I l \ AND TOWNS OF THE NORTH THE PROVINCES OF ULSTER AND' CONNAUGHT BUSINESS MEN AND MERCANTILE INTERESTS WEALTH AND GROWTH historical, statistical, {Biographical ILLUSTRATED PRICE FOUR SHILLINGS AND SIXPENCE THIS BOOK COMPLETE IN ITSELF HISTORICAL PUBLISHING COMPANY 90, CHANCERY LANE, LONDON; and at EDINBURGH, BIRMINGHAM, and BELFAST Entered at Stationers' Hall 1891 BOSTON COLLEGE PREFACE. -♦- In presenting the “ Industries of Ireland,” Part I., to the notice of the reader, the publishers feel that they have no apology to offer for its appearance in the field of literature to which it more particularly appertains. The scope of such a work is, obviously, of an extended character, its fulfilment representing a lengthened period of faithful labour, and involving the outlay of considerable capital; and, in view of the object with which the following pages have been prepared—that of portraying with all possible clearness the prominent phases of these prosperous districts—it is confidently believed that any discrepancy of data which may exist will be over¬ looked after proper consideration has been given to tbe nature and requirements of the undertaking. Both the historical and editorial portions of the work will be found authentic and interesting, and, though of necessity brief, present, as they are designed to do, a review of the salient features of the towns represented, and of the growth and development of their leading industries, in a manner and form that, it is believed, cannot fail to meet with the approval of all. The sketches of mercantile houses, firms, and companies are submitted to the attention of the reader, each depicting facts connected therewith calculated to better acquaint the business man with his fellows in commerce, and more fully familiarise the buyer with the seller. The facts embodied in these articles have been secured after no inconsiderable labour on the part of the publishers, editors, and reporters ; and, while justly laudatory, have been compiled with due regard to accuracy, and the correct interpretation of the information received. As a carefully prepared review of the wealth and status of notable business men, and of the growth of a wide variety of commercial interests—an historical, statistical, and biographical epitome of mercantile and municipal results achieved in the world of commerce—this book is, therefore, issued in the confident expectation that it may worthily accomplish the object of its designation, and at the same time, through the medium of its extensive circulation, prove a source of permanent profit to those represented in its pages. BELFAST AND TOWNS OF THE NORTH. RESOURCES, INDUSTRIES, PROGRESS. HETHER we view it in the light of its splendid historical associations or of its rich store of national tradition and romance, or consider it in connection with the character and capacity of its high-spirited and chivalrous people, or its wealth of natural resources and increasing commercial and industrial importance, Ireland presents features which interest and attract us in an almost pre¬ eminent degree. The student who undertakes to search the records and trace the past career of this beautiful isle of the western sea finds himself face to face with a subject more enthralling in its numerous and varied phrases than many another to which he might devote his attention; and the reviewer who essays to say anything of moment concerning the annals of Erin and the achieve¬ ments of her sons in war and in peace, in arts, in learning, in com¬ merce, and in manufacture, undertakes a task which can never he adequately fulfilled under conditions of restricted space. It will, therefore, be our purpose and endeavour in these pages not to write anything in the nature of an exhaustive historical essay, but merely to set down a few leading facts and statements which may serve to illustrate the general features of Ireland’s modern character as a commercial and manufacturing centre. And, as our review, under these circumstances, cannot lay any claim to completeness, we shall confine ourselves to dealing with those towns and cities of Ireland which stand to-day as special representatives of the entire country in various branches of historical and general activity, and which serve, as it were, in the capacity of national delegates by reason of their own recognised influence, importance, and noteworthiness. The antiquity of Ireland as a nation is extraordinary, and its relations with the great outer world began at a remarkably early period of the earth’s history. There are historians who assert that Partholani landed here about the year 2048 B.c. ; also that the Damnonii made a descent upon the country about 1463 B.c., and that, later on, there came Milesian chiefs from Spain who took possession of the island and founded a monarchical dynasty whose reigning sovereigns numbered upwards of a hundred and seventy. These statements partake largely of conjecture, no doubt, and have their chief basis in the national traditions for which Ireland is especially remarkable. It is tolerably certain, however, that the Phoenicians (who reached Cornwall centuries before the Christian era) carried their explorations as far as Eri, Erin, or Ierne, as the island has been variously called, and the fact that Ireland was in very early times much further advanced in the arts and indus¬ tries of existence than either England or Scotland points to the probability of its Celtic inhabitants having come into close and beneficial contact in some way with the ancient civilisation of the eastern world. The Romans must have had some kr .wledge of the island which they called Hibernia; but the legions of the Csesars confined their attentions principally to Britannia and Caledonia, and while they were engaged in the subjugation of the native tribes in the larger island, the people of Erin enjoyed com¬ parative immunity from the ravages of warfare. This peaceful era, marred only by occasional contests between local chiefs, appears to have continued up to the period at which the Romans finally evacuated Britain; and after that the landing of St. Patrick (a.d. 432) marked the dawn of Christianity and the decay of Druidism in Ireland. Learning then began to flourish, and the Irish schools, superintended by the zealous clergy who immediately followed the country’s tutelary saint, became famous all over Europe. As a result of this early spread and fruition of education, we have still a number of manuscript chronicles in the Irish Celtic tongue of great value and antiquity. With the incursions of the Danes into Britain a severe blow was dealt to the reign of peace and culture in Ireland. These savage Norsemen descended upon the Irish coasts at the close of the eighth, century, and ravaged the country in a merciless manner, burning and slaying wherever they went. It is said that they founded Dublin and other cities about the year 800, but their visit was a source of no benefit to the island, and the people hailed with joy their deliverance from the invaders by the heroic King Brian Bora or Boroimhe, who routed the Danes in no less than twenty-five battles. He totally shattered the power of the Norsemen at the fierce fight of Clontarf, but the victory (April, 1014) was dearly bought by the death of the conqueror, who was slain by fugitive Danes as he knelt in his tent giving thanks for his last and greatest triumph. During the next century Ireland became divided into five kingdoms and a number of small principalities, the rulers of which were constantly at warfare with each other. In 1155 Henry II. of England received permission from Pope Adrian IV. to invade Ireland, on condition that he should exact from every Irish family the payment of a “carolus” to the Holy See, and that he should hold the country as a fief of the Church. Then came the landing of the English with its long train of varied results, and from that time the history of Ireland is a tale familiar in its many phases to everyone, and calling for no recapitulation here. It is satisfactory to note the continuous development of the 34 INDUSTRIES OF industrial and commercial resources of the country, a development •which has been especially marked in many quarters during the last fifty years; and the enterprise of the people in this respect The Fbee Library, Belfast. will always be encouraged and rewarded by the appreciation of those who, wherever they may reside, must feel a permanent interest in the welfare of a land so naturally rich and productive, as well as beautiful and picturesque, and of a people possessing so many admirable traits of character as the sons and daughters of Erin. For the purposes of a historical and descriptive review of the trades and industries and chief commercial centres of Ireland, it is convenient to divide the country into two great sections—(1) the northern and western counties, embracing the provinces of Ulster and Connaught, with Belfast as its great mart and seaport; and (2) the eastern and southern counties, including the remaining two provinces of Leinster and Munster, with Dublin as its metropolitan and mercantile headquarters. The present volume we propose to devote to illus¬ trating the resources, the progress, and the leading individual undertakings in trade of the former of these two divisions, and our remarks and reviews herein will deal with the chief features of commercial and manufacturing acti¬ vity in Ulster and Connaught. The province of Ulster, occupying the north¬ eastern part of the island, contains an area of 5,483,200 acres, and had in 1881 a population of 1,743,075. Its greatest length from north to south is 110 miles, and its greatest breadth from east to west is 130 miles, while there is a coast line of nearly 400 miles. This province, which contains the counties of Antrim, Armagh, Cavan, Donegal, Down, Fermanagh, London¬ derry, Monaghan, and Tyrone, is bounded on the west and north by the Atlantic Ocean, on the east by the North Channel and the Irish Sea, and on the south and south-west by the provinces of Leinster and Connaught respectively. The commercial life of Ulster is marked in a notable degree by the energy and vitality of enterprise which are usually characteristic of northern places and peoples, and that quarter of it, in the counties of Antrim and Down, which contains the flourishing city of Belfast is doubtless the busiest district in all Ireland, its industries being in a condition of steady advancement, while its general trading' faci¬ lities are being constantly and intelligently improved. Connaught, the western province, is the smallest of Ireland’s four greater divisions, having an area of 4,392,085 acres and a popu¬ lation (1881) of 821,657. It has the Atlantic Ocean on the north and west, with Munster and the sea on the south, and Ulster and Leinster on the east; and it contains the counties of Galway, Mayo, Sligo, Leitrim, and Roscommon. Connaught is not distinguished by such great business activity as Ulster, but, as we shall see later on, it contains not a few towns of considerable size and growing im¬ portance, whose local trades are in a state of prosperity which indicates a healthy tendency towards continued development. Ulster was, “in the olden time,” ruled by the O’Neills, an ancient family of much power and influence, one of whose most famous members was the celebrated Hugh O’Neill, Earl of Tyrone, whose rebellion against English authority was finally suppressed in 1602 by Lord Deputy Mountjoy. Ulster then came completely under the control of England, and was at the same time largely resorted to by Scotch settlers, whose descendants have aided materially in the develop¬ ment of all its resources. This province is now, and has long been, the great centre of the Irish linen trade, which is valued at the present day at upwards of five millions sterling per annum. Connaught, during the time of the Irish kings, was the domain of the O’Connors principally, and came under English sway in 1590. The Provincial Bank of Ireland, Belfast. We may now inaugurate our necessarily concise review of the ' northern and western counties of Ireland by dwelling for a brief IRELAND 35 space upon the remarkably interesting records and achievements of the commercial capital of the country, the large, thriving and ever-progressing city of I attract the attention of the tourist and archaeologist in Erin s i green isle.” Large numbers of cinerary urns have been found I from time to time in these counties, their character and contents EARLY HISTORY. It is not possible to give any accu¬ rate or reliable date for the origi¬ nal foundation of Belfast, but it probably existed as a hamlet or village at a very early period of Ireland's history. The coun¬ ties of Antrim and Down, in which it is situated, appear to have been popu¬ lous districts in ■exceedingly remote times, and the neighbourhood of Belfast is notably rich in the curious relics of antiquity ■which so frequently The Albert Memorial, Belfast. BELL AST. This great community presents in the annals of its latter-day advancement an exceptionally forcible illustration of the rapid development of civic and mercantile importance which may, and generally does, result from the efforts of an enterprising and intel¬ ligent population; and as we mark the eminent status of Belfast in the modern world, her high commercial and industrial distinc¬ tion, her wealth and influence, her constant growth, and the meritorious character of her municipal institutions and organisa¬ tion, we are bound to admit that very few cities of the present age owe more to the splendid public spirit of their residents in all spheres of life, or to the specially high ability of individual citizens who have devoted their energies and capacities to promoting the common welfare of the place and its people. By a combination of favourable circumstances, prominent among which are found the advantages of a good situation and of a vigorous brotherhood of merchants and manufacturers, the handsome city on the Lagan with which we are here concerned has' gained a celebrity which is universal, and its reputation has been founded and established upon those sound principles of commercial rectitude and integiity which command respect and confidence, and endow a community such as this with the right and title to honourable renown and permanent prosperity. It is in this condition that we find the Belfast of to-day, but the growth of the city’s wealth, population and material success deserves mention equally with the satisfactory results that now accrue from it, and for this reason we may be permitted to say a few words concern¬ ing Belfast’s event¬ ful and not un¬ interesting 3G INDUSTRIES OF pointing to the fact that cremation of the dead was prevalent among the early inhabitants of the neighbourhood. Then we have several noteworthy types of “ cromlechs,” or ancient tombs, The Ulstee Hall, Belfast. including the famous Giant’s Ring” at Drurnbo, about four miles from Belfast. The same district contains some fine examples of the remarkable stone circles characteristic of the country, one of exceptional size being at Lagainaddy, in county Down; and, besides traces of cave dwellings, the antiquarians have found remains of “crannoges,” or lake dwellings, which were cleverly and durably built up like veritable islands in the water of loughs and rivers. Many of these lake dwellings have come to light in north-eastern Ireland, and at the “crannoge” of Lough Ravel a number of primeval canoes were found, all of them large, well formed from a single log of wood, and in a remarkably good state of preservation. The “round towers” of Ireland have long been a fruitful source of controversy among those whose occupation and pleasure it is to study the archaeology of nations, and the great camp of the antiquarians has been “divided against itself” with regard to these strange and mys¬ terious structures. Nearly one hundred and twenty of these round towers have been dis¬ covered, some greatly dilapidated, others in tolerably good repair, and as a rule they attain a considerable height and circumference, and have, when in a complete state, a conical roof, with four small openings like windows near the top of the pile, and generally looking to the four cardinal points of the compass. Many circumstances seem to indicate that the round towers date from a period anterior to the intro¬ duction of Christianity by St. Patrick, and that they were used for purposes of defence in war¬ fare. Perhaps the most perfect tower now standing is that at Antrim; and there are three other interesting ones in the vicinity of Bel¬ fast, besides a number of the remarkable crosses which are as peculiar to Ireland as the towers. For the most part the crosses in this neighbourhood are in quite a ruinous state, though they must have been of much beauty in their original perfection. The counties of Antrim and Down, furthermore, abound in remains of castles of large size and great solidity, which were doubtless very important fortresses in former times, but which have long outlived their usefulness. Around Belfast there are many ruins of this type, and the locality of Lough Strangeford is remarkable for its picturesque relics of the seven and twenty castles erected here long ago by Sir John de Courcy for coast defence. Castle Robin, between Belfast and Lisburn, is another noteworthy remnant of the feudal ages, and most tourists have visited and admired the grand ruins of Dunluce Castle, between Portrush and the Giant’s Causeway on the north coast of Antrim. In fact it would be very difficult to name any part of Ireland possessing greater historical interest or more noteworthy antiquities than the coun¬ ties of Antrim and Down, and those others to which we shall make reference in the present volume. Having regard to the special interest attach¬ ing to the Belfast district in this respect, it is somewhat remarkable that no town of any great importance can be identified as having occupied the site of the present city earlier than the eleventh century, and, as a matter of fact, historians all assure us that Belfast was an insig¬ nificant fishing village up to the year 1612, when an influx of Eng¬ lish and Scotch settlers gave an impetus to its advancement, and started it upon a career of prosperity that has become more brilliant and distinguished with each succeeding generation. The original name of the place is said to have been Bealfearste or Bealfierste, derived from the Celtic words, leal, “a mouth,” and fearsat, “a ford.” That there were important fords across the Lagan at this point in early times is undoubted ; and in the early Tiie Lixen Hall, Belfast. part of the fourteenth century the Norman inhabitants of the district knew Belfast under the name “ Le Ford.” After the IRELAND, 37 period of Henry II., the Anglo-Norman adherents of that monarch, and their descendants and successors, occupied the counties of Antrim and Down; and during that occupation the first castle of Belfast was built, probably by Sir John Do Courcy, who erected so many other fortresses hereabouts. A very notable incident in the history of the neighbourhood of Belfast in Plantagenet times was the invasion of the Scots in 1315. Whether this incursion arose owing to the invitation of the Irish chiefs, who desired to throw off the English rule at that time, or whether it was really a bold attempt on the part of Edward Bruce to make himself King of Ireland, is not quite certain; but the fact remains that that Scot¬ tish soldier (brother of the great Robert Bruce) landed in Ulster in 1315 with six thou¬ sand men, and report has it that he actually caused himself to be crowned king of the island at Carrick- fergus. His soldiers, being joined by the Irish warriors, devas¬ tated the northern counties and English settlements during the next two or three years, but Bruce was finally vanquished and slain by an English general in the battle of Fagher, near Dun¬ dalk, in 1318. In 1333 Belfast Castle appears to have been held by William de Burgo,' Earl of Ulster, but that nobleman was assassinated here in the year named, and at the same period a general revolt of the Irish clans brought the whole of this part of the country under native sway, the Eng¬ lish domain embracing nothing more for a long period than the ancient city of Carrick- fergus The Refoem Club, Belfast. During many years after this the history of Belfast is very obscure, and no authentic information is forthcoming, beyond the statement that the castle was several times taken by the English, retaken by the Irish, destroyed, rebuilt, and otherwise kept in a state of constant martial activity and excitement, after the manner of the “good old times.” History speaks again very early in the sixteenth century, and during the long interval of silence Belfast does not appear to have increased much in size or importance. In 1503 the Earl of Ivildare, who was then Lord Deputy of Ireland, destroyed Belfast Castle in the course of his invasion of Ulster. The energetic native chief¬ tains, however, rebuilt and reoccupied it almost immediately, and their equally vigorous opponent, Kildare, once more attacked them in 1512, and again demolished the hapless fortress. In 1552 Lord Deputy Sir James Croft rebuilt the castle and placed an English garrison in it. The old conflicts then appear to have been renewed with still greater fierceness, for we read that, in 1572, the Earl of Essex entered the district, quelled a rebellion of Sir Brian O’Neill (who had been deprived of his lands by the English), and recom¬ mended the erection of strong fortifications at Belfast, a fact which indicates that the castle had again fallen a victim to destructive warfare. The sugges¬ tion of Essex was sub¬ sequently carried out by the erection and garrisoning of a fort, which probably took the place of the old castle. Then, in 1595, the celebrated Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Ty¬ rone, and son of Sir Brian O’Neill, rose in revolt, and played havoc with the English settlers and troops. This formidable chief¬ tain captured the fort of Belfast in 1597 and put the garrison to the sword, but in 1602 he was met and routed not far from Kinsale by Lord Deputy Mountjoy. Immedi¬ ately afterwards, Bel¬ fast Castle was retaken for the English by Sir John Chichester, and in 1604 it was handed over to the brother of that knight, Sir Arthur Chichester, whose name is one of the most notable in the annals of Belfast. Sir Arthur was created Lord Deputy by James I., and received large grants of lands in Ulster, including Bel¬ fast itself; and we read that he built him- seif a superb palace in the town, and made it his place of residence. He became Baron Chichester, and proved himself in many ways a remarkable man, possessing in a great degree the instincts and qualities of a soldier, a statesman, and a governor. Under his rule the people of Belfast were inspired with a sense of confidence and security to which they had long been strangers, and during his administration the town received its charter of incorporation and sent its first members to Parlia¬ ment. Indeed, Lord Chichester effected an extraordinary and salutary change in the entire condition of Belfast and its inhabi¬ tants, and when he died, in 1624, he had worthily gaiaed the 38 INDUSTEIES OF honour of being regarded as the real founder of the town, inas¬ much as he was the true originator of its peaceful progress and •consequent prosperity. Belfast became a prominent seaport, and its growth then began to be noteworthy. In 1757 the population is given as 8,549; in 1782 it had risen to 13,105; the year 1816 saw a population of 30,700 within the limits of the town ; and the census of 1841 returned the number of inhabitants at upwards of 75,000. During the next thirty years the growth of the place was extraordinary, for the population in 1871 was no less than 174,000; and in 1S81 the populations of the municipal and parliamentary boroughs were 208,122 and 221,600 respectively. At the present time it is probably no exaggeration to assume that upwards of 250,000 people “ live and move and have their being ” in Belfast and its imme- Pkesbyterian College, Belfast. LATEE DEVELOPMENTS. Although Spenser, the poet, in his time spoke in favourable terms concerning Belfast, we have no evidence to show that he had any special justification for so doing. But with the inaugura¬ tion of Sir Arthur Chichester’s regime as Lord Deputy came the dawn of a new era in the history of the place, and from that time down to the present day there has been almost unbroken progress in the affairs of Ireland’s commercial capital. It is true that perfect peace did not prevail in the district during the seventeenth cen¬ tury, for there was consi¬ derable trouble at the time of the Civil War in Eng¬ land, owing to various poli¬ tical and religious dissen¬ sions. But Belfast was always held in great and growing respect in those days as a commercial centre, owing to the spirited energy and staunch integrity of its merchants; and gradually, but very surely, were laid the foundations of a future greatness which is now realised and recognised throughout the world. The arrival of William III. in 1690 resulted in the resto¬ ration of order throughout the province, and from that date we can trace an epoch of peaceful progress which has not been seriously interrupted by any untoward event. About the middle of the seventeenth century diate environs. From Haydn's Dictionary of Dates we gather the following interesting particulars of events in the latter history of the place:—Belfast became a corporate town under charter from James I. in 1613; the “Long Bridge” of twenty-one arches (2,562 feet in length) was built in the years 1682-86; the first bank was built in 1787, and the Mechanics’ Institute was established in 1825 ; in 1841 was completed the handsome Queen’s Bridge of five arches, occupying the site of the old “Long Bridge ” ; of three colleges established in Ireland in 1845, one was inaugurated at Belfast in October, 1849; the British Association met here in 1852 ; the “Victoria Chambers” were burnt down on July 1st, 1859, the loss from this most disastrous I conflagration being estimated at £100,000; the Lord Lieutenant (the Marquis of Abercorn) visited the town in October, 1867 ; the British Association met here for the second time, August 19th, 1874; the great strike of linen manufacturers came to an end Queen’s College, Belfast. August 26th, 1874; part of the Albert Bridge fell on September 15th, 1886, occasioning some loss of life. IRELAND 39 Our review of Belfast’s history would not be complete, even within its own narrow scope, did it not include some reference to those occasions upon which factional animosity and other causes have aroused the passions of the populace, to the temporary sub¬ version of law and order. In 1857 (July to September) there were riots of rather a serious character arising out of the disagreement of the people with regard to Mr. Hanna’s open-air preaching at that time; and in August, 1864, fierce conflicts took place between Roman Catholics and Protestants on account of the foundation of the O’Connell monument at Dublin. In this deplorable distur¬ bance nine lives were lost and about a hundred and fifty persons injured. In April and July, 1865, there were further riots, partly of an electioneering character; and the month of August, 1872, saw a revival of the unhappy conflict between opposing religious factions. These riots have since been resumed from time to time, notably in August and September, 18S6, and January, 1887; but it is hoped that the earnest endeavours made to suppress such disturbances will have the effect of preventing their recurrence. Ebullitions of popular feeling and party rancour are sometimes inseparable from the conditions of life in a growing community; but Belfast has now reached a period in its municipal career when the war of factions should cease, and every individual element of strength and energy be united to promote the common interest. The consummation of such a union is devoutly to be wished, not alone in the interests of the peace and good will that should prevail among men in an age of enlightenment, but also in order that the practical prosperity and material welfare of a great and busy com¬ munity may be securely established and fully preserved. The first decade of the eighteenth century witnessed the final destruction of an edifice that had long been the great arena of strife and incident in the troublous times of Belfast’s early exist¬ ence. In April, 1708, the old castle, the scene of so many stirring Wesleyan College, Belfast. episodes in the history of this district, was burnt to the ground, and the disaster derived an additional tinge of sadness from the fact, that ou its occasion the Ladies Jane, Frances, and Henrietta Chichester, daughters of the third Earl of Donegall lost their lives. The burning of the castle was quite accidental, and is believed to have resulted from the carelessness of a servant, who lighted a large wood fire in one of the rooms to air the apartment. It is interesting to note that the castle stood between Donegall Place and Castle Market. It was a structure of grand proportions and great strength, occupying the site of former castles which had been successively demolished; and the visitor who takes an interest in antiquities will find in a passage off Castle Place a small building whose massive walls and general solidity support the statement that it formed a portion of the ancient fortress-mansion which was in days gone by the abode of the Chichesters. Belfast was created a city in 1888, being thus one of the most recent to attain civic honours and dignity in the United Kingdom; and by an Act of Parliament passed in June, 18S5, it returns four members to Parliament, one for each of its divisions, north, west, east, and south. We need not enter into particulars concerning the methods of its civic government. The municipal organisation is manifestly sound, its active policy having secured a noteworthy state of financial prosperity, and assisted in every possible way to develop the resources of the place as a social, political, commercial, and industrial centre. No amount of descriptive detail could tend to accentuate this fact, which is self-evident to everyone who notes and appreciates the many admirable characteristics' of the city to¬ day. Belfast at the present time is worthy of the pride of its inhabitants and of the unceasing care they bestow upon its various interests; and great as have been its growth and progress up to now, the goal of its advancement still lies far ahead, and its highest achievements will be for the historians of a future age to chronicle. In every way and in every detail it is well worthy of the position it occupies and the renown it has acquired. 40 INDUSTRIES OE TOPOGRAPHICAL FEATURES. Modei-n Belfast impresses the visitor very favourably by the beauty of its situation and surroundings, the regularity of its street plan, and the architectural merit and solidity of its build- augmenting, and whose influence is already world-wide. Here, in place of the romantic turmoil of the old town in Plantagenet and Tudor times, we find all the thousand and one elements and factors in a vast system of mercantile activity, working together in a collective harmony which, paradoxical as it may seem, is only enhanced by individual competition. And here, we are bound to admit, Belfast shows herself at her best and brightest, for the very essence of her being is the spirit of commerce and the fervour of trade enterprise that pervade her streets, her docks and quays, her factories and warehouses, and her inhabitants in well-nigh every walk of life. When Belfast was a fortified place it had an encompassing fosse, with ramparts and several gates. Within the area enclosed by these fortifications were High Street, Bridge Street, Rosemary Street, Castle Street, Church Street, Waring Street, and several other thoroughfares, which intersected the oldest part of the town. These streets still exist, though in a modernised and greatly im¬ proved form, but all traces of the gates and ramparts have vanished. The last traces of the walls were removed nearly a hundred years ago to give room for the opening of Donegall Place and the erection of the Linen Hall. Cromac Street, Cullingtree Road, Clowney Bridge, Millfield, and many other names of streets and localities in and around Belfast preserve the memory of people and incidents connected with the early history of th« place, which the interested student will not find it difficult to identify. The attractive aspect of the city in the present year of grace constitutes a high tribute to the efforts of those authorities and municipal officials who have devoted so much attention to the improvement of the streets and buildings. It is easy to find one’s way about in the spacious and handsome thoroughfares of Ulster’s metropolis; and, considering the great amount of manufacture carried on in the neighbourhood, the city is remarkably free from the dense haze of smoke that hangs like a perpetual canopy over so many of our great industrial centres. The Quay, Belfast. ings. The city stands at the influx of the River Lagan into Bel¬ fast Lough, and is partly in county Down, but chiefly in Antrim. The river- flows through the city in a north-easterly direction, dividing it into two parts, of which that on the left bank, or Antrim side, is the larger and more important, containing the principal commercial establishments and leading business thoroughfares of the place. On the landward side the city is bounded by a range of lofty and picturesque hills, which add greatly to the scenic interest of the neighbourhood. On Cave Hill, the loftiest of these eminences, is situated the modern castle of Belfast, the magnificent seat of the Marquis of Donegall. From the terrace in front of this stately mansion may be obtained one of the grandest views of hill and valley, lough and sea, in the kingdom, even the far-away coast of Scotland being visible on a clear day. Belfast Lough is a particularly attractive feature in this view. It is a noble expanse of water, twelve miles long by an average breadth of three miles, and as it stretches between the picturesque coasts of Down and Antrim, away beyond Carrickfergus, and out into the North Channel, it forms one of the safest and most commodious havens on the Irish seaboard. Reverting now to our sur¬ vey of the city, we find it an exceedingly hand¬ some, clean-looking, and well laid out town, bearing many evidences of the march of im¬ provement in structural matters, and presenting a vast network of wide and regular streets, lined by lofty,, elegant, and substantial build¬ ings, and stretching away in all directions into beautiful suburban environs, where the mer¬ chants and citizens generaRy find charming places of residence. The business-like aspect of the city is particularly impressive, and cannot fail to attract attention and promote thoughtful consideration. Here, in these crowded rushing thoroughfares, we find the pulsing heart of a mighty commercial organisation, whose vitality is ever THE PRINCIPAL STREETS. The broad and well-kept thoroughfares and stately public build¬ ings and mercantile establishments of Belfast stand forth promi- Queen’s Bridge, Belfast. " nently among the city’s most attractive features, and deserve a few words of mention in this part of our review. Belfast has now upwards of 1,600 streets, aggregating a total length of about 200 IRELAND. 41 miles, and it is obviously quite beyond our scope here to give any¬ thing like a detailed itinerary of these many highways of busy traffic and by-ways of quiet residential life. But there are certain thoroughfares in the city that demand some brief notice, and to that demand we are bound to accede. We may commence with High Street, which still continues to be the main artery of the city’s traffic, and which extends from the old place of execution down to the Albert Memorial. This broad and ever-busy thoroughfare follows the course of the Belfast river, which in former days flowed down here to join the Lagan, unconfined and undi¬ verted in its progress. We are reminded of the fact that sundry small bridges spanned this now invisible stream by the name of Bridge Street, which started hard by the principal one of those old-time viaducts. It is said that when the tide was ‘at flood, barges used to come up this stream a con¬ siderable distance, and the presence of this marine element pro¬ bably gave the name to Skipper Street. Also, we learn that in former times the “silent highway” which is now covered by the noisy pave¬ ments of High Street, was lined on either bank by rows of um¬ brageous trees which afforded a grateful shade and shelter to divers vendors of mer¬ chandise, who here displayed their wares and sought for patron¬ age. What a contrast to the superb shops and improved methods of the present day! At the lower end of High Street, and oc¬ cupying the ground around St. George’s Church, there was a cemetery in the last century; but all traces of that “city of the dead” have been obliterated by the march of im¬ provement and the 'rapid enhancement of the value of property in this part of the city. We have already alluded to Bridge Street, and in looking at it more closely we find it one of the principal thoroughfares of the place, not only because of the numerous large business houses situated in it, including the immense estab¬ lishment of Messrs. John Arnott & Co., but also by reason of its communicative position, the street running from High Street, and joining Donegall Street, Waring Street, Rosemary Street, and North Street at its other extremity. The junction of these impor¬ tant highways at this point forms a large “circus,” which is graced by a number of very handsome edifices, including the fine structure of the Belfast Banking Company, and the Commercial Buildings opposite, the latter presenting some of the busiest and most animated scenes one can witness in connection with the city’s trade. Indeed, Commercial Buildings may be regarded as a sort of general Exchange for the merchants of Belfast. Waring Street is another fine thoroughfare, where a great deal of commercial activity prevails, and here the most notable archi¬ tectural feature is un¬ doubtedly the lofty and elegant building of the Ulster Banking Com¬ pany, an edifice worthy of the large and influ¬ ential financial insti¬ tution to whose pur¬ poses it is devoted. The upper part or extension of High Street bears the name of Castle Place, and extends to the junc¬ tion of Castle Street, Royal Avenue, Bank Street, and Donegall Place. There is no busier street in Belfast than this, and it is associated with many an incident and insti¬ tution in the past life and history of the city. In this neigh¬ bourhood stood the old castle, and here Wil¬ liam III., during his sojourn in Ireland in 1690, held his court. The Corn Market, at one end of the street, contained the old Plough Inn, a famous coaching-house, from which the Royal Mail Coach, in ante-railway days, started on its journey with mails and passengers to Dublin and many intervening places. This vicinity is the “ Club-land” of Belfast, and the Ulster Club and the Ulster Reform Club have large and handsome premises here, the former in Castle Place and the latter in Royal Avenue. Another note¬ worthy building in this central and interesting part of the city is that occupied by the Provincial Bank, a well-known and prominent financial organisation. Donegall Place, at the upper end of Castle Street, was in former times the site of the town house of the Mar¬ quis of Donegall, but it has now become the Bond Street of Belfast. It is distinguished by some of the most select and fashionable shops and mercantile emporia in the city, and its structural features 42 INDUSTRIES OP are in every respect -worthy of its distinction. Business establish¬ ments, of course, predominate, hut these are among the chief attractions of Belfast in all quarters, and Donegall Place has been chosen as the locale of many of the city’s most superb temples of trade. Everywhere the spirit of progress and improvement is Castle Place, Belfast. manifest in these broad, attractive, and wonderfully clean thorough¬ fares, and on all sides we meet with conspicuous signs and tokens of the prosperity of the commercial community as a whole, and with evidences of that lively competition whose healthful influence has developed a vigorous and admirable enterprise in the trading circles of the place. Belfast is, indeed, fully abreast of the times in every detail and generality of commerce, and the impression created by its busy and animated central thoroughfares is the memory that will remain longest in the minds of the majority of visitors to the northern metropolis of Ireland. The growth of cities presents at all times an absorbing subject for study and consideration, and its interest becomes greatly en¬ hanced in such a case as that of Belfast. The increase of this community, both in area and population, has been very remark¬ able, and the full force of its progress and development is brought home to us most clearly by the aid of the matter-of-fact art of the statistician. We have already noted the wondrous augmentation of the population of Belfast, as illustrated by various census returns; and now, while speaking of the city’s streets, we may appropriately quote other figures which indicate, in thoroughly practical fashion, the real advancement of the place. In 1820, the expenses of the corporation for paving, cleaning, lighting, and patrolling the streets, with other minor incidentals in the general care of the same, amounted to £3,840. In 1889, the estimated cost of the same work in connection with the many miles of thoroughfares that now exist was not far short of £138,000. In August, 1888, the Corporation commenced operations in the great main drainage scheme, for which they have obtained the sanction and authority of a special Act of Parliament, and it is calculated that the carrying out of this immense work, which will greatly improve the general sanitary arrangements of the city, will entail an ex¬ penditure of £300,000. Many other notable improvements have been undertaken and carried to a state of highly satisfactory com¬ pletion by the Corporation, who have always kept the best interests of the city and its inhabitants in view, and who have striven to promote those interests in every possible and legitimate way. Among the numerous important municipal works thus effected have been the filling up of old docks, which formerly extended a considerable distance into the town; and Queen’s Square, Victoria Square, and Albert Square now represent the valuable sites which have thus been reclaimed. The building of Lombard Street, a new and very useful thoroughfare, followed the filling up of the old docks ; and then came a truly great achievement in the demo¬ lition of Hercules and John Streets, the clearing away of a lot of wretched, malodorous, and insanitary “rookeries” in the vicinity of those streets, and the opening of that fine stretch of roadway extending from York Street to Donegall Place, and bearing the name of Royal Avenue, a title which well indicates its stately aspect. We might cite many another instance of the vigorous action of the Corporation in this matter of street improvement; but the cases we have referred to will serve as ample evidence of the spirit which governs the “ city fathers ” in all things apper¬ taining to the beautifying and general betterment of the town in its structural and topographical features. The facilities of transit for passengers in Belfast are ample and of an excellent character, there being upwards of six hundred inside and outside “jaunting cars” plying in the streets. These vehicles are characteristic of the country, and have been described so often that they must by this time be familiar to most of our 1 readers who, not being resident in Ireland, may have been debarred from the exhilarating enjoyment of a drive on one of these unique conveyances. The cars met with in the streets of Belfast are of a class generally superior to those found in other parts of Ireland, and their drivers have a reputation for civility, efficiency, and a general inclination to meet the requirements of their patrons. It has been said, with what truth we know not, that it is impossible to satisfy a Dublin carman, however liberal may be the fare bestowed upon him, and many a good story is told in support of the statement. The Jehu of Belfast is of a more contented turn, but we are bound to admit that there is no record of an “ extra ” in the shape of payment having been at any time refused. In addition to this excellent cab or car service, Belfast has a splendid tramway system, controlled by the enterprising Belfast Street Tramways Company, who have now in working order something like twenty miles of track, and who spare no effort to transport their thousands of daily passengers from place to place with speed, comfort, and economy. There are also Doxegall Place, Belfast. omnibuses engaged in certain departments of the street passenger traffic, and the bridge communication between the Down and Antrim sides of the river is eminently satisfactory. Queen’s Bridge, spanning the Lagan at the point whore formerly stood the old Long Bridge, is a fine granite viaduct of five well-proportioned IRELAND. 43 arches. It is situated just above the Donegall and Queen’s Quays, and was completed in 1841 at a cost of £21,000. The city has local railway facilities of a complete and superior character, and its means of communication by rail and steamer with other parts of the United Kingdom are all that can be desired. The Belfast Steamship Company have a splendid service of steamers running daily to and from Liverpool, while the fine vessels of the Clyde Shipping Company communicate with Glasgow in an equally regular manner, and steamers of the most comfortable and commo¬ dious character ply between Belfast and Barrow and Fleetwood, in connection with the trains of the Midland, and the London and North-West¬ ern Railway Companies. PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND INSTITUTIONS. We have alluded to the spirit of progress which has animated the Cor¬ poration of Belfast, in sweeping away the nar¬ row lanes and miserable aUeys which formerly abounded in the old town, and opening up such noble thoroughfares as Victoria Street, Royal Avenue, &c. Another notable outcome of that same spirit of municipal enterprise is found in the numerous and increasing array of handsome build¬ ings which adorn these stately streets, and com¬ plete their beauty and attractiveness. Our li¬ mited space precludes an extended survey of these edifices, but the visitor to Belfast will speedily dis¬ cover them for himself, and will readily accord to them the meed of praise that is their due. As the capital of Ulster and the county town of Antrim (in which latter distinc¬ tion it was preceded by the ancient port of Car- rickfergus), Belfast is now the seat of the administration of justice for a largo and im¬ portant district; and we are reminded of this fact by the presence, in Crumlin Road, of the fine Court House, a most commodious edifice, erected at a cost of £17,000, and presenting an imposing example of classic architecture of the Corinthian order. On the opposite side of the road stands the Central Prison, covering a very large area of ground, and arranged upon the most approved principles for the penal purposes to which it is devoted. The Belfast Museum, a superb structure of large dimensions and imposing appearance, is one of the architectural ornaments of the city, and forms, also, a notable centre of attraction for students of natural history and archeology, as represented in this district. The museum is conducted in connection with the Natural History and Philosophical Society (whose history dates from the year 1821), and its collection of ornithological specimens and native antiquities is remarkably extensive, interesting and valuable. Other prominent public buildings which will well repay atten¬ tion are, the Custom House, a fine edifice in the Italian style; the handsome and commodious Linen Hall, associated with the' mercantile features of Belfast’s staple industry; and the Com¬ mercial Buildings, and the head offices of the various important banks to which we have already made brief reference. There are altogether about one hundred churches in Belfast, prin¬ cipally appertaining to the Church of Ireland, the Presbyterian, the Me¬ thodist, and the Roman Catholic bodies. Vaxious other denomi¬ nations are w T ell repre¬ sented, but the Presby¬ terians have the majority of places of worship, and some of their churches are exceedingly handsome and commodious. The parish church of St. Anne is noteworthy from a historical point of view, and dates from the year 1788. It stands in Donegall Street, and is a large red brick building, with tower and Corinthian portico. ^ St. George’s Church, at the lower end of High Street, occupies the site of an older church which is said to havebeen erected upon the ground formerly covered by a fort de¬ stroyed by Sir John De Courcy in the latter years of the twelfth century. The present church is dis¬ tinguished by a handsome portico. There are many other churches of newer date which present architectural features of much greater attractiveness than those. Among them may be mentioned the large and beautiful Wesleyan Church in Carlisle Circus, an elegant example of the Pointed style; the Roman Catholic churches of St. Malachi and St. Peter; and several churches and chapels of the Presbyterian, Baptist, Unitarian and other denominations. Belfast is well supplied with charitable institutions and establish¬ ments devoted to the succour and relief of the poor, the sick, the helpless and the insane; and in the principles of their organisation St. Enoch’s Church, Belfast. 44 INDUSTRIES OF and the manner of their administration, the city’s hospitals, infirmaries and asylums are second to none in the country. The cause of education is also carefully looked after, and excellent schools and colleges exist to impart instruction in all branches of knowledge to people of every grade and class. The principal educational institutions of Belfast enjoy a national reputation, and their names will be readily recognised by our readers. They include the Belfast Academy, the Royal Belfast Academical Insti¬ tute, the Model School, the Presbyterian College (founded in 1853 for the training of students for the ministry), the Wesleyan College (founded in 1868, and housed in a very fine building which was erected at a cost of £30,000), large juvenile schools in Bank Street, under Roman Catholic auspices, and Queen’s College, conspicuous for its fine building in the Tudor style of architecture. Queen’s College is one of three similar institutions founded in Ireland in 1845, and was opened in 1849. It now receives upwards of five hundred students annually, has a splendid library, and provides very complete and valuable instruction in arts, law, medicine, and science, maintaining an eminent reputation in all these branches. The Wesleyan College, above referred to, is also attended by a great number of students, and is largely endowed by voluntary contributions from the many who recognise and appreciate the excellent educational work it is performing. Belfast is not remarkable for monuments of a memorial cha¬ racter, but it certainly possesses one of the finest structures of this kind to be found in the three kingdoms. We refer to the graceful and imposing Albert Memorial, which stands at the foot of High Street, and attracts immediate attention by its beauty and dignity. This elegant memorial is in the form of a lofty pinnacled tower, the upper part of which contains a large illuminated clock dial, which is almost a leplica of that in the clock towor of the Houses of Parliament at Westminster. In The Botanical Gardens, Belfast. a niche near the base of the tower stands a fine statue of the late Prince Consort, who held a high place in the affections of the people of Belfast. The memorial has a total altitude of nearly 140 feet. It was completed in 1869, and the cost of its erection was entirely defrayed by public subscription. There is one other monument in Belfast which will be of interest to many, the excellent bronze statue in College Square of the Rev. Henry Cooke, D.D., a distinguished Presbyterian divine, renowned as a preacher, eminent as a theologian, and formerly for a long time pastor of May Street Church. For some unaccountable reason the impression is frequently found to prevail in certain quarters that those cities and towns whose energies are largely devoted to commercial pursuits, and whose prosperity greatly depends upon the successful issue of their trading enterprises, cannot have any very close sympathy with the fine arts or play any important part in the promotion of the same. This unwarranted assumption is frequently dis¬ proved by the artistic culture and status of many of our large manu- f icturing and mercantile towns ; and in Belfast we find a number of specially striking evidences of the fact that people whose lives are largely taken up in affairs of business turn almost instinctively to the arts for that relaxation which comes most readily through the medium of complete change and contrast. Ireland’s commercial metropolis has its school of art, its public exhibitions of paintings and sculpture, and many notable literary, artistic, and scientific institutions, which contribute in a large variety of ways to promote the intellectual advancement of a people naturally gifted with an aptitude to derive benefit from all such refining and elevating influences ; and the desire for advancement in this direction is as strong as in many another matter which receives the careful attention of the intelligent public in this busy and interesting community. Besides painting and sculpture, the sister arts of music and the drama are largely patronised and fully appre¬ ciated. IRELAND. 45 The Theatre Royal is a commodious and handsome playhouse, where exoellent dramatic entertainment is provided for a numerous clientele by a judicious and enterprising management. The Ulster Hall is a fine concert saloon, where musical performances of a high order of merit take place. The Belfast Harp Society was formerly an influential and important musical organisation and its earnest efforts at various times to revive the interest of the public in the beautiful and characteristic compositions of the national bards were deserving of greater success than they secured. One outcome of the society’s work, however, was the publication of Bunting’s fine edition of Irish music, in which many of the best of the old bardic melodies are preserved from the oblivion that at one time threatened them. The inhabitants of Belfast, besides possessing ample means for intellectual amusement and refined entertainment indoors, are equally well provided with places of outdoor recreation. The city’s parks are beautiful and extensive pleasure-grounds, largely in¬ creased during late years, and admirably laid out to serve their useful and beneficial pur¬ pose. The chief park of Belfast is that at Ormeau, occupying a splendid property which was formerly attached to a seat of the Marquis of Donegall. This is one of the finest parks in the country, and it is supplemented by the Alexandra, Victoria, Woodvale, and Falls Parks, situated in various quarters of the city, and affording ready access to fresh air and the plea¬ sant prospect of leafy trees, bright flowers, and verdant sward. Here, as in every other large centre of trade and population, parks are abso¬ lutely necessary and quite indispensable; and their benefits will be increasingly appreciated as the city continues to expand its area. At the present time, however, it must be said that the working classes live much more comfortably here than in the largest of English and Scottish industrial towns. In the first place a really good artisan can readily find plenty of employ¬ ment for himself and those members of his family who are capable of performing skilled labour, and the sense of satisfaction produced by this fact is enhanced by the arrangements made to ensure his residential comfort. The artisans’ dwellings in Belfast are almost in every instance self-contained houses of good size, situated in convenient proximity to the large factories and works, and built and constructed in a style which renders them exceptionally comfortable and thoroughly sani¬ tary. In many a busy and populous manufac¬ turing town of Great Britain the abodes of the hard-working factory hands and mechanics will not bear comparison with these neat and cleanly industrial dwellings of Belfast; and the linen metropolis is entitled to all honour and credit for its splendid advancement in this highly im¬ portant respect. Having referred to the parks we must not omit to mention and commend the spacious and beautiful gardens of the Botanical Society. These fine grounds, covering upwards of seventeen acres on the bank of the Lagan, are supported by the public in a most liberal manner, and rank among the most interesting and flou¬ rishing gardens of their kind in the three king¬ doms. They contain a magnificent botanic col¬ lection, embracing many thousands of rare and beautiful plants, shrubs, and trees, and the large conservatory exhibits a charming array of floral specimens, both domestic and exotic. THE NEWSPAPERS OF BELFAST. One of the greatest writers, statesmen, and thinkers of his day said once, with reference to the printing-press :—“It absorbs, in a great degree, the duties of the sovereign, the priest, the parlia¬ ment; it controls, it educates, it discusses.” The truth and force of this dictum become clearer and stronger every day, and men recognise in the Press an influence that is well nigh all powerful for good or ill, according to the manner in which it is wielded. It is impossible to ignore the benefits which have been conferred upon Belfast and its district by the intelligent action of its local press in all matters and questions affecting the welfare of the community and the nation atlarge, and we find the “ Fourth Estate ” in this active mg and capable journalists, with the interests of the place at heart, and the will and the power to promote them by prompt and fear- D Ormiston, Strandtow.x. Belvoir Park. and progressive city represented by a body of energetic, enterpris- 46 INDUSTRIES OF less utterances at all times and under all circumstances. Our sketch would be incomplete did it not include some slight tribute to the well-directed influence of the newspapers of Belfast, and we have much pleasure in adding here a list of the principal journals published in the city, for particulars concerning which we are indebted to Sell’s excellent “ Dictionary of the World’s Press.” The following are the names of the journals referred to :— The Belfast News Letter, daily, Conserva¬ tive in politics, established in 1737 ; the Belfast Morning News, daily, supporting Home Rule,established 1855; the Belfast Northern Whig, daily, Liberal, established— 1821; the Belfast Evening Telegraph, daily, Conserva¬ tive, established 1870; the Belfast Weekly News, pub¬ lished eveiy Saturday, the great organ of the Orange institution, and having a worldwide circulation, esta¬ blished 1855; the Belfast Weekly Telegraph, every Saturday, Protestant and constitutional, established 1873; the Belfast Advertiser, a free publication, neutral in politics, issued every Wednesday, established 1880; Belfast Mer¬ cantile Journal, established 1807, neutral in poli¬ tics, worldwide circulation ; Blarney, the leading comic journal of Ulster, published every Satur¬ day; the Ulster Echo, a well-known halfpenny evening paper, started in 1874, and advocating the politics of the Liberal party; the Ulster General Advertiser, gratis every Saturday, neu¬ tral in politics, established in 1842; the Weekly Examiner, a Home Rule weekly, established since 1855 ; the Weekly Northern Whig, an influ¬ ential Liberal newspaper, dating from 1858 ; the Witness, a Presbyterian weekly, started in 1874; the Christian Advocate, an Evangelical journal; and the Irish Educational Journal, established in 1872. Besides the above there are published in the city the Irish Baptist Magazine, the Irish Church Directory and Year Book, the Irish Congregational Magazine, and the Irish Congregational Year Booh. Many of the above journals have very extensive circulation, extending throughout the three kingdoms, and it is interesting to note that the Belfast Evening Telegraph, which is distinguished for its spirited advocacy of moral and social improvements among the working classes, was the first half¬ penny evening newspaper published in Ireland. volume of trade which forms the life and soul of modern Belfast. But, in the first place, it is not easy to fix any exact date as the commencement of those trading operations which have now become so extensive in scope and so far reaching in effect. Certainly up to the year 1635, or hereabouts, Belfast did not amount to much as a port. The very Lough which proudly bears the city’s name to-day was then called Carrickfergus Bay; and the Customs reports of those times, though they speak frequently of Bangor and Carrickfergus (then leading ports), and refer occasionally to various places which are now little more than outlying suburbs of Belfast, do not make any mention of the now mighty city at the mouth of the Lagan. But the neglected town was marked down for great things in the book of destiny, and we soon begin to note signs and tokens of its advancement. When William III. stayed here for a few days, on his way to the Boyne, the merchants of Belfast had become an important and influential body, and the port was rapidly improving in all respects. The eighteenth century saw a continu¬ ance of this advancement; and during the present century the progress made has been in every way extraordinary. As the city grew, vessels began to desert the old port of Carrickfergus, and to proceed farther up the Lough, and eventually the day arrived for the inauguration of an era of improvement in the harbour which has resulted in the creation of the splendid docks and quays that now afford accommodation of the best class to vessels from all parts of the world. Persons who view for the first time the busy scene along the banks of the Lagan below Queen’s Bridge, and note the fine shipping facilities now existing there, would hardly credit the fact that most of this has been accomplished within the brief period of half a century. The fact remains, however, and Belfast is in this respect (as in many others) the Glasgow of Ireland. The wonder¬ ful enterprise and energy of those of her citizens who are descended from the English and Scottish settlers of two or three centuries ago have been the prime factors in her modern commercial progress; Ruins of Grey Abbey, near Belfast. THE COMMERCE OE BELFAST. It. is now time that we said a few words coneern’ng the mighty and what that progress really signifies cannot be better llustrated than by another glance at the Customs returns. In 1700 the total IRELAND. 47 Customs revenue of the port was barely over £1,200; in 1763 the combined Customs and Excise revenue was over £32,000; in ; 1784 the Customs alone had increased to £101,000; and for 1887 Shake’s Castle, Axtkim. the Customs revenue paid at Belfast was no less than £1,675,323. These figures require no comment; they tell in the most unmistak¬ able terms the story of the growth of trade in this city, during less than two centuries, and the increase they represent has few parallels during the same period in the annals of British commerce. During that space of time grew up the wondrous industries of the place, and the immense mercantile and manufacturing establish¬ ments which have been developed with unconquerable perseverance and untiring zeal, and to which we shall have occasion to refer more particularly in the series of historical and descriptive articles that occupy the later pages of this volume. THE HARBOUR AND THE DOCKS. In the year 1831 a special Act of Parliament authorised the people to elect and maintain a Board of Harbour Commis¬ sioners at Belfast. The functions of this Board consisted in •exercising a general control over the harbour and quays, and in extending and bettering the same in accordance with the requirements of the port. Those duties have been ad¬ mirably discharged ever since, and the very first year of the Commissioners’ administration witnessed the carrying out of a number of useful works in connection with the harbour. They have effected wonderful improvements during the sixty years that have nearly elapsed since the Board was first appointed, constructing new channels in the river, building fine quays, which are now several miles in extent on either bank of the Lagan, and opening docks and basins that cover over one hundred acres of space, for the accommodation of vessels. The soundest principles of economy and utility marked and governed the progress of these improvements. The dredgings from the channel formations were so disposed as to form quite an extensive island which received the name of Dar-gan’s Island, in honour of the clever engi¬ neer, William Dargan (an Irishman), who was entrusted with the carrying out of the work. This island has since been re-named Queen’s Island, and is now the centre of activity in the Belfast shipbuilding industry. Later on the further opening up of improved channels resulted in the formation of what are known as the Twin Islands; and the work is still in active progress, its ultimate object being the completion of the new channel as far as Holywood, a port three or four miles down the Lough. When this is accomplished Dargan’s excellent project will have been brought to a thoroughly satisfactory issue, and Belfast will possess one of the most com¬ modious systems of harbour channels, docks and quays in the country, the facilities being so complete that all the old difficulties of entering the port will have vanished, and the trading ships will make their way up the river well nigh to the very doors of the city’s warehouses. It is with great satisfaction that the visitor will note the comparative purity of the water of the Lagan at Belfast, strenuous efforts being made to preserve it in a state of cleanliness; and, indeed, the whole aspect of the harbour and docks is calculated to create a most favourable impression. The two fine quays—Donegall and Queen’s—lying opposite each other just below Queen’s Bridge, are models of neatness and orderly appearance, and their general air of tidiness and system is all the more striking by reason of the wonderful activity of the scene they present at all hours of the day, and some¬ times far through the night. What a revelation that scene would be for the departed worthies of old Belfast, could they revisit the “ glimpses of the moon ” and survey the moving picture presented by these busy docks, the crowded river, the myriads of workers hurrying to and fro, the great ships from many a distant clime as well as from nearly every port in the British Isles, the lofty warehouses on either side, and the thousand sights and sounds that bear witness to the progress of a mighty trade ! All around our coasts we multiply such scenes as this upon various scales of magnitude, and they stand and testify continuously to the supremacy of Britain in the commerce of the world. Glancing back at the statistical records of the port of Belfast we find that in 1847 the number of vessels that entered here was 5,038, repre¬ senting 566,380 tons of shipping, while the number that cleared was 2,454, aggregating 400,356. ' In 1872 the entries were 7,999 vessels, equal to 1,266,364 tons, while the clearances were 3,378 Glenakji Castle, Anteiu. vessels, 748,809 tons. Coming down to 1885 we find that 8,970 vessels entered the port during that year, their tonnage being 1,846,673; while during the same period 8,863 vessels cleared the 48 INDUSTRIES OE port, representing 1,854,875 tons. Thus the amount of shipping increases year by year, and the short space of a decade effects a truly marvellous change in the activity of the port, the volume of Ireland had a reputation second to none and almost commensurate with the renown they enjoy to-day. The trade was greatly im¬ proved at the end of the seventeenth century, when French refugees came to Ireland in large numbers, bringing with them a superior class of weaving apparatus, and introducing many new and advanced methods of manufacture. These immigrants settled chiefly at Lisburn, which has ever since been a notable seat of the industry. In 1711 the “Linen Board” was formed for the protection of the trade, but it was dis¬ solved in 1828, since which date no restrictive or protective measures of any consequence have remained in force. The manufacturers being thus left entirely to their own devices and resources, went to work in downright earnest to develop the trade to the fullest ex¬ tent, and the result of their efforts has been in every way satisfactory and commendable. In fact, the last sixty years constitutes an epoch of unparalleled advance¬ ment in the Belfast linen manufacture, and the pro¬ gress of the trade during that period has been hardly second even to that of the cotton and woollen indus¬ tries in Lancashire and Yorkshire. The introduction of modern power looms and other perfected machinery gave another great impetus to the trade, which has now attained colossal proportions and immense annual value. Belfast contains some of the foremost linen factories and warehouses in the world, and her pro¬ ductions in this beautiful class of textile fabric are unrivalled in quality, finish, and appearance. The Belfast table linens, which are patronised by royalty both at home and abroad, are unapproached in their many characteristics of excellence, and a similar renown attaches to the diapers, damasks, cambrics, lawns, cambric handkerchiefs, wide sheetings, and thou¬ sands of miles of linen thread, which emanate from the huge factories of the city, the district, and the neighbouring towns. Everything that can be made from spun flax is here produced, different localities being celebrated for special classes and qualities The Nursing Child. of goods, and Belfast, with its stately warehouses, its spacious showrooms, and its ever active and enterprising merchants, is the great mart and depot for them all. the trade done, and the facilities for the conduct of that trade, as well as in the size of the city, the multitude of its population, and prosperity of its inhabitants, from the merchant prince to the mechanic. INDUSTRIAL INTERESTS. "VVe might easily fill a good-sized volume in recording the swift development of various branches of industry in Belfast during the present century, for the growth of manu¬ facturing interests here in that period of time has been remarkable both in its rapidity and in the comprehensive character of its results. The energies of the people have overflowed, as it were, into many channels of activity, and have brought to a state of vigour and perfection many a productive trade of the highest import¬ ance. In another part of this work we shall endeavour to illustrate the extent and variety of the manufactures pursued in the city and district by means of articles dealing individually with leading and representative concerns in the several lines that have been so successfully opened up. In this brief introduction, however, our space is limited, and we can only make superficial allusion to a few of the industries with which the name of Belfast has become specially and prominently identified. Our first attention is due to the linen trade, which has long had its chief centre of opera¬ tions in the capital of Ulster. This impor¬ tant industry is of very ancient origin here, and is said to have been in a flourishing condition in the neighbourhood of Belfast as far back as the early years of the thirteenth century, when the fine linen fabrics of the north of The Pleaskin, Giant’s Causeway. IRELAND. During her visit to Belfast with the Prince Consort, Tier Majesty the Queen evinced much interest in the linen industry, and in “Leaves from Our Journal” she writes: “ We stopped at the Caekick-a-Rede. Linen Hall to see the exhibition of the flax and linen manufacture. Lord Downshire and several other gentlemen received us there, and conducted us through the different rooms, where we saw the whole process in its different stages. First the plant, then the flax after being steeped, then the spun flax; lastly, the linen, cambric, and cloth of every sort and kind. It is really very interesting to see, and it is wonderful to what a perfection it has been brought.” Besides producing linens of the very finest possible quality, Belfast has established an eminent reputation in the making of all the various machines and appliances required in the industry, and these are sent to all parts of the world, together with many other products of tho numerous large and important engineering works and machine shops that exist in the city and district. Cotton manufacture was also largely developed once, and was in a thriving condition at the end of the eighteenth century. Indeed it was once thought that it would almost supplant the original staple trade; but it has since declined considerably, and Linen is still king in “ Linenopolis.” The manufacture of shirts, collars, and cuffs gives employment to hosts of operatives ; and stitching, embroidering, folding, and finishing in connection with the finer classes of small linen wares provide plenty of work for women and girls. There are likewise woollen manufactories of some note in Belfast, fancy flannels being an important product, but the woollen industry is not so large as it once was, and has declined somewhat in the same manner as the cotton trade. Belfast has long had a reputation in connection with the printer’s art, and there are many extensive and celebrated printing works here, including those of the famous firm of Messrs. Marcus Ward & Co., world renowned for Christmas cards and other productions of a kindred nature, and of Messrs. David Allen & Sons, the famous colour pi inters. It is said that the first Bible published in Ireland was printed in Belfast by Mr. James Blow in 1704. 