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THE TOUR 
 
 OF 
 
 M. DE LA BOULLAYE LE GOUZ 
 
 IN 
 
 IRELAND, A. D. 1644. 
 
I 
 
THE TOUR 
 
 OF THE FRENCH TRAVELLER 
 
 M. DE LA BOULLAYE LE GOUZ 
 
 IRELAND, A.D. 1644. 
 
 T. CROFTON CROKER. 
 
 WITH NOTES, AND ILLUSTRATIVE EXTRACTS, 
 
 " &o treate of Ireland's toile, 
 &ntr tell ttje troubles note, 
 &ntr paint sou out in prose or bers 
 €f)e Countries sorotoe tfjorotoe," 
 
 " €f)t greet so common is 
 
 Cflat eacf) one tears a neece, 
 SlTttr Coil 1) e fenotos to*?n Itcfes tfje fatte 
 &nfc shears atoate tfje flece." 
 
 Churchyard's Unquietnes of Ireland, 1579. 
 
 LONDON: 
 T. AND W. BOONE, NEW BOND STREET. 
 1837. 
 
 IN- 
 
 EDITED BY 
 
 CONTRIBUTED BY 
 
 JAMES ROCHE, ESQ, 
 Of Cork. 
 
 THE REV. FRANCIS MAHONY, 
 
 THOMAS WRIGHT, ESQ. 
 
 B. A. Trin. Col. Cambridge. 
 And THE EDITOR. 
 
LSI 
 
 TO 
 
 I. D ISRAELI, ESQ. 
 
 REMEMBRANCE OF MUCH ATTENTION AND 
 KINDNESS RECEIVED FROM HIM MANY YEARS AGO, 
 
 Cfjis little Volume, 
 
 RELATIVE TO A PERIOD WITH WHICH HIS NAME 
 MUST BE IDENTIFIED IN ENGLISH HISTORY, 
 
 is 
 
 MOST GRATEFULLY INSCRIBED, 
 
 BY HIS FAITHFUL FRIEND, 
 
 AND OBLIGED HUMBLE SERVANT, 
 
 THE EDITOR 
 
 3008 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The book from which the following account of 
 Ireland, at a most interesting period of its melancholy 
 history, has been translated, was published at Paris 
 in 1657, a previous edition having appeared in 1653. 
 The author, who was born in the early part of the 
 seventeenth century, died in Persia about 1668, and 
 his extensive travels through the various countries 
 of Europe, and also in the East, together with his 
 short sojourn in Ireland, render him above the sus- 
 picion of Irish partizanship. Although, like most 
 Frenchmen, he seems to have felt the conviction of 
 the superiority of his own nation, he was a citizen 
 of the world ; to him a chief of Ormuz and the 
 Marquis of Ormond were indifferent, so were Bag- 
 dad and Bulgruddery — the Iran of the East and 
 the Erin of the West. We have consequently re- 
 ceived at his hands a faithful relation of his adven- 
 tures in Ireland, and of his observations upon that 
 
VI 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 country at a period generally misrepresented : and 
 they therefore merit attention from all who appre- 
 ciate the value of genuine contemporary narrative. 
 I may add that the remark of a distinguished tra- 
 veller and critic to me, after reading M. le Gouz's 
 account of his tour in Ireland, was, that " the wri- 
 ter seems to have been a very honest fellow." 
 
 It may be regretted that our traveller's stay in 
 Ireland was so very short, scarcely exceeding two 
 months (from May 15 to July 17, 1644,) but many 
 larger books have been written upon visits of smaller 
 duration, and he may have imbibed some party 
 opinions had he remained longer. Of the sixty- 
 three days which M. le Gouz passed in Ireland, 
 three were employed in travelling from Dublin to 
 Kilkenny, and two from Limerick to Cork ; six 
 days more were spent at Cashel, and eight at Cork, 
 with his friend and companion Tom Neville. And 
 of the thirty-one pages devoted by him to the account 
 of his journey and observations upon national man- 
 ners, &c. eight are consumed by his metaphysical 
 contest with the friars at Cashel (which in the trans- 
 lation the reader will find, it is to be hoped, judi- 
 ciously abridged,) while the account of Dublin is 
 despatched in a single page. Nevertheless, the pre- 
 sent publication, slender as is M. le Gouz's narrative, 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 Vll 
 
 and affording small opportunities for any literary 
 superstructure, (similar to that of Mr. Croker's 
 edition of Bassompiere's Embassy) unquestionably 
 deserves notice from one singular circumstance 
 connected with the observations upon it ; namely, 
 that any work respecting Ireland should be free 
 from party spirit and religious rancour, especially 
 one relative to a period which involves such remarks. 
 Of my three able and amiable associates in com- 
 mentiug on M. le Gouz's tour, two are Roman Ca- 
 tholics, and the notes and illustrations supplied by 
 the gentlemen whose names appear on the title page, 
 bear their respective initials. The notes marked T, 
 are such comments from the original as were con- 
 sidered worth preserving. — It is therefore with 
 sincere pleasure that I feel myself called upon to 
 submit to the English reader a work which must be 
 esteemed a literary as well as a political curiosity ; 
 and I trust is the harbinger of more auspicious times, 
 Could the spirit of M. le Gouz, which appears to 
 have been a benevolent one, behold the present little 
 volume, it might be pleased at* the knowledge that 
 his impartial statement has been the means of com- 
 bining in perfect harmony, observations upon the 
 distracted country which he beheld, from men pro- 
 fessing different creeds, and it might apply to itself 
 
viii 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 the words of a poet of that land in which his bones 
 repose : — 
 
 " With pride I feel that I alone 
 
 Have joined these varied gems in one, 
 
 For they're a wreath of pearl, and I 
 
 The silken cord on which they lie." 
 
 The narrative opens, not inappropriately, by the 
 vagaries of a drunken Irish captain. Horace re- 
 commends an author to enter at once " in medias 
 res" a hint which our Gascon traveller seems to 
 have adopted in describing men and matters in Ire- 
 land. 
 
 T. C. C. 
 
 25th January, 1837. 
 
 i 
 
JOURNAL 
 
 OF A 
 
 TOUR IN IRELAND. 
 
 A. D. 1644. 
 
 CHAP. L 
 
 The sixth of May (1644), we sailedi at ten o'clock 
 at night. Our captain was drunk, and knew not 
 w T hat he did ; we had lost our passage two or three 
 times by his fault, for in the mornings the wind being 
 contrary, he used to go to the public-house, and when 
 the wind would chop round, he was then incapable of 
 giving orders to the pilots. This drunkard set sail 
 on a sudden and left many respectable passengers 
 ashore, without giving them any notice, who having 
 lost all hope of his weighing anchor so late, were 
 asleep at their inns. 
 
 The next morning we met two French vessels from 
 Kinseelle 2 {Kinsale) in Ireland bound to Bristol. 
 Abj)ut noon we were chased by a vessel of the Par- 
 
 1 From Mignard (Minehead). — T. 
 
 2 A marginal note on the original explains Kinseelle as *'voyle 
 (voile) Royal." — T. 
 
 The name is probably derived from two Irish words, ceAT) (head) 
 
 and rA^Ue (sea). The sea headland. "The old head of Kinsale," 
 is a point nearly as well known to seamen as Cape Clear. — C. 
 
2 
 
 liament of forty guns,3 and experienced much appre- 
 hension, for it was rumoured that the Parliamenta- 
 rians threw into the sea all the Irish and those of 
 their party, owing to the massacre the Irish had made 
 in their country of the English Protestants, hy a zeal 
 for religion, and of which the list registered is, 
 according to the calculation of the Protestants, 
 145,000 persons. 4 
 
 We escaped from them under cover of the night. 
 
 On the 14th of the month, a sailor heing aloft, 
 cried, " chore, chore," {shore, shore,) 5 we discovered 
 the Coast of Wachefort {Wexford), in the 53rd de- 
 gree of latitude, 6 and bearing away north, we saw to 
 the west a small castle called Wiclos 7 (Wickloic), in 
 the latitude 55 degrees 40 minutes. 8 The captain of 
 
 3 This ship was either the Lyon of 42 guns, Captain William 
 Smith, or the Bonaventure of 3C guns, Captain Richard Swanley. — C. 
 
 4 Why not oppose to this assertion that of the Catholics of the 
 day ? — R. See Note I. in Appendix. — C. 
 
 5 A marginal note on the original, says Chore en Anglois, terre, 
 tfrre." — T. 
 
 Should be to the south of the 53°. The north part of the 
 County of Wexford is in latitude 53°f north. — C. 
 
 7 The Black Castle, built upon the site of a structure of the twelfth 
 century, by William Fitz William, in 1375, in consideration of which 
 he was appointed Governor of this part of the country. It is urged 
 as a matter of complaint against Lord Castlehaven {Cox. ii. loo), 
 that during the cessation of hostilities between the English and Irish 
 forces, from the 15th September, 1643, to 15th September. 1644, his 
 Lordship should in violation thereof, have seized the Black Castle of 
 Wicklow, and murdered its Protestant garrison.— C. 
 
 8 Should be 53° nearly.— C. 
 
 The author or printer is very careless of his geography.— R. 
 
3 
 
 the vessel, instead of consulting the compass to avoid 
 the head of a sand hank, the most dangerous on this 
 coast of Ireland, kept in conversation with the pilot 
 uselessly, and after half an hour's sail perceived his 
 error, and he^an to cry, " Lord God have pity on us. 
 we are lost! — have the anchors ready; — furl the 
 sails : we are on the head of the bank. — We are 
 only six feet from it. — The skiff! the skiff! —To the 
 I0112: boat. — The oars! — O God be merciful to us; — 
 by the grace of Jesus Christ, our Lord! — " 
 
 We all put our hands to work ; and the sailors 
 having taken a rope from the bow of the vessel, fast- 
 ened it to the skiff and the long boat, and drew us 
 from this danger with much labour and by force of 
 oars. 
 
 In the evening certain vapours rising from the 
 sea, made me believe that it was the land which I saw 
 at the distance of one, two, or three miles. I ima- 
 gined that I could distinguish trees in great numbers, 
 and even cattle. Looking at this land and wishing 
 to learn its name and what towns it contained, I ad- 
 dressed myself to a Dutch pilot, married in Doublin 
 (Dublin), who undeceived me, and made the fol- 
 lowing remarks to me. " You are not the first who 
 has erred in the supposition of these things ; the 
 mort expert navigators are often deceived by them. 
 That which to us appears land is only a dense vapour 
 which cannot be raised higher inconsequence of the 
 season and the absence of the sun. Those apparent 
 trees and animals are a part of that miasma which 
 
4 
 
 collects in some places more than in others. When 
 very young, I was on board a Dutch vessel oft" the 
 coast of Greenland, in 61 degrees of latitude, when 
 we perceived an island of this sort. We sounded 
 without touching the bottom. Finding sufficient 
 water, our captain wished to approach nearer ; but 
 we were astonished that all at once it disappeared. 
 Having a different direction we met the same appear- 
 ance again. The captain desiring to know what it 
 was, ordered them to turn half a mile backwards and 
 forwards to observe it, and after having traversed 
 many times without finding any real land, there arose 
 so furious a tempest, that we expected to perish. And 
 a calm afterwards coming on, we asked the captain 
 why he had surveyed this island. He told us that he 
 had heard say, that near the Pole, there are many 
 islands, some floating, some not, that are seen from 
 a distance, and are hard to be approached, which 
 they say is owing to the witches who inhabit them, 
 and destroy by storms the vessels of those who obsti- 
 nately seek to land upon them ; 9 that all he had heard 
 reported and read were but fables, and that he now 
 knew that these floating islands proceeded from the 
 vapours raised, and afterwards attracted by the 
 planets, which vapours the wind dispersed on ap- 
 proaching nearer, and that tempests usually followed 
 these phenomena." 10 
 
 9 Vide Sir Walter Scott's Noma of the Fitful Head, in his beauti- 
 ful Romance of the Pirate. — M. 
 
 10 See Note II. in Appendix.— W.M.C. 
 
5 
 
 I thanked him for having explained to me this 
 imaginary land, and as I finished speaking. I saw 
 pass a flock of black birds of the size of a thrush, of 
 which one went at the head and another at the tail. 
 These birds formed a kind of battalion, and went 
 against the wind. This same Dutchman told me that 
 when the^e birds passed during a calm they augured 
 future wind. 11 <. 
 
 The loth of the month we perceived the coast of 
 Doubiin f Dublin y . embellished with small castle-. 
 We anchored near the city, leaving two large cask- 
 on the left hand, which served as marks to avoid 
 the rocks and banks which may be in this place. 
 
 The city of Deulin. or Doubiin. is the capital of 
 Ireland. It is on the east of the Island : its size 
 equal to that of Angers. 1 - The quay of the harbour 
 is very fine, but receives only small craft : lar^e 
 ves-els remain in the roads, two miles from the citv. 
 There is no curiosity except a well which is two or 
 three miles from the city, on the northern coast, 
 which works miracles for the lame and the blind. 
 So say the Datives. ia There are fine buildings in 
 Doubiin : a college and many churches, amongst 
 which is that of St. Patrick, the apostle of the coun- 
 
 1 1 Vide the Georgics of Virgil, lib. L 373 — 392, for auguries of the 
 we&ther from the flight and actions of birds. See Note III. in 
 Appendix. — M. 
 
 IS See Note IV. in Appendix. — M. R. 
 
 13 The well mentioned is St- Dologh's, although about double 
 this distance from Dublin. See Note V. in Appendix. — C. 
 
 B 2 
 
6 
 
 try. In the choir are displayed the arms of the old 
 English knights, with their devices. I went there 
 on Sunday to witness the ceremonial attending on 
 the Viceroy. I saw much that was really magni- 
 ficent. On leaving the church there marched before 
 him a company of footmen, beating the drum, and 
 with match-locks ready for action. Then followed 
 a company of Iralberdiers, his body-guards, and 
 sixty gentlemen on foot, with four noblemen well 
 mounted, and the Viceroy in the midst upon a white 
 Barbary horse. I followed the train in order to 
 enter more freely into the castle ; but at the door 
 they ordered me to lay down my sword, which I 
 would not do, saying, that being born of a condition 
 to carry it before the king, I would rather not see 
 the castle than part with my arms. 14 A gentleman 
 in the suite of the Viceroy seeing from my gallant 
 bearing that T was a Frenchman, took me by the 
 hand, saying, " Strangers shall on this occasion be 
 more favoured than residents." And he brought me 
 in. I replied to him that his civility equalled that 
 of the French towards his nation, when they met 
 them in France. Being within, I found this castle 
 indifferently strong, without any outworks, and 
 pretty well furnished with guns of cast metal. 
 
 14 See Note VI. in Appendix. — C. 
 
CHAP. II. 
 
 I LEFiDoublin in company with Tarn Neuel {Tom 
 Neville), an Irishman, and native of Korq {Cork), 
 and took a passport from the Viceroy of Ireland, 
 who was then the Earl of Ormond. 15 
 
 At six miles towards Limmerik (Limerick) we 
 found a village called Fortinguesse {Fox and geese) 
 destroyed by the war. There remained but one 
 house, where was an English garrison. In the 
 evening we arrived at Racoul {Raihcool) , 1G eighteen 
 
 15 James Butler, Marquis of Ormond, appointed Lord Lieutenant 
 of Ireland, in November, 1643, and sworn in on the 21st of January 
 following. He was the twelfth Earl, and was raised by Charles I. in 
 1642 to the dignity of Marquis, as a reward for his victory over the 
 Irish army, commanded by Lord Montgarret at Kilrush. By Charles 
 II. upon the day of his Coronation he was created a Duke. — Lodge's 
 Irish Peerage, by Archdale, iv. 54. — C. 
 
 16 For Rathcool read Naas. Some circumstance (probably a good 
 dinner), seems to have impressed the name of " Racool'' strongly on 
 our traveller's memory. Rathcool is eight Irish miles from Dublin, 
 and he passed through it to Naas, about eight Irish miles further, 
 and about a mile beyond which, close to the road-side, are the ruins 
 of Jigginstown or Jugganstown Castle, which was built by Lord 
 Striifford. See Moore's Captain Rock. — C. 
 
 Ihe vaulted basement story of Jigginstown still exists at half a 
 mile S.E. of Naas, or nearly seventeen miles from Dublin. It was 
 at Naas consequently, and not at Rathcool, that M. le Gouz slept 
 the first night, but ?s he had passed through the latter village, the 
 name rested on his memory without its distinct locality. — R. 
 
8 
 
 miles from Doublin, where I saw the house of the 
 late Lord Strafford, Viceroy of Ireland, beheaded in 
 London. 1 ? This castle belongs to his brother, 18 who 
 resides in Doublin, and guards it by forty English 
 soldiers. Racoul is a large village nearly ruined by 
 the wars. 
 
 The second day we dined at Kilcolin Bridge 
 {Kileullen Bridge), where ends the English ground. 19 
 We swam over a little river 20 with much trouble, car- 
 rying our clothes upon our heads; the Irish having 
 broken the bridge 21 during the religious wars. All 
 this country was laid waste, 22 and we found none but 
 
 17 On Tower Hill, 12th May, 1G41.-C. 
 
 18 Sir George Wentworth of Wooley, M.P. for Pontefract, (but 
 disabled from sitting, as a malignant or royalist), third son of Sir 
 William Wentworth, Lord Strafford's father. Sir George had been 
 appointed General of the Forces in Ireland, by Charles I. — R. 
 
 19 The bounds settled by the articles of Cessation of 15th Septem- 
 ber, 1643, (article- 3.) — [Cox, appendix xvi.] "So much of the 
 County of Kildare as is on this side of the Liffey, where Naas is 
 situate, and on the other side of the Liffey from Dublin westward 
 into the County of Kildare, so far as the Rye- water at Kilcock," &c. 
 — C. 
 
 20 The Liffey.— C. 
 
 21 The bridge, built across the Liffey, about a mile and a half north 
 of the old town of Kileullen, in 1319, by Maurice Jakis, Canon of 
 Kildare, caused a town to spring up there under the denomination of 
 Kileullen Bridge, and the decay of the old town. — Archdulc't 
 Monas. Nib. — C. 
 
 22 In " a true relation of divers great defeats given against the 
 Rebels in Ireland by the Earle of Ormond."— (Loudon, printed by 
 Robert Baker, 1G42.) It is stated that on the 4th April, Ormond's 
 army, consisting of 3000 foot and 500 horse, with five field pieces, 
 
9 
 
 poor unfortunates on the roads, who sold buttermilk 
 and a little oaten bread. After having passed this 
 river, we came to sleep at Castle Dairmon (Castle 
 Dermot), a little village under the dominion of the 
 Catholics. It is twelve miles from RacouL 23 
 
 The third day we went to Kinkakoul ( ) 24 
 then to Balinhoulan (Ballylaughari), where there is 25 
 a fine castle, of which the governor was of the Eng- 
 lish nation, and lately converted to the Catholic 
 
 " marched [from Naas] to Kilcullen, burning in their march the 
 villages in the way, which belonged to the Rebels, and quartered at 
 Kilcullen that night." This district therefore appears to have re- 
 mained waste for upwards of two years. — C. 
 
 23 Another mistake about Eathcool, which is here substituted for 
 Kilcullen Bridge. — C. Castle Dermot is 27 miles from Rathcool, 
 and 18 miles from Naas, but precisely 12 from Kilcullen Bridge. — R. 
 
 24 This may be either Old Leighlin or Carlow, more probably the 
 latter, then called Catherlow, and by no means too remote in sound 
 from Kinkakoul to mean the same place with French authors of 
 that period — R. 
 
 May it not be Killcolle? which 1 observe on a map of the County 
 of Carlow, nearly north-east of Carlow, and due north of Leighlin 
 Bridge.— C. 
 
 25 Ballylaughan Castle, near Leighlin Bridge. There is a view of 
 it in Grose's Antiquities of Ireland, Vol. ii. p. 10, and its present 
 state is minutely described in Ryan's History of Carlow, p. 328. 
 Thej Governor mentioned in the text was probably Colonel Walter 
 Bagnell, great-grandson of Marshal Sir Henry Bagnell, who was 
 killed at the battle of Blackwater in 1598, and to whom Sir Walter 
 Scott alludes in his poem of Rokeby. — C. 
 
 " Ballylaghan Castle presents a gateway between two lofty cir- 
 cular towers, in the style of Tunbridge Castle." — The Scientific 
 Tourist in Ireland, Booth, 1818. 
 
10 
 
 religion. This village is distant thirteen miles from 
 Castle d'Airmon. 
 
 The fourth day we arrived at Kilkinik {Kilkenny), 
 the Catholic capital, the seat of the Confederation of 
 Ireland. This city is the size of Orleans,- seated on 
 a small river which empties itself into the sea at 
 eighteen miles distance. 2 ? Its castle 2 « is placed on 
 
 26 See Note VII. in Appendix.— R, C. 
 
 27 " The rapid and beautiful Nore," as Mr. Wakefield calls it, or 
 to use the not perfectly accurate words of the poet Spenser — 
 
 " the stubborn Newre, whose waters grey, 
 
 By fair Kilkenny and Rosse-pont broad 
 
 does not exactly empty itself into the sea. It falls into the river 
 Barrow, about eighteen miles below Kilkenny, which feels the influ- 
 ence of the tide nearly to this point, although distant upwards of 
 twenty miles from the sea. — C. 
 
 28 The Castle of Kilkenny is said to have been originally built in 
 1172 by Strongbow, the leader of the English Conquest of Ireland ; 
 to have been destroyed by the Irish in the year following ; re-built 
 by their opponents 22 years afterwards, and in 1391 purchased by 
 James Butler, the third Earl of Ormond, from which period to the 
 present time, this Castle has continued the chief residence of that 
 illustrious family. In 1399, Richard II. was entertained here for 
 fourteen days. In 1G50, the Castle, after a brave defence by Sir 
 Walter Butler, surrendered to the irresistible Cromwell ; at the close 
 of the same century, it was re-edified by the first Duke of Ormond, 
 (the Lord Lieutenant at the period of M. le Gouz's visit to Ireland,) 
 and Kilkenny Castle has been in our times restored (as it is called), 
 and adorned by an architect of considerable reputation, Mr. Robert- 
 son. An account of Kilkenny Castle previous to Mr. Robertson's 
 restoration, and of the many interesting pictures preserved there, 
 may be found in Ledwich's Antiquities of Ireland, pp. 479 — 483, and 
 views of Mr. Robertson's restoration, in Fisher's " Ireland Illustra- 
 ted," p. 32.— C. 
 
11 
 
 the river. There are monasteries of Jacobins, 29 of 
 Recolets, 30 and a college of Jesuits, 31 who are in 
 great honour among the people. 
 
 At the gates of the city they seized upon me and 
 led me to the mayor, 32 who judging by my physiog- 
 nomy that I was English, told me that I was a spy — 
 that my figure, my speech, and carriage were those 
 of a native of England. I maintained that he was 
 
 29 In the Rue St. Jaques, Paris, the Dominican order possessed its 
 first and primary establishment ; hence the popular name for the 
 Dominicans in France, was Jacobins, d sancto Jacobo. When their 
 Convent became the national property at the general confiscation in 
 1 790, the Club of Robespierre held its meetings in the Church of the 
 Dominicans, and were sarcastically called Jacobins, a name which 
 they have rendered execrable to mankind. — M. 
 
 " Some chapters of the order were held here, [at the Black Abbey 
 of Kilkenny, founded about 1225,] in 1643, when the whole was 
 repaired." — Ledivich, p. 492. — C. 
 
 30 Recollects, quasi recollecti, being a branch of the order of St. 
 Francis, but professing a stricter rule than the general body of Fran- 
 ciscans. They are also called Strictioris observantia, or Observantines. 
 And in another passage of these travels (p. 25), they are termed Zoc- 
 colant friars from zoccolo or sock, a sort of sandal which they wore 
 tied up with leather thongs, and a sort of juste milieu between going 
 bare foot altogether and wearing a shoe such as is generally worn.— M. 
 
 31 The heads of the House or College of the Jesuits in Kilkenny, 
 at this period, (according to Walsh,) were Henry Plunket, Robert 
 Bath 1 Christopher Maurice, William St. Leger, William Dillon, and 
 John Usher, and they seem to have possessed themselves of the 
 Augustinian Abbey, which in 1645, the following year, was confirmed 
 to them by the Pope's nuncio Rinuccini.— See Ledivich, pp. 449 
 — 450.— C. 
 
 32 A manuscript which I have seen in the library of Sir William 
 Betham, would furnish the name of this predecessor of Lavater.— C. 
 
12 
 
 mistaken, and as politely as I could contradicted 
 him, telling him I was of the French nation, and a 
 good Catholic ; that the passports I had from the 
 King of England were proof of what 1 advanced, 
 that he might read them and inform himself of my 
 profession. He took them rudely enough from my 
 hands, and reading only the superscription in Eng- 
 lish, " Mestre le Goitz, his passe" which signifies 
 the pass of Mounsieur le Gouz, he was confirmed in 
 his error, and said to the company, " See, if this 
 name be not English, and if I have not judged 
 rightly that this fellow is a spy. Let the soldiers 
 come and take him to prison ; we do not so easily 
 suffer these sort of ramblers ; we will soon discover 
 the truth." The impertinence of this Lord 33 shocked 
 me: I replied to him, "You say 1 am English 
 without any foundation, but your imagination. Is 
 there no Frenchman here who can judge if the 
 French language is not natural to me, and English 
 strange 1 ? As for my name, it is English ; 34 and it 
 may be that my ancestors formerly came from Eng- 
 land to live in Brittany, after the invasion of the 
 Saxons, as those of many other French families did." 
 
