. In April 1786 he was deprived of all his employments, and obliged to retire on a small pension. He must, however, have been still wealthy, as in 1 790 he paid an Irish gentleman 1,000 guineas for prepar- ing his pedigree. He died neai- Chinchilla, 23rd March 1794, aged 72, ^4 421 134 0'B.eilly, Andrew, Count, an Aus- trian Field-Marshal, was born in Ireland in 1740. When young he entered the Austrian service, and soon distinguished himself. Under Maria Theresa he served in the Seven Years' War, and under Joseph II., in the campaign against the Turks. He was a major when war broke out be- tween Austria and France, in April 1792 421 O'RE He signalized himself at Marchiennes, became a general officer, and served at the battle of Amberg in 1796, and at Ulm the same year. When the French, commanded by Moreau, passed the Ehine at Kehl (April 1797), and routed the Austrians, O'Reilly was wounded and taken prisoner. He was soon exchanged, and filled posi- tions of trust in the Austrian dominions. At Austerlitz (2nd December 1805) he commanded a body of cavalry. In 1809 he served under Archduke Maximilian, and was made Governor of Vienna, which he was compelled to surrender to the French, 12th May 1809, after a short bom- bardment. The rest of his life was passed in retirement : he died at Vienna in 1832, aged 92, 3* O'Reilly, Edward, Archbishop of Armagh, was born in Dublin in 1606, and was educated chiefly on the Continent. He entered the Church, acted as Vicar- General of the diocese of Dublin from 1642 to 1648, when he was deprived of his office through the influence of his oppo- nent. Dr. Walsh. After suffering impri- sonment for a time, he was driven into banishment. In April 1657 he was con- secrated Archbishop of Armagh. The framework of the Catholic Church was then sadly disjointed in Ireland. The clergy of every grade and order had been driven into banishment : and harbouring a priest was punishable with death, and total forfeiture of property ; but one bishop remained in Ireland, and for sixteen years Leinster and Munster had no resident Catholic bishdps. He was able to visit his diocese only furtively and at long intervals. In June 1666, while attend- ing a conference of the clergy in Dublin, he was arrested, suff'ered a rigorous im- prisonment in England, and was deported to Belgium. The few remaining years of his life were chiefly occupied in looking after the i'^'-prests of the Irish seminaries on the Continent. He died at Saumur, in France, March 1669, aged 63. ^4 i^st O'Reilly, Edward, author of an Irish- English Dictionary (Dublin, 18 17) ; 4 Chro- nological Account of nearly Four Hundred Irish Writers (Dublin, 1820), and other works relating to Ireland, was for some time Assistant-Secretary to the Iberno- Celtic Society. O'Curry, in his Mamiers and Customs of the Ancient Irish, points out many inaccuracies in his writings. He deserves a much fuller notice than it is possible to construct out of the informa- tion that can be discovered concerning him. He was latterly engaged at a miserably low rate of remuneration in the historical department of the Irish Ordnance Survey, 422 OEM and died in 1829. A new edition of his Dictionary, with a supplement compiled by John O'Douovan, was published in Dublin, in 1864. '5«*('86i) O'Reilly, Hngh, a barrister, bom in the County of Cavan, was Master in Chan- cery, and Clerk of the Council under James II. in Ireland, and after his removal with that king to France, in 1690, received the honorary appointment of Lord-Chancellor of Ireland. About 1693 ^^ published Ire- land^s Case brief. y Stated ; or a Summary Account of the most Remarkable Transac- tions of the Kingdom since the Reforma- tion. Harris's Ware says : " The author represents matters wholly in the favour of the Irish, and falls foul on King Charles II., whom he severely condemns for his ingratitude to the Roman Catholics of Ire- land, who had faithfully served him. Nor does he excuse his master. King James, who was so off"ended at his free treatment of him, that he took away his small salary, and turned him out of his titular office, the Joss of which lay so heavy upon his spirits that he died soon after, about the year 1 694. It is said King James restored him to his pension a short time before his death." 339 Ormond, Countess of. Lady Mar- garet FitzGerald, daughter of the 8th Earl of Kildare, was married in 1485 to Pierce Butler, afterwards 8th Earl of Or- mond. She is described by Stauihurst as " manlike and tall of stature, verie liberall and bountifull, a sure friend, a bitter eni- mie, hardlie disliking where she fansied, not easlie fansieng where she disliked : the onelie meane at those dales whereby hir husband his countrie was reclaimed from sluttishnesse and slouenrie, to cleane bedding and ciuilitie." She is sometimes styled the " Great Countess of Ormond." Her husband died in 1539, and she survived him three years. Mr. Graves thus writes of her in his History of St. Canice's Ca- thedral : " Margaret, Countess of Ormonde and Ossory, . . * the fairest daughter ' of the Earl of Kildai-e, was unquestionably one of the most remarkable women of her age and country. . . Large as is the place fiUed by the ' Red Earl ' in the his- tory of Ireland, it is a singular fact that in the traditions of the peasantry of Kil- kenny his existence is utterly forgotten, whilst his consort stands vividly forth as ' the Countess,' or of tener as plain ' Mair- gread Gearoid,' forming with ' Cromwell ' and the ' Danes ' a triad to whom almost everything marvellous, cunning, or cruel is attributed. She is the traditional builder, as Cromwell is the traditional destroyer, of nearly every castle in the district ; and by the peasant's fireside, numberless are the tales told of her power, her wisdom, and — truth compels us to add — her oppres- sions." '55t 202 Ormond, Sir James, known as " Black James," illegitimate and only son of the 5 th Earl of Ormond, was a valiant but quarrelsome man. In 1492 he was made Lord-Treasurer. In June of the same year a dispute with the Earl of Kildare, result- ing in a skirmish, may be said to have com- menced the feuds between the Butlers and the FitzGeralds. A striking incident in Sir James's life was his interview with his op- ponent, the Earl of Kildare, in St. Patrick's Cathedral, in 15 12. It was thought the sanctity of the place would ensure deco- rum ; but ere long their retainers came to blows, and several arrows and darts struck the images. [In expiation of this insult to the Church, occurring within the limits of their jurisdiction, the Lord-Mayors of Dublin for many years walked bare-footed through the streets of the city on the anni- versary of the tumult.] In the confusion. Sir James took refuge in the chapter-house. Matters were finally adjusted by the Earl of Kildare and Sir James shaking hands through a hole, cut for the purpose, in the chapter-house door. Sir James was killed in a skirmish near Kilkenny, 17th March 15 18. =7' Orr, William, a United Irishman, was bom in 1766, at Farranshane, in the Parish and County of Antrim, where his father was a farmer and bleach-green pro- prietor in comfortable circumstances. Wil- liam Orr was a member of the Society of United Irishmen, and in 1 79 7 was arraigned, tried, and convicted at Carrickfergus, on the charge of having sworn in a soldier. Although the only witness against him was proved to have perjured himself, and several members of the jury were drunk when they brought in their verdict, he was con- demned to die, and his execution was hur- ried forward with a view to deter others from joining the organization. His speech before sentence contained the words : " I trust that all my virtuous countrymen will bear me in their kind remembrance, and continue true and faithful to each other, as I have been to aU of them." He was hanged at Carrickfergus on the 14th October 1797, in his thirty- first year, most of the inhabitants leaving town on the day of execution, to show their detest- ation of the judicial murder. Orr is de- scribed as having been a perfect model of symmetry, strength, and grace — his coun- tenance open, frank, and manly. " Re- member Orr," became a watchword during the insurrection ; and the " Wake of OSS William Orr," by Drennan, was one of the most popular revolutionary songs. ^^ ^^' Ossian, or Oisin, a renowned bard, son of Finn MacCumhaUl, was bom in Ireland in the 3rd century. The locality of his birth-place, " Cluain lochtair," has not been identified. Although his name is constantly to be met in the legends of the time, there is very little definitely knowTi concerning him. Eugene O'Curry writes : " The first class [of Fenian poems and tales] is ascribed directly, in ancient manuscripts, to Finn Mac Cumhaill ; to his sons Oisin and Fergus Finnbheoill (the eloquent) ; and to his kinsman Caeilte. . . The poems ascribed upon anything like respectable authority to Finn Mac- Cumhaill are few indeed, amounting only to five, as far as I have been able to dis- cover ; but these are found in manuscripts of considerable antiquity. . . The only poems of Oisin with which I am acquaint- ed, that can be positively traced back so far as the 12 th century, are two, which are foimd in the Book of Leimter. . . One of these is valuable as a record of the great battle of Gabhra [Skreen, near Tara], which was fought A.D. [281 or] 284, and in which Oscar, the brave son of Oisin, and Cairbre Lifeachaii-, the Monarch of Erinn, fell by each others' hands. . . Aperfect and very accurate copy of this poem was published in the year 1854 by . . the Ossianic Society. . . The second poem of Oisin, preserved in the Book of Leinster, is of much greater extent than the first." (A free metrical translation of the latter, by Dr. Anster, appeared in the University/ Maga- zine for 1852.) O'Curry says that but one genuine piece by Fergus remains and one by Cailte MacRonain. Ossian him- self fought at Gabhra, where the Fenian power was entirely broken. He is fabled after the battle to have been spirited away to Tir na Og (the land of perpetual youth), and not to have appeared again on earth until the days of St. Patrick. One of the Fenian lays (published with a translation by the Ossianic Society in 1857)— ^Ae Lamentation of Oisin after the Fenians — gives an account of his interview with the Saint, his longings for the great pagan past, his grief at the loss of his heroic Fenian companions, and his contempt for Christianity and its professors. In 1 760 Dr. James Macpherson, a Scotch writer, published the first of a series of poems purporting to be translations from Ossian, which were enthusiastically received by the public. The question as to whether they were translations from ancient manu- scrips, or literary forgeries, has been scarce- ly yet decided, but the balance of opinion 423 O'SU is decidedly against Macplierson. Johnsou denounced the poems as impostures, and in our own day O'Curry says : " In no single instance has a genuine Scottish original been found, and that none will ever be found I am very certain." '^i 2«o 261 272 272. O'Sullivan Beare, Donnell, Lord of Dunboy, in the County of Cork, was born about 1562, [The O'Sullivans origi- nally occupied a territory in the present County of Tipperary. Dispossessed by the Anglo-Normans, they moved south, and pressed out the weaker tribes in the vicinityof BantryandGlengarriff.] In 158 1 the Four Masters recount Donnell's defeat of a body of native auxiliaries of Captain Zouch, one of Queen Elizabeth's lieuten- ants ; yet in 1 593, his uncle, the rightful O'Sullivan Beare, was dispossessed by order of the Irish Council, and he was put in possession of the lands and stronghold of Dunboy, on Bantry Bay. On the arri- val of the Spanish fleet under Don Juan d'Aguila,in September 1601, Hugh O'Neill and O'Donnell appointed him to the chief command in the south, " for he was, say the Four Masters, " at this time the best commander among their allies in Munster for wisdom and valour." O'Sul- livan gladly received a Spanish garrison into Dunboy ; but when Kinsale capitu- lated in January, and he found that the terms included the surrender of all the Spanish garrisons in the south, he, partly by stratagem and partly by force, repos- sessed himself of it, and with a garrison of 143 men (chiefly Irish, with a few Span- iards, under his Constable MacGeoghegan), determined to hold it to the last. The place was speedily invested both by land and sea by Carew with a force of some 4,000 men, many of them Irish, under Irish chiefs. Its defence of twenty-one days, in May and June 1602, one of the most interesting episodes in Irish history, is detaile' in Pacata Hibernia. Every nerve was strained and every engineering resource was resorted to both by besiegers and besieged. The place was at length taken by assault on i8th June, and the small remnant of the garrison (some fifty men) were mercilessly hanged by the President. MacGeoghegan, the Consta- ble, was despatched in the vault of the castle, as, mortally wounded, he was drag- ging himself, with a lighted torch in his hand, towards a barrel of gunpowder. A few days before the assault and capture, O'Sullivan had left temporarily to meet a vessel with supplies from Spain. When news reached him of the disaster, he gathered together his followers and en- trenched himself in Glengai-rifF. There he 424 O'SU held out for some months in the hopes of Spanish assistance ; but his heart failed him on receipt of the news of O'Donnell's death. Winter was upon him ; the moun- tains were covered with snow ; his resources were exhausted ; and he was cooped up in the glen, with a crowd of helpless people, the aged and infirm, women and children, with only a few hundred fighting men to protect them. He at length resolved to leave his wife and younger children in concealment in the glen, under the care of his foster-brother MacSweeny, and to fight his way northward to Ulster, con- veying the women and children, the aged, sick, and wounded of his clan. With 400 fighting men, and 600 non-combatants, he secretly quitted Glengarrifi" early in January 1603. On the following morning the English found the camp deserted by aU but those who were too ill or too severely wounded to be moved — "whose paines and lives by the souldiers were both deter- mined." O'Sullivan and his band passed by way of Ballyvourney, Duhallow, Ard- patrick, Solloghod, Ballynakill, Latteragh, and Loughkeen. The annalists say : " He was not a day or night during this period without a battle, or being vehemently and vindictively pursued ; all which he sus- tained and responded to with manliness and vigour." His principal enemies were Irish chieftains and their followers — anxious to ingratiate themselves with the Govern- ment. They stopped two nights to rest in a wood on the banks of the Brosnach, near Portland ; and then crossed the Shannon in the face of their enemies, in eleven boats made of osiers covered with the raw hides of their horses. Passing on through Con- naught they were attacked at Aughrim by a large party of Anglo-Irish under Sir Thomas Burke and Captain Malby, who were both killed in the engagement that ensued. With varying fortunes — sometimes finding the people friendly and at other times bitterly hostile, they proceeded by Slieve Mhuire, BaUinlough, over the Cur- lew Hills to Knockvicar, and at length (on 1 6th January) found an asylum and rest with Brian O'Rourke at his castle of Leitrim. The party of one thousand, who set out from Glengarrifi" were reduced by famine, fatigue, desertion, and the sword to thirty-five. Amongst the survivors were his brother Dermot, an old man of seventy, the former lord of Dursey Castle, with his delicate wife. His nephew, in his HistorioB CalhoLicae Compendium, gives interesting particulars of this retreat. O'Sullivan remained with O'Rourke for some days ; and after various adventures in Ulster, went to England, after the acces- O'SU sion of James I,, with Hugh O'Neill, Rury and Niall Garv O'Donnell, and other Irish chieftains. Unable to obtain a formal pardon or a restitution of his territory, he secretly rejoined his wife and children, and sailed for Spain in 1 604. He was graciously received by Philip III., who made him a Knight of St. James, and Count of Bear- haven, with a pension of three hundi-ed pieces of gold monthly. After living four- teen years in exUe, he was assassinated by his servant as he was retui-ning from Mass, 1 6th July 16 1 8, aged 56. His nephew de- scribes him as of a tall and graceful stature, with handsome features. His son Donnell fell at the siege of Belgi-ade. " 134 196 275 O'SuUivan Beare, Philip, nephew of preceding, son of Dermot O'Sullivan, was born at his father's castle on Dursey Island, late in the i6th century. In February i6o2, he was sent to Spain, with some other youths, as hostages for the perform- ance of agreements made between the King and the O'Sullivans. Some time after the fall of Dunboy he was joined by his aged father and mother (who had en- dured all the horrors of his uncle's retreat), his brother Donald, and his sisters Helen and Nora. He was educated at Compo- stella, and entered the Spanish navy. All his leisure for some years, even at sea, was devoted to the composition in Latin of historical and polemical works. He says upon one occasion : " I am practising rather with the sword than with the pen. How few excel in one, much less in both ; it is so exceedingly difficult to combine the study and composition of his- tory with the actual realities of military life, especially at sea, where, instead of enjoying the calm of a library, men are the sport of the billows, rocked in the wild heavings of the ocean, and often almost engulfed in the abyss." He maintained a memorable discussion with Archbishop TJssher relative to the ancient Irish Church, in which neither of them was very choice in his language. Ussher calls him "as egregious a liar as any (I verily think), that this day breatheth in Christendom ;" while O'SulUvau devotes nearly ten chap- ters to abuse of his opponent. " Ego te vel Ussherinum ursum rudissime et iusulsissime uncantem dimitto ne armata bellua cornibus me petas." The work upon which his reputation rests is, His- toricc Catholiece Ibeiiiice Compendmm (Lis- bon, 162 1 ), republished with notes by Dr. Kelly of Maynooth, in 1850'. It con- tains Topography, Pilgrimage to St. Pa- trick's Purgatory, the English in Ireland from the Anglo-Norman Invasion to 1588, and in Book iv. (the most important), a O'SU history of O'Neill's and O'Donnell's wars. D'Arcy McGee says : "He stands before us a simple and easily understood cha- racter ; frank and betimes choleric, with great faith in his own religion, and great devotion to his country." His Patriciana Decas appeared in 1629, and his Archicor- nigeromastiXjSiveJacobi Usheri Heresiarchce Confutatio some time later. He also wrote numerous tracts, and the lives of some saints, which do not appear to have been pablished. Not many years after the publication of his Compendium, he lost nearly aU his near relations. His sister Helen embarked for Ireland, and was drowTied on the voyage ; his father died at the age of 100, and was buried in the Franciscan church at Corunna ; his bro- ther Daniel was killed in an engagement with the Turks ; and his mother soon fol- lowed. There remained but one sister, Leonora, who had taken the veil at an early age ; and with her, he tells us, he long mourned for the death of his parents, and of the brother and sister that accom- panied them into exile. He died in 1660, as appears by a letter from Father Peter Talbot (afterwards Catholic Archbishop of Dublin) to the Marquis of Ormond, dated from Madrid, the loth of January 1660. " The Earl of Birhaven," he writes, " is dead, and left one only daughter of twelve years to inherit his titles in Ireland and his goods here, which amount to 100,000 crowns." " '95 233 339 O'Siillivau, Sir John, Colonel in the French service, was born in Ireland early in the i8th century. Intended for the priesthood, he was educated at Paris and Eome. On the sudden death of his father he returned to Ireland ; but not being able, owing to the Penal Laws, to hold his parental estate without renouncing his religion, he sold out and emigrated to France. He entered the army, rose rapid- ly, and was coadjutor of Maillebois in the atrocious suppression of liberty in Corsica in 1 739. There and on the Ehine he earned the reputation of an able captain in guer- rilla warfare. This probably led to his being chosen to accompany Prince Charles as Adjutant and Quartermaster-General in his descent upon Scotland in 1 745 . From his landing at Lochnanuagh, on the 5th August 1745, to his escape in a French frigate, on ist October 1746, Colonel O'Sul- livan was one of his most trusted advisers, and the Prince's escape was due in a great measure to his energy and tact. For these services he was knighted by " James III." in 1747. The date of his death is not known. [His son Thomas, an officer in the Irish Brigade, removed to America and 425 O'SU entered the British service, which he ulti- mately exchanged for the Dutch : he died a major at the Hague in 1824.] '^ O'Snllivan, Mortimer, D.D., a theo- logical writer, and champion of the Irish Church, was born towards the end of the 1 8th century. In 18 13 he took a scholarship in Trinity College, Dublin. He was the author of numerous works, the principal of which were : Captain Rock Detected {1824), Guide to an Irish Geiitle- man in Search of a Religion (1833), Ca^e of the Protestants in Ireland Stated (1836), Theory of Development in Christian Doctrine (1846), Remains of Samuel C Sullivan, D.D. (185 1 ). Dr. O'Sullivan was rector of Killyman until 1849, when he was col- lated to the prebend of Ballymore. He ■was the first Head Master of the Royal School of Dungannon. He died 30th April "^ 1859, and was buried at Chapel- izod, near Dublin. '* "^ O'Sullivan, Samuel, D.D., brother of preceding, was born near Clonmel, about 1 790. He became a convert to Pro- testantism in early life, and for twenty- four years filled the position of Chaplain to the Hibernian School, in Phoenix Park, Dublin. He was a constant contributor to the pages of the Dublin University and Blackwood's Magazine, and the author of a Church Catechism and other works. " His style was formed at an earlier period than that of most of the writers who have of late years addressed the public, and it more often reminds us of Goldsmith in its truth of delineation, and of Swift in its perfect purity of language, than of any one modern author." He died 6th August 185 1, and was buried at Chapelizod. "*<3^* 146 273 O' Toole, Laurence, Saint, was born, it is said near Castledermot, in 1 132. His father, Maurice O'Toole, was a chief of Hy-Muireadhaigh (the southern half of Kildare), ^nd in consequence of a dispute with Defmot MacMurrough, was obliged to deliver Lawrence to him as a hostage. The lad was brutally treated, but was rescued and cared for by the Bishop of Glendalough, under whose influence he determined to enter the Church. He was ordained priest at an early age, and in 1 1 57 was appointed Abbot of Glendalough, where for many years he presided over his secluded commimity with singular wisdom, and gathered around him many disciples. In 1 161 he was appointed Archbishop of Dublin, and was consecrated next year in Christ Church. In 11 67 he attended Ro- deric O'Conor's council at Athboy. After the Anglo-Norman invasion he exerted all his influence to urge his countrymen to 426 OTW united resistance to the common enemy, and in the assault on Dublin, braved every danger — encouraging the defenders, and administering spiritual consolations to the wounded. When all hope of suc- cessful resistance was over, he gave in his adhesion to the Anglo-Normans, and in 1 1 72 attended Henry II.'s Synod of Cashel, where many new canons were enacted for the government of the Irish Church. At his instigation Earl Strongbow added a steeple and two chapels to Christ Church Cathedral. With five other Irish prelates, he attended a council at Rome in 1179, a promise having been first exacted from him by Henry II. that he would urge nothing detrimental to theKing's interests orpolicy in Ireland. In 1 1 80 the Archbishop was entrusted with the delivery of the son of Roderic O'Conor to Heury II. as a hos- tage. He followed the King to Normandy ; but taking ill almost immediately after his arrival, died at Eu,onthe 14th Novem- ber 1 180. He was buried in the Abbey of Eu, where his relics were preserved until the French Revolution. He was canonized by Honorius III. in 1226. The Saint is described as tall and graceful in figure. 235 274 O'Toole, Adam Duff, one of the few persons who have sufiered at the stake in Ireland for the expression of religious con- victions. The case is thus mentioned by Holinshed, under date 1327 : "A gen- tleman of the familie of the O'Toolies in Leinster, named Adam Duffe, possessed by some wicked spirit of error, denied obsti- uatelie the incarnation of our Sauior, the trinitie of persons in the vnitie of the Godhead, and the resurrection of the flesh ; as for the holie Scripture, he said it was but a fable : the Virgin Marie he affirmed to be a woman of dissolute life, and the apostolike see erroneous. For such assertions he was burnt in Hogging [CoUege] greene, beside Dublin." ^^* Otway, Caesar, Rev., author, was born in the County of Tipperary, in the latter part of the 1 8th century. He was the dMihov oi Sketches in Ireland (iS^g), Tour in Connaught (1839), and Sketches in Erris (1841). They are written in a kindly and cheerful spirit, with a keen appreciation of the picturesque ; and depict a condition of things now almost passed away. The publication of these works drew attention to many beautiful localities previously almost unvisited. Mr. Otway was one of the founders and original conductors of the Dublin Christian Examiner. He assisted Petrie in editing the first volume of the Dublin Penny Journal, and wrote many articles for the University Magazine. OUL The Athenceum says : " He was the centre ' of the young literature of the Irish capital, and he laboured to prevent its assuming that sectarian character in the hands of others which unfortunately was too mani- fest in his own." Mr. Otway died i6th March 1842, aged about 63. His porti-ait will be found in the University Magazine for October 1839. "^(''" "^ '^* Otilton, Walley Chamberlain, the author of some twenty-three pieces, chiefly dramatic, published between 1784 and 1 8 17, was a native of Dublin. His most important writing were,: A History of the Theatres of London, 2 vols. (1796), and The Traveller's Ouide, or English Itine- rary, 2 vols. (1805). Little is known con- cerning his life : he appears to have been living in 1820. We are told that "his miscellaneous writings enjoyed consider- able repute during a reasonable period of popularity ; and on the whole we must repute him to have been a man of taste, judgment, and extensive reading," "*'''^' 31 t 254 Ouseley, Gideon, a distinguished Methodist preacher, was born at Dunmore, in the County of Galway, 24th February 1762. He was second cousin of Sir Gore and Sir William Ouseley, and received much of his education in their company. At first intended for the Church, he was eventually settled by his father on an ex- tensive farm ; he married early, and threw himself into the rollicking Life of a Con- naught squireen. In May 1791, through the ministi-ations of some Methodist sol- diers of the 4th Dragoon Guards at Dun- more, he was converted (much to the amazement of his old associates, and greatly to the joy of his devoted wife). He entered on a career of incessant itinerary preach- ing, terminated only by his death at an advanced age. Having a perfect command of the Irish language, he preached for the most part in the west and south ; but indeed there was scarcely a barony in Ire- land in which he did not make converts to Methodism. Charles Graham, William Hamilton, and John Neilson were among his earlier fellow-labourers. Travelling on horseback, they preached in season and out of season — at fairs and markets ; in barns and private houses ; to workmen in the fields, at the loom, and the scutch-mill. They endured with unfailing good temper and serenity bufietings and insults, stone- throwing, and derision : at times they drew audiences by singing hymns to old Irish tunes. Mr. Ouseley died in Dublin, 14th May 1839, ^g^d TJ, and was buried in Mount Jerome Cemetery. His widow survived him fourteen years. [His younger PAL brother, Sir Ralph, distinguished himself under Lake and Wellington, became a major-general in the army of Portugal, and besides being a British knight, bore four foreign orders and eight medals. He died at Lisbon in 1842, and was buried with his brother in Mount Jerome.] The Life of Gideon Ouseley, by William Arthur, from which these particulars are taken, contains much interesting matter illustra- tive of the condition of Ireland between 1762 and 1839. '7"+ Ouseley, Sir Gore, Bart., diplomatist, was bom in Limerick, 24th June 1770. Early in 1787 he visited the United States, and proceeded thence to China and the East Indies, where his amiable manners, abilities, and accomplishments secured him a situation and rapid advancement. He was created a baronet in 1808. In 1810 he was sent as Ambassador Extraordinary to Persia. At Shiraz, in 181 i-'i2, he pro- tected Henry Martyn, the missionary, who had gone to Persia to revise and complete his Persian translation of the New Testa- ment. He was decorated by the Emperor of Russia in 18 19, for his successful eflForts to prevent war between Persia and Russia. Sir Gore was a member of the Royal So- ciety and other learned and scientific bodies. He died at Beaconsfield, near Lon- don, 18th November 1844, aged 74. ^ ^9 54 274t Oaseley, Sir William, a voluminous writer, brother of preceding, was bom in Limerick, in 1771. He was knighted in 1800, and in 18 10 accompanied his bro- ther, Sir Gore, to Persia, as his private secretary. He wrote several works upon that country : Persian Miscellanies (1795); Oriental Collections, 3 vols, (i 797-1800) ; Ancient History of Persia (1799); Oriental Geography (1804) ; Travels in Various Countries of the East, 3 vols. ( 1 8 1 o-' 1 2). He died in 1842. [His son, Sir William (born in London in 1797, died there 6th March 1866) was attache at Stockholm and at Washington, and wrote Statistics and Political Institutioyu of the United States (1832), and Views of South America (1852). His other sons, John, Richard, Ralph, and Joseph, rose to high rank in the army, and served chiefly in India.] Falladins, the earliest-named Chris- tian missionary to Ireland, in the beginning of the 5 th century. Commissioned by Pope Celestine, and accompanied by Sylvester, Solonius, Augustin, and other clerics, he landed near Wexford, and founded three churches in the district comprised in the present County of Wicklow ; but 427 PAE at the end of a few months, having made few converts, and meeting a bitter oppo- nent in Nathi, the prince of the country, Palladius took his departure. He is sup- posed to have died in Scotland. His com- panions are believed to have remained in Ireland, and carried on the work of Chris- tianizing the people until St. Patrick's arrival. "' Famell, Thomas, Archdeacon of Clogher, a poet, was born in Dublin in 1 679. At thirteen he entered Trinity College ; in 1700 he was ordained a deacon, and in Feb- ruary 1 705-'6 was appointed Archdeacon of Clogher. Towards the end of Queen Anne's reign Parnell changed his politics from Whig to Tory, and was received by the Ministry as a valuable ally. He was very popular as a preacher in London ; but the Queen's death putting an end to his expectations of preferment, he is re- presented by Pope to have fallen into intemperate habits. He lost his wife in 1712. In 1 716, through Swift's influence, he was appointed to the vicarage of Fin- glas, worth £400 a year. Dr. Johnson remarks : " Such notice from such a man inclines me to believe that the vice of which he has been accused was not gi-oss, or not notorious." He enjoyed his prefer- ment little more than a year, dying at Chester on return from a visit to London, in July 17 17, aged 38. He was buried in Trinity Church, Chester. He was the author of a Life of Homer, numerous essays in the Guardian and Spectator, and some poems. These latter do not appear to have been published until 1722, when they were edited by his friend Pope. They have since seen numerous editions. It is said that the last, that of 1758, con- tains several pieces which are not of his writing. Dr. Johnson thus criticises Par- nell as a poet : " The general character of Parnell is not great extent of com- prehension, or fertility of mind. Of the little that appears, still less is his own. His praise must be derived from the easy sweetness of his diction ; in his verses there is more happiness than pains ; he is sprightly without effort, and always de- lights, though he never ravishes; every- thing is proper, yet everything seems casual. If there is some appearance of elaboration in ' The Hermit,' the narrative, as it is less airy, is less pleasing." " I can pass," says Campbell, "from the elder writers, and still find a charm in the correct and equable sweetness of Parnell." '^ "^ ^^ ^^ Farnell, Sir John, Bart., grand- nephew of preceding, was born in Ireland, probably about the middle of the i8th century. He represented the Queen's 428 PAR County in Parliament, and succeeded his father in the baronetcy in 1 782. He was appointed a Commissioner of Eevenue in 1780, Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1787, and a Lord of the Treasury in 1793. He commanded a regiment of the Volunteers. Barrington says : " Though many years in possession of high ofl&ce and extensive patronage, he showed a disinterestedness almost unparalleled ; and the name of a relative or of a dependant of his own scarcely in a single instance increased the place or the pension lists of Ireland." He is referred to in Grattan's Life as "an honest, straightforward, independent man, possessed of considerable ability and much public spirit ; as Chancellor of the Ex- chequer he was not deficient, and he served his country by his plan to reduce the in- terest of money. He was amiable in pri- vate, mild in disposition, but firm in mind and purpose. His conduct at the Union did him honour, and proved how warmly he was attached to the interests of his country, and on this account he was dis- missed " from his offices. His determined opposition to the Union gave Lord Castle- reagh and its promoters much concern. Both he and his son Henry voted against it. He was elected to represent the Queen's County in the Imperial Parlia- ment, and died, somewhat suddenly, in London, 5th December 1801. Mr. Ad- dington paid a warm tribute to his memory in the House of Commons. Some lines on his death will be found in the GentlemarCs Magazine for December 1801. =4 m* 154 Parnell, Sir Henry Brooke, Bart., Lord Congleton, son of preceding, was born 3rd July 1776, and succeeded to the baronetcy in 1 81 2. He took a prominent part in Parliament, and was for some time Minister at War ; but is chiefly remember- ed for his writings on financial and trade questions, his Historical Apology for the Irish Catholics, and his History of the Penal Laws. His political creed in 1835 is thus stated : " Perfect freedom of labour and capital ; the speedy abolition of the corn laws, and in the meantime a moderate fixed duty; the removal of all unequal taxes, and the substitution of a property tax of six or eight millions ; the repeal of the Septennial Act, the ballot, an extension of the franchise, if found necessary ; abo- lition of flogging and of impressment." He was a respectable but by no means a superior speaker. He is described as " of the middle size, rather inclining to stout- ness. His complexion is fair ; his features are regular with a mild expression about them ; and his hair is pure white." Sir Henry was created Lord Congleton, nth PAE August 1841. He died by his o-wn hand, when in a state of delirium resulting frona illness, 8th June 1842, aged 65, and was buried at St. Geoi-ge's, Hanover-square, London. '* s" '^* Pair, Richard, D.D., a distinguished divine, was born at Fermoy in 161 7. He received much advancement in the Church owing to his intimacy with Archbishop Ussher. Aiter occupying several prefer- ments in England, he was on the Restora- tion made a canon of Armagh Cathedral. Harris's Ware says : " He was so constant and ready a preacher at Camerwell that thereby he broke two conventicles in his neighbourhood, by outcrying the dissenters at extempore preaching. . . In this course of constant preaching he continued nigh thirty-eight years." He died at Cam- berwell, 2nd November 1 69 1 , aged 74. His Life of Ussher is spoken of as "this rich and incomparable volume. . . The divine and the student of church history will read these letters with egual interest and profit." Gibbon criticises it as " accurate as written by his chaplain ; but this chap- lain is both too long and too short." '* ^^^ Parry, John, Bishop of Ossory, son of Edward Parry, Bishop of Killaloe, was bom in Dublin, early in the 17th cen- tury, and was educated at Trinity College and at Oxford. Aiter the Restoration he came to Ireland as chaplain to the Marquis of Ormond, obtained some Eng- lish preferments, in 1666 became Dean of Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin, and in 1672 was consecrated Bishop of Ossory. He was the author of several minor theo- logical works, and according to "Wood's Athenoe Oxonienses, wrote the preface to Sir James Ware's Bishops. He died 21st December 1677, and was buried in St. Audoen's church, Dublin. Harris's Ware says : " He was reckoned a prelate of very good abilities in point of learning, a great benefactor to his church, and a patron and encourager of his clergy. '"•' ^^' Parsons, Sir Lawrence, 2nd Earl of Rosse, was born 21st May 1758. [His ancestor. Sir William Parsons, settled in Ireland in Elizabeth's reign, was Com- missioner of Plantations, and obtained large grants of laud from the Crown. He was for some time Lord-Justice in conjunction with Sir John Borlace, but was removed in 1643.] Sir Lawrence re- presented the University of Dublin, and afterwards the King's County, in the Irish Parliament, where he distinguished him- self, especially in his efforts against the Union, as an eloquent and popular speaker. In the debate of 23rd and 24th January 1 799, Barrington says " he supported Mr. PAE Pousonbyin a speech, luminous and in some parts almost sublime ; he had caught the flame which his colleague had but kindled, and blazed with an eloquence of which he had shown but few examples ; the impres- sion was powerful." His oratory is thus described by a contemporary : " His voice is strong, distinct, and deep ; and his language, simple, flowing, and correct ; his action is ungraceful, but frequently forcible ; his reasoning is close, compact, and argumen- tative, though his manner is stiff" and awkward ; his matter is always good, solid, and weighty." He continued to represent the King's County in the Im perial Parliament until the death of his uncle, 20th April 1807, when he became 2nd Earl of Rosse. He died 24th Feb- ruary 1 841, aged 82. ='54.91 Parsons, William, 3rd Earl of Rosse, astronomer, son of preceding, was bom at York, 17th June 1800. He was educated at Dublin and also at Oxford, where he took high honours, especially in mathematics. He represented the King's County in Parliament from 1821 to 1834, and succeeded his father in the earldom in 1 841. In 1845 h^ "^^^ elected a repre- sentative peer of Ireland. He filled the distinguished post of Chancellor of the University of Dublin for many years. Although a strong Conservative, he latterly took little part in politics, and his name was unheard in the debates during the whole of the stirring period that em- braced the Catholic Emancipation and Reform movements. The charms of sci- ence gradually weaned him from all pur- suits that interfered with its cultivation. During the discussion of the Reform Bill he was occupied wdth the construction of his first great telescope, the speculum of which had a diameter of three feet, being larger than that of any previous instru- ment. Its success was so complete, that he was emboldened to construct one with a speculum double the diameter. Every step in the process, necessitating a com- bination of scientific knowledge and me- chanical skill, had to be pioneered by experiments, and success was won at the cost of many and harassing failures. The gigantic speculum was at length turned out without warp or flaw. It was mounted on a telescope fifty-two feet in length. The machinery required to move such a ponderous instrument taxed all Lord Rosse's mechanical genius. The task was completed in 1845, after seventeen years' labour, at an outlay of upwards of £20,000. The sphere of observation was immensely widenedJ-jf^ch a powerful instrument — nebul^*<^'ere resolved into stars, and new 429 PAT nebulous mist was revealed to tlie obser- vation. The Annual Register says : " The value of the instrument was not only seen in the enlarged power it gave to astrono- mers, but it opened the way to other instru- ments of equal power being constructed. . . The scientific fame of the late Earl of Rosse will rest rather upon the me- chanical than upon the observational branch of astronomy. . . Considering the immense power of the great telescope, the results that have emanated from it, although startling in their nature, have been small in extent. Drawings of the most remarkable nebulae, a few sketches of part of the lunar surface, and lastly, a large drawing of the nebula in Orion, are the chief fruits that are publicly known to have been gathered from it. . . The published writings of the late Earl com- prise accurate descriptions of his telescopes and the modes by which they were con- structed, together with such drawings and observations as were made with them." Lord Rosse was President of the Eoyal Society from 1849 to 1854, and served on several Royal Commissions relating to literature, education, and science. He was a member of several home and foreign scientific bodies. He was a genial com- panion and a liberal landlord. He died 31st October 1867, aged 67, and was in- terred in the church of St. Brandon, Par- sonstown. ^ ^ Patrick, Saint. [Ireland, England, Scotland, Wales, and France have claimed the honour of giving birth to St. Patrick, and the date of his birth is variously set down in the years 250, 372, 373, and 387. Dr. Todd's Life of St. Patrick is here followed.] He was born at Dumbarton, on the Clyde, in 373, and was the son of Calpurnius, a deacon, and Conchessa his wife, daughter of Ochinus, a Frank. His original name was Succat. When about sixteen ho was carried captive into Ireland " with many thousands of men." There he was employed by his master, Milchu, to tend cattle on the mountain of Slieve Mis, in Antrim. In the quiet of the woods he states that he was every day in frequent prayer, and that the love and fear of God increased so much, and the spirit of prayer so grew upon him, that often in a single day he would say one hundred prayers, and in the night almost as many, so that he frequently arose to prayer in the woods and mountains before daylight, in snow, and frost, and rain ; and " I felt no evil, nor was there any laziness in me, because, as I now see, the spirit was burn- ing within me." One nigh«H|^^^ he had been six years in slavery, and iiiien he 430 PAT was twenty-two years of age, he heard a voice saying to him — "Thy fasting is well ; thou shalt soon return to thy country." Again he had a dream, in which the same voice told him that the ship was ready, but was distant 200 miles. He immediately fled from his master, went to the port indicated, and after some difficulty obtained a passage in a vessel. He was three days at sea, and afterwards a considerable time wandering in a desert before he reached human habitations. He was joyfully received by his relatives, who earnestly besought him not to expose himself to fresh dangers, but to remain with them for the rest of his life. Patrick, however, soon felt constrained to devote himself to the conversion of the Irish. He had another vision : " In the dead of night, I saw a man coming to me as if from Hiberio, whose name was Victorius, bearing innumerable epistles, and he gave me one of them, and I read the beginning of it, which contained the words, ' The voice of the Irish.' And whilst I was repeating the beginning of the epistle, T imagined that I heard in my mind the voice of those who were near the wood of Fochlut, which is near the Western Sea. And thus they cried — ' We pray thee, holy youth, to come, and henceforth walk amongst us.' And I was greatly pricked in heart, and could read no more ; and so I awoke. Thanks be to God, that after very many years the Lord granted unto them the blessing for which they cried." This and similiar visions impelled him to return at all hazards to Ireland, and endea- vour to convert his former associates to Christianity. The date of his second visit (whether specially commissioned from Rome or not) is generally put down at 432. He landed in the territory of Cuo- lenni, near where the town of Bray, in the County of Wicklow, is now situated ; but desiring to see his old master, Milchu, and ofi'er him eternal life in return for having left his service, he took shipping again and sailed north — visiting and giving his name (Inis Patrick) to one of the Skerries. He and his companions landed at the mouth of the river Slain in Strangford Lough. There they hid their boat and proceeded to explore the country. Their first conv ert was Dichu, a chieftain of high birth, who entertained them hospitably. Proceeding on his way he came in view of the habita- tation of his old master, only to see it in flames. The narrative tells how Milchu, instigated by the Devil, set fire to his house and all his substance, and threw himself into the flames, rather than sub- mit to the authority and jurisdiction of PAT Ms former slave. St. Patrick then re- traced his steps to Magh-inis (Lecale) where his friend Dichu resided, and spent some time teaching and preaching in the neighbourhood. There the faith first began to spread. Having thus laid the foundation of Christianity in the north, he determined to celebrate Easter at Tara, and accordingly went by sea to the mouth of the Boyne, and proceeded on foot up the valley to the seat of the supreme power in Ireland. At Slaue he lighted his Pas- chal fire. It was the season when, accord- ing to pagan custom, every light throughout the country should be extinguished. St. Patrick's fire, seen from Tara, caused astonishment and indignation, and the Ard Kigh demanded who was guilty of such presumption. The druids declared that it was a light that unless immediately extinguished would last for ever. St. Patrick was summoned into the King's (Laoghaire's) presence. Then we are told of a contest between St. Patrick and the King's druids, evidently suggested by the Old Testament narrative of the conflict between Elijah and the priests of Baal. The Saint discomfited the druids, and next day preached before the King and his court. On this occasion he is said first to have recited his hymn, commencing : " I bind to myself to-day the strong power of an invocation of the Trinity, the faith of the Trinity in unity, the Creator of the elements." Dr. Todd says that " internal evidence is in favour of the antiquity and authenticity of this composition." St. Patrick, although making a strong impres- sion upon many members of the court, was unable to convert Laoghaire himself, who ended his life a pagan. Yet no opposition was made to his freely preaching and teach- ing throughout the country. Christianity was gladly accepted ; churches began to rise on every side, and teachers and bishops were consecrated. The Book of Armagh gives an extremely interesting account of St. Patrick's interview with the Princesses Ethne and Fedelm, hard by a fountain on the side of Cruachan, in Eoscommon, and of the discussion between them regarding Christianity. He spent altogether seven years in Connaught before revisiting Ulster, and then proceeded southwards through Meath, by Naas, and on to Wicklow. Ee- tracing his steps, he founded churches in Ossory, and journeyed to Cashel. St, Patrick spent seven years in Munster. About 445 he founded Armagh — the chief Daire presenting to him the site for the city, together with the rights of chieftain- ship, which descended to his successors in the see, and contributed to the subsequent PAT ecclesiastical importance of the place, St. Patrick next proceeded to reform the ancient druidical and pagan laws of Ire- land, and made the beginning of the col- lection now known as the Senchus Mor, sometimes called Cain Patraic — Patrick's Law. In 460 he called a synod for the purpose of enacting canons for the go- vernment of the Church. The year 493 is generally accepted as the date of his death, which probably occurred at Saul, in the present County of Down. He is believed to have been buried at Downpatrick. Dr. Todd, in concluding his biography, writes : "On the whole, the biographers of St. Patrick, notwithstanding the admixture of much fable, have undoubtedly pourtrayed in his character the features of a great and judicious missionary. He seems to have made himself ' all things,' in accord- ance with the apostolic injunction, to the rude and barbarous tribes of Ireland. He dealt tenderly with their usages and pre- judices. Although he sometimes felt it necessary to overturn their idols, and on some occasions risked his life, he was guilty of no offensive or unnecessary ico- noclasm. A native himself of another country, he adopted the language of the Irish tribes, and conformed to their politi- cal institutions." Concerning his Confes- sion Dr. Todd says : " It is older than any of the extant biogi-aphies of the Saint, for they almost all quote and adopt its words ; a copy of it was transcribed at the end of the 8th or very early in the 9th century into the collection called the Book of Armagh. This copy professes to have been taken from the autograph of St. Patrick, . . It was certainly trans- cribed from a manuscript which even in the year 800 was beginning to become obscure, and of whose obscurities the transcriber more than once complains. It possesses, therefore, no mean external evi- dence of authenticity," The Confession was first printed by Sir James Ware in 1656, Dr, Lanigan unhesitatingly accepts what Dr, Todd doubts — the account of St, Patrick having been appointed by Pope Celestine to visit Ireland as an assistant to Palladius, A bell and portions of manuscript believed to have belonged to the Saint are preserved in the museum of the Eoyal Irish Academy. Mr. Nichol- son, basing his argument upon passages in the Confession, the fact of there hav- ing been many Christians in Ireland at the date assigned to the Saint's advent, and the legends of conferences between Ossian and St. Patrick, has arrived at the conclusion that St, Patrick lived in the 3rd, not the 5th century. Numerous 431 PAT references to St. Patrick will be found in all the series of Notes and Queries. His festival is the 17th March. "? =s4 =79 =80 Patterson, Robert, F.E.S., an emi- nent zoologist, was born in Belfast, iSth April 1802. He was brought up to busi- ness, and having joined his father, an ironmonger, continued closely occupied with trade up to his last illness. Early in life he turned his attention to the study of natural history, chiefly zoology and botany. His investigations were confined to the districts around Belfast, and were carried on principally during the summer months, when staying at sea- side places on the coasts of Antrim and Down. For many years he took part in dredging excursions, in the course of which he discovered several forms of marine life new to Britain, which were duly described in the transactions of the scientific socie- ties of the time. He was one of the found- ers of the Belfast Natural History and Philosophical Society in 182 1, of which he was President for many years, and was instrumental in the erection of the museum of that society ten years later. He was a Fellow of the Eoyal Society, was a Member of the Eoyal Irish Academy, and was actively engaged in the management of several local societies and municipal insti- tutions in Belfast. In 1838 he published Letters on the Insects Mentioned in Shaks- pere; between 1846 and 1848, Zoology for Schools, and later, his First Steps to Zoology. These two latter works met a decided educational want, and being admirably suited as class-books, were adopted by the Commissioners of National Education in Ireland, and by the English Board of Education. He also published sets of Zoological Diagrams. He was one of the earliest members of the British Association, and on the occasion of its visit to Belfast in 1852 filled the post of local treasurer. He died at his residence, in College-square, Belfast, 14th February 1872, aged 69. =33 Patterson, Robert, LL.D., was born in the north of Ireland, 30th May 1743. He went to Philadelphia in 1768, and in 1774 became principal of an academy at Wilmington, Delaware. He was a brigade- major in the revolutionary war. Professor of Mathematics at the University of Penn- sylvania from 1779 to 1 8 14, and for some time Vice-Provost. In 1805 he was ap- pointed Director of the United States Mint, and from 18 19 till his death was President of the American Philosophical Society, to whose Tramactioiu he was a frequent contributor. He was author of the Newtonian System, published in 1808, 432 PER Treatise on A rithmetic, 1 8 1 9, besides editing various scientific works. He died at Phila- delphia 22nd July 1824, aged 81. [His son Eobert, a physician (born in the United States, 1787; died in 1854), was Pro- fessor of Mathematics and Natural Philo- sophy in the Pennsylvania University, and for many years Director of the United States Mint.] '^ 3?* Pearce, Sir Edward Lovet, a dis- tinguished Irish architect, was born in the second half of the 1 7th century. He was a member of Parliament, held the position of Government Engineer and Surveyor- General, and designed the Irish Parlia- ment House in College-green. The works were commenced in 1729, carried on by him until his demise, and completed about 1 739, at a cost of about £40,000, by his successor, Arthui' Dobbs. [For the addi- tions to Pearce's design, see Gandon, James.] He died at his seat at Stillorgan, County of Dublin, 7th December 1733, and was buried in Dounybrook church- yard. [His brother, Lieutenant-General Thomas Pearce, Governor of Limerick, was buried beside him five years after- wards.] ^t "0. =15 =34(1) Perceval, Sir Philip, was bom in 1605. His father, the friend and favourite of Lord Burleigh, had been granted large estates in Munster. Philip held situa- tions of trust and emolument before he was twenty, and received additional land gi-ants in Cork, Tipperary, and Wexford — so that ultimately he became owner of some 100,000 acres of the finest land in the country. Foreseeing the outbreak of 1641, he placed his castles in a good state of defence. LiscarroU sustained a siege of eleven days, against 7,000 foot, 500 horse, and artillery, and Annagh withstood Lord Muskerry with an army of 5,000. Both castles, however, were lost by treacheiy. Altogether, by his devotion to the English side, he lost in the struggle a landed estate of £2,000 a year, offices worth £2,000 more, and upwards of £20,000 spent in carrying on the war and re- lieving sufferers therefrom. In 1644 he acted as one of Charles I.'s Commissioners to treat with the Irish Confederates. At the conclusion of the ensuing futile nego- tiations he joined the English Parliamen- tary party, and was returned for the borough of Newport, in Cornwall, through the influence of his friend Pym. At the termination of the truce in 1647, the army of Munster, under the command of Lord Inchiquin, committed to Sir Philip the direction and management of their inter- ests. The anxieties of office eventually undermined his constitution. He died PER loth November 1647, aged 42, and was buried in St, Martin's-in-the- Fields, Lon- don. Primate Ussher preached his funeral sermon, while Parliament paid the expenses of his interment. At one period the Mar- quis of Ormoud was his earnest friend and warm admirer. ^^ Perrot, Sir John, President of Mun- ster, and L<3rd-Deputyof Ireland, probably an illegitimate son of Henry VIII., was born in 1527. He was a favourite of Ed- ward VI., and suffered imprisonment under Queen Mary. In the spring of 15 71 he came to Ireland as first President of Mimster, and immediately directed his arms against Sir James FitzMaurice, then in rebellion. Froude says : " He could never catch FitzMaurice. The Irish gen- tlemen would not help him, and the kerne were too swift of foot for the heavy English men-at-arms. Castles, however, could not run away, and castles contained men. After two years of work, he had killed in fighting, or captured and hanged, some 800 miserable creatures of one sort or an- other. He burnt or blew up every strong- hold, large or small, which closed its gates against him." Before the end of a year, his military chest was exhausted, and his troops became mutinous for want of pay. In May 1572, Sir John Perrot intercepted FitzMaurice on the shores of Lough Derg, and would have annihilated his force but for a mutiny among his own men. In February 1573, however, his adversary was compelled to submit, and at Kilmallock kiss the earth before him. Sir John returned to England the following March, and presented to the Queen twenty-nine "necessary con- siderations for the quiett mayntaining of the state of Mounster," one of which was the debasement of the Irish coinage to half its previous value. Shortly after his return he was put in command of a fleet of six vessels to cruise off the Irish coast. He went on board at Greenwich, attended with " fiftie men in orange tawny cloakes," musicians, services of plate, and " all things else suitable." At the first Irish port hetouched at "allmost all thecountry there- abouts flocked about hym, and by reason of his former government in that coun- try, they bare such affection towards hym that the people came in greate numbers neere into hym as they might, some of them imbracing his legges and coveting to touche any part of his body." Interesting paiiiiculars of his cruises are given in his Life. In 1583 he was appointed Lord- Deputy, and sailing from Milford Haven he arrived at Dublin in January 1 584. Ina letter of the previous October he had said: PER " Give me ^50,000 for three years, and I will undertake to settle Ireland. Now is the time." His early policy was a poli- tical amnesty, the occupation of Ulster by a strong garrison, and unflinching op- position to Roman Catholicism. He de- clared " To take the chief lands from them, or banish their captaincies, or alter their ancient customs, [are] matters hardly to be endured by reasonable men." This policy was intended for the north. Cork, Kerry, and Limerick were mapped out and divided into blocks of 12,000 acres each, to be held on quit rents under the Crown. The chief military success during his go- vernment was the complete defeat of the Burkes and their allies, the Scots, by Bingham, at Ardnaree in Sligo, on the 22nd September 1586. Mr. Froude speaks of Perrot as "a straightforward soldier, vain, passionate, not very wise, but anxious to do what was right. . . The Council had crossed and thwarted him. In return he had sworn at them and in- sulted them, and quarrelled with them all, good and bad." One of his plans for the subjection of the country was the seizure of hostages for the good behaviour of the Irish chiefs ; and, on his departure from Ireland in 1588 he left in Dublin Castle no fewer than thirty young princes or persons of note: amongst others, several O'Neills, FitzMaurices, O'Donnells, Fitz- Gibbons, Maguires, MacMahons, O'Byrnes, and O'Tooles. After his return he fell into disgrace with Queen Elizabeth, and was committed to the Tower. On 27th April 1592 he was brought to trial for that he "did imagine in his heart to deprive, depose, and disinherit the Queen's most excellent Majesty from the royal seat, to take her life away, to make slaughter in her realm, to raise rebellion in England and Ireland." He indignantly repudiated these charges ; but was con- demned and sentenced to be executed. Reprieved by the Queen, he died in the Tower the following September. His ap- pearance and character are thus sketched : " Sir John Perrot was a man in stature very tall and big, . . almost equal to the mightiest men that lived in his time, his hair was alborne, until it grew grey in his elder yeares, . . his countenance full of majestic, his eye marvellous perc- ing . . insomuch that when he was angrie, he had a very terrible visage or looke. . . He did surmount the most part men of his time, in the greatness and magnanimitie of mynd. . . In time of danger he shewed hymselfe always reso- lute and valiant ; . . understanding of the languages, as the French, Spanish, 433 PER and the Italian. . . He was by nature very choloricke, and could not brooke any crosses, or dissemble the least injuries. . . He would (being moved to wrath) sweare too much, which, proceeding partly from custome, and partly from choUer, he could hardly refrayne it when he was pro- vocked." ^^3 Interesting references to Sir John Perrot will be found in Notes and Queries, ist, 3rd, and 4th Series. '^^ uo 254 283 312 Fery, Edmond Sexton, Viscotint, the son of a Limerick clergyman, was born in April 17 19. He was called to the Bar, entered Parliament in 1751, and was Speaker from 1771 to 1785. On his vacating the office of Speaker in 1785, he was, upon an address of the Parliament, created Viscount Pery, of Newtown-Pery, near Limerick, and granted a pension of ^£3,000 per annum. He was twice mar- ried, but left no heir, and the title became extinct on his death, in 1806, at the age of 87. He was buried at Pelham, in Hert- fordshire. Grattan said of Lord Pery : " He was more or less a party to all those measures [of free trade and Irish libera- tion], and indeed in every great statute and measure that took place in Ireland for the past fifty years, a man of the most legislative capacity I ever knew, and the most comprehensive reach of understand- ing ; with a deep engraven expression of public care, accompanied by a temper which was adamant. In his train is every private virtue which can adorn human nature." The Gentleman's Magazine, in noticing his death, eulogizes him highly. 21 54 146 196 Pery, Edmond Henry, Earl of Iiimerick, nephew of preceding (son of the Bishop of Limerick, Lord Glent- worth), was born 8th January 1758. He studied at Ti'inity College, made the tour of Europe, and was elected member for Lim- erick. H^ succeeded to the title of Baron on the death of his father in 1 794. For his adherence to the Government he was in 1795 made Keeper of the Signet, and in 1797 Clerk of the Crown and Hanaper. In 1 798 he raised a regiment of dragoons at his own expense, to assist in the sup- pression of the Insurrection. Having voted for the Union, he was made a vis- count in 1800, and three years afterwards Earl of Limerick. He died 7th December 1845, aged 2>7, at his seat in Berkshire, and was buried in Limerick Cathedral. Barrington speaks of him as " always crafty, sometimes imperious, and fre- quently efficient. He was prouder than he had a right to be, and bore no simili- tude to his illustrious uncle ; but he was 434 PET a convivial companion, and a steady friend. He had a sharp, quick, active in- tellect ; he generally guessed right in his politics." " 34 146 Peters, William, Rev., R.A.,33^ an artist who flourished in the latter half of the 1 8th century, was born in Dublin. He received his art instruction in the schools of the Royal Dublin Society, and having visited Italy more than once, was in 1 763 elected a member of the Imperial Academy at Florence. He matriculated at Oxford in 1779, entered the Church, and was appointed prebendary of Lincoln and chap- lain to the Prince of Wales. Bryan's Painters says : " He is better known by the prints engraved for Boydell's Shaks- peare and Macklin's Oallery than by his paintings, though some of his pictures have all the impasto of Sir Joshua Rey- nolds, and in richness of invention and fancy far surpass him." It is supposed that he died about 1800. =77 338(1794) Petrie, George, LL.D., a distinguished archaeologist, was born in Dublin in 1789. [His father, a portrait painter, was a man of cultivated mind and an excellent numismatist. He was acquainted with many of the insurrectionary leaders of 1798, and to his portraits and casts we owe the preservation of some of their like- nesses.] When about ten, George was sent to Whyte's school in Grafton-atreet, and being delicate, was subsequently allowed to follow his bent, and adopt his father's profession. He attended the schools of the Dublin Society, and progressed rapidly. When about nineteen he began to make excursions through the country in search of the picturesque, and to examine and take careful notes of antiqmties. His remarks upon them were even then characterized by great acuteness of observation. He also commenced, thus early, his collection of Irish airs. He would often start on foot at nightfall, after his day's work was done, so as to reach by daybreak some chosen spot for study in the County of Wicklow. His drawings were then free and broad, but wanting in the delicacy of his after works. In 18 13 he visited his friends Danby and O'Conor in London, and an introduction to Sir Benjamin West opened to him the art treasures of the metropolis. Three years afterwards he began to exhibit in Dublin ; but his most profitable work was furnishing sketches for illustrated books relating to Ireland, as Gvom'weWs. Excursions, Brewer's Beau- ties, and Fisher's Historical Guide. He married in 1821, and settled regularly to an art career. He became an associate of the Royal Hibernian Academy at its open- PET ing in 1826, and thenceforward was a con- stant exhibitor ; he was elected a member in 1828, was appointed librarian in 1830, and ■was subsequently President. Although so early as 18 16 he contributed articles on current literature, antiquities, and archae- ology, it was not untU the establishment of the Dublin Penny Journal in 1832 that his abilities found scope, and his genius for analysis and research became apparent. He and Caesar Otway edited the first volume of the magazine, and wrote many notices of objects of antiquity, and historic sketches of the rise, progress, and decadence of the fine arts in Ireland. Ten years afterwards he became the sole editor of the Irish Penny Journal, during its short existence of twelve months. In 1829 he was elected on the Council of the Eoyal Irish Academy. It was Petrie who in 1831 secured for the Academy an autograph copy of the Second Part of the A7inals of the Four Masters, which had previously lain unnamed and neglected. From 1833 to 1846 he was connected with the Ordnance Survey, and visited all parts of Ireland in the course of his duties. In 1833 his essay on the " Origin and Uses of the Round Towers of Ireland" gained a prize of £50 from the Academy; in 1834 he read his essay on the " Military Architecture of Ireland ;" in 1837, on the " History and Antiquities of Tara ;" in 1838 on "Cromlechs and Sepulchral Eemains." The break-up of the Irish Ordnance Topographical Survey placed him in circumstances of some diffi- culty, and he was obliged to revert to his pencil for a livelihood ; but a pension on the Civil List eventually placed him above want, and put him in a position to pursue his investigations with an easy mind ; and the honorary degree of LL.D. conferred upon him by Trinity College, testified the estimation in which he was held. His great work on The Ecclesiastical Architecture of Irela7id anterior to the Anglo-Norman Invasion, Comprising an Essay on the Origin and Uses of the Round Tou-ers, was published in 1845. The pre- face says : " The work contains not only the original essay on the round towers, very much enlarged, but also distinct essays on our ancient stone churches and other ecclesiastical buildings of contem- poraneous age with the round towers." Petrie's conclusions regarding Irish anti- quities, arrived at after a life devoted to the subject, are much as follows : That the great cahirs of the west and south, such as those on Aran, and Staigue Fort, and the tumuli, such as those of New Grange, Dowth, and Knowth, afford ground for the conclusion that they were the PET work of Greek colonists who settled in Ire- land and the southern part of England at a very remote period. That the cromlechs and many of the stone circles are un- doubtedly sepulchral monuments. That the innumerable raths were simply the places of abode of the ancient inhabitants of the country, within which they erected their wooden habitations, and where they kept their flocks and herds in time of danger. That castles of the Anglo-Nor- man type seem to have been erected in small numbers shortly before the period of the English occupation. That the caisel was a circular wall or enclosure for the defence of royal residences or of monas- teries. That the rath, lios, or lis, was an earthen mound or fort, enclosed with one or more fosses or ramparts. That the term dun is a generic one, used synony- mously with i*ath, lis, or cahir. That the round towers (built between the 7th and loth centuries) were meant to serve as belfries to Christian churches, and were used as keeps or places of strength, in which the sacred utensils, books, relics, and other valuables were deposited, and persons could retire for security in times of danger. He considered very many of the small churches as almost contempo- raneous with the introduction of Christi- anity into the country. Petrie's conclusions regarding the Christian origin of the round towers ai'e now accepted by all leading Irish scholars and antiquarians. Petrie also devoted much attention to the study of ancient Irish art and Irish music. He was a proficient in the latter, and on his violin interpreted the old tunes of the country in an unrivalled manner. The closing years of his life were devoted to the publication of a portion of his collection of Irish music. He died at Eathmines, Dublin, 1 7th January 1866, aged 77, and was buried in Mount Jerome Cemetery. His fine collection of Irish antiquities was purchased from his family by the Government, and deposited in the Royal Irish Academy, and the con- tinuance of a portion of his Civil List pension was ultimately secured for his daughters. George Petrie was a man of a wonderfully sweet and tender, though some what dilatory, disposition. His paint- ings and drawings are highly valued by persons interested in Irish scenery and antiquities, "^a m Petty, Sir William, M.D., one of the most successful of the many adventurers enriched by Irish confiscations in the 1 7th century, and a benefactor to Ireland by his survey and his economic writings, was the son of a clothier, and was born at Rumsey 435 PET ia Hampshire, 26tli May 1623, He re- tired to the Continent during the early part of the civil war, and is stated to have worked as a carpenter at Caen in Normandy. But he must also have studied medicine, for in 1649, soon after his return to England, he took his degree of Doctor of Medicine at Oxford. He secured the appointment of physician to the Parliamentary army in Ireland, and landed at Waterford in September 1652, having then a capital of £500. In this office he continued until 1659, at a salary of £365, making at the same time by private practice some £400 per annum. In December 1654 he entered into a con- tract with Government for the survey of Ireland at the rate of £7 3s. 4d. per 1,000 acres of arable land, besides id. per acre from the soldiers to whom it was to be allotted. Mr. Prendergast writes, in his Cromwellian Settlement : "It was characteristic of the period, that this great step in perfecting the scheme of plantation was consecrated with all the forms of religion, the articles being signed by Dr. Petty in the Council Chamber of Dublin Castle, on the 1 1 th December 1654, in the presence of many of the chief officers of the army, after a solemn seek- ing of God, performed by Colonel Tomlin- son, for a blessing upon the conclusion of so great a business. . . The field work of the survey was carried on by foot sol- diers, instructed by Dr. Petty, and select- ed by him as being hardy men, to whom such hardships as to wade through bogs and water, climb rocks, and fare and lodge hard, were familiar. They were fittest, too, 'to ruffle with' the rude spirits they were like to encounter, who might not see without a grudge their ancient inherit- ances, the only support of their wives and children, measured out before their eyes for strangers to occupy ; and they must often wheix at work be in danger of a sur- prise by Tories. Some of the surveyors were captured by these bold and desperate outlaws, when the sending away of the forces for England and Scotland, about the beginning of the work, left him naked of the guards he had been promised. Eight of them were surprised by Donagh O'Derrick, commonly called 'blind Do- nogh' (who, however could see well enough for this purpose), near Timolin, in the County of Kildare, and were by him and his party carried up the moun- tains of Wicklow into the woods, and there, after a drum-head kind of court- martial, executed by them as accessories to a gigantic scheme of ruthless robbery." The office work of Petty's survey was 436 PET carried on in a large house, known as the " Crow's Nest," in Dublin, on the site of the present Crow-street, to which it gave its name. His task was completed in the amazingly short time of thirteen months. Major-General Larcom, who carried to completion the Ordnance Survey of Ire- land in the present century, bears the fol- lowing testimony to the manner of its execution : Petty's " survey will always remain one of the most remarkable under- takings of which we have any record. We are not to estimate its merits as a topographical work by the precision which has been attained in modern times, nor test it by comparison with modem surveys, but with those which had gone before, and which it immediately replaced, as well as the circumstances under which it was executed, and the short time in which the whole operation was performed. . . It would be no easy task in our own day, to accomplish in thirteen months, even a traverse survey in outline of 5,000,000 acres in small divisions, and it was immea- surably greater then. . . It stands to this day, with the accompanying books of distribution, the legal record of the title on which half the land of Ireland is held ; and for the purpose to which it was and is applied it remains sufficient." By this survey Dr. Petty, according to his own ad- mission, made some £9,000, which, with other smaller items, including his profes- sional emoluments and his salary as Clerk of the Council in Dublin, enabled him to purchase ofi"-hand some 19,000 Irish acres of land, which twenty years later yielded him as much per annum as the price paid. By a judicious system of dealings in land, he added still more to his possessions, which included all the country to be seen from the top of Mangerton, in the County of Kerry. He was returned to Eichard Cromwell's Parliament in 1658. In March 1659 he was accused by Sir Jerome Sankey, another English adventurer, and a member of the same Parliament, of having "made it his trade to purchase deben- tures," he " being then the chief sur- veyor." Petty's maiden speech was a justification of his conduct. He appears to have courted the closest scrutiny into all his dealings ; but such a storm was raised that Richard Cromwell was obliged to dismiss him from his public employ- ments. Dr. Petty having made his fortune under the Commonwealth, obtained court favour and rank after the Restoration. Charles II. was " mightily pleased with his discourse." He was knighted in 1661, in 1 662 was made one of the Court of Com- missioners for Irish Estates, and Surveyor- PET General of Ireland ; and he was returned to the Irish Parliament for Enuiscorthy. " It was," says John Mitchel, " in the County of Kerry that Dr. Sir William Petty had his principal estates. For years the vales of Dunkerron and Iveragh rung with the continual fall of giant oaks.' There was a good market ; Spain and France were searching the world for pipe- staves ; in English dockyards there was steady demand for ship-knees ; and Sir William knew exactly where there was the best market for everything. In Ire- land itself, also, he set on foot ironworks ; and fed the fires from his own woods. . . There was no source of profit known to the commerce and traffic of that day in which Sir William did not bear a hand." Macaulay gives an interesting account of the difficulties with which his English colony, settled at Kenmare, had to contend, from the forces of nature and the hostility of the inhabitants. The individuals com- posing it (seventy-five men and one hun- dred women and children) were ultimately obliged to take refuge in a fort built on a promontory until the arrival of ships to convey them to England. In 1667 Sir William Petty married the relict of Sir Maurice Fenton, Bart. He built a fine house in London, and when drawing up his will in 1685, estimated his income at .£15,000 per annum, and his personal pro- perty alone at some £45,000. In Dublin he had founded a Philosophical Society over which he presided. He was one of the original members of the Eoyal Society, and a constant contributor to its transactions. He was the beloved friend of many eminent men, including John Evelyn, who frequently mentions him in his diary : " If I were a prince, I would make him my second councillor at least." Macaulay styles him "the be- nevolent and enlightened Sir William Petty ;" and says he " created the science of political arithmetic." He died i6th December 1 687, aged 64, and was buried beside his father and mother in Rumsey Church. The present Marquis of Lans- downe inherits much of his estates. [See notice of Earl of Shelburne, page 201.] Petty is described as having been " a pro- per handsome man, measured six foot high, good head of brown hair ; his eyes a kind of goose grey, but very short-sighted, and as to aspect beautiful, and promised sweetness of nature ; and they did not deceive, for he was a marvellous good- natured person." " The variety of pur- suits in which he was engaged," says the EncyclopcEdia Britannica, " shows that he had talents capable of achieving anything PHE to which he chose to apply them ; and it is certainly not a little remarkable that a man of such an active and enterprising disposition should have found time to write so much as he did in the course of his busy life." Twenty-five of his books and essays, chiefly upon scientific and social questions, are enumerated in the notice of him in Wood's Athence Oxonienses. The most important of those relating to Ireland are : his Maps of Ireland, pub- lished in London in 1685, comprising a general map of Ireland, the provinces, and counties, in thirty-six plates, with portrait of himself ; and his Political Anatomy of Ireland (Lond. 1 691), re-published by Mr. Thom in his Tracts Relating to Ireland. This invaluable work gives a minute ac- count of the condition of the country in 1672— its extent, population, and pros- pects, its resources and political condition. SirW. Petty estimated the area of Ireland at 1 7,000,000 statute acres (14,000,000 tillage and pasture, and 3,000,000 plantation and waste). The actual area is now known to be 21,000,000 (16,500,000 tillage and pas- ture, and 4,500,000 plantation and waste). He estimated the population at 1,100,000 (800,000 Irish, 200.000 English, and 100,000 Scotch; or, 800,000 Catholics, 100,000 Es- tablished Church, and 200,000 Dissenters). It is interesting to remark that in two hundred years the proportion of Catholics has increased from 7S to 76 per cent, of the total population, and of members of the Established Church from 9 to 12 per cent., the proportion of Dissenters having fallen from 18 to 12 per cent. He estima- ted the number of families in Ireland at 200,000 (160,000 " with no fixed hearths"); and the number of houses at 40,000, of which 24,000 had only one chimney. The present number of houses is 1,100,000, of which, as nearly as can be judged, 300,000 have only one chimney. The originals of his maps can be consulted in the Eecord Office, Dublin. '*t 16 »<> «4 1271 u^ ^ 284. 284t 324t Phelan, William, D.D., a distinguish- ed clergyman of the Established Church, was born at Clonmel, 29th April 1789. His parents were Catholics, and he was educated as one ; but it is said that, being shocked upon one occasion by the plain statement of a co-religionist of the doctrine of exclusive salvation taught by their Church, his opinions gradually underwent a change, and he entered Trinity College as a Protestant, in June 1806. He soon became distinguished by his literary at- tainments, and was befriended by WilUam Conyngham Plunket and Dr. Magee. In 1 814 he was appointed second master in 437 PHI the Endowed School of Londonderry ; the same year he took orders in the Church, and was appointed to a chaplaincy by the Bishop of berry. In 1817, on a third trial, he gained a fellowship in Trinity College, and in 18 18 was elected Donnellan Lecturer ; in 1823 he resigned his fellow- ship, married, and accepted the curacy of Keady, in the diocese of Armagh, which next year he gave up for the rectory of Killyman in the same diocese. In October 1825 he succeeded to the college rectory of Ardtrea, and next year took the degree of D.D. He died 13th June 1830, aged 41. This amiable and learned man was the author of The Policy of the Church of Rome in Ireland (1827), and numerous minor works. His Remahis were collected by his friend Bishop Jebb, and published in 2 vols. Bvo. in 1832. =^5t Phillips, Charles, author, was born at Sligo in 1789. He graduated at Trinity College, and was called to the Irish Bar in 1812, and to the English Bar in 1821. Lord Brougham gave him an appointment as a bankruptcy judge at Liverpool, and in 1835 he was advanced to be a Commis- sioner of Bankruptcy. His brilliant though somewhat florid eloquence secured his suc- cess at the criminal bar, and for some years he was theleading counselatthe Old Bailey. His action at the trial of Courvoisier for the murder of Lord William Russell in June 1840, was much and justly called in question. He endeavoured to clear his client by throwing suspicion on another person, of whose entire innocence he was well aware. The voluminous literature of the question is fully set forth by AUi- bone, who devotes almost a page of his Dictionary to a specification of his nu- merous writings. His Emerald Isle, a Poem (18 1 2), Recollections of Curran and his Cotemporaries (18 18), Specimens of Irish' Eloquence (18 19), and Historical Sketch of Wellington (1852), are perhaps the most important. Moore speaks of his Life of Curran as written in wretched taste, and Sir James Mackintosh declared his style " pitiful to the last degree," and said " he ought by common consent to be driven from the Bar." Christopher North writes : "There were frequent flashes of fine im- agination, and strains of genuine feeling in his speeches, that showed nature intended him for an orator. In the midst of his most tedious and tasteless exaggerations, you still feel that Charles Phillips had a heart." He died in Golden-square, London, 1st February 1859, aged 70. ' '^ "*^ Pilkington, Letitia, daughter of Dr. Van Lewen, a Dublin physician, was born in 17 1 2, and was early married to the Eev. 438 PLO Matthew Pilkington, prebendary of Lich- field. Her literary acquirements made her intimate with Dean Swift, of whom at one time she was a great favourite. He procured an English chaplaincy for her husband. Ultimately the Dean appears to have had reason to regret his acquaint- ance, and in a letter to Alderman Barber, dated 9th March i737-'8, he uses language too strong to be quoted, concerning her and her husband. Mrs. Pilkington and her husband were divorced ; in London she was befriended by Gibber ; gradually de- scending in the social scale, she died in poverty, 29th August 1750, aged 38. Her Memoirs were published in Dublin in 1 748. Her husband. Rev. Matthew Pilkington (who must not be confounded with the following), was the author of a volume of Miscellanies, a Rational Concordance (Nottingham, 1749), and other works. '® 37 321 Pilkington, Matthew, Rev., vicar of Donabate, was born early in the i8th century. In 1722 he took his degree of B.A. at Trinity College, Dublin. He was the author of an important work, which has gone through eleven editions, and is still highly esteemed — Dictionary of Paint- ers, A. D. 1250 to 1767, first published in London in 1 770. Bryan's well-known Dic- tionary of Painters and Engravers is said by Allibone to be an enlargement of the 1805 edition of this work ; yet Bryan ap- pears to make no reference to Pilkington in his list of authorities. '^ ^" Pleasants, Thomas, a Dublin philan- thropist, was bom in Ireland in 1728. Amongst other acts of benevolence he, in 181 5, built, at a cost of ,£i4,ooo,,the Stove Tenter House, in Dublin, to enable weavers to dry their cloth in damp weather. This building is now the St, Joseph's Night Re- fuge. He gave ,£6,000 to the Meath Hospi- tal to build an operating room and other oflaces — operations having previously been performed in the general wards, within sight and hearing of the patients. He made large contributions of books and paintings to the Royal Dublin Society ; and erected the lodges at the Glasnevin Botanic Gar- dens. He republished and circulated gratuitously a large edition of Dr. Samuel Madden's Reflections. Thomas Pleasants died in Dublin, ist March 18 18, aged 89, leaving large bequests to Dublin institu- tions. He is said to have given away altogether some £100,000. ^ '•'^ Plowden, Francis, LL.D., historian and miscellaneous writer, was born in Ire- land '*= early in the i8th century. He was a Catholic, and a member of the English Chancery Bar. The work that chiefly en- PLU titles him to notice is his Historical Review of the State of Ireland from the Invasion by Henry ll. to the Union, 3 vols. 4to. London, 1805. The last two volumes are devoted to the history of the country from 1782 to the Union, and contain much use- ful matter. In 181 3 he published in Dub- lin, in 3 vols., his History of Ireland from the Union to October iZio. For statements in this work, one John Hart brought an action against him at Lifford, 24th March 1 813, and obtained ^5,000 damages. Mr. Plowden thereupon retired to France, •where lie passed the remainder of his days. He died in Paris in 1 829, at an advanced age. His brother Charles was a distin- guished Jesuit, and the Earl of Dimdonald was his son-in-law. '^ ^ '^^^ 173J 233 Plunket, Christopher, Earl of Pin- gall, a prominent actor in the War of i64i-'52. Carte says of his early life : "His father [ist Earl of Fingall] had carried him over very young iato England, when he was sent thither as an agent from the Irish ; and after bestowing upon him all the breeding which the Court of England could afibrd, he got him a command in Flanders, where he soon distinguished himself, and was advanced to a better post, being a man of good parts and a pleasant turn of wit, accompanied by a politeness in his behaviour, and a natural civility which flowed towards all men ; and these qualities rendering his conver- sation agreeable, made him universally acceptable to his acquaintance." He took his seat in the Parliament of 1639. Upon the breaking out of the war in 1641 he, with other Catholic lords, ofl'ered his ser- vices to the Government. These being rejected, he retired to the country, and ultimately threw himself into the strug- gle on the Catholic side. He was fore- most in the gatherings at Tara and Duleek, commanded the cavalry at the siege of Drogheda, and was seven times indicted and outlawed in the cour-se of his career. He was ultimately taken prisoner at the battle of Eathmines, in August 1649, ^^^ died shortly afterwards in the Castle of Dublin, s-j ^is Plunket, Oliver, Archbishop of Ar- magh, was born at Loughcrew, County of Meath, in 1629. He was descended from an old Anglo-Norman family, and was related to Dr. Plunket, Bishop of Ardagh, and Peter Talbot, Archbishop of Dublin. In 1645 he was sent to Rome under the care of Father Scarampo, Papal Legate, to complete his education, and next year entered the Irish College, where he re- mained eight years. In 1654 he was or- dained for the Irish ministry, but the state PLU of the country rendered his return impos- sible, and he continued to preside in Rome, where he spent altogether some twenty-five years— from 1 645 to 1 669. In 1 65 7 he was appointed Professor in the College of the Propaganda, where he lectured for about twelve years. Dr. Moran, his biographer, writes : " It is incredible with what zeal he burned for the salvation of souls. In the house itself, and in the city, he wholly devoted himself to devout exercises ; fre- quently did he visit the sanctuaries steep- ed with the blood of so many martyrs, and he ardently sighed for the opportunity of sacrificing himself for the salvation of his countrymen. He moreover frequented the hospital of Santo Spirito, and employ- ed himself even in the most abject minis- trations, serving the poor infirm, to the edification and wonder of the very officials and assistants of that place." In 1668 he was appointed agent of the Irish clergy at Rome. About this time he composed his Irish poem, " Tara of the Kings." On 9th July 1669 he was nominated Arch- bishop of Armagh. When leaving Rome he presented a small estate to the Irish Col- lege, besides many books and pictures. He was duly consecrated in November at Ghent, it being supposed that his conse- cration there would be less likely to bring him into trouble with the government in Ireland than if done in Rome. While in London, on his way, he was seci'etly lodged for ten days in the royal palace, by Father Howard, Grand Almoner. Speaking of his journey to Ireland, he says : " I suffered more from London to Holyhead than during the remainder of the journey from Rome to London — excessive cold, stormy winds, and a heavy fall of snow. . . Three times I was up to my knees in water in the carriage." During the ten years of his episcopate he was unceasing in his endeavours to re-establish and strengthen the fabric of his church, torn and shattered by the events of previous years. He pre- sided at synods, held confirmations, es- tablished colleges and schools — travelling incessantly, not only in Ireland but the Hebrides. Writing 15 th December 1673, he said he had confirmed 48,655 persons in the previous four years. " I applied my- self especially to root out the cursed vice of drunkenness, which is the parent and nurse of all scandals and contentions." He bore persecution and poverty with unflinch- ing fortitude. At times Roman Catho- licism was tolerated ; at other times he had to preach and administer the sacra- ments in forests or on remote hUl sides, and to hide himself in garrets and miser- able cabins. His eff"orts to put down 439 PLU the tories excited great animosity against him among some of his co-religionists. In 1670 he says : "I am obliged to con- ceal myself by assuming the name of Captain Brown, wearing a sword and a wig and pistols ; this lasted two or three months. , . No fewer than nine times have I been accused before the Viceroy on account of the schools, and for exercising foreign jurisdiction. . . In a certain emergency when an outburst of persecu- tion was feared in Armagh, I had to burn all my foreign letters, even the brief of my consecration." In 1674 the clergy were everywhere obliged to fly to the woods and mountains to seek a refuge, and he wrote that in the city of Cashel there was not a single Catholic who could give lodging for one night, and that there was but one parish priest in the whole city. The Archbishop's correspondence with Rome continued even in the worst times of per- secution, and is said to have cost him £25 a year — half the revenue of his see. In 1 678, Catholics, excepting such as "for the greater part of the twelve months past had inhabited," were forbidden to reside in any corporate town. In July 1679 he was arrested in Dundalk, and committed to Newgate, Dublin, on the informations of two condemned friars, MacMoyer and Dufiy. [See MacMoter, Florence, p. 317.] He was charged with having com- passed the invasion of Ireland by foreign powers; with having obtained money from the Irish clergy to maintain a French araiy of 70,000 men ; and with having conspired to take all the forts and harbours in Ire- land. In October 1680 the Archbishop was removed to England, and on the 3rd of May 1 68 1 was arraigned at the King's Bench, when he pleaded not guilty. Five weeks were allowed him to procure wit- nesses, and on the 8th of June he was again broi^ght up. His messengers had been long detained at Holyhead by stress of weather, and had not had time to gather in Ireland the scattered witnesses necessary to disprove the assertions of his adversaries. The trial proceeded notwith- standing; the jury after a quarter of an hour's consideration returned a verdict of guilty, and he was sentenced to be hanged, drawn, and quartered. He bore himself with great dignity throughout the trial, and on its conclusion again maintained his innocence, and simply asked that a ser- vant and some friends might be permitted to visit him. He was brought to Tyburn on 1st July (1681). Captain Richard- son, Keeper of Newgate, testified as to his bearing: "When I came to him this morning he was newly awake, having slept 440 PLU all night without disturbance ; and when I told him he was to prepare for execution he received the message with all quietness of mind, and went to the sledge as un- concerned as if he had been going to a wedding." After making a long and dig- nified speech, pointing out the absurdity of the charges brought against him, he resigned himself to the executioner. Wood says in his Athence Oxonienses that Arch- bishop Plunket's remains rested in the churchyard of St. Giles'-in-the- Fields until 1 683, when they were removed to Land- sprug in Germany. His head is preserved in a shrine in the convent of St. Catherine at Drogheda. Subsequent events proved his entire innocence of the charges brought against him. Fox, in his History of James II., says, Charles II. "did not think it worth while to save the life of Plunket, the Popish Archbishop of Armagh, of whose innocence no doubt could be entertained." I28t 195 286» 312 Plunket, William Conyngham, Lord Plunket, Lord-Chancellor, was born at Enniskillen, ist July 1764. Short- ly after his birth, his father, a Presby- terian minister, was called to officiate at the Strand-street Chapel in Dublin. He died in 1778, leaving his widow and chil- dren poorly provided for. Young Plunket entered college about the same time as his friends Thomas A. Emmet and Yelverton. He became distinguished for his oratorical powers in the debates of the Historical Society, and in his third year obtained a scholarship. At his mother's house in Jervis-street, Burrowes, Bushe, Emmet, Magee (afterwards Archbishop), Tone, and Yelverton, constantly met on terms of the closest intimacy. In 1784 he entered at Lincoln's Inn, and two years afterwards was called to the Irish Bar. His progress was rapid and steady. In his memoirs it is mentioned that in 1791 he argued a case before a Committee of the House of Commons on which Arthur WeUesley and Lord Edward FitzGerald sat to- gether. In 1797 he was made King's Counsel. In conjunction with Curran, in 1798, he unsuccessfully defended John and Henry Sheares. He was brought into Parliament by Lord Charlemont in 1 798, and was one of the most strenuous oppo- nents of the Union. In a speech made during the memorable debate of 22nd-23rd January 1799, he "in the most express terms" denied " the competency of Parlia- ment to do this act. . . If, circum- stanced as you are, you pass this Act, it will be a nullity, and no man in Ireland will be bound to obey it. I make the assertion deliberately — I repeat it, and I PLU call on any man who hears me to take down my words. , . You are appoint- ed to exercise the functions of legislators, and not to transfer them. And if you do so your act is a dissolution of the Govern- ment. You resolve society intoits original elements, and no man in the land is bound to obey you. . . Yourselves you may extinguish, but Parliament you cannot ex- tinguish. . . As well might the frantic suicide hope that the act which destroys his miserable body should extinguish his immortal soul." In 1803, as counsel for the Crown, he was engaged in the prosecu- tion of Robert Emmet, the brother of his old friend. In some editions of Emmet's speech before sentence, he is falsely re- presented to have made use of the words (as applying to Plunket) : " That viper whom my father nourished. He it was from whose lips I first imbibed those prin- ciples and doctrines, which now, by their effects, di-ag me to my grave." William Cobbett was find £500 as the publisher, and Robert Johnstone, one of the Judges of the Common Pleas in Ireland, lost his seat on the Bench, as the author of ani- madversions, in the Register newspaper, upon Mr. Plunket's conduct at the trial. A few months after this trial Plunket was appointed Solicitor-General ; and in 1805 he was advanced to be Attorney-General. In 1807 he entered Parliament for Mid- hurst. In 1 81 2 he exchanged this seat for the University of Dublin, which he represented imtil his elevation to the peerage. At this period he was in the enjoyment of a lucrative practice, chiefly in the Court of Chancery, and his means were subsequently increased by a large bequest from his brother. Dr. Plunket. He took a leading part in the debates at Westminster. Bulwer thus describes his presence in Parliament : " He rises— mark him now ! No grace in feature, no command in height. Yet his whole presence fills and awes the sight. Wherefore, you ask. I can but guide your guess. Man has no majesty like earnestness. His that rare warmth— collected central heat- As if he strives to check the heart's loud beat, Tame strong conviction and indignant zeal, And leave you free to think as he must feel." From the first he strenuously supported the claims of the Catholics, and worked with his friend Henry Grattan for their advancement. His speech in favour of Emancipation on 21st February 1821 was declared by Peel to stand " nearly the highest in point of ability of any ever heard in this House ; combining therarest powers of eloquence with the strongest powers of reasoning." During the Viceroyalty of the Marquis of Wellesley in 1 821, he was again appointed Attorney-General. In PLU 1825 he supported the Bill for putting down the Catholic Association, and advo- cated the Relief Bill of Sir Francis Bur- dett, with its " wings." [See O'Connell, Daniel.] For this he became unpopular with the Irish Catholics, as he was already with the English Liberals for his defence of the Peterloo massacre. It is said that on Canning's advent to power in 1827 Plunket would have been appointed Lord- Chancellor but for the personal dislike of George IV. He was, however, made Master of the Rolls for England, but re- signed in consequence of the objections of the English Bar. Lord Norbury was there- upon induced to retire from the Irish Bench, and Plunket was appointed Chief- Justice of the Common Pleas in his stead, and elevated to the British peerage as Baron Plunket. In 1829 he had the satisfac- tion, in the House of Lords, of welcoming the passage of the measure for which he had striven so many years— Catholic Emancipation. In January 1830 he be- came Lord-Chancellor of Ireland, and held that position, with a short interval, until 1 84 1. Thenceforward, with the ex- ception of supporting the Reform BiU in 1 83 1, the Irish Tithe Bill in 1832, and the Irish Education Bill in 1833, he took little part in politics, devoting himself almost exclusively to his official duties. In June 1841, owing to pressure brought to bear upon him by Lord Melbourne's TSIinistry, he reluctantly consented to re- sign his seals, to make way for Lord Campbell, for whom the Government could not otherwise provide — a proceeding stig- matized by Lord Brougham as "the most gross and unjustifiable act ever done by party, combining violence and ingratitude with fraud. . . Vile as this whole pro- ceeding was, the course taken to defend it was worse than the act itself. It was pre- tended that a falling off in his powers had been observed, and that his faculties were declining ; than which no assertion could be made more utterly gi-oundless." Lord Plunket now withdrew from public life. He spent some time on the Continent, and on his return to Ireland settled at Old Connaught, near Bray, where he tranquil- ly passed the rest of his days in the midst of a large circle, by whom he was gi'eatly beloved. He died at Old Connaught, 4th January 1854, aged 89, and was buried in Mount Jerome Cemetery. Few speci- mens of Lord Plunket's oratory have been preserved, mainly in consequence of his dislike to correcting proofs, or putting pen to paper. He often read his briefs or notes whilst driving into town on the morning of the day on which he had to 441 PON argue or speak from them — seldom noting them — being able to trust entirely to his unfailing and accurate memory. There is a beautiful bust of Lord Plunket in the Library of Trinity College. Dr. Madden, whilst commenting severely upon his con- duct at the trial of Eobert Emmet, quotes the following concerning his character: "As time, however, wears on, the stains will vanish in the general brightness, and the student of the political history of Ire- land will recognize in Lord Plunket one of those mighty minds that exalt a nation, whose renown is imperishably interwoven with the history and the fortunes of their country. Plunket's eloquence has long gained for itself the highest prize of fame. In a period eminent for intellectual distinc- tion both in Ireland and in England, he vindicated to himself universal admiration. Owing nothing of his celebrity to birth, wealth, or official rank, he required none of these factitious supports to move freely in the loftiest regions of professional and parliamentary effect, dignity, and distinc- tion." ^37 331 Ponsonby, George, Lord-Chancellor, waa born 5th March 1755. [His father resigned the speakership of the Irish House of Commons in 1771, rather than be the mouthpiece of a resolution passed by the popular party.] He studied at Cambridge, was called to the Irish Bar in 1780, and in 1782 was appointed counsel to the Revenue Commissioners, with a salary of £1,200. This post he lost on the recall of the Duke of Portland. Entering Parliament, he joined the popu- lar party, and with Grattan and his friends struggled against the system of jobbery and corruption then prevailing in the House of Commons. He was the personal friend of Earl Fitzwilliam, and strenuously sup- ported the Emancipation Act of 1793, and the further efforts for the relief of the Catholics. He oflFered an unflinching opposition to the measure of Union. On the advent to power of the Whigs in 1806 he was appointed Lord-Chancellor of Ire- land. He secured for his friend Curran the appointment of Master of the Rolls, with £4,000 per annum ; " but, unfoi'tu- nately, there were some matters in this arrangement which, instead of cementing the existing friendship, had the eflfect of creating a long and painful separation between the two. . . During his [Mr. Ponsonby's] last illness, Mr. Currau being in London, became reconciled to his old friend, and, after his lamented death, took every opportunity of recalling his great qualities of head and heart, and the long and faithful services by which the name 442 POP of Ponsonby is endeared to Ireland."^* On change of Ministry in 1807, he entered the House of Commons, where he took a prominent part for several years, direct- ing his attention principally to measures of law reform. He was seized with para- lysis in the House of Commons, and died 8th July 18 17, aged 62. He was buried at Kensington. Henry Grattan, Jun., says : " He possessed a love of liberty, and of a sort that would not suffer it to overturn the Government. His aristocracy was not a bad one ; he was of use in Ireland, and deserved well of her ; he had a public mind, and felt for his country ; he had a just reserved sense of her injuries, and would not omit any occasion to redress them ; he was a good patron and a good father, and had a good understanding. His voice was soft and pleasing ; his man- ner calm and impressive ; his temper un- ruffled and happy ; vivacity characterized his mind, and generosity his disposition. He was an able speaker, and possessed an argumentative humour, a cunning shrewdness, and a knowledge of the folly of mankind." '^* ?* Fopham, Sir Home Riggs, Admiral, was born in Ireland,^^ 12th October 1762. He was educated at Westminster, and having passed a year at Cambridge, entered the navy. In 1782 he attained the rank of lieutenant, and in 1795 was appointed post-captain, and won credit for his ser- vices in different parts of the world. He was envoy to Russia in 1 799. His open- ing up the Red Sea to European com- merce, in 1803, brought down upon him the displeasure of the House of Commons. On 8th January 1806 he commanded the fleet which contributed to the reduction of the Cape of Good Hope. Thence he pro- ceeded to the Rio de la Plata, where he landed 2,oootroops, and captured the towTi of Buenos Ayres on the 26th June. The Spaniards retook the place on 12th August, and the British garrison were made pri- soners. On the arrival of British rein- forcements, Monte Video was carried by storm in February 1807. In May, 8,000 men under General Whitelocke were de- feated in an attempt to retake Buenos Ayres, and the British were ultimately obliged to evacuate the country. For the rash and unauthorized inception of the original attack on Buenos Ayi'es, Captain Popham was brought to a court-martial, and severely reprimanded. After this he served in the Baltic ; and during the Peninsular War commanded the Venerable, 74. In 1 81 3 he accompanied Lord Moira to India, in command of the Stirling Castle. In 1 8 14 he attained the rank of rear-admiral, POK aud in 1819 commanded in the West In- dies. Keturning on leave to England in 1820, he died at Cheltenham, on the ilth of September, aged 57. He wrote a vindication of his conduct in relation to the opening up of the Red Sea, and was the author of A Description of the Prince of Wales^ Island, and Eules to be observed in the Royal Navy — all apparently published in 1805. His construction of a line of telegraph stations from Bridport to the Land's End in 181 5 procured him admission to the Royal Society. His im- provements in the system of naval signals constitute his best claim to remembrance. 35t 53 124 Porter, Francis, a Franciscan friar, was born in the County of Meath in the 1 7th century. He was Professor and Lec- turer, and ultimately President, in the Irish College of St. Isidore's at Rome, where he died 7th April 1702. Harris's Ware gives a list of his Latin woi'ks, the principal of which are : Securis Evangelica ad Hceresis Radices Posita (Rome, 1674), Compendium Annalium Ecclesiasticorum RegniHibernice (Rome, 1690), 3ind Si/stema Decretorum Dogmaticorum (Avignon, 1 693) . 339 Porter, James, Rev,, a distinguished United Irishman, was born about 1760, at Ballindrait, in the County of Donegal. After completing his theological studies at Glasgow, he was appointed Presbyterian minister of Grey Abbey, near Belfast, in 1784 or 1785. Five years afterwards he married. He was a good classical scholar. His library was extensive, and his scientific instruments and museum for the illustra- tion of natural philosophy were superior to anything else of the kind then in the north of Ireland. Of an enthusiastic and liberal mind, he entered the Society of the United Irishmen. At first moderate in his views, seeking only Catholic Emanci- pation and Parliamentary Reform, he advanced with the progress of events, and being a good public speaker, and having a ready pen, soon took a foremost place in the movement. His writings in the Northern Star and Press were forcible and trenchant. He took the field with the insurgents in June 1798, was ai-rested for participation in the attack on Saint- field, tried by court-martial, and executed at Grey Abbey, in sight of his church and home. He suffered with fortitude. He was buried in Grey Abbey churchyard, where a marble slab marks his resting- place. 