40 A great variety of general trades and manufactures find very creditable representation in this busy community of energetic workers, positions of especial prominence being held by the distilleries, breweries, foundries, chemical works, and flour and oil mills of the district. Great improvements have been made in the processes of linen bleaching, for which purpose there are some immense works in the neighbourhood; and considerable activity also prevails in the dyeing and calico-printing industries, and in the pork-curing trade, which has attained large dimensions in recent years. Finally, mention must he made of the shipbuilding which has for some time been so extensively carried on at Queen’s Island, on the Downshire side of the Lagan. This industry was originally started at Ritchie’s Dock—which has since been filled in, the site being now occupied by Corporation Square—and its history dates from the year 1825. Eventually the trade was removed to Queen’s Island, and its greatest modern progress is illustrated in the eminent achievements of Messrs. Harland & Wolff, the largest shipbuilders in Ireland. This celebrated firm have yards and works of great extent, employing a smaU army of shipwrights, mechanics, and other hands, and they possess a worldwide reputa¬ tion as builders of iron and steel, ships, and steamers of exceptional size and capacity, their name being identified with the construc¬ tion of some of the finest “liners” engaged in the transatlantic mail and passenger services. Our brief space is now exhausted, and one of the most interest¬ ing portions of our present historical task has been accomplished —inadequately, it is true, but with as much completeness as con¬ ditions of necessary brevity will allow. If the few words we have written concerning the busy metropolis of northern Ireland can quicken in any degree the interest of our readers in the ever-pro¬ gressive trades and untiringly energetic population of this great and representative British community, their highest object will be amply attained. Belfast, with its mighty industries, its active and intelligent merchants, its splendid municipal and social insti¬ tutions, represents the evolution of a great and hopeful present out of a troublous and unpromising past. It is a subject worthy of Port Coon Cave. thought and study; its records form a fitting theme for the pen of a great chronicler; and, doubtless, in the fulness of time, the historian wiR arise who is qualified to do them justice. For our 50 INDUSTRIES OF Gate of Derby, Londonderry. part, we are content to leave the city in the safe keeping of its people, confident in their will and capacity to promote her every interest with vigour and judgment, and to add new brightness year by year to the renown she has already won in the highest walks of civic and commercial progress. LONDONDERRY. There are few places in Ireland which have played a more interesting part in the history of the country than Londonderry, or Derry as it is more fami¬ liarly called: and, after Belfast, this ancient com¬ munity has perhaps the strongest claim upon our attention in a review of the towns and cities of Ulster and the North. Derry is a place of great antiquity, and its history dates from the foundation here of the Abbey of St. Colomb, in the year 546. The Danes wrought great destruc¬ tion throughout the north of Ireland in the course of their various invasions from the close of the eighth to the early part of the ele¬ venth century; and among their numerous depredations we find the burning of an abbey in 783. This was probably the abbey reared by St. Colomb as above mentioned. During the Middle Ages the lot of the city was cast in anything but quiet places; and the troubles attendant upon almost incessant warfare seem to have marked its career down to the beginning of the seventeenth cen¬ tury. In 1606, the town was surprised and captured by rebels, and Sir George Rowlett, the governor, with the entire ^garrison of tb9 place, were put to death. A remarkable feature of the history of Derry consists in the number of sieges to which it has been subjected from time to time, one very severe one being conducted by O’Neill, in the course of his northern rebellion. The great and ever-memorable Siege of Derry by the army of James II. commenced on April 20th, 1689, and continued for one hundred and five days. The garrison and inhabitants were reduced to the direst extremity of famine, but under the heroic direction and exhortation of the Rev. George Walker, whose bravery and devo¬ tion have been appropriately commemorated by a statue in the city, they held out until a ship from London broke the booms laid across the river Foyle, and brought food to the starving defenders. The siege was raised by General Kirke, and the army of King James, under Rosen, a French commander, retired, having lost about nino thousand men in the vain attempt to reduce this stronghold of northern loyalty. delightful Pennyburn Mill, Londonderry. From the earliest period down to the time of James I. the city bore the name of Derry. In 1619, however, when a grant of the place, with over 200,000 acres of land, was made to various London companies, the present name of Londonderry was assumed, and a charter of incorporation was given to the town by the king. In later years peaceful progress has marked the career of the city, and it now ranks among the busiest centres of commerce and industry in the northern province. Londonderry is a city by constitution, and a seaport of much importance, occupying a very advantageous position upon the western bank of the river Foyle, which, five miles lower down, expands into the broad and picturesque sheet of water known as Lough Foyle. The city itself, which is about ninety-five miles from Belfast, is situated in a commanding position on a hill caRed the “ Island of Derry,” from the fact that it is almost encircled hy the winding river. A considerable portion of the ancient walls remains, testifying to the strength and importance of the place as a fortress in former times. At the present day handsome and well- kept thoroughfares, and numerous public and other buildings of fine appearance, render Derry one of the most attractive towns in Ireland, and few places in this part of the country have more surround- wealth of ings, the lovely scenery in the neighbourhood being characteristically Irish in its beauty and charm. Four principal streets extend from a point of union, called the Dia¬ mond, in the centre of the city to the four - ancient gates, and these streets contain many large and notable busi- ness establishments, presenting every evi¬ dence of prosperity in their commercial opera- tions. The modern growth of Derry is exemplified in the fact that the greater part of the city is now outside the walls. The old ramparts (as in the case of Chester and other English cities of anti¬ quity) form an excellent promenade tor the citizens and visitors, and afford very extensive and magnificent views. Londonderry is the see of a bishopric, and has a fine cathedral with a lofty and elegant spire. The bishop’s palace, numerous handsome and oommodious churches, the custom house, mechanics’ institute, asylum, and barracks are notable among the public buildings ; and there are many excel¬ lent schools and highly re¬ puted institutions, which meet the educational requirements of tho district. The Foyle Walker’s Monument. IRELAND. 51 College Act was passed in 1874 ; and about a mile from the city is situated Magee College, a well-known Protestant academy. A superb iron bridge, 1,200 feet long, opened on January 1st, 1878, connects the city with the suburb of Waterside, on the opposite bank of the Foyle. The census of 1881 gave the population of Londonderry as up¬ wards of thirty thousand, and the place grows steadily in size and North Gate, Carrickfergus. importance. It has three banks and three newspapers (the Derry Journal, established 1772, the Londonderry Sentinel, established 1819, and the Londonderry Standard, established 1836), and returns one member to Parliament. Three different lines of railway are immediately connected with Derry, affording splendid facilities of transport, and it is a port of call for several transatlantic lines of steamers. A very large trade is done, particularly with Liverpool, Glasgow, and other British ports, and there are large imports of foreign produce, coal and timber, and exports of eggs, butter, pork, cattle, and grain. The shipping facilities are particularly good, and excellent dock and quay accommodation exists. In 1885, 1,442 vessels cleared, and 1,509 entered the port, to and from British and foreign ports. The local industries are extensive and well developed, and though there is not a great amount of linen manufacture now, the utmost activity prevails in the shirt factories, distilleries, tanneries, foundries, corn and saw mills, and tobacco manufactories of the city and district, while shipbuilding is carried on to a considerable extent. Altogether, London¬ derry in its modern life is conspicuously prosperous and progressive, and its condition of advancement in social, commercial, and municipal matters is eminently creditable to its energetic inhabitants, who respect the traditions of the ancient city too much to ever allow it to fall back into a position of minor importance among its sister communities in the busy province of Ulster. DUNDALK. Although its position is in the extreme north¬ east of the province of Leinster, we propose to include Dundalk in the present portion of our review of Irish towns and cities for the reason that its operations in trade partake more of the nature of those of Belfast than of Dublin, while from a geographical standpoint the place is, to all intents and purposes, in the north of Ireland. Dundalk is the capital of county Louth, distin¬ guished as the smallest county in Ireland, and is an important and flourishing seaport, parish, market town, and township in the barony of Upper Dundalk, and about 58 miles from Belfast. It is situate on the river Castletown, close to Dundalk Bay, and had in 1881 a population of 11,913, which has since considerably increased. The town is one of some antiquity, and it was at Fagher, or Foughard, near here, that Edward Bruce, who had invaded Ireland with a Scottish army in 1315, was defeated and slain by the English, October 5th, 1318, In 1641 the ancient walls and fortifications were demolished, and in 1649 Dundalk was numbered among the many Irish towns that fell before the all-conquering march of Cromwell. Coming down to modern times we find the place steadily growing in size, impor¬ tance, and prosperity under the influence of vigorously conducted trades and industries, and at the present day Dundalk is in a thriving condition, municipally and commercially. As a seaport it enjoys notable advantages of situation, the formation of the bay and river estuary rendering the harbour both safe and commodious. Great activity prevails in the port, and the facilities for a general shipping trade of large proportions are excellent. The spacious quays and docks always present an animated scene, and regular communication is maintained with Holyhead (by railway to Greenore and thence by steamer), in addition to the various cargo services kept upi between this and other British ports. A very large export trade is carried on in grain and live stock, which are shipped in especially important consignments to Liverpool. In the town itself many important branches of commerce are well represented and there exists every evidence of steady advancement and prosperity in the various local trades. The industries of the town are also in a progressive condition, and include flax-spinning, tanning, ironfounding, distillery, and the manufacture of soap and candles, in all of which departments there are large and important firms engaged. It is said that the first cambric manu¬ factory in Ireland was established here by French artisans in 1727, and cambric still constitutes an important product of the district. Shipbuilding is also carried on to some extent, and a considerable amount of capital is profitably invested in the different local industries, which have been developed with much enterprise, and which afford employment to many skilled operatives. Dundalk a. a well-built and admirably ordered town, with schools, churches. Carrickferous Castle. INDUSTRIES OP public buildings, and all tbe essential institutions of a well- organised and progressive municipality. It has three banks, many mercantile establishments of excellent repute, and three well- conducted weekly newspapers—the Dundalk Democrat, the Dundalk Examiner and Loutli Advertiser, and the Dundalk Herald, the two from the province of Ulster. The port is still a good one, with excellent quays, at which vessels of 100 tons can discharge, and much activity prevails in the local shipping trade. Flax-spinning is the chief industry of the place, and in 1852 an extensive salt mine was discovered in the vicinity. Pishing is also largely carried on, and Carrickfergus has a reputation for excellent oysters. The parish has a population of upwards of 10,000, and possesses an ably edited local newspaper— the Carrickfergus Advertiser and County Gazette, founded in 1883. and enjoying an extensive circulation in the town and county. LISBURN. Narrow-Water Castle, Down. first-named advocating the politics of the National party in Ire¬ land, and dating from 1849 and 1830 respectively, while the third is an Independent Conservative journal established in 1868. CARRICKFERGUS. One of the oldest and most historical towns in Ireland is Carrick¬ fergus, a seaport of great antiquity, and a place of much import¬ ance in days long anterior to the rapid rise and advancement of Belfast. It is difficult to give any reliable information respecting the actual origin of Carrickfergus, but its name seems to indicate an antiquity coeval, at least, with that of the early Irish kings, and it may readily be supposed that the advantageous situation of the town in a maritime sense brought it into early prominence as a seaport. In the twelfth century the ports of Ireland were chiefly in the hands of the Ostmen or Eastmen, descendants of the Danish invaders of earlier times, and these towns were all in a flourishing condition. Indeed, it is said that the commerce of Dublin in those days rivalled even that of London, and Carrick¬ fergus doubtless shared in this general condition. It was at this port that Edward Bruce landed in 1315 on his ill-fated expedition for the conquest of Ireland, and here, historians tell us, he caused himself to be crowned king of the island. The fine old castle of Carrickfergus, which is now devoted to the purposes of an armoury, is supposed to have been built by Hugo de Lacy about the year 1180. It has been the scene of many stirring incidents in the history of Ulster, probably its latest adventure in warfare being m the year 1760, when it surrendered to the French admiral, Thurot. In August, 1689, the town was invested and entered by Count Schomberg, the principal general of William III., and that monarch himself landed here in 1690 on his way to the Boyne. A portion of the ancient ramparts of Carrickfergus still remains to indicate the strength of the town when it was completely fortified. The walls were built by Sir Henry Sidney about the year 1576. The situation of the town on the north shore of Belfast Lough, about ten miles from the city of Belfast, gives it many advantages as a seaport, and these have maintained it in a state of considerable business activity and importance, despite the overpowering presence of its great and ever-growing neighbour at the head of the Lough. During the infancy of Belfast, and up to the middle of the seventeenth century, Carrickfergus was the chief port of entry and departure for vessels coming to and sailing A handsome, populous, and flourishing town is Lis¬ burn, situated on the river Lagan, partly in the county of Antrim and partly in Down, and distant from Belfast about eight miles. This town was formerly called Lisnagarvey, and the fine castle of the Conways was built here in the early part' of the seventeenth cen¬ tury. From that period dates the history of the place, and its great prosperity in an industrial sense may be traced from the close of the same century, when large numbers of French refugees settled in the neighbourhood and introduced many valuable improvements into the methods and processes of linen manufac¬ ture. Lisburn is one of the neatest and cleanest towns in Ulster, and always impresses the visitor very favourably by its attractive appearance, handsome buildings, and general air of thrift and progress. It contains the cathedral church of the Diocese of Down, a spacious and noble-looking ecclesiastical edifice, with a lofty spire. Jeremy Taylor, bishop and theologian, died at Lisburn in 1667, and there is a monument to his memory in the cathedral. The town has two banks, several handsome public buildings, a number of excellent schools, and a well-conducted newspaper, the Lisburn Standard, dating from the year 1878, and advocating the political principles of Conservatism. Lisburn has for nearly two hundred years been a very busy and progressive seat of the linen industry, and is famous for its Downpatrick Cathedral, Down. very superior manufactures of damasks and other linen fabrics, which, for quality, finish, and beauty of appearance are unsur¬ passed in any part of the world. Some of the largest and most IRELAND. 53 perfectly equipped flux-spinning, bleaching, muslin, and linen thread works in Ire¬ land are to be found in this town and its immediate neighbour¬ hood, and there are also important corn- mills and other pro¬ ductive establishments of growing influence. A splendid spirit of enterprise prevails in the administration of all the local industries, and Lisburn increases continuously in com¬ mercial renown, as well as in area and population. Its mu¬ nicipal organisation is excellent, and in 1S81 Interior of the Cathedral, Armagh. it conta ; n ed 10,750 inhabitants, upon which number the census of the present year will doubtless show a very consider¬ able increase. ARMAGH. The ancient episcopal city of Ar¬ magh is one of the most interesting •of Irish communities, in a historical sense, and in early times it was second to no other town in the island in power and importance, having been the me¬ tropolis of the north of Ireland from the fifth to the ninth century. Ar¬ magh is the ecclesiastical capital of Ireland to this day, and the seat of the first Irish episcopacy, which was founded about 414 by St. Pa¬ trick, its first bishop. St. Patrick is also said to have built the first cathe¬ dral here, and the present structure (dating from 1765, and much improved in more recent years) is believed to stand upon the site of that original fane. Several saints of the Roman calendar have been bishops of Armagh, and the city continues to hold premier rank in Ireland, in connection with both the Roman Catholic and tho Protestant episcopacies. The present Anglican Archbishop of Armagh is the Most Reverend Robert Knox, D.D., Primate of the Church of Ireland, whose archiepiscopal residence is in the city. The diocese is one of the largest and most populous in the king¬ dom, and comprises the greater part of Armagh and Louth, with portions of Meath, Tyrone, and Londonderry. Armagh had its full share of the troubles attendant upon the early Danish inroads, and was ravaged by those invaders on Easter Day, A.D. 852. It was also attacked and subjected to considerable destruction by O’Neill in 1564. The city stands on a hill near the river Callan, in the north-western part of the county of Armagh, and is distant from Belfast about thirty-three miles. Armagh County returns three members to Parliament, and the City itself has a population of over 10,000. The principal public buildings are the large and handsome Roman Catholic and Pro¬ testant cathedrals, the college, the extensive barracks, the observa¬ Castle Caulfield, Tyrone. tory, and the archbishop’s palace. Numerous large and attractive shops are found in the well-kept streets, and considerable activity prevails in the local trades, which are developed to an important extent in corn and linen. The manufacture of linen fabrics is the staple industry of the county, and the city itself is the centre of a fertile and well-cultivated agricultural district. There are two banks in Armagh, and three newspapers have their publishing offices here—the Armagh Guardian, the Armagh Standard, and the Ulster Gazette, all of which are Conservative weekly journals, conducted with ability and enterprise, and enjoy¬ ing an extensive circulation. The business men of Armagh are energetic and progressive and the commercial interests of the city are in a flourishing condition. ATHLONE. This busy town on the Shannon, though it is situated principally in the Province of Leinster (County Westmeath), may be included in our present series of reviews for the reason that it lies partly in Roscommon (Connaught), and is a most important centre of trade, having close commercial connections with a considerable portion of the western province. It forms the military headquarters for the West of Ireland, and has a large fort and military depot covering nearly fifteen acres of ground. The town is of considerable antiquity, and played a part of some promi¬ nence in the eaily history of the western counties. In 1641 it was burnt during the conflicts arising out of the civil war. Near Athlone lies Aughrim, where a battle was fought on July 12th, 1691, between the Irish forces of James II., under the French General St. Ruth, and the English troops of William III., under General Ginckel. St. Ruth was defeated with very heavy loss, and was himself slain on the field. This battle finally crushed the hopes of James II., and General Ginckel was rewarded for his victory by being created Earl of Ath¬ lone. Subsequently to the Battle of the Boyne (1690) the town was held for James II. by Colonel Grace, but a few days before the decisive con¬ flict of Aughrim it was besieged and captured by the energetic General Ginckel, June 30th, 1691. The remains of the ancient castle form an interesting link be¬ tween the past and the present in Athlone. This ancient fortress bore a brave part in the siege just referred to. The modern town is well built and possessed of a good municipal organi¬ sation ; and it presents an aspect of much manu¬ facturing and mercantile activity. Charlemont Fort, Armagh. The Grand and Royal Canals 54 INDUSTRIES OF are carried through here, and a largo amount of traffic is con¬ ducted oyer these excellent waterways between Athlone and Dublin and intermediate towns. An extensive trade is also carried on with Limerick by means of steamers, &c., on the Shannon. There are several large linen-mills, tanneries, soap-works, distilleries, and Tuam Cathedbal, Galway. corn-mills in the town and district, and the various industries associated with these establishments are very energetically and successfully carried on by their enterprising proprietors. At the census of 1881 Athlone had a population of 6,755, which has now, doubtless, increased considerably. The local press is of much importance, and the two newspapers of the town—the Athlone Times and the Westmeath Independent —are well-known and ably- edited journals, exercising a beneficial influence upon the affairs of the district. OMAGH. The busy and noteworthy market town of Omagh is the capital and seat of the courts of assize of the county of Tyrone, and is situated on the river Stoule, about thirty-five miles from London¬ derry. There are good railway facilities, and the general resources of the place in a commercial sense are satisfactory. Omagh at the present time has a population of about 5,000, and is making steady progress in certain branches of trade and manufacture with which its name has become creditably associated. There are large flax and corn mills in the district, affording employment to a great many hands, and carrying on a vigorous system of opera¬ tions in their respective departments. The local leather trade is also largely deve¬ loped, and there are some very important tanneries in the vicinity. Omagh has three banks, several excellent public buildings, schools, and mercantile establishments of high repute, in various lines of general trade; and the “fourth estate” is repre¬ sented here by the Tyrone Constitution, a well-known Conservative weekly journal, ably edited, and dating its successful career from the year 1844. GALWAY. river Corrib into Galway Bay, and is one of the most impor¬ tant of all the western ports. The harbour ranks among the finest on the Irish coast, and has always been famous in the shipping world. Its greatest renown arose through the opera¬ tions of the famous Galway mail steampackets, one of which vessels, in September, 1858, is said to have accomplished the trip from Galway to North America in six days. The sailing of these packets commenced in 1858, but the subsidy was withdrawn in 1861, owing to the company’s breach of contract. The service was, however, resumed in 1863, a grant of £75,000 being voted to it; but the enterprise did not succeed this time, and the Galway packets finally ceased sailing in the early part of 1864. We have records of the town of Galway extending back to quite a remote period, and the place appears to have come under outside influence for the first time in 1232, when it was taken by Sir Richard do Burgo. Like Athlone, the town held out for James II., but after the battle of Aughrim it feU before tho victorious Ginckel, who took possession of it in 1691 in the name of William III. In 1S49 was inaugurated here one of the three Queen’s Colleges in Ireland, which were constituted and endowed by Act of Parliament in 1845. This college may be regarded as one of the first seats of learning now existing in the west of Ireland. There are also grammar and chartered schools in the town, and all the requirements of educa¬ tion are well looked after. The later history of Galway has been comparatively uneventful; but many of our readers will recall the warm Irish welcome extended by the people of this western town to the Duke of Edinburgh on the occasion of his Royal Highness’s visit to the port in August, 1884. In the Middle Ages, Galway had a large trade with Spain, and we are reminded of this fact by the traces of Spanish architecture still to be seen in some of the houses. The town is generally well built and attractive, and among its most interesting public edifices are the Roman Catholic Cathedral, the Church of St. Nicholas, the Town .Hall, the county buildings, and the Queen’s College already referred to. There are also large barracks, an excellent infirmary, a number of important banks, many extensive and flourishing mercantile establishments, and several monastic and conventual institutions. Galway is, in fact, quite a western metropolis, and its people are of a conspicu¬ ously enterprising and energetic character. They have success¬ fully developed a number of important local industries, and there are large and admirably equipped corn-mills, foundries, and marble Lough Inah, Galway. The important seaport town and parlia¬ mentary borough of Galway, the capital of the county of the same name, and the largest and most popular community in the province of Connaught, is situated at the influx of the works in the district. Distilling is also carried on, the herring fishery is in a thriving condition, and an immense export trade is done in corn, butter, and provisions. The harbour affords splendid IRELAND. 55- accommodation for vessels, and has a large floating dock. Galway has a population of upwards of sixteen thousand, returns one member to Parliament, and possesses three excellent newspapers, Old Aech, Galway. the Galway Express , the Galway Observer, and the old-established Galway Vindicator, which dates from 1841. SLIGO. Prominent among the chief centres of trade in the west of Ireland stands the busy seaport and market town of Sligo, situated in the midst of beautiful and romantic scenery at the mouth of the river Garrogue, which flows from Lough Gilly into Sligo Bay. The history of the town dates from a very remote period, and its ancient castle was destroyed in the thirteenth century. The ruins of the fine old abbey erected here in the early days of the place still form one of the most interesting sights of an attractive and picturesque locality. Modern Sligo is the most important seaport on the north-west coast of Ireland, and has a large and commodious harbour, and a very active and extensive shipping trade. Vessels sail regularly to Glasgow, Liverpool, and other ports, and the ex¬ ports of the place in grain, pork, butter, eggs, and live stock are of great magnitude. There are manufac¬ tures of soap, candles, &c., and several important flour and corn mills, breweries, distilleries, and saw¬ mills contribute to the general industrial activity. Sligo is also a very notable headquarters of the salmon and other fisheries. Its population is now upwards of 10,000, and its merchants and manufacturers are justly distinguished for their enterprise and progressive spirit. The town is well built and neatly laid out, and pos¬ sesses many handsome public and private edifices, a court-house, theatre, an admirably organised infir¬ mary, and several charitable institutions and schools of an excellent character. There are three banks in Sligo, together with numerous large and well-con¬ ducted shops and business houses; and the influence of journalism is ably and judiciously exercised by four well-known and widely read newspapers—the Sligo Gazette and Western Advertiser, the Sligo Champion, the Sligo Chronicle, and the Sligo Independent. DOWNPATRICK. Pleasantly situated on the river Quoile, near its entrance to Lough Strangeford, and about twenty-seven miles from Belfast, the historic capital of County Down attracts attention at the present day both by reason of its romantic associations and because of its modern importance as a seaport, market town, and centre of commerce for its district. The town of Downpatrick is one of great antiquity, and the ancient bishopric of which it is the seat was founded at the end of the fifth century by Saint Caillan. Sir John de Courcy, who conquered Ulster, and took such a great interest in this province in the twelfth century, used his influence to secure the re-dedication of the Cathedral to St. Patrick. Ire¬ land’s patron saint was buried here in 493 in the Abbey of Saul, which he himself had founded, and this fact has always obtained for the place a great renown. Pilgrims have resorted numerously to the holy wells of Downpatrick, which long ago attained to great eminence of repute. At the present day the town boasts a fine cathedral, the seat of the diocese of Down, which includes those of Connor and Dro- more. The sees of Down and Connor were amalgamated in the middle of the fifteenth century, but the union with Dromore did not take place until 1833. In a commercial sense Downpatrick is a thriving and progressive place, and has a good port at Quoile Bay, a short distance from the town, where vessels of one hundred tons can discharge at the quay. For larger vessels there is a steamboat quay nearer Lough Strangeford. The local industries are mainly in connection with the manufacture of sewed muslin goods, which gives employment to a large number of hands. There is also a considerable amount of general trade, the merchants of the place being well known for their energy and aptitude in business matters. Downpatrick has a population of about 4,000, and is a neat and well-built town, with good schools and other institutions of a well-organised com¬ munity. Its newspaper, the Down Recorder, was established over half a century ago, and is a widely circulated and capably con¬ ducted Conservative journal. MONAGHAN. Advantageously situated on the Ulster Canal, fifty-four miles from Belfast, the important market-town of Monaghan presents Killeby, Galway. an aspect of considerable commercial activity, which is due to its position in the centre of an extensive agricultural district, and also 56 INDUSTRIES OF Abbey oe Sligo. domestic supply. The local cattle trade is particularly extensive. Generally speaking Monaghan is a well-built and well-ordered town, and some of its public buildings are very noteworthy. Among these may be mentioned the cathedral, a handsome and commodious edifice. The town is the headquarters of the diocese of Ologher, and the seat of the bishop. It has four banks, and publishes two newspapers—the Northern Standard, Conservative, established in 1839, and the People's Advocate, a National journal, dating from the year 1876. Close to the town is situated the picturesque sheet of water known as Lough Monaghan, and there is much rural beauty in the aspect of the surrounding country. The Ulster Canal affords valuable facilities of transport for the trade of the town and district. DONEGAL. This ancient and noteworthy seaport is the principal town in the county of Donegal, and stands in an excellent position at the mouth of the river Esk, which here flows into the broad but well-sheltered waters of Donegal Bay. The history of the town of Donegal dates back to very early times, and the remains of a fine old castle and monastery speak for its feudal and ecclesiastical prominence in bygone days. The place has not, however, attained to large proportions as a community at any time, and even now its popula¬ tion is not much more than 1,500, though the parish contains about 5,000 inhabitants. Nevertheless there is considerable business activity in Donegal, and the spirit of progress which is becoming more marked from year to year in its commercial undertakings augurs well for the future. The local trades are well developed in several important lines, and there is a large export of grain, butter, •og'gSi an d other produce. Donegal has a good quay, at which ves¬ sels of three hundred tons can discharge, and its general facilities and advantages of situation will enable it to maintain a creditable place among the northern and western ports of Ireland. The climate of Donegal is healthy and bracing, and in the neighbour¬ hood of the town there is a favourite spa, the waters of which enjoy a high reputation for their curative qualities. CAVAN. I The chief town of County Cavan is situate on the Cavan river, in ROSCOMMON. Among the inland towns of western Ireland a prominent and important position is hold by Roscommon, situated in the centre of County Roscommon, of which it is the capital. This is a flourishing market town distant'from Athlone about eighteen miles, and the population of the parish at the last census was upwards of 4,000. There are some manufactures of woollen goods, shoes, and earthenware, together with an important trade in grain and live stock; andlargeshipments ofcattle aresenttoDublinandtheEnglish markets. Among the interesting features of the place are the ruins of an ancient castle and abbey. Roscommon contains the usual county buildings, schools, and benevolent institutions of a thriving community, and has two banks and two newspapers—the Ros¬ common Journal, Independent Liberal, established 1827, and the Roscommon Constitutionalist, whose title indicates its political prin¬ ciples. Ballinasloe, on the river Suck, and partly in County Galway, is a neat and populous town, with a thriving local trade, and prob¬ ably the largest wool fair and cattle market in Ireland. Boyle, situated on Boyle Water, is another populous and flour- Burrishoole Abbey, Mayo. ishing town in Roscommon, with a considerable trade in daily produce. Elphin, in the same county, is said by some to be the birthplace of Oliver Goldsmith. The weight of authority, however, gives Pallas, County Longford, as the scene of the poet’s early life; and this was the rural hamlet he depicted in the “ Deserted Village.” to the fact that it is the chief town and principal community in the county whose name it bears. Monaghan had in 1881 a population of 3,369, and within its limits a large number of general trades are represented, chiefly in connection with the various branches of the centre of a large agricultural district, and about seventy-two miles from Belfast. It is a neat town of about 3,500 inhabitants, with several handsome buildings and a number of flourishing local trading establishments, whose operations are mainly associated with the agricultural interests of the neighbour¬ hood. The various shops and warehouses give excellent representation to all branches of trade connected with domestic supply, and creditable enterprise is evinced by the business men of the place in meeting the requirements of their patrons and customers in this respect. Three banks have offices in Cavan, and two news¬ papers are published here—the Anglo-Celt, a Liberal journal established in 1857, and the Cavan Weelcly News, the Liberal-Conservative and Protestant organ, dating from 1864. The town has pleasant rural surroundings, and in the immediate neighbourhood is situated the very extensive estate of Lord Farnham. IRELAND 57 NEWRY. The important and thriving parliamentary borough, and market and seaport town of Newry is situated in the county of Down on the Newry river and canal, five miles from the head of Lough Kilbarron Castle, Donegal Ireland on a futile errand of conquest in 1315. Modern Larne j owes its prosperity and prominence to its advantageous position as- Donegal Castle. Carlingford, and about thirty-eight miles south of Belfast. It is a well-built, prosperous and carefully governed community, and ranks among the busiest centres of trade in this part of Ireland. The canal affords excellent shipping facilities, and through it vessels of very considerable draught can make their way into that excellent dock, the Albert Basin. The town itself contains a number of notable buildings, and its various institutions are of a highly creditable character, several well-known and capably conducted educational establishments existing here. There are splendid facilities of railway communication, the town containing several railway stations, and having a very satisfactory train service in connection with the steamers of the London and North-Western Railway Company, sailing between Holyhead and Greenore. As a port for the exportation of cattle to Glasgow, Liverpool and other points, Newry stands among the foremost; and some idea of its maritime importance and activity may be gathered from the fact that shipping statistics show that, during the year 1885, 1,678 vessels (aggregating 267,238 tons) ontered the port, while 1,677 vessels (aggregating 267,192 tons) cleared therefrom. A veiy large and steadily increasing trade is carried on in a number of important branches, the chief imports being coal, cotton, wines, groceries, slates and timber. In these lines there are some very large wholesale firms, and the volume of business done is remarkable as an indication of the enterprise and vitality of the various concerns engaged in the local commerce. IndustriaUy considered, the posi- tien of Newry is no less prominent and creditable, and the manufacturing operations carried on here embrace tanning and browing, and the making of machinery, ropes and sails, agricultural implements, &c., &c. This town is the Aberdeen of Ireland, as far as the granite trade is concerned. There are several granite quarries of great importance in the neighbourhood, and the stone taken out is of ex- ceUent quality and fine appearance. This natural resource has been largely availed of, and some note¬ worthy granite works are in successful operation here, great perfection being attained in the cutting and polishing of the stone, and in the manufacture of chimney- pieces, monuments and architectural work. The standard of ex¬ cellence that has been reached by the granite workers of Newry is so high that their productions have come into considerable demand at home and abroad, and are exported upon a constantly increasing scale. All the general trades of a flourishing and weU organised community are vigorously carried on, and the substantial prosperity of the place, in a mercantile and industrial sense, is highly creditable to its progressive and enterprising people. From a historical point of view, Newry is interesting. It is a place of considerable antiquity, and its first abbey, which formed the nucleus of the town, was founded in the latter part of the twelfth century. There was also a castle of ancient date, which fell before the invading forces of Edward Bruce, a short time prior to that ambitious soldier’s final defeat near Dundalk in 1318. During the troublous days of 1689 Newry suffered severely, being nearly destroyed by the Duke of Berwick; but the opening of the j canal about the midde of the eighteenth century marked the dawn of a new and brighter era in its history, and from that time its progress has been steady and its prosperity practically continuous. The borough returns one member to Parliament, and had, in 1881, a population of 15,590, the population of the parish at the same time being 23,145, and that of the township, 14,408. Newry has several banks and many large and noteworthy commercial houses, whose operations are conducted in a manner which has won for them widespread respect and confidence. The local press is in an influential and flourishing condition, and the three news¬ papers published in the town are : the Belfast and Newry Standard, the Newry Teleyraph, and the Newry Reporter. Of these, the- oldest is the Newry Telegraph, an important Conservative paper, dating from the year 1812. All three are capably conducted journals, devoting due attention to local and general affairs, and enjoying extensive circulation in the town and surrounding country. LARNE. Among the most prominent seaports of the north-eastern part of Ireland stands Larne, a busy and important town situate at the entrance to Lough Larne, in the eastern part of the county of Antrim, and about twenty-five miles north of Belfast. In early times Larne bore the name of Inver, and the chief event of its past history was the landing here of Edward Bruce, when he came to -58 INDUSTRIES OF a seaport. It is only forty miles from tlie coast of Scotland, and the route between Larne and Stranraer (Wigtownshire) offers the shortest passage between Scotland and Ireland, for which reason it is largely availed of by the travelling public. There is a daily service of mail and passenger steamers between the two ports, and every facility of railway communication has been developed on both sides to promote the convenience of tourists and travellers. In addition to this, the steamers of the State Line, sailing between Glasgow and New York, round the coast of Ireland, call at Larne to embark passengers outward bound; and a large shipping trade is maintained by steamers between this port and Dublin, London¬ derry, Glasgow, Liverpool and Ayr. The harbour, which has a railway station as well as the town, is a little over a mile from Larne proper, and affords very satis¬ factory accommo¬ dation, having been greatly improved during recent years. It is one of the safest and most commodious havens on this coast, and always presents a scene of activity and anima¬ tion, indicative of the extent and im- portance of the local trade. The industries of Larne are in a progressive and promising con¬ dition, and include flour - milling and the manufacture of linen, in which branches of trade considerable energy is manifested. The town has a popu¬ lation of over 4,000, and is a notable market centre, its merchants in vari¬ ous lines of busi¬ ness having impor¬ tant dealings with the people of the surrounding districts, as well as with those resident in the town. Larne has three banks and a number of prominent commercial firms, whose trading operations are of considerable and increasing magnitude; and journalistic enterprise is well represented here by the Larne Reporter, a well-known Liberal journal, published on Fridays and Saturdays, and dating its career from the year 1865. M'Garvel Building, Larne. bank of the river, hut has a large and populous suburb on the oppo¬ site side known as Killowen, and with which it is connected by a handsome and substantial stone bridge 290 feet long. For a long period of time Coleraine has been a most important centre of trade in this part of Ireland, and its shipping operations are of incrersing magnitude. The town itself has an excellent quay, at which vessels of two hundred tons can discharge, but the real port of Coleraine is Portrush, four or five miles to the north-east, where the ship¬ ping facilities are on an extensive scale. The Bann is famous for the productive character of its salmon fishery, and this constitutes one of the notable industries of the locality, a large export trade in fish being carried on. The distilling trade is also prominently repre¬ sented, and the local linen industry has always been in a flourishing and noteworthy condition, the town having given its name to a certain well known class of fine linen fabrics. Another important industry is pork¬ curing, in which considerable acti¬ vity prevails. The various general trades of a thriving modern town are vigorously and suc¬ cessfully carried on ; and Coleraine has numerous large aud attractive busi¬ ness establishments whose proprietors have a reputation for commercial energy and enter¬ prise. The town is of great antiquity, its history dating back to very early times, hut in its modern form it is neatly laid out and well built, an presents an appear¬ ance of prosperity which is a true indication of the state of its local affairs. The population of the township in 1881 was 5,899. There are four banks in Coleraine, and many excellent com¬ mercial facilities tending to promote the progress of the place, and two representative newspapers are published here the Coleraine Chronicle, Liberal in politics, founded 1844, and issued on Saturday, and the Coleraine Constitution and Northern Counties Advertiser, also a Saturday journal, advocating Unionist principles, and dating COLERAINE. The ancient and historic town of Coleraine, one of the most in¬ teresting and noteworthy places in the north of Ireland, is plea¬ santly situated on the river Bann in County Londonderry, four | miles from the sea, thirty-three miles from the city of Derry, and about sixty miles north-west of Belfast. It stands on the right j CASTLEBAR. The flourishing riverside town of Castlebar is one of the most noteworthy places in the west of Ireland, and calls for mention in these reviews as an important trade centre, and a social community IRELAND 59 of prominent rank and position. Castlebar is the capital and assize town of Mayo, and is situated in the centre of the county on the banks of the Castlebar river, at the head of Lough Lanach. As a principal market town it presents a busy appearance on Saturdays, and the general trade of the district is in a thriving condition, all ordinary branches of business being carried on with creditable vigour and enterprise. Agricultural produce is largely dealt in, and a brisk trade is done therein. The town is neat in appearance, well built and well kept, and has several public edifices of a notable character. There are large military barracks, two banks, and two important and influ¬ ential local news¬ papers, the Connaught Telegraph and the Mayo Examiner, both Liberal in politics, and founded in 1830 and 1868 respectively. Castlebar has now a population of over 4,000, and is in a condition of progres¬ sive prosperity in municipal and com¬ mercial affairs. The most remarkable event in the history of the place was the landing at Killala of over a thousand French troops under Hum¬ bert, who, assisted by the Irish insurgents, compelled the King’s forces under Lake to retreat, August 27th, 1798. The approach of Lord'Cornwallis,- however, caused the invaders to surrender at Ballinamuck, they having held Castlebar for about ten days. Ballina, on the river Moy, in the northern part of the county of Mayo, is an important and flour¬ ishing seaport town, with a population of about 5,800. It is the largest and busiest place in the county, and is extensively engaged in several note¬ worthy branches of trade, in which linen, corn and provisions play prominent parts. The shipping trade is large and marked by constant activity, and the local facilities in this connection are excellent, the river Moy being navigable for large vessels to within a mile of the town. Ballina has an important salmon fishery, and is a favourite resort for tourists in the west of Ireland. It is a well-built town, with several banks, numerous large and attractive business establishments, and three well-known newspapers, the Ballina Herald, the Ballina Journal and the Western People. Bal- Towx Hall at Laene. lina shared with Castlebar in the excitement of 1798, and was seized and held for a short time by the French, after their landing at Killala. BANGOR. Through the many advantages of its fine situation Bangor has become one of the notable ports of Ulster. It stands on the Downshire side of Belfast Lough, twelve miles east of the city of Belfast, and possesses excellent general facilities for the shipping trade in which it has long been engaged. Bangor appears to have been a seaport of some consequence for years prior to the rise of Belfast. Its progress has been, in a measure, restrained by the g rowth and advancement of the great city at the other end of the Lough; but it is still a busy and thriving place, with a large and valuable fishing industry, and important manufac¬ tures of linen and muslin embroidery. These trades give em¬ ployment to a large number of the inhabi¬ tants, who are thrifty, industrious and ener¬ getic in matters of business. Bangor had population of 3,006 in 1881. It is an im¬ portant market town, with a bank and ex¬ cellent railway faci¬ lities, and in modern times it has come into high favour as a sea¬ bathing resort. Ban¬ gor Castle and the re¬ mains of a very ancient abbey are among the interesting objects of the neighbourhood. There is one news¬ paper published in Bangor, the North Down Herald and Bangor Gazette, a Liberal journal, established in 1880, and having an extensive circulation in thi s part of County Down. CARRICK-ON-SHANNON. As the capital and assize town of County Leitrim, and as an important market centre for a considerable area of country in that part of Connaught, the town of Carrick-on-Shannon is worthy of mention in these brief reviews. Its situation is a pleasant one, GO INDUSTRIES OF on the banks of the chief river of western Ireland, whose waters are here spanned by a long bridge, connecting Carrick with county Roscommon. The town is thirty-eight miles from Sligo, and has a considerable trade in grain and provisions, which are the chief com¬ modities of the local commerce. There are extensive military barracks here, two banks and good railway facilities; and the- population of the town in 1881 was 1,385. STRABANE. The busy market town of Strabane is one of tlie most flourishing Larne Harbour. seats of trade in County Tyrone. It is situated in the northern part of the county, near the confluence of the rivers Finn and Monone (whose junction forms the Foyle), and its distance from Londonderry is fifteen miles in a south-westerly direction. The Finn Valley Railway has its junction here, and excellent facilities of transport and communication are thus afforded. These are supplemented by the great conveniences of the Strabane Canal, which is carried through to a junction with the Foyle, four miles to the north. The town has important and very successful indus¬ tries in shirt-making and iron and brass founding, the former trade (shirt-making) being developed upon a very extensive scale, and affording constant employment to a large number of work¬ people. All round this pleasantly situated town there are beauti¬ ful and productive gardens and orchards, and fruit is cultivated to such an abundant extent that its exportation has become one of the most notable and profitable of the local trades. Strabane has a very busy market, possesses five banks and many well-conducted busi¬ ness establishments and public institutions, and is a well-built and carefully kept town, with a population in 1881 of 4,196. Lifford, on the Donegal side of the river Foyle, is almost oppo- Barracks and Ancient Castle, Athlone. site Strabane. It is the capital and assize town of County Donegal, and is said to be the smallest county town in Ireland. It gives the title of viscount to the family of Hewitt. In bringing our brief remarks upon the history and general undertakings of the foregoing towns and cities of northern and western Ireland to a conclusion, we may avail ourselves of the opportunity afforded us to direct the attention of the reader to the series of descriptive articles here following. In these reviews it has been our purpose to notice and describe a number of leading individual enterprises connected with the various industries and trades carried on in Belfast and the other towns above mentioned; and we have endeavoured to give a faithful and authentic review of the careers and achievements of those firms whose honourable dealings and straightforward methods, irrespective of the magni¬ tude of their operations or the special nature of the same, have won for them the confidence of the public, and given them a position of credit and distinction in the national commerce and industry they have helped to promote and maintain. BELFAST. HE busy, populous, ami flourishing city which is now the recognised commercial metropolis of Ireland presents in its records a very remarkable example of modern growth and development. Prior to the seventeenth century Belfast could hardly be said to exist in a commercial sense. Its history, of course, dates back to a much more remote period than this, but until the advent of Sir Arthur Chichester as Lord Deputy of the country, Belfast was little more than a geographical name, or a strategic point around which there was maintained a constant commotion by the dissensions of rival political factions. The inauguration of the Chichester regime marked the dawn of the new era of progress and prosperity in which the city has ever since continued, and during the seventeenth century Belfast merchants began to acquire wealth and reputation, and to build up for the place a gi'eat maritime and mercantile renown. Then the growth of the city began to be noteworthy, and in the year 1757 we find the population given as 8,549. In 1782 it had risen to 13,105 ; the year 1S16 saw this figure increased to 30,700, and the census of 1841 returned the number of inhabitants at upwards of 75,000. Still more remai-kable was the growth of this im¬ portant community during the next thirty years, for the popu¬ lation in 1871 had risen to no less than 174,000, and in 1881 the populations of the municipal and parliamentary boroughs were 208,122 and 221,600 respectively. There is every reason to believe that the returns of the present year’s census (1891) will show that upwards of 250,000 people reside within the limits of Belfast and its immediate environs. Topographically the city impresses the visitor very favourably, and the beauty of its surroundings, coupled with the fine appear¬ ance of its numerous public buildings and commercial establish¬ ments, renders the general aspect of the place distinctly attractive. For commercial purposes the situation could hardly be excelled, the river Lagan affording splendid dock and harbour facilities, while the broad expanse of Belfast Lough, stretching away out eastward to the North Channel, between the picturesque coasts of Down and Antrim, forms one of the safest and most commodious havens for shipping in the whole of Ireland. The impi’ovements effected in the harbour of Belfast since the year 1831, when a special Act of Parliament gave the citizens power to elect and maintain a Board of Harbour Commissioners, rank among the most important and satisfactory works of the kind that have been carried out in any part of the United Kingdom. The fine quays and extensive docks and basins that now present themselves to the visitor who explores the riverside quarters of the city speak vol¬ umes for the thorough and judicious manner in which the Harbour Commissioners have discharged their important duties. Nor is the scheme of improvement yet carried to finality, for the work of completing a new channel as far as Holywood, a port three or four miles down the Lough, is still being actively carried on. When this undertaking becomes an accomplished fact, Belfast will certainly possess one of the most convenient and commodious systems of docks, quays, and harbour channels in the country; and all the old-time difficulties of navigating into this port will have so completely vanished that the trading ships which voyage hither in increasing numbers year after year will be enabled to discharge their cargoes almost at the very doors of the great ware¬ houses w r hose purpose it is to further distribute these incomings supplies throughout the land. The city is admirably laid out, having broad, well-paved streets, running for the most part on the modern rectangular plan which is so eminently convenient; and the chief among these stately thoroughfares are lined with mercantile establishments, many of which are unsurpassed in any part of the United Kingdom. Every conceivable branch of trade is here represented, and the principal warehouses in different lines are possessed of a reputa¬ tion which is in several cases international. Out of the abundant resources of these great emporia all domestic and general require¬ ments can be satisfied; and nowhere can be found mei-chants more enterprising, more considerate of their patrons’ wishes, or more thoroughly skilled in all the details of the trades they exemplify than those who have their headquartei’s in Belfast. Many of these merchants receive in the following pages the in¬ dividual mention to which they are entitled by the eminence of their achievements in the city’s trade. As in commerce, so in industry; and we find Belfast not less famous as a manufactory than as a mart. Here is the great centre of the Irish linen ti-ade, the many busy mills and factories in the Belfast district being renowned throughout the world for the uni-ivalled excellence of the beautiful linon fabrics they pro¬ duce. Here also are made all manner of machines and appliances for the linen industry; and other manufactures in which the city is world-famous include shirt and collar making, the production of aerated beverages, the building of ships, and the construction of engines and machinery of various descriptions. In short, the city’s trades and industries are of that comprehensive character which bespeaks the metropolis rather than the mere provincial town; and Belfast is indeed a metropolis in all that pertains to the mercantile and manufacturing energies and resources of the Emerald Isle. The municipal government of the place is all that can be de¬ sired ; its educational, artistic, and general institutions are in an eminently satisfactory condition ; it has an independent and influential Press, ever eloquent in behalf of the best interests of the place and its people; and within itself it possesses all the alements of municipal, political, and commercial greatness, and all the individual factors which combine to secure en¬ during and increasing prosperity. We now invite the atten¬ tion of our readers to the following articles, compiled from authentic sources and designed to illustrate the creditable con¬ dition of industrial end mercantile enterprise in the capital of Ulster. E INDUSTRIES -« —' i- TliE ATTENTION OF CUR READERS IS NOW DIRECTED TO THE HISTORY OF THE RISE AND PROGRESS OF MANY IRISH BUSINESS HOUSES IN THE NORTH AND WEST. COMMENCING WITH BELFAST WE HAVE ENDEAVOURED TO GIVE A REVIEW OF THOSE FIRMS WHOS-3 HONOURABLE DEALINGS AND STRAIGHTFORWARD METHODS, IRRESPECTIVE OF THE MAGNITUDE AND CLASS OF THEIR OPERATIONS, MAKE THEM WORTHY OF THE MENTION THEY HAVE RECEIVED. Harlan# & Wolff, Limited, Shipbuilders, Queen’s Island, Belfast.—The history of the British shipbuilding trade—an in¬ dustry which has contributed as largely as any other to the national renown—presents very few instances of development so marked and advancement so rapid as that which is afforded by the records of the great firm of Messrs. Harland & Wolff. To the energy and enterprise of this world-renowned house, Belfast owes a reputation in connection with shipbuilding that is second to that of no other port in the United King¬ dom, for, apart from all considerations of magnitude in actual operation, no British shipyard turns out finer vessels than the immense establish¬ ment of this firm on the banks of the Lagan. Messrs. Harland & Wolff, Limited, stand to-day among the very largest shipbuilders in tbe British Isles, and their achievements in all the most conspicuous modem phases of this important national industry have not been surpassed by any of their numerous contemporaries on the coasts of Albion. It is now up¬ wards of forty years since the foundation of this firm’s business was laid ; the nucleus of the concern being tbe Belfast Iron Works, started in Eliza Street, in 1850, by Messrs. Thomas Barnes &Co. The undertaking thus inaugurated was not a success in its entirety, it having been tbe main intention of Messrs. Barnes to start the actual manufacture of iron in Belfast. That purpose was defeated by the heavy expense entailed in the importation of coal; but a secondary part of tbe enterprise, viz., a shipyard on Queen’s Island, survived and prospered, and that shipyard was tbe germ from which sprang the mighty industry of Messrs. Har¬ land & Wolff. Messrs. Robert Hickson & Co. were proprietors of the yard until 1858, turning out a number of ships and steamers of a good class which were not long in winning a creditable reputation. Up to this time Mr. E. J. Harland (now Sir Edward J. Harland, Bart., J.P., M.P.) was manager of Messrs. Hickson’s business, and in 1859 be acquired complete possession of that firm’s yards for iron shipbuilding, and also of the adjoining yards of the Belfast Shipbuilding Co. for the construction of wooden vessels. Two years later he was joined by his partner, Mr. G. W. Wolff ; and in 1874 the co-partnership was further strengthened by the accession of two of their pupils, Mr. W. H. Wilson and Mr. W. J. Pirrie. In 18S9 the concern became a private limited liability company, Sir Edward J. Harland, Bart., J.P., M.P., being tbe principal, with Mr. Wolff, Mr. Wilson, and Mr. Pirrie as colleagues in ' the proprietorship. During the last thirty years the progress of this | concern has been practically uninterrupted; and at the present day it stands not only at the head of the shipbuilding trade in Ireland, but i among tbe recognised leaders of that trade for tbe whole world. Messrs. I Harland & Wolff’s yards and works are situated upon what was formerly an island in the Lagan, hut they have now complete union with the mainland, and present in their fundamental features a triumph of engi¬ neering skill, a very large part of the place being supported upon a mar¬ vellous substructure of piles, surpassing in elaborateness anything of tbe kind we have seen. By this means a vast space of otherwise useless ground has been reclaimed from the river and devoted to the purposes of an industry of the highest importance ; and Messrs. Harland & Wolff may be said to have literally “built up ” out of the mud of the Lagan a ship¬ yard which covers no less than eighty acres of ground (being thus one of the most extensive in existence), and which is in many respects a model establishment—notably in tbe remarkable convenience of its situation and in tbe wonderful completeness of its organisation. These works comprise premises both for shipbuilding and engineering, together with every facility for both departments (for Messrs. Harland & Wolff not only build ships, but also engine them and equip them throughout for their practical career); and large as the place is, it is still undergoing extension in each of its busy and interesting divisions. To describe such an establishment with any degree of adequacy would he quite impossible within the brief space at our disposal here, and we can only set down in these pages a few short notes of an abstract character, which may tend to remind our readers of a generally well-known fact—viz., that the firm here under notice have earned for the once obscure and almost un¬ travelled river Lagan an international reputation as one of the great shipbuilding rivers of the world, worthy in this respect to rank upon a level with the Clyde, the Tyne, the Wear, and the Thames. The out¬ put of these yards in recent years has been very large. During the five years ending 1884 it amounted to no fewer than forty-two ships of an aggregate tonnage of 105,625 tons ; and within the three and a half years immediately following that period the firm began, completed, and launched thirty-four vessels of a total register of 89,770 tons. During the three years ending 1890 thirty-one vessels were launched, having ! an aggregate tonnage of 126,175. At the present time their stocks INDUSTRIES OF IRELAND. G3 are fully occupied by large twin-screw steamers, a class of vessel which is now almost a speciality with the firm. It would be super¬ fluous to say a word concerning the class and character of the vessels produoed by Messrs.. Harland & Wolff, Limited. Their work needs no recommendation, for the reason that none is entitled to higher praise. In these “high-pressure” times “record” is the surest pass¬ port to renown, and the renown of Messrs. Harland & Wolff is commensurate with the unexcelled “record” they have admittedly established in the shipbuilding world—not alone for the speed of their “ocean greyhounds,” but for the splendid honesty and reliability of the work and materials embodied in all their perfectly constructed and superbly finished vessels. The Queen’s Island shipyards have turned out a goodly number of vessels for her Majesty’s navy, including the torpedo depot ship Hecla , which was originally a steamer built for the more peaoeful purposes of trade. Perhaps the greatest fame of these shipyards, however, has accrued from their long and eminently creditable association with the White Star Line, whose entire fleet for more than twenty years back has been launched here. The travelling world knows well enough what a wealth of reputation could be conferred upon any firm by the mere fact that they were the builders and equippers of the floating palaces that have been added to the White Star fleet during the last two years. Statelier or more perfectly appointed steamers are not to be found upon the world’s ocean highways than these; and almost all previous achievements in the construction of high-class passenger steamers of exceptional size and power have lately been eclipsed by Messrs. Harland & Wolff in the completion of the White Star Line’s newest acquisitions—the Majestic and the Teutonic. These superb vessels are not only of gigantic size, enormous tonnage, exceptional power, and remarkable completeness in every detail of improved structure and equip¬ ment, but they have also proved themselves to be splendid travellers, fully capable of holding their own in the great race of passenger ‘ ‘ liners ’ ’ between the Old and the New Worlds. Apropos of this fact we may quote the following paragraph which appeared in the Daily Graphic of August 16, 1890, under the heading “ Belfast Wins” :—“ Belfast has every reason to congratulate itself on the victory of the Teutonic in the Atlantic race, for it thereby brings to a close the long history of leader¬ ship on the Atlantic which the Clyde has claimed. Since June, 1879, the Clyde has been first beyond all question. One record-breaking steamer sucoeeded another at short intervals, but all from the Clyde. The Arizona took the prize from Belfast in 1879, the Alaska took it from the Arizona in 1882, the Oregon and the America both beat the Alaska in 1884, the Etruria beat all former rivals in 1885, and was herself beaten by the City of Paris in 1889, and now the Teutonic wins, though only by a few minutes. But it will not be surprising if the record of the Teutonic is also beaten before the close of the season, and if her sister-ship, the Majestic, which at present holds the fourth place among racers on the Atlantic, takes a higher position before the end of the year. That would be a double victory for Belfast.” The achievements of Messrs. Harland & Wolff in the past encourage us to expect great things from them in the future, and in all their triumphs the busy city of Belfast has its part and share, as the above extract indicates. The fact that the proprietors of the White Star Line have purchased over 100,000 tons of shipping from this eminent firm of builders is ample evidence of the complete satis¬ faction the various vessels have given, not alone to Messrs. Ismay, Imrie & Co. themselves, but more especially to the great body of the travelling public, whose requirements they study and seek to satisfy. The paragraph we have quoted above goes to show that the Belfast- built steamers are making a valiant and successful effort to win back the renown they once enjoyed as the champions of the fast passenger service across the Atlantic; and all who know the splendid resources and un¬ limited enterprise of the firm of Messrs. Harland & Wolff will watch, with the interest that is bom of expectancy, the further performances of the Majestic and the Teutonic, which now so worthily represent them on the transatlantic route. Within the confines of their shipyards and engineering works, Messrs. Harland & Wolff have organised and brought into practical use every convenience of arrangement and every resource of modem plant and machinery that is calculated to promote the expe¬ ditious, economical, and thoroughly satisfactory working of their immense industry in all its interesting and co-operative departments ; and at the same time the establishments are provided with general facilities (tele¬ phonic, telegraphic, locomotive, &c.), which enable the routine of the business to be carried on upon a perfect basis of system and regularity. As regards the manual labour called into requisition here, a great light is thrown upon the magnitude of the firm’s operations by the fact that they employ upwards of six thousand hands all told; and it is no idle compliment to say that this immense staff forms one of the finest and most intelligent bodies of artisans and skilled workmen to be met with in any industrial centre at home or abroad. For the rest, the prime factors in the success of this great concern are identical with the high personal ability, broad experience, sound principle, and active enterprise that have always characterised the management of its affairs ; and strive as we may to find some tribute worthy of being paid to the splendid administration of the house and the business by its proprietors and their managerial staff, we can devise none more telling and appro¬ priate than the simple indication of the great results that administra¬ tion has achieved. Messrs. Harland & Wolff, Limited, have developed at Queen’s Island an industrial establishment which is at once a credit to themselves, an honour to Ireland, and a grand illustration of modern advancement in that wondrous art anl science of naval architecture in which we are patriotic enough to believe that Britons ever have been and ever will be pre-eminent. James Black & Co., Manufacturers, 81 and 33, Linenhall Street, Belfast.—Inreviewing the history and development of the various linen concerns .in the city and province, we have often had to notice the commendable spirit of enterprise and progress which ha8 all along distinguished the career of the various houses engaged in the great staple industry. Among the most distinguished of these is the firm of James Black & Go., which has held on its prosperous career for well nigh half a century, and is to-day a flourishing and representative concern. The business was originally established at Randalstown, about forty-five years ago, by the late well-known Mr. James Black, under the title which it still honourably bears. The present owner, Mr. Samuel Black, is’a'well-known and eminent man, whose name is a household word in many circles iu "Ulster—a fine example of the public-spirited and long¬ headed Ulsterman—and has been for twenty-five years the solo proprietor of the concern. The commodious and central premises of the firm extend through to Clarence Street, and comprise four flats entirely devoted to the business. The firm are manufacturers of cotton, linen, cambric, and fine lawn handkerchiefs, plain and printed and embroidered fancy goods being a speciality. A great portion of the clear lawn and linen handkerchiefs is manufactured by the handloom weavers employed by tko firm in and around Randalstown, one of the prosperous centres in Ulster where this valuable industry still flourishes, thanks to such firms as the above. Nothing can be more noticeable in these pages than attempts to sustain this once flourishing handicraft, whioh brought wealth and happiness to the struggling small farmers of Ulster before the mighty steam-engine and the rapid power-loom appeared on the scene. Many districts once flourishing are now struggling with adverse circumstances, or pouring forth their inhabitants to increase the wealth of foreign lands—one of the inevitable minor evils that progress always brings in its train. But the finer classes of fabrics still keep their ground with success in the hand- looms against the competition of power-loom goods ; and of these the fine handkerchiefs which this firm has long made a speciality are one. Nothing can exceed the beauty and fineness of the better class of these goods, the softness of silk, combined with a fineness of texture and a transparency of tissue that recall at once to mind the celebrated fine linen of the anoients, render these articles favourites with all to whom excellence and beauty is a recommendation. The great market of this firm lies in the United States, where these goods are in great favour. The business of the firm is managed principally by Mr. Black’s sons—namely, John at Randals¬ town, James and Joseph in Belfast, and Thomas in New York. But they are equally esteemed across the Channel, the business being in the hands of agents in London and Manchester. Printed, hem-stitched, and embroidered, these fine articles may well hold the market against all comers, and bear the fame of the looms of Ulster and the skill of the em¬ broiderers, to many distant lands. A detailed description of the operations of finishing and embroidering these goods is forbidden by the limits of space at our disposal ;* but it is of importance to note that a great amount of light and pleasant employment is afforded by this firm to workers both in Belfast and Randalstown. There are eighty machines, many of them triumphs of inventive skill, employed in the Belfast department, and some two hundred and fifty workers, while at least as many more find profitable and pleasant occupation at Randalstown. In the latter place they are also erecting a number of Swiss embroidering machines. Besides, the firm give employment to many hem-stitchers outside their own pre¬ mises, and to a large number of hand embroiderers all over Ulster. This is highly noteworthy and commendable in these pages, and we hope Messrs. James Black & Go. may long prosper in the future as thoy have done in the past, and keep that eminent position in the commercial and industrial world which their enterprise and spirit so richly deserves, and at the same time preserve to the province that fine cottage industry whose loss has, in so many districts, been the death-knell of rural prosperity. Ewing, Son & Co., Linen Manufacturers, Bleachers, and Finishers, 13, Donegall Square South, Belfast; and Lisnafillan Bleaching and Finishing Works, Ballymena.