 33 " Lord" is the word used in the original text, and it is not im- 
 possible that the title of Lord Mayor was assumed by the Mayor of 
 Kilkenny at this period, in consequence of the town being the seat 
 of the supreme Council of the Confederate Catholics of Ireland. 
 The person referred to, however, may not be the Mayor, but Lord 
 Montgarret, the President of the Council. — C. 
 
 34 It would appear from the sound to have been Gooche or Goose. 
 — R. 
 
13 
 
 He sent in search of an inhabitant, a native of Caen, 
 in Normandy, who assured him that I was French. 
 I had leave to withdraw ; and owing to the Catholic 
 Council which was held in this town the hotels were 
 so full, 35 that if I had not met with a Norman, called 
 Beauregard, I should have been forced to lie in the 
 streets. 
 
 35 The Confederate Catholics, as the General Assembly of Depu- 
 ties from all the Provinces of Ireland, first met at Kilkenny on the 
 2 4th of October, 1642. See Note VIII. in Appendix.— C. 
 
 O 
 
CHAP. Ill: 
 
 We left Kilkinik (Kilkenny) and arrived at Ka- 
 lon (Calkin), six miles on the road. On our arrival, 
 a gentleman, named Edward Comerfort, 36 offered us 
 his castle, where we rested, not being able to refuse 
 so civil a request. The next day we were drenched 
 by extraordinary rain, which obliged us to seek 
 shelter in a castle, 37 where we were well received. 
 The master of the house came to beg us to remain 
 some days there ; we could not excuse ourselves. 
 This nobleman was called Lord Ikerin, 38 and was 
 general of the cavalry of the Irish Catholics. At 
 
 36 Edward Comerford of Callan was a Member of the General 
 Assembly of Confederate Catholics, which met in Kilkenny on the 
 10th January, 1647. — Burke's Hiberni. Dominic, p. 884. — C. 
 
 This Edward Comerford was ancestor to the Comerfords of Cork 
 and Kerry, and to the Duchess of Wharton, wife to the celebrated 
 Philip, whose fortunes are described by Pope, in emulation of Dry- 
 den's picture of the second Duke of Buckingham. — R. 
 
 37 Probably Lismullen or Lisinallin, in the County of Tipperary, 
 six miles distant from Callan, and thirteen from Cashel. — Taylor 
 and Skinner's Roads, 193. — C. 
 
 38 Sir Pierce Butler, created Viscount Ikeirin in 1G29. He ac- 
 cepted the rank of Lieutenant General in the Catholic Army, under 
 Lord Mountgarret, and was engaged in the principal Irish sieges 
 and battles of the year 1643, for which he was indicted and out- 
 lawed. His will, dated 1st March, 1660 (proved 26th March, 1674), 
 directs his body to be buried in the Abbey of Kilcooley, County of 
 Tipperary. — Lodge's Irish Peerage, by Archdale, ii. 314. — C. 
 
 « 
 
1 
 
 15 
 
 supper a friar from Spain brought the conversation 
 from Spanish diet to the religion of that country, and 
 bearing a mortal dislike to the French, my country- 
 men, he could not refrain from giving vent to his 
 antipathy in my presence, stating, that as we had 
 no Inquisition in France, we were but a set of repro- 
 bates, and partial to heretics, whom instead of tole- 
 rating as we do, we ought rather to exterminate, as 
 the progress of the Catholic faith could not co-exist 
 with this pestilent sect (the Calvinists), whose very 
 name ought to be abhorred by the people. That 
 Spain had the advantage of never having been 
 infected with heresy, and hence their monarch was 
 called the Catholic King, and hence also the great 
 preponderance of that power in war. 
 
 I felt it my duty thus to reply to this monk, whose 
 zeal appeared to me to be most indiscreet. " My re- 
 verend father, I am surprised that you, born in Ire- 
 land, a neutral country, should be so much under 
 the influence of prejudice and womanish imbecility 
 as to prefer Spain so unjustly to France, a land 
 where religion and valour are equally found, if not 
 in a higher degree. And whatever charms the In- 
 quisition may have for you, and however useful you 
 may thirk it as a means of purging a country of 
 impiety and preserving religion in its integrity, the 
 French nation is too well informed that faith, which 
 is the basis and foundation of Christianity, cannot be 
 established by persecution. And as to Spain, al- 
 though it may be true as you assert that Huguenots 
 
 * 
 
16 
 
 never could thrive there, still the Moors and Infidels 
 of Grenada are so mixed up with the population that 
 you can hardly discriminate between them and real 
 Catholics. Appearances often mislead us. The 
 French, to outward semblance, seem free and care- 
 less, but are in reality excellent Christians, while your 
 Spaniard, with the look of a devotee and an angel, 
 is very often the reverse at heart. As to the pros- 
 perous career of His Catholic Majesty's arms, he 
 never will encounter the Most Christian King in fair 
 fight without discomfiture." 
 
 From this castle we came in one day to Cachel 
 (Cashel), a distance of ten miles. This town is an 
 archbishop's see, founded by St. Patrick. There are 
 two convents, [one of] Dominicans, and [one of] Fran- 
 ciscans. 
 
CHAP. IV. 
 
 During my stay at Kachel (Cashel) the Rev. 
 Father Ryan, prior of the Dominicans, an Irish friar 
 educated in France, invited me to dine at his Con- 
 vent ; and as I felt reluctant to accept the good man's 
 offer, he begged earnestly that I would grant him 
 that favour, as he wanted me to render him a service 
 at the monastery. He had in his establishment two 
 members of the order who had gone through their 
 course of studies in Spain, and who presumptuously 
 maintained, that the French knew nothing, while 
 Spain was the cradle of true theology and sterling- 
 philosophy. Now he was glad to have met me to 
 take part with him in vindicating the College studies 
 of France, for he candidly confessed, he took pride 
 in the country where he had been educated, and 
 would be glad to humiliate the Salamanca students. 39 
 I at once consented for the honour of my native land. 
 
 39 The Students of this University were particularly proud of their 
 Alma Mater. The licentiate Pedrillo, (according to Lord Byron,) 
 thus swear in the Shipwreck, — 
 
 " Nothing should tempt him more (this peril past), 
 To quit his academic occupation, 
 In cloisters of the classic Salamanca, 
 To follow Juan's wake, like Sancho Pancha." 
 
 Don Juan, c. 2, st. 37. — M. 
 
IS 
 
 While at table these two Spanish Dominicans, full 
 of the cant and prejudice of that country, had nothing 
 in their vocabulary of more familiar use than the 
 terms " Lutheran," " Huguenots," 4 « and "French 
 Blockheads." They would hardly let me swallow 
 in quiet my (Soupe a V Iroise) 41 Irish mess of potage, 
 but kept up a sort of rambling fire to annoy me : 1 
 begged they would let me dine in comfort, and 
 when the repast had terminated, I took the liberty cf 
 putting a few questions in my turn, among others 
 the following drawn from the Science of Theology. 
 (Tract, de Trinitate.) 
 
 1 . God in his capacity of Father hath begotten the 
 Son. 
 
 God in his capacity of God has begotten nought. 
 
 Now as it is by the knowledge he hath of himself 
 as the Father [qndtenus Pater], that he has produced 
 the Son, how comes it that by the same knowledge 
 which he has of himself as God [guatenus Deus] he 
 has produced nothing ? 
 
 2. The nature of the Godhead being infinite, how 
 can it have become united with the finite nature of 
 man in the Christ? 
 
 40 Words terminating in 6t have a peculiar tinge of contemptuous 
 meaning in French, thus, Bigot, cagot, magot, busingot, cachot, 
 malingrot, devot, fagot, idiot, ilot, sot, tripot, impot. The real 
 etymology of the word Huguenot has not been yet settled. It is 
 known to have been first used in the city of Lyons. — M. 
 
 41 Names of barbarous nations are always written — ois. Those of 
 civilized terminate in — ais. Ex. gr. Anglais, Francais, &c.j per 
 contra. Chinois, Iroquois, Irois, Hongrois, &c. — M. 
 
19 
 
 3. The attributes of God being each boundless and 
 infinite, how can there be more than one attribute of 
 that description? 
 
 4. As the knowledge and the will are the same 
 thing in God, why is the production of the second 
 Person of the Trinity, the Son, ascribed more to the 
 one than to the other ? 
 
 5. Why is not the Holy Ghost the second and not 
 the third person, since the action of the Spirit pre- 
 cedes the engendering of the Son ? 
 
 To these questions I begged them to give a scien- 
 tific and categorical answer. One of them attempted 
 to reply, but soon got entangled in the meshes I had 
 prepared for him ; whereupon I observed that per- 
 haps Theology was not the science in which he par- 
 ticularly excelled, as many and various are the gifts, 
 and one hath prophecy, another the gift of tongues, 
 &c. but perhaps the department of Philosophy was 
 more familiar to him, and as there are four distinct 
 parts, viz. Logic, Metaphysics, Ethics, and Physics, 
 he would perhaps allow me to put a few quseries 
 drawn from the first part, Logic. 
 
 1. Why is the convertibility of propositions in the 
 second process 42 of syllogistic argumentation the 
 touch-stone of truth ? 
 
 42 The second process is that " Celarent," to understand which 
 the old logical system should be here explained, which cannot be 
 undertaken. It refers to the cabalistic verses, 
 
 " Barbara, Celarent," &c— M. 
 
20 
 
 2. Why, in the nineteen forms of syllogism, seven 
 give an affirmative conclusion, and twelve & negative? 
 
 3. What is the difference between possibility and 
 contingency in the mode of propositions ? 
 
 Here I found them as dumb-foundered as before ; 
 on which I remarked that Spanish logic was a capi- 
 tal contrivance, since by saying nothing they were 
 sure not to lay themselves open to their adversary. 
 
 Passing to the second part, viz. Metaphysics, I 
 asked them how they could prove the spirituality of 
 the soul, the existence of angelic beings, and whether 
 such were created before the world or after ? If God 
 has created the world from his knowledge, his know- 
 ledge being part of his essence, is not the world part 
 of the essence of the Godhead ? 
 
 Is not chaos eternal as well as God 1 
 
 Here the same system of obstinate taciturnity was 
 persevered in by my Spanish opponents; so I pro- 
 ceeded, passing by the science of Ethics, where, on ac- 
 count of its facility, I supposed they might know 
 something, to that of Physics. 
 
 I asked them to how many principles do you as- 
 cribe the composition of all natural things, and what 
 are the single elements or component parts of the 
 Universe. I do not mean to argue with you in the 
 scholastic style so usual in Spain, where authorities 
 and quotations are given for proofs, a system which 
 is of no avail among men who reject your authorities 
 and don't value your quotations ; one good fair syllo- 
 gism is worth a cart load of your Spanish rubbish, 
 
•21 
 
 and to that system you must come if you wish to rea- 
 son with rational people. I recollect arguing with 
 one of your countrymen at the neighbouring town of 
 Kalon on the question in physics, whether a body 
 can be in two places at once, and this Doctor, who 
 had imbibed the method of Spain, alleged as an ex- 
 ample the real presence and the doctrine of transub- 
 stantiation, without observing that he brought forward 
 a most inapposite case, since in these sacramental 
 elements all physical laws are superseded, it being 
 confessedly a miraculous and supernatural presence 
 not one according to the usual notions of things. 
 
 As for your collegiate course, you think you are 
 adepts in physics, when you have employed seven or 
 eight months in transcribing the lectures of your profes- 
 sors, who have themselves transcribed from those who 
 went before them, and you are as far as ever from a 
 knowledge of the essence of bodies, the nature of the 
 animal or vegetable kingdom, of minerals, the causes 
 of the tide's ebb and flow, — of winds, — plants, and 
 trees, about which you are just as wise as Solomon, who 
 knew merely enough to dispute about them. Astro- 
 nomy, which is so important a branch of science, you 
 are in the habit, of discarding and denouncing ; you 
 even think it a prophane and dangerous study, fit for 
 the researches of visionary scatterbrains, and leading 
 strait to witchcraft, whereas it is a principal source 
 of information and utility, and leads us to the know- 
 ledge of the Creator, from the contemplation of his 
 works, as St. Paul says in his Epistle to the Romans, 
 
22 
 
 (Rom. i. 20.) and as I am upon the subject, I will give 
 you a few notions and volunteer a lecture for your 
 instruction, for which you may thank this venerable 
 prior Father Ryan, who knows all these matters as 
 well as I do, having studied in France, and who is not 
 the worse for not having graduated in Spain. 
 
 And first, Moses established in Genesis three ele- 
 ments — Darkness, the water, and the Spirit of God — 
 which latter the Levant folk call Alia Rohh, the 
 name which Mahomet gives Christ in the Alcoran. 
 
 Thales of Miletus maintained that there existed 
 nothing in the commencement but water alone. 
 
 Anaximander, instead of one, holds an infinity of 
 primeval elements : while Hermes, tris megistus 
 pontiff, king and philosopher of Egypt, says that 
 all originally consisted of salt, sulphur, and mercury, 
 a hint which has been greedily caught up by the sad 
 tribe of dabblers in alchemy, and seekers for the 
 philosopher's stone. 
 
 Aristotle refers all to two things — form, giving 
 action ; and matter, suffering the action aforesaid : 
 and this is the veil by which the Stagyrite concealed 
 from the crowd what he communicated to a chosen 
 few. 
 
 Euclid gives you the point, the line, and the 
 figure. 
 
 The Rabbis give — 1st, form; 2nd, matter ; and 
 3rd, spirit. 
 
 Plato gives — 1st, God; 2nd, his ideas ; and 3rd, 
 matter, Anaximenes the air; Empedocles the alii- 
 
23 
 
 ance and the discord of the four elements, air, earth, 
 water, fire. Zenocrates, 1st, God; 2nd, matter ; 
 3rd, the elements. Ramus has it thus — 1st, power ; 
 2nd, an object; 3rd, an act. Democritus gives the 
 plenum and the vacuum. Parmenides hot and cold. 
 Heraclitus, fire ; and Pythagoras, number. Whereas 
 Robert Flood, doctor of Oxford, gives you — 1st, the 
 will of God ; 2nd, light and darkness ; 3rd, singraths 
 and anagraths ; 4th, condensation and rarefaction. 
 
 I spare you the rest, lest I should become tedious (!) 
 but I have said enough to show you that, whoever 
 wishes to pass for learned, must be versed in all 
 these matters, and be able to reconcile all these 
 jarring systems of philosophy. 
 
 So here, my Reverend Fathers, I leave you with 
 a final observation — that life is short, and that the 
 more we study, the more we are surprised at the 
 extent of our own ignorance ! 43 
 
 43 It is very singular that Prince Puckler Muskaw, in his travels 
 through Ireland in 1828, should have had a similar confab with the 
 clergy at Cashel. The times, place, and topics may be curiously 
 contrasted. By the bye the Prince is astonished at some Irish 
 melodies sung by the priests, which appear to him a little too warm 
 for sacerdotal selection. — M. 
 
CHAP. V. 
 
 We left Cachel (Cashel) and breakfasted at Solo 
 hoye 44 ( ) eight miles on our way, having 
 
 remained six days at Cachel, owing to the Rev. 
 Father Ryan, who took us, with the two Spanish 
 Doctors to visit at many of his friends' houses about 
 the town. 
 
 From Solohoye, we arrived at Limmerick, the 
 strongest fortress in Ireland. 45 It has a castle, and 
 a harbour, where large vessels can anchor ; the quay 
 is very fine. The river is called Joues. 46 There is 
 a house of Jesuits, and convents of Dominicans 47 
 
 44 Can this be Sulchoid ? mentioned in Seward's Hibernian 
 Gazetteer, but which I have vainly hunted for on various maps of 
 Ireland. " From Sulchath, or the place of battle," says Seward, 
 " situated not far from Limerick, being a plain nearly surrounded 
 by mountains, and frequently mentioned in different periods of Irish 
 history as a noted part for the encampment of armies." — C. 
 
 45 The correctness of our traveller's estimate of the military im- 
 portance of Limerick was proved in less than fifty years afterwards, 
 during the struggle between James II. and William III. for the 
 crown of England. — C. 
 
 40 Joues, must mean the Shannon. The printer has probably 
 converted the manuscript Sones, into Joues. — C. 
 
 47 A monastery for the Dominicans was founded at Limerick in 
 1227, by Donogh Carbrac O'Brien, Prince of Thomond. " The 
 Abbey and its possessions were granted at the suppression to 
 James, Earl of Desmond ; and on the attainder of that family, to 
 the Corporation of Limerick. In 10-44, while the city was in the 
 
25 
 
 and Soccolantes. 48 In this city there are great num- 
 bers of profligate women ; which I could not have 
 believed, on account of the climate. 49 
 
 hands of the Roman Catholics, Pope Innocent X. erected this house 
 into a University. It was soon, however, converted to other pur- 
 poses. In 1679, Government took a lease of part of its site for one 
 hundred years, on which a barrack was built capable of containing 
 eight hundred men." No vestige of either building now remains. 
 In 1780, the Dominicans opened a small chapel in Fish Lane; and 
 in 1815 a more considerable structure, of which a view is given in 
 Fitzgerald's and McGregor's Limerick, ii. 542. Further particulars 
 respecting the Dominican Order in Limerick may be found in the 
 same volume, pp. 570-573. — C. 
 
 48 A house for the Franciscans was founded in Limerick by 
 William de Burgo in the thirteenth century. It was situated on the 
 east side of the city, outside of the walls, and on the suppression 
 was granted to Edmund Sexton. " But the Friars continued to rent 
 the church ; and in 1687 they repossessed themselves of the Abbey, 
 from which they were again ejected after the Revolution, and the 
 old County Court House and County Hospital were built on its site 
 in the last century." — Fitzgerald's and M'Gregor's Limerick, ii. 573, 
 574.— C. 
 
 49 The beauty of the Limerick lasses has long been celebrated; 
 but the general and serious charge made in the text, is, it is to 
 be hoped, as inaccurate as our traveller's mode of rendering Irish 
 local names. Appearances are often deceptive ; though certainly 
 a satirical poet has exclaimed, in an ironical tone, 
 
 u O ! what a dainty fine charming town Limerick is, 
 Where neither sly nor slippery slim trick is !" 
 | And again, 
 
 " Our wives behind counters not saucy nor slatterns are, 
 For meekness, politeness, and goodness they patterns are, 
 It would do your heart good on the MalLwhere they walk at eve, 
 To see ttiem so dressy, so flirtish, so talkative." 
 See Anthologia Hiberniea, vol. i. p. 142. — C. 
 
 D 
 
26 
 
 Tarn Neuel [Tom Neville] with whom I had joined 
 in company at Doublin to perform this journey, was 
 caught by the artifice of these damsels, who robbed 
 him one night of his money. In the morning he 
 came to throw himself at my feet, saying, " O my 
 good French gentleman, until now I have not made 
 myself known to you ; I implore you to credit what 
 I assert, and not to abandon me. Know then that 
 I am a native of Korq [Cork], that by travelling in 
 France, Spain, and England, for the last ten or 
 twelve years I had been enabled to accumulate suf- 
 ficient from my industry in trade, to make an ho- 
 nourable 50 retreat from business; when unfortunately 
 I embarked again in the same pursuits, and having 
 taken ship for England, fell into the hands of the 
 Parliamentarians, who took from me all I had. 
 With difficulty was I able to save some rings, by the 
 sale of which 1 have got as far as this City, and as 
 misfortune never comes alone, I have again been 
 robbed last night of the little remaining to me ; so 
 that I have no hope except in your kindness, and 
 though I am distant but three days journey 5 * from 
 
 50 " Honneste." — T. In Latin honestus, from which is derived 
 our English word honest ; hut among- us the term u honesty " has a 
 somewhat different import from its kindred French expression, 
 which refers rather to what is becoming and well bred, than to what 
 is simply honest in the matter-of-fact sense. Malhonnete means 
 impolite, and has no reference at all to pounds, shillings, and pence. 
 The term ho?ii, indicates a feeling of shame rather than any con- 
 sciousness of unfair dealing. " Honi soit qui," Sec. — Iff. 
 
 51 Nov; commonly performed between breakfast and dinner time ; 
 
my native place. I find myself in a state of desti- 
 tution. For the remainder, fear not to trust me, as 
 my father is one of the richest merchants in Korq ; 
 his dwelling resembles rather a palace than a pri- 
 vate house. If you pass that way. you would see 
 how he would receive you : he. and all my relations. 
 You must have seen by my conduct since I have 
 had the honour of bein^ in vour company that I am 
 no sharper." 
 
 I told him that he should want nothing to enable 
 him to return to his native place. '* While I have 
 any money you shall share it with me : we must look 
 on the misfortunes we are visited by from above, a- 
 sent for our correction. You ousrht to have made 
 this reflection, and your first misfortune would have 
 shielded you from your subsequent calamity." 
 
 We left Limmerik, and came to breakfast at 
 Chamdelesse [ ~ eight miles :r:'. Half -i 
 
 league from this castle is the birth place of Mr. 
 Dulee [Daly ?Y->- Doctor of Sorbonne. and Professor 
 in the University of Paris. Many worthy persons 
 made enquiry after him. Then we dined at Mala- 
 gue [Kilmallocli]^ and slept in a castle: distant six- 
 teen miles from Limmerik. 
 
 and when the mnch-talked-of railroad is completed, it will be done 
 in what an Irishman would call u less than no time." — C. 
 
 Hi Can this be the celebrated Dominican Daniel Daly born in 
 1505, and who died in 1662 ? See Uote EX. in Appendix.— C. 
 
 53 Termed u the Balbec of Ireland." Castle is the phrase used 
 for a stone house, in which sense lfilwi»nni»lr may have been justly 
 described as a v.vrz c: ei«:'.es.— C. 
 
28 
 
 The next day- we slept at Castlemagner, 54 thirteen 
 miles, a small town, whence we went to dine at 
 Mala [Mallow] a considerable fortress, 55 and having 
 performed thirteen miles slept at Korq [Cork] that 
 evening. 
 
 Having arrived here, Tarn Neuel [Tom Neville] of 
 whom I have before spoken, led me to his father's 
 house. He knocked at the door, when a well look- 
 ing man appeared, and demanded what we wanted. 
 Tarn Neuel desired to know whether John Neuel 
 was at home. The man replied, that he knew no 
 such person. Neuel insisting that the house be- 
 longed to the person for whom he had asked, was 
 told, that it belonged to an English captain, who 
 had it on the seclusion of the Catholics from the 
 town. 50 He was surprised to find events so deplo- 
 rable had occurred to his family. I sympathised 
 with him, and observed " since things were thus, we 
 must seek a lodging, as the night was coming on." 
 
 " O Mister Frenchman," he said, "you cannot 
 
 54 In the county of Cork; and at the period of our traveller's 
 visit, its castle was the seat of Richard Magner, agent for the Irish 
 inhabitants of Orrery and Kilmore ; who is still popularly remem- 
 bered from his having outwitted Cromwell. See Note X. in Ap- 
 pendix. — C. 
 
 55 Although the castle of Mallow, which commanded the bridge 
 across the Blackwater, may have appeared an important post in 
 the warfare of the period, it never was, neither was the town " a 
 considerable fortress" at any time.— C. 
 
 56 This is one of the many obscure transactions in Irish history. 
 See Note XI. in Appendix.— C. 
 
29 
 
 without injustice refuse to repair to the house, if not 
 of my father, at least of some other relation. I have 
 uncles in the town, where we shall be welcome." 
 We found out one of them, and by him were re- 
 ceived with all imaginable kindness, and Neuel 
 learned that his father had lost in the religious wars 
 more than £10,000 sterling, 5 ? and had been obliged 
 to fly to the country, to avoid the tyranny of the 
 English Protestants. 
 
 I remained eight days in this house in the midst 
 of continual festivity ; and on taking leave to pursue 
 my travels, they thanked me for the assistance I 
 had rendered to Tarn lYeuel, and in spite of all I 
 could do, repaid me the money I had furnished for 
 his expenses from Limerick. 58 
 
 A mile from Korq [Cork] is a well called by the 
 English Sunday spring, or the fountain of Sunday, 
 which the Irish believe is blessed and cures many 
 ills. I found the water of it extremely cold. 59 Op- 
 posite this well to the south of the sea, are the 
 ruins of a monastery founded by Saint Guillabe ; 
 there is a cave which extends far under the ground, 
 where they say, that Saint Patrick resorted often for 
 
 57 It should be observed, that the pound sterling was only worth 
 14 livres, because the marc d' argent (8 ounces) was then coined into 
 32 livres instead of 60, as under Louis XV. and XVI. The louis d'or, 
 afterwards equivalent to 24 livres, was then only valued at 13. — R. 
 
 58 I have been told that an autograph journal of this identical 
 Tom Neville is in existence. — C. 
 
 59 The well is in the north-west suburb, which is named after it, 
 " Sunday's Well." See Note XII. in Appendix. — C. 
 
30 
 
 prayer. GO I n ne of the suburbs of Korq [ Cork] there 
 is an old tower ten or twelve feet in circumference, 
 and more than one hundred feet high,d which they 
 conscientiously believe to have been built by Saint 
 Baril [Fin Barr~\ without lime or stone,G2 to prove by 
 this miracle his religion ; then it w T as lopped or half 
 destroyed by the same saint, who jumped from the 
 top to the bottom of it, and imprinted the mark of 
 his foot on a Hint stone, where the old women go 
 with great devotion to say their prayers. 
 