330 Porter, Alexander J., American jurist and senator, son of preceding, was born in Armagh in 1786. He went to the POT United States in 1801, and was admitted to the Bar in 1807. Settling in Louisi- ana in 1 8 10, he took an active part in framing the State constitution in the fol- lowing year. In 1 82 1 he became a judge of the Supreme Court of Louisiana, and from 1834 to 1837 was United States Senator from that State. In Congress he favoui'ed Calhoun's motion to reject peti- tions for the abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia, and voted for the recognition of the independence of Texas ; and throughout his career was a slave- holder and an upholder of the institution of slavery. He died on his plantation at Attakapas, Louisiana, 13th January 1844. To his labours is in a measure due the system of jurisprudence at present exist- ing in Louisiana. ^^* Pottinger, Sir Henry, Bart., was born in the County of Down in 1789. [In 1 61 3, an ancestor, Thomas Pottinger, was " sovereign " of Belfast, and another relative, a captain in the royal navy, con- veyed William III. to Ireland in his ship, the Dartmouth, in 1690.] Henry was educated at the Belfast Academy. When very young he entered the navy, and in 1804, through Lord Castlereagh's influ- ence, was granted a military appointment in India. He assiduously studied the na- tive languages, and in 18 10 volunteered, with Captain Christie, for the difiicult task of exploring the countries between the Indus and Persia. They travelled disguised as Mohammedan merchants — an incognito that it required all their tact and linguistic abilities to maintain. After treading districts which had not been visited by Europeans since the time of Alexander the Great, they returned to Bombay in Februaiy 1811. A few years afterwards he gave their experiences to the world in an interesting work entitled Travels in Beloochistan and Sinde. He next received the appointment of assistant to the resident at the court of the Peishwa, at Poonah. During the Mahratta war he had a narrow escape at the battle of Khirkee. After the termination of hostili- ties he was appointed collector at Ahmed- uuggur, a position which he exchanged in 1 825 for a similar one at Cutch. In 1 83 1 Pottinger, then a colonel, undertook a mission to Scinde, which resulted in open- ing up the traffic of the Indus. In 1839 he was made a baronet. Next year he re- turned to England for the benefit of his health ; but was almost immediately (June 1 841) sent as plenipotentiary to China, to reap the benefits expected from the war entered upon with the Celestial Em- pire. After the expenditure of much 443 POT blood, a treat}' of peace was concluded on board the Cornwallis at Nankin, 26th August 1842, under which China was compelled to pay 21,000,000 dollars of an indemnity ; Canton, Amoy, Foochoofoo, Ningpo, and Shanghae were thrown open to commerce ; the opium trade was effec- tually fastened on the Chinese ; and Hong Kong was ceded to the United Kingdom. The Grand Cross of the Bath was conferred upon him, and after his return in 1844 he was made a Privy-Coun- cillor, and a pension of £1,500 was voted him by Parliament. The highest military rank he attained appears to have been that of Major-General in the East India Com- pany's service. He was governor of the Cape of Good Hope in 1846 and 1847, and of Madras from 1847 to 1854. Sir Henry Pottinger died at Malta, i8th March 1856, aged 66. He is described as an able and upright public officer, and an estimable man in all the relations of life. '*'54) "6(28) 1=4 Pottinger, Eldred, Major, the " De- fender of Herat," nephew of preceding, son of Thomas Pottinger, of Mount Pottin- ger, in the County of Down, was born 1 2th August 181 1. When but fourteen he was placed at Addiscombe, and after two years' training joined the head-quar- ters of an artillery regiment in India. In 1837, disguised as a native Cutch horse- dealer, he proceeded on an exploring expedition into Afghanistan. After his arrival in Herat in September, the city was invested by a Persian army under Mahomed Shah, largely officered by Eussians. Con- sidering it would be conducive to British interests that the designs of the Persians should be thwarted, he made himself known to Yar Mahomed, and engaged resolutely in the organization of the de- fence. It was owing to Pottinger's courage and determination that the Persians were compelled oo raise the siege at the end of a year. For this service he was pro- moted to a brevet majority, was made a Companion of the Bath, and in 1841 was appointed political agent at Herat, and soon afterwards at Cabul. In December 1 84 1 the small British force at Cabul was suddenly attacked by the Kohistanees, and several of his companions were mur- dered. "With a little body of Ghoorkas he made an effort to reach Charekur, but was ultimately obliged to surrender on humiliating terms, and for nine months remained a prisoner in the hands of Akbar Khan, who treated him with great con- sideration. In 1843, after his release, a court of inquiry was held to consider a certain treaty he had signed for the evacua- 444 POY tion of Afghanistan, and bills for large amounts drawn by him on the British government in payment of an indemnity to the enemy. His judgment and conduct were amply justified. Major Pottinger did not live long to enjoy his honours, or receive the further rewards that were in store for him. He died of fever, while on a visit to his uncle, Sir Henry Pottinger, at Hong Kong, 15th November 1843, aged •32. '^9T Power, Tyrone, an eminent actor, born about 1795 — according to one account in the County of Waterford ; accord- ing to another, at Swansea, of Irish parents. His real name was Thomas Powell. He served his time as a compositor, but ultimately abandoned printing, and went on the stage, where he soon attained a high position. After some experience in tragedy, he took up Irish comedy — to suit which he " manufactured " an admirable brogue. In 181 8 he retired from the boards; but returned in 1821, and became manager of the Olympic Theatre in 1 823. He appeared at Drury-lane the same year. In 1824 he achieved a triumph as " Paddy O'Hal- loran," and thenceforward devoted himself to Irish characters. Mr. Power travelled in America in i833-'4-'5, and published his Impressions of America in 1836. In 1840 he made a second tour through the States, and sailed from New York on his return, in the steamer President, on nth March 1841. Nothing was ever heard of this ill-fated vessel, and it is supposed she foundered in a storm, or came in collision with floating ice. Mr. Power was the author of some novels. An interesting note on his last appearance in Dublin, 20th June 1840, will be found in Notes and Queries, 2nd Series. His son. Sir W. Tyi-one Power, has written several books of travel. '* ^^ Poynings, Sir Edward, an English statesman, sent to Ireland in 1494 by King Henry VII. as Deputy for his son Hem-y (afterwards King Henry VIII.), then in his fourth year. The King had long been anxious concerning the indepen- dent attitude of the Irish Lords of the Pale, and their intrigues with Scotland and France, but thought it better to curb rather than weaken their power, lest the native Irish chiefs throughout the country should assert their complete independence. Poynings, who had already distinguished himself in diplomatic missions, landed at Howth on the 13th October 1494, having several English officers in his train, and 1,000 soldiers. With the Earl of Ormond, he almost immediately marched north against the O'Donnells, but could not pene- PRE trate beyond the border territories of O'Hanlon and Magennis, which he de- vastated -with fire and sword ; he, how- ever, reduced the castle of Carlow, held by the FitzGeralds. The Anglo-Irish Par- liament met at Drogheda in December. All the royal grants made for the preced- ing one hundred and sixty-eight years were revoked ; the family war cries, such as "Crom-a-boo" and "Butler-a-boo," were interdicted ; it was enacted that none but Englishmen should be entrusted with the care of any royal castle in Ireland, and that a ditch should be thrown up to defend the Pale against the Irish on the borders. Other laws were passed in this Parliament for the safety of the Anglo-Irish colony, amongst which was Poynings' Act, which has made his name memorable in Irish his- tory. It extended the English law to Ire- land, and subverted the independence of the Anglo-Irish Parliament, by providing that no Irish statutes should take effect until approved by the Viceroy and his Privy- Council, and sanctioned by the King and Council. It is known as lo Henry VII. cap. 22. The enacting part is as follows : " All estatutes late made within the said realm of England, concerning or belonging to the common and publique weal of the same [shall] from henceforth be deemed good and etfectuall in the law, and over that be acceptyd, used, and executed within this land of Ireland, in all points at aU time requisite according to the tenor and efiect of the same ; and over that by authority aforesaid, that they and every of them be authorised, proved, and confirmed in this said land of Ireland." ^"^ The Lords of the Pale were induced to pass the measure on the representation that it would be a protection against the legisla- tive oppressions occasionally attempted by the Viceroys. In the July 1495, Poynings made a successful expedition to relieve Waterford, then beleaguered by Warbeck and the Earl of Desmond. He took three of Warbeck's ships, and com- pelled him to retire to Scotland. It was part of his policy to propitiate by regular subsidies the chiefs whose territories bor- dered on the Pale, and, to O'BjTue, O'Neill, MacMurrough, MacMahou, O'Conor, and other magnates, he gave presents of cloth, wine, arms, and money. The castle of Carlow was entrusted to the Kavanaghs, and Sir James Ormond's troops were kept up at a ruinous expense. Sir Edward was recalled in 1496. The date of his death is not mentioned, '^o 314 335 Preston, Thomas, Visconnt Tara, son of the 4th Viscount Gormanstowu, was born, probably in Ireland, towards PRE the close of the i6th centuiy. He was educated in the Low Countries, where he entered the service of Spain. In 1634, during the viceroyalty of Strafford, he visited Ireland, and raised a regiment of 2,400 men in Leinster for the Spanish service. This force assisted at the de- fence of Louvain against the Dutch in June 1635. Preston gives a full account of the siege in a letter to Strafford, dated 6th July. A month later he sent agents to Ireland to raise new levies for the King of Spain. Indeed, it is supposed that he and Owen Roe O'Neill had the Deputy's warrant for recruiting as many men as they pleased in Ireland. Preston and his Irish troops were actively engaged in the war in the Netherlands for six years after the siege of Louvain. In the sum- mer of 1 64 1 he lost nearly 800 of his men in the defence of Genep ; and al- though obliged to capitulate on 27th July, marched out with all the honours of war, and retired to Venlo. " Asforthebesieged," says a contemporary writer, " and Preston in particular, they earned for themselves the most consummate glory, and this was willingly accorded to them by the plau- dits of their veriest enemies." '^'^^ Events in Ireland next called him home. Sup- plied by Cardinal Richelieu with three frigates and a considerable store of arms and ammunition for the Irish Confederates, he sailed from Dunkirk, and anchored in Wexford harbour about the middle of September 1642. He was accompanied by his son, a great number of engineers, and 500 officei-s, including Colonels Siunott, CuUen, Plunket, and Bourke, who had distinguished themselves in the Dutch wai'. General Preston was appointed by the Supreme Council to the command of the Leinster forces, and was a prime actor in the affairs of Ireland for the next few years, siding on the whole with the Anglo- Irish rather than the Old Irish party. He was consequently often in opposition to Owen Roe O'Neill. Clarendon sketches broadly the differences of policy that divided Preston and O'Neill : " They of the more moderate party, and whose main end was to obtain liberty for the exercise of their religion, without any thought of declining their subjugation to the King, or of invad- ing his prerogative, put themselves under the command of General Preston ; the other, of the fiercerand more savage party, and who never meant to return to their obedience of the Crown of England, and looked upon all the estates which had ever been in the possession of any of their an- cestors, though forfeited by their treason and rebellion, as justly due to them, and 445 PRE PEE ravished from them by the tyranny of the Crown, marched under the conduct of Owen Koe O'Neile ; both generals of the Irish nation ; the one descended of Eng- lish extraction through many descents ; the other purely Irish, and of the family of Tyrone ; both bred in the wars of Flanders, and both eminent commanders there, and of perpetual jealousy of each other ; the one of the more frank and open nature ; the other darker, less polite, and the wiser man ; but both of them then at the head of more numerous armies apart, than all the king's power could bring into the field against either of them." Most of Preston's operations were unfortunate. He was defeated by the Marquis of Ormond at New Eoss on the i8th March 1644, and obliged to retreat across the Barrow, with a loss of 500 men, his baggage, and am- munition. He assumed a neutral attitude in some of the negotiations between Or- mond and Einuccini ; but in August 1646 he co-operated with O'Neill to intercept Ormond in his march on Kilkenny, and compel his subsequent disastrous retreat to Dublin. The same autumn Preston and O'Neill marched against Dublin, wasting much time on the way, so that their combined forces, numbering some 1 6,000 foot and 1,600 horse, did not take up apositionatLucan until the i ith November. Ormond had been able to effect little for the defence of Dublin, beyond burning crops and destroying mills in the neigh- bourhood, and had the Irish generals acted in concert, nothing could have saved it from falling into their hands. They lost nearly a week in dissensions. Carte goes so far as to say that Preston hated O'Neill, and O'Neill despised Preston. On the 1 6th news reached them of the reception of a Parliamentary force into Dublin, where- upon they precipitately abandoned the siege, and sought winter quarters. Soon afterward, Preston appeared not unwill- ing to side with Ormond ; but Einuccini brought him back to act nominally with O'Neill. On 8th August 1647 he was de- feated by Jones, the Parliamentaiy General, at Dungan Hill, near Trim, where he occu- pied a strong position with 7,000 foot and 1,000 horse. Jones, with an army said to have numbered but 2,000 men, marched from Dublin to dislodge him. Preston rashly abandoned his entrenchments, in the hope of overwhelming the enemy while forming for the attack ; but his forces were met with undaunted bravery, quickly thrown into confusion, and completely routed. Einuccini admits a loss of 3,000 sol- diers and 106 officers: "All our banners were taken ; all the baggage seized. The 446 spoil, in which were several barrels of pow- der, cannot be put down at less than 50,000 crowns. Preston's baggage also fell into the hands of the enemy. . . 1,500 heretics were left upon the field." Father Meehan says Preston's losses were reck- oned at 5,470 killed ; while the Parlia- mentarians — Einuccini's " heretics" — had only twenty killed and very few wounded. In his retreat, Preston ,bumed Naas, Har- ristown, and Moyglare, while Jones retired to Dublin with his prisoners — "Nor would he allow the standards taken from the Confedei-ates to be brought in triumph to the city, for that would be attributing to man the work which was due to the Lord alone." Preston subsequently sided with the Marquis of Ormond and the Anglo-Irish party, and wrote, after his excommiinication by Einuccini : " I hold your censures to be invalid ; and as for O'Neill, I have pursued him to Mary- borough, fully resolved that either he or I shall fall in mortal combat." However, 2,000 of his troops went over to his adver- sary, and left him almost without an army. In the summer of 1650 Preston gallantly defended Waterford against Ireton's army, and according to the terms of the surren- der on 6th August, was allowed to march out and proceed under safe conduct to Athlone, with standards flying, trumpets sounding, pistols and carbines loaded. He was created Viscount Tara by patent dated at Ennis 2nd July 1650. Excluded by Cromwell from pardon for life and estate, he retired to the Continent, where he died before 14th August 1662, possibly at Bruges. Einuccini says he was "very subject to fits of anger, in which he was so rash and out-spoken that he had often to retract with apologies what he had said ; so hasty in his warlike enterprises that he was sometimes called inconsiderate." His grandson, the 3rd Viscount, died wdthout issue in 1674. [John Preston, descended from his younger brother, was, for his vote in favour of the Union, created Baron Tara in 1800.] S3 85t 93 i86t .71 295 Preston, William, author of several poems, plays, and essays, was born in Dub- lin in 1753. Educated at Trinity College, and called to the Bar in 1777, he was at one time Commissioner of Appeals. He assisted in founding the Eoyal Irish Academy. Allibone gives a full list of his works. His tragedy. Democratic Rage, published in 1793, was very successful. He died in Dublin, 2nd February 1807, aged 53. One notice of his life states that " he was a man of great literary attain- ments, . . not surpassed by any of his contemporaries." . '^ '-"^ 332 PEI Prior, Sir James, author, was born at Lisburn in 1 790. He entered the navy as a surgeon, served abroad and at home, became Deputy-Inspector of Hospitals in 1843, ^^'^ ""'■■^s knighted in 1858. He was the author of several popular works : Voyage to the Indian Seas in iSio'ii ; Memoirs of Edmund Burke (1824) ; Life of Oliver Goldsmith (1836) ; Life ofEdmond Malone (i860). His Burke and Goldsmith have gone through many editions, and are still looked upon as standard works. He died 14th November 1869, aged 79. '* =■" Prior, Thomas, founder of the Dublin Society, was born at Eathdowney, in the Queen's County, in 1680, and was educated in Trinity College. The foundation of the Dublin (afterwards the Eoyal Dublin) Society appears to have been conceived and organized by him. The project took shape at a meeting of thirteen gentlemen, held in Trinity College, 25th June 1731. The Society was established to promote agricul- ture, manufactiures, the arts, and sciences. It was duly incorporated, and received a parliamentary grant of £500 per annum in 1749; but did not reach the important position it at present occupies until long after his death. In his efforts for its establishment he was ably seconded by Dr. Samuel Madden. He died on 2 1 st October 1 7 5 1 , aged 70, and was interred near his birth-place. A monument was erected to his memory in Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin, bearing an inscription by his friend and fellow-student, Bishop Berkeley, in which he is styled *' Societatis Dublinien- sis auctor, institutor, curator." He wrote tracts on The Absentees of Ireland, The Virtues of Tar Water, and various ques- tions of the day. "°^ Quain, Jones, M.D., the author and editor of several medical works of estab- lished reputation, was born at Mallow in 1795. He studied anatomy at Paris, took his degree of M.D. at the University of Dublin in 1833, ^^^ "^^^ Professor of Anatomy and Physiology in the University of London. He will be chiefly remembered as the author of Descriptive and Practical A natomy (the first edition of which was published in London in 1828), and as the joint editor with Erasmus Wilson of a series of Anatomical Plates (i836-'42). Dr. Quain was an able and popular lecturer, and was in private life a man of essentially gentle and retiring disposition. He died in London, 31st January 1865, aged 70. [His younger brother, Kichard Quain, F.R.S., also an eminent physician, is the author of numerous medical works.] '* 146 233 QUI Quin, Edwin Wyndham, 3rd Earl of Dtmraven, a prominent archaeologist, was born 19th May 181 2. According to Sir Bernard Burke, the family is one of the few of Celtic origin in the Irish peerage. At Eton he showed a strong taste for astronomy ; and he afterwards spent three years at the Dublin Observatory under Sir William Hamilton. Natural science occupied much of his attention; and being a man of quick perceptions and untiring industry, he succeeded in acquiring much more than a superficial knowledge of many questions. He was also deeply interested in the study of Irish antiquities, and was a prominent member of the Eoyal Irish Academy, the Celtic Society, and several archaeological associations. His chosen friends were men such as Graves, Stokes, Petrie, Eeeves, and Todd. He succeeded to the peerage on his father's death in 1850, and was created a peer of the United Kingdom in 1866. He accom- panied the Comte de Montalembert to Scotland, when engaged upon his Monks of the West, one volume of which is dedicated to "Praenobili viro Edvino Wyndham Quin, Comiti de Dunraven." He carried his antiquarian investigations to France and Italy, and as he advanced in life became more and more engrossed with the study of archaeology in general, and of Irish archaeology in particular, and to this pursuit eventually devoted all his lei- sure. Attended by a photographer, and often accompanied by his friends Dr. Stokes, of Dublin, and his daughter Mar- garet, he visited nearly every barony in Ireland, and nearly every island on its coast. Scarcely any architectural remains of value escaped his notice. He made his investigations with a view to the publication of an exhaustive work on the architectural remains of Ireland, profusely illustrated with photographs, his main object being to vindicate the artistic and intellectual capabilities of the ancient and mediaeval Irish. His death at Great Malvern, 6th October 1871, at the age of 59, was no doubt greatly accelerated by exposure and over-exertion during his investigations. The result of his labours has been given to the world, at the ex- pense of his family — Notes on Irish Archi- tecture, by Edwin, 2,rd Earl of Dunraven : edited by Margaret Stokes, London 1875 and 1877 — two superb volumes, with 125 illustrations, most of them large photographs. The Athenceum well says that " the permanent photographs and the woodcuts which enrich the work are uniformly admirable, and leave nothing to be desired as to number or merit. The 447 QUI learned world is greatly indebted to both the Earls of Dunraven and to Miss Stokes for producing and publishing so noble a record of antiquity." Opening with views of Dun Aengus, and other rude stone erections, we are given exquisite repre- sentations of the principal early churches in Ireland, and are then led, by the round towers, to the more ornate churches of the loth century. The whole field of Irish architectural archaeology is covered. The introduction is by Miss Stokes ; the his- torical notes mainly by Dr. Eeeves. Fer- guson, Hennessy, and Graves have also given assistance ; and there are many ex- tracts from Petrie's notes and published writings. Not the least important fea- tures — indeed the most interesting to many archaeologists — are the views of Con- tinental buildings of types similar to the round towers, the tabular list of the Irish round towers, with the names of the sup- posed builders and the probable dates of erection, and the map of the tracks of Norse invasions. What may be called the spirit of ancient Irish architecture is brought out in this book in a style never previously attempted in pictorial represen- tations. 54 184J Quiu, James, a distinguished actor, was born in London, 24th February 1693, of Irish parents, who almost immediately afterwards returned with him to Ireland. After his father's death in 1710 he was shown to be illegitimate, it being proved that a former husband of his mother was alive after her marriage to his father. He was therefore obliged to shift for himself, and to give up the idea of studying for the Bar. He first appeared on the stage in 1 7 1 4, at Smock-alley Theatre, Dublin. He had many of the requisites of a good actor — an expressive countenance, speaking eyes, a clear and melodious voice, a reten- tive memorv, a majestic figure ; and he was an enthusiastic admirer of Shakspere. In August 1 71 7 we find him in London at Drury-lane Theatre, where he almost im- mediately took a leading position. He had the misfortune to kill two fellow-actors — Bowen in a duel in 1 7 1 7, and "Williams in a quarrel growing out of a dispute concern- ing the pronvmciation of the name " Cato," in 1 718. On both occasions he was tried and acquitted. He attained the summit of success in 173 1, and was considered one of the first British actors until all were eclipsed by Garrick. Quin did not, how- ever, yield the palm without a struggle; and he afterwards became one of Garrick's most ardent admirers. He was a tender- hearted man, befriending Mrs. Bellamy and other aspirants for the stage at the 448 RAL commencement of their career, and forcing upon James Thomson, the poet, when in reduced circumstances, the sum of £100, which he said was a debt due for the plea- sure he had experienced in reading his works. Thomson afterwards immortalized him in his " Castle of Indolence" : — " With double force the enlivened scene he wakes, Tet quits not nature's bounds. He knows to keep Each due decorum : now the heart he shakes, And now with well urged sense th' enlightened judg- ment takes." His standing as an actor gained him ad- mittance to what was considered the best society of the day. A critic has said that " to his various paiis in comedy may be added no mean list of dignified characters in tragedy, where sentiment and gravity of action, and not passion, predominated." In after-dinner conversation he was a coarse but capital story-teller, and many of his jokes have survived. Nothing can place in a stronger light the manners of the times than the character of the anec- dotes, meant to be funny, which are related of him. He died at Bath, 21st January 1766, aged 72. 3 "° '^5* '^ naleigh, Sir Walter, the celebrated statesman, author, and adventurer, was born at Hayes, in Devonshire, in 1552. His connexion with Ireland commenced in 1 5 80, as a captain in the Munster wars. A month after lauding he was joined in commission with Sir Warham St. Leger, for the trial of Sir James, brother of the Earl of Desmond. He took a promi- nent part in the capture and massacre of the Spanish invading force at Smerwick in November 1580. His services upon several occasions in the Desmond war are specially commended in despatches, and in the forfeitures which followed its con- clusion he was allotted about 1 2,000 acres in the Counties of Cork, Waterford, and Tipperary. With characteristic prompti- tude he settled his grant with colonists from Devonshire and Somersetshire, and for some years it was noticed that his estates were better tenanted, tilled, and pastured than those of many other grantees. In 1587 Archbishop Miler Magrath and his chapter demised to him the castle and manor of Lismore, with the lands adjacent, at the annual rent of £1 3 6s. 8d. He had besides a manor house at Youghal, still standing, in which he occasionally resided during his visits to Ireland. (Mr. Ed- wards, his biographer, doubts the com- monly-received statement that he was Mayor of Youghal.) His estates were thickly wooded, and not long after his oc- cupation he had one hundred and fifty RAT labourers in full employment, felling the timber, and making staves for the manu- facture of wine casks. This was the com- mencement of the process of clearing oflF the forests, that in little more than a cen- tury left Ireland, once called the " Island of "Woods," almost bare of timber. As might be supposed. Sir Walter was en- gaged in many bitter quarrels with the old proprietors of the soil. The Govern- ment also threw difficulties in the way of his exportation of pipe-staves, which ex- cited the jealousy of English manufacturers. He was clear-sighted euough to perceive that the high-handed dealings of Govern- ment with the Irish chiefs and people must ere long lead to fresh troubles. The Queen, he says, " made a scorn of my conceit" in the matter. Yet he had no scruples concerning " practising," as he calls it, the secret murder of Irish ene- mies. He says : " It can be no disgrace if it were known that the killing of a rebel were practised ; for you see that the lives of anointed princes are daily sought ; and we have always in Ireland given head- money for the killing of rebels, who are ever proclaimed at a price. So was the Earl of Desmond ; and so have all rebels been practised against. . . I am more sorry for being deceived than for being declared in the practice." " Of the con- sistency with which Ealeigh," says his biographer, "on almost all occasions, counselled an unrelenting demeanour to- wards Irish rebels, the evidence is super- abundant. The exceptional instances are but rare. He did this alike in open con- ference with the Queen, and with his private advice to her ministers." Yet Sir Walter was one of the most cultivated and high-minded men of his day. Eventually the difficulties in connexion with his Irish property so pressed upon him, that, by the advice of Cecil and Carew, he sold almost his whole Irish estates, including the land on which he had planted the first potatoes ever set in Ireland, to Kichard Boyle, afterwards Earl of Cork. He says himself : " There remains unto me but an old castle and demesne, which are yet in the occupation of the old Count- ess of Desmond, for her jointure." The result of a sojourn with Spenser at Kil- colman Castle, in 1589, was that the poet gave to the world his Faerie Queene. Raleigh does not appear to have had any material connexion with Ireland after this date. He ended his career on the scaffold in London, upon a verdict given fifteen years before, 29th October 161 8. ^'^ Batcliffe, Sir Thomas, Earl of Sussex, several times Deputy or Lord- 2E RAW Lieutenant of Ireland between 1556 and 1564, one of Elizabeth's lieutenants in the Irish wars, was bom in 1526. At the instance of Shane O'NeiU, he made several expeditions against the Scots in Ulster and the Isles, rousing their animosity, without effecting their subjugation. In July 1561, collecting all the troops in the Pale, he marched into Tyrone against Shane O'Neill himself. He occupied Armagh, but was artfully delayed by negotiations, and ultimately suffered a disastrous defeat. He wrote to Cecil : " The fame of the English army, so hardly gotten, is now vanished, and I wrecked and dishonoured by the vileness of other men's deeds." Leaving a garrison at Armagh, he returned with the dis- spirited remnant of his forces into the Pale. He then sent Shane O'Neill a safe conduct to negotiate in person in London, at the same time writing to the Queen that he had unsuccessfully endeavoured to have him assassinated. After Shane's re- turn from England, Sussex endeavoured to entice him to Dublin to visit his sister, with whose beauty the chief had been smitten. He was, however, too wary, and Sussex told Elizabeth that she must either use force once more, or be prepared to see "all Ireland under Shane's dominion." The Queen sent over supplies in 1 563 ; the Lord-Lieutenant once more marched against his adversary, and an ineffective three weeks' campaign ensued in the neighbourhood of Newry and Armagh. Sussex threw the blame of failure on others, writing in a letter to Cecil : " I have been commanded to the field, and I have not one penny of money ; I must lead forth an army, and have no commis- sion ; I must continue in the field, and see not how I shall be victualled ; I must fortify, and have no working tools." In May 1564, "having failed alike to beat Shane O'Neill in the field, or to get him satisfactorily murdered," Sussex was re- called, leaving the government of Ireland in the hands of Sir Nicholas Arnold. He died in London, 9th July 1583. He is described as "a goodly gentleman, of a brave, noble nature, and constant to his friends and servants." s^ '^ '* ^39 Rawdon, Francis, Earl of Moira, Marquis of Hastings, son of the ist Earl of Moira, was born in Ireland 7th December 1754. He completed his educa- tion at Oxford, made a short tour on the Continent, and entered the army in 1 771 as ensign in the 1 5th Foot. Two years later he was made lieutenant in the 5th, and embarked for America, where, in 1775, he distinguished himself at the battle of Bun- 449 RAW ker's Hill. He was second iu command under Cornwallis at the battle of Camden, 1 780, where he played a prominent part. On 25th April 1781, at the head of only 900 men, Lord Eawdon attacked and defeated the American General, Greene, who had nearly 2,000 troops under him, at Hobkirk's Hill. Ill health ultimately obliged him to return home. The vessel in which he embarked was captured by the French, and was carried into Brest ; but he soon obtained his release. On his arrival in England, he was treated with great distinction, was appointed one of the royal aides-de-camp, and created a British peer, 5th March 1783. Lord Rawdon was an intimate friend of the Prince of Wales, and during the illness of George III. sus- tained the Prince's right to assume full regal power. In the House of Lords he gained the reputation of a clear and able orator, and a judicious man of business. In October 1789 he inherited the estates of his maternal uncle, the Earl of Hunt- ingdon, and in 1793 succeeded his father as 2nd Earl of Moira. In 1794 he was advanced to the rank of major-general, and went with 10,000 troops to the assist- ance of the Duke of York, who was then returning through Brabant to Flanders, and was nearly surrounded by the superior forces of the French. The Earl of Moira made a rapid march across the country from Ostend, and by skilful movements in the face of much danger and under great hardships, effected a junction with the Duke and extricated him from his perilous position. Next year Lord Moira was ap- pointed to direct the Quiberon expedition. He was an ardent and active liberal in Irish politics, and was found associated on most questions with Grattan and Charlemont. His speech in the Irish House of Lords on 19th February 1798, was an eloquent ap- peal for reform, and a bitter denunciation of the cruelties and outrages to which the people were being subjected. He strenu- ously and to the last opposed the measure of Union. He was appointed Commander- in-chief in Scotland, and Constable of the Tower in 1803, In 1805 he effected a re- conciliation between the Prince of Wales and the King, and in the same year was Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland. When the Whigs came into power in 1806, Lord Moira was created Master-General of the Ordnance. In 181 2, on the assassina- tion of Mr. Percival, he made an ineffec- tual effort to form an administration. The same year he was appointed Governor- General of India, and in the ten years of his sway subdued the Nepaulese, the Pin- darees, and other native powers, and made 450 REG the British authority supreme in India. In 1 81 6 he was created Marquis of Hast- ings, and was thanked by Parliament. Mr. Marshman, in his History of India, re- marks on his administration : " In political genius, Lord Hastings can scarcely be said to rank with Warren Hastings or Lord Wellesley, though in completing the work they had begun, and consolidating the British Empire in India, he exhibited talent of the highest order. His adminis- tration was rendered memorable by the benefits he conferred on the old capital of the Moguls and the new capital of the Company. . . No Governor-General has ever laboured with greater assiduity in the performance of his duties. . . In the fevered climate of India — which since the facilities for visiting England have been multiplied, is considered insupportable — he laboured for nine years at the rate of seven and eight hours a day, without a hill sanitarium to resort to, or the convenience of a sea-going steamer." Broken down in health, he returned to the United King- dom in 1822. Embarrassed circumstances, mainly arising from the generosity of his disposition, induced him to accept the position of Governor of Malta in 1824. He was not a little mortified by the refusal of the East India Company to reimburse him for some of the outlay he had incurred in India in furtherance of their interests — "an ungrateful return," Mr. Marshman says, " to the man who had raised them to the pinnacle of political power, and invested their rule with a moral grandeur." He was ultimately advised by his physicians to try the effects of a resi- dence in Italy. With Lady Hastings and his family, he proceeded in the Revenge to Naples ; but within a few days died on board that vessel, in Baia Bay, 29th November 1 825, aged 70. His last request was that his right hand might be cut off, preserved until the death of the Marchion- ess, and buried with her. He was greatly beloved by his own family and friends. He left two sons and four daughters. His widow survived until 1840. His Dublin residence was Moira House, now the Mendicity Institution. The title became extinct on the death of the 4th Marquis of Hastings in 1868. ^s 39 54 146 169 189 Regan, Maurice, an Irishman, was secretary and interpreter to Dermot Mac- Murrough in his dealings with the Anglo- Normans. A valuable fragment of Irish history, relating events between 11 69 and 1 1 73, was taken down from Regan's lips in Norman French verse. An English translation by Sir George Carew will be found among the Carew Papers, and may EEI also be consulted in Harris's Jlibernica^ (Dublin, 1 747). The last-mentioned edition* is especially valuable on account of Harris's appendix, giving a list of " such English and Welsh adventurers as assisted in the reduction of Ireland during the first sixteen years of the invasion." Eegan's narrative breaks oflF abruptly. It is probably but a fragment of a longer manuscript. ^ '^* Bieid, James Seaton, D.D,, a Presby- terian clergyman, was born at Lurgan in 1798. He ministered to congregations at Donegore and Carrickfergus from 181 8 to 1837. For the next four years he was Professor of Ecclesiastical History in the Belfast Institute, and from 1841 to 1851 Professor of Ecclesiastical and Civil His- tory in the University of Glasgow. He died near Edinburgh, 2nd April 1 851, aged 52. He was the author of a History of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland, pub- lished in 1834, afterwards continued to the year 1853 by Dr. Killen. For par- ticvdars of the controversy between Dr. Reid and Dr. Elrington regarding conflict- ing statements in the History and Dr. Elrington's Life of Ussher, see Notes and Queries, 3rd Series. ^ '■»* -54 Beynolds, Thomas, the principal informer against the United Irishmen in 1798, was bom in Dublin 12th March 1 77 1 . [We take the following particulars mainly from his Life, by his son, 2 vols. London, 1839 — ^ work containing much interesting and valuable information re- garding the times of which it treats.] He appears to have belonged to a wealthy Catholic family, and to have been educated at a Jesuit College in Flanders. During subsequent visits to the Continent he wit- nessed some of the principal events of the French Revolution. Upon his marriage to a sister of Wolfe Tone's wife, in 1 794, he estimated his property at £20,000, apart from business. Reynolds settled at Kilkea Castle, County of Kildare, which he held on lease from the Duke of Leinster. He was a member of the Catholic Convention of 1 792 ; but retired with the Earl of Fingall when more cautious counsels began to prevail, and soon afterwards became a Protestant. At the solicitation of Lord Edward FitzGerald, he joined the United Irishmen, was appointed treasurer of his district, and colonel of an insurgent regi- ment. Only then, as he states, fully in- structed as to the designs of the t^nited Irishmen, and overcome at the thought of the horrors impending over the country, he in March 1798 gave the informations that led to the arrest of the Leinster Di- rectory. He then retired to Kilkea. During the Insurrection the Government troops, 2E* EIC for no assigned reason, occupied and wrecked the castle. He computed his losses at ;£ 19,7 60. His son says: " It has been my father's lot since then to witness the ravages of war in the Peninsula, where Spaniards, French, Portuguese, and Eng- lish, with their German auxiliaries, men trained to rapine, alternately plundered and devastated the country ; but in aU that disorder of which he was an eye-wit- ness during six years, he has frequently assured me that he never saw such cool- blooded, wanton, useless destruction as was committed [by the King's troops] at Kilkea and the surroimding country." Some attempts are said to have been made to assassinate him; and at length, harassed and worn out, he unreservedly went over to the government side, was lodged in the Castle, and openly gave evi- dence. In October 1798 the freedom of the city of Dublin was presented to him. His son feelingly descants upon the in- gratitude with which he was treated by Government, the lukewarmness of his friends, and the virulence of his enemies and political opponents. A yearly pension of £1,000 for his life and the Uves of his sons was settled upon him. He was for a time Postmaster at Lisbon, and was sent as Consul to Iceland. His sons also received official appointments. Eevnolds spent the last few years of his life on the Continent. His death in Paris, on i8th August 1836, at the age of 65, is described as having been truly edifying. Letters from the Earl of Chichester, the Marquis of Camden, and other persons of note testify to the high appreciation in which he was held. ''•* 33' Rice, Thomas Spring, Lord Mont- eagle, a prominent politican, was born in Limerick, 8th February 1790. He was educated at Cambridge, and studied for the Bar. In 1820 he entered Parliament for Limerick, which he continued to re- present in the Whig interest until the passing of the Reform Bill in 1832, when he was returned for Cambridge. He sat for that borough until his elevation to the peerage in 1839, lending his support to nearly every liberal measure. He was Under-Secretary for the Home Department in 1827; Secretary of the Treasury from November 1830 to June 1834; Secretary of the Colonies, and a Privy-Councillor, 1834 ; and Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1835 to 1839, when he was appointed Comptroller of the Exchequer, and raised to the peerage. He never occupied a more prominent place in the public mind than in 1834, when, as an Irishman, he may be said to have led the opposition to O'Connell's motion favouring the Repeal of 451 ETC the Union, on which occasion he replied to O'Connell's argument in a speech of six hours' duration. He frequently acted on royal commissions in matters of art, and gave much attention to the question of decimal coinage. He died at Mount Trenchard, near Limerick, 7th February 1866, aged 75. 7 177 Richard II., King of England, Lord of Ireland, was born at Bordeaux, 3rd April 1366. His reign commenced 22nd June 1377. In 1394, finding it necessary to assert his supremacy in Ireland, he came over with a large fleet and an army of 4,000 men-at-arma and 30,000 archers, and entered the Suir on 2nd October. He was accompanied by his uncle, the Duke of Gloucester, the Earls of March, Not- tingham, and Eutland, and other nobles. Of the descendants of the adventurers amongst whom Henry 11. had divided Ireland two centuries before, there re- mained in the direct male line only the Geraldines of Kildare and Desmond, and the Butlers. Most of the Anglo-Norman families had become, according to an often- quoted saying, " more Irish than the Irish themselves." The native Irish chieftains had to a great extent regained their lands in Ulster, Connaught, and Munster ; and "all Leinster trembled" at the "might and puissance" of Art MacMurrough. Immediately after the King's landing, MacMurrough made a descent upon New Eoss; and the English troops were dis- comfited by the attacks of the O'Conors and O'Carrolls. In November Richard despatched letters to the Privy Council, informing them that he had made many long journeys since he had taken the field, and had marched to Dublin through the country of the " rebel Makemurgh," and directing them to transmit money for the payment of his army, and to defray his personal exnenses. Owing to the charac- ter of the Cvjuntry, and the irregular mode of warfare of the natives, his large force, led by experienced commanders, was able to make but little progress in the subju- gation of Ireland beyond the borders of the Pale. King Eichard, as Henry 11. had done on one occasion, spent Christmas in Dublin in a sumptuous palace fitted up on Hoggin [College] Green, where he enter- tained such of the native chiefs as paid court to him. Concerning the country he wrote to his uncle, the Duke of York, on 1st February 1395 : " In our land of Ire- land there are three kinds of people : wild Irish, our enemies ; Irish rebels ; obedient English. To us and our CouncU here it appears that the Irish rebels have rebelled in consequence of the injustice and griev- 452 RIG ances practised towards them, for which they have been afforded no redress ; and that, if not wisely treated, and given hope of grace, they will most Ukely ally them- selves with our enemies." Finding it im- practicable to reduce the Irish by force of arms, Eichard sought to conciliate the chiefs, and laying aside the English ban- ners, quartered with leopards and fleurs- de-lis, he substituted flags bearing a golden cross on an azure ground, surrounded by five silver birds, the arms of his patron saint, Edward the Confessor. On i6th February 1395, Eichard met MacMur- rough in the open plain of Ballygorry, near Carlow. A proposed treaty having been read and explained in English and Irish, MacMurrough did homage, received the kiss of peace from the Earl of Notting- ham, and promised allegiance, conditional on the restitution of his wife's lands, the payment of an annuity, and the grant of territories for those he might surrender. At Drogheda Eichard met O'Neill with the northern chiefs, and Brian O'Brien, Prince of Thomond, and he forwarded to the Lord Treasurer of England two ham- pers, containing seventy-five agreements, entered into with them. In March he again entertained with great splendour some of the chiefs in Dublin, Henry Castede (a knight, the particulars of whose captivity amongst the Irish are related by Froissart) acting as their principal atten- dant and interpreter. Froissart gives an interesting recital of the efforts made to induce these tribal magnates to adopt English manners and customs. O'Neill, O'Conor, MacMurrough, and O'Brien were knighted by the King, after keeping their vigils in Christ Church Cathedral. The English Privy Council, while expressing satisfaction at the King's efforts to settle affairs in Ireland, complained of his ad- mitting the Irish chiefs to grace without payment of fines, which would have de- frayed a portion of the heavy costs of his expedition. After nine months spent in Ireland, Eichard left in the summer of 1395, committing the government of the colony to his cousin, Eoger Mortimer. Froissart says that the great expenses of the campaign were " cheerfully defrayed by the kingdom ; for the principal cities and towns in England thought it was well laid out when they saw their King return home with honour." On the other hand, Grafton, the chronicler, says, under date 1394: "This yere King Eichard made a voyage into Ireland, which was nothing profitable or honourable vnto him, and therefore the wryters seeme to thinke it scant worth the noty ing." In 1 3 99 Eichard RIC prepared for another expedition, partly to avenge Mortimer, who had fallen in an engagement with the Irish, and partly to suppress MacMurrough, who had taken up arms in consequence of the King having given away to the Duke of Surrey por- tions of his territories near Carlow. A large fleet carrying an army of some 30,000 was again collected at Milford Haven. It sailed on the 29th May, and anchored at Waterford on the 2nd June. The King took with him the English regalia, to impress the native chiefs, and was accompanied by many of the first eccle- siastics and nobles of England. After resting a few days, he rode with some 20,000 men in close array to Kilkenny, where he waited fourteen days in vain for the arrival of the Duke of Albemarle, who was to have been accompanied by 140 chosen men-at-arms, knights, and esquires, and 200 mounted archers, be- sides a corps of carpenters and masons. On the 23rd June Richard marched in the direction of Leighlin Bridge against Art MacMurrough, who retreated before him into the fastnesses of Wicklow. The King's 2,500 axe-men with difficulty cleared a road, while Art's followers cut off his scouts and foraging parties, and scoured the hills and valleys with a fleetness that astonished the English. In an open cleared space (probably near TuUow) and beside a burning native village, Eich- ard set up his standards, and knighted Henry, son of the Duke of Lancaster, and other young nobles who had come to win their spurs in Ireland. MacMurrough successfully eluded all efforts to bring him to an engagement, and continued to cut off the King's supplies, so that, but for their meeting some vessels of the English fleet at Arklow, most of the army might have perished. A contemporary picture, in a chronicle preserved in the British Museum, " represents the arrival of three vessels laden with provisions from Dublin, and the rush made by the soldiers for them. Here the chronicler represents the men as fight- ing among themselves, plunging into the sea, and parting with clothes and money for food and drink. On that day, he be- lieves, there were more than a thousand men drunk, seeing that it was just then the vintage of Spain, * qui est bonne contree.' . . In this drawing the scramble in the water is given with great spirit ; three men are already in the sea, which, however, appears to be rather shallow, (helmets, gauntlets, coats of mail, hoods, and all), and a sailor is depicted stretching over the bows of one of the vessels, and holding out a loaf of bread to RIN the nearest soldier. This is the only sailor who appears to take any interest in the matter, the rest of the crews, two men to each vessel, wear an expression of profound indifference." '33 Abandoning further at- tempts against MacMurrough, Richard proceeded to Dublin, amidst loud war cries and shouts of defiance from the Irish ; who according to a French eye-witness, were " as bold as lions, and gave many a hard blow to the King." In the midst of plenty in Dublin, during July, Richard's army forgot the hardships to which they had been subjected. The Duke of Albe- marle arrived with the expected rein- forcements in 100 barges, bringing news of the revolt of Henry, Duke of Lan- caster, and Richard was obliged to make immediate preparations for return. He took shipping from Waterford, and arrived in Milford Haven, Sth August, after a two days' passage. He left Sir John Stanley as Lord-Lieutenant. King Richard was dethroned on the 29th of the following September, and is supposed to have been murdered at Pontefract, on 14th February 1 400. He was eventually buried in Westminster Abbey. '^ '39 '5= ^9 233 335 Rinucciui, Giovan Batista, Arch- bishop of Fermo, who acted a prominent part in Ireland between the years 1645 and 1649, was bom at Rome, 15th September 1592. In 1645 he was sent by Pope In- nocent X. as Nuncio to the Confederate Catholics in arms in Ireland. The main object of his embassy was to secure the free exercise of the Catholic religion in Ireland. The 14th section of his instruc- tions reads : " Let him promote the inter- ests of the Catholic religion in such a manner as to show he considers it one with the English crown, and hold firmly to the principle that at no time could he wish its yoke to be thrown off, nor ever hearken to propositions which tend to the contrary." His retinue consisted of twenty- six Italians, several Irish oflicers, and his secretary. Belling. Leaving Rome in April, he spent some time in Paris, where he in vain sought an interview with Queen Henrietta. At Rochelle he bought the frigate San Pietro, freighted her with mili- tary stores, and embarked with his retinue. He had drawn on the Pope for 1 50,658 dollars, while Cardinal Barberini advanced 10,000 crowns, and Cardinal Mazarin 25,000 dollars. Having narrowly es- caped capture by Parliamentary cruisers, he landed in Kenmare Bay, 22nd October 1645, and celebrated Mass in a shepherd's hut. The Supreme Council sent troops to escort him to Kilkenny, which he entered in state on the 13th November. His 453 RIN KOB papers aud correspondence throw a flood of light upon the history of the time ; but it would be impossible within reasonable limits to follow their intricate mazes. He resided chiefly at Kilkenny, Limerick, and Galway. Some of his letters are dated from Duncannon, Waterford, Bunratty, and Maryborough. It was Einuccini's policy throughout to oppose all proposi- tions for peace not providing for the open recognition of his faith in Ireland, and the appointment of a Catholic viceroy. He was consequently in continual opposition to the Marquis of Ormond. He strenu- ously opposed the treaty of 28th March 1646 with the Marquis. The Nuncio re- ceived in Limerick Cathedral the captured standards sent by Owen Roe O'Neill after he victory of Benburb in June that year. In August he induced O'Neill to come to the aid of the Waterford assembly, met to protest against the second treaty with Ormond, ratified on the 29th July. On 1 7th September he entered Kilkenny, with O'Neill on the one hand and Preston on the other, committed the old Confederate Council to the Castle, and called a new coimcil, consisting of four bishops and eight laymen. Father Meehan says : " Never did any event give greater cause of joy to the chieftains and people of the ' Old Irish ' than this change of the Confederate government." He vainly endeavotired to reconcile the bitter animosities between O'NeiU and Preston, which showed them- selves before and during the abortive at- tack on Dublin. At Rinuccini's instance, a general assembly met at Kilkenny, loth January 1647, from which a Supreme Council of twenty-four was elected. Most of the members were considered to be in- flexibly opposed to making any terms with the enemy; yet after many negotiations, in April 1648 they gave their assent to a truce so distasteful to Rinuccini that he pronounced sentence of excommunication against all who should respect it, and against aU districts in which it should be received or observed. His further efibrts to carry on the war proved ineffectual, and in March 1649 he sailed in the San Fietro for France — leaving a country in which, according to his own words, " the sun had never shone on him," and where his mission had been a complete failure. He reached Rome in August the same year. For his own expenses, when on his mission, he had been allowed by the Pope 3,000 crowns, and 200 crowns a month. Although living in Ireland was then cheap, he is said to have also expended the current revenues of his see, and 15,800 crowns of his private income. He caused frescoes to be painted in 454 the archiepiscopal palace at Fermo of the actions that had been fought in Ireland during his stay there. He is said to have been severely censured by the Pope for his want of prudence in the conduct of Irish affairs. He died in December 1653, and his remains were buried in the cathedral of Fermo. Carte says : " He was regular and even austere in his life and conversation, and far from any taint of avarice or corruption." He is described by another writer as "a man of shining abilities, of graceful and conciliating ad- dress, of eloquent speech, and of regular and austere habits ; but he was also ambitious and proud to an eminent degree, and filled with a zeal for the interests of the Church, which he set above aU things else, and would not allow to be overlooked for an instant, even though the cost should be the public peace and liberty." A collection of the Nuncio's document's and letters, entitled The Embassy in Ire- land of Af. G. B. Ri^iuccini, Archbishop of Fermo, in the years i645-'9, translated by Anne Hutton, and published in Dublin in 1873, is a valuable contribution to the his- tory of the time. *5t =95 Robertson, William, D.D., a dis- tinguished divine, was bom in DubUn, 1 6th October 1705. He was educated chiefly at Glasgow University, where he remained three years. Alone he with- stood the Rector in some matters relating to the privileges of the students, and was expelled ; but, bringing the question be- fore the Government, he procured a com- mittee of inquiry, and was triumphantly reinstated, the Rector being dismissed. In 1727 he received deacon's orders, and was appointed to the livings of Tullow and Rathvilly, producing about £200 a year. The system of tithes appeared to him so troublesome, wasteful, and cumbrous, that he published a treatise advocating their abolition, and the substitution of a fixed tax upon land — thus anticipating by more than one hundred years the system of tithe-rent charge. He married in 1728, and for a time had the cure of St. Luke's parish, Dublin. In 1 759, from conscien- tious motives, he declined further ad- vancement in the Church, and omitted the Athanasian Creed from his services, and in 1764 resigned all his preferments. He published a tract entitled An Attempt to Explain the words of Reason, Substance, Person, Creeds, Orthodoxy, Catholic Church, Subscription, and Index Expurgatorius. In 1767 the University of Glasgow, on re- ceipt of a copy of this work, conferred upon him the degree of D.D. Next year he was appointed master of the Free EOB Grammar School of "Wolverhampton, and there he passed the remainder of his days. In 1772 he was one of a committee of ministers who petitioned Parliament that clergymen on their ordination should be relieved from the necessity of subscribing to the Thirty-nine Articles and Book of Common Prayer. Living with almost Spartan frugality on a salary of some £40 a year, he survived all his children. He died 20th May 1783, aged ^i, and was interred in the parish churchyard of Wol- verhampton. '••* Robinson, Bichard, Lord Bokeby, Archbishop of Armagh, was born in Yorkshire about 1709. Coming over as chaplain to the Duke of Dorset, Lord- Lieutenant, he was consecrated Bishop of Killala in 175 1 ; translated to Ferns in 1759, and to Kildare and the Deanery of Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin, in 1761. In 1765 he was advanced to the Primacy. In 1777 he was created Baron Rokeby ; and on the death of his brother succeeded to a baronetcy. Bishop Mant thus enumerates his benefactions : "A publick infirmary, erected by his means, and in a great degree by his contributions ; a publick library, constructed, endowed, and furnished at his cost with what a Greek inscription described as ' the medicine of the soul ;' the town of Armagh, converted by his prudential management of the episcopal property from an unsightly crowd of mud cabins into a handsome city of stone dwellings ; an observatory, built at his expense, and inscribed with the appropriate motto, ' The heavens declare the glory of God ;' combined in attesting the multipli- city and extent, the solid value, and the practical usefulness, of his benefactions. In the mean time the creation of new parochial cures, and the providing of additional residences for the ministers of the Church, proved his solicitude for the welfare of the clergy and people of his diocese ; and the legislative enactments which he caused to be effected for the general extension of these improvements bore witness to his care for the general welfare, and enlarged and augmented efficiency of the Church." He built several churches in his archdiocese, and a splendid palace for himself at Armagh. A contemporary, quoted by the same author, describes the state in which he lived : " I accompanied him on the Sun- day forenoon to the Cathedral. He went in his chariot with six horses, attended by three footmen behind. . . On our approach the great western door was thi'own open, and my friend (in person one of the finest men that covdd be seen) ROC entered, like another Archbishop Laud, in high prelatical state, preceded by his officers and ministers of the church." He died near Bristol, loth October 1794, aged 85. His body was interred in the Cathe- dral of Armagh, where a monument, surmounted by a marble bust, has been erected to his memory. Amongst other liberal bequests was one of .£1,000 to the Rotunda Hospital, Dublin. His portrait and bust are placed in the library and hall of Christ Church, Oxford, of which he was a generous benefactor. Cotton says : " He is acknowledged to have been one of the most vigilant prelates and the most munifi- cent benefactors of the Church of Ireland." Roche, Sir Boyle, Bai-t., "the buf- foon of the Conservative party" in the Irish House of Commons, as he is styled by Mr. Froude, was born in Ireland about the middle of the 1 8th century. As an officer of the British army, he dis- tinguished himself in the American War. Retiring from the service, he obtained a seat in Parliament, and for his consistent support of the Government, was created a baronet in 1782. Acting at the instiga- tion of the Viceroy,'*' he played a very discreditable part at the Rotunda Conven- tion of 1783, declaring, without any war- rant, that he was commissioned by Lord Kenmare to say that the Catholics did not desire to press for any alteration in their position. He voted for the Union, and was granted a pension and the post of Master of Ceremonies at Dublin Castle. Barrington says he was " in point of ap- pearance, a fine, blufi, soldier-like old gentleman. He had numerous good qual- ities ; . . his ideas were full of honour and etiquette — of discipUne and bravery. . . His lady, who was a ' bas bleu ' prematurely injured Sir Boyle's capacity, it was said, by forcing him to read Gibbon's Decline and Fall." He was gifted with a wonderful memory, and could get oflF by rote, at one or two readings, any produc- tion, no matter how long. The Ministry made constant use of this faculty, and there was scarcely an important debate in which he had not a part previously cast for him. The following are specimens of the many " bulls" attributed to Sir Boyle, most of them supposed to have been ut- tered in the House of Commons : " Mr. Speaker, if we once permitted the villain- ous French masons to meddle with the but- tresses and walls of our ancient constitution, they would never stop nor stay sir, till they brought the foundation stones tumbling down about the ears of the nation. . . Here perhaps, sirs, the murderous Mar- 455 EOC shallaw-men [Marsellaise] would break ia, cut U3 to mince meat, and throw our bleeding heads upon that table, to stare us in the face." Burke's son, as agent of the Catholic Committee, had committed a breach of privilege in the House, and the sergeant-at-arras was blamed for permit- ting him to escape : " How could the sergeant-at-arms stop him in the rear, while he was catching him in the front ? Did he think the sergeant-at-arms could be, like a bird, in two places at once ?" Opposing a grant for some public works : " What, Mr. Speaker, and so we are to beggar ourselves for the fear of vexing posterity ! Now, I would ask the honour- able gentleman, and this still more honour- able house, why we should put ourselves out of our way to do anything for posterity ; for what has posterity done for us ? (Laughter.) I apprehend gentlemen have entirely mistaken my words. I assure the house that by posterity I do not mean my ancestors, but those who are to come immediately after them." Speaking of the Union, Sir Boyle Roche said : "Gentlemen may tither and tither and tither, and may think it a bad measure ; . . but when the day of judgment comes, then hon- ourable gentlemen will be satisfied at this most excellent Union. Sir, there are no Levitical degrees between nations, and on this occasion I can see neither sin nor shame in marrying our own sister." Sir Boyle Roche died at his residence in Eccles-street, Dublin, 5th June 1807. His brother, " Tiger Roche," was a noted fighting character in Dublin. " '*' '"* '^' Bioche, James, Colonel, known as " The Swimmer," was of the family of the Lords of Roche and Fermoy. His father lost his estates in the County of Waterf ord in the War of 164.1- S'^f for adhesion to the royal cause, and died in exile in Flanders. James grew up to be a distin- guished soldier, and refusing Tirconnell's solicitations to cast in his lot with James II., entered the Williamite army, attained the rank of colonel, and was attached to the expedition under the command of Kirke, sent for the relief of Londonderry, in June 1689. On the arrival of the fleet in Lough Foyle, the town was found to be completely invested, and Colonel Roche volunteered to carry a despatch, and ar- range signals with the besieged. He was accordingly put ashore, made his way un- observed through the woods, reached the lines of the besiegere, concealed his clothes in a thicket on the banks of the river, took to the water, and was carried up by the tide to the ferry-gate, where he was joyfully received. After one day of 456 ROC consultation with the besieged, he again committed himself to the river, but on landing found his clothes gone, and the spot occupied by the enemy on the look- out for lum. He was set upon, and his jawbone broken. He plunged again into the water, received three shots, and at the same time was assured of life, liberty, and large rewards if he would surrender. These he spurned, and managed to swim back three weary miles to the city, where he arrived in an exhausted condition. When he woke out of the swoon into which he fell on reaching the landing- place, he found the chamber where he lay occupied by Governor Walker, Baker, and other prominent defenders, in prayer for his recovery. He was thenceforward known as " The Swimmer," and was ap- propriately granted by King William most of the ferries in Ireland. These cannot have been of much value, as small estates in the counties of Waterf ord, Cork, and Meath were added, and a charge of .£3,269 on certain Irish forfeitures, of which sum he is said to have received only i>i,i48. A memorial addressed to Parliament about 1704 fully sets forth his services, s^t Boche, James, styled by Father Mahony, the " Roscoe of Cork," was born in Limerick in 1 77 1 . After completing his studies at the Catholic College of Saintes, in France, and paying a short visit to Ire- land, he settled in Bordeaux, where he became acquainted with the most distin- guished Girondists. He was in Paris during the horrors of the Revolution, and was arrested in 1 793, but was released on the death of Robespierre. About the year 1 800 he returned to Ireland, and, in part- nership with his brother, opened a banking house in Cork. In 1819 a monetary crisis ruined him as weU as many others ; his property was sold, and his precious library, excepting a few books with which his cre- ditors presented him, was brought to the hammer. After this he resided in Lon- don for some time as a parliamentary agent, and again visited the Continent; but eventually returned to Cork, where he performed the duties of a magistrate and director of the National Bank until his death. He was intimately acquainted with many of the great men of his time, and was especially familiar with everything concerning French history and literature. He contributed largely, over the signature " J. R. of Cork," to the GentlematVs Maga- zine, Notes and Queries, the Dublin Review, and other periodicals. In 1 851 he printed in Cork, for private circulation, a most interesting work, in two volumes, Essays, ROC Critical and Miscellaneous, hy an Octo- geyiarian. The Athenceum says : " His strongest mental faculty was a memory of remarkable tenacity, joined to the talent of a linguist. He had stored up vast masses of erudition, which he placed libe- rally at the service of his numerous literary correspondents." He died in Cork, ist April 1853, aged 82. 's =33 =S4(.) BfOclie, Regina Maria, presumably an Irishwoman, born in 1765, was a distin- guished novelist. Allibone notes sixteen works written by her between 1793 and perhaps 1823. Her latter years were spent in retirement at her residence on the Mall, in Waterford, where she died 17th May 1845. The OentlemarCs Magazine speaks of Miss Eoche as "the author of The Children of the Abbey and other novels which delighted our elders half a century ago. . . Many young hearts, now old, must remember the effect upon them of her graceful and touching compositions ; and imaginations once excited by her skill will yet acknowledge her loss with a me- lancholy feeling of regret, that the bright should thus have faded in the overwhelm- ing darkness of fast-flitting years." '''* '^ Rocqne, John, a French artist, who flourished in the i8th century. He en- graved a series of maps and views in dif- ferent parts of the world ; and in 1 754 came to Ireland, and dating from " his lodgings at the Golden Heart, opposite Crane-lane, Dame-street, Dublin, 5th September," issued a prospectus for maps of Dublin. His "Plan of the Camp at Thurles" is dated 1755; "City of Kilkenny," 1758; "County of Kilkenny," 1758; "City of Cork," 1759; and "County of Armagh," four sheets, 1 760. He also published with- out dates, a Map of the City of Dublin, and Six Views in the city. Maps by Rocque, of the "City of Dublin," and "Dublin and Environs," each in four sheets, with addi- tions by Bernard Scale, were published in 1 773. These maps are peculiarly interesting on account of the engravings of buildings, vessels, and other objects with which many of them are embellished. No particulars of the life of John Rocque are attainable. Rothe, David, Bishop of Ossory, was born in Ireland, the second half of the 1 6th century, and was educated at Douay. He was consecrated Bishop of Ossory in 1618. His name is appended to the declaration of the Kilkenny Confederation. On 1 8th August 1646, he interdicted Kilkenny for not agreeing to Rinuccini's policy. He died 20th April 1650. He is best known for his .4 ?iaZecia ^Sacra, published about 161 7 (an exposure of James's plantation schemes, ROW and an appeal for union among Irishmen), but he wrote various other works, chiefly relating to Irish Church history. Ware speaks of him as " a man of great natural parts, and very well accomplished in learn- ing ; " but is wroth that he should defend the truthfulness of the miracles recorded in the lives of the Irish saints. Archbishop Ussher speaks kindly of him. Messingham says that Rothe was " well versed in all sorts of learning, was an elegant orator, a subtle philosopher, a profound divine, an eminent historian, and a sharp reprover of vice." Thomas Ry ves, an Oxford graduate, was knighted by James I. for his reply to the A nalecta. Sir Richard Cox styles the Analecta " a most scandalous lying book, and stuffed with innumerable falsehoods and malicious accusations of the King's government, and yet dedicated to the Prince of Wales; which is a high strain of impudence and folly, to dedicate to the son reflections and scandals upon the father." '« '^st 339 Kiouth, Bernard, Rev., S.J., a French author, was born in Ireland, nth Feb- ruary 1695. Sent to France in his youth, and educated at an Irish college, he entered the order of Jesuits, and devoted himself to education at Poitiers. He be- came noted for his learning and critical talents, wrote numerous works, and from 1 739 to 1 743 edited a newspaper in Paris. On the expulsion of the Jesuits, he re- tired to the Low Countries, and became confessor to the Princess Chaiiotte of Lor- raine. He was one of those who attended Montesquieu in his last moments. The statement that he unjustly secured for himself some of that great man's manu- scripts is said by the Biographic Gem- rale to be without foundation. The same dictionary enumerates his works, the prin- cipal of which appears to have been, Recher- ches sur la Maniire cPInhumer les Anciens en Poitou (Poitiers, 1738)— said to be a rare and interesting memoir. He died at Mons, 1 8th January 1768, aged 72. ^ Rowan, Archibald Hamilton, a distinguished United Irishman, was born in London, 12th May 1757 ; his father, Gawen Hamilton of Killyleagh, was a gentleman of large landed property in Ireland, whose ancestors came over in James I.'s reign. Educated at Westmin- ster and Cambridge, he formed aristocratic acquaintances, travelled on the Continent, and when his means ran short, mortgaged his expecitations. After his matriculation he visited the United States as private secretarj' to Lord Charles Montague, Governor of South Carolina. On his return "after a very rough passage, I 457 BOW landed at Portsmouth — my racoon dead, my bear washed overboard, and my opos- sum lost in the cable tier — and I returned to Cambridge." About 1780 he was appointed Lieutenant-Colonel in the Portu- guese army, but on reaching Lisbon found that the Marquis of Pombal, through whose influence the English officers had been appointed, had fallen, and the whole party returned. In 1781 while residing with his mother in France, he married. Three years afterwards he returned to Ireland, settled in a small cottage near Naas, and afterwards purchased the estate of EathcofFy in the County of Kildare. He was active in the Volunteer movement, was a member of the Whig club, and in 1792 joined the United Irishmen, who then sought merely a reform in Parliament. In October of the same year the Hon. Simon Butler was imprisoned for compli- city in the movement. After his release, Eowan was the bearer of a hostile message from him to the Lord-Chancellor, for lan- guage used in passing sentence. Mr. Butler then accompanied him to Edinburgh to challenge the Lord- Advocate for ex- pressions regarding some of Kowan's politi- cal writings. Both judges refused to fight on account of their official position. On 1 6th December 1792, Eowan and Napper Tandy were present at a meeting of the Volunteers, in uniform and with side arms, held in Dublin to protest against a government proclamation tending to their dissolution. For distributing at this meet- ing an address headed "Citizen soldiers, to arms ! " informations were filed against Eowan, and he was brought to trial in January 1794, at the old Four Courts, near Christ Church. Curran was his ad- vocate, and in the course of his defence delivered the memorable speech in which he made reference to " the irresistible ge- nius of up'versal emancipation." Eowan was sentenced to be fined ^500, imprisoned for two years, and to find security for his good behaviour. In Newgate he was per- mitted to receive addresses from the United Irishmen; his meals were supplied from his own house, and his wife and children and friends were allowed to visit him at pleasure. Two months after his incarcer- ation, the Eev. William Jackson and his friend Cockayne went to see him. [See Jackson, Eev. William.] On hearing of Jackson's arrest in April, he knew that there was sufficient evidence in the hands of Government to hang him, and immediately decided on attempting to escape. On the ist of May he bribed one of his jailers with £100 to permit him to visit his wife in Dominick-street. 458 ROW Mrs. Eowan had disguises and all pre- parations made. He descended into the back-yard by a rope, mounted a horse, and rode to a friend's house at Eogerstown, near Lusk, where he lay in concealment for three days, until arrangements were made with two brothers named Sheridan to convey him to France. Shortly before they sailed, one of these men pulled out of his pocket a printed notice offering £1,000 reward for Eowan's apprehension, and asked : " Is it Mr. Hamilton Eowan we are to take to France?" "Yes," replied his friend Mr. Sweetman, who furnished the boat for the voyage, " and here he is." " Never mind it," rejoined the elder Sheri- dan ; " by we'll land him safe." They sailed on the 4th of May, and after various adventures, landed at Eoscoff, near Mor- laix. The Sheridans when returning were taken by a French privateer, but were liberated through Eowan'sintervention, ob- tained government employment in France, and were ultimately enabled to return to Ireland. Eowan remained more than a year in France, where he became acquainted with Mai-y Wollstonecraft and other nota- bilities. In June 1795 he removed to the United States, and there passed five years, living on J300 a year sent him by his wife out of his Irish estates. His correspon- dence with her shows that the horrors of the French Ee volution had considerably modified his political views ; yet he met Tone during his short residence in Ame- rica, and entered into his plans. To keep himself occupied, he tried more than one business. He bore the strongest testi- mony against slavery, and refused to have anything to do with it. Writing to his wife, he says : " I will go to the woods, but I will not kill Indians or keep slaves." The union of Great Britain and Ireland had his heartiest concurrence. He believed the Irish Parliament so hopelessly corrupt that any change must be for the better. In July 1800 he sailed for Hamburg, and on the passage had to throw over- board a trunk containing valuable corre- spondence, with Franklin and others, lest the discovery of such papers might cause delay from English cruisers. At Ham- burg he met his wife and children, and spent three years there and at Altona. In July 1802 he petitioned the British government for permission to return home, stating himself to be " impressed with the most unfeigned attachment to your Majesty's government," and " conscious of the excellence of the British constitution, in which your petitioner sees with heart- felt satisfaction his native country partici- pating under the late happy Union." ROW There is little cause for wonder that this appeal was successful. The remainder of his life was passed on his estate at Killyleagh, in the County of Dorwn, and in Dublin — where he was a prominent character, gene- rally appearing in the streets followed by a couple of large Danish deerhounds. He earnestly devoted himself to the ameliora- tion of the social condition of his country- men, and kept up constant correspondence with his friends abroad. When Shelley came to Ireland in 1812, with the intention of devoting his talents to the regeneration of the country, it was to Rowan he ad- dressed his first letters ; but they met no response. He was the strenuous and con- sistent advocate of Catholic Emancipation and other liberal measures. In 1825 he went over to London to challenge Mr. Peel and another gentleman, who had spoken of him in Parliament as an attainted traitor. He never recovered the death of his wife in February 1834, and followed her to the grave on the ist of the following November, aged 77. He was buried in the vaults of St. Mary's Church, Dublin. Mr. Rowan was a member of Strand-street Unitarian congregation. His biographer. Dr. Drummond, says : " Mr. Rowan had a tall and commanding person, in which agility, strength, and grace were combined. . . He was a man of a generous, manly, chivalrous disposition, of high principles, and a strong sense of the obligations of truth, justice, and humanity. He loved liberty, and hated oppression. He was steadfast, intrepid, and incorruptible in his public career, a brave and a good Irislunan, in the fullest sense of the term, persevering and consistent in his patriot- ism, the same in youth and age, in the worst of times, as in the better days of his country." =5=t 33« Rowan, Arthur Blennerhassett, Archdeacon of Ardfert, son of William Rowan, of Arabela, County of Kerry, was born near the close of the 1 8th cen- tury. He was an author, an able pulpit orator, and at one time held several local offices at Tralee. For more than thirty years he officiated as curate of Blenner- ville, not being confirmed in the arch- deaconry of Ardfert until 1856. In literature he devoted his talents both to divinity and history, particularly to the history of the County of Kerry. He was also a contributor to the Oentlemaii's Magazine and Notes and Queries. The former enumerates thirteen of his works. The principal of these relating to Ireland were : Killarney Lake Lore (Dublin, 1853), Memorials 0/ the Case of Trinity College in 1686 (Dublin, 1858), The Old Countess of RUS Desmonde (Dublin, i860)— replied to by Sainthill, an article in the Gentleman's Magazine for June 1849 — Historic Doubts respecting the Massacre at Fort del Ore. He died 12th August i86i,andwas buried at Ballyseedy. '^* Rowley, Sir Josias, Bart., Admiral, was born in Ireland in 1765. He entered the navy in 1 779, and was made a post captain in 1795. After service at the Cape of Good Hope and Buenos Ayres, he in 18 10 took the Mauritius from the French. In the same year, in the Boadi- cea, he did distinguished service against the French in the East, so that by the middle of January 181 1 there did not remain to them a slip of territory in either of the Indies, or a ship on the Indian Ocean. He was created a baronet in November 1813 ; in 1814 he was ad- vanced to the rank of Rear- Admiral ; in 1 8 1 5 he was gazetted K.C.B. ; in 1 82 1 , Vice- Admiral ; and in 1837, Admiral of the Blue. For some time he commanded on the Irish station. He sat as member of Par- liament for Kinsale for five years. The latter part of his life was passed on his estates in the County of Leitrim, ful- filling the duties of a magistrate and country gentleman. He died loth Janu- ary 1842, aged 76. 7 "'♦ Rumold, Saint, flourished in the 8th century. He was the son of an Irish prince. He preached through England and France, visited Rome, and founded a monastery at Mechlin, of which place he was first bishop. He was murdered in 775. His festival is said to be celebrated on ist of July in the province of Mechlin. "' Russell, Patrick, Archbishop of Dub- lin, was born at Rush, in the County of Dublin, in 1629. In August 1683 he was appointed by the Pope Archbishop of Dublin. He could with difficulty exercise his functions in public, and was frequently obliged to conceal himself amongst his relatives at Rush. After James II.'s accession he held several synods for ar- ranging the shattered afi"airs of the Church, and through his influence the King was induced to settle ^200 per an- num out of the Irish revenues upon the Catholic bishops. During James's resi- dence in Dublin the Archbishop took a prominent part in public affairs. After the battle of the Boyne he was tracked to his concealment in the country, and cast into prison, and lingered in a filthy under- ground cell until i^th July 1692, when death put an end to his sufferings. 7" Russell, Thomas, a distmguished United Irishman, was born at Betsbo- roughin the County of Cork, 2istNovem- 459 EUS ber I ^(>^. He was intended for the Church, but in 1782 went to India as a volunteer, with his brother Ambrose. After five years' service he returned (according to one account disgusted at the outrages perpe- trated on the natives of India), and was appointed captain in the 64th Regiment. In 1789 an acquaintance with Wolfe Tone ripened into a close intimacy. He entered warmly into all Tone's plans regarding Ireland — his sobriety of demeanour and deep religious earnestness contrasting strangely with his friend's mercurial temperament and heterodoxy in religion. Tone was devotedly attached to him ; "P.P." or "Clerk of the Parish," the play- ful name by which he knew Russell, occurs upon almost every page of his Journal. About 1 791 he sold his commission, as the only means of meeting a liability of .£200 which he had incurred for a friend. He obtained the position of Sene- schal to the Manor Court of Dungannon, and was made a justice of the peace for the Coimty of Tyrone. It was not long before he threw up both appointments, declaring " he could not reconcile it to his conscience to sit as magistrate on a bench where the practice prevailed of inquiring what a man's religion was be- fore going into the crime with which a prisoner was accused." In 1794 he was appointed librarian of the Belfast Library, on a very small salary. Russell wrote for the Northern Slar. Several pieces on negro slavery show that his liberal principles were not confined to any race or country. He published a pamphlet on the Catholic claims in 1796. When the plans of the revolutionary party took shape, he was appointed to the com- mand of the United Irishmen in the County of Down. Several of his letters found their way into the hands of the Governmpnt, and on the i6th September 1796 he was arrested, and was kept in confinement until 1802 — first at Newgate, Dublin, and afterwards at Fort George, Scotland. This long incarceration in no way abated his ardour in what he be- lieved to be the cause of Ireland. In June 1802, with other state prisoners, he was liberated, and landed on the Conti- nent. In August he met Robert Emmet in Paris, and threw himself with zeal into his plans. With difficulty he contrived to reach Ireland in disguise. To him Emmet assigned the task of rousing Ulster. He met with little encourage- ment, yet even after receiving the news of Emmet's failure and arrest, he wrote to his friend Miss McCracken : " I hope your spirits are not depressed by a temporary 460 EUT damp, in consequence of the recent failure ; . . of ultimate success I am still cer- tain." He returned to Dublin, and took lodgings at the house of a gunmaker in Parliament-street, where, on 9th Septem- ber 1803 he was arrested by Major Sirr: he was shortly afterwards sent to Down- patrick for trial. IneflFectual efforts were made by Miss McCracken to bribe the jail- ers and procure his release. He was found guilty of high treason at Downpatrick on 19th October 1803, and was executed next day. His last letters to his friends were full of a spirit of lofty devotion and self- sacrifice ; and his only request before sen- tence was that he might be given a few days to complete a treatise he was writing on the book of Revelation, which he believed would be of some good to the world. His body was interred in Downpatrick church- yard, under a slab bearing the inscription, " The grave of Russell." He is described as tall, with dark hair and complexion ; his voice was deep and melodious ; his presence showed a singular combination of sweetness and strength. His sister, to whom he was devotedly attached, was cared for by Miss McCracken, and sur- vived until 1 82 1. [For further mention of Miss McCracken, see McCracken, Henry J.] 330 Rntherford, Griffith, General, a com- mander in the American War of Indepen- dence, was born in Ireland in the first half of the 1 8th century. He resided in the Locke Settlement, Noi-th Carolina, at the commencement of the Revolution, and was sent representative to the Convention at Newbern. Next year he led a force against the Cherokees, and was appointed a brigadier by the Provincial Congress. He led a brigade at the battle of Camden, in August 1 780 ; was taken prisoner ; and, having been exchanged, commanded the American troops at Wilmington when it was evacuated by the British at the close of the war. He was a State Senator in 1784, and was President of the Tennes- see Legislative Council in 1794. Coun- ties in North Carolina and Tennessee bear his name. Drake says : " He was brave and patriotic, but uncultivated in mind and manners." General Rutherford died in Tennessee after 1794. 37* Rutty, John, M.D., a distinguished Dublin physician, a member of the Society of Friends, was born in Wiltshire, 25th December 1697. He settled in Dublin in 1724, where he practised during the re- mainder of his Ufe. He was the author of numerous works relating to Ireland ; besides others not here enumerated : (i) Rise and Progress of the People called RYA Quakers in Ireland, from 1653 to 1700. . . Compiled hy Thomas Wright, Re- vised, Enlarged, and Continued to iJSi, Dublin, 1 75 1. This is a valuable and comprehensive book, and embodies much information that but for Rutty's care might have been lost to posterity. (2) The Mineral Waters of Ireland, Dublin, 1757. He was severely taken to task by Dr. Lucas for some of the statements in this work. (3) The Weather and /Seasons in Dublin for Forty Fears, London, 1770. (4) Natural History of the County of Dub- lin, 2 vols., Dublin, 1772. (5) The labour of his life was a book, now very scarce, wi'itten in Latin, and printed and pub- lished at Rotterdam in 1775 — Materia Medica, Antigua etNova, Opus XL. Anno- rum — a quarto of 560 pages. (6) Perhaps Dr. Rutty is better known by his Spiritual Diary and Soliloquies than by any other of his works. It recounts his spiritual conflicts, backslidinga,and progresses, from September 1753, to December 1774, not many weeks before his death. In accord- ance with the provisions of his will, it was printed without alteration from his manuscript. Johnson "laughed heartily at this good Quaker's self-condemning minuteness." Boswell says the volumes " exhibited in the simplicity of his heart, a minute and honest register of the state of his mind ; which, though frequently laugh- able enough, was not more so than the history of many men would be, if recorded with equal fairness." Dr. Rutty died in Dublin, 26th April 1775, aged yj, and was interred in the Friends' buryiug- ground, Dublin, where the College of Surgeons now stands. He resided for many years before his death on the drawing-room floor of the house at the eastern comer of Boot-lane and Mary's- lane, for which he paid ^10 per annum. "5(3) Ryan, Richard, probably an Irish- man, son of a London bookseller, was born in 1796. He was the author of some works of but moderate reputation, and assisted in several literary undertakings of other persons. His Dictionary of the Worthies of Ireland, 2 vols., London, 1821, contains some information not attainable elsewhere, and is occasionally referred to in this Compendium. There are in it 326 notices. The early part is much over- balanced, 602 out of 1,136 pages being de- voted to lives coming under A, B, C, and D. He also wrote Ballads on the Fictions of the Ancient Irish, 1822, and Poetry and Poets, 3 vols., 1826, the latter said to be " very gossipy and pleasant reading." Mr. Ryan died in 1849. '^ 34' SAI Ryyes, Elizabeth, an authoress, was born in Ireland about the middle of the 1 8th century. Deprived of her birth-right in Ireland " by the chicanery of the law," most of her life appears to have been passed in London. In 1777 she published a volume of poems ; in a small book, The Hermit of Snowdon, she traced her own sorrows ; for some time she conducted the historical department of the Annual Register ; and she made several transla- tions from the French, amongst the rest De la Croix's Review of the Constitutiom, in two large volumes, with painstaking notes. One of her comedies. The Debt of Honour, was warmly approved at the time. Isaac Disraeli gives a touching account of her struggles to win an honour- able livelihood : " Even in her poverty her native benevolence could make her generous ; for she has deprived herself of her meal to provide with one an un- happy family dwelling under the same roof. . . The character of Eliza Ry ves was rather tender and melancholy, than brilliant and gay ; and, like the bruised perfume— breathing sweetness when broken into pieces. . . Not beautiful nor in- teresting in her person, but with a mind of fortitude, susceptible of all the delicacy of feminine softness, and virtuous amid her despair."'°3t g^g ^g^j j^ London, April 1797. ^■»'t io3t 146 St. Lawrence, Sir Armoric, the progenitor of the present Earl of Howth, a knight, who, about 1177, accompanied his brother-in-law and sworn companion, Sir John de Courcy, in an expedition to the Irish shores. After a bloody battle at the " bridge of Ivora," near Howth, in which several of his relatives were killed, he won the district that has ever since remained in his family. He af terwai'ds ac- companied De Courcy on his northern ex- peditions. In 1 1 89, when St. Lawrence, with 30 knights and 200 footmen, was absent on an incursion into Connaught, news reached him that his friend was sorely pressed by the Irish, and he hastened to join him. His band was intercepted by an overwhelming force under O'Conor, King of Connaught. Escape was impossible, unless the knights were wUling to abandon the footmen. Lodge gives us the words of a stirring appeal of St. Lawrence to his companions : " Who will, may save his life by flight on horseback, if he can ; but assuredly my heart will not Bufier me to leave these my poor friends in their neces- sity. . . Myheart to my brother, Sir John Courcy and wife ; my force, might, pain, and good will to my poor friends and fellows 461 SAI SAT here." The narrative continues : " Thus he spoke kneeling, and kissing the cross of his sword, thrust it through his horse, say- ing he should never serve against them with whom he so truly and worthily had served afore. His example was followed by aU the horsemen, except two young gentlemen, whom he ordered to stand on the next hill to see the battle, and after it was over, to carry the news to his brother. . . This done, he engaged the enemy ; . . but, being overpowered by num- bers, he and his party perished to a man." His two youngest sons were slain in helping to defend their uncle, De Courcy, against De Lacy's men, in the churchyard of Downpatrick, on Good Friday, 1203 or 1204. His eldest son. Sir Nicholas, was confirmed in the lordship of Howth, by King John. Sir Armoric's sword is said still to hang in the hall of Howth Castle. = St. Leger, Sir Anthony, Lord- Deputy of Ireland, was first sent over by Henry VIII. in 1537, as one of the commissioners for settling the waste lands on the borders of the Pale. He was ap- pointed Lord-Deputy in 1540, and filled the same office again in 1544, 1546, 1550, and 1553. He received the submission of the Earl of Desmond and other chiefs, and presided at the Parliament in which Henry was declared King of Ireland. As his portion of the spoil consequent on the suppression of the monasteries, he was granted Grany, in the County of Carlow, and other ecclesiastical lands. In Edward VI.'s reign, for successful expe- ditions against the O'Conors and O'Mores, he was granted estates in England. Mr. Froude speaks of him as a man of great ability : '• The policy of St. Leger had been ' to make things quiet ; ' to overlook small oflfences so long as the general order was unbroken, and to be contented if each year the form? of law could be pushed some- thing deeper beyond the borders of the Pale. His greatest success had been in prevailing upon an O'Toole to accept the decent dignity of sheriff of Wicklow. As a further merit, and a great one, he had governed economically. . . His maxim had been — Ireland for the Irish ; he had recommended Henry to return to the old plan of appointing an Irish deputy." ''*° Sir Anthony died at his seat of Ulcomb, in Kent, in 1559. [His grandson. Sir "War- ham St. Leger, received large grants of land in Munster in Elizabeth's reign. Lord Ormond writes of him in 1583 as "an old ale-house knight, malicious, impudent, void of honesty ; an arrogant ass that had never courage, honesty, or truth in him, nor put him on a horse one hour in the 462 field to do any service." This cannot have been true, as he fell in an encounter with Hugh Maguire, Lord of Fermanagh, near Cork, in March 1600.] 