—This flourishing and very important business was founded in the year 1851, under the style of Thornton, Huggins & Co., Mr. Patrick Ewing, now the senior partner, being at that time managing partner. The ground where their fino stone warehouse now stands was at that date known as M‘Lean’s Fields, and the firm was about the first to commence building operations there. The firm is now carried on by Mr. Patrick Ewing, and. his two sons, who are the sole proprietors, trading under the above title. The premises both outside and inside present a very pleasing appearance, being built after a handsome design, in cut and square stone, accurately jointed, while the interior fittings are of the most suitable character. The connection is exclusively a foreign one, lying mainly in the United States, the West Indies, Mexico, &c.; and is maintained with great energy and success. The trade includes all classes of linens, unions, and printed goods ; and a large business is done with those oountries. In addition, the firm aro in partnership with Mr. William Gihon in extensive and finely equipped bleaching and finishing works at Lisnafillan, near Ballymena. The firm occupy a leading and prominent place in the foroign trade, and well sustain the reputation of the merchants of the city for spirited and successful enterprise. G4 INDUSTRIES OF Lindsay Brothers, Limited, Wholesale Warehouse¬ men, Donegall Place, Belfast. — The widespread d.stinction which attaches to the leading mercantile institutions of modern Belfast is fully- shared by the eminent firm of Messrs. Lindsay Brothers, Limited, who, as wholesale textile warehousemen and manufacturers, maintain a posi¬ tion of widespread prominence in the trade of Ireland’s business metro¬ polis. The family whose name is identified with this great and import¬ ant house is one of the oldest and most influential in connection with the commercial records of the North of Ireland, and we can hardly do better than embody in this brief review a few facts of personal history, for which we are indebted to the “Lindsay Memoirs,” a most interesting work, published a short time ago for private circulation. The original ancestor of this branch of the family, James Lindsay, was a native of Ayrshire, Scotland, and appears to have gone to Ireland and settled near Londonderry in 1678. His four sons, James, Alexander, Robert and David, took an active part in the siege and relief of Derry in 1689, and after that historic event the eldest son (James) settled at Castlefin. One of his sons (also named James, and ancestor of the present Mr. Lindsay of that name) was born in 1685, and among his children was David Lindsay, another direct ancestor of the present representatives of the family. David Lindsay was born in 1733. In 1747 Mr. James Lindsay (the elder) removed to Lisnacrieve, where he died in 1773, at the age of 88. David Lindsay was a sound scholar, and lived to an advanced age (80 years), his death occurring in 1812. His son, James Lindsay, was born in 1760, and engaged in the linen and yarn trades very successfully. He died in 1847, and his two sons continued the family line. Their names were John and David Lindsay, and they commenced business in Belfast in the year 1822, under the title of J. & D. Lindsay, at No. 15, Bridge Street. Their establishment was styled a “Woollen, Linen, and Haberdashery Warehouse,” and was at that time the finest concern of its kind in Belfast. It formed the nucleus of the great house which now trades as Lindsay Brothers, Limited. In August, 1827, Messrs. John and David Lindsay, in conjunction with their younger brother, Mr. Thomas Graham Lindsay, then only sixteen years old, removed to Donegall Street, having been joined by a fourth brother (Jame3 Lindsay), in 1826. Another brother entered the partnership in 1830 (Robert Lindsay), and in 1837 the title of the concern became J. & D. Lindsay & Co. In 1841 the firm took extra premises in Donegall Place, which were destroyed by fire in 1876. Messrs. Lindsay embarked, in 1840, in the sewed muslin business—first in Waring Street, and afterwards in Victoria Street—and this trade sub¬ sequently proved of national importance and usefulness, providing a means of livelihood for thousands of persons during the direful year of 1847. In 1850 Messrs. John and David Lindsay retired, and the firm became known as Lindsay Brothers, Messrs. James, Thomas Graham, and Robert Lindsay forming the co-partnership. After the destructive fire of January 1st, 1876, the business was carried on for a while in tem¬ porary premises until the present fine building, erected at a cost of £20,000, was opened—March, 1879. In 1878 it was decided to convert the business into a limited liability company; and in pursuance of this resolution Lindsay Brothers, Limited, was incorporated in 1879. After the fire in 1876, so speedily was the new warehouse planned and completed that the business suffered virtually no interruption, and the manner in which the firm met and overcame their misfortune afforded a striking manifestation of their energy and resource. The new warehouse cost up¬ wards of £20,000, and has a frontage of over 70 feet to Donegall Place, with a rearward extension of 200 feet. There is now being added to it an extra block with a frontage of 100 feet to Fountain Street. This will give the premises a total extension of over 300 feet in one direction, and will make the establishment one of the largest in its line in the city. The new building will, we understand, be devoted to manufacture to a large extent. The goods produced in this block embrace shirts, pinafores, aprons, machine-knit hosiery, tweed caps, &c. It is anticipated that this new development of the firm’s industrial activity will provide regular employment for a great number of hands. A solid stone wall will divide the two sections of the block, communication being by way of extremely strong double iron doors. The buildings are four storeys high through¬ out, and in commodiousness and completeness of equipment they are un¬ surpassed by any other commercial premises in Belfast. The various departments contain immense stocks, and these are distributed by the operations of the firm's trade to every quarter of the globe. An enormous business is carried on, entirely upon wholesale lines, and in addition to their wide and valuable connection in the home markets, Messrs. Lindsay Brothers, Limited, maintain influential mercantile relations with the Colonies, notably Australasia, New Zealand, and the Cape. In Australasia they have a branch house, superintended by a paid manager, who is sent out direct from headquarters. All the requirements of the home trade are very carefully and judiciously studied by Messrs. Lindsay Brothers, Limited ; and for many years past their travellers’ routes in the home trade have covered practically the whole of the United Kingdom. The commercial organisation of the concern is perfect, and its affairs are sub¬ servient to an administrative policy which is characterised by every essential feature of energy, enterprise, sound judgment, and the influence of mature experience and personal skill. Of the brothers who formed the prosperous firm now trading as Lindsay Brothers, Limited, none are now alive. The two original founders, Mr. John Lindsay and Mr. David Lindsay, died in 1875 and 1864 respectively. Mr. John Lindsay (who retired, as we have said, in 1850) was a member of the old Police Com¬ mittee of Belfast prior to 1842. He was a member of the Water Board at its formation, and, in 1872, was the sole survivor of the original members of that board. Mr. John Lindsay was likewise a member of the first Council of Belfast, and throughout his life he took a deep and beneficial interest in the affairs of the town. Mr. David Lindsay, who was a man of great sagacity and commercial ability, and who also retired in 1850, served his apprenticeship in the drapery trade, under Messrs. John Little & Co.., Londonderry. He married in 1848, and on his retire¬ ment two years later he went to reside on the family estate at Lisnacrieve, where he died in 1864. Mr. James Lindsay was born in 1807. He was a prominent Methodist, and a Conservative in politics, and as a business man he had few equals in tact and energy among the merchants of Belfast. He built a superb villa at Cannes, to which he gave the name Lisnacrieve, after the family seat of the Linds ays. His death occurred in 1884. Mr. Thomas Graham Lindsay, who was associated with Messrs. John and David Lindsay when they commenced business, was born in 1809, and devoted his attention, with marked success, to business. He it was, also, who suggested the idea of the sewed muslin business, which was after¬ wards so admirably developed. Mr. Thomas Graham Lindsay was a Justice of the Peace, an Alderman of Belfast, and Mayor of the town in 1875. To his great influence and untiring exertions the city owes its improved postal service to England, which has been of immense benefit to the trade. Mr. Thomas G. Lindsay died on January 28th, 1882. Mr. Robert Lindsay, the youngest of the brothers, was born in 1814, and died in 1874. He became a member of the Water Board in 1850, and was elected a Councillor in 1851. Like others of his family, he was a member of the Methodist denomination, and a staunch supporter of the Conser¬ vative cause, and in his time he enjoyed a reputation as a gifted and eloquent speaker. His connection with the sewed muslin trade was one of great activity, and his entire commercial career was marked by the exemplary industry and high integrity that have characterised his family for so many generations. Our readers will doubtless have noticed that longevity has been a prominent trait of the Lindsay family—the united ages of sixteen members of that family have amounted to no less than 1,236 years. At the present time the house of Messrs. Lindsay Brothers, Limited, is controlled by Messrs. John A. and Robert W. Lindsay (sons of the late Mr. Thomas Graham Lindsiy), and Mr. David J. Lindsay (son of the late Mr. David Lindsay, original founders), directors, the latter having been managing director of the concern since its incorporation. Cheyne Brothers, Manufacturers of Linen, Cotton, and Embroidered Handkerchiefs, Franklin Street, Belfast.—This business was established by Mr. Hugh Cheyne and Mr. Nelson Cheyne in Gloucester Street about a quarter of a century ago, and the original handkerchief, collar, and cuff trade has now developed into a large hand¬ kerchief manufactory only. The firm are noted for their fancy, printed, and embroidered cotton handkerchiefs, and have long been known among the trade for this feature. Designers are employed for the embroidery department, which is also made a speciality. Messrs. Cheyne Brothers have a large home and shipping trade, the latter being principally to the United States. They employ about one hundred and fifty hands, in addition to a large number of outside workers. On the premises, which are spacious and excellently adapted to the business, are no fewer than sixty machines in full working power, driven by steam working up to ten-horse power. In the making-up room may be observed a “ Craw¬ ford ” patent smoothing-machine, which is also driven by a shaft from the engine. The premises consist of offices, a sales-room, and engine- house on the ground floor ; on the first floor the making-up room ; second floor, the stitching, printing, and designing room ; and third floor, the stock-room. The work-rooms are well fitted up, ventilated, and lighted. The firm have also a warehouse in Salter’s Court, Bow Lane, London, E.C., and are represented in Manchester and Glasgow by agents. W. Erskine Mayue, Ulster Religious Tract, Book, and Bible Depository, 2, Chichester Street, and 11, College Square East, Belfast.—This old-standing concern was established by Mr. Alexander S. Mayne, the father of the present proprietor, about sixty years ago, and has been under the sole charge of the latter gentleman for a number of years. The premises comprise two shops of a most suitable description, and Mr. W. Erskine Mayne is fortunate in the possession of an excellent business throughout the northern division of Ireland. A peculiarly pleasing association connects itself with this establishment, from the fact that here was first published the “Monthly Gleaner,” which was the primary juvenile magazine in Ulster. The principal feature in the business is the amount of Religious Depository work carried on by Mr. Mayne, who lets out on hire a number of magic-lanterns for entertainments and relative purposes. A splendid variety of the best books is shown in every department of literature, and emanating from the greatest religious thinkers known in British history. In addition to the literary section of his business, Mr. Mayne holds a finely selected general stock in photographic cameras and stands, archery, cricket, bal¬ loons, balls, boats, mechanical models, &c., as also Dichroic ink of Irish manufacture, &c. Mr. Mayne, in addition to being a gentleman of culti¬ vated intelligence, is highly qualified in other ways; and so long as gentlemen of this description conduct a prosperous business, there is but little fear as to the onward and upward movement of the centre in which they are located. IRELAND. 65 Murphy & Orr, Linen and Damask Manufacturers, 18, Donegall Street, Belfast.—We name at the head of this brief review a house which has the distinction of being the oldest establishment for linen and damask in the North of Ireland. The eminent firm of Messrs. Murphy & Orr, whoso warehouse in Donegall Street ranks among the best-known and most celebrated mercantile establishments in Belfast, was founded as far back as the year 1825, and has from the inception of its career preserved an unsurpassed reputation for the superiority of its productions in linen and damask fabrics of the highest class. The founder of the house was Mr. Robert Roddy, at whose death the present partners, Messrs. Murphy & Orr, came into possession of the business. These gentlemen were brought up to the trade under the strict commercial discipline of Mr. Roddy, who was a merchant of the old and substantial school, and whose methods and principles were unex- ceptionally sound, and whose integrity gained for him a record which will last as long as this city. The training thus received by Messrs. Murphy & Orr qualified them in aD eminent degree to assume control of such a concern as this, and during the long period of their proprietorship they have directed the business upon the lines laid down and followed so successfully by their respected predecessor, and have carefully adhered to the essential principle which has always governed the house—viz., the maintenance of a uniform and unvarying standard of high excel¬ lence in all goods sold. This great characteristic has been preserved throughout all the fluctuations of the market and all the changes of commercial circumstances and conditions; and it has been perhaps the most potential factor in securing and establishing the renown and prosperity of the house. Messrs. Murphy & Orr's great speciality consists in absolutely pure linen goods, and this one great essenti tl of quality is preserved in all the varied fabrics they supply. For rich¬ ness, durability, beauty of design, and perfection of finish, the linen textiles of this firm are almost unrivalled, and their numerous pro¬ ductions exemplify the highest attainable merit in tablecloths and napkins, tray-cloths, sideboard cloths, D’Oylies, linen sheetings of all kinds, pillow linen, bedroom and bath towels of every description, cambric handkerchiefs, bird-eye and nursery diapers, glass cloths, dusters, kitchen towels, tea towels, hall cloths, afternoon tea cloths, and fancy linen goods in great variety, linen goods for servants’ use—in short, every imaginable linen fabric known to the trade at the present day. Stocks of great magnitude and interest are held at the firm’s fine warehouse in Donegall Street, where a number of spacious floors are occupied by show-rooms and ware-rooms replete with beautiful novelties and artistic conceptions in fine linen and damask cloths, and it is espe¬ cially noteworthy that all these very superior goods are sold at very moderate prices. Messrs. Murphy & Orr’s commercial connection is world-wide, and they are especially renowned for the manner in which they have developed and perfected their elaborate system by which the public and the consumers in the most remote parts of the world, as well as those nearer home, can have their wants supplied direct from the headquarters of the linen trade. Their customers are to be found every¬ where; in Ireland, in Great Britain, in the Colonies, in foreign coun- tties; and to all alike they sell pure linen goods of the first quality at reasonable prices—a great desideratum nowadays. We may say that Messrs. Murphy & Orr give careful attention to the embroidering of initials, crests, monograms, &c., on linen goods ; and coats of arms, crests, monograms, army and navy badges, and devices of every de¬ scription are woven in table linen at a moderate cost. It is late in the day to add anything in the way of special commendation to the great consensus of praise that has been accorded to the linens and damasks of Messrs. Murphy & Orr by the leading journals of the United Kingdom. Ever since the great Exhibition at Dublin in 1851, when this firm's exhibit attracted such a large amount of admiring attention, the house has continued to reap a plentiful and well-merited harvest of honours and commercial distinctions, and now holds a large number of medals gained at various important exhibitions for the superiority of its table damasks and other linen goods. The firm have received the honour of a special appointment to H.R.H. the Prince of Wales, and they enjoy the patronage of the most distinguished circles at home and abroad, their name being inseparably associated with the highest attainments of the trade they so creditably represent. This house is a historic concern, and its connection with the Irish linen industry is strengthened by many particularly noteworthy ties. In the year 1871 it was found that so rapidly was the business increasing, that it became requisite to reorganise and rebuild their then existing premises, and this was done, although at the sacrifice of the room in the old portion of the building which had hitherto been set apart as a museum of the most interesting character in connection with the linen trade. But the march of time and spirit of enterprise of the firm demanded the sacrifice, and in place of that de¬ partment containing such interesting relics, we now find the space devoted to a new damask room. It is, however, pleasing to note that the particular objects of interest before referred to have not become non est, and that although (through the requirements of trade) they are no longer massed as a collection, yet they are to be found in different parts of the house—and that such a collection is not lost to the public should engender feelings of gratitude in the hearts of not only the intelligent commercial public, but scientific men and historians. The old museum was one of the sights of Belfast, the visitors to which were not only numerous but noteworthy, and the autograph book kept by the firm contains such names as the Marchioness of Londonderry, James Whiteside, M.P., Hon. Spencer H. Walpole., Jullien, Earl of Roden, Hon. Henry Smith, Speaker of the House of Commons of Canada, J. Emerson Tennant, Marchioness of Downshire, Professor Laharpe, Lord and Lady Alfred Harvey, Lady Georgiana Grey, Lady Mary Grey, Jenny Lind-Goldsehmidt, George F. Upton (afterwards Lord Temple- town), John B. Gough, Henry Cooke, D.D., LL.D., Bishop Denvir, Lady Stamer, Col. the lion. E. and Lady Margaret Lyttleton, Lord Cran- worth, A. M. Sullivan, Lady I’ortarlington, John Sharman Crawford, Mrs. Charles Kean, Earl of Caithness, Catherine Hayes Bushnell, R. W. Rawson (Colonial Secretary, Cape of Good Hope), Arabella Goddard, Lady Emily Peel, Lord A. Edwin Hill Trevor, M.P., Daniel O'Connell, Mr. and Mrs. D. 0. Hill, San Francisco, besides a host of other nota¬ bilities. We understand this firm was the first and only firm in Belfast for many years who had any direct connection with the British foreign and colonial consumers, and it is noteworthy that this connection, which is now so extensive, was brought about in a very natural way, viz., by one customer recommending another, which speaks more than anything else for the goods supplied and the price charged f >r them. In a work bke this, dealing with Irish industries, and having such a firm as Messrs. Murphy & Orr under review, it is interesting to iijte the fact that in one of the rooms in the establishment in Donegal! Sheet may be seen a fancy spinning wheel which was used by the first Ma chioness of Londonderry in spinning that wonderfully fine and superior flaxen yarn for which she became so famous. The production of that yarn is, in reality, one of the landmarks of progress in the development of the linen trade in Ulster, its exceptional perfection having undoubtedly acted as an incentive to others to emulate the lofty example of the Marchioness. It is also interesting to note the early connection of this great house with the Exhibition movement, that has done so much for the national trade. The Inter¬ national Exhibition held at London in 1851 was suggested to the late Prince Consort when, in company with the Queen, he visited the exhi¬ bition of linon goods held at Belfast in 1849. This latter exhibition is mentioned by the Queen in “ Leaves from Our Journal,” and it was organised in honour of Her Majesty’s visit. The late Mr. Robert Roddy, founder of the house of Messrs. Murphy & Orr, was one of the principal promoters, and for his valuable services in arranging the exhibition he was presented by the Flax Improvement Society of Ireland with a silver medal, struck in commemoration of Her Majesty’s visit to this busy, progressive, and interesting quarter of the kingdom. Belfast Wool Spinning and Tweed Co. (Ross Brothers), Durham Street Mill, Belfast.—The manufacture of woollen goods was begun in 1886 by Ross Brothers in the spacious factory at Bloomfiold. So rapid was the growth of the venture, and so well appreciated were the productions of the firm that, commodious as the Bloomfield premises are, they soon became inadequate to produce a sufficient supply" to meet the demands of the trade. To meet, therefore, the exigencies of the case the spinning, weaving and finishing plant were removed to Durham Street Mill, which had been purchased some time before by the senior partner (Mr. David Ross). These extensive premises cover about five acres, and were formerly known as “ Hind’s Mill,” the whole being entirely reno¬ vated by the new owners in a thorough manner. The main portion consists of six storeys, ICO feet by 7 40 feet, all fireproof, and so spacious, that there is ample room for the larger developments of the business, as the steady demand increases for their tweeds, now so largely 7 patronised by leading wholesale merchants. There have also been provided a ware¬ house and suite of offices. The old engines have been removed, and power is now derived from a compound engine of modem make through an endless rope drive, which extends from the bottom to the top of the mill. It is the first ofithe kind introduced into Belfast, and has been erected by Messrs. Combe, Barbour & Combe, the well-known local engineers. Many new machines have been added by the firm, among others a large drying machine, fitted up with three tiers of pipes and fans, and capable of drying about 2,000 yards daily. Most of the looms are of the latest type, or what is termed in the trade the “ fast loom,” and made by Hutchinson and Hollingwortb, of Dobcross. The combined scouring, washing, and spraying machines are of the latest improved make, and the carding and spinning machines by the celebrated Platt Brothers, of Oldham. The appliances are now so complete, that the wool can be taken from the sorting room, dyed, spun, woven, finished, and made ready for the consumer in from ten to twelve days. The firm have purchased during a single summer from the farmers in the surrounding districts upwards of 100,000 lbs. of wool, no small encouragement to wool growers in the North of Ireland. In addition to the manufacture of tweeds, they also produce excellent qualities of knitting yarns, and, altogether, the whole concern is a scene of busy industry. The members of this firm are also the proprietors of the Bloomfield Damask and Linen Factory, (trading as Ross Brothers). Th'Sfirm is especially deserving of notice in these pages for these spirited attempts to re-establish the woollen indus¬ try in the North of Ireland, an industry in respect of which Ireland was once famous, and which was lost, not by any fault of her sons, but through the jealousy of English manufacturers. The oppressive r stric- tions which killed the ancient Irish handicraft have now passed with their promoters, into a well-merited oblivion, and we congratulate this firm on these happier and freer times for restoring the historic Irish manu¬ facture. The success that has met their efforts from the first, and the promise held out by the future of a growing demand, will, beyond doubt, be but the first steps of a more extended success. G6 INDUSTRIES OP Henry Matier & Co., Cambric Handkerchief and Xiinen Manufacturers and Bleachers, May Street, Belfast.—A review of the typical trades and industries of Belfast and the North of Ireland which did not include some mention of the eminent firm of Messrs. Henry Matier & Co., of Donegall Square South and Lurgan, would he seriously incomplete. This old and thoroughly representative house stands among the leading concerns engaged in the Irish linen and hand¬ kerchief trade, and its history dates from the year 1853, when it was founded by Mr. Henry Matier and Mr. Thomas Perguson. The latter gentleman retired from the firm in 1866, and Mr. Matier afterwards took into partnership Mr. J. Rogers and Mr. Mark Finlay. Subsequently, Mr. Matter’s two sons, Messrs. Robert and Alex. S. Matier, were also admitted, and since then no change has taken place in the co-partnership. It is not too much to say that this firm has a universal reputation. Their name is known in all the markets of the world in connection with their leading speciality, cambric handkerchiefs, and these goods they produce in a quality which is not surpassed by any other house in the trade. Messrs. Matter’s factories are at Lurgan and Dromore, and are famed for their superior output in hand-woven linens, for which they are un¬ excelled. Their embroidered handkerchiefs are also a notable and cele¬ brated feature, and this department is especially remarkable for its regular employment of an immense number of gii-ls in all parts of the North of Ireland. At New York the firm have a most important branch which is under the resident management of Mr. Finlay and Mr. Robert Matier, and, as with most other Irish manufacturers of linen, Messrs. Matier send the lion’s share of their productions through the New York market, whence they are disseminated to all parts of the American Con¬ tinent. Besides their valuable connections in America, the firm have long-established commercial relations with practically every quarter of the globe in which the influences of civilisation have made themselves felt, and there is hardly any country in the world to which the linen goods of this house have not found their way. Many firms of similar age and standing to the one under notice have succeeded in developing a trade of a certain magnitude, and have rested content with maintaining the same at its normal level of advancement. Not so Messrs. Henry Matier & Co., whose progress is continuous, and whose business increases in volume year by year. Both past and present bid fair to be eclipsed by the future of this eminent house, whose greatest achievements will be recorded by the reviewer of a day that is yet to come. For our part, we may now devote some attention to a brief survey of the firm’s fine warehouse in Belfast, a five-storey building of handsome appearance, with a frontage of seventy feet in May Street, and an extension of fully two hundred and fifty feet along Adelaide Place. The basement contains the laundry, the engine that supplies motive power for the machinery, and the department for “grey” or unfinished goods, of which there is a very considerable stock. The ground floor has its front part taken up by. the spacious counting-house and general and private offices, which, together with the admirably lighted sale-room (displaying a great variety of samples for the inspection of the visiting customer), are very handsomely and conveniently appointed in all respects. Beyond this, at the rear, we find the busy and interesting departments for washing, smoothing, pressing, folding, and tieing up handkerchiefs, &c., all of which are very completely equipped for their several purposes. .Messrs. Henry Matier and Co. have always been con¬ spicuously enterprising in introducing and adopting new methods and appliances calculated to facilitate the progress of their industry, and they have a large amount of valuable and effective labour-saving machinery in operation at their different establishments. A machine for smoothing toms out an immense amount of work in a very short space of time, and the special drying boxes in use by this firm are not to be met with at many other establishments. This system of drying combines the utmost expedition and cleanliness, and is exceedingly satisfactory in effect. Furthermore, Messrs. Matier use a patent hooking and marking machine, which, with only one attendant to look after it, is capable of executing r ore work than twenty girls would accomplish in the same time. Pass¬ ing on to the handkerchief receiving room, we find this department—as its title indicates devoted to the reception of handkerchiefs as they come fiom the firm s hemstitching factories, or from their numerous sewing agencies. The designing and printing department, where the designs aie wrought out and prepared for embroidering, is most interesting from an artistic point of view. The well-nigh illimitable variety of patterns and styles here exhibited is something wonderful, even to an eye accus¬ tomed to survey the marvels of modern commerce and industry in a multitude of forms, and affords one of the best indications of the extent and magnitude of Messrs. Matter's operations, for it must indeed require the support of an immense connection to profitably recompense the house for its great outlay and expenditure in preparing this remarkable and ever augmenting array of new and beautiful designs. The damask and linen stock-rooms reveal all the rich and chaste beauties that characterise the flax-woven fabrics of Ireland at the present day. The packing depart¬ ment, served by steam hoists and hydraulic presses, and replete with every practical convenience, presents a scene of busy and animated activity that speaks for the energetic progress of a great trade; and the embroidery finishing department has a large and industrious staff of deft-fingered operatives ornamenting and tieing up handkerchiefs and parcelling the boxes in fine paper to obviate any damage to their contents. The orders here in process of execution reach a surprising number, and we might safely say that the parcels being prepared would represent hundreds of thousands of single handkerchiefs. In the heavy- goods department there is a vast stock of towellings, cream damasks, napkins, and linen sundries ; and the establishment in its entirety is un¬ doubtedly one of the most complete repositories of linen fabrics and handkerchief manufactures in Belfast. With the impression produced by our brief survey of the warehouse fresh in our minds we can feel no surprise at learning that Messrs. Henry Matier & Co. give employment to a total force of workpeople numbering between three and four thousand hands. Nothing less than an army of operatives could supply a suffi¬ ciency of productive energy and skill to meet the demands of the world¬ wide trade this firm have so successfully developed. The name of Matier is as a household word in the linen industry, and is associated in the home, foreign and colonial markets with the choicest products of that industry at the present day. The fact that the households Prize Medals from the great Exhibitions of London, 1862, Paris, 1867, and Phila¬ delphia, 1867, speaks for the international recognition and appreciation accorded to their meritorious manufactures. The entire business at Belfast receives the personal attention and supervision of the principals resident here, viz., Mr. Henry Matier, his son Mr. Alex. S. Matier, and Mr. J. Rogers, who are capable men of business and courteous gentle¬ men, esteemed and respected by all with whom they have intercourse. Their administration of the affairs of the house is marked by those eminent qualities of energy, enterprise, and mercantile integrity which have produced such gratifying results up to the present time, and which are the passwords to continuous progress and prosperity in the future. John Hobson, The Hoyal Victoria Horse and Carriage Bazaar, Chichester Street and Montgomery Street, Belfast.—This ex¬ tensive, important, and widely known establishment was founded in the year 1842 by Mr. John Robson, who has just admitted his two sons into partnership. Both the latter gentlemen have been connected with the business for a number of years, and are thoroughly experienced in all its details. The Royal Victoria Horse and Carriage Bazaar is one of the principal concerns of its kind in this part of Ireland, and occupies very large and well adapted premises at the above address. The buildings extend from Chichester Street to Gloucester Street, roughly speaking a distance of nearly three hundred feet, and are arranged and appointed in the most appropriate and convenient manner. In Montgomery Street the firm carry on coach-building upon a large scale, the premises devoted to this department being a substantial building of three floors, occupying a ground area of about one hundred and twenty feet square. This fac¬ tory is about to undergo extensive improvements in order to render it fully adequate to the demands made upon it by the firm’s ever-increasing carriage trade. Mr. Robson holds a special appointment to the Prince of Wales, from whom he has had direct patronage ; and he supplies the entire “turn-out” of horses and carriages for the high sheriffs of the different counties in Ireland. The horse bazaar conducted by Mr. Rob¬ son at the Chichester Street premises is a most important enterprise, and this part of his immense establishment is appointed to perfection in every detail. All horses entrusted to the care of the firm receive the most solicitous attention from a thoroughly competent staff, and are always to be found in prime health and condition. Auction sales of horses are held twice a month, and are attended by a great concourse of buyers from all parts of Great Britain and Ireland. On these occasions the horses en¬ tered for sale usually number about one hundred and thirty. Annual sales of pedigree shorthorn cattle and superior breeds of sheep are also conducted by the firm, and these two are very largely patronised, there being always a great demand for this class of stock, especially for dis¬ patch to South America and the Colonies. Messrs. Robson’s combined establishments are as large as any of the kind in the United Kingdom, covering nearly three acres of ground, and having accommodation of the best class for two hundred and fifty horses and four hundred carriages. The saddlery and harness departments of this business are very extensive, and contain stocks which rank among the largest in the country. Alto¬ gether the firm control an immense business, and maintain a connection wliich extends to all quarters of the United Kingdom, America, and the Colonies. The firm’s clientele at home is of a most valuable character, and includes many members of the nobility and gentry in the North of Ireland, to whom they supply high-class job horses for any period. The Messrs. Robson personally conduct the entire business with a degree of ability and judgment that augurs well for continuous success. IRELAND. 6 7 Bernard Hughes, Model Bakery and Flonr Mills, Belfast.—These extensive and very important concerns were originally established in the year 1839 by the late Bernard Hughes, Esq., J.P., and had their first headquarters in Donegall Street, where the business was carried on with great success for a number of years. Subsequently larger premises were acquired in Donegall Place, and the resources of these were added to by the taking of a supplementary establishment in Falls Rad, which is now occupied as stores and offices. At each of the threo addresses above named there was a bakery, and in all cases the baking trade wa3 extensively carried on. In course of time, however, Mr. Hughes found 'i:l> i , rL _ 1 1 Jjy 11 a m View- of Model Bakery. that the joint accommodation of the premises he had acquired was inade¬ quate for his ever-growing business, and he accordingly erected his present immense establishment in Springfield Road, covering about two acres of ground, to which he has, with every justification, given the name of the “ Model Bakery.” The whole place is constructed and equipped throughout on the most approved principles for the making and baking of bread entirely by mechanical aid. The product of the bakery is of the highest class, and is in very great demand, the vans of this firm being familiar objects in the streets of Belfast, as they pursue their extensive course of daily deliveries throughout the city and suburbs. Mr. Edward Hughes, J.P., the present proprietor, son of the late founder, now conductsjthe business, and he contemplates the speedy addition of a fancy bread and biscuit bakery to the works already existing. When this new feature is added the establishment will certainly be one of the largest Flour Mills. Offices and Stores. and most comprehensive of its kind in the United Kingdom, while in equipment and general organisation it will certainly be second to none. The firm’s flour mills are in Divis Street, and were erected in 1877 ; they were increased in altitude in 1882 by the addition of another storey, and they now form a massive and towering block of buildings, eight storeys [ high, and of almost gigantic proportions, being one hundred and seventy feet in length and seventy-five feet broad ; they are a complete block in 1 themselves, and dominate all the surrounding buildings, among which they are as conspicuous as the proverbial triton among minnows. These flour mills are splendidly equipped, and possess immense productive resources, and the trade in their superior and very extensive output forms a chief feature in the large and widespread local and provincial trade of this successful house. Mr. Hughes has the convenience of telephone communication, and his telegraphic address is “ Hughes, Belfast.” 68 INDUSTRIES OF Richardson, Sons, & Owden, Limited, Linen Manu¬ facturers and Warehousemen, Donegall Square, Belfast.—The linen trade of Ireland is a sphere of commercial and industrial enterprise in which not a few firms have achieved celebrity and success, but of all its representatives in Belfast, none has won greater renown and distinction than the old and eminent house whose title heads this brief review. The business of Messrs. Richardson, Sons, & Owden, Limited, was founded over a century ago, and has increased continuously in magnitude, influence, and prosperity from that time until now. At the present day it is unquestionably one of the largest and. most important concerns in the trade, and its reputation is quite unsurpassed, whether we regard it on its merits as a great mercantile institution, or take into special consideration the unfailing and uniform ex¬ cellence of its manufactures and specialities in linen fabrics of every kind. The headquarteis of Messrs. Richardson, Sons, & Owden, Limited, are at the magnificent warehouse which is such a conspicuous and interesting object to all who pass through Donegall Square, Belfast. Formerly the firm had their warehouse in Donegall Place, but those p.cruises became too small for the requirements of the business, and early in 1869 the present superb establishment was erected. It is one of the noblest commercial structures in the city, and is a fitting habitation for a firm of such high standing and undoubted prestige as the one under notice. With a principal frontage of a hundred and six feet to Donegall Square, the block extends rearwards one hundred and thirty-six feet by Calender Street (where there is a convenient goods entrance), and attains an elevation of six storeys throughout. In architectural style the build¬ ing presents aboldani substantial example of the No i them Italian character, and the struc'ure (which forms a separate block in itself) has been reared in a fine quality of red sandstone of a light shade, which harmonises exceed¬ ingly well in effect with the architectural design in which it is incorpo¬ rated. The ground floor is approached through a superb doorway, and is somewhat elevated above the street by the bas .ment flat, where all kinds of plain goods are stored. The counting-house is a splendid feature of the ground floor, and here also are the ever-busy and interesting packing- rooms, with hydraulic lift facilities, and an endless array of bales and packages of goods getting ready for despatch to every quarter of the civilised world. The first floor contains sale-rooms and sample-rooms in front with ware-rooms behind for dress linens and hollands, &c. Above this the several other flats are devoted to the storage and display of a marvellously interesting and comprehensive stock of white linens, damasks, handkerchiefs, embroidery, &c., &c., in the inspection of which a whole day might be pleasantly and profitably spent. There can be no words but those of praise and high commendation for the entire arrange¬ ment and equipment of this palatial warehouse, and every detail in the fitting and general appointment of the place has been perfected in a spirit of taste and liberality thoroughly worthy of a great and respected busi¬ ness house. The visitor feels that hours could be spent with pleasure in surveying the manifold objects of interest in these lofty, spacious and well-lighted show-rooms, and in watching the whole routine of the vast business whose progress is everywhere apparent. The stocks are simply indescribable in their varied characteristics of beauty and intrinsic worth, and are typical of the firm, whose fame has been wen and maintained by the unvarying perfection of its products. For more than a hundred years Messrs. Richardson, Sons, & Owden have manufactured linen fabrics noted for superiority of texture, finish, quality, and design, and in such lint s as plain linens, sheetings, pillow linens, towels, d apers, handker¬ chiefs, fine damask cloths, and artistic embroidered goods of every kind they enjoy a reputation which has been equalled by very few of their contemporaries, and excelled by none. Irish linens are foremost among the flax-woven textiles of the world, and Mess: s. Richardson, Sons, & Owden, Limited, stand admittedly among the most advanced leaders of the Irish linen trade. Their trade-mark (a lion rampant—the crest of the Richardson family) is known and respected the wide world over, and “ Richardson’s linens,” as a domestic and commercial term, is a house¬ hold word at home and abroad, and a synonym for the highest excellence in linen cloths. A speciality in this class of linens, for which this house is noted, is that known far and wide as “linen dress foundations,” which are the best for all materials, being equal to silk in their wear, and neither split, shrink, or cling, and it was but a few months back that in view of the very satisfactory sale of their thirty-four inch linen dress foundations (first introduced by them) they commenced to manufacture thirty-one and a hall inch cloth, which has met with an enormous sale on account of its quality and popular price. The Press opinions on this matter, however, have been so numerous and uniformly favourable, that we are induced to quote a few that have appeared in the leading journals treating of matters of this kind. From The Queen, of Juno 8, 1889 : — “LinenDress Foundations.—Messrs. J. N. Richardson, Sons, & Owden, Limited, of Belfast, have brought the wearing of linen to great perfec¬ tion. Their latest idea is to adapt it to the purpose of fining skirts and bodices. It is found that for this use linen possesses many advantages over calico or other fabrics. It cannot be pulled out of shape, and is, moreover, extremely durable. The linen, which is specially intended for linings and foundations, has a glazed outer surface, so as to obviate any tendency to friction. It is made in all the shades which dressmakers are accustomed to employ.” From the lady s Pictorial, of June 15, 1889 :— “ Messrs. J. N. Richardson, Sons, & Owden, Limited, the famous linen merchants of Belfast, have done very wisely in lately introducing to the public a series of dyed linens for dress foundations and bodice linings. Linen possesses much greater durability than cotton, and is therefore far more suitable than the latter material for lining purposes, add to which it is far cooler and lighter in weight. Nine (increased since to some hundred and fifty) useful shades are always kept in stock, but other shades and qualities can be dyed to order if required. Now that the fashionable dress fabrics are specially soft and clinging in texture, these linen foundations will be found of the greatest possible service. Being stronger than cotton, and yet at the same time made with a highly glazed surface, these beau¬ tiful linen dress finings have only to be well known in order to be widely popular.” From The Lady of June 6, 1889.—“ Messrs. J. N. Richard¬ son, Sons & Owden, Limited, of Belfast, have introduced some new dress linings of pure linen, which will be found much more durable than those used hitherto. The surface has a fine glaze upon it, which obviates friction in a great measure, and prevents it from clinging to the material next it ; and all who adopt them will obtain much comfort therefrom.” Many more opinions of the like character might be given, but we refrain for want of space. Wherever this house has exhibited its wares it has carried off honours of the very first class, and the long list of its awards in this respect includes gold, silver, and prize medals gained at such exhibitions as those of the Flax Improvement Society of Ireland, 1845: London, 1851 and 1862 ; Dublin, 1865 and 1872 ; Philadelphia, 1876 ; Cork, 1883 ; and Melbourne Exhibition. In the matter of embroideries Messrs. Richardson, Sons & Owden stand almost unrivalled for variety and beauty of design. All the embroidery produced by this house attains a remarkably high standard of artistic merit, and is entirely executed by hand, great numbers of the peasantry of the North of Ireland gaining a livelihood by this work. Nothing in the way of fine table damasks is produced in the country to surpass the beautiful goods of the firm in this line ; and linen shirtings and special grass-bleach antique linen for ladies’ underclothing are specialities in connection with which the name of Richardson is world-renowned. Everything produced under the auspices of Messrs. Richardson, Sons, & Owden, Limited, bears the impress of sound quality, and is finished with a degree of care which bespeaks the perfection of the firm’s manufacturing resources, and proclaims their determination to maintain the reputation they have so long enjoyed at all costs and against all competition. The works of the firm, for the spin¬ ning and weaving of linen goods are situated at some distance from Belfast, and are very extensive, besides which the firm have, in county Antrim, three large bleach works, known as Upper Glenmore, Lower Glenmore, and Millbrook. These works are splendidly appointed, pos¬ sessing every essential facility for the conduct of an immense industry; and, in their factories and warehouse, the firm give employment to a total force of about seven thousand hands. This fact indicates the mag¬ nitude of a business which in actual volume is hardly equalled by any other in the Irish linen trade, while in the extent of its operations it has. but little room for further expansion, its relations being now maintained with every market in the world. Messrs. Richardson, Sons, & Owden, Limited, have, in addition to their Belfast warehouse, the following im¬ portant establishments:—4, Friday Street, London, E.C.; 84, Franklin Street, New York; 10, Rue des Jeuneurs, Paris; 39, Neuen Friedrich Strasse, Berlin ; and Ramsden Place and 91a, Flinders Lane East, Mel¬ bourne. At each of these addresses they are represented by active and efficient agents, whose efforts contribute to the constant improvement of the valuable connections preserved by the firm at home, in the Colonies, and throughout all foreign countries. The general administration of this colossal business is in the hands of gentlemen who have proved them¬ selves capable of developing and pursuing with unerring accuracy and judgment the sound commercial policy which has for over a century been followed and adhered to by the house of Messrs. Richardson, Sons, & Owden, Limited, with such conspicuous and gratifying success. As an evidence of the kindly and beneficent interest taken by the Royal Family in the Irish linen industries and textile trades in general, we may mention the significant fact that Messrs. Richardson, Sons, & Owden’s warehouse was honoured in 1885 by a State visit of the Prince and Princess of Wales, IRELAND. 60 with Prince Albert Victor, and party. Their Royal Highnesses were received by the following directors of the firm :—Mr. Thomas Greer, M.P., Mr. James N. Richardson, Mr. J. F. Harris, Mr. Henry Barcroft, and Sir. Charles II. Richardson, and also by the secretary to the Company, Mr. Robert T. Scott. Mr. John G. Richardson, the late chairman, was prevented by ill-health from being present, but sent a letter expressing the pleasure given to all the members of the firm by the royal visit. The directors accompanied the royal party through the various departments of the warehouse, and the illustrious visitors (who subsequently signed the visitors’ book) manifested great interest in the many attractive features of this representative establishment. The visit lasted about twenty-five minutes, and as their Royal Highnesses were leaving the warehouse they cordially shook hands with the directors, and were warmly and repeatedly cheered by the assembled employes of the firm, as well as by a vast concourse of people in the streets. McGee & Co., Merchant Clothiers, Military Tailors, and Outfitters, 30 and 32, High Street, Belfast.—We have given promi¬ nent place in these pages, as was necessary, to the different textile manufactures and finishing industries which come most prominently before the attention of the reviewer, both as an index of the spirit of enterprise of the city and province, and as the chief factor in their proud position. But we have not by any means ignored, hut rather have taken special pains to give due prominence to what may be called the specialities of the vaiied trade of the city, because these tend, though in a lesser degree, to sustain the reputation and credit of Belfast. Among the different concerns devoted to special and notable vocations, that of McGee & Co. deserves very honourable mention ; for the fame of their productions has travelled into every land with the productions themselves, and they have made the name of the province assume a new honour in connection with at least one great speciality of their distinguished house. We refer to the “Ulster” coat, a garment whose popularity grows as the years rollon, and which, since “imitation is the sincerest flattery,” it is not surprising to learn, has been imitated and pirated by every tailor in the world. Be that as it n ay, the design is their property and invention, and to them its introduction is originally due. But in no hands but their own has the garment attained its just perfection, or given that universal satisfaction which it has always done in theirs. These coats have been turned out by the firm in endless numbers, and diverse styles, and to suit every taste and requirement. They have gained universal patronage in America, in India, amid the snows of Russia, in Turkey, and indeed in every land where a warm and waterproof wrapper is a desideratum. In no place has their popularity been more marked than in the United Kingdom, whose humid and varying climate, and chill night airs, are inimical often to life itself. Hundreds of voluntary testimonials bear witness to the wonderful services rendered by this unequalled wrapper to officers on campaign, special war correspondents, sea-going travellers, and all sorts and conditions of racing, coursing, yachting, and hunting men. The garment was baptised in the year 18G7 by McGee & Co., and to them only belongs the right to use the name—a name that has been imported into eveiy language in the civilised world, but whose geo¬ graphical significance at once identifies the birthplace of the “ Ulster ” coat. Captain E. M. Shaw, well known in connection with the London Eire Brigade, the Lancet , Baily's Magazine, Sir Louis Cavagnari, Colonel Allin, A.D.C. to Baker Pasha, Major Higginson, Count Batthyany, Sir William Elliott, the Rev. Mr. Spurgeon, Prince Edward of Saxe- Weimar, Capt. the Hon. Robert Neva He Lawley, and a host of other well- known personages, who have tested it in all climates and under every condition, are unanimous in the praise of McGee & Co.’s “ Ulster.” One gentleman used it for twelve months as a blanket, in the Rocky Moun¬ tains, and after seven years’ wear, finds it “as good as new.” Another has sat in it, in the saddle, from dawn to dark, under heavy rain, “ without a drop penetrating,” and Sir P. Louis Cavagnari lay in it all night, in a pool of rainwater, during his service in India, “ without knowing any¬ thing of it ” till the morning, when, though the coat was heavier, “it had not allowed the water to penetrate.” Medical men, too, on night duty, find it an indispensable garment, and are loud, even eloquent, in its praise. We need not add another word, except to notice the commend¬ able fact that the material is Irish frieze, and so the whole is in every respect an Irish speciality. The firm of McGee & Co. dates from 1832, when it was established by the late Mr. J. G. McGee, the father of the present proprietors, a popular and public-spirited man, whose interest in everything tending in any way to forward the happiness or prosperity of his fellow- citizens was genuine and unceasing. He occupied a prominent place in the public affairs of the city, and has left behind him a reputation as honourable as it is lasting. On his death, in 1883, the firm took its present title, and still maintains its leading position in public favour. They are holders of distinguished medallic honours, among them being a prize medal at the Great Exhibition of 1851, and two at the Philadelphia Exhibition, in 1877. They are also the holders of the special appointment to the Prince of Wales, and to a succession of Lords Lieutenant as far back as Clarendon, in 1850. The premises are fine and central, and excellently appointed for carrying on the high-class trade to which alone they confine themselves ; and the firm affords employment to a hundred skilled hands. No word of praise is necessary in the case of such a well- known and distinguished house, and we shall not add any, but allow the world-wide reputation and celebrity it has gained to speak, as well they may, for the merits of the firm of McGee & Co. William Vint & Sons, Jam Manufacturers, Unity- Street, Belfast.—The raising of fruit and the manufacture of preserves have been urged upon the attention of the people of Great Britain by no- less a personage than Mr. Gladstone himself. The manufacture of preserves, indeed, has long been a staple industry in the northern metro¬ polis,, and finds an excellent representation in the old-established concern of Messrs. Wm. Vint & Sons. Founded in Carrickfergus so long ago as the year 1838, the business, under the skilful direction of the proprietors, gradually assumed imposing dimensions, and was transferred to its present eligible location in 1879. The factory, which has a fine frontage of a hun¬ dred feet, extends about a hundred and twenty feet to the rear, and is fitted up with splendid machinery and appliances specially designed for the manu¬ facture. Power is communicated by a twenty-horse vertical steam-engine. The chief manufacture is, of course, jam of various types; but the repu¬ tation of the marmalade of the firm is no less famous and requires no special mention here. The high name attained by the goods of the con¬ cern has been won by unwearying attention to the selection of the best material and to the skilful manipulation devoted to the various opera¬ tions. The general business arrangements are no less praiseworthy, considerable attention having been devoted to the distributive part of the business. The wants of the customers are carefully attended to, an ener¬ getic traveller efficiently representing the interests of the house. Indus¬ trially the firm is one of considerable importance, the manufacture affording employment to some fifty hands. Mr. John Vint efficiently controls the various details of the large trade, which, though of great local importance, is by no means confined to Ireland. Indeed, the reputation of the firm grows year by year, and its long-established connection is no less expansive. It is gratifying to meet with a local house, such as this, hold¬ ing its own against all comers and growing in fame and prosperity from generation to generation. It would be easy and pleasant to enlarge upon this theme, but we forbear, remembering that dread ghost of our school¬ boy days, “ Jam satis.” _ It. & W. Moreland, Tea Dealers, General Grocers, and Provision, Meal, Flonr, and Bran Merchants, 14, Little Patrick Street, Belfast.—The business now calling for notice is one of the most extensive and important of its kind in Belfast. It was established in the year 1844 by Mr. Robert Moreland, the senior partner of the present firm, who, in 1846, took his brother, Mr. William Moreland, into partnership. Messrs. Robert and William Moreland are now the sole partners, and carry on business as wholesale and retail grocers with very great and in¬ creasing success, being well and advantageously known throughout the North of Ireland. Their speciality is in the line of flour, meal, and feeding stuffs, which they supply in a state of purity and perfect preparation not to he surpassed. Their large and commodiously fitted-up premises are re¬ plete with an assortment of grocery provisions of every kind. The ground floor is used as an office and sale-room for general goods. The rooms above the shop serve as stores for flour, bran, meal and oats, a large stock of which is kept, besides the general groceries for which Messrs. R. & W. Moreland have gained so well-deserved a reputation. The local trade of the firm is particularly large ; also throughout the county of Antrim. Messrs. R. & W. Moreland keep two horses and vans and em¬ ploy four shop assistants. Their stabling, with a small supplementary store in which are kept a quantity of general goods, is at No. 42, Little Patrick Street. The connection of this old-established and thoroughly honourable and reliable firm is steadily increasing, a result justly due to the remarkable commercial qualities of the gentlemen directing it. Mr. William Moreland is a member of the Town Council of this city, he having been returned at the head of the poll, against six candidates, for Dock Ward. W. Erskine Mayne, Ulster Religious Tract, Book, and Bible Depository, 2, Chichester Street, and 11, College Square East, Belfast.—This business, so ably conducted by Mr. Erskine Mayne, was founded in 1815 by a number of ministers and gentlemen of various evangelical denominations to supply a great want of religious books, tracts, periodicals, prizes and awards for congregations and schools in Belfast and district. In 1833 the depository was removed to the premises of Mr. Alex. S. Mayne, at the corner of Chichester Street and Donegall Square East, who conducted it for a number of years upon the lines laid down by the founders—methods continued by his successor, the present proprietor, in the more handsome and commodious premises into which he has removed. These consist of a fine three-storey building, having an imposing frontage, with a spacious and elegant shop, displaying a very extensive stock of religious books, periodicals, and other specialities. Mr. Mayne is agent for the sale of all the publications of the British and Foreign Bible Society, the Hibernian Bible Society, the London Tract Society, the Christian Knowledge Society, the London Sunday School Union, the Church Sunday School Institute, the Victoria Institute, tile Scottish Temperance League, Cassell’s publications in parts and volumes, Spurgeon’s sermons and books, and the works of many other authors, associations, and publishers. He has also an additional department for the supply of children’s toys, magic lanterns, miniature steam-engines, electrical machines, telephones, stereoscopes, microscopes, and all kinds of fancy stationery. Mr. Mayne also undertakes general publishing, and has most successfully issued several pamphlets, brochures, and other works. In every department the institution shows most admirable management, and is a most important factor in the religious social life of the district. 70 INDUSTRIES OF Alexander Finlay, Soap and Candle Manufacturer, Belfast.—The extensive business which forms the subject of this brief sketch furnishes a notable example of the manner in which repre¬ sentative industries on a large scale have been developed in the busy city of Belfast. Mr. Alexander Finlay’s soap and candle works also illustrate the staunch and successful resistance offered by the soap and candle trade in Ulster to the keen English competition which practically destroyed that trade in the southern part of Ireland. These large and celebrated works have been in active and progressive existence for nearly a hundred years, and though they have at certain times felt the effects of the competition referred to, they have never succumbed to it, but, on the contrary, have put forth renewed efforts by which they are now placed beyond the influence of rivalry. It was in 1798 that this enterprising house originated under the auspices of the late Mr. Alexander Finlay, who died in 1851, grandfather of the present prin¬ cipal. The latter gentleman has been connected with the business from his youth, and since he succeeded to the proprietorship the concern has enjoyed conspicuous success and prosperity. The late Mr. Finlay laid the foundation of his business by making only the best qualities of goods, and thus established a name for purity and excellence in quality unequalled in his day. This good name has been maintained up to the present time, and through more advanced chemical and scientific know¬ ledge the manufacture of both soaps and candles has been much improved and increased in variety. The works, which extend from Ann Street to Victoria Square, are very large and commodious, and are as complete in detail and generality as any establishment of the kind we have seen, and they indicate the extensive character of the trade to which they are devoted. Important alterations and extensions are now in progress, a lot of old tenements (all the property of Mr. Finlay) being demolished to make way for several large additions to the factory buildings. The smoke stack which towers above the works is one of the tallest and most conspicuous chimneys in Belfast. On the premises is a well 320 feet deep from which is derived a supply of water for the candle machines (and other requirements of the house). "We were much impressed by the elaborate and effective precautionary measures adopted to guard against fire or to subdue any outbreak of the “ devouring element.” A body of men drilled on the premises for this purpose have attained proficiency in the use of fire-extinguishing apparatus. Commercially considered, Mr. Finlay’s business ranks among the most important and noteworthy concerns that can be met with in a general survey of the industries of Belfast. He controls a far-reaching trade, the connections of which are influential in both the home and export markets, and all his manufactures (which have won the highest awards, gold and bronze medals, wherever exhibited) are in steady and increasing demand. Besides a great variety of soaps for bleachers, finishers, household, laundry, silk and woollen manufacturers, Mr. Finlay makes several leading specialities. Silkstone, the pioneer in this country of tabletted soaps, invented, registered, and introduced some eleven years ago, is famed for purity and economy, and unequalled cleansing qualities. Mr. Finlay enjoyed for some time the well-earned fruits of his inventions and labours, but soon a crop of imitators arose striving for the mastery. The steady and increasing demand for Silkstone proves its superiority to its now many rivals. Queens-pale, first introduced many years ago by this house, for all laundry and household purposes is unequalled. It is made with great care with the purest and best materials. Pure Curd White, the queen of soaps, indispensable for washing the finest linens, lawns, cambrics, muslins, where a snow-white colour is a necessity. Finlay’s Silkstone Soap Extract (for cleansing everything), Finlay’s Pine Tar Soap (highly recommended by prominent physicians for skin diseases, &c.), Finlay’s Paraffin Soap (possessing very strong detergent properties), Finlay’s Self-Washer Soap, which saves a great amount of labour and time ; also several standard classes of household and toilet soaps, besides a large variety of paraffin, wax, and composite candles. These goods have won a splendid reputation wherever they have been placed before the public, and the increasing favour in which they are held testifies to the manner in which their good qualities are being maintained. Mr. Finlay personally superintends all the operations of the house, and he is to be congratulated upon the assistance he receives from his two sons, Messrs. Alexander Herbert Finlay and Robert H. F. Finlay, both chemists, who materially aid their father in managing the business. John Ferguson & Co., Linen Manufacturers, Mer¬ chants and Bleachers, 25, Bedford Street, Belfast.—The above distin¬ guished firm ranks among the oldest and most respectable concerns engaged in the Ulster linen trade, having been founded more than a century ago by an ancestor of the present proprietor. The firm were previously in occupation of premises in Linenhall Street and of others on the opposite side of the street, which were built by them for the trade. Their present location is exceptionally commodious, and offers superior facilities for an extensive trade. The trade of the firm embraces all classes of white linen goods, fronting linens forming a well-known speciality. The con¬ nection is mainly with home buyers, whose wants are effectively attended to by a staff of four energetic travellers. In a word, the firm is one of the most representative in the city, and deservedly enjoys a flattering reputation and a well-merited prosperity. Grattan & Co., Limited, Apothecaries, Chemists, and Aerated Water manufacturers, Medical Hall, Plough Buildings, Ci rn Market, Belfast.—This eminent firm is the oldest concern in Belfast en¬ gaged in the manufacture of aerated and mineral waters, and controls also the oldest apothecary’s business now existent in the city. This notable house was founded as far back as the year 1825, and was, in September, 1884, converted into a limited liability company, the shares being held entirely by Mr. Pring (the principal of the house), together with his sons, Mr. Arthur H. Pring, and Mr. [Henry Grattan Pring, some other members.of the family, and his four managers, Mr. Yoxall, of the establish¬ ment at Plough Buildings; Mr. Green, of the dispensing department; Mr. Bethune, of the University Road establishment; and Mr. White, of the aerated water department. Under this proprietory the business is continued with all its old-time success as Grattan & Co., Limited, and in every re¬ spect its honourable reputation as a thoroughly representative house is fully maintained. The chief establishment at Plough Buildings comprises a splendid shop, which stands on the site of the celebrated old Plough Hotel, some portions of which still remain at the rear unaltered. The front part of these premises, measuring thirty-four feet by forty feet, is kept quite distinct from the remainder, and is devoted entirely to the retail chemists’ and apothecaries’ trade of the firm. It is most hand¬ somely and conveniently appointed, and contains an immense stock, embracing all descriptions of pharmaceutical requisites, drugs, proprietary articles of good repute, and approved family medicines of every descrip¬ tion, among which are numerous specialities of the firm’s own prepara¬ tion which have gained great favour by reason of their curative efficacy. At the rear of this shop is situated the fine dispensing department, upwards of sixty feet long. Here all prescriptions are com¬ pounded with the utmost care and accuracy by a competent staff of assistants, who are under the qualified supervision of Mr. Green, the manager. This department is justly regarded as one of the most im¬ portant divisions of the entire business, and is conducted in a manner reflecting the highest credit upon the principal, the managers, and the executive staff. The laboratory here is perfectly equipped, and vast stocks of drugs and chemicals are held. Upstairs there are several spacious and admirably arranged floors, which contain ware-rooms, offices, drug and tincture rooms, chemical apparatus department, perfume-room, storage for sundries, and packing-rooms. A hoist runs from the ground floor to the top flat, and the whole establishment is a model of order and system, each department playing its part in the entirety of the business with perfect regularity and satisfactory effect. An immense business is done in the dispensing department, and not less than two assistants are constantly on duty, at nights and on Sundays, to supply medicines. All dangerous drugs are kept suitably arranged'in presses separate from the less powerful preparations ; and the firm have long maintained a high reputation among physicians and the public generally for the sound quality and unfailing superiority of the drugs, &c., they use in preparing prescriptions and family recipes. They supply drugs and medicines to most of the hospitals and charitable institutions, also to medical men for private practice ; and the general connection maintained is of a most valuable and influential character. As aerated water manufacturers Messrs. Grattan & Co., Limited, enjoy an unsurpassed reputation for the purity and fine quality of their productions. They were the original makers of ginger ale, and their soda water, lemonade, potash water, seltzer, sarsaparilla, lithia and Yichy waters, aromatic bitters, and sparkling coca, are beverages which deservedly enjoy the highest degree of general favour, as well as the approval of eminent medical prac¬ titioners. The firm’s aerated-water works are situated at 68, Great Victoria Street, and comprise a large establishment, completely equipped with the very best appliances for the production of superior goods. This factory is one of the most perfect of its kind in Belfast, and derives an unfailing supply of water of the purest quality from a deep well which has been sunk on the premises. Messrs. Grattan & Co., Limited, have an important branch pharmacy at 31, Crescent Terrace. They employ a large staff of hands, and control a business of great magnitude, both as chemists and as aerated water manufacturers. Their house is known and respected throughout the United Kingdom, and also in America, South Africa, and other parts of the world; and then- entire business takes rank among those old and distinguished concerns whose honourable record and high achievements have reflected the greatest credit upon the city of Belfast. _ _ Shaw & McMullan, Wholesale Tea Merchants, 56, Victoria Street, Belfast.—This well-known business was established in North Street in 1868, and was removed to the present address in 1889, the sole proprietor at this date being Mr. McMullan. A very extensive business is carried on as wholesale tea and sugar merchants, and impor¬ ters of Indian tea. The firm employ five commercial travellers, who cover the Northern and "Western divisions of Ireland. The premises occupy four floors, measuring ninety feet from front to rear, and having a frontage area of twenty-five feet. On tho front portion of the ground floor are located the offices, the tea-tasting room being situated at the back. The first floor is employed for the storage of tea, and the succeeding flat for the mixing of tea ; while the third storey is taken up by general storage. Mr. McMullan gives the important work of buying his own personal attention, and has been successful in establish¬ ing a large and increasing connection, and retaining the confidence of his numerous customers. IRELAND. 71 The Lough Neagh Pure Whiskey Distillery Company, Limited (Wallace’s Patent Apparatus). Offices, 105, Royal Avenue, Belfast.