 GO Gill Abbey is the present name of the south-west suburb 
 of Cork. Fitzgerald, in his Cork Remembrancer, chronicles that 
 in <; 1738, Gill Abbey Castle fell down after 980 years standing." 
 [See Note 61.] Dr. Smith says, that Gill Abbey was founded by 
 St. Finbarr, for canons regular of St. Augustine, in the seventh 
 century ; that the buildings were finished by Gill 2Eda, Bishop of 
 Cork [1100], from whom this house had the name of Gill Abbey; 
 that Cormac MacCarthy, King of Cork, granted it possessions, 
 in 1134; that near it is a cave, called in ancient MSS. the cave 
 of St. Finbarr ; and that, according to Dr. Ware, this is the house 
 which St. Bernard calls Monasterium Ibracense. The remains of 
 Gill Abbey are said to have been demolished about 1745; but Gill 
 Abbey weirs, the construction of which are attributed to the monks 
 of this house, still exist. — C. 
 
 61 See Note XIII. in Appendix.— C. 
 
 62 The Irish saint who built a church without mortar, however 
 great the exploit, and capable of giving edification to stone-masons, 
 was certainly surpassed by one of his countrymen, the great author 
 of a bill to punish cruelty to animals. His miraculous powers far 
 exceeded those of St. Finbarry, if we believe the song so current on 
 the other side of the Shannon, 
 
 " Och, Squire Martin's the boy my honey, 
 For he pays all his debts Without money."— M. 
 See Note XIV. in Appendix. — C. 
 
CHAP. VI. 
 
 From Kork or Korki 63 [Cork] I came to King- 
 seele [Kinsale], ten miles distant, a small mer- 
 cantile town, and ill built. It has an English 
 garrison. From Kingseele I came to Johol 64 
 [Youghall], thirty miles, having dined at Karabe 
 [ Carrigaline] . 65 
 
 At the gate of Johal, I was surrounded by twenty 
 English soldiers, who led me forcibly to the captain 
 of the town ;66 he demanded of me who I was, and 
 
 63 Cork is called at present by the Irish, Curki' or Curkig. — C. 
 
 64 Youghall is an extremely difficult word for an Englishman to 
 pronounce as a native. Dr. Smith says, " it was called by foreigners 
 Jokile and Youkelain, in Latin Ochella" 
 
 The rhyme of Taylor, the water poet, is perfect. 
 " At Baltimore, Kinsale, at Corke, and Yoghall, 
 Thou with thy power hast made them oft cry fogh all." — C. 
 
 65 Irreconcilable as the sounds Karabe and Carrigaline may ap- 
 pear, they are sufficiently obvious to any one acquainted with the 
 locality. The name of the small village now known as Carrigaline, 
 is derived from the strong castle built by the De Cogan's, which 
 was so called on account of its situation at the head of an arm of 
 the sea. CAf|iA|5 A l]fj. The rock of the sea pool, or anchorage. 
 Now this, which was probably familiarly termed Carrig, might have 
 been explained to our traveller by C&]\i&]q A buA]Ce, the rock of 
 the wave, or the boundary ; or as the Carrigaline river is called the 
 Axonboy or OonZwe, (i. e. the yellow or muddy river), a jumble of 
 the names may possibly have remained in his memory. — C. 
 
 66 Lord Broghill, afterwards Earl of Orrery, was Governor of 
 Youghall, and Lt.-Colonel Sir Percy Smith (his Lordship's cousin, 
 
32 
 
 after having shewn him my passports from the King 
 of England and from the Viceroy of Ireland, I told 
 him that I had travelled from Bristol to Doublin 
 with Mr. Galoe [Galway], a merchant of Johal. 
 He sent for the person I mentioned, and tired of 
 questioning me, allowed me to depart quietly, being 
 assured that I was not a liar. 
 
 Johal is well walled, and under the government 
 of the English .67 [ts size is equal to that of St. 
 Denys in France. It is a seaport. There are to 
 be seen the remains of two ancient convents, one of 
 Dominicans, 08 and the other of the order of St. 
 
 and the ancestor of the beautiful Princess Capua) was Deputy Go- 
 vernor of the town at this time. See their signatures in Rushworth's 
 Hist. Col. vi. p. 973, to a document dated 17th July, 1644, the day 
 on which our traveller embarked at Wexford. — C. 
 
 67 Youghall was preserved to the English by the Earl of Cork. 
 In a letter from the Lord Justices to that nobleman, in 1642, in- 
 closing commissions of martial law, " they return him thanks for 
 his care of Youghall, which post they depend will be kept by him 
 for the landing of the supplies which they expect out of England for 
 Munster." They also thank Lord Cork " for paying the soldiers, 
 weekly, quartered at Youghall." Smith's Cork, vol. \\.p. 128, quoted 
 from manuscript at Lismore. Lord Cork provided for fifteen com- 
 panies at Youghall, who were mostly dieted upon salt beef, barrelled 
 butter, and biscuit, with water to drink, which, says his Lordship 
 in a letter to Lord Dungarvon, " made a rich churchyard and a 
 weak garrison." Smith, ii. 150. — C. 
 
 68 Called the Friary of St. Mary of Thanks [or grace, gratiae 
 means both] on the north side of the town, founded by Thomas Fitz- 
 maurice Fitzgerald in 1268, and completed, according to Clin's 
 Annals, in 1271. Nothing now remains, save the west end of the nave, 
 and a small part of the cast window. Archdale's Monas. Hib.—C. 
 
33 
 
 Francis. 69 At musket-shot from the town there 
 was formerly a convent of nuns on the sea-shore, 
 and there remains of it a tower called the Nun- 
 nery, upon which the nuns used to light torches 
 to enable vessels to come into harbour during the 
 night." 
 
 In the Dominican convent there was an image of 
 
 69 On the south side of the town, founded in 1224, [Smith says 
 in 1231, or, according to Hollinshed, in 1229] by Maurice Fitzgerald, 
 of whom the following traditionary anecdote is related. Being about 
 to build a castle, the workmen, who were digging the foundation on 
 the eve of some festival, requested a piece of money to drink his 
 health. He directed his eldest son to give it to them, instead of 
 doing which he abused the workmen ; at which his father was so 
 much concerned, that he altered his design, and caused an Abbey 
 to be built instead of a Castle. Maurice Fitzgerald was Lord Justice 
 of Ireland in 1229 and 1232, after which he retired to this Monas- 
 tery, where he took on him the habit of St. Francis, and dying the 
 8th May, 1257, was interred here in the habit of his order. There 
 are no traces of this Friary remaining. — Archdales Manas. Hib. 
 " This house, according to Wadding (quoted by Bourke, p. 42), was 
 the first Franciscan Friary in Ireland." — C. 
 
 70 This probably was set clown by our traveller from hearsay, and 
 he has translated the short distance (four miles) of the narrator by 
 a long shot, " a une portee de mousquet." The Nunnery alluded to 
 is no doubt Killeigh, on the west side of Youghall bay, which is said 
 to have been founded by St. Abban in the sixth century, by whom 
 St. Conchere was placed as prioress. Sir William Penn, in his jour- 
 nal of the siege of Youghall, July 19, 1645, says he received a letter 
 from the Governor, desiring him u to take notice that when he had 
 occasion to speak with us, or have any recourse to us, the signal 
 should be a fire on the top of the abbey tower, near the point on 
 the west side of the harbour's mcuth." — C. 
 
34 
 
 the Virgin, formerly held in the greatest reverence 
 in Ireland, 71 which arrived there in a miraculous 
 manner. The tide brought a piece of wood on to 
 the sands opposite the town, 72 which several fisher- 
 men tried to carry off, the wood being rare in this 
 country, but they could not move it ; they harnessed 
 ten horses to it without effect, and the reflux of the 
 tide brought it near the Dominican convent. Two 
 monks raised it on their shoulders and put it in the 
 court-yard of the convent ; and the prior had in the 
 night a vision that the image of our Lady was in this 
 piece of wood ; which was found there. So say the 
 Catholics, who have still a o-reat devotion towards 
 it ; but the Dominicans having been persecuted by 
 the English settlers carried it elsewhere. 73 
 
 From Johol I came by sea to Dongarvan 74 \T>un- 
 
 71 " An image of the Virgin Mary, held in the utmost venera- 
 tion, was preserved in this Monastery ; and the general chapter held 
 at Rome in 1644, [the year of our traveller's visit] mention it in 
 their acts. This image, says Bourke, [p. 272] is in the possession of 
 the present Dominicans of Youghall." Archdale's Monas. Hib. — C. 
 
 72 The expression in the original is, " la place de la ville." — T. 
 
 73 Our traveller's account of this image of the Virgin is, I believe, 
 quite erroneous. It is the image now in the possession of the Domi- 
 nicans of Cork, and appears from the inscription to have been the 
 donation of a Countess of Desmond ; the same I apprehend, who, 
 according to Sir Walter Raleigh, lived to the age of 140. — R. See 
 Note XV. in Appendix. — C. 
 
 74 In the County of Waterford. Under the Articles of Cessation 
 of 15th Sept. 1643, (8th Art.) the entire of the County of Waterford, 
 except ten garrisons, (upon and in the vicinity of the river Black- 
 water) was in the hands of the Irish confederate party. — C. 
 
35 
 
 garvari]) a small town, where there is a fine castle of 
 which the Irish were masters. The harbour is very 
 bad, and this year Captain Antonia, a Spaniard, an 
 excellent seaman, lost there a handsome frigate, with 
 which he was chasing the small Parliamentary ves- 
 sels. I slept at Castel tames [Kilmact hornets], eight 
 miles from Dongarvan, and eighteen from Johal. 
 
 The next day I came to Waterfort [ Waterford] , 
 in French the fort of water, a fine town, extremely 
 populous, of the size of Tours. It has a small river 
 which brings shipping within five miles, to a place 
 called Passage, where I crossed the river, and pur- 
 sued my way to Wachefort [Wexford], in French 
 the washed fort, where I arrived in one day. 
 
 This town is very populous, owing to its great 
 commerce. The fortress is a small square, regu- 
 larly enough fortified and washed by the sea. At 
 the foot of this castle are many ruins of old churches, 
 amongst others that of the Holy Trinity, towards 
 which the women have great reverence, and come 
 there in solemn procession. The oldest march first 
 and the others follow, then take three turns round 
 the ruins, make a reverence to the remains, kneel 
 and recommence this ceremony many times. I have 
 noticed them at this devotion three and four hours. 
 
 The people of Wachefort came principally from 
 France, 75 when Guillaume le Conquereur, (whom 
 
 75 " The barony of Gaultierre [the extreme eastern barony of the 
 County of Waterford] takes its name from two Irish words, called 
 
36 
 
 the English call William the Conqueror,) a natural 
 son of the Duke of Normandy, conquered England, 
 made himself king of it, and gave the Norman code 
 of laws to the inhabitants. 
 
 Tire-na-Gaul, i. e. the land of foreigners ; this being among the 
 early settlements of the English in Ireland;" so says Dr. Smith. 
 History of Waterford, p. 83. — C. Gaultier is the French for 
 Walter ; may it not refer to the Fitz-Walters ? who in Henry II. 
 and Richard I.'s time spoke nothing but French. — M. 
 
CHAP. VII. 
 
 Ireland or Hibernia has always been called the 
 Island of Saints, owing to the number of great men 
 who have been born there. The natives are known 
 to the English under the name of Iriche, to the 
 French under that of Hibernois, which they take 
 from the Latin, or of Irois, from the English, or 
 Irlandois from the name of the island, because land 
 signifies ground. They call themselves Ayrenake, 
 in their own language, a tongue which you must 
 learn by practice, because they do not write it, 7 6 they 
 learn Latin in English characters, with which cha- 
 racter they also write their own language ; and so I 
 have seen a monk write, but in such a way as no 
 one but himself could read it. 
 
 Saint Patrick was the apostle of this island, who 
 according to the natives blessed the land, and gave 
 his malediction to all venomous things ; and it can- 
 not be denied, that the earth and the timber 7 ? of Ire- 
 land, being transported, will contain neither serpents, 
 
 76 See Note XVI. in Appendix.— C. 
 
 77 The roof of Westminster Hall, said to be composed of Irish 
 oak, is adduced in corroboration of the fact; and several of the 
 town-halls of the Netherlands can testify the same, if tradition speaks 
 truly, as gathered by a recent writer, Mr. George St. George, in his 
 " Saunter through Belgium."— M. 
 
 E 
 
38 
 
 worms, spiders, nor rats, as one sees in the west of 
 England and in Scotland, where all particular per- 
 sons have their trunks and the boards of their floors 
 of Irish wood ; and in all Ireland there is not to be 
 found a serpent nor toad. 78 
 
 The Irish of the southern and eastern coasts, fol- 
 low the customs of the English; those of the north, 
 the Scotch. The others are not very polished, and 
 are called by the English, savages. 79 The English 
 colonists were of the English Church, and the Scotch 
 were Calvinists , but at present they are all Puri- 
 tans. The native Irish are very good Catholics, 
 
 78 The purgation of Ireland from noxious animals has been the 
 subject of the old alliteration — " Ubi nulla venena veniunt, nec 
 serpens serpit in herba." — R. See Note XVII. in Appendix. — W. C. 
 
 7!) The author's general review of the customs, manners, &c. of 
 Ireland is more favourable than that of contemporaneous writers. 
 Stanihurst, although an Irishman, Fynes Moryson, and Rinuccini, 
 draw a less advantageous picture of the people ; and La Motte Le 
 Vayer, preceptor of Louis XIV. in his " Dialogues a la Maniere des 
 Anciens," published at this very period, quotes Solinus and others, 
 who describe the early Iri?h as savages and cannibals, as if the re- 
 presentation was applicable to the country in his own time, that is 
 about 1645. Every one will recollect the lines of Tasso — 
 " Questi de l'altc selve hirsuti manda 
 La divisa dal mondo ultima Irlanda." 
 
 Giraldus Cambrensis, at the period of the English invasion (I will 
 not call it conquest for fear of Mr. O'Connell) is far from partial to 
 Ireland, and it is possible that the graphic relation of the French 
 Ambassador's Secretary under Henry VIII. of his visit to O'Donnell, 
 by order of Francis I. as given by MacGeoghegan, will be remem- 
 bered. It certainly does not place the civilization of Ireland at 
 that age in a favourable light. — R. 
 
39 
 
 though knowing little of their religion ; those of the 
 Hebrides and of the North acknowledge only Jesus 
 and Saint Colombe [ColumMll], but their faith is 
 great in the Church of Rome. 80 Before the English 
 revolution, when an Irish gentleman died, his Bri- 
 tannic Majesty became seized of the property and 
 tutellage of the children of the deceased, whom they 
 usually brought up in the English Protestant reli- 
 gion. Lord Insequin [Inchiqubi]^ 1 was educated in 
 this manner, to whom the Irish have given the name 
 of plague or pest of his country. 
 
 The Irish gentlemen eat a great deal of meat and 
 butter and but little bread. They drink milk, and 
 beer into which they put laurel leaves, 82 and eat 
 bread baked in the English manner. The poor grind 
 barley and peas between two stones 83 and make it 
 into bread, which they cook upon a small iron table 
 
 80 See, every " last dying speech" of any given criminal hanged 
 at the assizes for any given year in Munster. " I die an unworthy 
 member of the Church of Rome." — M. 
 
 81 Murrough O'Brien, sixth Baron and first Earl of Inchiquin. 
 See Note XVIII. in Appendix.— C. 
 
 82 This is still a national custom, and it is said is practised to 
 prevent the beer becoming sour. — Fynes Moryson, who wrote about 
 forty years previous to our traveller's visit, tells us that the aristo- 
 cracy of Ireland " drink not English beer made of malt and hops, 
 but ale." Again Moryson says, " Neither have they (the Irish) any 
 beer made of malt and hops, nor yet any ale, no, not the chief 
 lords, except it be very rarely ; but they drink milk like nectar, 
 warmed with a stone first cast into the fire, or else beef-broath 
 mingled with milk." — C. 
 
 83 See Note XIX. in Appendix.— C. 
 
40 
 
 heated on a tripod ; they put into it some oats, and 
 this bread which in the form of cakes they call 
 Haraan,84 they eat with 1 great draughts of butter- 
 milk. Their beer is very good, and the eau de vie, 
 which they call Brandovin [Brandy~] excellent. The 
 butter, the beef, and the mutton, are better than in 
 England. 
 
 The towns are built in the English fashion, but 
 the houses in the country are in this manner. Two 
 stakes are fixed in the ground, across which is a 
 transverse pole to support two rows of rafters on the 
 two sides, which are covered with leaves and straw. 
 The cabins are of another fashion. There are four 
 walls the height of a man, supporting rafters over 
 which they thatch with straw and leaves. They are 
 without chimneys and make the lire in the middle 
 of the hut, which greatly incommodes those who are 
 not fond of smoke. 85 The castles or houses of the no- 
 
 84 Aran, bread, derived from Ar, plowing, husbandry, aprog, 
 panis. O'Brien's Irish Dictionary. — C. Arare, to plough ; arator 
 arva. — M. 
 
 85 This agrees perfectly with the following account. 
 
 " Built without either brick or stone 
 Or couples to lay roof upon ; 
 With wattlets unto wattles tied 
 (Fixt in the ground on either side) 
 Did like a shaded arbour show, 
 With seats of sods and roof of straw. 
 The floor beneath with rushes laid, stead 
 Of tapestry ; no bed or bedstead ; 
 No posts, nor bolts, nor hinges in door, 
 No chimney, kitchen, hall, or wiudor ; 
 
41 
 
 bility consist of four walls extremely high, thatched 
 with straw ; but to tell the truth they are nothing 
 but square towers without windows, or at least 
 having such small apertures as to give no more 
 light than there is in a prison. 86 They have little fur- 
 niture, and cover their rooms with rushes, of which 
 they make their beds in summer, and of straw in 
 winter. They put the rushes a foot deep on their 
 floors, and on their windows, and many of them 
 ornament the ceilings with branches. 
 
 They are fond of the harp, on which nearly all 
 play ,87 as the English do on the fiddle, the French 
 on the lute, the Italians on the guitar, the Spaniards 
 on the castanets, the Scotch on the bagpipe, the 
 Swiss on the fife, the Germans on the trumpet, 
 the Dutch on the tambourine, and the Turks on the 
 flageolet 88 
 
 But nai'row dormants stopt with hay 
 
 All night, and open in the day. 
 
 On either side there was a door, 
 
 Extent from roof unto the floor ; 
 
 Which they, like hedge-hogs, stopt with straw, 
 
 Or open, as the wind does blow : 
 
 And though they reach from top to floor, 
 
 His Grace crept in upon all-four. 
 
 Betwixt the door there was a spot 
 
 I' th' middle, to hang o'er the pot." 
 
 The Irish Hudibras, 1689. pp. 32-33. 
 
 86 An accurate description of numerous ruins with which Ireland 
 abounds, and which are dignified by the name of castles.— C. 
 
 87 See Note XX. in Appendix.— C. 
 
 88 This reminds one of a passage in Goldsmith— " I've drunk bur - 
 
 E 2 
 
42 
 
 The Irish carry a scquine [skein] or Turkish dag- 
 ger,^ which they dart very adroitly at fifteen paces 
 
 gundy with the French, hollands with the Dutch, gin with the 
 Swiss; eaten vermicelli at Naples, and sourcrout in Germany." — M. 
 
 89 The skein or dagger is a weapon of great antiquity in Ireland, 
 see Walker's Essay on the Armour and Weapons of the Irish. " It 
 appears sticking in the girdles of the Irish kings who paid homage 
 to Richard the Second. In the reign of Elizabeth it was forbid by 
 her charter at Kilkenny, to leave its scabbard in the time of a quar- 
 rel. ' To draw a sword or skein in a quarrel, was punishable by the 
 fine of half a mark.' The author of Hesperi-neso-graphia gives it to 
 his hero Gillo — 
 
 [" Close by his side there hung a skeen, 
 
 With wooden haft, both long and keen, 
 
 Which in rencounters oft had been. 
 
 Which was for many uses good, 
 
 It cut great wattles in the wood ; 
 
 And it was very useful found 
 
 To dig long parsnips out of ground ; 
 
 With it and with his thumb he spread 
 
 His butter often on his bread. 
 
 With it he cut and stabb'd the throats 
 
 Of cows and sheep, of hogs and goats ; 
 
 Potatoes dug, and scraped away 
 
 From's half-tann'd brogues both dung and clay." 
 
 Cant, hi.] 
 
 And in the celebrated ballad of the Plearaca na Ruarcach it is 
 given to all O'Rourke's guests. 
 
 1 They rise from their feast, 
 And hot are their brains ; 
 A cubit at least 
 
 The length of their skeans.' " 
 Dr. Ledwich says {Antiquities of Ireland, p. 287) that " Our 
 skene is evidently a contraction of the Anglo-Saxon segene, a short 
 sword. The skene was sometimes a foot and a half long, sometimes 
 shorter."— C. 
 
43 
 
 distance ; and have this advantage, that if they re- 
 main masters of the field of battle there remains no 
 enemy, and if they are routed, they fiy in such a 
 manner that it is impossible to catch them. I have 
 seen an Irishman with ease accomplish twenty-live 
 leagues a day. They march to battle with the bag- 
 pipes instead of fifes, but they have few drums, and 
 thev use the musket and cannon as we do. They 
 are better soldiers abroad than at home. 
 
 The red haired are considered the most handsome 
 in Ireland. The women have hanging breasts, and 
 those which are freckled like a trout are esteemed 
 the most beautiful. 
 
 The trade of Ireland consists in salmon and her- 
 rings, which they take in great numbers. You have 
 one hundred and twenty herrings for an English 
 penny, equal to a carolns of France, in the fishing 
 time. They import wine and salt from France, and 
 sell there strong frize cloths at good prices. 
 
 The Irish are fond of strangers, and it costs little 
 to travel amongst them. When a traveller of sood 
 address enters their houses with assurance, he has 
 but to draw a box of sinisine 90 [mi no] or snuff, and 
 offer it to them ; then these people receive him with 
 admiration, and ^ive him the best thev have to eat. 
 They love the Spaniards as their brothers, the French 
 
 90 The Greek word tor nuatni avi—i of which the stennrta- 
 tory tendency is well known) happens to be almost exactly this Irish 
 w:r-i ::r ir.i=.— X. 
 
44 
 
 as their friends, the Italians as their allies, the Ger- 
 mans as their Telatives, the] English and Scotch as 
 their irreconcileable enemies. I was surrounded on 
 my journey from Kilkinik [Kilkenny] to Cachel 
 [Cashel] by a detachment of twenty Irish soldiers, 
 and when they learned I was Frankard (it is thus 
 they call us), they did not molest me in the least, but 
 made me offers of service, seeing that I was neither 
 Sazanach [Saxon] nor English. 
 
 The Irish, whom the English call savages, have 
 for their head-dress, a little blue bonnet, raised two 
 fingers breadth in front, and behind covering their 
 head and ears. Their doublet has a long body and 
 four skirts ; and their breeches are a pantaloon of 
 white frize which they call trowsers. Their shoes 
 which are pointed, they call brogues with a single 
 sole. They often told me of a proverb in English, 
 " Airische brogues for Englich dogues" [Irish brogues 
 for English clogs], " the shoes of Ireland for the dogs 
 of England, 1 ' meaning that their shoes are worth 
 more than the English .91 
 
 For cloaks they have five or six yards of frize 
 drawn round the neck, the body, and over the head, 
 and they never quit this mantle, either in sleeping, 
 working, or eating. The generality of them have 
 no shirts, and about as many lice as hairs on their 
 
 91 Quere ; admirably adapted for kicking? Is not this intended 
 to convey the idea that a kick is the fittest salutation with which to 
 greet English dogs ? — M. 
 
45 
 
 heads, which they kill before each other without any 
 ceremony. 9 * 2 
 
 The northern Irish have for their only dress a 
 breeches, and a covering for the back, without bon- 
 net, shoes or stockings. The women of the north 
 have a double rug, girded round their middle and 
 fastened to the throat. Those bordering on Scot- 
 land have not more clothing. The girls of Ireland, 
 even those living in towns, have for their head-dress 
 only a ribbon, and if married, they have a napkin 
 on the head 93 in the manner of the Egyptians. The 
 body of their gowns comes only to their breasts, and 
 when they are engaged in work, they gird their 
 petticoat with their sash about the abdomen. They 
 wear a hat and mantle very large, of a brown colour 
 [couleur minime]^ of which the cape is of coarse 
 
 92 " Some exercise, and some repose 
 
 On rushes some, and some on pallets; 
 Some vermin pick, and some pick sallets." 
 
 The Irish Hudibras, 1689. p. 101 C. 
 
 93 The costume of the Italian women in the paintings of Raphael. 
 They wear a handkerchief tied round their heads, but the colour 
 generally not that of a napkin. — M. 
 
 94 The shade of brown, called in French Minime (a millinery 
 term), is derived from the peculiar colour in the dress of the monks 
 instituted by St. Francois de Paula in Italy, who visited the Court of 
 France in the profligate reign of Henry III. and was received with 
 extraordinary honours by that bigoted and effeminate prince. The 
 saint was not sparing of his denunciations against the wickedness of 
 the court, but such was the frivolity of the French dames, that they 
 
46 
 
 woollen frizej in the fashion of the women of Lower 
 Normandy. 
 
 were more particularly struck by the brown tint of his rude gar- 
 ment, and transferred its peculiar shade to their toilette under the 
 name of " Coideur minima this founder of monks having chosen 
 to call, through humility, his followers " Frcitres minores or mini- 
 mi." — M. 
 