54 140 196 339 St. Leger, Sir William, son of Sir Warham St. Leger, received extensive grants of land from James I., and was, in April 1627, appointed President of Mun- ster and a member of the Privy Council. Charles I. presented him with a con- siderable sum of money for his loyalty to the crown. In 1640 he was given the com- mand of the Irish troops i-aised for service in Scotland. In the early part of the War of i64i-'52, he distinguished himself on the government side — amongst other exploits, recovering large cattle preys which the Confederates had driven into the Com- meragh mountains. He died after a lin- gering illness, 2nd July 1642. Viscount Doneraile is his descendant. =4 196 St. Ruth, , a French general, sent over by Louis XIV. to command the Irish army, in May 1691. He had already led some regiments of the Irish brigade in Savoy, where he acted with the greatest barbarity towards the Protestants. He is stated to have been of " great bravery, energy, and experience ; " events proved him to be vainandself-confident. Macaulay says he showed much energy in organizing the Irish army — " Day and night in the saddle, galloping from post to post, from Limerick to Athlone, from Athlone to the northern extremity of Lough Rea, and from Lough Rea back to Limerick." He under- took the command of the castle and west- ern bank of the Shannon at Athlone, against DeGinkell, in June 1691. From the J 9th till the 29th of June the place sustained a fierce bombardment. St. Ruth believed the position to be impregnable, and haughtily refused to listen to Sarsfi eld's advice as to necessary measures for defence. On the morning of the 29th the enemy forded the Shannon in face of the Irish batteries. St. Ruth was taken unawares ; Colonel Grace, who had nobly defended the town a year previously, fell in the storm, and St. Ruth and his army were obliged to retreat into Connaught. On the slope of Kilcommadan Hill, near Aughrim, he drew up his army on Sunday, 1 2th July, and received De Ginkell's attack. Dread- ing the displeasure of Louis XIV. at his loss of Athlone, he saw the necessity of a supreme effort. Macaulay says : " He exerted himself to win by indulgence and caresses the hearts of all who were under his command. . . The whole camp was a ferment of religious excitement." St. Ruth had 15,000 troops and nine field pieces, to meet the Williamite army of SAM 20,000 men and a well-appointed park of artillery. His dispositions were made with great ability ; but he had not communi- cated his plans to any of his subordinates — even to Sarsfield, second in command, whom he had placed on the left, with directions not to leave his post. De Gin- kell's attack did not begin imtil five in the afternoon. The early part of the battle went entirely in St. Euth's favour. The Irish fought with stubborn resolution. In high spirits, St. Ruth headed a charge of cavalry, and just as he cried in French, " The day is ours, my boys, we will drive them before us to the walls of Dublin," a chain-shot took oif his head. On the loss of their leader the cavalry were thrown into a state of confusion, which communi- cated itself to the rest of the army. De Ginkell pressed the attack, and the battle was lost to the Irish. St. Ruth's corpse, wrapped in his cloak, was carried from the field and laid in the old monastery at Lough- rea. His spurs, his crest, and the shot by which he was killed, hang on the wall of the south transept of St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin, over Schomberg's monument. '^^ ^^'^ Sampson, William, a distinguished United Irishman, the son of a Presbyte- rian clergyman, was born in Londonderry, 17th January 1764. When eighteen, he held a commission in a Volunteer corps ; and shortly afterwards entered Trinity College. Ini79ohemarried,andremovedto London to complete his terms at Lincoln's Inn. Returning to Belfast, he entered warmly into politics, and became a United Irishman and a contributor to the Northern Star. He more than once acted as counsel for members of the brotherhood, when brought to trial. His name was included in the list of those marked for arrest on 1 2th March 1 798. He escaped to England, was arrested at Whitehaven, and sent to Carlisle jail, whence he was returned to Ireland. He was eventually permitted to retire to the Continent, and in July 1 806 removed to the United States, where he was called to the Bar, was joined by his wife and family in 1810, and rose to con- siderable eminence. The latter part of his life was largely devoted to literature. He edited American reprints of CurrarCs Life hy his Son, and Taylor's History of the Irish Civil ^Yars. He published his Memoirs in 1807, and a work on the Catholic Question in America in 1 8 1 3. He died in New York, 28th December 1836, aged 72. His daughter married a son of Wolfe Tone. ^'' 3^' Sandford, Daniel, Bishop of Edin- burgh, was born at Delville, near Dublin, in 1766. He was educated at Christ SAE Church, Oxford, where he proceeded to D.D. in 1802. He subsequently settled in Scotland, and became a popiilar preacher, and in 1806 was consecrated Bishop of Edinburgh. The Gentleman's Magazine says : " He became the happy means of commencing and completing the union of Scottish and English Episcopalians. . . His piety was pure and unaffected." He died 14th January 1830, aged 63, and was interred in the buryiug-ground adjoin- ing St. John's Chapel, Edinbm-gh. His Remains, with a Memoir, edited by his son, were published a few months after his death. '^^ Sandford, Francis, an author of some note, was born in the County of Wicklow in 1630. Upon the Restoration he was made Pursuivant-at-Arms, which office he sold in 1689, because he could not take the oaths to William and Mary. His principal works were : A Genealogical History of the Kings of Portugal (London, 1664), and A Genealogical History of the Kings and Queens of England (Savoy, 1677). An edition of this last work, continued to the Scottish Union by Samuel Stebbing, is "considered as among the gi-eat guns, even of magnificent collections." He died in January 1693. '^ 339 Sarsfield, Patrick, Earl of Lucan, was born at Lucan about the middle of the 17th century. [An ancestor, William Sarsfield, Mayor of Dublin, was knighted by Sir Henry Sidney in 1566, for his ser- vices against Shane O'Neill. On the female side he is said to have been descend- ed from Rury O'More. His father's estates at Lucan and elsewhere were sequestrated by Cromwell, but were recovered after the Restoration through the influence of the Queen-mother. Patrick's elder brother, William, married Mary, natural daughter of Charles II., and sister of the Duke of Monmouth.] Patrick Sarsfield bore a com- mission in the English Life Guards ; he fought under Monmouth on the Continent, and against him at Sedgemoor, where he was severely wounded. He retired with James II. to France, and accompanied him to Ireland in March 1689, ranking as a brigadier-general. Soon after, upon the death of his elder brother, William, he suc- ceeded to the family estates, considered to be "worth £2,000 per annum. It was pro- bably about this period that he married Honora Burke, daughter of the 7th Eai'l of Clanricard. Macaulay says : "He had, Avaux wrote, more personal influence than any man in Ireland, and was, indeed, a gentleman of eminent merit, brave, upright, honourable, careful of his men in quarters, and certain to be always found at their 463 SAR head in the day of battle. His intrepidity, his frankness, his boundless good nature, his stature, which far exceeded that of ordi- nary men, and the strength which he exerted in personal conflict, gained for him the affectionate admiration of the populace. It is remarkable that the Englishry gen- erally respected him as a valiant, skilful, and generous enemy, and that, even in the most ribald farces, which were performed by the mountebanks in Smithfield, he was always excepted from the disgraceful im- putations which it was then the fashion to throw on the Irish nation." ="3 He did not at first receive a command equal to his talents. James II, in whose Irish Par- liament he sat for the County of Dublin, considered him " a brave fellow, but very scantily supplied with brains," After Mountcashel's defeat before Enniskillen, he marched to Sligo with a force for the defence of Connaught ; and after the relief of Londonderry, occupied Athlone. He subsequently secured Galway for James, and expelled the last of William's garrisons from Connaught. Sarsfield held a com- mand at the battle of the Boyne, ist July 1690, on which occasion he is said to have protested against James's precipi- tate retreat. His regiment formed part of the army that fell back on Limerick, where he was made second in command under Major-General Boiseleau. William's army, numbering 38,0x50 men, appeared before the walls on 8th August. In the city were but 10,000 infantry and 4,000 cavalry, and the English expected that it would prove an easy conquest. TirconneU and Lauzun, v/ith the French troops, re- tired to Galway ; but the citizens, inspired mainly by Sarsfield's enthusiasm, deter- mined to hold out to the last, Boiseleau conducted the engineering operations of defence, whilst Sarsfield, in command of the Irish horse, defended the passages of the Shannon above the town. On the 9th, Sarsfield obtained private information that a convoy, with King William's siege battery, pontoon train, and supplies, was approaching from Waterford. Selecting a body of 500 picked men, he left Lim- erick on Sunday, the loth, and advanced cautiously to Killaloe, but finding the bridge there held in force by the enemy, he passed on and crossed the Shannon at Ballyvally, and, guided by Hogan, a rapparee chief, turned into the deep gorges of the Silver Mines mountains, where the party lay concealed all Monday. At night they again started, and at three o'clock on the following morning surprised the convoy at Ballyneety, some ten miles from Limerick. The guards were sabred 464 SAU or taken prisoners, and eight heavy bat- tering cannons, five mortars, eighteen tin pontoons, and 200 waggons loaded with ammunition and supplies, fell into his hands. The artillery was spiked, and the other supplies were collected together and destroyed. " If I had failed in this attempt," Sarsfield remarked to one of his prisoners, " I should have been off to France." The party returned in safety to Limerick, driving before them 500 cap- tured horses. William managed to bring together another battering train, and on the 17th the trenches were opened, and a regular bombardment commenced. The efforts of Boiseleau and Sarsfield for the defence of the town were enthusiastically seconded by the inhabitants. Mr. Lene- han remarks in his History of Limerick: " The soul of the defenders was Patrick Sarsfield. . . It had been resolved long before this to remove all the women and children from the city ; but even the ad- verse historians avow that very large num- bers of women could not be induced to abandon the post of danger. . . They mingled with husbands, sons, and brothers in the streets. They appeared on the walls during the hottest cannonade ; they sup- plied the gunners with ammunition ; they attended the sick, removed the disabled, bound up the limbs of the wounded. . . They infused life unto the drooping spirits of those who fought for their country." The heroic repulse of the assault of the 27th August, in which the English oflacial returns admit a loss of 1,689 killed and wounded, led to the raising of the siege. When TirconneU went to France in Sep- tember 1 690, Sarsfield was one of those put in commission to direct the inexperienced Duke of Berwick, to whom the supreme command of the Irish army was entrusted. In the course of the winter he made an unsuccessful attempt to capture Birr ; but baffled the efforts of the English to cross the Shannon, and turn the Irish positions at Limerick and Athlone. In February 1 69 1 TirconneU returned, bringing a patent from James II. creating Sarsfield, Earl of Lucan, Viscount of TuUy, and Baron of Eosberry. He was also made Colonel of the Life Guards and Commander-in-chief in Ireland. He was soon afterwards super- seded iu the latter office by the French general, St. Euth, sent over by Louis XIV., but made no difficulty about serving under him. Sarsfield took part in the defence of Athlone. At Aughrim, 12th July 1 69 1, though second in command, and at the head of a fine body of horse, he was kept so completely in ignorance of the plans for the battle, that on St. Euth's SAR death he could not prevent the ensuing defeat. After the fall of Gal way and Sligo, Limerick remained the last hope of the Irish party. De Ginkell invested the town on 25th August. When, on Tirconnell's death, D'Usson, the senior officer, assumed command, Sarsfield attended to all the details of the defence, the repairs of the fortifications, and the supply of provisions, forage, and ammunition. " His vigilance and activity admitted of no relaxation ; and his ardour inspired the troops with confidence." "'^^ The siege lasted four ■weeks, and the garrison and inhabitants again made a vigorous defence. Several attacks were repulsed, and the city would have held out much longer than it did, but for the treachery of Henry Luttrell. So late as the 1 7th September it was seriously debated by De Ginkell and his officers, whether the siege should not be abandoned for the surer but more tedious operations of a blockade. A parley was beat by the besieged on the 23rd September, and the Treaty ' of Limerick was signed on 3rd of October, by De Ginkell and the Lords- Justices, on behalf of William III., and by D'Usson, Sarsfield, and six other generals, on behalf of the French and Irish. Under the provisions of the treaty, all persona were accorded liberty to leave Ire- land for the Continent, with theii- house- hold goods, plate, and jewellery, and to proceed in regiments, parties, or otherwise, to ports of embarkation ; seventy vessels of 200 tons each, and two men-of-war, were to be provided and provisioned for their transport ; liberty was accorded to take away 900 horses ; the sick and wounded were to be tended, and after- wards permitted to join their comrades in France ; and the garrison of Limerick were to march out with all the honours of war, taking away eight pieces of ord- nance and half the ammunition in the city. The civil articles, afterwards practi- cally violated, provided : " That the Eoman Catholics of this kingdom shall enjoy such privileges in the exercise of their religion as are consistent with the laws of Ireland, or as they did enjoy in the reign of King Charles the Second, and their Majesties . . will endeavour to procure the said Roman Catholics such further security in that particular as may preserve them from any disturbance upon the account of their said religion." The soldiers and inhabitants in the districts of Limerick, Cork, Kerry, Clare, Sligo, and Mayo, who submitted, were secured their estates as they held them in the reign of Charles II. The full text of the treaty wiU be found in Story's Wars of Ireland. The 2F SAR terms are such as would have been accorded only to a still powerful people assisted by able allies, capitulating after a prolonged and heroic resistance. " De Ginkell," says Story, " was resolved to do all things possible to prevent the Irish going in so great numbers out of the kingdom, as being a strengthening of our adversaries, and weakening of ourselves ;" but when the appointed day came, and the soldiers were called upon to decide finally, mainly through Sarsfield's influence, out of 15,000, but 1,000 entered William's service, while about 2,000 elected to go to their homes. In- cluding the French troops, 19,059 of the Irish army were conveyed to France, re- viewed by King James at Brest, and drafted into the armies of Louis XIV., principally as additions to the Irish Brigade. Many deserted on their way to the Irish seaports ; and no doubt there is much truth in the sad picture drawn by Macaulay, of what took place at the ports where the Irish troops embarked, leaving large numbers of women and children behind : " Some women caught hold of the ropes, were dragged out of their depth, clung till their fingers were cut through, and perished in the waves. The vessels began to move. A wild and terrible wail rose from the shore, and excited unwonted compassion in hearts steeled by hatred of the Irish race and of the Romish faith." But the his- torian omits to mention that this suffer- ing was said by Irish contemporary writers to be due mainly to the absence of some of the stipulated transports. Sarsfield re- fused all solicitations to remain in Ireland. True to his religion and to King James, he accompanied his fellows-in-arms to France, where he was given command of the second troop of Irish Guards. In 1692 he ad- dressed more than one letter to De Ginkell regarding the delays in carrying out the provisions of the treaty to which they had mutuallyattachedtheirnames. In the same year Sarsfield joined the French army in Flanders. He commanded his Guards at the battle of Steenkirk, and was compli- mented by the French commander, Mar- shal Luxembourg, for his share in the action. In the following March he was created Marechal-de-Camp. His career was terminated by a wound received at the battle of Landen, where he commanded Luxembourg's left wing, 19th July 1693. On withdrawing his hand from his breast, as he lay on the ground, and finding it covered with blood, he is said to have ex- claimed : "Ob, that this was for Ireland !" He died on 23rd July, of his wounds, or rather of a fever consequent on them, at the town of Huy, whither he had been re- 46s SAU moved from the field of battle. " Patrick Sarsfield," says a writer cited by Mr. D' Alton, " may be quoted as a type of loyalty and patriotic devotion. In his pub- lic actions, firm and consistent ; in his pri- vate character, amiable and unblemished ; attached, by religious conviction and hereditary reverence for the right divine of kings, to the falling house of Stuart, he drew a sharp sword in the cause of the monarch he had been brought up to believe his lawful sovereign, and voluntarily fol- lowed him into exile, when he could wield it no longer." A contemporary portrait, exhibited in Dublin in 1872, depicts his countenance as round, fresh, and pleasant, with tender, deep blue eyes. His widow married the Duke of Berwick in 1695. His only son, James, who died unmarried in Flanders, fought under his illustrious step- father, and for his bravery at the taking of Barcelona, was decorated and provided for by Philip V. Sarsfield's daughter mar- ried Baron de Neuburg, styled King of Corsica, s^ 'ss 1971 215 223 318 Sauriu, William, an eminent lawyer, was bom in the north of Ireland in 1757. His father, a Presbyterian minister, was the son of a Huguenot refugee, said to have been a relative of the celebrated French preacher of the same name. Wil- liam was educated at the University of Dublin, and was called to the Bar in 1 780. His progress was slow ; for thirteen years he remained almost unknown ; but at length, more by plodding industry and high principle than brilliant talents, he achieved success, and in 1798 was at the head of his profession in Ireland. With indignant ardour he threw himself into the agitation against the proposal for the Union. He called the Bar together, and upon his motion a resolution was passed by a large miajority, protesting against the merging of the country in the imperial amalgamation. He was elected a member of the House of Commons for Blessington, and spoke twice in opposition to the measui'e he so deprecated — in the debate of the 5th February 1800, and more at length and effectively on the 21st of the same month. Mr. Shell says : " His more splendid allies rushed among the ranks of their adversaries, and dealt their sweeping invective about them ; while Saurin, in an iron and somewhat rusty armour, and wielding more massive and ponderous weapons, stood like a sturdy sentinel before the gates of the constitution. Simple and elementary po- sitions were enforced by him with a strenuous conviction of their truth. He denied the right of the legislature to 466 SAV alienate its sacred trust. He insisted that it would amount to a forfeiture of that estate which was derived from, and held under, the people, in whom the reversion must perpetually remain ; that they were bound to consult the will of the majority of the nation, and that the will of that majority was the foundation of all law." For at least twenty-three years after the passing of the Act of Union he never set foot upon English soil. In 1 807 he was ap- pointed Attorney-General, and he may be said to have governed Ireland for fifteen years. In the Castle cabinet he was almost supreme ; his authority being the more readily submitted to, as it was exercised without being openly displayed. He in- stituted prosecutions against the Catholic Board ; popular excitement was the re- sult; and "reciprocal animosity was en- gendered out of mutual recrimination." From being one of the most popular men in Ireland, he grew to be an object of national aversion ; and this was not with- out exercising a deteriorating influence upon his character. In 1822, on some official changes, he was ofiered, and in a fit of vexation refused, the place of Chief Justice of the King's Bench, whereupon he returned to his old position at the Bar. His contemporary. Shell, already quoted, thus describes him : " His eye is black and wily, and glitters under the mass of a rugged and shaggy eyebrow. There is a certain sweetness in its glance. . . His forehead is thoughtful ; but it is neither bold nor lofty : it is furrowed by long study and recent care. . . His features are broad and deeply founded : . . they are not finished with delicacy and point. . . A lover of usage, and an enemy of innovation ; one who can bear adversity well, and prosperity still better : some- thing of a republican by nature, but fashioned by circumstances into a Tory ; honourable, but not chivalrous ; afiection- ate, but not tender." Mr. Saurin married a sister of the Marquis of Thomond. He died at his residence in Stephen's-green, Dublin, nth February 1839, aged 82. ^ 304 Savage, Marmion W., an author, was born in Ireland early in the i8th cen- tury. He took his B.A. degree at Trinity College, Dublin, in 1824, and for many years filled a responsible government office in Dublin. He was the author of several novels that enjoyed considerable popular- ity, the first of which. The Falcon Family or Young Ireland, was published anony- mously in 1 845. This was followed by The Bachelor of the Albany (1847) and My Uncle the Curate (1849), both anonymous. His fourth novel, Reuben Medlicott (1852), was SCH the first published in his own name. The Woman of Bminess{i 8 70) was his last work. The Annual Register says : " The compara- tive obscurity of his name in the literary world was owing to the circumstance that, as his early productions touched upon political topics, . . the author not deeming it advdsable in his official capa- city to engage in party politics, assumed a tiom de plume, to which he subse- quently clung from habit," He settled in England in 1856, and for several years edited the Examiner. His health broke down, partly from over exertion, and he removed from London to Torquay, where he died, 1st May 1872, after prolonged sufferings. His first wife was a niece of Lady Morgan. " Mr. Savage was a thorough scholar, and his writings are as much distinguished for correct taste and exquisite finish, as by that quiet humour for which the present generation, some- what blunted by the stronger manner of its own sensational writers, seems rapidly to be losing all relish."' He was possessed of a rich fund of humour and brilliant social qualities. "> '* =^33 Schomberg, Armand Frederick, Duke of Schomberg, Marshal, styled in his time "the first captain in Europe," was bom in Schonburg Castle on the Ehine, between Coblentz and Bingen, in 161 8. He commenced his military cai^eer in the Swedish army, during the Thirty Years' War, for his part in which his property was confiscated by the Em- peror. He next entered the Dutch army, and afterwards served France with dis- tinction from 1650 to 1685, and was created a Marshal. In 1686, after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, and his consequent expulsion from France as a Protestant, he entered the Portuguese service, then that of the Elector of Bran- denburg, and lastly he joined William, Prince of Orange, when about to make his expedition to England in 1688. In April 1689 he was created a duke by William III., and in August came to Ireland vdth a force of from 10,000 to 20,000 men, chiefly German, French, Datiish, and Dutch mercenaries. Sailinj^ from Highlake on the 12th August 1689, the fleet reached Belfast Lough ori the 13th; the disem- barkation of thf, troops was immediately proceeded wit'n, and before many days Belfast and t'ne surrounding country were safe from any possible attack of the Jacobites. Carrickfergus held out for more than a week, the garrison surren- dering on terms to be permitted to march out and join a division of James's army at Newry. The siege train was shipped 2F* SCH and sent round to Carlingford, and on the 2nd September Schomberg marched his army south, the enemy burning Car- lingford, Newry, and other towns on his approach. On the 7th September he en- camped a mile north of Dundalk, where before many days his troops began to sicken and die in great numbers. James and Marshal Bosen marched against him with superior forces, and employed every stratagem to induce him to leave his en- trenchments and risk a battle. On the 20th October Schomberg had to evacuate his camp, and retreat northwards, the dead and dying strewing the roads. He disposed the remains of his army in such of the Ulster towns as acknowledged the authority of William. Story, a con- temporary writer in William's interest, gives a deplorable picture of the straits to which Schomberg's forces were re- duced. There were several engagements of minor importance during the winter. In March 1690 a reinforcement of Danish ti'oops, under the Duke of Wittemberg, arrived at Belfast — " lusty fellows, well clothed and armed"— and in May Charle- mont fort was invested. When the fort was summoned to surrender, the gover- nor desired the messenger to " tell Schomberg from Teague O'Kegan, that he's an old knave, and by St. Patrick he shall not have the town at all." Colonel MacMahon with 400 men at- tempted to throw a supply of provisions and ammunition into the place, but O'Ke- gan would not let them in, saying he had enough already. MacMahon was un- able to fight his way back, and had to take up a miserably exposed position on the counterscarp, until the place surrendered on the 1 2th May, when the Irish marched out with all the honours of war, and pro- ceeded to Dundalk. When William III. landed at Carrickfergus in June, Schom- berg met him, and surrendered the su- preme command. At the council of war, held the night of 30th June, before the battle of the Boyne, Schomberg opposed the plan of crossing the river. It was at his suggestion that a detachment was sent round by the bridge of Slane. He commanded the horse, on the right wing, on the morning of the battle, and was one of the first to fall. Story says : " The Irish troopers as they rid by, struck at him with their swords ; and some say that our own men firing too hastily, when the Duke was before them, shot him them- selves ; however it was, his mortal wound was through his neck, and he had one or two cuts in the head besides. He fell down, and did not speak one word. . . 467 SCO We never knew the value of him till we really lost him, which often falls out in such cases ; and since it was in our quarrel that he lost his life, we cannot too much honour his memory, which will make a considerable figure in history whilst the world lasts. He was certainly a man of the best education in the world, and knew men and things beyond most of his time, being courteous and civil to everybody, and yet had something always that looked so great in him, that he commanded respect from men of all qualities and stations. Nor did we know any fault that he had, except we might be jealous he sometimes was too obliging to the French. As to his person, he was of a mid- dle stature, weU proportioned, fair com- plexioned, a very sound hardy man of his age, and sate an horse the best of any man ; he loved constantly to be neat in his clothes, and in his conversation he was always pleasant." His body was brought to Dublin, and interred in St. Patrick's Cathedral, where a monument to his memory was subsequently raised by Dean Swift. '« ==3 318 Scott, John, Eaxl of Clonmel, Chief Justice of the King's Bench, an Irish lawyer, who, in the latter part of the 1 8th century amassed a large fortune, and from obscurity raised himself to some of the highest oflSces in the state. Mr. Fitz- Patrick has devoted a portiou of his Ire- land before the Union to the not very profit- able history of Lord Clonmel. He died 23rd May 1 798. Barrington says he was "courageous, vulgar, humorous, artificial ; he knew the world well, and he profited by that knowledge. He cultivated the powerful ; he bullied the timid ; he fought the brave ; he flattered the vain ; he duped the credulous ; and he amused the convivial. Half liked, half reprobated, he was too high to be despised, and too low to be respected. His language was coarse, and his principles arbitrary ; but his pas- sions were his slaves, and his cunning was his instrument. He recollected favours received in his obscurity, and in some instances had gratitude to requite the obligation ; but his avarice and his os- tentation contended for the ascendancy ; their strife was perpetual, and their vic- tories alternate." Shell writes of "the matchless imperturbability of front to which the late Lord Clonmel was indebted for his brazen coronet." His mansion in Harcourt-street, Dublin, now divided into two houses, has given his name to a street opposite. =" 5* '^-i 304 Scully, Deuys, a prominent leader in the cause of Catholic Emancipation, was 468 SED bom at Kilfeacle, County of Tipperary, 4th May 1 7 73. He was the eldest surviving son of James Scully, an extensive landed proprietor. In 1 794 he entered at Trinity College, Cambridge, being the first Ca- tholic student admitted for upwards of two hundred years. He was called to the Irish Bar in 1796, and in February 1805, was one of a deputation of Catholic noblemen, gentlemen, and merchants, ap- pointed by their co-religionists to wait on Pitt with a petition for Emancipation. Pitt declined to present it to Parliament ; but Fox and Lord Grenville, after an interview with the deputies, presented it on 25th March. Mr. Scully had private interviews with Castlereagh, Fox, Hus- kisson, Cobbett, and other public men, regarding the question he had so much at heart ; and amongst his many corres- pondents on Catholic afi"airs, were Grattan, O'Connell, and Lords Holland, Grenville, Hardwicke, and Donoughmore, He wrote more than one pamphlet on the subject, and joined Edward Hay, secretary of the Catholic Board, in preparing a statement of the cruelties to which the people of Wex- ford had been subjected previous to the Insurrection of 1798. The work by which he is chiefly known is his Statement of the Penal Laws, published in 181 2, a standard authority in regard to those oppressive enactments, and a powerful agent in pre- paring the public mind for Emancipation. This book attracted so much attention that the government of the day, being opposed to Emancipation, prosecuted the publisher, FitzPatrick, for libel on the Lord-Lieutenant, and FitzPatrick was fined £200, and imprisoned for eighteen months. To the prolific pen of Denys Scully may be traced many of the peti- tions and resolutions of the Catholic clergy and laity of his day, as well as many able articles in the Morning Post, and Dubliti Evening Post, bearing on the Catholic question. He lived to see the fruition of his labours in the Emancipation Act of 1829, and died at Kilfeacle, 25th October 1830, aged 56, having been para- lysed for some years previously. He was buried with his ancestors on the Eock of Cashel. [His son, Vincent Scully, for some 3'ears member of Parliament for County Cork, and the author of some valuable treatises on the facilitation of the transfer of land, died on 4th June 1 87 1 . ^^a Sedtilius, a "Scot of Ireland," an eminent divine, orator, and poet, flourished about 490. The following account of him is given in Harris's Ware : — " Sedulius, a Scottish priest, was from his youth up- wards a disciple to Hildebert, Archbishop SEN of the Scots. He was a man well versed in the knowledge of the Scriptures, of great accomplishments in human learn- ing, and had an excellent taste both for prose and verse. For the love of learning he left Scotia (Ireland), travelled into France, and from thence into Italy and Asia ; at length, departing from the bor- ders of Achaia, he came to be in high esteem in the city of Rome, on account of his wonderful learning. He writ many works both in prose and verse." An edi- tion of his writings was published in Edinburgh in 1701. ^39 Senan, Saint, was bom about 488, in Corcavaskin, in Thomond. Disgusted with the wars and outrages going on round him, he placed himself under the abbot Cassidan, took the monastic habit, and about 534 founded the religious estab- lishment of Inishscattery, on the Shan- non, and afterwards several of the cells and oratories on the remote islands off Clare and Kerry. Dr. Lanigan relates how a lady of Bantry, afterwards canon- ized as St. Cannera, sought permission to receive the viaticum, and to be buried in Inishscattery. At first the Saint positively refused ; but at length, understanding she was near her death, permitted her to spend the last few days of her life on the island, and there gave her body a resting place. Senan himself died about 544. Lanigan says : " The reputation of St. Senan has not been confined to Ireland, and his acts have been published amongst those of the saints of Brittany, on the supposition, whether well founded or not, that he was the same as St. Sane, one of the chief patrons of the diocese of St. Pol de Leon. Yet, notwithstanding the great fame of this saint, and in spite of the many monuments still recording his name and transactions in the island of Inishscat- tery, a pseudo-antiquary of our days has had the impudence to write that he was no other than the river Shannon personi- fied." Hisfestivalis the 1st of March. "' Senchan Torpeist, was a distin- guished bard. Chief Poet of Ireland, who flourished about the year 600. He was a native of Connaught, and was a pupil of Dalian Forgaill, whom he succeeded. O'Curry tells how he called a meeting of the bards of Ireland to ascertain whether any of them remembered the whole of the celebrated tale of the Tain Bo Chuailgne (Cattle Spoil of Cuailgne). All said that they remembered only fragments, where- upon Murgen, Senchan'a only son, and his friend Emine went in search of it. Resting by the grave of the renowned chief, Fergus MacRoigh, on the banks of SHA Lough Ein, in Roscommon, it is fabled to have been revealed to them by the shade of that chief. The story is beautifully told in Ferguson's " Tain Quest," one of the Lays of the Western Gaill. "° ^ Sharman-Crawford, William, an Irish politician, was bom 3rd September 1780, at Moira Castle, in the County of Down. He was the eldest son of Colonel William Sharman, for many years mem- ber for Lisbiirn in the Irish Parliament, who died in 1803, leaving him large estates. In 1805 he married a wealthy heiress, Mabel Crawford, whose surname and arms he added to his own. He repre- sented Dundalk in Parliament, from 1834 to 1837, was subsequently returned for Rochdale without cost to himself ; and sat many years for that borough. He greatly increased the prosperity of the tenants on his large estates by extending and confirming the Ulster custom of tenant- right ; and the main object for which he strove during a long parliamentary career was to give legal effect to this right, and to extend it to other parts of Ireland. The tenant farmers justly regarded him as their champion. He brought before Parliament several Bills for the settle- ment of the tenant-right question. Though none of them passed, his untiring efforts, both in and out of the House, did much to direct public attention to the subject, and to lay the foundations for future ameliorative legislation. He supported O'Connell in his efforts for Catholic Eman- cipation, but could not join him in the Repeal movement, rather advocating a federal connexion between Great Britain and Ireland. After the tenant-right agita- tion subsided, he took no part in public affairs, devoting himself to the manage- ment of his estates, and to his duties as a Deputy-Lieutenant of the County of Down, where he was greatly venerated by the people. He died at his residence, Craw- fordsburn, near Bangor, County of Down, i6th October 1861, aged 81, and was suc- ceeded in his estates by his eldest son. Considering the important place William Sharman-Crawford occupied in Irish poli- tics for many years, there appear to be singularly few particulars attainable re- garding his career, ss 233 Shaw, Sir Frederick, Bart., Recorder of Dublin, was born in Merrion-square, Dublin , 1 1 th December 1 799. He was son of Sir Robert Shaw, Bart., once member of Parliament for Bannow. He entered Trinity College in 18 14; but took his de- grees at Oxford. He was called to the Irish Bar in 1822, for one year represented the City of Dublin in Parliament, and in 469 SHA 1832 was, with Sergeant Lefroy, elected member for the ITniversity of Dublin, which he represented for sixteen years. He was made a Privy-Councillor in 1834, at which time he was considered one of the most brilliant orators and ablest leaders and debaters Ireland ever sent to the Imperial Parliament. One of his greatest parliamentary triumphs was a speech in 1834 against O'Connell's motion for a select committee, to enquire into the conduct of Baron Smith in intro- ducing politics into his charge to a grand jury. In 1840 he supported Lord Mor- peth's Irish Municipal Corporations Bill, and thereby almost forfeited the confidence of his Conservative friends. In 1845 ^^ advocated the establishment of the Queen's Colleges, and next year spoke earnestly and at length against the repeal of the Corn Laws. In 1848 he resigned his seat, probably from failing health consequent on overwork. In 1869 he inherited the title and estates on the death of his elder brother, the second Baronet. He held the position of Recorder of Dublin for about forty-eight years, from 1828 until within a few weeks of his death. It was always matter of surprise that his splendid abilities never secured for him a higher judicial position. Even his bitter political opponent, O'Con- nell, bore testimony to his " able, upright and impartial conduct on the Bench." His decisions were marked by great perspicuity and common sense ; and he often lightened the tedium of litigation by brilliant witticisms. Although his health had been giving way for some time, there was little to indicate the collapse that followed his retirement from the Bench in April 1876. Sir Frederick died at Crumlin,near Dublin, 30th June 1876, aged 76, and was interred in Mount Jerome Cemetery. "^ Shaw, John, Captain, United States Navy, w' ^ born at Mountmellick in 1773. He received but an ordinaiy education, accompanied an elder brother to Amer- ica in 1790, adopted a sea-faring life, and became a lieutenant in the United States Navy in 1798, on the breaking out of hostilities with Fi-ance. In the course of 1800, in command of the schooner Enterprise he took no fewer than eight privateers and letters-of-marque, and fought five spirited actions, two with vessels of superior force. He cruised in the Medi- terranean in the George Washington in 1801 ; was appointed a captain in 1807; served in the war of 18 12 against the United Kingdom; and in 1 816 and 181 7 commanded a squadron in the Mediter- ranean. Subsequently he had charge of the navy yards of Boston and Charleston. 470 SHE He died in Philadelphia, 17th September 1823, aged about 50. 37» Shea, Daniel, an Oriental scholar, was born in Dublin about 1771, and was edu- cated at Trinity College, where he became distinguished for his classical attainments. He obtained a scholarship. Several of his dearest friends were United Irishmen ; and for refusing to give evidence against them, or the society of which they were members, he was expelled from College at the instance of Lord Clare. Without money or interest, he with considerable difficulty obtained employment as a tutor, in England, and afterwards as a clerk in a merchant's office at Malta. There he ap- plied himself to the study of Arabic and Persian, and upon his return to England published a translation of Mirkhond'a History of the Early Kings of Persia, warmly praised both for its spirit and fidelity by some of the best Oriental scholars. At the time of his death (loth May 1836) he was engaged upon a translation of the Dabistan. " A kinder friend, a better-hearted man, never breath- ed. On many occasions he submitted to great personal inconvenience, that he might relieve others whose necessities he deemed greater than his own." ^*^ '^ Sheares, Henry and John, United Irishmen, brothers, were the sons of Henry Sheares, a Cork banker, member of Parlia- ment for Clonakilty from 1761 to 1767, who died in 1776. They were both born in Cork — Henry in 1753, John in 1766 — and were educated at Trinity College. Henry entered the army ; but renounced it for the law, and was called to the Bar in 1 789. His wife died in 1 79 1 , after a union of but five years, and his children were taken charge of by Mr. and Mrs. Sweet, their grand-parents. John was called to the Bar in 1788. Both brothers were possessed of ample fortunes, besides the emoluments they derived from their pro« f ession. They sympathized deeply with the progress of the French Revolution, and in 1792 went to Paris, ostensibly to visit the Sweets, who were then residing there. They attended many political meetings, became acquainted with Roland, Brissot, and other revolutionary leaders, and were present at the execution of Louis XVI. They crossed to England in the same vessel with Daniel O'Connell and his brother, re- turning from Douay — the Sheareses glory- ing in all they had seen ; the O'Connells tear- ing the tricolor cockades from their hats the moment the vessel left port. Henry married a second time. The brothers be- came members of the Society of United Irishmen, John often taking the chair at SHE public meetings. They both attended the funeral of the Rev. William Jackson in 1795. After this they were so strongly suspected of complicity in a treasonable conspiracy against the Government, that warrants were drawn out for their arrest. On the seizure of most of the members of the Leinster Directory at Bond's, early in March 1798, and the enforced concealment of Lord Edward FitzGerald, John took his place as chief organizer of the proposed rising. To what extent Henry was impli- cated, it is difficult to ascertain. Early in May, one Captain Armstrong wormed him- self into their confidence, was invited to their house, and betrayed their designs and plans to the Government. On Monday, 2 1 st May, they were both arrested — Henry, at their house in Baggot-street (now No. 128), John, at the house of his friend. Surgeon Lawless, in Erench-sti-eet, The brothers were brought up for trial at Green-street, on 12th July. The principal witness against them was Captain Armstrong. There was little to criminate Henry but a wild " proclamation " written by John the night before their arrest, and left in Henry's desk without his knowledge. They were defended by Curran, Plunket, and McNally. It was past midnight when the examination of witnesses was concluded. The proceedings had already occupied fifteen hours ; yet Toler, the Solicitor-General, opposed Curran's motion for adjournment. The trial went on, and at eight o'clock next morning, the jury, after a retirement of but seventeen minutes, brought in a verdict of guilty. As it was pronounced, the brothers stood up and embraced each other. Sentence was de- ferred until three o'clock in the afternoon. Henry was completely unmanned by his position. When they were brought up for sentence, John made an earnest appeal for his brother's life. They were both con- demned to be executed on the following day. In the few hours that remained to them, John acted with calmness and forti- tude. He took up the pen Henry was unable to hold, to commend their sister to the care of their mother, his child to his sister, and Henry's children to the affection of their gi"and-parents. The brothers were executed in frontof Newgate. on the morning of 14th July 1798. Henry was aged about 45 ; John 32. Their re- mains were laid in the vaults of St. Michan's Church, where the earth has the property of preserving bodies in a dried condition. Dr. Madden thus describes the Sheares : " They were inseparable as brothers, and were united by an almost unparalleled attachment . . . [Henry] SHE was, indeed, ill-adapted for the strife of political life. The influence of a beloved brother, possessed of superior mental powers, whose political opinions were firmly established and boldly asserted, drew him away from the social and family circle in which his enjoyments chiefly centred. . . In his person he was tall and finely proportioned, nearly six feet in height, more robust and muscular than his brother John, but not too large. His step was stately, not to say haughty, and his air more that of a military man than a lawyer. His features were not ill-formed, but his face was not at all pleasing. His eye was proud, and the lower part of his face disfigured by what are called claret- marks, which gave rather a fierce ex- pression to his countenance. . . Henry talked about republicanism, but John was an enthusiast in his attachment to it : all his habits of thinking tended that way. It suited the simplicity of his character, and the total absence of vanity that dis- tinguished him ; but he often said it would not do for Ireland. As to his personal appearance, he was tall, and rather slender than full ; not what is termed muscular, but well-proportioned and active. In his person, he differed strikingly from his brother. His air was gentle and unassum- ing, but animated and interesting. He was pale, rather light-complexioned, with full blue eyes and open countenance, well- formed nose, large, eloquent mouth, and white teeth. His voice was fine, his ar- ticulation very clear, his language rich, but quite unaffected ; he had much playful wit and humour, but was easily made serious. You ask, was he of a sanguinary disposition ? He was quite the reverse. He had a most tender heart and benevolent disposition. While he was himself, he would not give pain of mind or of body to anything that lived . The brothers agreed, as I have said, in thinking Ireland ill- governed, and the administration corrupt." Their aged mother died at Clifton in 1803. Henry left six children. His widow sur- vived until 1850. She resided at Kings- town, and was accustomed to pass the anniversary of her husband's death in fasting and prayer. John was never mar- ried. He left a daughter, Louisa, about eight years of age, who was taken charge of by a friend in Cork. Captain Arm- strong survived until 1858, and for sixty years enjoyed a pension of .£500 a year, the fruits of his intimacy of one fortnight with the Sheareses. 331 Shee, Sir Martin Archer, President of the Royal Academy, F.R.S., was bom in Dublin, 20th December 1 769. His mother 47 X SHE SHE died a few months after his birth ; his father became blind, and was consequently reduced in circumstances, and had to retire to a cottage near the Dargle, where many of young Shee's early years were spent. He evinced a taste for drawing, was ad- mitted to the schools of the Royal Dublin Society, and before long was enabled to support himself in Dublin by painting por- traits. In 1788, after his father's death, he removed to London, where he studied with the utmost diligence, Edmund Burke's personal introduction to Sir Joshua Rey- nolds procuring for him admission to the schools of the Royal Academy. His first picture was exhibited in 1789 ; in 1798 he was elected an Associate, and in 1800 a Member of the Academy. His reputation as a fashionable portrait painter soon be- came widely extended. He married, and established himself in a fine mansion. On the death of Sir Thomas Lawrence in 1 830, he was elected President of the Academy, and he was knighted in the same year. He was also elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, and other honours were showered upon him, to which Catholics in England were little accustomed. Ottley, in his Dictionary ofPainters.ohseTVQS : " It would be a mistake to attribute Sir Martin Shee's success in his profession, and above all the high official position to which he was elected, to his merit as an artist. The latter, at least, may be more truly assigned as a tribute to his literary attainments . . and to his courteous manners, com- bined with certain gifts in diplomacy, which qualified him in an eminent degree to act as the champion [of the Royal Academy]. If he did not achieve anything great as a painter, he was always ready, to use his own words, ' to break a lance with the vandalism of the day.'" He wrote several poetical pieces of minor merit, and two nove' , Harry Calverley,a,nd Old Court, in which were embodied many of his early reminiscences of the neighbourhood of Bray. Lord Holland said of his inaugu- ral address as President of the Academy: " I never heard a better speech." " And I," added Lord Grey, " never heard so good a one." Sir Martin was instrumental in procuring the charter for the Royal Hibernian Academy. As might be sup- posed, he was on intimate terms with many of the greatmenof the time- -Grattan and Curran, as well as Englishmen and foreigners of wider fame. A Civil List pension of £200 a year was conferred upon him shortly before his death, which took place at Brighton, 19th August 1850, in his 8 1st year. He was buried in Brighton Cemetery. Two of his paintings, "The 472 Infant Bacchus," and a portrait of Mor- ton, the dramatist, are hung in the National Gallery in London. He had six children, all of whom survived him. '^ "^t 302 Sheehy, Nicholas, Rev., t. Catholic clergyman, executed at Clonmel in 1 766, in consequence of his opposition to the Government. He was born at Fethard, in the County of Tipperary, in 1728, was edu- cated in France, and for many years oflSciated as parish priest at Clogheen. He openly denounced the collection of Church rates, and made no secret of his sympathy with the people in their im- poverished and oppressed condition. Early in 1764 he was arrested for alleged com- plicity in Whiteboy offences, was brought up to Dublin, released on bail, tried, and acquitted; but was immediately re-ar- rested on a chai'ge of being concerned in the murder of John Bridges, an in- former. Conscious of his innocence, he neglected measures for his defence ; and although there was no satisfactory evi- dence to inculpate him, and the body of the alleged murdered man was never dis- covered, he was convicted, and hanged, drawn, and quartered, at Clonmel, on 15th March 1 766. His head remained spiked over the porch of the old jail for twenty years. There can be little doubt that he fell a victim to the party animosity of the time. Mr. Froude expresses the belief that Sheehy was guilty of the charges brought against him, and mentions his having been engaged in a plot in the in- terest of the Pretender ; but admits that his trial was informal. "*' 331 Shell, Richard Lalor, author, poli- tician, and orator, was born at Drum- downey, near Waterford, 17th August, 1 79 1 . His father had amassed a consider- able fortune in the Spanish trade, and occupied a fine mansion on the Suir. The lad's early recollections were all connected with the neighbourhood of Waterford. At eleven years of age he was placed in a Catholic school at Kensington, kept by a French emigrant nobleman. There he almost forgot his own language. Thence he passed to Stonyhurst, and in November 1807 he entered trinity College, Dublin. During his college course his father lost all his property through neglect of tech- nicalities in connexion with a limited- liability company, in which he had invested a portion of his fortune, and young Shell was indebted to the gene- rosity of a friend for means to finish his terms, and to his uncle Richard for en- abling him to complete his studies for the Bar, to which he was called in 1814. SHE He made his first appearance in public in 1810, when he spoke with eflfect at a meeting in favour of Emancipation, as- sembled at Kilmainham. The years be- tween 1 8 14 and 1823 were largely devoted to dramatic authorship. His plays of Adelaide, The Apostate, Bellamira, and Evadne, were remarkably successful, more from the acting of his countrywoman, Miss O'Neill, than from their intrinsic merit. Montoni was withdrawn after a few repre- sentations ; The Fatal Dowry somewhat retrieved his reputation; whilst the fail- ure of The Huguenot, which he considered his best play, contributed in no slight degree to divert him from a path he had found beset with disappointment, though not unrewarded by success. At this time he had married, and be- come a widower. In 1822 the first of his admirable Sketches of the Irish Bar appeared in the Neio Monthly Magazine. They were afterwards published in a col- lected form, and still afford the best sources for information concerning the leading Bar celebrities of the time in Ire- land. They were written in conjunction with William H. Curran, who was the author of some of the most important of them. Whilst not neglecting his profes- sion. Shell's life for many years was devoted to the struggle for Catholic Emancipation. His position as a public man daily became more recognized and defined, and his earliest dreams of oratoric fame gradually came to be realized. " At this time, and up to the termination of the great struggle in 1 829," wrote one who had himself shared in many of the hazards of the period, " Shell was in the most exposed position of any man in Ire- land, for he went further than all others to provoke the attacks of the Crown." In 1827 a prosecution was instituted against him for remarks publicly made iipon Theobald Wolfe Tone's career. The grand jury brought in a true bill against him, but further proceedings were abandoned in consequence of minis- terial changes. He showed no little moral courage in 1 828, when, hearing of a proposed meeting of freeholders and in- habitants of Kent to oppose any conces- sions to the Catholics, he purchased a small holding in the county, attended the great meeting on Pennington Heath, and raised his voice in protest against the resolutions. After the passing of the Emancipation Act he was called to the inner Bar. In July 1 830 he married Mrs. Power, a widowed lady of considerable means, with whom he lived in uninter- rupted happiness the rest of his life. SHE This marriage made him independent of his profession, and enabled him to carry into effect a long-cherished desire of en- tering Parliament. Defeated in a contest for Louth, he was brought in by Lord Anglesea for Milborne Port, in Dorset- shire, in 1831, and occupied a seat in the House of Commons for the next eighteen years, most of the time for Tipperary, and latterly for Dungarvan. In 1832 he was enthusiastically welcomed on the plat- form of the Eepeal Society, by those who had been for so many years accustomed to hear his spirit-stirring harangues in favour of Emancipation. He took part in the Eepeal debate of April 1834, when the mo- tion was defeated by 523 to 38, and as a parliamentary question set at rest for many years. After the general election consequent on the death of William IV., and the friendly expressions of the Govern- ment towards Ireland, he accepted office as Commissioner of Greenwich Hospital. In 1839 he was appointed Vice-President of the Board of Trade. Although he was able to retain his seat, his acceptance of office was generally resented by his old friends in Ireland. That it had a con- siderable influence on his opinions can- not be doubted. He opposed the revival of the Repeal agitation ; and some years later he had the courage to declare upon the hustings at Dungarvan that he con- sidered Repeal to be a " splendid but un- attainable fancy"— justifying his change of opinion by reference to the altered atti- tude of the government of Great Britain towards Ireland. Yet he acted as one of John O'Connell's counsel at the State trials in 1844. In 1845 ^^ accompanied his wife and invalid son to Madeira, in the vain hope of benefiting the health of the latter, who died and was buried on the island. Mr. Shell was Master of the Mint from 1846 to 1850. During that period the new silver florin was put into circu- lation, those first coined being conspicuous by the omission of the initials of the legend : " Defensatrix Fidei : Dei gratia." The design was made by Mr. Wyon, chief engi-aver of the Mint, and approved by the Privy Council ; but a considerable turmoil was raised, the change being attributed to Mr. Shell being a Catholic. In reply to questions in the House, he accepted the responsibility of the omission of the words, avowed he had seen no objection to following the precedent which, was found in a portion of the silver coinage struck in her Majesty's name at Calcutta, and briefly and emphatically repudiated the imputation of sectarian motives. With the session of 1850 his 473 SHE parliamentary career closed. Mr. McCul- lagh says : " For twenty years he had occupied a prominent place in the varied controversies of the senate. He had seen most of the great principles for which he had contended finally adopted and engrafted into the policy of the state; and the suflfrages of the many and the few had concurred in ascribing to his advocacy no humble share in the accomplishment of these results. As an orator his success had equalled, if not exceeded, his most sanguine expectations ; and even the judgment of friendship will hardly be deemed erroneous in awarding him as many and as varied triumphs in debate as any of his most gifted contemporaries." In December 1850 he was appointed Minister at the court of Tuscany, and accordingly removed with his wife to Florence. His enjoyment of life in that beautiful city, and of the treasures of art opened to him, was intense. His know- ledge of French, which he had kept up through life, was a source of great pleasure, and he at once set about the acquisition of Italian. The British residents were delighted with his genial manners and his talents. His successful efforts on behalf of Count Guicciardini, imprisoned for reading the Bible to a circle of friends in his own house, proved the freedom of his mind from sectarian intolerance. The Count afterwards wrote of him as "a gentleman and a man of talent ; but, what was still better, a Christian, who adored God in spirit and in truth. . . He seemed to me to be deeply impressed with sentiments of piety, devotion, and love of God." Mr. Shell did not long live to enjoy what his friend Charles Lever styled his " first holiday in a long life of labour." He died of a sudden access of an old complaint, gout, 28th May 1851, aged 59. Hi: remains were conveyed home in a British ship-of-war, and interred at Long-orchard, in the County of Tipper- ary. Mr. Shell's manner was peculiar ; his figure was by no means striking ; but his face was intellectual and massive, somewhat resembling O'Connell's. The Memoirs of Richard Lalor Sheil by W. T. McCuUagh, London, 1855, give an admir- able history of the agitation that preceded Catholic Emancipation. [Dr. Reeves says *' Saidhail " (pronounced iikeil) is the Irish form of the name, which is of great an- tiquity, and was Latinized at a very early date in the form " Sedulius ".] ^33 303 Sheridan, William, Bishop of Kil- more, was born at Togher, in the County of Cavan, about 1 63 5 . He was the son of the Rev. Dionysius Sheridan, a Catholic clergy- 474 SHE man converted to Protestantism by Bishop Bedell, and was godson of the Bishop, who bequeathed to him forty shillings to buy a mourning ring. He entered Trinity College, Dublin, in 1652, and at the termi- nation of his course, took orders, and was appointed chaplain to the Duke of Or- mond, then Lord-Lieutenant. In 1667 he became rector of Athenry, in 1669 was made Dean of Down, and in i68i-'2 was advanced to the bishopric of Kilmore. In 1 69 1 he was deprived of his see for refusing to take the oaths to William and Mary. The latter part of his life he re- sided in London, where non-jurors and others who shared their opinions resorted to his house for private devotions. He died in great poverty, 3rd October 171 1. Six volumes of his sermons were published be- tween 1665 and 1706. [His brother Pati'ick was consecrated Bishop of Cloyne in 1679, and dying in 1682, was buried in the College Chapel, Dublin. A nother brother, Thomas, obtained a fellowship in Trinity College, which he was obliged to resign on becoming a Catholic. In 1680 he was imprisoned for supposed complicity in a Popish plot, but was subsequently knight- ed by James II., who made him his sec- retary]. "^ 339 Sheridan, Thomas, D.D., a friend of Dean Swift's, son of Thomas Sheridan before-mentioned, was born in the County of Cavan in 1684. His parents were poor. He was placed by a friend at Trinity College, Dublin, entered the Church, and opened a school in Dublin, at the old Mint house, 27 Capel-street. His good nature, powers of conversation, and literary abilities attracted the attention of Swift, and they became intimate friends. The Dean took a warm interest in his school, occasionally taught classes in it, and materially contributed to its success. Swift wrote of him after his death : " He was doubtless the best instructor of youth in these kingdoms, or perhaps in Europe, and as great a master of the Greek and Roman languages . . He has left behind him a very great collection, in several volumes, of stories, humorous, witty, wise, or some wayuseful. . . His chief shining quality was that of a schoolmaster, and here he shone in his proper element. He had so much skill and practice in the physiognomy of boys, that he rarely mistook at the first view. His scholars loved and feared him. . . Among the gentlemen in this king- dom who have any share of education, the scholars of Dr. Sheridan infinitely excel, in number and knowledge, all their brethren sent from the other schools. . . He was in many things very indiscreet, to say no SHE •worse. He acted like too many clergymen who are in haste to get married when very young, and from hence proceeded all the miseries of his life." Sheridan owned Quilca, a small country seat in the County of Cavan, where Swift, who wrote an amusing account of its " blunders and deficiencies," often sojourned with Esther Johnson and Mrs. Dingley. Not con- tent with two residences alone, a fancy sprung in his head, Swift wrote, " that a house near Dublin would be commodious for himself and his boarders to lodge in on Saturdays and Sundays. Immediately, without consulting with any creature, he takes a lease of a rotten house at Eath- farnham, the worst air in Ireland, for 999 years, at £12 a year. . . He expends about £100 on the house and garden wall, and in less than three years contracts such a hatred to the house that he lets it run to ruin." Swift was greatly distress- ed at Sheridan's extravagant habits, and hoping to remove him from a position in life which involved ruinous expendi- ture, obtained for him a nomination to the mastership of the Eoyal School of Armagh. This Sheridan unwisely declined, on the advice of some of the Fellows of College. Swift then procured for him a living in the south of Ireland, and a chaplaincy to the Lord- Lieutenant ; but Sheridan spoiled all by his foolish imprudence in preaching a ser- mon at Cork on the King's birth-day, from the text, " Sufficient for the day is the evil thereof." He was forbidden again to appear at the Castle, although Swift interceded for him in vain. He subsequently obtained the living of Dunboyne, near Dublin, from which, with his unbusiness-like habits, he was able to extract but £80 a year. His son says his grief for Esther Johnson's loss was almost as great as the Dean's, " He admired her above all human beings, and loved her with a devotion as pure as that which we would pay to angels." His latter years were embittered by a quarrel with Swift, resulting from an over- long visit of his at the deanery. Yet in November 1736, we have a very warm letter of his, dated from Quilca, to Mrs. Whiteway, enquiring after her health and that of the Dean. In it he deplores the Protestant exodus then going on from the north of Ireland to America — " the dismal circumstance of some thousands of families preparing to go oflF. . . Some squires will have their whole estates left to them- selves and their dogs." Sheridan died at Eathfarnham, loth October 3==' 1738, aged about 54- His marriage appears to have been moat unfortunate. In his vrill we SHE find but five shillings bequeathed to hia " unkind wife, Elizabeth." Dean Swift, in his sketch of Sheridan, penned shortly after his death, speaks of her in the coarsest terms; and we must charitably suppose that nothing but approaching mental ill- ness induced him to reflect as he did upon Sheridan himself in the same document. There are no fewer than 142 references to Sheridan in the index to Scott's Life of Swift. The Earl of Orrery writes of him as "ill-starred, good-natured, improvident, . . a punster, a quibbler, a fiddler, and a wit. Not a day passed without a rebus, an anagram, or a madrigal. His pen and his fiddle-stick were in continual motion, and yet to little or no purpose." In 1725 Dr. Sheridan published a translation of the Philoctetes of Sophocles, and in 1739 ^^^ Satires of Persius in English verse. '^ "^ 196 320t 3=1 Sheridan, Thomas, son of preceding, was born at Quilca, in the County of Cavan, in 1721. Swift was his godfather. He was educated at Westminster School and at Trinity College, where he took the degree of B.A. in 1739. After his father's death he remained without a profession, and was destitute of expectations. He went on the stage, and in January 1743 met with decided success in the character of " Eichard III." Next year he played at Covent-garden ; and in 1745, with Gar- rick, at Drury-lane. Eeturning to Dublin, he leased Smock-alley Theatre (upon the site of which the church of St. Michael and St. John is now built) and effected reforms in the decorum and moralities of the stage. In 1754 he was driven from this theatre by a popular tumult, conse- quent on his bravely protesting against insults offered by some of the audience to certain actresses. He visited Dublin again in 1756, and in 1759 made a lecturing tour on oratory (his favourite study), in London, Oxford, and Cambridge, also in Scotland. In 1760 he again ap- peared at Drury-lane ; but disagreements with Garrick led him to abandon the stage. On the accession of George III., a Civil List pension was granted him, whereupon Dr. Johnson exclaimed: " What, give him a pension — then I must give up mine." Johnson had a very low opinion of his talents, according to Boswell, who quotes him as saying : " Why, sir. Sherry is duU, naturally dull ; but it must have taken him a great deal of pains to become what now see him. Such an excess of stupidity is not in nature. . . Sheridan cannot bear me. I bring his declamation to a point. I ask him a plain question, ' What I do you mean to teach 1 ' Besides, sir, 475 SHE what influence can Mr. Sheridan have upon the language of this great country by his narrow exertions? Sir, it is burning a farthing candle at Dover to show light at Calais." Sheridan was so annoyed at the failure of the public to appreciate his theories regarding oratory, that at one time he purposed emigrating to America. Late in life he managed Drury- lane for his son, Richard Brinsley Sheri- dan, and his partners; but for a long period father and son were completely es- tranged. Mr. Sheridan was often obliged to reside on the Continent because of money difficulties. He was the author of nume- rous works, chiefly on oratory and educa- tion. Sheridan's Dictionary of the English Language, published in 1780, which saw many editions, is said by Allibone to be " of more phonetic than philological value." His Life and Works of Jonathan Swift, (17 vols., 1784) has been superseded by later writers. He died 14th August 1788, aged 66, at Margate, where his remains were interred. Dibdiu says: "He was an excellent actor, a man of strict honour, and a perfect gentleman ; " whilst Macklin writes of " the dissonance of his voice, the laboured quaintness of his emphasis, the incessant flux of his speech." ^ His daughter Alicia married Joseph LeFanu. [See LeFand, Alicia.] 3 16 37 46 Sheridan, Frances, wife of foregoing, was born in 1724. Her father. Dr. Philip Chamberlaine, was opposed to female edu- cation, and it was only by stealth that, principally with the help of her brothers, she obtained her knowledge of books. At the early age of fifteen she published, unknown to her father, Eugenia and Ade- laide, a romance, in two volumes. She be- came acquainted with Sheridan through a pamphlet she wrote in his favour on the occasion of his theatrical difficulties with the Dub'-'n public. Mrs. Sheridan is de- scribed as an accomplished and amiable woman : " Quite celestial : both her vir- tues and her genius were highly esteemed." Of her numerous works, Sidney Biddulph is the best known and most successful ; part of it was dramatized. Johnson re- marked to her upon passages therein : " I know not, madam, that you have a right upon moral principles to make your readers suffer so much." Fox thought it " the best novel of our age." Mrs, Sheridan died in September 1766, of a a lingering illness, at Blois, in France. " She appears to have been one of those rare women, who, united to men of more pretensions, but less real in- tellect than themselves, meekly conceal this superiority even from their own hearts, 476 SHE and pass their lives without a remonstrance or murmur, patiently endeavouring to re- pair those evils which the indiscretion or vanity of their partners has brought upon them." 3°7 '6 146 Sheridan, Richard Brinsley, oi-ator and author, son of the two preced- ing, was born at 12 Dorset-street, Dublin, in September 1751. At the age of seven, he was, with his elder brother Charles, placed at Whyte's academy in Grafton- street, where he was considered very dull. His parents removed to England, and in 1762 he was sent to Harrow, where, Moore says, "he was remarkable only as a very idle, careless, but, at the same time, en- gaging boy, who contrived to win the aff'ection and even admiration of the whole school, both masters and pupils, by the mere charm of his frank and genial man- ners, and by the occasional gleams of supe- rior intellect which broke through all the indolence and indiflierence of his charac- ter." During the greater part of his stay at Harrow, his family resided in France. He left Harrow wheuhewasabouteighteen, and went to live with liis father in London, and sometimes at Bath. He spent his time perfecting himself in fencing and other accomplishments. He formed an intimacy with a Mr. Halhed, and they wrote in partnership, Jupiter, a farce, and some other ephemeral productions, and in August 177 1 published a translation of Aristaenetus, which proved a total failure. Both young men fell in love with Miss Linley, a beautiful singer of sixteen. She had been on the point of marriage to a rich elderly gentleman, whose suit her father favoured from mercenary reasons, but who, on her assurance that she could never really love him, showed the sin- cerity of his attachment by settling £3,000 upon her. It was probably at this period that, inspired by Miss Liuley's beauty, Sheridan wrote " Dry be that tear," and others of his beautiful love verses. Mr. Halhed eventually resigned the pursuit of Miss Linley and went to India ; and She- ridan eloped with her to Calais, where they were secretly married in March 1 772. He was then little more than twenty, and she was entering but her eighteenth year. The young couple were married at Bath about a year afterwards. As he declined to allow his wife to sing in pub- lic, and as he was without a regular pro- fession, the remnants of her fortune, and his talents were all they had to live upon. He wrote occasionally for Woodfall's Public Advertiser. In January 1775, his comedy of The Rivals was brought out at Covent-garden. It proved a brilliant sue- SHE cess almost from the first, and has ever since held its place on the stage. Towards the end of the same year his opera of The Duenna was first acted. It was equally successful, and had a run of seventy-five nights the first season, longer even than the first run of The Beggars^ Opera. About this time it became known that Garrick meant to part with his moiety of the patent of Drury-lane Theatre, and retire from the stage. After some negotiation, Sheridan, then only in his twenty-fifth year, became patentee and manager — the price of the moiety (£35,000) being made up between himself, Mr. Linley, and Dr. Ford. We are not informed how he managed to raise his share — <£ 10,000. Mr. Moore remarks : " There was, indeed, something mysterious and miraculous about all his acquisitions, whether in love, in learning, in wit, or in wealth. How or when his stock of knowledge was laid in, nobody knew ; it was as much a matter of marvel to those who never saw him read, as the mode of existence of the chameleon has been to those who fancied it never eat. His advances in the heart of his mistress were, as we have seen, equally trackless and inaudible ; and his triumph was the first that even rivals knew of his •love. In like manner, the productions of his wit took the world by surprise — being perfected in secret, till ready for. display, and then seeming to break from under the cloud of his indolence in full maturity of splendour. His financial resources had no less an air of magic about them ; but the mode by which he conjured up, at this time, the money for his first purchase into the theatre, remains, as far as I can learn, still a mystery." The sketch of his masterpiece, The School for Scandal, was perhaps written before The Rivals, or at latest soon after ; it was first represented in May 1777. Such, was the predomi- nant attraction of this comedy, says Mr. Moore, " during the two years subse- quent to its first appearance, that, in the official account of receipts for 1779, we find the following remark subjoined by the Treasurer : ' School for Scandal damped the new pieces.' I have traced it by the same unequivocal marks of success through the years 1780 and 1781, and find the nights of its representations always rival- ling those on which the King went to the theatre, in the magnitude of their receipts." The merits of this comedy are so universally acknowledged, that it is unnecessary to expatiate upon them. Sheridan wrote many plays, but The Rivals, The School for Scandal, and The Critic stand out pre-eminently as his best. SHE In 1778 he bought Mr. Lacy's moiety of the theatre for .£45,000, and portions of his partners' shares, so as to make up his own interest to three-fourths of the whole. This arrangement was brought about by a series of financial operations and loans that afterwards involved him in disgrace and misery. His increased influence in the affairs of the theatre enabled him to ap- point his father to the management, and thus put an end to an unhappy estrange- ment which for years had existed between them. His mind must have been for some time gravitating towards politics. Amongst his manuscripts were the sheets of an essay on absentees, written about 1778, when The School for Scandal was in its first blush of success. His intimacy with Fox, Burke, Windham, and other public men, and the habit of discuss- ing with them questions of the day, tended to foster a taste for public life. His thirst for distinction, and quick apprehension of the service his talents might render in the warfare of party, hastened the result that both he and his friends desired. In 1780 he supported Fox's resolutions on the state of the representation (including a declaration in favour of annual parlia- ments and universal suffrage), and, in October 1780, he took his seat as mem- ber for Stafford, and bade adieu for ever to dramatic authorship. His seat in Parliament (including .£5 5s. each to 248 burgesses) cost him 2i,44o, besides .£800 spent during the six subsequent years " in keeping it warm." Sheridan's maiden speech on 20th November was listened to with breathless attention. After its conclusion, he went to Woodfall in the gallery, and asked with much anxiety what he thought of his first attempt. " I am sorry to say I do not think that this is your line," he replied ; "you had much better have stuck to your former pur- suits." Sheridan rested his head on his hand for a few minutes, and then vehe- mently exclaimed : " It is in me, how- ever, and by it shall come out." His speech on 5 th March 1781 was most effect- ive, yet he spoke but seldom — even on the question of the American war, in which he took a deep interest. His friends came into power in 1 782, and he was ap- pointed one of the IJnder-Secretaries of State, and in 1783 Secretary of theTreasury. The efforts of Grattan's party for the eleva- tion of Ireland received his hearty support. Through his influence, his brother Charles was appointed Secretary of War in Ire- land. In 1785 he strenuously opposed Orde's Commercial Propositions, which were so unfavourably regarded by the 477 SHE Irish national party. Sheridan entered with zeal into the impeachment of War- ren Hastings — on 7th February 1789, delivering a speech on the charge relative to the Begum Princesses of Oude, the effect of which is said to have been with- out parallel. Burke described it as "the most astonishing effort of eloquence, argu- ment, and wit united, of which there was any record or tradition ;" whilst Fox said : " All that he had ever heard, all that he had ever read, when compared with it, dwindled into nothing, and vanished like vapour before the sun." Pitt acknow- ledged that this great speech "surpassed aU the eloquence of ancient or modern times, and possessed everything that genius or art could furnish, to agitate and con- trol the human mind." No report of this famous five-hour speech exists — Sheridan's habits of procrastination pre- venting him answering the appeals of his friends on the subject. On opening the impeachment he occupied four days with an address, which Burke said was un- matched for its splendour. Moore writes as follows : " Good sense and wit were the great weapons of his oratory — shrewd- ness in detecting the weak points of an adversary, and infinite powers of raillery in exposing it. These were faculties which he possessed in a greater degree than any of his cotemporaries. . . . His attempts at the florid or figurative style, whether in his speeches or writings, were seldom very successful. That luxuriance of fancy which in Burke was natural and indigenous, was in him rather a forced and exotic growth." In the summer of 1788 he lost his father, and his wife lost her sister, Mrs. Tickell, to whom she was tenderly attached, and to whose children she devoted herself the rest of her life. Sheridan was a special favourite with the Prince 0' Wales ; he advocated in Parlia- ment the payment of his debts, and in 1788 took an active part in the negotia- tions and debates regarding the Eegency. He may be considered at this period as at the summit of success. Among the bril- liant circle in which he shone, the gaiety of his spirits amounted almost to boyishness ; — he delighted in dramatic tricks and dis- guises ; and the lively parties with which his country-house was always filled were ever kept in momentary expectation of some new device for their mystification and amusement. At the same time he was plunging deeper and deeper into debt, and was obliged to put forth all his ingenuity to avoid writs, bonds, and judgments. Mrs. Sheridan died in June 1792, after lengthened illness. She had been a true 478 SHE wife, the sharer of all his cares ; yet the marriage had not been particularly happy. His grief, at first apparently intense, was essentially shallow. Within five months of her death he offered his hand to the child Pamela, believed to be the daughter of Madame de Genlis, who was afterwards married to Lord Edward FitzGerald. Cir- cumstances gradually tended to alienate Sheridan, not only from his great country- man Burke, but also to soiiie extent from Fox. One cause of estrangement between him and Burke arose in the progress of the French Revolution. In the spring of 1 795 Sheridan married Miss Ogle, daughter of the Dean of Winchester. With her fortune of .£5,000, and £15,000 raised by the sale of Drury-lane shares, he bought the estate of Polesden, in Surrey, which he settled upon her. In the session of 1795 Sheridan again supported a proposal for the payment of £630,000 of the Prince's debts, and he endeavoured to excuse the violation of the Prince's promise, made eight years before, when his debts were being cleared off, that he would contract no more. His prompt action and wise advice during the mutiny at the Nore, raised him considerably in public estima- tion, and showed that while favouring popular measures he was sincerely opposed to all revolutionary movements. During the Insurrection of 1 798 he vindicated the action of the liberal party in Ireland, and denounced in Parliament " those wicked ministers who have given up that devoted country to plunder — resigned it a prey to this faction by which it has so long been trampled upon, and abandoned it to every species of insult and oppression by which a country was ever overwhelmed, or the spirit of a people insulted. . . When conciliation was held out to the people of Ireland, was there any discontent? When the government of Ireland was agreeable to the people, was there any discontent ? " Nor was he less strenuous and consistent in his opposition to the Union. Concerning the misgovernment of Ireland, and the disabilities of the Catholics, his action, later on, continued to be uniform and con- sistent — he even opposed Grattan in his support of an Insurrection Act. Early in 1804 the office of Receiver of the Duchy of Cornwall was bestowed upon him by the Prince of Wales, " as a trifling proof of that sincere friendship his Royal Highness had always professed and felt for him through a long series of years." In his letter of thanks Sheridan speaks of the Prince as one "by whom to be esteemed is the glory and consolation of my private and public life;" and con- SHE eludes with the words : " There never did exist to monarch, prince, or man, a firmer or purer attachment than I feel, and to my death shall feel, to you, my gracious prince and master." In 1806 Sheridan was elected member for West- minster, The loss of this seat at the next election was a great mortification and a serious blow to his prestige, although he was returned for Ilchester. The destruc- tion of Drury-lane Theatre by fire in 1809 completed his financial ruin. He was called out of the House of Commons on the occasion, and is reported to have said to a friend who remarked on the phi- losophical calmness with which he sat in view of the fire taking some refreshment : "A man may surely be allowed to take a glass of wine by his own fire-side," Mr. Whitbread endeavoured to lighten Sheri- dan's difficulties by taking upon himself the responsibilities of the theatre and its rebuilding, but received the return too often accorded to those who strive to help men hopelessly involved, Sheridan before long came to regard him as his bitterest enemy — the author of all his misfortunes, "Whitbread was perhaps the only person he had ever found proof against his powers of persuasion — and this rigidity naturally mortified Sheridan's pride full as much as it thwarted and disconcerted his plans. His failure, in 1812, to be re- turned for Stafibrd ended his political career. He was now excluded from the theatre and from Parliament — his two dependencies in life were gone, and he was left a helpless wreck. It is to his credit that he refused the Prince's offer again to bring him into Parliament, He was forced to part with all his pictures, books, and presents. The handsome cup given him on one occa- sion by the electors of Stafford was sold, and the portrait, by Reynolds, of his first wife in the character of St. Cecilia, was pawned. In the spring of 181 5 he was arrested, and carried to a sponging-house. Illness supervened, brought on by ir- regular living, and increased by harassing cares, Moore and Rogers proved his best helpers, and Mrs, Sheridan's care and watchfulness were unceasing. Some assist- ance was obtained from friends through a newspaper appeal. He was again arrested, and would have been carried to prison but for the firmness of his doctor. He lin- gered until the 7th July 18 16, when, after a succession of shivering fits, he fell into a state of exhaustion, and expired. He was in his 65th year. His residence, 17 Saville- row, was then in the possession of the bailiffs, and his body had to be removed to a friend's house, whence a few days SHE afterwards a train of the highest in the land followed his remains to Westminster Abbey. Sheridan's speeches cost much labour in the preparation, and his most brilliant, and apparently least premedi- tated repartees and witty sayings were generally thought out long before he pro- duced them. In person he was above the middle size, robust and well-proportioned ; handsome in youth. In later years his beautiful eyes were the only remains of early grace of person. He was often guilty of appropriating the sentiments and work of others, both in his speeches and writings. Lord Byron says : " Whatever Sheridan has done or chosen to do, has been, par excellence, always the best of its kind. He has written the best comedy (School for Scandal), the best drama {The Duenna), the best farce (The Critic— it is only too good for a farce), and the best address (' Monologue on GaiTick'), and, to crown all, delivered the very best oration (the famous 'Begum speech ') ever conceived or heard in this country." Lord Macaulay says : " No writers have injured the comedy of Eng- land so deeply as Congreve and Sheridan. Both were men of splendid wit and polished taste. Unhappily they roade all their characters in their own likeness. Their works bear the same relation to the legitimate drama which a transparency bears to a painting. There are no delicate touches, no hues imperceptibly fading into each other ; the whole is lighted up with an universal glare. Outlines and tints are forgotten in the common blaze which illuminates all. The flowers and fruit of the intellect abound ; but it is the abun- dance of a jungle, not of a garden — un- wholesome, bewildering, unprofitable from its very plenty, rank from its very fra- grance. Every fop, every boor, every valet is a man of wit," '* Sheridan left two sons, Thomas, who died in 181 7, at the Cape, where he held the post of Colonial Paymaster, and Charles, who obtained a limited reputation as a poet. Thomas had three daughters, all born out of Ireland : (i) Selina (born 1807, died 1867), married the Hon. Price Blackwood, afterwards Lord Dufferin and Clandeboy. After his death, she married the Earl of Giflford when on his death-bed. She was mother of the present Earl of Dufierin. She was the authoress of "The Irish Emi- grant," " Katie's Letter," " Terence's Farewell," and other ballads. (2) Caroline, (bom in 1808, died in 1877), married the Hon. G. C. Norton, and after his death Sir William Stirling-Maxwell. Her first marriage was unhappy, and led to pro- 479 SID tracted legal proceedings. She was widely- known as a poet and novelist. (3) Jane, married the Duke of Somerset. •* '9** ^=4 307 Sidney, Sir Henry, Lord-Deputy of Ireland, was born early in the i6th century. He was knighted and sent Ambassador to France by Edward VI., and was Lord-Jus- tice of Ireland in 1557 and 1558. Early in Elizabeth's reign he again filled the latter post for a few months, and was after- wards Lord-President of Wales, and was sent upon a confidential mission to France. His Irish career will be found narrated at length in Froude's England. It was with great reluctance he consented to go over as Deputy in 1565. — " If the Queen would but grant him leave to serve her in Eng- land, or in any place in the world else, saving Ireland, or to live in private, it should be more joyous to him than to enjoy all the rest and to go thither." He stipu- lated that he should have a military chest of at least £10,000, and 200 horse and 500 foot, in addition to those already in Dublin. He would not go as others had gone to " twine ropes of sand and sea-slime to bind the Irish rebels with." " To go to work by force," he said, " will be chargeable, it is true ; but if you will give the people justice and minister law among them, and exercise the sword of the sovereign and put away the sword of the subject — omnia hcEc adjicientur vohis — you shall drive the now man of war to be an husbandman, and he that now liveth like a lord to live like a servant ; and the money now spent in buying armour and horses, and waging of war should be bestowed in building of towns and houses. By ending these in- cessant wars ere they be aware, you shall bereave them both of force and beggary, and make them weak and wealthy. Then you can convert the military service due irom the lords, into money ; then you can take up *'.e fisheries now left to the French and the Spaniards ; then you can open and work your mines, and the people will be able to grant you subsidies." Leaving London in December, he was detained six weeks at Holyhead by contrary winds, and did not reach Dublin until the middle of January 1 565-'6. He found the Pale, as he said, " overwhelmed with vagabonds ; " the English soldiers " worse than the people, so insolent as to be intolerable ; so rooted in idleness as there was no hope by correction to amend them." "Not two gentlemen in the whole of it able to lend £20." In Munster, as the fruit of the Desmond wars, "a man might ride twenty or thirty miles and find no houses stand- ing." Connaught was tolerably quiet. ** In Ulster there tyrannizeth the prince of 480 SID pride ; Lucifer was never more puffed up with pride and ambition than that O'Neill is ; he is at present the only strong and rich man in Ireland, and he is the danger- oustest man, and most like to bring the whole estate of this land to subversion and subjugation, either to him or to some foreign prince, that ever was in Ireland." He invited O'Neill to Dublin ; but Shane, subscribing himself Sidney's " loving gos- sip to command," reminded him that Sus- sex had twice attempted his assassination, and that, however desirous he might be to visit the Lord-Deputy, his " timorous and mistrustful people " would not trust him any more in English hands. Sidney made immediate preparations for an ex- pedition again Shane, who appealed to France for aid, and commenced the cam- paign by invading Tirconnell. Sidney had difiiculty in impressing the gravity of the occasion upon Elizabeth, who ultimately consented to send 1,000 men under com- mand of Colonel Eandolfe. He took the field with his own forces in September 1566, marching into Shane's country, burning and destroying in every direction. In his own words, he "found by experience that now was the time of the year to do the rebel most hurt." Early in October he joined Eandolfe, who had landed in Lough Foyle. They erected a fort where the city of Derry now stands, agreeing that it was the best spot in all the north to build a fort to curb O'Neill. Sidney next pushed on to Donegal, leaving Eandolfe in com- mand, reduced one of Shane's strongholds, and put O'Donnell into possession of it. On 19th October he was at Bally shannon ; on the 22nd at Sligo ; on the 24th he passed over the bogs and mountains into Eoscommon, and then, " leaving behind them as fruitful a country as was in Eng- land or Ireland, all utterly waste," the army forded the Shannon at Athlone on the 26th, and so back to the Pale. Sidney declared that now " her Majesty's honour was re-established amongst the Irishry, and grown to no small veneration ; " while one of his admirers wrote to Cecil that the expedition was "comparableonly to Alex- ander's journey into Bactria." Mr. Froude adds that, " the weakest, maddest, and wildest Celts were made aware that when the English were once roused to effort they could crush them as the lion crushes the jackal." Eandolfe fell soon afterwards in an engagement with Shane's kerns. By the middle of March the garrison at Derry was reduced by want and d isease from i , 1 00 to 300 men ; and in April the stronghold was burnt and blown up by an accidental fire in which thirty men perished. The re- SID mainder of the garrison was drawn oflF to Carrickfergus. Nevertheless Sidney's ex- pedition and the forays from Derry de- moralized Shane's forces. His ruin was completed by the Scots, and in the follow- ing June he was assassinated. In August 1 569 war broke out in Desmond, and Sidney, reinforced from England, hurried to the scene of action. Waterford refused to open its gates to him. He marched west, burning villages, blowing up castles, kill- ing the garrisons, and flinging their bodies from the battlements, for a terror to all others, putting every man to death whom he caught in arms, and garrisoning many strongholds. Through Kilmallock he moved to Limerick, to Gal way, to Roscom- mon, and thence across to Armagh and the borders of Tyrone, through Turlough Luineach O'Neill's country, reaching Dublin in October. " The expedition had been swift, vigorous, and not without effect," says Mr. Froude. " Some of the Irish had committed 'outrages too hor- rible to hear,' says Sidney. If he told but the bare truth, the English had set the example of ferocity, and had little right to complain." The account the same writer gives in the tenth volume of his History of England, of the doings of Sidney's officers in the County of Wicklow, is almost too barbarous to be believed. On 25th March 157 1, Sir Henry obtained the recall for which he had sued so long. He left the country in amiserable condition. In 1572 the government of Ireland was again pressed upon him, but he firmly refused it ; but three years afterwards he was induced to accept what he called his thankless charge. Dreading a plague then raging in Dublin, he landed at Drogheda in November, and commenced a progress through the provinces. Pass- ing into Ulster, he met Sorley Boy Mac- Donnell, whom he propitiated by restor- ing to him Rathlin island. He paid a friendly visit to O'Neill. Eapidly crossing Leinster, which he reported as idr the most part depopulated, burnt up, and waste, he proceeded on through Waterford, Dungarvan, and Youghal, to Cork. The Earls of Thomond, Desmond, and Clancarthy attended him with their retinues. The MacCarthys, O'Sullivans, O'Carrolls, McTeigues, and Eoches came to his levees. Grace O'Malley, to do him honour, sailed round from Achill to Cork, with her three pirate galleys manned by 200 men. Several Catholic Bishops ap- peared. He says: " We got good and honest juries there [at Cork], and with their help twenty-four malefactors were honourably condemned and hanged." Mr. Froude ob- SIM serves, thatthegallows"mighthave worked better had justice been even-handed, and had scoundrels of both nations been hung upon it indiflferently." From Cork the pro- gress was continued to Limerick and Gal- way. The state of the Church was a matter of great concern to him. In Meath there was not a single resident clergyman in the 105 government benefices. In the autumn of 1576 he held an itinerant court in the southern provinces ; at Cork he executed forty-three notable malefactors (including one pressed to death, and two drawn and quartered) ; at Limerick, twenty-three ; at Kilkenny, thirty -six (including two for treason, and a " blackamoor and two witches"). He thought it necessary to apologize for his moderation — " I have chosen rather with the snail slenderly to creep, than with the horse swiftly to run." Mr. Froude again remarks : " When the people were quiet, there was the rope for malefactors, and death by '' natural law " for those whom the law written would not touch. When they broke out there was the blazing homestead, and death by the sword for all ; not for the armed kerne only, but for the aged and infirm, the nursing mother, and the baby at the breast. These, with ruined churches, and Irish rogues for ministers — these, and so far only these, were the symbols of the advance of English rule." The re-establishment of the presidencies was one of Sidney's chief administrative acts during his se- cond tenure of power. In 1578 it was apparent that at heart the princes and people were more bitterly opposed than ever to the acceptance of the Reformed religion and English habits and laws, and Sidney, perhaps unable to encounter the expense involved by tenure of office under Elizabeth, made haste out of the country before the storm burst. " Three times has her Majesty sent me as her Deputy to Ireland. I returned from each of them three thousand pounds worse than I went." Sir Henry Sidney died in 1586.5^ The great Sir Philip was his son. ^^ '*' ''° ^39 Simnel, Lambert, the sou of an Oxford tradesman, was, in i486, brought to Ireland by Richard Simond, a clergy- man, and presented to the chief personages of the Anglo-Irish colony as Richard, Earl of Warwick, son of the Duke of Clarence, and heir to the English throne. Of noble appearance and demeanour, he acted his part to perfection. Simond alleged, that having rescued the child from death, he had brought him to a land known to be specially attached to the cause of the White Rose, and relied that the Yorkists of Ire- land would vindicate the rights of a boy 481 SIM whose deceased father, the Duke of Clar- ence, had been born amongst them in Dublin Castle. Kildare and other Anglo- Irish lords, personally acquainted -with Clarence and his family, subjected the lad to a searching examination, and satisfied themselves that he was the rightful heir to the crown. He was lodged in the Castle, every deference was paid to him, and messengers were despatched to the friends of the House of York in England, and to the Dowager Duchess of Burgundy, his supposed aunt. The citizens of Waterford boldly opposed his pretensions ; and in the name of Henry VII. enlisted soldiery from the Munster towns and the Ormond dis- trict, where the people were most inimical to the Leinster Geraldines. The Duchess sent a force of about 2,000 men, under the command of Martin Swart, a soldier of great experience, who landed at Dublin in May 1487, accompanied by the Earl of Lincoln, Lord Lovel, and other Yorkist refugees from Flanders. On Whit-Sun- day, the 24th May, Simnel was solemnly anointed and crowned King of England, under the name of Edward VI., in Christ Church, Dublin, in presence of the chief dignitaries of the Pale, who renounced their allegiance to Henry VII., and swore fealty to him. He was then borne in state to the Castle on the shoulders of tall men, that he might be seen by the enthusiastic populace. A parliament was convened, coins were struck, and proclamations issued in his name, and an expedition was organ- ized for the invasion of England, which landed on the coast of Lancashire, 4th June 1487, and advanced into Yorkshire. Sir Thomas FitzGerald commanded the Irish contingent. Henry collected a large force, and the armies met on i6th June at Stoke, near Newark-on-Trent, where an engagement was fought. The Irish, according to the chronicles, "fought boldly and stucK to it valiantly," and it was not until 4,000 had fallen that the Yorkists gave way. Simnel and Simond were cap- tured by Eobert Bellingham, a squire of Henry's house. The priest was immured for life, in fetters, in a dark dungeon. Sim- nel, according to one account, was incarcer- ated in the Tower of London ; according to another, Henry employed him as a turnspit in the royal kitchen, and afterwards made him master of the falcons. Many Irish lords and their followers fell at Stoke. The subsequent expedition of Sir Eichard Edgecomb to Ireland was for the purpose of bringing back to their allegiance the lords of the Pale, who for many months after the faU of Simnel cherished plans of revolt. 335 482 SIT Sirr, Henry Charles, Town-Major of Dublin, was a prominent actor in Irish ufFairs for many years . He was born about 1756, became a wine merchant, and in 1796 received the appointment of Town Major of Dublin, in which capacity he rendered important services to the Government, as the seizure of the Press newspaper, and the capture of Lord Edward FitzGerald in 1 798, and Eobert Emmet in 1803. He was a man of undaunted bravery, overbearing in his manners, and was equally feared and hated by the people at large. Lord Castlereagh thus eulogizes him : " The services Major Sirr has rendered to the King's Govern- ment since I have been in office are such as to make me feel it an incumbent duty to bear testimony, in the strongest terms, to his merits. . . He has been constantly employed confidentially by Government on every occasion which called for great personal exertions, discretion, and courage. . . The metropolis was peculiarly in- debted for its tranquillity to the unceasing activity of Major Sirr." He latterly held the post of police magistrate. He was a connoisseur in the fine arts. Major Sirr died nth January 1841, and was buried in St. Werburgh's churchyard, Dublin, near the vault where rest the remains of Lord Edward FitzGerald, whom he had made prisoner and mortally wounded forty-two years previously. His papers, which con- tain much valuable information relating to the events of the times in which he lived, are preserved in the Library of Trinity College. 7= '4« 33X Sitric the Blind, one of the Norse invaders of Ireland, arrived at Dublin with a " prodigious royal fleet " in 888. In 902 he retreated to Scotland; but in 918 he recovered Dublin, and in 919 fought the battle of Kilmashogue with Niall Glmi- dubh. He left Ireland in 920, and in 925 was King of the Northumbrians. He is supposed to have died in 927. "" Sitric Silkiskegg (Silken-beard), one of the Norse Kings of Dublin, was in 994 driven from his seat by Ivar of Waterford ; but next year he re-established his autho- rity. After the battle of Glenmama, in 1 000, he took refuge with the northern Irish chieftains, but was delivered by them to Brian Borumha, who reinstated him in the government of Dublin, and gave him his daughter in marriage. Sitric's sister, Maelmuire, was married to Malachy II. With the other Northmen he was defeated at Clontarf, but not long afterwards re- gained possession of Dublin. In 1 01 8 he blinded Bran, son of the King of Leinster. Ten yeai-s later Sitric went on a pilgrimage to Rome. He died abroad in 1 042, leaving SSE his kingdom to his nephew. During his reigu, the Danish bishopric of Dublin was created, and the foundations of Christ Church Cathedral were laid. '■*^ Skeffington, Sir WiUiam, was in 1529 appointed by Henry VII. com- missioner to Ireland — " to restrain the exactions of the soldiers ; to call a parlia- ment ; and to provide that the possessions of the clergy might be subject to bear their part of the public charge." This com- mission he discharged to the entire satisfaction of the King, and he received the honour of knighthood. Next year he was made Lord-Deputy to the Duke of E,ichmoud, and signalized his appointment by marching against O'More and O'Conor. In 1 531 "he neglected not the service of the publick, but . . made an inroad into Ulster, and having taken and demolished O'Neill's Castle of Kinard, destroyed the neighbouring territories, burned the vil- lages, and thereby terrified O'Dounell into a submission." ^'* A violent enmity existed between him and the Earl of Kildare, who procured his recall in the following year. On the breaking out of the insurrection under Thomas FitzGerald, Sir William was again made Lord-Deputy, landed at Dublin on iith October 1534, with a well furnished army, and " was received by the mayor and citizens with great joy, to whom he delivered the King's letters of thanks for their approved fidelity." On 28th October he raised the siege of Drogheda, and next spring reduced Maynooth by the aid of his heavy ordnance. In July 1535 he concluded a treaty with Con O'Neill at Drogheda, and received him into favour. He died in Dublin on the 31st of Decem- ber 1535, and was buried in St. Patrick's Cathedral. Amongst the Irish, Sir William was known as " The Gunner," on ac- count of the extent to which he employed artillery in reducing their strongholds. The Massareene family are his descen- dants. ''^ 311 Skelton, Philip, Rev., author and philanthropist, was born in the parish of Derryaghy, near Lisburn, in February iyo6-7.' His father was a farmer, gun- smith, and tauner. Philip entered Trinity College, Dublin, as a sizar, under Dr. Delany, in 1724, passed through his course with credit, commenced Bachelor of Arts in 1728, and was shortly afterwards or- dained on being nominated to a curacy at Drummully, near Newtownbutler. In addition to the duties of the cure, he taught the children of his rector, Dr. Samuel Madden, known as " Premium Madden." In 1732 he obtained a curacy at Monaghan, at j£40 a year ; in 1 750 was 20* SLO given the vicarage of Pettigo, a remote and then very uncivilized parish in Donegal ; in 1759 he was removed to the parish of Devenish, near Ennis- killen, worth .£300 a year ; and in 1766 made his last change to Fintona, in the County of Tyrone. Mr. Skelton was never married. He was the author of numerous sermons which had a large circulation, and of Deism Revealed, an important work, published in London in 1749. He had previously published Some Proposals for the Revival of Christianity/, which was attributed to Swift. His ser- mons were warmly commended by Wesley and other divines, and were as eagerly listened to by London audiences as by his own simple parishioners. Clapham says : " In his reasoning he is as clear as Sher- lock, in his warnings as solemn as Seeker, in his piety as engaging as Porteus, and in his exhortations as vehement as De- mosthenes." One who heard him at St. Werburgh's, Dublin, tells how he was made to " shiver in his place," at his de- scription of the torments of hell. He was bitterly opposed to all dissent, yet was the friend of Wesley when he visited Ireland to preach. In character he was simple and chivalrously honest. In manners he was outspoken, if not uncouth and rude, and he was careless in his dress. His biographer says, " he was of large gigantic size." He was an adept at cud- gels and the use of his fists, and was not backward in the use of either when he considered occasion required — whether to chastise the insolence of a young officer, to protect the property of his parishioners, or to pretend to destroy an evil spirit about which a sick old woman consulted him. His whole life was one of self- devotion. He lived on the sparest diet. Even when he had but .£40 a year, he de- voted a large part of his stipend to the relief of the suffering poor. His books were almost his sole amusement ; yet he sold them to relieve the poor in a period of famine, and when an admirer sent him money to buy them back he devoted it also to the purchase of food for those in want. He was extremely fond of flowers, and would send twenty miles for a curious specimen. Philip Skelton died in Dublin (whither he had gone on account of a painful ailment), 4th May 1787, aged 80, and was buried in St. Peter's church- yard. His Life by Samuel Burdy, is a most entertaining work, illustrative of the semi-civilized condition of parts of Ireland during the eighteenth century. '^ ^ost Sloane, Sir Hans, Bart., M.D., an eminent physician, founder of the coUection 483 SLO that formed the basis of the British Mu- seum, was bom at Killyleagh, County of Down, 1 6th April 1660. From his youth he evinced quick parts, keen powers of observation, and a wonderful taste for natural science. In his eighteenth year he went to London with the object of in- creasing his knowledge of chemistry and botany. He pursued his studies under Staphorst, and ere long acquired the friend- ship of John Ray and Robert Boyle. After six years of steafly labour, he went to France, in 1683, and in July took the degree of Doctor of Medicine in the University of Orange. Next year he re- turned to England, in 1685 was elected a fellow of the Royal Society, in 1687 a fellow of the College of Physicians, and he early laid the foundation of that London practice which eventually led him to social eminence and to fortune. In 1687 he accompanied the Duke of Albemarle, on his appointment as Gover- nor of the West Indies, as his physician and as chief physician to the West Indian fleet. Sloane named his own terms — ^600 per annum, and £300 for outfit. Without in any way neglect- ing his medical duties, he devoted himself enthusiastically to the investigation of the fauna and flora of the islands, and during his eighteen months' residence made large collections of natural objects. He returned to England in consequence of the Duke's death. He made a fortunate investment in the importation of a quantity of cinchona bark, the value of which as a drug he made more widely known in England. His addi- tions to botanical knowledge were im- portant. In 1693 he was elected to the secretaryship of the Royal Society, and a year afterwards was made Physician to Christ's Hospital. In 1696 he published his Catalogus Plantarum quco in Insula Jamaica yponte proveniunt ; but the work •which contributed most to his reputation was his Natural History of Jamaica, which was not completed until after thirty-eight years' labour. The first volume appeared in 1708. He filled the office of physician to George I., who, in 17 16, created him a baronet In 1719 he became President of the College of Physicians, and in 1727 he received the crowning honour of his life — being made President of the Royal Society on the death of Sir Isaac Newton. During all these years he had been getting together a splendid museum and library, which in 1741 he removed to his villa at Chelsea. His mental vigour long outlived his powers of locomotion ; to the last it was his deUght to be wheeled in a chair about his museum, and to examine its con- 484 SMI tents. He appears to have acted on the maxim he often repeated to patients : " I never take physic when I am well. When I am ill, I take little, and only such as has been very well tried." Sir Hans Sloane died I ith January 1753, aged 92, and was buried at Chelsea, in the same vault in which, twenty-eight years before, he had laid hiswife. Two daughters survived him, who carried his wealth to the Stanleys and Cadogans. The EncyclopcKdia Britannica says : " Sir Hans, being extremely so- licitous lest his cabinet of curiosities, which he had taken so much pains to collect, should be again scattered at his death, and being at the same time unwilling that so large a portion of his fortune should be lost to his children, bequeathed it to the public, on condition that £20,000 should be made good by Parliament to his family. The sum, though lai'ge in appearance, was scarcely more than the intrinsic value of the gold and silver medals, the ores and precious stones, that were found in it ; for in his last will he declares that the first cost of the whole amounted at least to £50,000. Parliament accepted the legacy, and fulfilled the conditions, and from this ample collection the British Museum had its origin." Sir Hans Sloane's collec- tion contained about 44,000 books, manu- scripts, drawings, and volumes of hortus siccus; 32,000 medals and coins; 1,100 antiquities ; 3,000 cameos, seals, and pre- cious stones ; 500 vessels of agate and jasper; 1,800 crystals ; 6,000 shells ; and all the other objects in proportion, which are usually to be found in a museum. Besides devoting such large sums to science. Sir Hans was a munificent reliever of distress and suffering amongst his fellow men. Sloane-street in London perpetu- ates his name, and the Earl of Cadogan now represents him in that region of the Metropolis. "St 124 Smith, Charles, M.D., was born in the south of Ireland, and took his medical degree at Trinity College, Dublin, in 1738. He devoted most of his time to historical and topographical researches, and was the author of county histories of Waterford, Cork, and Kerry. They were published in 1746, 1750, and 1756, respectively, under the patronage of the Physico-Historical Society of Dublin, formed for the purpose of collecting materials for a work on the plan of Camden's Britannia, to be entitled Hibernia, or Ireland Ancient and Modern. No particulars are attainable concerning his life. '^ 38 219 Smith, Erasmus, the founder and en- dower of a number of Pi'otestant schools in Ireland, was a wealthy Turkey mer- SMI chant, and an alderman of London. According to one account he was living in 1683, aged 73. His town residence was in St. John's, Clerkenwell ; his country seat, Weald Hall, in Essex. He married a daughter of Lord Coleraine, and had three (laughters and six sons, all of whom died without issue, except Hugh, who suc- ceeded to his father's estates. There is a portrait of Erasmus Smith in Christ's Hos- pital, London. He was one of the adventu- rers under the Ci'omwellian settlement, and was granted in return for his "adventure" of ^300, 666 plantation acres in the barony of Clanwilliam, and County of Tipperary. This must, however, have been but a small portion of his landed property in Ireland, as in 1657 he by deed made over 13,000 acres in different counties, for the forma- tion and endowment of grammar schools in Ireland. The trustees being all Non- conformists — "men after Cromwell's own heart " — were unable to execute their functions after the Restoration ; and, in 1669, on Erasmus Smith's petition, a new charter was granted, placing the schools practically under Episcopal supervision. It cannot be clearly ascertained whether the donor himself was a Churchman or a Dis- senter. The future visitation and govern- ment of the schools founded by him was entrusted to a board of thirty-two gover- nors, with the power of electing their successors. When the Endowed Schools Commission enquired into his foundations in 1857, they numbered 4 grammar schools, and 140 English schools, in diflferent parts of Ireland ; having 7,170 children on the roUa, and an average attendance of 4,357. The nett income from lands and investments was £8, 1 62. After paying £600 a year for exhibitions to Trinity College, and £100 to Christ's Hospital, £7,462 was available for the support of the schools. Full particulars regarding their condition and management, will be found in the report of the before- mentioned Commission. It is much to be regretted that so few particulars are attain- able concerning the life of one who was such a benefactor to Ireland. '^ "s: 254(2) 307: Smith, James, one of the signers of the American Declaration of Independence in 1776, was born in Ireland about the year 1720. His father emigrated to America in 1 729, and settled as a farmer on the Susquehanna. James was edu- cated at the College of Philadelphia, studied law, and for a time resided near Shippensburg as a lawyer and sur- veyor, but afterwards removed to York, •where he continued to practise his pro- fession the remainder of his life. He was SMI esteemed a man of education and refine- ment. In 1 774 he raised the first volunteer company in the State, for the purpose of resisting the domination of Great Britain, and he was a member of the convention to consider the expediency of abstaining from the importation of British goods, and of assembling a general congress. His essay on The Constitutional Power of Great Britain over the Colonies in America is said to have given the first strong impulse to the revolution in his district. He was a member of the Pennsylvania Convention of January 1775, and of the Provincial Con- ference of 1 8th June, where he seconded Dr. Rush's resolution in favour of a declar- ation of independence. He was a mem- ber of Congress until November 1778, and in 1 780 had a seat in the General Assembly of Pennsylvania. Drake says : " He was a man of great wit, and possessed of an original species of drollery, which was heightened by an uncouthness of gesture, a certain ludicrous cast of countenance, and a drawling mode of utterance." He died at York, Pennsylvania, nth July 1806, aged about 86. ^' Smith, Sir William Cusack, Bart., Baron of the Court of Exchequer, was bom in Ireland, 23rd January 1 766. He studied at the University of Oxford, spend- ing his vacations with his friend, Edmund Burke, at Beaconsfield, or at his house in London. He was called to the Irish Bar in 1 788; in 1795, obtained the rank of King's Counsel ; and the same year was returned to Parliament for the borough of Donegal. He gave his firm support to all government measures, including the Union, and in 1800 was appointed Solicitor- General. Two years afterwards, on his father's appointment as Master of the Rolls, he took his place as a Baron of the Exchequer ; and on his father's death in 1808, succeeded to a baronetcy. In 1834, on account of the expression of some strong political sentiments while on the Bench, an unsuccessful attempt was made in Parlia- ment to have him removed. He died at Newtown, near Tullamore, 21st August 1836, aged 70, and was buried at Geas- hill. The Gentleman's Magazine observes: "His decisions were distinguished by clear- ness, vigour, and promptitude. . . In a refined and classical taste, and in a chaste and graceful style of oratory. Baron Smith peculiarly excelled. It was not on the Bench alone that heshone forth asoneof the brightest luminaries of his age and country. As a political and philosophical writer, he was equally distinguished. . . In pri- vate life he was equally admirable. . . In politics he leaned to the constitutional 48s SMY doctrines of the old Whigs, and through- out his life was the consistent advocate of Koman Catholic Emancipation." Amongst his writings may be mentioned pamphlets on the Union, the Slave Trade, and Catholic Claims ; and a work on the Law of Evidence, published in 1 8 1 1 . '*'-'* Smyth, Edward, a sculptor, was born in the County of Meath in 1 746. He was indentured to Verpoyle, an Italian sculptor residing in Dublin, and early gave tokens of considerable genius. His first public work was the statue of Dr. Lucas, now in the City Hall, Dublin. The figures on the Bank of Ireland, Four Courts, and King's Inns are from his chisel, as is also the ornamentation on the Custom House and Castle Chapel, Dublin. " He was a man of singular modesty and retired habits. His genius qualified and his respectable family entitled him to mix with the best society ; but he was embarrassed in such company, and he unfortunately sought for other less respectable, but where he felt himself more at ease." He died in 1812. "°t Smyth, Thomas A., Brigadier-Gen- eral in the United States Volunteer service, was born in Ireland early in the present century. He emigrated to the United States while yet a mere lad, settled at Wil- mington, Delaware, and engaged in coach- building. At the commencement of the war in 1 86 1, he raised a company for a Phila- delphia " three-months " regiment, and served in the Shenandoah Valley. His abilities were so conspicuous that he was made major of a Delaware regiment, and for bravery at Cold Harbour (3rd June 1 864) was created a brigadier-general. He was mortally wounded near Farmville, Virginia, whilst commanding the second division of the Second Army Corps, 6th April 1865, and died three days after- wards. 37* South«»rn, Thomas, a dramatist, was born in Lublin in 1660. He was educated at Trinity College, was entered at the Middle Temple, and subsequntly adopted dramatic authorship as a profession. His first piece was produced in London in 1682. He was frugal and pushing ; he was pecu- liarly fortunate in the sale of his plays; and his judicious flattery of the Duke of York considerably advanced his interests. During the Duke of Monmouth's rebellion Southern served in the army. He is des- cribed as having been in his latter days "a quiet and venerable old gentleman, who lived near Covent Garden, and frequented the evening prayers there, always neat and decently dressed, commonly in black, with his silver sword and silver locks." He died (the oldest and richest of the dramatic 486 SPE brotherhood), 26th May 1746, aged 85. Two of his plays, all that are now known to the public, are thus commented on by Hallam : "Southern's Discovery, latterly represented under the name of Isabella, is almost as familiar to the lovers of our theatre as Venice Preseroed itself ; and for the same reason, that whenever an actress of great tragic powers arises, the part of ' Isabella ' is as fitted to exhibit them as that of ' Belvidera.' The choice and con- duct of the story are, however, Southern's chief merits ; for there is little vigour in the language, though it is natural and free from the usual faults of his age. A similar charactermay be given to his other tragedy, Oroonoko, in which Southern deserves the praise of having first of any English writer, denounced the traffic in slaves and the cruelties of their West Indian bondage. The moral feeling is high in this tragedy, and it has sometimes been acted with a cer- tain success ; but the execution is not that of a superior dramatist." '* "^'''s) Spenser, Edmund, the English poet, author of the Faerie Queene, resided for a considerable time in Ireland. He was born in London in 1552, and came over as Secretary to Arthur Lord Grey of Wilton, probably in August 1580. In the fol- lowing March he obtained the lucrative post of Clerk of Decrees and Recog- nizances in the Irish Court of Chancery. He was given a lease on beneficial terms of the abbey and manor of Euniscorthy. About 1586 he was granted 3,028 acres in the County of Cork, including the manor and Castle of Kilcolman; and in June 1588 was appointed Secretary of the Council of Munster. On the nth June 1594, he married, at Cork, the daughter of a mer- chant of that city. It is believed that he wrote much of the Faerie Queene at Kilcolman. The beautiful and interest- ing references to the Irish rivers in that work (Book iv. Canto 1 1., vv. 40-44), were doubtless written from personal observa- tions. Spenser's important political tract, A View of the State of Ireland, ivritten Dia- logue-ivise between Eudoxus and Irenaeus, was probably composed in 1596, duiing a visit to England. It was not printed till 1633, at the cost of Sir James Ware. It is an extremely interesting and thought- ful survey of the state of Ireland and its relations with England, and contains much that is applicable to the present day. His low estimate of the character of the inhabitants of the country, and his heartless incentives to farther sweeping confiscations of the lands of the Irish were so irritating, that it is not surprising he was one of the first sufferers from the SPR effort of the Sugan Earl of Desmond, in 1598, to repossess himself of the estates of his forefathers. Early in October, upon the breaking out of hostilities, Kilcolman was attacked and set on fire. Spenser, his wife, and family with difficulty escaped, leaving behind an infant, who probably perished in the flames. He died in poverty in London, three months after- wards, i6th January 1599, aged 46. His widow, who married again before 1603, was granted a small estate by the Government. It has been difficult to trace the history of the poet's sons, Sylvanus and Pere- grine, who remained in or returned to Ireland. Edmund, the eldest son of Syl- vanus, is understood to have died unmar- ried ; while Hugoline, Peregrine's son, suffered outlawry and loss of property for joining the Irish side in the Wars of 1 64 1 -'5 2 and i689-'9i. It was contended by Sir William Betham that Spenser left two other children, Lawrence and Kathe- rine ; but diligent search has failed to establish anything concerning them, or to trace his descendants beyond the second generation. 