—That old and eminently respectable maxim which affirms that “ there is nothing new under the sun ” has had some rather severe prac¬ tical denials during recent years, and among the latest of these contra¬ dicting circumstances must be classed the remarkable new departure in the distillation of whiskey and other alcohols which has just been made under the auspices of the Lough Neagh Pure Whiskey Distillery Com¬ pany, Limited, whose offices are at 105, RoyalAvenue, Belfast. Thisnote- worthy Company has recently been'fonned. Its object is to conduct as a distillery the Glenconway Mills, belongingto Mr. S. S. Briggs, of Glen- conway House, Glenavy, county Antrim, and to carry on here a distilling industry which, as we shall presently see, is to operate on absolutely new and unique methods and principles. The Glenconway Mills are well- situated on the banks of the Glenavy river, on the borders of that noble inland sea, Lough Neagh, and are twelve miles from Belfast, eight miles from Lisburn, and a mile and a half from Glenavy station, on the Great Northern of Ireland Railway. The facilities of transport are excellent both by rail and canal, and the premises comprising the mills are com¬ modious, substantially built, and well adapted to the purpose to which they will henceforward be devoted. To summarise the advantages afforded by this site for the new distillery, we may say that they include ample water power for driving purposes, thus obviating the necessity of steam power ; an abundant supply of water of excellent quality for distilling, both water supply and water power being free of cost; ample labour in the locality on favourable terms ; and a desirable saving by reduced rates, taxes, and rents. So much for the distillery itself. As to its operations, and the peculiar character of the same, these constitute the main raison d'etre of the Company, and will be the distinguishing features of the busi¬ ness. We may therefore quote a few lines from the prospectus to illus¬ trate the second part of the Company’s object, which is—“ to acquire from Joseph Wallace, Esq., of No. 1, Oxford Mansion, London, W., the right to erect and use the valuable patent known as ‘ The Improved Wallace Multiple Pot-Still,’ patented 17th May, 1887, No. 7,190.” The prospectus goes on to speak of the nature of this important invention, which has been brought to a state of perfection after many years of labour and ex¬ periment and an enormous expenditure. The apparatus is almost com¬ pletely subversive of all the ordinary methods of distillation which are now in vogue, and it attains such superior results that the Company have been encouraged to exploit it as an absolute novelty in distilling appli¬ ances, and one that is calculated to revolutionise the industry. The objects of the Wallace Multiple Pot-Still are, according to the Blue Book, “ to effectually remove from alcohol the fusel oil, acetic acid, or other impurities which are usually distilled over with the spirit. Also to retain to the utmost possible extent the natural aromatic flavour (the renanthic ether) which is peculiar to the spirit, and upon which much of its com¬ mercial value depends; also to produce a spirit possessing all the charac¬ teristics of extreme ageing (without the objectionable oak taint, of course), and lastly, to secure a maximum product of about ten per cent, more alcohol from any given ‘ wash ’ than the recognised excise average of the stills heretofore used.” The whole process of rectification and fusel separation is referred to in the Company’s prospectus as “ from first to last purely an evaporative process, in contradistinction to mechanical or steam-boiling,” and it is claimed that the first drop of “ foreshot ” from the new still is superior to the finest matured whiskey. The further ad¬ vantages claimed for the “ Wallace Still” are :—(1) Compared with the process usually adopted for distilling whiskey, this new still is superior in point of economy. The ordinary process oosts at least threepence per gallon, while the new method does not cost more than one-tenth of a penny per gallon. (2) More alcohol is obtained from any “ wash ” by at least ten per cent, over the average of the United Kingdom, or twenty per cent over the Inland Revenue attenuation charge. (3) There is no loss of bulk and strength by evaporation in storage, while storage, rent, and interest on capital in maturing are saved. (4) It is not necessary to hold stock beyond the requirements of a week’s or a month’s supply ; and besides this, the highly matured character of the whiskey is such that, when blended half-and-half with any ordinary clean-distilled new pot- still whiskey, it makes the whole blend equal to five years’ ageing. All the high expectations entertained with regard to the ‘‘Wallace Still” appear to have been fully realised, both as regards quality and quantity of product, and all tests have confirmed the conviction that the new appa¬ ratus has it in its power to mark the dawn of a greatly improved era in the industry of alcoholic distillation. Pure whiskey is a great deside¬ ratum ; it is the most salutary of stimulants, when judiciously used, and as long as its purity is assured, there can be no doubt of its wholesome¬ ness. To the cultivated palate few things can be more pleasing than the fine flavour and grateful quality of a pure and perfectly matured whis¬ key; and the product of the “Wallace Still” is said to so far excel in delicious richness of pot-still flavour and purity, that aU-whcLpartake of it prefer it to any other whiskey, however the latter 4iay be matured. As an instance, the manager of a malt distillery in Scotland, whose whiskey commands the highest price in the market, tested "W. Jameson’s fifteen-year-old and Roe’s sixteen-year-old whiskeys alongside Wallace’s new whiskey made from his own “wash,’’and writes Mr. Wallace: “I must admit that they are not to be compared with whiskey from your still.” All these things considered, it would be difficult to over-estimate the hygienic importance of the new method and its results. The strongest argument against the use of spirituous liquors will be deprived of all its force as soon as the use of a chemically pure whiskey (such as that pro¬ duced by the “ Wallace Still ”) becomes general. And with the aboli¬ tion of the highly deleterious spirits that too frequently find their way into the market we may be prepared to note a great improvement in the public health, and a'gratifying decrease in the mortality of the three king¬ doms. The advent of this happy era will be hailed with universal satis¬ faction, and both morally and materially the Lough Neagh Pure Whiskey Distillery Company, Limited, will come in for its due reward as the pioneer of such a highly improved order of things in the distillation of “the wine of the country.” We are bound to regard whiskey as our national beverage, for, though we excel in the matter of beer, there are other nations whose “brews” are not to be despised. In the production of whiskey Britain stands alone, and Ireland is especially renowned in this industry. The very name of whiskey is derived from the Irish tongue, and it is quite appropriate that such a great improvement in distillation as that which has been initiated by the Company here under notice should have its inception in the “ Emerald Isle.” The Lough Neagh Pure Whiskey Distillery Company, Limited, starts its career under very favourable auspices, its directorate including such well-known gentlemen as'Samuel S.mdys Briggs, Esq., Glenconway House, Glenavy; Joseph Wallace, Esq., Oxford Mansion, London, W.; and George Douglas Hughes, Esq., M.I.M.E., London Road, Nottingham. The secretary {pro tem.) is Mr. Jackson Totton. We note that the (vendor and the patentee (Mr. S. S. Briggs and Mr. Joseph Wallace) show their faith in the undertaking by taking a large part of their interest in shares; and doubtless investors will not be slow in coming forward to assist by their capital an enterprise which promises not only to be financially pro¬ fitable, but also to reflect credit upon its promoters and supporters by the beneficial results it is likely to achieve in a most important sphere of national industry. Macllwaine & MacColl, Limited, Shipbuilders and Engineers, Abercorn Basin and Queen’s Island, Belfast.—Among the several firms whose energy and enterprise have contributed in such a marked degree to the development of the shipbuilding industry at Belfast a position of great prominence and distinction is maintained by Messrs. Macllwaine & MacColl, Limited, whose yards are on Queen’s Island. This house originated many years ago, but its operations were at first confined entirely to engineering. About the year 1868, however, the firm added shipbuilding to their engineering and boiler-making industry at Abercorn Basin, and in 1886 they took one of the new and very con¬ venient yards laid out at Queen’s Island by the Harbour Commissioners. Here they now have a splendid establishment, covering upwards of thirteen acres of ground, and affording every facility for a large and com¬ prehensive shipbuilding trade. The engineering works, in connection with which there are large copper works, are still located at Abercorn Basin, about half a mile from the shipbuilding yard. These works occupy fully four acres of ground, and are completely equipped. They possess a very extensive and valuable plant of superior modem machinery, calcu¬ lated to economise time and labour, and to improve production in each department of the industry here carried on, and in connection with boiler¬ making and the construction of high-class marine engines and machinery, all the working resources of the place attain an eminent level of efficiency and adequacy. At the shipbuilding yards the same perfect organisation is manifest, and the firm are here in a position to turn out vessels of the largest type, with all the latest and most approved modern features in construction, machinery, and general equipment. They have built a large number of very fine ships, steamers, &c., representing all the principal departments of the shipbuilding industry, and their vessels have gained a reputation for solidity of structure, fine appearance, excellent sailing qualities, and general perfection of appointment. Quite recently Messrs. Macllwaine & MacColl, Limited, have supplied to M. Embiricos, of Braila, Greece, a large cargo and passenger steamer for that well-known merchant’s general trade, and they have also just delivered to the Atlas Steamship Company of Liverpool a splendid fast passenger steamer for their Jamaica trade, both vessels having been fitted throughout with the electric light. They have also re-boilered and compounded two large steamers for the Atlas Company, and have orders for similar work for other steamers of the same firm. At the present time the firm have on hand four large cargo steamers for local owners, as well as a smaller twin-screw passenger boat for the Cork, Passage, and Blackrock Railway Company, and they are constantly in receipt of orders from a wide and valuable connection, which extends practically to all parts of Europe. It is particularly noteworthy that all the steamers built by Messrs. Macllwaine & MacColl are engined and equipped by themselves, and are invariably provided with engines of the triple expansion type, now so extensively preferred and adopted. The business has become a prominent concern of its kind in the busy port of Belfast, and its progress is continuous; indeed, during the last five years it has had almost a unique development, and some idea of its advancement in that period may be gathered from the fact that the firm now employ four times as many hands as they did in 1885. About seven years ago the concern was registered as a limited liability company, and the presence of the principals at the head of the concern affords a guarantee that sound practical methods are adopted in all the working departments. • 72 INDUSTRIES OF The Eclectic, 19, Royal Avenue, Belfast. Sinnamon & Co., Ladies’ and Children’s Outfitters, Proprietors.—Under the appro¬ priate title which heads this sketch there is represented one of the most attractive of the many centres of interest and fashion that contribute to the importance of Belfast’s high-class trade. The Eclectic, situated at 19, Royal Avenue, presents a large and pleasing frontage to that fashion¬ able thoroughfare, and while the principal establishment is at all times replete with a range of English and Continental specialities, hearing every feature of freshness and novelty, the show-room and work-room, covering a large extent of space overhead, is at once a complete embodiment of high-class goods that are nowhere surpassed either for variety or intrinsic merit. Messrs. Sinnamon & Co., to whom this beautiful emporium be¬ longs, commenced business scarcely more than two years ago, and so rapid has been their advancement as milliners, costumiers, and mantle- makers, glovers, ladies’ and children's outfitters, that the business now forms the centre of valuable and high-class connections in Dublin as well as all over the North of Ireland, while the firm themselves have attained a position of unrivalled distinction in the trade which their well-conducted nouse so capably represents. In catering as outfitters for ladies and children Messrs. Sinnamon have spared no expense nor trouble to procure for their now numerous patrons, the finest goods which ready cash purchase and commercial influence can command, and in order to maintain rela¬ tions with the premier houses in France and Germany, as well as in England, frequent visits are made by Miss Sinnamon to the metropolitan centres of fashion—Paris, &c.—at least four times every year, every mutation and development of style being thus reproduced with unerring exactitude. Having had a long experience in many important houses, Miss Sinnamon is enabled to select with judgment and discrimina¬ tion all the newest productions both in costume goods and French and English millinery, the complete details of attire being thus becomingly and effectively reproduced in a variety of styles and combinations. In millinery there is this important and commendable feature that while the firm are in a position to imitate every prevalent fashion in the highest style of productive excellence, they aim at originality, recognising that what is often graceful for one person might be unbecoming for another. For this object they re-model millinery to suit the face and figure as well as the shades and colourings of the costume. They copy or make sketches of hats or bonnets of any particular style, and for these and all other similar purposes maintain a staff of medistes and couturlcres whose execu¬ tive talents are well ensured by long familiarity with every essential phase of an artistic calling. Taste, skill, and intelligence are brought to bear upon every department of the firm’s handiwork, whether in superior mantle and dress making, or in the important and responsible branches of complete outfitting, from the execution of family and mourning orders to the most elaborate wedding equipment. In the minor branches of out¬ fitting, they provide many exquisite subjects in ladies’ and children’s underclothing, such as infants’ robes and layettes, zephyrs, French cam¬ brics, jerseys, and the famous “Hibernia” and “Sterling” embroidered goods, while the celebrated “C.B.” corsets and others are provided with those qualifications of graceful design and hygienic comfort which have already contributed to Messrs. Sinnamon’s repute as experienced corseiieres. In ever}- branch and department of this attractive business there are many impressions and evidences of the administrative ability and com¬ mercial skill by which the house is controlled. As partners, Mr. Sinna¬ mon and his sister devote their entire energies towards promoting and extending its adaptability to the interests and requirements of their adherents. With a fully-equipped staff of, sixty hands, the organisation and routine of the business is as nearly perfect as it is possible to attain, and in employing every means to accelerate the whole work of the estab¬ lishment, as well as by extending to all patrons the utmost liberality, attentiveness and courtesy, Mr. and Miss Sinnamon have personally earned a widespread esteem and appreciation. Ross Brothers, Bloomfield Factory, Belfast.—Bloom¬ field is one of the most delightful suburbs of the city, lying on the out¬ skirts of Ballymacarett. Here is situated the well-designed damask factory of Ross Brothers, covering a space of two acres, and roofed almost entirely with glass. The firm, which also owns the wool-spinning and tweed factory in Durham Street, consists of Messrs. David, Hugh R., and J. H. Ross, and have exclusively established the damask weaving in these fine premises since the woollen factory was removed hence in 1889. The concern is devoted to the production of damasks of all kinds— napkins, towelling, huckabacks, diapers, and suchlike goods, solely for the local trade. The extensive buildings of the factory are rectangular in plan, and are fully equipped with looms of the best type, numbering about 350, and a variety of finishing machinery, comprising two large Dundee mangles, calenders, patent beetles, starching and other ap¬ pliances. The looms are driven by rope gearing, connected with a power¬ ful steam-engine, built by Messrs. Victor Coates & Co., Limited, of this city, and fitted with Corliss valves—a type of engine which marks a return to the original method of admitting steam into the cylinder, and which is now adopted in order to work with a short cut-off, allowing the elastic force of the steam, after being so cut off, to perform the greater part of the work. This cannot be so well accomplished by the ordinary slide-valve, hence the favour now accorded to this Corliss system. The finishing-machines are driven by a pair of compound engines, of im¬ proved English make, supplied byAIessrs. Wm. Sharpies & Co,, Rams- bottom, and are kept in operation day and night, Sundays excepted. About 400 hands are constantly employed in the weaving and finishing departments trained to the business. The process of damask weaving, as exemplified in this well-found factory, is, beyond doubt, one of the most interesting in the industrial world. The mechanism and appurtenances of a damask power-loom of modem type is one of the triumphs of inventive genius ; and nothing can be more astonishing to the mere spec¬ tator than to watch the automatic production of beautiful designs by one of these looms. The Messrs. Ross, as will be easily believed by those who are familiar with the spirit of enlightened progress which has so far dis¬ tinguished their career, have made this a model factory, no less remark¬ able, indeed, for its fine sanitation and design than for its beautiful pro¬ ductions. The power-loom can now produce all but the very finest kinds of damasks, and the most beautiful patterns may be seen in the looms of this firm. Though the factory is one of the youngest in the city it has already an unexcelled local reputation, and its productions are keenly competed for by local buyers. Their tweed factory has already assumed notable dimensions, and has been well patronised by the wholesale trade. Belfast is happy in the possession of many men, in all ranks, to whose ability and industry its proud position in the commercial and industrial world is beyond doubt mainly due ; and the Messrs. Ross are not the least energetic amongst their ranks. Angus Chisim, Woollen and Waterproof Clothing Manufacturer, 140 and 142, Corporation Street, Belfast.—For nearly a quarter of a century the name of Mr. Angus Chisim has been familiar to those whose avocations expose them to variable weather, and has well sustained the reputation so long established for superior excellence of material and workmanship. The premises occupied by Mr. Chisim are extensive, and comprise a handsome four-storied building, with well- appointed office, sale-room, and store on the ground floor, and work-room, drying-room, &c., above. The stock includes every description of oil¬ skin and waterproof garments, “ Irish Frieze Trousers ” (a popular speciality in considerable demand), and other goods of a similar character. Attention is also directed to the manufacture of suits of frieze for fisher¬ men, which, by the strictest economy in cutting, trimming, and making, are supplied at marvellously moderate rates. These goods were exhibited at the Fisheries Exhibition at South Kensington in 1883, and won an award of a medal and a diploma of honour for superior excellence of material and workmanship. Mr. Chisim alsi> combines with this business that of newsagent, stationer, and tobacconist, and his energetic enterprise has been rewardedby encouragement of the most satisfactory and substantial nature. ^Htffessisted in the management of the business by Mrs. Chisim, and his I^BrConnection with the commercial life of the city has been distinguished by those high qualities of pluck, perseverance, and honour¬ able methoas of business which are justly associated with mercantile success. Mr. Chisim has also a branch at Ardglass, county Down. This port has been recently voted by the Government £30,000 for the develop¬ ment of the fishing industry, which will doubtless tend to greatly improve this already important centre. IRELAND. 73 Thomas Edens Osborne, Cycle, Safe, Stove, Mangle, and Hardware Depot, 10 to 14, Lombard Street, Belfast.—One of the most interesting of the many important establishments we have had the pleasure of visiting during our tour of the trades and industries of Belfast is certainly that conducted at Nos. 10 to 14, Lombard Street, by Mr. Thomas Edens Osborne. This remarkable and noteworthy depot for novelties of almost every description in hardware has been appropriately christened the “New Curiosity Shop ” by the Belfast people generally, and its popular and enterprising proprietor, Mr. Osborne, is widely known throughout Ulster, especially in connection with his trade in bicycles and tricycles, which he has been energetically developing for some years past. The establishment under notice is situated next door to the Lombard Cafe, and is very commodious and admirably arranged. It at once arrests the attention of the passer-by, both by its extent and by the varied character of its display; and the visitor who enters the spacious show-rooms will find them a perfect treasury of new and notable productions in all manner of useful hardware. Besides directing this immensely comprehensive business, Mr. Osborne has come very prominently to the front as Belfast and district manager for the largest firm of cycle factors in Ireland— the Pneumatic Tyre and Booth’s Cycle Agency, Limited. A few years ago Mr. Osborne was in partnership with Mr. Augustus Jennings, under the firm of Jennings & Osborne, but in 18S6 he purchased Mr. Jennings’s interest in the concern, and now trades in his own name. The firm of Jennings & Co., which preceded that of Jennings & Osborne, was established at the above address in Lombard Street about twenty years ago, and a very extensive business in book-safes, builders’ hardware, and general ironmongery was carried on by the senior partner, Mr. William Porter Jennings, who is now resident in Melbourne, Australia. For a considerable time, indeed, that firm had the monopoly of the trade in safes, bicycles, and tricycles in Belfast, and 14, Lombard Street has long been recognised as the oldest cycle depot in Ulster. Its reputation has always been of the highest character, and those who know the esta¬ blishment to-day do not need to be told that Mr. Osborne more than maintains its old-time prestige. The vast stock kept here at the present time, however, presents a striking contrast to that held by the old firm, and illustrates clearly the great advancement and development of the business during recent years. Mr. Osborne now caters especially for the well-to-do classes of the community, and makes a point of standing, or rather of moving, ever in the van of progress and enterprise as an im¬ porter of the latest and most useful household and other requisites and patent productions, from England, the Continent, and America. From the New World he first introduced to Ireland the world-renowned scour¬ ing soap, “ Sapolio,” which he sells very extensively, and for which he is special agent in Ulster; also the “Easy” Lawn Mower, well known to tne principal gardeners in the North of Ireland; those extraordinary productions, the chimneyless “Hitchcock’’ and “ Wanzer” Oil Lamps, which give a clear, steady light, like a gas-jet; the“ Grand,"the “Edens,” and “ Grand Rapids ” Carpet Sweepers, now so immensely popular; and many other exceedingly useful appliances which exemplify the inventive genius and mechanical talent so characteristic of the American people. He is also sole agent for the world-renowned “ Waterbury Watch.” In connection with the effective filtration of water, Mr. Osborne has also gained a position of distinction. About four years ago he retained one of the most eminent of London analysts, Prof. Wanklyn, whose analysis of the Bel¬ fast water supply indicated that its quality was very unsatisfactory. A subsequent analysis by Robert Barklie, Esq., F.C.S., also proved the water to be impure. Both these analyses having found their way into the daily papers, a lively' discussion ensued between Mr. Osborne and someone who wrote over the nom de plume of “ Chemist.” The Belfast Board of Guardians and the Water Board also debated the question at their meetings, and the result of it all was that the demand for water filters became quite phenomenal. We have it on good authority that Mr. Osborne has actually sold over five thousand of the well-known “ Filtre Rapide” (Maignen’s Patent), and is now filtering water by contract for several public companies. Certainly- he does the largest business in filters of any Irish firm we know of. Other departments of Mr. Osborne’s trade are equally important in their way. Belfast merchants are very extensively supplied by him with the book-safes of Messrs. Milner, Messrs. Phillips, and other English makers of high repute ; housewives owe him much gratitude for his timely introduction of the unbreakable “Safety Mangle” from Accrington, as well as for Rippingille’s cele¬ brated Oil Cooking-stoves, ;the “ Self-pouring Teapot,” &c., &c.; and the general public are indebted to him for a wonderful host of interesting and useful novelties, all of which (or at least a goodly number of which) are well described in his unique illustrated'catalogue entitled, “ Modern Inventions.” This instructive publication is sent gratis and post-free to any address, on application, and is well worth having. The catalogue speaks well for Mr. Osborne’s enterprise, for it cost him no leas t han £120 to “get up.” In connection wi'h cycles and cyclista^JMfcjtes this house continues to maintain a leading position. Mr. Osbor^pis agent for, or can at once supply, bicycles and tricycles of every^ description and by all the most noted makers ; and his special agency for the Pneumatic Tyre and Booth’s Cycle Agency, Limited, is a most important undertaking. The newest production of this concern—Dunlop’s Patent Pneumatic Tyre —is achieving a remarkable success, and already bids fair to create a revolution in the construction of cycles. It entirely obviates that bete-noire of cyclists—vibration, which is particularly disagreeable on rough roads, and it should certainly be seen by every wheelman. Mr. Osborne is booking large numbers of orders for this valuable invention, and its popularity is rapidly increasing. We regret very much that the limited space at our disposal here compels us to curtail our review of the “New Curiosity Shop ” and its interesting features. We can confidently recom¬ mend a visit to this unique repository of novelties, where the variety of goods display r ed ranges over the entire area of modern invention in domestic requisites, and includes also a great many articles associated with our most popular games and pastimes. In the winter season Mr. Osborne produces an astonishing array' of apparatus for lighting and heating purposes, including safety lamps and’the extraordinarily popular and efficient Rippingille’s Oil Warming-stoves ; and year in and year out this establishment continues to be a centre of attraction to householders and the general public, and a scene of trade activity which is at once typical of Ireland’s commercial metropolis, and indicative of the vast amount of personal energy and enterprise brought to bear by Mr. Osborne upon the operations and undertakings of each department in his extensive and valuably-connected business. Glendinning, Mclieish, & Co., Handkerchief Manu¬ facturers, 6, Adelaide Street, Belfast.—The extensive and important business carried on by this well-known firm of handkerchief manufac¬ turers was founded in 1883 at No. 6, Adelaide Street, Belfast, their present address, but which, in consequence of the destruction of the original establishment by fire, has been rebuilt and improved. Messrs. Glendinning, McLeish & Co. (the two senior members of which firm were previously established in New York since the year 1871) have dis¬ played great energy and resource in overcoming the difficulties attendant upon this rather serious misfortune, and the business has hardly suffered any check, orders having been executed with the same promptitude and satisfaction as formerly. At the new premises in Adelaide Street the industry has found commodious quarters, and is carried on in a large buildiDg, which affords satisfactory facilities for the time being. The factory is an entirely new erection, four storey-s high, with a frontage of forty feet, and a rearward extension of 100 feet. This commodious block occupies the site of the original works which were burnt down, and being nowcompleted, is one of the best-equipped handkerchief factories in Belfast. It is connected with the Telephone Exchange, and possesses every com¬ mercial and industrial convenience suggested by the experience of the firm. Messrs. Glendinning, McLeish & Co. are carrying on a vigorous and rapidly increasing trade, employing a large number of hands in the manufacture of a large variety of linen, lawn, and cambric handker¬ chiefs, and maintaining a wide and influential connection in the American markets. Their productions [are in growing demand, being much esteemed for excellence of quality and finish ; and in all the pro¬ cesses of manufacture great care is taken to preserve tbis valuable repu¬ tation. Messrs. Robert G. Glendinning, George McLeish, and J. R. Eccles are the capable and enterprising principals, all of whom are well known in commercial circles here. The telegraphic address of the house is “ Eccles, Belfast.” _ Waugh, Walsh & Co., Merchants and Commission Agents, 73 and 75, Church Lane, Belfast.—The well-known firm of Messrs. Waugh, Walsh & Co., of Church Lane, Belfast, has been in existence for the past ten years, trading as wholesale tea and sugar mer¬ chants and commission agents, in succession to Messrs. William Carson & Sons, who controlled the same business for over sixty years pre¬ viously. The present firm hold a very prominent position in the trades they represent, and maintain a wide and influential connection which extends all over the North of Ireland. Their operations in the tea trade are of a most important character, and they' are also large dealers in ex¬ plosives, being head agents in Ulster for Messrs. Nobel’s Explosives Company, Limited, of Glasgow, manufacturers of dynamite, “gelig¬ nite,” &c. These special productions are claimed to be the safest, strongest, and most economial explosives for sinking shafts and wells, and forcing railway and canal cuttings through rock or stiff clay. They are also similarly effective for blasting under water, deepening docks, harbours, rivers, canals, &c., and for recovering or clearing away wrecks, rending massive metal castings, clearing land from tree stumps without “ stub¬ bing” and removing boulder stones without the necessity of boring them. In short, for all work requiring great explosive force the spe¬ cialities of Messrs. Waugh, Walsh & Co. will be found eminently' suited’; and their safety and economy constitute additional advantages which have brought them into widespread favour. This firm are also agents for the old and highly reputed firm of Messrs. John Hall & Son, London, whose manufactures of sporting gunpowders are so greatly esteemed at home and abroad. Messrs. Waugh, Walsh & Co. have large magazine stores, licensed by Government for the storage of the various explosives in w-hich they deal, these being situated just outside the city of Belfast, as well as in the chief provincial towns of Ulster. The business is one of the most important of its kind in the kingdom, and is conducted in person by the principals, who display conspicuous energy and ability in the administra¬ tion of all its departments. 74 INDUSTRIES OF W. A. Boss & Co., The Royal Belfast Ginger Ale and Aerated Water Works, Belfast.—No city in the United Kingdom has gained a more eminent reputation in connection with the manufacture of ginger ale and aerated waters generally than Belfast, and the fact is largely due to the great purity and fine quality of the waters of the artesian wells which exist in this neighbourhood. The enterprise of manufacturers has accomplished the rest, and an illustration of what has been done in raising the aerated water trade of Belfast to the highest level of perfection, is afforded by the establishment of Messrs. "W. A. Boss & Co., one of Ireland’s foremost firms in the important industry in question. This distinguished and ever-progressive house was founded in 1879 by Mr. W. A. Ross, who has been ably assisted from the first by his son. By energetic management and the exercise of untiring enterprise, the business has been developed to proportions of great magnitude and import¬ ance, and it isnot too much to say that its fine productions are now known in almost all parts of the world. The Royal Belfast Ginger Ale and Aerated Water Works comprise a very extensive and substantial block of buildings, situated right over their artesian well, admirablyarranged forthe purposes of the immense and constantly increasing trade carried on. They are perfectly equipped in every respect, and in all our experience of well- organised and carefully conducted industrial establishments we have never seen a neater, cleaner, or more systematically appointed factory than this. The machinery in use is of the most elaborate and effective type, mechanical aid being called in in every department of the industry to such an extent that hardly anything is done by hand. Among the ingenious apparatus in operation here we notice several that are pro¬ bably unique, such as the “Patent Indicator” attached to the bottling machines, the “Patent SyrupingApparatus,” and the “Patent Filtering Machine,” which filters upwards instead of downwards, as is usually the case. All these valuable patents are .the property of Mr. W. A. Ross. The acme of cleanliness is attained in the syruping room, where no metal utensils of any kind are used, every appliance being composed of glass, crockery, or Slate. Very powerful engines supply the motive energy for this model establishment, and the general routine of the in¬ dustry is looked after by an experienced and efficient staff under the per¬ sonal supervision of the principal. Perhaps the greatest feature of Messrs. Ross & Co.’s works consists in the remarkable spring well which has been sunk beneath the premises to a depth of 226 feet. This well, by the operation of two powerful pumps, provides an abundant and un¬ failing supply of water, the purity of which is something remarkable. It is a fact that there is only one degree of difference between the tempera¬ ture of this water in winter and summer, its highest temperature in summer being fifty-three degrees, while in the coldest winter it falls only to fifty-two degrees. Messrs. W. A. Ross & Co. have their leading speciality in Ross’s Royal Ginger Ale, a delicious aromatic and refreshing beverage, utterly free from any intoxicating tendency, and forming one of the most wholesome and palatable drinks yet produced by the process of aeration. This Royal Ginger Ale is known almost as well abroad as at home, its perfect quality rendering it specially suitable for exportation, and the demand for it increases continuously as its merits become more widely recognised. The firm have always been the recipients of special awards for their ginger ale, wherever they have ex¬ hibited the same. They are also famous for their high-class raspberry vinegar, prepared from a special class of berries grown at Mr. Ross’s own gardens at Craigavad, County Down. These berries have a pecu¬ liarly delicate and delicious flavour, and produce a beverage which is quite unsurpassed by any fruit drink in the market. Absolute purity, ensured by the utmost care in the selection and compounding of ingredi¬ ents, is the great characteristic of all the aerated waters and beverages manufactured by Messrs. W. A. Ross & Co., and the productions of this firm, which have always been triumphant under the crucial test of analysis, are recommended for their purity and high character by the faculty, the medical journals, and the most eminent analytical chemists of the day. The following are copies of a few testimonials in favour of Ross’s Royal Belfast Ginger Ale from various places in the tropics where cholera is endemic :—“ 7th January, 1886. The fear which some people have of drinking the water here, owing to cholera epidemic exist¬ ing at present, a lively demand was created ; and seeing our stock rapidly diminishing, with enquiries from all quarters, we recommended our Liverpool house to ship one thousand dozen . . . .”—“21st July, 1886. This season’s sales have been considerably affected by the fact that cholera has visited our locality, and its appearance is attributed to the badness of the water supply: hence we ordered . . . .”—“10 th May, 1887. Ginger ale remained in the deposit till the cholera broke out, when it was speedily sold.”—“11th August, 18S7. Cholera is raging here. There is a great demand for your ginger ale, and none on the market; forward immediately . . . —“The People’s Grocery, 63, West Bay Street, Jacksonville, Fla., October 4th, 1S88. Messrs. W. A. Ross & Brothers. Gentlemen,—Enclosed find ck. for four 70-100 dollars in full for bill. Our Mr. Simpson in charge of the business used the ginger ale during his sickness with yellow fever, and found it an excel¬ lent tonic and stimulant after convalescing, and has recommended it to many of his friends, one of which orders with him the half of the barrel, which please ship at once via Savannah as soon as you can. Respectfully yours, Harkishcimer & Co. Please ship 1 barrel ginger ale via Savan¬ nah and Ocean Steamship Company.”—“The People’s Grocery, 63, West Bay Street, Jacksonville, Fla.,November 10th,1888. Messrs. W. A. Ross & Brothers. Gentlemen,—Enclose please find cheque to cover bill October 8th, for which please forward receipt. It gives me pleasure to add my personal testimony to the value of the ginger ale for yellow fever convalescents as well as friends] to whom I gave some, and two attending physicians ]at my house were induced to try it with good results. I did not get any written statement, as in epidemic times many things are overlooked, but it was a personal expression to writer. Respectfully yours, Harkisheimer & Co., per Simpson.” The house con¬ trols a trade of great magnitude and widespread connection, and all its affairs are most capably administered by the principal, who is esteemed as a courteous and straightforward business man by all with whom he has commercial intercourse. Robert McBride & Co., Manufacturers of Linen and Cotton Goods, Plain, Fancy, and Embroidered Handkerchiefs, &c., 4, Bedford Street, Belfast.—This old-established and eminent house was founded upwards of fifty years ago by Mr. Robert McBride, sen., and has occupied its present extensive premises in Bedford Street for the past thirty years. The warehouse is most commodious, and affords every facility for the conduct of a large and constantly increasing business. In Bruce Street, Belfast, the firm have their power-loom factory, an estab¬ lishment admirably equipped with first-class modern machinery, and employing in its general routine about a hundred and twenty hands. In addition to this staff and the twenty clerks and assistants engaged in the offices and warehouse, Messrs. McBride employ two hundred workers at Lisburn in stitching, two hundred more at Dromore as stitchers, and another contingent of three hundred hands in King Street, Belfast, as stitchers and finishers. There are also many hundreds of outside workers in the firm’s service, together with about one hundred women who are engaged at the warehouse in ornamenting. A large and important industry is carried on, the principal and special feature of which consists in the production of fine-textured and embroidered goods, a clever staff of designers being employed in connection with the latter line. The pro¬ ductions of the firm have a standard renown in all the leading markets, and are in constantly increasing demand at home and abroad. They gained a prize medal at the Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition in 1876, and the firm’s American connection is a most influential one. Messrs. McBride’s warehouse is connected by telephone with their different works, and every facility exists for the satisfactory conduct of a large and well-organised business. They have also lately added an embroidery factory at Gossau, Switzerland, for the production of fine embroidered handkerchiefs. The firm have a London warehouse at 46, Gresham Street, E.C., and their telegraphic address is “ Macbride, Belfast.” They are well known for the spirited enterprise and energy which mark all their undertakings in the great and important department of textile industry they so creditably exemplify. Springfield Finishing Co., off Springfield Road, Belfast.— This large and important industrial concern was founded by Mr. W. G- Mulligan, the present managing partner, about the year 1862, and in 1887 it assumed the title of the Springfield Finishing Company. The trade carried on embraces the dyeing and finishing of linen and cotton goods, and in these operations the Company are very extensively engaged. A good position off the Springfield Road is occupied by the Company’s works, which cover a considerable area of ground, and comprise several large buildings. The upper structure of these is three storeys high, with mechanics’ shop at the top, and store-rooms on the middle floor. Drying machinery of large capacity is placed in an ante-room adjoining these stores. There are dye houses underneath, containing two very large vats, each twelve feet deep ; and on the lower flat we find twenty-five beetling machines, which are driven by a steam-engine of forty-horse power. In addition to this power the Company have the service of a large water¬ wheel, which, with a good supply of water, would probably increase the available motive energy by about twenty-horse power. In the upper dye-house there is another immense vat of nine feet face and twelve feet depth, with two wash kieves and wheels. The store-rooms at the lower end of the works contain two pin-frames, ninety feet long, with endless chain and strippers at the end. These are driven by sepaiato steam- engines of five-horsepower (nominal) each. The works in their entirety cover about six acres of ground, and are as completely equipped and as effectively' organised as any in the district. The machinery in use is all of the best modern type, and every working facility of the establish¬ ment has b een b rought up to a very high standard of practical efficiency. The results, that excellent work is done in every department of the industry, and as flyers and finishers this Company have worthily gained the favounand confidence of an extended connection. Between seventy and eighty hands are employed on the premises, and a very large trade is done with local manufacturers and wholesale merchants in Belfast. The able and energetic administration of the business by Mr. VV. G. Mulligan, the principal, must be regarded as the chief factor in securing and main¬ taining the prosperity of this notewoithy concern. IRELAND. 75 Imperial Hotel, Donegall Place, Belfast.—It is highly probable that no establishment in the city of Belfast is so well known in all quarters of the globe as the Imperial Hotel. Forming, as it dops, the resting-place of all distinguished visitors to the city, and patronised by the elite of the aristocratic and commercial worlds, it occupies a unique and distinguished position among establishments of the kind. Nothing could be better in the way of location than the site of this premier hotel. Commanding a splendid view of the main thoroughfares of the city, it offers exceptional advantages for the observation of varying aspects of its fashionable and commercial life without the necessity of mixingw ith the busy crowds that pass to and fro intent upon their own errands. Imperial Hotel, Belfast_ W J Jury, Proprietor. Externally, the architecture is of the most pleasing character, exhibiting a successful adaptation of the principles of the celebrated Italian Renaissance to modern requirements. Rising to four storeys, and sur¬ mounted above the elegant main cornice with a Mansard roof, its chaste and elegant facade must attract the attention of the passenger, ignorant, perhaps, of the secrets of the art which arrests him without his under¬ standing wherefore. Pleasing as is the external appearance of the concern, the internal arrangements are, if possible, still more so. The entrance and main hall are exceptionally fine and appropriately orna¬ mented, and give a pleasing impression of the interior which is not dissipated on a further acquaintance. The coffee-room, fifty feet long, and excellently appointed, the commercial room, equally spacious and comfortable, the smoking-room and office, all located on the ground floor, are ideal apartments, and are directly' entered from the main hall, from which again an easy stairway leads to the second floor. Here are the dining-room, furnished in excellent style, the ladies’ room, elegantly and expensively fitted, a writing-room, and the billiard-room, exception¬ ally well lit, and furnished with all the best requisites of the game. Stretching away far to the rear is a suite of baths, lavatories, and bed¬ rooms, promising refreshment and repose to the weary and rest-seeking traveller. The other floors arc mainly given up to similar uses, the total sleeping accommodation of this comfortable and palatial retreat amounting to 120 beds. The stock-rooms are located a couple of hundred yards away, at 11, Chichester Street, in another very commodious block of buildings, and there is also extensive stabling accommodation alongside. A staff of forty assistants and two night porters attend to the various necessities of the establishment, the whole arrangements being under the able and experienced control of the proprietor, Mr. W. J. Jury. As has been already indicated, this is the favourite hotel of American, Australian, and Continental visitors, of Colonial and British notabilities, Government officials, and military officers. A large family and com¬ mercial clientele, and the local aristocracy also make use of the hospitality of the concern, which, it will be seen, enjoys a well-established position among all classes of customers. The proprietor is a well-known and influential man in the city, and has turned his surplus energies to account in exploiting several brands of high liquors, his “ Special Jury Whiskey ” and “ Grand Jury Whiskey ’’being prime favourites with others than the members of the legal profession, or the “ twelve men in a box,” for whom, no doubt, they were specially designed. Indeed, Mr. Jury brings to bear on everything to which he devotes himself, rare talents and consummate business knowledge. He has been a member of the Town Council, and takes an enlightened interest in everything connected with the progress of the city. No words of encomium are necessary to represent his well-known abilities or to heighten in any way the high position he has gained among the astute and prosperous citizens of Belfast— abilities and a repute which find their best exemplification in the success and popularity which, for a quarter of a century, have been identified with the magnificent establishment in Donegall Place. Crozier & Co., Silk Mercers, Ladies’ Tailors, Costu¬ miers, and rurriers, Donegall Place, Belfast.—It is always interesting and frequently very instructive to trace the origin, history, and develop¬ ment of any particular branch of trade, industry, or manufacture, and if j space permitted a detailed account of the progress of trade in this busy [ and prosperous city might prove an interesting retrospect; but as our object is more immediately connected with individual firms, attention must be concentrated in that direction. Foremost then among the many large and influential houses extensively engaged in the drapery, silk, and millinery businesses in Belfast, is the well-known and fashionable establish¬ ment of Messrs. Crozier & Co., Silk Mercers, Ladies’ Tailors, and Costu¬ miers, Donegall Place. This large and influential business was established in the immediate vicinity by Miss Crozier in 1879, and in 1883 it passed into the hands of the present proprietor, James McLees, Esq., by whom the trade has been greatly developed and the connection considerably extended. In consequence of its increasing magnitude and the necessity j for greater accommodation, the extensive and commodious premises now | occupied were erected about four years ago. This large and handsome building, which stands upon the site of the Donegall Place Methodists’ Chapel and Preacher’s Dwelling House, is of four storeys, and of sub¬ stantial, yet elegant and ornamental appearance. On the ground floor is the spacious and handsome shop with a very imposing and beautifully decorated frontage of fully fifty feet. The massive and lofty plate-glass windows display to great advantage a choice and varied selection of high- class drapery goods, costumes, and fashionable novelties in millinery, &c. The interior, which extends back over 150 feet, is conveniently divided into a number of departments, and at the further end is a spacious suite of well-appointed offices and counting-house, the principal’s private room, &c. A broad and handsome mahogany staircase of easy ascent leads to the first floor and opens directly upon the principal show-room, over one hundred and ten feet in length, and devoted chiefly to the mantle, milli¬ nery, and ladies’ and children’s underclothing and baby-linen depart¬ ments. It is truly a pretty sight to glance round this spendid apartment, with its elaborate yet tasteful decorations, exquisitely finished air-tight show-cases, tables, stands, and other appropriate appointments, filled as- they are with so many objects of beauty and interest; neither is it easy to get away from the fascination of the many elegant and beautifully made costumes, jackets, mantles, tea and morning gowns, bridal trousseau, travelling outfits, hats, bonnets, feathers, flowers, and trimmings, which are not only excellent in style, correct in taste, and thoroughly haute nouveauti, but bear the impress of the highest fashion, and that unmis¬ takable cachet which is so eminently characteristic of this establish¬ ment. The various departments below are replete with a large and comprehensive stock of goods, which includes a most extensive assortment of costume and dress fabrics in all the newest materials of the most fashionable colours, shades, and patterns. Silks, satins, and velvets, elegant in design and rich in tone and colour. Poplins, lace, and goods of Irish manufacture are conspicuously prominent, and form a most interesting and distinctive feature. Hosiery, gloves, haberdashery, baby-linen, layettes, pocket handkerchiefs, &c., &c., are also well repre¬ sented. The whole of the stock, of which the above are but a few of the- leading lines, is selected from the best sources with great care and sound judgment. The goods are most tastefully displayed and admirably arranged for ready reference and easy inspection; all the articles are marked in plain figures, and buying in such large lines direct from the manufacturers, the proprietor is enabled to give exceptional advantages both in quality and price. The upper portion of the premises is chiefly devoted to the dressmaking and millinery workrooms. These apartments are fitted up to accommodate one hundred and fifty workers : they are well lighted, thoroughly ventilated and heated with Musgrave’s Patent Slow Combustion Stoves—the health, comfort, and happiness of the employees is evidently made a special study. The firm have achieved a decided success in these departments : ladies’ tailor-made gowns, jackets, and coats form a leading speciality, the dressmaking department receives the direct personal attention of Mrs. McLees, who possesses the advantage- of long and practical experience, and whose well-known taste is frequently called into requisition by the numerous high-class patrons of the firm. The general trade is of a widespread, influential, and steadily growing character, the connection extending over the whole of the North of Ire¬ land. The firm number among their patrons many of the local aristocracy and members of the highest circles of society in Belfast and the district. The establishment throughout is fitted up in a very superior style, Mr. McLees having spent over £3,000 in the internal decorations and appoint¬ ments. The arrangements are in every way perfect, the house is typical, and favourably so, of the practicality, as well as the good taste and re¬ finement which are so conspicuously characteristic of the first-class establishments of the present day. The executive staff, in addition to those employed in the workrooms, includes a large number of salesmen and lady assistants. This establishment has long held an enviable repu¬ tation not only in Belfast, but throughout the country, and deservedly so, for it stands unique as an emporium of fashion, producing for its numerous clientele articles quite equal in style, quality, and price, to any of the great metropolitan costumiers. Both Mr. and Mrs. McLees are well known and highly respected in Belfast, and spare no efforts to meet the convenience of their customers, not only in the prompt and accurate execu¬ tion of orders, but also in the selection of goods that are unrivalled in the city for style, novelty, and endless variety ; and that these are facts is almost solely attributable to the constant personal care and attention bestowed by them both not only upon the customers themselves, but upon the execution of all orders placed in their hands. 76 INDUSTRIES OF ‘ Steel & Sons, Limited, Electro plate Manufacturers, Gold and Silversmiths, Watch and Clock Makers, Jewellers, Opticians, &c., 113, Royal Avenue, Belfast.—Unquestionably one of the most notable houses in its line of operations in Ireland is that of Messrs. Steel & Sons, Limit id, of the Irish Electro-plate Works, Royal Avenue, Belfast. This important concern has been in active and prosperous existence for upwards of thirty years, Mr. Matthew C. Steel having entered it in the year 1860. He was joined by his sons in 1871, when the name Steel & Sons was assumed, and in 1885 the business was converted into a limited company under the present title. The firm formerly carried on their trade at 39, Ann Street, but in 1887 they took possession of the fine premises they now occupy in Royal Avenue. This large and com¬ modious establishment comprises four lofty storeys, the ground floor con¬ taining a very handsome shop or sale-room, with a frontage of thirty feet and measuring fifty feet in length from front to rear. Behind this shop is located the electro-plating department, which is most perfectly appointed with power machinery, and all the necessary appliances for this highly interesting art-industry. During the last three years Messrs. Steel & Sons, Limited, have greatly extended the scope of their operations as electro-plate manufacturers, and they now enjoy an eminent reputation in this branch, producing goods of great beauty and merit in design, execution and material quality. Over the shop we find, on three sides, balcony show-rooms dis¬ playing a large and varied stock of jewellery trade tools, watch glasses innumerable, and all manner of materials and requisites for the watch, clock, and jewellery trades, in which lines this house is recognised as a leading concern. These balconies add greatly to the fine appearance of the establishment, and produce a capital effect when viewed from the shop. The second floor forms a very large show-room for clocks, French and American goods in this branch being extensively represented, and there is also shown here a superb assortment of bronzes, electro-plated wares and other artistic products for which the firm are justly celebrated. In this part of the premises, also are situated the offices, the jobbing depart¬ ment, and the burnishing room where electro-plate is burnished and made ready for sale after being plated in the shops on the ground floor. The third floor contains store and packing rooms, watch-making department, &c., and here has been very successfully introduced the “ Boley ” machine for watch manufacture, which ensures accurate “ centreing,” gives greater correctness in all work, and saves a lot of time and labour. On the fourth floor jewellers’ and silver-smiths’ work is carried on to a very large and comprehensive extent, the skilled workmen employed being assisted by many improved and effective apparatus. Some splendid machinery is also in use for the optical and engraving work in which the firm so extensively and successfully engage. A large staff is employed in all departments, and the entire establishment is as completely equipped and organised as any place of the kind we have had the pleasure of visiting. It is quite clear that Messrs. Steel & Sons, Limited, control a very large and superior trade, and they are widely noted for their high-class specialities in optical goods, the requirements of all who suffer from defective eyesight being very carefully studied in the spectacle and eye-glass department. The firm have also won a deserved reputation for their masonic jewellery, which is a special feature marked by great elegance of design, correctness in detail, and beauty of finish. Their importations of French and American clocks, bronzes, marbles, and other similar art wares, and their productions in electro¬ plated goods, command unqualified approval, and place them among the foremost firms in these important departments. Press opinions and a host of testimonials speak for the position this house has gained in the favour of the public and the trade; and great credit is due to the Messrs. Steel for the practical ability and exemplary enterprise which have placed them in control of one of the most attractive and interesting establish¬ ments in Belfast. Deans, Logan & Co., Limited, Wine Merchants, Manufacturers of Cordials, Liqueurs, and Aerated Waters, “ Stan¬ dard ” Aerated Water Factory, Hurst Street. Stores and cellars : Hill Street. Offices: 16, Commercial Court, Belfast.—The reputation enjoyed by Belfast as a leading centre of the manufacture of aerated beverages is well supported by the superior productions of the well-known firm of Messrs. Deans, Logan & Co., Limited, who have long been celebrated not only in Ire¬ land, but also throughout England and Scotland, for the purity and excel¬ lence of all their aerated waters. The visito: to Deans’s “Standard” Aerated Water Factory in Hurst Street, Belfast, is sure to be impressed by the completenessof its' resources and the general air of perfect organisation which manifests itself on all sides. Every one of the many interesting processes in th“. manufacture here engaged in is carried out by specially skilful and expeiieiced hands, and in all cases the machinery' used is of the latest and best type, while the requirements of neatness and cleanli¬ ness are observed with scrupulous care in each department. The water supply is especially notable, being drawn from the firm's own well on the premises, and besides being abundant and evidently inexhaustible, it is of remarkable purity and special suitability to the purposes of the aerated water trade. The great popularity Deans’s “Standard” Aerated and Mineral Waters have achieved may be best illustrated in the fact that the output is constantly increasing, and last year it exceeded the product of the two previous years. Messrs. Deans, Logan & Co., Limited, are also wine merchants and manufacturers of cordials and liqueurs. In the latter department they have gained a high reputation, and their works for this industry are situated in Hill Street, where they' have spacious pre¬ mises, fully' adapted to their purpose. The wine cellars are quite of a “ model ’’ character, and contain a large and valuable stock of port, sherry, claret, champagne, sparkling Saumur, Malaga, Madeira, Bur¬ gundy, and other wines, all of choice quality and careful selection, the best growths and most noted vintages being well represented. In the liqueur department Messrs. Deans, Logan & Co., Limited, have deve¬ loped a particularly important speciality in their celebrated “ Ulster Liqueur.” This excellent preparation is their own invention, and it has gained widespread favour, being now regarded as an essential article in the stock of all tavern and hotel bars throughout Ireland and also in Scotland. The list of this firm’s other productions includes the following “ Standard” aerated waters :—Single and double soda water, lemonade, sarsaparilla, alette (registered), champagne cider, quinine, summer beve¬ rages, potass or kali water, seltzer water, winterette, ginger ale, lemon soda, hot Tom, ginger beer, lemon beer, &c., &c. Also the following “Standard” cordials, liqueurs, &c.:—Gingerette, green ginger wine, quinine wine, pineapple wine, lime juice syrup, ginger cordial, Macrone cordial, cinnamon cordial, peppermint cordial, clove cordial, lime fruit cordial, ginger liqueur, raspberry liqueur, “ Ulster Liqueur ” (registered), raspberry vinegar, white wine vinegar, orange tonic bitters, &c. All these are high-class productions of great purity and merit; and in their varied manufactures Messrs. Deans, Logan & Co., Limited, control a trade which is rapidly embracing the whole of the United Kingdom. Their wholesale wine trade is also extensive and important, and the entire business has been brought to a state of splendid development and progres¬ sive prosperity under the able and energetic management of Mr. Alex¬ ander Deans, managing director. We may add that the firm have bonded stores at Stack “ U,” Customs warehouses, and that their telegraphic address is, “ Deans, Belfast.” George Flack & Co., Ship Chandlers, Sailmakers, &c., 108 and 110, Corporation Street, Belfast.—This business was established by' Mr. Flack in 1888, and is ably conducted by' that gentleman. The premises occupy a three-storey building of extensive area in Corporation Street. It has a frontage of twenty-five feet, with a depth to the rear of fifty feet. This is fitted and equipped throughout in a very suitable manner, and affords every necessary facility for the command of a pros¬ perous trade. The ground floor is used as a warehouse and sale-room, and contains a large stock of hemp, manilla, and wire ropes, flags, paints, oils, varnishes, &c., for the outfit of vessels. The office is also on this floor. The upper floor is taken up with the workshops, where sailmaking in all ils branches is carried on by an efficient staff of workers. The number varies from six to fifteen. The entrance to this department is by a side door adjoining the front shop. Sailmaking is a speciality of the firm, in which they have had long experience and a great measure of success. The trade is both wholesale and retail, and is vigorously conducted by Mr. Flack, who discharges the duties of traveller himself. The connection is well maintained in the neighbourhood of Belfast, and also extends to the provinces. IRELAND. 77 The Bushmills Old Distillery Company, Limited, Pure malt Whiskey Distillers, Bushmills, County Antrim, and 1, Hill Street, Belfast.—Far up in the north of County Antrim, close to the Giant’s Causeway, and in the midst of some of the grandest of Irish scenery, stands the little village of Bushmills, a quaint and interesting hamlet in itself, and specially noteworthy from the fact that here is situate the famous old Bushmills Distillery. This establishment is at once the oldest and one of the most celebrated of typical Irish distilleries, and the merits of its product in high-class whiskey are known in every land under the sun. The secret of the success of this whiskey undoubtedly lies in the quality of the water of the river Bush, which flows through peat bogs for a long distance, and thus yields a liquid which is specially suited to the distillation of superior malt whiskey. The valuable properties of this water seem to have been known for upwards of a century and a half, and many an “illicit still’’ must have dene a “roaring trade’’ at Bushmills during the latter half of the last century. In 1784 a more legitimate order of things was instituted, for in that year the Bushmills Distillery was founded; and during the next few years the shipments of whiskey from this place to America and the West Indies amounted to upwards of 10,000 gallons per annum. The old distiller}’building continued to fulfil its mission for upwards of one hundred years, turning out a splendid quality of whiskey, and winning a golden reputation for the same in many markets. At length, in 1885, disaster visited the antique establish¬ ment in the shape of fire. The working premises and plant were completely destroyed, hut fortunately the Company’s large stock of whiskey escaped, thus leaving them the means of carrying on their business almost without interruption during the rebuilding of the distillery. The new structure speedily rose, phoenix-like, from the ashes of the old one, and a fine establishment it is, retaining all the excellent features of its predecessor, and possessing in addition the advantage of many modem improvements in plant and appliances. It is noteworthy that, although this distillery has been equipped to perfection for every purpose of the industry to which it is devoted, it has not been erected upon a scale of extravagant magni¬ tude. The Company allow themselves full scope for the legitimate development of their business, but beyond this they do not go, their wise policy being that of maintaining the quality of their output at the highest possible level, without any undue regard for its quantity. Of course the trade increases continuously as the virtues of the Bushmills whiskey become more widely known, and consequently the annual output is much larger to-day than at any time in the past, amounting to a sufficient quantity to supply sales of 100,000 gallons yearly and maintain a stock of 500,000 gallons in warehouse. At the same time the Company carefully refrain from any attempt to flood the market with their whiskey, and the consequence is that “ Old Bushmills ” is a liquor for connoisseurs, some¬ what exclusive, unquestionably high-class, invariably the same in quality and character, and yet always readily obtainable at the best establish¬ ments . It is not a “ cheap ” whi skey in the popular sense of the term, but it is a genuine article, possessed of merits which are not compatible with so-called “ cheapness,” and one bottle of it is worth a dozen of the immature decoc¬ tions which so frequently masquerade under the good old name of whiskey. Not only is the Bushmills Distillery characterised by the rare excellence of its water supply, but it is also distinguished for its distilling processes, which are in some cases unique, and in many instances differ essentially from those in vogue at other distilleries. At Bushmills the old pot-stills are exclusively used, and the spirit is extracted from the very best malted barley only. This neighbourhood has a widespread fame in the matter of barley, and most of the grain used in the production of Bushmills whiskey is grown hereabouts. Indeed, the Company’s industry is essentially a local one in all its methods and procedure, its character being maintained with jealous care; and in view of this fact the universal renown that has been won by its delectable product is particularly impressive. No Irish whiskey enjoys a more eminent reputation among the best judges of the national beverage, and none preserves a more notable uniformity of character and quality. It is remarkable in its absolute purity and delicious flavour, equalling in these respects the very finest spirituous distillations in the market, and acknowledging no superior and few rivals among even the most distinguished of its contemporaries. The Company do not allow even the smallest quantity of their whiskey to go out of warehouse until it has attained a state of thoroughly satisfactory maturity, and, all things considered, the most fastidious palate cannot fail to be gratified by the exquisite flavour and character of the spirit which enters the market under tho auspices of the well-known trade mark (a “ pot-still ” ) of the Bushmills Distillery. Highest awards have been won by this whiskey at the Exhibitions of Cork, Liverpool, Paris and Adelaide, and its latest triumph was achieved at the Paris Exhibition of 1889, when it gained the only Gold Medal awarded for whiskey. Captain Mayne Reid, the famous writer and traveller, expressed his opinion that Bushmills whiskey had no superior, and he appears to have introduced it to the notice of his friend Mr. Edmund Yates, the eminent litterateur and editor of the World, for the latter in his “ Recollections and Experiences ” (vol. I., p. 251) says: —“ I could not afford good wine, and would not give bad ; but there was some Irish whiskey which I procured through Mayne Reid ( ‘ Bushmills’ was its name), which was highly esteemed.” Subsequently, writing in the World of December 22nd, 1886, Mr. Yates says:—“Mention made, in certain Reminiscences of mine, of a pleasant and wholesome alcoholic stimulant called ‘ Bushmills whiskey,’ has led the proprietors of the famous distillery to assure me that their alcohol is still extant in its pristine excellence, and, to confirm the assurance, send me a specimen of their produce. ‘ All taps,’ we are assured by Mr. Stiggins, ‘is wanity,’ but I am glad to find that a favourite ‘ wanity ’ of my youth is as mellow and as innocuous as when first introduced to my notice by my old friend Captain Mayne Reid.” Another notable authority, Mr. M. Hatschek, writing in the Brewers’ Journal, April 15th, 1890, on the subject of an improved system of brewing, makes mention of the Irish distilleries and their methods, and refers to his hiving tested a “pure malt whiskey,” pro¬ duced by the Bushmills Distillery Company, which had been stored in wood for about nine years. He said :—“ This was undoubtedly the finest malt spirit I have tasted either in this country or on the Continent.” The Bushmills Distillery is, in itself, one of the most interesting and perfectly appointed establishments of the kind we have visited, and we are glad to note that it possesses excellent facilities for the transaction of the large and constantly growing business with which it is associated. Every lover of “the crayther ” in its best and purest form will rejoice in the continued prosperity and increasing repute of this ancient and famous distillery. The Company (whose energetic and capable managing director is Mr. James S. Boyd) have their Belfast offices at No. 1, Hill Street, where they occupy very commodious premises, with stores of considerable capacity. The concern is well represented by agents at home and abroad, and the Bushmills whiskey can he obtained at a great many notable establishments, including all first-class buffets, and many large hotels, &c., in London and elsewhere. Should any difficulty, however, ho ex¬ perienced in obtaining this celebrated spirit, application for samples and prices should at once be made to the Belfast headquarters, where all such communications receive the careful attention of a courteous management. Leahy, Kelly & Leahy, Wholesale and Retail Tobacconists, Importers of finest Havana, Manilla and British Cigars, See., 2 and 4, Castle Place, Belfast.—The eminent firm of tobacconists named at the head of this sketch holds a leading position in their trade in Ireland, and have for the past fourteen years maintained a distinguished reputation as wholesale and retail purveyors of the finest qualities of tobacco, cigars, and cigarettes. Their headquarters in Castle Place form the largest and handsomest establishment of the kind in the world, and indicate in an unmistakable manner the magnitude and importance of the business to which they are devoted. These magnifi¬ cent premises have been erected by Messrs. Leahy, Kelly and Leahy expressly for the purpose of their trade, and constitute a splendid tribute to the enterprise of the firm. Architecturally they must be regarded as one of the sights of Belfast, and in organisation and equipment they are not equalled in any part of the world. The internal arrangements of the establishment have been carried out in all respects upon a palatial scale, and the fittings, decorations, and general appointments of the whole place are of an exceedingly rich, artistic and costly character, representing the outlay of a very large amount of capital which this progressive firm have evidently expended with no other view than that of rendering their warehouse as pre-eminent in beauty and elegance as it is in convenience and commodiousness. Had we the space at our command for such an undertaking, it would he a pleasant task to enter into descriptive details concerning this superb place of business, in which the resources of builder, architect, and decorative artist have been laid under heavy tribute and employed with the most attractive effect; but time would fail to tell of all that is worth noting in Messrs. Leahy, Kelly and Leahy’s premises, and we must content ourselves with adding the briefest tribute to the many that have been paid to this establishment hy the public press and the journals of the trade. Commercially con¬ sidered, the house under notice is the most important conoem in the tobacco trade in Ireland, and its system of operations is very extensive. Besides the fine warehouse in Castle Place the firm have branches at 3, Royal Avenue, 49, Donegall Street, 32, Castle Place, and at the County Down Railway Station. They hold vast stocks of tobaccos, cigars, cigarettes, and all smokers’ requisites, and control an immense wholesale trade, with the largest retail business of any tobacco house in Ireland. Messrs. Leahy, Kelly and Leahy are famed for the choicest of eastern and western tobaccos, and their registered specialities — the “President,” “ Carrowdore,” “Golden,” “Club,” “Virginian,” “ Two-Flakes,” and “ Half-and-Half ” mixtures, and “Bronze Caven¬ dish,” Sun-dried “Virginian Honey-Dew,” and “ Bright Flake Virginian Honey-Dew,” are known to and esteemed by smokers everywhere. Lovers of the “ soothing weed ” have learnt to rely implicitly upon tho quality and perfection of this reputable firm’s tobaccos, and they have never found their confidence to be misplaced. The finest Havana cigars, together with genuine Manilla and superior British cigars, enter very extensively into the trade of Messrs. Leahy, Kelly and Leahy, who are the largest buyers of these goods in Ireland; and they have certain specialities in cigars and Turkish and Egyptian cigarettes which, for price and quality, have rarely been equalled in excellence of quality. Turkish, Syrian, and American tobaccos for cigarettes are also a notable speciality ; and over and above all this the firm show the largest stock of briar pipes in Ireland, supplemented by a splendid assortment of meerschaum pipes, and everything conceivable in smokers’ sundries—all choice goods at strictly moderate prices. The whole of this great business is a grand illustration of what can be accomplished by enterprise and proprietary ability, and we have great pleasure in chronicling its substantial and ever-increasing success which has been honourably achieved, and which the public, who are so faithfully served by Messrs. Leahy, Kelly and Leahy, will readily admit is in all respects well-deserved. F 78 INDUSTRIES OF Robinson & Cleaver, Royal Irish Linen Warehouse, Donegall Place, Belfast.