CHAP. VIIL 
 
 The seventeenth of July I went to the roads of 
 Wachefort [Wexford] to embark on board a pin- 
 nace, 95 which I was refused. I went on my knees 
 to the skipper or master, to induce him to receive 
 me on promise of remuneration ; after much alter- 
 cation he told me, that " if he met with any French- 
 men he should take me to France, if with Biscayans 
 to Spain." I answered him that which way 1 went 
 was indifferent to me provided I could get out of 
 Ireland. We sailed immediatelv, but the wind 
 having changed against us, we were obliged to 
 make the mole, and to anchor in the same spot 
 from which we had taken our departure. From 
 thence he sent me ashore again, saying that he 
 would not risk for the passage of an individual, the 
 loss of his cargo ; that if he were taken by the 
 French, and that I did not keep his secret, they 
 would declare that his vessel was a lawful prize, 
 having smuggled goods on board. I entreated of 
 him not to leave me in this island, which I had no 
 
 95 A marginal note on the original states that " a pinnace of the 
 ocean is the same as a brigantine of the Mediterranean, but differ- 
 ently formed." — T. 
 
48 
 
 means of quitting, since the natives were in such 
 fear of the Parliamentarians that they dared not put 
 to sea. He remained inexorable, and I was asto- 
 nished at the ungraciousness of this Irishman, as his 
 countrymen are in general so attentive to strangers. 
 He obliged me to remain in this island, where civil 
 warfare was raging on all sides, and from which the 
 escape appeared to me very difficult, because there 
 was no vessel at Doublin, at Limmerik, and at 
 Waterfort. Scotland was out of the question, for 
 there was no security there. 
 
 On the same day 1 went to complain to my inti- 
 mate friend, Mr. Francois Chariot, an inhabitant of 
 Wachefort, who was astonished at the conduct of the 
 skipper, and begged me to have patience until he had 
 seen Mr. Telin [ Teeling] the owner of the cargo, who, 
 upon Chariot telling him that I came from Avignon, 
 a country by no means inimical to the Spaniards, 
 promised him to allow me a passage, and gave him 
 an order, which he carried to the roads, and made 
 me re-embark. 
 
 The next morning we sailed to the south, and the 
 fourth day we arrived at Souling [Scilly] Isle, called 
 by us Sourlingue where three Salee vessels chased us, 
 and obliged us to run for the coast near St. Yues 
 [St. Ives] in the south of Cornual [Cornwall.] We 
 met there a Parliamentary frigate of twentv-four 
 guns, which was to windward of us, and came within 
 cannon shot of our pinnace, in which we had but 
 six men. We should have preferred falling into 
 
49 
 
 the hands of the Turks than of the Parliamentarians, 
 because with the first we should have been assured of 
 life, and with the others were certain of being killed, 
 on account of the massacre which the Irish had made 
 in their country of the English colonists.^ We did on 
 this occasion all that human power could effect, and 
 doubled the Blac hed [Black head~p~ fortunately 
 without accident, thinking that we had escaped, as 
 we kept creeping to windward of the Parliamentary 
 frigate ; but the tide hems' against us. we were brought 
 pretty close together, and she neared us within musket 
 shot. Perceiving the English royal colours, we were 
 in doubt whether this was a Parliamentary frigate, 
 and to ascertain it we hoisted at the stern the English 
 flag. 
 
 The first cannon shot which they fired at us, went 
 through the middle of our flag. We recommended 
 ourselves to God, and expected assistance only from 
 heaven. We would willingly have run our vessel 
 ashore, but the coast did not allow it. The wind fell, 
 so that we fired several times a small piece of 
 ordnance which we had on the stern ; this made us 
 
 96 See Note XXI. in Appendix. — C. 
 
 97 A marginal note explains u Blac hed" as a le cap noir." — T. 
 
 The etymological taste of our French traveller has found its parallel 
 in English mariners about the Downs. Opposite to Folkstone on 
 the Gallic Coast is a promontory of White Chalk, which appropri- 
 ately enough has been called by our neighbours Blanc nez, (White 
 nose.) On some English charts it has become metamorphosed into 
 Cape Blackness. — M. 
 
 P 
 
50 
 
 advance with the least possible wind, and the 
 Parliamentarians firing from their prow retarded 
 them. They chased us ten leagues, firing incessantly, 
 and left us only under the fort of Falmoutz [Fal- 
 mouth], which fired upon them two volliesof cannon, 
 where Lord Jermein [Jermain] and the greater part 
 of the English court, who were waiting for a passage 
 to France with her most Serene Majesty the Queen, 
 witnessed this unequal engagement, from which we 
 escaped by the providence of God, to whom be the 
 glory, and to me the remembrance of his gracious 
 mercy. 
 
 Two miles from Falmoutz, there is a little town 
 called Perrine \_Penryn~], where I went to see some 
 friends with whom I had become acquainted in 
 England. I there met Captain Smitz 98 [Smith'], 
 who had learned his profession under the late Captain 
 Giron, and who gave me a passage to France in his 
 vessel, promising to treat me with all due respect; 
 which offer I accepted, on account of the friendship 
 he bore me. 
 
 98 " Smitz," says the marginal note on the original, signifies 
 " Mareschal." — T. 
 
CHAP. IX. 
 
 On the morning of Sunday, July the 24th, two 
 remberges and three frigates of the English Parlia- 
 ment appeared off Falmoutz to prevent her most 
 Serene Majesty from leaving England, which vessels 
 separated about ten o'clock, with the view not to 
 alarm us. We deliberated upon sailing at noon, 
 because the Parliamentary vessels were under the 
 impression that we should not dare to sail except at 
 night. 
 
 The vessel in which the Queen embarked was a 
 Dutch ship mounting forty- six guns, and was the 
 first to sail ; she was followed by Captain Smitz's 
 ship, in which I was, and which mounted thirty- 
 eight guns. Then came two heavy English frigates 
 and a Hambourg flutte, loaded w r ith men and bag- 
 gage. Within cannon-shot of Falmoutz the Dutch- 
 man hoisted the Dutch flag at the main-mast, as 
 Admiral of the fleet, and gave orders to Captain 
 Smitz to return shot for shot, if the Parliamentarians 
 attacked us. As we continued our voyage the five 
 vessels of the Parliament were descried, one of 
 which hove too upon the Dutchman, and being 
 equally distant from us fired two broadsides ; one 
 
52 
 
 upon the Dutchman, and the other at us, to make 
 us shorten sail. The Dutchman sheered off, and the 
 remberge fired two or three shots at him, which 
 took effect not far from the Captain's cabin which 
 the Queen had left to go into the hold. The 
 Dutchman being the swiftest sailer, but not so 
 strongly built for action as the remberge, was not long 
 in escaping. She had alongside her a small craft 
 of the Felloukque [Felucca] cut, the crew of which 
 was composed of six Bas-Bretons with oars, to save 
 the Queen in case of a calm or an uncertain engage- 
 ment. We soon lost sight of them ; the two English 
 frigates and the Hambourg flutte made for the pier, 
 and we remained alone harassed by the two rem- 
 berges and three of the enemy's frigates, firing our 
 guns in our defence according to the order of our 
 Admiral, who had left us in the lurch, and in con- 
 sequence of the cowardice of the captains of the 
 frigates who had abandoned us. 
 
 Captain Smitz seeing that we were over-matched, 
 skilfully hove too between the two remberges in 
 order to stand out to sea, because they are not such 
 o;ood sailers as the other vessels. The Admiral 
 alone followed us with one frigate, and the Vice- 
 Admiral gave chace to our flutte ; and one of the 
 frigates returned to London and the other to Mil- 
 fort" [Milford] in Wales, to announce the news of 
 the departure of the Queen. 
 
 99 Milfort, says a note on the original, signifies, "fort du Moulin." 
 — T. 
 
53 
 
 The night was very clear, and we had the two 
 vessels so near ours, that the guns of the remberge 
 were able to hit the frigate which was on the other 
 side of us. In the morning the wind freshened a 
 little, and we passed them at some distance ; but 
 towards noon we again closed. Then Captain Smitz 
 quietly spoke as follows : — " Harkee, my boys ; I 
 have once already been taken by the Parliamen- 
 tarians, when my vessel was wrecked with Dutch 
 troops on board for the service of His Majesty. I 
 would rather die a thousand times than fall into 
 their hands, because I promised them and swore 
 upon the Gospel never to carry arms against them. 
 Come all of you upon deck, in order to repel them 
 if they should try to board us, for I am determined, 
 after having made all the resistance possible, to set 
 fire to the powder room, and to meet death in this 
 manner. However, gentlemen, you are here eighteen 
 brave cavaliers upon whom I rely. Let us not be 
 dismayed by the struggle." Every one then showed 
 himself with a musket and drawn sword to prove to 
 the enemy that we were well manned. This strata- 
 gem deterred the frigate from boarding us, and she 
 contented herself with firing at us balls, and chain- 
 shot hoping to dismast our vessel. We returned 
 their fire, and cut away many parts of their rigging. 
 After this running fight had lasted two days and two 
 nights, we saw the coast of Brittany, and our ene- 
 mies left us. At the same time our main-sail fell, 
 the great rope being cut in two by a shot ; if they 
 
 f 2 
 
54 
 
 had not put their helm about, they would have cap- 
 tured us, in consequence of our Captain not having 
 taken the precaution to put chains to hold the yards, 
 either because he had none, or that in the heat of 
 the action it had slipped his memory ; as our negli- 
 gence only struck us after the danger was passed. 
 
 Having nearly reached Conquet, we put back to 
 sea, on account of a fog which arose on the coast of 
 Brittany, which is rendered dangerous by several 
 rocks thereabouts. The following day we arrived at 
 Conquet, a small town, where we took on board a 
 pilot for Brest, which is seventeen miles distant. 
 The pilot told us that there was no fault to be found 
 with the Dutch captain for not fighting, since the 
 Queen had forbidden him. This, however, so from 
 satisfying Captain Smitz made him fly into a passion, 
 and he said thereupon all that anger could express, 
 because the Dutch captain had ordered him to fire 
 shot for shot, and had nevertheless abandoned him 
 surrounded by five vessels. 
 
 Being both at Brest, her most Serene Majesty 
 made up their quarrel, and reconciled them after a 
 manner, but Captain Smitz never forgot the be- 
 haviour of his superior officer. 
 
 Brest is the depot of the French Admiralty, where 
 every thing is provided necessary for the equipment 
 of vessels for sea. This place is of the highest im- 
 portance, being the key of Lower Brittany. The 
 harbour is the most capacious, and the finest which 
 I ever saw, after that of Ormous [Or?nuz]. 1 saw in 
 
55 
 
 this port the famous vessel " la Couronne," of up- 
 wards of eighty guns, the largest of which were forty 
 pounders. The hull of the vessel was 1636 tons. 
 On the stern were figured the arms of the late 
 Cardinal Richelieu, with these words written, 
 t£ Subdidit Oceasum." He has conquered the 
 ocean. A device which might possibly have come 
 to pass if this -Minister had had health equal to his 
 talent, and had been able to govern himself as he 
 governed others. 
 
 P.S. — The observation of my valued friend Mr. 
 DTsraeli, in the Fifth Volume of his most interesting 
 and important "Commentaries on the Life and Reign 
 of Charles I. ;" when speaking of the secret anecdotes 
 of years 1644 and 164 5, and referring to the dispatches 
 of the French resident at London, (Monsieur Mel- 
 choir de Sabran,) is as applicable to our traveller's 
 mode of spelling proper names, (which have been 
 preserved as originally printed), as to the value of a 
 narrative relating to a period subject to party repre- 
 sentations. 
 
 Such documents, Mr. Disraeli remarks, "are 
 precious, as the personal observations of a foreigner 
 who was intimately acquainted with the busv actors 
 
56 
 
 of the time. As is usual with the French, the writer 
 could not contrive to write down their names, but by 
 trusting to his own Gallic ear. It required some in- 
 genuity to discover in Le Comte d'Orgneil, the Earl 
 of Argyle ; in Le Comte de la Dredayle, Lord Lau- 
 derdale ; Milord CanoueJ, Lord Kinnoul ; Colonel 
 Guaiche, Goring ; and it required some time to un- 
 mask Milord Ausbrick, to detect Lord Uxbridge." 
 
 Many an English tourist in Ireland, however, may 
 be charged with blunders quite as serious as any that 
 can be objected against our French traveller; for in- 
 stance, Mr. Curwen, M.P. in vol. ii. p. 4, of his 
 Tour through Ireland, published about twenty years 
 since, renders Ballincollig by Bally Cobleck, and 
 translates Lord Mountcashel into Mr. McCassel, &c. 
 
 C. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 / 
 
APPENDIX, 
 
 i. 
 
 The question asked cannot in the slightest degree impeach 
 our traveller's authenticity. He merely records what he heard, 
 which he guardedly states to be " according to the calculation 
 of the Protestants." But the Abbe MacGeoghegan claims 
 attention in this controversy. (Histoire d'Irlande, p. 670.) 
 " It is impossible to determine with exactness the number 
 of the unfortunate who perished during the twelve years 
 that this barbarous scene lasted, with more or less vio- 
 lence. Protestant authors endeavouring to charge the 
 Catholics with the infamy of this massacre ; the extravagant 
 and romantic list produced by Sir John Temple, and some 
 other authors of the same stamp, of three hundred thousand 
 Protestants massacred in a single province are not only 
 ridiculous, but altogether impossible. Mr. Hume draws a 
 frightful picture, and at the same time less faithful, of the 
 massacre which occurred in Ireland, 1641. He lays the 
 charge on the Irish alone ; all that he says is but a recital of 
 what the republican and fanatic authors had so many times 
 repeated after Sir John Temple, and which had been so 
 frequently answered." 
 
 Now, no such assertion as Sir John Temple is here twice 
 represented to have made, and which charge is repeated even 
 to 6atiety against that historian, can be even inferred from any 
 
60 
 
 construction of his words. Sir John Temple says, that in 
 " not full two years after" the breaking out of the hostilities 
 of 1641, "above three hundred thousand British and Protes- 
 tants [were] cruelly murdered in cold blood, destroyed some 
 way or other [that is, in the course of warfare, by want of 
 food, exposure to the weather, fright, or other causes], or 
 [mark the or,] expelled out of their habitations." These 
 are the precise words of Sir John Temple, which Catholic 
 writers have distorted by a sweeping assertion into an actual 
 massacre of the total number, including therein all those who 
 suffered even inconvenience by removal of abode ; and thus is 
 Sir John Temple popularly stigmatised in Ireland as having 
 written '* as many lies in a manner as lines in his romantic 
 legend of the Irish rebellion, on purpose to blacken the people, 
 and exasperate the Republicans of England against them, and 
 against the King too, upon the account of the murders he 
 pretends to have been committed." 
 
 This quotation is made from the last edition of " The 
 Impartial History of Ireland," or " The Genuine History of 
 Ireland/' by Hugh Reily, of which the reprints of 1782 
 and 1833 for popular circulation, lie before me. Reily's 
 impartial history, it should be observed, is nothing more 
 than a political pamphlet, written to prove the justice of 
 resuming the Roman Catholic estates forfeited under Elizabeth 
 and Cromwell. The writer observes: — " Before I proceed 
 any further, 'tis necessary to examine what I heartily wish for 
 the credit of both parties could be buried in eternal oblivion^ 
 that is, the many outrages and barbarous murders committed 
 on both sides during the unhappy war." [To this I heartily 
 subscribe.] " Neither party can be excused, but those to be 
 sure are more to blame who began the tragedy. 'Tis certain," 
 
61 
 
 continues Reilv, that l: each of them has laboured to throw 
 the first scene upon the other ; but upon the whole matter. 
 I think, it is very plain, that the Protestants were the first 
 actors upon the stage, who immediately upon the discovery 
 of the plot in Dublin, rinding there were not many con- 
 cerned in the Xorthern insurrection but men of desperate 
 fortunes, and apprehending that few estated natives would 
 willinglv engage in a rebellion, took what measures thev could 
 to provoke and frighten them into it. [? ] In order to which 
 design thev sent out several parties, as well in remote places 
 as round about Dublin, who murdered a great many without dis- 
 tinction of age or sex : particularly at Santrv, Clontarf, and 
 Bullock, all within three or four miles of the citv, where thev 
 massacred in the beginning of November, 164], near upon 
 four score of the poor country people; as the garrison of 
 Carrickfergus some days before butchered in one night all the 
 inhabitants of the country called Island Magee, to the 
 number of two or three thousand men, women, and children. 
 The like feats were done bv Lord Broghill, late Earl of Orrerv, 
 in the counties of Cork, Waterford, and parts adjacent ; by 
 Sir Charles Coote, in his expedition into the Countv of Wick- 
 low ; by Captain Peasely Brown and others, in the countv of 
 Tipperary ; and in tine, because it was a general contrivance 
 by most of the Protestant garrisons of any strength all over 
 the kingdom." 
 
 Reily. after a paragraph upon which there is not space to 
 comment here, thus proceeds: — " Tis not yet known how manv 
 were thus sacrificed on either side ; but too manv thev were, 
 be they never so few. Sir John Temple's romantic legend, where 
 he draws up his muster roll of two or three hundred thousand 
 of English Protestants massacred in one province, is not only 
 
 G 
 
62 
 
 incredible, but "most ridiculous and absolutely imp ossible 
 For (to omit that some hundreds said to have been there slain, 
 were living for many years after, and some of them lived to see 
 the Restoration,) all informed men must own, there was not half 
 that number of Protestants in the whole kingdom in the 
 summer of 16 H, as the aforesaid author of the Catholic 
 Apology, an English person of honour, who generously took 
 some pains to examine this aspersion, has proved not only 
 from good reasons, but even from Protestant writers ; and 
 concludes upon the whole matter, that all these hundreds of 
 thousands said to have been murdered in the North could not 
 exceed three thousand. And Sir William Petty, an English- 
 man and a Protestant too, who was Clerk to the Usurper's 
 Council, and Surveyor General of the lands in Ireland, an 
 ingenious inquisitive person, affirms that upon the exactest 
 scrutiny there were not above thirty-six thousand on both sides 
 killed in the field, or murdered in cold blood during the whole 
 war.'' 
 
 Now all this, so far as regards Sir John Temple's assertions, 
 is combatting with a shadow which the writer's fancy has 
 conjured up. Sir William Petty's statement is, no doubt, 
 that nearest the truth ; but Sir John Temple's authority has 
 been most unfairly assailed, as " a romantic legend," by those 
 who assert that two or three thousand men, women, and 
 children were " butchered" (here there can be no mistake 
 about the expression) in one night in the island of Magee. 
 
 Mr. MacSkimin, the ingenious author of the History of 
 Carrickfergus, has investigated the question of the massacre in 
 the island of Magee with so much research, and has bestowed 
 so much able and cool investigation on the subject, that his 
 statement merits the serious attention of all interested in the 
 
63 
 
 history of Ireland, and who feel that history is no party 
 question. 
 
 " The earliest account/' says MacSkimin, " in which the 
 Protestants are charged as being the aggressors in the bar- 
 barities of 1641-2, appears in an anonymous pamphlet, 
 entitled 1 The Politician s Catechism,' by R. S., printed 
 and published in London in 1 66'2 ; twenty-one years after the 
 events are said to have happened, which it pretends to describe. 
 A short paragraph in this tract has been the basis of all the 
 gross misrepresentations that have been published on this 
 subject. It is as follows : — ' About the beginning of Novem- 
 ber, 1641, the English and Scotch forces in Knockfergus 
 murdered in one night all the inhabitants of the territory of 
 Island Magee, in number above three thousand, men, women, 
 and children, all innocent persons, in a time when none of the 
 Catholics of that country were in arms or rebellion.' To this 
 article is added the following note. 1 This was the first 
 massacre committed in Ireland, on either side.' Here we 
 plainly perceive gross mis-statements, it being notorious that 
 the rebellion began on the twenty-third of the previous 
 October, and that the twenty-fourth of that month was 
 marked on the part of the Roman Catholics by all the san- 
 guinary atrocities of the period in question. 
 
 "It is worthy of remark, that the season chosen for the 
 publication of this slanderous and anonymous pamphlet was 
 truly auspicious ; the tide was turning fast from Puritanism 
 to Popery ; the Roman Catholics were a considerable body at 
 Court, and both the King and the Duke of York had by 
 several acts evinced their partiality for that faith. 
 
 " Some years after the publication of this pamphlet by 
 R. S., it was bound up as an Appendix to Lord Clarendon's 
 
64 
 
 1 History of the Affairs of Ireland,' doubtless for the purpose 
 of giving its falsehoods weight and publicity, by their being 
 attached to a work bearing on its title the high authority of 
 his Lordship's name. 
 
 " Of the slanders thus propagated, the Protestants of that 
 time appear to have been well aware. Sir Audley Mervin, 
 speaker of the Irish House of Commons, in addressing the 
 Duke of Ormond, 13th February, 1662, says: — 'The 
 Roman Catholics of this kingdom may get a reputation and 
 credit to those pamphlets which they have dispersed through 
 Europe, that his Majesty's Protestant subjects first fell upon 
 and murdered them.' 
 
 " The next notice we have observed on the same side is 
 contained in a small work entitled ' The Genuine History of 
 Ireland,' said on its title to be written by Hugh Reilly 
 (Dr. Nary) [?], printed in London in 1742. In this tract it is 
 said that the massacre in Island Magee, happened early in 
 November, 1641, and that the number of sufferers amounted 
 to between two and three thousand persons ; but it is admitted 
 that the rebellion began on 23rd October, 1641. 
 
 " Incorrect as these accounts are, as to the time and the 
 number murdered, they are nevertheless repeated in a work 
 entitled, 1 A Dialogue on the Rebellion of 1641/ published 
 in 1747 ; and also in a book entitled, ' Memoirs of Ireland, 
 in a letter to Walter Harris, Esq.' printed in 1757. A 
 similar statement is also given, on the authority of Lord 
 Clarendon, in 1 Desiderata Curiosa Hibernica,' printed in 
 Dublin in 1772; and likewise by Dr. Curry, a Roman 
 Catholic, in his ' Review of the Civil Wars of Ireland,' 
 published in 1775. Francis Plowden, Esq. an English 
 Roman Catholic Barrister, also asserts the same in his pon- 
 
6,5 
 
 derous ' Historical View of the State of Ireland/ printed in 
 1803, giving Lord Clarendon as his authority ; although, in 
 reality, his Lordship's work is a complete refutation of his 
 assertions. A still later work, by an Irish Roman Catholic, 
 contains similar information ; he gravely tells his readers, 
 that he will not disgust them with an account of that atrocious 
 massacre, nor set down the terrible vengeance inflicted by the 
 Irish on their sanguinary enemies. This is saying pretty 
 plainly that the Protestants were the aggressors. 
 
 '"It is particularly worthy of remark, that the 1 Remon- 
 strance' of the Roman Catholics, presented to the King's 
 Commissioners at Trim, in March, 1642, takes no notice of 
 any murders committed in Island Magee ; nor is any mention 
 made of them in the ' Humble Apology,' of the Roman 
 Catholics to his Majesty, for their taking up arms ; nor yet 
 in the second ' Remonstrance' presented to the King. From 
 their silence on this head we may fairly infer, that had their 
 accounts of the massacre been true, as to time and numbers, 
 it would have formed a chief feature, not only in one of these 
 documents, but in them all. 
 
 " ft is not a little remarkable that Protestant writers should 
 have inadvertently fallen into a portion of the same error, as 
 to numbers, and have ascribed this massacre to the fanaticism of 
 the Scotch Puritan soldiers, when it appears from several 
 historical documents that no Scottish troops arrived at Car- 
 rickfergus till the following April. Carte, in his ' Life of 
 the Duke of Ormond,' mentions the massacre as committed 
 by the garrison of Carrickfergus, but speaks with uncertainty 
 as to the main points in dispute. Dr. Leland, in his ' His- 
 tory of Ireland,' says that thirty families were massacred, but 
 states it to have been committed early in January, 1 64*., 
 G 2 
 
 ■ 
 
66 
 
 c when the followers of O'Neill had almost exhausted their 
 barbarous malice.' Since the time that Leland wrote, the 
 minor Protestant historians appear to have contented them- 
 selves with merely quoting from one or the other of those 
 authors. 
 
 " Some years after the suppression of the rebellion of 
 1641-2, this massacre, among other matters, attracted the 
 notice of Government, and about 1650, an inquiry concerning 
 it took place. Bryan Magee, son of Owen, whose family was 
 among the chief sufferers, deposed, that about the 8th of 
 January, 1641 (1642, according to our present calculation), 
 he was living in his father's house in Island Magee, when 
 nine of the family were murdered by twenty persons reputed 
 Scotchmen, and their goods carried off by them. That on 
 the same day, in the house of his next neighbour, Daniel 
 Magee, the same Scotchmen (as one who escaped told him) 
 killed Daniel and ten other persons ; and that they all retired 
 to Carrickfergus with prisoners ; but that Colonel Hill not 
 being in garrison, the Scotchmen took them out of the gate 
 and killed three of them. 
 
 " Elizabeth Gormally, deposed seeing Bryan Boye Magee, 
 son of the Magees, followed by drummers of the garrison of 
 Carrickfergus, on Monday after the great murder, com- 
 mitted about the end of December, and after the breaking out 
 of the rebellion. 
 
 " Finlay O'Donnell, deposed, that it was the report of the 
 country that the chief actors in this horrid business were 
 Scotchmen, who came from the neighbourhood of Ballymena. 
 Another deponent also stated the same report, with the name 
 of the leader of the murderers, who it is said was from Bally- 
 mena. Some of the deponents also gave the sirnames of 
 
67 
 
 several of the assassins, with the weapons used by them ; and 
 relate that one of the ruffians stabbing at a female with a 
 dagger, killed an infant in her arms. 
 