309 Spratt, James, inventor of the "homo- graph," a commander in the Royal Navy, was born at Harold's Cross, near Dublin, 3rd May 1 77 1. He entered the navy in 1796, and in 1805 was a master' s-mate at the battle of Trafalgar, where he distin- guished himself on board the Defiance, 74, and was consequently promoted to the rank of lieutenant. He served with credit in many parts of the world, saving the lives of fellow-seamen upon several occasions. He received a small pension in 181 7 ; and in 1838 was gazetted a retired commander. In 1809 he was presented with a silver medal by the Society of Arts for his invention of the " homograph," or mode of signalling by a handkerchief, the groundwork of the semaphore now in universal use on railway lines in this coun- try. Commander Spratt was living in 1849. '" Spratt, John, D.D., a philanthropist, was born in 1797, in Dublin, where he re- ceived his early education. At eighteen he was sent to a Carmelite College in Spain, at which he remained four years, and entered the Carmelite order, of which he became Provincial in Ireland. He was the prime mover in the foundation of many Catholic buildings and institutions in Dublin. The Carmelite Church in Whitefriar-street, the St. Peter's Orphanage, the St. Joseph's Night Eefuge, the Catholic Asylum for the Female Blind, were amongst his most useful foundations. He was one of the first to join Father Mathew in his crusade STA against intemperance ; and to the cause of total abstinence he devoted his most un- tiring energies for many years, working almost daily in conjunction with his friend James Haughton. Together they held Sunday evening meetings ; and was on all occasions ready to administer the total abstinence pledge. In 187 1, four months before his death, he consulted two eminent physicians respecting symptoms of gan- grene in the toe, the result of languid circu- lation. The doctors prescribed alcohol. He reflected for a moment, and said : " I have spent my life in denouncing the use of alcohol, and it is better that I should now die than live a little longer by its help." He was struck down suddenly by heart disease while administering the pledge in Whitefriar-street Church, 27th May, 1 871, aged 74, and was buried at Glasnevin. -33 Stanyhnrst, Bichard, Rev., an emi- nent author, was bom in Dublin about 1545. [His father, James Stany hurst, author of Pias Orationes, and other works, was Recorder of Dublin and Speaker of the Irish House of Commons. He died in 1573.] Richard was educated at Oxford; studied law at Lincoln's Inn ; returned to Ireland, married, and became a Catholic ; removed to the Continent, where he lost his wife ; and subsequently took orders, and became chaplain to the Archduke Albert of Austria. He died at Brussels in 161 8. He was the author of several theological treatises, and translated the first four books of Virgil's -lEneid into heroic verse ; but the work with which his name is chiefly connected is his De Rebus in Hibernia Gestis, which, with an appendix out of Cambrensis, and some annotations, he published at Antwerp in 1584. It has been several times reprinted. Keating says the book abounds in errors, not to say malicious misrepresentations, but that he lived to repent the injustice thus done to the character of his country- men, and when he entered into orders promised to recant publicly. The trans- lation of Virgil has been generally con- demned. His brother Walter is mentioned in Harris's Ware as the translator of a Latin work ; and his son William, born in Belgium, who, like himself, became a Jesuit, wrote some works in Latin, enume- rated by the same authority. Richard Stanyhurst was uncle of Archbishop Ussher. '^ 339 Statinton, Sir George Leonard, Bart., an Indian administrator, was bom at Cargin, Coimty of Gal way, 19th April 1737. In consequence of ill-health, he was, at sixteen, sent to Montpelier, France, 487 STA where he completed his education and took out his medical degree. In 1 760 he repaired to London. His literary abili- ties soon secured him an introduction to Johnson and other eminent men. In 1762 he removed to the West Indies. There he practised medicine, and held several official situations. Having ac- quired a competency, he returned to Eng- land in 1770. He married, went back to the West Indies, and having studied law was appointed Attorney-General of Grenada. In 1779 the island was taken by the French, and with the Governor, Lord Macartney, he was sent as prisoner of war to France. After being ex- changed, he went to India as private secretary to Lord Macartney, who had been appointed Governor of Madras. His talents had now full play, and he was engaged in a series of missions of great importance. " On a very critical oc- casion, when the civil and military authori- ties of Madras were at issue, he undertook the delicate and possibly hazardous office of executing an order of the Government, placing under arrest the commander-in- chief of the army, Major-General Stuart ; and he thus preserved, by his vigour and promptitude, both the tranquillity of the settlement and the supremacy of the civil governor. But the transaction in which his diplomatic abilities were chiefly displayed, was the negotiation of a treaty of peace with Tippoo Sultan in 1784, by which the safety of our Indian possessions was secured at a crisis of great difficulty and peril. For this service he was imme- diately raised to a baronetcy, and the East India Company conferred on him a pension of J500 a year for life. On his return to England he also received the honorary degree of Doctor-of-Laws from the Uni- versity of Oxford." ^ In 1792 he accom- panied I'-rd Macartney as joint minister plenipotentiary on a mission to Pekin. His health was sacrificed to his exertions on this occasion, and a few months after his return to England he was prostrated by an attack of paralysis. Retainiug the full Arigour of his intellect, he undertook the publication of a narrative of the proceed- ings of the Chinese embassy, a work of great interest, which was read with avidity at the time, and is referred to as one of the iirst authorities on all matters con- nected with China. Sir George died in London, 14th January 1801, aged 63, and was buried in Westminster Abbey, where a monument by Chantrey has been erected to his memory. He was, in the early part of his career at least, a decided Liberal in politics. [His son, Sir George T. Staunton, 488 STE Bart., born in England, an eminent Oriental and Chinese scholar, died in 1859.] '* *' '■•* Stearne, John, Dr., founder of the College of Physicians, Dublin, was born at Ardbraccan, Meath, in the house of his grand-uncle. Archbishop Ussher, 26th No- vember 1 624. He entered Trinity College when but fifteen ; in 1641 obtained a scholarship ; in 1643 was elected a fellow ; afterwards became lecturer on Hebrew ; and in 1660 a senior fellow. The War of 1 64 1 interrupted his studies, and he retired to Cambridge. After spending there seven years of " peculiar felicity and quiet," he removed to Oxford. On the return of peace his private practice as a physician in Dublin occupied most of his attention. In 1660, Trinity Hall (standing on the ground now occupied by Trinity-place), belonging to Trinity College, was set apart as a medical school, and Stearne was constituted president for life. In 1667 he obtained a charter, and the present Col- lege of Physicians was formally organized. Dr. Stearne, and thirteen other doctors of medicine, of whom Sir William Petty was one, were constituted Fellows. " Dr. Stearne had now seen the favourite project of his life accomplished, and was the ac- knowledged head of the medical profession in Ireland. Nothing further can be learned of his public life after this."^'^ He died i8th November 1669, aged 45, and was buried in Trinity College, beneath the College chapel of that day, near the present belfry, most of the Library Square being then a cemetery surrounding the old chapel. " He was an Admirable Crichton in his way, and it may be said of him, in well- worn phrase, he touched nothing that he did not adorn. He excelled as a philoso- pher and physician, and equally so as a theologian, in an intensely theological age. Presuming his epitaph to have been written by Henry Dodwell, who knew him long and intimately, it may be maintained that with truth the pupil styled the master, ' Philosophus medicus summusque the- ologus idem.' Most of his writings were on theological subjects." ^js Stearne, John, Bishop of Clogher, son of the preceding, was born in Dublin in 1660. He was the predecessor of Swift in the deanery of St. Patrick's ; was cre- ated Bishop of Dromore in 17 13, and was translated to Clogher in 171 7. He ex- pended large sums on the cathedrals and palaces of the dioceses he presided over, built the College Printing-office, Dublin, at a personal cost of £1,200, and bequeathed £30,000 for various charitable uses. Swift corresponded with him for many years on the most intimate and friendly terms ; but STE in 1733 the Dean ig said to have sent him a " letter full of bitter sarcasm aud re- proach, to which the Bishop returned au answer that marks a superior command of temper ; but it appears . . that his lordship deserved much of what Swift imputed to him" *^ Stearne died 6th June 1745. He left an estate for charitable purposes, which now produces £2,000 a year, and is administered by a body of trustees. Lawrence Sterne, the author, is said by some to have been descended from him, ■•^ "^ ^^s Steele, Sir Richard, essayist and dramatist, the son of a lawyer who was private secretary to the Duke of Ormond, was born in Dublin early in 167 1. He lost his father when still a child, and at twelve years of age, through the influence of the Duke, was admitted into the Charter- house School, London. There he formed an intimacy with Addison, who was one year his junior. In 1689 he matricu- lated at Oxford ; but left without taking his degree. He had a paasion for mili- tary life, and greatly to the dismay of his friends, entered the army as a private. As he afterwards expressed it, he thereby " lost the succession to a very good estate in the County of Wexford, in Ireland, from the same humour, which he has preserved ever since, of preferring the state of his mind to that of his fortune." His talents and social qualities were not long in pro- curing him a commission — first as ensign, then as captain. He was also appointed secretary to Lord Cutts, his commanding officer. In 1701 he astonished his gay companions by the publication of a little book, The Christian Hero, designed to prove that " no principles but those of religion are sufficient to make a gi-eat man." The contrast between its pre- cepts and the author's free-and-easy life was too great to escape general notice, and he was subjected to much raillery by his companions. In the following year he published his first comedy, The Funeral, and soon afterwards The Tender Husband. It has been remarked that " they were the first that were written expressly with a view, not to imitate the manners, but to reform the morals of the age. . Nothing can be better meant or more in- efficient. It is almost a misnomer to call them comedies ; they are rather homilies in dialogue." On the advent to power of his friends, the Whigs, in Queen Anne's reign, he was appointed (May 1 707), chiefly through Addison's influence, editor of the Gazette, and one of the gentlemen ushers of the Prince Consort. Scarcely anything is known concerning his first wife, who STE died a few months after their marriage. His profusion and generosity dissipated her fortune, and his income of Xsoo a year as Gazetteer was soon heavily forestalled. On the 7th September 1707 he married his second wife. Miss Scurlock, of Llangunnor, in Caermarthenshire, a lady of great per- sonal attractions, and possessed of an estate of about £400 a year. Steele continued de- votedly attached to her through life. The most characteristic portions of his memoirs are the hundreds of short notes she re- ceived from him, which generally com- mence " Dear Prue," and abound with tender expressions on the most trivial oc- casions. He wrote constantly of their chil- dren. Mr. Forster says : " He writes to her on the way to the Kit-Kat, in waiting on my Lord Wharton or the Duke of Newcastle. He coaxes her to dress well for the dinner to which he has invited the Mayor of Stockbridge, Lord Halifax, and Mr. Addison. He writes to her in the brief momentous interval [to be afterwards referred to] when, having made his defence in the House of Commons, he was waiting for the final judgment which Addison was to convey to him. He writes to her when he has the honour of being received at dinner by Lord Somers ; and he writes to her from among the ' dancing, singing, hooping, hallooing, and drinking ' of one of his elections for Boroughbridge. He sends a special despatch to her for no other purpose than to tell her she has nothing to do but be a darling. He sends her as many as a dozen letters in the course of his journey to Edin- burgh ; and when, on his return, illness keeps theria apart, one in Loudon, the other at Hampton Court, her happen- ing to call him 'Good Dick,' puts him in so much rapture, that he tells her he could almost forget his miserable gout and lame- ness, and walk down to her." Mrs. Steele was often sorely tried by his in-egularities, extravagance, and convivial habits ; and although considered by some of his friends stift' and prudish, she was acknowledged by all to be good-hearted, forbearing, and true. She even took to her home and heart Steele's illegitimate daughter, of whose existence, prior to her marriage, she had been ignorant. The Steeles commenced life in much style, with a town and country house, a chariot and pair, riding-horses, and a large establishment of servants. These expenses necessitated a loanof£i,ooG from Addison, the non-payment of which eventually led to a breach between the friends. On 12th April 1709, Steele com- menced the publication of the Tatler, the first of that series of periodicals with 489 STE which his name is impei-ishably united. His biographer says : " They formed a new era, and added an additional depart- ment to the national literature, which has commonly been designated by the title of the British Classics or Essayists. They produced such important effects for good in their own age, have had such a beneficial influence in giving a tone to the tastes and manners of successive generations since, have afforded mingled delight and in- struction to such multitudes of readers, . . and have left such an impress upon our language and literature, that it is difficult to speak justly of their various claims without appearing to exaggerate." The Taller, price one penny per number, appeared thrice a week. Like the Spec- tator and other periodicals of which it was the forerunner, each number was a small folio leaf containing about 2,500 words, and generally comprising but one article or essay. Steele commenced the paper on the strength of his own resources ; but he had proceeded only as far as the seven- teenth number when Addison came to his aid. After publishing 271 numbers, extending over twenty-one months, he brought the Tatler to a close in the very height of its reputation, and to the great regret of his readers. " If less regular in its plan, and less elaborate in a literary point of view than its immediate or more celebrated successor, the Spectator, it has certainly at least a spirit more fresh and racy, if less dignified and elaborate." 3'* Before the Tatler came to an end, he was appointed Commissioner of Stamps. He lost the position of Gazetteer, in con- sequence of some papers in which it was supposed he showed hostility to the Tory ministry. Swift accounted for his giving up the paper by saying that " he was so lazy and weary of the work." ^n ist March 171 1, the Spectator made its appearance. Steele was the re- sponsible writer and conductor of the paper. Of the thirty numbers which con- tain the account of " Sir Eoger de Coverly," Addison wrote about twenty, andSteele the rest. The Spectator comprised altogether 635 papers, of which 274 are attributed to Addison, and about 238 to Steele. The original series was brought to a close in December 17 12. In March 17 13, Steele commenced the Guardian. His biographer says : " We cannot regret the dropping of the different papers, and resuming his labours under a new title. It has con- tributed greatly to their variety, and each successive effort stimulated his invention to fresh sketches of character and clubs, and developed in new social combinations his 490 STE wonderful knowledge of human nature and of life." 3'6 The aim of the Guardian was narrower than that of its predecessor. In its publication he was aided by Addison, Berkeley, Gay, Ambrose Philips, Tickell, Howe, and other eminent literary men. It was brought to a conclusion on the ist October 1713, after an issue of 175 num- bers. Steele's papers number eighty-two, Addison's fifty-one. On the 4th of June 1 713, having, as he expressed it, " an am- bition to serve in the ensuing Parliament," he resigned his commissionership of stamps, and in August was elected member for Stockbridge. The political fever with which he was seized displayed itself in the commencement of the Englishman a few days after the termination of the Guardian. It lived through seventy-two numbers, to 15th February 1714. When Parliament met in March, a complaint was made that some paragraphs in the Englishman of the previous January reflected upon the Queen's government. On the 1 8th Steele was arraigned at the bar of the House, and defended himself in an able and tem- perate speech of about three hours' dura- tion. On a division it was resolved, by 245 votes to 152, "That Richard Steele, Esq., for his offence in writing and pub- lishing the said scandalous and seditious libels, be expelled this house." Hallam ob- serves : " This was perhaps the first instance wherein the House of Commons so identi- fied itself with the executive administration, independently of the sovereign's person, as to consider itself libelled by those who impugned its measures." In addition to An Apology for himself and his writings, Steele about this time gave to the world a volume of Poetic Miscellanies, and a collection of poetryin three volumes, entitled the Ladies^ Library. He also engaged in publishing the Lover, the Reader, and similar small periodicals. On the accession of George I., Steele, recommended to his notice as a zealous friend of his house, was appointed Surveyor of the Royal Stables at Hampton Court, and Governor of the Royal Com- pany of Comedians, deriving from the latter appointment alone, some £1,000 a year. He was also made a Deputy-Lieutenant, and received the honorary degree of LL.D. In February 171 5 he re-entered Parlia- ment for Borough bridge, in Yorkshire, and was shortly afterwards knighted. After the suppression of the rising of 17 15, he was appointed one of the Commissioners of forfeited estates in Scotland. In 17 18 he entered upon an unfortunate speculation — the " fish-pool " — a project by which he hoped to bring fish alive to London, from remote parts of Ireland and Scot- STE land, salmon then selling in London at 5s. per lb. In the same year he lost his wife. Her remains were interred in Westminster Abbey. In 1719 Steele was for a time deprived of most of his offices, because of his determined opposition to the Peerage Bill — a Government measure. In 1720 he wrote strongly against the South Sea scheme ; but his judgmeut in his own affairs was not sound enough to keep him clear of debt and dif- ficulty, the consequences of extravagance. In 1724, broken down in health, he retired to Llangunnor, in Wales, an estate that had belonged to his wife. An adverse decision in a lawsuit was followed by an attack of paralysis. He abandoned literary pursuits, and lingered on, enjoying a quiet country life, until ist September 1729, when he died, aged 58. He was buried by his own desire in the chancel of St. Peter's Church, Carmaerthen. The Encyclopcedia Britannica sums up his character in the following terms : " Sir Richard was a man of undissembled and extensive benevolence, a friend to the friendless, and, as far as his circumstances would permit, the father of every orphan. His works are chaste and manly. He was a stranger to the most distant appearance of envy or malevolence, never jealous of any man's growing reputation, and so far from arrogating any praise to himself from his conjunction with Addison, that he was the first who desired him to distinguish his papers. His great fault was want of economy ; and it has been said of him he was certainly the most agreeable and the most innocent rake that ever trod the rounds of dissipation." Thackeray, in his Lectures on the English Humourists, thus concludes his remarks on Steele : " We are living in the 19th century, and poor Dick Steele stumbled and got up again ; and got into jail and out again ; and sinned and repented ; and loved and suffered ; and lived and died, scores of years ago. Peace be with him ! Let us think gently of one who was so gentle ; let us speak kindly of one whose own breast exuberated with human kindness. . . The great charm of Steele's writing is its naturalness. He wrote so quickly and carelessly, that he was forced to make the reader his confidant, and had not the time to deceive him. He had a small share of book learning, but a vast ac- quaintance with the world. . . Women especially are bound to be grateful to Steele, as he was the first of our writers who really seemed to admire and respect them." '^' There are several references to Steele in Notes and Queries. •' 33 48 .24 .67 316 STE Steele, Thomas, M.A., a prominent Repealer, was born 3rd November 1788, at Derrymore, County of Clare, He was educated at Cambridge, where he took the degree of M.A. in 1820. He soon after- wards became a member of the Institute of Civil Engineers. An uncle's death placed him in possession of the family property in Clare. Of an enthusiastic and adventurous temperament, he entered the Spanish service at 1823, and dis- tinguished himself at the defence of Cadiz, and in other warlike operations. On his return to Ireland he became one of O'Connell's most strenuous supporters, and earned the title of " Head Pacifi- cator," from his eflForts in putting down the faction fights and local diflFerences through- out Ireland which so materially weakened the popular cause. He seconded O'Con- nell's nomination for Clare. Sir Bernard Burke says that Steele used to prefer the old ruin of Craggan Tower, upon his property, to his comfortable house, and meditated its restoration ; but his extra- vagance and utter recklessness regarding money matters prevented the carrying out of this and other fancies. Sir Bernard Burke continues : " He seemed utterly in- capable of rationally estimating the value of money in his own case. Finance was with him a consideration wholly subor- dinate to the accomplishment of any pro- ject that seized on his fancy. In his mind there was no due proportion. He was as enthusiastic about the most trivial as the most important affairs. But he was in- tensely true and staunch to the political cause he espoused, and this quality of earuest sincerity, united with his unques- tionable readiness to hazard his life at any moment in defence of his principles, or of his mighty leader, justly earned for him the name "by which friends and foes alike agreed to designate him — ' Honest Tom Steele.' In his private circle he was very popular ; his eccentricities furnished mat- ter of amusement, and his sterling worth was appreciated." It may be added that he was as careless of other people's money as of his own. His speeches were rhapsodi- cal and romantic. Mr. Daunt thus describes his latter days : " When O'Connell died, life lost all its savour for Tom Steele. His heart and soul had been wrapped up in the movement of which his departed chief was the leader. To him there seemed no- thing now worth living for. The hideous visitation of famine laid waste the land he loved so well. His private means had been long since exhausted ; and it is painful to record that he tried to put an end to the existence which had now become a bur- 491 STE den, by leaping into the Thames from one of the bridges of London. He was taken up alive, but greatly injured by his rash attempt. A benevolent Englishman, the proprietor of Peele's Coffee House in Fleet-street, received the ill-fated agitator into his house, where he ministered with the utmost generosity and delicacy to the wants of poor Steele during the short remainder of his life." Lord Brougham and many political opponents generously came forward with offers of aid, which the dying man declined. He breathed his last on the 15th June 1848, aged 59. His re- mains were brought to Ireland, waked in Conciliation Hall, Dublin, and buried in Glasnevin. The Standard concluded its notice of his death with the words : " Fare thee well, noble, honest Tom Steele ! A braver spirit, in a gentler heart, never left earth — let us humbly hope for that home where the weary find rest." In person Steele was tall and well- proportioned, and had a somewhat martial appearance, to which his military cap and frock-coat not a little contributed. His bronzed countenance wore an expression of resolute determination. ' ss 58 177 233 Steevens, Dr. Richard and Grissel, brother and sister, founders of the Dublin hospital bearing their name, were born in England the latter part of the 17th century. Their father, a royalist Church clergyman, for preaching against Oliver Cromwell, was obliged to seek refuge in Ireland, bringing with him his wife and twin infants, Richard and Grissel. He gave the former a good education, and at his decease in 1682 left his daughter a portion of £800. Richard, after proceeding so far in his divinity course as to be admitted to deacon's orders, devoted himself to the study of physic, and became a doctor. Impressed with the condition of the Dub- lin sick '^oor, he, when dying in 17 10, left the whole of his property, consisting of real estate in the County of Westmeath and Queen's County, worth then £604 a year, in the hands of trustees, for the benefit of his sister during her life, and after her death to be devoted to the foundation of a hospital. Grissel, de- siring to see her brother's good intentions carried into effect during her own life- time, surrendered the income bequeathed to her, reserving only £150 a year for her maintenance, and apartments in the pro- posed institution. She also contributed £2,000 of her own savings. Additional funds were collected, an Act of Parliament was procured, and a board of governors incorporated at Madame Steevens's desire, of which, Swift was a member. Among 492 STE the endowments was one from Esther Johnson, to continue only so long as the Episcopal Church remained in connexion with the state in Ireland. The building of the hospital was commenced in 17 20 and completed in 1733, at a cost of £16,000 ; and it has ever since continued one of the most important and beneficial of Dublin charities. It was very generally believed amongst the poor that Madame Steevens had the face of a pig ; to dissipate which absurd idea she was accustomed to sit in one of the corridors of the hospital with her veil up, for some hours once a week. Grissel Steevens died at an advanced age, in March 1747. Her portrait occupies a prominent position in the board-room of the institution. "** ^^et Sterne, Lawrence, Rev., author of Tristram Shandy, was born at Clonmel, on the 24th November 171 3. His father, Roger Sterne, grandson of an Archbishop of York, was an ensign. His mother, Agnes Nuttle, a native of Clonmel, was the daughter of a sutler. They married during the campaign in Flanders. Sterne gives the following picture of his father : " My father was a little, smart man, act- ive to the last degree in all exercises, most patient of fatigue and disappointments, of which it pleased God to give him a full measure ; he was in his temper somewhat rapid and hasty ; but of a kindly, sweet, disposition, void of all design, and so in- nocent in his own intentions, that he sus- pected no one ; so that you might have cheated him ten times a day, if nine had not been suflScient for your purpose." Law- rence was born shortly after their return from the Continent. " My birth-day," he continues, " was ominous to my poor father, who was, the day after our arrival, with many other brave officers, broke, and sent adrift into the world, with a wife and two children." Much of his early life was passed in the different gar- rison towns. When seven years of age Mrs. Sterne and her family lived for a time with a relation at Annamoe, in the County of Wicklow. " It was in this parish," says Sterne, "during our stay, that I had that wonderful escape, in fall- ing through a mill-race while the mill was going, and being taken up unhurt ; the story is incredible, but known for truth in all that part of Ireland, where hundreds of the common people flocked to see me." At eleven years of age he was sent to England, and put to school near Halifax, at the expense of his father's relatives. His father died in Jamaica in 1731, from the effects of a duel fought at Gibraltar a few years before. The widow, though STE harassed with the care of a large family, survived him twenty-seven years. Law- rence made good progress at school, and in 1733 was sent, through the bounty of a relation and namesake, to Jesus College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1736, and M.A. in 1740. He is de- scribed at this period as " a thin, spare, hollow-chested youth, with joints and members but ill kept together, with curiously bright eyes, and a Voltairean mouth. About the mouth and eye there was no very special air of sanctity." His uncle (a prebendary of Durham and of York) procured for him the small living of Sutton in Yorkshire. In 1741 he ob- tained a prebend, and on 30th March was man-ied in York Minster to Elizabeth Lumley. The courtship had lasted for several years. The marriage was by no means a happy one, and the wife was often treated with the coldest neglect — Sterne perpetually falling into violent love fevers with one lady and another. Some years were now passed in attending to the duties of his cure. " I had then," he says, " very good health ; books, painting, fiddling, and shooting were my amusements." He and his uncle had a quarrel shortly after his marriage, " because I would not write paragraphs in the newspapers : though he was a party man, I was not, and detested such dirty work, thinking it beneath me ; " yet Sterne did go on doing this dirty work for his uncle for twenty years afterwards. A friend of Mrs. Sterne's presented him with the living of Stillington, near Sut- ton ; and he remained nearly twenty years at Sutton doing the duty of the two places, not more than a mile and a half apart. In 1747 he published a charity sermon — Elijah and the Widow of Zare- phath ; in 1750 another sermon — The Abuses of Coiiscience. This last he subse- quently introduced in the second volume of Tristram Shandy. Towards the close of 1759 appeared at York the first two volumes of The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gent. Sterne had been unable to induce any London book- seller to run the risk of its publication. The work proved an immediate success, and raised him at once from obscurity to literary fame. Shortly after its appear- ance he repaired to London to enjoy the popular applause and other advan- tages in store for the author of so bril- liant a work. He was oflfered £700 for the copyright of the first two volumes, and the expectation of two more, which he promised. The poet Gray wrote to a friend in June 1760 : " Tristram Shandy is still a greater object of admiration — the STE man as well as the book ; one is invited to dinner, when he dines, a fortnight be- fore. As to the volumes yet published, there is much good fun in them, and humour sometimes hit, and sometimes missed. Have you read his Sermons, with his own comick figure, from a painting by Reynolds, at the head of them ? They are in a style I think most proper for the pulpit, and show a strong imagination and a sensible heart ; but you see him often tottering on the verge of laughter, and ready to throw his periwig in the face of his audience." These sermons, which eventually ran to seven volumes, had a large sale, due to Sterne's reputation as the author of Tristram Shandy. "Any man who has a name, or who has the power of pleasing, will be very generally invited," observed Dr. Johnson ; " the man Sterne, I have been told, has had engagements for three months. . . I did read them [the Sermons], but it was in a stage-coach. I should never have deigned even to look at them had I been at large." The remaining volumes of Tristram Shandy were published as follows : iii. and iv., in 1761 ; v. and vi., 1762 ; vii. and viii., 1765 ; ix., 1767. Sterne received the additional prefer- ment of the curacy of Coxwold, in York- shire, from his friend Lord Falconbridge ; he took a house in York for his wife and his child, Lydia, spending most of his own time in London and on the Continent. He resided much at Skelton Castle, or " Crazy Castle," as he called it, the seat of his friend, Mr. Hall. In 1762, he visited France, with his wife and daughter. He returned to England alone, and in 1764 went to Italy for the benefit of his health, then much impaired. We do not find him again in England until 1767, when he resided with his wife and daughter at York until he had written all that we have of his Sentimental Journey, which appeared in February 1 768. Horace Wal- pole in writing to a friend, characterized this work as " very pleasing, though too much dilated, and infinitely prefer- able to his tiresome Tristram Shandy, of which I could never get through three vol- umes. In these there is great good nature and strokes of delicacy." Thackeray thus concludes a notice of the Sentimental Journey : " And with this pretty dance and chorus the volume artfully concludes. Even here one can't give the whole de- scription. There is not a page in Sterne's writing but has something that were better away — a latent corruption — a hint as of an impure presence." Sterne was in miserable health when the Sentimental 493 STE Journey appeared, and survived but a few days. He died in a poor lodging in New Bond-street, London, in presence of a hired nurse and a footman who had been sent by a friend to enquire for him, i8th March 1768, aged 54. His last words were : " Now it is come." His remains, followed by only two mourners, were laid in the burying-ground of Hanover-square church. Disinterred and sold to the surgeons, they were a few days afterwards recognized by a friend, when too late for decent preserva- tion, on the dissecting table in the medical school at Cambridge. A subscription of ill, 000 and the proceeds of the sale of his sermons kept his widow and daughter from want. The former survived about four years. The latter married a Mr. De Medaille, and lived until the year 1790. In 1775 she published three vol- umes, containing letters and a short auto- biography of her father. Some of the letters are of an extraordinary character to have been preserved by a wife and published by a daughter. Sterne was at times a plagiarist. He drew upon Rabe- lais, Burton, and other authors little read at the time. But this cannot dim the bril- liancy and the originality of his genius. His " Uncle Toby," " Corporal Trim," and " Yorick " stand out as real personages, almost next to Shakspere's creations. The English Cyclopcedia contains the follow- ing discriminating criticism : "In the mere art of writing, also, his execution, amid much apparent extravagance, is sin- gularly careful and perfect ; it will be found that every touch has been well con- sidered, has its proper purpose and mean- ing, and performs its part in producing the effect ; but the art of arts, the ars celare artem, never was possessed in a higher degree by any writer than by Sterne. His greatest work, out of all com- parison, J'' undoubtedly Tristram Shandy ; although, among foreigners, the Senti- mental Journey seems to stand in the highest estimation." Coleridge thus re- prehends his moral laxity : " Sterne can- not be too severely censured for using the best dispositions of our nature as the panders and condiments for the basest." Sir Walter Scott dwells on his inequality of workmanship : " In the power of approaching and touch- ing the finer feeling of the heart, he has never been excelled, if, indeed, he has ever been equalled, and may at once be re- corded as one of the most affected and one of the most simple of writers — as one of the greatest plagiarists, and one of the most original geniuses whom England has produced." " If I were requested," 494 STE wrote Leigh Hunt, in a somewhat similar strain, " to name the book of all others which combined wit and humour under their highest appearance of levity with the profoundest wisdom, it would be Tristram, Shandy." Thackeray was the most unsparing of Sterne's critics : " I suppose Sterne had . . artistical sensi- bility ; he used to blubber perpetually in his study, and, finding his tears infec- tious, and that they brought him a great popularity, he exercised the lucrative gift of weeping, he utilized it, and cried on every occasion. I own that I don't value or respect much the cheap dribble of those fountains. He fatigues me with his per- petual disquiet and his uneasy appeals to my risible or sentimental faculties. He is always looking in my face, watching his effect, uncertain whether I think him an impostor or not — posture-making, coaxing, and imploring me. ' See what sensibility I have — own now that I'm very clever — do cry now, you can't resist this.' The humour of Swift and Rabelais, whom he pretended to succeed, poured from them as naturally as song does from a bird ; they lose no manly dignity with it, but laugh their hearty great laugh out of their broad chests as nature bade them. But this man, who can make you laugh, who can make you cry, too — never lets his reader alone, or will permit his audience repose : when you are quiet, he fancies he must rouse you, and turns over head and heels, or sidles up and whispers a nasty story. The man is a great jester, not a gi-eat humourist." There are numerous references to Sterne in all the series of Notes and Queries. '* *> *^ '*' "54 317 Stevenson, Sir John Armstrong, musical composer, was born in Crane- lane, Dublin, in the summer of 1762. His father and mother died when he was nine years old, and he was taken home by Mr. Gibson, a musical instrument maker, and was procured a place in the choir of St, Patrick's Cathedral. He early developed considerable musical talents, and showed a wonderful facility for composi- tion. While yet a mere lad he gave music lessons and supported himself indepen- dently, and he early obtained musical en- gagements in both the Dublin Cathedrals. In 1 800 the degree of Doctor of Music was conferred upon him by the University of Dublin, and in 1803 he was knighted. He composed glees, operas, and sacred music ; but he will ever be best remembered by his arrangement of Irish airs for Moore's Melodies. Yet it has been objected that these settings are sometimes too elaborate for Irish music. Sir Jonah Harrington STE used to say that they reminded him of the Eev. Mark Hare's whitewashing the Kock of Cashel, to give it a genteel appearance against a visitation. The Biographie des Musiciens says : " The fault of this collec- tion, as of all others of a similar character, is that the original style of the melodies is destroyed by the modern accompaniment." Moore shields his friend from such accusa- tions : "Whatever charges of this kind may have been ventured upon (and they are few and slight), the responsibility for them rests solely with me, as, leaving the harmonist's department to my friend Stevenson, I re- served to myself the selection and arrange- ment of the airs." Stevenson considered that his symphonies and accompaniments should ever be held subordinate to the melodies for which they were written, and he once remarked to Dr. Petrie : " I would recommend any person who means to sing them to purchase a piano about the value of £5, for it will be then likely that one may have a fair chance of hearing very little of the instrument and something of the melody and the poetry." The round of festivities in which Stevenson took part, would have left him little leisure for work, but that, according to his own account, he could do with only three hours' sleep. He was slight, and of middle height, and dressed in the pink of the fashion. His manners were somewhat pompous, yet he was at heart unaffected and kindly. He died at the seat of his son-in-law, the Marquis of Headford, in the County of Meath, 14th September 1833, aged 70. The orphan son of a poor coachmaker, he lived to see one daughter married to a marquis, another to an estated gentleman ; one of his sons a rector, and another an officer in the army. An inscription to his memory has been erected in Christ Church Cathedral. One of the Melodies (" Silence is in our festal halls ") was written by Moore on the occasion of his death. "*'37) 146 250 Stewart, Alexander Tumey, a wealthy New York merchant and capital- ist, was born near Lisburn, 12th October 1803. He lost both parents before he was many days old, and was placed under the guardianship of Thomas Lamb, a member of the Society of Friends. The death of his grandfather interrupted his studies at Trinity College. He emigrated to the United States, and supported himself by teaching until he was of age, when he re- turned to Ireland, to receive his fortune of .£2,000, with which he opened a drapery shop on Broadway, New York. His clear head, straightforwardness in business transactions, and his rule of never mis- STE representing the quality of goods made him successful from the first, and after some changes he established his business in a splendid marble structure, occupying a full "block" on Broadway. He had agents for the purchase of goods in the leading European markets, and branch establishments in several minor cities and towns of the United States. His yearly sales are said latterly to have amounted to £10,000,000. During the Irish famine he sent an entire cargo of provisions for the relief of his suffering fellow country- men. One of the most important of his permanent benefactions was the erec- tion of an extensive residence in New York for working women. Mr. Stewart was strongly identified with the Repub- lican party and the Federal cause during the war with the Southern States, and contributed largely to the Sanitary Com- mission. He was one of the United States representatives at the Paris Ex- hibition of 1867. In March 1869, he was nominated by PresidentGrant for Secretary of the United States Treasury, but was found to be ineligible because of being engaged in business on his own account. He died in New York, loth April 1875, aged 71, leaving his fortune of some £15,000,000 almost entirely to his wife. 37» 233 Stewart, Sir Robert, was made Governor of Londonderry and Culmore by Charles I., in 1643. On 13th June of the same year he defeated Owen Eoe O'Neill at Clones, taking prisoner several foreign officers who had accompanied O'Neill to Ireland. Soon afterwards he embraced the Scottish engagement against the Par- liament, and in his well-fortified strong- hold of Culmore, prevented access by sea to Londonderry. In 1 648 he was inveigled into attending a private baptism in London- derry, seized by Coote, and compelled to give an order for the surrender of Culmore. By direction of Monk, he was removed to London, where he lay immured in the Tower for some years. After the Restora- tion he was reinstated in his honours, and died Governor of Londonderry in 1661. "'' Stewart, Sir William, Viscount Mountjoy, was born in 1653. In 1682 he was raised to the peerage, and appointed Master-General of the Ordnance and colonel of a regiment of foot. In 1686 he served in Hungary at the siege of Breda. On his return to Ireland he was made a brigadier-general. Macaulay styles him " a brave soldier, an accomplished scholar. , . At Dublin he was the centre of a small circle of learned and ingenious men, who had, under his presidency, formed 495 STE themselves into a Royal Society." In 1 688 lie commanded a portion of the royal array stationed at Londonderry. But as he was a Protestant, Tirconnell, fearing his in- fluence in favour of William, sent him, at the outbreak of hostilities, on a diplomatic mission to France, secretly intimating that his detention would be desirable. He was accordingly thrown into the Bastile, and kept confined there until 1692. On his re- lease, he joined King William's army in Flanders, and lost his life at the battle of Steenkirk, 24th August 1692, aged about OQ. 54 196 223 Stewart, Robert, Visconiit Castle- reagh, 2iid ]\Iarquis of Londonderry, was born, probably at Mount-Stewart, in the County of Down, iSth June 1769. [His father, Robert Stewart, represented the County of Down in two Parliaments, was elevated to the peerage as Baron Stewart in 1 789, advanced to be Viscount Castle- reagh in 1795, Earl of Londonderry in 1796, and Marquis of Londonderry in 181 6.] Robert Stewart is said to have in- herited all his father's benevolence of heart and sweetness of disposition, united to a firmness and resolution of character which nothing could ruffle or intimidate. He re- ceived his early education at the Royal School of Armagh, and at seventeen entered St. John's College, Cambridge. He there devoted himself assiduously to study, taking good places at the half- yearly examinations ; but left after that in December, 1787, when he was first in the first class. In the two following years he made the grand tour, visiting the prin- cipal cities of Europe. Evincing an ardent desire to engage in politics, in 1 790 he was put in nomination by his father for a vacancy in the representation of Down, and was elected after a struggle of two months' duration, and an outlay of „£6o,ooo. This enormou" expense obliged his father to abandon the intention of building a family mansion, and to reside for the re- mainder of his life in " an old barn, with a few rooms added." In 1793 he was appointed Lieutenant-Colonel of the Lon- donderry militia, and in the following year married the youngest daughter of the Earl of Buckingham, " a lady whose con- genial disposition, amiability, and talents made her his constant partner in every act of kindness or bountiful charity to which his generous nature incessantly prompted him." '^ His career in the House of Com- mons was successful from the first. He sided with the popular party, and advo- cated, among other liberal measures, that which gave Catholics the vote in 1 793. His opinions were so radical that he once pre- 496 STE sided at a public dinner where the toast, " Our sovereign lord, the people," was drunk. Gradually, however, his views underwent a complete change, in common with those of many of his contemporaries, influenced, probably, by the excesses of the French Revolution — and from an ultra Liberal he became the most strenuous supporter of conservative British influence in Ireland. This change must have taken place very soon after the passing of the Irish Reform Bill, as in the same year ( 1 793) he advocated the suppression of the Volun- teers, and the establishment of an Irish militia upon the same footing as that of Great Britain. Writing to his grandfather, Earl Camden, at this period, he says : " My opinion has invariably been that the country could never have any security against sedition as long as volunteering was tolerated, nor its internal peace be firmly established till a militia took its place." His letters and papers, relating to home and foreign politics, even at this early stage in his career, evince extraordinary foresight and sagacity. On the advancement of his father in the peerage in October 1 795 , he succeeded to the courtesy title of Viscount Castlereagh, by which he has been since known in history. In 1797 Lord Camden appointed him Keeper of the Privy Seal, and it was arranged that during Mr. Pelham's retirement in England, he should discharge the duties of Chief-Secretary of Ireland. He was thus at once introduced into active public life, from which he never withdrew till his dying hour. Pelham resigned in April 1799, from a conscien- tious objection to any further concession to the Catholics, and on the recommenda- tion of Lord Corn wallis, the rule theretofore observed, that the Chief-Secretary should be an Englishman, was broken through, and Lord Castlereagh was given the office. From the time of his appointment as Lord-Keeper, however, he had discharged the whole duties of Secretary, and they were of a most arduous kind — covering the period of the Insurrection. Whilst he ad- vocated the sternest measures of suppres- sion, his private despatches clear his character from the charge of viudictiveness of motive. The acerbity of Irish parties during the struggle, the extent of dis- afi'ection, and the narrow escape the Em- pire had of dismemberment, confirmed Lord Cornwallis and Lord Castlereagh in the belief that some change in the govern- ment of the country was absolutely necessary, and they both threw themselves with the utmost energy into Pitt's project of a union between Ireland and Great Britain. The following extracts from STE Lord Castlereagh's papers embody the reasons that influenced him in differing from the vast body of his countrymen on such a vital question : " The times require that we should, if possible, strengthen the Empire as well as this Kingdom. We at present require, and shall continue, I fear, to require, a larger military force than our own resources can supply. There can be little doubt that a union, on fair and liberal principles, effected with the good will of both Kingdoms, would strengthen the Empire ; and there can be as little question that Ireland would be more secure were the resources of England pledged to her by incorporation than, as they are at present, but as a favour. The complexion of our internal system is most unpleasant; it is strongly tinctured with religious ani- mosity, and likely to become more so. United with England, the Protestants, feeling less exposed, would become more confident and liberal ; and the Catholics would have less inducement to look beyond that indulgence which is consistent with the security of our establishments. . . A provincial legislature and a deputive executive want that policy of union, that weight and energy, necessary to contrive wise measures, but principally to carry them into effect against the powerful im- pulse of such combustible materials. The united strength and wisdom of the Empire alone, acting on a constant plan, and far removed from the little party squabbles that divide the inhabitants of this country, are adequate to command obedience, and impose silence on such jarring elements. Both the Parliament and people of Ireland have, for the seventeen years past, been almost entirely engaged in lessening, by degrees, their dependence on Great Britain, in weakening the con- nexion, and paving the way for the separation of the two countries. It sig- nified nothing to say that their views were honourable and patriotic ; that Ireland was held in chains by the sister kingdom ; and that they had a right to seize the moment of her depression and generosity, or what else you choose to call it, to rescue themselves from this indignant situation. . The connexion between the two countries is reduced by them almost to a single thread — the unity of the executive power, and a negative on the laws passed in the Irish Parliament. . . I do not say that the present members of the Irish legislature are at all inclined to come to these extremities ; their conduct has been in the highest degree loyal, and their attachment to England sincere. But who can answer for their successors ; nay, who 2H STE can even answer for themselves, in case the rebellion should acquire a firm consistence, and be so powerfully supported by Gallic force or machinations as to seem in a fair way of succeeding ? . , When the political existence of one country is so dependent on the protection of another, as that she needs only to be deserted for a single moment in order to fall into the most miserable state of anarchy and dis- order, surely the protecting country has a right to demand that the subordinate one should adopt every means for her own preservation that justice and equity may prompt her to offer. Though the pre- ponderating country may not find it convenient or even safe to desert the other on account of her refusing to adopt these means, yet is the refusal itself an act of the most manifest and downright injustice that can possibly be conceived." As far as Great Britain was concerned, the question was decided without difiiculty, on 31st January 1799, when eight resolutions in favour of the Union, moved by Mr. Pitt, were carried by 140 to 5 in the Commons, agreed to without a division in the Lords, and endorsed by a joint address of both Houses to the King. But it was in Ireland the real difiiculty lay. On the morning of 23rd January, after a debate lasting twenty-one hours, the address in which the question was mentioned was carried by a majority of one (106 to 105) ; but next uight the Union paragraph was expunged by 109 to 104, and the greatest rejoicings ensued throughout Ireland. The measure was abandoned for that session ; Cornwallis was despondent as to the ulti- mate issue ; but Pitt and Castlereagh were only the more confirmed in their resolution to let no obstacles prevent the accomplishment of their design. " The measure neither is nor never will be abandoned," wrote the Duke of Portland. Lord Castlereagh and his colleagues now bent themselves to bring about the Union by every means within their power. The story of their operations, from the point of view of their political opponents, will be best read in the Life of Grattan by his Son, and in Barrington's Rise and Fall of the Irish Nation ; and as told by themselves, in the Cornwallis Correspondence and the Castlereagh Papers. The characters of the two leaders in the movement are strikingly exhibited in these works. Cornwallis con- tinually shows his detestation of what he believes to be the unavoidable duty of bribery and violence imposed upon him — he longs to kick out of his presence the men with whom he trafiics ; whilst Castle- reagh sets about his work in a cool and 497 STE business-like manner, without compunc- tions of any kind. Yet the former was sixty-one years of age, and the latter only thirty. Some members of Parliament were brought over by fair argument. The country was overawed by the presence of a large army. The Catholics were buoyed up with promises of Emancipation after the Union ; and a State provision for their clergy was planned. Protestants were told that a union was the only means of preserving the Protestant establishment, and were terrified by the possible results of Catholic ascendency in an Irish Parlia- ment. Bribery was openly resorted to ; and promises of place and peerages, or elevations in the peerage (" refined species of seduction," as Alison calls them), were freely made. All legitimate reforms, such as might render a union less likely to be called for, were opposed in Parliament. The wavering were brought over by declar- ations that the Government would never lose sight of the measure until it was carried. Opponents were dismissed from office. Oflicers in the army, who held seats in Parliament, and were likely to vote against the measure, were refused permis- sion to return home. Means were resorted to, but with little success, to get up petitions in favour of the Union ; and every eflfort was made to discourage adverse petitions. No stronger admission can be cited as to the means it was found necessary to em- ploy to carry the measure, than a passage in Lord Castlereagh's memoirs (vol. ii. p. 13), where he endorses Cornwallis's opin- ion, that the event of the question of Union was altogether dependent on the continu- ance of the English militia in Ireland. The difficulties these statesmen had to wade through were complicated by the necessity of concealing from Lord Clare and others of their colleagues, the prospects of speedy emancipation and possible en- dowmeuu that were privately held out to the Catholics as the price of their tacit concurrence. After another year of un- wearied and unflinching labour on the part of the Irish executive, the preliminary motion in favour of the Union was carried in the Commons, about one o'clock on the morning of 6th February 1 800, by a vote of 158 to 115 ; and thenceforward all was easy work for Castlereagh and his friends. The Irish House of Lords was from the first largely in favour of the measure. The only matter of surprise is that, in view of threats and arguments, lavish pro- mises of place and title, and boundless resources for "compensation " and bribery, in the face of the recent insurrection, and of the revolutionary troubles in France, so 498 STE many members of the Irish House of Commons stood out to the last, and refused to make terms with those who sought the extinction of the autonomy of their country. Thomas De Quincey,who was present, thus concludes, in his Autobiographic Sketches, a vivid account of the last act in the drama : " The Bill received the royal assent without a muttering, or a whispering, or the pro- testing echo of a sigh. . . One person only I remarked whose features were suddenly illuminated by a smile, a sarcastic smile, as I read it ; which, however, might be all a fancy. It was Lord Castlereagh, who, at the moment when the irrevocable words were pronounced, looked with a penetrating glance amongst a party of ladies. His own wife was one of that party ; but I did not discover the particular object on whom his smile had settled. After this I had no leisure to be interested in anything which followed. ' You are all,' thought I to my- self, 'a pack of vagabonds henceforward, and interlopers, with actually no more right to be here than myself. I am an in- truder, so are you.' " The last Act of the Irish Parliament was 40 George III. cap. 100, " For the better regulation of the Butter Trade of Cork." The A ct of Union is 40 George III. c. 38 (ist August 1800) of the Irish Statutes, and 39 & 40 George III. c. 67 (2nd July 1800) of British Statutes. It came into operation on ist January 1801. Its chief provisions were: (i) That the two islands should be united as " The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ;" that the aflfairs of the Empire should in future be carried on in that name, as they had been under that of " England " before the union with Scotland in 1 707, and under that of "Great Britain" subsequently. By royal procla- mation the red "saltier" cross of St. Patrick was added to the Union Jack, "interfused" with the white cross of St. Andrew, which had been added after the Scotch union. (2) The Parliaments of the Kingdoms were to be united ; Ireland sending 100 members to the Commons, and 4 spiritual and 28 temporal peers to the Lords. (3) The Churches of England and Ireland were united, and "the continuance and pre- servation" of the Established Church of England and Ireland was " deemed and taken to be an essential and fundamental part of the Union." (4) The subjects of both countries were placed on the same footing regarding foreign trade. (5) The public debts of the two countries were to be kept separate, and for twenty years the relative contributions for imperial pur- poses were to be two shares by Ireland to fifteen by Great Britain. AJter twenty STE years, under certain contingencies, the ex- chequers of the countries might be united. Mr. Lecky says : " The Union was em- phatically one of that class of measures in which the scope for statesmanship lies not in the conception but in the execution. Had Pitt carried it without oflfending the national sentiment — had he enabled the majority of the Irish people to look back on it with affection or with pride — had he made it the means of allaying discontent or promoting loyalty — he would indeed have achieved a feat of consummate states- manship. But in all these respects he utterly failed. There was, it is true, no small amount of dexterity of a somewhat vulpine order displayed in carrying the bill ; but no measure ever showed less of that enlightened and far-seeing states- manship which respects the prejudices and conciliates the affections of a nation, and thus eradicates the seeds of disaffection and discontent. . . The manner in which it was carried was not only morally scandalous ; it also entirely vitiated it as a work of statesmanship." Lord Com- wallis and Lord Castlereagh experienced almost as much difficulty in redeeming their promises as to the granting of peerages as they had in passing the mea- sure. The English cabinet stood aghast at the list presented ; and it was only by threatening to resign office that the Lord- Lieutenant and Chief-Secretary were able to secure the fulfilment of their pledges. The Catholics' however, found themselves completely betrayed. Their tacit assent, or at least quiescence, without which it would have been all but impossible to succeed, had been secured by assurances that the measure would be speedily fol- lowed by Emancipation. Pitt had astutely omitted to make this part of the negotia- tion known to George III. ; and when, after the Union, the King was approached on the subject, it was found he would never agree to such a change in the con- stitution — the very mention of it caused him to shed copious floods of tears, and unbalanced his mind for some time. To save appearances, Pitt resigned, and with him Lords Castlereagh and Cornwallis. In order not to further embarrass the Govern- ment, Lord Castlereagh refrained from seeking immediate advancement for him- self in recognition of his services in bring- ing about the Union. He represented" the County of Down in the United Parliament, where his administrative powers were soon recognized ; but he was, not un- naturally, regarded by the great majority of his fellow-countrymen and the English liberals with feelings of the deepest ran- 2H* STE .cour. Although he was nominally out of office, he gave every assistance to the Gov- ernment in carrying on its Irish policy. There are in his Correspondence some re- markable memoirs penned by him at this period for the guidance of the Ministry — urging the necessity of Catholic Emancipa- tion, the payment of the Catholic clergy, the substitution of a charge upon land for tithe, and the erection of military works of defence in Ireland. In July 1802 he was appointed President of the Board of Control, and Mr. Alison says : " From this time forward his main attention was directed to foreign affairs ; and his bio- graphy becomes the diplomatic history of Europe, down to the period of his death, twenty years afterwards." Lord Wel- lesley bears this testimony to his Indian administration : " The whole course of my public service, as far as it was connected with the public acts of that most excellent and able personage, affords one connected series of proofs of his eminent ability, spotless integrity, high sense of honour, comprehensive and enlarged views, sound practical knowledge, ready despatch of business, and perfect discretion and tem- per, in the conduct of the most arduous public affairs. , . He never interfered in the slightest degree in the vast patronage of our Indian empire ; and he took espe- cial care to signify this determination to the expectants by whom he was sur- rounded." He retained the Presidency of the Board of Control after Pitt's return to power in May 1804, and a year later was transferred to the head of the War Depart- ment. He lost this position on the death of Pitt in January 1 806, but was re-instated on the return of the Tories to power in April 1807, and remained in office until September 1 809. Mr. Alison thus eulogizes his administration : " He entered upon the direction of the War Office in April 1 807. . . When removed from office in September 1809, he had succeeded, by his unaided efforts, not only in securing the independence of his country, and arresting the torrent of Napoleon's victories, but he had set in motion that chain of events which in their final results produced his decline and fall. . . He had resusci- tated the contest on the Continent. . . He had fitted out an army, and appointed a commander whose exploits had already recalled the days of Crecy and Agincourt. . . He had established a military system for the defence of the country. . . Never was a minister who in so short a time had conferred such benefits on his country, or so quickly raised it from a state of imminent danger to one of com- 499 STE parative security and imperishable glory. . . If Lord Castlereagh had not broken through the usual routine of military pro- motion, and given Wellington the com- mand in Portugal, and supported him and urged the continuation of the Penin- sular war, when both were violently as- sailed by a violent opposition, and Govern- ment had only a slender majority, . . the campaign of Torres Vedras would have never encouraged the Russians to resist French invasion, and furnished a model on which their system of defence was to be framed. If he had not, in the same year, strenuously combated the re- commendation of the Bullion Committee, . . national bankruptcy would have prostrated Great Britain at the very crisis of the war. If he had not withstood the loud clamour against the Peninsular war, if he had failed in feeding Wellington with adequate supplies, the battle of Vittoria would never have caused Joseph's crown to drop from his head, or brought Austria at the decisive moment into the field, after the armistice of Pleswitz." On the 4th of April 1809, in consequence of disagreements between Lord Castlereagh and Mr. Canning as to the conduct of the war, it was resolved, at a private meeting of the Cabinet, at which the former was not present, that his lordship should be called upon to resign. This resolution was not communicated to him until the 7th of September. The result was a duel between Castlereagh and Canning, in which the latter was wounded, and the resignation of both of them. As a member of the House of Commons, he continued to take the keenest interest in public affairs, and upon Lord Wellesley's resignation in February 18 12, he was appointed Secretary of Foreign Affairs, a post he held until his death. He is said soon to have commu- nicated the impress of his mind to the whole M.aistry, and to have gained an as- cendency over his colleagues in forwarding an active and energetic war policy against France — occupying in this, as in many other respects, the position formerly held by Pitt. In December 181 3, he was appointed Minister Plenipotentiary with the allied Sovereigns ; and although not actually a member of the Chatillon Con- gress of the following February, exercised, through his brother, a preponderating in- fluence upon its proceedings and in the settlement of Europe at the period of Napoleon's retirement to Elba. For these services he was decorated with the order of the Garter. Alison says that he ear- nestly sought to bring about the formation of a strong German Confederation, and, as 500 STE a curb upon the ambition of Russia, the restoration of Poland as an independent monarchy. He also strenuously advo- cated the abolition of the slave trade. When Castlereagh made his first appear- ance in Parliament after his return from the Congress of Vienna, the whole house spontaneously rose, and received him with cheers. During the Hundred Days he was indefatigable in his exertions to keep together the Grand Alliance and prepare the means of resisting Napoleon, and after the battle of Waterloo he went to Paris to conduct in person the negotiations then pending for the settlement of the affairs of Europe. There he seconded Welling- ton's efforts to restrain the extreme mea- sures threatened by Blucher against the capital of France ; while, on the other hand, he had a large share in compelling the restoration of the works of art — the plunder of Europe — with which Paris had been enriched. After these events his attention was mainly directed to home politics, and the course he took was one of uncompromising opposition to all mea- sures of reform and all efforts to satisfy the political aspirations of the people. Not being a man to shun danger, or to shirk the responsibility of the policy he l)elieved right, he did not in any way seek to conciliate opposition. In 1821, on the death of his father, he became Marquis of Londonderry. The arduous nature of his duties in connexion with the congresses of Troppau, Laybach, and Verona, which assembled between 1820 and 1822, pressed very heavily upon a mind already overtaxed with public affairs, and produced a state of febrile excitement similar to what he had experienced after the passing of the Act of Union. The King and Wellington separately remarked a change coming over him. The family and his physician were put upon their guard, a watch was set upon him, and even his razors were removed from within reach. On the morning of 12th August 1822, after pass- ing a restless night, he went into his dressing-room, and desired his physician to be sent to him. Dr. Baukhead hurried in and found him standing facing the window, with his hands above his head, his throat cut and bleeding profusely. He had managed to conceal a penknife. Castlereagh threw his arms round the doctor's neck, and, saying in a feeble voice, " Bankhead, let me fall on your arm ; I have opened my neck ; it is all over" — sank on the ground and expired. He was then 53 years of age. No words can express the varied feelings of grief, horror, and delight that pervaded the STE country at the news of this catastrophe. The funeral procession to Westminster Abbey was attended by an immense con- course of people, who, while the coffin was being removed from the late peer's residence to the hearse, and again from the hearse to the Abbey, vented their joy at his death in shouts of exultation. The feel- ings of the masses in Ireland, so far as they found expression, were not more re- spectful to the memory of the deceased statesman. Lord Castlereagh was greatly beloved by his family ; he was munifi- cent to the poor, and encouraged letters both in Ireland and England. He de- lighted in field sports. The statue over his remains in Westminster Abbey almost looks down upon the simple flagstone that marks the grave of Henry Grattan. Sir Robert Peel bears testimony to Castle- reagh's abilities : " I doubt whether any public man (with the exception of the Duke of Wellington) who has appeared within the last half century, possessed that combination of qualities, intellectual and moral, which would have enabled him to effect under the same circum- stances what Lord Londonderry did effect in regard to the Union with Ireland, and to the great political transactions of 1813, 1814, and 1815. To do these things required a rare union of high and generous feelings, courteous and prepossessing man- ners, a warm heart and a cool head, great temper, great industry, great fortitude, great courage, moral and personal, that command and influence which makes other men willing instruments, and all these qualities combined with the disdain for low objects of ambition, and with spotless integrity."'^ Barrington says : "In private life, his honourable conduct, gentlemanly habits, and engaging demeanour were ex- emplary. Of his public life, the com- mencement was patriotic, the progress was corrupt, and the termination criminal. His first public essay was a motion to reform the Irish Parliament, and his last was to corrupt and annihilate it by bribing 1 54 of its members. It is impossible to deny a fact so notorious. History, tradi- tion, or the fictions of romance contain no instance of a minister in Ireland who so fearlessly deviated from all the principles which ought to characterize the servant of a constitutional monarch, or the citizens of a free country." Lord Brougham thus sums up Lord Castlereagh's character : " His capacity was greatly underrated from the poverty of his discourse ; and his ideas passed for much less than they were worth, from the habitual obscurity of his expressions. . . Scarce any man STE of any party bore a more important place in public affairs, or occupies a larger space in the history of his times. . . He was a bold and fearless man ; the very courage with which he exposed himself unabashed to the most critical audience in the world, while incapable of uttering two sentences of anything but the meanest matter in the most wretched language ; the gallantry with which he faced the greatest difficul- ties of a question ; . . all this made him upon the whole rather a favourite with the audience whose patience he was taxing mercilessly, and whose gravity he ever and anon put to a very severe trial. . . In council he certainly had far more resources. He possessed a considerable fund of plain sense, not to be misled by any refinement of speculation, or clouded by any fanciful notions. . . The com- plaints made of his Irish administration were well grounded as regarded the cor- ruption of the Parliament by which he accomplished the Union ; . . but they were wholly unfounded as regarded the cruelties practised during and after the rebellion. Far from partaking in these atrocities, he uniformly and strenu- ously set his face against them. .^ . Lord Castlereagh's foreign administration was as destitute of all merit as possible. No enlarged views guided his conduct ; no liberal principles claimed his regard ; no generous sympathies, no grateful feel- ings for the people whose sufferings and whose valour had accomplished the re- storation of their national independence, prompted his tongue. . . He flung him- self at once and for ever into the arms of the sovereigns." The Marquis of London- derry was succeeded in his honours by his brother Charles. The Memoirs and Cor- respo7iden.ce, edited by the latter, appeared in twelve volumes, between 1848 and 1853. Sir Archibald Alison's Lives of Lord Castle- reagh and Sir Charles Stewart, 3 vols. 1861, embrace in reality a history of Europe during his lifetime, from a very conserva- tive point of view. - ^' ^^t '' ^^ "' '" ''' ^n su Stewart, Sir Charles WiUiam Vane, 3rd Marquis of Londonderry, younger brother of preceding, was born in Ireland, i8th May 1778. At six years of age he was sent by his grandfather, Lord Camden, to Eton. He entered the army in 1 79 1, and received a company, and when but sixteen was Assistant Quartermaster- General in an expedition to Flanders, where he was wounded. In 1796 he was Major of the 5th Dragoons, and served in Holland, and in 1 803 was promoted to a colonelcy, and appointed Aide-de-camp to the King and Under-Secretary of State SOI STE for Ireland. In 1808 he married Lady Catherine Bligh, daughter of the Earl of Darnley. He served through the Peninsular war, and had numerous honours conferred upon him. Shortly before his return home, early in 1812, his wife died, leaving an only son. In March 1 8 1 3 he was appointed Minister at the Court of Prussia, and during the campaign of 1814 acted as Military Commissioner in the armies of the allied sovereigns. Shortly afterwards he was called to the peerage as Lord Stewart. He was British representative at the Congress of Chatillon in 1814, and was actively engaged in many of the operations, both civil and military, that led to the Peace of Paris, and, after Waterloo, to the second Treaty of Paris, in November 1815. From 1 8 14 to 1822 he held the position of British Minister at Vienna. In 181 9 he married Lady Frances Anne Vane- Tempest, a young lady of wealth and beauty, by whom he had a numerous family. On his mai-riage he added the surname and arms of Vane to his own. In 1822, upon the death of his brother, to whom he was warmly attached, he suc- ceeded to the title of Marquis of London- derry, when he resigned his appointment, and returned home. In the same year he acted with the Duke of Wellington as pleni- potentiary at the Congress of Verona. Although, after that congress, his oflacial career came to an end, he continued to take an active part in the proceedings of the House of Lords. He devoted much atten- tion to the improvement of his estates at Wynyard and Seaham. He supported Catholic Emancipation, but offered a steady opposition to the Reform Bill. In 1835 Sir Robert Peel gave him the appointment of Ambassador at St. Petersburg ; and in 1 839 he fought a duel with Henry Grattan, junior, on account of some political differ- ences. In 1828 he published Narrative of Events in Spain and Portugal, and in 1841, a more important work, 2'he War in Germany and France in i8i3-'l4. Be- tween 1848 and 1852, he devoted himself to the collection and arrangement of his brother's papers, and the publication of that invaluable work, the Castlereagh Cor- respondence, in twelve volumes. He was the warm friend and admirer of Louis Na- poleon Bonaparte, who frequently enjoyed the hospitalities of Wynyard Park. Lord Londonderry died at Holdernesse House, London, 6th March 1854, aged 75, and was iuten-ed in the family vault at Wyn- yard Park. Besides the vast revenues of his wife's estates in Durham, he left a personalty of £300,000. Sir Archibald Alison pmises him in an almost extra- 502 STO vagant manner, as "a Christian," "the idol of his family," " chivalrous," " equally fitted to lead a headlong charge of horse, and to combine the military movements which were essential to the success of a great campaign;" "a statesman," "one who reared the princely halls of Wyn- yard," and " bridled the Northern Ocean amidst the rocks of Seaham ;" but liberal politicians form a different estimate of bis character. Carpenter says in his Peer- age for the People : " As a military officer, Lord Londonderry has managed to acquire a reputation for great valour ; but, if discretion be the better part of valour, the title to this distinction must be very de- fective. There are few men in public life who evince so little judgment, or who exhibit so much intemperance of feeling and manner. Even the Tory party, to which he is so thoroughly devoted, would be glad to be rid of one who perpetually places their projects in such jeopardy by his foUy and his passion ; and in private life he is little better than in public." '"* ^' Stokes, Whitley, M.D., was born in 1763. He was grandson of Gabriel Stokes, Deputy-Surveyor of Ireland, and son of Gabriel Stokes, a fellow of Trinity College, Dublin. Educated at the Endowed School in Waterford, he entered Trinity College, obtained a scholarship in 1781, a fellow- ship in 1788, and took out his degree as Doctor of Medicine in 1793. Of known nationalist tendencies, he was summoned before Lord Clare at his visitation in April 1798, which was held for the purpose of purging the College of all those in sympathy with the United Irishmen. Dr. Stokes ad- mitted having been a member of the Society before, but not since, 1 792 ; having visited professionally an insurgent who was sick and in distress ; and having furnished information to Lord Moira relative to the atrocities and tortures inflicted on the people in the south of Ireland ; but he em- phatically denied having taken any part in the revolutionary movement, and was believed by all who knew him. Neverthe- less, he was suspended from his teaching functions for three years. Tone writes iu his journal, under date 20th May 1798 : " With regard to Stokes, I know he is acting rigidly on principle, for I know he is in- capable of acting otherwise ; but I fear very much that his very metaphysical unbending purity, which can accommodate itself neither to men, times, nor circum- stances, will always prevent his being of any service to his country, which is a thousand pities : for I know no man whose virtues and whose talents I more sincerely reverence. I see only one place fit for him STO and, after all, if Ireland were independent, I believe few enlightened Irishmen would oppose his being placed there — I mean at the head of a system of national education." When the passions of the time had worn themselves out, Stokes regained his former position. In 1805 he was co-optated a senior fellow; in 18 16 he was appointed Lecturer on Natural History ; and in 1830, became Regius Professor of Physic to the University, which appointment he held until 1842, when he was succeeded by his more distinguished son. He died at his residence in Harcourt-street, Dublin, 13th April, 1845, aged 82. ^^s 3=4 331 Stokes, "WiUiam, M.D., an eminent physician, son of preceding, was born in Dublin in 1 804. He was never at school or at college; and was educated chiefly by the Rev. John "Walker. He took his diploma, along with Sir Dominic Corrigan, in Edinburgh, in 1825, and in 1828 married, and commenced his career in Dublin, where he attained to one of the largest practices ever enjoyed in Ireland, and for fifty years held a prominent position in the medical profession. He was the author of numerous medical treatises. The first, on The Application of the Stethoscope, which appeared in 1828, immediately at- tracted the attention of the faculty, and laid the foundation of his fame. He was appointed physician to the Meath Hospital, and there, in conjunction with his friend. Dr. Graves, initiated a general medical reform, and commenced the system of clinical lectures. In 1837 he published his masterly work on The Diagnosis and Treatment of Diseases of the Chest, which brought him many honours and honorary degrees at home and abroad. In 1839 Trinity College conferred on him the degree of M.D., and in the same year he was elected a Fellow of the King and Queen's College of Physicians in Ireland, of which on three separate oc- casions he was president. His statue, by Foley, was placed in the hall of the insti- tution in 1 876. In 1 845 , on the death of his father, he was chosen Regius Professor of Physic to Dublin Univei-sity. In 1849 he produced the most important of his medical works— The Diseases of the Heart and Aorta. As remarked by Dr. Haughton at the time of his death, "His medical treatises on the stethoscope, the chest, and the heart would be his monument for ever — a monument more lasting than brass. But it would be a great mistake to suppose that he could have been only a physician. Those who were honoured with his immediate friend- ship and intercourse knew that he was so keen an observer of nature that the very STO qualities which made him a great clinical physical physician would, if directed into other channels, have made him not second to Darwin himself. His keen appreciation of nature and his love of its study, extend- ing from the highest to the lowest animals, and at the same time the profound rever- ence and awe with which he regarded all the phenomena of nature, as coming from a high spiritual power, would have rendered Dr. Stokes, had he cultivated natural science, second to none that he was acquainted with, living or dead, amongst the students of nature." In 1865 Oxford gave him its honorary D.C.L., and Cam- bridge its honorary LL.D. in 1874. Edin- burgh also conferred upon him its honorary LL.D., 1 8th May 1866, at the same time as the Rev. W. Reeves, and John Fors- ter, the biographer. In 1875 the German Emperor presented him with the envied Prussian Order of Merit. Dr. Stokes was remarkably successful as a teacher. Much of his attention was devoted to Irish history and antiquities ; he was an ardent disciple of George Petrie, whose Life he wrote ; and he accompanied the Earl of Dunraven in several of his archaeological tours in Ire- land. Dr. Stokes was a man of affectionate and sociable disposition, and to the last was surrounded by a large circle of devoted relatives and friends. His professional residence was in Merrion- square, Dublin ; but he delighted in his country seat at Carrig Breac, on the side of Howth, in view of Dublin bay and the mountains. There he died, 7th January 1878, aged j6, and was buried on Howth, beside the ancient ruined chapel of St. Fintan. The following remarks form part of a bril- liant personal sketch, by the Rev. J. P. Mahaffy, which appeared in Macmillan's Magazine for February 1878 : "WiUiam Stokes . . was indeed the greatest physician in Ireland, whose books on the chest and heart have been, for a gene- ration, standard books all over the world, but who was a far greater man than all these things signify, and whom strangers wiU never know and estimate at his true value. . . He represented, moreover, another combination, which now-a-days might be thought a contradiction, but which was the leading feature in the very remarkable society about him : I mean the society led by Graves, Todd, Ferguson, Petrie, Wilde, and Reeves. These men were thorough patriots, who spent all their leisure studying their country and pro- moting her interests, while at the same time they were the most loyal subjects, and had no sympathy, or rather had a pro- found contempt, for the noisy policy of ex- 503 SUL hibiting a love of Ireland by railing against England. . , Though Stokes was all his life a staunch Tory, even the men of '48 — Davis and Mangan,aud their comrades — all knew him and loved him, and felt that they had, in some respects, his sincere sympathy. There were indeed few people who were not attracted by the largeness of his heart, and the quick response of his overflowing sympathy." =^3 Sullivan, Francis S., an eminent legal writer, was born in the south of Ireland early in the i8th century, and graduated in Trinity College, Dublin, where he was elected a fellow in 1738. He died about 1775. His principal works were, a Treatise on Feudal Law, and Lectures on the Consti- tution and Laws of England. Of the first, an eminent legal writer, quoted by AUi- bone, says : " We know of no work on feudal learning and the first principles of the English constitution, equal in merit or interest. . . Copious in detail, and exhibiting ably, among other topics, the influence of the feudal system upon the modern law of tenures." '* 332 Sullivan, Sir Richard Joseph, Bart., the author of numerous works, was born in Ireland about the middle of the 1 8th century. He spent part of his early life in India in the service of the East India Company, and on his return made a tour of Great Britain. His first work appears to have been The Political History of India, London, 1779. Next year followed A Tour through England, Scotland, and Wales. His other writings were of a minor character, except a View of Nature, in Letters to a Traveller among the Alps, 6 vols. 1794. "The last volume alone," says the OeMleman^s Magazine, " is in any degree worthy of a philosophic pen." He entered Parliament in 1 802, was cre- ated a baronet in 1804, and died at his seat in Sn'-rey, 17th July 1806. "»* Sullivan, Robert, LL.D., the author of a number of educational works, was born at HolyTvood, County of Down, in January 1800. He was educated at the Belfast Academical Institution, graduated in Trinity College, Dublin, in 1829, and, on the introduction of the system of National Education into Ireland in 1831, was ap- pointed an inspector. He was afterwards transferred to the Training Department, as Professor of English Literature. His Geography, Spelling Book, Literary Class Book, Grammar, and Dictionary, have gone through numerous editions, and are constantly being reprinted. The touch- ing expressions he received from time to time of the gratitude of those whom his sympathy had encouraged or his genero- 504 SWI sity had aided, showed the kindliness of his nature, and his success in communicat- ing knowledge. He died in Dublin, nth July 1868, aged 68, and was buried at Hoiywood. The most important of his works, his Dictionary of the English Lan- guage, has been improved in recent editions by the labours of Dr. P. J. Joyce. ^^^ Sweetman, John, a leading United Irishman, a Dublin brewer, and a con- nexion of Lord Cloncurry, was born in 1752. He took an active part on the Catholic Committee, and was one of the delegates to the Catholic Convention, the proceedings of which resulted in the partial Eelief Act of 1793. He was greatly be- loved and trusted by the leading United Irishmen, and assisted the escape of Ham- ilton Eowan to France. In March 1 798 he was arrested, and after an incarceration of some months was sent to Fort George, Scotland, with the other state prisoners, and was deported to the Continent in 1 802. He was afterwards permitted to return to Ireland. He died in May 1826, aged 74, and was buried at Swords. Dr. E. E, Madden describes him as " a man of high intelligence, sound judgment, and sober, well-considered opinions, strongly attached to the rights and interests of his country, as they were understood, and acted on conformably. Of his integrity there seems to have been but one opinion entertained — aU his associates placed en- tire confidence in him," Wolfe Tone writes in his Journal on ist March 1798, on receiving a report of his death : " A better and a braver heart, blood never warmed ; I have passed some of the plea- santest hours of my life in his society. If he be gone my loss is unspeakable, but his country will have a much severer one ; he was a sincere Irishman, and if ever an exertion was to be made for our emanci- pation, he would have been in the very foremost rank ; I had counted upon his military talents." 324 331 Swift, Jonathan, Dean of St. Pat- rick's, was born at 7 Hoey's-court, Dublin, 30th November 1667. [His father, an Englishman, was steward of the King's Inns, and died some months before Jona- than's birth, leaving his wife and children dependent mainly on the bounty of his brother Godwin, who, with other members of the family, had settled in Ireland.] When Jonathan was some months old, his English nurse, having occasion to cross to Whitehaven, on the death of a relative there, " stole him on shipboard unknown to his mother and uncle," as he says himself, and he was not brought back to Ireland for more than two years. In that intei'val she taught him to spell, and by the time he was three years old he could read any chapter in the Bible. He had a sickly childhood ; at six he was placed at Kilkenny school ; and in his fifteenth year, on 24th April, 1682, he entered Trinity College, Dublin. He remained at college for nearly seven years (taking his bachelor's degree in February i685-'6), not leaving until the breaking out of the " troubles " in 1689. He acquired more than the avei"- age amount of learning requisite for taking his degree. He was never a profound or exact scholar, but he attained considerable intimacy with the great writers of an- tiquity, had a command of Latin, was accomplished in French, and possessed an extensive store of general information. His uncle, Godwin Swift, at whose expense he had been educated, died shortly before he took his degree, and Jonathan would have been badly otf but for his other uncle, William, who resided in Dublin. His mother and sister were then living in Leicester, where, during the remaining twenty-two years of his mother's life, he visited her seldom less frequently than once a year. She was a connexion of the wife of Sir William Temple, and when the disturbed state of Ireland, in 1689, compelled Swift to seek employment in England, he was received as companion and secretary into the family of the retired statesman, near London, and later at Moor Park, close to Farnham. His first sojourn with Temple lasted over five years, from 1689 to 1694. In May 1690 he visited Ireland for his health, and possibly in the hope of preferment from Sir Robert Southwell, but "growing worse," in his own words, " he soon went back to Sir William Temple's, with whom, growing into some confidence, he was often trusted with matters of great importance." After his return he look his master's degree at Hertford College, Oxford. When Swift went to Moor Park, he found a Mrs. John- son living there as friend and companion to Lady Giffard, Sir William Temple's sister. Her two daughters lived with her — Esther, a child of eight (born 1 3th March 1 681), and a younger, Anne, of whose attractive appearance and modest manners mention is made in Swift's writings. He became first the playfellow, and subse- quently the volunteer teacher of Esther, and in after years reminded her how he had guided her little hand in writing, and how his spirit had given to hers its first impress. In Sir William Temple's house Swift more than once met WiUiam III., who occasionally sought that great man's advice ; and, upon at least one occasion, SWI Swift was sent to Kensington, charged per- sonally to enforce Sir William's views upon the King. In 1694 a coolness arose be- tween Swift and his patron, in consequence of Swift's desire to seek a more independ- ent position elsewhere. Temple wished to retain him permanently in his service, and even oflfered him a sinecure, a clerkship of £120 a year on the Irish KoUs, if he would remain . S wif t's mind was, however, made up. He paid his annual visit to his mother at Leicester, passed over to Ire- land, received deacon's orders on 28th October 1694, and priest's orders three mouths later. Recommended by family friends to Lord Capel, then Lord-Deputy, he was presented with the prebend of Kil- root, near Carrickfergus, worth £100 a year. Swift held this living a little over eighteen months, at the end of which time he joyfully accepted Sir William Temple's invitation to return to Moor Park. Dur- ing his occupation of Kilroot, he became engaged to be married to a Miss Waring (of whom he wrote as " Variua"), sister of a college friend resident at Belfast. From this engagement both parties apparently were not sorry to be ultimately released. Swift left Kilroot in charge of a college friend. Winder, for whom, early in 1698, when it became apparent that his resi- dence with Temple would be protracted, he obtained the succession. During his second residence at Moor Park, which was only terminated by the death of Temple, in i698-'9, he was occupied in the revision of his friend's writings, in the self-imposed task of superintending the education of Esther Johnson, now a beautiful girl of fifteen, and chiefly in study, to which he devoted nearly ten hours a day. Sir William Temple had engaged in a con- troversy regarding the comparative merits of ancient and modern authors, advocating the claims of the former ; and Swift came to his assistance in his first important essay in composition — The Battle of the Books. It was widely circulated in manuscript before Sir William's death, but did not ap- pear in print until four years later. " There is," says Mr. Forster, "not a line in this ex- traordinary piece of concentrated humour, however seemingly filled with absurdity, that does not run over with sense and meaning. If a single word were to be employed in describing it, applicable alike to its wit and its extravagance, intensity should be chosen. Especially character- istic of these earliest satires is what generally will be found most aptly descrip- tive of all Swift's writing: namely, that whether the subject be great or small, everything in it, from the first word to 505 SWI the last, is essentially part of it ; not an episode or allusion being introduced merely for itself, but every minutest point not only harmonizing or consisting with the whole, but expressly supporting and strengthening it." Sir William Temple died on 27th January i698-'9, "and with him," writes Swift, " died all that was good and amiable among men." Then closed the quietest and happiest period in Swift's life. Sir William left him a small legacy, and committed to him " the care, and trust, and advantage, of publishing his post- humous writings." The amount ulti- mately received for the five volumes was about £40 a piece. Swift confided in King William IIl.'s promise of the first vacant prebend at Westminster or Canterbury, and dedicated to him his edition of Temple's works ; but neither promise nor dedication brought hira any preferment. In the summer of 1699, he accompanied Lord Berkeley to Ireland as chaplain and private secretary, on his appointment as one of the Lords-Justices. He was soon, however, ousted from the secretaryship, and deprived by intrigue of the expected deanery of Derry, but remained chaplain at the Castle, continuing his service, for political as well as personal reasons, under two later Viceroys. He lived upon terms of the most affec- tionate intimacy with the Berkeleys, for whose amusement some of his cleverest poetical pieces were thrown off. In February 1699- 1700 Swift was made vicar of Laracor, near Trim. With this ap- pointment was united the adjacent rectory of Agher, and afterwards the living of Rathbeggan, all in the diocese of Meath. Although nothing now stands but a ruined wall of his glebe-house at Lara- cor— although the church has been rebuilt, and few traces remain of the garden, the willows, and the stream in which be deligated, the place will long be re- garded with interest from the fact of his having resided there. Often, when in London, his heart reverted to the spot, and he wi-ote as longing to be away from court and politics, and amongst his fishponds and the sylvan beauties of the locality. His income at this time was £220, or about £600 in present value. Esther Johnson had been left by Sir William Temple a legacy of lands in " Monistown, in the County of Wicklow." Her property altogether amounted to about £1,500. After the break-up of the household at Moor Park, she re- sided at Farnham with her friend Mrs. Dingley. In 1700, says Swift, " I pre- vailed with her and her dear friend 506 SWI and companion, the other lady, to draw what money they had into Ireland, a great part of their fortune being in an- nuities upon funds. Money was then ten per cent, in Ireland, besides the advan- tage of returning it, and all necessaries of life at half the price. They complied with my advice, and soon after came over ; but I happening to continue some time longer in England, they were much discouraged to live in Dublin, where they were wholly strangers. She was at that time about nineteen years old, and her person was soon distinguished. But the adventure looked so like a fj-olic, the censure held for some time, as if there were a secret history in such a removal ; which, how- ever, soon blew off by her excellent con- duct." He writes of her at this period : " She was sickly from her childhood until about the age of fifteen ; but then grew into perfect health, and was looked upon as one of the most beautiful, graceful, and agreeable young women in London, only a little too fat. Her hair was blacker than a raven, and every feature of her face in perfection." Excepting visits to her friends in England in 1705 and the winter of 1707- S, Esther Johnson spent the re- mainder of her life in Ireland. When Swift was at home, she and Mrs. Dingley occupied lodgings near him in Dublin or in Trim. They kept up a comfortable establishment — two maids and a man- servant, and at times a riding-horse for Esther. When Swift was absent they occu- pied his house in Dublin, or the vicarage at Laracor. On company days she and Mrs. Dingley presided at Swift's enter- tainments. " She grew to love Ireland," says Swift, " much better than the gene- rality of those who owe both their birth and riches to it. . . She detested the tyranny and injustice of England in their treatment of this kingdom. She had in- deed reason to love a country where she had the esteem and friendship of all who knew her, and the universal good re- port of all who ever heard of her." It is not probable that any more reasonable explanation of the relations that subsisted between Esther and Swift will ever be given than what is advanced by Mr. Forster in his Life of Stvift. Referring to a letter dated April 1704, wherein Swift had discouraged the suit of a clergyman named Tisdall, he says : " Written when Esther Johnson was in her twenty-second year and Swift in his thirty-sixth, the letter describes with exactness the relations that, in the opinion of the present writer — who can find no evidence of marriage that is at all reasonably sufficient — subsisted SWI between them at the day of her death, when she was entering her forty-sixth year and he had passed his sixtieth. Even assuming it to be less certain than I think it, that she had never given the least favourable ear to Tisdall's suit, there can be no doubt that the result of its abrupt termination was to connect her future in- alienably with that of Swift. The limit as to their intercourse expressed by him, if not before known to her, she had now been made aware of ; and it is not open to us to question that she accepted it with its plainly implied conditions, of affection, not desire. The words ' in all other eyes but mine' have a touching significance. In all other eyes but his, time would take from her lustre ; her charms would fade ; but to him, through womanhood as in girlhood, she would continue the same. For what she was surrendering, then, she knew the equivalent ; and this, almost wholly overlooked in other biographies, will be found in the present to fill a large place. Her story has indeed been always told with too much indignation and pity. Not with what depresses or degrades, but rather with what consoles and exalts, we may associate such a life. This young friendless girl, of mean birth and small fortune, chose to play no common part in the world ; and it was not a sorrowful destiny, either for her life or her memory, to be the star to such a man as Swift." The endearing epithet "Stella" does not ap- pear to have been applied to Esther John- son until about 171 2. Swift visited his friends in England at least once a year ; and upon each occasion took a higher place among the literary men of the time, and with the Whig statesmen, to whose service he so freely lent his pen. The publication of the Tale of a Tub, in April 1705, proved one of the most important events in his life. Mr. Forster says : " His title to take higher intellectual rank than any man then living, and his per- petual exclusion from the rank in the Church which in those days rewarded the most commonplace ability and question- able character, were settled by " the pub- lication of this work, which he character- izes as the " earliest of the two greatest prose satires in the English language, re- maining, with Gulliver, after the test of nearly two centuries, among the unique books of the world." It was published anonymously, as were most of his other works. He gave it to the public as sailors throw a tub to a whale, to divert it from more dangerous pursuits. It recounts the adventures of three brothers — Peter (the Church of Rome), Martin (the Established SWI Church), and John (the Presbyterian). The work abounds in coarse passages and occasionally treats religious questions with levity. These were the points which, re- ported with exaggeration to Queen Anne by his enemies, effectually shut against him the doors of Church preferment. Swift went to Loudon in September 17 10, not expecting to be absent many weeks. The visit extended until June 1713. No por- tion of his life is more fully illustrated ; for, commencing with the day of his arrival at Chester, and ending with that of his reaching the same place on his return, he kept a journal letter which he transmitted every few days to Esther Johnson. In these communications, evi- dently meant for her and Mrs. Diugley alone, he pours out his inmost confidences, from the minutest pai-ticulars regarding his interviews with courtiers and wits, to the commonest interests of his and their everyday life. Every page of these letters breathes the tenderest regard for Esther Johnson ; and they abound with playful child's language, manifestly such as he had learned to use to her in their early inter- course. Swift writes of himself through- out as " Pdfr," " Podefar," " F R," or other fragments of what may be pre- sumed to be " Poor dear foohsh rogue." Besides "Ppt," presumably "Poppet," or " Poor pretty thing," Esther Johnson is for the most part designated by "MD," " My dear," though this occasionally re- fers to Mrs. Dingley as well. For the latter lady, " D" or "D D," " Dingley " or '' Dear Dingley," stands always ; " M E," or "Madam Elderly," being only now and then applied to her. These wonderful let- ters were preserved by Esther Johnson ; were borrowed by Swift to assist him in his political writings, and remained among his papers. The literary world is largely indebted to Mr. Forster for his care in collating portions, at least, of current editions with the originals, and pointing out liberties taken with them by previous biographers. Swift, who had for some years been growing less zealous in support of his Whig friends, soon after his arrival in London openly went over to the Tories. Mr. Lecky says : "The reasons he assigned for this change were very simple. He had originally been a Whig because he justified the Revolution, which could only be de- fended on Whig principles. On the other hand, as a clergyman and a High Church- man, he considered the exclusion of Dis- senters from state offices essential to the security of the Church. . . It waa almost inevitable that a young man brought up in the house of Sir W. Temple 507 SWI should begin his career as a "Whig. It was almost equally certain that a High Church clergyman would ultimately gravi- tate to the Tories. Swift, though he dis- liked William, never appears to have questioned the necessity of the Revolution, and in this respect he continued a Whig. Nor was he ever implicated, like his Tory friends, in negotiations with the Pre- tender. . . No doubt his junction "With the Tories in 17 lo was eminently to his advantage, but it should not be forgotten that in his later years he de- fended tests and disqualifications quite as jealously in Ireland, at the very time ■when he was endeavouring to unite aU Irishmen in their national cause. Such a bigotry is far from admirable, but it may at least claim the merit of sincerity." Swift's immediate business in London, to secure for the Irish clergy a remission of the rights of the Crown to the first fruits and twentieth parts, was accomplished in less than a year ; but he was detained from month to month by the Ministry, who found his services invaluable as a writer for the press and otherwise. " The nation, dazzled by the genius of Marlborough, and fired by the enthusiasm of a pro- tracted war, was fiercely opposed to a party whose policy was peace ; but Swift's Examiners gradually modified this oppo- sition, and his Conduct of the Allies for a time completely quelled it. The success of this pamphlet has scarcely a parallel in history. It seems to have for a time almost reversed the current of public opinion, and to have enabled the Ministers to conclude the Peace of Utrecht." ''" But, while his influence was gi'eat, and he was successful in procuring preferment for others, it was denied to himself ; and all that his friends could prevail upon the Queen to grant him was the deanery of St. P' '.rick's. The patent was signed, 23rd February 1712-'! 