—No review of the representative mercantile insti¬ tutions of Belfast would be complete, even within a very small compass, did it not include some mention of the remarkable and, in many respects, unique firm of Messrs. Robinson & Cleaver, the history of whose business presents a record of rapid advancement and development that has hardly a parallel in the annals of Ireland’s commercial metropolis. The fame of the Royal Irish Linen Warehouse has extended to all parts of the world, as well as throughout the United Kingdom, and it stands to-day as a magnificent monument to the proprietary ability, energy, and enter¬ prise that have made it what it is, and maintained it so. Like many another colossal business concern this great house originated in a com¬ paratively small way. It was founded unostentatiously, but upon a sound basis, in the year 1870 by Messrs. Edward Robinson and John Cleaver, who opened their first establishment in Castle Place with the avowed object of supplying the public direct with first-class goods at wholesale prices, and thus not only competing with the largest of the then existing co-operative supply associations, but also putting an end to a state of trade under which it was well-nigh impossible, even in Belfast, to secure articles of genuine Irish manufacture at a reasonable and equitable price. Traders seemed to regard Irish goods as articles d-e luxe , upon which any unconscionable amount of profit might safely be charged, and the result of this wrong-healed policy was the jeopardising of Irish manufactures in general—as far, at least, as the home trade was concerned. It is hardly too much to say that the opening of Messrs. Robinson & Cleaver’s establishment marked the dawn of a new and a better era. This enter¬ prising firm plunged boldly and resolutely into the thick of the competi¬ tive fray, and made their way onward and upward by the sheer force of their energy and the rectitude of their cause. Their principles were dis¬ cussed and approved by the public, their policy of action met with undis¬ guised favour, and soon they found their business growing so rapidly in all departments that the necessity for increased accommodation became imminent. This was about 187S, and that year was a landmark in the progress of the house, for it was then that her Majesty the Queen, anxious to promote the prosperity of the native Irish industries, extended her illustrious patronage to the linen trade, and commanded the firm to supply some of their goods, including a number of cambric handkerchiefs of exquisite fineness, embroidered in the richest and most artistic manner with monogram devices. Her Majesty was graciously pleased to express her satisfaction with these beautiful goods, and further honoured Messrs. Robinson & Cleaver by causing them to be appointed into the “place and quality of Irish Cambric Handkerchief, Embroidery and Lace Manufac¬ turers in Ordinary to her Majesty at Belfast.” This appointment, which the firm continue to hold, bears date April 5th, 1878. Since then (in July, 1882) Messrs. Robinson & Cleaver received a warrant of appoint¬ ment as manufacturers to her Imperial and Royal Highness the Crown Princess (afterwards Empress Frederick) of Germany, and their house has been favoured with the patronage of the most distinguished and illustrious personages of modern times, including members of many imperial, royal, and princely families, Eastern potentates, holders of high Governmental and administrative offices at home and abroad, noblemen of every rank in all countries, military and naval officers of the highest station, eminent dignitaries of the Church, prominent politicians, merchant princes, and the first families of the land generally, as well as a vast multitude of customers in the middle walks of life. The indices to the firm’s remark¬ able system of account books contain upwards a of quarter of a million names of customers, including over three thousand representatives of the family of Smith, some of whom are resident in the most remote quarters of the globe. As we have already indicated, the premises in Castle Place soon gave evidence of their total inadequacy to meet the requirements of a business of really phenomenal growth, and, accordingly, Messrs. Robin¬ son & Cleaver removed to new quarters in High Street in 1878. Here they had no less than ten thousand square feet of floorage accommodation, but even this great increase of space was only of temporary avail. The business continued to develop at a surprising rate, and there was really “ nothing for it ” but to make a supreme effort and secure accommodation which should be ample for all further extension of the trade. Therefore, in 1883, the firm entered into negotiations which, after being delayed in progress for two years, resulted in their gaining possession of the grand site they now occupy at the head of Donegall Place, where that noble thoroughfare effects its junction with Donegal! Square. Hero Messrs. Robinson & Cleaver reared the imposing fabric of the Royal Irish Linen Warehouse, a veritable palace of trade, recognised as one of the structural “lions” of Belfast, and a complete triumph of artistic and engineering skill for the eminent firm of local architects, Messrs. Young. & Mackenzie, who carried out the work in all stages of design and execution. This noble pile, rising upon foundations of the most massive and substantial description, is quite typical of the sound organisation and immense indi¬ viduality of the great business of which it is the “ outward and visible sign.” The material used in the construction of the edifice is the beautiful white sandstone from the Glebe Quarries, county Down, and there are many magnificent enrichments of red and other coloured granite. Every detail has been worked in and amalgamated so skilfully in)the entire design that the great block in its completed state presents one of the most perfect illustrations of a harmonious blending of architectural units we have ever seen in a commercial structure, and we are fully convinced that the people of Belfast feel as proud of the graceful lineaments and noble pro¬ portions of the Royal Irish Linen Warehouse, as do the enterprising pro¬ prietors themselves. The main building is nearly ninety feet high, having a strikingly beautiful elevation of six full storeys above the pavement level, and frontages of one hundred and twenty-eight foet to Donegall Square, and by an additional piece of ground, lately acquired, will extend very shortly to one hundred and three feet to Donegall Place. In addition to the six floors we have mentioned there is an attic flat, and the basements are of very lofty and spacious dimensions. At two opposite angles of the block there are octagonal turrets which reach a total height of one hun¬ dred and twenty feet from the ground, while the beautifully-proportioned clock tower, with its peristyle and dome, attains an altitude of one hun¬ dred and fifty feet above the busy street below. Up there is a splendid clock which gives the “time o’ day” to all passers by, and chimes the well-known “ Westminster'quarters ” on tubes of a remarkably sweet tone. The view from the clock tower is one of tho grandest obtainable in Bel¬ fast, and extends far and wide over the beautiful country around the city, while the eye may wander down the broad waters of the Lough, out over the adjacent sea, and even catch a glimpse of the distant Scottish coast on an ordinarily clear day. We may here quote a few further particulars concerning Messrs. Robinson & Cleaver’s warehouse from a description condensed from articles which have appeared in several Belfast news¬ papers and trade journals :—“ Each front of the building is enriched with elaborate carving, emblematic of the business relations of the firm with all the countries of the world, consisting here of luscious festoBns of fruit from every clime, there of a series of carved panels ornamented with cherubs, some holding flax, others Irish linen, while some are carrying shields, bearing the monogram of the owners; here a series of about fifty life-sized heads support the pediments of the windows, representing all nations. But it is the fine-modelled heroic-sized busts into which the power of the sculptor’s art has been thrown. These commemorate the Queen’s Jubilee, and illustrate some of the most distinguished of Messrs. Robinson & Cleaver’s customers. So faithful are the likenesses, that even in the street no difficulty is experienced in recognising the Queen, the late Prince Consort, the Prince of Wales, the Princess of Wales, the Duke and Duchess of Connaught, the Crown Prince and Princess (after¬ wards Emperor and Empress Frederick) of Germany, the Maharajah of Gooch Behar (representing India). Canada is represented by a bust of Lady Duffer in, in appropriate costume ; Australia by a beautiful female, partly veiled ; America by a fine head of George Washington. Ireland is represented by a portrait of the Duchess of Marlborough, whose exer¬ tions in raising the large fund for the relief of distress in the South and West of Ireland during the Lord-Lieutenancy of the Duke of Marl¬ borough can never be forgotten. The stone balustrades of the balcony are divided by carved shields, with the armorial bearings of England, the United States, and Germany; also the cities of London, Edinburgh, and Dublin; while on the tower three large panels contain the Royal Arms, the Arms of Ulster, and of Belfast.” The interior of the warehouse con¬ tains in all eight immense floors, having a total area of about sixty thou¬ sand square feet. The electric light, supplied with power from engines and dynamos in the basement, is in operation throughout tho establish¬ ment ; a luxurious passenger elevator of the latest and best American type conveys customers and visitors from floor to floor with grateful ease and rapidity; pneumatic tubes carry the cash from seventeen counter stations to the central cash office; fire-proof strong-rooms exist in the basement to preserve the vast collection of account books incidental to this colossal business, and every convenience and facility for the transac¬ tion of the commercial routine of the warehouse has been brought into IRELAND. 79 requisition in accordance with the most advanced and effective modern ideas and principles. The arrangement and equipment of the almost innumerable departments attains a standard of perfection and complete¬ ness rarely equalled and certainly never surpassed even in this age of gigantic mercantile emporia , and in addition to the many splendid show-rooms allotted to purposes of display for a wondrous variety of textile wares, there are sumptuously-appointed fitting-rooms in connection with each of the fashion departments, one of these rooms being so contrived that it •can ho instantly darkened in order to judge of the effect of colours for evening wear. All the appointments and fittings of the warehouse are of the richest and most costly character, and the ground and first floors are connected by a nobly proportioned and exceedingly beautiful stair¬ case of white Sicilian marble, a feature which is probably unsurpassed in magnificence in any commercial establishment in the world. The statues of Erin and Britannia which crown the pedestals at the foot of this grand escalier are the work of a talented local sculptor, and are very greatly and justly admired. It is when we come to consider the actual contents of this remarkable emporium that we feel the weakness of words and the total inadequacy of written description to convey even a faint semblance of the true impression that these many and varied kinds and classes of beautiful goods produce upon an appreciative and perceptive mind. Surely we must leave the reputation and fame of the house to speak for the character of its specialities and to suggest the wealth of resource in every department of textile trade which it would be impossible to portray upon the printed page of such a review as this. To the marvellously interesting industries of Ireland the Royal Irish I.inen Warehouse, is, of course, largely and chiefly devoted, and for a fruitless and futile quest commend us to the one in which even the most indefatigable enquirer should seek for a firm which enjoys greater renown than Messrs. Robin¬ son & Cleaver in connection with the beautiful textile products that have made the fame of Ireland and Irish manufactures universal. For the finest quality of damask table-linens, cambric hankerchiefs, house¬ hold linens, sheetings, towellings, longeloths, muslins, and quilts, for embroideries of the most elegant and artistic character, for the richest of white satin toilet quilts, for ladies’ and children’s underclothing of every description; for fine linen collars, cuffs, shirts, and fronts ; for lace cur¬ tains of the most exquisite pattern, for genuine Irish poplins and dress materials, Irish tweeds, serges, and cloths, flannels and blankets, cotton, silk, and wool shirtings, art fabrics in extraordinary variety, Shetland wool or silk shawls, British and foreign laces, and for hosiery and gloves, haberdashery and trimmings, umbrellas and sunshades, millinery and costumes, and all the thousand and one articles that go to complete the wardrobe of the woman of fashion, or adorn the household and the home in this or any other land, the British Isles can certainly produce no more perfect repository than the Royal Irish Linen Warehouse, nor can any nation, we are assured, point to a firm whose reputation stands higher or whose supplies more fully merit the confidence they command than do those of Messrs. Robinson & Cleaver, who still pursue, as of old, their original and well approved system of supplying all goods direct to the public at the lowest wholesale prices, consistent with the commercial security of their house. The firm continue to maintain an unexcelled reputation as producers of the highest class of Irish linen fabrics, and their Jubilee gift to her Majesty the Queen, consisting of two dozen D’Oylies, composed of the very finest all-linen damask that has ever left any loom in the world, combining the highest degree of artistic talent with absolute perfection of executive skill, was an offering worthy alike of a great mercantile institution and an occasion which •celebrated the semi-centennial of a reign which has been blessed by unexampled progress in all the arts and industries of peace. The world¬ wide connection maintained by Messrs. Robinson & Cleaver and the dis¬ tinguished patronage they enjoy are facts which speak more eloquently than words for the true prestige and position of their house. The trade of the firm is enormous in its entirety, and their postal business is some¬ thing extraordinary in magnitude, over one-third of all the parcels posted in Belfast (a city of a quarter of a million inhabitants) during the year 1887 having been sent out from the Royal Irish Linen Warehouse. Messrs. Robinson & Cleaver employ upwards of four hundred hands in their great warehouse, and display the utmost consideration in the treat¬ ment of this numerous staff, the social and general welfare of their assis¬ tants being carefully looked after and constantly promoted in many ways. As a matter of fact, however, the firm give employment to some thousands of workpeople, the great majority of whom are engaged in producing the fine hand-loom fabrics and beautiful embroideries for which the Irish peasantry in general, and this firm in particular, are so widely renowned. The firm were awarded two prize medals and diplomas at the last Paris Exhibition, and at Edinburgh in 1890 they not only obtained the Grand Diploma of Honour and Gold Medal for the general excellence of their exhibit, but special mention was made of their exquisite double-damask table linen, Irish embroideries and laces. The whole of this vast business receives the personal supervision and administration of the principals, Messrs. Edward Robinson and John Cleaver, who stand among Belfast’s most honoured and respected merchants, and whose kindness and courtesy we here acknowledge. It has been our fortune to visit many a great emporium of British trade, but never to meet with an establish¬ ment which, in all its aspects, has reflected higher credit upon the mana¬ gerial capacity and organising powers of its proprietors than does the Royal Irish Linen Warehouse upon the sound commercial capabilities of the two gentlemen under whose guidance it has pursued its course to international fame, and, we confidently believe, to enduring prosperity. The Belfast Flax Spinning and Weaving Company, Limited, Flax Spinners, Linen Manufacturers, Bleachers, and Mer¬ chants, Milfort Mills, Belfast.—The fine mills of the Belfast Flax Spin¬ ning and Weaving Company, Limited, rank among the largest and most notable establishments of their kind in the district, and were formerly in the occupation of Messrs. W. Malcolmson & Co., who carried on a very successful business here from 1861 to 1877. In the latter year the above- named Company was formed, with a share capital of £200,000, and the concern has since remained under this proprietorship, the directorate comprising Messrs. Henry Matier, J.P. (chairman), Thomas A. Dick¬ son, M.P., Samuel A. Bell, J.P., James Brown, J.P., and James Glass, J.P. while the office of managing director is capably filled by Mr. John Macfarlane, a gentleman of large and practical experience in the linen trade. The various buildings comprising the Company’s works have frontages to the Springfield Road, Malcolmson Street, O’Neill Street, and Clonard Street, the main entrance being through a oovered way from Waterford Street: and the entire area covered by the premises is up¬ wards of eight acres of ground. This extensive establishment is admi¬ rably arranged and most completely equipped in all parts, and presents as fine an illustration of carefully organised resources as can be found in Belfast. The spinning mill contains twenty-four thousand spindles, driven by a compound horizontal engine of six hundred horse-power nominal. In the weaving factory there are no less than nine h mdred looms in operation, the motive power for these being supplied by a sepa¬ rate horizontal engine of five hundred horse-power nominal. Latterly the Company have made several very important alterations and improve¬ ments in the works, and have added, a calendering and finishing house, in which there are two large mangles, and six beetling machines. Two of the latter are of the kind known as the new patent spring beet¬ ling machines, each of them being capable of doing as much work in a given time as four of the old type of machine. One of the calenders is so constructed that any pressure up to one hundred and sixty tons can be imparted to it, and one of the mangles is eleven feet wide, and is pro¬ bably the longest in use in the finishing trade in Ireland. Altogether this Company have an establishment which is equipped in a manner ex¬ emplifying every modern advance and improvement, and all the working facilities of the place have been developed upon an exceptionally complete and effective scale. About one thousand eight hundred hands are em¬ ployed in the several departments, and the Company manufacture almost every class of linen goods. Their leading specialities consist in damasks, bucks, and general fancy domestic linens, in all of which they control an exceedingly large and constantly increasing local trade. The works have telephone communication, and the Company’s telegraphic address is “Milfort, Belfast.” Cross & Donaldson, Grass and Clover Seed Mer¬ chants, 16, Corporation Street, Belfast.—The immense business carried on by Messrs. Cross & Donaldson as gTass and clover seed merchants was founded in 1874 by its present proprietors, and has been conducted by them under the above title from the first. In Corporation Street this firm have a very large four-storey warehouse, measuring 100 feet square, and arranged as offices, sample-rooms, and stores, with engine and boiler house for the steam power required to drive the valuable plant of improved machinery used in the cleaning of seeds. These machines are of the most ingenious and effective description, and a great many of them are in use on the premises—seven or eight being in operation on the ground floor. The first floor of the building is used for storing rough seed prior to the same being put into the re-cleaning machine, and here we find elevators and another machine for cleaning purposes. The second floor forms another seed-store, on which there are three powerful fanning machines. At the back portion of the top floor there is spacious storage accommodation for pure seeds of various kinds; and the frout part of the same floor is devoted to the warehousing of Natural Grass seeds, which are here kept entirely distinct from other stock. The ware¬ house in its entirety forms one of the largest and best-organised seed- stores in this part of the country, and contains stocks of great magnitude and value, whieh are preserved with great care, and sent out in perfect condition. About twenty-five men are employed on the premises, exclusive of the clerical staff in the offices, and the firm have travellers in aU parts of the United Kingdom. Messrs. Cross & Donaldson control an immense wholesale and export trade, and import vast quantities of seeds from all parts of the Continent, the United States, and Canada, having direct communication with the chief sources of supply in these countries. They send to all parts of Great Britain and Ireland, and also to France, Germany, Denmark, the north of Europe generally, and the British Colonies ; and in every case they maintain connections of the most valuable and influential character. The business is one of the largest of its kind in Ireland, and is personally directed by the principals, who are thorough masters of every detail of the trade with which they are associated. Messrs. Cross & Donaldson have also a large and impor¬ tant establishment in Edinburgh, where they have offices at 19, St. Giles Street. The Scotch warehouses are situate in Leith, and comprise three distinct ranges of buildings of large size and capacity. The greater part of the firm’s shipping is done through the port of Leith, where they employ a large staff. For Grass and Clover seeds there is no house in the United Kingdom which has gained a higher reputation than that of Messrs. Cross & Donaldson, and the constant growth of the business testifies to the completeness with which that reputation is preserved. 80 INDUSTRIES OF Cantrell & Cochrane, Aerated Water Manufacturers, Works: Nassau Place, Dublin; and Cromac Building, Belfast.—In review¬ ing the manifold industries whose vigorous and successful development has endowed modem Belfast with a world-wide commercial fame, it is im¬ possible to overlook the claims and importance of that ever-progressive and increasing trade, the manufacture of aerated waters. A vast amount of capital is invested, and hundreds of workpeople find employment in this rapidly growing industry, and the neighbourhood of Victoria Square, where the celebrated Cromac Springs have their location, has become the chief centre of activity in the preparation of these useful and popular beverages in Belfast. Among the establishments situated in this vicinity, and engaged in the trade in question, none is more prominent or note¬ worthy than Cromac Building, the Belfast headquarters of the leading and influential firm of Messrs. Cantrell & Cochrane, whose achievements have been specially conspicuous and distinguished in the industry with which their name is identified. The history of this great house dates from the year 1852, when the business was founded by Dr. Cantrell, at j premises in Bank Lane. Subsequently a partnership was formed between I the founder and Mr. (now Alderman Sir Henry) Cochrane, D.L., J.P., and this partnership was only dissolved in 1885, owing to Dr. Cantrell's failing health necessitating his retirement from active business life. Since then Alderman Sir Henry Cochrane has heen sole proprietor of the concern, with the development of which he has been very closely associated for many years, and in the administration of whose affairs he continues, as heretofore, to take an active and prominent part. Sir Henry Cochrane is the son of William Cochrane, Esq., of Granglough House, county Cavan, and is well known for the constant personal interest he has manifested in the promotion of Ireland's trades and industries. He is individually concerned in several important commercial enterprises, in addition to his own business, being, inter alia, chairman of the notable house of Messrs. Thacker k Hoffe, Whole¬ sale Druggists ; and in public life his name is not less conspicuous than in mercantile affairs. He is an Alderman of the City of Dublin and Deputy Lieutenant and Justice of the Peace for county Dublin ; and those who remember how well the Irish capital acquitted herself in connection with her Majesty’s Jubilee are not slow to award a large share of credit in that matter to Sir Henry Cochrane, whose well-directed efforts have been duly recognised by the subsequent bestowal upon him of the honour of knighthood. Alderman Sir Henry Cochrane enjoys great personal popu¬ larity, both in Dublin, where he resides, and in Belfast, andin many other Irish towns where he is well and favourably known for his geniality and generosity of character ; and the advantages accruing to the house of Cantrell k Cochrane hy his long-continued presence at the head of its affairs cannot easily he over-estimated. It is hardly too much to ascribe to his influence and untiring energy the well-nigh pre-eminent position that house holds to-day in the Irish aerated water trade. As we have already stated, the firm under notice commenced their operations in Bank Lane, Belfast, but the rapid growth of the business soon obliged them to remove to their present fine premises, Cromac Building, in Victoria Square, where, by the sinking of an artesian well costing over £2,000, they have (•btained command of a permanent and abundant supply of the famous Cromac Spring water, than which none has been found better suited to the requirements of the trade in which Messrs. Cantrell k Cochrane are engaged. The Cromac Works are very conveniently situated, being in the heart of the city, and within easy access to the railway stations and the docks. The buildings are of great extent, and comprise a large square, embodying the counting-house, the despatch department, and the factory, which extends back as far as Chichester Street. Everything in the orga¬ nisation and the equipment of this groat establishment impresses one by its peculiar fitness and suitability for the part it has to play in the routine of the industry carried on, and it would require a keen eye, indeed, to discover any instance of a “ square peg ” having got into a “round hole” in any department of the Cromac Building works. To give a detailed description of the works and the many interesting processes carried on within them would take us far beyond the limits of space im¬ posed upon this necessarily brief sketch. It can only be'said that the most perfect machinery and appliances of the aerated water trade are here in use, and that the modus opcvandi pursued in each division of the factory accords with the most approved modern idea 0 , and is justified by the long and comprehensive practical experience of the firm. Fully five hundred hands are regularly employed by Messrs. Cantrell & Cochrane, and these workers arc assisted in their duties by every labour-saving contri¬ vance that ingenuity can invent and capital secure to promote the pro¬ gress of this particular industry. The filling of syphons by machinery is one of the most striking features of the routine work of the factory, and the rapidity with which this is effected is something extraordinary. Bottling, corking, and tying in the usual way are processes in the carrying out of which Messrs. Cantrell & Cochrane employ Riley’s Patent Rotary Bottling Machine. This apparatus is one of the mechanical marvels of the trade, and we have not seen any other machine of the kind which equals it in rapidity of actionand satisfactory results. There are manyother characteristics of the Cromac Building works which deserve attention, but to enumerate these is impracticable in the limited space at our disposal here. Good management and careful supervision are manifested every¬ where, even in the most minute and seemingly insignificant details; and we have never had the pleasure of visiting an aerated water factory more remarkable than this for scrupulous cleanliness or efficiency of appoint¬ ment. All conditions here arc favourable to the production of a very superior class of goods, and those who know the rare merits of this firm's beverages are well aware of the manner in wh : ch Messrs. Cantrell k Cochrane preserve the uniformly high standard of excellence and purity which their splendid working resources have enabled them to attain. All we have said in commendation of the Cromac Building works applies with equal force to the firm’s immense Dublin headquarters, the Nassau Works, which derive their water supply from the famous well of St. Patrick : and the combined productive capacity of these two factories is equal to the output of no fewer than one hundred and sixty thousand bottles of aerated beverages per day, should the requirements of the trade reach this enormous figure—which, by the way, they very nearly do on some occa¬ sions. Messrs. Cantrell & Cochrane's specialities are too well and favour¬ ably known, both at home and abroad, at the presmt day to require any IRELAND. 61 extended comment here. They hold a place in public favour and confi¬ dence that competition has failed to dislodge them fr jm, and they maintain a reputation for purity and palatable quality that has not been surpassed by any similar beverages in the market. The firm under notice are sole makers of the three famous productions so widely known under the names of “ Club Soda,” Club Ale,” and “ Sparkling Montserrat,” the drink par cxceUei.cc for the gouty and rheumatic; and they are the largest manufac¬ turers in the world of Belfast Ginger Ale and Ginger Beer. Messrs. Cantrell & Cochrane’s Aromatic Ginger Ale has no superior, and there are many who will declare unhesitatingly that it is unequalled in its delicious flavour, refreshing and stimulating properties, and perfect freedom from the slightest intoxicating element. We have great pleasure in recording the signal triumph won by Messrs. Cantrell & Cochrane at the Paris Exposition Universelle of 1889, where their ‘‘Club Soda,” Lithia, Potass, Royal Seltzer, and Ginger and “Club” Ales gainel the highest award in their class in the whole British Section—the only medal, in fact, granted for aerated waters in that section. They also won a gold medal for all their products at the Liverpool Exhibition. This m ikes a grand total of no less than thirty gold and prize medals awarded to Messrs. Cantrell & Cochrane at the various International Exhibitions at home and abroad. We have been much impressed with the unique and attrac¬ tive printed matter issued by the firm of Messrs. Cantrell & Cochrane. Great enterprise, taste, and ingenuity are manifested in this important respect, and the result is highly creditable, artistically and commercially. In conclusion, we may say that Messrs. Cantrell & Cochrane hold a special appointment to H.R II. the Prince of Wales, the Imperial Houses of Parliament, and the Viceregal Couit of Ireland ; and their trade is practically world-wide, an immense volume of business being conducted in the home and export markets. The United States connection is espe¬ cially important, and frequently makes exceedingly heavy demands upon the productive resources of the house. There are some weeks in which the firm ship over twenty thousand dozens of bottles of aerated waters to the American customers by whom they are so loyally and extensively supported, and whose full confidence they have won and retained by the uniform merit of their manufactures and the honourable methods pursued in all the transactions of their immense business. Young, King & Co., Limited, Distillers, Talbot Street, Belfast.—Prominent among the leading firms of distillers with head¬ quarters in Belfast stand Messrs. Young, King & Co., Limited, of Talbot Street, whose extensive business has been established over a quarter of a century. For a number of years this important concern has been con¬ ducted as a limited liability company, but it is of a private character, and the shares are chiefly held by Mr. Samuel Young, who, in conjunction with his two sons, manages the business. Messrs. Young, King & Co., Limited, are the proprietors of the very old and famous Limavady Distillery, situated at Newtown Limavady, county Londonderry. This is one of the most interesting distilleries in the North of Ireland, and has frequently been referred to in books and journals of various kinds, where its excellent equipment, as well as its historical interest, has elicited much favourable comment. The Limavady Distillery is certainly one which can he employed to excellent advantages by a firm possessing such resources and experience as Messrs. Young, King & C'o., and all this is proven by the splendid quality and character of its product, the Lima¬ vady whiskies being, in the opinion of a great many highly competent judges, quite unsurpassed by any others distilled in the North of Ireland. Their great success and wide popularity fully uphold this opinion, and we know of no specialities in Lish whisky which can be said to have gained more genuine favour and approval at home and abroad than the celebrated “Brian Bora” old Irish whisky, for which standard brand Messrs. Young, King & Co. have long been renowned. This is the per¬ fection of whisky, perfectly pure, thoroughly matured by age, and ■embodying all the excellences that result from the employment of the very best and soundest grain and the use of the purest and most suitable water for distillation. As long as Limavady Distillery continues to send out whisky of this class it will remain among the foremost establishments of its kind in Ulster, and its proprietors will preserve intact the splendid reputation they have already so long and so worthily enjoyed. Messrs. Young, King & Co.’s premises in Talbot Street, Belfast, are admirably adapted to be the headquarters of such an important business as this. They comprise a very fine block of buildings (covering above an acre of ground), four storeys high, and possess frontages of two hundred and seventy feet each to Talbot Street and Robert Street. They were specially erected by the firm in 1874, and contain every facility and convenience that long expe¬ rience in the trade can suggest. Behind the offices there are bonded stores, where the annual sale in bond is at least one million gallons of spirits, chiefly for exportation to the brewers and wholesale houses of Great Britain, the Continent, and the Colonies. They are entitled to every credit as being among those esteemed firms whose efforts are continuously devoted to the maintenance of the dignity and honourable repute of the Irish whisky trade. Messrs. Young, King & Co., Limited, control an exceedingly large business, which is entirely wholesale and of an export character. The connection is almost world-wide, and is being continuously extended under the able administration of Mr. Samuel Young and his sons, who, as we have already said, devote their personal attention to the •management of the concern. William M. Kirk & Partners, Limited, Linen Manu¬ facturers, Flax Spinners, Bleachers, Dyers, and Finishers. Ware¬ house : 11, Donegall Square "West, Belfast; Works: Annvale and Darkley, Keady; and Ballyards, Armagh.-—The magnificent warehouse of Messrs. W. M. Kirk & Partners stands among the most prominent and imposing architectural features of Donegall Square, and it is especi¬ ally interesting to us as being the commercial headquarters of one of the chief concerns now engaged in the Irish linen industry. The vast busi¬ ness of this well-known and influential firm was founded in the year 1819 by the late Mr. William Kirk, who commenced his operations at Annvale, near Keady, in one small building which now forms a part of the immense works of the house at that place. He began as a bleacher, and the Annvale Works are now justly regarded as one of the finest bleaching establishments in the kingdom, covering a total area (with greens, factories, &c.) of two hundred and fifty acres. The business gradu¬ ally extended under Mr. William Kirk’s energetic direction, and soon developed into a most important linen weaving, bleaching, dyeing, and finishing concern, in all of which branches it is still actively engaged. At the present time the Annvale establishment employs upwards of six hundred hands in its local works and at its various beetling works along the hanks of the river Callan; and in the factories fully two hundred power-looms are in operation. The Darkley Works are also situated near Keady, about a mile and a half up the river from Annvale. They were erected by Mr. William Kirk and his son, Mr. William M. Kirk, the late senior partner, and are devoted to linen weaving and flax spinning, having eight thousand spindles and two hundred power-looms at work. These works employ upwards of seven hundred hands, and stand upon a splendid property of about one hundred and thirty-seven acres in extent. The Annvale and Darkley Works together represent the great centre of the manufacturing enterprises so closely associated with the name of Kirk in this part of Ireland, and they form one of the most notable scenes of industrial activity and progress in the whole country. Tracing briefly the later history of the house, we fiud that Mr. William Kirk, the founder, died in 1871, and was succeeded by his eldest son, Mr. John Kirk. The death of the latter gentleman in 1873 left the control of the bu iness in the hands of his brother, Mr. William M. Kirk, who, as trustee, formed a firm under the title of William Kirk & Son. After two years this concern became merged in the new partnership of William M. Kirk & Partners, consisting of Sir. William M. Kirk, Sir. William Gardiner, Sir. Samuel C. Magee, and Sir. Alexander Wallace. Sir. Gardiner died in 1883, Mr. Kirk in 1884, and Mr. Blagee in 1886, and the personnel of the firm now comprises Mr. Alexander Wallace, Sirs. Slary Gardiner, and Sir. Robert George Wallace. It is noteworthy that the Darkley Works are conducted under the style of William SI. Kirk & Co., the interest in them belonging to the trustees of the late Sir. William M. Kirk. The greater part of the linen woven here is, however, taken over by Slessrs. W. SI. Kirk & Partners, and the two concerns work in conjunction almost as one enterprise. The manufactures and specialities of Messrs. William M. Kirk & Partners are of such variety as to cover practically the whole range of the standard linen industry of Ireland, and they enjoy an eminence of reputation which keeps them in universal demand. The firm control an enormous trade, which is world-wide in influence and connection; and besides their works and their beautiful Belfast warehouse (where the perfection of mercantile organisation exists), they have branches and agencies at Red Lion Court, Cannon Street, and Bread Street, London; Portland Street, Manchester; 44, White Street, New York ; and Rue d’Aboukir and Rue St. Marc, Paris. The late Mr. William Kirk, the founder of this great house, was one of the most active and influential workers in the development of industrial enterprise and prosperity in the parish of Keady, where the Annvale and Darkley Works are situated; and the elegant monument erected to his memory by the people of Keady and its neighbourhood is a proof of the high esteem in which he himself and his valuable labours were held. The monument stands in the centre of the town, and bears an inscription which tells its own story of popular gratitude and appreciation. It is worded as follows:—“Erected by many friends in remembrance of William Kirk. For forty years he was the mainspring of the industrial activity and social progress of this town and district.” Agnew & Hamilton, Wholesale Tea Merchants, Dmegall Street Place, Belfast.—This business was established in 1865 by the late John Slarshall, and taken over in 1883 by the above-named gentlemen, who have since conducted the concern with marked ability and success, extending and developing the trade to its present proportions. The premises occupied by the firm comprise a lofty three-storeyed build¬ ing, with well-appointed offices on the ground floor, and extensive tea tasting and mixing rooms above. The latter is provided with machinery for this purpose, and the entire establishment is thoroughly equipped with every convenience for facilitating business operations. The trade is entirely of a wholesale character, employing the services of a staff of travellers in the principal centres in the North and SYest of Ireland, and an extensive home trade is done. A large stock of the choicest teas is held in store and bond by the proprietors, which are held in established and deserved repute by the leading buyers in the country. The business is well organised in every department under the personal control of the principals, to whose energy, ability, and enterprise is to be attributed tho conspicuous success attained by this well-ordered commercial undertaking. 82 INDUSTBIES OF Frederick King & Co., Limited, Manufacturers of Edwards’ Desiccated Scup, Edwards’ Preserved Potato, and other Specialities, Waring Street, Belfast.—No review of the representative manufacturing and commercial concerns whose headquarters are in the husy and progressive city of Belfast would he complete without includ¬ ing some mention of the very noteworthy house of Messrs. Frederick King & Co., Limited, the makers, patentees, and proprietors of those widely-known and exceedingly useful domestic specialities, Edwards’ Desiccated Soup and Edwards’ Preserved Potato. The unique and im¬ portant industry carried on by this prominent firm was started in the year 1840 hy Mr. Edwards (the inventor of Edwards’ Preserved Potato), with whom Mr. Frederick King, the father of the present principal of the house, was for some time a partner. The first operations engaged in hy the firm embraced the preserving of that indispensable vegetable, the potato, and this feat was so successfully accomplished that, but a short time after its introduction, Edwards’ Preserved Potato—which is now known and esteemed throughout the world—had obtained an assured and permanent position in the favour of the shipping fraternity, and of all other callings and communities wherein a difficulty had hitherto been experienced in obtaining a supply of the succulent “ tuber ” in a state of freshness. So great, indeed, became the fame of this new departure in preserved edibles that in 1843 the Edwards speciality was adopted by the Admiralty for the Eoyal Navy, in the stores of which it has played a prominent and almost exclusive part (as far as the potato supply is concerned) down to the present day. It has also become a very notable item in the commis¬ sariat of the army, and Lord Wolseley’s “ Soldiers’ Pocket-Book” con¬ tains directions for preparing it—a fact which requires no comment. Nothing has contributed more largely than this excellent preparation of the potato to the prevention and eradication of scurvy—that terrible affliction of seamen who are compelled to make long voyages without supplies of vegetables ; and upon this score alone all mariners owe a lasting debt of gratitude to the inventor and manufacturers of Edwards’ Preserved Potato. Medical opinion has frequently affirmed the excellent qualities of the potato as an anti-scorbutic agent, and the Blue Book presented to Parliament on the outbreak of scurvy in the Arctic Expe¬ dition, and the evidence then.taken, gives much valuable information of a dietetic nature, and shows the necessity of the potato element in the diet if health is to be secured and preserved. It further proves how identical in composition Edwards’ Preserved Potato is with the original raw potato. The^report of the medical members of the committee (page 22) states :—“ Among vegetable foods the potato at present occupies the highest place as a valuable component of dietaries. It affords much nutriment, and further it tends so to influence the process of nutrition that the special impairment of that process which renders itself obvious in the production of scorbutic symptoms is prevented, provided a suffi¬ cient but by no means large quantity be taken. The chemical exami¬ nation of the preserved potato used in the recent expedition (Edwards’) shows that it retains all the chief constituents of the fresh potato in natural proportion. It is also agreoable and palatable, and is a conveniently condensed preparation. . . . An advantage would, however, be derived from a daily in place of an interrupted issue.” At page 13 the report goes on to say “ It is interesting to find that the processes of preservation had in no respects impaired the nutritive quality of the moist preserved vegetables, such as the tinned carrots, nor of the dry preserved vegetables (Edwards’). The latter is of special im¬ portance, as the anti-scorbutic reputation of the potato in its ordinary form is great and fully established.” The analyses of other dried vegetables are then referred to as “not so satisfactory.” Until the preserved potato was introduced great difficulty was always experienced in keeping on board ship anything like a sufficient supply of fresh potatoes, and, indeed, frequently, in being able to secure them at all. The advent of the preserved potato has “changed all this,” and not the least of its many recommendations is the fact that, by the peculiar method of its preparation, it retains all the valuable mineral salts (of such high anti-scorbutic worth), a large proportion of which is lost in potatoes as ordinarily served at table. On the whole, there can be no doubt that the Edwards’ Preserved Potato has rendered an invaluable sanitary and nutritive service to our army and navy and to the great brotherhood generally of those who “go down to the sea in ships,” and everyone must feel a certain degree of satisfaction as a result of the universal recognition, in all quarters, that has been accorded to this most useful and convenient article of diet. Edwards’ Preserved Potato is prepared from the best and soundest potatoes by a most careful and special process; and, while it requires but little attention in serving and cooking, it is fully equal in all palatable qualities to the best fresh mashed potatoes. Messrs. Frederick King & Co., Limited, have a large potato farm at Ballyherly, Portaferry, some distance out of Belfast, from which they obtain a portion of their supplies of superior potatoes, and also cultivate improved sorts of seed for the farmers around. Here also they have their extensive and perfectly equipped works, fitted with every special appliance for the preparation of the preserved potato under conditions of the utmost cleanliness and hygienic perfection. From the offices of the firm in Waring Street, Belfast, a large share of the trading operations necessitated by the great success of the speciality is conducted, and from here the Preserved Potato is exported in immense quantities to the Colonies and all parts of the world. During the last few years the firm under notice have added a new and very promising feature to their business in the introduction of their now celebrated Desiccated Soup, which is perhaps better known to home residents than the Preserved Potato, the latter having achieved its greatest fame on the high seas and in distant lands. Edwards’ Desic¬ cated Soup, which consists of extract of beef and vegetables in a dry and very portable condition, is probably the cheapest and most economical article of the kind now in the market, for a 1-lb. canister, costing only Is. 3d., will, with practically no trouble whatever, produce as much as six quarts of exceedingly rich and delicious soup, possessing great nutri¬ tive and strengthening qualities. Its merits, benefits, and advantages are thus quite obvious, and readily explain the'Vnormous sale and wide¬ spread popularity it now enjoys. The following testimonials are a few only out of many from eminent medical men and others residing in dif¬ ferent cities, &c., in the United States :—“ Galveston, Texas, April 23rd, 1890. Dear Sir,-—The package of ‘Edwards’ Soup’ camo to hand all right, and am highly pleased with it, and think it the best of any pre¬ pared soup I have ever tried. Whether you succeed in getting your goods placed here or not, I should like to know where I can procure what I would require for my own family. Kespeetfully, E. E. Steger.” —“ Newark, N.J., April 18th, 1S90. Dear Sir,—Please send me 12 lbs. more of ‘ Edwards’ Soup,’ c.o.d. This will make about 50 lbs. since January. My family thinks this soup equal to any home-made soup, the vegetable feature in a dry state, and that it don’t spoil in being opened, being so different from any other preparations I have ever tried. Yours truly, Geo. W. Kanke.”—“Southern Pines, N.C., July 20th, ; 1890. O. Anketell. Dear Sir,—I reply to yours of recent date. I would say that the samples sent to me hy you have been tested at my house, and I consider them all first class. The Vegetable or White Soup is the finest- of the kind I ever saw. I shall get in a stock of them this autumn for my trade, as well as for my own use. Respectfully, J. H. Saddle.son, juu., M.D.”—“M‘Donough, N.Y., August 8th, 1890. Oliver Anketell, —The samples of ‘ Edwards’ Desiccated Soups ’ were received, and it gives me pleasure to endorse them as honest goods, making a soup far superior to any prepared soups that I have examined, and much more desirable than soup made from the crude materials in the usual careless manner. Very truly, L. P. Blair, M.D.”—“ Smithfield, N.C., July 21st, 1890. Oliver Anketell, Esq. Dear Sir,—Received the samples of,‘Ed wards’ Desiecated Soup.’ Have tried it, and like it very much. Many thanks. Geo. J. Robinson, M.D.”—“ Savannah, Ga., August 9th, 1890. Oliver Anketell, Esq. Dear Sir,—Your ‘Desiccated Soup’ I find, on trial, to be everything you claim for it—cheap, healthful, and nourishing, well adapted for domestic use, and should find its way into every household. Yours, &c., A. J. Haile, M.D.”—“ Humboldt, Neb., August 11th, 1890. Oliver Anketell, Esq., Newark, N.J. Dear Sir,—I received the sample of Desiccated Soup which you kindly sent me, and in reply would say that the flavour of celery (as I suppose) is one which does not tickle my palate. To one who likes it, I think the preparation a very good one. Very respectfully, L. B. Allen, M.D.”—“Atlanta, August 11th, 1890. Oliver Anketell, Esq., New York. Dear Sir,—I have carefully tested the samples of ‘ Edwards’ Desiccated Soup ’ which you so kindly sent me, and found them as you represented—entirely satisfactory in every respect. I shall recommend it in my practice. Respectfully, T. J. Haile, M.D., Boulevard.”—“ Ncoga, Ill., August 12th, 1890. Frederick King & Co., New York. Gents.,—I have used the sample of Desiccated Soup, and find it is a very fine preparation. It has good merits. Truly yours, G. H. Dougherty, M.D.”—“Eureka Springs, Ark., August 12th, 1890. Dear Sir,—The Desiccated Soup sent arrived safely. After use it proves to be as near perfect as can be. Always ready, palatable. When properly made, nutritious, and fills a want among small families especially. Respectfully, W. W. Johnson, M.D., Resident Physician.”—“ Sanderville, Ga., August 12th, 1890. Oliver Anketell, Newark, N.J. Dear Sir,—I received ‘ Edwards’Desiccated Soups,’ and had them prepared in accordance with directions. I found them palatable, pleasant, and nutritious. That they are healthy I am well satisfied of, and certainly a great convenience. I can conscien¬ tiously give them my approval. I expect to order some of the soups this fall. Respectfully, II. N. Hollifield, M.D.”—“ Mascontatt, Ill., August 19th, 1890. Dear Sir,—Yours of 7th to hand. I cannot but highly compliment you for representing such delicious articles as ‘ Edwards’ Desiccated Soups.’ It is all that is claimed for. I wrote for some week and a half ago, to send me price list. Please send price list. Respect¬ fully, A. J. Feuchs, M.D.”—“ Woodstock, Va., -August 23rd, 1890. Dear Sir,—The samples of ‘ Edwards’ Soup ’ received. I find it delicious to the taste and highly nutritious. Those sales will increase when fully known. Yours, &c., W. P. Clive, M.D.”—“Peter’s Landing, Tenn., August 23rd, 1890. Mr. Oliver Anketell, Nowark, N.J. Dear Sir,—The samples of your Desiccated Soups came duly to hand. Thanks. In reply to yours of recent date, will say I think it makes splendid soup. Very respectfully, M. H. Strickland, M.D.”—“ Schnellville, N.J. Mr. Oliver Anketell, Newark, N.J. Dear Sir,—The sample of ‘ Edwards’ Soups ’ came to hand all right. I am well pleased with it. I think it the best of any prepared soup I ever tried. Respectfully, Scott Speedy, M.D.” To meet the requirements of vegetarians, Messrs. F. King & Co., Limited, have also perfected a White Vegetable Soup, from which the extract of beef has been excluded, and this article is likewise meeting with great and well-merited success. Probably the new “ Tomato Soup,” in which the full tomato flavour is perfectly preserved, will moet with the largest demand from those who appreciate this delicious vege¬ table—and there arc few who do not. The tomato hitherto could only be IRELAND. 83 had in the short season of its ripening, but in the Desiccated Soup it can be enjoyed at all seasons. Another speciality which has rapidly come into favour is “ Gravina,” Edwards’ Gravy Powder, which is a fine powder consisting of extract of beef of the finest quality, com¬ bined with choice garden vegetables, grown mostly on the firm’s own lands. No beans, peas, or other indigestible vegetables enter into its composition, and the preparation is in a desiccated state which renders it exceedingly convenient, and enables it to be kept for any length of time in any climate. It is easily soluble, and can be very quickly cooked, less than five minutes sufficing to produce an excellent gravy or soup. To the careful housewife, and also to the restaurateur and hotel proprietor, this new production will prove a most acceptable boon, and it will cer¬ tainly add to the high reputation Messrs. King have already gained for themselves in domestic and culinary circles. The specialities of this house have won the highest awards in their class at the International Health Exhibition, London, 1884; and also at Liverpool International Exhibition, 1886 ; and the Gold Medal at Havre, 1887 ; and First Order of Merit, Adelaide, 1887. j The firm’s business has become one of immense magnitude, and its affairs are all administered with conspicuous ability and sound judgment under the personal supervision of Mr. Frederick King. In addition to their factories and '.their Waring Street (Belfast) depot, Messrs. Frederick King & Co., Limited, have a very large and commodious establishment at Nos. 3 to 5, Camomile Street, London, E.C.; and their wholesale depots are at 15, Hanging Ditch, Manchester ; 24, Oswald Street, Glasgow; 30, St. Sacrament Street, Montreal ; and 26, South William Street, New York. Alexander Dickson & Sons, Nurserymen, Seedsmen, and Florists, Royal Nurseries, Newtownards, Co. Down. Seed Ware¬ house : 55, Royal Avenue, Belfast. Telegraphic Address : Florists, Bel¬ fast.—No historical survey of the past or review of the present industrial life of Belfast could be at all regarded as complete which omitted the name of this premier and widely-renowned firm. Established by the late Alexander Dickson during 1836 and ably directed and controlled by him until his death in 1880, the firm has assumed more and more its present leading and substantial position. The finely-organised nurseries of this celebrated firm are situated at Newtownards, near Belfast, and cover about forty acres, to which there is attached a farm of a hundred and ten acres available for raising seeds, for testing, and for experiment. In the latter department, of experiment, the firm are facile princeps, and have made a widespread reputation. Their magnificent new roses, raised from artificially fertilised seed, are splendid embodiments of ideal form, superb colouring, fine substance, and. wonderful foliage, and take equal place with the best roses of celebrated English and Continental growers. In this speciality the firm have carried off more than a thousand medals, first prizes, and certificates of merit at shows throughout Great Britain and Ireland. The highest awards have been obtained in such keen con¬ tests as those of the Royal Horticultural Society of Ireland, the Liverpool Horticultural Society, the West of Scotland Society, and the Helens- burg Rusarians’ Society. In 1890 they received fifty first prizes, includ¬ ing the Gold Medal of the National Rose Society at Birmingham, for their new hybrid “ Margaret Dickson,” a compact white bloom which excels even the loBg-established premier rose, the famous Merveille de Lyon, in corroboration of which we may mention the fact that the place of honour has been given to Mr. George Dickson in the “ Rosarian’s Year Book’’for 1891, ,wherein appears a pleasing likeness of that gentle¬ man. Equally striking success has attended the firm in America, where an enormous business is controlled. About eight acres of specially prepared ground are reserved for rose cultivation. For rhododendrons, which offer another great field for hybridising, about an acre is set apart, while over twenty acres are devoted to the rearing of fruit and ornamental trees, including all varieties of apples, pears, plums, cherries, &o., suitable for the climate, and also conifera, ever¬ greens, and deciduous trees and shrubs. The glass-houses cover half an acre, and the annual production of pot plants for shipping, &c., exceeds thirty thousand in number. Nothing can be more praiseworthy than the general organisation, arrangement, and equipment of the Royal Nurseries, or their expert and masterly management by the Messrs. Dickson. The Belfast warehouse is centrally located, and forms one of the chief centres of interest and attraction in the city. The premises, which have been lately erected, are in keeping in their fine architectural details with the other edifices in the avenue, and rise to four lofty storeys, surmounted by an attio storey above the main cornice. No words of praise can be too strong in reference to the arrangement and fitting of the spacious shop, which extends back quite a hundred feet. The second floor is equally extensive and is splendidly appointed. This is known as the Artificial Wreath Department, and is devoted to the production of memorial wreaths in both natural and artificial flowers, a branch of the business which is of very great importance and widely patronised. The third floor is devoted to farm seeds and agricultural requisites, in which this firm have long maintained a most distinguished place. The top flat is occupied as a Dutch bulb department, another leading speciality of the house. The business transacted is of enormous extent, and the connection extends to all parts of the world. Among the more prominent and renowned specialities of the firm are the famous roses supplied in standard and half standard sizes, including all valuable varieties, and the superb roses of last year’s production, the “Margaret Dickson.’’ Wherever these fine blooms have been exhibited they have drawn lorth unstinted admiration, the “Margaret Dickson ’ ’ having carried off the latest exhibition honours at tho Crystal Palace, London, the Wirral Rose Show, where the blooms shown were ideally fine, the North Lonsdale Show, the Paisley Horticultural Society, the National Rose Show, Birmingham, the Bray Improvement Committee, and several others. Seeds and grasses have absorbed no small attention, and their fame in this line is well established with the nobility, gentry, and farmers of Ireland. They also supply all kindsof garden imple¬ ments and appliances, famous artificial fertilisers, and horticultural and agricultural hand-books. It is impossible indeed by any description, however minute, to convey an adequate idea of the fine spirit, enterprise, and expert mastery of a very difficult enterprise, which have, especially for the last decade or two, been so markedly characteristic of the manage¬ ment of the concern. The firm are seedsmen, nurserymen, and florists by special appointment to H.R.H. the Prince of Wales, and hold the steady patronage of the great families of Ireland. They have spared no effort to forward the best interests of the agricultural community, and have in all directions shown an enterprise and a skill alike honourable to themselves and the busy community of the North. In both their great establishments the firm employs about sixty hands, many of them selected for special skill. We need only add that catalogues of the fullest character are published for all departments of the business, and each or all can be had on application. The telephone number is 414, and the instrument connects the warehouse at Belfast and tho nurseries at Newtownards, and thus tends to the dispatch of all orders from each or either end. Samuel McCausland, Wholesale Seed, and Tea and Sugar Merchant, 36 and 38, Victoria Street, Belfast.—The old and eminent house named at the head of this brief sketch was founded as far back as the year 1826 by Mr. Samuel McCausland, and is now controlled by the venerable founder, assisted by his son, Mr. William McCausland. The senior partner, Mr. Samuel McCausland, J.P., is now in his ninety-first year, and he is regular in his daily attendance at the warehouse. He is probably the doyen of mercantile enterprise in Belfast, his trade career having extended over a period of altogether exceptional duration; and his whole record in the line of business to which he has so untiringly devoted himself presents a remarkable example of indomitable industry and appli¬ cation. Mr. William McCausland is also one of the most prominent of Belfast’s business men, and, besides being intimately associated with all the affairs of the house under notice, he is a director of the Brookfield Linen’Company. The firm which forms the subject of the present article stands*among the leaders of the seed trade in Ireland, and is also exten¬ sively engaged in the wholesale tea and sugar trades. It is a foremost concern in the supplying of all descriptions of agricultural and garden seeds, and its operations illustrate the very prominent and influential position held by Belfast as a market for this class of produce. The firm’s Victoria Street warehouse is a very extensive establishment, with a front¬ age of 52 feet, and an extension of 200 feet rearwards to Princes Street, where there is a frontage of 100 feet. These fine premises are five storeys high throughout, and are arranged in the most commodious and convenient manner for the purposes of the trades engaged in. On the ground floor are situated the offices, six in number, and specially appointed for tho working of the several departments. The second, third, and fourth floors constitute spacious stores for seeds, tea, &c., and contain stocks of great magnitude. Messrs. McCausland are, we believe, the oldest and largest firm of seed cleaners in Belfast, and possess a valuable plant of the most elaborate and effective machinery for thoroughly cleaning and purifying the various seeds they supply, and eliminating therefrom all foreign substances in the shape of weeds, &c. Their resources in this respect are so extensive that they can re-clean upwards of four hundred quarters of eight bushels daily. The speciality of the house may be said to consist in rye grasses, Perennial and Italian, and in these they do an enormous volume of trade. In Marlborough Street the firm have their principal store, an immense structure, erected not long ago from plans drawn up by Mr. Robert Watt, C.E., in accordance with the ideas and requirements of the proprietors, who personally superintended the entire work, and were their own contractors. This is one of the finest seed warehouses in the United Kingdom, and possesses many characteristic advantages and features of improvement, including improved “ Louvre ” windows to facilitate ventilation, and a roof composed entirely of rolled plate glass set in stepped and rabited rafters, and constructed in the strongest and most perfect manner throughout. The entire organisation of this splendid warehouse is most admirable, and it is generally regarded as about the best constructed store in Belfast. It has accommodation for upwards of 15,000 quarters of grass seed, and possesses every means of keeping its contents in perfect condition. Messrs. McCausland have other spacious stores in Oxford Street, Townhall Street, and Lyons Street, all of which contribute to the completeness of their commercial facilities. They use both steam and gas power to drive their machinery, and give constant employment to a large force of hands, the number varying according to season. An enormous trade is controlled altogether, the chief imports being flax seed and clover seed, oilcake, tea, &c., while the house exports rye grasses to almost every quarter of the globe. There are few Lands in which the name of this firm is not familiar, and wherever it is known it is associated with the highest principles of commercial honour and rectitude, which have guided the operations of Mr. McCausland through¬ out the whole of his lengthened and distinguished career in the world of trade. 81 INDUSTRIES OF John S. Brown & Sons, Manufacturers of Table Linen?, Biapers, Sheeting, Cambric Handkerchiefs, Shirting Linen, &c. Warehouse: 12, Bedford Street, Belfast.—This old and distin¬ guished house, which has operated in connection with the Irish linen industry for upwards of a century, established itself in Belfast in I860, and lias occupied its present large and handsome warehouse in Bedford Street since 1877. Here upwards of seventy assistants are employed, and complete facilities exist for the proper conduct of a business which has become one of the most extensive and important in its line in the city. Messrs John S. Brown & Sons have their large and splendidly-equipped power-loom works at Edenderry, on the Lagan, about five miles from Belfast. This factory is fitted with a large and valuable plant of the most improved modern machinery, and it is especially noteworthy that the firm construct all their own looms and other apparatus, being thus enabled to fully meet all the requirements of their industry in the manner suggested by their own 1 ng and comprehensive experience. For prac¬ tical organisation of wt iking resources, perfect sanitation, complete equipment in every dei arfment, and large productive capacity, these works at Edenderry are as notable as any in the Belfast district. They employ a very numerous force of hands, and their output embraces a great variety of power-woven and hand-made table linen, sheetings, towellings, diapers, shirting linen, and cambric handkerchiefs. The firm have their principal speciality in table linen, to which they have long devoted particular attention; and for artistic beauty and elegance of design, combined with perfection of texture and finish, we have not seen any linens of this class which excel Messrs. Brown’s irreproachable manu¬ factures. Similar commendation may he unhesitatingly accorded to the various other linen textiles produced by the house under notice, and the rare merit and beauty of these fabrics will be further appreciated when we say that they have won eminent medallic honours at the Exhibitions of London, 1851, 1862, and 1870 ; Dublin, 1865 and 1872; Belfast, 1870; Paris, 1867 ; and Philadelphia, 1876. This list of awards includes gold medals gained at Paris (1867), and London (1870). Messrs. John S. Brown & Sons conduct a wholesale and export trade of remarkable mag¬ nitude and influence, and their manufactures are sent to almost every market in the world, always meeting with a favourable reception and an increasing demand. The firm are largely represented by travellers and agents at home and abroad, and have warehouses at 26, Gresham Street, London, E.C., and 116 and 118, Franklin Street, New York. The well- known trademark of the house, a shamrock, is woven into all goods manufactured at the Edenderry Works. Messrs. John S. Brown & Sons are hold in the highest esteem and respect as representatives of Ireland’s greatest national industry, and they hold larger contracts probably than any other linen firm in the United Kingdom, including large orders from the British Government, several leading railways, and a number of important hotels in various parts of Great Britain and Ireland. James Moore, Manufacturing Stationer, Account Book Maker, Lithographic and Letterpress Printer, &c., 17, Donegall Place, Belfast.—This establishment occupies an honourable position as a high-class mercantile stationery concern. The business was founded at the end of the last century by William Moore, grandfather of the present proprietor, and was extended by the integrity and enterprise of his son James Moore, who succeeded about the year 1825 and remained at its head till his death in 1855. Mrs. Moore was then left a widow with her only son, the present James Moore, a mere child, and there are still many old customers of the firm who first supported it out of compliment to this lady, whose unsparing devotion to the business in all its details and through many years, not only extended and maintained it with unbroken record, but furnished a noted instance of the success and sympathy that attend the efforts of a brave woman. Mrs. Moore is now living in retirement, having assigned the business to her son about the year 1870. The warehouse in Donegall Place and the works attached in its rear, form a complete establishment for the production of the many articles of stationery that are necessary in hanks, merchants’, and other offices, mills, factories, households, &c., and the equipment of machinery, materials, assistants and workmen has been made and maintained in such a way that the house is second to none in Ireland in the manufacture of account hooks, mercantile lithography and printing, engraving, &c., the supply of office and household stationery, including direct importat’on of American and other foreign goods where for the time being they are found superior to those produced at home ; with many minor items, such as the manufacture on the premises of rubber stamps. The founder of the business was connected with the old Belfast Commercial Bank, and his kno wledge_of the hooks and stationery required by bankers, seems to have begun a connection about a hundred years ago which lias remained unbroken, and Mr. Moore still supplies much of the stationery used by hanks in the North of Ireland. The owner manages the business personally. lie has practical knowledge of its details, devotes all his energies to keeping it abreast of the times and extending it with the growth of the city. It may safely be said that this old and excellent bouse exhibits no signs of decay but rather keeps, at the close of the century', that leading position and character .for honest dealing which it gained at the beginning. There seem3 no reason to doubt that in the days yet to come it will continue untarnished and in full vigour. William Whyte, Steam Block Works, 16, 17, and 18, Prince’s Dock, Belfast.—Among the most representative and best-known businesses connected with the shipping trade in Belfast must be men¬ tioned that conducted so successfully' by Mr. William Whyte at his Steam Block Works, Prince’s Dock, who commenced to work it up on these premises in August, 1855, and has brought it to its present position. Under his energetic management the trade has been im¬ mensely developed, and these steam block works are undoubtedly the largest of their kind in Ireland at the present day. Indeed, they are believed to be the largest controlled by a private individual in the three kingdoms. The front portion of the premises comprises a spacious building of three storeys. The ground floor is devoted to the show-rooms and offices, and here are exhibited many different kinds and sizes of the firm’s noted manufactures in blocks and steering wheels. These two items are the leading specialities of the house, but capstan bars, season and masthead trucks, handspikes, log reels, belaying pins, hanks, hoops, oars, pumps, spars, and various other ships' fittings, arc largely produced, including patent roller sheaves of every descrip¬ tion, at the lowest prices. On the first floor in this front part of the premises there is another show-room for these manufactured goods, and the second floor makes a further display of the same class of articles. The workshops are mainly' in the central portion of the buildings, which are at this point open clean up to the glass roof, thus admitting an abun¬ dance of light. The machinery, which is all driven by steam power, is of the most approved modern ty'pe, and includes the newest and most effective apparatus applicable to the trade engaged in. A wonderfully busy and animated scene is presented by these spacious an 1 admirably equipped workshops, and Mr. Whyte has certainly' brought the industry to a high state of practical perfection, his establishment being organised throughout upon a remarkably' complete and efficient scale. The pro¬ ductive capabilities of these works must he very Urge, in order to meet the heavy demands of Mr. Whyte’s constantly' increasing wholesale trade. Among its regular customers the house numbers a great many distinguished firms in the shipping world. It supplies the eminent ship¬ builders, Messrs. Ilarland & Wolff, of Queen’s Island, with all the blocks and ether rigging woodwork they require ; and Mr. Whyte also partially supplies Messrs. Workman & Clarke, shipbuilders, and Messrs. MTlwaine & Lewis, also shipbuilders, of Belfast, with the same class of manufac¬ tures. All his productions are marked by the soundest qua’ity and most perfect finish in workmanship, and they have won, by the sheer force of genuine merit, a reputation which has placed Mr. William Whyte in the very front rank of the industry he so well represents, and given him con¬ trol of one of the largest trades of its kind in the United Kingdom. Alexander Cross Bryce & Co., Seed, Manure, and Agricultural Implement Merchants, 57, Victoria Street, Belfast.— This progressive business, now controlled under the sole proprietary of Mr. Alexander Cross Bryce, was founded in 1871 at the corner of Great Edward Street and May Street, from which, in consequence of the rapid development of the undertaking, it was found necessary to transfer the entire operations in 1879 to the address named above. Since this change of address the business has steidily increased, and the firm now hold a position second to none in Belfast. In the early history of the firm a trade iu linseed or oil cakes was only carried on to a limited extent. By the energy of the proprietor that department has been successfully culti¬ vated, and now holds an important place in the transactions of the firm, who are large importers of manures and feeding stuffs from the produc¬ tive centres in America, and there are now few houses where, in this department alone, so many transactions and of so valuable a nature are regularly involved. The firm provide agriculturists with everything required for the manuring and cultivation of the soil; they also provide seeds and feeding stuffs for cattle ; and all the different farm implements maintained in stock are representative of recently improved appliances. The premises present many advantages for a display of these implements, and of all the other branches of merchandise ; comprising two spacious stores at the rear and a front show-room and offices, and the whole arrangements manifest the completeness under which every detail of a large and comprehensive business is controlled. The stores in Mus- grave Street are large and well-suited to the trade, four floors being entirely occupied for the storage of manures, farm implements, and seeds; and there are a large yard and stabling at the re ir. The pro¬ prietor has developed a very large business, not only in beehives and beekeepers’ appliances of the most improved description, but also in every¬ thing necessary for the cultivation of that industry, devised on the basis of a thorough knowledge of economical bee-keeping. As the industry of bee-keeping and bee-management is becoming rapidly extended over the North of Ireland, it is gratifying to be able to state that in this house there is to be found everything necessary for successful and economical management. In the stocking of an apiary, this firm is in a position to present every facility to bee-cultivators, and the recommendations to patrons are given with the thorough guarantee of a firm who have devoted years of attention to this branch of industry. IRELAND. 