 " The deposition of James Mitchel of Island Magee, a 
 Dissenter, corresponds exactly, as to the time of the masacre, 
 by stating that it was in the afternoon of Sunday, 8th January. 
 
 " While," continues Mr. MacSkimin, " we must all deplore 
 this horrid deed, we must also reprobate that malignant spirit 
 which even yet continues to advance such gross exaggerations, 
 which we think is sufficiently apparent even from the general 
 population of the parish at that period. In 1599 Fynes 
 Moryson states, that the Island of Magee was desolate ; and 
 between that time and 1641, there was little tranquillity, 
 Tyrone's rebellion having rendered the greater part of Ulster 
 literally a desert. By the returns of the census of 1819, 
 Island Magee then only contained 1931 inhabitants; and by 
 that of 1821, 2300 persons, probably eighteen or twenty 
 times the number of people at the period of the massacre ; and 
 we see that some of them were Dissenters, and that a number 
 of Roman Catholics were preserved. 
 
 •'Before taking leave of this subject, it may not be amiss 
 to remark how easily 30 could be altered to 3000, the number 
 in the pamphlet of R. S. ; in which pamphlet the small 
 peninsula of Island Magee is called a * territory,' a word 
 generally understood to signify a large tract of country, rather 
 than a mere stripe, without either hamlet or village. Judging 
 therefore by the depositions of the survivors, the probability is 
 that thirty individuals were not under the number who 
 suffered." C. 
 
68 
 
 II. 
 
 " The belief of moving islands in these seas was very ancient. 
 Giraldus tells us of an island on the Irish coast, which sud- 
 denly made its appearance one clear day, and which disap- 
 peared the moment any one approached it. At length a party 
 went out in pursuit of it, and as they approached within bow- 
 shot, one of them struck it with a red-hot arrow, the conse- 
 quence of which was that it immediately became stationary. 
 The conclusion which Giraldus draws from this legend is 
 curious. — " Multis itaque patet argumentis," says he, " phan- 
 tasmati cuilibet ignem semper inimicissimum." — Girald. Camb. 
 Topog. Hib. lib. ii. c. 12.— W. 
 
 Milton thus poetically explains the idea entertained by 
 northern voyagers of floating islands. 
 
 " that sea-beast 
 
 Leviathan, which God of all his works 
 Created hugest that swim th' ocean stream : 
 Him haply slumb'ring on the Norway foam 
 The pilot of some small night-founder'd skiff 
 Deeming some island, oft, as sea-men tell, 
 With fixed anchor in his scaly rind 
 Moors by his side under the lee, while night 
 Invests the sea, and wished morn delays." 
 
 Mr. Hardiman, in his" Irish Minstrelsy," (a work which 1 
 regret to find so deeply tinged with the writer's political opi- 
 nions), has an extremely curious note upon what he calls these 
 " Miranda loca" of former times. In modern days, however, the 
 minute search after the imaginary danger known by the name of 
 
 * 
 
69 
 
 11 Aitkins's rock," by Captain Vidal, of the Royal Navy, and 
 the delineation of the sub-marine bank which now bears his 
 name, are labours that have in some measure dispelled the 
 mist of enchantment from the navigation of the north-west 
 coast of Ireland, and which the survey of Captain Mudge 
 will complete. 
 
 Mr. Hardiman refers to the unpublished manuscript History 
 of Ireland, in the library of the Royal Irish Academy, where 
 the author states that, " the Tuathdedanans coming in upon 
 the Fearbolgs, expelled them into the out islands which lay 
 scattered on the north coasts, and they themselves were served 
 the same measure by the Clanna Milidhes, but what became 
 of the remainder of them I cannot learne, unless they doe 
 inhabitt an iland, which lveth far att sea, on the west of 
 Connaught, and sometimes is perceived by the inhabitants of 
 the Oulis and Iris. It is also said to be sometime seene from 
 Saint Helen Head, being the farthest west point of land be- 
 yond of the haven of Calbeggs (Donegall). Likewise several 
 seamen have discovered it att sea, as they have sailed on the 
 western coasts of Ireland ; one of whom, named Captain Rich, 
 who lives about Dublin of late vears, had a view of the land, 
 and was so neere that he discovered a harbour, as he sup- 
 posed, by two head lands on either sides thereof, but could 
 never make to land, although when he had lost sight thereof 
 in a mist which fell upon him, he held the same course se- 
 veral hours afterwards. This I am bold to insert by the way, 
 because I have heard a relation hereof from many credible 
 persons, and particularly from the said Captain Rich, allsoe 
 in many old mapps (especially mapps of Europe or mapps of 
 the world) you shall find it by the name of O'Brasile, under 
 the longitude 03° 00', and the latitude 50° 20'. So that it 
 
70 
 
 may be those famous enchanters now inhabitt there, and by 
 their magick skill conceal their lland from forraigners. Yett 
 this is my own conceipt, and would have it taken for no 
 other.'' 
 
 M But," says Mr. Hardiman, " the most complete account 
 of this fanciful island is to be found in a letter from a gentle- 
 man in Derry to his friend in England, printed in London in 
 the year 1675. The narrative is so curious, and the pam- 
 phlet in which it appeared so scarce, that I am induced to lay 
 it entire before the reader. To those possessing strong ima- 
 ginative powers, it presents an ample field for romantic 
 fiction. 
 
 M O'Brazile, or the Enchanted Island, being a perfect rela- 
 tion of the late Discovery, and wonderful Disenchant- 
 ment of an Island on the North of Ireland, fyc. 
 
 " Honoured Cousen, 
 
 " i have received yours of the 12th of February, 
 and the printed relation of the certain death of that arch-pirate 
 Captain Cusacke ; of whose death all our merchants here in 
 Ireland are very glad ; especially my cousen Mathew Calhoon, 
 from whom Cusacke took the last vessel ; which it seems 
 brought him to his deserved fatal end. And in requital of 
 your news concerning Cusacke, 1 shall acquaint you with a 
 story no less true ; but I believe much more strange and won- 
 derful, concerning the discovery of that long-talk't-of island 
 O'Brazile, which (I believe) you have often heard of. 
 
 " I know there are in the world many stories and romances 
 concerning inchanted islands, castles, and towers, &c, and that 
 our king's dominions may in nothing be inferiour to any other 
 nation, we have had an inchanted island, upon the north of 
 
7} 
 
 Ireland, long talk't of. And indeed when I went first into the 
 kingdom of Ireland to live, and heard those many stories which 
 were common in every man's mouth, concerning the island of 
 O'Brazile (as they called it), which multitudes reported often 
 to be seen upon the coast of Ulster, in that kingdom ; yet I 
 lookt upon it as a perfect romance, and many times laught the 
 reporters to scorn ; though many sober and religious persons 
 would constantly affirm, that in bright days (especially in summer 
 time) they could perfectly see a very large absolute island ; but 
 after long looking at it, it would disappear. And sometimes one 
 friend and neighbor would one call another to behold it, until 
 there would be a considerable number together; every one of 
 which would not be persuaded but that they perfectly saw it, 
 and some of them have made towards it with boats ; but when 
 they have come to the place where they thought it was, they 
 have found nothing. And many old people in the countrey 
 would tell many old probable stories, how it came first to be 
 inchanted. I confess there were (in those days) two things 
 made me little to wonder. 
 
 " 1st. How it came to be inserted into many of our both 
 ancient and modern maps (as you or any man may find it is ), 
 by the name of O'Brazile. 
 
 " 2d. The other is, what moved your cousen (that you know 
 died but within these four or five years at Glasslough), who 
 was a wise man, and a great scholar, to put himself to the 
 charges and trouble (in the late king's time), to take out a * 
 patent for it, whensoever it should be gained, certainly he and 
 those that counselled him to it, lookt upon it as some in- 
 
 * There is nothing more certain than that a patent was taken out 
 for it in the late King's days. 
 
72 
 
 chanted (if any sucli thing there be) kingdom or island, that, 
 in time, might be recovered. And since the happy restoration 
 of his Majesty that now reigns, many reports have been, that 
 it hath been disin chanted or taken, yea, in the time of the sit- 
 ting of the last parliament in Dublin (in the year 1663), one 
 coming out of Ulster, assured the House of Commons 
 (whereof he was a Member), that the inchantment was 
 broken, and it gained ; but it proved not so, and about two 
 years after, a certain Quaker pretended that he had a revela- 
 tion from Heaven, that he was the man ordained to take it, 
 with a new ship built by inspiration, &c, and in order 
 thereunto he built a vessell, but what became of him or his 
 enterprize, I never heard, it seems that the full time was not 
 then come. I assure you (dear cousen), I was not then so 
 unwilling to believe it, as now I am certain of it from very 
 good hands, but whether (in the original) it have been a trick 
 of Rome, one of the works and mysteries of Babylon, I can- 
 not say, neither dare I dispute, but this I am sure of, that the 
 time, or inchantment (or what you please to call it), is now 
 out and the island fully discovered, or taken, and the manner 
 briefly thus : — 
 
 " There is one Captain John Nisbet, who lived formerly at 
 Lisneskey, in the county of Fermanagh ; this man left Lisnes- 
 key, seven or eight years since, and came to live at Killebegs, 
 in the barony of Boylagh and Bannagh, in the county of 
 Dunnegall, in Ulster (a corporation you know right well). 
 This man, Captain Nisbet, since he came to Killebegs hath 
 fraught out several vessels to France and Holland, &c, with 
 such merchandize as the country afforded. And in Septem- 
 ber last he fraught out a vessel of about 70 tons, laden 
 with butter, tallow, and hides for France, which was to bring 
 
73 
 
 back French wines, which vessel being returning, and near 
 the coasts of Ireland (as they thought) upon the 2d of this in- 
 stant, March, 1674, after a most clear and frosty night, in the 
 morning, about the time of sun rising, of a sudden, there fell 
 a most terrible thick mist of focr, upon the sea, round about 
 them, which continued the space of about three hours, and 
 then cleared up again, very bright. But when the mist was 
 vanish t, they found themselves upon a certain coast, close by 
 the shore, and of a sudden also, a very high wind, driving 
 them still nearer to the land. When the master, and the rest 
 with him (who were but eight persons in all), viz. James 
 Mac Donnel, the master, Alexander Johnson, skipper, James 
 Ross, carpenter, and five mariners, saw themselves so near an 
 unknown shore, and could not imagine what place it should 
 be, for though they knew most of the shores of Ireland and 
 Scotland, yet they could not possibly give any guess where 
 they were. Finding themselves therefore so near land, and 
 some little rocks not far off them, the master gave orders to 
 sound what waters they had; and finding it not three fathoms, 
 thev thought it was the best course to strike sails and drop an 
 anchor (which accordingly they did), until thev might inform 
 themselves where they were. And having cast anchor, they 
 resolved to set four of their eight men ashore, to see if thev 
 could learn where they were, and how to get off; which, 
 after they had taken down their boat, they did. The persons that 
 were to goe, were the carpenter, James Ross, and three mari- 
 ners, who took with them swords and pistols. Presentlv after 
 landing, they past through a little wood, and within less than 
 an English mile in a most pleasant green valley (wherein were 
 many cattle, horses, and sheep feeding), they saw a very 
 strong-like castle appearing, unto which they repaired, acd 
 
 B 
 
74 
 
 called, thinking to find some that might direct them where 
 they were, and what to do, but after they had long knockt, 
 and saw nor heard any creature (not so much as a dog) answer, 
 they concluded it was some waste place, and therefore left it, 
 and going further up a most pleasant green hill, they saw 
 multitudes of black rabbets, about a mile from the castle ; but 
 when they came to the height thereof, look which way they 
 pleased, they could see neither man, woman, child, nor house; 
 at last having ranged two or three hours about the country, 
 and lighting on none to enquire of, they returned again to 
 their boat, and told their fellows aboard what success they had 
 had ; whereupon their fellows calling for the boat, resolved to 
 come ashore also, all but one mariner ; which they did, and 
 dividing themselves into two parts, one part took the right 
 hand shore, and the other the left ; both parties wandering up 
 and down, until four of the clock in the afternoon, but neither 
 of them saw any people to enquire of ; but much cattle, deer, 
 rabbets, &c, but afar off in the country, they saw great 
 woods, into which they dare not venture ; so that both parties 
 returned again to their boat. At last the weather being very 
 cold and drawing towards night, finding abundance of old dry 
 wood, in the side of the above named little wood, near unto 
 the shore, they resolved to make a great fire, against a great 
 old oak, that was fallen down with age ; and in order thereto, 
 some brought wood, and some others struck fire ; and at last, 
 having made a rousing fire, and sitting warming themselves, dis- 
 coursing and taking tobacco, on a sudden they heard a terrible 
 hideous noise, towards that place, especially where they saw the 
 old castle, and almost all over the island, which did so terrify 
 and amaze them, that they presently left their fire, took their 
 boat, and went all aboard as fast as they could, where they con- 
 
tinned in great fear all night, yet neither could nor durst stir 
 out to sea, because when they sounded again, they had not 
 two fathoms of water, and the wind directly against them. 
 
 M The next morning, as soon as the sun was risen, they 
 saw a very ancient grave gentleman, and ten men following 
 him bareheaded (as if his servants) coming towards the shore, 
 where the ship lay, and being come close to the water side, 
 the old gentleman calling to the master (in the old Scotch 
 language), who, wiih the rest stood upon the deck, asked him, 
 from whence thev came? whither they were bound? and 
 with what thev were laden ? The master answered, they 
 were come from France, were laden with French wines, with 
 which they were bound to KiDybegs, in the county of Dune- 
 gall, in Ireland, if it pleased God to give them leave. Then 
 the old gentleman askt them, how they came thither? and 
 whether thev knew where thev were ? or how to get forth ? 
 The master told him that before the great fog fell upon them 
 yesterday, thev thought thev were near the coast of Ireland, 
 but where they now were, or how to get off. he knew not in 
 the least. Then the grave gentleman told them, if they 
 would please to come ashore again, they should be cour- 
 teously entertained, told where they were, well rewarded, and 
 guided to their own coast. Then the master asked whether 
 they should have no wrong or harm done to themselves nor 
 vessel if they came ashore ? The old man promised thev 
 should not, whereupon the master and the rest seeing no 
 arms with them, resolved six of them should come ashore well 
 armed. 
 
 " As soon as they were landed, the old gentleman embraced 
 them one by one ; telling them, they were the most happy 
 sight that island had seen some hundred years ; that the 
 
76 
 
 island was called O'Brazile; that his ancestors were some- 
 times princes of it, telling them also, that he and several per- 
 sons of quality, by the malicious diabolical art of a great 
 Negromancer, had been tyrannically shut up in the castle they 
 knockt at yesterday, in which several of their progenitors had 
 ended their miserable days : and the whole island a receptacle 
 of furies, made (to mortals) unserviceable and invisible, until 
 now that the cursed time was expired, which (saith he) conti- 
 tinued until the last day of the last month, but three or four 
 days since. Being askt why none answered in the castle yes- 
 terday when the mariners knockt so long, he answered that 
 though the wicked time was expired, and that now the island 
 was visible, and any might come upon it, yet he and the rest 
 had neither power to answer any that spoke to them, nor free 
 themselves from imprisonment, until fire was kindled upon 
 the island by some good Christian ; being askt whether it was 
 now absolutely free, and would never be inchanted again ? he 
 told them it was now absolutely free, and should never be 
 troubled again, but all the powers of darkness, when they 
 heard that hideous noise, were finally departed. 
 
 " After which words he led them towards the said 
 castle (the chief tower being as it were demolished), where 
 met them, several other grave persons, both men and 
 women, who all embraced the master and the rest, giving 
 them many thanks ; then the other two were fetcht out of the 
 vessel, and all nobly feasted and richly rewarded and shewed 
 the glory and riches of the said island, which they say is above 
 sixty miles in length, and above thirty in breath, abounding 
 with horses, cows, sheep, stags, rabbets, but no swine, and all 
 sorts of fowls, and rich mines of silver and gold, but few peo- 
 ple, and little or no corn ; there have been cities and great 
 towns, but all consumed. 
 
77 
 
 " The men being richly rewarded, were conducted to their 
 vessel, and shewed the way out of the harbour, and directed 
 the way to their own coast ; and came the next day, at night, 
 to Killybegs, where they acquainted the minister of the town, 
 and many other persons of quality in the country, who gave 
 no extraordinary credit to their words at first, until the master 
 and the rest shewed them many of the pieces of gold and 
 silver which were given them there, which were large, and of a 
 most ancient stamp, somewhat rusty, yet pure gold ; the 
 master also offering immediately to carry any gentleman to the 
 said island, that desired to know the further truth, whereupon 
 some gentlemen of the country, within three days after, sent 
 out another vessel, and the above-named Alexander Johnson, 
 skipper, and some of the former mariners to guide her, to 
 prove whether it were true or not, who brought them to the 
 said island, where they were nobly entertained, and returned, 
 in safety, with several gifts, which were bestowed upon them, 
 as also some further relation of the nature of the countrey. 
 Since then, several godly ministers and others are gone to 
 visit and discourse them (but at the writing hereof I heard 
 nothing of their return), who doubtless will bring a more per- 
 fect relation. Dear Cousen, you need not be afraid to relate 
 this, for I assure you, beside the general discourse of the 
 gentlemen of the country, I had it from Captain Nisbet his 
 own mouth (whose the vessel, &c. was), since which several 
 gentlemen have sent an express, with the true relation of it, 
 under their hands and seals, to some eminent persons in 
 Dublin. Thus not troubling you any further at present, I rest 
 " Your most affectionate 
 
 " Cousen and Servant, 
 
 " W. Hamilton. " 
 
 <4 Londonderry, March 14, 1674." 
 
 H 2 
 
78 
 
 " Dear Cousen, 
 
 " I think your young cousen Lesly is still in London ; 
 if you can enquire him out, pray shew him this relation : it 
 may be it may concern him, because his father had a patent 
 for it. 
 
 " W. H." 
 
79 
 
 HI. 
 
 " Nunquam imprudentibus imber 
 Obfuit ; aut ilium surgentem vallibus imis 
 Aeriae fugere grues ; aut bucula coelum 
 Suspiciens patulis captavit naribus auras ; 
 Aut arguta lacus circumvolitavit hirundo ; 
 Et veterem in limo ranse cecinere querelam. 
 Saepius et tectis penetralibus extulit ova 
 Angustum formica terens iter ; et bibit ingens 
 Arcus ; et e pastu decedens agmine magno 
 Corvorum increpuit densis exercitus alis. 
 Jam varias pelagi volucres, et quse Asia circum 
 Dulcibus in stagnis rimantur prata Caystri, 
 Certatim largos humeris infundere rores, 
 Nunc caput objectare fretis, nunc currere in undas. 
 Et studio incassum videas gestire lavandi. 
 Turn comix plena pluviam vocat improba voce, 
 Et sola in sicca secum spatiatur arena." 
 
 Georgic. I. 373—389. 
 
 Thus rendered by Dr. Maginn. 
 
 " Those who in weather signs are wise, 
 Can guard against approaching rain, 
 
 They note, as it begins to rise 
 
 From vallies low, how upward flies 
 In airy tour the soaring crane. 
 
30 
 
 The heifer, looking to the sky, 
 
 Snuffs- the moist air with nostril wide , 
 The swallow, with its shrilly cry, 
 
 Soars round and round the lake's still side ; 
 The frog among the marshes swells 
 
 His long-known note of croaking song. 
 The ants from out their inmost cells 
 
 Wearing their narrow path along, 
 Draw forth their eggs in busier march; — 
 Then deeper drinks the heavenly arch ; 
 Then as the rooks their food forsake, I 
 In crowding hosts their flight to take, / 
 More clamorous is the cry they make : — * 
 And all the birds that love the deep, 
 
 Or those who, by the Asian plain, 
 Near sweet Cayster's waters sweep 
 
 In search of food, will then in vain 
 All in the waters fondly lave, 
 
 And dip their heads beneath the flood ; 
 Or rapidly across the wave 
 
 In sportive rivalry will scud. 
 And loud the boding raven cries, 
 
 As if she would the rains demand, 
 And stalks along in solemn wise, 
 
 All lonely on the thirsty sand." 
 
31 
 
 IV. 
 
 The town of Angers, which appears to have been the 
 native place of Boulaye le Gouz, was not unimportant at this 
 period, and had been a fortified city of some consequence in 
 the wars of Edward III. and Henry VI. and of the Huguenot. 
 The population was about 20,000 souls. Angers possessed, 
 before the Revolution, a military school (ecole militaire), to 
 which, under the tuition of a certain Monsieur de Pignerol, 
 there came a young Irish gentleman, in his seventeenth year, 
 to study the rudiments of war. The pupil subsequentlv en- 
 tered as Ensign in the 41st Regiment of Foot, and is now 
 known by his title of Arthur, Duke of Wellington. Well 
 might Frenchmen say, of their noble vanquisher's military 
 tuition, after the final catastrophe at Waterloo, what Dido 
 is represented to have said apropos of the sword of /Eneas, 
 with which she immolated herself : 
 
 " Non hos quaesitum munus in usus." — JEneid. 4. M. 
 
 See Note VII. for further observations on M. le Gouz's 
 estimate of the relative population of Irish and French towns. 
 — R. 
 
 / 
 
82 
 
 V. 
 
 Barnabe Ryche, in the 14th chapter of his " Description 
 of Ireland," printed in 1610, treats " of the superstitious con- 
 ceit that is holden of the Irish about certaine Wels." He 
 says — " To the northwards from the city of Dublin, they have 
 S. Dolock's well ; another sanctified place ceremoniously fre- 
 quented at certain seasons, foolish and ridiculous to be spoken 
 of; so that let the wind blow which way it list, east, west, 
 north, or south, Dublin is so seated, that a Papist may go 
 from the high crosse, with a blowne sheat right before the 
 wind either to an idolatrous masse within the towne, or to a 
 superstitious well without the towne." 
 
 " Near it [the church of St. Doulach's] is a holy well, of 
 great celebrity ; it is within an octagon inclosure adorned 
 with emblematic fresco paintings ; a bath is supplied from the 
 well." — Grose s Antiquities of Ireland, vol. ii. p. 78. In 
 which work an accurate view of the building erected over the 
 well may be found. C. 
 
S3 
 
 VI. 
 
 This anecdote is curious from the circumstance of the very 
 nobleman whose vice-regal order our traveller refused to obey, 
 having himself acted a similar part just ten years before. The 
 Lord Deputy Wentworth (Strafford) having summoned a Par- 
 liament to meet on the 14th July, 1634, at the Castle of 
 Dublin, published a Proclamation (to prevent any serious con- 
 sequences from the animosities which existed among the mem- 
 bers) that no one should enter with their swords. All obeyed 
 except the young Earl of Ormond, who told the Usher of the 
 Black Rod, he should have no sword of his except through 
 his body. Being the only Peer who sat that day in defiance of 
 the Proclamation, his conduct so fired the Lord Deputy, that the 
 Earl was called upon in the evening to answer for it. There- 
 upon he produced his Majesty's Writ, calling him to Parlia- 
 ment, " Cinctum cum gladio," or " per Cincturam gladii." 
 Which answer being unexpected, and finding him likely to 
 prove an untractable companion, it was in deliberation that 
 night, between the Lord Deputy and his two friends, Sir 
 George Ratcliffe and Mr. Wandesford, whether to trample 
 under foot, or to oblige, so daring a young man, who was now 
 also grown so very popular ; when the more benign extreme 
 being resolved on, he was taken into favour, and by the Lord 
 Deputy, in his letter of the 1 6th of December, recommended 
 to the King to be called into his Privy Council, to which 
 honour he was accordingly raised in thefollowing month. C. 
 
84 
 
 VII. 
 
 M. le Gouz represents Dublin as equal to Angers, his 
 native place, that is, as containing little more than 20,000 
 inhabitants, for such was the population of Angers in that day ; 
 but he makes Kilkenny as large as Orleans, which then, as 
 now, was much more extensive than Angers. The inference 
 would be, that Kilkenny was a more considerable city than 
 Dublin, which certainly was not the fact. Boate, a contem- 
 porary of le Gouz, in his Natural History of Ireland, pub- 
 lished a few years after our traveller's visit, classes the Irish 
 cities thus, Dublin, Galway, Waterford, Limerick, and Cork, 
 in the first line, and Kilkenny, Drogheda, Bandon Bridge, &c. 
 in the second line ; of course, far removed from the capital in 
 dimensions. No doubt, while the Supreme Catholic Council 
 sat there, as it then did, the population was increased, and 
 may, possibly, have amounted to 15,000, or more : but Dub- 
 lin still greatly exceeded it, probably four- fold. Of the two 
 French cities, I can speak with more certainty, for I have better 
 data, and from contemporaneous authorities may state, that 
 Angers contained about 24,000 souls, and Orleans 31,000. 
 The present population of the former is 33,000, of the latter, 
 40,250. Menage, the Vadius of the Femmes Savantes, and 
 one of the most celebrated men of his day, wrote the history of 
 his native Angers. Orleans gave birth, with many other learned 
 men, to the Jesuit Petau [Petavius], and amongst women of 
 renown, to the beautiful Maria Touchet, who justified the 
 
S 5 
 
 ar.arram made for her, " Je charm e tout." She was mistress 
 of Charles IX. and mother of one of Henry IV.'s favourites. 
 
 R. 
 