3, and he returned to Ireland in June. His friends Oxford and Boliugbroke fell from power on the death of Queen Anne a year later ; and the rest of his life may be said to have been passed in and for Ireland. At the period of his final settlement in this country he was forty-six years of age. His per- sonal appearance was still attractive ; his features were regular and striking : he had a high forehead and broad massive temples ; heavy-lidded blue eyes, to which his dark complexion and bushy black eyebrows gave unusual capacity for stern- ness, as weU as brilliance and kindliness ; a slightly aquiline nose ; a resolute mouth ; a handsome, dimpled double chin, and over all the pride of a confident, calm superi- 508 SWI ority. During his sojourn in London, Swift formed a friendship with Hester Vauhom- righ (better known by his pet name for her, " Vanessa"), daughter of a deceased Dutch merchant, Bartholomew Vanhom- righ, who had profited to the extent of some ^16,000 by dealings connected with the forfeitures in Ireland. The family lived within a few doors of his lodgings ; and there are constant references to them in his letters to Esther Johnson. Hester Yauhomrigh was born about 1692, and was consequently twenty years old ; not re- markable for personal beauty ; but of cap- tivating manners, and endowed with bril- liant talents and a greater inclination for reading and mental cultivation than was then usually combined with a gay temper. The Queen of Learning sowed — " Within her tender mind Seeds long unknown to womankind, For manly bosoms chiefly fit, The seeds of knowledge, judgment, wit. Her soul was suddenly endued With justice, truth, and fortitude ; With honour which no breath can stain. Which malice must attack in vain ; With open heart and bounteous hand." Swift thus writes in his poem of Cadenus and Vanessa, considered by Goldsmith to be one of the best of his pieces. It was penned at Windsor in 171 3, and gives an account of the progi-ess of a friendship which resulted in her open declaration of love for him. After his return to Dublin, Hester Vanhomrigh removed thither, and passed the remainder of her life there and at Marlay Abbey, Celbridge. She died ten years afterwards, in May 1723, aged 36. There seems to be small ground for the web of mystery that has been thrown around her intimacy with Swift. Scott says : " Enough of blame will remain with Swift, if we allow that he cherished, with indecisive yet flattering hope, a passion which, in justice to himself and Vanessa, he ought, at whatever risk to her feelings and his own, to have repressed as soon as she had declared it." Through their correspondence there is nothing to lead us to suppose that Swift ever addressed her as a lover. She reproaches him with coldness and unkindness, but not with in- constancy. His letters indicate the ut- most perplexity — he remonstrates, reasons, and scolds ; he soothes and flatters. He adopted every device that ingenuity can suggest to bring her to reason. He seconded the addresses of two unexceptionable suitors for her hand. The stories about Hester Vanhomrigh's letter to Esther Johnson ; Miss Johnson's transmission of it to Swift, and Miss Vanhomrigh's re- tirement to Celbridge ; Swift's angry visit to her there ; her consequent death ; and SWl Swift's remorse, are unsupported by evi- dence, and appear to be fully disposed of by a writer in Blackwood'' s Magazine for May 1876. Hester Vanhomrigh, as has been said, died in May 1723, and is sup- posed to have been buried at Leixlip. Her will (made ist May, and proved 6th June) is an orderly document, exhibiting no traces of the resentment against Swift attributed to her. Dr. George Berkeley, afterwards Bishop of Cloyne, and Robert Marshall, of Clonmel, are named her executors, and are bequeathed all her property, some ,£9,000, except small legacies to servants and friends, amounting to not more than =£500. Marlay Abbey, at Cel- bridge, will ever be associated with the memories of Swift and Hester Vanhomrigh; there he often visited her ; and there, to commemorate his visits, she planted beside the Liflfey laurels, the off-shoots of which are still shown. All through the time of his acquaintance with Hester Vanhomrigh, his affection for Esther Johnson contin- ued unabated. The story of her pining under his unkindness is unsupported by reliable evidence. Some of his tenderest and purest effusions are his birthday odes to her for 1719, 1720, 1722, and 1723. Esther Johnson and Mrs. Dingley, far from living lonely and neglected in Dublin, moved in the best society the city afforded, and occasionally paid prolonged visits to friends in remote parts of the country. There is no proof of the private marriage that is said to have taken place between Swift and Esther Johnson, in 17 16. The first positive statement regarding it appears in Lord Orrery's Remarks, penned in 1751 ; and the most recent researches fail to find any evidence to support it. Capable of the warmest friendship. Swift appears to have been insensible to the passion of love. It has been said that in the whole of his writings not one word occurs, in the whole course of his life not one act is recorded, indicative of passion. Mrs. Dingley, who was never separated from Esther Johnson from the time of their arrival in Dublin until the death of the latter, and who could not by possibility have been ignorant of the marriage, had it taken place, laughed at the story " as an idle tale, founded only on sus- picion." Swift's life, from his settlement in Ireland until his first appearance in Irish public matters in 1720, was chiefly occupied with the affairs of his Cathedral, in study, and in intercourse with his friends. His zeal for the rights and welfare of the Church soon made his influence paramount with his chapter. Perhaps for economy, he boarded with a friend whose wife pre- SWI served that neatness and good order which was particularly agreeable to him. He kept two public days weekly at the deanery, where his entertainments were accounted rather parsimonious. He had received his preferment on terms that involved him in considerable debt ; yet his parsimony, though often ludicrous, and in his declining years deplorable, never interfered with the claims of justice or benevolence. He gathered round bim a coterie, for whose amusement many of his verses, and those of his friends Sheridan and Delany, were thrown off. He sometimes resided for months at a time at Sheridan's residence at Quilca, or at Gaulstown House, the seat of Chief-Baron Rochfoi'd. During these years he renewed his early intimacy with Addison, which had been broken off by the political events of 17 11. In 1720 he en- tered the arena of Irish politics by the publication of a Proposal for the Universal use of Irish Manufactures. Government sought in vain to punish the printer. His satirical essays on the project for a National Bank caused the measure to be rejected by Parliament ; and his La^t Lying Speech of EUiston, a noted thief, intimating that he had left a list of the names of his companions, to be proceeded against in case they did not relinquish their evil courses, almost put an end to street rob- beries in Dublin for some years. In 1723 Swift electrified the Irish nation by the publication of his Drapier's Letters. Ire- land had for some time been suffering from the want of copper currency ; and Walpole, through the influence of the Duchess of Kendal, the king's mistress (who stipulated that she should receive a large share of the profits), granted a patent to a person of the name of Wood, for the coinage of £ 1 08,000 in halfpence. Neither the Government nor the people of Ireland were in any way consulted in the matter — a striking proof of the condition of sub- serviency to which the country had been reduced. Its dignity and independence were felt to be grossly outraged ; and the report that the coins were not worth their nominal value spread through the country, and was confirmed by Parliament. Swift, somewhat disingenuously, it is true, seized the opportunity to arouse the public spirit of Ireland ; and, writing in the character of a Dublin draper, printed a series of letters, in which he asserted that all who took the new coin would lose nearly eleven- pence in the shilling; that every section of the community would lose by their in- troduction ; the beggars were even assured that halfpence had been selected for adul- teration, so that their ruin at least should 509 SWI be compassed. A great turmoil was cre- ated ; and a general panic ensued, which the Ministry in vain endeavoured to allay by an examination of the coin at the mint, and the issue of a certificate of its purity signed by Sir Isaac Newton. Swift's fourth letter turned the agitation into the desired channel. Declaring that a people long used to indignities soon lose by degrees the very idea of liberty, he boldly and clearly defined the limits of the prerogatives of the^Crown, asserted the in- dependence of Ireland, and the nullity of those measures which had not received the sanction of the Irish Parliament. " He avowed his entire adherence to the doctrine of Molyneux ; he declared his allegiance to the King, not as King of England, but as King of Ireland ; and he asserted that Ireland was rightfully a free nation, which implied that it had the power of self- legislation ; for, ' government withovrt the consent of the governed, is the very de- finition of slavery.' " ^'^ All parties in Ireland combined in resistance to the obnoxious patent ; the Lord-Chancellor denounced the coin ; the Lords-Justices refused to sanction its circulation ; Parlia- ment voted addresses against it ; most of the grand juries at quarter sessions con- demned it ; Primate Boulter lamented " that the people of every religion, country, and party here are alike set against Wood's halfpence, and that their agreement in this has had a very unhappy influence on the state of this nation, by bringing on in- timacies between Papists and Jacobites, and the Whigs." Neither the Duke of Grafton nor his successor. Lord Carteret, was able to quell the agitation ; a reward of £300 was in vain offered for the dis- covery of the author (who was well known to be Swift); the grand jury refused to find a bill against the printer; public feeling grew stronger every day; and at last Walpole was compelled to cancel the patent. Mr. Lecky says : " Such were the circumstances of this memorable contest — a contest which has been deserved- ly placed in the foremost ranks in the annals of Ireland. There is no more momentous epoch in the history of a nation than that in which the voice of the people has first spoken, and spoken with success. . . . Before this time rebellion was the natural issue of every patriotic effort in Ireland. Since then rebellion has been an anachron- ism and a mistake. The age of Desmond and of O'Neill had passed. The age of Grattan and of O'Connell had begun. Swift was admirably calculated to be the leader of public opinion in Ireland, from his complete freedom from the character- 510 SWI istic defects of the Irish temperament. His writings exhibit no tendency to ex- aggeration or bombast; no fallacious im- ages or far-fetched analogies ; no tumid phrases, in which the expression hangs loosely and inaccurately around the mean- ing. His style is always clear, keen, nervous, and exact. He delights in the most homely Saxon, in the simplest and most unadorned sentences. His arguments are so plain that the weakest mind can grasp them, yet so logical that it is seldom possible to evade their force. . . After the Drapiefs Letters, Swift published several minor pieces on Irish affairs, but most of them are very inconsiderable. The principal is his Short View of the State of Ireland, published in 1727, in which he enumerated fourteen causes of a nation's prosperity, and showed in how many of these Ireland was deficient. He also brought forward the condition of the country indirectly, in his amusing pro- posal for employing children for food — a proposal which a French writer is said to have taken literally, and to have gravely adduced as a proof of the wretched con- dition of the Irish. His influence with the people, after the Drapiefs Letters, was unbounded. . . There are few things in the Irish history of the last century more touching than the constancy with which the people clung to their old leader, even at a time when his faculties had wholly decayed ; and, notwithstanding his creed, his profession, and his intoler- ance, the name of Swift was for many generations the most universally popular in Ireland. He first taught the Irish people to rely upon themselves. He led them to victory at a time when long oppression and the expatriation of all the energy of the country had deprived them of every hope." ^" Swift's scornful feelings towards the native Irish have been much exaggerated. In a letter addressed by him to Sir Charles Wogan in July 1732, we fiud the following estimate of the Irish Catholics abroad and at home : " I cannot but highly esteem those gentlemen of Ireland, who, with all the disadvantages of being exiles and strangers, have been able to distinguish themselves by their valour and conduct in so many parts of Europe, I think above all other nations, which ought to make the English ashamed of the reproaches they cast on the ignorance, the dullness, and the want of courage in the Irish natives ; those defects, wherever they happen, aris- ing only from the poverty and slavery they suffer from their inhuman neighbours, and the base, corrupt spirit of too many of SWI the chief gentry." Swift's masterpiece, Oulliver's Travels, one of the most popular works in the English language, was pub- lished in two octavo volumes, with plates, in London, in 1726-7. Its full title was as follows : Travels into Several He- mote Nations of the World, in four parts, hy Lemuel GulUoer, first a Surgeon, and then a Captain of Several Ships. The first edition contains some anecdotes omitted in subsequent issues. Swift had had the work on hands for some time. It is likely that the immense popularity it almost immediately attained was a great surprise to him. Eacy and brilliant as it reads in the present day, it must have appeared infinitely more so at the date of its first publication, when every allusion to the politics and customs of the time was at once appreciated. Lord Jeifrey wrote of it : " The Voyages of Captain Lemuel Gulliver is undoubtedly his greatest work. The idea of making fictitious travel the vehicle of satire as well as of amusement is at least as old as Lucian, but has never been carried into execution with such suc- cess, spirit, and originality as in this cele- brated performance." Sir Walter Scott says : " Perhaps no work ever exhibited such general attractions to all classes. It oflfered personal and political satire to the readers in high life, low and coarse incident to the vulgar, marvels to the romantic, wit to the young and lively, lessons of morality and policy to the grave, and maxims of deep and bitter misanthropy to neglected age and disappointed ambition." In the same year that Gulliver was published, Swift paid a visit to London, to enjoy the society of such of his old friends as sur- vived, and the credit arising from the book ; but he was suddenly called home by the illness of Esther Johnson. She lingered for nearly a year. Her death, on 28th January 17 27-' 8, was the greatest afiiiction of his life. Few nobler tributes have ever been paid to the memory of a deceased friend than that penned by him at the time : " The truest, most virtuous, and valuable friend that I, or perhaps any other person, was ever blessed with. I knew her from six years old, and had some share in her educa- tion, by directing what books she shoiUd read, and perpetually instructing her in the principles of honour and virtue, from which she never swerved in any one action or moment of her life. . . Never was any of her sex born with better gifts of the mind, or who more improved them by reading and conversations. . . Her ad- vice was always the best, and with the greatest freedom, mixed with the greatest SWI decency. She had a gracefulness some- what more than human, in every motion, word, and action. Never was so happy a conjunction of civility, freedom, easiness, and sincerity. . . With all the softness of temper that became a lady, she had the personal courage of a hero." By her own desire she was buried in the aisle of St. Patrick's Cathedral. Most of her property was left in trust for the benefit of her mother and sister, and after their death for the payment of the salary of a chaplain for Steevens' Hospital, unless, " which God forbid, at any time hereafter the present Established Episcopal Church of this kingdom should come to be abolished and be no longer the national established Church of this said kingdom." (Swift, who probably drew up her will, subsequently left lands for the benefit of Laracor upon similar conditions.) She also left legacies to her servants, and money to apprentice a little boy, Brian McLoghlin, whom she was charitably bringing up. Swift increased his reputation by literary and patriotic labours after Esther Johnson's death ; but his spirits never recovered the shock. A sad list of " men famous for their learning, wit, or great employments or quality, of my acquaintance, who are dead," bears date February 1 728-'9. A growing misunderstanding with the Court party in England ended in a complete rupture in 1 73 1, owing to some unfortunate interfer- ence of Mrs. Barber. In 1 736 the attacks of giddiness to which he had been subject through life, culminated in confirmed ill- healtli ; already he had penned his cha- racteristic " Lines on the Death of Dr. Swift." The first collected edition of his works was published by George Faulkner about this time. In 1740 Swift settled down into a condition of hopeless imbe- cility. According to Sir William Wilde, this was due, not to insanity or idiotcy, but to eflFusion on the brain, in addition to chronic meningitis and cerebritis. Some of his last lucid thoughts were given to arrangements for the Hospital for the Insane, for which he bad been saving during the latter part of his life. The last words he ever penned were in a note to his cousin, Mrs. Whiteway : " If I do not blunder, it is Saturday, July 26th 1740." His estate was put under the management of trustees, and his person was carefully tended by Mrs. Whiteway for the sad three remaining years of his life, in the course of which he was known to speak only once or twice. On 19th Oc- tober 1745, in the 78th year of his age, he was released from his sufferings. " It was then," says Scott, " that the gratitude of SWI the Irish showed itself in the full glow of national enthusiasm. The interval was forgotten during which their great pa- triot had been dead to the world, and he was wept and mourned, as if he had been called away in the full career of his public services. Young and old of all ranks sur- rounded the house, to pay the last tribute of sorrow and of affection." Swift was by his own desire interred privately in St. Patrick's (.^athedral, beside the remains of Esther Johnson. The epitaph was pre- pared beforehand by himself : " Hie de- positum est corpus Jonathan Swift, S.T.P., hujus ecclesiae Cathedralis Decani : ubi saeva indignatio ulterius cor lacerare nequit, Abi viator, et imitare, si poteris, strenuum pro virili libertatis vindicem. Obiit anno 1745 : mensis Octobris : die 19 : setatis anno 78." In old age Swift's countenance conveyed an expression which, though severe, was noble and impressive. About £10,000 of his pro- perty was available for the foundation of the Hospital for the Insane in Dublin, which bears his name, and which for gene- rations has tended to alleviate the suffer- ings of that unhappy class. It would be impossible m a notice of this character to do justice to Swift's genius by an effective examination of his writings. The coarse- ness that disgraces them cannot be palli- ated, and has done more than anything else to unfairly degrade his character in the eyes of posterity. Scott says that three peculiarities stamped his character as an author — originality — total indif- ference to literary fame or to the profits arising from his works — and the dis- tinguished pitch of excellence which he attained in every style of composition he attempted : he might have added his en- tire absence of any feelings of literary jealousy. Mr. Lecky thus concludes the ablest essay that has ever been written upon Swat's life and character : " Of the intellectual grandeur of his career it is needless to speak. The chief sustainer of an English Ministry, the most powerful advocate of the Peace of Utrecht, the creator of public opinion in Ireland, he has graven his name indelibly in English history, and his writings, of their own kind, are unique in English literature. . . Gulliver and the Tale of a Tub remain isolated productions, unrivalled, unim- itated, and inimitable." Swift showed himself through life a sincere Churchman, of the type that would now be considered *' high." There is no reason to suppose that he participated in the latitudinarian views of many of his contemporaries and friends. While he made no pretence of re- 512 SWI ligion, it is knovm that in all his cures, at Kilroot, Laracor, and afterwards as Dean of St. Patrick's, he was strict in the per- formance of the ceremonies of the Church. It was only by chance his friends discovered that he used to steal out to early service in London, and that he read prayers regu- larly in his own family. His principles re- garding Church prerogative were extreme. He advocated the passage of the Test Act, which would have prevented all but mem- bers of the Church from filling public offices ; whilst he brought the proposal for the equality of Protestant dissenters in Ire- land to the supposed reductio ad absurdum. that it would imply a like freedom being accorded to Catholics. The best edi- tion of his Life and Works is that by Sir Walter Scott, in 19 vols. Literature has, in the present century, sustained few greater losses than the death of Mr. Forster before the completion of his Life of Swift. The work, imperfect as it stands, is the most important contribution yet made to- wards enabling the world to form a proper estimate of Swift's character. ^" =33 320 320t 321 322 Swift, Deane, the grandson of God- win Swift, Jonathan Swift's uncle, was born about 1 707. The Dean, in a letter to Pope, dated 28th April 1739, thus recom- mends him : " This cousin of mine, who is so desirous to wait on you, is named Deane Swift, because his great grandfather . . was Admiral Deane, who, having been one of the regicides, had the good fortune to save his neck by dying a year or two before the Eestoration. I have a great esteem for Mr. Deane Swift, who is much the most valuable of any of his family : he was first a student in this University [Dublin], and finished his studies at Oxford. . . He has a true spirit for liberty, and is a perfect master, equally skilled in the best Greek and Eoman authors." In 1755 he published an essay on the life of Jonathan Swift, and ten years afterwards contributed two volumes to Hawkesworth's edition of his great relative's Life and Writings. Neither of these works is of much value. Mr. Forster, in his Life of Swift, speaks of " The entire untrustworthiness of all Mr. Deane Swift's family flourishes " — " One of the few passages worth preserving from Mr. Deane Swift's dull and incoherent essay." Deane Swift died in Worcester, 12th July 1783. [His son Theophilus, who inherited estates in the County of Limerick, and died in 1815, was the author of several miscellaneous works of small merit. His grandson, Deane, was a writer in the Press, one of the organs of SYN the United Irishmen, and was proscribed in the Fugitive Bill of 1798, He was living in Dublin in 1858.] '* '*^ ^^ ^' 33. Synge, Edward, Archbishop of Tuam, was born in Cork in 1659. He was a Doctor in Divinity of the University of Dublin, was rector of St. Werburgh's, in 17 14 was consecrated Bishop of Raphoe, and in 17 16 was translated to the arch- bishopric of Tuam. This prelate volun- tarily resigned to his clergy the "Quarta pars Episcopalis" of the tithes of the diocese, which his predecessors had always enjoyed. Cotton says: " He presided over his sees with exemplary diligence for twenty-five years ; and during that time exerted himself in the publication of tracts upon religious and moral subjects, to the number of fifty or more. A list of these may be seen in Ware's Writers. Many of them have been adopted by the Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge." He died at Tuam, 23rd July 1 741, aged about 82, and was buried in the churchyard of his cathedral. [There was an extraordinary succession of prelates of the Irish Church in his family. His father (Edward), his uncle (George), and his two sons (Edward and Nicholas) were bishops.] "' "^ 339 254(3) Taaffe, Sir William, of Ballymote, distinguished himself on the Government side in the O'Neill wars, and was knighted for his services at the siege of Kinsale, in 1 60 1. In December 1602 he commanded the Irish in the Queen's pay in Carbery, and defeated a body of the enemy under " the Apostolick Vicar, Owen MacEgan," killing 140 men, including the commander. In the ensuing confiscations of the ter- ritory of the MacCarthys, Sir William " had not the least share of her Majesty's bounty." He died 9th February 1630, and was buried at Ardee. "^ Taaffe, Sir Theobald, Viscount Taaffe, and Earl of Carlingford, was grandson of preceding, and eldest son of Sir John, who was created Baron of Ballymote and Viscount Taafi'e in August 1628, and who died before 1642. Sir Theobald fought for Charles I. against the Parliament in England, and subsequently assisted the Marquis of Ormond in his negotiations with the Confederates for a cessation of arms. On the recommence- ment of hostilities, he took the command of a force of 9,000 Irish in Muuster, but did not attempt to prevent Lord Inchiquin from taking Cahir Castle on the 3rd September 1647. He is reported, however, to have afterwards shot the governor and 100 of his men for their 21 TAA pusillanimous defence. On the 13th of November in the same year, he was de- feated by Lord Inchiquin at Knocknanuss, in the County of Cork. Carte gives the following account of the battle : " Taafi'e had with him about 7,500 foot, and four regiments of horse, making 1,200 men, and took his post in the left wing, with 4,000 Munster foot and two regiments of his horse. The rest of the foot were posted in the right wing under Lieutenant-General MacDonnell, supported by Colonel Pur- cell with two regiments of horse. [See MacDonnell, Alaster MacColl, p. 310.] When the battles joined, Purcell charged the English horse opposed to him with great bravery ; and MacDonnell's Highlanders, after a fire, throwing down their pieces, fell sword in hand into the enemy's left, and drove them two miles before them with considerable slaughter, and, with very little loss on their own side, made them- selves masters of the cannon and carriages, keeping possession of them for a full hour. Inchiquin in the meantime broke the left wing of the Irish army, all the Munster regiments, except Lord Castleconnell's, after a single fire, throwing down their pieces and running away ; nor could the General stop their tiight, though he killed several of them with his own hand. Inchi- quin did not amuse himself in following the runaways, but turned back to assist his left wing. Purcell, seeing him advance, retired with his horse, and left the High- land foot, drawn up about the cannon which they had seized, without a general to command them ; for MacDonnell, after his success, had sent to give notice of it to the other wing, and his messengers not re- turning, he had moved to an eminence at a little distance from his men, to observe from thence what was doing in the field. As he returned, he was intercepted and killed by a small party of fourteen horse. His men stood their ground till 700 of them were killed, when the rest threw down their arms, and cried for quarter. The Irish lost all their arms, ammunition, and baggage, and about 3,000 men in this action, wherein the flower of the Munster army were cut in pieces." Lord Taafi'e commanded Ormond's infantry at the battle of Rathmines, in 1649, and was again defeated. He was one of the deputies who in 165 1 went to the Con- tinent to ofi"er the sovereignty of Ireland to the Duke of Lorraine, and was excepted from pardon for life and estate by Crom- well. After the Restoration he received sundry grants of land, and was created Earl of Carlingford. He died 3i8t De- cember 1677, and was buried at Ballymote. 513 TAA [His brother, Lucas, was a Major-General in the army of the Confederates, and was Governor of New Ross in 1649. Theo- bald's eldest son, Nicholas, the 2nd Earl, fell at the Boyne in 1690, in command of a regiment of foot under the banner of King James. The second son, Francis, 3rd Earl, entered the Austi-ian service, became Chamberlain to the Emperor Fer- dinand, a Marshal of the Empire, and Councillor-of-State, and died in August 1704. The title became extinct on the death of Francis's nephew, Theobald, the 4th Earl.] 5480216.71 Taaffe, Nicholas, Viscount, cousin of preceding, was born in Ireland in 1677. He became a Field-Marshal in the Im- perial service, was Chamberlain to the Emperor Charles VI. and his successor, and fought with distinguished bravery during the war against the Turks, in 1738. Late in life he took a prominent part in the agitation for Catholic Emancipation in Ireland, and in 1 766 published Observa- tions on Affairs in Ireland from the Settle- ment in 1 69 1 to the Present Time. Mr. Wyse, in his Historical Sketch of the Catholic Association, speaks of him as " the German statesman and general, the Irish sufferer and patriot ; " and eulogizes " his unchanging attachment to an unfortunate country . . [at a time when] the clergy stood altogether aloof from the people. . . His pei-fect simplicity of purpose ; his calm and mild wisdom ; his untiring zeal for the de- pressed caste with which his name and birth, much more than his connexions and property, had associated him, would add a lustre to . , any country. . . No views of leadership mingled with his zeal. . . His rank in the Imperial court gave him access to the first circles in Great Britain. Bred in camps, and educated in Germany, he impressed on senators and courtiers che impolicy and injustice of the Penal Code, with the bluntness of a soldier and the honesty of a German. His efibrts had no small weight in softening the rigour of persecution. , . His ardent zeal in the cause of his oppressed countrymen procured him a preponderating influence in the councils of the Catholics ; that in- fluence was exerted in the great purposes, during a long life, of promoting union, extinguishing dissension, and rousing to exertion." He died at his seat of Elishau, inBohemia,'30th December 1769, aged 92.'''* [His descendant, the i ith Viscount Taafl!e, is an Austrian count, and Chamberlain to the Emperor of Austria.] '* =* " '46 Taaffe, Denis, Rev., a Catholic clergy- man, author of a History of Ireland, was 514 TAL born in Ireland in the middle of the 1 8th century. He was educated at Prague, entered the priesthood, and returned home. He took an active part in the Insurrection of 1798, and headed the insurgents at Ballyellis, in the County of Wexford, in an engagement where they almost anni- hilated a detachment of the regiment of Ancient Britons. He was afterwards wounded, but managed to escape into Dublin secreted in a load of hay. Being suspended from his sacerdotal functions, he became a Protestant. He wrote against the Union, and, between 1809 and 1811, published four volumes of An Impartial History of Ireland. Although written hastily, and from meagre materials, it con- tains some matter of importance not to be met elsewhere. He became reconciled to his Church before his death in 181 3, but continued hostile to the Government to the last, bitterly complaining to a friend who visited him in sickness of having to occupy lodgings in sight of " that cursed red flag," flyiug fi'omthe Magazine Fort in the Phoenix Park. His remains were laid in St. James's churchvard, Dublin, near Sir Toby Butler's monument. "^ "= =°« Talbot, Richard, Duke of Tir- connell, son of Sir William Talbot, of Carton, in the County of Kildare, was born in Ireland eax-ly in the 17th century. At nineteen years of age he went to the Continent, and rose to the rank of colonel in the French service. Though a Catholic, he was subsequently induced by the Ormond party to return to Ireland, where he served against Owen Roe O'Neill. He was with the army that defended Drogheda against Cromwell ; but in the storm and slaughter of the garrison, his life was saved by Reynolds, a Parliamentary ofiicer. Es- caping to Flanders, he entered the service of the Duke of York, with whom he returned to England on the Restoration. There appear to be no grounds except party animosity for the black colours in which his character is sketched by many writers. In person he was above the common stature, extremely graceful and well-made. In GrammonVs Memoirs he is described as " possessed of a pure and brilliant exterior ; his manners were noble and majestic ; no one at court had a better air." The character given him by a con- temporary author — his over-readiness "to speak bold, offensive truths, and to do good offices" — is inconsistent with his having been a mere cringing courtier. In 1664 he was committed to the Tower for using threatening words to the Duke of Ormond touching the Act of Explanation, a measure which he considered extremely TAL unjust to many of his countrymen who had suffered in the cause of the Stuarts. In November 1670 he drew up a petition to the Crown setting forth the services of the loyalist Irish. His advocacy of the claims of the ousted Catholic land-owners, strenuously persevered in, made him many enemies. It is not so well known that he was equally distasteful to the ultra- Catholic or French party, who were ready to sacrifice everything to their desire to sever the connexion between Ireland and England. Selected by Titus Gates in 1677 as one of his victims, he fled to the Con- tinent ; but on his return soon afterwards was received into great favour at Court. His first wife was Miss Boynton, maid- of-houour to the Queen, sister-in-law to Lord Roscommon, the poet. She died in Dublin, in March 1679, ^^^ '"'^^ buried, with her child, in Christ Church Cathedral. Within a year Colonel Talbot married, in Paris, Frances Jennings, sister of Sarah, the celebrated Duchess of Marlborough. According to Sir Bernard Burke, " she had the fairest and brightest complexion that ever was seen ; her hair a most beauteous flaxen, her coun- tenance extremely animated, though gene- rally persons so exquisitely fair have an insipidity ; her whole person was fine, particularly her neck and bosom. The charms of her person and the unaffected sprightliness of her wit gained her the general admiration of the whole [English] court ; in these fascinating qualities she had other competitors ; but scarcely one except Miss Jennings maintained through- out the character of unblemished chastity." During the reign of Charles II., Colonel Talbot lived mostly in Ireland, where he was regarded by all of his creed as a countryman who stood high in favour, and would stand higher as soon as the Duke of York came to the throne. When that event occurred, in February 1685, King James, " to mitigate a little the cruel oppression the Catholics had so long groaned under in that kingdom, thought it no injury to others that they who had tasted so deeply of his sufferings should now, in his prosperity, have a share at least of his protection ; " and for other considerations thought it "necessary to give a commission of Lieutenant-G eueral to Colonel Richard Talbot, a gentleman of an ancient family in that kingdom, a man of good abilities and clear courage, and one who for many years had a true attachment to his Majesty's person and in- terest," " In the same year he was created Baron of Talbot's Court, Viscount Baltin- glass, and Earl of Tirconnell ; and in TAL Febniary 1 686-' 7, he was made Lord-Lieu- tenant of Ireland. His administration of affairs in the interest of the Catholics in- creased the discontent and alarm aroused in the minds of the Protestants by the accession of James. Two Catholic judges were appointed in each court, the third being a Protestant ; Catholics were made high-sheriffs and privy-councillors, granted commissions of the peace, and admitted members of corporations, and the army was flooded with officers of that Church. When James II. retired to France in De- cember 1 688, Tirconnell adhered to his cause, and at once set about organizing forces in his interest. There are some grounds " for the belief that great temp- tations were held out by King William to win him over to his side. When James landed at Kinsale in March i688-'9, Tir- connell met him, and was thereupon made a duke. During the ensuing campaign he continued to be the King's principal ad- viser. [See James II., p. 261.J He fought at the battle of the Boyne in July. Lady Tirconnell did the honours of Dublin Cas- tle with singular tact and grace. "The dignity of her character was shown on the evening of the battle of the Boyne, a day which she had spent in an agony of sus- pense, and which was only terminated by the arrival of the King and Talbot, all weary and travel-stained, as they had ridden from the field. She received them at the top of the stairs at the Castle, and knelt to James, asking him to honour her by refreshing himself with a supper which she had prepared."^33 James is said to have replied that his breakfast had left him no appetite ; and to have complimented her on the alertness of the heels of her hus- band's countrymen ; whereupon she re- joined that in that respect "his Majesty had the advantage of them." Tirconnell did not take a very prominent part in affairs after James's departure for France. His overbearing manner made him in- creasingly unpopular with his countrymen; and the infirmities of age obliged him to make way for younger and more vigorous men in the support of a declining cause. When Limerick was besieged by William III., in August 1690, and General Lauzun declared that the place could be " taken with roasted apples," Tirconnell retired with the French troops to Gal way, leaving Sarsfield to reap the glory of the successful defence. In the autumn he visited France, delegating his civil authority to one coun- cil, and his military to another, but giving Sarsfield a low place on the list of military councillors. In January 1691 he entered the Shannon with three frigates laden 515 TAL with provisions, clothing, arms, ammuni- tion; and about £8,000 in money. After the defeat at Aughrim he acted as Governor of Limerick ; but died of apo- plexy, 14th August 1 69 1, just as the advanced-guard of the English army came again within sight of the town. He was buried in St. Mary's Cathedral. No inscription marks the spot. Lady Morgan says : " Much ill has been written, and more believed ; but his history . . has only been written by the pen of party steeped in gall, and copied servilely from the pages of prejudice by the lame historians of modern times, more anxious for authority than for au- thenticity. Two qualities he possessed in an eminent degree— wit and valour ; and if to gifts so brilliant and so Irish be joined devotion to his country, and fidelity to the unfortunate and fated family with whose exile he began life, and with whose ruin he finished it, it cannot be denied that in his character the elements of evil were mixed with much great and striking good." His widow resided for some time in France. She subsequently returned to Ireland, and in Dublin, where she had once done the honours of a court, estab- lished a nunnery in which she spent the remainder of her days. On the morning of the 7th of March i730-'3i, in her 93 rd year, long after most of her contemporaries had passed away, and when her existence was almost forgotten, she was found dead on the floor of her cell. She was interred in St. Patrick's Cathedral. An inscription to her memory may be seen in the old Scots College, in the Eue des Fosses St. Victor, Paris. "(5) 52 54 i7o» 223 233 Talbot, Peter, Archbishop of Dublin, younger brother of preceding, was born at Malahide, County of Dublin, in 1620. He was educated principally in Portugal. In 1635 he was received into the Society of the e^esuits, and he was subsequently ordained a priest at Eome, and sent to Antwerp as a teacher of moral theology. His intimacy with Dominick a Eosario, Portuguese ambassador in Paris, enabled him to render many services to Prince Charles (afterwards Charles II.), and it is said to have been mainly through his influence that the Prince secretly joined the Catholic Church. Sent to England to promote the interests of Catholicism, it is stated that he wormed himself into the confidence of Cromwell, and that he was among those who attended his funeral as a mourner. On 9th May 1669, at Antwerp, he was consecrated Arch- bishop of Dublin, and immediately pro- ceeded to administer the affairs of his 516 TAN diocese, which for twenty years had been almost entirely neglected. His supposed influence at the English court, and his uncompromising assertion of the claims of his Church exposed him to the bitter hostility of a large party ; and early in 1673 he was banished the kingdom. He returned from the Continent to England in 1675, and resided for a while in Cheshire, in poor health, until, through the influence of the Duke of York, he obtained permission to return home. In October 1678, the aged and infirm prelate was arrested at his father's house, near Carton, Maynooth, on the charge of par- ticipation in a " Popish plot," and " com- mitted close prisoner to the Castle, with a person to attend him in his miser- able and helpless condition, the violence of his distemper [calculus] being scarce supportable, and threatening his death." On examination, nothing appeared against him ; yet he was retained in confinement, and died in Dublin Castle in 1680, aged about 60. He was a man of singular ability and learning, and wrote numerous theological works, thirteen of which are named in Harris's Ware. ^* '^^* ^39 Tandy, James ITapper, a prominent actor in Irish affairs between 1780 and the Union, was born in Dublin in 1740. He was engaged in business, and from an early period took part in every popu- lar movement in the Irish capital. In 1780 he was expelled from the Dublin Volunteer Artillery for the expression of extreme opinions, and two years after- wards was imprisoned by an order of the House of Commons for breach of privilege, in sending a challenge to Mr. Toler, the Solicitor-General. Wolfe Tone remarks in his Journal: "It is but justice to an honest man, who has been persecuted for his firm adherence to his principles, to observe here that Tandy, in coming for- ward on this occasion, well knew that he was putting in the most extreme hazard his popularity among the corporations in the city of Dublin, with whom he had enjoyed the most unbounded influence for near twenty years ; and, in fact, in the event, this popularity was sacrificed. This did not prevent him taking his part de- cidedly." At times Tandy did not figure very creditably, as when he headed a mob that endeavoured to destroy the works connected with the|fnew Custom House in Dublin, because they feared its erection would injure the trade of those who lived in the vicinity of the old one. In the spring of 1793 proceedings were insti- tuted against him for distributing a pamphlet, entitled Common Sense, em- TAN bodying severe strictures on the Beres- ford family ; and, finding that a bill had been found against him for communicating with the "Defenders" in the County of Louth, with a view to induce them to join the United Irishmen, he thought it wise to fly to America. He established himself at Wilmington, Delaware, until 1798, when the progress of events in Ire- land induced him to proceed to France. He was there given the provisional rank of general, and entrusted with the com- mand of a small body of Irish refugees intended to form the nucleus of an army in Ireland. They sailed in the frigate Anacreon, and on i6th September landed on the island of Aran, off the coast of Donegal, where they heard of Humbert's de- feat at Balliuamuck eight days previously. They almost immediately re-embarked, after scattering a few bombastic proclama- tions calling upon Irishmen " to strike from their blood-cemented thrones the mur- derers of your friends," and to " wage a war of extermination against your oppres- sors." To avoid British cruisers, the A na- creon sailed north, and landed Tandy and his companions in Norway. Thence he endeavoured to make his way to France, but was arrested at Hamburg through the influence of the Czar, detained in prison for some years, and ultimately delivered to the British authorities. He was tried in Dublin for complicity in the Insurrec- tion of 1798, but was acquitted on a point of law. He was then sent to Lifford, and on 7th April 1801 was arraigned for his part in the attempted invasion, and the pro- clamations. He pleaded guilty, and was sentenced to death. Two months before the trial Lord Cornwallis had interceded with the Ministry in London on his behalf ; and, in Cornwallis's own words, " considering the incapacity of this old man to do fur- ther mischief, the mode by which he came into our hands, his long subsequent con- finement, and, lastly, the streams of blood which have flowed in this island for these last three years," his life was spared, on condition of his leaving the country for ever. He spent the remainder of his days at Bordeaux, where he died in the latter part of 1803, aged 63. His name occu- pies a pi'ominent place in the government despatches of the time. Barrington says of Napper Tandy : " His person was un- gracious ; his language neither eloquent nor ai'gumentative ; his address neither graceful nor impressive ; but he was sin- cere and persevering, and though in many instances erroneous and violent, he was considered to be honest. His private cha- racter furnished no ground to doubt the TAY integrity of his public one ; and, like many of those persons who occasionally spring up in revolutionary periods, he ac- quired celebrity without being able to account for it, and possessed influence, without rank or capacity." " 7= s? 330 Tate, Nahum, Poet Laureate to Wil- liam III., was born in Dublin about 1652. [His father, Faithful Teate, D.D., minister of St. Werburgh's, Dublin, was the author of Sermons, and minor works, published between 1655 and 1672.] Soon after tak- ing his degree at Trinity College, Dublin, Nahum Tate removed to England, where he resided the rest of his life. In 1692 he was appointed Poet Laureate. According to Harris's Ware, " he was a man of learn- ing, had a winning, affable behaviour, and a good share of wit." Conjointly with Dr. Brady, he wrote a metrical version of th'e Psalms, which was until lately in general use by the Established Church. The poet Dryden selected him to continue his .46- salom and Achitophel. Tate spent the latter part of his life in reduced circum- stances, and died a prisoner for debt in London, 6th -^ August 171 5. His poetry excelled rather in quantity than quality, and his name is not even included iu Johnson's Lives of the Poets. Charles Knight says : " There is an English word- joiner — author we will not call him — who has had the temerity to accomplish two things, either of which would have been enough to have conferred upon him a bad immortality. Nahum Tate has suc- ceeded, to an extent which defies all com- petition, in degrading the Psalms of David and the Lear of Shakspere to the condi- tion of being tolerated, and perhaps even admired, by the most dull, gross, and anti- poetical capacity. These were not easy tasks ; but Nahum Tate has enjoyed more than a century of honour for his labours, and his new version of the Psalms are still sung on (like the shepherd in Arcadia piped) as if they would never be old, and his Lear was the Lear of the playhouse at the time of the publication of our first edition, with one solitary exception of a modern heresy in favour of Shakspere." 16 254(3) 339 Taylor, George, one of the signers of the American Declaration of Independence, was born in Ireland in 17 16. At an early age he was placed with a physician to study medicine, but not liking the profes- sion he ran away from home without con- sulting his friends. Finding a vessel ready to sail for Philadelphia, he entered as a " redemptioner " — one who sailed on the chance of having his passage paid at the port of arrival by some person to whom 517 TAY he would mortgage his services. He was redeemed by a Mr. Savage of Durham, Pennsylvania, owner of some ironworks, who employed him as a worker in his smelting house. Eesolute, and ambitions of gaining the appi-obation of all around him, he persevered without complaint, through the unwonted toil imposed on him, until Mr. Savage discovered his intelli- gence, education, and talents, and made him a clerk in his office. There he was soon esteemed for his correct deportment, and admired for clearness of perception and soundness of judgment. After the death of Mr. Savage he married his widow, and thus became sole owner of a large pro- perty. He was elected, in 1764, to the Provincial Assembly at Philadelphia, and for five years took a prominent part in its deliberations. He was afterwards made judge of the County Court and colonel of militia. In 1775 ^^ '^^s again returned to the Assembly, became one of the Com- mittee of Safety, the virtual executive, and continued to exercise a powerful and salutary influence until the summer of 1776, when he became a member of the Con- tinental Congress, and endorsed with his signature to the Declaration of Independ- ence, the principles of liberty he had so boldly advocated. In the spring of 1777, after having successfully negotiated a treaty with some of the Indian tribes, he retired from Congress and from public life to Delaware, where he died 23rd February 1781, aged about 65. 37* Taylor, Jeremy, Bishop of Down and Connor, one of the greatest theologians and writers of his age, was born at Cam- bridge, 15th August 1613. He accom- panied Charles I. on some of his campaigns. After undergoing hardships and imprison- ments at the hands of the Parliamentary party, he was, in 1658, induced by some of his fri'^nds to seek a retreat in Ireland. Sir "William Petty procured him a farm on advantageous terms, and gave him in- troductions to persons of influence ; Crom- well granted him a pa-ssport and protection for himself and his family ; and in June 1658, he settled near Kilulta, eight miles from Lisburn. There, in a half-ruined church, he occasionally preached to a small congregation of royalists. According to tradition, it was his wont occasionally to retire to Rams Island, in Lough Neagh, for study and devotion. Poor as he was, this is said to have been the happiest period of his life, as he had abundant leisure for daily if not hourly devotions and literary composition. Upon one occasion, in the dead of winter, he was brought before the Privy Council in Dublin, on a charge of 518 TAY using the sign of the cross in baptism. J ust before the Restoration he proceeded to England, and in August 1660 was ap- pointed Bishop of Down and Connor, and was shortly afterwards elected Vice-Chan- cellor of the University of Dublin. In February 1661 he was made a member of the Privy Council, and in April was en- trusted with the administration of the small adjacent see of Dromore. The dis- organized condition of his see taxed all his energies. For the University he revised the statutes, settled rules for the confer- ring of degrees, appointed lecturers, and otherwise contributed to forward its inte- rests and increase its reputation. Bishop Taylor died at Lisburn, 13th August 1667, aged 53, and his remains were interred in the cathedral at Dromore, to which he had been a liberal benefactor. His second wife, Joanna, daughter of his friend and patron, Charles I., survived him some years. One of his daughters married Francis Marsh, Archbishop of Dublin. A monument to his memory was erected by Bishop Mant in Lisburn church in 1 82 1. A list of his works occupies nearly four pages of AUibone. John Forster says : " From the little I have yet read, I am strongly inclined to think this said Jeremy is the most completely eloquent writer iu our language. There is a most manly and graceful ease and freedom in his composition, while a strong intellect is working logically through every paragraph, while all manner of beautiful images fall in as by felicitous accident." Cotton says : " Of his character and talents it is needless to speak. His works have been long before the world, and have proved their author to have been one of the best of men, and one of the most shining lights of our church." '* "^ 32=t Taylor, Thomas, M.D., a botanist of some note,stated to have been an Irishman, was born near the end of the i8th cen- tury. He graduated at Trinity College, Dublin, in 1807, took his medical degree in 1 8 14, and became attached to some of the Dublin hospitals. He exhibited a marked predilection for the study of nature, and in his excursions into the County of Wicklow, with his friends Dr. Whitly Stokes and Mr. Mackay, evinced those talents that afterwards dis- tinguished him. He was the joint author, with Sir William J. Hooker, of the Mus- cologia Britannica (18 18), and contributed the articles " Mosses " and " Ferns " to Mackay's Flora Hibernica. He added a new genus to the order Hepaticse, and a good many uudescribed species in the order of Lichens. He also gave to TAY science a detailed account of the collection of John Templeton of Belfast, said to have been one of the earliest, as well as most distinguished and original of Irish zoolo- gists. After the withdrawal of the gov- ernment grant to the Cork Scientitic Institution, to which he was Lecturer on Botany and Natural History, he retired to an estate at Dunkerron, near Kenraare, where he spent the remainder of his life, discharging the dutiesof a magistrate, occu- pying himself with country pui'suits, and devoting his leisure to botany. He died February 1848. '^ "^O) Taylor, William B. Sarsfield, artist and author, was born in 1781, presumably in Ireland. On his father's side he was descended from an officer of the Enniskil- leners, and on his mother's from General Sarsfield. He wrote chiefly on the fine arts, and contributed critical essays to the Morning Chronicle. For many years he was Curator of the Model Academy in St. Martin's-lane, London. He was also a prominent archaeologist. The most important works from his pen were : History of the Fine Arts in Great Britain and Ireland, 2 vols., 1841 ; History of the University of Dublin, octavo, 1845, originally commenced in quarto numbers, with coloured plates, many years before. He died 23rd December 1850, aged 69. ' '^ Taylor, John Sydney, a writer, younger brother of preceding, was born at Donnybrook, near Dublin, in 1795. At Trinity College he was the intimate friend of the Rev. Charles Wolfe. In 1824 he was called to the English Bar, and subsequently took part in some re- markable trials, but devoted himself chiefly to literature. By his contributions to the Morning Herald, extending over a period of fourteen years, he materially advanced the cause of Parliamentary Re- form and the amelioration of the criminal code. Several beautiful old English churches are said to owe their preservation to his vigorous articles in denunciation of proposed "restorations." He died in Lon- don, loth December 1841, aged 46, and was buried at Kensal Green Cemetery. A volume of selections from his writings was published in 1 843. '* ^^ Taylor, William Cooke, LL.D., a voluminous writer, was born at Youghal, 1 6th April 1800. When little more than sixteen he entered Trinity College, Dublin, where he obtained many piizes, graduating B.A. ia 1825, and LL.D. in 1835. His first work was a classical geography for the use of Youghal school. His connexion with literature in London commenced in 1828, when he contributed to Pinnock's series TEE a Catechism of the Christian Religion. Thenceforward a constant succession of works, chiefly historical and biographical, flowed from his pen. In AUibone's list they number twenty-six, the last being Memoirs of the House of Orleans, 3 vols., 1849. H^ '^^^ * strenuous advocate for the repeal of the Corn Laws and of the introduction of the system of National Education in Ireland. In politics he was a Whig, " without bitterness or asperity." He was employed by Government in the preparation of several important reports, and was enrolled in Lord Clarendon's Irish administration as Statistician, in which capacity his services were of infinite value. He edited the Evening Post, the Government organ in Ireland. He died of cholera in Dublin, 12th September 1849, aged 49, leaving a widow and family, for whose benefit a public subscription was made. The Gentleman's Magazine, in noticing his death, says : " In the fields of miscellaneous literature, he was, for con- stancy of application, fertility of thought, and variety of subject, quite unrivalled. He did not aflFect to climb the heights of science, or penetrate the depths of a pro- found philosophy. Neither his habits nor his inclinations would have led him to any secluded or exclusive application of his powers, even if the exigencies of his posi- tion did not require of him a compliance with the demands of the publisher in the line, whatever it was, to interest ' the reading public' He was literally a writer for his daily bread ; and the calls upon him, multiplied and various as they were, never found him unprepared. . . His style was equable and unpretending ; al- ways clearly expressive of the thought which it conveyed. . . On proper occasions he could be touching and pathetic in a very high degree." '* "'^ Teeling, Bartholomew, a leading United Irishman, was boi-n at Lisburn, of an old Catholic family, in 1774. His father, Luke Teeling, suffered imprison- ment for many years, as a suspect, through 1 798 and the Union, not being liberated until 1802. Bartholomew received a good classical and general education. He entered with ardour into the United Irish move- ment, and was well known and beloved by several of the leaders, especially by Lord Edward FitzGerald. He enlisted in the French army under the name of Veron, and held the rank of captain in Humbert's expedition that lauded at Killala in Au- gust 1798. His bravery in the field was only equalled by his humanity in saving the persons and property of the gentry from the hands of the insurgent peasantry. 519 TEi\r After the battle of Ballinamuck, he was identified and sent to Dublin for trial, de- spite Humbert's efforts to secure for him the same honourable treatment as the French-born officers. He was tried by court martial at the Eoyal Barracks, Dublin, and made an able and manly defence, but was sentenced to death, and executed at Arbour Hill on 24th September (1798). Mr. Madden says : " Neither the inti- mation of his fate, nor the near approach of it, produced on him any diminution of courage. With firm step and unchanged countenance he walked from the Prevot to the place of execution, and conversed with an ucaflfected ease while the dreadful apparatus was preparing." He died in his French uniform. His remains, with those of many other executed persons, were thrown into what was known as *' the Croppy's Hole," at Arbour-hill. [His nephew, Bartholomew Teeling, a barrister, who died in 1844, was the author of a Narrative of the Irish Rebellion of 1 798, which passed through more than one edition. 330 Temple, Sir John, was born in Ire- land in the year 1600, and was edu- cated at Trinity College, Dublin, of which his father was a fellow, and afterwards Provost. He was knighted in 1628, and in 1640 was appointed Master of the Eolls and a Privy-Councillor. Upon the break- ing out of the war in October 1641, he was most active in issuing proclamations and putting Dublin in a proper state of defence. In 1643 te was imprisoned for a few months, with Sir W. Parsons, Sir A. Loftus, and Sir E. Meredyth, for oppos- ing the cessation of arms which the Earl of Ormond was commanded by the King to agree to. Eegarded as a sufferer for the cause of the Commonwealth, he was provided with a seat in the English Parliamer^t, and received its special thanks for the services he had rendered at the commencement of hostilities. Sir John is worthy of notice principally on account of his History of the Irish Rebellion of 1 64 1, together with the Barbarous Cruelties and Bloody Massacres that ensued there- upon, first published in 1646. The work went through many editions, and is the source whence numerous historians, in- cluding Mr. Froude, have drawn their evidence that the Irish Catholics, in 1641 and following years, perpetrated frightful atrocities, and massacred in cold blood from 100,000 to 300,000 Protestant set- tlers. Temple's own words are that : " Since the rebeUion first broke out, unto • . September 15, 1643, which was not full two years after, above 300,000 British 520 TEM and Protestants were cruelly murthured in cold blood, destroyed some other way, or expelled out of their habitations." Shortly after the breaking out of hostili- ties in 1 64 1, two commissions were issued to enquire among the thousands of panic- stricken Protestants who crowded into Dublin, into the perpetration of atrocities by the Irish. The original manuscript depositions of the witnesses examined on oath are preserved in Trinity College. A large proportion of them are not signed by the deponents, and where they are signed it is generally with a mark. Sir John Temple says in his preface : ''And that I might in some measure compass my design herein, and give satisfaction even to the most curious inquisitors after truth, I did with great care and diligence turn over the very originals or authentical copies of the voluminous examinations remaining with the publick Eegister, and taken upon oath, by virtue of two several commissions issued out under the great seal of this kingdom, to examine the losses of the British, the cruelties and horrid murders committed by the Irish in the destruction of them. I have perused the publick despatches, acts, and relations, as likewise the private letters and particular discourses sent by the chief gentlemen out of several parts of the king- dom, to present unto the Lords- Justices and Council the sad condition of their affaii's. And having been made acquainted with all the most secret passages and councils of the state, I have, as far as I could without breach of trust, and as the duty of a Privy Councellour would admit, communicated so much of them as I con- ceived necessary and proper for publick information. And . . I may confi- dently avow that I have been so curious in gathering up my materials, and so careful in putting them together, as very few pas- sages will be found here inserted which have not either fallen within the compass of my own knowledge, or that I have not received from those who were chiefly intrusted in matters of action abroad ; or that came not to my hands attested under the oaths of credible witnesses, or clearly asserted in the voluntary con- fessions of the rebels themselves." We may, therefore, reasonably suppose that the eighty witnesses whose names and de- positions he gives, are selected as those likely to tell most strongly against the Irish. (The edition here referred to is that of 1724, printed in Dublin.) A careful collation of the evidence of these eighty deponents shows that but fourteen of them testify to what they saw themselves. (The evidence of the others is entirely hearsay.) TEI\t (i) William Clerk says that he, with about loo men, women, and children were driven like hogs six miles to Portadown bridge, which was cut down under them : and that his companions were barbarously murdered when in the water. [His depo- sition is signed with a mark, in ink fresher looking and quite different from that with which the body of the document is writ- ten.] (2) Margaret Fermeny's husband was murdered in her sight, and she was stripped of her clothes. (3) James Geare saw a man murdered and his entrails taken out, " yet he bled not at all." (4) Anne Hill's child was killed, and she and her four surviving children were strip- ped. (5) Mary Barlow's husband was killed, and she and her six children were stripped. (6) Elizabeth Green was stripped, and her five children died from exposure. (7) Anne Eead was stripped, and her children died from exposure. (8) Adam Clover " ob- served" 30 persons murdered and about 1 50 wounded. [The words " or there- abouts" are in the original after "30 persons." The deposition is signed with a mark ; and a note thereon shows that he was a soldier, so that there is little wonder he saw 30 persons killed and 150 wounded in the rebellion. The same note mentions that he desires liberty for his wife and five children to pass over to England, so they were not amongst the killed.] (9) Edward Banks and (10) Antony Stratford were imprisoned. (11) William Parkinson saw a boy led out to execution. (12) Philip Taylor drove a pig away from eating the carcase of a child. (13) Katherine Coke was obliged to hide among the rushes in a ditch of water : she saw the spirit of a murdered person, (14) Elizabeth Price saw the spirit of a murdered woman, which cried " Revenge, .-evenge, revenge !" Thirteen of the other vitnesses testify only to hearing threats aid treason. All the " horrid inhuman cnelties," such as boiling children alive, burying alive, and the unearthly atrocities depcted on the frontispiece of some editons of the work, are stated purely on hearay. It is remarkable that, with the ex- ception of one case, these acts of cruelty are not nintioned in the first series of deposi- tions aken in January, February, and Marchi64i-'2, and to be found in a letter from th Lords- Justices, 7th March 164 1-' 2, publishd in the Thorpe Papers, vol. ii. It is also worthy of note that in none of the printed 'epositions, whether hearsay or otherwise is there any hint of criminal assaults c^ women. There is sufiicient evidence t prove that men, women, and children wte murdered, or turned out naked TEN from house and home (as has happened in time of war and revolution at the present day) ; but there is nothing to show a pre- meditated massacre in cold blood of tens of thousands of people. In 1648 Sir John Temple was appointed Commissioner of the Great Seal of Ireland, and in November 1653 a Commissioner of Forfeited Estates. He received large land grants in the Counties of Carlow and Dublin. On the Restora- tion he was re-instated in his office of Mas- ter of the Rolls, and in 1673 ^^^ appointed Vice-Treasurer of Ireland. He died 14th November 1677, and was buried beside his father in Trinity College, near where the campanile now stands. [Two of his sons, born in England, rose to eminence — Sir William, the statesman, the friend and patron of Swift ; and Sir John, Speaker of the Irish House of Commons, from whom the late Lord Palmerston was line- ally descended.] "^ "'* "^^ =S4 3=3 3=3' Tennent, Gilbert, a distinguished Presbyterian preacher in America, was born at Armagh, 5th February 1703. At fifteen years of age he accompanied hia father, a Presbyterian minister, to Ame- rica, and assisted in conducting an academy opened by him near Philadelphia; and, having studied theology and medicine, was in 1726 ordained pastor of a congre- gation at New Brunswick. In 1740 and 1 741 he travelled through New England, at the request of Whitefield, preaching with great success. Drake says : " He was one of the most conspicuous ministers of his day, ardent in his zeal, forcible in his reasoning, and bold and passionate in his addresses to the conscience and the heart." He affected eccentricity in hia preaching, allowed his hair to grow long, and when in the pulpit wore an overcoat bound with a leathern girdle. In i743> about the time of his father's decease, he founded a Presbyterian church in Phila- delphia, and subsequently resumed the practice of itinerant preaching. In 1753 he visited England to solicit benefactions for the spread of religion in America. He was [the author, amongst other works, of The Lawfulness of Defensive War (1747), and Sermons on Important Subjects (1758). He died 23rd July 1764, aged 61. 37» Tennent, William, brother of pre- ceding, also a clergyman, was born in the County of Antrim, 3rd January 1705. He studied theology under his brother ; and when near the completion of his course experienced a remarkable trance, during which he narrowly escaped being buried as one dead. He was ordained in 1733, and was pastor of a church for forty-four years. He died at Freehold, New Jer -^" TEK 8th March 1777, aged 72. A Memoir, giving a fuJl account of his trance, was published in the United States in 1847. 37* Tennent, Sir James Emerson, Bart., son of William Emerson, was born in Belfast, 7th April 1794,^ and was edu- cated at Trinity College, Dublin, where he took the degree of LL.D. He afterwards travelled on the Continent and took part in the war for the liberation of Greece, where he made the acquaintance of Lord Byron. In 1831 he was called to the English Bar, and in June of the same year married the heiress of a wealthy Bel- fast banker, whose name and arms he as- sumed. He entered Parliament as member for Belfast in 1832, and with some inter- missions retained a seat until 1845, when he accepted the position of Colonial Secre- tary of Ceylon. He was knighted on his acceptance of this office, which he occupied until 1850. After his return he held several posts under Government, such as Secretary to the Poor-law Board and Secretary to the Board of Trade. In 1852 he re-entered Parliament as member for Lisburn. In 1867 he was created a baronet. The Annual Register says : " In politics Sir James was a Conservative of the English rather than the Irish type. In early life, indeed, he had been a Liberal of a somewhat advanced character, and he first entered Parliament as a reformer. He was, however, one of those who went over to the Tories about the same time with Lord Stanley, and during several sessions his votes were given on the Tory side; but in his advanced years he adhered to the policy of Sir Robert Peel, and it was from Lord Palmerston's government that he accepted his baronetcy." It is as an author that Sir James is best remem- bered. The History of Modern Greece (1833), according to one critic, "presents a mass o^ valuable information ; " while, according to another, " it is thoroughly weak both in conception and execution, unpleasing in style, feeble in narrative, and full of portentous blunders." Incom- parably the most important of his works is his Account of Ceylon, a finely illusirated book, published in 1859. It has gone through several editions, and was declared by the Edinburgh Review to be " the most copious, interesting, and complete monograph which exists in our language on any of the possessions of the British crown." His Story of the Guns, published in 1864, one of the lighter productions of his pen, advocated the merits of the Whitworth gun, in opposition to that in- vented by Sir William Armstrong. These are, however, only a few of his numerous THO publications. He died in London, Sih? March 1869, aged 74. ? xs 4o 116(39) Thompson, William, an artist, born in Dublin in 1726, was the author of a work entitled The Principles of the Beautiful. He practised portrait paint- ing in London, and his name appears in the catalogues of the several picture exhibitions from 1761 to 1776. Bryan says : " Though he was not considered a painter of the first eminence, his pictures possessed the merit of a faithful resem- blance and a natural tone of colouring." He died in London in 1800. ^' Thompson, William, Brigadier-Gen- eral in the American Revolutionary War, was born in Ireland. He was captain of horse in America during the French War (i759-'6o). In June 1775 ^^ "^^^ made colonel of one of the regiments of riflemen which marched to the camp at Cambridge, Massachusetts ; and on loth November his command had askirmish with the British at Lechmere Point. He was made Brigadier- General thefollowiug March, and succeeded Lee in the command of New York. In April he was ordered to Canada to reinforce General Sullivan, by whose orders he at- tacked the enemy at Three Rivers, where he was taken prisoner. He was allowed to re- turn to Philadelphia on parole, but was not exchanged for nearly two years. He died at his residence near Carlisle, Pennsyl- vania, 4th September 1781. 37* Thompson, William, a naturalist, was born in Belfast, 2nd December 1805. [His father was a linen merchant, and at an early age he was himself apprenticed to the business.] His attention appears to have been turned to natural history by a copy of Bewick's Birds, after reading which most of his spare time was devoted to that study. For a while he carried on business on his own account ; but want of success induced him to give it up, and thencefci"- ward science was not only the pleas\re but the occupation of his life. In 1^26 he joined the Natural History Societ)^ of Belfast; in 1833 he was chosen ore of the Vice-Presidents, and in 1843, on tie re- tirement of Dr. Drummond, was eected President. His systematic obsertitions appear to have dated from 1833 from which time he continued steadily reordiug the occurrence of species previoisly uu- knownas Irish, and gradually accuJuiating the materials for an account of tie fauna of Ireland. As his labours becare known, correspondents in every part ofthe coun- try sprang up, and informat.:)n of the most varied character pourti in upon him. He occasionally contriUted papers to English societies, and aninnual visit THO to London became one of the delights of his life. In 1 840 he laid before the British Association a report on the vertebrata of Ireland. In 1841 he joined his friend Edward Forbes in a naturalist cruise in H.M.S. Beacon in the ^^gean Sea. The first three volumes of his Natural Histori/ of Ireland, comprising the Birds, were published between 1849 ^^^ 1851. The work was most favourably received, and has since been regarded as a standard au- thority on the subject. He died suddenly in London, 17th February 1852, aged 46, and was interred at Belfast. " Mr. Thomp- son differed from the generality of natural- ists in the wide range of his research. He gave attention not only to the long series of vertebrate and invertebrate animals (excepting insecta and infusoria) but also to the vegetable kingdom in all its various forms." He made several contributions to the Phycologia Britannicn of Dr. W. H. Harvey. By a provision in his will, his unpublished papers were left in the hands of his friends Robert Patterson and James R. Garrett, the former of whom edited the fourth volume of his Natural History of Ireland, published in 1856. The book is prefaced by a memoir, from which this notice is taken : it con- cludes with a catalogue of Mr. Thompson's publications, numbering seventy-three, and a list of ten species to which his name has been given. 323J Thomson, Charles, LL.D., Secretary of the United States Congress during the Revolutionary War, was born at Maghera, in the County of Londonderry, 29th No- vember 1 729. In 1 74 1 he and three sisters landed penniless at Newcastle, Delaware. He was educated by Dr. Allison, and became teacher in a school belonging to the Society of Friends. He early enjoyed the friendship of Benjamin Franklin. In 1758 he was sent to treat with the Indians at Oswego. The Delaware tribe adopted him, and conferred on him an Indian name signifying " One who speaks truth." He consistently espoused the cause of the Revolution, and his services as Secretary of the Continental Congress from 1774 to the organization of the government under the Federal Constitution in 1789, were highly esteemed. He made copious notes of the proceedings of Congress and the progress of the Revolution ; and after re- tiring from public life prepared a history of his own times. But his goodness of heart would not permit him to publish it, and a short time before his death he destroyed the manuscript, giving as a reason that he was unwilling to blast the reputation of families rising into repute, by placing on THO record the want of patriotism of their progenitors during the war. He was a good classical scholar, and was the author of a Harmony of the Gospels, a translation of the Old and New Testaments, and an Inquiry into the caiose of the Alienation of the Delaware and Shawnee Indians. He died in Montgomery County, Pennsylva- nia, 1 6th August 1824, aged 94. 37* 40* Thorkil, or Turgesius, a Scandina- vian chieftain who held sway in Ireland from about 832 to 845. It has been suggested by some writers that he was identical with Ragnar Lodbrok. He ar- rived with three fleets. Dr. Todd says : " He seems to have had in view a higher object than the mere plunder which in- fluenced former depredators of his nation. He aimed at the establishment of a regular government or monarchy over his country- men in Ireland, the foundation of a per- manent colony, and the subjugation or extermination of the native chieftains. For this purpose the forces under his command, or in connexion with him, were skilfully posted on Lough Ree, at Lim- erick, Dundalk Bay, Carlingford, Lough Neagh, and Dublin. He appears also to have attempted the establishment of the national heathenism of his own country, in the place of the Christianity which he found in Ireland. , . With this view he placed his wife, Ota, at Clonmacnoise, at that time second only to Armagh in ecclesiastical importance, who gave her audiences, or according to another reading, her oracular answers, from the high altar of the principal church of the monastery." He was reinforced from time to time by the arrival of contingents of his country- men, but in 845 was arrested in his victorious course by Malachy I., then King of Meath, who had him drowned in Lough Owel. The romantic story of his death, told by Cambrensis, evidently an imitation of the story of Hengist's treach- erous banquet to Vortigern, although repeated by Keating, is not found in any ancient Irish authority. "^ Thornton, Matthew, Colonel, one of the signers of the American Declaration of Independence, was born in Ireland in 1 714. He went to America at an early age, studied medicine, and settled as a physician at Londonderry, New Hamp- shire. In 1745 he served as a surgeon in an expedition against Louisburg, and was appointed a colonel of militia. In 1 775 he presided over the convention which as- sumed the government in the name of the people of the colony. He was a delegate to Congress in 1776, in which capacity he signed the Declaration of Independence. 523 He held the position of Judge of the Supreme Court of New Hampshire until 1782, "was subsequently a member of the House and of the Senate, and in 1785 of the Council. He died at Newburyport, Massachusetts, 24th June 1803, aged about 89. 37. Threlkeld, Caleb, M.D., author of Synopsis Stirpium Hibernicarum . . The first Essay of the kind in the Kingdom of Ireland (Dublin, 1727), was born in Cum- berland, 31st May 1676. After studying at Glasgow, where he acquired a taste for botany, he settled near his birth-place as a dissenting clergyman. In 171 2 he took the degree of Doctor of Medicine at Edinburgh, and next year, "having a straight income, and a large family, he removed to Dublin, and settled there in the united character of divine and phy- sician." He ultimately devoted himself entirely to medicine, and became a success- ful and respected practitioner. He died in Mark's-alley, Dublin, 28th April 1728, aged 51, and was buried in "the new burial ground, belonging to St. Patrick's." His botanical work, above mentioned, which claimed to be the first essay of the kind attempted in Ireland, was published in Dublin the year before his death. Dr. Pulteney, in his Sketches of Botany, from which this notice is taken, says : "Threl- keld's Flora . . does not contain more than 535 species. The author appears to have been better acquainted with the history of plants than with plants them- selves, and seems not to have studied botany in a systematic way." ''*♦ Thurot, Francois, a French privateer captain, who made a descent upon Carrick- fergus in 1760, was born in France, 21st June 1727. His maternal grandfather. Captain O'Farrell, an Irishman, served in the Irish Brigade. Thurot was singularly successful in his operations against British commercvi, in one year capturing no fewer than sixty vessels. In 1759 i*- ^^^ decided by the French government, taking ad- vantage of the known charm of his name in Ireland, to make a diversion against England by sending an expedition thither imder his command. He accordingly left Dunkirk in October, with a squadron of six vessels, and 2,000 troops under Brigadier de Flobert, Steering north, to elude the British fleet, he put in at Gottenberg and Bergen. Scarcity of provisions compelled him to cruise among the Hebrides for some weeks. On the 24th January 1760, he sighted Tory Island, but a violent storm prevented his effecting a landing on the coast of Donegal. His fleet was then reduced to three shattered vessels, and 524 THU Flobert unsuccessfully urged him to aban- don the expedition. At Islay a number of soldiers were landed to procure provisions, and so great was their hunger that they were glad to dig up potatoes with their bayonets and eat them raw. There Thurot received the discouraging news of the defeat by Hawke of the larger French expedition under Conflans. He however entered Belfast Lough, anchored off Car- rickfergus on 21st February, and landed a body of 1,000 soldiers and sailors. The small garrison was soon overpowered, and the castle taken, the victors agreeing not to injure the town if furnished with pro- visions. These not being supplied, the French troops commenced pillaging, which Thurot and his officers unsuccessfully endeavoured to restrain. Lord Charle- mont hurried down to the north, where his estates lay, and enrolled his tenantry in a yeomanry corps ; and the principal Catholics of Ireland were induced to come forward with an address of loyalty and adhesion to the Government. The re- ception of this address by the Lord- Lieutenant may be said to have been the first public recognition since the Treaty of Limerick of the Catholics of Ireland as a body. The country people did not flock to Thurot's standard, as he had expected. Without their assistance he could effect nothing ; and accordingly, having victualled his vessels, he re-em- barked his troops, and sailed early on the 26th of February. Thurot's three vessels (the Belleisle, 44 guns ; Blonde, 32 ; and Terpsicore, 26) were, however, intercepted in the Irish channel by a British fleet, consisting of the JEolws, 32 ; Pallas, 36 ; and Brilliant, 36, under Captain John Elliott, which had been driven into Kinsale by stress of weather, and there received news of Thurot's expedition. The vessels came to an action off the coast of the Isle of Man on the 28th. For an hour and a half Thurot, in the Belleisle, defended him- self against Elliott's whole fleet ; but his consorts held aloof, his dispirited and worn- out crew fought badly, and he was himself killed in the last broadside, and his body committed to the deep before his vessel struck. We are told that many even in England lamented the death of Thurot, who, even when he commanded a pri- vateer, fought less for plunder than for honour. His successful and almost un- opposed landing was remembered with great satisfaction by the oppressed Irish Catholics, and commemorated in lines commencing : " Blest be the day that O'Fan-ell came here." His body was washed ashore in Luce Bay, on the coast TIC of Wigtonshire, and being recognized by some personal tokens, was respectfully buj'ied in the churchyard of the ruined chapel of Kirkmaiden. [In June 1864, an ivory-handled poniard, found in Thu- rot's belt, was exhibited to the Society of Antiquaries in Edinburgh.] 34 186 233 Tichbome, Sir Henry (son of Sir Benjamin Tichborne, ancestor of the Eng- lish baronets of that name), was born in 1 5 8 1 . He was for some time governor of the Caatle of Lifford, and was knighted by James I. in 1623. On the rising of the Catholics in October 1641, he was com- missioned by the Lords-Justices to raise a regiment of 1,000 men, and he occupied Drogheda on the 4th of November. His heroic four months' defence of the town against overwhelming forces of the Irish insurgents under Sir Felim O'Neill, until the siege was raised early in March, is fully narrated in a letter to his wife, written in 165 1, which is generally to be found bound with Sir John Temple's History of the Irish Rebellion. After the northward retreat of the Irish, he followed them to Ardee, took l^undalk, and for a time occupied Carlingford. In 1642 he was made one of the Lords-Justices. On the Restoration, Charles II. constituted him Field-Marshal of his forces in Ireland. Clarendon writes of him as a man of " excellent fame." He died in 1667, aged 85, and was buried at Drogheda. [His grandson was knighted by William III. in 1694, and was in 1715 created Baron Fer- rard of Beauiieu, in Louth.] == S4 & 3=3 Tigh.e, Mary, the author of Psyche and of other poems, daughter of William Blachford, was born in Ireland on 9th Oc- tober 1772. Highly connected, beautiful, and gifted, she was at an early age the centre of attraction in the Viceregal court of Dublin, and in 1793 married her cousin Henry Tighe, of Eosanna, in the County of Wicklow. The union was not happy. The publication of Psyche in 1795 estab- lished her reputation as a poet. This work has been characterized as " pure, polished, sublime — the outpouring of a trammelled soul yearning to be freed from its uncon- genial surroundings." In a contemporary portrait " she is depicted with rich flow- ing, dark-brown hair, a few tendrils of which stray upon her smooth, intellectual forehead. The eyes are of a deep blue, large and pellucid ; the lower part of the face is exquisitely formed, . . the general expression of the countenance is sweet, innocent, and lofty, but tinged with a look of inexpressible sadness." She was attacked with consumption, and, after wandering in search of health for some TOD years, died at the residence of her brother- in-law, at Woodstock, in the County of Kilkenny, 24th March 18 10, aged 37, and was buried in the churchyard of Inistioge, where a monument by Flaxman marks her grave. '«*^ Tighernacli, Abbot of Clonmacnoise, historian and annalist, lived in the nth century. O' Curry says his " name stands among the first of Irish annalists. . . If we take into account the early period at which he wrote, the variety and extent of his knowledge, the accuracy of his details, and the scholarly criticism and excellent judgment he displays, we must agree . . that not one of the countries of north- ern Europe can exhibit a historian of equal antiquity, learning, and judgment." O'Donovan says : " His quotations from Latin and Greek authors are numerous ; and his balancing their authorities against each other manifests a degree of criticism uncommon in the iron age in which he flourished. He quotes Eusebius, Orosius, Julius Africanus, Bede, Josephus, St. Jerome, and others." Eight copies or fragments of his annals are known to exist ; but no one of them is perfect. Two are in the Bodleian Library at Ox- ford ; two in the Royal Irish Academy ; one in Trinity College ; two in the British Museum ; and one in the library of the Earl of Ashburnham. Professor O'Curry gives a minute account of these manuscripts. Tighernach died in 1088, and was buried at Clonmacnoise. '34 260 Todd, James Henthom, D.D., a distinguished author and antiquary, was born in Dublin, 23rd April 1805. [His father. Dr. Robert Todd, of Kildare- street, Dublin, was cut ofi" early in life.] He graduated Bachelor of Arts in Trinity College, Dublin, in 1825, obtained a fellowship in 183 1, was elected Regius Professor of Hebrew in the University in 1849, and Librarian in 1852. He was elected Treasurer of St. Patrick's Cathe- dral in 1837. He became a member of the Royal Irish Academy in 1833, was elected on the Council in 1837, was Secre- tary from 1847 to 1855, and for five years from 1856 filled the ofiice of President. The life of this eminent scholar was un- eventful. He contributed largely to the literature of his country, and took part in various movements for its advancement in arts and literature : he was, in fact, as Archdeacon Cotton designated him in 1850, "the sine quo non of every literary enterprise in Dublin." He devoted himself with zeal to the study of Irish history and archjeology, and was one of the foremost workers in that great movement for the 525 TOD restoration and reform of Celtic studies, which marked the second generation of the present century in Ireland. Dr. Todd exerted himself particularly in procuring transcripts or accurate accounts of Irish manuscripts existing in foreign libraries — "endeavouring," in the words of Professor O'Curry, " to recover for his native country " as large a portion as possible " of her long lost and widely dispersed ancient literary remains." He edited for the Archaeological Society the Irish version of the Historia Britonum of Nennius, with a translation and notes, and the Liber Hymnorum. He was the author of elaborate introductions to the works of other contributors to the publications of the same society. A list of Dr. Todd's published sermons and minor works will be found in Cotton's Fasti, ii., 126. He edited the Wars of the Qaedhiil and the Gaill for the Master of the Rolls' series. One of his most important and exhaustive volumes was a Life of St. Patrick (1864), and another valuable one was his Catalogue of Graduates who have proceeded to Degrees in the Uni- versity of Dublin ( 1 866). He was a frequent contributor to Notes and Queries. Dr. Todd collected a valuable library of books and manuscripts. He died at Rathfarnliam, 28th June 1869, aged 64, and was buried in St. Patrick's Cathedral churchyard, where .a Celtic cross marks his resting- place. " At the sale of the library of the late Rev. Dr. Todd," says Notes and Queries, " the books fetched prices far higher than were ever known in Dublin. His Irish manuscripts realized £780, and his interleaved copy of Ware, richly anno- tated by Dr. Todd, produced no less than £450 ; it was bought for the University Library [Cambridge]. O'Conor's Scriptores Hibernim fetched J36 ; Fleming's Collecta- nea Sacra, £70 ; the Ritual of St. Patrick's Cathedral dated 1352, sold for .£73 los. ; the Boo/c of Lismore, £43 los. ; and the Book of Clonmacnoise, £31 los. Many of the manuscripts were copied for Dr. Todd [by O'Curry] from unique manuscripts in the public libraries of England, Ireland, and Belgium." Some of the particulars in this notice have been taken from the Pro- ceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, vol. i., 1 870' 74. A movement has been set on foot to found a Celtic scholarship in con- nexion with the Academy, to perpetuate Dr. Todd's memory. '* ■^ "^ =^3 Todd, Robert Bentley, M.D., F.R.S., younger brother of preceding, was born in Dublin in 1809. He was educated at Trinity College, went to London in 1831, rose rapidly into practice and prominence, and was appointed Professor of Physiology 526 TOL in King's College in 1837. He took a leading part in founding King's College Hospital, to which he was physician from its opening in 1839 until within a few weeks of his death. He originated the plan of St. John's Training Institution for Nurses in 1847. The Annual Register says : " From the first he had shown the strongest taste for anatomical and phy- siological pursuits, which he followed with uncommon ardour, and became a lecturer on these subjects in the school;^. They were the foundation of his subsequent success, giving to his thoughts and views that sound practical tone so much in har- mony with the force of his own character, and which impressed itself so strongly on the medical doctrines of the day." In conjunction with Dr. Grant, he projected the Cyclopoedia of Anatomy and Physiology, published between 1836 and 1859. With Dr. Bowman, he brought out an important work on Physiological Anatomy. He also published Clinical Lectures on Para- lysis (London, 1854), Clinical Lectures on the Urinai'y Organs (London, 1856), and numerous other works. Dr. Todd died at his residence in London, 30th January i860, aged about 51, and was buried at Kensal Green Cemetery. ^ is Tolaud, John, a theologian, was born at Eskaheen, in the County of Donegal, 30th November 1670. His real name was O'Tuathalain. Harris says that he was baptized Janus Junius. In the preface to his Pantheisticon he signs himself Janus Junius Eoganesius. Before he was sixteen he left the Roman Catholic Church, in the tenets of which he had been educated, and afterwards passed some time successively at the Universities of Glasgow, Edinburgh, Leyden, and Oxford. By constant read- ing in the Bodleian Library, he collected the materials for much of his subsequent writings. Early in life he showed that predilection for paradoxes and curious speculations which formed afterwards a marked feature of his literary productions. He became the correspondent of Leibnitz, Le Clerc, and Bayle, and had established a literary reputation almost before he at- tained man's estate. His first great work, published in 1696, Christianity not Mys- terious, was received with great disfavour by the orthodox world. Toknd denied that it was designed in any way as an attack on Christianity, but " only on those sub- tractions, additions, and other alterations, which have corrupted that pure in- stitution." To avoid the storm it caused, he returned to Ireland ; but the book pre- ceded him, he was generally avoided, and a jury, some of the members of which TOL confessed they could not comprehend a page of it, condemned the volume to be burned by the common hangman. The sentence was carried into effect in Dublin, in September 1697. He returned to Eng- land, and for a time turned his attention to political matters ; and as his first work on theology had stamped his religion with something worse than heresy, so his edi- tion of Sliltou's prose writings branded him as a Commonwealth man. It has been said that with Toland opposition produced controversy, which he loved, and controversy produced books, by which he lived. Yet for a time he renounced his heterodox opinions, and informed the Archbishop of Canterbury that he was willing to reform his religion to the pre- late's liking. This apparent change of views cannot be reconciled with the tenor of his after writings. In his Pantheisticon, he describes a society of pantheists, worshipping the universe as God — their prayers, passages from Cicero and Seneca ; instead of psalms, chanting long poems. Several liturgies are burlesqued inthe book. Notwithstanding his poverty, he occasion- ally visited the Continent, where he became a favourite with the Electoral Prin- cess Sophia and the Queen of Prussia, to whom he addressed his Letters to Serena, published in 1704. He then completely threw off the mask of orthodoxy. To the discomforts of poverty in his latter days were added the agonies of acute rheumatism. Lord Molesworth contri- buted somewhat to cheer his dying hours, passed in a poor lodging over a car- penter's shop in Putney. He sustained a philosophical patience to the last, replying to the enquiries of a friend : " I desire but death." He passed away i ith March 1722, aged 51. His property consisted almost solely of 155 volumes piled on four chairs. Disraeli calculates that he did not receive in the aggregate more than .£200 for the fifty works he contributed to the literature of his country ; this, however, does not accord with the statement that he lived by his literary labours. Toland may be said to have died with the pen in his hand. He avenged himself on an unskilful phy- sician, by leaving behind an Essay on Physic without Physicians ; as a dying politician, he had reached as far as the preface of a pamphlet on The Danger of Mercenary Pamphlets; and as a philoso- pher he composed his own epitaph in Latin, which is thus translated : " A lover of literature, and knowing more than ten languages ; a champion of truth, an assertor of liberty, but the follower or dependent of no man ; neither menaces nor fortune TOL could bend him ; the way he had chosen he pursued, preferring honesty to his interest. His spirit is joined with its ethereal father, from whom it originally proceeded ; his body, likewise, yielding to nature, is again laid in the lap of its mother : but he is about to rise again in eternity, yet never to be the same Toland more." The notice of his life in the Bio- graphic Genirale thus concludes : " Toland and his writings have been presented too often in a false light. . . His faults are chiefly to be attributed to an excessive vanity — he affected to be singular in all things ; and he had neither critical taste, elevation of ideas, nor style. Never- theless, a true passion for liberty, and generous ideas possessed him ; nor can we reproach him with evil actions. Rational- istic as Locke at first, he gradually arrived at the deism, or rather the pantheism, he had at first combated." Toland had a per- fect vernacular knowledge of Irish. 34 66 Toler, John, Earl of Norbury, an Irish judge, noted for the severity of his disposition on the bench, descended from one of the Cromwellian planters, was born in July 1740. He studied at Trinity Col- lege, Dublin, took his degree in 1761, was called to the Irish Bar in 1770, and en- tered Parliament as member for Tralee in 1776. It was his favourite boast that he commenced his legal career with £'50 in cash and a brace of hair-trigger pistols. In 1 78 1 he obtained a silk gown, in 1789 became Solicitor-General, and in 1798 Attorney-General. For a vote in favour of the Union he was made Chief-Justice of the Common Pleas, and raised to the peerage as Baron Norbury. The following remarks upon his character will be found in Curran and his Contemporaries: " Despite of many drawbacks, Norbury was . . a very extraordinary man. If he was deficient in learning, he abounded in common sense ; if divested of genius, he was given, as its substitute, a thorough knowledge of the world, and consequently a thorough con- tempt for it. His very appearance set dignity at defiance, and put gravity to flight. The chivalry of Quixote was en- cased in the paunch of Sancho Panza. Short and pursy, with a jovial visage, and little, grey, twinkling, laughing eyes, he had a singular habit of inflating his cheeks at the end of every sentence, and, with a spice of satire, was called ' Puffendorf,' in consequence. His court might be distin- guished by the bursts of merriment that issued through its portals. . . There he sat in all his glory, good humour personi- fied, putfing, and punning, and panting, till his ruddy countenance glowed like a 527 TON TON full moon. . . Norbury was all things to all men, and equally sincere to all — that is, meaning nothing to any. . . "With good humour ever in his looks, and mer- riment, also, ever on his lips, he was by nature fierce, obdurate, and callous. Ut- terly reckless of life himself, he seemed scarcely to comprehend how others could value it. . . Either not feeling or de- fying pain, he was a stranger to sym- pathy." 