85 McLaughlin & Harvey, Builders, Castleton Building Works, York Road, Belfast.—This highly reputed and noteworthy firm was established in the middle of the present century by the partnership whose designation it still honourably bears, and has since been intimately associated with the phenomenal and very instructive proprietary which lias crowned the self-reliance and enterprise of the great Linenopolis seated by the Lagan. The only member of the firm, and its sole director, is now Mr. W. H. McLaughlin, Mr. Harvey, for several years a member of the Corporation, having long since retired. The premises in which the business of the concern is now located are among the best designed and most ingeniously arranged in Ireland, or indeed in the sister kingdoms, as would be surmised by any one acquainted with the reputation and the past career of this justly celebrated concern. In selecting the site one of the leading inducements was the Milewater river, an old landmark of Belfast, largely supplemented by the overflow from the waterworks. The river, which has been straightened for 700 feet back from York Boad, forms the boundary to the southern and western sides of the yard, and supplies the water used for the boiler and for other purposes, a cooler having been constructed on it at the York Road end, through which the river passes seaward. The finely-designed and commanding frontage of the premises faces York Road, and extends along that thoroughfare for 190 feet, the main entrance being situated here. Alongside are the fine office buildings, hai dsomely designed and fitted (the whole being fitted with electric lights by B. Verity & Sons, London), containing private and business offices, waiting-room, manager’s-room, strong-room for the j documents of the firm, lavatories, &c. Upstairs are the drawing offices and large meeting-room, the whole fitted up in the best and most suitable fashion that experience or ingenuity could suggest. Immediately to the rear of the offices, stretching away down the yard, is the joiners’ shop, two storeys high, with glass sides, and fitted up with all the latest machinery which the progress of invention has brought to aid, or to supplant, the joiner’s handicraft—mortice and tenoning machines, endless saws, mould¬ ing and panel-planing machines, vertical spindles, lathes, &c. At the end of the joiners’ workshops is the boiler, and near by, in a very artistic little edifice, is the engine, of the best Corliss type, capable of developing 120 horse power, with a large fly-wheel, from which power is communi¬ cated to the various machinery of the concern. On the opposite side of the yard is the stone-cutters’ shed, with a corrugated-iron roof, supported on brackets. Here are Baxter’s stonebreaker and large stone sawing machines, and here the various operations in the working of the stone employed by the firm are carried on by a staff of skilled workmen. The sawmill is in the centre of the yard, fitted with circular saws, log- frames, and moulding machinery of the most improved modern types, some entirely automatic, and is connected by a subterranean passage with the boiler-house, through which, by means of a truck, the chips and saw¬ dust are conveyed for fuel. A large mortar-mill is situated in the yard, and the firm supply large quantities of this and other manipulated materials to a large circle of customers. There is also extensive stabling accommodation in the yard, stalls for ten horses, for nag-horses, harness- room, &c. A drying-house for timber is located over the boiler, and there are extensive stores for hardware and ironware, and every variety of fittings used in the routine business of a first-class building concern. There are also extensive timber racks and stores for worked material; and, what is perhaps the most striking feature in the establishment, a lofty derrick crane, capable of lifting seven tons, with a jib of 65 feet, and capable of exercising undisputed control over the front portion of the yard, and of dealing with the heavy materials, whether wood, stone, or , iron, which are stored on the premises. It has an independent engine, and is supplied with steam direct fiom the main boiler. It will thus be , apparent that everything on these well-appointed premises has been planned in the best manner in order to secure convenience and expedition ; and in both these directions the efforts have been entirely a success. The space at our disposal is utterly inadequate to record even a few of the remarkable contracts of this celebrated firm ; but we may say that their i reputation for good work and sound materials is not excelled by that of any house in the trade. Their concern is not of yesterday, but the long test of years has failed to show that any structure that has left their hands ' has been wanting in any respect. Between 400 and 500 hands are em- j ployed, and it is notorious that no firm in the city pays such regard to the test interest of its employes as that directed by Mr. McLaughlin. He is a gentleman of gTeat business capacity', as any one may' see from the little we have said ; but there is a better and nobler side to his character, not always found associated with such abilities, and that is the personal interest he takes in the welfare of everyone in his employ. In conclusion, we may say that this is a model concern, not surpassed by any, and managed on principles we would fain see universally adopted in the com¬ mercial and industrial world. Integrity, sound work, high principle and humanity are, we hope, long to be associated with the beautiful and complete establishment by the Milewater, alike creditable to itself and to the city it adorns. In conclusion, however, we may add that this firm’s contracts are chiefly taken in connection with the mills and factories in and around Belfast; and this work is undertaken not only with regard to building pure and simple, but also with regard to additions, altera¬ tions, &c., of existing buildings. It is sufficient to say that Messrs. McLaughlin & Harvey have had contracts with the following works to show the position they hold in the building world :—The Edenderry Spinning Company; Broadway Damask Company; Northern Spinning Company'; Ulster Spinning Company; W. Ewart & Sons; J. & S. Johnson, Belfast ; W. Barbour & Sons, Hilden ; H. Campbell & Co., Mosley; R. Stewart & Sons, Lisburn; Johnston, Allen & Co., Lurgan ; Falls Flax Spinning Company, \ork Street Mills; Ross Brothers; R. Johnston & Sons, Belfast, and many others. 86 INDUSTRIES OF A. Harper & Co., Furniture Manufacturers, 36, Donegall Street, Belfast.—[In consequence of the fire, which destroyed the vast warehouse of which the following article is a description, and which conflagration occurred on the 30th of January, 1891, we deem it necessary to preface such historical sketch by remarking that it was written some time previous to that misfortune. The old premises are being rebuilt, and will be more imposing and complete than before, and in the meanwhile Messrs. Harper & Co. conduct their business at their temporary premises situate at 8, Wellington Place.] The sensations experienced by an artistic visitor, or the reflections suggested to a critical one, who visits the ‘ ‘ Old Provincial Bank Buildings ” in Donegall Street are pleasant in the ex¬ treme. It is certainly a treat of no ordinary character to be permitted to make the tour of Messrs. Harper’s magnificent warehouse. It is not so many decades since the fame of Belfast-made furniture was universally recognised, and its revival under the skilful management of this firm is more than ordinarily worthy of commendation in these pages. In the first half of the century Belfast had an unexcelled reputation for the manufacture of furniture of the best design and finish, and the name of firms then eminent in this was a guarantee to all the world of excellent material and workmanship. But the flood of stylish-looking London- made furniture which poured in, and was offered at prices comparatively low, caused a decay of this praiseworthy industry, a decay which for¬ tunately has few parallels in the history of the city. A change has now taken place, and the moneyed public are seeking reliable and artistic pro¬ ductions of local make, with the result that a new and remarkable impetus has been given to this historic industry, and several firms are at present doing a flourishing business, at the head of which is that of Messrs. A. Harper & Co. The business has been established in Ireland since the year 1835, when it was commenced by Mr. James Harper, the father of the present proprietor. Mr. Alexander Harper assumed the direction of affairs in 18S4, and his enterprise, ability, and perseverance were mainly instrumental in gaining for the concern its present eminent position. On his death in 1882, Mr. Alfred Harper became owner and director of the concern, and he has further established and strengthened its leading position. The warehouse consists of three floors, with some thirty thousand superficial feet of floorage ; the two upper ones being lighted from above by a glass roof of three thousand superficial feet in extent, allowing a flood of light to penetrate to every corner of both floors. The windows are one of the sights of the city, and in them may always be seen splendid examples of various styles of furniture, and of the hangings and fabrics which are now a chief speciality of the establishment. The various departments of this notable house it is impossible to describe in detail, but we may notice some of the special features. The selection of stock on view in the dining-room section comprises couches, chairs, sideboards, and tables of solid and baronial appearance, upholstered in every material, even in the choicest velvets, excepting, of course, the sideboards, which are masterpieces of design and workmanship in oak, walnut, and Spanish mahogany. The drawing-room section defies any attempt at description, containing the most recherche specimens, in various designs, colours, and materials, of Queen Anne tables, occasional chairs, ottomans, rich cabinets, Davenports, and scores of other useful or ornamental articles; as well as inlaid goods, where gold, silver, pearl, and coloured woods are inlaid on ebony, rosewood, and choice hardwoods, in all the most fashionable designs. The curtain department, which has received the special atten¬ tion of the firm, contains a rich and varied stock of curtains, cretonnes, tapestries, silk broehes, damasks, velvets, Scotch and Nottingham lace curtains, antique and modern guipure art tapestry, and endless designs from British, Continental, and Oriental makers, of the newest pattern. Passing over the Kirkcaldy and English linoleums and floorcloths, we come to the carpet department, one of the largest and most varied in the country. Here are exhibited the most excellent Royal Axminster, Wil¬ ton, Brussels, tapestry, Kidderminster, and Scotch carpets, as well as a large stock of Kensington art squares, mostly of early Egyptian, Persian, and Indian designs. A second drawing-room section is located on the second floor ; but no words could paint the elegance and grace of the articles on view, made in every fashionable style, and embracing a variety of items whose names would fill a small dictionary. The space at our disposal forbids us to do more than refer to the great and varied stock held in the bedstead department; and to the immense stocks of exquisitely upholstered furniture located on the other floors of the premises. Rooms for carpet-making are situated in the rear, and at a few yards’ distance, in Church Street, are located the Belfast Cabinet Works, a three-storeyed building, in which the fine furniture vended by the firm is almost entirely made. The stock of wall-papers held by Messrs. Harper is very exten¬ sive, and includes, inter alia, costly specimens of Lincrusta Walton, Tyne Castle tapestry, raised flocks, silk lustres, besides an almost unlimited assortment of French and English hand-made papers. Some one hundred and fifty hands find employment in the various departments, and there are three vans for conveying the goods to the various parts of the city and suburbs. The trade, which is growing rapidly, is confined to Ireland almost entirely; a large and increasing item being the decoration of gentlemen’s mansions for coming of age, marriage, and other festive occa¬ sions: decorating public buildings, halls, receptions, galas, and such like ; in all which they now have something very like a monopoly. Besides the foregoing, we may mention that this firm undertakes the furnishing of mansions from top to bottom, taking the buildings (so to speak) straight from the builder’s hands. In concluding this sketch, we are gratified to record that such great progress has been made in restoring this fine industry, and cannot but congratulate Messrs. Harper on their eminent position, and on the knowledge, perseverance, and enterprise which has been displayed by their firm in attaining it—creditable to them and creditable also to the community whose appreciation has so constantly supported them. We hope this revival of an old industry may rise, liko the fabled phoenix, in their hands to renewed life and vigour, and crown their efforts with a still more distinguished success. William Coates & Son, Metal Merchants, Brass- founders, Plumbera, Gas and Steam Fitters, &c., 26 and 28, Castle Street, and 7 to 11, Fountain Street, Belfast.—The origin of this firm dates back to a period when Irish industries, even in hardy Belfast, were of trifling importance compared with their state to-day, and it is interesting to record the development of a concern whose growth has been contemporaneous with the mercantile progress of an entire province. In 1777 Mr. Andrew Law commenced business as a plumber and brass- founder, and at his death was succeeded by his widow, Mrs. Sarah Law, who gave to the concern the style it bore until it was absorbed by the proprietor of a newer but no less influential business—Mr. William Trel- ford Coates—the late head of the present firm. Mr. Coates’ father had established himself in 1830, on similar lines to those on which the older concern was carried on, and the amalgamation, which took place in 1875, unquestionably associated two honourable and highly-reputed houses. Mr. W. Trelford Coates at once proceeded to remodel the business on lines more appropriate to the progressive conditions of the age. Newly built or, rather, remodelled premises took the place of the old, and mechanical contrivances altogether in advance of earlier efforts placed him in a position to greatly enlarge the sphere of his commercial operations. The premises now occupied cover an acre in extent, and comprise elegant show-rooms with frontage to Fountain Street, and work¬ shop and warehouse accommodation of an unrivalled character. The busi¬ ness of the firm includes every description of plumbers’, gas and steam fitters’, brassfounder3’ and metal smiths’ work, and the extent to which these businesses arc carried on may be inferred from the fact that the firm employ about one hundred hands. The character of Messrs. Coates & Son’s connection is as high as its extent is great. On the books of the firm will he found the names of leading citizens, and hardly a manufacturing con¬ cern exists in the district with whom the firm of Coates & Son have not agreeable commercial relationships. The head of this concern is a thoroughly practical and business-like man, highly esteemed in every sphere of life, mercantile as well as social; in proof of which statement we may mention that Mr. W. T.[Coates occupied the position for years of Chairman of the Belfast Water Trust, perhaps the most successful public trust, both financially and from a sanitary point of view, of any in Ireland. W. B>. Nelson & Co., Manufacturers of Linen, Lawns, and Cambric Handkerchiefs, 3, Bedford Street, Belfast.—This enter¬ prising firm originated at Lurgan in 1865, where they now possess a manufactory of considerable dimensions, modelled and arranged on the best principles, appointed throughout with effective and economical machi¬ nery of a superior working standard, and employing labour to the extent of about seven hundred and fifty hands. The most of these are weavers, while there is also engaged a large staff of outside workers, and in every respect this well-conducted industry—operating under skilled guidance and supervision—attains a standard of high practical capability and working resource that fully demonstrates how effectively and completely the firm have embodied in its equipment every feature of the modern linen manu¬ facturing industry. In the city premises, which were opened about 1879, Messrs. W. R. Nelson & Co. employ a subsidiary staff of about fifty hands whose operations are mainly directed towards finishing, folding, and ornamenting those linen and cambric handkerchiefs and other quali¬ ties of fancy handkerchiefs which have brought renown all over the markets of the world. So thoroughly has the whole industry been developed that already even these premises have been found inadequate to meet the pressure of trade, and accordingly the firm project removing to a more commodious site in LinenhaU Street, which is being specially built and designed for all the purposes of the firm’s pro¬ gressive and still extending business. The trade which Messrs. W. R. Nelson & Co., have successfully cultivated during the course of a quarter of a century may be described as of a “ spread eagle ” character and almost universal in range and influence. They employ agents in London, Paris, Manchester, Dublin, and Hamburg, and the extent of the entire business—based as much on the unsurpassed merit of the firm’s textile productions, as the capable administration of its many affairs—• affords the most gratifying evidence of the importance it has attained in the front rank of that great industry it has so well sustained and repre¬ sented. IRELAND. 87 William Rodman & Co., Dealers in Works of Art, Dressing Bag and Dressing Case Makers, Fancy Goods Importers, Heraldic Stationers, &c., 41, Donegall Place, Belfast.—Donegall Place is a street of magnificent shops, hut we doubt if there is any establish¬ ment among the many notable ones in that fine thoroughfare which pre¬ sents a greater wealth of artistic beauty and attractiveness in its contents than the well-known fancy warehouse of Messrs. Rodman & Co. This eminent house was founded upwards of twenty-five years ago by its present sole principal, Mr. William Rodman, and it has gained a recog¬ nised position as the leading establishment in Belfast for the supply of the highly artistic goods in which its speciality consists. The premises occupied are very commodious and spacious, and the superb saloon and show-room on the ground floor is arranged and appointed in a style and manner unsurpassed even in the West End of London. We have never had the pleasure of inspecting a more beautiful or more recherche stock of high-class fancy goods than that which is placed by Messrs. Rodman before their many distinguished customers ; and the constant succession of English and Continental novelties which enters this establishment speaks volumes for the enterprising spirit in which the business is conducted. The house has a well-earned fame as a depot of supply for wedding and other presents, and in this line it is first among its competitors. Such a stock as may here be found in dressing-bags and dressing-cases, writing-cases, travelling-bags, hand-bags, fitted work-cases, and aU such necessary and luxurious requisites for tourists and travellers could not possibly be surpassed at the present day, for it embraces productions of the highest class and finest quality to which the people of a cultured age are accustomed. The display of fans is almost enchanting, and we are not surprised to learn that this forms one of the most successful departments of the business, for surely nothing more exquisite in design and execution could be conceived, as far at least as fans are concerned, than the charming specialities of Messrs. Rodman in this line. Gauze, lace, crepe, and feather fans are fully represented in a wonderful variety of styles and colours, embodying the highest degree of grace and elegance. All kinds of high-class stationers’ sundries, ornaments, and knick-knacks abound in the show-rooms of Messrs. Rodman & Co., and an interesting array of goods in art metal-work at once arrests attention. We might fill pages, however, with details of the many attractions that here await the appreciative eye and mind, and yet do but scant justice to the rare beauty and charm of a display that must be seen to be appreciated. The arrangement of the richly-appointed and well-lighted show-rooms, and the general dispo¬ sition of the goods, speak for the artistic taste and cultivated sensibility of Mr. Rodman and his capable assistants; and Belfast affords no more enjoyable means of spending a pleasant and instructive hour than by a visit to this elegant establishment. At the rear of the front pre¬ mises are the well-known Rodman Art Galleries. These are the largest private galleries in the country, and are the only ones in the North of Ireland holding annual exhibitions. They are patronised by the elite of society and art-loving visitors to Belfast, and the fourteenth annual exhibition has just been held with greater success even than any of its predecessors. The works of art on view always include a large collec¬ tion of high-class pictures and drawings by esteemed British and Foreign artists. Proof etchings and engravings by the most noted masters are likewise numerously shown, and now subjects are added immediately on publication. Strangers are invited to visit the galleries, and are not importuned to purchase. Messrs. William Rodman & Co. are heraldic stationers by special appointment to H.R.H. the Prince of Wales, and they draw their general patronage from the best circles of town and county custom. They also deal largely in artists’ colours and photo¬ graphic materials. The business is of a distinctly superior class, and is developed upon a thoroughly sound basis. All its affairs are personally conducted by the experienced and esteemed proprietor, Mr. Rodman, and to this fact must be attributed a very large share of credit for ihe conspicuous success that has always attended the house. Illustrated priced catalogues are forwarded post-free on application. W. W. Brydon, Wine and Spirit Broker, 54, Victoria Street, Belfast.—The great whisky-broking business carried on for the past twenty years by Mr. W. W. Brydon merits special mention in these pages on account of its commercial importance and the magnitude of its operations. The offices, private and general, admirably appointed, are now located at the above address, with branches at D ublin and London, as well as extensive stores, sample and testing rooms, all equipped with a full staff' of assistants. Mr. Brydon holds a unique position in the wine and spirit trade of the United Kingdom. Dealing exclusively with the wholesale merchants, and supplying most of the large blending houses, he aims at providing everything that may be required in the business, and is the veritable “ Whiteley ” of the trade in Ireland. Thus any wine merchant in an emergency can procure on the shortest notice a pipe of vintage port, or a hogshead of Amontillado, every brand of champagne from Pommery and Greno to the cheapest Saumur, brandy from Hennessy’s Three Stars to the cheapest spirit that is shipped ; wines of every country, and liqueurs from ginger wine to green Chartreuse. In addition to the above, Mr. Brydon keeps for the convenience of his customers a stock of cellar requi¬ sites, such as filters, patent wine finings, spirit colour, bottles, straw envelopes, &e., but by far the most important of his business is acting as a medium between the distillers and speculators in whisky and the whole¬ sale dealers, and in this respect his operations are so large that there is hardly a brand of Irish whisky from J. J. & S. to Bushmills, or in Scotch from Smith’s Glenlivet to the most humble distillery in Cambleton that he is not in a position lo quote, and give the buyer a selection of various ages, and for this reason alone he is well known throughout the trade of the United Kingdom, and the business that passes through his hands during the year is very large. He holds stock in the bonded warehouses of most of the large centres, but, in addition he is lessee of the celebrated bonded vaults underneath the Custom-house at Belfast, where he holds large stocks under bond of almost every brand of whisky and wines, ranging in quality and price from the lowest to the highest, and embracing the products of all the celebrated firms in the trade at home and abroad. He also ably represents several of the best houses in the world; inter alia, the Dublin City and Banagher Distilleries, who produce the finest pot and patent, James Stewart & Co., Paisley, distillers of old still malt and patent still whiskies; Bernard & Co., Leith, the famous British wine and cordial manufacturers; D. P. MacDonald, Fort ’William, makers of the favourite Highland malt, “Long John,” whose reputation is world-wide and meritorious ; Mackenzie & Co., the great Spanish sherry house; Mackenzie, Driscoll & Co., the equally renowned port firm of Oporto; L. Rosenheim & Sons, of Bordeaux, famed for clarets, Sauternes, &c; the great gin house of P. Rademakers & Co., Delfshaven ; E. Normandin & Co., Cognac, for brandy; and last, but not least, the Bushmills Old Distil¬ lery Company, county Antrim, Ireland, of which he is a director, and was, previous to its being turned over to the present Company, one of the pro¬ prietors. The fine quality of their production has carried off distinguished honours at the last great Paris Exhibition, and also at Cork and Liver¬ pool. AVe might easily extend this list of leading houses, but merely wish to indicate the great position held by this establishment in tho wholesale trade, and to illustrate the ability and energy which charac¬ terise its management. Mr. Brydon’s connection extends all over the kingdom, and his services are in great request in tho trade as an arbiter and valuer in case of dispute and probate. The courteous and estimable proprietor occupies deservedly an enviable position in the trade and a high standing in all circles in the city, and embodies in himself all those ex- ceUent qualifications which have raised the reputation of the business men of Belfast to a point of unequalled eminence. •88 INDUSTRIES OF John Balmer & Co., Wholesale Leather Factors and Merchants, 26 and 28, Ann Street, Belfast.—This is undoubtedly the largest and most notable house connected with the leather trade in the North -of Ireland, and its history dates from the year 1869, when it was founded by its present sole proprietor, Mr. John Balmer. The business was carried on for nine years in North Street, and in 1878 it was removed to its present address, Mr. Balmer having purchased the lease of these com¬ modious premises in Ann Street. The buildings are three storeys high, and have a frontage of thirty-five feet with a rearward extension of one hundred and forty-four feet. Here the firm have every accommodation and convenience for their immense business, the ware - house having been arranged upon a most systematic plan, and each department organised in a very effective manner. Messrs. John Balmer & Co. suffered considerable loss from a fire which occurred on their premises on February 25th, 1899, but they did not allow this misfortune to interrupt the progress of their trade, and so extensive were and are their resources that customers’ orders were carried out almost as promptly and quite as satisfactorily as is always the case with this firm. Everything was soon in full working order again, and the business is now more active and extensive than ever. On the ground floor of the warehouse are the commodious general and private offices, with large stores for sole leather at the rear. The first floor con¬ tains a number of departments, all devoted to the storage of upper leathers of various kinds ; and on the same flat we find a ware-room 108 feet long, in which are kept vast quantities of ready-made boot3, the firm being large importers of these goods. The top flat is arranged for the accommodation of a miscellaneous assortment of articles for the general supply of the retail trade in all its branches, and here also is a store-room for packages. The entire establishment is admirably lighted, well-appointed, and possessed of the best sanitary arrangements ; and it forms one of the best leather warehouses we have seen. The stocks are exceedingly large and comprehensive, and the leathers embrace the lead¬ ing tannages of English and foreign bends, native and foreign crop hides and sides, foreign and English bellies and shoulders, black and brown harness leather, calf-kids of the best brands, French roans, Hegarty’s noted satin and Memel calf, and a large assortment of kip and shoe butts, American sides, splits, and satin, russet kip bellies and shoulders, Levant and Memel kips, &c., &c. Besides the above the firm keep all kinds of shoe findings, boot and shoe uppers, German crup vamps, &c., in great variety ; and their stock of boots and shoes comprises all the principal lines suitable for a general trade. In short, Messrs. Balmer conduct a complete factoring business, and have facilities for executing and des¬ patching the largest orders at the shortest notice. All goods are bought for cash and sold on factors’ terms, and it is by the steady pursuit of this well-proved policy that the house has established such an extended connection and achieved such substantial success. Every requisite for the boot, harness and other leather working trades can be promptly sup¬ plied from this warehouse, and Messrs Balmer’s operations extend all over the North of Ireland, their travellers covering the greater part of Ulster and Connaught. The trade is in a most satisfactory condition, and it is but just to say that it owes its flourishing condition entirely to the industry and perseverance of Mr. John Balmer, assisted materially by his principal representative, Mr. William Bussell. Mr. Balmer has won widespread respect and confidence in the leather trades by his energy, courtesy, and honourable business methods. J. C. Long & Co., Manufacturers and Agents, 8 , Chichester Street, Belfast.—A leading house engaged in the introduction of English, Scotch, and Continental manufactures to the Irish markets is that of Messrs. James C. Long & Company, Manufacturers’ Agents, of Belfast, who carry on a business of great magnitude and importance. The business, which comprises the bulk of dry goods novelties, &c., was established some years ago, and has made most marked progress, and 'has now valuable and extensive connections throughout Ireland. The premises are situated in Chichester Street, and are commodious and admirably adapted to business purposes, affording ample accommodation for the storage of the extensive stocks the firm holds for its various agencies. Many leading manufactuiing houses are represented, which owe their introduction and the developmtnt of their trade in Ireland entirely to the enterprise of this well-known firm. Mr. Long has dis- p'ayed the most indefatigable energy in the conduct of his business, and is much respected throughout the district for the admirable principles upon which he manages his important establishment. Lyle & Kinahan (Ltd.), Wine and Spirit Merchants, Aerated Water Manufacturers, Ale and Porter Bottlers, Belfast. Offices and Vaults: 51, Donegall Place ; 46 and 48, Fountain Street. Kina- han’s Stores: Cullingtree Road. Telephone No. 58 ; Telegraphic Address : “Kinahan, Belfast.”—The large and comprehensive business operations of the eminent incorporation named at the head of this sketch afford a very notable instance of uninterrupted trading progress and development. The nucleus of the immense business now controlled by Messrs. Lyle & Kinahan (Ltd.) was founded upwards of forty years ago, as successors to Messrs. McClure & Son, Wine Merchants, and within the intermediate period it has rapidly advanced in importance and influence until at the present day it stands second to none in the varied range of mercantile and industrial operations it represents. It is now organised under the system of a limited liability company, having as its secretary Mr. J. Kinahan, Messrs. John Kinahan and William Nash as direct >rs, and Mr. Fred Kinahan as managing director, a’l actively engaged in promoting its augmented interests and repute. While a very considerable trade is transacted in Belfast and vicinity, a very large and influential connection is maintained all over the kingdom, and there are few commercial centres in which the name of Messrs. Lyle & Kinahan (Ltd.) is not at onc9 known and identified with those bottled ales and porter which they have so successfully specialised, as well as with the far-famed Kinahan’s “ V.O.” Whisky (registered), which has long secured a national reputa¬ tion. It is perfectly wholesome, having been matured in their own bonded stores and in their own casks for years. No patent or foreign spirit is used, all being pure Irish. Their mineral waters are fast coming to the front among this class of beverages, and we feel justified iu affirming that few concerns possess better facilities of resource and working capacity in this direction than Messrs. Lyle & Kinahan. Previous to 1877 the growth and extension of the busi¬ ness duiing its lengthy career was best defined by the firm’s numerous stores in various parts of the town, but in thit year a scheme of consolidation of the whole industry was designed and carried out, with the result that the large stores in the Cullingtree Road—known as Kinahan’s Stores—have been admirably adapted and arranged to meet the present and probable demands of the firm’s valuable and steadily-aug¬ menting trade. That the firm anticipate further advance is at once evident by the manner of the stores’ general structure and arrangement, and the whole of this brick erection, wherein the various details of a largo industry are duly concentrated, covers a space of almost half an acre of ground. It would be impossible, within present limits, to afford any adequate delineation of the tilmost inexhaustible resources at disposal. It need only be stated that there is no feature of modern invention or that skill or ingenuity could suggest for the furtherance of the industry that is omitted from the general plan and construction. By the most ingenious and automatic arrangements of machinery, bottling, washing, and corking are accelerated to the utmost degree, and one notable appliance, called a ‘•twister,” can effect the washing of six hundred dozen bottles in an hour. One hundred and twenty butts of Allsopp's pale ale is “ stilled ” on iron rails in a cellar specially devoted thereto, while sixteen Lins are appro¬ priated to as many thousand dozens of bottled liquors. Of Guinness’s porter alone, six to eight thousand dozen bottles exist in the porter cel’ar, and in ale and porter together there is at all times held a magnificent range of eighty-one thousand gallons. In respect of the aerated water depart¬ ment of the firm’s business, it should be stated that the pure water supply is obtained from their own well, two hundred and fifty feet deep, while the materials and ingredients used are incorporated therewith in a manner which produces that exquisite flavour for which Messrs. Lyle & Kinahan’s (Ltd.) productions have become famed. These waters were submitted to chemical analysis, and elicited a well-merited commendation from two eminent medical gentlemen, whose verdict of excellence and absolute purity has been again and again endorsed by the ready appreciation and extending popularity which the waters of the firm have everywhere received. Referring to the long-established reputation of the firm as wine and spirit merchants, one of the most valuable characteristics of their trade has been the almost unexampled facilities of storago and pre¬ servation. The Duty Free Warehouse is in Upper Arthur Street, while their large stores at the rear of the Donegall Tlaco premises, embracing spacious cellars and wine vaults, extend right through to Fountain Street, where the various details of dispatch and consignment are carried out by the aid of a large staff of hands. Under th6 immediate management of Mr. Fred Kinahan the affairs of the business are administered with that spirit of liberality, energy, and enterprise with which the transactions of the firm have been characterised from the commencement, and in the vitality and extending magnitude of the business there consists a sulfi - cient tribute to the abilities of all concerned with the preservation of its valuable interests and eminent repute. IRELAND. 8» James Iuglis & Co., Limited, Steam Bakers, 33 and 35, Eliza Strcfet, Belfast.—There is no manufacture that we know of in the city that has shown such extraordinary advancement during recent years as that connected with the baking trade. From a point of com¬ parative barbarism, it has, by the introduction of improved ferments and of ingenious machinery, been raised to a position of scientific perfection which amounts to a complete revolution. The products of such a mag¬ nificent factory as that of James Inglis & Co., combine in themselves every desirable quality of clearness, sweetness, and excellent baking. We do not find in these scientific products, however, any of those interesting denizens of the zoological world which were occasionally met with in the loaves of a past generation, nor any of those disgusting delict a which occasionally shocked the paterfamilias of some ten years ago. This is gratifying to the whole community, and honourable to the above firm, which has led the way all along in the path of improvement. The result has been that their bread is in demand, not only in the city and suburbs, but also throughout the whole North of Ireland, in town and country, to which it is despatched by rail and road, in enormous quanti¬ ties. The bakeries of this enterprising firm are located in Eliza Street, where they were removed in the year 1882, from the former premises in Castle Street, and now cover an acre of ground. The new factor}’, con¬ taining a dozen London steam ovens, soon proved unequal to the wants of the public; and an additional fireproof bakery of five storeys was erected in 1889, after designs by R. H. Leask, Esq., C.E., of Dublin, a master of this class of work. The public have permission to visit this factory during working hours, and see the ins and outs of the process for themselves, a privilege which shows that the Messrs. Inglis & Co. know that their claims to superior excellence are entirely bona fide. This new factory con'ains machinery for the manipulation of the raw material, in every part of the process, and some thirty-three ovens of the Scotch type, with stone soles, which turn out the cleanest, freshest, and most tempting loaves we have ever seen. The flour, of different fine brands, is first elevated to the top of the building, which, cn passant, has altogether a floor space of thirty-five thousand superficial feet, and these “ blended ” so as to produce a compound flour, such as experience has shown to be most suited for the purpose. The process by which this is done is, to say the least, ingenious and thorough, after which the “ blend ” undergoes a second process of sifting, which eliminates all foreign sub¬ stances, and completely disintegrates the whole. From the sifters the flour is “wormed" to large bins on the floor beneath, whence it is passed into automatic weighing machinery, adjusted to pass any given weight of the “ blend" into the kneaders, each discharge being registered on a dial. These automatic weighers are directly under the bins above referred to, but a storey lower ; and the engines, kneading machinery, and, in fact, the whole essentials of the process, are located here. The second floor, designed for an oven house when the eventualities of the increasing business shall so require, is at present occupied as a dough- store and weighing-room ; the automatic dividing machinery cutting the dough for forty-eight loaves at one stroke, the pieces being then placed in drawers and sent down by the lift to be ovened on the ground floor below. Nothing can possibly be more admirable than the whole process, which is such an improvement on the former method that it is not strange that the repute of this factory has travelled far and wide. Alongside is the older bakery, containing twelve Perkins’ steam ovens, and nine special ovens, reserved for fancy bread and pastry. A wide iron stair runs from bottom to top, and in addition a lift, and double acting, outside hoist furnish easy communication between the different storeys of the building. The blending, sifting, and weighing machinery is by D. Thomp¬ son, of Edinburgh; the general machinery and steel boilor, by Coates, of Belfast; and the pumps and tanks (five thousand gallons), by Messrs. Combe, Barbour & Combe, the celebrated local engineers, all oombin- ing to form one of the most interesting and perfect factories imaginable, alike a credit to the city and to the enterprising firm. The present limited Company was floated in 1886, Mr. James Inglis, J.P., and Mr. George Inglis being the managing directors, the latter also acting as secretary. Under their able direction, the present favourable and flat¬ tering position has been attained, and has drawn down merited recognition from high quarters. They had the honour of supplying the bread to the Prince and Princess of Wales on the occasion of their visit to Belfast, in 1885, and to Prince Albert Victor during his recent stay in the city, and obtained a high encomium from the royal steward. We need say nothing more in respect of a firm whose merits are universally known, but which deserves an eminent mention and permanent record in these pages, devoted as they are to the enterprises which have a noteworthy place in the history of industrial and commercial progress in the busy capital of Ulster. Belfast Mineral Water Company, Limited, York Road Factory, Belfast.—The manufacture of mineral waters has long been a staple industry in Belfast. Among the many firms engaged in this important industry is the Company designated above, which was in¬ corporated in 1884 as a limited company, with a capital of £10,000, with the avowed object of securing better terms for the retail dealers than they had previously been able to obtain from private firms. The result was gratifying alike to the Company and the general public, who were great gainers by the revolution which was speedily effected. The premises of the Company are among the largest devoted to the trade in the city ; the lofty, square factory, rising three storeys, in the centre of the works, forming a specially noticeable feature, even in a city of great factories like Belfast. The spacious suite of offices contains the general offices and counting-house on the ground floor, and the manager’s office and board-room above. The yard occupies a central position, the most noticeable feature there being four large bottle-bins, capable of holding some eighty thousand dozens. Here also are the stables, capable of accommodating thirty horses, the food lofts, and the storage space for a large number of single and double vans ; there are also the carpenters’ shed, where cases are repaired, and the cork-cutting department, afford¬ ing employment to eight hands, and capable of turning out two hundred gross per day. The Compauy, we may mention, imports the native cork wood direct from Spain. The ale and porter bottling cellars are equipped with mechanical appliances of the most perfect type, and the laboratory is fitted up with all the latest appliances and inventions, the skill and care used by the Company in this department being no small elements in their remarkable success. In the factory proper there are four large bottling and wiring machines by the best makers. Turn-over filling machines, by Hylands, capable of filling six hundred dozen per day, fitted with the latest automatic syruping arrangement, an improved gas generator by Smyth, an improved purifier of the firm’s own invention, a double soda- water machine by Hayward, Tyler & Co., of London, working up two thousand five hundred dozen per day, and two improved generating cylinders, form noteworthy features, and are driven by a very powerful steam-engine. The water supply is derived from two artesian wells on the premises. This water was tapped by boring some hundred feet through the solid rock, which here comes within two feet of the surface ; and the line of geological formation, as well as the tests of analysis, show it to be derived from the famous Cave Hill springs. The wells are so arranged that any contamination is impossible, and the water is received direct from the springs, through non-corrosive pipes, and delivered straight to the bottlers. Two powerful double-action pumps, capable of delivering twenty thousand gallons per diem, are placed between the wells and the machinery, and maintain a regular supply. In all reipects the Company have omitted nothing that can contribute to the perfection of their mineral water manufacture, and are masters of the situation in every way. The Company also engage largely in the bottling of beers, stout, lager, &c.; Bass’s ale and Guinness’s stout receiving special attention. In fact, they claim to be the largest holders of bottled Bass in Ireland, and guarantee their customers, at all times, a supply of the best season- brewed beers. The manufacture embraces all kinds of aerated beverages, such as Ginger Ale, Lemonade, Soda Water, Sarsaparilla, Kali Water, Seltzer Water, Lithia Water, Lemon Soda, Hot Tom, summer and winter beverages, Champagne “pour tout le monde,” Hop Beer (an aerated tonic) manufactured only by this Company, and extra qualities of Ginger Ale and Lemonade. The Cordials, Bitters, and Ciders of the Company are special favourites alike with the trade and the public, and form no inconsiderable part of the volume of their trade. The bottles intended for export are specially corked, capsuled, and double-wired with copper wire, and are guaranteed to retain their quality in all climates. The connection is both home and foreign, the former being principally with customers in Belfast and in the North and West of Ireland, while the latter embraces an extensive trade with Australia, the West Indies, the River Plate, North America, and South Africa. Industrially, the Company occupy a noticeable place, as they afford employment to some eighty hands, and indirectly to a great number outside. The manager and secretary of the concern is Mr. Joseph M‘Ginley, whose reputation as a practical master of the business is unequalled, and the chairman is the well-known and influential John Donaghy, Esq., of Magberafelt. 90 INDUSTRIES OF James Henry, Builder and Contractor, Crumlin Road, Belfast.—In connection with, the building and contracting trade in Belfast a very prominent position is maintained by the old-established and well- known house of Mr. James Henry, which was founded upwards of a century ago by the grandfather of the present proprietors. Since the year 1830 the firm have occupied their present extensive and well-adapted premises, which have been considerably enlarged from time to time to keep pace with the growth of the business, and which now cover fully two acres of ground. The entrance to the works is by Crumlin Road, and there is an extra entrance from Fairfax Street in the rear. The stone- yard is a very notable feature of the establishment, and contains four sheds, in which the firm have a powerful steam stone-sawing machine, driven by a Robey steam-engine of twenty-horse power. There are also several cranes in the stone-yard, giving the requisite facilities for handling large bodies and heavy weights. The inner yard, at the entrance to which are the offices, contains the saw-mill, joiners’ shop, and sheds for the storage and seasoning of timber. Messrs. Henry hold probably as large a stock of timber as any firm in Ireland, and are in a position to supply wood goods of every description and in the greatest variety for the use of builders, carpenters, joiners, and contractors. The saw-mills and joinery shops contain a fine plant of first-class machinery for sawing, planing, tenoning, moulding, and all other wood-working operations, and no fewer than thirty double joiners’ benches are in use. The entire establishment presents a very notable example of effective equipment and thorough organisation, and all its working resources are of a character which speak for the sound, practical methods observed in the management of the busi¬ ness. At Scrabo, county Down, the firm have large freestone quarries, from which they obtain extensive supplies of stone of a very excellent quality. This firm have long been noted for the magnitude and impor¬ tance of the contracts they undertake and carry out, more particularly with regard to the erection of churches and other public edifices, and the building of mansions for the county gentry. At the present time they hold the contract for the reconstruction of the Albert Bridge, Belfast, at a cost of about £40,000 ; and, in addition to other large works in the pro¬ vinces, they are completing the building' of an important and extensive dock at Belfast, also a dock wall at Limerick, and new Tidal Dock, Belfast. Among the works carried out by this firm of a public character are the Reform Club (an illustration of which will be found on page 37), the Wesleyan College (page 39), and the fine Church of St. Enoch (page 43), and they have made considerable addition to the Belvoir Mansion (page 45) and to the famous Shane’s Castle, county Antrim. From this it will be seen that the business is of a most comprehensive character, the scope of its operations embracing all kinds of contracts for constructional work, and as a rule about four hundred hands are employed, on and off the pre¬ mises in Crumlin Road. As importers of timber from all home and foreign sources of supply, and of stone and slates from England and Scotland, the firm do an immense business, and their entire trade attains a magnitude not surpassed in this line in Belfast. All the affairs of the house are directed by the principals, Hugh and R. B. Henry, who are thoroughly practical men, and whose administration of the business is marked by conspicuous ability, energy, and sound judgment. The registered tele¬ graphic address of the firm is “ Henry, Contractor, Belfast.” The Northern Linen Company, 1, Wellington Place, Belfast.—This flourishing concern, which is still rapidly growing, took over, four years ago, the extensive shipping business of the well-known Northern Spinning and Weaving Company, Limited. The Company do a general linen trade with the United States of America and the Colonies, controlling also a large home trade through agents in London, Glasgow, and Manchester. The premises of the firm are excellent and substantial, centrally located, and very commodious and extensive. The lapping and finishing rooms are among the best of the kind in Belfast, and equipped with a full staff of experienced men. Almost all lines of linen goods are represented in their extensive ware-rooms, such as damasks, napkins, towels, canvases, hollands, roughs, diapers, bleached linens and unions, creas, platillas, estopillas, bretanas, bleached and printed lawns, brown dyed and printed linens and unions, and a variety of the various hand¬ kerchief fabrics. The trade in these is active and growing into flattering dimensions, as the quality and careful execution of the various goods becomes more widely known on the homo and foreign markets. The members of the firm are men of high reputation and well known in linen circles ; and possess all that experience and training can give to fit them for the conduct of such a concern. The changes and characteristics of home markets, and the demands of the foreign, are familiar in all the details to the directors of this rising concern, whose enterprise, energy, and assiduity are well calculated to meet the exigencies of modern com¬ mercial undertakings. We need but add that the Company is represented by the following well-known agents :—London and Australasia—Mr. H. Carter, 12, Milk Street Buildings ; Manchester—Paton, Purdy &Co., 8, Fetter Lane; Glasgow—Mr. J. R. Mack, 4, North Court, Royal Exchange; United States—Mr. George Riggs, 99, Franklin Street, New York; Canada—Mr. George Blackburn, 51, Piccadilly, Manchester. Indeed this company is already one of the best organised and promising in the city ; and has, beyond doubt, before it an exceptionally prosperous career. M'Clinton & Thompson, Soap and Candle Manufac¬ turers, 55 and 57, Academy Street, Belfast.—The present may be called the age of soap. The firm of Messrs. M'Clinton & Thompson have hardly a rival in the field, whilst, if we are to trust the testimony of experts and specialists, they have succeeded in producing an article in their “ Barilla Soap ” which in some respects is superior to all others whatever. No soda is used in its composition, and none of the unpleasant conse¬ quences which follow the use of the ordinary articles occur with the soap manufactured from barilla ash. “ The barilla is a plant growing abun¬ dantly in Sicily, Teneriffe, and, we think, in some parts of Spain. It is gathered somewhat as hay is, and burned over large holes in the earth. When so burned the ‘ ash,’ from which the soap is made, runs from it into the holes and is secured and purified afterwards. There is something in the composition of this barilla ash which makes it astonishingly cura¬ tive and most agreeable on the skin. Lather made from it, instead of drying and so far burning the hands and arms, for example, of those using it in clothes-washing, has the most soothing and delightful effect.” So writes Professor Kirk, of Edinburgh, perhaps the best authority in the world. This is no small triumph for a Belfast firm, to have gained such a position in the manufacture of an article to which the age has devoted so much money and such scientific skill, and is another illustration, in addition to the many others given in these pages, of the fact that by some happy for¬ tune, the manufacturers of the city seem to get to the top of the tree in every industry to which they devoto themselves. This distinguished firm, we may add, is not confined to the manufacture of this speciality, but is largely engaged in the general business of soap and candiemaking. The premises are well situated in Academy Street, and comprise three large floors with works at the rear, the front portion of the ground floor being used as a sale-room and partly occupied with the necessary offices. The soap-boiling and melting works are at the rear, where there are also exten¬ sive stores and stabling. The candle manufactory is located on the upper floor of the main premises, and fitted up with all the dipping and mould¬ ing appliances necessary for the manufacture. The trade is chiefly whole¬ sale and with all parts, and is rapidly extending as the fame of the speciality of the house makes its way. A large staff of trained hands is engaged, and the secrets of the manufacture have hitherto been well kept. Both partners are men of the strictest integrity and the whole business is conducted on the most praiseworthy and honourable lines. They must be ranked among those fortunate and prescient individuals who have, at one time or another, laid the foundation of the industrial prosperity of Belfast, men who have done their part well in transforming an obscure fishing village into a great centre of manufacturing and commercial enterprise. The concern dates back forty-five years under their pro¬ prietorship and management, and bids fair to become in a short time one of the most noted concerns in the world. Hugh Macauley & Co., Manufacturers, Bleachers, Dyers, and Finishers, 12^, Linenhall Street, Belfast.—This well- known and enterprising house was founded in 1874 at Ballymena by Mr. Hugh Macauley, its present principal, and removed to Belfast in 1884. The premises occupied comprise a spacious and commodious suite of offices and ware-rooms, containing a complete stock of the various goods for which this firm have become celebrated. These include dyed silesias, printed twills and satins, sleeve linings, pocketings, hollands and buckrams, elastic canvas, paddings, 7-8 and 4-4 bleached linens, pillow linens and sheetings, bleached damask and napkins, loom damask, handkerchiefs, dowlas, towels, bleached diapers, bleached and washed hucks, tickens, &c. All the above fabrics are held in stock and supplied, but Messrs. Hugh Macauley & Co. have won their chief renown in connection with their great speciality, Irish-made linings and silesias. In the production of these fabrics this firm vindi¬ cates its right to be regarded as one of the most progressive and enter¬ prising of Irish manufacturing concerns. Irish silesias have a splendid reputation in both the homo and export markets, and this reputation has, of course, led to them being counterfeited in various ways. Messrs. Hugh Macauley & Co., however, devote special attention to preserving the national good name in this matter, and they place in the markets a class of linings and silesias which are of bona-Jiie Irish make and Irish finish, and which, moreover, are of a high standard of material quality. These fabrics are a genuine Irish product, creditable alike to the makers and to the country ; and in them Messrs. Hugh Macauley & Co. possess one of the most valuable specialities they could possibly place before the trade at the present time. All who feel an interest in the honest develop¬ ment of real Irish industries are rallying round this ably conducted house, whoso one object and purpose is to sustain the good repute of a particularly useful and important class of native textiles. In all the goods they supply Messrs. Macauley keep the same object constantly in view, and as a result of this, and of Mr. Hugh Macauley's personal energy and active management, their business is rapidly increasing in all its connections, and enjoying a degree of substantial success to which it is fully entitled. It is one of the “ coming ” houses of Belfast—and it has already made its mark in business circles throughout Ireland and England. IRELAND. 91 S. Charles & Co., Cabinetmakers, Upholsterers, and Complete Furnishing Warehouse, 42 and 44, Castle Street, and at 34, 36, 38, Gresham Street, Belfast.—Mr. S. Charles, the enterprising and successful proprietor of the above flourishing Company, may fairly con¬ gratulate himself on the very remarkable prosperity •which has attended its career, under his able management, during the last twenty-one years. Originally established at 43, Castle Street, in 1869, the business was removed to the above very commodious and handsome location some few years later on, owing to the remarkable increase which had taken place in the volume of the business. In addition, a large wholesale and retail house has been opened in the new thoroughfare of Gresham Street, which ranks among the very finest establishments in Belfast, and in which a wholesale hardware and ironmongery business is carried on. Commodious stores belonging to the firm are also situated at Chapel Lane, and others at Clark Lane, the whole forming one of the largest, best-found, and most popular concerns imaginable. In the head establishment in Castle Street, as no less in the magnificent branch emporium in Gresham Street, are represented every department of the cabinetmaking and general furnishing trade, the immense stocks of goods embracing articles designed for all classes of customers, from the lowest to the highest; the catering for the wants of the middle and industrial classes being unusually varied and excellent. In a reviewsuch as this, ranging over such an immense industrial field, the rigorous necessities of space forbid us noticing even the main items of the immense list of goods and specialities vended by this firm. Suffice it to say that the mo3t wealthy, equally as the humblest, purchaser, will find in these great show-rooms every style of furnishing and every article of utility, convenience, or ornament, in designs to suit all tastes. Indeed, during the last fow years the business has progressed by leaps and bounds, the demands from customers in all parts of Ireland depleting the very heavy stocks almost as fast as they can he renewed, and keeping Mr. Charles and a large staff of some thirty assistants, aided by several horses and vans, very busily engaged in controlling and directing the distribution of the various goods. Large workshops are located in Castle Street, in the upper part of the premises, but the firm carries large stocks of the goods of English makers, and of very many specialities of foreign origin. In conclusion, the whole management of the concern confers no small distinction on its energetic and spirited proprietor, and the busi¬ ness takes rank among the most prosperous and expansive in the city, where it so well represents the enterprise and keen business instincts for which its citizens have acquired a world-wide and honourable repu¬ tation. The Franklin Street Collar Company, Limited, 2, Great Victoria Street, Belfast.—This important concern was founded in Frank¬ lin Street in the year 1874, and removed thence in 1877 to its present large and handsome premises in Great Victoria Street. This is a very commodious four-storey building of fine appearance and large dimensions, •and with the spacious work-rooms that have been recently added at the rear, the establishment now affords splendid accommodation for the industry engaged in. The several departments for cutting, smoothing, ornamenting, stitching, and laundry work are perfectly equipped, being fitted with the latest type of apparatus, though of course from the technical nature of the trade a large amount of the best work is done by hand. However, wherever machinery is used it is of the very best class’ and it will be readily understood that it plays a very important part in the manufacture when we say that there are fully two hundred machines for stitching, &c., in operation in the factory, all these being driven by steam- power. Upwards of two hundred and fifty hands find regular employ¬ ment on the premises, and there are also about one hundred to one hundred and fifty outside workers. Every condition in this fine establishment is favourable to the execution of first-class work, and the reputation enjoyed by the Company proves that they make excellent use of their superior resources. Ladies’ linen collars and cuffs, boys’ linen collars and cuffs, regatta setts for ladies and children, boys’ regatta collars and cuffs, and the special “Queen” range of ladies’ collars, and the “Admiral” range of boys’ collars, are prominent features in the large output of the Company. Ladies’, children’s, and servants’ aprons, however, may be regarded as an jxtra speciality, and in the designing and making of these the Company have touched perfection. Their “New Eclipse,” “Sweet Violet,” “Medici,” and ‘" Tit Bits ” aprons are wonderfully pretty, combining smartness and neatness of appearance, graceful “ cut,” perfect taste, and genuine usefulness in a very remarkable degree. The gem of all the Company’s aprons, however, is the “Sweet Lavender” apron, which is one of the daintiest and most artistic productions of the kind. rojis^J, 0 f the most popular actresses who have assumed the title-rofe in Mr7jrfnero’s charming comedy, “ Sweet Lavender,” have worn these aprons on the stage, and have expressed them¬ selves as greatly pleased with them. All the Company’s aprons have been immensely successful, and, of course, they havo received the flattery of imitation. It is just as well to say, therefore, that in each case the genuine article bears a facsimile of the Company’s trade-mark, a kite and a key, which is a guarantee of merit which is becoming widely and deservedly recognised by the public. The Company control a very large and con¬ stantly increasing trade, having agents in all parts of the United King¬ dom, and the affairs of the business are most energetically and capably administered by Mr. A. C. Hardie, the manager, who is always to be found at his post, in the offices or about the works in Great Victoria Street. Wo may add that the Company’s telegraphic address is “ Franklin, Belfast.” Coey & Co., Limited, Provision Curers and Packers, Gamble Street, Belfast.—-This business was established in 1835 by Mr. (afterwards Sir) Edward Coey, and in 1872 the concern was registered as a limited liability company under its present title, with an authorised share capital of £100,000, of which £50,000 is paid up. The Company have estab¬ lishments at Keokuk, Iowa, U.S.A., and at Liverpool and London, and they engage very largely in pork curing and packing, and the general transactions of provision merchants and importers. The headquarters of the house in Belfast comprise a large block of buildings, some parts of which rise to a height of four storeys, while others consist of one floor only. This immense establishment is most commodiously arranged and com¬ pletely equipped for the purposes of the trade, and has a frontage of two hundred and twenty feet, with a rearward extension of two hundred and forty feet. The ground floor is used for curing and storing, with the exception of the front part, which is occupied by the handsome general offices. The other floors contain the rolling, paring, and packing depart¬ ments, and the general stores, in which very large stocks are always held. Every facility exists for the promotion of an unusually extensive business, and as a rule upwards of one hundred hands are employed. Numerous horses and vans are also engaged in the work of delivery and general carriage. From their curing and packing establishment at Keokuk, Iowa, the Company import large supplies of provisions, and everything sold by them in the shape of cured goods is the product of their own factories. The leading specialities of the house consist in hams, rolled bacon, and pure Irish lard, for which an eminent reputation has long been main¬ tained, and in these and other lines of provisions the Company control an enormous and constantly increasing wholesale and export trade. Through their Liverpool and London houses they maintain close relations with all the markets of Great Britain, and the general connections of the concern are influentially developed throughout the United Kingdom. Messrs. Coey & Co., Limited, stand among the leaders of the provision trade in Ireland, and their entire business bears witness in all its features to the administrative and executive ability that govern its operations. The managing director of the Company is Mr. J. R. Burnett, a gentleman widely known in the important trade in which this house is such a note¬ worthy and conspicuous factor. J. T. Reade, Linen, Yarn, and Flax Merchant, and Insurance Agent, 3, Donegall Square West, Belfast.—This substantial business was established in 1879 by the present proprietor in the premises now occupied, which comprise offices, situate on the first floor, together with sale and sample rooms and warehouse on the same floor, and on the one above. The office is connected by telephone (No. 341) with all parts of the city, as also with various districts in the country. Mr. Reade has always on hand a well-assorted stock of yarns, flax, &c., chiefly imported from the Continent, he being the sole agent for that very large company, La Societe Anonyme de la Lys, Ghent, Belgium, for linen yarns ; and for flax representing Messrs. Corneille David, Antwerp ; Messrs. E. & S. & C. St. Martin & Co., Rotter¬ dam ; Messrs. H. D. Schmidt & Co., Pskow, Russia, besides having other important Russian connections. The goods of these firms are well and favourably known in Belfast and the district. Mr. Reade has a very extensive connection amongst the leading linen manufacturers and flax spinners, with whom he does a large and increasing business. He also carries on a business in cotton yams, representing the Moorhey Mill Company, Oldham, and the Hanover Mill Company, Manchester. Mr. Reade has been, since its formation, the district manager of the Employers’ Liability Assurance Corporation, Limited, which, besides Employers’ Liability Assurance, also undertakes Fidelity Guarantees and General Accident business. He is the local secretary for the Mortgage Insurance Corporation, Limited, a company in which in addition to Mortgages, Investments can be insured; Agent for Ireland for the Transatlantic Marine Insurance Company of Berlin, and Agent for the Commercial Union Fire, Life, and Marine Assurance Company, Limited. The above are Companies of high standing and well-assured position, and by their liberal rates of insurance and prompt settlement of all just claims have secured a very largo amount of public confidence in Belfast and the district. Mr. Reade occupies a prominent and influential position in business and social circles in Belfast, and is well known as a courteous and enterprising gentleman, with whom it is satisfactory to have business transactions. Callen, Allen & Co., General Merchants and Carriers, 13 and 15, Corporation Street, Belfast.—The above firm was established in the year 1875 by Mr. Herbert Cullen, Mr. David Allen, jun., and Mr. S. B. Stevenson, the latter of whom is now sole proprietor. The firm carry on business as carriers and general merchants, exporters of oats, barley, potatoes, hay, straw, &c., and importers of bran and feeding stuffs generally. They deal largely also in artificial manures. Then- premises occupy four floors, the ground floor being used as offices alone, and all the upper floors as grain warehouses. The stables and stores are at Turnley Street and Ship Street, and are very extensive. In all, the firm gives employment to about one hundred hands, besides keeping a staff of clerks in the office. Messrs. Cullen, Allen & Co. do a large trade, both local and throughout Ireland^as well as abroad, and their connection is very sound and extensive. 92 INDUSTRIES OF Benson’s Patent Hemstitching Machine Company, Limited, 48 and 50, Fountain Street, Belfast.—The subject of our present sketch is unquestionably one of the most notable concerns associated with the manufacture of hemstitched handkerchiefs in Ireland, since its estab¬ lishment has resulted in a complete revolution and reformation in the methods and operations of that eminently important industry. Indeed, the whole hemstitching trade in its present form may be said to have sprung up during the last ten or eleven years, and to have had its real birth as a field for the employment of a great number of worden and girls coevally with the introduction of Benson’s Patent Hemstitching Machine. This remarkable apparatus was patented by its inventor, Mr. George Benson, in 1879, and at once achieved a distinct success, and created an extraordinary sensation in the handkerchief trade. The machine soon came into such great demand that Mr. Benson saw the possibility of establishing the manufacture of the apparatus upon a large and in¬ creasingly prosperous scale. He accordingly disposed of his patent to a limited liability company, which was formed under the title which heads our sketch. Of this company Mr. Benson has retained the managing directorship, which office he now holds, and under the advantageous conditions secured by the share capital of the company, the business of producing these hemstitching machines has attained immense proportions. The company took a lease of new and very handsome premises, erected in 1888, in Fountain Street, and here the industry is most vigorously and successfully carried on, every convenience and facility existing for the satisfactory conduct and further development of its operations. A dozen years ago hemstitched handkerchiefs were hardly anything less than a luxury. They were well enough known, but they came only into the hands of the wealthy, the work of hemstitching being done entirely by hand and confined to the very best and finest goods exclusively. Then, it is stated, a Lurgan mechanic conceived the idea of doing this work by machinery. He succeeded, in conjunction with his employer, in devising a machine capable of executing the hemstitch, and this apparatus was jealously guarded and monopolised by his firm. After a time the secret leaked out, and one or tsvo other firms became possessed of machines very like the original, or else copied from it. Nevertheless, the hemstitching industry did not make much progress, for the work was not very good, and the machine was generally clumsy and inefficient. At this point Mr. George Benson came upon the scene. He acquired a number of the machines referred to, and after thoroughly enquiring into and searching out their defects, he set himself the task of producing an improved machine which should answer all requirements. After the expenditure of considerable money, time, and trouble, he succeeded, and the new and perfected hemstitching machine was brought out and placed in the open market. The result must have far surpassed even Mr. Benson’s most sanguine expectations, for it was nothing less than the reorganisation of the old hemstitching trade and the creation of the new order of things, under which this beautiful class of handkerchief has been popularised throughout the world and brought within the reach of the great majority of the population. Moreover, the Benson Hemstitching Machine has created a new sphere of employment for women by increasing this branch of the handkerchief industry to its present immense proportions. It is computed that there are now from eight thousand to ten thousand of these valuable machines at work, and as each machine gives employment, on an average, to three hands, we may estimate the number of women thus engaged at between twenty and thirty thousand. As a consequence of the great increase in the demand for hemstitched handkerchiefs, the bleaching, printing, box-making, and other processes associated with the industry have been largely developed ; and thus Mr. Benson’s machine has done an immense service to the operative population. Machine hem¬ stitching has now been brought to such a state of perfection that the work done rivals, and sometimes even surpasses, that executed by hand. The operatives earn a fair average wage, and the work of attending to these machines is clean and pleasant, while the hours are short, and the factories generally cheerful, well-lighted, and healthy. Thus has hem¬ stitching been raised to the rank of a national manufacture, and in its varied processes of cutting, thread-drawing, folding, hemstitching, top¬ sewing, hand-washing, drying, smoothing, box-folding, pressing, orna¬ menting, and boxing, it forms a singularly interesting and complex industry, and provides a permanent means of livelihood for thousands of workpeople, who are almost entirely females. Benson’s Patent Hem¬ stitching Machine is distinguished by a unique degree of excellence in workmanship, material, and practical efficiency, and is undergoing a process of continuous improvement which promises to culminate at the very highest standard of perfection. The company claim to be the largest makers of these machines in existence, and they produce their great speciality in five styles or patterns :—“ No. 1 ” for hemstitching handkerchiefs, light linen, silk, and similar fabrics ; “ No. 2 ” for sheets, towels, damasks, and si mil ar heavy work, and also for fringing towels and D’Oyleys ; “No. 3” for the “revere,” “feather,” “herringbone,” and other fancy stitches ; “ No. 4 ” for top-sewing or over-seaming hand¬ kerchiefs, garments, &c. ; and “ No. 5 ” for button-holing collars, cuffs, shirts, &c. Of these Nos. 3 and 5 are mainly fitted for use by shirt and collar manufacturers and underclothing makers ; the * 6 herringbone” and “ feather stitch being in demand for ornamenting flannel shirts, tennis suits, children’s flannels, &c., &c. ; and the button-hole machine commending itself to collar and cuff makers for its simplicity, low price, but specially for the excellent quality of its work, which is equal to that done by hand, and as durable as the fabric worked on. In addition to these special machines the company is now engaged on a patent edging or blanket stitch machine of very novel construction. This machine makes a variety of ornamental stitches on the edge of fabrics, and is suitable for edging blankets, flannels, handkerchiefs, linens, D’Oyleys, hat-linings, mantles, dresses, underclothing, hosiery, in fact, it can be used for all kinds of textiles; while by using double threads a variety of stitches for the backs of gloves, and for the bodies of other fabrics, is produced, un¬ like anything at present in the market. This machine is now practically complete, and will be offered to the public in the course of a month or two. Each machine is thoroughly tested and driven by steam power before leaving the factory, and the company possess a host of testimonials affirming the satisfaction the machines have given to those who have used them in all parts of the world. An immense and constantly increasing trade is done, and the entire business is personally supervised by Mr. George Benson, to whose energy and skill so much of its great success is due. Mr. Benson is also proprietor of the Belfast Handkerchief Works, in Fountain Street, which are devote entirely to hemstitching for the trade. These commodious /J, „ably-appointed works are fully equipped with the various type&«S||Ljjenson ” machines above referred to, and their perfect facilities er .e/them to receive the cloth from the original weaver, cut it, makexit up into handkerchiefs, and deliver it complete in any of the numerous prevailing styles that may be required by the customer, plain hemmed, broad hemmed, fancy stitched, printed, embroidered, or otherwise. We recognise in these works a great factor in the preservation of Belfast’s influence in the handkerchief industry, and the success that increasingly attends their operations is an incontest¬ able proof of their convenience and benefit to the many wholesale houses engaged in this very important trade. Here again Mr. Benson’s capable business management is manifested, and those who have commercial intercourse with him can speak for his personal courtesy and the straight¬ forward methods that characterise all his dealings with the trade. IRELAND. 