 Our traveller, elsewhere, compares Pisa and Sienna, to Or- 
 leans. So that Kilkenny, when the seat of the Irish Confe- 
 derates, and of a Parliament, was of such extent as to rank 
 with three of the first-rate cities of the Continent. Pisa, at 
 that time, was a mighty emporium of trade, and a remarkably 
 well-built city, filled (as it is to the present day, but with no 
 additional monument) by gorgeous structures, civic and eccle- 
 siastical. M. 
 
 Tigbe, in his Statistical Account of Kilkenny, states, that 
 that town, in 1689, contained but 507 houses ; in 1777, the 
 number was 2-274 : m 178$, there was a further increase of 
 upwards of four hundred, viz. '2689 : and when he wrote(1802^ 
 Kilkenny contained 2870 inhabited houses. — The prosperity 
 df Kilkenny, therefore, appears rapidlv to have declined under 
 the Commonwealth, Charles II. and James II. C. 
 
86 
 
 VIII. 
 
 "It was absolutely necessary that the rebels [this is the 
 name applied by Dr. Ledwich to the Confederate Catholics] 
 should have the form of an authority established among them, 
 to make the orders of superiors obeyed, and prevent that 
 confusion and those mischiefs which always attend competi- 
 tion for power, and uncertainty in the right to command ; 
 this was done in the general assembly of deputies from all the 
 provinces in the kingdom, which met the 24th of October, 
 1642, at Kilkenny. 
 
 " The first act, after their meeting, was to protest that they 
 did not mean that assembly to be a parliament, confessing 
 that the calling, proroguing, and dissolving that great body 
 was an inseparable incident to the crown, upon which they 
 would not encroach ; but it was only a meeting to consult of 
 an order for their own affairs until His Majesty's wisdom had 
 settled the present troubles. They formed it, however, ac- 
 cording to the plan of a parliament, consisting of two houses, 
 in the one of which sat the estate spiritual, composed of 
 bishops and prelates, together with the temporal lords, and in 
 the other, the deputies of the counties and towns, as the 
 estate of the commons, by themselves. 
 
 " The meeting was at the house of Mr. Robert Shee, son 
 of Sir Richard Shee, now [1802] Mr. Langford's, in Coal 
 Market ; the lords, prelates, and commons all in one room. 
 Mr. Patrick Darcy bare-headed upon a stool, representing all 
 
87 
 
 or some of the judges and masters of chancery that used to 
 sit in parliament upon wool-sacks. Mr. Nicholas Plun- 
 ket represented the speaker of the house of commons, and 
 both lords and commons addressed their speech to him ; the 
 lords had an upper room which served them as a place of 
 recess, for private consultation, and when they had taken their 
 resolutions, the same were delivered to the commons by Mr. 
 Darcy. This chamber forms part of a house, now [1802] 
 inhabited by Mr. Tresham, an apothecary, it consisted of one 
 large hall, forty-nine feet by forty-seven, with a dungeon un- 
 derneath twenty feet square, with which the hall communi- 
 cated by a trap-door, and stone stairs. Part of the benches 
 with high backs, and the carved oak frame of a table remain. 
 An iron door formerly led out of the dungeon into the yard ; 
 the windows have iron bars, and are small and arched. This 
 hall is now subdivided into a kitchen, shop, and three or 
 four rooms. The upper floor is low, with large beams, and 
 above is a modern building. 
 
 " The clergy, who were not qualified by their titular sees or 
 abbies to sit in the house of lords, met in a house called 
 the convocation, where it was reported among the laity that 
 they only handled matters of tythe, and settling church pos- 
 sessions, in which points so little deference was paid to their 
 debates, and their proceedings were treated with so much 
 contempt by the lay-impropriators and gentlemen, that the 
 provincial of the Augustinians was hissed out of the 
 house for threatening to wipe off the dust from his feet and 
 those of his friars, and to bend his course beyond seas, if the 
 possessions of his order were not restored. 
 
 " For the rule of their government, they professed to re- 
 ceive Magna Charta, and the common and statute law of Eng- 
 
88 
 
 land, in all points not contrary to the Roman Catholic reli- 
 gion, or inconsistent with the liberty of Ireland. Several 
 judicatories were established for the administration of justice, 
 and the regulation of all affairs; each county had its council, 
 consisting of one or two deputies out of each barony, and 
 where there was no barony, of twelve persons chosen by the 
 county in general, with powers to decide all matters cognizable 
 by justices of the peace, pleas of the crown, suits for debts 
 and personal actions, and to restore possessions usurped since 
 the war; to name all the county officers, except the high- 
 sheriff, who was to be chosen by the supreme council out of 
 three which the council of the county were to recommend. 
 From these lay an appeal to the provincial councils, which 
 consisted of two deputies out of each county, and were to 
 meet four times a year, or oftener if there was occasion, to 
 examine the judgments of the county councils, to decide all 
 suits like judges of assize, to establish recent possessions, but 
 not to meddle with other suits about lands, except in cases of 
 dower. 
 
 " From these there lay a further appeal to the supreme coun- 
 cil of twenty-four persons, chosen by the general assembly, of 
 which twelve were to be constantly resident in Kilkenny, or 
 wherever else they should judge it to be most expedient, 
 with equal voices, but two-thirds to conclude the rest : never 
 fewer than nine to sit in council, and seven to concur in the 
 same opinion; out of these twenty-four, a president was to be 
 named by the assembly, and was to be always one of the twelve 
 resident ; and in case of death, sickness, or absence, the other 
 residents out of the twenty-four were to chuse a president. 
 
 " The council was vested with power over all generals, 
 military officers, and civil magistrates, who were to obey their 
 
orders, and send dulv an account of their actions and proceed- 
 ings, to determine all matters left undecided by the general 
 assembly, their acts to be of force until rescinded by the next 
 assembly : to command and punish all commanders of forces, 
 magistrates, and all others, of what rank and condition soever; 
 to hear and judge all capital and criminal causes (except titles 
 to lands), and to do all kind of acts for promoting the com- 
 mon cause of the confederacy, and the good of the kingdom, 
 and relating to the support and management of the war." 
 
 " They used a seal,* which is thus described : it had a long 
 cross in the centre, on the right side of it was a crown, and 
 on the left an harp, with a dove above the cross, and a flam- 
 ing heart under it, and round it was this inscription — 
 
 " Pro Deo, pro Rege et P atria Hibernia uxa^imis.'* 
 
 " The conduct of the war is no part of our present concern; 
 but we must remark, that the Franciscans, Dominicans, Car- 
 melites, and Jesuits now claimed their ancient possessions, 
 and were generally reinstated; for one of the principal objects 
 of this war was, the re-establishment of those orders, and the 
 Romish hierarchy ; that this point was accomplished we learn 
 from a letter written by the confederates in 1644 to the Pope, 
 wherein, among other enumerations of their good fortune,f 
 they exultingly observe, " Jam Deus optimus maximus Catho- 
 lico ritu palam colitur; dum cathedrales plerseque suis antis- 
 tibus; parochiales parochis; religiosorum multa ccenobia pro- 
 priis gaudent alumnis." — LedwicKs Antiquities of Ireland. 
 
 C. 
 
 / 
 
 * Borlase's Irish Rebellion, p. 97. They coined money. 
 
 f Burke, Hibera. Dominic. Append, p. 876. 
 
 i 2 
 
90 
 
 IX. 
 
 " Daniel O'Daly, a Dominican friar, was (according to 
 Dr. Smith) a native of Kerry. On his ordination he assumed 
 the name of Dominick a Rosario, and retained it during his 
 life. He lived for a time in the convent of Tralee, but was 
 educated chiefly in Flanders ; from whence he was invited to 
 Lisbon, in the reign of Philip IV. king of Spain, who then 
 possessed Portugal, which was governed by the Duchess of 
 Mantua^ the king's first cousin. O'Daly, being a man of 
 good address, soon became a favourite of that princess, by 
 whose encouragement the new college, called Corpo Santo, 
 was carried on with great success ; and when finished, he 
 was made the first rector of it. He afterwards founded a 
 monastery for Irish Dominican nuns at Lisbon, called the Con- 
 vent of Bon Success. 
 
 " When Portugal had thrown off the Spanish yoke, and 
 John, Duke of Braganza, was advanced to the throne, 
 O'Daly was appointed confessor to the new queen ; and was 
 in such high esteem with the king, that he employed him in 
 many weighty affairs during his reign. In 1655* he was 
 sent ambassador to Lewis XIV. to treat of a league of affinity 
 between the crowns of Spain and France. At Paris he lived 
 at the convent of St. Honoratus, and would not depart from 
 the rules of the order. 
 
 * Bibliothec. Dominic, ii. 617. 
 
91 
 
 u On the death of his king, November 6, 1656, he cele- 
 brated the accession of his son and heir, Alphonsus, to the 
 throne of Portugal, with great solemnity, at Paris ; gave 
 public largesses to the people, and had splendid fireworks on 
 the Seine. According to the writers of the Dominican Bi- 
 bliotheque, he was recalled and died the same year, at Paris ; 
 but it appears from an inscription upon his monument, at 
 Lisbon, that he lived until 1662. Baronius.* who gives 
 him a very high character, extends his life to 1666. He re- 
 fused the bishoprick of Goa and Braga, and was afterwards 
 promoted to that of Conimbria, but died before the bulls 
 were dispatched from Rome. He was censor of the In- 
 quisition, Visitor-general, and Vicar-general of Portugal. 
 He died on the 30th of June, 1662 (not 1666, as Baronius 
 says), in the 67th year of his age, and was buried in the 
 chapel of his convent, under a monument, on which may be 
 read the following inscription : — 
 
 " HlC JACET VENERABILI5 P. If. Fr. DOMIXICUS O'DalY, 
 HUJLS ET CONVENTUS M0NIALIUM BO.M SUCCESSUS FC.N- 
 
 DATOR ; In varus regum legationibus fcelix, episcopus 
 
 CONIMBRICENSIS ELECT US j VIR VIRTUTE, LITERIS ET RELI- 
 GIONS CONSPICUUS. Obiit ANNO 16G2. .Etat. 67." 
 
 " He hath written 4 Initium, incrementum et exitus, familiae 
 Giraldinorum Desmoni-ae, comitum palatinorum Kyerria in 
 Hybemia, ac persecutionis hoereticorum descriptio, ex non- 
 nullis fragmentis collecta, ac latinitate donata. Ulyssipone, 
 1655. 8vo.' 
 
 M This treatise gives a history of the families of the Earls 
 of Desmond, which he brings from Troy, among the followers 
 
 Apologet. lib. 2. $ I. 4. 
 
92 
 
 of TEneas into Italy, and in process of time into Ireland. He 
 gives a short account of the actions of those Earls, but chiefly 
 as they have a relation to the Roman cause, by skreening the 
 emissaries of that church (particularly Saunders) from the just 
 rewards of their treasons, to which he adds a relation of what 
 he calls the persecution of the Catholics of Ireland under 
 Queen Elizabeth and King James, which takes up half his 
 book." — Smith's Kerry, 413, 415. 
 
 This small volume is of extreme rarity. A copy was sold 
 in Bindley's sale for twenty guineas. Inferior copies have 
 since been sold by Mr. Thorpe, at eight, ten, and twelve 
 guineas. — (See his most interesting Catalogues.) C. 
 
93 
 
 X. 
 
 u Lord Orrery, in a letter to the Duke of Ormond, dated 
 at Charleville, the 3rd of April. 1 666, takes notice that there 
 was then but one bridge over the Black Water, which he savs 
 is forty miles navigable for boats. M The bridge is at Mallo, 
 where there is a castle of good strength, if it had a little re- 
 paration, and is one of the greatest passes and thorough fares 
 in this province, and if seized on by any enemy, would in 
 effect divide the country into two parts." The repair of this 
 castle was presented by the grand jury of the county ; but the 
 judge reserved himself from answering, till he spoke with Lord 
 Orrery, the Lord President, and again deferred the affair till he 
 spoke with the Lord Lieutenant, the law only allowing pre- 
 sentments for bridges, causeways, highways, ice. This was 
 when the kingdom was threatened with an invasion from 
 France.'* — Synith's Cork, i. 327. 
 
 The castle is now a picturesque ruin in the grounds of 
 C. D. O. Jephson, Esq.. M.P. C. 
 
 1 
 
94 
 
 XI. 
 
 The particulars of the exclusion of the Roman Catholic 
 party from Cork, by Lord Inchiquin, are thus related in a rare 
 tract, entitled " A plot discovered in Ireland, and prevented 
 without the shedding of blood.'' London, printed by Jane 
 Coe, 1644. 
 
 " 1 know you have heard how my Lord of Inchiquin had 
 put the Irish out of Cork in July last, and not without much 
 cause, for there was a most horred, damnable, and bloody 
 plot of conspiracie, invented and practized by the Popish 
 Priests and blood-thirstie Jesuites, and the same of a sudden 
 to be put in execution by the townsmen of Cork that were 
 confederates with that bloody and arch-rebell the Lord of Mus- 
 kerrie, who had prepared an armie in his countrie, neer Cork, 
 to be in readinesse at an howre's warning, after he had intel- 
 ligence from the Popish Priests and others of that faction, to 
 approach toward Cork with his armie of rebels, who should 
 have been let into the towne in the night, and for that pur- 
 pose they had agreed among themselves, to have such towns- 
 men that night to be in the watch, and in the court of guard, 
 as should be in readinesse to seaze upon the magazine, armes, 
 ordnance, powder, and shot, at an instant when the word 
 should have been given, and the rest of their confederates to 
 be likewise readie to let in the rebels at the gate, and so in 
 the dead time of the night to enter into every Englishman's 
 house, with swords, skenes, and pistols, with full resolution 
 
95 
 
 to massacre, murther and kill, man, woman, and childe, for 
 which horrible murthers their holy fathers the priests had 
 given to each one that did undertake this bloody designe a free 
 pardon and dispensation, and it pleased God that, in the in- 
 terim, that this execrable plot of treason was discovered, the 
 priests, that were the chief contrivers of this most damnable 
 plot, were taken, and at the time of their execution confest 
 their mischievous intentions, which extended to the utter ex- 
 tirpation of all the English Protestants in Mounster, if God 
 had not in his infinite goodnesse and mercy prevented it. 
 
 " For the rest of the townsmen, that had engaged them- 
 selves in this inhuman conspiracy, they were so many in 
 number, and being at least six to one of our English, they 
 could not so well be taken, or apprehended, without great 
 danger and much effusion of blood on both sides. But the 
 Governour of Cork, and the rest of the chief commanders, 
 for the better prevention of so great a danger, devised a re- 
 markable counter-plot (for the taking and apprehending the 
 town's conspirators rather by policie than by violence), and 
 for that purpose caused Captain Muschamp, Governour of 
 the great fort without the south gate of Cork, to fain and 
 counterfeit himself to be in drink, and so as it were in a merrv 
 humour, invite himself to Master Major {Mayor) his house 
 to dinner ; and accordingly he dyned there, and after the Irish 
 fashion was kindly entertained, and diverse cups passed round 
 of sack, clarret, and uscabaugh in friendly manner to welcome 
 him, and make him to be the more merrily disposed. 
 
 " And sitting at dinner, they discourst of diverse matters 
 concerning the present distractions of these times, and diverse 
 propositions were made, and every one gave their opinions 
 according to their own apprehensions ; and amongst other 
 
96 
 
 discourses, Captain Muschamp, seeming to be in a merry hu- 
 mour, did speak these or such like words. 
 
 « Well, Master Major, if that it should please God that 
 the parliament in England should have the best of it in this 
 warre, and that the parliament ships were in the harbour of 
 Cork, if you and the rest would not take the covenant to be 
 true to the King and parliament ; I protest I would, with the 
 great ordinance in the fort, beat down all the houses in Cork 
 about your eares." 
 
 " With that the Major and the rest of the company rose up 
 in a great fury, and said, that he had spoken treason, and he 
 should answer it, and so they brought him before the Gover- 
 nor, and repeated the words he had spoken ; desiring that he 
 might be proceeded against according to law, in such cases 
 provided. Whereupon the Governor gave many thanks to 
 Master Major in shewing himself so good a subject, in disco- 
 vering such a treason as that was, saying it was time to look 
 about us, when we shall have the chief officers that are put 
 in trust with matters of such concernment, as he was, being 
 governor of the King's fort, should speak such treasonable 
 words, ' and therefore, Master Major, you shall have my best 
 assistance, and such punishment shall be inflicted upon him as 
 marshall law will permit.' 
 
 " So the Major for the present departed, and a marshall 
 court was called, and the counsell of warre met and sat upon 
 his tryall, the businesse examined, the witnesses produced, the 
 words were proved against him, and being found guilty, was 
 condemned by the councell of warre for treason, had his sentence 
 given to be hanged the next day. And at the time appoynted 
 the shierfes, and the greatest part of the city came to see the 
 execution, and the prisoner was brought out of the city well 
 
97 
 
 garded. with a considerable company of musqueteers ; and 
 when they perceived that the chiefest and most dangerous men 
 of the city were come out of the gates, the word was given, 
 and the prisoner, Captain Muschamp, being set at liberty, did 
 command his officers to lay hold on all the chiefest of the citi- 
 zens, and carry them prisoners to the fort, whereof he was 
 captain and governor, and as soon as they were taken, so the 
 chiefest aldermen and others in the city were taken, and kept 
 prisoners as hostages to secure the English as well within, as 
 without the gates, which were at that instant shut up, and the 
 drawbridge taken up, so that none could come in, nor go out, 
 till all matters were pacified. 
 
 " And in the mean time there was a proclamation made, 
 that if the Irish resisted the English, the souldiers should shoot 
 them, and if any English were killed in that broyle, the chief- 
 est of theii city should be hanged over their walls ; which 
 proclamation did so terrifie the Irish, that they were all glad 
 to be quiet, and so there was no great hurt done, which was 
 much to be admired, that a matter of so dangerous a conse- 
 quence, should be effected without any further trouble, and the 
 projectors thereof highly to be commended in devising such a 
 stratagem of mercy, in time of such troubles and rebellion, to 
 prevent the shedding of guiltlesse blood." C. 
 
 I 
 
98 
 
 XII. (54.) 
 
 When Cromwell was at Clonmell (1650), Richard Magner 
 " went to pay his court to him ; but being represented as a 
 very troublesome person, and one who had been very active in 
 the rebellion, Cromwell sent him with a letter to Col. Phaire, 
 the governor of Cork, in which was an order to execute the 
 bearer. 
 
 " Magner, who suspected foul play, had scarce left Clonmell 
 when he opened the letter, read the contents, and sealing it up, 
 instead of proceeding towards Cork, turned off to Mallow, 
 and delivered it to the officer who commanded there, telling 
 t him Cromwell had ordered him to carry it to Col. Phaire. 
 This officer had often preyed upon Magner's lands, for which 
 he was resolved to be revenged. The officer, suspecting no 
 deceit, went with the letter, which greatly amazed the gover- 
 nor of Cork, who knew him to be an honest man, and imme- 
 diately sent an express to Cromwell for further directions. 
 Cromwell being extremely chagrined to be so served, sent or- 
 ders to let the officer have his liberty, and to apprehend Mag- 
 ner, who took care to get out of his reach." 
 
 Smith's Cork, i. 296.— C. 
 
99 
 
 XII. (59.) 
 
 Sunday's Well is at the side of the high road, and is sur- 
 rounded by a rude stone building, on a tablet in the wall of 
 which the letters I H S mark its ancient reputation for sanctity. 
 It is shaded over by some fine old ash trees, which render it a 
 picturesque object. 
 
 Although savouring strongly of egotism, I cannot resist 
 copying from a Lady's Album, to which I had contributed a 
 sketch of Sunday's Well, some verses written on the opposite 
 page by the popular " Father Prout," who, unmasked, appears 
 as one of my associates in commenting on the Tour of M. le 
 Gouz. 
 
 " In yonder well, there lurks a spell, 
 It is a fairy font ; 
 Croker himself, poetic elf, 
 Might fitly write upon't. 
 
 " The summer-day, of childhood gay, 
 Was spent beside it often ; 
 I loved its brink — so did I think 
 Maginn, MacClise, and Crofton. 
 
 " Of early scenes, too oft begins 
 The memory to grow fainter • 
 Not so with me — Crofton, nor thee, 
 ' The Doctor,' or the Painter. 
 
 ii There is a trace, time can't efface, 
 Nor years of absence dim ; 
 It is the thought of yon sweet spot, 
 Yon fountain's fairy brim.'' 
 
 c 
 
100 
 
 XIII. 
 
 This ancient round tower stood in the south-west corner of 
 the cathedral churchyard, and was much shaken by the fire 
 from the fort during the siege of Cork in 1690. If, as stated 
 by our traveller, the tower was " more than one hundred feet 
 high," and this was probably the case, it is, I am inclined to 
 think, the " Gill Abbey Castle" which Fitzgerald says fell 
 down in 1738. (See note 60. p. 30.) The entrance, as is 
 usual in the Irish pillar-tower, appears to have been some feet 
 from the ground. Smith, in hi? History of Cork, mentions 
 that, in 1690, General Scravenmorc, having passed the river 
 and being quartered at Gill Abbey, " not far from which stood 
 the steeple of the cathedral church which looked into the fort, 
 detached Lieutenant Horatio Townshend who, getting two 
 files of men to the top of this steeple, killed the governor of 
 the fort, and did other considerable execution. To remove 
 this party, the Irish traversed two guns against the steeple 
 and shook it exceedingly ; whereupon the men offered to go 
 down, but the brave Townshend, with invincible courage, 
 commanded those below to take away the ladder, and con- 
 tinued in that post till the fort was surrendered the next day." 
 
 In Ware's Irish Bishops, by Harris, published in 1739, it 
 is stated, that " in the churchyard (of the cathedral) stands 
 an old steeple, a little detached from the church, which some 
 think was the work of the Ostmen of Cork, and first used by 
 them for a watch tower." From a " Tour through Ireland, by 
 two English Gentlemen," published in 1748, we learn, that 
 
101 
 
 M there is an intention of building a new steeple, and raising a 
 noble portico to the west end of the (cathedral) church. But 
 the tower near it is a mean spiral structure, low and 
 poorly built? This was written after its fall, which, accord- 
 ing to a manuscript account, reduced its height to <f less than, 
 forty feet, but standing on elevated ground it seemed some- 
 what taller." 
 
 Dr. Smith, in his History of Cork, published in 1750, merelv 
 observes, that " some years ago an ancient round tower stood 
 in the churchyard, a little detached from the church." 
 
 It is like a dream to me, having had the foundation of this 
 round tower (all trace of which is now completelv gone; 
 pointed out to me, about the year 1808. C. 
 
 K 2 
 
102 
 
 XIV. 
 
 The steeple and church of St. Finbar were built, or rather 
 rebuilt in the course of the years 1 750-60, from the proceeds 
 of a tax of one shilling per ton on all coals imported into Cork 
 from England. It is singular that this tax (which continues 
 to the present day, and is appropriated to that sort of establish- 
 ment which in modern political economy can find but little 
 countenance, — a foundling hospital) was justified in the Irish 
 House of Commons as a protection to native industry in pro- 
 moting the cutting of turf in the peat bogs ! M. 
 
 I have made many inquiries after the stone bearing the sainted 
 imprint of St.Finbar'sfoot,but without success for nearly the last 
 thirty years, until this summer [1836] when I was told by an 
 old crone, who I found praying beside a grave in the church- 
 yard of the Cathedral that such a stone had been there "be- 
 yond all doubt in the ould times, before Orange William 
 came, and that then it changed into the mark of the devil's 
 hoof." 
 
 u But the mark of the foot or hoof, is in the stone? " said 
 I, eager for information. 
 
 " Oh without any kind of doubt in life, your honour ; and 
 why wouldn't it be there ? sure you can see it with your own 
 two sweet looking eyes, and seeing they say is believing, if 
 ye'll go and look at the third grave-stone there, fomenting ye." 
 
 I did so, but saw nothing more than a plain slab-stone ele- 
 vated upon some brick- work, with a short inscription importing 
 that some one or other, whose name I do not now remember, 
 
103 
 
 was buried beneath about sixty or seventy years before ; but I 
 perceived no trace of hoof or foot. 
 
 44 Harkee, old woman," I cried, a where is this hoof? " 
 44 And sure yourself is stan'ing on it," she replied ; 44 the 
 Virgin herself preserve us from all harm this blessed dav, if 
 tisn't come may be to set the other foot there, beside it ye are, 
 for company ! " 
 
 I jumped down from the grave-stone, and certainly saw a 
 singular fossil remain in the piece of limestone on which I had 
 been standing, not unlike the mark of a cloven foot. 
 
 Stones with hollows in them, said to be impressed by the 
 feet and knees of saints, giants, and other famous personages 
 in Ireland, are by no means of rare occurrence, and are treated 
 by the superstitious peasantry with extraordinary respect. 
 There is a representation of one of these capsular stones (I 
 think called St. Columb's) in the account of Londonderry 
 printed to accompany the Ordnance Survey. In the county 
 of Tipperary, about a mile from Cahir on the Ardfinnan road, 
 a similar stone with two circular hollows in it, called dough a 
 Pudrigh (Patrick's stone) is an object of much veneration; 
 and at the distance of a mile from Rahil towards Cahir, a 
 pentacapsular stone occurs, which is termed C lough a vir a 
 raugher (the stone of the mother of the man ), and the marks 
 in which are said to have been produced by the knees, breasts, 
 and head of the Virgin. At Caher-barrule in the wild district 
 of Muskerry in the county of Cork, (a district singularly rich 
 in pillar stones inscribed with Ogham characters,) there is a 
 stone with two hollows in it, at the foot of an upright one, on 
 which is rudely sculptured a cross surrounded by a circle. In 
 the county of Kerry also, the stone with two circular hollows 
 in it. known as Clough na Cuddy (Cuthbert's stone) is pointed 
 
104 
 
 out to the notice of all visitors of Killarney, in the demesne of 
 Lord Keninare, with the history of a pious friar's miraculous 
 nap, by whose knees, while at prayer, the indentures were pro- 
 duced. And in the same region of enchantment maybe found 
 what are said to be the foot-marks impressed upon the solid 
 rock, in a spot distinguished as " Coleman's leap." 
 