7* Lord Norbury was a fitting instrument to carry out the severe policy of the Irish government at the period of the Union, and the assizes at which he was present were invariably followed by whole- sale executions. He presided at the trial of Eobert Emmet, and more than once in- terrupted him in the course of his speech before sentence. After he became unfitted by age for the due performance of the duties of his office, several ineffectual eflForts were made to induce him to resign. At length, however, in consequence of his having fallen asleep during a trial for murder, a petition to Parliament, through Mr. O'Connell, enforced his resignation in 1827. The blow was softened by his ad- vance in the peerage as Viscount Glandine and Earl of Norbury. He died 27th July i83i,^aged9i. 2354961=51177 Tone, Theobald "Wolfe, was born in Dublin, 20th June 1763. [His gi-andfather owned property at Bodenstown, County of Kildare ; his father carried on busi- ness as a coachbuilder, in Stafibrd-street, Dublin.] Theobald, with his brothers Wil- liam and Matthew, attended a school kept by Rev. William Craig, whei'e he managed to pull through his lessons in three days out of the six, and devoted the rest of the week to country rambles and attending the parades, field days, and reviews of the Dublin garrison. In February 1781, much against hia will, he entered Trinity Col- lege. He says : " I continued my studies at college as I had done at school ; that is, I idled until the last moment of delay. I then laboured hard for about a fort- night before the public examinations, and I always secured good judgments, besides obtaining three premiums in the three last years of my course." In 1 784 he obtained a scholarship, and in the following year he eloped with Matilda Witherington, a girl of sixteen, who lived with her grandfather, an elderly clergyman, in Grafton-street. He describes her at this time as " beautiful as an angel," and says that after their marriage she grew more and more upon his heart. To the last hour of his life he continued to pay her the most devoted homage. Writing in after years he remax-ked : " Women in general, I 528 am sorry to say, are mercenary, and espe- cially if they have children, they are ready to make all sacrifices to their establish- ment. But my dearest love had bolder and juster views. On every occasion of my life I consulted her ; we had no secrets, one from the other, and I invary- ingly found her to think and act with energy and courage, combined with the greatest prudence and discretion. If ever I succeed in life, or attain at anything like station or eminence, I shall consider it as due to her counsels and example." In February 1786 he took his degree of B.A., resigned his scholarship, and left the Uni- versity. He had been Auditor of the His- torical Society, and was one of its most distinguished ornaments. His father be- came bankrupt, and retired to Bodenstown ; and with him the young couple sojourned for a time. In 1787 Theobold entered the Middle Temple, London, took cham- bers in Hare-court, and supported himself mainly by contributions to the European and other magazines. In partnership with his friends Jebb and Radclifi", he wrote Belmont Castle, a burlesque novel. After about a year he was joined by his brother William, who had been serving the East India Company. The brothers were often without a guinea, yet the recollection of happy days spent with him and other friends in London afterwards filled Theo- bald's mind with a " tenderly melancholy." He had read nearly every book relating to the buccaneers, the South Seas, and South America, and conceived the plan of a mili- tary settlement on one of the islands lately discovered by Cook — " in order to put a bridle on Spain in time of peace, and to annoy her grievously in that quarter in time of war." He forwarded a memorial on the subject to Mr. Pitt, but it met with no response. At length the brothers Tone be- came so reduced, that they applied at the India House to be sent out as volunteers ; but were refused. — " I believe we were the single instance since the beginning of the world, of two men, absolutely bent ou ruining themselves, who could not find the means." After two years' residence in London, Theobald returned home with but a small knowledge of law. His wife's grandfather made them a present of ^£500. Tone was called to the Bar in February 1789, purchased £100 worth of law books, and took lodgings in Clarendon-street. But he hated and despised the profession, and it was impossible he could make any wayin it. He was somewhat attracted to the Whig Club, and wrote a pamphlet in its favour, and in the gallery of the Irish House of Commons he became acquainted with TON Thomas Russell, an ensign in the army. Their sentiments coincided, and they soon became most intimate. "Writing a few years afterwards, he says : "I frame no system of happiness for my future life in ■which the enjoyment of his society does not constitute a most distinguishing fea- ture, and if I am ever inclined to murmur at the difficulties wherewith I have so long struggled, I think on the inestimable treasure I possess in the aflfections of my wife and the friendship of Russell, and I acknowledge that all my labours and sufferings are overpaid." He de- scribes delightful days spent at a simple cottage he had taken for his wife at Irishtown, in company with Russell, his father and brother, and his own brother William. Mrs. Tone was the centre and soul of the party. They talked politics and loitered by the sea, and each bore a part in the housekeeping. He depicts Russell, in his laced uniform, helping to cook a dinner. The South Sea project again came up, was again brought before (k)vernment, and was this time civilly considered, but came to nothing. Soon Irish affairs took the foremost place in his thoughts, and he formed those decided opinions that influenced all his future life : " I made speedily what was to me a great discovery, though I might have found it in Swift and Molyneux, that the influence of England was the radical vice of our Government, and consequently that Ireland would never be either free, pros- perous, or happy, until she was indepen- dent, and that independence was unattain- able whilst the connexion with England existed. . . This theory . . has ever since unvaryingly directed my political conduct." In the winter of 1 790 he and his friends John Stack, William Drennan, Joseph Pollock, Peter Burrowes, William Johnson, Whitley Stokes, and Thomas Russell, formed themselves into a club for the discussion of political and literary sub- jects. Russell removed to Belfast, and stirred up their friends there into sympathy with the efforts the Catholics were making to secure a measure of political equality. In September 1791 Tone published An Argu- ment on behalf of the Catholics of Ireland. This work brought him into intimate relation with the principal Catholic leaders, who induced him to accept the office for which Richard Burke had proved himself unsuitable — that of paid Secretary of the Catholic Committee. The Society of United Irishmen, for securing Catholic Emancipation and Reform, was inaugu- rated about the same period. The progress of the French Revolution vivified the whole TON political atmosphere. Tone's papers abound with sketches of the principal men with whom he was brought into contact, and give a particular account of the proceedings of the Catholic Committee, the Catholic Con- vocation of 1792, and the deputations and discussions in Parliament that led to the large measure of relief embodied in 33 George III. c. 21 — followed as it was by cap. 29, the Convention Act, which ren- dered effective political action difficult, and tended to make the United Irishmen a secret society. [See Keogh, John, p. 273.] When war was declared against France, efforts were made by Government to sup- press the French principles that so largely prevailed in Ireland. The Volunteers were discouraged, and ultimately broken up. The Catholics saw no hope of securing full political rights, and Tone and many of his friends engaged eagerly in the secret designs of the revolutionists. In April 1794, the Rev. William Jackson, who had come over on a mission from France to ascertain to what extent the Irish people were ready to support a French invasion, was betrayed by his associate Cockayne, and arrested on a charge of high treason. Tone had had many conferences with Jack- son, and had warned him against Cockayne, who, he declared, must, as an Englishman, be a traitor either to his country or to his friends . After Jackson's arrest. Tone's position was known to be precarious. Some of his friends entered into negotia- tions with Government, it is said without his knowledge, and it was finally arranged that if he left the country no proceedings should be taken against him. If the state- ment in his memoirs is correct, he did not in any way bind himself as to his future course. Before leaving Ireland he communicated to his friends Russell and Thomas Addis Emmet his determination, upon his arrival in Philadelphia, to seek an interview with the French Minister there, with a view to interest him in the affairs of Ireland, and point out the deadly blow that through her could be struck at Eng- lish prestige. Tone was presented by the Catholic Committee with a sum of £300 in recognition of his services. He paid his debts, settled with everybody, and, on 20th May 1795, with his wife, sister, and three children, left Dublin to take shipping at Belfast. Apart from clothes and books, his whole property consisted of about ^700. His friends detained him nearly a month in Belfast ; and there, on Cave Hill, on the summit of McArt's fort, Russell, Neilson, McCracken, and Tone took a solemn obligation never to desist in their efforts until they had secured the in- 529 TOlf dependence of Ireland. Within a few yeare two of them by their death on the scaflfold, one by his own hands in prison, and one in exile, had proved the sincerity with which they had made the engagement. On 13th June Tone and his family sailed in the Ciyicinnatus for Wilmington— 300 passengers in a ship of 230 tons. They had a tolerably fine voyage of seven weeks ; but were boarded by officers from British cruisers, who pressed fifty of the passengers and all but one of their crew. Nothing but the tears and entreaties of his wife and sister prevented Tone being carried off with the others. "It would have been a pretty termination to my adventures. . . The insolence of these tyrants, as well to myself as to my poor fellow pas- sengers, in whose fate a fellowship in misfortune had interested me, I have not since forgotten, and I never will." They landed at Wilmington ist August ; and at Philadelphia, where they arrived a few days later, he met his friends Hamilton Eowan and Dr. Eeynolds. Furnished ■with a letter of introduction from Rowan, two resolutions of thanks from the Ca- tholic Committee, and the certificate of his enrolment as an Irish Volunteer, he waited on Adet, the French Minister, and explained to him his plans for a French invasion of Ireland. Adet spoke English imperfectly ; Tone, French a great deal worse : but they managed to understand one another, and at the Ministei-'s request Tone prepared a memorial. Then, feeling he had done his duty, he bought a farm near Princeton, fitted up a study, and began to think of settling down as an American farmer. In the autumn he re- ceived letters from Keogh, Russell, and Simms, informing him of the advance of revolutionary opinions in Ireland, and im- ploring him, if possible, to force his way to the F' nch government, and supplicate its active assistance. He consulted with Rowan, and again saw Adet, who now entered warmly into his plans, and fur- nished him with a letter to the Committee of Public Safety in France. The conduct of Mrs. Tone was singularly self-forgetful. She concealed from her husband the fact of a probable early increase in their family, and implored him to let no con- sideration stand in the way of his duty to his country. He drew upon Simms for ^250, £100 of which he left with his wife ; he sent his brother Arthur to Ireland, to inform the leaders that he was starting for France, and to tell his parents that he was settling on a farm : he spent a day in Philadelphia with Rowan, Reynolds, and Napper Tandy ; and, at four o'clock on a 530 TON December morning, embraced his wife, children, and sister, and set off for New York. — " The courage and firmness of the women supported me ; . . we had neither tears nor lamentations ; but, on the con- trary, the most ardent hope and the most steady resolution." On ist January 1796 he sailed from New York, and landed at Havre on i st February. It was now that Wolfe Tone commenced his remarkable Journal, scarcely to be equalled in interest by any similar record in the English language, except perhaps Swift's Journal to Stella, on which it is probably modelled. It commences the day after his arrival in France, and continues uninterruptedly till ist January 1797, the morning of his return from the Bantry Bay expe- dition. It is resumed on the ist of the following month, and continued with less minuteness (one entry sometimes cover- ing a month) until 30th June 1 798, before his last and fatal expedition. Besides this, commencing on 7th August 1 796, with the words, " As I shall embark in a business, within a few days, the event of which is uncertain," he wrote out some particulars of his past career, which expanded into a memoir of his life to the time of his arrival in France. In the Jouriml he unre- servedly records all his doings — whether it is " a sad rainy day, and I am not well, and the blue devils torment me," or whether he tells of his confidential interviews with Camot. His "dearest love" and his " darling babies " are ever present in his thoughts. Thomas Russell is constantly referred to by the pseudonym of " P.P." Without friends, with but an imperfect knowledge of French, and a small sum of money which soon ran out, and having no credentials but Adet's letter and the resolu- tions of the Catholic Committee, he was a few days after his arrival in Paris, in intimate communication with the heads of the French government. He passed openly as citizen Smith, but was known to the Government under his true name. His views were warmly seconded by Madgett, an exiled Irishman, engaged in the Foreign Ministry. On the 24th February he had an interview with Camot at the Luxem- bourg. Tone writes: "I am a pretty fellow to negotiate with the Directory of France, pull down a monarchy and establish a republic ; to break a connexion of 600 years' standing, and contract a fresh alliance with another country." Again : " Here I am, with exactly two louis in my exchequer, negotiating with the French Government, and planning revolutions. I must say it is truly original." He pre- sented two memorials to the Government, TON pointing out the advantages they would gain from assisting Ireland : the reduction of English power could alone be accom- plished by the separation of Ireland from Great Britain : Ireland was a rich recruit- ing field both for the army and navy: The Protestant aristocracy (450,000) of the country were but a small body : the Dissenters (900,000) were largely imbued with French principles: the Catholics (3,150,000), ground down by oppressive laws, were " trained from their infancy in an hereditary abhorrence of the Eng- lish name." To a large extent, the old volunteers and the militia would be likely to join the invaders. All the waverers would soon go over to the new govern- ment. If possible, 20,000 men should be sent, of whom 15,000 should land near Dublin, and 5,000 near Belfast. These once landed, the Irish government would fall to pieces without the possibility of eflfort. Should it be impossible to send such a force, 5,000 was the very lowest num- ber with whom the attempt could be made with anything like certainty of success, and they should be landed in the north of Ireland, where the people were in the greatest forwardness as to military pre- paration. But with only 5,000 there might be a civil war, which he "would most earnestly wish, if possible, to avoid." As to arms, 100,000 stand should be sent; as to money, pay for 40,000 men for three months would be amply sufficient, " as before that time was expired, we should have all the resources of Ireland in our hands." There should be an absolute dis- avowal of ideas of French conquest. The expedition should be commanded by a General whose name and character were well known in Ireland. The war should not be a rose-water war ; every shilling of English property in the island should be confiscated. Such was the substance of his memorials. They concluded, as they commenced, with the assurance of " what a staggering blow the separation of Ireland would be to England in a commercial point of view, not to speak of the military, or, which is of far more consequence, the naval part of the question. . . It is in Ireland, and in Ireland only, that she [England] is vulnerable." While, from Tone's point of view, and that of many of his countrymen, the proposed invasion was perfectly justifiable, the statements iu his memorials as to the state of feeling in Ireland, and the importance of Ireland to England, went largely to justify the subsequent policy of Pitt and Castlereagh. In a few months an expedition was decided upon, and on the 12th of July Tone was 2K* TON introduced to Hoche as the probable com- mander-in-chief. He dined in state with Carnot, and his personal money troubles were put an end to by his appointment as chef-de-brigade. In the middle of Septem- ber he left Paris for Brest, with the expec- tation of immediate embarkation. There were delays that almost broke his heart, and caused many a page of his Journal to be blotted with imprecations ; but at length, on the i6th of December, he em- barked in the Lidomitable, 80, one of a fleet of forty-three vessels (seventeen sail of the line, thirteen frigates, seven cor- vettes, and six transports), carrying some 15,000 of the best French troops, under Hoche, one of the ablest of French Gene- rals, the object of the armament being the separation of Ireland from Great Britain, and its erection into an indepen- dent republic under the «gis of France. The vessels encountered very bad weather ; but escaped meeting any portion of the British fleet. On the 21st they were off Cape Clear, but thirty sail to be seen. The wind was dead ahead, and Tone was furious with impatience and vexation. He calculated, however, there were still in the vessels in company 41,160 stand of arms, and twenty field pieces, besides a large quantity of powder and other re- quisites. Further dispersions reduced the fleet stiU more. A descent in force at Bantry appeared impossible ; but he urged upon the captain of his vessel the advisa- bility of landing him and ever so small a force at Sligo, so as to make a desperate attempt to efi'ect something. For days the fleet rode at anchor in Bantry Bay, in the midst of blinding snow storms, unable to communicate with the shore ; and, at last, on 29th December, the seven sail to which the once proud expedition was reduced, were obliged to slip their anchors and make the best of their way back to Brest. " It was hard," says Tone, " after having forced my way thus far, to be obliged to turn back ; but it is my fate, and I must sub- mit. . . Well, England has not had such an escape since the Spanish Armada ; and that expedition, like ours, was defeated by the weather; the elements fight against us, and courage is of no avail." His wife and children had meanwhile arrived at Hamburg, and peaceful ideas of settling in France floated through his brain. He draws affecting pictui'es, in his letters to his wife and children, of how happy they would be in some small country place on his pay as chef-de-brigade. They met at Amsterdam in May ; but Tone was soon hurried off to join Hoche and the Batavian army, as the way began to open for another 531 TON expedition to Ireland. Indeed twenty sail, carrying 15,000 troops, with arms and supplies in proportion, were already assembled; and his friend Lewines, of Dublin, had arrived as accredited agent of the Leinster Directory of United Irishmen with the French government. Bonaparte's Italian policy (his suppression of liberty and evident personal ambition) gave Tone much uneasiness. He told Hoche plainly that such doings would never answer in Ireland ; as it was an ally, not another master, the country desired. On 8th July Tone went aboard the Yrij- head, a fine vessel of seventy-four guns, lying in the Texel, and was presented to Admiral De Winter, who was to com- mand the proposed expedition. As before the Bantry expedition, his time was fully occupied conferring with the commanders, arranging plans for landing, and draw- ing up proclamations. On 14th July he notes the "glorious prospect" of the Dutch fleet, ready to weigh anchor — fifteen sail of the line, ten frigates, ten sloops, twenty-seven transports. The in- structions of the Dutch government, as shown to him by General Daendels, com- mander of the troops, were most satis- factory; the object of the expedition was not conquest, but to aid the Irish people in establishing their liberty and independence. But again he was doomed to disappointment. Delays, unaccount- able to him, occurred. Hoche, whom he regarded as his best friend, and who had always entered heartily into his plans, died in September; and on nth October, Admiral Duncan almost annihilated the Dutch fleet in an engagement oflF Camper- down. Still Tone did not despair. He had several interviews with Bonaparte. " His manner is cold, and he speaks very little ; it is not, however, so dry as that of Hoche, a^- \ seems rather to proceed from languor tnan anything else." One of his last notes in 1797 is : " It is a droll thing that I should become acquainted with Bonaparte. This time twelve months I arrived in Brest from my expedition to Bantry Bay. "Well, the third time, they say, is the charm." The early part of 1 798 was spent in Paris, urging on ministers the organization of another expedition, and conferring with the numerous Irish refu- gees now beginning to come over. He was agonized at the fate of his friends at home, unsupported in their attempted in- surrection, and torn with mortification that he could not be present with a French contingent to aid at such a critical juncture. Hope almost deserts him on 26th May 1 798, when he offers to go out to India in the 532 TON service of the French government. "My blood is cooling fast ; ' my May of life is falling to the sear, the yellow leaf. ' " His journal ends with the 30th June — " If the Irish can hold out till winter, I have every reason to hope that the French will assist them efi'ectually. All I dread is, that they may be overpowered before that time." In the middle of August Humbert forced the precipitate sailing of the des- perate Killala expedition. Three Irish- men accompanied it — Tone's brother Matthew, Teeling, and Sullivan. About the same time a small party commanded by Napper Tandy landed at Eathlin, spread some proclamations, and, hearing of Hum- bert's defeat at Ballinamuck, escaped to Norway. Tone did not sail with either of these expeditions, as he still cherished the hope of being able to influence the despatch of one more likely to be effective. In September preparations were made for another expedition. The Hoche, 74, eight frigates, and the Biche, despatch schooner, were collected at the Baye de Camaret. Tone was now in the deepest despondency as to Irish affairs, and was hopeless of success. But he had all along said that while an army of 20,000 men was desirable, and 5,000 necessary, he would accompany even a corporal's guard. His death in case of failure was all but certain. Such had been the indiscretion of the French government, that his name in full was allowed to appear in the Parisian papers as having embarked on the Hoche. We have no particulars of the part- ing with his wife, further than that he assured her, in case of capture, he would never suffer death by the halter. The fleet sailed about the 20th September, under Admiral Bompart. Again the good genius of England was in the ascendant. Contrary winds scattered the fleet, and on loth October only ih^ Hoche, Loire, Resolue, and Biche arrived off Lough Swilly. At daybreak next morning, before they could effect a landing, a superior British fleet, under Sir John Borlase Warren, appeared on the horizon. Bompart determined to fight the Hoche to the last, but signalled the frigates and schoonerto retreat through the shallow water. A boat came from the Biche for last orders, when the French offi- cers entreated Tone to escape on board of her — " Our contest is hopeless, we shall be prisoners of war, but what will become of you 1 " " Shall it be said," he indignantly replied, "that I fled, whilst the French were fighting the battles of my country?" For six hours the Hoche engaged five sail of Admiral Warren's fleet, Tone com- manding one of the batteries with the TON utmost coolness and bravery. At length the ship struck, after she had become a dismantled wreck, with five feet of water in her hold, and the cockpit full of dead and dying. All the French squadron were ultimately taken, with the exception of two frigates, and the Biehe, in which Tone might have escaped. The captive officers were landed and marched to Letterkenny, where the Earl of Cavan invited them to breakfast. It was believed that Tone was among them. Sir George Hill entered the room, followed by some sol- diers, recognized Tone, and said: "Mr. Tone, I am very happy to see you." Tone replied with perfect composure : " Sir George, I am happy to see you ; how are Lady Hill and your family 1 " On being removed to another room, and finding handcuffs about to be placed on him, he flung off his uniform coat, saying : " These fetters shall never degrade the revered insignia of the free nation which I have served." Eesuming his composure, he held out his hands, and added : " For the cause which I have embraced I feel prouder to wear these chains than if I were decorated with the Star and Garter of England." He was taken under an escort of dragoons to Londonderry, and thence to Dublin, where he was placed in the provost prison at the Koyal Barracks. On the loth November a court-martial was called to try him. Tone appeared in his French uniform. He made an eloquent and touching speech — avowed everything, and declared his love for Ire- land, and his belief in the necessity of a separation from England — "For it I became an exile ; I submitted to poverty; I left the bosom of my family, my wife, my children, and all that rendered life desirable. After an honourable combat, in which I strove to emulate the bravery of my gallant comrades, I was forced to submit, and was dragged in irons through the country, not so much to my disgrace, as to that of the person by whom such un- generous and unmanly orders were issued." Knowing that conviction was certain and sentence of death inevitable, he pleaded that he should meet a soldier's death — within an hour if it were practicable. The voices of the court were immediately collected and submitted to Lord Corn wallis, who confirmed the verdict of guilty, and directed that he should be hanged within forty-eight hours. This was on Saturday. He wrote to the French Directory, com- mending his wife and children to their pro- tection and support. He wrote one note on Saturday and another on Sunday to his wife, full of resignation and affection : " The TON hour is at last come when we must part. As no words can express what I feel for you and our children, I shall not attempt it. Complaint of any kind would be be- neath your courage and mine." He advised her to be guided by the counsel of an old friend, Mr. Wilson, a Scotchman. He declined to see his parents. On Sunday night he was informed that the Lord- Lieutenant had refused his last request, as to the manner of his execution, and that he was to be hanged next day. On Monday Curran moved before Chief- Justice Kilwarden for a habeas corpus to bring him up for civil trial before the King's Bench, then sitting. This was im- mediately granted, but the authorities at the barracks refused to surrender him. AU efforts to save him were too late, however ; for during Sunday night Tone had with a penknife opened an artery in his neck. The morning found him weltering in his blood, but still living. " I find then I am but a bad anatomist," he faintly said to the humane surgeon who was at once called in. On his bed was found a pocket-book, stained with his blood, di- rected to his old friend John Sweetman, with the inscription " T. W. Tone, Nov. II, 1798. Tenunchabet ista secundam." Tone lingered in agony for eight days. The end came on the 1 9th. When Surgeon Lentaigne told him that death would ensue if he stirred, he replied : " I can yet find words to thank you, Sir : it is the most welcome news you could give me : what should I wish to live for ? " Falling back, he expired without an effort. He was aged but 34. His body, with his uniform and sword, were considerately given up to his relative William Dun- bavin, of 65 High-street. After two days, Government directed an immediate inter- ment, and, attended only by two friends, both opposed to Tone in politics and mem- bers of yeomanry corps, his remains were buried with those of his ancestors, in the ancient cemetery of Bodenstown, near Sallins. (The stone erected by Thomas Davis and other admirers in 1843 was soon chipped away for relics. Its place has lately been taken by a more substan- tial memorial, surmounted by ironwork.) Goldwin Smith, when Professor of History at Oxford, said of Tone : " Though his name is Uttle known amongst English- men, he, . . brave, adventurous, san- guine, fertile in resource, buoyant under misfortune, warm-hearted, . . was near being almost as fatal an enemy to England as Hannibal was to Eome." Mrs. Tone, on hearing of her husband's capture, made immediate prepai-ations for 533 TON proceeding to Ireland, but was stopped by the news of his death. She lived for some years in Paris on a small grant from the French Government and a collection made in Ireland, devoting herself to the education of her children. In 1804, her daughter, an accomplished girl of sixteen, died, and two yeai*s later she lost her younger son. One son, William Theobald Wolfe Tone, alone survived. By a per- sonal interview with Napoleon, Mrs. Tone procured him admission to the Imperial Lyceum, and in 1813 he joined the army. No more terrible picture of v^^ar has been pemied than his account of Napoleon's last campaigns, in which he took part. It is appended to his edition of the Memoirs and Wriiinffs of his father, published in two volumes at Philadelphia in 1826. He rose to be lieutenant of the staflf and aide-de- camp to General Bagneris, and received the decoration of the Legion of Honour. On the fall of Napoleon he left the army, and remained with his mother until Septem- ber 1 816, when, after eighteen years of •widowhood, she married Mr. Wilson, her constant and devoted friend and adviser. William Tone then went to America, where (after a year's residence in Scotland) his mother and Mr. Wilson joined him in the autumn of 18 17. William studied law, wrote some works on military affairs, and was appointed to a captaincy in the United States army. In 1825 he married the only daughter of his father's friend William Sampson. He died of consumption, loth October 1828, and was buried on Long Island. His widow and daughter were living in New York in 1858. Mrs. Wolfe Tone Wilson was intimate with Mrs. Fletcher, in whose charming Autobio- graphy some of her letters will be found. Mrs. Fletcher's daughter says in a note to one of them : " Mrs. Wolfe Tone Wilson ■was one of my mother's very dear friends, and she oays of her in a letter to me : * I admired and loved her for the union of magnanipity and tenderness she possessed, and it will always be a pleasing reflexion to me that I believe my sympathy in all she had done and suffered was some com- fort to her when she came into a land of strangers.' " She survived her second husband twenty-two years, and died at Georgetown, i8th March 1849, in her 8ist year. Wolfe Tone's father, who latterly held a situation under the Corporation of Dublin, died in 1805, ^^^ mother in 1818. His brother Matthew entered the French army, accompanied General Humbert to Killala, was taken prisoner atBallinamuck, and was hanged at Arbour Hill, Dublin, 29th September 1798. William Henry 534 TOE Tone, after his residence with Theobald in London, returned to the East, rose to high rank in the Mahratta service, and was killed in action between 1801 and 1804. He was the authorof a Treatise on Mahratta Institutions. His sister Mary married a Swiss merchant, and is believed to have perished in the insurrection in St. Domingo. Arthur, the youngest of the family, a lieu- tenant in the Dutch navy, was last heard of in the East Indies. 3=-» 331 Toma was an Irish poet who lived in the 4th and 5 th centuries. He fostered Niall of the Nine Hostages. O'Curry gives an interesting account of such of Torna's poems as have come down to our day (amongst the most valuable being one enumerating the gi-eat men interred at Cruachan (now Eathcroghan), County of Roscommon, and thus concludes his notice : " There is no reason to think, as O'Flaherty does, that he did not survive King Dathi, who died in 428, nor that he had embraced the faith before writing this poem." ^'■ Torrens, Sir Henry, Major-General, was born in Londonderry in 1 779. He lost both his parents at an early age, was edu- cated at a military academy in Dublin, and when fourteen entered the 52nd Eegi- ment as an ensign. In 1796 he served under Abercrombie in the West Indies, where he displayed great bravery, was wounded, and was rewarded with a com- pany. He served in Portugal in 1 798 ; in Holland under the Duke of York in 1799 ; and afterwards in Nova Scotia, Egypt, and India. Returning home on sick leave from India in 1803, he married, at St. Helena, Miss Paton, daughter of the Governor. In 1805 he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-colonel. After seeing service at Buenos Ayres in 1807, he accompanied Sir Arthur Wellesley as military secretary to Portugal in 1 808, and was present at the battles of Roli9a and Vimiera. He at- tained the rank of major-general in 18 14, and was gazetted K.C.B. About 1820 he was appointed adjutant-general, and the onerous task of revising the army regu- lations and introducing many improve- ments was imposed upon him. Sir Henry died suddenly at Welwyn, Hertfordshire, 23rd August 1828, aged 48. ^ Torrens, Robert, Colonel, a prolific writer, was born in Ireland in 1780. He entered the Royal Marines in 1797, and rising through the various grades became a colonel in 1837. He distinguished himself against the Danes in 181 1, and afterwards served in the Peninsula, where he was appointed colonel of a Spanish legion. In 1 83 1 he was elected member of Parliament TOT for Bolton. His works, numbering twenty- six in Allibone's list, are on divers sub- jects, from Celibia Choosing a Husband, a novel published in 1809, to Tracts on Finance and Trade, 1852. The Annual Register says : " He was an indefatigable writer ; the productions of his pen, which include a great variety of tracts on subjects of political economy, some able pamphlets on the currency, and some literary efforts of a lighter class, extend over a period of fifty years. For some time Colonel Torrens was a part proprietor and editor of the Globe newspaper. He was a skilful and lucid writer, and succeeded in throwing considerable light upon some of those abstruse questions connected with mone- tary science which are the stumbling-^jlock of economical students." He died 27th May 1864, aged 84. ? is Tottenham, Charles, a member of the Irish House of Commons, was born about 1685. He resided at Tottenham Green, "Wexford, and sat for the borough of New Koss. In 1731 a great opposition was set on foot to a proposal that a sur- plus of £60,000 in the revenue should be made over to the British Government. Tottenham, hearing that the division was coming on sooner than had been expect- ed, rode on horseback from Wexford to Dublin. Getting down at the House of Commons, he was stopped by the serjeant- at-arms, who reported to the Speaker that a member was trying to enter the House without being in full dress, as was custom- ary. After some hesitation, the Speaker decided that he had no power to exclude him, and the bold rider, splashed from head to foot, and wearing jack-boots, strode in, gave his vote, which proved to be a deciding one, and defeated the unpopular measure. Thenceforward he was known and toasted as " Tottenham in his boots." He died 20th September 1758, aged about 73. A portrait of him, in huge jack-boots reaching his thighs, was shown at the National Por- trait Exhibition in Dublin in 1 8 72. -^ S3 Touchet, James, Earl of Castle- haven, was born early in the 17th centur}'. His father, the 2nd Earl, was beheaded on Tower Hill, 14th May 1631. James was restored to the title and estates of his ancestors in 1634. In 1638 he re- turned from Rome to attend Charles I. in his campaign against the Scots, and afterwards served in the Low Countries. After Strafford's execution, he retired to Ireland. Early in the war of 1 641 -'5 2 he was made prisoner and confined in Dublin. Managing to make his escape, he went through Wicklow to Kilkenny, where he was warmly received by the Supreme TRE Council. In October 1 642 he was entrusted with a military command. The history of his life for the next few years is a recital of petty skirmishes, battles, and retreats, the reduction of castles, and misunderstandings with his brother gene- rals and the Council. He was bitterly opposed to the party of the Nimcio, and favoured the peace of 1646. He resided in France and the Low Countries for some two years, and "then I went to Ireland, with the Marquess of Ormond, Lord-Lieu- tenant, serving the King against the Nuncio, Council, and other his Majesty's enemies." He was appointed Master of the Horse by Ormond. Upon the subjugation of the kingdom by Cromwell, he again withdrew to France, where he engaged in the Prince of Conde's service, and went through many of the Continental campaigns until 1678. After the Restoration, he was, by special Act of Parliament, restored to his dignities. His last days were spent at his mansion in the County of Tipperary, where he died nth October 1684. He was passionately fond of field sports, and his Memoirs teU, how in the midst of the most bloody and harassing campaigns he often turned aside to enjoy the chase. ^"^ "^ ^37 Trench, Melesina Chenevix, grand- daughter of Dr. Chenevix, Bishop of Water- ford, was born in Ireland in 1768. This talented and amiable woman, mother of Dr. R. C. Trench, Archbishop of Dublin, is known to the public mainly through a vo- lume of Remains, Selections from Journals, Letters, atid other Papers, published by her son in 1862, and by her correspondence with Mary Leadbeater, published in the Leadbeater Papers in 1861. The notes we have of her early years with her grand- father (her parents having died when she was but a child), her brief married life with her first husband. Colonel St. George, subsequent residence in Ireland, visits to the Continent between 1799 and 1806, and later married life in Eng- land as Mrs. Richard Trench, portray a character of remarkable strength, dis- cernment, and sweetness. She died at Malvern, 27th May 1827, aged 59. Mrs. Leadbeater, under date of 1802, gives a vivid description of their first inter- view and the mutual attraction by which they were drawn to each other. She says: "My heart entirely acquits me of having been influenced by what I have heard of her rank and fortune. Far more prepossessing than these were the soft lusti-e of her beautiful black eyes, and the sweetness of her fascinating smile. . . Providence had given her talents and dispo- sitions calculated to promote the improve- S2S TRE ment and happiness of all around her, while her meekness and humility prevented the restraint of her superiority being felt, with- out taking from the dignity of her character. I was surprised and affected when I beheld her, on one occasion, seated on one of the kitchen chairs in the scullery, for coolness, hearing a company of little children of her tenants sing out their lessons to her." '" ^^t Trench, Power le Poer, Archbishop of Tuam, son of the Earl of Clancarty, was bominSackville-street, Dublin, loth June 1770. He entered Trinity College as a pensioner, 2nd July 1787; was ordained a deacon in 1791, consecrated Bishop of Lismore and Waterford in 1802, translated to Elphin in 18 10, and promoted Arch- bishop of Tuam in 1819. He may be said to have headed the evangelical party of the Irish Church, and consistently opposed nearly all the political changes in Ireland during his episcopate. He took a vigorous part against the National System of Educa- tion, "as at variance with the reverence due to the Word of God, and the temporal and spiritual welfare of the country," and was one of the seventeen Irish prelates that signed the protest against it in February 1832. He was very benevolent. W. Tor- rens McCullagh describes a visit in his company to the poor of Tuam in November 1834 : — " I never saw less ostentatious and more universal respect shown to any man of his station. It seemed habitual to the people to see the venerable bishop come amongst them, and listen to their tales of suffering." The Archbishop died 26th March 1839, aged 68, and was buried with his ancestors at Creagh, near Ballinasloe. Upon his death the see of Tuam ceased to be metropolitan. Sirr's bulky memoir of the Archbishop, published in 1845, contains much that is valuable relating to the eccle- siastical history of his diocese and of Ire- land generally; but in nothing is it more instructi.e than aa showing the great change for the better — both in the bearing of religious bodies towards each other, and in the material condition of the people — that has come over Ireland since his time. "^ 3=6 Tresham, Henry, E.A., an eminent painter, was born in High-street, Dublin, about the middle of the 1 8th century. He studied in his native city under the elder West, and spent fourteen years in Italy. On his return he finished several paintings (including a large one of "Adam and Eve," which became the property of Lord Powers- court), and executed designs for Boydell's Shakespere Gallery. He was admitted to the academies of Eome, Bologna, and London. His acquaintance with the his- tory of the fine arts was extensive ; but 536 TEO the high authority claimed for him in his day as an art critic has been since discre- dited. He was the author of Rome at the Close of the Eighteenth Century, published in 1799, and some slight poetical effu- sions. He is said to have had much facility of composition, but his oil paintings are deficient in richness of colouring and spirit of execution. Mr. Tresham was a better designer than painter. He died 1 7th June I814. "5 37=19 Troy, John Thomas, Archbishop of Dublin, was born near Porterstown, County of Dublin, lothMay 1739. At fifteen he left Ireland to prosecute his studies at Rome, where he assumed the Dominican habit in 1 756, and gradually passed from grade to grade, until he became rector of St. Clement's in that city. In 1776 he was consecrated Bishop of Ossory; and in Decembet- 1 786 was elevated to the arch- bishopric of Dublin. He exerted himself to discourage hurried marriages, and other irregular proceedings within his jurisdic- tion ; and fulminated anathemas against Catholics who engaged in any kind of rebellion against the constituted authori- ties. Dr. Troy was of all Irish Catholics most instriunental in helping to carry the Union, throwing all his influence into the government scale, and suggesting plans for the endowment of the Catholic clergy. Many of his communications with mem- bers of the Government are published in the Castlereagh Papers and Cornwallis Cor- respondence, where he is repeatedly referred to as an honoured and eflBcient ally of the ruling party in Ireland. Lord Cornwallis thus wrote in December 1798, to a friend in England in regard to the proposed Union : "The Catholics are for it, and the principal persons among them, such as Lords Fingall and Kenmare, and Dr. Troy, titular Archbishop of Dublin, etc., etc., say that they do not wish the question of the Catholics being admitted into the repre- sentation to be agitated at this time, as it would render the whole measure more difiicult ; that they do not think the Irish Parliament capable of entering into a cool and dispassionate consideration of their case, and that they trust that the United Parliament will, at a proper time, allow them every privilege that may be con- sistent with the Protestant establishment. You will easily conceive that this sensible and moderate conduct on their part has greatly relieved my mind." In 1809 Dr. Murray was appointed his coadjutor. In April 18 15, Archbishop Troy laid the foundation of the Cathedral in Marlbo- rough-street, Dublin, but did not live to see it completed. His remains were the first TUC laid within its precincts, and prayers for the repose of his soul were the first offered before its altar. He died i ith May 1823, aged 84. Mr. D' Alton, speaks of him as " a truly learned and zealous pastor, . . a lover and promoter of the most pure Chris- tian morality, vigilant in the discharge of his duty, and devotedly solicitous not only for the spiritual good of those consigned to his charge, but also for the public quiet of the state." " ^^ ^7 «8t Tuckey, James Kingston, Captain, K.N., was born at Greenhill, near Mallow, August 1776. He went to sea at an early age, and in 1793 was received into the navy. From the first he saw a good deal of active service, and he was more than once wounded. He was engaged in expe- ditions to the Eed Sea, and in 1802 went out to Australia as first-lieutenant of the Codaitta. Amongst other service*, he made a survey of Port Phillip. On his return to England he published an Account of the Voy- age to establish a Colony at Port Phillip. The Calcutta was captured by the French on a voyage from St. Helena in 1805, and Lieu- tenant Tuckey suffered an imprisonment of nearly nine years in France, during which time he married Miss Margaret Stuart, a fellow prisoner, and prepared a work on Maritime Geography and Statis- tics, published after his release. In 1 8 1 4 he was promoted to the rank of commander, and in February 1816 sailed in command of the Co7igo and the Dorothy, to ex- plore the Eiver Congo. The particulars of the expedition are fully given in his Narrative and Professor Smith's Journal, a quarto volume, with plates and maps, published in London in 181 8. On the 12th July they left their vessels and pro- ceeded up the Congo in boats 120 miles, and travelled 150 miles farther inland. Numbers died of the hardships they underwent, and Captain Tuckey himself succumbed after the party regained their vessels, on the 14th October 18 16, aged 50. He was tall, and had been handsome, but long and arduous service broke down his constitution, and even at thirty he was grey-haired and nearly bald. His coun- tenance was pleasing and pensive ; he was gentle and kind in his manners, cheerful in conversation, and indulgent to those under his command. 3=7 XJrwick, William, D.D., a well-known Dublin Lidependent Minister and philan- thropist, was born at Shrewsbury, 8th December 1791. He was educated at Hoxton. On the 19th June 18 16 he was ordained to the ministry at Sligo, and accepted the cure of a congregation there. USS In a public discussion which took place at Easky in 1824, on subjects of Eoman Catholic controversy, he was the ablest of the four Protestant speakers. In 1826 he received a call to York-street Chapel, Dublin (which had been erected in 1808 by the followers of the Countess of Huntingdon), and there laboured for forty years. Foremost in every good work, he soon became known and widely respected in Dublin. At the same time that he held clearly and definitely to his own religious convictions, his charity and sympathies were not limited by sect or party. One- tenth of his narrow income was regularly devoted to charitable purposes. His bio- grapher says that " he would rather be taken in by ten undeserving cases than close his heart and hand, through mis- taken suspicion, to one deserving object." Anti-slavery, temperance, and every good work outside the pale of the ordinary calls of an evangelical clergyman, received his warm support, and his pulpit was ever open to advocates of causes he approved. Failing health obliged him to abandon the cares of his church in 1866. He died 1 6th July 1868, aged y6, and was buried in Mount Jerome Cemetery. He was consi- derably below the average height : his face and head were strikingly noble. He was the author of nearly thirty books and pam- phlets, the most important of which are a History 0/ I)ublin,written for the Eeligious Tract Society, and Biographical Sketches of J.D. La Touche, 1868. 333 Ussher, James, Archbishop of Ar- magh, was born in the parish of St Nicholas, Dublin, 4th January i58o-'8i. His father, a clerk in the Court of Chancery, was said to have been descended from one Neville, who came over with King John in the capacity of usher, and changed his name to that of his office. James was taught to read by two aunts who had been blind from infancy, to whom he ever afterwards looked back with affection and respect. From eight to thirteen years of age he attended the school kept by Fullerton and Hamilton, private emissaries of James VI. of Scotland, sent to keep up his influence in Ireland, in view of the prospect of his succeeding to the throne of England and Ireland. [See Hamilton, Sir James, p. 242.] Ussher's abilities, diligence, and loving disposition, attracted the esteem of all with whom he came in contact. His name stands second on the list of those ad- mitted to Trinity College, Dublin, when first opened, on 9th January 1 593-'4. There he studied with ardour, devoting himself especially to historical and chronological enquiries. His immediate relations were S27 uss divided between the reformed and the Ca- tholic faith, and the religious controversies of the day had thus for him an intense and personal interest. His uncle, Eichard Stanyhurst, a Jesuit, endeavoured to at- tract him towards Catholicism ; but as he advanced in years, Ussher became more and more confirmed in the Protestant tenets in which he had been brought up. At an early age he commenced reading the whole of the Fathers, a prodigious labour, which he did not bring to an end for eighteen years. He took the degree of B.A. about July 1 597, and, greatly against his will, was preparing to abandon theology and com- mence the study of the law, when the death of his father left him at liberty to follow his own bent. He made over the family property to his sisters, taking but a small sum for the purchase of books and his sup- port in the cheapest way in college. About this period he gained considerable credit by engaging in a public controversy with FitzSimon [See FitzSimon, Henry, p. 204], a learned Jesuit confined in Dublin Castle. In 1600 he took the degree of M.A., and was elected to a fellowship, and, although not ordained until December 1 601, he was occasionally selected to preach in Christ Church before the Irish Court. As with all earnest men of the time, toleration was hateful to him, and he exerted his influence to have the laws against the Catholics put rigidly in force. Upon one occasion he preached a sermon on the text : "And thou shalt bear the iniquity of the house of Judah forty days : I have ap- pointed thee each day for a year." This was afterwards regarded as prophetic of the war of 1641 ; but his biographer shows that the sermon must have been preached towards the end of 1602, or in the course of 1603, instead of 1601, as generally repre- sented. The English army, after the cap- ture of Kinsale, and before leaving Ireland, testified its respect for learning by subscrib- ing £1,800 for the purchase of a library for Trinity College. Ussher was one of the two sent to London to purchase books with the money. Soon after his return he was appointed Chancellor of St. Patrick's and incumbent of Finglas. Henceforward he visited England every few years for the purpose of consulting books and manu- scripts at the great libraries, becoming intimate with Camden, Sir Kobert Cotton, and other eminent men of kindred tastes. These visits were generally of three months' duration — one month each being passed in Oxford, Cambridge, and London. In 1607 he was appointed Professor of Divinity to Dublin University ; and two years after- wards he received an invitation to preach 538 USS before the Court in London. The provost- ship of Trinity College was pressed upon him, but he declined, fearing lest its duties might interfere with his studies. In 161 2 he took the degree of D.D., and next year published his first work, dedicated to James I. — Gravissimce Qucestiones de Chris- tianonim Ecclesiarum Continua Successione et Statu, which drew forth an answer from his uncle Stanyhurst, then in exile on the Continent. In the beginning of 16 14 he married his cousin Phoebe, daughter of Dr. Lucas Challoner, Vice-Chancellor of the University, who had been enjoined by her father's will, bequeathing her a considerable property, not to marry any other than Dr. Ussher, " if he should propose himself." At the Irish Convo- cation of 1 61 5 Dr. Ussher probably drew up the 104 Articles then accepted, which differed tonsiderably from the English 39 Articles. Dr. Elrington says: "The most important ground of objection to the Irish Articles is the introduction of the Lambeth Articles, which had been so re- cently rejected by the Church of England." In 1614, and again in 1617, Ussher was chosen Vice-Chancellor of the University of Dublin, and during a visit to London of nearly two years' duration, 161^-21, he recommended himself to James I., and was appointed to the bishopric of Meath. On 13th February 1620 he preached before the House of Commons at Westminster; and says : " I dined at court, and betwixt four and five I kissed the King's hand, and had conference with him touching my sermon. He said ' I had charge of an unruly flock to look to next Sunday.' " Next year he was consecrated Bishop of Meath in St. Peter's, Drogheda. His writings give a deplorable description of the state of the diocese. The revenues had dwindled, there were few local residences for the clergy, while out of about 207 churches, 142 are set down as "ruinous," 16 with ruined choirs, 19 with ruined chancels, 26 in "reasonable repair," and but 4 in "good repair." He continued to pay frequent visits to London, where he was a special favourite with James, who addressed a letter to the Deputy and Council directing them to grant Ussher leave of absence for an inde- finite period, and one of the King's last acts was to appoint him (in March i624-'5) Arch- bishop of Armagh. Charles I., also, in con- sequence of " many painfid and acceptable services to his dear father deceased, and upon his special directions, . . bestowed upon the said Primate out of his princely bounty £400." Ussher returned to Ireland in August 1626, after a long absence. In the interval a controversy came off between XJSS him and Dr. Eookwood, a Catholic clergy- man, in the presence of Lord and Lady Mordaunt, the one a Catholic, and the other a Protestant. The contention is said to have been brought to an end by Eook- wood's inability to answer Ussher's argu- ments, and Lord Mordaunt became a member of the Church of England. The Countess was ever after the Archbishop's faithful friend, and her attachment com- forted the closing years of his life. About this period, he joined with others of the clergy in a protest against granting Cath- olics any toleration : "To give them a toleration, or to consent that they may freely exercise their religion and profess their faith and doctrine, is a grievous sin." As there was then no archiepiscopal residence at -Armagh, he lived chiefly at Drogheda, or at Termonfeckin, near that place, while during a plague he kiok up his abode at Lambay Island. His public and often embarrassing duties did not withdraw him from the delights of literature. His mind was chiefly directed towards Biblical researches, and through agents in the East he procured several copies of the Samaritan Pentateuch, and the Syriac version of the Old Testament. "With the view of uphold- ing English influence by exterminating the Irish language, he opposed Bishop Bedell's efforts for the translation and dissemination of the Bible in Irish. (It is worthy of note that Bishop Bedell and Archbishop Marsh, who most strenuously endeavoured to spread a knowledge of Irish amongst the clergy, were Englishmen.) In 1632 Ussher permitted himself to be made a party to the forcing of a fellow upon Trinity College in violation of its statutes. He was a warm friend and adviser of Lord Wentworth, afterwards Earl of Strafi"ord, and their intimacy terminated only when Ussher knelt beside the Earl at the block. In the Convocation of 1634, mainly through Straf- ford's influence, the English Articles were accepted in addition to those previously drawn up by the Archbishop; while a separate set of canons was agreed to. One of the greatest of Ussher's works, Britannicarnm Ecclesiarum Antiquitates, was published in August 1 639. It had been commenced at the request of King James, twenty years previously. Dr. Elrington declares that " to panegyrize this extraor- dinary monument of human learning is unnecessary ; to detail its contents impos- sible." The Archbishop's literary labours were interrupted by the breaking out of the war in 1641. He retired to England, and was appointed by Charles I. to the see of Carlisle in Commendam. In 1642 he went to Oxford, where he continued to avail uss himself of the treasures of the Bodleian Library. Numbers flocked to hear him, and he often preached before the King. He refused to attend the Assembly of Divines at Westminster in 1643, ^^'^ preached against its authority. The House of Com- mons thereupon confiscated his valuable library, but much of it was rescued through the kindness of a friend, who bought it in for him. When Oxford was about to be besieged, the Archbishop accompanied the Prince of Wales to Bristol. He after- wards proceeded to Cardiff', where, after the battle of Naseby, he was joined by the King. Greatly perplexed as to a choice of residence, he at one time enter- tained serious thoughts of embarking for France or Holland ; but ultimately accept- ed the invitation of Lady Stradling to her castle of St. Donat's, in Glamorganshire. On his way thither, he and his daughter were roughly handled by some bands of English soldiery, and he lost several of his most valuable manuscripts. At St. Donat's he was kindly treated ; and the extensive library in the castle enabled him to turn his sojourn to good account. In 1646 his old friend the Countess of Peter- borough prevailed upon him to return to London — her influence securing him from molestation by the Parliament. From the roof of her house Ussher had the anguish of seeing the King led forth to the scaffold. It is related that he fainted at the sight, and had to be carried to bed. He still continued to labour assiduously at his books, and in 1650 published the first part of his Bible Chronology, from which the dates given in the present authorized ver- sion are taken. Five years afterwards failing health obliged him to resign his appointment of preacher to the Benchers of Lincoln's Inn. He would have de- clined Cromwell's occasional invitations to conferences on religious matters and the promotion of Protestant interests at home and abroad, but that his refusal might have militated against the welfare of his brother clergy. He accepted from the Protector the grant of a lease for twenty years of a portion of the primatial lands at Armagh, which, how- ever, does not appear to have been con- firmed. He received one payment at least of a quarterly allowance of £100 from Par- liament. The infirmities of age were now pressing upon him; his wife died in 1654, and he himself quietly passed away, 21st March i655-'6, aged 75, at the Countess of Peterborough's, at Eyegate, in Sm-rey. Cromwell honoured his remains with a stately funeral at Westminster Abbey, but is said to have left his daughter to pay 539 uss VAL the greater portion of the expense out of her scanty means. Archbishop Ussher is described as well made, and moderately tall, of an erect carriage, with brown hair and a ruddy complexion ; his features expressed gravity and benevolence, and his appear- ance commanded respect and reverence. He was of a vigorous constitution and of simple and temperate habits, which enabled him to bear a life of incessant study ; his manners were courteous and affable, his temper sweet and peaceable. He was an impressive preacher, "not with enticing words of human wisdom, but in demon- stration of the Spirit and with power." He was of a deeply religious cast of mind — his intolerance being a fault common to all men in that age. Ussher was a voluminous writer both in Latin and Eng- lish : in the list in Harris's Ware his works number some forty. Perhaps one of the most important of them was Annates Vetens Testameiiti (London, 1650). That relating to Ireland oftenest quoted is his Rdigio7i Antiently Professed by the Irish and English (London, 1631). An edition of the Whole Works of Archbishop Ussher, in 17 vols., was published at the expense of Trinity College, Dublin, between 1848 and 1864. It contains much matter for the first time printed, and Dr. Elrington is said to have devoted nearly twenty years of his life to its preparation. At his death, in 1850, vol. xiv. remained imfinished, which was com- pleted by Dr. Reeves ; who also compiled the indexes which form the substance of vol. xvii. This sketch is taken from Dr. Elrington's memoir of the Archbishop's life, which occupies the first volume of the above edition. Dr. Elrington says : "The works which he had published suffi- ciently attest the stupendous extent of his information, and the skill with which he could make use of the treasures he possess- ed. His name became celebrated through- out Europe, and his services to the cause of literature, more especially in the depart- ments of history and chronology, have been acknowleged by all modern writers." Ussher had intended to bequeath his magnificent library of 10,000 volumes to Trinity College ; but the shattered state of his finances compelled him to leave it as an only provision for his daughter. The King of Denmark and Cardinal Mazarin competed for its purchase. Cromwell, however, refused to let it out of the king- dom, and obliged his daughter to accept the insufficient sum of £2,200 subscribed by the army of Ireland as a donation to Trinity College. On the receipt of the books in Dublin, they were retained at the Castle, open to depredations, and 540 it was not until the Restoration that the remnant were handed over to the College Library, where they remain — a monu- ment to the wisdom and learning of the great Archbishop. Several remarks upon Archbishop Ussher and upon Elrington's edition of his life will be found in the 2nd and 3rd Series of Notes and Queries. [Am- brose Ussher, the Archbishop's brother, a fellow of Trinity College, Dublin, was a man of some eminence. According to "Ware, the Library of the College was en- riched with thirty-five manuscripts in his handwriting, including a complete trans- lation of the Bible, and an Arabic Diction- ary and Grammar.'] "^ 334 339 TJssher, James, author, a descendant of the Archbishop, was born in the County of Dublin, about 1 720. He was successive- ly a farmer, a linen-draper, a Catholic clergyman, and a school teacher (for a time in partnership with John "WalkeT", author of the Pronouncing Dictionary). He wrote a Discourse on Taste (2 vols., 1772), and some minor works, and died at Kensington in 1772. "^ ^s Vallancey, Charles, General, an an- tiquary, was born in England in 1721. He entered the army at an early age, was attached to the Eoyal Engineers, became a lieutenant-general in 1798, and a general in 1803. He came to Ireland before 1770 to assist in a military survey of the island, and made the country his adopted home. His attention was strongly drawn towards the history, philology, and anti- quities of Ireland at a time when they were almost entirely ignored, and he published the following, among other works : Collec- tanea de Rebw Hibernicis, 6 vols., between 1770 and 1804; Essay on the Irish Lan- guage, 1 772 ; Grammar of the Irish Laiv- guage, 1773; Vindication of the Antient Kingdom of Ireland, 1786 ; Antient His- tory of Ireland proved jrom the Sanscrit Books, 1797; Prospectus of a Dictionary of the Aire Coti or Antient Irish, 1802. fie was a member of many learned socie- ties, was created an honorary LL.D., and became a fellow of the Royal Society in 1784. During the Insurrection he fur- nished the Government with plans for the defence of Dublin. Queen's-bridge, Dublin, was built from his designs. He died 8th August 1 8 1 2, aged 9 r . There are portraits of him in the Royal Irish Academy and in the board-room of the Royal Dublin So- ciety. In the light of modem research his theories and conclusions — a fanciful com- pound of crude deductions from imperfect knowledge — are shown to be without value, and such as would not now receive a mo- VER ment's attention. George Petrie says : " It is a difficult and rather unpleasant task to follow a writer so rambling in his reasonings and so obscure in his style ; his hypotheses are of a visionary nature." The Quarterly Review declares that : " General Vallancey, though a man of learning, wrote more nonsense than any man of his time, and has unfortunately been the occasion of much more than he wrote. The Edinburgh Review says : " To expose the continual error of his theory will not cure his inve- terate disease. It can only excite hopes of preventing infection by showing that he has reduced that kind of writing to absurd- ity, and raised a warning monument to all antiquaries and philologians that may succeed him." '* ^ ^' '"* Vereker, Charles, Viscount Gort, was bom in Ireland in 1768. He served a short time in the navy, and was afterwards appointed lieutenant-colonel of the Limerick militia. In 1 790 he entered Parliament as a member for Limerick. During the Insurrection of 1798 he distin- guished himself in several encounters with the insurgents ; and upon the news of General Humbert's landing at Killala, he was ordered to join the army of Lord Cornwallis and General Lake. With a small force he encountered the French at CoUooney on 5 th September, effectually checked their advance, and contributed largely to their defeat at Ballinamuck, where he was wounded. The thanks of Parliament were voted to him, and by royal proclamation he was permitted to adopt " CoUooney " as the motto of his family. He was amongst the most active opponents of the Union — " his name was found in every division and his voice in every debate ;" and in answer to Lord Castlereagh's overtures he declared : " I have defended my country with my blood, and there is nothing in the gift of the Crown that would tempt me to betray her by my vote." After the Union he repre- sented Limerick until 1817, when by the death of his uncle he became Viscount Gort. He was a firm adherent of the Con- servative party. He died, greatly beloved, 1 1 th November 1 842, aged 74. ^4 "6(19) Vigors, Nicholas Aylward, an em- inent zoologist, was born at Old Leighlin, near Carlow, in 1787. He was educated at Oxford, where he published, in 18 10, An Enquiry into the Nature and Extent of Poetic Licence. In 1809 he entered the Guards as an ensign, and was present at the action of Barossa in 1811. On his return home, he quitted the army, and devoted himself to the study of zoology, and, in particular, ornithology. In 1832 WAD he entered Parliament for Carlow, and sat either for the town or county, with slight intervals, until his death in 1 840. He con- tributed many valuable papers to the scien- tific societies of which he was a member. Mr. "Vigors was one of the founders of the Eoyal Zoological Society, and acted as secretary from 1826 to 1833, "when he re- signed, finding a due attention to the cares of the position incompatible with his par- liamentary duties. In politics he was a liberal ; he rarely spoke, but was a diligent and efficient member of committees. '* *" '■** Wadding, Luke, Eev., an historian, and a prominent Franciscan monk, was born in "Waterford, i6th October 1588. After receiving his early education, he was placed at the Irish College in Lisbon, received the Franciscan habit in September 1605, and completed his studies at Liria and Coimbra. In 161 8 he went to Rome in the train of the Spanish Ambassador, and there passed the remainder of his life. Ware says : " He grew unto such authority, and the world had conceived such an opinion of his wisdom, dexterity, and industry, and his good fortune in transacting business, that every person was fond of courting his advice and aidinthe most difficultmatters." In June 1625 he founded and endowed, out of money he had collected for the purpose, the great College of St. Isidore, which for many after generations afforded a refuge to Irish ecclesiastics of his order. In January 1628 he founded another college, for Irish youths, and shortly afterwards a seminary for Irish novices at Capranica, twenty-eight miles from Rome. He was Procurator of the Franciscans at Rome from 1630 to 1634 ; and Vice-Commis- sary of the order from 1 645 to 1 648. Wad- ding warmly seconded the cause of the Irish Catholics in the struggle of 1 641 -'52. He engaged officei-s, and raised supplies of money, arms, and munitions in France and Flanders. In 1 642 he was appointed agent of the Irish Catholics, and it was at his instance that Urban VIII. sent Father Scarampi to Ireland with his benediction and large supplies of money. Through his influence, also, Leo X. sent Rinuccini as his apostolic Nuncio to Ireland. Several pages of Harris's Ware are devoted to a consideration of Luke Wadding's writings. The most important of these is AiincUes Minorum Ordinum Franciscanorum, pub- lished in 8 vols, between 1625 and 1654. He was an ardent admirer of Duns Scotus, an edition of whose works in twelve folio volumes he prepared for the press in 1639. He died in Rome, i8th November 1657, aged 69, and was buried at St. Isidore's, 541 WAD where a monument was erected to his memory. Mr. Anderson, in his Historical Sketches of the Ancient Native Irish, thus sums up Wadding's labours : " We may form some idea of the prodigious activity of this man when it is stated that during his lifetime he wi-ote and published ten volumes in folio, two in quarto, and four in octavo; besides preparing, with great labour, sixteen volumes in folio for the press, and superintending four others of the same size. Of these, fourteen he got printed at Rome, twenty-one at Lyons, and one at Antwerp, or thirty-six in all ! " Many of the greatest treasures in Irish manuscripts, which during the 1 6th, 17th, and 1 8th centuries were secretly conveyed away from Ireland and placed for safety in the library of St. Isidore's, have been within the last few years brought back again to Ireland, and are now in the library of the Franciscans in Dublin. There also may be seen, among other in- teresting relics, a contemporary portrait of the great Franciscan himself. [He must not be confused with Luke Wadding, Bishop of Ferns, who in Charles II.'s reign published A Small Garland of Pious and Godly Songs for the Solace of his Fnends and Neighbours in their Affiictiotis.'] ^^3 339 Wadding, Peter, Eev., a Jesuit writer, was born in Waterf ord in 1 5 80. He taught poetry, rhetoric, philosophy, and divinity for many years at Prague and Louvain ; and was Chancellor successively of the Universities of Prague and Gratz. He wrote Tractatus de Incarnatione Domini, a refutation of calumnies against the Jesuits, and other works. He died at Gratz, 13th September 1644, aged about 64. ^39 Wakefield, Edward, an Englishman (born in 1768; died at Knightsbridge, i8th May 1854, aged 86), is worthy of note as the author of a valuable work relating to Ireland — Ireland, Statistical and Political, 2 vols., 4to, London, 181 2. McCullagh styles it " the best and most complete work that has appeared on Ireland since the publication of Young's Tour; whilst Sir James Mackintosh says : "His man- ner is that of the Tours of Arthur Young — lively, dogmatical, and disorderly." ' '* Walker, George, Bishop designate of Derry, Governor of Londonderry during the siege, was born in the County of Tyrone in 1618. [His father, George Walker, D.D., was Chancellor of Armagh Cathedral and, as such, rector of Kilmore.] The single fact known of his early life is that he was educated at the University of Glasgow. On 1 6th July 1669 he made the requisite subscription to the Act of Uniformity at Armagh, on his appointment as rector 542 WAL of the parishes of Lissan and Desertlyn. Before this he had married Isabella Max- well of Finnebrogue. In 1674 he re- ceived the additional cure of the parish of Donaghmore. Pending the rebuilding of the church and glebe-house of this parish, he resided at Dungannon. Local tradition assigns to Walker the erection of a corn- mill in Donaghmore, over the door of which the initials of himself and wife — "G. W. I. 1684" — are inscribed. In the autumn and winter of 1688 the Protestants of the north took up arms in the interest of William of Orange, as opposed to James II. and his Viceroy Tirconnell. On 1 8th (o.s.) December 1688 the apprentices of London- derry shut the city gates in the face of Tirconnell's army. Walker, although in his seventy-first year, raised a regiment at his own charge, and applied "what interest he could make towards the preservation" of Dungannon ; besides immediately open- ing communications with Londonderry. The garrison of Dungannon made more than one successful sally against the bodies of Jacobites that occupied the surrounding country, and the place would probably have been able to hold out, but that on the 14th March, Limdy, governor of Londonderry, directed that it should be evacuated. The order was obeyed with reluctance, and the garrison, with many of the inhabitants, retired towards Londonderry and Cole- raine, allowing a large supply of provisions to fall into the enemy's hands. Five com- panies under the command of Walker were quartered at Eash, near Omagh, whence, a fortnight after, they were re- moved to St. Johnstown, five miles from Londonderry. On 13th April, Walker hastened into town with the news of the approach of a large force under James II. in person. Governor Lundy advanced against the enemy and retreated, then entered into private negotiations with them, and also, it is said, persuaded the officers in command of a relieving fleet in Lough Foyle, to return to England. He then declared the defence hopeless, and the inhabitants, disgusted at his pusillanimity, deposed him from the governorship, and permitted him to leave the town secretly. On the igthAprU, Walker and Major Baker were appointed joint governors, a messen- ger was sent to London for assistance, and the memorable siege may be said to have regularly commenced. The fortifications were in a miserable condition ; the place was badly provisioned, and ill supplied with artillery and munitions of war. The gar- rison consisted of 7,369 men, encumbered, besides the inhabitants of the place, with numerous fugitives from the surrounding WAL districts. Everything was wanting but brave hearts and heroic self-devotion. The besieging army, at first commanded by King James, and afterwards by his most experienced generals, outnumbered the garrison by some three to one. "It was certainly," says Harris in his life of William III., " a very bold undertaking in these two gentlemen to maintain against a formidable army, commanded by a king in person, an ill-fortified town, with a garrison composed of poor people fright- ened from their habitations, and without a proportionable number of horse to sally out, or engineers to instruct them in the neces- sary work. Nor had they above twenty cannons, of which not one was well mount- ed, and, in the opinion of the former governor, not above ten days' provisions." The defence, which lasted above a hundred days, was one of the most heroic in history ; and when the siege was raised, the garrison was reduced by deaths in sallies and on the walls, and by disease, to 4,300, "of whom at least a fourth part were rendered unserviceable." Of garrison and inhabi- tants 9,000 are calculated to have died with- in the walls during the siege. To increase their difficulties, De Eosen, James's general, upon one occasion drove some thousands of Protestants from the sur- rounding country under the walls, and kept them there for three days, in the hope that the garrison would take them in and thereby be further weakened. By the time they were permitted to depart "Walker had cleverly managed to draw in from amongst them the strong and hardy, and to send away in their place some of his old and useless mouths. On 30th June Major Baker died, and Colonel Mitchel- burne was made Walker's assistant. With- out declining the post of danger and honour at the head of the garrison. Walker always appeared willing to con- cede to others, where practicable, the mili- tary functions so little suited to his cloth. He took part in the daily service in the cathedral, as well as in the other duties of his office, and his dress always indicated that in becoming a soldier he had not ceased to be a priest. Towards the end of the siege, " such a scarcity of the vilest eatables was in the city, that horse-flesh was sold for is. 8d. a pound ; a quarter of adog fattened by thedeadbodiesof the slain Irish, 5s. 6d. ; a dog's head, 2s. 6d. ; a cat, 4s. 6d.; a rat, is.; a mouse, 6d.; greaves by the pound, is. ; tallow, 4s. ; salted hides, IS. ; and other things in proportion. Their drink was water mixed with ginger and anise-seeds ; and their necessity of eat- ing a composition of tallow and starch not WAL only nourished and supported them, but proved an infallible cure for the flux." The women shared in the labours of the men, carrying ammunition to the soldiers, attending to the sick and wounded, and at times giving assistance in repelling the assaults of the besiegers. Eighteen Church clergymen and eight dissenting ministers took part in the toils of the siege, and their turn in leading daily services in the cathedral and other places of worship. In June an English fleet arrived in Lough Foyle ; but the banks of the lough being in the occupation of the enemy, it was unable to throw any relief into the town, and could not even have communicated with the inhabitjints, but for the bravery of Colonel Eoche. [See page 456.] At length, on the 30th of July, the Mountjoy broke the boom that the besiegers had placed across the river, and, running the gauntlet of a furious cannonade, sailed up to the quay, followed by two other vessels carrying supplies and provisions. All the eatables in the place at the time are said to have been nine lean horses, and a pint of meal to each man. A few days after- wards De Eosen broke up camp and raised the siege, having lost, it is stated, 8,000 to 9,000 men. Walker presented the keys of the city to Major-General Kirk, who had come with the fleet. Kirk de- clined to receive them, but next day per- mitted Walker, who was anxious that " he might return to his own profession," to resign the governorship to Captain White, " a gentleman of experienced valour and known merit." Walker, when praised for the part he had taken, with great humility declared that the "whole conduct of this matter must be ascribed to Providence alone. . . God was pleased to make us the happy instru- ments of preserving this place, and to Him we give the glory. . . With his own right hand ao^ his holy arm getting Him- self the victory." At a meeting of the heroic inhabitants of Londonderry, Walker was deputed to go to England to present an address to King WiUiam and Queen Mary, expressive of their gi-atitude for the relief they had received, and to assure their Majesties of their devoted allegiance. He went by way of Scotland, and was re- ceived with great distinction in Glasgow, where the freedom of the city was confer- red upon him. A similar honour was accorded him at Edinburgh. On the journey he was met by a letter from King William : he was escorted into London with great respect, and was graciously received at court. With much good taste, Walker refused to accede to the desire 543 WAL of mauy that he should appear before his Majesty in the semi-military apparel he had worn during the siege. Sir Godfrey Kueller painted his portrait for the King ; a grant of de5,ooo (never paid, apparently) was made by Parliament, in consideration of his heavy expenses and losses ; he was designated to the bishopric of Derry, was entertained by the Irish Society, and received the thanks of the House of Commons. In September he published his famous True Account of the Siege of Londonderry, the statements in which were afterwards re-asserted in the publication of his Vindication of the True Account. There appears to have been consider- able bitterness amongst the defenders regarding the statements given to the world of the events of the siege. Quite a number of True Accounts and Answers ap- peared, and in the end both inhabitants and leaders in the defence considered themselves very negligently treated by Government. [See Cairnes, David, p. 67.] Walker returned to Ireland in the begin- ning of 1690, receiving at Oxford, on his way, the degree of Doctor in Divinity. When William III. landed at Belfast in June, Walker presented him with a congratulatory address in the name of the Ulster clergy. He accompanied William in his march southward, on the way being confirmed in the bishopric of Derry. On 12th July, in the early part of the battle of the Boyne, he crossed the river with one of the Euniskillen regiments, fell mortally wounded, and was inter- red on the battle-field. After several years, and at his widow's desire, his body was exhumed by a faithful servant who had accompanied him into the fight, and deposited within the church at Cas- tlecaulfield, where a tasteful monument marks his resting-place. In 1838 his re- mains and those of his wife were placed in new coffins. It was not u^stil 1703 that his son received a pension of .£200 per annum from the Irish Parliament, termi- nated in 1717 by the grant of 2,000. In 1828 the monument to his memory on the walls of Londonderry was completed. Macaulay says : " On the summit is the statue of Walker, such as when, in the last and most terrible emergency, his eloquence raised the fainting courage of his brethren. In one hand he grasps a Bible ; the other pointing down the river, seems to direct the eyes of his famished audience to the English topmasts in the distant bay." The likeness appended to a memoir in the Ulster Journal of Archae- ology, vol. ii., represents Walker as a noble- looking man. "(=» "^ 318 337 347t 544 WAL Walker, John, Rev., was born about 1 767. He entered Trinity College, Dublin ; was a scholar in 1788; B.A. in 1790; a fellow in 1791; M.A. in 1793; and B.D. in 1800. On the 8th of October 1804 he informed the Provost that his reli- gious opinions had undergone a change and that it was impossible for him any longer to exercise his functions as a min- ister of the Establishment. He proposed to resign his preferments in the College ; but the Provost thought it his duty to expel him. He was followed by a number of disciples, who met in a chapel in Stafford- street, Dublin, where he preached the sti'ongest Calvinistic doctrines. He ulti- mately removed to a wider field of labour in London. His followers — styled " Walk- erites," " Separatists," and by themselves "The Church of God" — possessed sufficient influence to procure the passage of an Act of Parliament exempting them from the taking of oaths. The Rev. John Walker wrote, in a pamphlet enunciating his opinions : " It is contrary to the nature and laws of Christ's kingdom, that his disciples should acknowledge the state religion as theirs, or hold any connexion with the religious establishment of the country." The Walkerites appear to have rigidly for- bidden any common worship, or even con- versation on religious topics, with those not in their communion ; yet at,one time they invited controversy with opponents at the conclusion of their services. At another it was the custom of the congregation to "salute one another with a holy kiss." John Walker was an excellent classical scholar, and edited Livy (1797), Euclid (1808), Lu- cian (1822), Geometry, Trigonometry^ (i 844), and other works. Shortly before his death the Board of Trinity College, to make up for the illiberality of their predecessors, granted him an allowance of .£600 a year. He died in Dublin, 25th October 1833, aged 66. In Blunts' Dictionary of Sects, his followers are described as " an Irish sect of Sandemanians." Walker's Essays and Correspondence, in 2 vols., 8vo, were pub- lished in London in 1838. '^ "°t '-"^ Walker, Joseph Cooper, author of The Historical Memoirs of the Bards and Music of Ireland, and of the Historical Essay on the Dress, Armour, and Weapons of the Irish, was born in the County of Dublin about 1762, and was educated by Dr. Ball. Ill health obliged him to visit Italy, where he devoted himself to the study of Italian literature, and his valuable works above mentioned are disfigured by a superabundance of Italian quotations. He died at St. Valerie, near Bray, 12th April, 1810, aged48. ^^asw WAL Wall, Richard, Spanish minister, diplomatist, and general, is reputed to have been born in Ireland about the year 1693. He was of a County of Water- ford family-'S't He entered the Spanish naval service at an early age, served as a volunteer in the fleet sent against Sicily in 1718, and distinguished him- self in the naval engagement with Ad- miral Byng. He afterwards entered the army, and served in the expedition under Montemar, in 1736, which placed Don Car- los on the throne of the Two Sicilies. In the same year he was sent to America, where he devised a plan for the invasion of Jamaica. In the ensuing war between Great Britain and Spain he does not seem to have taken a foremost part ; but when peace negotiations were begun, his know- ledge of English led to his being sent as private agent, first to Aix-la-Chapelle and Holland, and afterwards (June 1747) to England, where for some years after the conclusion of peace he remained as ambas- sador. In 1752 he was made a major-gene- ral. In 1754 he was appointed Minister of Foreign Aifairs, and he continued to occupy a prominent place in the govern- ment of Spain during the remainder of the reign of Ferdinand VI. and part of that of his brother and successor, Charles III. Though his adopted country was more than once at war with Great Britain, Wall appears to have always been disposed to favour British interests. It is stated that for some time before his retirement into private life he was most anxious to with- di'aw, but that the King was unwilling to lose his services. In order to obtain leave to retire. Wall affected to be suffering from giddiness, and weakness of the eyes, and when about to enter the royal presence made use of an ointment to produce the appearance of inflammation. He also wore a shade over his eyes when in public. Soon after the peace in 1763 Charles III. reluct- antly assented to the loss of his services, and Wall retired into private life, loaded with honours and the rewards of long and faithful service. He passed the remainder of his days in the neighbourhood of Granada, residing sometimes on the estate of Soto de Roma (afterwards granted by the Spanish government to the Duke of Wellington) and sometimes at the villa of Mirador,near the city. He continued to pay periodical visits to the court at Aranjuez. It is said that " in retirement his reserved and independent conduct acquired the esteem even of those who had caballed against him when he wa.s in authority ." His name is honourably mentioned in connexion with efforts to preserve and restore the Moorish WAL palace of the Alhambra, which for long before and after his time suffered much from neglect and spoliation. He died, probably at or near Granada, in 1 778, aged about 85. '9?t 307* 307t Wallace, William Vincent, musical composer, was born in Waterford, ist June 1 8 14. He early evinced musical talents, and before he was eighteen had held the situations of organist of Thurles Cathedral and violinist in the Theatre Eoyal, Dublin, and conducted concerts in the same city. Advised to take a sea voyage on account of weak eyes, he left Dublin about 1833, went to Australia, and for a lengthened period laid music aside, and led an adventurous and chequered life in the bush. Accident at last brought him to Sydney and within reach of good music. The dormant taste re-asserted itself, and he resumed the bow, and gave concerts — first in Australia, and after- wards in India, South America, Mexico, and the United States. At New York, about 1844, he married Miss Helen Stepel, a pianist. " His own performance was only a little less excellent on the pianoforte than on the violin, and as a concert giver and music director he was in much 'repute."'"' In 1845 he went to Lon- don, but could not hold his own against the gi'eat instrumentalists always to be heard there, and turned his attention to compo- sition. His opera of Maritana proved a brilliant success. He again gave concerts in America, lost his savings in a pianoforte factory, returned to England in 1853, and for the rest of his life devoted his talents to composition. Lurline, produced in 1859, soon became popular. The Amber Witch followed in 1861, and the Desert Flower iu 1863. He contributed numerous pieces to ChappeVs Musical Magazine, and other publications. In 1864, being attacked by an incurable malady, he removed to France, and died at the Chateau de Bagen, Haute Gai-onne, 12th October 1865, aged 51. His remains were interred in Kensal-green Cemetery, London. Wallace was a pleasing and facile composer, but by no means one of the first ability, though many of his airs have held their place in public estima- tion. 1° Walsh, Edward, editor of the Jaco- bite Relics of Ireland, and author of poems, was born in Londonderry in 1805. The son of a Cork militiaman, he received a tolerable education, taught school at Mill- street, County of Cork, and removed in 1837 to Toureen, where he first began to write for the magazines. He was after- wards schoolmaster to the convict station at Spike Island, and ended his days aa 545 WAL WAL teacher in the Cork workhouse. He was proficieut in the fairy and legendary lore of the country, and published two volumes of poetical translations from the Irish, with the original text. Hayes says in his Ballads of Ireland : " There is a singular beauty and fascinating melody in his verse, which cheers and charms the ear and heart. His translations preserve all the peculiarities of the old tongue, which he knew and spoke with gi-aceful fluency. His ballads are the most literal and char- acteristic which we possess." Edward Walsh died in Cork, 6th August 1850, aged 44. '59» Walsh, Nicholas, Bishop of Ossory, an Irishman, was educated at Cambridge, and was consecrated Bishop of Ossory in January 15 76-' 7. He was the first to introduce Irish types into Ireland, and to cause the Church Service to be printed in them, "which proved an instrument of conversion to many of the ignorant sort of Papists in those days." He also forwarded the translation of the New Testament into Irish. He was murdered by a fanatic on 14th December 1585, and was buried in St. Canice's, Kilkenny. "^ Walsh, Peter, D.D., Professor of Di- vinity at Louvain, was born at Moortown, County of Kilkenny, early in the 17th century, and was educated in the College of St. Anthony, Louvain. He returned to Ireland in 1646, joined the Ormond party, and wrote a treatise against Einuccini. In 1 66 1 he was made procurator or repre- sentative in London of some of the Catho- lic hierarchy. He was the ally of Ormond in the political complications of the period — especially in the matter of the " Remon- strance," the discussion regarding which raged fiercely for three years. The docu- ment was condemned by a synod of Catholic clergymen that met in June 1666, some of -^-hom were imprisoned through his instrumentality. For this he was sus- pended and excommunicated by his own Church. The Duke of Ormond obtained for him a situation of .£100 a year in Lon- don. The Earl of Orrery entered into a pamphlet war with him in Irish Colours Displayed, to which Walsh replied by his Irish Colours Folded. In 1672 he pub- lished his valuable History of the Remon- strance. D'Arcy McGee says : " It has great candour, abounds in bond fide docu- ments, letters, decrees, and state papers. Without it, the great Catholic confederacy could not be well understood by our times, or rescued from misrepresentation by the lovers of true history." Walsh endea- voured upon one occasion to convert his friend and patron, Ormond, to Catholicism. 546 Dr. Walsh died in 1687, and was buried in St. Dunstan's-in-the-West, London. His character is thus sketched by the Bishop of Salisbury : " He was the honestest and learnedest man I ever knew among them [the Catholics], and was indeed in all points of controversy almost wholly a Protestant, but he had senses of his own, by which he excused his adhering to the Church of Rome, and maintained that with these he could continue in the com- munion of that Church without sin : and he thought no man ought to forsake that religion in which he was born and bred, unless he was clearly convinced that he must certainly be damned if he continued in it. He was an honest and able man, much practised in intrigues." '^ "° '^s 339 Walsh, Robert, Rev., LL.D., M.D., was born in Waterford, about the middle of the 1 8th century. Having passed through Trinity College (scholar, 1794 ; B.A., 1796), he took orders as curate to Dean Kirwan. He assisted the Rev. J. White- law in the preparation of his History of Dublin, and completed the work after Whitelaw's death. He was much interested in Irish antiquities. In 1820 he went out as chaplain to the British consulate at Con- stantinople, and wrote A Journey from Constantinople to England, and otherworks connected with the East, besides A n Essay on Ancient Coins, Medals, and Oems, as Illustrating the Progress of Christianity in the Early Ages (8vo, London, 1830), and Notices of Brazil, 2 vols., 8vo. The latter part of his life he was Yicar of Finglas, near Dublin. He died about 1852. [His son, John Edward Walsh, was Master of the Rolls in Ireland, 1866 to 1869. His younger brother Edward, a physician (born in Waterford in 1756 ; died in Dublin, 7th February 1832) was the author of a Nar- rative oj the Expedition to Holland in 1 779, and other works.] '* ^s neo 15) Walsh, William, Bishop of Meath, was born at Dunboyne early in the i6th century, and was appointed, by the Pope, Bishop of Meath in 1554. He enjoyed more than one office under Elizabeth, but refusing in 1 560 to conform in matters of religion, was first imprisoned and after- wards deprived of his bishopric. He was subsequently enlarged, but was again cast into prison in 1565. On i6th July, Adam Loftus, the Archbishop of Ai-magh, wrote to Cecil : " He refused the oath, . . and openly showed himself to be a mis- liker of all the Queen's Majesty's proceed- ings. He openly protested before all the people, the same day he was before us, that he would never communicate or be present, by his will, where the service WAR WAR should be ministered, for it was against his conscience, and, as he thought, against God's Word. . , It were fit he should be sent to England, and peradventure by conferring with the learned bishops there he might be brought to some conformity. He is one of great credit amongst his countrymen, and upon whom, as touching causes of religion, they wholly dejaend." After enduring seven years' imprisonment, he escaped to France about 1572. He appears to have returned to Ireland and resumed his episcopal functions in 1575, as in April of that year he had a brief from Rome empowering him to act for the dioceses of Armagh and Dublin, as well as Meath. Bishop Walsh subsequently re- tired to Spain, where he held the position of suffragan to the Archbishop of Toledo. He died at Alcala, 4th January 1 577. t- ^-'^'^ Waxbnrton, Eliot Bartholomew George, an author, was born near Tulla- more in 18 10. He matriculated at Cam- bridge, and was called to the Irish Bar, but soon abandoned the law for the over- sight of his Irish estates and the pleasures of society, foreign travel, and literature. During an extended tour in the Mediter- ranean, about 1 842, he contributed to the Dublin University Magazine some " Epi- sodes of Eastern Travel." By the advice of Mr. Lever, these were collected, ampli- fied, and published under the title of The Crescent and the Cross. The work was most successful, and within fifteen years went through as many editions, " A changeful truth, a versatile propriety of feeling, initiates the author, as it were, into the heart of each successive subject ; and we find him as profoundly impressed with the genius of the Holy Land, as he is steeped, in the proper place, in the slum- berous influences of the dreamy Nile, upon whose bosom he rocks his readers into a trance, to be awakened only by the gladsome originality of those melodies which come mirthfully on their ears from either bank." ''^ Besides minor works, he wrote Memoirs of Prince Rupert and the Cavaliers, 3 vols., 1849 ; and two novels — Reginald Eastings {\%ZiO)sj[idiDarien{i2>^i). In this last book he gives a vivid account of the destruction of a vessel by fire. He sailed for the West Indies in the mail steamer Amazon, on 2nd January 1852. When but 120 miles from the Lizard, the ship took fire, and 102 out of the 161 souls on board perished, Mr. Warburton was last seen standing beside the captain on the deck of the burning vessel, ? -6 116(39) Ward, Hugh, D.D., Rector of the College of Louvain, was born in the County of Donegal, towards the close of the i6th century. He was educated at Salamanca and at Paris, and was among the first members of the theological faculty of the Irish College founded at Louvain in 1616, He was first Professor of Divinity, and afterwards Guardian or Rector of the College. He was soon joined by Father John Colgan and Father Michael O'Clery, " These three noble Franciscans," says O'Curry, "soon began to devise means to rescue from the chances of threatened oblivion the perishing records and evi- dences of, at least, the ecclesiastical history of their native country. They established an Irish press in St, Anthony's CoUege. Michael O'Clery was sent back into Ire- land to collect, purchase, or transcribe manuscripts ; the expenses of his mission being provided for by Father Ward." Dr, Reeves characterizes Ward as "a great and good man;" and Harris says: "He was a man well skilled in the antiquities of his country, and undertook to write a general history of the lives of the Saints of Ireland. , , While our author waited with impatience many years for the benefit of O'Clery 's collections, he employed him- self writing several pieces as preliminary to his larger work." (None of those noted in Harris's Ware appear to have been published except his Acta Sancti Rumoldi Martyris Inclyti, which appeared in 1662.) Dr. Ward died 8th November 1635, before he could make use of the materials col- lected in Ireland ; but in the hands of O'Clery and his brothers [see O'Clert, Michael, p. 373], they formed the basis of the Annals of the Four Masters, and enabled Colgan to commence his Acta Sanctorum. Dr. Ward, or Mac an Bhaird, as he is known in Irish, was buried at Louvain. '55 260 Warden, David Bailie, M.D., was born in Ireland in 1778. He became a citizen of the United States, and was distinguished for his scientific attainments and varied learning. He was for some time Secretary of the United States Lega- tion to France, and for forty years was Consul in Paris, where he became a member of the French Academy. He was the author of numerous works, both in French and English; amongst the rest: Moral Faculties and Literature of the Negroes, rSio; Account of the United States, 1819; Bibliotheca Americana, 1831; History of the Silk Bill, 1837; Recherches sur les Antiquites de VAmerique Septentrioncde. Mr. Warden died in Paris, 9th October 1845, aged 67. ^'* Ware, Sir James, an eminent Irish antiquary, the writer on the antiquities, history, and biography of Ireland whose 547 WAE works have been most largely drawn upon by subsequent authors, was born in Castle- street, Dublin, 26th November 1 594. [His father, Sir James Ware, came to Ireland in 1588, in the train of Sir William Fitz Wil- liam, Lord-Deputy. Amongst other ap- pointments, he secured a patent for the lucrative post of Auditor-General of Ire- land, which, with the interval of a few years during the Commonwealth, continued in his family for three generations. He was knighted by James I., and in the Parliament of 16 13 sat as member for Mallow. " Having lived a very strict and truly religious life, he died suddenly (which was his constant wish for many years before) as he was walking home through Fishamble-street to his house in Castle-street, in 1632." The family man- sion of the Wares stood in Castle-street, on the ground now occupied by Hoey's- court and the Castle steps.] Young James Ware was carefully educated by his father, entered Trinity College in 16 10, remained there six years, took out his M.A. degree, and then resumed his home studies. His literary and antiquarian tastes were fos- tered by friendships with Dr. Ussher, then Bishop of Meath, and Daniel Molyneux, "a very curious antiquary, between whom the similitude of their studies had cemented a strict friendship." " At an early age," says Harris, " his father, thinking it conve- nient he should marry, procured him a match to both their satisfactions. It was Mary, the daughter of Jacob Newman of the City of Dublin, Esq. But this altera- tion in his condition did not in the least take him off from his beloved studies. He had begun to gather manuscripts, and make collections from the libraries of Irish antiquaries and genealogists, and from the registries and cartularies of cathedrals and monasteries, in which he spared no expense. . . When he had gleaned all he could for his purpose at home, he resolved to take a journey to England, not doubting but he should reap a plentiful harvest by consulting the libraries both publick and private there." This tour, made in 1626, was the first of his many visits to England. It would be a mistake to suppose that Ware's life was devoted entirely to Utera- ture. He was knighted in 1629 by the Lords-Justices. His father was still living ; so that there were two knights of the same name and surname residing together in one house at the same time, "they always living together." On his father's death, three years afterwards, he succeeded to the office of ' Auditor-General, which necessarily occupied a good deal of his time. At this period he was writing some 548 WAR of his most valuable works. We are told by Harris of his attachment to the Earl of Strafford during his government of Ireland. He was returned member for Dublin University to the Irish Parliament of March 1639. He closely attended to the business of the Council upon the break- ing out of the Irish war in October 1641, and became one of the sureties for the loans advanced by private individuals to the Government. He advocated the cessa- tion of arms with the Irish in 1643, ^^^ was one of the council of seventeen ap- pointed to assist the Marquis of Ormond in negotiating the treaty with them. He was also one of the deputation sent over by Ormond to Charles I. [at Oxford, " to inform his Majesty of the posture of affairs in Ireland." Sir James spent all his spare time in the libraries at Oxford, where "he was complimented with the honorary degree of Doctor of Civil Law, and highly caressed by most of the con- siderable men at Oxford." The vessel in which he and his brother commissioners, Lord Edward Brabazon and Sir Henry Tichborne, were returning to Ireland, was captured by the Parliamentarians, and he suffered imprisonment for ten months in the Tower of London. On an exchange of prisoners of importance, he was per- mitted to return to Dublin, where he lived undisturbed until June 1647, when, on the surrender of the place to the Parlia- ment, he consented to be sent to England as one of the hostages for the due per- formance of the engagements entered into by Ormond. The agreement being fully executed, he was licensed to return to Dublin, where he lived some time in a private condition, having been deprived of his employment of Auditor-General. Sub- sequently, Michael Jones, Governor of Dublin, objected to the presence of such a leading loyalist, and in April 1649, """i*^ his eldest son and one servant, Ware retired to France, where he resided two years, between St. Malo, Caen, and Paris. "The frequent conversations he had with the famous Bochart [in Paris] delighted him extremely ; in whose com- pany he could have been contented to have spent the residue of his life." In 1 65 1 he was permitted to pass over to England, and ultimately to return home, where he resumed his antiquarian studies. After the Restoration he was re-instated in all his offices, and was again unanimously elected member for the University of Dublin. He was appointed on more than one commission in connexion with the settlement of the kingdom after the war ; yet he is said to have refused both a WAR WAE baronetcy and viscountcy. His latter days were principally occupied with the literary pursuits in which he so much delighted. Of a charitable disposition, he devoted a good deal of time and money to relieving those in distress, especially the families of decayed cavaliers, and always forgave the fees of his oflBce to widows, clergymen, and clergymen's children. Sir James Ware's works were all written in Latin. His first was: Archiepiscoporum Casseliensium et Tuamensium Vitce, quibus adjidtur Bistoria Ccenobiorum Cisterciensi- um Hibernice (Dublin, 1626). The follow- ing are those by which he is principally known : De Scriptoribm Hibernice (Dublin, 1639); De Hibernia et Antiquitatihus ejus Disquisitiones (London, 1654); ib. Ed. Se- cunda Emendatior et Quarta Parte Auctior, ac Rerum Hibernicarum Regnante Henrico VII. .4 ?ma^e5 (London, 1658) ; Rerum Hiber- nicarum Annates, ab 1485 ad 1558 (Dublin, 1664) ; De Proesulibm Hibernice Commen- tarius (Dublin, 1665). The second was printed in London, the art of printing being in a low condition in Ireland at that time, on account of the recent war. In 1656 he published his Opuscula Sancti Patridi ; in 1644, Venerabilis Bedce Epis- tolce. He caused to be printed in 1633, for the first time, Spenser's View of the State of Ireland, and also editions of Han- mer's Chronicle and Campian's History of Ireland. O'Flaherty says that Sir James Ware "could make a shift to read and understand " Irish, but " was utterly ignorant in speaking of it." He was accustomed to employ an Irish amanuen- sis to interpret and transcribe documents, and at the time of his death had in that capacity the learned Duald MacFirbis, who in Sir James's house translated the Registry of Clonmacnoise, and other works. Sir James Ware died at his residence in Castle- street, 1st December 1666, aged 72, and was buried in the vaults of St. Werburgh's, " without either stone or monumental inscription ; but he had taken care in his lifetime to erect a monument for himself by his labours, more lasting than any mouldering materials. . . He had a great love for his native country, and could not bear to see it aspersed by some authors, which put him upon doing it all the justice he could in his writings, by setting matters in the fairest light, yet still with the strictest regard to truth ." 339 [His eldest son, James, succeeded him in the office of Auditor-General, and died in 1689. His second son, Robert, was the author of numerous treatises, principally aimed against Catholics and their tenets. He made himself so unpopular with the large body of his countrymen that he saw fit to retire to England during the War of 1689- '91. He died in March in 1696. His granddaughter was the wife of Walter Harris.] Lord Clarendon took Sir James Ware's papers to England in James II.'s reign, and sold them to the Duke of Chandos, who was vainly solicited by Swift to restore them to Ireland. Some of them are now in the British Museum, a portion of the " Clarendon manuscripts ;" and a still more valuable portion is in the Rawlinson collection of the Bodleian Library, Oxford. The first collected edition of Sir James Ware's works was published in Dublin in 1705 : The Anti- quities and History of Ireland, by Sir James Ware, now first published in one volume, 171 English, and the Life of Sir James Ware prefixed. It was translated chiefly by Sir William Domvile and Eobert Ware, and contains the Antiquities, Annals, Writers, and Bishops, also Sir John Davis's Discovery, and several lists and historical documents relating to Ire- land, added by the editors. Each division of the book has a separate title-page and is separately paged. [For Harris's expansion of Ware's Antiquities, Writers, and Bishops, see Harris, Walter, p. 244.] 339 339* Warner, Perdinando.Rev., LL.D.,an English author, was born in 1 703. He is styled by Chalmers " a judicious and useful writer, as well as a popular preacher." He was rector of Ronde, in Wiltshire ; St. Mi- chael, Queenhithe, in London ; and Barnes, in Surrey. His History of Ireland, vol. i., (London, 1 763), and History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in Ireland (1767) are often referred to. The former, a quarto of 532 pp., brings down the history of the country to 1171 ; the latter (614 pp.) deals exclusively with the years between 1641 and 1660. Both works have tolerably good indexes. He died 3rd October 1 768, aged65. 3? '7** "^^t Warren, Sir Peter, Admiral, a dis- tinguished British naval officer, was born in Ireland in 1 703. He received his first command when but twenty-four. In 1745, with a small armament, he took Louisburg, the capital of Cape Breton, and was created Rear- Admiral of the Blue, and subse- quently Rear- Admiral of the White. At the beginning of 1 747, under Anson, he fell in with and completely disabled a French squadron intended for the recovery of Louisburg, for which exploit he was ad- vanced to be Vice- Admiral of the Red. In 1747 he was returned to Parliament for Westminster. He died 29th July 1752, and was interred in Westminster Abbey, where a monument by Roubiliac was erect- ed to his memory. ''- 349 549 VVEL Wellesley, Garrett, Viscount Wel- lesley, ' Dangan Castle, and Earl of Momington, was boru 19th July 1735. [He was the son of Richard Colley, whose aunt married Garrett Wesley of Dangan, in the County of Meath, descended from a family reputed to have been settled in Ireland since Henry II.'s reign. Her son Garrett Wesley died childless in 1 728, and bequeathed to Colley all his real estate, up- on condition that " he and his sons, and the heirs male of his body, assumed and took upon him and them the surname and coat-of-arms of Wesley." Eichard Colley changed his name accordingly, and was created Baron Momington in 1746. He died 31st January 1758. His descendants, about the year 1796, reverted to what was considered the more correct form of the name — Wellesley. The Colleys (other- wise spelled Cowley or Cooley) came to Ireland in the reign of Henry VIII. and were granted estates in the neigh- bourhood of Carbery. Henry Colley of Castle-Carbery, a captain in Queen Eliza- beth's Irish army, an ancestor of Richard, was knighted by Sir Henry Sidney, who re- commended him to his successor as one who was " valiant, fortunate, and a good ser- vant ; and, having by my appointment the charge of the King's County, kept the country well ordered and in good obedi- ence. He is as good a borderer as ever I found any there. I left him at my coming thence a councellor, and tried him for his experience and judgment, very suflBcieut for the room he was called into. He was a sound and fast friend to me, and so I doubt not but your Lordship shall find, when you have occasion to employ him."] Garrett Wellesley entered Trinity College, and took his B.A. degree in 1754, and M.A. in 1 757. He succeeded his father as Baron Momington in 1758, and was created Vis- count W sley (or Wellesley) and Earl of Momington in 1 761 . " Perhaps he was in some degree indebted to the musical ear of George III. for the advancement, inasmuch as the Earl was a composer of no ordinary merit, and excelled in the species of com- position which was most pleasing to the King. In no other way does he appear to have benefited by the royal favour, as his means were scarcely adequate to main- tain the large family which grew up around him in the style suited to their position." "^ From his earliest years he displayed a wonderful taste for music. At nine years of age he learned to play catches on the violin, and was soon able to take the second part in difficult sonatas. His first original composition was a minuet. At fourteen he played the harpsicord and organ, and 550 WEL within a short time was able to extemporize fugues on the latter. The degree of Doc- tor of Music was conferred upon him by Trinity College in 1764. Amongst his other compositions were the beautiful glees, " Here in cool grot," and " Come, fairest nymph." He died 22nd May 1781,5^ aged 45. By his wife, Anne, daughter of Arthur Hill, Viscount Dungannon (whose family had been settled in Ire- land for more than one hundred years), he had six sons and two daughters : (i) Richard — became Marquis of Wellesley. (2) Arthur Gerald — (born in 1761 ; died young). (3) William (born in 1 763 ; died 1845) — assumed the name and arms of Pole, and became Baron Maryborough. (4) Francis Seymour — died young. (5) Anne (born 1768; died 1 844)— married (a) Hon. Henry Fitzroy, and (6) Charles C. Smith. (6) Arthur — became Duke of Wellington. (7) Gerald Valerian (born 1770; died 1848)— entered the Church, and became Prebendary of Durham. (8) Mary Elizabeth (born 1772)— appears to have died young. (9) Henry (born 1773 ; died 1 847). Lady Momington, a somewhat cold and severe woman, who had a difficult struggle to bring up her family on a small property heavily encumbered, lived to witness the eminence to which her sons attained, and died loth September 1831. S4 216 Wellesley, Richard Colley, Earl of Morniu^on, Marquis Wellesley, son of the preceding, was born in Grafton- street, Dublin, 20th June 1 760. He was educated at Eton, and afterwards passed on to Oxford, where he stood high in classical attainments, especially on account of his facility in Latin verse composition. His first act on succeeding to the earldom of Momington in 1781 was to assume the heavy pecuniary engagements of his father. Encouraged by the reputation he had acquired at college, he determined to follow up politics as the most likely means of re-establishing the shattered fortunes of the family, and he soon took a prominent part in the proceedings of the Irish House of Lords. He was one of the first Knights of the order of St. Patrick, which was established in 1783. Ambitious of wider field for the exercise of his talents, he, in 1784, entered the British House of Com- mons for the pocket borough of Beerals- ton, in Devonshire. He was in the British Cabinet in 1786. He devoted himself especially to Indian affairs. The turning point in his life was his support of the Government in the Regency debates of 1 789 in the Irish House of Lords. He was soon after returned by royal influence for WEL the borougii of "Windsor, and was sworn in both on the British and the Irish Privy- Councils. He supported Wilberforce in his efforts to abolish the slave-trade, but opposed all pi-opositions for Parliamentary reform. He further recommended himself to Pitt and the King in 1 794, by his speech in favour of war with France, was appoint- ed one of the Commissioners of the Board of Indian Control, and in October 1 797 was made Governor-General of India, and at the same time created Baron Wellesley in the peerage of Great Britain. A minute account of his eight years' Indian adminis- tration does not properly come within the limits of this notice. In military affairs he was seconded by the opening talents of his brother Arthur, and the administrative capacity of his brother Henry. His policy resulted in the extinction of French influ- ence in Hindostan, the defeat and death of Tippoo Sultaun, and the addition of vast regions to the territories already under the Company's rule. Lord Macaulay has characterized his policy as "eminently able, energetic, and successful ;" whilst Mill, in his History of British India, takes a different view of it, and says, when writing of the arrival of his successor: "Lord Wellesley was regarded as a very expensive and ambitious ruler ; the greater part of his administration had been a scene of war and conquest ; war and conquest in India had been successfully held forth to the British nation as at once hostile to the British interests and cruel to the people of India ; with a ruler possessing the dis- position of Lord Wellesley, it was sup- posed that the chances of war would always outnumber the chances of peace, . . and to those who longed for peace and an over- flowing exchequer in India, it appeared that the return of this nobleman [the Mar- quis Comwallis] would afford a remedy for every disorder.'"