93 Royal Hotel, Donegall Place, Belfast. Miss Doyle, Proprietress.—This select establishment is advantageously situated in Donegall Place, and may well claim to he, in many respects, the choicest and most excellent hotel in the city. It was opened seventy years ago by Charles Kerns, having been, for fifty years previously, the town residence of the Marquis of Donegall, passed into the hands of Mr. Bowen for twenty years, with Miss Doyle as manageress, and finally came under her proprietorship in 18S3. Associated with Belfast before the dawn of its more modern prosperity, it has many associations v i.h that life of the city which has long passed into history. Here, in one of the rooms on the second floor (No. 16), the late Marquis of Donegall was born. The more famous Daniel O’Connell stayed here on the occasion of his historic visit to Belfast, and from this place he is represented, in a picture now belonging to the house, as departing by a post chaise, early in the morniDg, to escape the fury of the populace. H.R.II. the Duke of Clarence, at one time commander of the Irish troops, also made it his residence, and on this account it bears the Royal Arms and its present designation. It has also received under its roof as guests, H.R. H. the Duke of Connaught, Jenny Lind (or as she was callei', the Swedish Nightingale), Mr. and Mrs. Charles Kean, Charles Dickens, Thackerayq John Bright, Cobden, Lord John Russell, and numerous other individuals of world-wide celebrity, political, artistic, and literary. It still preserves its ancient reputation as a high-class establishment, catering for the nobility and gentry who patronise it, and distinguished from other establishments which seek their customers amongst the commercial classes. In fact, no commercial accommodation is afforded here, and we miss the familiar life of the commercial room, “ conspicuous by its absence.” The architecture of the front is in keeping with the ideas of chasteness and beauty popular here a century ago, and the entrance is adorned on either side by two fine lamps, supported on artistic cast-iron standards, which com¬ plete the general effect. The coffee-room on the ground floor is remark¬ ably handsome and striking, and the bar and smoking room are in fine taste, and well calculated to enhance the enjoyment of the divine weed, or the exhilaration to be derived from the fine wines, liquors, malts, or waters provided by’ the establishment. The menu, cuisine, and accom¬ modation are unexceptionable, even by the most critical, and the pleasure of staying in an establishment such as this, where there is no commercial tariff, and where everything is of the best, is a treat to the weary traveller who has made the round of the mixed hotels of Great Britain or the Continent. The handsomely appointed dining-room is sixty feet long and can be divided into smaller rooms by means of folding-doors. There are forty bedrooms, and a trained staff of twenty servants ; and on the whole it is difficult to recall any establishment to mind so rich in local associations, so excellently organised, and so grateful to the voyager as this historic aad high-class house, which has looked on the changing aspects of the life of the city for the greater part of this century’, and which has kept the whiteness of its reputation unsullied amidst the new¬ fangled ideas of our more modern existence. J. Young & Co., Ship Store Merchants, Princes Dock, Belfast. Telegraphic Address : “Stores, Belfast.”—This well-known and thoroughly representative house was founded in 1872 by’ the present prin¬ cipal, Mr. J. Young, and commenced operations in Corporation Street, but in 1880 they built and removed to their present fine premises, which are specially adapted to the requirements of the trade engaged in. This establishment contains three spacious floors, each one hundred feet long by forty’-five feet wide, and all of these are devoted to warehouse pur¬ poses. The accommodation is- of the most convenient character, and immense stocks are kept in all kinds of stores and supplies for ships. Every requisite for completely fitting out a vessel for a voyage of any length or to any part of the world may be obtained, and the firm supply stores to ships and steamers in practically every port in the United King¬ dom. They hold contracts for supplying most of the vessels belonging to local shipowners at Belfast, and maintain a very widespread connection in the general operations of their trade. Beef, pork, and ships’ biscuits are largely imported, especially’ from Liverpool; and butter from Cork and Denmark, tea and coffee from London, tobacco from Liverpool, and tinned goods and other classes of proyiupns from various noted sources are being constantly’ drafted into the waj4han.se at Princes Dock. In Sh-re Street, opposite the warehouse, MessiWjjttng have bonding accommo¬ dation, where they hold in bond larg^qmRftities of all dutiable articles, such as tobacco, wines and spirits, tea, coffee, dried fruits, &c. In one part of the warehouse itself there is a specially equipped department for roasting and grinding coffee. Messrs. J. Young & Co. have the largest ship store business in Ireland, and have always maintained an eminent reputation for the sound quality and reliability of their goods. They are agents for the well-known firm of Messrs. D. Corsar & Sons, canvas manufacturers, of Arbroath. Mr. Young personally directs the entire business, and is well known and much esteemed in shipping circles. Ho. is himself a shipowner, having a considerable interest in a number of vessels belonging to this port. D. Anderson & Son, Limited, Tarred and Hair Felt Manufacturers, Lagan Felt Works, Belfast.—The manufacture of tarred and hair felt has been developed upon a scale of remarkable mag¬ nitude by’ Messrs. D. Anderson & Son, Limited, of London, Glasgow, and Belfast. This well-known and thoroughly’representative firm originated upwards of forty-six years ago in Belfast, and has had its extensive esta¬ blishment at 812, Old Ford Road, Bow, London, for the past thirty’ y’ears. The London house is the commercial headquarters of the con¬ cern, but the largest and principal factory is that at Belfast. Messrs. D. Anderson & Son have other works and branches at Glasgow, Liverpool, Dublin, and New York, and their agencies are to be found in the chief towns of almost every country in the world. The firm’s works at Old Ford Road, London, are said to be the place where felt was first produced in England. The business formerly carried on there became merged eventually in that of Messrs. Anderson, whose operations are now of im¬ mense magnitude in the production of tarred and hair felt, and a great range of specialities in roofing and non-conducting materials, all of which enjoy a widespread fame. Among the principal manufactures of the house we note felts specially prepared for roofing and ship-sheathing, the firm maintaining a very influential connection with leading shipbuilders. Another notable product is silicate cotton or slag wool, a veritable deside¬ ratum to builders and architects. This is a pure mineral fibre of perfectly incombustible character, derived from iron slag, and rendered applicable to a great variety of purposes, chief among which are covering steam- boilers, &e.., covering hot and cold water pipes and steam-pipes, lining refrigerators, plugging floors and lining brewery cellars, wine-rooms, or walls in buildings, lining bulkheads and packing underneath ships’ decks, and generally for the prevention of radiation of heat, the avoidance of freezing, the deadening of sound, and arresting the spread of fire. It is most economical as well as singularly’ efficacious in all these connections, and its vermin-proof, fire-proof, sound-proof, and frost-proof qualities are undeniable recommendations. Its success has been very great thus far, and its future prospects are brilliant indeed. Other important speci¬ alities with which Messrs. Anderson have creditably’identified their name include patent asphalte roofing felt, felt varnish for coating purposes, foundation felt or damp course to prevent damp rising from foundations, non-conducting dry hair-felt, inodorous felt, and various other materials of a like nature. These goods are of first quality and assured reliability’, and their merits are attested by constantly increasing sales at home and abroad. Messrs. Anderson have developed a notable speciality, also, in lattice girder felted roofs, and they have supplied these and other roofing materials for a great number of sheds at the noted shipbuilding yards of Messrs. William Denny & Brothers, on the Clyde, and Messrs. Harland & Wolff, Queen’s Island, Belfast, and Messrs. Laird Brothers, Birken¬ head. The trade in indiarubber goods for mechanical purposes has like¬ wise been successfully taken up by the firm. Lagan Felt Works, Belfast, cover upwards of five acres of ground, and give employ’ment to a very large force of hands. The several departments are most completely equipped for their various purposes, and the whole establishment receives the personal supervision of the resident managing director, Mr. Gregg, who is assisted by a capable executive staff. The entire business is con¬ ducted upon a limited liability basis with conspicuous skill and judgment, and it certainly stands among the most notable developments of industrial enterprise in the Belfast district. Thomas Handforth, Yeast Importer, 8, Tomb Street Belfast.—A comparatively new and important business in Belfast is tha of Mr. Thomas Handforth, Yeast Importer, Tomb Street. Bom ana educated in Manchester, Mr. Handforth was from early’ years connected with the baking trade, his father having a large baking business in that important English city. Mr. Handforth took a new departure in busi¬ ness, and knowing that in Ireland all throughout the baking trade the old system of using barm was still being continued, and knowing the advantages of using yeast, made up his mind to introduce the new system into Ireland, with the result that the old system of making bread is fast dying out, and the new method is being universally adopted, to the mutual advantage of both the manufacturer and the consumer. Mr. Handforth had at first great difficulty' in rooting out the prejudice of a new introduction, but one after one the bakeries have seen it to their advantage to adopt Mr. Handforth’s ideas in the manufacture of the staff of life. Mr. Handforth gets daily supplies of British, Dutch, and French yeast, which he sends all over the four provinces of Ireland, in fact, he is agent for the best br aids of yeast, including the double star brand of pure Delft yeast, the balloon yeast of the Distilleries Company, Limited, Glasgow ; and the celebrated yeast of Henri Helbing, of Hamburg; also the no less noted “En Avant,” French brand. Mr. Handforth gets those y’easts direct from the manufacturers, and he is in the best position to supply all consumers with ihe best brands at the lowest possible prices. Although only some six or seven years have elapsed since Mr. Handforth settled in their midst, the good people of Belfast have learned to appreciate his efforts in renovating the baking industry, and the city is all the bettor for its citizen from Manchester. G 94 INDUSTRIES OF Fenton, Connor & Co., Linen Manufacturers and Bleachers, White Linenhall, Belfast.—The old and distinguished house of Messrs. Fenton, Connor & Co., of the White Linenhall and Hyde Park Bleach Works, is one of the most eminent and important concerns engaged in the linen trade in Ireland, and calls for prominent mention in any review of Belfast’s representative commercial institutions. This firm originated over a century ago at Leeds, under the style of Fenton & Newton. Afterwards Mr. Benjamin and Mr. Michael Thomas Sadler, of Leeds, were for a long period connected with the business under the style of Fenton, Sadler & Sadler, and Sadler, Fenton & Co. Mr. M. T. Sadler, the well-known member of Parliament, died in 1836, and Mr. B. Sadler, who was Mayor of Leeds, retired from the firm about 1840, and having started a branch at Belfast, it became one of the pioneers of pro¬ gress in the Ulster linen industry. In 1833 the Belfast establishment became the headquarters of the firm, whose trade had largely centred here for a good many years, and the principals of the house attained great personal prominence in this city at quite an early date, Mr. S. G. Fenton becoming Mayor of the town eventually in 1852. A year previous to this the title of the firm had been changed to Fenton, Son & Co., and subsequently, on the occasion of Mr. Charles C. Connor becoming a partner, it was again altered, assuming its present form of Fenton, Connor & Co. Reverting for a moment to the earlier career of the house in Ireland, we find that it was in 1838 that the Messrs. Fenton started their first bleach-green here, securing a property for that purpose at Keady, county Antrim. Later on they acquired a larger green at Spring- field, near Belfast, but even this soon proved inadequate, owing to the very rapid increase of the business; and in 1850 the bleaching industry was transferred to its present headquarters, the Hyde Park Bleach Works, near Belfast. These works have been greatly improved from time to tune in general working resources; and, as they have always been among the very largest of their kind in the kingdom, so they are now among the most complete in all details of organisation and equipment. The most perfect bleaching machinery of modern type is here in use, affording ample facilities for meeting the requirements of an enormous trade, and the very highest industrial results are obtained by the methods and appliances employed. Messrs. Fenton, Connor & Co. have long enjoyed a distinguished reputation in the great trade with which they are so intimately associated. Indeed, it is not too much to say that the name of this firm is a household word in the home and export markets, as far as the production and supply of high-class family linens and linen shirtings are concerned. These fabrics are the specialities of the house, and are produced not only in great variety of style and texture, but also in a quality unsurpassed for fineness and durability. All kinds of damask, towels, diapers, handkerchiefs of every description known to the linen and cambric trade, ducks, hollands, and many other flax-woven textiles are also largely manufactured. In some of these lines Messrs. Fenton, Connor & Co. hold the foremost place among their contem¬ poraries; in all, they are justly and widely famous for the sustained excellence and reliability of their goods. Wherever they have exhibited their wares they have won highest honours, and the many medals in their possession are symbols of eminent triumph at such notable exhibi¬ tions as those of London, 1851 and 1862; Dublin, 1841; Vienna, 1873; Philadelphia, 1876 ; and Paris (gold medal), 1867. Upwards of fifteen hundred hands find permanent employment in the spinning and weavin'* factories and bleach works of this great firm; and the trade relations of the house are maintained with all parts of the world. Every civilised land affords a ready and constant market for the standard manufactures of Messrs. Fenton, Connor & Co., and the international influence and connections of the firm are indicated in the wide area covered by their branches and agencies. These include branch warehouses at 4, Falcon Street, London, E.C.; 9 a, Mosley Street, Manchester; 6, Josefstrasse, Berlin; 111 and 113, Franklin Street, New York; 139 and 141, Gravier Street, New Orleans; 80, Clarence Street, Sydney, N.S.W. ; and 9, Flinders Lane West, Melbourne ; together with agencies in Paris, Oporto^ Lisbon, Barcelona, Bilboa, Malaga, Seville, Hamburg, Stockholm, Christiania, St. Petersburg, Moscow, Riga, Warsaw, Turin, Milan’ Rome, Genoa, Naples, Florence, Copenhagen, and practically every other important commercial centre in the world. Messrs. Fenton, Connor & Co.’s chief warehouse, at the White Linenhall, Belfast, is a most interesting place, and a visit to it combines instruction with genuine pleasure. The spacious and beautifully appointed show-roomR exhibit an apparently endless variety of the superior linen and damask textiles for which this house is so universally known ; and the visitors’ book contains many autographs of distinguished personages who have made the tour of the establishment. Her Majesty the Queen accompanied by the late Prince Consort honoured this warehouse with a visit, and the Prince Consort formed his conception of holding the Great Exhibition of 1851 after viewing the choice array of goods here presented to his notice ; and m one of the offices the privileged visitor may still see a gold plate bearing this significant inscription: “ Her Majesty Queen Victoria and Prince Albert received two addresses in this office on the memor¬ able occasion of their vkit to Belfast, Saturday, August 11, 1849.” The late Mr. Samuel Greame Fenton, father of the present senior partner of the firm, was, as we have stated, Mayor of Belfast in 1852. Mr. Samuel Greame Fenton, the present senior partner of the firm, dates his connection with the proprietary since 1851. He is a magistrate, and was for many years a Harbour Commissioner for Belfast. He is also the senior partner in the yarn commission business of Samuel G. Fenton & Co., and of the Ligoniel Spinning Company. Mr. Fenton enjoys the esteem and respect of the entire commercial community of the city, and shares personally in the honourable reputation that attaches to his eminent house. Mr. Charles C. Connor, the managing partner, joined the firm in 1874, and has become widely known as the inventor and patentee of a number of valuable improvements in manufacturing and bleaching processes, which are now very extensively used in the trade. In all matters relating to the linen industry he is regarded as a high authority. Mr. Connor occupies the mayoral chair of Belfast this year for the second time, and was last year president of the Belfast Chamber of Commerce. He is a member of the Harbour Board of the city; and in addition to his active association with the house of Messrs. Fenton, Connor & Co., he is largely interested in numerous other industrial and commercial under¬ takings, including the New Northern Spinning and Weaving Company, Limited, the Edenderry Spinning Company, Limited, the Old Park Print Works Company, Limited, and the Irish Shipowners’ Company, Limited. He is a member of the board of directors in connection with, each of the above concerns, and is, furthermore, proprietor of the old and extensive businesses of Messrs. Foster, Connor & Son, and Connor & Co., Linen and Linen Drill Manufacturers, and of the Spamount Spin¬ ning Company, Twine Manufacturers, of Castlederry, county Tyrone. Nicholl’s Medical Hall, 25, High Street, Belfast.—The above establishment was opened in 1881 by the present proprietor, Mr. Isaac Waugh Nicholl, and at once took a leading position in the city, which has been well maintained by an unremitting attention to the wants and requirements of an extensive patronage. The premises which are so well and widely known as “Nicholl’s Medical Hall ” comprise a large and imposing building of five storeys, the whole of which is occupied by Mr. Nicholl. On the ground floor is a spacious and handsome shop, with a fine plate-glass frontage. The interior is fitted up in a very superior style. The fixtures are at once elegant and substantial, and the appoint¬ ments and decorations are elaborate, yet in good taste. The premises also contain the dispensing and compounding department, consulting, room, storage accommodation in the rooms above, and all the accessories of a large and thoroughly organised establishment. The various depart¬ ments are replete with a comprehensive stock of drugs and chemicals of well-attested purity; all the best-known patent and homoeopathic medi¬ cines and proprietary articles ; a choice selection of perfumes, fancy soaps, sponges, brushes and toilet requisites of every description, invalids’ specialities, surgical appliances, sanitary preparations, and hospital and sick-room requirements, &c. The whole of the stock is of exceptional quality, the goods are selected from the best sources with great care and sound judgment; they are of guaranteed purity, and sold at the lowest wholesale prices. Mr. Nicholl has achieved a widespread and well- merited reputation for a number of special preparations, prominent among which may be mentioned “Nicholl’s Pure Skin Soap,” the most soothing and refreshing balm for the skin. “Nicholl’s Asthma Cure,”' prepared from the Yerba Ruema, gives instant relief, and is the only remedy worthy of the name for this distressing complaint; sold in tins at Is. 6d. each. Other specialities are “ Nicholl’s Corn Cure ;” “ Nicholl’s Toothache Elixir”—this new and wonderfully-successful remedy placed in the ear gives instant, and in most cases permanent, relief; “ Nicholl’s Hair Restorer,” which is not a dye, but will without fail restore grey or faded hair to its original colour and luxuriance; “Nicholl’s Blood Purifier,” an unfailing specific for all disorders arising from poor, defi¬ cient or impure hlood, all skin eruptions or secondary symptoms ; Nicholl’g. “ Hop Tonic,” a safe, sure, and speedy cure for all stomach, liver, and kidney disorders; Nicholl’s “Marshmallow Linctus,” undoubtedly the best of all remedies for coughs, colds, bronchitis, &c. The increasing popularity of these and other specialities is well attested by the enor¬ mous sales, and the continued demand upon the resources of the estab¬ lishment for their production. They are stocked by the principal whole¬ sale houses and can be had from any respectable chemist in the country. Special attention is devoted to .the "dispensing department, and in this respect the business is one of jtjio largest in Ireland, about one hundred prescriptions from the leading'physicians and surgeons in the city bein'* daily compounded. Homoepathic and foreign prescriptions are also faithfully dispensed. The trade is of a widespread, influential, and steadily-growing character, Mr. Nicholl having clients in all parts of Ireland. A very brisk business is done in every department, and duly qualified assistants are busily employed. Mr. Nicholl is a gentleman well known and highly respected in Belfast. He is a talented musician and able executant, and has been for over twenty years the organist of the parish church. He is also well known as a brilliant exponent of the art of organ playing by his frequent performances on the grand organ in the Ulster Hall. IRELAND. 95 Combe, Barbour & Combe, Limited, Falls Foundry, Belfast.—No review of the great industries of modern Belfast would be complete, even within a very limited scope, without some mention of the operations of the celebrated Falls Foundry, which is not only one of the most prominent and representative engineering institutions in the North of Ireland but, indeed, is to be classed among the most extensive and impor¬ tant of such concerns in the entire United Kingdom. The proprietors of this foundry, Messrs. Combe, Barbour & Combe, Limited, carry on a busi¬ ness which is both old established and of extraordinary magnitude, and wo can trace the history of their enterprise from the year 1845, when Mr. .Tames Combe commenced operations as a founder and engineer in pre¬ mises which occupied only a small portion of the site upon which the Falls Foundry now stands. Bat under tho energetic and persevering management of its originator the business developed not only continuously but very rapidly, and soon assumed large proportions. After fifteen years Mr. Combe took into partnership his brother-in-law, Mr. James Bar¬ bour, member of the Barbour family of linen-thread renown. Mr. Bar¬ bour proved to be possessed of qualities which operated advantageously to the house. The growth of the business from this time was very remarkable, and has so continued, every year manifesting some great increase in the prosperity of the concern and the volume of its under¬ takings. Mr. James Combe died in 1S75, leaving the business in the hands of Mr. Barbour, who then took into partnership Mr. Abram Combe, the late founder’s son. These gentlemen continued to direct and further develop the business until its recent formation into a private limited liability company, under tho title of “Combe, Barbour & Combe, Limited.” On the formation of the Company, Mr. R. Ardill, nephew of Mr. Barbour, became co-director with Messrs. Barbour and Combe, and shares with them the duties and active administration of the business. The Falls Foundry is an industrial establishment of magnificent dimen¬ sions and ox-ganisation, and very scant justice indeed can be done to it, in a descriptive sense, within the narrow limits of such an article as this. Indeed, the limited space at our disposal here precludes our entry into anything like a detailed purvey of the place. It .is only possible to state very briefly a few particularly striking facts relating to its size and equipment. The premises cover five acres of ground, possessing fioorage space to the extent of over two hundred thousand square feet, and they have a total frontage of fully two thousand feet, extending along North Howard Street and Third Street. The whole of this vast area is intersected by tram-lines, forming a perfect network of traffic facilities, while every conceivable appliance exists for the handling of heavy weights and the moving of the same from place to place and from floor to floor. The buildings are of substantial construction and most convenient arrangement, and they contain a plant of machinery which represents the intelligent investment of an immense amount of capital, and which attains in every feature the highest standard of practical efficiency and completeness. Motive power is supplied by a grand concourse of engines and boilers, and is transmitted to the machinery by ropes and grooved pulleys in all cases. Messrs. Combe, Barbour & Combe, Limited, are famous as being the first manufacturers of grooved pulleys for rope driving, which were invented by the late Mr. James Combe, and as a matter of historic interest, now that rope driving has extended all over the world, it may be mentioned that the first grooved pulleys ever used for main driving are still working in this place. In the construction of their pulleys, and the arrangement of “ drives ” in their works, and in the many establishments to which they have applied rope driving, they have long ago anticipated many so-called “novelties ” of recent advent. Falls Foundry is lighted by one of the very earliest installations of the electric light introduced into Ireland. In the engineering and mechanical departments of the establishment, the multiplicity of the appliances and working resources is almost inconceivable, and is quite bewildering to the uninitiated visitor. Here there are no fewer than nine hundred or more machine tools and apparatus in use, including a perfect host of lathes, drills, planes, slotting machines, moulding machines, shaping and grinding machines, and a wondrous array of special tools, many of them possessing a unique individuality, and illustrating the creative talent of the members of the firm, who have never waited for the productions of those persons whose special busi¬ ness it is to “invent things,” but who have always plunged at once in mediae res, and evolved something fully calculated to meet their own particular requirements. One can see more genuine originality of idea and contrivance in an hour’s inspection of the plant at Falls Foundry than could probably be met with even in a mechanical exhibition ; for this plant really represents the complete satisfaction of a set of requirements which, from the nature of the industry here carried on, is almost infinite. Not only are all branches of ironfounding, brass founding and finishing, smith work, and mechanical engineering amply provided for, but there is also a perfectly-equipped woodworking (department in which the Com¬ pany produce the wooden parts of the machines they construct, and where, also, they have complete facilities for making packing-cases for tho shipment of their goods. The Falls Foundry is so well known as one of the great and typical industrial institutions of Belfast that it is almost superfluous to speak at any length concerning the character of its productions. Our brief review, however, must be as complete as possible within its own narrow compass, and for this reason we may be excused fox- reminding our readers of some of the leading branches of manufacture exemplified by Messrs. Combe, Barbour & Combe, Limited. First and foremost comes the making of all kinds of machinery for Ireland's great textile industry, the manufacture of linen; and it is difficult indeed to estimate the value of the immense services rendered to this industry by the proprietors of the Falls Foundry. Invention after invention, improve¬ ment after improvement, have emanated in a long and continuous succes¬ sion from this great establishment; and the results achieved and the perfection attained by the firm in the production of every description of machinery and apparatus for the preparing and spinning of flax and its kindred fibres, hemp, jute, &c., and for the carrying out of every process connected with and allied to this wonderful industry in all its developments, have made for Messrs. Combe, Barbour & Combe, Limited, a renown and position in which it is hardly too much to say they stand unrivalled. In the early stages of the application of machinery to the preparing and spinning of manila, sisal, and kindred fibres for rope yarns, they applied their experience gained in the prepar¬ ing and spinning of other fibres to the production of machinery for pre¬ paring and spinning the coirser materials, and their machinery for rope and cordage yarns occupies the highest position in that branch. To this they added the manufacture of all the twisting and laying machinery required in the production of twines, cords, and ropes. A great many of the largest and most notable flax, hemp, and jute works in the United Kingdom and abroad, as well as rope and twine works, have been entirely fitted up with the machinery of Messrs. Combe, Barbour & Combe, Limited, and all such mills and works are well known to stand as models of complete and perfect equipment. The firm do not by any means rest upon the laurels they have won in this great department of their industry. “Excelsior” is their watchword, and their past and present achievements seem only to be incentives to the attempting of still greater things for future accomplishment. But it is difficult to see how they can in any way enhance the splendid reputation they have already gained, or increase the feeling of widespread favour and confidence in which their manufactures are held at the present day. We should add that Messrs. Combe, Barbour & Combe, Limited, have developed a large number of specialities in rope and twine-making machinery, especially in apparatus for producing the twine used in the American reaper and binder; and they are also noted for their productions in specially- stretched leather belting, and in spindles of every kind, machine brushes, files, flyers, and many other varied products of the foundry and the machine-shop. Fall’s Foundry gives permanent employment to no fewer than fifteen hundred highly-skilled workmen and mechanics, which is truly a magnificent contribution from one firm towards the main¬ tenance of the large industrial population of Belfast. Commercially considered, Messrs. Combe, Barbour & Combe’s business is one of world-wide ramification and influence, and they have representatives in all parts of the United Kingdom, the Continent, and America,, whose exertions are instrumental in continuously extending and improving their almost universal connection. The three directors of the firm, Mr. James Barbour, Mr. Abram Combe, and Mr. R. Ardill, all take an active personal part in the direction of this vast business, and their administra¬ tion is conspicuously marked by all those characteristics of energy, enter¬ prise and sound practical ability which have at all times so powerfully influenced the prosperity of the concern. Dixon & Campbell, Builders and Contractors, 12, Clifton Street, Belfast.—This well-known and highly-reputed firm was established in 1870 by Mr. T. S. Dixon and Mr. W. G. Campbell, under the style of Dixon & Co. On the death of the senior partner, Mr. T. S. Dixon, in 1889, the title of the firm was changed to its present form. A very large business as contractors and general builders is carried on, the head quarters of the establishment being in extensive premises at Clifton Street, and the various working departments are equipped with modem machinery of the best class. These buildings, however, have proved too small for the ever-increasing business of the firm, and a cen¬ tral and extensive site has been secured for new works on the Hagan Bank, near the new Albert Bridge, which Messrs. Dixon & Campbell purpose fitting up with the newest types of saw-mill and builders’ ma¬ chinery. This firm are very large direct importers of stone and other building materials, and have lately taken over large quarries at Carrow- reagh (sandstone) and Dundonald (whinstone). The square setts, crossing blooks, &c., turned out from the latter are equal to those supplied by the best Welsh quarries. Messrs. Dixon & Campbell are also largo brickmakers, having very extensive works at Auuadale, Belfast, also at Skegoniel and at Bangor, county Down. The bricks produced at the former are both plain and ornamental, and are used in the principal buildings of the city and district. As builders they make a special feature of the erection of churches, in which department they have carried out many large and important works. Among tho contract* at present in hand, or recently completed, are the following, viz. :— Large grain and spirit stores for the Irish Distillery Company, Limited; offices and sheds for the Belfast Ropework Company (the lax-gest concern of the kind in the world) ; large warehouse and shop for Messrs. Forster, Green & Co., Limited ; new bridge over Conns water river ; branch bank for Belfast Banking Company, and new post-office for the Board of Works at Coleraine, county Derry; memorial schools at Belmont ; Methodist chui-chat Bangor, county Down, & c. &c. The firm are always busy, employing several hundred hands in their several departments, and the high reputation they enjoy for thorough praotioal skill and for the conscientious and satisfactory manner in which they fulfil all their business engagements, has won the confidence and secured the support of a very influential connection, extended over the whole of Ireland. 96 INDUSTRIES OF Gallaher & Co., Tobacco Manufacturers, York Street, Belfast.—“He who doth not smoke hath either known no great griefs, or refnseth himself the softest consolation next to that which comes from heaven.” So wrote Lord Lytton in “ What Will He Do With It,” and the world, since then, seems to have taken his words to heart, and to have profited by the advice they indirectly convey. Nowadays it may almost he said that everybody smokes. The old prejudice against the ‘ ‘ divine weed ’ ’ has practically vanished ; one by one the arguments that condemned it have been refuted and set aside by the sentiments of great minds that have been expressed in its favour ; and the smokers of the modern age can point with pride to the bright array of exemplars who have found in tobacco, as Burton has written of it, “a sovereign remedy for all diseases.” With such men marshalled on their side as Dr. Isaac Barrow, Bishop Hall, John Locke, Sir Isaac Newton, Jeremy Taylor, Arch¬ bishop Whateley, Mr. Spur¬ geon, Charles Lamb, Charles Kingsley, Sir Walter Scott, Pope, Campbell, Byron, Dick¬ ens, Lord Tennyson, and the late Earl of Beaconsfield, smokers ean maintain their cause in noble company, and “woo the Nicotian Nymph” with all the pleasure and satis¬ faction born of a knowledge of the fact that men whose memories are immortal have found delight in the same pleasant and profitable pastime. The manufacture of tobacco has become one of the most not¬ able of British industries, contributing, as it does, a very large annual sum to the Imperial revenue, and in recent years it has attained pro¬ portions of extraordinary magnitude. In all parts of the United King¬ dom it has been developed upon a most extensive scale, and many people would probably be surprised to learn that this industry is found susceptible of steady improvement, just as are other great branches of manufacture. It might he thought, perhaps, that actual advancement in the preparation ©f tobacco for smokers’ use had been long ago carried to its ultimate extent, but in reviewing the trade enterprises of Belfast we meet with a firm that has, within the last four or five years brought out a new speciality in this line, and introduced to the public a very decided improvement in high-class pipe tobacco. Most of our readers wall readily understand that we refer to the now widely known and continuously progressive firm of Messrs. Gallaher & Co., of York Street, Belfast, inventors and proprietors of the celebrated “ Harlequin Flake ” and other perfected smoking tobaccos. Mr. Thomas Gallaher, the sole principal and founder of this important house, started his business as a tobacco manufacturer at Londonderry in 1857. removing ten years later to Belfast. He engaged for some time in the production of the ordinary forms of “ the weed,” and became noted for the superior ex¬ cellence of his roll tobaccos. Subsequently, however, in the course of one of his annual visits to his factories in the United States, Mr. Gallaher discovered an attractive species of tobacco which was being cultivated to a small extent by a farmer in the “ Golden Belt ” of North Carolina. He secured some of the plants, took them to his own factories, and com¬ menced a special process of curing and drying the leaf which has resulted in the production of the delicious and fragrant “Harlequin Flake.” The leaf used in the preparation of this tobacco is of a distinct quality and character calling for quite a different method of manufacture from that pursued in the case of ordinary Virginia tobacco. It also requires special care and attention in cultivation, and Mr. Gallaher haj taken the whole matter into his own hands, displaying a degree of enterprise which we are glad to note is meeting with a splendid recompense and appre¬ ciation. He grows the leaf on his own properties in the fertile region above mentioned, and has made such perfect arrangements that each consignment of tobacco as it reaches Belfast is found to maintain a remarkable uniformity of merit and quality. This enables the firm to set up a high standard and to work up to the same with every confidence in the results ; and the public have not been slow to recognise the fact that Messrs. Gallaher’s tobaccos preserve an unvarying individuality which, being in the first place excellent, is peculiarly acceptable to those cultured smokers who rightly object to the changes of character and flavour that so frequently occur, from divers causes, in even the best and most expensive of pipe tobaccos. Only the exercise of the greatest care and liberality in cultivation and treatment can obviate these unseemly variations, and it is by devoting the closest attention to such require¬ ments that Messrs. Gallaher & Co. have achieved their conspicuous suc¬ cess. The “Harlequin Flake” was introduced in 1886. It was at once accepted by the smoking public as a grateful and pleasing novelty, and its rapid advance into widespretd popularity has made Messrs. Gallaher’s business one of the largest and most promising concerns of its kind in (he three kingdoms. The firm’s present extensive aud handsome premises in York Street were erected in 1881, but after adding the new speciality to the trade they found their business increasing at such a ratio that, about three years ago they were obliged to build a factory in London in order to meet the hoavy demands of a growing connection. At the London factory they now employ upwards of two hundred hands, and it is anticipated that that staff will be doubled in number by the end of this y ear. Even with these large resources at their command Messrs. Gal¬ laher & Co. have not sufficient space to manufacture up to the full extent of their requirements, so they are now contemplating the erection of another very large factory in Belfast. It is seldom, indeed, that a manufacturing concern in these competitive times is compelled to suspend the issue of advertising matter until such time as it is in a position to increase its output. This, however, is at present the case with Messrs. Gallaher, and the fact speaks volumes for the excellence of their pro¬ ductions and for the popularity those productions have won. The duty paid by the firm on their imports of raw tobacco at Belfast port alone amounted during 1889 to the extraordinary sum of over £492,000. This sum was considerably exceeded by the end of last year, as the average weekly payments on this account had been over £12,000. Messrs. Gallaher are now paying double the amount of duty they paid loss than four years ago—a fact which indicates in a striking manner the remark¬ able growth of their business. At Belfast they employ close upon six hundred hands, and large bonded stores exist in Academy Street. The factory in York Street comprises an entire block, • and is five storeys high. In all its arrangements and appointments it is one of the most complete tobacco manufactories we have ever seen, and facili¬ ties exist for the production of a vast quantity of manufactured tobacco, whose excellence of quality is ensured by the favourable conditions under which it is prepared. Since Messrs. Gallaher & Co. added the production of fancy tobaccos to their business they have brought out nearly one hundred and fifty brands of mixtures, &c., among which are the “ Columbine” (mingled straight-cut), the “ Havana ” smoking mix¬ ture, the “Santa Claus ” smoking mixture, and the gold leaf navy cut, all high-class tobaccos, in connection with which the firm have issued some very attractive and artistic printed matter for the use of dealers and for general advertising purposes. The most successful of all Messrs. Gallaher’s specialities, however, is the “ Harlequin Flake,” which is certainly one of the most delicious tobaccos now before the public. We may assume that the majority of smokers are now familiar with the frag¬ rant morits of this excellent preparation, characterised by its long, sym¬ metrical “ flakes,” which are not to be broken, hut are intended to be rolled up and placed in the bowl of the pipe in the form of a plug. This being lighted in the ordinary way smokes with pleasing freedom of draught and delicacy of flavour down to the very bottom, and for our part we can assert that its use is attended with un¬ mingled satisfaction. Those who have not tried “ Harle¬ quin Flake ” have not made themselves duly acquainted with the highest achieve¬ ments of the tobacco manu¬ facturer’s art, and for them there is a treat in store which should be realised at the ear¬ liest opportunity. “Harle¬ quin Flake” can now be ob¬ tained from every first-class tobacconist, and smokers who are sufficiently well ad¬ vised purchase a sixpenny box for trial will find that there is still something new under the sun, and something meritorious withal. Our limited space precludes a description of the interesting pro¬ cesses of manufacture carried on upon such an extensive scale in Messrs. G.dlaher & Co.’s large and splendidly equipped factory. The visitor to this model establishment will be favourably impressed with its features of neatness, cleanliness, good light, ventilation, and perfection of organisa¬ tion, and if he be of the mighty army of smokers, he will find pleasure in the reflection that he is one of the many millions whose devotion to the “celestial fume ” has brought into active and prosperous existence such a wondrous and unique industry as that which receives such excellent ex¬ emplification under Messrs. Gallaher & Co.’s influential auspices. We may add that this firm continue to engage very largely in the manufac¬ ture of roll tobacco, and they hive no loss than forty-five machines for spinning these rolls, each machine being capable of turning out an aver¬ age of twelve hundredweight per day. The shipments of the house considerably exceed fifty tons of manufactured tobacco weekly, and an immense trade is controlled, which is rapidly becoming world-wide in the extent of its operations and connections. All the affairs of this great business are ably and enterprisingly conducted by Mr. Thomas Gallaher, who personally supervises every detail of the trade, and whoso prestige as a tobacco grower and manufacturer is widely and freely acknowledged. The manner in which he has developed the immense concern over which he presides constitutes the highest possible tribute to his commercial judgment aud capacity. The London faotory of Messrs Gallaher & Co. is situated in Clerkenwell Road, E.C., and is one of the notable establishments of that fino thoroughfare. IRELAND. 07 CHARLES HARDEN, late of Acheson Harden, Limited, Linen and Handkerchief Manufacturers, Amelia Street, Belfast.—In connection with the manufacture of linens, diapers and handkerchiefs there is no house of greater renown in Ireland or in America than that of Messrs. Acheson Harden, Limited, of Belfast and New York, who enjoy the distinction of conducting the largest handkerchief manufactory in the world. The name of Harden has been associated with the linen industry in the North of Ireland since the early years of tho present century, when Mr. George Harden founded the business here, and then proceeded to New Fork, whore he inaugurated a very successful Transatlantic branch, Mr. George Harden retired from tho trade a number of years ago. Mr. Acheson Harden’s nnmo then became associated with the linen business, and extended its scope to include the manufacture of plain linens and hand¬ kerchiefs ; tho latter continue to be the specialities of the firm, and in them they have no superiors. The Irish business was first in the hands of Mr. Acheson Harden’s son, Mr. Charles Harden, and as it increased Messrs. Dwid and James Harden lent their assistance in the management. In 1870 Mr. Acheson Harden retired, and the firm then became Harden Brothers & Co., Mr. David Harden going to Now York to look after tho largo American interests of the concern. It was about this time that the house developed its leading line in all kinds of fancy printed and embroidered handkerchiefs, a department in which it has enjoyed an ever- increasing fame during the last twenty years. In 1879 tho business had attained such exceptionally large proportions that it was converted into a limited liability company, and a move was made from the old Belfast address in Donegall Square North to the present headquarters in Amelia Street. This immense establishment stands quite close to the Great Northern Railway Station, and within its spacious limits from eight hundred to one thousand hands find employment. The buildings are lofty, handsome in appearance and of massive structure, and the estab¬ lishment abounds in every department with features of the highest industrial interest, whilst, for excellence of equipment, perfect organisa¬ tion, and magnitude of production, it stands unsurpassed. This firm’s handkerchiefs, &c., have been highly successful wherever they have been exhibited, and at the recent Irish Exhibition in London they attracted a great amount of admiring attention, being specially examined by Her Royal Highness the Princess Louise and the Duchess of Teck. Their success in the trade has been no less remarkable, and it is not too much to say that they find a ready and appreciative market in every quarter of the civilised world. To Mr. Acheson Harden originally, and to the present firm as his successors, belongs an immense share of credit for the enterprise which has removed tho exclusive embargo from Irish hemstitched and fancy handkerchiefs, and brought these exquisite goods within the reach of the great body of the public at homo and abroad. The vast and prosperous trade controlled by this house is no more than a just reward for its untiring activity and progressive spirit in popularising such splendid specimens of the industrial resources of Ireland and Irish workers. Mr. Charles Harden, the chairman of the board and managing director, retired from the Company on the 1st January, 1891, and took over the English and Colonial business, trading Jones Brothers, Saw Mills and Packing-case Works, Ormeau Avenue and Bankmore Street, Belfast.—This enterprising firm eoxnmenoed business in 1879 on the opening of Ormeau Avenue and Bankmore Street by the City Council. This firm rented ground having frontages to both avenue and street, erected thereon spacious and well- adapted premises, and laid down machinery, all of the most modern style, many of these being their own inventions. They make a speciality of packing-oases, of which they make every' size and style required. They also cut and supply wood for boxes and packing-cases, any size. They brand, if desired, names, trade-marks, and designs. They now occupy a leading place in the business, and are steadily increasing their reputation in all directions. as Charles Harden & Co., at Albert Street factory and Donegall Square North, Belfast, and at tho old address, 137, Cheapside, London. The Albert Street factory is now being rapidly filled up with machinery of the newest and most improved makes, and thirty-two years’ experience is sufficient guarantee that no inferior machinery will be introduced. Their chief line of operations continues to be the manufacture of all classes of goods, same as the old house, in plain, woven-border, hem¬ stitched, printed, and embroidered handkerchiefs, and also embroidered and hemstitched afternoon tea cloths, napkins, tray cloths, d’oyleys, sideboard covers, toilet sets, pillowcases, brush and comb cases, ladies’ fancy aprons and tennis blouses, and hand-made underclothing. In these lines the most beautiful goods in the market are produced, every novelty of style in fancy stitching and artistic embroidery being exem¬ plified to perfection, while the highest possible excellence is reached in quality and finish. The fancy stitching and embroidery is largely done in the cottages of the Irish peasantry, whose work of this class is abso¬ lutely unrivalled. J. H. Carton & Co., General Carriers, Shipping and Forwarding Agents, 33, College Street South, Belfast. Agents to Messrs. John Wallis & Sons, Contractors to H.M. War Office, for the forwarding of stores and regimental baggage.—Furniture, glass, china, &c., are carefully removed in vans, without packing, from house to house, in town and country', and forwarded by rail or sea to all parts of the world, or warehoused. Goods, merchandise, samples, &c., are collected and for¬ warded daily at through rates to all parts of the United Kingdom. For rates and all other information, application should be made to J. H. Carton & Co., 33, College Street South, Belfast. 98 INDUSTRIES OF David Allen & Sons, Chromo-Lithographers, Letter- press Printers, Designers, Wood Engravers, &c., 18 and. 20, Cor¬ poration Street, Belfast.—Until lately what is known as chromo-litho placard printing has been almost monopolised by the United States, an4 advertisers were compelled to place orders there, or he satisfied with the very inferior block or zincograph work done in Great Britain. Among what may he considered the principal advertising class, viz , the theatrical and kindred professions, the possession of “American pictorials ” was doubtless a great advantage to their business, and large sums were expended by them on their purchase. For some dime English prin¬ ters have been endeavouring to remove this reproach by producing work on similar lines, and it is pleasant to find that a Belfast house, Messrs. David Allen & Sons, has taken the lead on this side the Atlantic, and has so far succeeded that they even now receive orders from the States for work whi ch was previously looked upon as a speciality there. When it is remembered that the Messrs. Allen are handicapped by a heavy duty, it speaks volumes for the merit of their productions. Indeed, one has only to read “the company” advertisements in the Bra to find state¬ ments to the effect that they have entered into a contract with Messrs. Allen, of Belfast, for a supply of new chromo posters and window lithos., amounting to £1,000 or £1,500, “ which will he found, without exception, the finest ever produced, and superior to the best American work.” So widespread is now the reputation of this house that managers from all parts of the world, Australia, America, the Cape, India, and the European Continent, are in the habit of ordering special printing from Belfast. Last season, Christmas pantomimic printing alone for over two hundred theatres, including Theatres Royal, Melbourne, Sydney, Calcutta, Cape¬ town, Drury Lane, Her Majesty’s, &c., was supplied by Messrs. Allen. We have had an opportunity of paying a visit to their establishment in Corporation Street, and of inspecting its resources. The walls of the offices, painted in white enamel, and lit at night by electric light, look exceedingly bright and attractive. They are completely covered with water-colour drawings of very high merit, chiefly illustrative of scenes from well-known operas, plays, &c. Among others claiming attention are “ The Gondoliers,” “The Yeomen of the Guard,” “ La Cigale,” “Captain Therese,” “Dr. Bill,” “Nerves,” “The Solicitor,” “The A 7 ill age Priest,” “The Private Secretary,” “A Man’s Shadow,” “The Middleman,” “ The Balloon,” “ Green Bushes,” “Marjorie,” “Paul Jones,” “Doris,” “Dorothy,” “Carina,” “Girouette,” “Delia,” “Falka,” “Pepita,” “ The Old Guard,” “Sandow,” “Samson,” “Guy Fawkes,” “Monte Christo, Jun.,” “ iEsop's Fables,” “Our Flat,” “Clarissa Harlowe,” “Jane Shore,” “Compton Comedy Company,” “ The Red Hussar,” “ Little Lord Fauntleroy,” “ Paolo,” “ Aunt Jack,” “ Bootle’s Baby,” “Work and Wages,” “ Man to Man,’’ “Master and Man,” Miss Kate Yaughan, “ Sweet Lavender,” “ Silver Falls,” “ Cap¬ tain Swift,” “ Harbour Lights,” “Kleptomania,” “Flyingfrom Justice,” “The Barrister,” “The Pointsman,” “The Fenian,” “Nell Gwynne,” &c., &c. For excellence in drawing, grouping, and colouring these sketches could not be easily surpassed. It is from them that the large coloured pictorial posters are produced, so that of necessity much of the success of the latter depends on the merit of the former. Opening off the offices on the ground floor is the lithographic poster machine-room, the width of which is exactly one hundred feet, and the depth about the same. A solid floor of concrete forms a good foundation for no less than eight enormous machines, six of which print sixty inches by forty inches, the largest sheet, we believe, which has yet been done from stone. The roof being almost altogether of glass ensures the best possible light, the advantage of which to colour printers is of the utmost impor¬ tance. Lithographic printers alone will understand the outputting power of such a plant; and the long double row of these giants, each working at its utmost speed, the varied colours of the inks in use, makes it, even to the non-initiated, a most impressive sight. Overhead “runners” extend in double line across the room, by means of which the large stones, which weigh on the average about one thousand two hundred pounds each, are lifted in and out of the machines. Without the best mechanical appliances this would he next to an impossibility. Similar appliances are also used for carrying off the printed sheets, which are kept in large drying-racks till all the various printings have been added, when they are finally removed to the warehouse. Leaving this room, we inspect the beautifully kept engine-house, where three large ‘ ‘ Otto ” gas engines are at work, the combined power of which is about one hundred horse. On the next front floor is the No. 2 lithographic printing-room where smaller sized machines principally produce what is known as “ window lithos.,” some of which are of the most artistic kind, entailing many printings and the best litho. artists procurable. At one end, and separated by a glass partition, is the bronzing-room and the office of the manager of the department. Adjoining this is the stone room, where are stored in heavy racks over two thousand stones, averag¬ ing in size twenty-two by thirty-two inches, and on which are kept what is known as “ standing work.” They are all carefully numbered and entered for reference, to avoid any loss of time in ascertaining what jobs are still “intact.” On the next floor, and opening off each other, are Ihe type-composing and the letterpress-printing rooms. In the latter, a large number of machines are at work, amoDg wffiich may be observed what are known as “two-colour,” i.e., more than one colour is printed on the sheet at each revolution of the cylinder. In the composing- room every facility for the quick execution of work is observable, and the arrangements for the storage of “wood letter ” on cross hanging racks, instead of the old-fashioned shelves is especially admirable, great economy of space and convenience being secured. "Where an alphabet, each letter of which measures seven feet in height, has to he stowed away, along with many other large “fonts,” this is an important consideration. One is rather struck by observing many placards and bills for foreign countries, which looks as if the schoolmaster were abroad. Ascending to the next floor of the building, we enter the printed stock rooms, where we were informed almost £40,000 worth of pictorial printing alone is stored. Here it is counted, collated, ticketed, entered and prepared for despatch. Large tables, over sixty feet in length, traverse the rooms, on which placards made up of a number of sheets, are collated in order and folded in single copies, so that the most unen¬ lightened of bill-posters, cannot, in spite of himself, make a mistake in the order of sheets, a prevention at times a necessity. Here, as else¬ where, the greatest care and attention have been bestowed upon the arrangement of the rooms, so as to facilitate the utmost despatch and accuracy in the making up of goods. As between fifty and one hundred travelling dramatic companies alone are supplied weekly with printing of a variety of kinds, the greatest care is necessary to avoid mistakes in delivery, which, if they occurred, would occasion serious los3 to a manager. This is rendered almost impossible by a system of dockets and separate checking, with the result that complimentary letters to the Messrs. Alleu for their promptitude, punctuality, and freedom from mistakes in delivery are of constant occurrence, and a considerable por¬ tion of their success must he attributed to the attention given to this important portion of their business. Large parcels of circus printing may also be seen, ready for despatch to Australia, Germany, France, Holland, Italy, and other places. Among well-known equestrian establishments we noticed the names of Charles Hengler, Sanger’s, Cirque Britannique, France ; Cirque American, Hol¬ land; Hippodrome, Paris ; Cirque Wieland, Rome; Cirque Price, Madrid; Cirque Houcke, Russia; &c. To Australia and America alone Messrs. Allen now send tons of placards, where their work commands a large and increasing sale. Leaving the printed stock-room, we ascend to the highest floor, and here find what is certainly a novelty in a printing establishment, a photographic gallery, and in connection with it an enlargement room. By the use of photography, sketches, cartes-de-visite, &c., can be enlarged to any size, and an exact reproduction obtained. When the success of a poster is largely dependent on the expression of a face or the exact reproduction of “ a situation,” the advantage which photography give3 cannot he over-estimated. Here we saw the negatives of many well- known actors and others, who had either been photographed on the premises or had sent pictures for reproduction. Ilow the successful like¬ ness so recognisable in Messrs. Allen’s work is attained is now explained. Americans themselves have expressed the utmost surprise as well as plea¬ sure at the way in which photography has here been utilised in a manner not yet in use in their country, so far as is known. Of course, photo¬ graphy is confined to its legitimate purpose, and is only used where it can be with advantage, not where it would in any way interfere with the artist’s freedom. A large elevator, connecting all the floors, brings the stones, when necessary, right into the gallery. Stepping on to a flat roof, a capital view of Belfast Lough is obtained, as well as of most of the city itself. Descending to the ground floor, we are taken to the parallel building at the rear, which consists of five storeys, each about one hundred feet by fifty feet. In the first, four or five large stone “ sleeching ” machines, of the latest type, are at work, and it is here that all the stones are prepared and grained for the artists. Adjoining is the ink-grinding and colour- room, in which are a number of ink mills. The Messrs. Allen go in to a great extent for making their own inks, believing that greater freshness and brilliancy is obtained and a considerable saving in cost effected. On the next two floors are the bookbinding and kindred departments; and above this, and extending the entire length of the building, is, we suppose, the finest artists’ room in the world. The roof is thirteen feet high at the lowest part, and slopes upward to about twenty-six feet at centre. It is lit entirely from overhead, and at night by eight large arc electric lights. Overhead runners for the conveyance of stones, also traverse the room from end to end, a length of one hundred feet. Here at work are about fifty artists—the largest staff of the kind, we believe, extant. The method of poster production was here explained, and may be briefly stated thus:—When a sketch has to he reproduced in an enlarged form as a poster, it is first traced, then enlarged to the size required in conte crayon, and rubbed down upon specially prepared litho. stones, each of which corresponds in size to a sheet of the poster. The sketch itself is cut into sections, one of which is given to the artist in charge of each stone, who, with the aid of assistants, sets to work to reproduce that por¬ tion of the sketch. By this means a large poster can be executed in an incredibly short time, all the “blacks” being finished before the colour stones are commenced. Indeed, it is not an uncommon thing for a placard ranging in size from seventy to one hundred square feet, and involving the working and printing of from fifty to one hundred large stones, to be turned out inside a fortnight. To one acquainted with the practical work of chromo-lithography this result is almost marvellous, and speaks volumes for the energy and enterprise displayed. After being drawn upon, the IRELAND. 99 stone is etched and gummed, which prevents the work spreading or rubbing off when being printed. After printing, if the drawing is to be preserved, the stone is “ gummed up,” labelled, entered, and put past, otherwise it is re-polished and grained, for readiness when next required. This room, as well as the whole of the works, is heated by the pure hot air and fan system, which ensures perfect ventilation and an even warm temperature throughout. The heat is generated in a large Sirocco stove, around which the outside cold air is drawn and heated. It is then forced by large fans, revolving at a speed of over 800 per minute, through main pipes at a high pressure, which main pipes gradually branch off into smaller ones as they ascend, discharging the heated pure air into the various rooms. This pressure can be regulated or turned off where necessary. By leaving the ■stove unlighted in the summer cold fresh air is introduced and circulated by the same means. The advantages of such a system of heating and ventilating cannot be over-estimated, and everything possible has been done to add to the health and comfort of the employ 63 . Messrs. David Allen & Sons have been recently forced, by the growth ■of business, to open branches in London and New York. In the former they have also laige printing works and a staff of artists, most of their •designs being produced there. In Australia and the Colonies their im¬ print is now as familiar as at home. We often hear it remarked how singular it is that in most of the various branches of printing Belfast takes the lead. This is a recognised fact among printers themselves, and Belfast has reason to be proud of the position attained by it in so impor¬ tant a branch of industry. Apropos of this we notice recently in Judy the following, which speaks for itself :— “Reverting to the subject of theatrical pictorial art, what a truly charming poster that is of Miss Phyllis Broughton, as Chopinette (‘ Paul Jones’), which one sees now on all the London hoardings. Indeed, it is almost too fascinating ; and if I were to tell one half of the troubles it has got me into since the evil hour its prettiness first attracted me— troubles chiefly resulting from walking backwards into shop windows, old ladies, loaded errand boys, and perambulators—I should want two pages at my command instead of one. While on my road to the city the other morning, I paused so long before the picture, and gazed so searchingly into its midst, that when I arrived at the office and sat down to work, I found the space of every sheet of paper I took up to be occupied by a hazy reproduction of Chopinette. For this dangerously seductive bit of street decoration the weary and way-worn traveller is, I see, indebted to Messrs. David Allen & Sons, the firm which is likewise responsible for the cleverly-produced bills relating to ‘ The Middleman,’ 4 Doris,’ ‘ The Royal Oak,’ Samson, the Kangaroo, and, latest of Aquarium novelties, the now celebrated ‘ Zseo.’ ” The Topical Times has also been referring on several occasions to their work, and recently wrote:— “ The theatrical industry’ is a larger one than many might suppose. A curious instance of this may be found in the fact that Messrs. David Allen & Sons, the big poster merchants, of Belfast and London, have at the present time something like sixteen thousand theatrical pictures on the London hoardings alone. And how different the 1889 bill is to that in vogue even a decade ago! The big scene from ‘The Middleman,’ and the huge portraits from the now defunct ‘ Doris,’ are wonderful speci¬ mens of art.” Another popular London paper said lately :— “ Barnum, the great, the renowned Barnum, has opened his show at last, and doubtless all the world and his wife will flock to it. I hope they won’t be disappointed. In one preliminary particular I must own I have been. I had heard such a lot about the Yankee showman ballasting ships with his posters, and bringing over his own men to cover London’s walls and hoardings with them, that the not very varied or beautiful assortment presented to our gaze has fallen far short of my expectation at least. Why’, the Barnum poster don’t make such a brave show as the Pears poster, all said and done. And, as for comparison with the beautiful works of art which David Allen’s has turned out for so many of our places of entertainment, it is out of the question. No ; whatever the show may’ be like, Barnum has proved that in the art of pictorial advertisement, at any rate, Brother Jonathan has something to leam from his older and less talkative cousin, John Bull.” The London Correspondent of the Manchester Examiner and Times recently’ wrote as follows :—“ Another great and famous picture is being reproduced as a placard advertisement. Bisson’s ‘LaCigale et laFourmi,’ which represented La Fontaine’s fable of the merry grasshopper craving winter shelter of its industrious sister, the ant, after spending the summer in careless song, was one of the most noticeable pictures of this year’s Paris Salon. By a curious coincidence, Mr. Horace Sedger, who was contemplating producing the comic opera, ‘ La Cigale,’ now running at the Lyric, saw the picture, and divining its suitability as an advertise¬ ment for his opera, bought up the rights of reproduction. A girl, clad in summer costume and clasping a mandoline, but with snowflakes falling about her, is the subject of the picture. It is executed with admirable delicacy. Bisson, the artist, declares that it is an excellent reproduction of his original, and the publishing firm, Messrs. David Allen, may be congratulated on the meritorious accomplishment of an arduous task. The picture as now displayed on the hoardings is a large one, and in its production no less than ninety’-six stones are brought into use. It is considered by practical men in this class of work that reproductions of artistic pictures may, in the near future, become popular amongst adver¬ tisers, as twenty good pictures serve the purpose as well as, or better than, a hundred of common and inferior designs. In the case of ‘ La Cigale,’which is as striking in its way as the ‘Bubbles’ of Sir John Millais on its first appearance for advertising purposes, the attraction of the picture for the eye of the public is proved by the daily number of applications to the publishing firm for copies of this work of art, to be turned to utilitarian purposes.” And the London Evening News and Tost, in a leading article, lately re¬ marked :—“The hoardings are often embellished with genuine works of art in the shape of posters. The advertisement of ‘ La Cigale,’ a beauti¬ ful monochrome study’ of the heroine of that opera, at present on view all over London, is a case in point.” We may add, in conclusion, that Messrs. Allen are always pleased to allow visitors over their premises, and all who have the time to spare should certainly pay a visit to their interesting works. John Milligen, Steamship Owner and Coal Importer, 55, Donegall Place, Belfast.—One of the best-known ship-owners and coal importers in Belfast at the present day is Mr. John Milligen, of Donegall Place. This important firm was founded in the year 1859 by the late Mr. James Wood, of Troon, N.B., and was the first concern to introduce steam power into the coal-carrying trade of the North of Ireland. The business has steadily progressed from the first, and under Mr. Milligen’s able and enterprising administration it has developed to such an extent that the imports of the house now exceed 150,000 tons of coal per annum, or fully one-sixth of all the coal imported into Belfast. About one half of this immense quantity of coal is sent into the country districts, some of it going as far as ninety miles inland. In the general routine of the trade Mr. Milligen employs his own powerful and well-equipped steamers, together with all necessary accessories in the shape of barges, waggons, &c. ; and he has large coal-yards at Abereorn Basin and Albert Quay, where extensive accommodation exists for the storage of the cargoes as they arrive. The business is undoubtedly one of the largest, if not indeed the largest, of its kind in Ireland; and the house maintains a most valuable and widespread connection, enjoying the confidence and support of customers in all parts of the country. Upwards of one hundred and twenty hands are employed altogether, and the trade gives evidence of a constant tendency to outgrow even its present large dimensions. Mr. Milligen is now the sole proprietor of this important concern, in the direction and conduct of which he is ably assisted by his experienced general manager, Mr. James Hall. The firm’s telegraphic address is “Coal, Belfast its telephone number in the city is 14 ; and the blue flag of the house, bearing a red diamond with the initial “ M” in white, is a familiar ensign in the port of Belfast. Henry Davis, Manufacturer of Aprons, Pinafores, &c., Percy Street Factory, Belfast.