 In the classical county of Kerry, indeed, these wonderful 
 remains appear to be very abundant. Dr. Smith tells us of a 
 rock, " situated about five miles from the head of the river 
 Kenmare, near a small brook amidst the mountains. On this 
 rock are the impressions of several human feet, some naked, 
 and others with brogues on, and these are of all sizes, from 
 infancy to manhood. The country people imagine the work to 
 be entirely supernatural, and to have been performed by fairies, 
 whose existence the common people of these parts, as well as 
 of most rude countries, firmly believe ; but as there is nothing 
 more common than for several kinds of clay to become petrified 
 in time ; if it be allowed that this rock might have been once 
 in a soft state the wonder will entirely cease." Smith adds: 
 " In the same manner may be accounted for, such a print of a 
 human foot given us by D. Behrens in his natural history of 
 Hartz Forest, near the river Selke, and that of a horse shoe 
 in a solid rock near the village of Thai, both which he takes to 
 be a lusus naturae ; although, says he, the inhabitants tell a 
 strange story about the former of a shepherd and a country 
 wench, pretending this footstep was made by a leap the young 
 woman took, to escape from the hands of her troublesome 
 gallant." 
 
 From the popular veneration exhibited towards capsular 
 stones in Ireland, I cannot help fancying that such objects 
 must have had, at some remote period, a religious appropriation. 
 
105 
 
 Perhaps they were the rude fonts at which, in the early ages of 
 Christianity, the ceremony of baptism was performed ; or like 
 those circles of ponderous stones, and mysteriously balanced 
 rocks, we see in them relics of the gloomy pagan faith which 
 the cheering light of the Gospel has dispelled ; for pagan 
 idolatry may still be traced in many Irish superstitions. C. 
 
106 
 
 XV. 
 
 Through the kindness of my friend Mr. James Roche, I 
 had an opportunity of examining this venerated relic, and I am 
 indebted to Miss Roche for a drawing of it. It is a carving 
 of the virgin and child in ivory, scarcely three inches high, now 
 considerably worn by friction, and discoloured from age. A 
 piece of glass, however, at present secures it from further in- 
 jury, and it is inclosed in an antique silver case, (which has 
 been gilt,) bearing the following inscription : orate * pro * 
 
 ANIMA * ONORIAE * FILIjE * JACOBI * DE GER ALDINIS - QAE * 
 
 me • fieri • fecit. [1617.] The lady by whom this silver 
 shrine for the image of the Virgin was presented to the Do- 
 minicans appears therefore to have been, not a Countess of 
 Desmond, as hastily conjectured by Mr. Roche, but Honora 
 the daughter of Sir James of Desmond, who was killed in 
 1597 by the sons of Sir William Bourke, and whose body 
 was hung up at Kilmallock. This lady was married to her 
 relative, John Fitz Gerald, Seneschal of Imokilly, and after 
 his death to Sir Edmond, son and heir of Sir John Fitzgerald 
 of Cloyne and Ballymaloe. C. 
 
107 
 
 XVI. 
 
 Th| assertion of our traveller that the Irish is not a written 
 language, appears founded on his having seen a monk who 
 had been probablv educated abroad write it in English cha- 
 racters, which however M. le Gouz candidly admits he could 
 not understand. So might anv one write Greek, which an 
 Englishman ignorant of the language would have the same 
 difficulty in comprehending. 
 
 That the Irish is a written language of considerable antiquity 
 no scholar can for a moment doubt, although he may hesi- 
 tate about the identity of the Phoenician and the Iberno Celtic. 
 It is judiciously observed by Mr. Anderson in a little volume 
 entitled u Historical Sketches of the Ancient Native Ireland" 
 — a work small in size but rich in information relative 
 to the literature, education, and oral instruction of the Irish 
 peasantry, that " with regard to the native Irish, such has been 
 the singular fate of their manuscripts,* and even such is their 
 present condition, that difficulties almost insuperable present 
 themselves at the threshold of enquiry. Many of these un- 
 questionably perished in the Danish invasions of the ninth and 
 tenth centuries, and that singular species of policy which ob- 
 tained for centuries after the Anglo-Norman invasion, must 
 account for the loss of many others. Collections of others are. 
 
 * See for example, the instance mentioned on the authority of the 
 Venerable Bede, in the note which immediately follows this. C. 
 
103 
 
 it is true, happily still in existence ; but whether those of the 
 greatest value are to be found in this kingdom, or on the con- 
 tinent, it is impossible for any one to affirm. The probability 
 is that they are abroad. 
 
 " I am aware," continues Mr Anderson, " of the valuable 
 collection in Trinity College, Dublin, of that in the Bodleian 
 Library, and the Cottonian manuscripts, as well as the treasure 
 contained in the Chandos collection at Stowe, part of which, 
 in four volumes quarto, with a Latin translation, has been 
 recently printed at the charge of the proprietor, his Grace the 
 Duke of Buckingham. 
 
 ' ' Besides these there are various manuscripts in the possession 
 of Irish gentlemen, members of the Iberno-Celtic Society and 
 others, some of which are of considerable antiquity. Of the 
 more modern compositions of the two last centuries, the titular 
 Bishop of Cork [Dr. Murphy] has at least ten thousand pages 
 transcribed. Were, however, the more ancientlrish manuscripts 
 now in the King's library at Copenhagen, or the still larger 
 collection in the Royal Library at Paris examined ; were the 
 Spanish manuscripts decyphered, or the stores which are 
 believed to be deposited in the Vatican ; it is almost certain 
 that the claims of the Irish to a very early cultivation of letters 
 would be set at rest, and admitted by all. 
 
 " Ancient records, the very decyphering of which was strangely 
 regarded in former times, as tending to endanger the tranquillity 
 of the kingdom, were not likely to remain long in it, and 
 hence we fully account for the foreign collections ; but that, 
 under the influence of the same fear, the laudable and natural 
 desire of translating any part of these by a foreign power, 
 should not have been met and gratified, proves the extent to 
 
109 
 
 which the dread of Irish composition had gone.* At such a 
 period prejudice would consign to oblivion whatever came 
 within its power. Indeed, until the reign of James I. if not 
 later, it seems to have been an object to discover every literary 
 remain of the Old Irish with a view to its being either 
 destroyed or concealed. f 
 
 " At the same time, no individual can even at present dis- 
 tinctly inform us, whether what we have in our possession be 
 of real value or not, or whether these manuscripts are not 
 nearly the only remaining source from which light may be 
 thrown on the ancient history of Ireland, and perhaps discover 
 to us some of their ideas respecting other countries as well as 
 their own. The stores even in Dublin have never been im- 
 partially and thoroughly canvassed, nor does even a complete 
 Catalogue Raisonnee of the collection in Trinity College 
 exist. 
 
 "I may repeat it, therefore, that the actual state of Irish 
 manuscripts, for these last two hundred years, is one of the 
 most striking illustrations of the power of prejudice as to one 
 branch of our national history to which any historian can 
 point. In the most ancient and curious, which, I presume, 
 must be abroad, historical narration there must be, of what- 
 ever value ; assertions also, many, in which the writer had no 
 
 * In the reign of Elizabeth, the King of Denmark applied to 
 England for proper persons who might translate the ancient Irish 
 books in his possession ; and an Irishman in London, then in prison, 
 being applied to on the subject, was ready to engage in the work. 
 But upon a council being called, a certain member, it is said, who 
 may be nameless, opposed the scheme, lest it should be prejudicial 
 to the English interest. 
 
 t Webb's Analysis, p. 121. Dub. 1791. 
 
 L 
 
110 
 
 motive to falsify, though in various instances he might prove 
 to be mistaken. But what is the amount of information in 
 these numerous written compositions, no man can tell. We 
 have been printing, very properly, ancient and modern Greek 
 in parallel columns ; Turkish for the Turk, and struggling hard 
 to decypher the hieroglyphics of Egypt, but the records of one 
 branch of the British population are still to be explored. Of 
 the manuscripts said to be in Spain, no one informs us 
 whether they are in the Escurial, or at Salamanca, Alcala, 
 or elsewhere. Of the King's Library at Copenhagen, as there 
 has never yet been a printed catalogue, nor the written one 
 completed, what those manuscripts were, which a former 
 Monarch wished to have translated, we are yet to be told. In 
 Paris, by a few these manuscripts may be known to exist. 
 In the Vatican they have slumbered since, and from before 
 the days of Wadding. Fragments have been translated from a 
 few at home, and if all the rest are of no higher value, we 
 should have the less reason to regret their neglect ; but chance 
 specimens from a body of written composition are not like the 
 specimens of most other things. 
 
 " In our present state there is no judicious man who 
 would hazard more than conjecture, and perhaps add, — before 
 you decide, examine at least, what seem to be the most 
 valuable, and are most valued in different libraries ; and before 
 you return your verdict, forget not the relative character of 
 other nations. At present we are prepossessed with un- 
 examined opinions; and the positive assertions of national 
 prejudice, whether for or against the antiquity or value of 
 Irish writing have yet to be met by a positive and candid 
 examination of the writing itself. At all events, there is one 
 evil which has hitherto ' pursued the antiquities of Ireland, 
 
Ill 
 
 that the writers in general, who have known her language 
 have been deficient in critical knowledge ; while those who 
 possessed the genuine spirit of criticism have not only been 
 ignorant of her ancient tongue, but despised it.'" C. 
 
112 
 
 XVII. 
 
 At the time when Solinus wrote, Ireland, which was then 
 very little known, had the reputation of being free from 
 snakes — Illic null us anguis, avis rara, gens inhospita et belli- 
 cosa, (c. xxii.) How such a reputation arose, it is not easy 
 to say: perhaps it might be founded in the superstitious sanc- 
 tity with which the ancients always clothed the extreme boun- 
 daries of the west. In the time of Bede, the older simple 
 story was already clothed in legendary array, and that historian 
 asserts that it was not only free from such animals, but that no 
 snake could live there, and that when any such reptiles had 
 been carried over, they died invariably on approaching the 
 shore. He asserts moreover that anything brought from Ire- 
 land is a sovereign remedy against the bite of all venomous 
 animals, and tells us how in England they used for that pur- 
 pose water, in which had been steeped the scrapings of the leaves 
 of books, which had been brought over from the sister isle. 
 After Bede's time, this fable became one of the most popular 
 that prevailed during the middle ages. Giraldus tells us that 
 not only snakes, but toads, and all other venomous reptiles 
 were unable to live in Ireland, that more than once such ani- 
 mals had been carried over in boxes and had died immediately 
 after passing the middle of the channel, that wood or leather, 
 or any other Irish commodity steeped in water afforded a remedy 
 not only against the bite of venomous animals, but against 
 poison, and that a little Irish earth sprinkled even on English 
 
113 
 
 ground immediately drove away all such creatures from the 
 neighbourhood. Giraldus gives it as the general belief of his 
 contemporaries that Ireland was originally purged of venom- 
 ous animals by the hand of St. Patrick, though he does not 
 disguise his own scepticism on this point. However, we find 
 this rehearsed amongst the miracles of the saint, by his biogra- 
 pher Jocelin. From his book (ch. clxix. clxx.) we learn that, 
 before the time of St. Patrick, Ireland suffered under three in- 
 supportable plagues, which rendered the green island quite un- 
 inhabitable. First, it was overrun with every species of venom- 
 ous reptiles ; secondly, it was haunted by innumerable sorts of 
 devils and hobgoblins ; and, thirdly, the space which was not 
 occupied by those two classes, was peopled by wizards and 
 witches. Against the first of these plagues, St. Patrick pro- 
 ceeded somewhat after the manner of the fox, who drives the 
 fleas which haunt him to the end of his tail, and then shakes 
 them all off into the pool. So the saint gathered together all 
 the venomous animals from every corner of the island to the 
 top of a lofty promontory, looking down into the sea, which 
 had previously been named Cruachan-ailge, but was afterwards 
 called Cruach-phadruig ; and from thence, at one blow, he 
 swept them all into the deep. The hobgoblins he drove away 
 by the sign of the cross, the wizards and witches he con- 
 verted, and Ireland was every where after inhabited by christian 
 people. 
 
 A history of the 13th century, that of the adventures of 
 Fulke Fitz -Warine, makes us acquainted with the spot where 
 the venomous animals, pursued so bitterly by the saint, at last 
 took shelter. Fulke, says the story, sailed so long, seek- 
 ing marvels and adventures, till he had visited the seven islands 
 
 of the ocean, which are, Little Britain, Ireland, Gothland, 
 
 L 2 
 
114 
 
 Norway, Denmark, Orkany, and the great " Eschavye.'' In 
 Eschavye there dwelleth none but serpents and other foul 
 beasts. And there saw Fulk serpents with horns ; and the 
 horns were very sharp ; and they have four feet, and fly like 
 birds. One of these serpents assailed Fulk, and struck him 
 with his horn, which transfixed his shield in the middle. 
 Fulk wondered much at the blow, and he was well aware that 
 when the serpent had struck him on the shield, he could not 
 readily withdraw his horn ; and Fulk stabbed him through the 
 heart with his sword. There saw Fulk a venomous beast, 
 which had the head of a mastiff, a thick beard like a goat, and 
 ears like a hare ; and many other beasts which St. Patrick 
 drove out of Ireland, and imprisoned them there by the virtue 
 of God ; for the good-man St. Patrick was in high credit 
 with him. And thenceforth no venomous beast inhabits the 
 land of Ireland, except lizards without tails. — MS. Reg. 12. 
 c. xii. in the British Museum. W. 
 
 Rothe, titular bishop of Ossory, in his " elucidations " 
 observes respecting Jocelin's Life of St Patrick, that "it has 
 been delivered to us by our ancestors, that St. Patrick pos- 
 sessed the power of expelling serpents ; and this was the uni- 
 versal opinion, not only of the people, but of the wisest and 
 most discreet men of our nation, that by the virtue and power 
 of him, our island was freed from all venomous creatures. 
 Thus do the Hymns, the Antiphones, and the offices suffi- 
 ciently prove, the national annals record, the Latin writers de- 
 clare. In this do foreigners arrd natives concur, in this do the 
 moderns, one perchance or two excepted, confirm the testimony 
 of the ancients. In this manner do the Greek writers Theo- 
 doretus and Euthymius understand the 90th Psalm, of the 
 actual subjection of serpents and wild beasts, which therein is 
 
115 
 
 promised unto the saints confiding in the Lord ; ' Thou shalt 
 tread upon the lion and the adder, the young lion and the 
 dragon shalt thou trample under thy feet !' 
 
 " Certainly in those histories of the saints which are com- 
 posed by classic and authentic writers, many are the relations 
 of this subjection of serpents, and of wild beasts, as exhibited 
 in many holy men ; but most eminent and rare is the example 
 which we read in the Acts of the Apostles of the viper that 
 fastened on the hand of St. Paul while he collected twigs for 
 the fire. And to this Tertullian, attending and discussing the 
 power given from Christ, of treading on serpents and scor- 
 pions, haply irisinuateth to us the prerogative communicated 
 unto Paul, that the soil of Malta should through his merits 
 be an antidote against all poisons, and that all venomous crea- 
 tures when thither brought should forthwith lose their power 
 of doing hurt. And very similar hereunto is the prerogative 
 bestowed on Ireland through the merits of St. Patrick ; with 
 this difference, that while in Malta, serpents, scorpions, snakes, 
 adders, and other venomous reptiles, retain their life and their 
 motion, and lose only their poisonous power ; in Ireland they 
 can neither hurt nor exist, inasmuch as not only the soil, but 
 the climate, and the atmosphere unto them are instant death. 
 The spider is found among us, yet it is entirely harmless ; the 
 frog is sometimes, but rarely met ; (and its extirpation is not 
 remote), and a lizard of many feet and many colours, but in 
 which is not any poison !" 
 
 " The most peculiar and eminent among these wonders," 
 says Mr. Edmund L. Swift, in observations on Jocelin's Life of 
 St. Patrick, " is the exemption of Ireland from serpents by 
 the merits of St. Patrick; — while geologists, instead of as- 
 cribing it to the influence of the saint, impute this happy 
 
116 
 
 privilege to natural causes, a little poetical and legendary am- 
 plification may perhaps account for his share in its real bles- 
 sing. From the earliest time the Evil Spirit has been sym- 
 bolized under the form of a serpent. By a serpent were the 
 temptation of Eve, and the fall of man accomplished. Into 
 serpents were the rods of the Magicians changed ; and as a 
 serpent did the rod of Aaron swallow them up. Under this 
 form did the idolators of many ages and many nations worship 
 1 The Mischievous Power/ propitiate his protection or depre- 
 cate his enmity. Even to this day, as I am credibly informed, 
 a brazen serpent (like that which was lifted up in the wilder- 
 ness) has been preserved in the northern parts of Ireland, and 
 handed down in one family through a series of ages. Their 
 tradition records it as one of the original objects of the idola- 
 trous worship in this island. It is curiously inscribed with 
 Hieroglyphics, now unintelligible, but which doubtless once 
 excited the fear or the devotion of the Pagan Irish ; and though 
 it has long ceased to be worshipped, it is still the object of 
 their Christian superstition. Should any of the neighbour- 
 hood be suspected of theft, they are required to attest their 
 innocence on this brazen serpent, on which alone can their 
 purgation be obtained ; and so long has this relic of ancient 
 idolatry preserved its influence, that even now would no one 
 dare to violate the still sacred oath. 
 
 (i May I now venture the application ? St. Patrick ex- 
 pelled the serpents from Ireland, and drove them before him 
 into the sea. So says the legend ; which divested of its al- 
 legory, and restored to the simple truth, tells that — St. Pa- 
 trick's conversion of Ireland, and his extirpation of her ser- 
 pents, are one and the same act ; his introduction, or rather 
 confirmation, of Christianity, and his expulsion from the 
 
117 
 
 island of the Ophi-Sebia, or serpent-worship, which fled before 
 his preaching. Thus may the imagination, the enthusiasm, 
 and the devotion of our ancestors, which amplified a natural 
 blessing into a spiritual miracle, be rationally explained. 
 Thus, while we resign the legendary laurel from the brows of 
 our saint, we secure to him a more permanent and honourable 
 wreath ; and thus, while we ascertain the truth of his exist- 
 ence, we confirm him in his well-deserved dignity — the legiti- 
 mate apostle of Ireland." 
 
 Dr. Maginn, in a facetious catalogue of the miracles of 
 Ireland's patron saint, thus accounts for the national dislike of 
 Irishmen " to make beasts of themselves" by drinking water — ■ 
 
 " You've heard, I suppose, long ago 
 
 How the snakes in a manner most antic 
 He march'd to the County Mayo 
 
 And trundl'd them into th' Atlantic. 
 Hence not to use water for drink 
 
 The people of Ireland determine ; 
 With mighty good reason, I think, 
 
 Since St. Patrick has filled it with vermin, 
 
 And vipers and such other stuff. " 
 
 c. 
 
118 
 
 XVIII. 
 
 Lord Inchiquin succeeded to his title during his minority, 
 and 19th July, 1628, was granted in ward to Patrick Fitz- 
 maurice, Esq. By indenture dated 5th February, 1632, the 
 King demised, during Lord Inchiquin's minority, his estate, 
 which was very large in the Counties of Limerick and Clare, 
 to Sir William St. Leger, whose daughter Lord Inchiquin 
 subsequently married. To study war he went into Italy, and 
 served in the Spanish army until 1639, when he returned to 
 Ireland. On the 2d April, 1640, he was constituted Vice- 
 President of Munster under Sir William St. Leger, whom he 
 accompanied on the 4th of December, 1641, against the Irish 
 insurgents in the County of Waterford. In the early part of 
 the following year he performed various services in the field 
 against the Irish ; and on the death of Sir William St. Leger, 
 the Lords Justices conferred on him the entire military com- 
 mand of Munster, joining the Earl of Barrymore in commis- 
 sion with him for the civil government, upon whose death in a 
 few months after, he became solely vested with the civil 
 command. 
 
 On the 2nd September, 1642, Lord Inchiquin, with a very 
 inferior force, defeated the Irish army under Lord Mount- 
 garret, at Liscarrol, in the County of Cork, with considerable 
 slaughter. 
 
119 
 
 After the cessation with the confederate Irish of the 15th 
 September, 1643, Lord Inchiquin sent to the King before the 
 middle of October, two regiments to Bristol, and two more in 
 November, which were followed by a fifth in December. 
 Waiting on the King at Oxford, his Lordship did not question 
 but that his merits and services would have procured him a 
 grant of the Presidency of Munster, for which he was also 
 recommended by Lord Ormond, who represented that the in- 
 vesting of him therewith would be much for the advantage of 
 the King's service in those parts. But by an intrigue of the 
 Earl of Portland, who was desirous of obtaining the office, 
 Lord Inchiquin was unsuccessful. Feeling that suspicions 
 were entertained of his fidelity, and hearing that Lord Portland 
 was coming to take possession of his command, Lord Inchi- 
 quin resolved not to serve under his rival, nor indeed under an y 
 man but the Marquis of Ormond ; and unwilling at so criti- 
 cal a period, and from a distinguished station to be reduced to 
 a private and inconsiderable condition, he determined to main- 
 tain his power ; to break the cessation, and to carry on the 
 war under the direction of the English Parliament. 
 
 This is the account given by Lord Clarendon ; but Lord 
 Inchiquin assigned another reason for this his defection, which 
 was the manifest partiality of the King's party to the Irish, 
 particularly at the treaty with their commissioners at Oxford, 
 concerning a peace, the ruinous measures they evidently strove 
 to take for their own exaltation, and the destruction of the 
 Protestant party. 
 
 Lord Inchiquin now became devoted to the English Parlia- 
 ment, and openly declared his resolution on the 17th July, 
 1644 ; strongly remonstrating against the cessation. Being 
 joined by Lord Broghill, they had under their command a con- 
 
120 
 
 siderable body of men, and asserting that the Irish had applied 
 to foreign princes for supplies, that they would not make peace 
 on reasonable terms, and intended to surprise all the English 
 garrisons, they drove the Roman Catholic magistrates and 
 inhabitants out of Cork, [see page 28, and note XL] 
 Youghall and Kinsale, allowing them to take only such goods 
 as they could carry, and seized their provisions and other 
 effects. This revolt occasioned some severe expostulations 
 between Lord Inchiquin and the Marquis of Ormond ; but 
 to no effect, as Lord Inchiquin was determined not to hazard 
 himself or his friends, by re-admitting the excluded in- 
 habitants. For this conduct the Parliament constituted 
 Inchiquin Lord President of Munster, but without sending 
 him supplies, which obliged his lordship to make a temporary 
 cessation with the Irish until the following spring, when Lord 
 Castlehaven renewed the war. Notwithstanding that Lord 
 Inchiquin had received no support from England, he was 
 obliged to take the field with 1000 horse and 1500 foot, in 
 April, 1645; but his operations were confined to the capture 
 of a few castles between Cork and Youghall, and putting 
 that district under contribution. In 1647 Lord Inchiquin, 
 with an increased force, reduced two or three places of strength 
 upon the river Blackwater, and after investing Dungarvan, that 
 town was surrendered to him on the 1 0th of May. Want of 
 provisions obliged Lord Inchiquin to return to Cork ; but 
 being reinforced by the Parliament, he proceeded into the 
 County of Tipperary in the September following. Caher 
 surrendered to him ; but Fethard and the Rock of Cashel 
 his Lordship took by storm, at which latter place he is ac- 
 cused of having given no quarter. " So that," says Lord 
 Castlehaven, " within and without the church, there was a 
 
121 
 
 great massacre, and amongst others more than twenty Priests 
 and religious men were killed ;" among them possibly the 
 Salamanca students, whom M le Gouz had lectured. [See 
 p. 17.] Unpopular, however, as Lord Inchiquin appears to 
 have been in 1644, when he was stiled (i the pest of his 
 country,'' this act causes his name to be execrated at the 
 present hour in Ireland, and appears indelibly impressed on the 
 memorv of the Irish peasantry of Munster. 
 
 On the 13th of November, in the same year [1647]. Inchi- 
 quin obtained an important and decisive victory over the Irish 
 armv, commanded by Lord Taaffe, at Knocknenoss, to the 
 west of Mallow, in which more than one- third of the Irish 
 engaged are reported to have been left dead on the field. In 
 this battle fell Sir Alexander M'Donnell (Kolkitto), or Mac 
 Allisdrum as he is popularly called in Ireland, who, it is said 
 with " most of his men, were put to the sword in cold blood ; 
 an action which in a great measure tarnished the glory of so 
 complete a victory." For this service the Parliament voted 
 10,000/. to be sent to Munster, and a letter of thanks to Lord 
 Inchiquin with a present of 1 ,000/. to his Lordship. 
 
 Immediately after this battle, and the delivery of Dublin to 
 t he commissioners of the Parliament by the Marquis of 
 Ormond, Lord Inchiquin perceiving that the monarchy and 
 constitution of England were about to be overturned, regretted 
 his having attached himself to the destructive party, and com- 
 menced a correspondence with Ormond whilst he continued in 
 England. In January, 1647-3, Lord Inchiquin sent a re- 
 monstrance to Parliament, and in the following month made a 
 successful expedition into the Counties of Waterford and 
 Kilkenny. 
 