*^ His situation in India was at times peculiarly embarrassing, on account of the diihculty of communication with the United Kingdom : he was often six months without any instructions. He was created Marquis of Wellesley in 1799. In August 1805 he left India, reaching England in time to attend the death-bed of his friend Pitt. Articles of impeachment were moved against him, without result, in the House of Commons by Mr. Paull, for alleged oppression of the native princes, especially the Nabob of Oude. Eegardiug home politics, his views appear to have been now somewhat liberalized. But in 1807 he withstood the King's desire that he should accept the position of Secretary of State in the Duke of Poi'tland's cabinet. In Febi-uary 1S08, WEL he rendered the Government efficient ser- vice by palliating the descent on Denmark. He was appointed Ambassador to Spain, 29th April 1809, at the same time that his brother Arthur, as General-in-chief in the Peninsula, was beginning to distin- guish himself. On the death of the Duke of Portland in the same year, he was recalled (his brother Henry being ap- pointed in his place), and he accepted the Foreign Secretaryship, which he held from December 1809, to January 181 2, when he resigned on account of differences with his colleagues in regard to the Catholic claims and the conduct of the war in Spain. In July 181 2 he brought forward a motion favourable to the Catho- lics ; and he continued for the next ten years to offer a modified opposition to the Government. From December 1821 to March 1828, and again from September 1833 to April 1 834, he was Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland. During his first tenure of the office he was unpopular with a large party as the representative of a government disposed to concede the Catholic claims. In 1822, supported by the Lord-Mayor, but in opposition to resolutions of the Town Council, he endeavoured to prevent the annual celebration round the statue of William III. in Dublin, and during a state visit to Hawkins-street Theatre, on the night of 14th December, an earthen jar was thrown at him in his box. This " Bottle riot," as it was called, created great excitement ; but the bills against those who participated in it were ignored by the grand jury, and the prosecution fell to the ground. Henry Grattan, jun., thus characterized Lord Wellesley's Irish adminstration : " When viceroy in Ireland he showed him- self a friend of liberty ; but he was thwarted by subordinates, assailed by violeiice, over- whelmed with abuse, and impeded in the praiseworthy efforts he made to extend equal rights and equal protection to all classes of the population of Ireland. But Lord Wellesley proceeded firmly in his course ; and to him in a great degree is Ireland indebted for the successful op- position to religious bigotry and intoler- ance."3't'= The warmest friendship always subsisted between the Marquis and the Duke of Wellington, although they often differed widely and openly on political questions, especially in regard to Catholic Emancipation. In April 1835, on the for- mation of the second Melbourne adminis- tration, the Marquis accepted the office of Lord-Chamberlain, but resigned in the same year, and never afterwards fiUed any public employment. His latter years were spent in retirement, in the cultiva- WEL tion of those literary and classical tastes to which he had been devoted in his youth. The Marquis was twice married. His first union, with Mdlle. Eoland, a French lady, was unhappy, and they lived separate for many years. In 1825, nine years after her death, he married an A merican Catholic lady, Mrs. Patterson, sister-in-law of Jerome Napoleon, and grand-daughter of Charles Carroll, the last surviving signer of the Declaration of Independence. The Marquis of Wellesley died in London, 26th September 1842, aged 82. He was not wealthy — considering his position and opportunities, which would have enabled a less scrupulous man to amass a large fortune. He sold the family estates and crippled himself for many years to pay his father's debts. In India he voluntarily resigned large sums of prize money for division amongst subordinates. In 1837, when it was known he was involved in pecuniary difficulties, the East India Company made him an allowance of ^5,000 per annum, ultimately changed into a grant of £20,000. The Marquis gave to the world some Latin poems, and papers connected with India and Spain. The Company published his despatches in five volimies. Blackwood says they " off'er a striking contrast in point of style to those of his more gifted brother. They are verbose, elaborate, and full of ornament." The Marquis left no legitimate children. His son Henry "Wellesley, D.D. (born 1792; died 1866), Principal of New Inn Hall, Oxford, the author of several works, was a man of the most cultivated tastes ; his knowledge of Spanish and Italian art and literature " was supreme." The Dowager Marchio- ness died in Hampton Court Palace, 1 7th December 1853. '« 97 1^4 168 34= WellBsley, Arthur, Duke of Wel- lington, younger brother of preceding, was born at 24 tipper Merrion-street, Dublin, ^9th April 1 769. [For ancestry, see notice of his father, p. 550.] When but twelve years of age he lost his father, and little care appears to have been bestowed upon him by his mother, a somewhat harsh woman, who believed the " slender, blue-eyed, hawk-nosed, and rather sheep- faced boy" to be hopelessly deficient in mental ability. He spent a short time at Eton, and was then sent to the Military College at Angers, in France, where for several years he studied under Pignerol, the great engineer. In March 1787 he was appointed an ensign in the 73rd Regiment. His promotion was rapid, in consequence of the growing political influence of his brother ; he was ap- pointed aide-de-camp to the Marquis of 552 WEL Camden, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, and by September 1793 he had attained the lieutenant-colonelcy of the 33rd Regi- ment. He was elected member for Trim in the Irish Parliament, in the session commencing 20th January 1791 ; and held the seat until that Parliament was dissolved on 5th June 1795. Reference to the Insh Debates shows that he addressed the House on five occasions. On loth January 1792 he seconded the address on the speech from the Lord-Lieutenant — supporting Government in its warlike policy towards France and its discourage- ment of the Volunteers, or " National Guards," and thus expressed himself on the Catholic question: "I have no doubt of the loyalty of the Catholics of this country, and I trust when the question shall be brought forward we shall lay aside animosities, and act with moderation and dignity, and not with the fury and violence of partisans." On 28th January 1 793 he spoke in favour of the House vindicating its privileges in the matter of the printer and proprietor of the Hibernian Journal, accused of publishing a libel on their body. On the 25 th of February he supported a Catholic Relief Bill, but deprecated the admission of Catholics into Parliament. On 24th January 1794 he expressed him- self with reference to a return regarding enlistment. On 13th March 1795 he defended the conduct of the Lord-Lieuten- ant in permitting a large number of regu- lar troops to be sent out of Ireland for the defence of the Empire, assuring the mover of a resolution, that, "however he may treat the new levies with contempt, they were not objects of contempt to the enemies of their country." Arthur Wellesley and Lord Edward FitzGerald sat in Parliament at the same time, and served together on committees. Sir Jonah Barrington thus describes the former in 1793 : " He was then ruddy-faced and juvenile in ap- pearance, and popular enough among the young men of his age and station; his address was unpolished ; he occasionally spoke in Parliament, but not successfully, and never on important subjects ; and evinced no promise of that unparalleled celebrity and splendour which he has since reached, and whereunto intrepidity, decision, good luck, and great military science, have justly combined to elevate him. . . I became rather intimate with Captain Wellesley and Mr. Stewart [after- wards Lord Castlereagh], and perceived certain amiable qualities in both, which a change of times, or the intoxication of prosperity, certainly in some degree tended to diminish." Lord Plunket often told WEL how upon one occasion, when sitting with Arthur Wellesley on a committee of the Irish House of Commons, he never for a moment ceased playing the then fashion- able game with a " quiz." FitzPatrick, in his Sham Squire, says : "The early life of the 'Iron Duke,' if honestly told, would exhibit him deficient in ballast. Having had some warm words with a Frenchman in Dublin, he wrested from his hand a cane, which was not returned. The Frenchman brought an action for the robbery of the cane, and Wellesley was absolutely tried in the Sessions House, Dublin, for the offence. He was acquitted of the robbery, but found guilty of the assault." In June 1 794, Arthur Wellesley embarked at Cork with some Irish regiments on an expe- dition to Flanders, where he distin- guished himself upon several occasions. The British troops were obliged to return home ignominiously next spring, having been unable to effect anything against the French, and Wellesley appears to have been disgusted with the war, with the incapacity of the generals, and the blunders and mismanagement of the home authorities. On 25th June 1795, he wrote from Trim to Lord Camden, asking for some civil employment in Ireland. — "It certainly is a departure from the line I prefer; but I see the manner in which the military offices are filled." After embark- ing in an expedition destined for the West Indies, that had to put back from stress of weather, he was ordered on service in India, and landed at Calcutta in February 1 797. During his eight years' residence in Hindostan (untU March 1805) he earned a high military reputation. His elder brother. Lord Wellesley, was Governor-General, and Arthur carried out in the field plans of which he was the part adviser in the cabinet. A striking monument of his ability, industry, and statesmanship remains in the four volumes of sup- plementary Despatches written in India between 1797 and 1805. It is said that the first occasion upon which he adopted his brother's change of name from Wesley to Wellesley was in one of those despatches, dated 19th May 1798. As Colonel Wellesley, he carried Serin- gapatam by assault on 2nd May 1 799. As Major-General, he reduced Ahmednuggar on 9th August 1803, and defeated Scindia, at Assaye on 23rd September, and again at Argaum on 29th November. In 1 804 General Wellesley was gazetted a K.C.B. Dr. W. H. Russell has said of his Indian services : " With more than Clive's success, although the results were not so great when judged by the comparative status of WEL the British power at the two epochs, Wellesley had acquired a reputation to which no stain of duplicity or foul play could be attached." Soon after his return home in September 1805, Sir Arthur Wellesley went abroad again as Brigadier- General in Lord Cathcart's unsuccessful expedition to Holland. On the 1 2th April 1806 he was elected to Parliament for Rye, and for the borough of Mitchell on 20th January 1807. He was re-elected for Mitchell on his appointment as Secretary for Ireland in the following April ; and at the general election in June, was elected both for Newport, Isle of Wight, and Tralee— accepting the seat for Newport. His Civil Correspondence and Memoranda during his Irish admin- istration, from 30th March 1807 to 12th April 1 809, were published by his son, the present Duke, in i860. They contain his opinions upon the most minute points of Irish administration during those years — delivered in his usual terse and vigorous style. The following remarkable passage occurs in a letter on the "Defences of Ireland," written to Lord Hawkesbury, from Dublin Castle, 7th May 1807. "I am positively convinced that no political measure which you could adopt would alter the temper of the people of this country. They are disaffected to the Brit- ish Government ; they don't feel the benefits of their situation ; attempts to render it better either do not reach their minds, or they are represented to them as additional injuries ; and in fact we have no strength here but our army. Surely it is incumbent upon us to adopt every means which can secure the position and add to the strength of our army." In a letter of advice to General Lee, in command at Limerick, dated from Cork, 7th July 1808 (pub- lished in Lenehan's History of Limerick), Sir Arthur makes the following remarks on the condition of the public peace in Ireland: "The situation of a general offi- cer commanding in a district in Ireland is very much of the nature of a deputy- governor of a county or a province. . . It frequently happens that disturbances exist only in a very small degi'ee, or pro- bably only partially, and that the civil power is fully adequate to get the better of them. At the same time, the desire to let a building to the Government for a barrack— the desire to have troops in the county, either on account of the increased consumption of the necessaries of life, or because of the increased security which they would give to that particular part of the country — would occasion a general rise in the value or rent of land, which proba- 553 . WEL WEL bly at that moment might be out of lease, or in some instances the desire to have the j-eomen called out on permanent duty — occasions a representation that the distur- bances are much more serious than the facts would warrant. Upon these occasions letter after letter is written to the com- manding officer and to the Government; the same fact is repeated through many different channels; and the result of an enquiry is generally, that the outrage complained of is by no means of the nature or of the extent which has been stated. . . It frequently happens that the people who do commit outrages and disturbances have reason to complain; but in my opinion that is not a subject for the consideration of a general officer." Sir Arthur added considerably to his military reputation in the descent on Denmark in 1807, where he held a command. It has been said that his predilection in the Pen- insular sieges for assaults rather than bom- bardments arose from his experiences of the horrors of the bombardment of Copen- hagen, and the subsequent excesses of the victorious British troops. In July 1808, mainly through the influence of Lord Cas- tlereagh, Sir Arthur was despatched from Cork in command of a small expeditionary force, to challenge the French occupation of the Peninsula. It is unnecessary to recount by what series of events this small arma- ment, at first almost unnoticed and proba- bly despised by France, was by Wellesley's genius increased and welded into a force against which the resources and prestige of Napoleon were shattered within a few short years. It is unnecessary to recount how, overcoming a thousand difficulties, and at first badly supported from home, he defeated Napoleon's greatest generals at Talavera, Torres Vedras, Albuera, Ciudad Eodrigo, Badajos, Salamanca, the Pyrenees, and in a hundred minor en- gagements, and how Sir Arthur Wellesley, who left Cork in 1808, on 14th February 1 8 14 had beaten the French entirely out of Spain, and entered Paris on 4th May as Duke of Wellington, acknowledged to be the second captain in Europe, the reci- pient of rich estates in both England and the Peninsula, and of almost every honour that it was in the power of two nations to bestow. On 24th June he took his seat in the House of Lords by the titles of Baron, Viscount, Earl, Marquis, and Duke, and received the thanks of both Houses of Parliament. In August he went to Paris in the capacity of ambas- sador from the United Kingdom, and pro- ceeded thence to take part in the Congress of Vienna. On the 8th March 181 5 the • 554 of Napoleon's escape from Elba reached the representatives of the great powers at Vienna, and on the 5 th April Wellington was at Brussels, actively en- gaged in forwarding the military prepara- tions to oppose him. The Duke's corre- spondence shows that by the loth June, whilst ignorant of Napoleon's plans,. he was fully informed of the real force at liis disposal. Judging of the Emperor's dis- positions by those which he would have made in his place, he inclined to believe that he would act on the defensive, but that if he did attack it would be on the allies' right. On the night of the 15th Wellington was at a ball given by the Duchess of Eichmond in Brussels, when the news reached him of Napoleon's hav- ing attacked the Prussians at Charleroi. Before the ball was ended the troops at Brussels were on their march to the front, and early in the morning they were over- taken by the Duke at Quatre Bras, where they successfully sustained an attack from Marshal Ney with a large French divi- sion. In another part of the field the French were successful in an attack upon the Prussians. On the 17th there was some heavy fighting ; but to maintain communi- cations with the Prussians Wellington fell back on a position already chosen in front of the village of Waterloo. This movement was conducted in such a masterly manner that all Napoleon's efforts to bring the British to an engagement during the i Tth were unsuccessful, and the following wet and stormy night found Wellington in a strong position, where he proposed to await the arrival of the Prussijins. It is unnecessary to enter into the particulars of the battle of Waterloo, fought on the 1 8th of June 181 5. The allied force, of which 25,000 were British, under Welling- ton, numbered 72,000 men, with 1 86 pieces of artillery. From eleven to four o'clock, they sustained the assaults of Napoleon's army, numbering 80,000, with 252 pieces of artillery. Foiled in his efforts to force the British positions, Napoleon's defeat was accomplished by the arrival, at half- past four o'clock, of 36,000 Prussians under Blucher, with 100 guns. The loss of the allies under Wellington has been computed at 15,000, that of the Prussians at 7,000, and that of the French, in the battle and pursuit, at 40,000. The Duke wrote to a friend soon after the engage- ment : " You will have heard of our battle of the i8th. Never did I see such a pounding match. Both were called what the boxers call gluttons. Napoleon did not manoeuvre at all. He just moved forward in the old style, in columns, and was driven WEL off in the old style. The only difference was that he mixed cavalry and infantry, and supported both with an enormous quantity of artillery. I had the infantry for some time in squares, and we had the French cavalry walking about us as, if they were our own. I never saw the British infantry behave so well." Colonel Chesney, one of the first military critics of our day, has thus written of Water- loo ; " Yet not on this battle — as I hope presently to show — however heroically fought or dexterously won, should the glory of the allied generals rest ; butonthe noble devotion of each to the common object in view, and the perfection of mutual confi- dence which enabled each so to act separ- ately as to produce with their united armies at the right moment the greatest possible result. Never in the whole of military history was the tactical value of the troops more entirely subordinated to the strate- gical operations. . . Waterloo was, in fact, viewed in its proper aspect, but the crown and finish of a splendid piece of strategy. . . If Wellington in this battle had shown some over-confidence in the needless detachment which weakened his line, the energy of his ally, the firmness of his chosen troops, his own masterly adroit- ness in tactics had redeemed the error, if they did not wholly justify it. . . Had it been any other general [than Napoleon] that acted thus on that eventful day, it would long ago have been said that his tactics in the battle were as defective as the strategy which placed him in it at such fearful odds." From Waterloo the allies pushed on to Paris — Blucher entering France by Charleroi, and Wellington mov- ing by Nivelles to Bavay. The French fortresses offered but little opposition ; Paris capitulated on 3rd July, and Louis XVIII. made his public entry next day. Blucher wished to revenge on Napoleon and the French nation the injuries inflicted on Prussia ; but Wellington would listen to no measure not dictated by the ne- cessities of public justice ; and opposed Blucher's desire for the destruction of public buildings in Paris. Wellington has, however, been severely blamed for not interfering to prevent the execution of Marshal Ney. The Duke continued to reside in the palace of the Elysee until 29th June 1 816, when he returned to Eng- land. After a short sojourn at Chelten- ham, he resumed his duties in Paris, where, with the exception of short visits to Eng- land, he resided in command of the army of occupation until the evacuation of France. His judgment was generally de- ferred to by the allied sovereigns, and his WEL policy towards France was aimed rather to encourage and to raise than further to weaken that country. On the division of the Waterloo prize-money in 1819, Wel- lington's share came to £60,000, and, in addition, Parliament purchased for him, at a cost of £263,000, the estate of Strath- fieldsaye, free from all rent or service, except the presentation, by him and his successors, to the Sovereign, of a small flag on each recurring anniversary of Waterloo. In 1818 the Duke of Wel- lington was appointed Master-General of the Ordnance, and in 1822 was named as Plenipotentiary at the Congress of Verona. In 1827, on the death of the Duke of York, he was appointed Commander-in-chief of the army ; but he resigned all his offices rather than serve under Canning. Wel- lington was Prime-Minister from January 1828 to November 1830. His administra- tion was formed chiefly to oppose Catholic Emancipation ; and on the 28th April 1828 he thus strongly pronounced against it in the House of Lords : " There is no person in this House whose feelings and sentiments, after long consideration, are more decided than mine are with respect to the subject of the Roman Catholic claims ; and I may say, that until I see a very great change in that question, I certainly shall continue to oppose it." But the march of opinion was so rapid, and O'Connell, backed by an overwhelm- ing majority of the Irish people, and by a strong publia feeling in Great Britain, raised such a storm, that on the 5th of the following February the Duke was obliged from his place to declare : " No man who has looked at the state of things for the last two years can pro- ceed longer upon the old system, in the existing condition of Ireland, and of men's opinions on the subject, both in that coun- try and in this. My opinion is that it is the wish of the majority of the people that this question should be settled one way or other. It is upon that principle, and in conformity to that wish, that I and my col- leagues have undertaken to bring the ad- justment of it under the consideration of Pai'liament." A few days afterwards he added : " From all he had seen and read relative to Ireland, during the last two years, he was forced to arrive at this con- clusion, namely, that he did not believe there was on the face of the globe any country claiming the denomination of a civilized country situated as that country now was under the government of his Majesty and the Imperial Parliament." The Catholic Association was " dangerous." No compact with Kome would add to the 555 WEL security of the Church of Ireland. On the 2nd of April, referring to a clause of the Emancipation Bill, he said : "There is no man more convinced than I am of the absolute necessity of carrj-ing into execu- tion that part of the present measure which has for its object the extinction of monastic orders in this country." He declared that "the Union was proposed principally for the purpose of ensuring Catholic Emancipation, and that there was no remedy for the unhappy state of things then existing in Ireland but Emancipation. The words with which he urged his re- luctant colleagues in the House of Lords finally to pass the Bill, though often quoted, must not here be omitted : " I am one of those who have probably passed a longer period of my life engaged in war than most men, and principally in civil war ; and, I must say this, that if I could avoid, by any sacrifice whatever, even one month of civil war in the country to which I was attached, I would sacrifice my life in order to do it. . . Yet, my lords, this is the resource to which we must have looked — these are the measures which we must have applied, in order to have put an end to this state of things, if we had not made the option of bringing forward the measures, for which, I say, I am re- sponsible. . . It is mainly to the Irish Catholics that we all owe our proud pre- eminence in our military career, and that I personally am indebted for the laurels with which you have been pleased to decorate my brow, for the honours which you have so bountifully lavished on me, and for the fair fame (I prize it above all other rewards) which my country, in its generous kindness, has bestowed upon me." He also said : " It is impossible, there- fore, that any mischief can occur to the Church of Ireland, without a breach in the union of the two countries. . . We propose regulations which will have the effect of destroying the influence of the Ca- tholic priesthood in the election of members of Parliament." [For particulars of the Catholic Emancipation Act (lo Geo. IV. cap. 7), which received the royal assent 13th April 1829, see O'Connell, Daniel, p. 377.] Some further views of Wellington regarding Irish affairs may be given. (4th May 1822.) "If you glance at the history of Ireland during the last ten years, you will find that agitation really means something just short of rebellion." (2nd November 1 830.) " We do not now stand on worse ground on the question of the repeal of the Union than we should have done had not the Catholic question been carried. . . I gave way because I conceived the interests 556 WEL of the country would be best answered by doing so ; I gave way on the ground of policy and expediency, and upon those grounds I am at this moment ready to justify what I did." The Duke's opinion of O'Connell is thus summarily expressed in a letter to the Right Hon. Maurice FitzGerald, of the 21st of May, 1831 : " The truth is that O'Connell has become too powerful for a subject! It will be very difiicult to bring him to the state in which his existence in Ireland will be con- sistent with that of the Government — that is to say, if the British government should continue to exist there or anywhere else, which I confess is, in my opinion, very doubtful." On the 30th of May, he wi-ote to Lord Melville : " I don't in general take a gloomy view of things ; but I con- fess that, knowing all that I do, I cannot see what is to save Church, or property, or colonies, or union with Ireland, or eventually monarchy, if the Reform Bill passes. It will be what Mr. Hume calls 'a bloodless revolution.' There will be, there can be, no resistance. But we shall be destroyed, one after the other, very much in the order that I have mentioned, by due course of law. . , Nothing that resistance (I mean in Parliament) can occa- sion will be worse than what must be the consequence of the Bill. . . The ruin will be general. I am, therefore, for resistance in earnest, with as much strength as pos- sible." (27th February 1832.) Tithes were the most sacred kind of property. (28th Februar}\) If the system of Irish education were to be abrogated, " I consider that it would be better, perhaps, to have separate schools for the Protestants and Roman Catholics. . . I really cannot see the dif- ference between public and private educa- tion." (3rd July 1833.) The state of Ireland was a conspiracy against law and go- vernment, (loth July.) He objected to the reduction in the number of Irish Bishops. On 28th April 1837 he made a speech prin- cipally on the necessity of conciliating the Protestants of Ireland. Upon this ground he objected to the " Irish Corporations Bill." Agrarian disturbance in Ireland was caused by political agitation. (9th May 1843.) The Union should at aU costs and under all circumstances be maintained inviolate. Remedial measures were of no avail whilst agitation continued in Ire- land. (8th August.) The military were in a state of perfect eflaciency " to meet all misfortunes and consequences which may result from the violence of the passions of those men who unfortunately guide the multitude in Ireland." ( 1 8th March 1 844.) The compact entered into for the mainten- WEL WEL ance of the Church Establishment in Ire- land should be held sacred. (17th May,) He supported the new Irish Poor-law. On account of his opposition to liberal measures he became very unpopular dur- ing his tenure of office, and was even pelted with stones in the streets of Lon- don, and had the windows of his man- sion, Apsley House, broken. He guarded against a recurrence of such an event by fixing permanent iron shutters outside the windows — taking a grim pleasure in the disgrace which the appearance of his house brought on the people of London. His measures for the introduction of a new police-force in England, and the precautions he took to garrison London against any possible emeute on the part of the Keform- ers, brought his Ministry to a disastrous termination, and the seals of office were confided to Lord Grey. He was again Prime Minister for a short time in 1834 : and in 1843, on the death of Lord Hill, he resumed the post of Commander-in-chief. If no man ever contributed more to the military greatness of the United King- dom, no man was ever more richly re- paid, whether in material wealth, or in public consideration. The emoluments of his different offices, added to the interests of his several Parliamentary grants, brought up his income to about £43,000 per annum in money, besides his permanent estates in land. Amongst the many foreign honours and presents con- ferred on him was a service of plate from Portugal, valued at £100,000. Brialmout, his biographer, says : " The greatest leading principle of his moral being was duty. In private life he was truth itself. As a public man he had but one object in view, viz., to benefit, to the utmost of his ability and skill, the state whose servant he was. Of personal ambition, in the vulgar acceptation of that term, the Duke knew nothing. The desire of winning applause, or of advancing him- self to places of honour and power, seems never, from first to last, to have moved him. . . Justice requires that we should say unreservedly, that, with less of boldness and genius, Wellington possessed a greater amount of moral consideration as to the selection of his means, that he was a more scrupulous observer of his engage- ments, in short, a more honest man, than the unmatched victor of Austerlitz. He was gifted, moreover, with a larger share of patience and tenacity, his judgment was more calm, and sometimes clearer. Throughout the Peninsular war he gave proof, in a remarkable degree, of an amount of sagacity and foresight such as occurs only here and there in the letters of the Emperor," ^*^ His coolness under all cir- cumstances was one of his most striking characteristics : whether in defeat and humiliation or in his moments of highest exaltation, he was much the same out- wardly — when informed of the failure of his first attack on Badajos, as when witnessing the flight of Napoleon at Waterloo ; when the stones of a London mob were rattling about his head and smashing the windows of his mansion, as when on so many occasions he received the thanks of Parliament, It may be that a certain scorn of human nature and human weakness underlay all — a concep- tion of events, not alone in their present aspect, but in all their bearings. He had little sympathy with the masses — with their aspirations and weaknesses, and perhaps little belief in the possibility of their eleva- tion and enlightenment. There could be no accord between him and a people fully alive to their rights and responsibilities. Essentially an aristocrat and a conserva- tive, all the changes he was instru- mental in forwarding, he accepted rather as disagreeable necessities to the sustainment of the state, than as concessions demanded by truth and justice. He opposed Catholic Emancipation as long as it was possible ; he opposed a free press; he discountenanced, if he did not oppose, regimental schools ; he avoided railways so long as post horses were to be had on the roads he ordinarily travelled. For his native island he had no sympathy ; and he is said to have more than once declared himself an Englishman who had had the misfortune to be born in Ireland. If cold in his manners, he was more careful of the lives of his men and more solicitous for their comfort than many leaders who were able to attach their troops to them by feelings of deep personal devotion such as he could never inspii-e, and which perhaps he did not covet. According to conventional standards, he was a religious man. The Bible, the Prayer-Book, and Taylor's Holy Living and Dying were always within reach of his iron camp bedstead. The Duke of Wellington's talents as a general and military ad- ministrator were of the highest order ; but he was deficient in those prescient statesmanlike qualities and that moral intuition which combine to make a really great man. He had no sympathy with any philanthropic aim that looked beyond the ordinarily recognized limits assigned by respectability and conventionality. He despised the press; he despised free thought ; he disbelieved in popular gov- ernment ; he opposed all concessions to 557 WEL Catholics as long as possible ; he opposed the abolition of the corn laws ; he " felt proud of such a sovereign as George IV, ;" he opposed reform in Parliament ; he predict- ed the downfall of the constitution as the consequence of the passage of the Reform Bill ; he opposed free-trade ; West India property was not to be sacrificed to the fancies of abolitionists ; he denied the Jews' right to citizenship or to civil equal- ity. Yet on some questions he was almost unexpectedly liberal— he declared against the game-laws, and supported penny post- age. The thirty-three bulky volumes of his published Despatches, written in terse and nervous English, attest the methodical, concentrative power of his mind. A vol- ume might be filled with his aphorisms. His curt answers to letters were peculiarly characteristic of his business-like and unimaginative disposition. Although to the last his mind was as bright and keen as ever, his constitution had been some- what undermined by repeated attacks of catalepsy from 1837. He died somewhat suddenly 'at Walmer Castle, early on the 14th of September, 1852, aged 83, and his remains were accorded a public funeral in St. Paul's. Seventy titles were proclaimed over his grave, and eight field-marshal batons, conferred by as many countries, were broken. A magnificent monument, only now (1878) completed, marks his resting-place. Wellington was five feet nine inches high when in his prime. His shoulders were broad, his chest well developed, his arms long, and his hands and feet in excellent proportion. His eyes were of a dark violet-blue or grey, and his sight was so penetrating that even to the last he could distinguish objects at an im- mense distance. A forehead not very high, but broad and square, eyebrows straight and prominent, a long face, a Roman nose, a broad nnder-jaw, with a chin strongly marked, gave him somewhat a resemblance to more than one hero of antiquity, especially to Julius Caesar. His hair, originally coal black, became as white as silver before he died ; but to the last there was no sign of baldness. He was scrupulously neat in his costume, latterly spending two hours and a half in dressing. lu battle he wore a short white cloak, so that he could be recognised afar by his officers. The Duke was but an indifferent judge of horse-flesh, and he became so at- tached to the animals he rode that he could not bear to part with them when worn out ; consequently he was somewhat noted for the disreputable appearance of his horses. Bulwer's sketch of his appearance on Rotten Row will give some idea of the 558 WEN estimation in which he was held by the English people during his lifetime : " Next, with loose rein and careless canter, view Our man of men— the Prince of Waterloo ; O'er the firm brow the hat as firmly pressed, The firm shape rigid in the button'd vest ; Within— the iron which the fire has proved, And the close Sparta of a mind unmoved! Not his the wealth to some large natures lent, Divinely lavish, even where mis-spent, That liberal sunshine of exuberant soul. Thought, sense, affection, warming up the whole ; The heat and affluence of a genial power, Rank in the weed, as vivid in the flower ; Hush'd at command his veriest passions halt, Drill'd is each virtue, disciplined each fault; Warm if his blood — he reasons while he glows. Admits the pleasure— ne'er the folly knows ; If Vulcan for our Mars a snare had set, He had won the Venus, but escaped the net ; His eye ne'er wrong, if circumscribed the sight, Widen the prospect, and it ne'er is right, Seen through the telescope of habit still. States seem a camp, and all the world— a drill ! Yet oh! how few his faults, how pure his miud. Beside his fellow-conquerors of mankind ; How knightly seems the iron image, shown By Marlborough's tomb, or lost Napoleon's throne! Cold it his lips, no smile of fraud they wear. Stern if his heart, still ' man ' is graven there ; No guUe— no crime, his step to greatness made, No freedom trampled, and no trust betrayed ; The eternal ' I ' was not his law — he rose Without one art that honour might oppose. And leaves a human, if a hero's name. To curb ambition while it lights to fame." The Duke of Wellington, then Sir Arthur Wellesley, married, loth April 1806, Lady Catherine Pakenham, daughter of Lord Longford, descended from a family settled in Ireland since 1576. She died in April 1 83 1. They had two children — Arthur Richard, the present Duke, who has had no issue ; and Charles, a major-general in the army, who died in October, 1858, five of whose children survive. ^ s^ S4 124 =81 343 Went-w^orth, Thomas, Viscount Went-w^orth, Earl of Strafford, was born in Chancery-lane, London, 13th April 1593. He was the eldest son of a wealthy Yorkshire baronet and lando'wmer, whom he succeeded in 16 14. In that year and 1 62 1 he was elected to Parliament for Yorkshire. Early in the reign of Charles I. he took part in the opposition to his arbitrary measures, but in 1628 went over to the side of the King, and continued his most devoted adherent during the remainder of his life. He was created a Baron, 26th July 1628, Lord-President of the North in September, and Viscount Wentworth in December of the same year ; a Privy-Councillor in 1629, and Lord- Deputy of Ireland in January, 163 1-'2. He did not arrive in Dublin until July 1633, when he took up his residence at the Castle, with his family, and began to order the af- fairs of the country with vigour. His com- mercial policy is thus indicated in a letter to the Lord-Treasurer, written six months after his arrival : " I am of opinion that all wisdom advises to keep this kingdom as much subordinate and dependent upon England as is possible, and holding them from the manufacture of wool (which, un- less otherwise directed, I shall by all means discourage), and then enforcing them to fetch their clothing from thence [England] and to take their salt from the King (being that which preserves and gives value to all their native staple commodities). How can they depart from us without nakedness and beggary ] Which in itself is so weighty a consideration, as a small profit should not bear it down." Soon after his arrival in Dublin, Wentworth proposed to call a par- liament. To this the King at first object- ed ; but the Deputy overcame his scruples by promising to use diligence to secure the return of men who would prove pliant in- struments in his hands. Parliament was opened in Dublin, with unusual pomp, in July 1634, and Wentworth made a speech in -which he informed the assembly that it ■was determined to hold two sessions— one for the voting of subsidies, and a second for the redress of grievances. Six subsidies of ^50,000 each were immediately voted ; but when the time came for the considera- tion of " the graces," as the desired con- cessions from the King to the people of Ireland were called, Wentworth, by skil- ful manoeuvring, and playing off the Protestants against the Catholics, man- aged to avoid granting them. Among the concessions sought were, that Catholics should be excused from taking the oath of supremacy, that an undisturbed possession of land for sixty years should give a good title as against the Crown, and that the in- habitants of Connaught should be permitted to make a new enrolment of their estates. Parliament was dissolved in April 1635, •without " the gi-aces" being conceded, and the Deputy gleefully boasted : " The King is as absolute here as any prince in the whole world can be, and may be still, if it be not spoiled on that side" — namely in England. A commission was then issued with the distinct object of confiscating the whole of Connaught by fictitious forms of law. By threatening and coercing juries, and granting to the judges a commission of four shillings in the pound on the first year's rent of all forfeitures, the confiscation of the greater part of the counties of Mayo, Leitrim, Sligo, and Roscommon was accomplished. In Gal- way, owing partly to the influence of the Earl of Clanricard, the juries at first refused to find verdicts for the Crown. Heavy fines were inflicted, however, and the Earl had to compound for his estate by the payment of a large sum. Flaws were f oun d WEN in patents granted as lately as the previous reign, and many of the large landowners throughout the country were compelled to sue out new grants of their estates at a heavy expense. Even the London com- panies which held large estates in Ulster had to pay .£70,000 to make good their titles. The Catholics were alternately favoured and persecuted. At times the severity of the laws against them was relaxed, and at others they were cai-ried out to the letter : Catholic schools were suppressed, rites of burial denied, and fines inflicted for non-attendance at Protestant service. At the same time, in all matters not supposed to afiTect the King's revenue or prerogative, the cause of religion, or the interests of England, the government of Ireland was conducted with vigour and judgment. Algerine piracy was suppress- ed, the annual revenue from customs was increased from £12,000 to .£40,000, and mining and the general development of the resources of the country were encouraged. In particular, the establishment of the flax manufacture as a flourishing industry, dates from this time. In 1636 Wentworth visited England and received the King's approval of his acts. In the latter part of 1639 ^® "^^3 again sent for by Charles, and in January i639-'4o was created Earl of Stratford, and Baron of Eaby. At the same time he was appointed Lord-Lieuten- ant of Ireland, an oflice which had re- mained vacant since it was held by the Earl of Essex in Queen Elizabeth's reign. In March he paid a visit of two weeks to Dublin, to meet Parliament. He " had four subsidies given then, and gave orders to levy 8,000 foot in Ireland, which, to- gether with 2,000 foot and 1,000 horse, which was the standing army in Ireland, and 500 horse to be joined with them," were to be sent into Scotland under his lordship's command. On the 3rd of April he embarked for England. He was delayed for some time by illness on the road, and in London. On his recovery he was made Lieutenant-General of the English forces ; but the army was defeated at Newborne before his arrival. When the Long Parliament met in London in Nov- ember 1640, one of its first acts was the impeachment of Stratford before the House of Lords. The indictment for high treason embraced twenty-eight counts, twenty of them being for acts more or less connected with his Irish administration. He was accused of various acts of an illegal and oppressive nature ; of having ruled Ireland as a conquered country ; of counselling the King to arbitrary acts ; of showing undue favour to Eoman Catholics ; of trying to 559 WHA WHA kindle war between England and Scotland ; and, in particular, of raising an army in Ireland, nominally to fight the Scots, but really to crush the English, and enable the King to rule without Parliament and without the law. In the following March, according to Clarendon, "a com- mittee was come from the Parliament in Ireland to solicit matters concerning that kingdom. This committee (most of them being Papists, and the principal actors since in the rebellion) was received with great kindness, and upon the matter added to the committee for the prosecution of the Earl of Strafford." The impeachment trial began on the 22nd of March and continued until the 14th April, the prosecution being urged with implacable hostility by Pym and other popular leaders of the House of Com- mons, while Strafford defended himself on every point with great ability. Ultimately it was resolved to abandon the impeachment trial and to proceed by Bill of Attainder. The Bill passed finally in the Commons on the 2 1st of April, by a vote of 204 to 59, and in the House of Lords, on the 8th of May, by 26 votes to ig. Popular feeling ran very high against the Earl, and the King, though he had assured Strafford that his life should be spared, abandoned him when it came to the point, and on the loth signed the commission for giving the royal assent to the BUI. The Earl was be- headed on Tower Hill, 12th May 1641, and met his death with dignity and com- posure. He was 48 years of age. In pri- vate life the Earl of Strafford was a devoted husband and father, a true friend and a man of high cultivation and feeling. Many of his faults of temper arose from his shattered health, the result of agonizing accessions of inherited gout. His personal habits were naturally simple, but to sustain the honour of the King " before the eyes of a wild and rude peor'e," he maintained almost regal magnificence, with a retinue of fifty ser- vants and a body-guard of one hundred horse splendidly mounted and accoutred. The ruins of a princely mansion, begun by him, but never completed, may still be seen near Naas. He was long known in the traditions of the Irish peasantry as " Black Tom." '" 34s 345* Whaley, Thomas, sometimes known as " Buck Whaley," or " Jerusalem Whaley," a noted Dublin character, was born in Ireland in 1766. His father acquired the sobriquet of "Burn-Chapel Whaley," on ac- count of his severities during the Insurrec- tion of 1 798. Young Whaley was elected member of Parliament for Newcastle, County of Down, in 1785, before he was of age, which was not then unusual in Ire- 56Q land, and represented the borough until 1790. He sat for Enniscorthy from 1797 to June 1 800. He was called " Jerusalem Whaley," in consequence of winning a wager, said to have been for £20,000, that he would walk (except where a sea passage was unavoidable) to Jerusalem, play ball against its walls, and return within twelve months. He started on 22nd September 1 788, and reached home in the following June. He is said once to have leaped his horse over a stage-coach placed be- neath the windows of his mansion (now the Catholic University) in Stephen's- green. In June 1 800 he married a daugh- ter of the first Baron Cloncurry. He was one of those bought over by the opposition stock-purse to vote against the Union, but, according to Bari'ington, was bought back by Castlereagh. He died 2nd November 1800, aged about 34. ^3 76 87 "Whalley, John, a notorious quack and astrologer, who flourished in Dublin in the latter part of the 17th century, was born 29th April 1653. He learned the trade of shoemaking ; but foxmd the compiling of prophetic almanacks, compounding quack medicines, and practising necromancy more profitable employments. He ren- dered himself peculiarly obnoxious to the Catholic Irish by his fanatical railings against them and their religion ; and during James II.'s occupation of Dublin, consulted his safety by retiring to England. At the conclusion of the war Whalley re- turned to Ireland, and resumed his profes- sion and the publication of almanacks and astrological pamphlets, at the "Blew Posts, next door to the Wheel of Fortune, on the west side of St. Stephen's-green," at " the Blew Ball, Arundal-court, just without St. Nicholas'-gate," and elsewhere in Dublin. He carried on a perpetual warfare with rival astrologers and almanack compilers in the city. In 17 14 he started a news- paper, styled Whalley' s News- Letter. " The Doctor," as he styled himself, died 17th January 1724, aged 70. His widow con- tinued to publish almanacks for some years in Bell-alley, off Golden-lane. "° Whately, Richard, Archbishop of Dublin, was born in Cavendish-square, London, ist February 1787. This learned writer and political philosopher was con- secrated Archbishop of Dublin in 1831. " Dr. Whately," wrote the Bishop of Llan- daff, "accepted the arduous station pro- posed to him, purely, I believe, from public spirit and a sense of duty. Wealth, honour, and power, and title, had no charms for him. He has great energy and intrepidity — a hardihood which sustains him against obloquy, when he knows he is discharging WHA a duty, and he is generous and disinterest- ed to a fault. His enlarged views, his sincerity, and his freedom from prej udice, are more than a compensation for his want of conciliating manners."^' He landed with his family at Howth, about the end of November 1831, and may be said to have devoted the remainder of his life to Ireland, without in any way forfeiting his position as one of the first of Eng- lish thinkers and writers. Whilst fa- vouring most liberal measures, he was "thorough" in his opposition to Repeal and in the advocacy of centralization. He favoured the abolition of the Viceroy- alty, of the Irish office, and of everything that tended to perpetuate a feeling of distinct nationality in Ireland. He op- posed the Irish poor-law as contrary to true economic principles. Propositions for the payment of the Catholic clergy met his hearty approval. His opposition to the Orange organization was strong and consistent — in his own words : " The permanent pacification of Ireland through the dominance of Orange spirit, must be by the entire extermination of at least all the adult males of the Eoman Catholics." For thirty-three years from 1831 he maintained a Professorship of Political Economy in the University of Dublin, at an annual charge of ^100. He was mainly instru- mental, in conjunction with Dr. W. Neilson Hancock, in establishing, in 1846, the Statistical Society of Ireland, which has ever since so materially contributed to the advancement of the country, and the im- provement of its laws. At a time when he believed Protestant converts in the west of Ireland were suffering persecution on account of their change of religion, he helped to establish the Society for Protecting the Eights of Conscience, of which he was president during its continu- ance. Next to the immediate duties of his office, perhaps it was to the forwarding of the system of National Education in Ireland that he devoted most of his thoughts and attention. In the face of the bitterest opposition from the majority of Protestants, he supported this system, in conjunction with Dr. Murray, the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Dublin. Dr. Whately wrote some elementary books for the use of the schools, and his with- drawal from the National Board in 1853, was in consequence of what he considered a breach of faith with the public— the removal of several of the elementary religious works from the list of those sanctioned by the Commissioners. He was much interested in the subject of prison discipline and punishment, and rejoiced at WHA the ultimate abolition of transportation. He occasionally attended and spoke in the House of Lords. Writing of O'Connell's trial in 1844, he said: "I cannot say which would be the greater evil, a con- demnation or an acquittal. Queen and Imperial Parliament at Dublin is the only real remedy." He met prejudice and misunderstanding rather with a lofty and stern consciousness of the rightfulness of his opinions, than any efibrt at concilia- tion. The Archbishop's private charities were munificent and judicious. He never saved out of the emoluments of his see, and towards the end of his life was heard to say, that while he had given upwards of £40,000 away during his archiepiscopate, he could boast that he had never given a penny to a street beggar. He was a con- sistent opponent of slavery in America and the West Indies, although sometimes at issue with other advocates of emanci- pation as to the means by which it was to be accomplished. His freedom from the conventionalities of religion may be illustrated by his remark to a gentleman who was praising the good providence of God for having once delivered him from shipwreck : " Why a much greater instance of God's providence occurred to me lately — I came from Holyhead to Kingstown the other day without any accident happening us whatever." He supported the admis- sion of Jews into Parliament. He opposed the disestablishment and disendowment of the Church, regarding the Protestants and the Radicals who favoured it " as only two different kinds of enemies to the Protestant Church ; they are like the Asiatic and African hunters of the ele- phant ; the latter wish to kill the animal for his ivory and as much flesh as they can carry off, leaving the rest of his car- case as a scramble for hyenas and vultures ; the others wish to catch and keep him for a drudge." In 1842 Archbishop Whately suffered a severe loss in the death of his friends Dr. Arnold and Bishop Dickin- son. In 1856 he was attacked with creeping paralysis, which afflicted him the remainder of his days, but did not pre- vent him continuing his literary labours or endeavouring as far as possible to fulfil the duties of his archbishopric. A devoted husband and father, finding a solace for all the difficulties and trials of life in the society of those he loved, the death of his daughter Mrs. Wale, a bride of but four months, in March i860, and that of his wife soon afterwards, were crushing be- reavements. For three years more he continued to struggle against the infir- mities of age, keeping up a keen interest in 561 -WHE all the questions that had occupied him during the days of his vigorous health. He quietly sank to rest on the 8th October 1863, aged 76, having been affectionately attended to the last by the Very Eev. H. H. Dickinson, son of the friend he had lost twenty-one years before. Archbishop Whately's remains rest in Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin. There is a monu- ment to him in the north transept of St. Patrick's. A consideration of his works, which number no fewer than ninety-six in AUibone's list, does not come within the scope of this Com-pendium. '* 347 Wheatley, Francis, E.A., an Eng- lish artist, was born in 1 747 and died in 1 80 1. He resided a considerable time in Ireland, and was happy in the delineation of the Irish life and character. He painted some well-known historical pieces relating to the country during its period of inde- pendence, including the " Meeting of the Volunteers in College Green " (now in the National Gallery, Dublin), and an "In- terior of the House of Commons." '•»5 ^" Wheeler, George Bomford, Rev., author of several classical translations and educational works, was born in Ireland in 1805. After a distinguished career at the University of Dublin (taking a scholarship in 1832, andaseniorclassicalmoderatorship in 1834), he entered the Church, and was for a large part of his life rector of Bally- sax, in the County of Kildare. He was for many years editor of the Irish Times, one of the leading Dublin papers, and in that position displayed wonderful temper and an unflagging industry, which seemed un- affected by age. His educational works, chiefly classical, numbered some fifty. He edited Homer, Horace, Cicero, and Ovid, with notes, and published a Latin Gram- mar and a new edition of Murray's English Orammar. Dr. Wheeler died from the re- sults of an accident, at Newbridge, 21st October 077, aged 72, and was buried at Ballysax. ^33 White, Luke, a noted Dublin book- seller and capitalist, was born in Ireland about the middle of the i8th centur5\ He raised himself from the position of a book-hawker to that of a publisher in Dawson-street, saved money, is said to have been fortunate in lottery speculations (or, according to popular belief, found a large sum in notes in the cover of an old book), and was enabled to contract with the Government for the supply of loans. During the Union contest he is said to have contributed ,£3,000 to the bribery fund of the anti-unionists. He sat in the Imperial Parliament for Leitrim, and spent thousands in contesting seats 562 WHI in the Whig interest for members of his family. He bought Lord Carhamp- ton's estate of Luttrelstown, near Lucan, which, as Woodlands, is occupied by his descendant Lord Annaly. Luke White died in London, 25th February 1824. 54 "<> White, Samuel, a well-known Dub- lin schoolmaster, said to have been a relation of the Sheridan family, was born in 1733. In 1758 he opened a school at No. 75 (now 79) Graf ton-street, Dublin, where he taught the Wellesleys, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Thomas Moore, and many others after ivards eminent. Moore pays a graceful tribute to him in his Life of Sheridan. White was peculiarly successful in his method of teaching, and was fond of cultivating the dramatic talents of his pupils. He was the author of The Shamrock, a Collection of Poems, Songs, and Epigrams (Dublin, 1772), an English Grammar, and some minor works. He died in Grafton-street, 4th October i8ii,aged78. ■61.0145 White, Stephen, D.D., a distinguish- ed Irish Jesuit, who flourished in the x 7th century, attained an advanced age, and was living in June 1645. Dr. Reeves says : "He it was who opened that rich mine of Irish literature on the Continent, which has ever since yielded such valuable returns, and still continues unexhausted ; and by his disinterested exertions, less enterprising labourers at or nearer home, not only were made acquainted with the treasures preserved in foreign libraries, but from time to time received at his hands the substantial produce of his dili- gence, in the form of accurate copies of Irish manuscripts, accompanied by criti- cal emendations and historical inquiries, amply sufficient to superadd to his credit as a painstaking scribe the distinction of a sound thinker and an erudite scholar. Abroad, as well as at home, his merits were acknowledged. . . He sought the honour of his country, not of himself ; and was satisfied that the fruits of his labours, if only made to redound to the credit of loved Ireland, should pass into other hands, and under their names be employed in their several projects, and at their dis- cretion. Thus, in the Benedictine library of Keysersheym, in Switzerland, he copied the life of St. Colman, the patron saint of Austria, for Hugh Ward. At the monastery of St. Magnus, in Ratisbon, he found the life of St. Erhard, of that city, and sent a transcript to Ussher. To this prelate, so opposed to him in matters of polemical controversy, he made accept- able communications regarding St. Brigid and St. Columba ; and . . this literary WHI generosity was duly felt, . . To Colgan he transmitted a life of St. Patrick which he copied from an ancient manuscript at Biburg, in Bavaria ; from St. Magnus's, at Katisbon, he sent him Ultan's Life of St. Brigid ; and from Dilingen, as I have already observed, he sent him the text for the life of St, Columba. To his untiring generosity Fleming, also, was indebted for two contributions for his Collectanea of Columbanus's writings." Almost all that is known concerning Stephen White is contained in a paper read before the Royal Irish Academy by Dr. Reeves, in l86l. =^33 ^ Whitelaw, James, Rev., author and philanthropist, was born in the County of Leitrim, about 1749. He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin (where he took his degree of B.A, in 1771), and entered the Church. The living of St. James's, in the Liberties of Dublin, and afterwards the vic- arage of St. Catherine's in the same locality, were conferred upon him. He laboured iudefatigably among the poor, establishing schools, industrial institutions, and loan funds. In 1798 he undertook, and carried through, in the face of great difficulties, on account of political agitation, a census of the city of Dublin. He estimated the popula- tion within the city boundaries at 170,805, and the number of houses at 14,854. [The population within the same limits in 1871 was 267,71 7 ; the number of houses, 26,859,] For six years he was engaged chiefly on an enquiry into the condition of the endowed schools of Ireland, and was a prime agent in compiling the body of information upon which subsequent legislation regarding education in Ireland was based. He wrote a school-book entitled Parental Soliciticde. and compiled a system of physical geography. He was constant in his ministrations at Cork-street Fever Hospital, where on one day he administered the sacrament separ- ately to six patients in the last stages of malignant fever. The result was that he caught the disease himself, and died, 4th February 181 3, aged 64. His widow was granted a pension of £200 by the Govern- ment. Some years before his death, in conjunction with Mr. Warburton, Deputy- keeper of the Records in Dublin Castle, he projected a History of Dublin. Mr. War- burton furnished documents andtheancient history of the city ; Mr. Whitelaw metho- dized the whole, and wrote the modern descriptive portion of the work. It was announced in the Gentleman's Magazine the month before his death, as preparing for publication. At his decease the first volume was finished. Mr, Warburton's death soon followed, and the work was 2M* WHI completed, chiefly from Mr. Whitelaw's papers, by the Rev, Robert Walsh, in 1818, and given to the public as History of the City of Dublin, its Present Extent, Public Buildings, Schools, Institutions, etc., by the late J. Warburton, the late Rev. J. White- law, and the Rev. Robert Walsh. [See Walsh, Rev. Robert.] It is illustrated with maps and plates, and, amongst other useful in- formation, gives brief sketches of foreign artists who lived in Dublin, and of eminent citizens, many of them not of sufficient im- portance to warrant their being noticed in this Compendium. Though entirely want- ing in the interest, scholarship, and minute- ness of Mr. Gilbert's Streets of Dublin, the work is a standard authority in regard to the city and its history, "°t u6 Whiteside, James, Chief-Justice of the Queen's Bench in Ireland, w.is born at Delgany, County of Wicklow, 1 2th August 1 804. His father was rector of the parish. He took hisM.A, degree at Trinity College, Dublin, entered at the Middle Temple, and in 1830 was called to the Irish Bar, and rose into practice with singular rapid- ity, being especially fortunate in his de- fence of prisoners. In 1 840 he published a work on the Law of Nisi Prius, which went through several editions. In 1842 he was called to the inner Bar, and two years afterwards his defence of O'Connell and his fellow-traversers in the state trials raised him to the first rank in his profession. Impaired health obliged him to spend two years in Italy, and we have the result in his Italy in the Nineteenth Century (1848), followed by the Vicissi- tudes of the Eternal City (1849). In 1848 he was counsel for Smith O'Brien and his associates when on their trial for high- treason at Clonmel. In 185 1 Mr. White- side was returned to Parliament for Ennis- killen,a seat he subsequently exchanged for the representation of Dublin University. He had always been a staunch Conserva- tive, and soon became one of the props of that party in the Lower House, and shared in its successes, holding the office of Solicitor-General for Ireland during Lord Derby's first administration in 1852, and that of Attorney-General in his second administration in i858-'9. During his par- liamentary career he occupied an almost unique position at the Irish Bar, The acknowledged leader in the Nisi Prius Courts in Dublin, he appeared at assize times as a " special " counsel in almost every case of magnitude. He was one of the most strenuous opponents of the disestab- lishment of the Irish Church, and made several brilliant speeches in the House of Commons on the subject. He more 563 WIL than once refused the offer of a puisne judgeship, and when, in 1866, his party again came into power, it was felt that high place was due to his eminent services. After a few weeks of office as Attorney- General, the retirement of Chief-Justice Lefroy made room for his appointment as Chief -Justice of the Queen's Bench, over which he presided for ten years. We are told that his " courtesy, his abound- ing and facile humour, which exercised itself on the most incongruous subjects; the pleasant literary flavour of all his sayings; the quaint abundance of his illusti'ations ; the grace and charm of his manner, rendered attendance in his court one of the pleasautest of intellectual enjoyments." He died at Brighton, 25th November 1876, aged 72. Besides his books on Italy, he was the author of some minor sketches, including a series of lectures on The Irish Parliament, ' ^^^ Wilde, Richard Henry, a lawyer, was born in Dublin, 24th September 1789. At an early age he was taken by his parents to the United States, where he studied law, was called to the Bar, and became a distinguished orator. He at- tained the position of Attorney-General of the State of Georgia, and was thrice elect- ed to Congress between 1815 and 1835. He spent some years on the Continent of Europe, and was the fortunate discoverer of an old fresco portrait of Dante on the wall of the Bargello at Florence. Mr. "Wilde was the author of a Life of Tasso, published in 1842; and of some Lyrics. He died at New Orleans, 10th September 1847, aged 57. 37* Wilde, Sir William Robert Wills, antiquarian and oculist, the son of an eminent provincial physician, was born at Castlereagh, County of Roscommon, in 1 815. He was educated at Banagher and Elphin, never passing through college, although his merits were afterwards re- cognized by Dublin University conferring upon him the degree of M.D. In 1832 he was apprenticed to Surgeon Colles, and five years afterwards obtained his surgical diploma. The same year (1837) he made a yacht voyage in charge of an invalid pa- tient, and his account of the trip was his first essay in literature. In 1841 he com- menced practice in Dublin as an aurist and oculist, which he continued during the rest of his life with splendid success and wide- spread reputation. In 1844 he founded the St. Mark's Ophthalmic Hospital in Dublin, and contributed largely to its funds. He became editor of the (Dublin) Quarterly Journal of Medical Science, and from time to time published works on 564 WIL medicine, Irish biography and antiquities, and general literature. It is probably in the department of Irish antiquities that he will be longest remembered. Though, perhaps, not much of an original investi- gator (except in the matter of crannoges), he had the happy knack of popularizing and bringing into notice the information entombed in ancient annals and the drier disquisitions of others. There are no more delightful hand-books than his Boyne and Blackwater (1849), and his Lough Corrib (1867). His Closing Tears of Swift (1849) is a valuable contribution to the study of that great man's character. Sir William Wilde was one of the most active mem- bers of the Royal Irish Academy, and edited a volume of the Museum Catalogue, He delighted in angling and in the out- door life of the West of Ireland, and had summer residences near Cong, and at Illaunroe, in Connemara. He especially delighted in Kylemore, where his friend Andrew Armstrong resided in summer. Sir William Wilde edited the Irish Census for several decades, and his observations ujDon population and disease were considered especially valuable. On the publication of the Census Report of 1861 he received the honour of knighthood, " not so much," as Lord Carlisle said at the time, " in recognition of your high professional repu- tation, which is European, and has been recognized by many countries in Europe — but to mark my sense of the service you have rendered to statistical science, espe- cially in connexion with the Irish census." He received honorary diplomas from the Royal Society at Upsala, from the Anti- quarian Society of Berlin, and from other learned bodies on the Continent, and was decorated with the Order of the Polar Star by the King of Sweden. In every thing connected with Ireland's ancient history, traditions, literature, and relics, he was inspired with an impassioned fervour. On the round tower controversy, in particu- lar, he was the champion of Mr. Petrie's conclusions. In 1 873 he obtained from the Royal Irish Academy the Cunningham Gold Medal, the highest honour in their gift. In 1853 he was appointed Surgeon Oculist in Ordinary to the Queen in Ire- land. In 1857 he took a prominent part in welcoming the British Association to Dublin ; he presided over the Ethnologi- cal Section, and conducted the Association trip to the Islands of Aran. Sir William died at his residence in Merrion-square, Dublin, 19th April 1876, aged 61, and was interred in Mount Jerome Ceme- tery. The following remarks upon his character and writings will be found in the WIL WIL Journal of the Archaeological Society for October 1876. " Yet he was no dry and formal -writer. His love of the antique past was an enthusiasm, and all that is strange and beautiful in the ancient art and architecture of Ireland touched him deeply. He had, besides, a vivid sensi- bility to the picturesque in nature, while his intense love for the old customs, the old legends, and the old songs, in the language of the people amongst whom he had passed his boyhood, was almost pathetic in its tenderness, and gave a warm human glow to all he wrote, even about the far-oflf pagan ages, and the shadowy heroes of the ancient battle- grounds. . . Sir "William had unusual gifts and facilities for acquiring knowledge on all subjects upon which he wrote, a marvellous memory, that no lapse of years seemed to deaden, and a remarkable power of utilizing all he saw and heard. He had also a wide acquaintance with all classes of the community throughout the country, who were ever ready and courteously will- ing to give him information he recjuired. By the peasantry he was peculiarly loved and trusted, for he had brought back joy and hope to many households. How gratefullytheyremembered his professional skill, always so generously given, and how, in the remote country districts, he would often cross moor and mountain at the sum- mons of some poor sufferer, who believed with simple faith that the Docteur mor (the great Doctor, as they called him) would certainly restore the blessed light of heaven to blind-struck eyes. In return, they were ever glad to aid him in his search for antiquities, and to him came many ob- jects from the peasant class for his inspec- tion and opinion — a fragment of a torque or a circlet, an antique ring or coin — and in this way many valuable relics were saved from loss, and given over to the Academy's Museum." In 1851 he married Jane Francesca Elgee (a relative of the late Sir Robert McClure, discoverer of the North-west Passage), well known in Ire- land as a poetical writer, under the name of " Speranza." "''«'*) =33 Wilks, Robert, an eminent actor, was bom at Rathfarnham, County of Dublin, in 1670. Holding a lucrative clerkship under Secretary Southwell, he developed a taste for the stage, performed in some ama- teur theatricals in Dublin during rejoicings for the battle of the Boyne, and finally de- voted himself unreservedly to the life of an actor, then but a poorly paid profession. After acting in Dublin, in Ashbury's com- pany, he went to London, and took an en- gagement with Betterton, but was tempted back by an offer of X60 a year. He sub- sequently returned to London, and soon took his place in the first rank of actors there. In 1709 his name was joined with those of Dogget and Gibber in a patent granted by Queen Anne. His especial forte was comedy, yet he acted " Hamlet" and other Shaksperian parts with credit. Wilks died in London, 27th September 1732, aged 62, and was, by his own direc- tions, interred at midnight, in St. Paul's Church-yard, Co vent-garden. The age on his tomb, 67, does not correspond with the dates given for his birth and death. He was twice married — his second wife surviving him. He was munificent in his benefactions to poor actors. Dr. Johnson calls him " a man who, whatever were his abilities or skill as an actor, deserves at least to be remembered for his virtues, which are not often to be found in the world, and perhaps less often in his profession than in others." A theatrical critic says : " Mr. WiUts's excellence in comedy was never once dis- puted, but the best judges extol him for the different parts in tragedy. . . He was not only perfect in every part he acted, but in those that were concerned with him in every scene, which often prevented mis- takes." 3 =86 349 Willes, Sir James Shaw, Judge of the English Court of Common Pleas, was born in Cork in 1 8 14. He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, where he took his B.A. degree in 1836. Four years later he was called to the English Bar and com- menced practice on the Home Circuit. In 1 850 he was appointed on the Common Law Commission, and did useful service in the preparation of the several Law Procedure Acts. When only forty-one years of age he was appointed a puisne judge of the Com- mon Pleas, receiving the honour of knight- hood at the same time. "He was esteemed one of the wisest and most learned of Eng- lish lawyers, displaying in his decisions not only a rare and profound knowledge of principles, but a wonderful power of deal- ing with complicated facts and evidence. His decisions on questions of mercantile and maritime law were especially lucid and convincing. He took his own life, at his residence near Watford, Herts, while suffering under temporary aberration of mind, the result of suppressed gout, on 2nd October 1872, aged about 58. ^s William III. (of Orange), King of England, Ireland, and Scotland, and Stadt- holder of Holland, was born at the Hague, 4th November 1650. He was the post- humous son of William II., Stadtholder of Holland ; his mother, Mary, was daughter of Charles I. of England. Excluded from 565 WIL WIL the succession during his youth, partly through the influence of Cromwell, he was chosen Stadtholder in 1672. On 4th November 1677, he married Mary, daughter of the Duke of York, afterwards James II. On 30th June 1688 he received an invitation from English politicians, to intervene for the i-estoration of national rights and liberties, and ou the 5th of November landed at Torbay with an English and Dutch force. He was received with enthusiasm, and James, after enter- ing into negotiations with him, fled to France in December. A convention was immediately summoned, and, on the 13th of February i688-'9, William and Mary were proclaimed joint sovereigns of Eng- land. They were crowned on the nth April, and on the same day were pro- claimed King and Queen by the estates of Scotland. While the revolution in Great Britain was thus accomplished almost without bloodshed, the greater part of Ireland remained loyal to James. The Catholic Irish were in the ascendant everywhere except at Londonderry, Ennis- killen, and a few unimportant places, chiefly in Ulster. James landed at Kinsale in the month of March i688-'9, and held a Parliament in Dublin in May. Where the Protestants resisted at all, they were everywhere on the defensive. London- derry, one of the few remaining strong- holds in English hands, was besieged from i8th April to 30th July, when the place was relieved by a naval force from Eng- land. About two weeks later Duke Schomberg, with some 16,000 men, chiefly foreign mercenaries, arrived in Belfast Lough ; but, though he gained some suc- cesses, he was quite unable to cope with James's army, and was obliged to entrench himself near Dundalk. Reinforcements were sent in March 1690, and, on the i ith June, William himself sailed from High- lake, nei,x- Chester, with more troops, and landed at Carrickfergus on the 14th, where he was met by Schomberg, who resigned the chief command into his hands. The King's united forces num- bered about 36,000 men — English, Irish, French, Dutch, and Brandenburgers. He had a military chest of ^200,000, and was amply provided with artillery and munitions of war. His principal generals were : Duke Schomberg, Count de Zolmes, Count Schomberg, the Earl of Oxford, General de Ginkell, Lieutenant-General Douglass, Sgravenmoer, Lanier, Kirk, La Forest, Tettau, Sidney, and Nassau. On the 19th June, at Belfast, then a small town of some three hundred houses, he issued a proclamation forbidding plunder 566 or violence by those under his command, and declaring the chief intention and design of his expedition to be "to reduce our king- dom of Ireland to such a state that all who behave themselves as becomes dutiful and loyal subjects may enjoy their liberties and possessions under a just and equal government." At Hillsborough, on I9tli June, he issued a warrant granting a pension of £1,200 a year to the Presbyte- rian ministers of the north of Ireland, "wherein," said Harris, "betakes notice of their loyalty and good afiections, the losses they had sustained, and their con- stant labour to unite the hearts of others to zeal and loyalty towai'd him." (This was the nucleus of the Regium Donum, gradually increased to £40,000 per annum, and extinguished in our time by the pay- ment of a capital sum under the Church Act.) The Enniskillen and Londonderry regiments were received into the regular army, upon the same footing as the other troops. It was known that James had marched north at the head of a large force, and the country south of Dundalk was believed to be friendly to him. Some of William's generals recommended great caution in the advance ; but, declaring that the country was worth fighting for, and that he had not come to let the grass grow under his feet, but was determined to prosecute the war with the utmost vigour, he reviewed his army at Loughbrick- land, marched to Dundalk, and hearing that the enemy had abandoned Ardee, pushed on thither. There was considerable ditference of opinion in James's cabinet as to the proper policy to be pursued in the emergency. His council on the whole ad- vised that he should strengthen Dublin, Drogheda, and the Leinster garrisons, hold the line of the Shannon, and wait the chance of reinforcements from France, of William's retreat being cut ofi" by a French squad- ron, or of a diversion in James's favour in England. James himself was, however, determined to defend the Boyne at Old- bridge. He had all the advantages he could desire; the river was tolerably deep, there was a morass to be passed, and behind it rising ground. On 30th June (o.s.), William, being informed that James had repassed the Boyne, moved his whole army, in three columns, at break of day, to the river, and sent a detachment towards Drogheda. From a hill he had a view of a portion of the Irish army encamped in two lines on the south bank. William was somewhat disconcerted by the appa- rently honest report of a deserter, who placed the numbers of the enemy at a much higher figure than he had antici- WIL pated ; but Richard Cox, the King's under-secretary, set his mind at rest, by leading the deserter through their own camp, and showing how grossly he exag- gerated their own forces. King William rested on a knoll within musket-shot of the ford, as his troops marched into their positions. There he narrowly escaped death — the enemy brought a small field- piece secretly into position ; the first ball killed a man and two horses beside the King, and the second, grazing the bank, slanted on to the King's right shoulder, carried away a piece of his coat, and ruffled the skin. After this slight wound was dressed, the King remounted and rode through the lines, to dissipate the appre- hensions of his troops. He continued on horseback until four o'clock in the after- noon, when he dined on the field, and in the evening mounted again, though he had been up since one o'clock in the morning. At nine he called a council of war, and de- clared his resolution to force the passage of the river next morning. Duke Schom- berg at first opposed the proposition ; and then advised that at least a large force should be sent that night towards Slane bridge to flank the enemy. His opinion not being regarded, he "retired to his tent, and not long after received the order of battle with discontent and indiflference." As the night closed, the cannon ceased on both sides. Orders were given that the troops should be ready to march at break of day, with green sprigs in their hats, to distinguish them from James's men, who it was understood would wear pieces of white paper. William "rode about twelve at night with torches quite through the camp, and then retired to his tent, im- patient for the approaching day." The 1st July rose bright and clear. As well us can be ascertained, William had 36,000 troops to oppose James's 30,000. William's were superior in discipline, materiel, and artillery ; but James occupied a strong po- sition. The following succinct account of the battle is given by George Story, one of William's chaplains, who was present. " Tuesday, the first of July, early in the morning, his Majesty sent Lieutenaut-Gen- eral Douglass, my Lord Portland, my Lord Overkirk, and Count Schonbergh, with above ten thousand horse and foot, up the river to pass towards the bridge of Slane ; which the enemy perceiving, they drew out several bodies of horse and foot towards their left, in order to oppose us ; our men, however, marched over without any diffi- culty, being only charged by Sir Neal O'Neal's regiment of dragoons, who were partly broke, and himself killed. As soon WIL as Lieutenant-General Douglass and his party were got over, he sent an express to his Majesty to give him account of it ; who then oi'dered the Dutch Guards, two French regiments, two Inniskilling regiments. Sir John Hanmer's, and several others that lay most convenient for that ground, to pass the river and attack the Irish on the other side, which they did with a great deal of bravery and resolution, first beating the Irish from their hedges and breast-works at Old-Bridge, and then routing the Duke of Berwick's troop of Guards, my Lord Tyrconnell's and Collonel Parker's Horse, who all behaved themselves like men of English extraction, as indeed most of them were. During which time his Majesty pass- ed the river below with the left wing of his horse, and charged the enemy several times at the head of his own troops, nigh a little village called Dunore, where they rallied again, and gave us two or three brisk attacks ; but in less than half-an-hour were broke, and forced to make the best of their way towards Duleek, where there was a considerable pass, and whi- ther the other part of the Irish army, that faced Lieutenant-General Douglas, had made what haste they could, when they heard how it had gone with their friends at Old-Bridge. Our army then pressed hard upon them, but meeting with a great many difficulties in the ground, and being obliged to pursue in order, our horse had only the opportunity of cutting down some of their foot, and most of the rest got over the pass at Duleek ; then night com- ing on, prevented us from making so entire a victory of it as could have been wished for. On the Irish side were killed my Lord Dungan, ray Lord Carlingford, Sir Neal O'Neal, with a great number of other officers, and about thirteen or fourteen hundred soldiers ; and we lost on our side nigh four hundred." The baggage and stores of the defeated army fell to the victors, besides £10,000 of a military chest, much plate and valuables, and all the camp equipage of Tirconnell and Lauzun. Harris says : " King William received no hurt in the action, though he was in the height of it, and that a cannon ball took away a piece of his boot. His Majesty acted the part of the greatest general ; he chose the field, dis- posed the attack, drew up the army, charged the enemy several times, support- ed his forces when they began to shrink, and behaved throughout with . . con- duct, courage, resolution, and. presence of mind." The Irish army retreated in con- fusion to Dublin, and soon afterwards retired upon Athlone and Limerick, while 567 WIL James himself fled south, and took ship- ping for France. Captain FitzGerald, son of the Earl of Kildare, headed the Protes- tants of Dublin in seizing the keys of the Castle and the city, and sending messengers to King William, beseeching his speedy occupation of the capital. On the 4th William encamped at Finglas ; and on the 6th made his triumphal entry into Dublin, and heard service at St. Patrick's, where a sermon was preached by Dr. King, afterwards Archbishop of Dublin, " On the power and wisdom of the providence of God in protecting his people, and defeating their enemies." The afternoon of the same day the King returned to the camp, and published a declaration, promising pardon and protection to all common soldiers, countrymen, tradesmen, and citizens who before the ist of August should return to their homes and deliver up their arms ; directing rents to be paid to Protestant landlords; whilst such as held under persons concerned in the war on James's side were to hold them in hand until they had notice from the Commissioners of Revenue. Harris says that he desired to make his grace more comprehensive, " but this was opposed by the English in Ireland, who thought the opportunity was not to be lost of breaking the great Irish families, and destroying the dependence of the inferior sort upon them." On the 7th and 8th, King William reviewed his army, and found it to consist of 22,579 foot, 7,751 horse and dragoons, besides "483 reform- ed officers, and all the standing officers and sergeants, and also four regiments in garrison." He divided his forces into two corps — one of which he directed towards Athlone, while he proceeded at the head of the other to Limerick. Encamping at Crumlin on the 8th, he advanced on the 9th to Inchiquire, in the County of Kildare. We are told that on the way he "espied a soldier robbing a poor woman, which so enraged him that he first correct- ed him with his cane, and then command- ed that he, with some others guilty of the like crimes, should be hanged. . . The severity was seasonable, and struck such a terror into the soldiers as preserved the country from all violence during the whole mai'ch." The conclusion of King William's Irish campaign is thus related by Story : " His Majesty then marched forwards, and, from a place called Castledermot, sent Brigadier Eppinger, with a party of one thousand horse and dragoons, to Wexford, which before his arrival was deserted by the Irish garrison. The King all along upon his march was acquainted with the disor- 568 WIL ders and confusion of the Irish army, and of their speedy marches to Limerick and other strongholds. The 19th his Majesty dined at Kilkenny, a walled town, wherein stands a castle belonging to the Duke of Ormond, which had been preserved by Count Lauzun, with all the goods and fur- niture, and next day his Majesty under- stood that the enemy had quitted Clonmell, whither Count Schonberg marched with a body of horse. . . Monday the 21st, the army marched to Carrick, where the King received an account of the state of Water- ford, and whither Major-General Kirk went next morning with a party to summon the town, wherein were two regiments of the Irish, who submitted upon condition to march out with their arms ; as did also the strong fort of Duncaunon in a day or two after, which gave his Majesty sufficient shelter for all his shipping. When Water- ford was surrendered, his Majesty in per- son went to view it. . . His Majesty, at his return to the camp, declared his resolu- tion to go for England, and leaving Count Solmes Commander-in-chief. He went as far as Chapel-Izard, nigh Dublin, with that intention ; orderingonetroopof guards, Count Schonberg's horse (formerly my Lord Devonshire's), Collonel Matthew's dra- goons. Brigadier Trelawny's, and Collonel Hasting's foot, to be shipt off for that king- dom. Andonthefirst of August his Majesty published a second declaration, not only confirming and strengthening the former ; but also adding, that if any foreigners then in arms against him in that kingdom would submit, they should have passes to go into their own countries, or whither else they pleased. . . A proclamation was also published for all the Irish in the countrey to deliver up their arms ; and those who refused, or neglected, to be abandoned to the discretion of the soldiers, . . But the King received a further account from England, that the loss at sea was not so considerable as it was at first given out ; and that there was no danger of any more French forces landing in that kingdom ; they having already burnt only a small village, and so were gone ofi" without doing any further damage. The danger of that being therefore over, his Majesty returned to the army, which he found encamped at Golden Bridge, nigh Cashell, and about seventeen miles from Limerick, where his Majesty had intelligence of the posture of the enemy in and about the city. . . August the 8th, Lieutenant-General Doug- las and his pai'ty from Athlone joined the King's army at Cariganlis ; and on the 9th the whole army approached that strong- hold of Limerick without any considerable WIL loss, the greatest part of their army being encampt beyond the river, in the County of Clare. His Majesty, as soon as his army was posted, sent a summons to the town, which was refused to be obeyed by Mon- sieur Boiseleau, the Duke of Berwick, Sarsfield, and some more, though a great part of their army were even then willing to capitulate. Next morning early the King sent a party of horse and foot, under Major- General Ginckelland Major-General Kirk, to pass the river, which they did near Sir Samuel Foxon's house, about two miles above the town. The same day some de- serters from the enemy gave his Majesty an account of their circumstances ; and one of our own gunners did as much for us, who informed the enemy of our posture in the camp, as also of eight pieces of cannon, with ammunition, provisions, and tin-boats, and se V eral o ther necessaries then upon the road , which Sarsfield with a party of horse and dragoons had the luck to surprise two days after at a little old castle called Ballyneedy, within seven miles of our camp, killing about sixty of the soldiers and waggoners, and then marched off with little or no op- position, tho' his Majesty bad given orders for a party of horse to go from the camp and meet the guns the night before. . . Sunday, 17th, at night, we opened our trenches, which were mounted by seven battalions under the Duke of Wirtenberg, Major-General Kirk, Major-General Tet- teau, and Sir Henry Ballasis, beating the Irish out of a fort nigh two old chimneys, where about twenty were killed ; and next night our works were relieved by Lieuten- ant-General Douglas, my Lord Sidney, Count Nassau, and Brigadier Stuart, with the like number ; and the day following, we planted some new batteries ; which his Majesty going to view, as he was riding towards Ireton's fort, he stopt his horse on a sudden to speak to an officer, a four and twenty pound ball, the very moment grazing on the side of the gap where his Majesty was going to enter, which cer- tainly must have dash'd him to pieces, had not the commanding God of Heaven pre- vented it, who still reserves him for greater matters. This I saw, being then upon the fort, as I did that other accident at the Boyne before. . . Wednesday the 20th we attacked a fort of the enemies, nigh the south-east comer of the wall, which we soon took, and killed fifty, taking a captain and twelve men prisoners ; and about an hour after, the enemy sallyed with great bravery, thinking to regain the fort, but were beat in with loss, and being killed in the fort and the sally about three hundred, though we lost Captain Needhani, Captain Lacy, WIL and about eighty private men. We con- tinued battering the town, throwing in bombs and carcasses till Wednesday the 27th, when, a considerable breach being made, five hundred granadiers, supported by seven regiments of foot, and all our works double manned, were ordered to attack the counterscarp, and lodge themselves as con- veniently as they could thereabouts. Be- tween three and four in the afternoon, the signal being given, our men attack'd the enemy very briskly, beating them from their works, and soon over the breach into the town ; but several of them pursuing too far, and the rest not seconding them, as having no orders to go any further, the Irish also seeing themselves pursued by so small a number, they were persuaded to face about, and out-numbering our poor men they killed a great many of them. Fresh regiments also coming from beyond the river,iand all together adventuring upon the walls ; our men below having likewise no cover, after a dispute of three hours and an half (in which time there was nothing but one continued fire of great and small shot), our men were obliged to return back to their own trenches again, having lost fifteen officers (besides the foreigners, and those of the granadiers), about fifty wounded, five hundred men killed, and near one thousand wounded, whereof greatest part recovered ; tho' I'm apt to think the Irish did not lose so many, since it's a more easier thing to defend walls, than by plain strength to force people from them. Next day the soldiers were in hopes that his Majesty would give orders for a second attack, and seemed resolved to have the town, or lose all their lives ; but this was too great a risque to run at one place, and they did not know how our am- munition was sunk, especially by the for- mer day's work. We continued, however, our batteries ; and then a storm of rain and other bad weather begun to threaten us, which fell out on Friday the 29th in good earnest ; upon which his Majesty calling a council of war, it was concluded the safest way was to quit the siege, without which we could not have secured our heavy cannon, which we drew off from the batteries by de- grees, and found much difficulty in march- ing them five miles next day. Sunday, the last of August, all our army drew off; most of the Protestants that lived in that part of the countrey taking that opportunity of re- moving further into the countrey with the army ; and would rather leave their estates and all their substance in the enemies' hands, than trust their persons any more in their power. His Maj esty seeing the cam- pain nigh an end, went towards Waterford, 569 WIL where he appointed Henry Lord Viscount Sidney, Sir Charles Porter, and Tho. Con- ningsby, Esq., Lords-Justices of Ireland ; and then setting sail with a fair wind for England, his Majesty was welcomed thither with all the joy and satisfaction imagina- ble." King William sailed from Duncanuon on 5th September, and landed at Bristol next day. The campaigns in Ireland were concluded by his generals the following year, at the capitulation of Limerick. It was not willingly that William assented to the infraction of that treaty, to the degra- dation of the whole Catholic population of Ireland, to the penal laws, and to the destruction of Irish manufactures and commerce for the supposed interest of England. Under King James's Irish Act of Attainder the property of 2,500 of his enemies had been confiscated. The forfei- tures made by the English Parliament in Ireland at the conclusion of the war num- bered some 3,921, comprising 1,060,792 acres, the value of which at that time was £3,319,943. Lord Clare, in his celebrated speech on the Union, said this was the third extensive seizure of Irish estates within the century — 2,836,837 acres under James I.'s Ulster Plantation; 7,800,000 set out by the Court of Claims after the Restoration; 1,060,792 after the treaty of Limerick. William died at Kensington, 8th March 1702, aged 51. The equestrian statue standing in College-green, Dublin, was completed the year before his death. The gratitude of Irish Protestants " does not stop here," says Harris, writing in 1 745, "for every year they observe four festival days to his memory with great solemnity and undissembled joy; one on the 4th of November (his Majesty's birth-day); the second the day following, being that of his landing to the rescue of the reli- gion and liberty of these nations ; the other two on the ist and 12th of July, being tl j anniversaries of his victories at the Boyne and Aghrim. Nor were these memorials and solemnities thought enough. For further to perpetuate the memory of the great deliverance wrought by his Majesty, to the hazard of his life, at the battle of the Boyne, they erected a monumental pillar, anno 1736, near the place where he made his passage over that river." Walter Harris's History of the Life and Reign of William Henry, Prince of Nassau and Orange (Dublin, 1749) contains copies of original documents and much informa- tion relating to the War of 1 689-'9 1 . '^ '^s 223 318 347t Williams, Bichard Dalton, a minor poet, "Shamrock" of the Nation news- paper, Dublin, was born in the County 570 WIL of Tipperary, 8th October 1822. Edu- cated at Carlow College, he came up to Dublin to study medicine. The first of his numerous poetical contributions to the Nation was in January 1843. Williams became an ardent nationalist, and in 1 848, with his friend Kevin Izod O'Doherty, commenced the Irish Tribune paper. Before the sixth weekly publication, it was seized by Government, and proceedings were instituted against the editors. On the 30th of October 1848, on a third trial, O'Doherty was convicted and transported to Australia; while Williams, tried two days afterwards, was acquitted. He then resumed his medical studies, took out his degree at Edinburgh, emigrated to America in 185 1, and became a professor in Spring Hill College, Mobile. Dr. Williams died of consumption at Thibodeaux, Louisiana, 5th July 1862, aged 39. As a poet he excelled in humorous pieces. Of his graver style, " The Irish National Guard to his Sister," " Ben Heder," and the " Dying Girl" are perhaps the best known. After the dis- appointment of his political aspirations, there was not wanting in his productions a vein of cynical bitterness. His writings turned towards spiritual subjects in his later days. A number of his poems were collected and published as a Christmas sup- plement to the Nation in 1876 ; and a notice of his life formed the subject of three articles in the Irish Monthly in 1877. ^^'^ Wills, James, D.D., a poet and bio- grapher, was born at Willsgrove, in the County of Roscommon, ist January 1790. He was educated at Dr. Miller's school at Blackrock, County of Dublin, and by pri- vate tutors, and entered Trinity College in 1809. There he formed friendships that continued in after life, with such men as Sir William Hamilton, Professor MacCul- lagh, Charles Wolfe, and Professor Anster. He entered at the Middle Temple, where he completed his studies for the law, but ultimately took orders. After holding a sinecure vicarage, he was in 1849 appointed to the parish of Kilmacow,near Waterford, and in i860 to the living of Attanagh. Dr. Wills's literaiy career commenced with contributions to Blackwood and other ma- gazines. From 1822 to 1838 he resided in Dublin, being for some time editor of the Uhiversity Magazine, and one of its most frequent contributors. He also wrote for the Dublin Penny Journal, and assist- ed the Rev. Caesar Otway in starting the Irish Quarterly Review. Dr. Wills's most important literary production was his Lives of Illustrious and Distinguished Irishmen, of which use has often been made in the preparation of this Com'pendium. WIL This work, for wliicli he received £i,ooo, was published in 12 parts or 6 volumes, betweeu 1839 and 1845, ^^^ went through more than one edition. The 513 lives contained in the book are arranged in chronological order, and embody a " His- tory of Ireland in the lives of Irishmen." It is embellished with a series of ^copperplate portraits. Lord-Chancellor Ball in a re- view of the work in the University Magazine, says: "It is the first, and such is its excel- lence that we should not be surprised were it the last, attempt to supply a desideratum in our literature. Commencing from the earliest period (the first life is that of Ollamh Fodia, who is supposed to have lived before the Christian era), it gives, in chronological order, a sketch of the life, the deeds, or the writings of every man deserving biogi'aphical notice, who can be considered, either from birth, residence, or any other circumstance, an Irishman. The memoirs are written with great live- liness and spirit, and in every way are marked with the impress of a highly thoughtful and original mind. The biographies are arranged in series, accord- ing as the characters are principally remarkable for their political, or ecclesi- astical, or literary and scientific career, and these series again are arranged by certain epochs. Prefixed to each epoch is a dis- sertation on its peculiar aims, tendencies, and general characteristics. Perhaps these dissertations are the most valuable por- tion of the whole work. Calm judgment, subtle analysis of the motives and the external developments of every age, a philosophical freedom from passion and prejudice, rarely attained and still more rarely combined with a firm adherence to right principles, are especially observable." As a theologian Dr. Wills is best known as the author of The Philosophy of Un- belief. In 1855 and 1856, as Donnellan Lecturer to the University of Dublin, he delivered a course of lectures on the "An- tecedent Probabilities of Christianity," As a poet, and one of no mean pretensions, he is best known by The Universe, once impudently claimed by Dr. Maturin. His powers of metaphysical analysis were shown in his papers on the " Spontaneous Association of Ideas," read before the Royal Irish Academy. Dr. Wills died at Atta- nagh, in November 1868, aged 78, and was buried in its quiet churchyard. He was a man of proud and quick tem- per, joined with great gentleness and warmth of aflfection. His photograph, and a memoir from which this notice has been condensed, will be found in the Uni- versity Magazine for October 1875. The WOF dramatic power which he possessed in no small degree has been inherited by his son, William G. Wills (also known as an artist), author of the dramas of Charles I. and Medea, and other works. "* -^' Wingfield, Sir Richard, 1st Vis- count Powerscourt, descended from an old Suffolk family, came to Ireland as a military adventurer, in the latter part of the 1 6th century. He afterwards fought in Flanders, France, and Portugal, and became a lieutenant-colonel. Returning to Ireland, he distinguished himself and was wounded in an expedition against Tyrone, and was knighted in Christ Church Cathe- dral, 9th November 1 595. He served as a colonel in the expedition against Calais, and in 1600 was advanced to the office of Marshal of Ireland, with a retinue of fifty horse and a company of foot. In 1 60 1 he led a force at the reduction of Kinsale, and was one of those who signed the articles of capitulation made between the Lord-Deputy and Don Juan D'Aguila, commander of the Spanish troops made prisoners on that occasion. In May 1608 he marched into Ulster against Sir Cahir O'Doherty, who had burnt Derry, killing him and dispersing his followers. For this success Sir Richard was (29th June 1609) rewarded by a grant of the Pow- erscourt estate in the County of Wicklow, In 1 61 8 he was created Viscount Powers- court, and he subsequently enjoyed seve- ral important offices under the Crown. Dying without issue, 9th September 1634, the title became extinct, and the estates passed to a cousin. The title was revived in 1665 in the person of Talbot Folliot, who died without issue in 1 717 ; and again in 1 743 in the person of Richard Wing- field. The present Viscount is the seventh of this last creation. =4 «6 Woffingfton, Margaret, ("Peg Wof- fington,") a distinguished actress, was born in Dublin, i8th October 1720. Her father is said to have been a bricklayer, and her mother a laundress. Madame Volante, giving theatrical performances in Dublin, was attracted by the great beauty and grace of the child, and brought her out in a company of juvenile actors. When between seventeen and twenty years of age, she took Dublin by storm in the " Beggars' Opera," and charmed "all eyes and hearts with her beauty, grace, and ability in a range of characters from * Ophelia' to ' Sir HaiTy Wildair.' " In 1 740 she went to London with a lover, who abandoned her, and after some difficulty she procured an en- gagement from Rich, the theatrical man- ager, Mr. Doran says : " She played night 571 WOF after night at Coveut Garden, and London was enraptured with her. Her ' Lothario' was not so successful as her ' Sir Harry ' ; but her high-born ladies, her women of dash, spirit, and elegance — her homely, humorous females — in all these she tri- umphed, and triumphed in spite of a voice that was almost unmanageable for its harshness." She is described in her prime as having dark eyes of the greatest brilliancy and lustre ; her eyebrows were arched, and endowed with a flexibility which greatly increased the expression of her features : her nose was gently aquiline; and her dark tresses, free from powder, played in luxuriant gracefulness on her neck and shoulders. Her profession was with her a passion. She never sought to set off her great beauty at the expense of her part. She and Garrick were on the most intimate terms. In the summer of 1 742 they visited Dublin, and on their return lived openly together. Johnson is said to have occasionally taken tea with them, and even to have cherished for her a Pla- tonic affection. After a career of undi- minished popularity in London, she acted from 1 75 1 to 1754 in Dublin, where she became a popular idol, wrote verses to the Lord-Lieutenant, presided at the meetings of the Beefsteak Club, and is said to have ruled "the court, the camp, and the grove." With Sheridan she made an ex- cursion to Quiica, in Cavan, where she formally abjured Catholicism, to preserve an estate of £200 a year, left her by one of her admirers. She returned to Covent Garden in the season of i754-'5, and thenceforward she resided principally in London. On 3rd May 1757, while acting "Rosalind" in "As You Like It," she was seized with sudden spasms, and stag- gered off the stage, never to appear on it again. She died at Teddington, near London (where she had resided two years), 28th Ma.ch 1760, aged 39, and was buried in the parish church there. This beautiful, gifted, yet unhappy woman exercised a remarkable fascination over all with whom she was brought in contact. She was unselfish and kind-hearted ; she supported her mother, and educated her sister Mary, who married the second son of the Earl of Cholmondeley, and survived until about the year 181 1. She devoted herself to the poor, and regularly visited and knitted stockings for a number of old re- tainers. She is said to have been much impressed by the preaching of Wesley. Percy FitzGerald says in his Life of Oarrick : "From her portraits we can see that this notorious lady was not a bold, rosy-cheeked hoyden, as we might expect, 572 WOL but had an almost demure, placid, and pensive cast of face. She wore her hair without powder, and turned back behind her ears, nearly always with a cap care- lessly thrown back, or a little flat garden hat, set negligently on. . . Certainly, a deeply interesting face, but with a little hint of foolishness and air of lightness in all its calm, pale placidity." 3 "6(64) 1=7 =86 Wolfe, Arthur, Viscount Kilwar- den, son of John Wolfe of Forenaghts, County of Kildare, was born in 1793. He was educated at Trinity College, and soon rose to eminence at the Bar. He was appointed Solicitor-General in 1787 ; Attorney-General in 1789 ; and became Chief- Justice of the King's Bench in 1798. For his support of the Union he was rais- ed to the peerage in 1 800. He was by no means a great lawyer, but was of a noble and humane disposition. He refused to strain the law against those tried before him for taking part in the Insurrection of 1 798, and displayed great spirit on the occa- sion of Wolfe Tone's trial by court-martial. When Emmet's emeute took place, on the evening of the 23rd July 1803, he was at his country residence, four miles from Dublin, Hurrying to town with his daugh- ter and nephew to attend a privy council at the Castle, his carriage was stopped in Thomas-street by a crowd of insurgents, who demanded his name. He said: "It is I, Kilwarden, Chief- J ustice of the King's Bench," whereupon a wretch, whose brother he had sentenced to death some years previously, rushed forward, and plunged his pike into his body, crying, " You are the man I want." Lord Kil- warden's nephew was killed immediately, while his daughter found her way to the Castle and entered the Chief-Secretary's office in a state of distraction. The military at once cleared the street, and the Chief- Justice was found dying on the sidewalk. Wine was brought, but he could not drink it. He was carried to the watch- house in Vicar-street, where he lingered about an hour. Major Swan and the other officers present swore they would erect a gallows whereon to hang all the prisoners next morning, when Lord Kilwarden feebly asked : " What are you going to do. Swan 1 " — " Hang these rebels, my Lord." Whereupon the Chief-Justice rejoined : " Murder must be punished ; but let no man suffer for my death, but on a fair trial, and by the laws of his country." Barring- ton speaks of him as a " good-hearted man, and a sound lawyer. , . In feeling he was quick, in apprehension slow, . . He had not an error to countei'balance which some merit did not exhibit itself," " ^^ ^31 WOL Wolfe, Charles, Eev., author of "The Burial of Sir John Moore," was born in Dublin, 14th December 1 791. He was educated at Winchester, and at the Uni- versity of Dublin, took orders in 181 7, and, after a few weeks' labour at Ballyclog, County of Tyrone, became curate of the parish of Donaghmore, where he distin- guished himself by the zealous discharge of his functions. He was of a singu- larly spiritual and feeling nature, and wrote " If I had thought thou couldst have died," "My own friend, my own friend," and a few more beautiful ballads. Mr. Moir says : "In the lottery of litera- ture, Charles Wolfe has been one of the few who have drawn the prize of probable immortality from a casual gleam of inspira- tion thrown over a single poem consisting of only a few stanzas. This poem was " The Burial of Sir John Moore," his last piece, penned in 18 14 in his twenty- third yeai-. His friend the Eev. Samuel O'Sullivan [see page 426] told how one day in college he read to Wolfe a pas- sage from the Edinburgh Annual Register for 1808, which ranasfollows : " Sir John Moore had often said that if he was killed in battle, he wished to be buried where he fell. The body was removed at midnight to the citadel of Corunna. A grave was dug for him on the rampart there by a party of the 9th regiment, the aides-de- camps attending by turns. No coffin could be procured, and the officers of his staff wrapped the body, dressed as it was, in a military cloak and blankets. The inter- ment was hastened ; for about eight in the morning some firing was heard, and the officers feared that if a serious attack were made, they should be ordered away, and not suffered to pay him their last duty." Wolfe was careless of literary fame, and the poem, which by chance ap- peared in print, was attributed, among others, to Moore, Campbell, Wilson, Byron, and Barry Cornwall, and was claimed by more than one obscure writer. It was only after Wolfe's death that the chance discovery of a letter (now preserved in the Royal Irish Academy), in which the whole is given in his handwriting, put the matter beyond doubt. Unremitting atten- tion to his clerical duties and carelessness of himself hastened a tendency to consump- tion : " He seldom thought of providing a regular meal. . . A few straggling rush- bottomed chairs, piled up with his books, a small ricketty table before the fire-place, covered with parish memoranda, and two trunks containing all his papers— serving at the same time to cover the broken parts of the floor — constituted all the furnitui-e WOO of his sitting-room. The mouldy walls of the closet in which he slept were hanging with loose folds of damp paper." He was discovered by his friends in this miserable lodging, was tenderly cared by his sisters, visited England and France in the vain search of health, and died at Cove, now Queenstown, County of Cork, 2 ist February 1823, aged 31. His Remaitis, containing a memoir, with some sermons, letters, and his poems, were published by a friend in 1827. '^ '5°* 348 Wolfe, David, Eev., was an ecclesiastic, born in Limerick, who, during the early yeara of Elizabeth's reign, laboured hard to keep together the Roman Catholic Church in Ireland. He spent some years in Rome, where he entered the order of St. Ignatius. In August 1 560 he was sent by the Pope, with the privileges of an Apos- tolic Legate, to superintend affairs in Ire- land, to see to the establishment of schools and the regulation of public worship, and to keep up communication with the Catholic princes — duties which he endeavoured to perform often at the peril of his own life. About 1566 he was arrested, and endured a rigorous imprisonment in Dublin Castle, the influence of the Nuncio in Madrid beiug in vain exercised on his behalf. In 1572 he made his escape to Spain, but before long returned to the scene of his old labours. We are told that " when the whole country was embroiled in war, he took refuge in the castle of Chunoan, on the borders of Thomond and the County of Gal way; and when he heard that its occupants lived by plunder, he scrupled any nourishment from them, and soon after sickened and died." His death is supposed to have taken place about the year 1578. '^* Wood, Robert, known as "Palmyra Wood," a distinguished archaeologist, was born at Riverstown, County of Meath, in 1 7 16. Having passed through Oxford, he continued to apply himself with ardour to the study of the classics, and in particular to Greek literature. He visited Italy more than once, in 1742 voyaged in the Greek Archipelago, and in 1 750, with his friends Bouverie and Dawkins, undertook an archaeological expedition across Asia Minor and Syria, which the Italian architect Borra accompanied as draughtsman. Be- fore reaching Palmyra, Bouverie died of fatigue, but Wood and his two remaining companions continued their researches with success. Shortly after his return he gave to the world the results of his travels, ^Mi/iso/Pa^m?/ro, illustrated with 5 7 plates, 1753 ; and the Ruins of Baalbec, with 46 pktes, in 1757 ; his Aiicient and Present 573 WYL Slate of the Troad appeared in 1 768. Lord Chatham gave him the post of Under- Secretary of State, which he held during three administrations. He died at his seat at Putney, near London, 9th September 1771, aged 55. His Essay on Homer, pub- lished after his death, has been translated into most of the European languages. "Wood's works are profusely and splendidly illustrated, and are marked by great accu- racy. Horace Walpole speaks of his " classic pen ;" and Gibbon bears ample testimony to the value of his researches. '* ^ Wylie, Samuel Brown, D.D., an oriental and classical scholar, was born near Ballymena, 21st May 1773. He was educated at Glasgow, and removed to Philadelphia in 1797, where he became Professor of Theology in the Refonned Presbyterian Church, a position he held for more than forty years. He was Professor of Ancient Languages in the University of Philadelphia from 1838 to 1845. Besides some works of a theological character, he wrote a Greek Grammar (1838) and a Life of Rev. Alexander McLeod. He was for fifty-one years pastor of the First Reformed Church, Philadelphia, where he died, 14th October 1852, aged 79. 37' Wyse, Sir Thomas, K.C.B., author, politician, and diplomatist, was born in December 1791, at the manor of St. John, County of Waterford. He was the son of a country gentleman, and belonged to a family that traced their descent from one of the Anglo-Norman conquerors of Ireland, He was educated at Stonyhurst, and gra- duated with honours at Trinity College, Dublin. He entered at Lincoln's Inn, but was not called to the Bar. In 1821 he married Letitia, daughter of Lucien Bona- parte, Prince of Canino, by whom he had two sous, who survived him. The mar- riage was not a happy one, and the parties separated in 1828. Mr. Wyse represented the Cou .cy of Tipperary in Parliament from 1830 to 1832, and the City of Water- ford from 1835 to 1847. He held office under Lord Melbourne from 1839 to 1841, and was one of the Secretaries of the Board of Control from 1846 to 1849, in which year he was appointed British Minister at Athens. He held this post during the re- mainder of his life; much responsibility devolving upon him during the Crimean War. In 1857 he was created a K.C.B. Besides translations and contributions to magazines, Sir Thomas Wyse was the author of several works, mostly sketches of travel in Europe and the East. In 1829 he published in London, in two volumes, a valuable Historical Sketch of the Late Catholic Association of Ireland, giving 574 YEL an account of the agitation for Catholic Emancipation from its inception to the success of the movement in that year. Few men had a more intimate knowledge of modern Greece and its people than Sir Thomas Wyse. He died at Athens, 15th April 1862, aged 70, writing des- patches up to the last week of a long and painful illness. His remains were accorded a public funeral by the King of Greece. His niece, Winifrede M. Wyse, edited from his manuscripts. An Excursion in the Pelopomiesus in 1858, with illustrations, in 2 vols., 1865 ; scadi Impressions of Greece, I87I. 7-6 53 Telverton, Barry, Viscount Avon- more, a distinguished lawyer, was born at Newmarket, County of Cork, 28th May 1736. He studied at Trinity Col- lege, where he took his degree of B.A. in 1757 ; LL.B., 1 761 ; and LL.D., 1774. A contemporary writer says : " He was called to the Bar in 1764 ; but many years passed away before he was at all distin- guished, so as to attract the notice of the public; but he at length found his way into Parliament, where he joined the pat- riots of the day in procuring an enlarge- ment of commercial privileges, and the establishment of legislative independence. Mr. Yelverton soon afterwards embraced the opposite side, and lent his aid to the Court, by resisting reform in the repre- sentation; . . hence his professional advancement." He was made Attorney- General in 1782, Baron of the Exchequer in 1784, and was raised to the peerage as Baron Avonmore in 1795. He sup- ported the Union Bill in the House of Lords in more than one masterly speech, and was created Viscount Avonmore in i8cx3. Lord Comwallis's promise ;of this advance in the peerage in return for his vote was one of those to which the Duke of Portland most strongly objected. Lord Avonmore died 19th August 1805, aged 69. Barrington says : " A vigorous, commanding, undaunted eloquence burst from his lips — not a word was lost. . . In the common transactions of the world he was an infant ; in the varieties of right and wi-ong, of propriety and error, a frail mortal ; in the senate and at the Bar a mighty giant. It was on the bench that, unconscious of his errors, and in his home, unconscious of his virtues, both were most conspicuous. . . A patriot by nature, yet susceptible of seduction — a partisan by temper, yet capable of instability — the commencement and the conclusion of his political career were as distinct as the poles, and as dissimilar as the elements. YOR . , As a judge he had certainly some of those marked imperfections too frequently observable in judicial ofBcers. . . A scholar, a poet, a statesman, a lawyer— in elevated society he was a brilliant wit, at lowertables, a vulgar humorist. . . He was a friend, ardent, but indiscriminate even to blindness. . . On the question of the Union, the radiance of his public character was obscured for ever — the laurels of his early achievements fell withered from his brow ; and after having ■with zeal and sincerity laboured to attain independence for his country in 1782, he became one of its salesmasters in 1800. , . In the midst of his greatest errors and most reprehensible moments, it was difficult not to respect, and impossible not to regard him." =' '* 54 s? York, Richard, Duke of, son of the Earl of Cambridge, a scion of the Plan- tageuet royal familyof England, was born about the year 1 4 1 1 . Through his mother, daughter of Roger Mortimer, Earl of March, he inherited extensive estates in England and Ireland, and pretensions to the Crown, as being descended from Lionel, third son of Edward III., the reigning family being descended from John of Gaunt, the fourth. In 1449 the Duke of York was sent into virtual exile in Ireland as Lord-Lieutenant, but stipulated for complete freedom of action in the govern- ment, and for the entire revenue of the country, besides a substantial yearly allowance. On the 6th of July he landed at Howth with much pomp, accompanied by his duchess, and was well received by the people of the Pale, with whom his ancestors had been popular. At the head of a large force he advanced into the country of the O'Byrnes and brought them to terms, and acted with such tact and discretion that before Michaelmas about a score of the Irish " kings, dukes, earls, and barons came to the Viceroy, swore to be true liegemen to Henry VI., and to the Duke and his heirs, gave hos- tages, and entered into indentures." The English reports of these affairs added that so great was his influence that " the wild- est Irishman in Ireland would before twelve months be sworn English." ^35 On 2 1st October 1449, the Duke's son George, afterwards Duke of Clarence, was born in Dublin Castle, and the Earls of Kildare and Ormond stood his sponsors. At a Parliament convened the same month. Acts were passed against coigne, livery, and other exactions. The English of Cork memorialized the Duke to restrain the contentions of the English lords of that county : — " We, the King's poor sub- YOU jects of this city of Cork, Kinsale, and Youghal, desire your lordships to send hither two good justices to see this matter ordered and amended, and some captain with twenty Englishmen, that may be captains over us all ; and we will rise with him, when need is, to redress these enormities, all at our cost ; and if you do not, then we are all cast away ; and then, farewell Munster for ever." ^35 xhe Eng- lish of Waterford and Wexford were in no better plight. MacGeoghegan, lord of Kinelea, in Westmeath, had been amongst those who submitted, and even presented the Duke with 380 kine, but he shortly afterwards ravaged the ducal domains in Meath. The Viceroy marched against him, but MacGeoghegan had such a force of well-appointed cavalry that he was fain to make terms and forego all claims for the damage committed. The Duke was soon in want of funds (the Irish revenues being very uncertain, and the allowances from England not forthcoming), and was com- pelled to pledge his jewels and plate, and borrow from his friends. In September 1450 he suddenly returned to England, leaving the eldest son of the Earl of Ormond as Deputy. In the ensuing wars of the Roses, Irish contingents fought on both sides, particularly on that of the Yorkists. In 1459 ^^^ Duke revisited Ireland, where he was enthusiastically received. Stimulated by the presence of the Duke, and in answer to the decrees of the Lancastrian Parliament at Coventry, the Irish Parliament at Trim asserted the independence of the legislature of Ireland, and affirmed the right to separate laws and statutes, and a distinct coinage, and that the King's subjects in Ireland were not bound to answer any writs except those under the Great Seal of Ire- land. A messenger who arrived with English writs for the apprehension of the Duke was tried for treason against the Irish Parliament, and hanged, drawn, and quartered. The King's friends then made an unsuccessful effort to stir up the Irish septs to revolt. Subsequently, the Yorkists gaining some important suc- cesses in England, the Duke committed the government to the Earl of Kildare, crossed to Chester, and made his wa}"^ by rapid stages to London, which he en- tered in triumph. His brief subsequent career, and his defeat and death (31st December 1460) at the battle of Wake- field, are matters of English history, ^e 33s Young, Arthur, a distinguished agri- culturist, was born at Bradfield, Yorkshire, 7th September 1741. He wrote accounts of several tours of observation in different 575 YOU parts of Europe, and is regarded as one of the highest authorities upon the social and agricultural condition of Ireland in the latter half of the 1 8th century. Between the years 1776 and 1779 he travelled in a chaise 2,300 miles through the country, and from 1 777 to 1779 managed the estates of Viscount Kingsborough in the County of Cork. He held the clearest and sound- est opinions upon political science. His Tour in Ireland, with General Observations on thepreseyit state ofthatKingdom,made in the Years 1 776, 1777, and 1778, and brought down to the end of 1 779, was first published, in one volume, in 1 780. It is more generally to be met with in two volumes. The first is occupied with his tour through Ireland in the autumn of 1776. A few pages of the second volume are devoted to tours in 1777 and 1778, the remainder being devoted to "Observations on the preceding intelligence." There are several interest- ing plates of scenery, and one giving a shocking picture of "an Irish cabbin." He accurately describes the system of farm- ing in different parts of the country, and specifies the rents and wages; states the condition of roads and public works, and makes judicious comments upon all matters within the scope of his observation. He was not indifferent to natural scenery, and was specially delighted with Lough Erne and Killarney. Two countries could hardly be more unlike than the Ireland he describes and that of to-day. He is indignant at the oppression to which the mass of the people were subjected : — " The abominable distinctions of religion, united with the op- pressive conduct of the little country gen- tlemen, or rather vermin of the kingdom, who never were out of it, altogether bear still very heavy on the poor people, and subject them to situations more mortifying than we ever behold in England. The landlord of an Irish estate inhabited by Roman v^'atholics is a sort of despot who yields obedience in whatever concerns the poor to no law but that of his will. . . Speaking a language that is despised, pro- fessing a religion that is abhorred, andbeing disarmed, the poor find themselves in many cases slaves even in the bosom of written liberty. . . A landlord in Ireland can scarcely invent an order which a servant, labourer, or cottar dares to refuse to exe- cute. Nothing satisfies him but an unlim- ited submission : disrespect or anything tending towards sauciness he may punish with his cane or his horsewhip with the most perfect security ; a poor man would have his bones broke if he offered to lift up his hand in his own defence. Knocking down is spoken of in the country in a manner 576 YOU that makes an Englishman stare. It must strike the most careless traveller to see whole strings of cars whipt into a ditch bya gentleman's footman to make way for his carriage ; if they are overturned or broken in pieces, it is taken in patience; were they to complain, they would perhaps be horsewhipped. The execution of the laws lies very much in the hands of justices of the peace, many of whom are drawn from the most illiberal class in the king- dom. . . A poor man having a contest with a gentleman must — but I am talking nonsense ; they know their situation too well to think of it ; they can have no defence but by means of protection from one gentleman against another, who prob- ably protects his vassal as he would the sheep he intends to eat." Young's personal experiences are often interesting. The miseries of a two days' voyage from Passage to Milford are descanted on, and the delay of twenty-four days before sailing upon another occasion. — " The expenses of this passage are higher than those from Dublin to Holyhead" — he paid £15 5s. for himself, two servants, three horses, and a chaise. The most important part of the work is that in which he reviews the general condition of Ireland — the destruction of her trade by Great Britain, the iniquity of the penal laws, the necessity of a fixed composition for tithe, the impolicy of the bounty on inland carriage, and his belief in the desirability of a union with Great Britain. McCulloch says : " The works of Arthur Young did incomparably more than those of any other individual to introduce a taste for agriculture and to diffuse a know- ledge of the art in this and other countries. They are written in an animated, forcible, pure English style, and are at once highly entertaining and instructive. . . Though sometimes rash and prejudiced, his state- ments and inferences may in general be depended upon. His activity, persever- ance, and devotedness to agriculture were unequalled. . . His Tours, especially those in Ireland and in France, which are both excellent, are his most valuable pub- lications ." Arthur Young died 1 2th April 1 820, aged 78, and was buried at Bradfield, of which parish his father had been rector. 16350 Young, Matthew, Bishop of Clon- fert, an eminent mathematician and natural philosopher, was born in the County of Roscommon in 1750. He entered Trinity College in 1766, and was elected Fellow and took orders in 1775. In 1798 the bishopric of Clonfert and Kilmacduagh was most unexpectedly conferred upon him by Lord Comwallis. ZEU He wrote several scientific works, includ- ing : Inquiry into the Phenomena of Sound, 1784; The Force of Testimony; Primitive Colours in Solar Light; Ana- lysis of the Principles of Natural Philo- sophy, 1803. He was also a musician, an enthusiastic botanist, and somewhat of an artist. The Gentleman's Magazine says : " The versatility of his talents, the acute- ness of his intellect, and his intense appli- cation to study were happily blended with a native unassuming modesty, a simplicity of manners, unaffected, and infinitely engaging ; a cheerfulness and vivacity ; . . a firm and inflexible spirit of honour and integrity." One of the pleasures he hoped to derive from a country residence, on his appointment to the bishopric, was the opportunity of pursuing his botanical studies ; but shortly after his elevation, symptoms of cancer developed themselves. Slowly dying from that dreadful disease, and shut out from social intercourse, he continued his studies with great activity — revising his works for the press, and even studying Syriac for the purpose of editing a new version of the Psalms. He died at Whitworth, in Lan- cashire, 28th November 1800, aged 50. Bishop Young contributed largely to the Transactions of the Koyal Irish Academy, of which he was one of the earliest mem bers, and left some mathematical treatises in manuscript, 16 146 Zeuss, Johann Kaspar, author of Grammatica Celtica, was born at Vogten- dorf, in Bavaria, 22nd July 1806. In 1826 he went to Munich to prepare himself for an office in higher education. Languages were his passion from early years. He be- came a college tutor, and in 1837, whilst still a young man, wrote "The Germans and their Neighbours," which marks an epoch in the study of European ethno- graphy. In 1840 he was appointed Pro- fessor of History in the College of Spires, where he seems to have commenced his great work on the Celtic dialects, a task to which he unceasingly devoted himself for the next thirteen years. The publica- tion of his Grammatica Celtica, at Leipsic, in 1853, was entirely unexpected. No one knew of Zeuss's plan, nor had anyone, even when the title of the work was advertised, the slightest idea of its importance. John O'Donovan contributed an analysis of the book to the Ulster Journal of Archaeology for 1859. He says: "The Grammatica Celtica has the name of being exceedingly hard to be understood. And so it is with- out a doubt. . . "We must recognize in the Grammatica Celtica purely a triumph 2N ZEU of comparative philology. . . He has succeeded in giving for the first time a wonderful analysis of the Celtic— of that original form of the language where all the modern dialects of it find their point of coincidence." O'Donovan also says: "It contains proofs of the purely Japetic origin of the Celts. It demonstrates the following facts : (i) That the Irish and "Welsh languages are one in their origin; that their divergence, so far from being primeval, began only a few centuries before the Koman period; that the difference between them was very small when Caesar landed in Britain— so small, that an old Hibernian most likely was still understood there ; and that both nations, Irish and British, were identical with the Celtag of the Continent — namely, those of Gaul, Spain, Lombardy, and the Alpine countries. This is, in fact, asserting the internal unity of the Celtic family, (2) That this Celtic tongue is, in the full and complete sense of the term, one of the great Indo-European branches of human speech. , . There must now be an end to all attempts at assimilating either Hebrevr, Phenician, Egyptian, Basque, or any other language which is not Indo- European, with any dialect of the Celtic. The consequence further is, that, as far as language gives evidence, we must consider the inhabitants of these islands strictly as brethren of those other five European families constituting that vast and ancient pastoral race who spread themselves in their nomadic migrations, till in the west they occupied Gaul, and crossed over to Britain, and to Ireland, the last boundary of the old world. . . The Irish nation has had no nobler gift bestowed upon them by any Continental author for centuries back than the work which he has written on their language." Dr. Eeeves adds : " Zeuss was the greatest benefactor that Irish literature canrecord in its list." Some years after the publication of this work, Zeuss is said to have expressed some dis- appointment at the apparent indifference with which it was received. But he was little aware what a revolution was being effected in opinion, and what deep root it was taking in the minds of all Celtic phi- lologists who were susceptible of good impressions. Zeuss was a tall, well-made, rather spare man, with black hair and moustache, giving one more the impression of a Slavonian or a Greek than of a Ger- man. He died loth November 1856, aged 50, at Vorstendorf, near Kronach, in Bavaria. The Grammatica Celtica is written in Latin. The last edition, published at Berlin in 1 871, was edited by Ebel. "''' "^^ S77 ADDENDA Abemethy, John, Rev., (page i).— It is more probable that he was born at Brigh, near Stewartstown, County of Tyrone. The controversy between the " subscribers " and " non-subscribers " originated in a diflference of opinion as to whether a church had a right to exact from its clergy subscription to a creed. Abemethy was the leader of the free- thinking school of Presbyterians. '^^ Adair, Robert, (page i). — According to Dr. Reeves, he was not descended from Sir Hobert Adair, Knight-banneret. ^^3 Adrian, Robert, mathematician, was bom at Carrickfergus, 30th September 1775. He commanded a company of in- surgents in 1798, and was dangerously wounded, but managed to escape to the United States. He taught school succes- sively at Princeton, New Jersey, and at York and Reading, Pennsylvania. He was Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy at Rutger's College, in 18 10 and 181 1 ; at Columbia College, from 1813 to 1825; and in the University of Pennsyl- vania, from 1827 to 1834. He was mem- ber of many scientific bodies in Europe and America. He edited the Mathematical Diary from 1825 to 1828, prepared an edition of Huttoii's Math&matics, and con- tributed to magazines. Robert Adrian died at New Brunswick, New Jersey, loth August 1843, aged 67. ^'* Aedan, (page 2). — Dr. Reeves places bis birth in 555, and his death in 625. '^^ Aengns Culdee, Saint, (page 2).— The Ma: jrology of Aengus and the Mar- tyrology of Tallaght are not the same compilation. ^^^ Alison, Francis, D.D., a distin- guished Presbyterian divine, was bom in the County of Donegal, in 1705, studied at Glasgow, and went to America in 1735. He taught in various parts of the colo- nies, assisting in the education of some of the leading men of the Revolution, and was for many years Vice-Provost of the College of Philadelphia, and pastor of the First Presbyterian Church. He died in Philadelphia, 28th November 1779, aged 74, leaving directions in his will for the emancipation of all his slaves. 37» Babington, WiUiam, M.D., F.R.S., a chemist and mineralogist, was born near 578 Coleraine in 1 756. He began to practise medicine in London about 1797, and lec- tured on chemistry at Guy's Hospital. He wrote several works on mineralogy, one of the principal of which was A^ew System of Mineralogy ( ) 799). He was one of the founders of the Geographical Society, of which he was chosen President in 1822. He died in 1833. '^ 37t Barre, Isaac, Colonel, (page 10), a dis- tinguished politician, was bom in Dublin in 1 726. His parents, who kept a small shop, were Huguenot refugees. Isaac graduated at Trinity College, Dublin, in 1745. He was intended for the Bar ; Garrick urged him to try the stage ; he chose the army, and in 1746 received a commission as ensign, and joined his regiment in Flanders. He served in Scotland and at Gibraltar, and in 1759, as major of brigade, was attached to the expedition under Wolfe for the reduction of Canada, and soon won the friendship and respect of his general. In the fighting before Quebec, Barre received a severe wound in the cheek, and an injury to one eye which ultimately resulted in total blindness. The death of Wolfe was a great blow to his prospects. Upon his return to Eng- land he became intimate with Lord Fitz- Maurice, who on succeeding his father. Lord Shelburne, in 1761, and vacating the family borough of Wycombe, thence- forth nominated him to the seat. Barr6 took a prominent part in the politics of Great Britain as an unflinching Liberal. In his place in the House he is described as a " black, robust, middle-aged man, of a military figure ; a bullet, lodged loosely in his cheek, had distorted his face, and had imparted a savage glare to one eye." A writer in Macmillan^s Magazine for December 1876, who has given us an excellent sketch of his career, says : " The pre-eminence of Barre as a speaker was due principally to his extraordinary power of invective ; but it would be a great injustice to suppose that there was nothing but invective in his speeches. On the contrary, some of them abound with wise maxims, and good, sound, common sense. He was generally on what we would call the constitutional side ; and as the great con- stitutional questions of that day have all BAR been settled in his favour, it ia naturally difficult for us to help being struck by his arguments. But Barr6 does not deserve our unqualified approbation. He was essentially a party man. He spoke for his party, and he voted with his party. Walpole called him a bravo, and nothing can so well illustrate the dependence of his position than the fact that, clever and eloquent as he was, the first trace we find of his making an original mo- tion was in 1778, seventeen years after he entered Parliament. . . Barr6 found himself fighting the battles of the people, and his eloquence was of a sort peculiarly adapted to such warfare." Under the Granville government in 1763, he became Adjutant-General of the British forces, and Governor of Stirling Castle — appoint- ments worth £4,000 per annum. In the same year he was brought by Lord Shel- burne into close alliance with the elder Pitt, but in consequence of his opposi- tion to the wishes of George III., he lost his offices. His reputation as a speaker gradually rose higher and higher : he possessed the power of making himself feared : his invective was at times un- sparing. When Government introduced the American Stamp Act, in 1765, he commenced a course of opposition and advocacy of the cause of the Colonies, to which he in the main adhered after the Declaration of Independence, and up to the conclusion of the Revolutionary war. When Pitt, created Lord Chatham, was recalled in 1766, Barre became Vice- Treasurer of Ireland, and was restored to his rank in the army. He took a promi- nent place in the affairs of India. In 1 768 Shelbiirne and Barre were again in oppo- sition. He took the most active part in the Wilkes trials, attacking the Govern- ment with unsparing violence. In 1773 he was again compelled to resign his appointments in the army, and arrayed himself with the Rockingham party. Upon its advent to power he was ap- pointed Treasurer of the Navy, and a sinecure of £3,200 as " Clerk of the Pells" was made over to him. In 1783 Barr6 became totally blind, for some time disappeared from Parliament, and on his return found a new generation of statesmen and a new set of ideas sprung up, and himself out of fashion and in the back- ground. In 1790 a complete divergence of opinion on politics severed a friendship of more than thirty years' standing with Lord Shelburne (become the Marquis of Lausdowne), and Barre vacated his seat in Parliament. He lived in retirement the remaining years of his life, and died 2N* BER in London, 20th July 1802, aged about 75. 146 233 305 Barrett, John, D.D., (page 10), was bom in 1753. ^^s Bellingham, O'Bryen, a distin- guished surgeon, was born in Dublin, 12th December 1805. He received his medical education at Jervis-street Hospital, and in the College of Surgeons. In 1 833 he became a member of the College, and not long after Examiner in Pharmacy, and Professor. Two years later he was appointed sur- geon to St. Vincent's Hospital, where he assiduously laboured until his death. He was a constant contributor to the columns of the Dublin Medical Press, and was one of the founders of the Dublin Natural History Society. He died nth October 1857, aged 51, and was laid in the burying-place of his ancestors at Castlebellingham. Up to the day of his death he was engaged in revising his work on the Diseases of the Heart, which appeared shortly afterwards. His advo- cacy of the cure of aneurisms by pressure gained for him European fame. Notices of Bellingham and other distinguished Irish physicians, from the pen of Ur. E. D. Ma- pother, will be found in the Irish Monthly for the early months of 1878. '^^ Beranger, Gabriel, (page 16).— The fullest available particulars relating to Beranger will be found (chiefly from the pen of Sir William Wilde, who contem- plated writing a memoir of him) in the Journal of the Historical and Archceologicat Association of Ireland, for January and July 1870, July 1873, and October 1876. Interesting notes of his travels in different parts of the country are given. His account of a tour in the County of Wexford in the autumn of 1770 is full of valuable infor- mation as to the condition of the people. Many of the sketches in Grose's Anti- quities are by Beranger ; and some hun- dreds of his drawings are preserved in the Royal Irish Academy, and by Lady Wilde. The information he collected in regard to the manners and language of the Barony of Forth is embodied in Vallancey's Collec- tanea. There is very little reference in Beranger's notes to the exciting political events of the time in which he lived. He was aged 89 at his death, in February 1817, and was buried in the French burial- ground, in Dublin. "^ Beresford, William Carr, Viscount Beresford, a distinguished general, son of the Marquis of Waterford, was bom in Ireland, 2nd October 1 768. He entered the army in 1785, and served with dis- tinction in every quarter of the world — America, Corsica, India, Egypt, the Cape, 579 BEE and Buenos Ayres. He was Governor of Madeira in 1808, and was drafted thence to the Peninsula, where he played an im- portant part under Sir John Moore, and in Wellington's campaigns. He com- manded at Albuera against Soult, and bore his part at Badajos, at Salamanca (where he was severely wounded), at Vittoria, the Pyrenees, Nivelle, Neve, and Orthez. He led the division that took possession of Bordeaux, and fought at the battle of Toulouse. He was raised to the peerage as baron in 18 14, a pension was settled ou him, and he received the highest military decorations, was created by the Spaniards Duke of Elvas, and by the Portuguese Conde di Francoso. He was made a viscount in 1823. Under the Duke of Wellington's administration, in 1828, Viscount Beresford was appointed Master of the Ordnance. He died at his seat, Bedgebury Park, Kent, 8th January 1854, aged 85, and was interred at Goudhurst. " Berkeley, George, Bishop of Cloyne, (page 18). — The account of Hester Van- homrigh's quarrel with Swift (p. 19) is scarcely borne out by recent investigations. [See Swift, Jonathan, p. 508.] '^^ Bianconi, Charles, (page 22). — Mrs. Morgan John O'Connell's interesting life of her father had not appeared when this notice was written. Mr. Bianconi was born 24th September 1 786 ; so that at the time of his death in 1875, he had all but completed his 89th year. He died and was buried on his estate of Longford, near Thurles. ^33 Boulter, Hugh, Archbishop of Ar- magh, (page 27). — Reference should have been made to his Letters, containing an Account of the Most Interesting Transac- tions which Passed in Ireland from 1 724 to 1738 (Dublin, 1770), a valuable collec- tion of documents, throwing much light upon tl , secret springs of Government and the general condition of affairs in Ireland between the dates named. They indicate a singularly straightforward and business-like turn of mind, and show conclusively the paramount influence he exercised, "^t Bourke, Sir Richard, (page 27), husband of Grace O'Malley, or Grania Uaile [see p. 403], was, in Queen Elizabeth's reign, the head of the Bourkes of Gal way ; he sided with the English in their expedi- tions, and held his lands under renewed gift from the Crown. In 1576 he is thus described by Sir Henry Sidney, who knighted him : " I found' him very sen- sible ; though wanting in the English tongue, yet understanding the Latin; a 580 BEO lover of quiet and civility."' He died in 1589. "^ Bourke, Sir Theobald, Viscount, son of preceding and Grace O'Malley, is said to have been born at sea in 1575. He was called in Irish "Tibbot-na-long" (Theobald of the ships). Lodge says he was cashiered from his command in Elizabeth's forces, for hanging Dermot O'Conor, a Connaught chieftain, who was under the President's protection. In 1597 he was sent to England, apparently as a prisoner. After his return, in 1599, he for a time sided with O'Neill, but ultimately espoused the government side, and was knighted after the battle of Kinsale for his " gallant and loyal behaviour." He and his half- brothers, Murrough and Donnell O' Fla- herty, surrendered their estates to James I., and received them back on a Crown grant. In 1 6 1 3 he represented the County of Mayo in Parliament, and in 1626 was created Viscount Bourke of Mayo. He died 1 8th June 1629, and was buried with his ancestors at Ballintober. ^"^ Bourke, Miles, Viscount Mayo, (page 27), sou of preceding, sat in the Par- liament of 1634, and when the War of i64i-'52 commenced, was appointed Gover- nor of Mayo ; but he soon went over to the side of the Confederates, and joined the Catholic Church. He did his best to lessen the acerbities of the war, and is said to have retired from the Council in 1 644. He died in 1649. Three years later his son and successor in the title was tried by the Commonwealth Commissioners at Galway, for complicity in the rebellion, condemned, and shot by their order, and his estates (50,000 acres) were forfeited, but after- wards restored to the family. [For his descendant, Eichard S. Bourke, Earl OF Mayo, see page 27.] ^'^ ^'^ Bowles, Williani, (page 28), was born in Ireland in 1720, and died in Spain in 1780. His chief works were: Introduc- tion to the Natural History and Physical Geography of Spain; Memoir on the Mines of Germany and Spain ; History of the Locusts of Spain. '^^ Brownrigg, Sir BiObert, Bart., General, was born in Ireland about 1759. He was appointed Military Secre- tary to the Duke of York in 1 795, and accompanied him to Holland in 1 799 ; in July 1809 he was Quartermaster-General in the expedition to the Schelt. In 18 13 he was appointed Governor of Ceylon, and held the position until 1820. In 181 5 he conquered the kingdom of Candy, in the interior of the island, and annexed it to the British crown. Sir Eobert Brownrigg was created a baronet in 18 16, and attained the BUR full rank of General in 1819. He died near Monmouth, 27th April 1833, f^g^d 74- ' Burke, Aedanus, an American revo- lutionary statesman, was born in Gal way in 1743. Educated at St. Omer's for the priesthood, he afterwards studied law, and went to America, where he entered enthu- siastically into the War of Independence. In 1778 he was appointed Judge of the Supreme Court of South Carolina. When Charleston was taken by the British in 1780, he took a commission in the army ; but resumed judicial office when the State was re-organized by the Americans in 1782. He opposed the Federal Constitu- tion, through fear of consolidated power ; but served as first United States Senator from South Carolina under that instru- ment. He wrote a pamphlet against the aristocratic features of the Society of the Cincinnati, which was subsequently trans- lated by Mirabeau, and used by him with effect during the French Eevolution. Judge Burke was noted for his wit and eccentricity, and was somewhat addicted to convivial habits. He died at Charles- ton, South Carolina, 30th March 1802, aged about 59. 37* 40. Burke, John Doly, (page 50), not John Daly. =^3 Butler, Lady Eleanor Charlotte, daughter of the i6th Earl of Ormond, was born in Ireland in 1739; her friend Sarah Fonsonby, in 1755. They formed a romantic attachment, and after several attempts to run away from their friends to England (in one of which Miss Pon- sonby broke her leg), were in 1778 per- mitted to depart with a faithful maid, Betty Carroll. They settled in a cottage at Llangollen, where they passed the re- mainder of their lives— more than fifty years — together. They were known as "The Ladies of Llangollen," and were visited and petted by the world of fashion and litera- ture. In 1829 the Duke of Wellington perpetrated the job of procuring them a government pension of £200 a year. In September 1823, Charles Mathews thus wrote from Oswestry to a friend : " The dear inseparable immutables. Lady Eleanor Butler and Miss Ponsonby, were in the boxes here on Friday. They came twelve miles from Ijlangollen, and returned, as they never sleep from home. Oh ! such curiosities ! I was nearly convulsed ! I could scarcely get on for the first ten minutes my eye caught them ! Though I had never seen them, I instantly knew them. As they are seated, there is not one point to distinguish them from men ; the dressing and powdering of the hair ; BYE their well-starched neckcloths ; the upper part of their habits, which they always wear, even at a dinner party, made pre- cisely like men's coats, and regular black beaver men's hats." Afterwards he met in company " the dear antediluvian dar- lings, attired for dinner in the same mum- mified dress, with the Croix de St. Louis, and other orders, and myriads of large brooches, with stones large enough for snufi'-boxes, stuck in their starched neck- cloths. I have not room to describe their most fascinating persons. . . They have not slept one night from home for above forty years." Betty Carroll died in 1809; Lady Butler, 2nd June 1829, aged 90; Miss Ponsonby, 9th December 1831, aged 76. The virtues of all three are celebrated in long inscriptions on one stone in the churchyard of Llangollen. A minute account of these ladies will be found in Blackburn's Illustrious Irish- women, from which this notice is for the most part taken. '9** Byrne, Myles, (page 65). — There is a more correct account of the battle of Vinegar Hill in the notice of General Lake, page 281. =33 Byrne, William Michael, of Park Hill, County of Wicklow, a prominent United Irishman, was one of the Leinster Directory arrested at Bond's, in Dublin, on 1 2th Mai'ch 1798. He was brought to trial, and convicted of high treason upon the evidence of Keynolds. It is said that his life was off'ered to him if he would give evidence implicating Lord Edward FitzGerald, but he indignantly spumed the suggestion, declaring that he had no regret in dying but not leaving his country free. Hopes were still enter- tained that his life might be spared, on account of the negotiations then pending between the Government and the state prisoners ; but " on the morning of the 28th" [July 1798], says Mr. Madden, " he was sitting at breakfast in Bond and Neilson's cell (the wives of the latter being then present), when the jailer ap- peared, and beckoned to Byrne to come to the door and speak with him. Byrne arose, a few words were whispered into his ear : he returned to the cell, and apolo- gised to the ladies for being obliged to leave them. Bond asked him if he would not return ; and his reply was, ' We will meet again.' He went forth without the slightest sign of perturbation or concern, and was led back for a few minutes to his cell, and then conducted to the scafi'old. On passing the cell of Bond and Neilson, which he had just left, he stooped, that he might not be observed through the 581 CAL gi'ated aperture in the upper part of the door, in order that Mrs. Neilson and Mrs. Bond might be spared the shock of seeing him led to execution." He met his death with perfect fortitude. 3^9 Callanan, James Joseph, (page 69). — According to a writer in the Atkenceum for 1 8th May 1878, he died in the Hospi- tal of San Jose, at Lisbon, and was buried within the precincts of the ruined church hard by. No traces remain of his grave, 's Cane, Robert, M.D., an Irish nation- alist, was born in Kilkenny in 1807. He studied medicine in Dublin, returned to his native city during the cholera epidemic of 1832, and soon rose into good practice. He was the friend of John Banim, and William Smith O'Brien. Although of strong nationalist sympathies, he refused to join in the emeute of 1848; yet he underwent a lengthened imprisonment under the suspension of the Habeas Coi-pus Act. He was afterwards elected Mayor of Kilkenny. Cane projected the formation of the Celtic Union, for the publication of works relating to the his- tory of Ireland. In this series appeared his own Williamite and Jacobite Wars of Ireland, Mr. Supple's Anglo-Norman Conquest of Ireland, and some numbers of a magazine named The Celt. Dr. Cane died of consumption, i6th August 1858, aged CI. I90»(8) Castle, Hichard, an eminent German architect, who settled in Ireland, and erected some of the principal buildings in Dublin, resided in Suffolk-street in 1 720. In 1736 he published An Essay toward Supplying the City of Dublin with Water. His principal designs were the mansions at Powerscourt and Carton, the Rotunda Hospital, Leinster House, Tyrone House, College Printing Office, portions of the College Chapel, and the Music Hall in Fishamble-street, where Handel's Messiah was firf performed, the acoustic pro- perties of which were highly praised by the composer. Castle is described as a man of strict integrity, somewhat whim- sical, highly esteemed both as an artist and an agreeable companion, and one who might have acquired great wealth, but was in constant difficulties. He died at Carton, 19th February 1 751, aged between 50 and 60, and was buried at Maynooth. [The name is variously written — Castle, Castles, Cassel, and Casell. He is men- tioned as Eobert Cassels in Whitelaw and Walsh's History of Dublin.'] ^° Charcbill, Fleetwood, M.D., an eminent obstetrician, was born at Notting- ham in 1808. He took his first medical degree at Edinburgh in 1831, and in 1851 582 COL had the houox'ary degree of M.D. conferred upon him by the University of Dublin. In conjunction with Dr. Speedy, he found- ed the Western Lying-in Hospital, which for many years did much for the poor of Dublin. For eight years he was Professor of Midwifery to the School of Physic in Ireland, was twice President of the Ob- stetrical Society, and in 1867 and 1868 was President of the King and Queen's College of Physicians in Ireland. For a lengthened period he was the foremost obstetric practitioner in Ireland ; and both at home and abroad he enjoyed a wide reputation as the author of treatises on The Diseases of Wome^i, The Diseases of Infants and Children, and other works which for a quarter of a century have been standard text-books. Some of them have been re- published in the United States, and trans- lated into foreign languages. Dr. Churchill was a man of great refinement and con- siderable literary attainments. He retired from the profession on account of ill-health in 1875 (presenting his fine library to the College of Physicians), and died at his son- in-law's rectory at Ardtrea, near Stewarts- town, 31st January 1878, aged 69, -^^ Collins, David, Colonel, Governor of Van Diemen's Land, son of General Collins, of Pack, in the King's County, was born 3rd March 1756. When but fourteen he received an appointment as lieutenant in the Marines ; he fought at Bunker's Hill and elsewhere abroad, and on the procla- mation of peace in 1782, settled in Kent on half-pay, with an American wife. In May 1787 he sailed with Governor Phillip as Secretary and Judge-Advocate on the expedition to establish a convict settlement at Botany Bay, New South Wales, recently discovered by Captain Cook. The proposed locality was found unsuitable ; Port Jack- son was preferred, and there Sydney was founded. Collins remained in Australia for ten years, and after his return wrote an Account of the English Colony in Neio South Wales, with some Particulars of New Zealand from Governor King'' s MSS., 2 vols, quarto. (Loudon, 1 798-1 802.) The book is embellished with many plates, and as the first published account of the infant colony, has a permanent interest. The Quarterly Revieio styles it " a singularly curious and painfully interesting journal, which may be considered as a sort of Botany Bay calendar." Shortly after the publication of this work he was commissioned to establish another convict settlement in Australia. He made an abortive attempt to found one on the south-eastern shore of Port Phillip,'^ and then crossed to Van Diemen's Laud (now Tasmania), where, on COL igth February 1804, he laid the founda- tions of the present city of Hobart Town. Collins was the first governor of the island, and died at his post, 24th March 1810, aged 54. " His person was remark- ably handsome, and his manners extremely prepossessing ; while to a cultivated under- standing, and an early fondness for belles lettres, he joined the most cheerful and social disposition," says the Gentleman's Magazine, in noticing his death ; but it must be evident to the readers of his book that the management of a convict settlement in accordance with the ideas of his time was little calculated to develop such characteristics. '* ""* '^* Colton, John, Archbishop of Armagh and Lord-Chancellor of Ireland, was born in Norfolk early in the 14th century. In 1373 he was appointed Lord-Treasurer of Ireland, next year Dean of St. Patrick's, Dublin; in 1379, Lord-Chancellor; ini38i, Lord-Justice (on the death of Edmund Mortimer) ; and in 1382 he was raised to the primacy by Pope Urban VI. " He was a man of great talent and activity; . . was of high reputation for virtue and learning, dear to all ranks of people for his aflFability and sweetness of temper." In 1372, at his sole cost, he raised a body of twenty-six knights, "and being rein- forced by the well-aflFected of the district," marched against O'Moore and O'Byrne. Archbishop Colton died at an advanced age, 27th April 1404, and was buried in the church of St. Peter, at Drogheda. His Visitation of the Diocese of Derry in 1397, was in 1850 published, from the original at Armagh, with an exhaustive preface and notes, by Dr. Reeves. ^^* Cregan, Martin, R.H.A., was born in the County of Meath in 1788. He studied art in the schools of the Eoyal Dublin Society, and under his countryman Sir Martin A. Shee, in London, and was one of the first exhibitors at the Royal Hibernian Academy, established in 1823. He rose to a high place as a portrait- painter in Dublin, and was for twenty- three years President of the Academy. His paintings are said to be " faithful as to likeness and effective in colour, full of feeling, but subdued and natural, charac- terized by much taste and fine tone and finish." He died in Dublin, 12th De- cember 1870, aged 82, and was interred at Mount Jerome Cemetery. =^3 De Clare, Kiichard,(page 128). — It was Maurice, not Raymond FitzGerald, that accompanied FitzStephen. Queen Victoria is said to be descended from Strongbow and Eva's daughter Isabel. Strongbow'a daughter by a former marriage became the DRU bride of Robert de Quincey, who fell in battle with the Irish. '^^ Digby, Lettice, Baroness Offaly, daughter of Gerald, Lord Offaly, grand- daughter of the nth Earl of Kildare, in 1596 married Sir Robert Digby, an Englishman, who died in 161 8, leaving her a widow with seven children. Lady Digby unsuccessfully laid claim to the Barony of Offaly and the estates of her grandfather. In 161 9 James I. created her a baroness, and awarded to her the barony of Geashill, in the King's County. In April 1642 she was besieged by a body of the O'Dempseys in her castle of Geashill, where she held out with great bravery for six months. The letters that passed be- tween her and her assailants are, on her side, models of scornful determination, and on theirs, of insolent swaggering. We are told that in the course of the siege a shot having struck the wall be- side her, she wiped the spot with her handkerchief, to show the assailants how little she valued their attacks. A curious incident in the contest was the construction, by the besiegers, of a piece of ordnance out of one hundred and forty pots and pans, which, after two months spent in its manu- facture, burst at the first discharge. The Baroness had an opportunity of leaving the castle and getting safely away under convoy of a relief party sent from Dub- lin ; but elected to hold out ; which she did until again relieved in October 1642. She retired to Cole's Hill, in Warwickshire, where she died, ist December 1658. =°° Drummond, William Hamilton, D.D., (page 159), Unitarian minister and author, was born at Larne, County of Antrim, in August 1 778. Educated at the Belfast Academy, and at Glasgow, on 9th April 1 800 he was licensed to preach by the Presbytery of Armagh, which, with that of Antrim, rejected subscription to any formula of belief. He was shortly after- wards ordained minister of Holy wood, sub- sequently married, and opened a boarding school at Mount Collier, in the neighbour- hood of Belfast, which was for a time popu- lar and profitable. In 181 5 he responded to a call from the Unitarian congregation of Strand-street, Dublin, and passed the remainder of his life, first as its junior and afterwards as its senior minister. He devoted much attention to poetry, especi- ally of a patriotic character, and was the author, among other pieces, of the Battle of Trafalgar, the Qianl^s Causeway, Clontarf, and Bruce^s Livasion of Ireland, besides a translation of Lucretius. An Irish scholar, he gave to the world a vol- ume of translations, entitled Ancient Irish 583 EMM Minstrelsy. The Memoir of his frieud Hamilton Rowan is one of his best known works. Dr. Drummond was for a time Librarian of the Royal Irish Academy, and obtained the £40 prize of the Academy for his Essay on the Poems of Ossian (printed in vol. xvi. of the Transactions). He had a great love for books, and was an omnivorous collector. Many of his warm- est pei-sonal friends were clergj^men and members of the Established Church, em- bracing people of the highest intellectual attainments. Iq the domestic circle his aflfectionate disposition manifested itself unceasingly. Dr. Drummond died in Dublin, i6th October 1865, aged 87, and was buried at Mount Jerome Cemetery. His Sermons, and a Memoir, by the Rev. J. Scott Porter, were published in 1867. '"'^ Emmet, Robert, (page 169), was born 4th March 1778. "^^ Peargal, or Virgilius, Saint, Bishop of Salzburg, was a learned Irishman, who arrived in France before 746. He was hospitably received by Pepin, son of Charles Martel, remained with him two years, and then proceeded to Bavaria, ■where he had a dispute with St. Boniface relative to baptism. He was appointed Bishop of Salzburg by Pope Stephen II., in 756. It is stated that he narrowly escaped excommunication for maintainiag the sphericity of the earth. He died in 785, and was canonized by Pope Gregory in 1 233. The 27th of November is the date of his festival. "' 339 Gandon, James, (page 217).— The Irish Houses of Parliament were not completed until 1 739. [See Pearce, Sir E. L., p. 432.] =33 Gillespie, Sir Robert Rollo, Major- General, descended from a family long settled in the parish of Tynan, County of Armagh, was bom at Comber, County of Down, 2 1st January 1766. He entered the Cara" meers as a comet, in April 1783, served in St. Domingo against Toussaiut L'Ouverture, became a major in 1796, and a lieutenant-colonel in 1799. Before his return to England with his regiment, in 1802, he received a vote of thanks from the House of Assembly in Jamaica. Shortly after this he was " most honour- ably acquitted" of charges brought against him at a court-martial, for his manage- ment of the 20th Light Dragoons, with which regiment he had latterly been con- nected. In 1805 he proceeded across the continent of Europe to India (at Hamburgh being saved from falling into the hands of the French by the interposi- tion of his countryman Napper Tandy), and was instmmental in suppressiug the 584 HEN mutiny at Vellore in 1 806. He saw much active service in Java, rose to be a colonel, and on the surrender of the island to the British, was appointed Military Governor. In 18 1 2 he led an expedition against Sumatra, deposed one sultan and installed another favourable to the British. He re- ceived the special thanks of the Governor- General in Council of India, and was promoted to the rank of major-general. In 1 8 14 he was associated with Colonel Ochterlony in the invasion of Nepaul, and fell, heading his troops in the unsuccessful effort to take the fort of Kalunga, 31st October 18 14, aged 48. He was after his death gazetted Knight Commander of the Bath. A monument has been erected to his memory at Comber. "'^' Haverty, Joseph Patrick, artist, was born in Galway towards the close of the 1 8th century. He was successful as a portrait painter in oils, and also executed a great many works of a genre and scrip- tural character. Several of the latter are to be found in the Catholic churches of Dublin. He painted seven pictures illus- trating the administration of the Sacra- ments, chiefly as among thelrish peasantry, but they were sold separately, and have be- come scattered. His " Limerick Piper " obtained much popularity, and is preserved in the Irish National Gallery, to which it was presented by William Smith O'Brien. Among his best portraits may be men- tioned a full-length of Daniel O'Connell, belonging to the Reform Club, in London, of which there is a fine engraving, and anotherfull-length of O'Connell, considered superior to the former, the property of the Limerick Corporation. Haverty spent so much of his life in Limerick, where he re- ceived a great deal of patronage, that he was frequently regarded as a Limerick man ; but he lived also much in London, having to rely chiefly on English support. In his colouring, which was the weakest feature in his works, he followed the English school. He died in Dublin in 1 864, aged about 70. [His brother, Martin Haverty, one of the librarians of the King's Inns, Dublin, is the author of a careful History of Ireland, Ancient and Modern (Dublin, i860), which has been constantly referred to in this Compen- dium.] ^33 Henry II. (page 248). — Mr. Richey, in his Lectures on Irish History, shows that Henry's policy towards the Irish chiefs was at first one of conciliation and respect, their lands being confirmed, " to hold the same in peace, so long as they shall ob- serve their fealty to the King of England, and fully and faithfully render him tribute HIC and his other rights, which they owe to him, by the hand of the King of Connaught." The only early departure from this policy was the grant of Meath to De Lacy; but Meath may have been considered the appanage of the Monarch of Ireland, whose position Henry assumed. This course was, however, entirely aban- doned by Henry after his return to Eng- land, and the rights neither of princes nor of people were regarded. Doubtless the pressure from barons desirous of ob- taining lands in the new dominion was more than he could withstand. In the confiscations that ensued, Henry was care- ful to make grants to fresh adventurers, rather than add to the domains of the ear- lier invaders, '^-t Hickey, "William, Eev. ("Martin Doyle"), well known for his efforts to elevate the condition of the peasantry of Ireland, was eldest son of Rev. Ambrose Hickey, rector of Murragh, County of Cork, He was born about 1787, graduated at St. John's College, Cambridge, and subse- quently took the degree of M. A. in the University of Dublin. He was ordained a clergyman of the Established Church in 181 1, and appointed to the curacy of Dun- leckny, County of Carlow. In 1820 he was inducted into the rectory of Bannow ; in 1826 was transferred to that of Kilcor- mick, in 1831 to Wexford, and in 1834 to Mulrankin, where he ministered the re- mainder of his life. When at Bannow he started the South Wexford Agricultural Society and the Bannow Agricultural School, both of which flourished while under his superintendence. As a parochial clergyman he was esteemed alike by Catho- lics and Protestants. He commenced his career as a writer in 181 7, his first work being a pamphlet on the State of the Poor in Ireland. Afterwards followed a series of letters under the pseudonym of "Martin Doyle," under which he continued to wTite. Among his numerous works may be mentioned: Hints to Small Farmers, The Hurlers, Irish Cottagers, Plea for Small Farmers, Address to Landlords, The Eitcheyi Garden, The Flower Garden, Hints on Emigration to Canada, Hints on Health Temperance and Morals, Boohon Proverbs, Cyclopcedia of Practical Husbandry/. He translated from the French Sermons hy Monod, and for a length of time was a regular contributor to Blackwood's Agricul- tural Magazine, Chambers's Journal, and other periodicals. His latest production, published a few years before his death, was Notes and Gleanings of the County Wex- ford. In all his writings he took the broadest philanthropic views, studiously KEI avoiding religious and political contro- versy. He was awarded a gold medal by the Eoyal Dublin Society, in recognition of his services to Ireland, and enjoyed a pen- sion from the Literary Fund. He was a man of an eminently charitable and feeling nature, and died comparatively poor, 24th October 1875, aged 87. These particulars of his life have been furnished by George Griflaths, author of Chronicles of the County of Wexford, one of the best authorities upon biographical and archaeological lore of that part of Ireland. ^^3 Ireton, Henry, (page 259, col. 2, line 7).— For "O'Dwyer," read "O'Brien." "33 Eavanagh, Julia, authoress, was born at Thurles, in 1824. Her parents early removed to Paris, where she gained that minute insight into French life displayed in her works. In 1844 she went to London, and embraced literature as a profession. Her first work, The Three Paths, a tale for children, was published in 1847; and in 1850, Woman in France during the Eighteenth CeMury, perhaps her best known book, appeared. She travelled through France, Germany, and Switzerland, and works of travel, fiction, and general litera- ture, flowed from her pen almost yearly. She was subject to agonizing attacks of neuralgia the latter years of her life, and died somewhat suddenly, at Nice, 28th October 1877, aged about 53. A corres- pondent of the Athenaoum wrote: "Her pictures are faithful and accurate. Her writing was quiet and simple in style, but pure and chaste, and characterized by the same high-toned thought and morality that was part of the author's own nature. Her short stories are beautiful and touch- ing pastorals. . . In her Englishwomen of Letters and Frenchwomen of Letters, Miss Kavanagh showed discriminating and analytical powers far beyond anything she has attempted in her simple and touching novels." Natalie is mentioned as one of the best of her works of fiction. '^ 233 Keightley, Thomas, a voluminous writer, chiefly of educational works, was born in Dublin about 1 792. He graduated at Trinity College in 1808, abandoned the intention of studying for the Bar, went to London in 1824, and devoted himself to literature. His name is familiar as the author of several useful, though somewhat dry, school-books, including Histories of Rome, Greece, and England. His Outlines of History formed one of the early volumes of Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopcedia. He also prepared editions of several of the ancient classics, and compiled a Fairy Mythology, which was deservedly popular in its day. He translated a novel from the Dutch, 58s LAW edited Miltoii's Poems and the Elzevir edition of Shakespere, and wrote the Shakes- pere Expositor. Dui'ing the last few years of his life, Mr. Keightley enjoyed a Civil List pension. He died at Erith, Kent, 4th November 1872, aged 80. ^ is Lawrence, Sir Henry, (page 285).— His full name was Henry Montgomeiy Lawrence. '^^ Leadbeater, Mary, (page 286). — Mrs. Trench, in a letter dated August 1826, speaks of Mrs. Leadbeater's " delicate feelings, highly refined, yet never degener- ating into susceptibility, or exacting from others those attentions she never failed to bestow herself ; her taste for everything that was admirable in nature and art ; her polished mind and manner, which seemed instinctively to reject all that others are taught to avoid; her quick sense of wit and humour, and her own unaflFected plea- santry; her entire absence of all self- comparison with any human being", which left her capable of doing complete justice to the merits of all ; her rare suavity, and her uncommon talents." '" McAnley, Mary Catherine, Rev. Mother, the foundress of the Order of Mercy, was bom at Stormestown House, County of Dublin, 29th September 1778. Her parents, who were Catholics, died whilst she was young, and she and her brother and sister were brought up by Pro- testants. At eighteen she was adopted by Mr. and Mrs. O'Callaghan of Coolock House. They were not of her belief; and whilst they were kind and affectionate, and encouraged her self-imposed ministrations amongst the poor, it was almost necessary for her to practise the observances of her religion in private : yet so great was Catherine's influence that she had the satisfaction of bringing both of them over to the Catholic Church before their decease. Mr. O'Callaghan died in 1822 (having ourvived his wife but a few years), leaving Catherine a large fortune, which she determined to devote to works of mercy. She accordingly bought a plot of ground in Baggot-street, Dublin, and without well-defined intentions, laid the foundations of an institution for the educa- tion of the young, the protection of servants and women of good character, and to serve as a home for ladies who were willing to devote themselves to the visitation of the sick and dying. This "House of our Bless- ed Lady of Mercy " was completed in 1827. For three years Catherine McAuley and her friends continued their ministrations without recognition as a regular order. On 12th December 1831, she and two of her companions, after a searching novitiate of 586 IVIAR fifteen months, pronounced, according to the rule of the Presentation Order, their vows of perpetual poverty, chastity and obedience, subject to whatever alteration should be deemed necessary for the due performance of the duties of the new institute of the Sisters of Mercy. Catherine McAuley was, by Archbishop Murray, can- ouically appointed Mother Superior. Thus a new order was founded which has since spread over the world, and in 1863 num- bered 154 convents under its rule. The Institution of the order was approved by Pope Gregory XVI. in 1835. Mrs. McAuley died, nth November 1841, aged 63, and was buried in the little cemetery adjoin- ing the Baggot-street Convent. One of her biographers says : " The character of Catherine McAuley . , is the most precious legacy that her children can inherit from her. Its chief strength seems to lie in its simplicity. It was this that probably preserved her through the trials to which her faith was exposed during her younger years, and kept her from being chilled and hardened while for so long a period of her life she was unable to practise her religion except in mere necessaries, and was hardly allowed to make any open profession of it. Yet we find her, after she had passed forty, able to begin the work of mercy with which her name will now be connected for ever. What is still more remarkable is the pli- ancy and gentleness with which she allowed herself and her work to be moulded and directed by authority, without claiming any rights or dictating any conditions on the ground of the large fortune which she brought with her to the undertaking." "^* McCracken, Henry Joy, (page 306). — His sister, Mary McCracken, died in Belfast, 26th July 1866, aged 96. ^^s MacDonnell, Alaster MacColl, (page 310). — For further particulars of the battle of Knocknanuss, seep. 513. '^^ Madden, Samuel, D.D., (page 321, line 55).— For " i749-'so," read "1750." ^^3 Martin, Biichard, of Ballinahinch Castle, the "Animals' Friend," was born towards the close of the i8th century. He was the owner of a property of some 192,000 acres in Conneraara, extending thirty miles from Oughterard to Clifton, and from Lough Corrib to the Atlantic, containing within its limits some of the finest scenery in the west of Ireland, where he exercised something nearly akin to feudal rule. He is best remembered as the introducer in Parliament, in 1822, of the Act of 3 George IV. c. 71 — "To pre- vent the cruel and improper treatment of cattle" — the first modern enactment in the United Kingdom for protecting the rights MON of auimals. Mr. Martin, who was mem- ber for the County of Gal way, pressed the Bill with extraordinary resolution, in the face of great opposition from the Attorney- General, and even from Mr. Buxton, who desired its postponement. The second reading was carried on the 24th May, the third on loth June, and the Bill received the royal assent on 22nd July. It is sad to have to record that Mr. Martin died in poverty, 6th January 1834, at Boulogne, whither he had retired to be out of the way of his creditors. The famine and subsequent sales by the Encumbered Estates Court completed the ruin of his family, and his granddaughter, Mrs. Bell Martin [see p. 333], once " the Princess of Connemara," died in indigent circum- stances in New York in 1850. " '^s 3u Montgomery, Henry, Rev., LL.D., the champion of the non-subscribing Presbyterians in Ireland, was born at Killead, County of Antrim, 20th January 1 788. He was educated at Crumlin Aca- demy, and at the University of Glasgow. Soon after receiving licence to preach from the presbytery of Templepatrick, he declined a call to Donegore, because it involved subscription to the West- minster Confession, and accepted one to Dunmurry, in the County of Antrim, with which place his name was for the rest of his life intimately and honourably associ- ated. In 1 8 1 7 he took a prof essorship in the Belfast Academical Institution, where he taught a considerable number of the Protestant middle-class youth of Ireland. He soon rose to distinction as a preacher, and at an unusually early age was elected Moderator of the General Synod of Ulster. His friend the Rev. C. J. McAlester writes of his after life : " Some years after, the controversy broke out in the General Synod, which ultimately resulted in the withdrawal of those ministers and congre- gations that would not submit to the terms of subscription which the majority requir- ed. In this controversy Henry Montgom- ery bore a conspicuous part : he threw himself with his whole heart into the liberal cause; and by his commanding eloquence and his ability in debate, he soon became the acknowledged leader of the small but noble band that resisted the imposition of what they believed to be an unscriptural creed, and withdrew from the church of their fathers, rather than violate their conscience, or abandon their liberty. At this period, and earlier, Mr. Montgom- ery was prominent in all efforts to advance the cause of civil and religious liberty. In the great question of Catholic Emanci- pation he took a conspicuous part ; and it NEI is not too much to say that his eloquent appeals contributed to the ultimate triumph of the Catholic cause, and helped to wrest from an un willing Government rights which had been so long and so uniustly withheld." As a recognition of his superior abilities and acquirements, he received the degree of LL.D. from Glasgow College. Above every other claim to eminence was that of being the champion of the non-subscribing Presbyterians, or Unitarians, of Ireland, as Dr. Cooke (see p. 90) was of the sub- scribers or orthodox section of the same body. It was largely owing to his exer- tions that a share of Presbyterian Church property and of the Regium Donum was preserved to his section of the Church. Dr. Montgomery was of a commanding presence, his voice was rich, clear, and sonorous, and he spoke with remarkable fluency. His natural gifts he had culti- vated to the utmost, and he wielded great influence,not onlyaraonghis co-religionists, but in the noi-th of Ireland generally, and with the Government. He was made wel- come in the highest circles ; but nowhere was he happier than in intercourse with the members of his own flock at Dunmurry. He died of a long and agonizing disease, borne without a murmur, 1 8th December 1865, in the 78th year of his age, and the 56th of his ministry, and was buried at Dunmurry. '*^^ Montgomery, Richard, (page 345). — His remains were buried within the walls of Quebec, and were in 1818, at the request of his widow, disinterred and en- tombed in New York. -^^ ITeilson, Samuel, a distinguished United Irishman, was born in September 1 76 1, at Ballyroney, County of Down, of which place his father. Rev. Alexander Neilson, was Presbyterian minister. He received a liberal education, displayed peculiar ability in mathematics, and when about sixteen was put to business with his elder brother, John, a woollen draper in Belfast. In September 1785 he married and commenced business on his own account ; and when he gave himself up to politics, had amassed a fortune of about ^8,000. Like most leaders of the United Irishmen, he commenced his nationalist career in the ranks of the Volunteers. In 1 790 we find Neilson ac- tively engaged on a committee to secure the return, in the liberal interest, as member for the County of Down, of Robert Stewart, afterwards Lord Castlereagh. In the sum- mer of 1 79 1 he suggested to McCracken, in Belfast, the idea of a society of Irishmen on the basis of perfect religious equality, and he acted in conjunction with Tone in 587 KEI establishing the Society of United Irishmen for the promotion of Catholic Emancipa- tion and Parliamentary Reform. Strictly speaking, Neilson was the originator, and Tone the organizer of the Society. In Janu- ary 1792 he established and became editor of the Northern Star, the organ of the United Irishmen in the north. He was one of the committee chosen to give eflfect to the resolutions of the Dungannon Reform Con- vention of 15th February 1793. Down to the year 1 795 it is probable that the leaders of the United Irish movement in Dublin would have been satisfied with Catholic Emancipation and Reform, while on the other hand there can be little doubt that from a much earlier date Neilson and his northern associates entertained, in common with Tone and Russell, the idea of complete separation from Eng- land. Neilson, as editor of the Northern Star, tided over various prosecutions and actions for libel, until September 1796, when his office was ransacked by the military, and he, Russell, and several others were arrested, conveyed to Dublin, and committed to Newgate. Solitary con- finement was at first enjoined, but the rigour of their treatment was soon relaxed, and when their numbers were increased to some four hundred, separation became im- possible. Relatives and friends were allowed to visit them, and altogether their con- finement was much less strict than that of political prisoners at the present time. From Newgate they were removed to Kilmainham. Broken down in health and spirits, he was in February 1798 liberated on his own recognizances and those of his friend Mr. Sweetman, on condition that he should not join any treasonable committee. This agreement he kept in the letter, but not in the spirit— forwarding the arrange- ments of the Leinster Directory by every means in his power, and at night, with Lord Edward F^tzGerald, making occasional ex- cursions into the neighbourhood of Dublin to prepare plans for the contemplated insur- rection. During the two months of Lord Edward's concealment in Dublin, before bis arrest 'on 1 8th May 1 798, Neilson was actively engaged in bringing him intelli- gence of the movements of the Govern- ment, conveying his instructions to the leaders, attending meetings of the Direc- tory, and communicating with the northern delegates. On the 23rd May, while recon- noitring Newgate with a view to the rescue of his friend and leader, he was arrested after a desperate resistance, in which he was severely wounded. On 26th June he was indicted for high treason, with Bond, Byrue, McCaun, and the two Sheares bro- 588 NET thers. When brought up for trial, loaded with fetters, Neilson indignantly refused to plead or to name counsel, and made a vigorous protest against his imprison- ment : — " I scorn your power and despise that authority that it shall ever be my pride to have opposed. Why am I kept with these weighty irons on me, so heavy that three ordinary men could scarcely carry them?" All the prisoners except Neilson were put on their trial and capi- tally convicted ; and all those tried, except Bond, were found guilty and exe- cuted. Neilson's life was saved by the compact made between certain state pri- soners and the Government, under which, for the purpose of staying further execu- tions — seeing that all hopes of successful insurrection were over — they agreed to disclose their plans and objects, without implicating individuals. Examinations of Neilson and other leaders ensued before Committees of the Lords and Commons, reports of which were published by Gov- ernment. The prisoners declared these to be garbled, and procured the insertion of an advertisement in the Dublin papers, im- pugning their accuracy, and emphatically denying the statement that "they had acknowledged their crimes, retracted their opinions, and implored pardon." The Government were much incensed at this proceeding, and partly in consideration of the refusal of the American minister to permit the deportation of any prisoners to the United States, broke through the agreement, and sent Neilson and his com- panions into confinement at Fort George, in Scotland. Neilson was detained there from 9th April 1799 *o 3°^^ June 1802. The prisoners were treated with gi-eat kindness by Governor Stuart, and no restrictions were imposed further than were necessary for their safe custody. They were even allowed to bathe under the walls of the fort. Neilson, by sacrificing his daily pint of wine, was allowed to have his eldest son rationed with him. He superintended this son's education, and kept up a constant correspondence with his wife. In June 1802 Neilson and his companions were deported to Holland, and set at liberty. Writing to his friend Rowan at this period, he says : "Neither the eight years' hardship I have endured, the total destruction of my property, the forlorn state of my wife and children, the momentary failure of our national exer- tions, nor the still more distressing usur- pation in France, have abated my ardour in the cause of my country and of general liberty. You and I, my dear friend, will pass away, but truth will remain." A O'CO month after his liberation he formed the rash project of visiting his family and friends in Belfast before leaving for the United States, and, with AnthonyMcCann, (Campbell's "Exile of Erin") crossed to Drogheda. The authorities got wind of their arrival, seized the vessel, and imprisoned the captain ; but Neilson managed to reach Dublin in safety, and was concealed by his friends. He proceed- ed to Belfast, where he secretly saw his relatives, and returning to Dublin, lay hidden at the house of a friend at Irish- town for some weeks, until the American vessel could sail in which his passage was taken. Neilson succeeded in reaching the United States, and was about making arrangements for the reception and settle- ment of his wife and family, when he was seized with yellow fever, and died at Poughkeepsie, State of New York, 29th August 1803, aged 41 — or, according to the inscription that marks his resting-place at Poughkeepsie, aged 44. His widow, a noble-spirited woman, embarked in business in Belfast, and her five children attained respectable positions in life. She died in November 181 1, and was buried at Newtown Breda. The eldest son, Wil- liam, a promising young man, died, also of yellow fever, in Jamaica, 7th February 1 817, aged 22. It is not necessary here to examine the baseless charges that have been made against Samuel Neilson in con- nexion with the arrest of Loi'd Edward FitzGerald. 3-9 331 O'Connell, Daniel, (page 379, col. i, line 8).— After "29th," insert "April." ^33 O'Connor, J. A., a self-taught artist, was born about 1 790, as it is believed, in Dublin, where he kept a print-shop early in the present century. Danby, attracted by his talents, made his acquaintance, and took him to London, where they worked together for some time. He first exhib- ited at the Royal Academy in 1828. He spent some years in Brussels, was driven back to London by the Revolution of 1830, and continued to exhibit annually until 1 840, about which time he died in consi- derable distress, owing, it is said, to intem- perate habits. Ottley says : " O'Connor painted rustic landscapes, chiefly scenes in Ireland, with a fine eye and feeling for SAC natui'e ; and although he executed his works with great rapidity, often painting a picture in a day, he displayed a peculiar richness of impasto, particularly in foliage. . . O'Connor's more carefully finished pictures are in considerable request with collectors. ^"' O'Mahony, Connor, (page 401, line 46).— For " 1829," read " 1826." =33 Fakenham, Sir Edward Michael, Major-General, second son of Baron Long- field, was born about 1 7 79. He command- ed two British regiments which garrisoned Stralsund in 1812, and was afterwards more actively employed in Holland. He distinguished himself during the Penin- sular War, where he acted for a time as quartermaster-general to his brother-in- law, Lord Wellington, receiving the thanks of both Houses of Parliament. He was in command, and fell, in the unsuccessful attack on New Orleans, 8th January 181 5. The OentUmavUs Magazine, in its account of the battle, says : " The brave com- mander of the forces, who never in his life could refrain from being at the post of honour, and sharing the danger to which the troops were exposed, as soon as from his station he had made the signal for the troops to advance, galloped on to the front to animate them by his presence, and he was seen with his hat off, encouraging them on the crest of the glacis : and it was there (almost at the same time) he received two wounds, one in his knee, and another, which was almost instantly fatal, in his body." His death caused a wavering in the column, the British fell back in the greatest confusion, and the battle of New Orleans was lost. Major-General Paken- hara was aged 36 when he fell. ^4 us Sacrobosco, Johannes a, a philoso- pher and mathematician, who lived in the 1 3th century, is supposed to have been born at Hollywood ("Sacrobosco"), County of Wicklow. He is said to have been edu- cated at Oxford, and spent most of his life in Paris, where he died about 1235. The inscription on his tomb in the Con- vent of St. Maturine is given in Harris's TFare. He was the author of numerous works, of which may be mentioned his treatise De Sphoera, first printed in Venice in 1518. 339 [Authorities, 589 A IJ T H E I T I E S . The figures prefixed to the authorities in the following list correspond to the small references throughout the Compendium. The numbers in parentheses indicated the volume, series, or year. Where the number or volume of serial publications was not indicated, reference was implied to the number or volume shortly following the date on which the subject of the notice died. The 478 authorities may be thus classified: — 100 have been in almost constant requisition; 90 were referred to occasionally; 170 were fully used in single lives; whilst 118 were but slightly referred to in one or two notices, or were simply referred to in their introductions. The arrangement of this list, put together as the work proceeded, is in many respects imperfect ; but once made it was not possible to alter. 1 Abemethy, John, M.A., Sermons, with Life of the Author. 2 vols. London, 1748. 2 Acta Sanctorum Veteris et Majoris Hiber- nise: Joannes Colganus. Louvanii, 1645. 3 Actors, Representative : W. Clark Russell. London, 1875. 3*Aengus Culdee, St. : Rev. John O'Hanlon. Dublin, 1868. Allibone, S. Austin, see No. 1 6. 4 American Conflict — History of the Great Rebellion : Horace Greeley. 2 vols. Hart- ford, i864-'6. 5 Anglo-Normans, History of the Invasion of Ireland by the : Gerald H. Supple. Dublin, 1856. 5 1 Annals of Our Time: Joseph Irving. Lon- don, 187T. 6 Annual Biography. London, i8i7-'27. 7 Annual Register. London, 1756-1877. 8 AnthologiaHibernica.4vols. Dublin, 1 793-*4. 8t Antiquities of Ireland : Francis Grose. 2 vols. London, 1791. 9 Aran Isles — Papers by Sir William Wilde, (1857) ; and by G. H. Kinahan, in Science Gossip, 1876. (Pamphlets.) 10 Archaeological and Historical Association of Ireland, Journal. Dublin, i853-'77. 11 Archsec'ogy, Ulster Journal of. Belfast, 1853-62. I it Armagh, Memoir of the Book of : Rev. Wil- liam Reeves, D.D. Lusk, 1861. See also No. 45. 12 Archbishops of Dublin, Memoirs of: John D' Alton. Dublin, 1838. Archdall, Mervyn, see No. 216. 1 3 Architecture, Ancient, and Practical Geology of Ireland : George Wilkinson. London, •845. 14 Art Journal, The i4*Athenae Oxonienses : Anthony A. Wood, edited by Philip Bliss. 4 vols. London, 18 13-" 20. 15 Athenseum, The — Principally referred to under No. 233. 16 Authors, Dictionary of British and Ameri- can : S. Austin Allibone. 3 vols. Phila- delphia, i8s9-'7i. 590 17 Averell, Rev. Adam, Memoir; Alex. Stew- art and George Revington. London, 1849. 1 7+Ballingarry, Personal Recollections of : Rev. P. FitzGerald, P.P. Dublin, 1861. (Pam- phlet.) 18 Balfa, Michael William, Memoir: C. L. Kenney. London, 1875, i8*Bancroft, George, History of the United States. 10 vols. Boston, i862-'74. 1 9 Banim, John, Life. Patrick John Murray. London, 1857. 20 Bards, Historical Memoirs of the Irish : Joseph C. Walksr. DubUn, 1 786. 21 Barrington, Sir Jonah. Historic Memoirs of Ireland. 2 vols. London, 1835. 22 Barrington, Sir Jonah, Personal Sketches of his own Time : Townsend Young, LL.D. 2 vols. London, 1869. 23 Barrington, Sir Jonah, Rise and Fall of the Irish Nation. Paris, 1833. 24 Barry, James, R.A., his Life and Writings. 2 vols. Loudon, 1809. 25 Barter, Dr., Recollections of the late. Dub- Un, 1875. (Pamphlet.) 26 Bedell, William, Bishop of Kilmore, Life : Bishop Burnet. Dublin, 1736. 2 7 Bedell, Life and Death of Bishop : Thomas W.Jones. (Camden Society) London, 1872. 28 Belfast Monthly Magazine. i8o8-'i4. 29 Bellamy, George Anne, Autobiography. 3 vols. DubUn, 1785. 30 Beresford, Correspondence of Right Hon. John : Right Hon. William Beresford. 2 vols. London, 1854. 31 Berkeley, George, Bishop of Cloyne, Life and Works : Alexander C. Fraser. 4 vols. Oxford, 1871. 3itBibliothecaBritannica : Robert Watt, M.D. 4 vols. Edinburgh, 1824. 32 Biographical and Critical Essays : A. Hay- wood, Q.C. London, 1873. ^i Biographical Essays : John Forster. London, i860. 34 Biographie G^n€rale. 46 vols. Paris, 1855- '66. An interleaved copy, copiously noted by the late Dr. Thomas Fisher, Assistant Librarian of Trinity College, DubUn. 34'^ AUTriORITIES. 73 3 4* Biography, Dictionary of American : Rev. W.Allen. Boston, 1857. 34tBiographie Universelle. 85 vols. Paris, i8ii-'62. 35 Biographical Dictionary : John Cassell. London, N. D. 36 Biographical Dictionary : William R. Gates. London, 1867. 37 Biographical Dictionary: Alexander Chal- mers. 33 vols. London, 181 2-'i 7. 37*Biographical Dictionary — American Biog- raphy : Francis S. Drake. Boston, 1876. 3 7 tBiographical Dictionary: Lippincott. New York. 38 Biographical Dictionary : John Gorton. 3 vols. London, 1833. 39 Biographical Dictionary, Imperial: Edited by John F. Waller. 3 vols. London, N. D. 40 Biographical Division of English Cyclo- paedia, with Supplement : Charles Knight. 7 vols. London, i856-'72. 40*Biographical Dictionary— Lossing's Field- book of the American Revolution. 2 vols. 1852. 40tBiographical Annals of the Civil Government of the United States : Washington, 1876. 41 Biographical Treasury: Samuel Maunder. London, 1870. 4itBiography, Hayden's Universal Index of. Edited by J. B. Payne. London, 1870. 42 Biographical Dictionary : Rev. Hugh J. Rose. 12 vols. London, 1850. 4 :*Biography, Christian Brothers' Handbook of. Dublin, 1872. (Pamphlet.) SeealsoNo. 78*. 42jBiografico (Diccionario UniversaJ) : Don Juan Sala. Madrid, 1862. 43 Blackburne, Right Hon. Francis, Life : Edward Blackburne. London, 1874. 44 Blessington, Countess of, Life and Corres- pondence : Richard R. Madden, M.D. 3 vols. London, 1855. 44*Bonnell, James, Life : Rev. William Hamil- ton. London, 1807. 45 Book of Armagh, Memoir of the : Rev. William Reeves, D.D. Lusk, 1861. See also No. lit. 46 Boswell's Life of Samuel Johnson ; with Notes and Illustrations : Edward Malone. London, 1848. 46f Botany, Historical and Biographical Sketches of, in England. Richard Pulteney, M.D. 2 vols. London, 1 790. 46tBoulter, Hugh, Archbishop of Armagh, Letters. 2 vols. DubHn, 1770. 4 7 Boyle, Memoirs of the Illustrious Family of. Dublin, 1755. 47*Boyle, State Letters of Roger, Earl of Orrery, with his Life : Rev. Thomas Morrice. Dublin, 1743. 48 British Essayists : Edited by A. Chalmers. London, 1823. 48*British Biography : S. 0. Beeton. 2 vols. London, N. D. 48tBritish Museum, Lives of Founders of : Edward Edwards. 2 vols. London, 1870. 49 Brooke, Henry, Memoir, prefixed to Fool of Quality : Edited by Rev. Charles Kingsley. 2 vols. London, 1859. 50 Brooke, Charlotte : Reliques of Irish Poetry. Dublin, 1789. 50* Buckle, Henry Thomas : Introduction to the History of Civilization in England. 2 vols. London, 1857. 51 Bulwer-Lytton, Sir E. G. : Poetical and Dra- matic Works. 5 vols. London, 185 2-'54. S 2 Burke, Sir Bernard : Dormant, Abeyant, Forfeited, and Extinct Peerages. London, 1866. 52f Burke, Sir Bernard : Family Romance. London, 1855. 53 Burke, Sir Bernard : Landed Gentry. 2 vols. London, 187 1. 54 Burke, Sir Bernard: Peerage and Baronetage. 55 Burke, Sir Bernard : Rise of Great Families. London, 1872. 56 Burke, Sir Bernard: Romance of the Aris- tocracy. 3 vols. London, 1855. 57 Burke, Sir Bernard: Vicissitudes of Fami- lies. 2 vols. London, 1869. 58 Burke, Sir Bernard: Visitation of Seats and Arms. 2 vols. London, 1855. 59 Burke, Edmund, a Historical Study : John Morley, B.A. London, 1867. 60 Burke, Edmund, a Lecture : Sir Joseph Napier. Dublin, 1867. 61 Burke, Edmund, Memoir : James Prior. London, 1824. 62 Burke, Robert O'Hara, and the Australian Exploring Expedition of i860: Andrew Jackson. London, 1862. 62*Bumet, Bishop : History of his own Time. 6 vols. Oxford, 1833. 63 Burrowes, Peter, Select Speeches, and Memoir: W. Burrowes. Dublin, 1850. 64 Butlers, Some Account of the Family of. London, 17 16. 64*Butler, Very Rev. Richard : Memoir by his Widow. N. p. 1863. 65 Byrne, Myles: Autobiography. 3 vols. Paris, 1863. 66 Calamities and Quarrels of Authors : Isaac Disraeli. London, 1859. See also No. 103*. 66*Cambrensis Eversus, Edited with Translation and notes by Rev. Matthew Kelly. 3 vols. Dublin, i848-'52. 67 Canning, Right Hon. George: Memoir and Speeches, R.Therry. 6vol8. London, 1836. 68 Capel, Letters of Arthur, Earl of Essex, with Historical Account of his Life. Dub- lin, 1770. 69 Carew Manuscripts, Calendar. 4 vols. Lon- don, i869-'73. 70 Carew, Sir Peter, Life and Times of : John Maclean. London, 1857. Carte, Thomas A., see No. 271. 7 1 Castlehaven, Earl of, Memoirs. Waterford, 1753- 72 Castlereagh, Viscount : Memoirs and Corres- pondence, edited by the Marquis of Lon- donderry. 12 vols. London, i848-'s3. 72tCastlereagh, Lives of Lord, and Sir Charles Stewart : Sir Archibald Alison. 3 vols. London, 1861. See also No. 216*. 73 Catholic Association of Ireland: Thomas Wyse. 2 vols. London, 1829. 74 AUTHORITIES, 112 74 Catholic Faith in Ireland, Memorials of those who SufiPered for : Myles 0'E.eilly. London, i868. yS Catholicse Ibemise, Historiae : D. P. O'Sulle- vano Bearro : Edidit Matthaeus Kelly. Dublinii, 1850. 76 Chancellors of Ireland, and Keepers of the Great Seal : J. Roderick 'Flaherty. 2 vols. London, 1870. 77 Charlemont, Earl of, Life : Francis Hardy. 2 vols. London, 181 2. 78 Chichester, Sir Arthur, Memoirs : Sir Faith- ful Fortescue ; Edited by Lord Clermont. London, 1858. 78*Chri8tian Brothers' Handbook of Biography. Dublin. (Pamphlet.) See also No. 42*. 78tChili, Travels in : Peter Schmidtmeyer. London, 1822. 79 Church History, Collections in Irish : Rev. Laurence F. Renehan. Dublin, 1861. 80 Clarendon, Earl of : History of the Rebel- lion and Civil Wars. 8 vols. Oxford, 1826. 81 Clarke, Rev. Adam, Life: Rev. J. B. B. Clarke. 3 vols. London, 1833. 82 Cloncurry, Valentine, Lord : Personal Recol- lections. Dublin, 1849. 83 Clyn and Dowling's Annals of Ireland : Edited by the Very Rev. Richard Butler. (I. A. S.) DubUn, 1849. 84 Colby, Major-General, Memoir: Lieutenant- ColonelJ. E. Portlock. London, 1869. Colgan, John, see No. 2. 85 Columba, St., Adamnan's Life of: Edited by Rev. William Reeves, D.D. (I. A. S.) Dublin, 1857. 85*Colton, Archbishop : Visitation of the Dio- cese of Derry, a.D. 1397 ; Edited by Rev. William Reeves, D.D. (L A. S.) Dublin, 1850. SstConfederation of Kilkenny: Rev. C. P. Meehan. Dublin, 1846. 86 Contemporains, Dictionnaire Universel des : G. Vapereau. Paris, 1870. 86*Cooke, Life and Times of Rev. Henry : J. S. Porter, D.D. London, 1871. 87 Comwallis, Marquis, Correspondence : Charles Ross. 3 vols. London, 1859. Cotton, Rev. Henry, see No. 118. 88 Cox, \ atty: Irish Monthly Magazine. 8 vols. Dublin, i8o8-'i5. 88*Croker, John Wilson, Memoir in Quarterly Review, July 1876. (Pamphlet.) 89 Croker, Thomas Crofton, Memoir prefixed to Fairy Legends and Traditions of the South of Ireland : T. F. D. Croker. Lon- don, 1862. 90 Crolly, Life of the Rev. Dr., Archbishop of Armagh: Rev. G. Crolly. Dublin, 1851. 91 Cromwell in Ireland, Series of Articles in The Irish Monthly. February to August, 1875. (Pamphlets.) 92 Cromwell, Oliver, Letters and Speeches: Thomas Carlyle. 3 vols. London, 1857. 93 Cromwellian Settlement of Ireland : John P. Prendergast. London, 1870. 93*Culdees: Rev. WiUiam Reeves, D.D, In Proceedings Royal Irish Academy, 1873. 592 94 Curran, John Philpot, Life: William H. Curran. 2 vols. London, 1819. 95 Curran, John P., Speeches, with Memoir and Historical Notices: Thomas Davis, Dublin, 1845. 96 Curran and his Contemporaries: Charles Phillips. Edinburgh, 1850. 96*Curry, John : Review of the Civil Wars in Ireland. Dublin, 1793. 96tCyclopaedia, American. New York, i873-'4. 97 Cyclopsedia, Penny, with Supplement. 29 vols. London, 1833. D'Alton, John, see Nos. 12, 117*, i97t. 98 Delany, Mrs., Autobiography and Corre- spondence. 6 vols. London, 1 861 -'62. 98*De Quincey, Thomas: Autobiographical Sketches. Edinburgh, 1853. 99 Dermody, Thomas, Memoirs : James G. Ray- mond. 2 vols. London, 1806. 100 Desmond, Geraldines, Earls of. Translated from the Latin of Rosario O'Daly : Rev. C. P. Meehan. Dublin, 1847, 10 1 Desmond, Old Countess of : Richard Saint- hUl. 2 vols. Dublin, i86i-'3. ioi*Dublin Review, i836-'77. See also No, 115*. 102 Devereux, Earls of Essex ; Lives and Let- ters : Walter B. Devereux, 2 vols. London, 1853. 103 Dickinson, Most Rev. Charles, Bishop of Meath, Remains of: Rev. John West, D.D. London, 1845. io3*Disraeli, Isaac: Calamities and Quarrels of Authors. London, 1859. See also No. 66. 104 Dignities, Book of : Joseph Hayden. Lon- don, 1851. i04*Disputatio Apologetica. [Connor O'Ma- hony.] 1645. Dublin reprint, 1826. io4tDirectories, Dublin, from 1743. 105 Dodwell, Henry, Life, with Account of his Works : Francis Brokesby. 2 vols. London, 1815. ios*Donlevy, Andrew, D.D., Irish-English Catechism. Dublin, 1848. 106 Doyle, Most Rev. J. W., Bishop of Kildare and Leighlin : William J. FitzPatrick, Dublin, 1 86 1, Drake, Francis S., see No. 37*. 107 Dramatica, Biographia: Baker, Reed, and Jones. London, 181 2. 1 08 Dress, Armour, and Weapons of the Ancient Irish : Joseph C. Walker. Dublin, 1 788. 109 Drummond, Thomas, Memoirs: John F. McLennan. Edinburgh, 1867. 1 09t Drummond, Rev. W. H., Sermons of the late, with Memoir : Rev. J. Scott Porter. London, 1867. 1 10 Dublin, History of the City : John T. Gil- bert. 3 vols. Dublin, i8s4-'9. iio*Dublin, History and Antiquities of the City: Walter Harris. London, 1766. notDubhn, History of, by 'Whitelaw, War- burton, and Walsh. 2 vols. London, 1818. 111 Dublin, Irwin's Descriptive Guide to. Dub- lin, 1853. If 2 Dublin and London Magazine, 4 vols. London, i825-'8. ii3 AUTHORITIES. 157 113 Dublin, its History, Antiquities, and Ob- jects of Public Interest : T. D. Sullivan. Dublin. [1875] J 14 Dublin Penny Journal. 4 vols, Dublin, i832-'6. 115 DubLbi Quarterly Journal of Medical Sci- ence. Dublin, i846-'77. 1 1 s tDublin Review, 1 836-' 7 7 . See also No. i o i * . 116 Dublin University Magazine. Dublin, 1833- '77- 1 1 7 Dun, Sir Patrick, Memoir : T. W. Belcher, M.D. Dublin, 1865. ii7*Dundalk, History of: John D' Alton and J. R. O'Flanagan. Dublin, 1864. 118 Ecclesise Hiberniae Fasti: Rev. Henry Cotton: Indices by John R. Garstin, M.A, 5 vols. Dublin, 185 1 -'60. 119 Ecclesiastical History of Ireland: Rev. JohnLanigan. 4 vols. Dublin, 1822. 1 20 Edgeworth, Richard Lovell : Memoirs, be- gun by himself and concluded by Maria Edgeworth. 2 vols. London, 1820. 121 Edgeworth de Firmont, Memoires de M. I'Abb^: C. Sneyd Edgeworth. Paris, 1815. i2itEdinburgh Review, The. 122 Edmundson, William: Life, Travels, Suf- ferings, and Labours. Dublin, 1715. 123 Emancipation Act: in Statutes of the United Kingdom for 1829. Included in No. 314. 124 Encyclopaedia Britannica. London, i860. 125 Encyclopaedia Britannica, 9th edition; as far as published. 1 25 *Encyclopaedia, Chambers's. 10 vols. Lon- don, i86o-'8. i25tEncyclopsedia of Chronology: Woodward and Gates. London, 1871. i25JEndowed Schools, Ireland, Commission Report Dublin, 1858. 126 England, Popular History. Charles Knight. 8 vols. i8s6-'62. 127 English Stage, Annals of the: Dr. Doran, F.S.A. 2 vols. London, 1864. i2 7tEvelyn, John, Diary: Edited by William Bray. 2 vols. London, 1819. 128 Englishwomen, The Book of Noble : Charles Bruce. London, 1875. i28*Exshaw"8 London Magazine, i732-'93. 1 2 8t Episcopal Succession in England, Scotland, and Ireland, from a.d. 1400 to 1875: W. Maziere Brady. 3 vols. Rome, 1877. 129 Famine of 1847: Rev. J. O'Rourke. Dub- lin, 1875. 1 29*ramilies, Tales of our Great : Edward Wal- ford. London, 1877. iSee aZso No. 229. 130 Fenian Heroes and Martyrs ; John Sav- age. Boston, 1868. 131 FitzGerald, George Robert, Life and Times. Dublin, 1852. 132 FitzGerald, Lord Edward, Life: Thomas Moore. 2 vols. London, 1831. FitzPatrick, Dr. W. J., see Nos. 106, 184, 208, 301. 133 Flood, Right Hon. Henry, Memoirs and Correspondence: Warden Flood. Dublin, 1838. 20 Four Masters, Annals of Ireland by the : Translated and Edited by John O'Dono- van. 7 vols. Dublin, 1856. Four Masters, Annals of the : Translated by Owen Connellan. Dublin, 1846. Francis, Sir Philip, Memoirs : Joseph Parkes and Herman Merivale, M.A. 2 vols. London, 1867. Friends, Biographical Notices of Irish : Mary Leadbeater. London, 1823. Friend's Central Relief Committee: Tran- sactions during the Famine in Ireland i846-'7. DubUn, 1852. Froissart, Sir John, Chronicles. 2 vols. London, 1844. Froude, James A.: History of England, from the Fall of Wolsey to the death of Elizabeth. 12 vols. London, i862-'7o. Froude, James A. : The English in Ireland in the Eighteenth Century. 3 vols. Lon- don, i872-'4. Froude, James A., Reply to the Falsifica- tion of History by : John MitcheL [Glas- gow, 1873.] (Pamphlet.) Gabhra, Battle of : Translated and Edited by Nicholas O'Keamey. Dublin, 1853. Gaedhil with the GaiU, Wars of the, or the Invasions of Ireland by the Danes : Rev. James H. Todd, D.D. (Master of the Rolls Series.) London, 1867. Gandon, James, Life : Thomas J.Mulvany. Dublin, 1846. Gentleman's Magazine. London, 1731- Gilbert, JohnT., see Nos. no, 335, 147 Geraldine Documents : Edited by Rev. James Graves : in Journal of the Archaeo- logical Association of Ireland, October, 1869. i47tGillespie, Major-General Sir Robert R., Memoir. London, 1816. 148 Giraldus Cambrensis : Topography, and History of the Conquest in Ireland : Forester and Wright. London, 1863. i48*Giraldi Cambrensis Opera. (Master of the Roll's Series.) vol. v. London, 1867. 149 Goldsmith, Oliver, Life and Adventures : John Forster. London, 1848. 150 Grace, Memoirs of the Family of : Sheffield Grace. London, 1823. 1 5 1 Graduates of the University of Dublin, to 1 6th December 1868 : Rev. James H. Todd, D.D. Dublin, 1869. 152 Grafton, Richard : Chronicle of the History England. 2 vols. London, 1809. 153 Granard, Earls of, Memoirs : Edited by the Earl of Granard. London, 1868. 1 54 Grattan Henry, his Life and Times : Henry Grattan. 5 vols. London, i839-'46. 155 Graves, Rev. James : History of the Cathe- dral Church of St. Canice, Kilkenny. Dublin, 1857. Graves, Rev. James, see also No. 147. 1 56 Griffin, Gerald, Life : by his Brother. Lon- don, 1842. Grose, Francis, see No. 8t. 157 Hamilton Manuscripts: Edited by T. K. Lowry, LL.D. Belfast, 1867. 593 ^58 AUTHORITirS. 196^ 158 Hansard's Parliamentary Debates. Hardiman, James, see Nos. 188, 346. Harris, Walter, see Nos. no*, i6ot, 339, 347t. 159 Harvey, William Henry, M.D., Memoirs. London, 1869. l59*Hayes, Edward : Ballads of Ireland. 2 vols. Dublin, N. D. 1 59tHaughton, James, Memoir by his Son. Dublin, 1876. Haverty, Martin, see No. 170*. 160 Hibemise, Liber Munerum Publicorum, ab an. 1 152 usque ad 1827. [Rowley Las- celles.] 2 vols. London, 1824. i6otHibemica,orsomeAntientPiece3relatingto Lreland: Walter Harris. Dublin, 1770. 161 Hibemica Desiderata Curiosa: [John Lodge.] Dublin, 1772. 162 Highwaymen and Rapparees : Dublin, n. d. (Pamphlet.) 163 Hogan, John, Memoir in Irish Monthly, July, 1874. (Pamphlet.) 164 Holinshed, Ralph: Chronicles. 6 vols. London, i8o7-'8. 165 Holt, Joseph, Memoirs: Edited by Thomas C. Croker. 2 vols. London, 1838. 166 Huguenots in England and Ireland: Samuel Smiles. London, 1867. 167 Humourists of the Eighteenth Century: William M. Thackeray. London, 1853. i67tHutcheson, Francis: System of Moral Philosophy. 2 vols. London, 1755. 168 India, British, History of : James Mill. 3 vols. London, 1817. 169 India, History of: John C. Marshman. 3 vols. London, 1867. i69tlndian Officers, Lives of: John W. Kaye, F.R.S. London, 1867. 1 70 Ireland, History of : Richard Cox. London, 1689. 170* Ireland, History of: Martin Haverty. Dublin, i860. 170+lreland, History of: William Crawford. 2 vols. Strabane, 1783. 1 7 1 Ireland, History of, from the earliest period to the English Invasion : Rev. Geoffrey Keating : Translated from the Irish, and Noted by John O'Mahony. New York, 1857. 172 Irelai a, History of, from the Invasion of Henry II. [to the treaty of Limerick]. By Rev. Thomas Leland, D.D. 3 vols. Dublin, 1773. 173 Ireland, History of, from the Treaty of Limerick to the Present Time. John Mitchel. 2 vols. Dublin, 1869. i73*Ireland, History of, from the Union to October 181 1 : Francis Plowden. 3 vols. Dublin, 1813. i73tlreland, History of, from its Invasion under Henry, to the Union. Francis Plowden. 3 vols. London, 1805. i73tlreland, History of, to the close of the Twelfth Century: Sylvester O'Halloran. 2 vols. London, 1778. 174 Ireland, History of. Lectures on the: Alexander G. Richey. 2 vols. Dublin, i869.'7o. 594 175 Ireland, History of: Samuel Smiles, M.D. [the Invasion to 1829]. London, 1844. 176 Ireland, Story of : Alexander M. Sullivan. Dublin, 1868. i76*Ireland, History of : Rev. Ferdinando Warner. London, 1763. I76tlreland, History of the Rebellion and Civil War in [164 1 -'60.] London, 1767. 177 Ireland and her Agitators : W.J. O'Neill Daunt. Dublin, 1867. 178 Ireland, Conditions and Prospects of : Jona- than Pim. Dublin, 1848. 179 Ireland before the Conquest: M. C. Fergu- son. London, 1868. 180 Ireland, Murray's Hand-Book. London, 1866. 181 Ireland Sixty Years Ago. Dublin, 1851. 182 Ireland, The Stranger in, in 1805: John Carr. London, 1806. 183 Ireland, Tracts and Treatises concerning: Edited by Alexander Thom. 2 vols. Dublin, i86o-'i. 184 Ireland before the Union: William J. Fitz- Patrick, LL.D. Dublin, 1870. 1 84^ Irish Architecture, Notes on : Earl of Dun- raven; Edited by Margaret Stokes. 2 vols. London, i875-'7. 185 Irish Bar Sketches : W.H. Curran. 2 vols. London, 1855. 186 Irish Brigades in the Service of France : John C. O'Callaghan. Glasgow, 1870. i86*Irish Nation, Military History of the : Matthew O'Conor. Dublin, 1845. i86JIrish Church History: Richard Mant, Bishop of Down and Connor. 2 vols. London, 1840. 187 Irish History and Irish Character : Gold- win Smith. Oxford, 1862. 188 Irish Minstrelsy: James Hardiman. 2 vols. London, 183 1. 1 88* Irish Histories, Ancient — Spencer, Cam- pion, Hanmer and Marleburrough. 2 vols. Dublin, 1809. See also No. 310. 189 Irish Parliamentary Debates. 190 Irish Penny Journal. Dublin, 1840-'!. 1 9ot Irish Quarterly Review. Dublin, 1851 -'9. I gotlrish Monthly Magazine. Dublin, i873-'7. 191 Irish Political Characters of the Present Day. London, 1799. 192 Irish Saints, Life of the : Rev. John O'Hanlon, vol. i. Dublin, N. D. I92*lrish Settlers in America: Thomas D'Arcy McGee. Boston, 1855. 193 Irish Stage, Historical View of the : Robert Hitchcock. Dublin, 1788. 1 93* Irish Topography — Census List of Town- lands, Parishes, and Baronies. Dublin, 1861. 194 Irish Writers to 1750; Edward O'Reilly. Dublin, 1820. 19s Irish Writers of the Seventeenth Cen- tury : Thomas D'Arcy McGee. Dublin, 1846. 196 Irishmen, Lives of Illustrious and Distin- guished, Rev. James Wills, D.D. 6 vols. or 12 parts. Dublin, i840-'7. i96*Irishwomen, Illustrious: E. Owens Black- bume. 2 vols. London, 1877. 197 AUTHORITIES. 229t 197 James II., Memoirs of, writ by his own hand : Edited by Rev. J. S. Clarke. 2 vols. London, 18 16. 1 97* James II. — Tracts relating to his reign in Ireland, Library. [V. kk. 38, in Library in Trinity College, Dublin.] 1 9 7t James II. — Irish Army List : John D' Alton. 2 vols. London, 1861. 198 Johnson's English Poets : Edited by Alex- ander Chalmers. 21 vols. London, 1810. 1 98t Johnson's, Samuel, Journey in the Western Islands of Scotland. London, 1775. 1 99 Jordan, Mrs., Memoirs : James Boaden. 2 vols. London, 1831. 200 Joyce, Patrick W., LL.D. : Irish Names of Places. Two Series. DubUn, i869-'7S. 201 Junius, Handwriting of. Professionally in- vestigated : Charles Chabot. London, 1871. Keating, Rev. Geoffrey, see No. 171. 20i*King, William, Archbishop of Dublin : The State of the Protestants of Ireland under the late King James's Government. London, 1691. See also No. 290. zoitKing, Archbishop, Answer to a Book of, intituled. 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It is made in compliance with copyright law and produced on acid-free archival 60# book weight paper which meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (permanence of paper) Preservation facsimile printing and binding by Acme Bookbinding Charlestown, Massachusetts mIJ 2004 DATE DUE UNIVERSITY PRODUCTS, INC. #859-5503 BOSTON COLLEGE 3 9031 025 31174 7