 <4 But his design of promoting the King's service being sus- 
 
 M 
 
122 
 
 ^ected by some of his officers, they formed a plot to seize 
 ^ork and Youghall, whilst his lordship was abroad with the 
 army ; which conspiracy (though discovered and prevented, 
 and the chief contrivers seized and imprisoned by order of a 
 council of war, and all the officers sworn to stand by him, and 
 d be true to one another) discovered his designs too early, 
 And caused the Parliament by their ships, to block up the 
 harbours of Cork, Youghall and Kinsale ; of which event he 
 sent immediate notice to the Marquis of Ormond, earnestly 
 pressing his return with a supply of money, if he could, if 
 not, without it, as his presence was absolutely necessary, and 
 would make the King master of the provinces of Leinster and 
 Munster. 
 
 " The Marquis being disabled to comply with his request, 
 and soon after flying into France, his lordship held a close 
 correspondence w r ith him, and frankly promised to receive him 
 into Munster as the King's Lord Lieutenant ; that the pro- 
 vince and the army should pay him all obedience ; and in 
 order to his reception, he would make a cessation with the 
 Irish to bring about a firm conjunction of the whole kingdom 
 to the King. But before the Marquis could arrive to em- 
 brace this generous proposal (being detained by the specious 
 promises of Cardinal Mazarin), Cromwell had got Philip, 
 Lord Lisle, son of Robert, Earl of Leicester, to be sent into 
 Ireland Lord Lieutenant, with a commission for a limited 
 time ; who landed in Munster with an intent to destroy the 
 Lord Inchiquin's reputation and command there ; but his com- 
 mission terminating 13th April, 1648, before he could effect 
 it, he left his lordship in the command of the whole English 
 army there, which was a better body of men than the Parlia- 
 
123 
 
 ment had in any other part of the kingdom, and in greater re- 
 putation than ever ; which army he had preserved with won- 
 derful dexterity, expecting every day the arrival of the Mar- 
 quis, and every day informing the Parliament of the ill con- 
 dition he was in, and pressing for a supply of men and money, 
 when he knew they would send neither. 
 
 " At last the Marquis arrived, and landing at Cork, 29th 
 September, 1648, his lordship received him as the King's 
 Lieutenant (having as proposed concluded, May 22, a cessation 
 with the Irish), whereby he became possessed of the whole pro- 
 vince of Munster. For which signal service, Lord Inchiquin 
 (14th April, 1649) was voted a traitor by the Parliament ; but 
 by the King's letter from the Hague, was appointed President 
 of Munster." 
 
 In the June following Lord Inchiquin, after a short skir- 
 mish with Colonel Chidley Coote, in which his lordship exhi- 
 bited considerable military skill, took Drogheda ; nearly the 
 whole of the garrison of which town joined Lord Inchiquin, 
 and took service in the royal army. He then invested Dun- 
 dalk, which in two days Colonel Monk (afterwards Duke of 
 Albemarle) was forced by his soldiers to deliver up ; " and 
 most of the officers and soldiers engaging in the King's ser- 
 vice, he soon took in the garrison of Newry, Narrow-water, 
 Greencastle, Carlingford, and Trim ; and having thus reduced 
 the northern garrisons, returned to the royal camp at Finglas 
 with more men than he carried out. 
 
 " But in the latter end of the year, his forces, seduced by 
 Cromwell's spies, revolted; whereby, finding himself exposed 
 to his enemies, and his life in danger, he embarked 6th De- 
 cember, 1650, with Lord Ormond, landed at Perose, in 
 
124 
 
 Basse- Bretagne. in France ; and an act being passed by Crom- 
 well's Parliament, 12th August, 1652, for settling the affairs of 
 Ireland, his lordship (among others) was excepted from par- 
 don. From Basse-Bretagne he went to Italy, and returning 
 to France, was made by the French King Lieutenant-General 
 of his army ; upon the conquest of Catalonia appointed 
 Viceroy thereof ; and by patent, bearing date at Cologne, 
 21st October, 1654, his Majesty King Charles II. was pleased 
 to advance him to the dignity of an Earl of the Kingdom of 
 Ireland, remainder to his issue male by the title of Earl of 
 Inchiquin, with the creation fee of 20/. a-year, payable out of 
 the Exchequer of Ireland. 
 
 " After this he served in Spain and the Netherlands, and 
 being ordered to command the troops sent to assist the Portu- 
 guese, on their revolt from Spain, he, with his eldest son and 
 all his family, were taken by an Algerine corsair, which occa- 
 sioned the sending of Count Schomberg on that service, who 
 extricated his Portuguese Majesty from many troubles. Hav- 
 ing ransomed himself and family, he retired into France, and 
 surviving his own private troubles and the confusion of the 
 public, lived to see the restoration of the King, with whom 
 he returned to England, was restored to his estate by a British 
 act of parliament, which was confirmed by the act of settle- 
 ment ; and in the act of explanation the sum of 8,000Z. was 
 ordered to be paid him out of the Treasury, as a mark of his 
 Majesty's favourable and gracious consideration for his losses 
 and sufferings." 
 
 Lord Inchiquin had also a discharge of the quit rents im- 
 posed by the acts of settlement, and his arrears as a commis- 
 sioned officer before 5th June, 1649, stated after the rate of 
 
1-25 
 
 10/. a-day, as Captain-General and Commander-in-Chief of 
 the arrav in Munster, were directed to be satisfied by deben- 
 tures. 
 
 Lord Inchiquin died on the 9th September, 1674, and was 
 buried in the Cathedral Church of Limerick. It is to be re- 
 gretted that a complete account of the life of a nobleman so 
 intimately connected with the historical and political events 
 of a most important period of English history has not been 
 written. 
 
 " On whatever side Inchiquin commanded," says O'Driscol 
 in his History of Ireland, u he was the scourge of his country. 
 Of one of the noblest and most ancient Irish families, he 
 seemed actuated by a thirst for the blood of his countrymen, 
 hardly to be satiated ; wherever he marched, the burnt crops, 
 the ruined cottages of the peasants, the dead and mangled 
 bodies of age and infancy strown upon the way, pointed out 
 the route of the Lord Inchiquin. 
 
 M On taking Cashel, he massacred the priests at their al- 
 tars, and put to death several hundred of the inhabitants ; he 
 committed similar deeds of barbarity in other towns. The 
 memory of his murders is still engraven upon the heart of the 
 country, and his name will remain for ever united with that of 
 Grey and Coote and Cromwell, a curse and an anathema in 
 Ireland. The peasants of Clare and Limerick still scare 
 their children with the name of the bloody Morrough O'Brien, 
 and tell of the judgment that has descended upon his pos- 
 terity, that no male child should ever be born to the name of 
 Inchiquin." 
 
 Now, my poor friend John O'Driscol, ought not to have 
 repeated this absurd story, (although current among the pea- 
 
126 
 
 santry of Ireland,) in a political sketch, which professes to be 
 a history of Ireland, as it is a matter of notoriety that the 
 Earl of Inchiquin was succeeded in the title by his eldest son 
 William, who died in 1691, Governor of Jamaica ; that he 
 was again succeeded by his eldest son, William, who died in 
 1719; and was succeeded by his eldest son, William, on 
 whose death, in 1777, the title of Inchiquin devolved upon 
 his nephew Morrough. C. 
 
127 
 
 XIX. 
 
 The following account of the Quern, or hand-mill, ap- 
 peared in the fourth volume of the Dublin Penny Journal, (an 
 extremely curious and interesting miscellany, which, for there 
 is a fatality attends every thing Irish, has been recently dis- 
 continued). It is there illustrated by prints, shewing the ap- 
 pearance of this rude contrivance for grinding corn, and by a 
 section exhibiting its operation. Specimens of the Quern are 
 now very rarely to be met with in Ireland, and when found are 
 generally in a mutilated state. 
 
 " Passing through a bog in the neighbourhood of Armagh, 
 my attention was attracted by observing a number of men ex- 
 amining something on one of the banks. On approaching, I 
 found that they had discovered at the bottom of a mud-hole, 
 two circular stones, which I immediately knew to be an ancient 
 Irish hand-mill, commonly called a quern. 
 
 ** That this primitive mill was in general use in this island, 
 is evident from the number of perfect and broken portions of 
 it so frequently found in bogs, and in the neighbourhood of 
 ancient raths. That it was in general use over Europe, Asia, 
 and Africa, has been satisfactorily proved by various ancient 
 and modern travellers ; but, in particular, by Dr. Clarke. 
 When he visited the Greek island of Cyprus, he saw, in the 
 house of his guide's father, a quern, which he thus describes: 
 — 1 I observed upon the ground the sort of stones used in 
 grinding corn, called querns in Scotland, common also to Lap- 
 
128 
 
 land, and in all parts of Palestine. These are the primeval 
 mills of the world, and they are still found in all corn coun- 
 tries, where rude and ancient customs have not been liable to 
 those changes introduced by refinement. The employment of 
 grinding with these mills is confined solely to females ; and 
 the practice illustrates the observation of our Saviour, alluding 
 to this custom in his prediction concerning the day of judg- 
 ment, ' two women shall be grinding at the mill ; the one shall 
 be taken, and the other left.' " 
 
 " When he visited Palestine, he stopped at a village near 
 Jerusalem, and saw the quern at work. ' Looking from the 
 window into the court-yard belonging to the house, we beheld 
 two women grinding at the mill in a manner most forcibly 
 illustrating the saying of our Saviour before alluded to. 
 They were preparing flour to make our bread, as it is always 
 customary in the country when strangers arrive. The two 
 women seated on the ground, opposite to each other, held be- 
 tween them two round flat stones, such as are called querns.' 
 ' In the centre of the upper stone was a cavity for pouring 
 in the corn, and by the side of this an upright wooden 
 handle for moving the stone. As the operation began, one of 
 the women with the right hand pushed the handle to the 
 woman opposite, who again sent it to her companion, thus 
 communicating a rotatory and very rapid motion to the upper 
 stone, their left hands being all the while employed in sup- 
 plying fresh corn, as fast as the bran and flour escaped from 
 the sides of the machine.' 
 
 " In the Hebrides, the quern was in use at a very recent 
 period. Pennant, in his account of his voyage there, has de- 
 scribed the manner in which they are used by the inhabitants. 
 He says, ' This method is very tedious, for it employs two 
 
129 
 
 pair of hands four hours to grind a single bushel of corn. 
 The landlord can oblige his tenants, as in England, to make 
 use of the more expeditious method of grinding by water-mills, 
 and empowers his miller to search out and break any querns 
 he can find, as machines that defraud him of his toll. Many 
 centuries ago, the legislature of Scotland endeavoured to dis- 
 courage these awkward mills, so prejudicial to the landlord 
 who had been at the expense of others. In 1284, in the time 
 of Alexander III., it was provided, that ' Na man sail presume 
 to grind quheit, maishlock, or rye, in hand-mylne, except he 
 be compelled by storme, or be in lack of mills quhilk soulde 
 grinde the samen ; and in this case, gif a man grindes at hand 
 mylnes, he sail gif the threllein measure as milture ; gif any 
 man contraveins this our proclamation, he sail tyne his mill 
 perpetuallie.' 
 
 " In many districts in Ireland, the quern was in use until 
 very lately, and perhaps it is still in operation in some remote 
 parts of the country. Being ignorant of the manner it was 
 used in our own country, I applied to a friend who had an 
 opportunity of knowing, and I subjoin his statement, which 
 gives a minute description of the mill and manner of grinding, 
 differing very little from the description given by Clarke of 
 the oriental one. ' A prohibition against the use of querns in 
 grinding com, existed to a more recent date than you may 
 imagine. I think it was in the year 1794, Mr. Wm. Acheson, 
 of Roscagh, who was then proprietor of Kesh mill, in the 
 county of Fermanagh, gave orders to his miller, Stephen Bel- 
 ford, to break all the querns he could find. The only pair I 
 then remember in the neighbourhood, belonged to one Patrick 
 M'Manus, of Rosculbin, and had been made about forty years 
 before by his uncle, Bryan M'Manus,, a cooper, known in the 
 
130 
 
 vicinage by the name of Bryan Beg (little Bryan); and when 
 any neighbour would borrow the quern, it was as carefully 
 concealed from Stephen Belford, as an illicit still would now 
 be hidden from an exciseman. 
 
 " 'The quern was tolerably adapted for grinding corn. The 
 upper stone was about twenty-two inches in diameter, the 
 under surface considerably concaved ; the under stone was 
 about an inch narrower, and convexed, so that the two sur- 
 faces might coincide, and afford an easy descent for the meal 
 when ground. In the centre of the upper stone was a circular 
 hole, nearly three inches in diameter ; across this stone was 
 set a bar of wood, having a hole in its centre about half an 
 inch deep and the same in width, by means of which the 
 upper stone rested in equilibrio upon the punthan (a strong 
 peg. or pivot in the centre of the lower stone), and by the use 
 of little pieces of leather, fitted into the hole in the bar above 
 mentioned, the upper stone could be raised or depressed, so as 
 to make the friction greater or less, as the meal was meant to 
 be coarser or finer. There was also an upright handle about 
 ten inches long set firmly in the upper stone, within about two 
 inches of the edge; and thus was the whole machine fitted for 
 work. The corn was generally dried in an iron pot, over a 
 slow fire, and kept constantly stirred to prevent its burning, 
 and when it arrived at a certain degree of crispness, it was 
 taken out to be ground. Two women generally worked the 
 quern, one sitting facing the other, the quern between them, 
 and each in her turn taking hold of the handle, turned it with 
 a degree of velocity much greater than you, perhaps, imagine. 
 One or other of them 1 fed,' as it was called — that is, put the 
 corn into the large hole (called the eye) in the upper stone, as 
 above described. The feeding required some dexterity in 
 
131 
 
 avoiding a blow of the handle in its rotatory motion, and at 
 the same time to drop the corn into the eye without scattering 
 it. The process of shelling was never performed, but the corn 
 and husk ground down together, so that the meal appeared at 
 first very dark and rough, but was afterwards sifted. It re- 
 quired little cookery. The ordinary way of using, was to mix 
 the meal in its raw state with milk, and make it to the con- 
 sistent of stirabout. This simple mixture was called ' a 
 croudie,' and eaten without any other accompaniment. The 
 great drying which the corn underwent, prevented the meal 
 from having that raw taste perceptible in meal made in water- 
 mills. I cannot state with any degree of confidence what 
 quantity could be ground in a given time ; but I think two 
 stout women could grind about ten pounds of clean meal in 
 an hour.' " C. 
 
132 
 
 XX. 
 
 " In an unpublished History of Ireland, written about the 
 year 1636, now remaining in manuscript in the Library of the 
 Royal Irish Academy, Dublin, we are told that, 1 The Irish 
 are much addicted to musick generally, and you shall find but 
 very few of their gentry, either man or woman, but can play 
 on the harp ; also you shall not find a house of any account, 
 without one or two of those instruments, and they always 
 keep a harper to play for them at their meals, and all other 
 times, as often as they have a desire to recreate themselves, or 
 others which come to their houses, therewith.' 
 
 " During the troubles after 1 641 , when a war of destruction 
 was waged against every thing Irish, Lynch, in his Cambrensis 
 Eversus, informs us that the harp was broken by soldiers, 
 wherever it could be found, and adds. £ The memory of its 
 form and materials will be unknown and lost to our immediate 
 posterity.' The war of 1688, which completed the downfal 
 of the ancient Irish families, also silenced their national instru- 
 ment. A solitary harp might occasionally be heard emitting 
 mournful sounds over the fallen fortunes of the country, but 
 it was no longer in general use." — Hardimaris Irish Min- 
 strelsy, i. 183. 
 
 In a whimsical account of the adventure of two Cavaliers, 
 who were in the train of the Marquis of Ormond, and made 
 an excursion into the County of Waterford to visit the High 
 Sheriff at Coolfin, (printed in a rare volume entitled " Songs 
 
133 
 
 and Poems of Love and Drollery, by T. W. 1654,") one of 
 them is represented as mis taking the hall of their host's dwel- 
 ling for a stable, until he discovers a harp in the corner. 
 
 u Ned, he alights and leads (God bless us all) 
 His horse into his Worship's very hall ; 
 And looking round about, cries in great anger, 
 ' Zowns, here's a stable, has no rack nor manger.' 
 ' Peace Ned, ' (quoth I) ' prithe be not so hasty, 
 This room's no stable though it be as nasty ; 
 I see a harp and chimney too, and dare 
 Sav there was fire in't before the war ; 
 So this is no place for a horse you see.' 
 'Tis then for very beasts, I'm sure,' (quoth he)." 
 
 I am inclined to think that the loss of the Irish harp, as a 
 musical instrument, is not much to be regretted ; it was strung 
 with wire, and its tone appears to have been truly described in 
 the Irish Hudibras. 
 
 " The Irish harp whose rusty mettle, 
 Sounds like the patching of a kettle." 
 At the penod of our traveller's visit there were few houses 
 in Ireland without a harp, although probablv not a dozen 
 specimens of the instrument could now be found. The harp 
 called Brian Boro's. which was deposited bv Mr. Convngham 
 in 1782, in the Museum of Trinity College, Dublin, is well 
 known. — In Mr. Bunting's Collection of Irish Melodies, a print 
 may be found of a harp made in 1621, which belonged to a 
 j branch of the Fitzgerald family, and is or was recently in the 
 possession of Mr. Noah Dalwav of Beliahill near Carrickfergus. 
 The Dublin Penny Journal (iv. 256) contains a representation 
 of a harp of James II. s time, preserved bv Mr. Lenigan of 
 
134 
 
 Castle Fogarty in the County of Tipperary. And in Walker's 
 History of the Irish Bards there is an engraving of an Irish 
 harp, made in 1726, hy John Kelly, which was in the posses- 
 sion of Mr. Jonathan Hehir of Limerick. Add to these four 
 harps, that of my maternal great-grandfather (the Rev. Charles 
 Bunworth) made, 1 think, in 1737, which still remains a 
 venerated family relic, and the list of all the existing specimens 
 of the Irish harps which occur at this moment to my memory 
 is completed. C. 
 
135 
 
 XXI. 
 
 Our traveller more than once hints that if he fell into the 
 hands of the Parliamentarians by the capture of the Irish 
 vessel he was in, certain death awaited him. " It was ru- 
 moured," he observes (page 2), " that the Parliamentarians 
 threw into the sea all the Irish and those of their party, owing 
 to the massacre the Irish had made in their country of English 
 Protestants by a zeal for religion." And this appears to have 
 had more than mere rumour for its foundation, from the fol- 
 lowing entry in the record of the proceedings of the Committee 
 of the Admiralty, on the 17th December, 1646. 
 
 " Whereas by an ordinance of both Houses of Parliament, 
 dated 24th October, 1644, it is declared that no quarter shalbe 
 hereafter given to anv Irishman, nor to any Papist borne in 
 Ireland which shalbe taken in hostility against the Parliament, 
 either upon the sea or within this kingdome, and it is thereby 
 ordained that all officers and commanders by sea and land shall 
 upon the takeing of every such Irishman or Papist borne in 
 Ireland forthwith put every such person to death. For the 
 execution of such ordinance instructions have been issued by 
 this Committee to the Commanders of the Fleete, according to 
 the strict command therein given. 
 
 (i Now upon consideracion of what's presented in severall 
 letters directed from severall persons in the West of England 
 
136 
 
 to Sir John Northcot, Sir Samuell ltolle, and Sir John Yong, 
 members of the House of Commons, concerning the interrup- 
 tion of Trade by the Irish Frigats, being much increased in 
 number and strength, and the suffringe and dangers of some 
 English that have been by them taken prisoners at sea. In 
 some of which letters was inclosed a letter from one of the 
 said prisoners at Wexford, importing that the casting of some 
 Irish over boord that hath been taken at sea by Captain Gilson, 
 hath deprived the said prisoners of hopes of mercy unless the 
 said Ordinance be recalled ; the number of the said prisoners 
 at Wexford and thereabouts being informed to be about 150. 
 Also the copie of a letter from Jasper Bolor the Maior of 
 Wexford conteyning severall scandalous expressions against the 
 parliament, complaints of throwing Irish over bord by Cap- 
 tain Gilson and Captain Plunket, and threats that unles 
 answere be given by the first of February next that no such 
 course shalbe hereafter used, and the said Captain sent over to 
 receive punishment, 168 persons that are prisoners there and 
 in other parts of Ireland shall suffer, and those that hereafter 
 fall into theire hands shall receive the same measure. Also 
 a peticion to both houses of Parliament from the wives and 
 freinds of some of the said prisoners praying the Parliament's 
 compassion in procuring the said prisoners release in such way 
 as they shall in theire wisdome thinke fit. 
 
 " Ordered. That the state of this buisines be reported to 
 both houses with this Committee's desire that they will please 
 to declare theire pleasure therein, and to direct what instruc- 
 tions this Committee shall hereafter give to the Comanders of 
 the Parliaments ships in reference to the said Ordinance." 
 
 C. 
 
137 
 
 ADDITIONAL NOTES. 
 
 (16. page 7.) 
 
 The Lord Deputy Wentworth thus writes to the Arch- 
 bishop of Canterbury, on the 27th September, 1 637, respecting 
 Jigginstown. [Stafford's Letters, ii. 105, 6.] 
 
 " Next they say I build up to the sky. I acknowledge 
 that were myself only considered in what I build, it were not 
 only to excess, but even to folly, having already houses mo- 
 derate for my condition in Yorkshire. But his Majesty will 
 justify me, that at my last being in England, I acquainted 
 him with a purpose I had to build him a house at Naas, it 
 being uncomely his Majesty should not have one here of his 
 own, capable to lodge him with moderate conveniency, 
 (which, in truth, as yet he hath not) in case he might be 
 pleased sometimes hereafter to look upon this kingdom, and 
 that it was necessary in a manner, for the dignity of this place, 
 and the health of his Deputy and family, that there should 
 be one removing house of fresh air, for want whereof, I assure 
 your Lordship, I have felt no small inconvenience since my 
 coming hither ; that, when it was built, if liked by his Ma- 
 jesty, it should be his, paying me as it cost, if disliked, * a 
 suo damno,' I was content to keep it, and smart for my folly. 
 His Majesty seemed to be pleased with all, whereupon I pro- 
 ceeded, and have, in a manner, finished it, and so contrived 
 it for the room of state, and other accommodations, which I 
 have observed in his Majesty's houses, as I had been indeed 
 stark mad ever to have cast it so for a private family. — 
 
138 
 
 Another frame of wood I have given order to set up in a park 
 I have in the county of Wicklow. And gnash the teeth of 
 these gallants never so hard, I will, by God's leave, go on 
 with it, so that I may have a place to take my recreation for 
 a month or two in a year, were it for no other reason than to 
 displease them, by keeping myself, if so please God, a little 
 longer in health. Yet, lest these magnificent structures might 
 be thought those of Nebuchadnezzar, the plain truth is, that 
 at the Naas with the most may stand in six thousand pounds ; 
 that in the Park at twelve hundred. Faith, at worst, me- 
 thinks, they should not judge it very much for a person of 
 my great * Hazienda,' to cast away twelve hundred pounds 
 upon his own fancy ; and yet, to profess a truth to your 
 Grace, but that I did consider his Majesty might judge it 
 hereafter for his service to visit this kingdom, in that case, 
 foresaw no part able to give him the pleasure of his summer 
 hunting like that Park and country adjacent, and, lastly, that 
 then, at least, I would provide a Lodge that might house him 
 dry from the injuries of the weather, I protest there had not 
 been one timber of it fastened to another. In the mean time, 
 my confidence is my comfort, that if I be made so happy as to 
 see his Majesty on this side, he will give me thanks for them 
 both, and then I am at the height of my ambition, and these 
 my well wishers fairly pounded upon the very place to accuse 
 me, if any thing they have to say unto me." 
 
 C. 
 
 (32. page 11.) 
 Peter Shec was Mayor of Kilkenny in 1644. 
 
 C. 
 
139 
 
 (39. page 17.) 
 
 " The first country on the European Continent to which 
 the Native Irish were accustomed to resort for education, was 
 Spain, the land in which, according to one impression among 
 themselves, their ancestors once lived ; and the earliest foun- 
 dation of which any authentic account can be given, was 
 Salamanca, in Leon, once so famous for its University. 
 
 " At the instance and solicitation of an Irishman, Thomas 
 White, from Clonmell, Tipperary, a college was instituted in 
 1582, of which White was the first rector. Small at first 
 and poor in its origin, it was, however, maintained for many 
 years, till, in the years 1610 and 1614, buildings were erected 
 and a spacious library was formed. It was in this College, 
 about fifty years after this, that Dr. Andrew Sail was a pro- 
 fessor." 
 
 " The number of students, however, has never been great. 
 Thus, at the period of the French Revolution, there were 
 thirty-two, and up to the invasion of Spain by France, in 
 1807, the number was never above thirty. At present, there 
 are supposed to be only about twelve. 
 
 " Count Beerhaven, of an Irish family, was a benefactor to 
 this seminary. Peter French, from Galway, educated here, 
 went a Missionary to the Mexican Indians. There he re- 
 mained for thirty years. He composed a Catechism in the 
 Mexican language, and finally returned to Ireland, where he 
 ( died in 1693." — Andersons Historical Sketches of the An- 
 cient Native Irish. C. 
 
 THE END, 
 
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