-—This business was started by Mr. Davis originally in Lioenhall Street, and was transferred to its present convenient quarters in November, 1883. These spacious and commodious premises were specially erected by Mr. Davis to meet the requirements of his trade, and they comprise a substantial three-storey block, with a frontage of forty feet in Percy Street and a rearward length of one hundred and twenty feet. On the ground floor are the offices, the laundry, the cutting-room, and the engine-room at the rear, the latter containing a fine “ Otto ” gas-engine of seven-horse power. The cutting, room contains a power-knife, and the laundry is equipped with the most approved modern appliances. There is also a spacious stock-room on the ground floor. Examining and folding rooms, with sample-room at the buck, occupy the first floor; and the upper flat is devoted to the purposes of machine-room, no fewer than one hun¬ dred and twenty machines being here in operation, stitching the various manufactures. All the work-rooms in this well-organised factory are large, well fitted, well lighted, and thoroughly ventilated, and the one hundred and fifty hands employed on the premises are to be con¬ gratulated on their comfortable quarters. There are also many outside workers in the service of this house, and the industry is one of tho largest and be3t-developed concerns of its kind in the city. The manu¬ factures embrace boys’ and girls’ holland pinafores, holland pinafore aprons, maids’ holland aprons, holland cooking aprons, servants’ muslin aprons, ladies’ fancy aprons, fancy pinafores, fancy pinafore aprons, and children’s costumes. All these goods are characterised by great excel¬ lence in design, material and workmanship, and Mr. Davis is constantly introducing attractive novelties which meet with a reception invariably favourable. His aprons and pinafores are always neat and tasteful, and frequently remarkably pretty and artistic, and his productions in general fully deserve the success they have achieved. The trade controlled is largely and principally developed in the home markets, where there is always a demand for the goods of this house; and Mr. Davis, who per¬ sonally manages his business at Belfast, is well represented by agents at 12, Milk Street Buildings, Cheapside, London, E.C.; 1G, Lever Street, Manchester: and 1, Prince’s Square, Glasgow—at each of which addresses he has a depot for the convenience of the trade. 100 INDUSTRIES OF B. & E. McHugh & Co., Limited, Warehousemen and Manufacturers, Rosemary Street, Belfast.—There are few cities in the United Kingdom that can compare with Belfast in the number and variety of its industries or the extent and growing importance of its trade and commerce; indeed, there is scarcely any direction in which the. art, industry, and enterprise of man have achieved success, hut there its citizens have distinguished themselves, andean hold their own with the foremost. Prominent among the many large and successful commercial establishments which abound in this busy city is the extensive and well-known .em¬ porium of Messrs. B. & E. McHugh & Co., Limited, Warehousemen, Linen Manufacturers, and Shirt and Collar Makers, in Rosemary Street. This large and influential business dates back in its foundation to the year 1834, when it was established by the two brothers, Messrs. Bernard and Edward McHugh, at 12, Rosemary Street. The first important addition, to the premises was made in 1857, when the adjoining tenements.occupied by a similar business were acquired ; in 1862 still further extensions were found necessary, but as no additional space was to be had the firm resolved to rebuild, which they did at a cost af £10,000. The increasing volume of business again rendered it necessary to make further enlarge¬ ments, and fortunately, in 1870, the premises, Nos. 6 and 8, Rosemary Street, got into the market, and were purchased by Messrs. McHugh for £3,000, while, two years later, the firm having acquired the entire pro¬ perty of Graham’s entry, built upon the site of some twenty houses, which they had pulled down for the purpose, their present capacious wholesale and packing departments. As it now stands the warehouse is a large and handsome edifice of four storeys, with an imposing dome surmounted by a flagstaff, forming one of the most striking architec¬ tural features of this busy thoroughfare. On the ground floor is the spacious and handsome shop, having a splendid plate-glass frontage of fully one hundred feet; the massive and lofty windows display to great advantage a choice and varied selection of woollen cloths, hosiery, general drapery, dress fabrics, &c. On this floor to the rear are the extensive ready-made departments, containing an immense stock of every imagin¬ able style and quality of ready-made clothing ; adjoining is the boot and shoe department, equally well appointed and stocked. To the right are the dresses and prints; nearer the front are, on the right, the haber¬ dashery and smallware departments, and on the left the drapery, hosiery, ribbons, and laces, also the heavy goods, woollens, &c. On the first floor, which is reached by a hydraulic lift, are the wholesale departments of the house, comprising the woollen cloths department, well stocked with English and Scotch goods of the best manufacture, all the best makes of Irish cloths, friezes, tweeds, the famous Blarney tweeds, &c.; here also are the departments devoted to mantles, shawls, underclothing, hoots, linens, prints, drapery, blankets, quilts, &c., &c. On this floor are the spacious and well-appointed offices and counting-house, with a large staff of clerks and correspondents busily employed. The remaining depart¬ ments include straws and ribbons, hosiery, Donegal socks; these together with the white shirt department, the smallwares, haber¬ dashery, furs, the “ dress-room,’’ and the wholesale clothing department, are on the second floor. The third floor is chiefly devoted to the wholesale boot and shoe department, and woollen yarns. The manufacture of new shirts and the refitting of old ones is a very important branch of the business, seveial hundred girls being constantly employed. Another special features of the house is the Irish linen department, whose repu¬ tation is by no means confined to Ireland. Some idea of the comprehen¬ sive nature of the firm’s business may be gathered from the above brief ummary of the departments. To give a complete analysis of the large and varied stock would far exceed the space at command ; the various departments, however, are well and completely stocked with all the best features of the various lines engaged in. The goods are selected with great care and sound judgment, and buying as they do in such large lines direct from the manufacturers, the firm are in a position to give excep¬ tional advantages both in quality and price. The trade is of a widespread, influential, and steadily-growing character, and in addition to the exten¬ sive home connection, the firm do a very large and continually increasing export business. The extensive operations of the firm necessitate the employment of an immense staff of salesmen and assistants, operatives in the manufacturing departments, packers, clerks and correspondents, &c. Several experienced travellers also represent the firm throughout the whole of Ireland. From a private business the concern was some time ago converted into a limited liability company, with Mr. E. McHugh as managing director. Born in Belfast in 1846, Mr. McHugh was educated at the Academical Institution, and afterwards at the College of Mount St. Joseph, Dublin, where ho received a sound scholastic training eminently qualifying him for his after-career in life. Some twelve years ago he went to America, where he carried on the business of importer of Irish linens with marked success for a period of five years. Here he acquired a thorough insight into the mode of managing business on the American system, and here he would in all probability have remained had not his father’s failing health forced him to return. Mr. McHugh takes a prominent, though unobtrusive, part in the public affairs of his native town, and is ever ready to assist in any deserving work of charity. He resides at Glencoe House, a picturesque mansion situated on the Antrim Road, about two miles from Belfast, and commanding an unrivalled view of sea and mountain scenery. We should add that Mr. "McHugh was candidate a few years ago for one of the Southern consti¬ tuencies, that he is as much esteemed socially as respected commercially, and that as he is still a young man, full of vigour and vitality, we have no doubt that the great business prosperity which has attended his efforts in the past are but the precursors of still greater achievements y r et to como for the limited company T . Wilson & Strain, Bakers and Confectioners, 1 and 3, Cromac Street; 47, 49 and 51, May Street, Belfast.—Prominent among the high-class bakery and confectionery establishments of Belfast is the firm whose title heads this review. Founded twenty years ago— seventeen of which have been spent in their present premises—the firm have had a singularly prosperous career, and have evinced a degree of energy and enterprise in the building up of their connection, which has not been surpassed in the annals of the Belfast bakery trade. The premises occupied by Messrs. Wilson & Strain comprise a large shop having one frontage in Cromac Street and another in May Street. Some idea of the magnitude of the premises will be gathered from the fact that the frontage in May Street has a length of fully one hundred feet. The bakery is of very great size, and is approached by two wide gateways which also afford access to the bread stores. The bread store-rooms are well ventilated, and contain usually one of the largest stocks to be met with in the North of Ireland. The bakery is replete with the moat approved patent bread-baking machinery, and contains no fewer than sixteen stone and brick ovens, built of material specially procured from the famous Dnnton Knoll stone quarries, near Irvine, in Scotland. The extent of the trade carried on will best be gauged by the fact that twenty- six bakers, fifteen drivers, eighteen bread vans, and thirty horses are employed here. The connection extends over a very wide area, which includes several important North of Ireland towns. The trade is of good middle-class description, the firm having also an extensive representation among the leading families of the district. The members of the firm are Mr. William M. Wilson, and Mr. David H. Strain. Both gentlemen are strictly conscientious and business men, and are held in the highest esteem in the city and its suburbs. The senior partner is a member for Cromac Ward, in the City Council, and, like Mr. Strain, is engaged in every move¬ ment profitable to the community at large. The success these gentlemen are receiving in business is as substantial as it is well deserved, and the record of that success is in the highest degree creditable to them both. S. T. Maclean, Linen Merchant and Manufacturer, 12, Donegall Square South, Belfast.— This firm carry on business as linen and yarn merchants, and being in the centre of the trade in the North of Ireland, they have every facility for the supply of the best materials at the lowest prices. The business was founded about twenty years ago by the present proprietor, Mr. S. T. Maclean, to whose able conduct of its affairs it largely owes its continued prosperity. The pre¬ mises occupy a comfortable and convenient suite of offices and warehouses at the above address. These are fitted up in an attractive manner, and afford ample accommodation to all the operations of the business. The stock is of a comprehensive and select character, embracing linens, unions, and yarns which are purchased from the best local manufacturers. Flax yarns of all kinds are well to the front, manufactured from the best materials and by the most improved process; the produce of hi3 own mills, as well as of other high-class spinners. The connection is chiefly a local one, but there is’ also a considerable trade transacted with Continental buyers. Mr. Maclean is an enterprising business man, and widely known in commercial and social circles in Belfast. He conducts the business with conspicuous ability’, and has the satisfaction of seeing his work prospering in his hands. IRELAND. 101 Tate’s Medical Hall, 9, Royal Avenue, Belfast.—The above represents one of the largest and most popular chemist’s establish¬ ments in Belfast. Tate’s Medical Hall was established by the present proprietor, Mr. James Tate, in 1880, and at once took a leading position amongst establishments of this class in Belfast, which has been well maintained by an unremitting attention to the wants and requirements of a very extensive and ever-increasing connection and which it is interest¬ ing to note is not confined to Ireland only, but extends to all parts of Great Britain and the Continent. Situated at No. 9, Royal Avenue, the establishment occupies a commanding position in the very centre of the city, the large and handsome shop has an exceptionally fine plate-glass frontage, the massive and lofty windows are tastefully arranged and present all the interesting and attractive characteristics of a high-class chemist’s establishment. The interior is fitted up in a very superior style with elegant yet substantial counters, show-cases, stands, and other appropriate appointments. The dispensing and compounding department is apart from tho shop, and suitably fitted up for this important branch of the business. The stores and laboratory in Castle Chambers are replete with every convenience for the preparation of the numerous specialities for which Mr. Tate has gained such a wide-spread and well merited reputa¬ tion. To meet the extensive requirements of the trade Sir. Tate holds a very large and comprehensive stock of goods which is replete with all the best features of the various lines engaged in, and thoroughly repre¬ sentative of the business in all its branches, embracing as it does a most extensive assortment of drugs, and chemicals of well attested purity, all the best known patent medicines and proprietary articles, surgical appli¬ ances, hospital and sick room requirements, sanitary preparations of all kinds, deodorizers and disinfectants, a very large and choice selection of perfumes, fancy soaps, sponges, and toilet requisites, &c., and a vast assortment of miscellaneous articles to enumerate which would far exceed the limits of the space at command. Unquestionably in no business so much as in that of pharmacy is quality of such vital importance, and in these days of keen competition by unqualified men, totally ignorant in many cases of the nature of the articles in which they deal, too great care cannot be exercised as to where the supplies of medicines are obtained. The entire stock at this establishment is selected from the best sources with great care and sound judgment and with a special view to the requirements of a high-class trade. The goods are most tastefully dis¬ played and admirably arranged for ready reference and easy inspection. Mr. Tate has for many years devoted much time, study and attention to the preparation of numerous specialities, his famous remedial agents are not only “as familiar as household words” but are undoubtedly pro¬ ducing the happiest results and securing for the proprietor a name and reputation which command the attention of the suffering, delicate and enfeebled, and places him in the first rank of their benefactors. It is only possible within the limits of the present notice to glance atone ortwo of Mr. Tate’s truly valuable preparations, foremost among which is the “ Perfect Blood Purifier,” which cleanses the blood from all impurities from what¬ ever cause arising ; it is guaranteed free from mercury or anything injurious to the constitution of either sex. It is sold in bottles at Is. 6 d. and 2s. 6 d. each, about fifty per cent, cheaper than other less effective remedies. Tate's Compound Balsam of Linseed, a certain, safe, and speedy cure for coughs, colds, asthma, bronchitis, and all chest, throat and lung affections, sold in bottles at Is. each. The celebrated “Yankee Bitters,” for the stomach, liver, and kidneys, is one of the most popular of Mr. Tate’s preparations, soldin bottles at Is. 6 d. and 2s. (id. each. Tate’s “ Corncurine,” a new and perfect cure for corns, warts, and callosities, sold in packages at 7 \d. each. This truly wonderful preparation was introduced by Mr. Tate only about two years ago, and the widespread reputation it has acquired is sufficient proof of its great value, many eminent members of the medi¬ cal profession recommend it in the highest terms. Tate’s “Vocal Charms,” are a perfect remedy for all affections of the throat and voice, public sp«akers and singers cannot over estimate their value, in boxes at 6 d. and Is. Amongst tho toilet requisites special prominence must be given to the celebrated and popular perfume “ Ososweet,” which is the most fragrant, delightful and delicate yet durable scent ever manufactured. “ Ososweet ” was prepared specially to commemorate the late visit of their Royal Highnesses the Prince and Princess of Wales ; it has secured favourable and flattering notice from “ Tho Queen,” the “ Ladies’ Fashion Journal,” and other society papers and is used and commended by Mrs. Langtry, Madame Marie Roze, Miss Fortescue, &c., &c. Special mention should also be made of Tate’s “ Rose and Elder Cream,” for removing redness, roughness, sunburn, tan, freckles and all blemishes of the skin, Tate’s toilet vinegar, Tate’s special Bkin soap, and Tate’s “ Ososweet Dentifrice,” prepared in commemoration of the Queen’s Jubilee, and well recognised as the most cleansing and refreshing tooth powder known. Dispensing is a leading speciality of this business, physicians’ prescriptions are accurately dispensed, and family receipts carefully prepared, the very best and purest drugs and chemicals only being used. The general trade is of a widespread, influential and steadily-giowing character. Avery brisk business is done in every department, which receives the direct personal attention of the proprietor and is conducted throughout with marked ability, energy and enterprise. Mr. James Tate, who is a member of the Pharmaceutical Society of Irelund, possesses the advantage of long and thorough professional and practical experience, and his spirited enter¬ prise, sound judgment and genial courtesy have secured for him the confidence and support of a very extensive end high-clas3 connection. Association for Employment of Industrious Blind, 32, Royal Avenue, Belfast.—“That men ought always to pray and not to faint ” is a maxim that finds tangible illustration in the history of this excellent Institution, and indeed, among the various philanthropic and benevolent enterprises of the city, none has had greater vicissitudes and none more remarkable success. Designed to afford means of honest and honourable livelihood to the afflicted, it is also of necessity a school for their technical instruction, so that the darkness which rests upon their vision doos not also overshadow their minds and hearts. Although the basis of this Association is very decidedly Protestant, it allows no distinction of creed to interfere with the dictates of benevolence. Founded in 1871, it commenced operations in a small house in Howard Street, Mr. Lavens M. Ewart, J.P., acting as honorary secretary, with whom were successively associated Messrs. R. Joy, J.P., and A. D. Lemon, J.P. An additional shop was opened in 1879 in Castle Place, to assist in disposing of the articles manufactured in the workshops in Howard Street, and this proved a distinct success. Ultimately, larger and more suitable premises for the retail trade were taken in Donegall Place, but all these efforts were utterly inadequate to fulfil the intentions of the founders, and the good work was more than once in apparent danger of collapse. It was evident that a larger scale of operations was necessary if the Association was to exist. The opportunity came when Hercules Street was swept away in order to make room for Royal Avenue. The committee, though with fear and trembling, acquired an extensive site, and proceeded at once to erect the present complete and commodious premises in Royal Avenue, designed by Mr. Godfrey Ferguson, architect, at whose service the committee, along with the manager, placed their own experience, and all that could be obtained from an inspection by the latter of kindred institutions in England and Scotland. They had not on commencing operations sufficient funds to meet the expense of an undertaking which cost some £6,000, but many kind and generous friends came to their aid, amongst whom the names of Dr. Armitage, of London, Lady Johnson, of Belfast, and the Misses Cathe¬ rine and Rose Hamill, of Portrush, stand for princely sums. The work¬ shops are one of the striking features of Royal Avenue. The front consists of four lofty storeys, with a gabled attic, in the later English style, the perpendicular and vertical lines of the architecture being chastely relieved, and blended so as to produce a very pleasing effect. Entering the shop on the ground floor, the attention is immediately arrested by the great variety and beauty of the articles displayed. Wonderful it certainly is that persons deprived of vision can be trained to mould the materials of their craft into so many forms replete with utility and beauty. This shop is fifty-three feet by twenty-five, and is separated by a glass parti¬ tion from the -wholesale department in the rear. Despite the keen com¬ petition in the wholesale market, this branch of the manufacture still holds its place of favour alike with the Government departments and with private firms. The second floor is occupied by a grand show-room. of articles made by the blind ; and in addition are large stocks of foreign goods largely incorporated with their work. On the same floor is a basket-making work-room, where sixteen hands are employed, contain¬ ing a library of “blind” books, printed chiefly in “Braille” type, and serving at intervals as a school-room, where an instructor teaches the blind to read. The third floor is occupied in the front as a stock-room for baskets, a reading room, and a work-room for making bedding and upholstery, a novel and successful industry which gives employment to seven hands, and a portion of this floor is occupied by basket makers and learners, whose training, as may well be imagined, is a long and patient process. The fourth floor is devoted to the brush¬ making, and twenty-eight hands are engaged, the whole processes of setting and finishing being entirely performed by the blind. Men andt women are alike employed, and it is curious and interesting to see how these blind people manipulate with ease and safety the boiling pitch used, in the manufacture. The fifth floor is reserved for chair-caning, mat¬ making, hair-teasing and drafting ; here also is an extensive show¬ room. A hoist runs from top to bottom of the workshops, and the courteous and obliging manager, Mr. James H. Hewitt, to whom the success of the workshops is mainly due, is always willing to reoeive visitors, and to have them shown over the concern. No description can convey an adequate idea of the quickness and accuracy with which the trained workers manipulate the materials of their handicrafts. Of oourse it need hardly be stated that tho making of money is not the object of the Institution, all the income of the sales going to the expenses and in. wages to the seventy blind hands employed. More room is urgently required, and a fine site to the rear has been purchased on which additional workshops are about to be erected at a cost of £3,000, for which funds are urgently needed. It would be unjust to close this brief account of a remarkable Institution without a word of tribute to the zeal of the lady who initiated and perfected this good work, Miss Hobson, 34, Donegall Place, hon. sec. to the Ladies’ Committee. Her ardour and firm confidence of ultimate success, now so happily achieved, seemed for long to be the only barrier between her afflicted brothers and sisters in this city and province and that destitution and ignorance from which she has done so much to rescue them, and none will more readily endorse this than the band of ladies and gentlemen who have held up her hands, till at length this great Institution has been reared, to adorn the city and benefit the country at large, and bringing as much of comfort and happiness as may be into the lives of what were once the untaught and destitute- blind. 102 INDUSTRIES OF Robertson, Ledlie, Ferguson & Co., Limited, Linen Merchants and Manufacturers, The Bank Buildings, Belfast.—Among those firms whose names have won inseparable association with the highest achievements of the Irish linen trade, a place of especial prominence has long been held by the great house of Messrs. Robertson, Ledlie, Ferguson & Co., Limited, whose fine establishment enjoys unsurpassed celebrity in Belfast as an emporium of the national linen manufactures. The Bank Buildings, which form the commercial headquarters of this distin¬ guished firm, occupy the most central businessposition in the city of Belfast, facing Castle Place, and having Castle Street on the south side and Bank Street on the north. The junction of the Belfast Street Tramways Com¬ pany is opposite the principal entrance, and from this point the routes of the company radiate to every part of the city and suburbs, about twelve hundred cars passing the junction daily. It was in 1853 that the immense business of Messrs. Robertson, Ledlie, Ferguson & Co. was established, the founders of the concern being Mr. Henry Hawkins, Mr. William Robertson, Mr. James C. Ledlie, and Mr. Robert Ferguson. The original Bank Buildings had been occupied as the head office of the Northern Banking Company for some considerable time, and after being vacated by that company they were acquired by the four gentlemen above named, and opened as a monster house in those days for the sale of linen and woollen drapery goods, wholesale and retail. From the first this business was highly successful, and in order to keep pace with its rapid growth, extensive premises at the rear of the main building were secured and taken into the warehouse from time to time, as required. In the year 1879 the house was formed into a limited liability company, the original partners remaining as directors. It was then determined to rebuild the premises in accordance with the requirements of the greatly increased trade, and this resolve having been carried into effect, the result is now manifest in one of the largest and finest mercantile establishments in the United Kingdom. The plans were prepared by the eminent archi¬ tect, Mr. Lynn, and the work was carried out by the equally eminent firm of builders, Messrs. James Henry & Son. Red Dumfries sandstone is the material used in the construction of the edifice, and the noble pile as it now stands produces an impression of great strength and stability, coupled with an imposing and graceful dignity which is thoroughly in keeping with the character of the old and important commercial concern to whose purposes it is devoted. From front to rear the length of the block is three hundred feet, the breadth being eighty feet. The ground floor has an area of half an acre, and the total floorage space of the build¬ ing extends to fully three acres. All the internal arrangements and appointments are of the most complete and superior character, and the Bank Buildings in their entirety form a “ temple of trade,” of which any firm and any city might well be proud. Large as these premises are, however, they have already been found inadequate to fully accommodate Messrs. Robertson, Ledlie, Ferguson & Co.’s ever-increasing business, and in consequence of this a new block is about to be added, which will lengthen the establishment to three hundred and forty feet from front to rear, and will fill the entire space between Castle Street and Bank Street. This block will be occupied on the ground floor and first floor for the sale of goods, while the upper flats will be used for manufacturing purposes. The wholesale drapery business conducted by Messrs. Robertson, Ledlie, Ferguson & Co. extends over the whole of Ireland, the retail trade having Belfast for its centre, with general connections throughout Ulster, and the export operations of the house in linen, cambric, and damask goods, take effect in all parts of the world. No Irish firm is more widely and favourably known in its particular line, and both at home and abroad the name of Messrs. Robertson, Ledlie, Ferguson & Co., Limited, is famous in connection with the drapery trade in general, and especially in its close and creditable relation to the linen and damask industries of Ireland. The damask tablecloths and napkins, sheetings, pillow linens, towels, diapers, cambric handkerchiefs,' and other flax-woven fabrics produced by this firm have a world-wide reputation for every standard feature of excellence, and have been honoured by the patronage of her Majesty the Queen, as well as of the nobility and gentry of the entire United King¬ dom. Not long ago Messrs. Robertson, Ledlie, Ferguson & Co. manu¬ factured for her Majesty specially-designed damask-cloths and napkins of the most exquisite fineness, together with cambric handkerchiefs embroi¬ dered with monogram and crown. The opinion of all who had the plea¬ sure of seeing these superb examples of the weaver’s and embroiderer’s skill, combined with the highest attainments of the designer’s art, was that the goods have never been surpassed in beauty of design, texture, and finish. The highest standard of merit is consistently maintained in all the manufactures of this groat house, and the various classes of linen fabrics to be seen in the spacious show-rooms at the Bank Buildings reflect the greatest credit upon the modem resources of Ireland’s fore¬ most national industry. Ever enterprising in the introduction of novelties ■of a high class, Messrs. Robertson, Ledlie, Ferguson & Co. have recently brought out a new and exceedingly interesting speciality in damask tablecloths and napkins under the characteristic name of “ Columkille.” These unique goods are intended to make amends .for the total absence of Celtic designs in the Belfast damask manufacture referred to by a member of the Royal Historical and Archaeological Society of Ireland at a meeting held at the Technical School in Belfast. Many of the patterns in the new damasks under the above name have been copied from the marvellously beautiful and elaborate designs enriching the ■“ Book of Kells,” the most beautifully illuminated manuscript work that has come down to us from Celtic times, and which is said by some to have been written early in the seventh century in honour of St. Columkille, by others to have been actually executed by the saint himself. At all events, these designs authentically represent and reproduce the work of the best period of ancient Irish decorative art, and they are welcome alike on account of their unique beauty and by reason of their rare archaeological interest. They inaugurate a new era in damask manufacture, and may be obtained in any size required, both in tablecloths and napkins. They are produced in one quality only, but we are pleased to note that Messrs. Robertson, Ledlie, Ferguson & Co. have decided not to make the prices of their new speciality higher than those charged for ordinary decorative patterns of a similar quality. This will be an inducement to those who wish to patronise Irish art and manufacture in one of its most unique and most beautiful developments. The firm’s manufacture of linens is entirely by hand loom, which process ensures the highest degree of merit in this class of textile fabric, and the industry is carried on in the country, under the supervision of managers possessed of the greatest practical experience. Altogether upwards of one thousand hands are employed by Messrs. Robertson, Ledlie, Ferguson & Co. in the production, sale, and general distribution of their goods, and the staff engaged in the Bank Buildings numbers upwards of two hundred and fifty persons, who are always busy in the routine of the several departments. The business is unquestion¬ ably one of the largest in the country, and all its affairs are administered with conspicuous ability and sound judgment. The Company have two other establishments, one in Cork, known as the “Munster Arcade,” where a very large and important trade is carried on, and the other at Water¬ ford, founded about half a century ago. Two of the original partners still take an active part in the general control of the business, viz., William Robertson, Esq., J.P., and James C. Ledlie, Esq., J.P. They are assisted by the managing directors, including Mr. Seaton F. Milligan, Mr. William J. Morrison, and Mr. William J. Robertson, at Belfast, Mr. J. Ledlie, jun., at Cork, and Mr. James Robertson at Waterford. These gentlemen have had a lengthened connection with the house, and are qualified by thorough experience and personal capacity for the important administrative posts they occupy. It is with great pleasure that we include in our review of the industries and commerce of Ulster this brief but authentic notice of a great and thoroughly representative concern, than which no other has done more to promote and develop the beautiful branch of textile manufacture for which Ireland is especially and universally famous. Shaw & Jamison, Wholesale Druggists and General Merchants, Town Hall Street, Belfast.—This important business was established a quarter of a century ago by Mr. Thomas Shaw, under the designation of Thomas Shaw & Co. ; subsequently the nephew of this gentleman, Mr. William Shaw, became a partner, and on the retirement of the principal, in the year 1882, Mr. William Jamison was assumed as partner, and these two gentlemen are now the sole proprietors. The magnificent five-storey warehouse, recently erected by the firm, has no equal in the trade in the city, is handsomely designed and offers the most commodious location imaginable for a wholesale business of great volume. Here are located the neatly appointed offices, dispensing depart¬ ment, sample-room, all on the ground floor, and the great store-rooms replete with all the articles of the business in bulk. A very convenient cart entrance, in Musgrave Street, admits the carts and vans right into the dispatch department, where a powerful lift, worked by a six-horse gas-engine, expedites the dispatch and receipt of goods. The variety of drugs, chemicals, patent and proprietary medicines and preparations, is endless, and designed to meet the wants of the trade in all details ; while the list of general goods is no less exhaustive and complete. These include all the best lines in pickles, sauces, jams, jellies, marmalades, vinegars, meat extracts, culinary essences, potted meats, preserved fish, soups, and fruits, spices, coffees, cocoas, cigars, cigarettes, tobaccos, snuffs, toilet soaps, and innumerable other articles of general or special utility. In addition, all the best makes in perfumery, confectionery, painters' colours, varnishes, oils (both Russian and American), dyes, &c., are effectively represented, while medical requisites of all kinds are no less so. Leeches, directly imported by the firm, form a noticeable speciality, and are in great favour with the medical profession, owing to the excellent condition in which they are supplied. The firm are also large cheese factors, and heavy importers of English, Scotch, American, and Continental goods of this description. They are wholesale agents also for Carr & Co.’s, Peek, Frean & Co.’s, Marsh & Co.’s, Jacob & Co.’s biscuits; for Holms’ famous Copenhagen Butter Colour; Richardson’s Medicated Pills ; Cowan’s Vaccination Shield ; Montserrat Pure Lime-Fruit Juice; Coleman’s, Liebig’s Extract of Meat; Cibil’s Beef Extract; Richardson’s Diamond Dyes, and many other famous specialities. In addition to the great warehouse in Town Hall Street, Messrs. Shaw and Jamison have large stores in Middle Path Street, and employ some forty hands in all. The business, in a word, is one of marvellous extent, and still rapidly expanding under the energetic direc¬ tion of the enterprising proprietors. Their successful management of the concern has secured for the firm an eminent position in the trade, a great reputation among buyers, and a commercial prosperity that is extremely gratifying to record, and alike honourable to themselves, and to the great city whose reputation they very creditably maintain. IRELAND. 103 The Franklin Steam Laundry Company, Franklin Street, Belfast. — The superiority of steam laundries fitted up with powerful machinery over the old cottage system of washing and dressing linen is universally admitted. Were there no stronger reason to be assigned than the comparative immunity from risk of infection, the newer methods are to be preferred. Among the establishments founded in Belfast for carrying on the laundry business on an extensive scale, there is no more important one than The Franklin Steam Laundry Company, whose premises, situate in Franklin Street, have been fitted up on a scale of completeness that leaves nothing to be desired. The Company was founded by the firm of George O’Brien & Co. in the year 1876, since which date the concern has been worked with unvarying success, and to the manifest satisfaction of a widespreadbodyof patrons. The premises comprise an extensivefour-storey building, having a commodious suite of offices on the second floor, the remaining portion of the tenement being devoted to the washing, drying, ironing, sorting, and packing departments of the business. Seme idea of the magnitude of these operations may be gathered from the fact that the Company employ nearly one hundred hands, and their vans collect and deliver goods within a ten-mile radius of the city. To adequately meet the requirements of their extensive connection the Company have laid down five hydraulic washing machines, specially manufactured by the Troy Laundry Machinery Company, Limited, Troy, N. Y.; two massive hydro¬ extractors, each driven by a separate steam-engine of two-and-half nominal horse-power, and used for the purpose of extracting, by means of a rotary motion, the water from the various fabrics. In the roof of the main build¬ ing is a large fan driven by power used for ventilating the whole premises by passing a volume of 17,01)0 cubic feet of air through the building per minute. It is worthy of note, moreover, that the Franklin Steam Laundry Company were the first in Ireland to introduce gas-irons in the dressing of the various articles. The trade chiefly catered for by this enterprising concern embraces local family washing, but a not inconsiderable quantity of finer ladies’ work is entrusted to them from all parts of the United Kingdom. A special feature is made of the dressing of gents' shirts, collars, and cuffs, embroidery of the most delicate texture, and fine work generally. By a process peculiarly their own, the Company achieve results altogether surpassing the efforts of less imposing concerns, who, for lack of adequate appliances, are compelled to resort to the use of chemicals and deleterious bleaching compounds. At this laundry only the best quality of soap is used, and pure spring water (raised from a well on the premises 220 feet deep) is supplied in unlimited quantities. The establish¬ ment, in addition to the before-mentioned appliances, is fitted up with every convenience calculated to facilitate business operations, and the comfort of the emploj es. Five sets of speaking tubes convey orders and messages to every portion of the building, while to secure instantaneous communication with the outer world, the premises have been connected to the Telephone Company’s central district. The telephone number is 239, the telegraphic address “ Laundry, Belfast.” This complete organisa¬ tion, conceived and developed as the result of immense effort and enter¬ prise, is, without doubt, one of the most valuable institutions in the great city of the North, and is well worthy of the extended notice given to it in the present review of prominent local industries. Tlie Army Institute, 3, Grlengall Place, Great Victoria Street, Belfast. Principal, Mr. W. P. Steen, M.A.—The Army Institute was established in the year 1889 at the above address by Mr. William P. Steen, M.A. (Royal University), and B.A. (London). Its object is solely for the education of gentlemen entering the army, and, in addition to supplying instruction in the ordinary branches of literature and science required for the preliminary and further examinations it deals exhaustively with military subjects of a purely technical nature, such as fortification, tactics, topography, military law, &c., which are necessary in connection with the officers’ final, staff college, and promotion exami¬ nations. Mr. W. P. Steen is himself the principal tutor, and is assisted, as military tutor, by Mr. N. F. Napier, M.E., and by Messrs. Henry Aston, M.A., and John Curragh, F.C.S. There are also several assistant instructors, and special tutors are engaged when required. The establish¬ ment is one of the most complete of its kind in the country, and the system of tuition pursued is equivalent to individual attention. Each tutor is, in his own department, an eminent and experienced specialist. Candidates are practically tested by examinations drawn from army papers, and supplied with model answers to these. The Institute gives special attention to all the principal army examinations, and possesses in itself every facility and appliance necessary or useful for imparting effective instruction, including a well equipped physical and chemical laboratory. Officers are instructed in the use of military maps, and are assisted by means of models and drawings of field works. They also receive practical out-door instruction in topogiaphy and reconnaissance. The premises occupied in Glengall Place are very commodious, and admirably adapted to their purpose ; and under Mr. Steen’s able direction the establishment has been most successful from the first, being numer¬ ously attended by the sons of the gentry of the North of Ireland and elsewhere, who find it a most useful and valuable factor in assisting the progress of their army studies, and in guiding those studies in the proper channel for practical application. We may add that the telegraphic address of the Institute is “Army, Belfast.” Millin & Rankin, Mineral Water Manufacturers, 51 and 53, M’Auley Street, Belfast.—It may truthfully be said that at the present date the reputation of Belfast mineral waters is simply world-wide. The trade has rapidly developed during the last couple of decades, and is at present of very considerable importance. We notice with pleasure therefore in these pages the success of an enterprise in this line almost totally directed towards the foreign trade, and whose goods find their way into all quarters of the civilised world. The firm of Millin & Rankin was established in Tomb Street in the year 1870, and was very successful in its operations there for several years. In 1879 in order to secure increased accommodation, necessitated by the expansion of their business, as well as to secure a more plentiful supply of the celebrated Cromac water, they removed to the above very fine and commodious pre¬ mises. There the firm have fitted up the best modern machinery for the generation and purification of gas, for syruping and filling, and for the other less important operations of the manufacture. The equipment is, in fact, one of the best in the city, while the laboratory arrangements and appliances are as perfect as they can be made. The output includes all kinds of aerated beverages, both for the home and foreign markets. To the goods designed for the latter the firm have for many years de¬ voted very special attention, with remarkable success. Their export goods are now prepared by a new process, are of uniform strength, and com¬ bine an exquisite flavour with the highest keeping qualities. They are makers of many well-known specialities, one being particularly note¬ worthy. This is their famous “Champagne Cider,” guaranteed to be perfectly pure, not liable to undergo fermentation, and warranted to retain its flavour for years in any climate. This and all the other pro¬ ductions of the firm bear the famous “Eagle ” label, and may be obtained at all the important shipping and commercial centres, both at home and abroad. We need only add that the industry affords employment to a large staff of hands and well illustrates the enterprise of the commercial world of the great city by the Lagan. Anthony Browne, DufFerin Dock Steam Sawing, Planing, and Moulding Mills, Duncrue Street, Belfast. —- This leading and well-patronised concern was established by the present energetic proprietor in 1886. Conveniently located along the docks and timber ponds, it has gained the support of almost all the leading timber merchants and first-class building establishments of the city and pro¬ vince. The premises are large and spacious, finely equipped with modem machinery of the most perfect type, and manned with a selected staff of men, unexcelled in the city. Steam wrought mouldings are a speciality, and they are the finest ever produced by any establishment of the kind. Nothing can exceed the design and finish of these productions, whether it is to be attributed to the high character of the machinery or to the manipulation, or to both ; but the truth of the design and the fineness of the surface are noteworthy. In addition to the moulding machinery, there are two powerful circular saws capable of dealing with the heaviest materials, an excellent band saw, a boring-machine, and two planing machines. The upper floor, extending half the entire length of the shop, is devoted to the turning department of the business, a sphere in which Mr. Browne has practically a monopoly. One of the best artists in wood, and the best types of lathes that can be obtained, are here at the service of the customers of the concern, and the beautiful productions of this department are well known in the trade as the most artistic and finely finished that can be obtained anywhere. Altogether the business is one of the best conducted in the city ; no expense or trouble being ever spared to carry out the wishes of a numerous and critical clientele. All this is well known to be due to the ability and courtesy of the popular proprietor, than whom no one enjoys a more favourable position among the business men of Belfast. He has endeavoured to raise the character of his various departments to the most perfect ideal, and in doing so has gained for this firm an enviable position in the enterprising and busy community, to whose service he has devoted his abilities. W. Bell & Sons, Grain Merchants, 12, Yorke Lane, Belfast.—Originally established by Mr. William Bell in 1855, the busi¬ ness has come to the front during the intervening period, and occupies an influential and enviable position. The premises 'are of an extensive character, and comprise a fine suite of offices located in a two-storey building alongside the entrance, and immense stores to the rear, capable of carrying an enormous stock of grain. An efficient staff of hands is employed, while a number of horses and carts aid in the general work. Altogether the firm forms an excellent illustration of the best achievements of local enterprise, and speaks loudly for the abilities of the able partners, especially in respect of the influential founder and head of the business. Mr. Bell is one of the leading and typical citizens of the great northern metropolis, and is endowed with no small share of that ability and energy which characterize its principal citizens. He is a Justice of the Peace for the City of Belfast, also representative of the grain and flour trade section, in connection with the Chamber of Commerce; and occupies an influential position in all circles, more particularly in those commercial ones with which he has been so long and so honourably connected. 104 INDUSTRIES OE Keegan, Graham & Co., Wholesale Wine and Spirit Merchants, 56, High Street, Belfast.—This old-established firm holds an eminent position in connection with the wine and spirit trade in Bel¬ fast. It was started as J. & P. Keegan, but the partnership was dissolved and the business was carried on by James Keegan alone from the year 1834 for the period of thirty-eight years, when his son was taken into the firm, and the style was altered to James Keegan & Son. Mr. James died ten years ago, and Mr. Graham joined the surviving member of the firm, which became known as Keegan, Graham & Co, under which title they now trade. The business is a very large one, and the firm are rectifying distil¬ lers, as well as wholesale merchants in all kinds of wines and spirits. They occupy extensive promises at the above address in High Street, compris¬ ing offices, cellars, stores for goods in case, and other incidental depart¬ ments of a large and completely appointed wine and spirit warehouse. The duty-paid stock is large, comprehensive, and of splendid character, including foreign wines, brandies, and Irish and Scotch whiskeys of the highest class and finest quality. There is also a large stock in bond in ihe bonded stores. Messrs. Keegan, Graham & Co. have long maintained a reputation as importers and purveyors of wines and spirits of uniform excellence and reliability, their selections being made with great care in all the leading markets at home and on the Continent. They are held in the highest esteem and confidence by a wide and valuable connection ; and besides controlling an immense wholesale trade, which extends throughout the United Kingdom, the business is conducted with con- picuous energy and sound judgment, and is one of the most substantial and prosperous concerns of its kind in Belfast. In connection with this firm we may mention two of their specialities which have become very popular—viz., the J.K. and the O.K. old Irish whiskeys. These whiskeys are in bottle, and the latter (the O.K. whiskey) is in great and increasing demand through the whole of England and Scotland. Henry & Haig, Linen Shirt and Collar Manufacturers, 33, Bedford Street, Belfast.—A review of the industrial and mercantile institutions of Belfast would not be complete without mention of the repre¬ sentative firm of Henry & Haig, Linen Collar and Shirt Manufacturers. The business was established in 1870 in premises situate in King Street, the founder being Mr. John Henry. In July, 1873, Mr. Henry was joined by Mr. Haig, when the firm assumed its present style. About the same time the old premises in Howard Street, to where they had removed from King Street, were abandoned, through the increased de¬ mand for their goods, and the present building was entered. It is an imposing one, having an attractive frontage of forty-five feet, while to the rearward there is an extension of eighty feet. At the rear of the offices are commodious laundry, washhouses, shed for packing, and mechanics’ shop. Ascending by the usual staircase, the cutting-rocm is reached on the first floor. Here a number of cutting-machines are employed, preparing the work for the subsequent operations which pro¬ ceed on the second floor, which is devoted to the stitching and button¬ hole making. Some idea of the magnitude of the firm's business may be formed from the fact that no fewer than one hundred and thirty stitching and button-hole machines are to be found here, necessitating the employment of a working staff numbering over three hundred hands. In addition to the above the firm employ a large staff of outworkers. The laundry is replete with all the most approved appliances for impart¬ ing the high finish and exquisite whiteness to collars, cuffs, and shirts, for which this firm has an exceptionally high reputation. A ten-horse power steam-engine gives the necessary motor force to the machinery in this department. Messrs. Henry & Haig, in addition to a large home trade, have extremely desirable connections abroad, especially with the United States, where the firm’s goods are greatly appreciated. The business of the firm is in every department conducted on the most correct basis, and the equipment, staff, and organisation being such that the heaviest orders are executed in the promptest and most satisfactory manner. Agencies are established both in Manchester, London, and elsewhere, under resident representatives, and these greatly enlarge the sphere of the firm’s mer¬ cantile operations. We do not hesitate to pronounce Messrs. Henry & Haig the leading representatives of their industry in the district. Scottish Amicable Life Assurance Society, 14, Victoria Street, Belfast.—This notable and influential insurance organisation has been in existence for upwards of sixty-four years, having its head office in Glasgow ; and of its many other branches, that founded in Belfast so long ago as 1S32 has proved to bo a valuable auxiliary. This branch was inaugurated under the agency of Mr. W. D. Henderson, who held the post of resident secretary until 1882, during which period the Society had undergone many of the most important advances that had been achieved in assurance methods, and in 1882 the present resident secretary, Mr. William A. Chapman, was appointed, with results that are observ¬ able in the present prosperous condition of the branch. Based upon the principle of co-operation the members of the Society have a mutual interest in its transactions, the position of the directors and office-bearers as members being thus identical with that of all others concerned, while as regards the responsibility of the members, they are protected to the extent of non-liability for payment of claims. Of the special features of the Society’s advantages as distinctuated from those of other societies, we may only mention the complete or non-forfeitable policy— a system whereby policies discontinued after payment of a fifth of the ultimate premium price entitle the holders to free policies for a proportionate part of the original sum assured, and bonus for each premium paid. Another special feature, not generally shared in ordinary assurance, is the minimum premium system, entitling those who can only dovote a limited premium from the commencement of a policy for the largest possible amount of immediate assurance. The system was introduced in 1854, and it has grown in popularity consistent with the public knowledge and appreciation of its exceptional benefits. This and an entire absence of restrictions, together with the immediate payment of claims on proof of death and title, has tended to make the Scottish Amicable one of the most thoroughly popular of assurance corporations. The Society’s bonus has at no time fallen lower than from £1 10s. to £2 per annum, and this circumstance of itself has aided in promoting the favour of intending assurors. In the North of Ireland a magnificent business has been worked up by the aid of one hundred agents under the control of Mr. Chapman, to whoso active efforts may be traced much of the Society’s progress in this part of the kingdom. The Board of Directors, headed by the Lord Bishop of Derry, and comprehending many gentlemen of influence and social status, meet here at stated intervals, and this, it may be said, is the only Society which maintains a local directorate. The substantial block of buildings belonging to the Society was erected by them in 1870, at a cost of between £12,000 and £14,000, the main portion being let out for offices, while the remainder, consisting of board rooms, private rooms, secretary’s office, &c., present many evidences of the completeness with which they have been adapted to the uses and purposes of so important and eminent an incorporation as the Scottish Amicable Life Assurance Society. John Paton, Manufacturers’ and Spinners’ Agent, 10, Howard Street, Belfast.—This business, which was established by Mr. Paton at this address in 1886, is conducted in premises which consist of an office and stock-room on the second floor of the building, there being an additional stock-room on the succeeding flat. A very successful busi¬ ness is here carried on by the proprietor, as sole agent in Ireland for Messrs. Andrew Marshall & Co., sewing cotton manufacturers, Glas¬ gow ; the Embroiderj r Manufacturing Company, Limited, late Steiger & Co., St. Gall; Herisan, Switzerland, whose speciality is embroidered handkerchiefs for the Belfast market; and Seidanbandweberei, ribbon manufacturers, Liestal, Switzerland. He also represents Messrs. Bar- ratt & Bradbury, of Manchester, in smallwares, ribbons, tapes, galloons, hatters’ trimmings, silk, worsted, cotton and fibre floss, stitching and making-up twines, mangle and machine cottons for bleachers, vermillion, ultramarine blues, gums, bronzes, &c. The proprietor acts on behalf of Messrs. Thomas McLaren & Son, Parkhead, Kirkcaldy, manufacturers of ticks, bleached and loom, twilled and plain sheetings, dowlas, hucks, dices, diapers, crash in piece, cloths, and towels, rollerings, &c. Another important feature in the work carried on by Mr. John Paton is his repre¬ sentation of Messrs. John Hope & Co., the well-known Manchester manufacturers of every description of muslins and dyed goods, mulls and grey printers, handkerchiefs, &c. In all his undertakings the proprietor bears a high-class reputation for the integrity and promptitude with which his work is carried through on account of an excellent local and provincial connection, in which he is aided by competent assistants. Mr. John Paton has proved himself to be one who understands every detail of the operations in which he is engaged, and can bring them to a successful consummation with credit to his principals and himself. John Alexander, Auctioneer, Valuer, Insurance Agent, and Cycle Merchant, 38, Royal Avenue, Belfast.—This large business, controlled and managed by Sir. Alexander, is the best testimony of the respect and confidence of his fellow-citizens, and of their appre¬ ciation of the rare qualifications with which he is endowed. The pre¬ mises are finely situated, and the show-rooms and sale-rooms are among the best in the city. Sales of land, house property, ground rents, secu¬ rities, policies, &e., take place here weekly, all the year round, as well as numerous others conducted on the premises of those giving up house¬ keeping, or removing, or having valuable goods to offer to competition. In addition, Mr. Alexander is largely engaged in valuations for the Courts of Probate and Bankruptcy, where his special knowledge and wide experience bring him a large and lucrative business. He is, in addition, the sole representative for Ireland of ihe influential Yorkshire Fire and Life Insurance Company; agont for the well-known Norwich Union and Northern Accident Insurance Company. Another great speci¬ ality in which he has made an unexcelled reputation is the cycle trade, and Mr. Alexander’s show-rooms will well repay a visit, as there may be seen examples of all the famous types in the market. He is the Ulster agent of the famous Rudge Cycle Company, Limited, Coventry, the oldest and largest cycle manufacturers in the world, whose display of medallic honors is perfectly dazzling. His latest speciality is the “ Whippet ” cycle made by Messrs. Linley & Biggs, of London, a machine which embodies many novel arrangements, especially an ingenious spring which makes rough roads a thing of the past. Ho is also Ulster agent for the well-known “Raleigh” cycles, and keeps a varied and extensive stock of all the smalle.^requisites of the cycling world. Mr. Alexander is a member of the Board of Guardians, and his courteous maimers and honourable character fully entitle him to the high confidence reposed in him by the community in general, and to the esteem in which he is held by those who have occasion for his services. IRELAND. 105 Alexander Crawford & Son, Wheat, Starch, Corn¬ flour, Chemical Manufacturers, Wilson Street; and Nurserymen, Belfast Nursery Company, Malone Road. Offices and Sale Shops : 18 and 20, Mill Street, Belfast.—The above firm have been in existence as starch makers for over forty years at their mills in Wilson Street; but about twenty years ago Mr. James W. Crawford, the present proprietor, succeeded, after great labour, in perfecting the manufacture of wheat starch, and in bringing before tho public a quality which has been ever since without a rival in the market. This he called 1 ‘ Snow-whito Starch,” a preparation remarkable for its colour, strength, and purity, qualities which at once secured for it the very highest place in the best finishing establishments in the kingdom. The firm also make a great variety of wheat starches of the highest excellence, which are specially adapted for various kinds of work, including calico printers, bleachers, finishers, lace dressers, laundries, &c. They also manufacture, from the finest wheat, corn-flour, sold as “Amylaceous Food,” a pure wheaten food, easily digested, very nutritious, and a pleasant article of diet. It is an excellent substitute for arrowroot, at less than one-third of the price, and has been highly commended by eminent physicians as a food for those nurseries were started by Mr. Alexander Threlkeld, and they were acquired some five years ago by the present proprietors. There is an area of seven acres, with a frontage of 345 feet on the Malone Road, bordered by a row of beautiful beeches. Five acres are under rhododen¬ drons, roses, conifers, cedars, and all kinds of shrubs. The cultivation of pelargoniums, azaleas, and chrysanthemums is made a special feature. There are fourteen glass-houses, from 30 to 112 feet long, and 12 to 25 feet wide—in all, some 40,000 square feet are under glass. Twelve of the largest glass-houses have been erected in Mr. Crawford’s time. There is a large rose-house, several houses reserved for ferns, and the large con¬ servatory contains a fine collection of palms, crotons, and other stove plants. There are fifteen pits or forcing-houses, which are replete with every modern appliance for heating, ventilation, &c. The camellia-house contains many splendid specimens, while the large fern-house is fully eighty feet long, and contains almost every variety of this deli¬ cate plant. The orchid-house, during the season, presents a brilliant sight : these delicate blooms are here seen to great perfection, and the samo may be said of the lofty rose-house. In the grounds the firm Cramer, Wood & Co., Pianoforte and Music Ware¬ house, 17 and 19, Castle Place, Belfast. — Among those who have contributed to develop a taste for music and high-class musical instru¬ ments in the North of Ireland probably few firms are more familiar than that founded in 1865 by Messrs. Cramer, Wood & Co., and now controlled by Mossrs. Laird and Irving, under the above firm name. The centre of this old-established and influential concern’s business operations has loag been at Castle Place, Bedfast, where the firm’s large premises are admir¬ ably suited to the character of the high-class trade for which they have been devised. The show-room and business-place on the ground level not only has a large frontage to the thoroughfare, but extends rearwards over eighty feet, while the show-room upstairs, extending over the adjoining premises of Messrs. Braddells, and covering a superficial area of 4,800 square feet, is acknowledged to be the largest of the kind in Ulster, and, possibly, in Ireland. The firm exhibit within their extensive show¬ rooms all the high-class productions of those makers whose work, whether in piano, organ, or harmonium manufacture, has met with universal acceptance, such, for example, as the standard pianos of Collar!, Broadwood, Brinsmeud, and Erard, whose names are at all times a sufficient guarantee of excellence and long-established merit. Such instruments have attained quite an international reputation for purity and quality of tone, effective action, durability, and beauty of finish ; children and invalids. It is perfectly adapted for every variety of table use, puddings, custards, cakes, &c., and is a wholesome and extremely palatable article of diet for all seasons. Messrs. Crawford & Son have been successful in securing for their “Snow-white Starch ” and “ Amy¬ laceous Food,” at the various industrial exhibitions, a number of Gold and First Prize Medals, notably at the Belfast and North of Ireland Work¬ men’s Exhibition, held in 1870 : the Dublin Exhibition of 1872; Cork, 1883 ; Crystal Palace, London, 1884; Edinburgh, 1886; and Glasgow, 1888. The firm are also makers of chemicals used in the process of bleach¬ ing of linens, &c. Their bleaching liquids are highly extolled for the clearing of cambric handkerchiefs, linens, &c. The Starch and Irish Cornflour Works in Wilson Street cover about two acres of ground, with buildings adapted for the process ; the machinery and plant is all of the most modern and improved type. The water used in the manufacture is the purest of spring water, and is derived from a number of wells on the premises, which are sunk or bored to depths of from five hundred to six hundred feet. Messrs. Crawford & Son are also proprietors of the extensive nurseries at Malone Road, which they conduct under the name of The Belfast Nursery Company. Over thirty years ago have an immense stock of flowering and foliage plants, shrubs, fruit, and forest trees, &c. A large staff of experienced gardeners and assistants is regularly employed, and the firm undertake to keep gardens, lawns, &c., in order, by contract or otherwise. On weekdays the public are allowed free admission to the grounds, and large numbers take advantage of the privilege, and the most casual observer cannot fail to be much impressed, not only with tho brilliance and beauty of the many thousands of flowers, shrubs, &e., but also with the great care, skill, and judgment that the proprietor exercises in their cultivation and arrangement. The nursery is in direct telephonic communication with the city depot and offices at 20, Mill Street, and possessing, as they do, such splendid resourcesand a never- failing supply of the most beautiful flowers suitable for bouquets, wreaths, and floral decorations of all kinds, tho firm stand in an unrivalled position to execute the largest orders at any season of the year on the shortest notice. Mr. James W. Crawford, the sole proprietor of these various businesses, is well known and highly respected in Belfast circles. He devotes all his attention and energy to the development of the business with an enthusiasm and persistence which are so essential to complete and permanent success. these being the manifest qualifications by which the entire stock on view at this firm’s rooms are characterised. The firm purchase directly from the factories, and are enabled to exhibit many pianos and harmoniums scarcely rivalled out of London, and certainly on a standard of efficacy equivalent to any metropolitan production. Messrs. Cramer, Wood & Co. have a large stock to choose from, ranging from ten guineas to a hundred and fifty, all affording suitable choice alike for the most moderately inclined or the most affluent, and it is pleasing to observe that the Cramer productions, identified with the original personnel of this firm, still hold wide favour in the North of Ireland. To Messrs. Cramer, Wood & Co. the people of the North are indebted for the inauguration of the throe years’ system,of hire-purchase, the superlatively beneficial advantages of which need nowadays no endorsement. A matter of great convenience to the community is the periodical visit of a staff of experienced London tuners to every county in Ulster, while, by employing a regular staff of fifteen hands, the firm are able, at all times, to carry through the entire practical operations of a large music saloon business with the utmost skill, dispatch, and satisfaction. Much of the coniinued prosperity of the house rests with Mr. Laird, whose unfailing courtesy and attentiveness has tended favourably to promote tho sphere of usefulness which this business has so long occupied in furthering the interests of music and musical advancement in Ireland’s northern capital. 106 INDUSTRIES OF D. Wightman, Manufacturing Jeweller, Watchmaker, &c., 22, Royal Avenue, Belfast.—The manufacture of jewellery is an industry that is entirely new to Belfast, and great credit is due to Mr. D. Wightman for the enterprise he has shown in establishing this trade in the district, and proving that it could he made a very valuable resource for Irish ingenuity and taste. He commenced business in 1876 in Castle Street, and afterwards opened a manufactory situated in College Street, consisting of a very commodious building with all the latest appli¬ ances used in the manufacture of high-class jewellery, including excellent electro-plating plant. A very large staff of skilled workers is employed, many of whom have learned the trade from Mr. Wightman’s personal instructions. Articles are manufactured in silver and gold, besides meaner metals, a speciality being made of that exquisite bog-oak carving that has obtained such a high reputation in the English markets. The present premises in Dublin Buildings, Royal Avenue, into which Mr. Wightman has just removed, are most commodious, and in the rear on the ground floor he has large workshops, where all his repairing will now be executed, and which will therefore be under the immediate eye of Mr. Wightman. The show-rooms are fitted up in the most elegant style, and exhibit beautiful specimens of the firm’s handicraft. These include some extremely handsome brooches in national emblematic designs manufactured in silver and inlaid with gold, which bear full testimony to the taste and skill devoted to them production. Throughout the establishment may be seen jewellery that for chaste beauty will rival any produced in the leading centres of the trade in Europe. Mr. Wightman is also a practical watchmaker, and has a leading reputa¬ tion in the city in this branch, the great skill displayed, both in the manufacture and repairing of watches, having obtained for him the most extensive connection in the trade. As an optician he has also evinced the same enterprise that characterises his other undertakings, and has introduced several improvements into the trade, noticeable among which are Wightman’s Patent Folders, which can be worn with perfect ease and comfort by those unable to wear the ordinary glasses. He also makes a speciality in mounted spectacles, &o., in gold frames. Mr. Wightman has exhibited, with conspicuous success, at all the leading industrial exhibi¬ tions that have been held during recent years ; and at all, particularly in Manchester and London, his productions secured universal admiration. As the first (and only) manufacturer of silver jewellery in Ireland, Mr. Wightman has conferred a very great service in drawing attention to a branch of trade that should become an important industry and an established source of national wealth. We may mention that the first piece of Conne¬ mara marble ever seen mounted in jewellery was done by Mr. Wightman in 1883, and this idea (as in many other instances) was taken up by other manufacturers in the trade, and this jewellery may now be seen in every jeweller’s stock. As a finale to this sketch we append some interest¬ ing extracts in the shape of opinions of the press upon Mr. Wightman and his inventions. “ Home-made Jewellery.—Mr. D. Wightman, Jeweller, is at present exhibiting at his establishment, some v^ry handsome specimens ofj silver jewellery, of his own manufacture. Mr. Wightman has recently opened an extensive manufactory, which he has fitted up with all the machinery and appliances requisite for the manufacture of jewellery, as well as gilding and electro-plating on a large scale, and he has already produced a considerable quantity of valuable articles in the most satisfactory manner. Several of the specimens shown are not only novel, but exquisite in design, and the workmanship, even in the most delicate portions, is faultlessly executed. A number of handsome silver brooches, with emblematic designs, and some of which are inlaid with gold, deserve particular mention for the beauty of their design and workmanship. Mr. Wightman’s enterprise will, doubtless, be largely appreciated, particularly by those who desire to encourage local manufacturers. In any case, the articles shown are well worthy of in¬ spection, even by those who do not intend to purchase .”—Belfast Evening Telegraph. “Home-made Jewellery.—We observe that Mr. D. Wight¬ man, Jeweller, has at present on exhibition many fine specimens of jewellery, his own manufacture. Among these are silver Irish brooches, some of them inlaid with gold, and containing well executed national emblematic designs. Mr. Wightman seems to be developing local manufacture in an interesting and refining branch of industry, and every effort of the kind deserves encouragement. He has opened a special manufactory for the purpose, and his stock will be found well worthy of inspection and purchase .”—Ulster Echo. “Mr. Wightman is an enterprising and far-seeing man. We may mention that the first piece of Connemara (county Galway) marble ever seen mounted in jewel¬ lery was mounted by him in 1883. This trade has now assumed large proportions. The idea on Mr. Wightman’s part was a development of the Scotch style of pebble mounting. From this small beginning it has now come to be seen in every jeweller’s stock. Mr. Wightman, we learn, is mounting a considerable quantity of it just now, new designs being brought out every day. His workshops are now in College Street, with telephone communication with his front shop, where not only the foregoing work is carried on, but also electro-plating, repairing of every description, artistic hair plaiting and mounting, and watch repairing, &c.”— Invention. Visitors to Belfast should not fail to inspect this estab¬ lishment. John Lytle & Sons, 84, Victoria Street, Belfast.—This notable firm was established so long ago as 1835, by the late John Lytle, on whose death, in 1871, his two sons, now the sole proprietors, took over the management. This firm has been identified since its foundation with the grass-seed trade of the city and province. Their great speciality, the cleaning of rye-grass seed, dates from the year 1855, and so great has been their success, and that of one or two other houses, that the city has become the headquarters for the collection of this very valuable seed, being exported thence all over the world. Prior to the date above men¬ tioned, 1855, the native seed may have been saved for special occasions, but practically, as to a large extent is still the case, was lost. Mr. Lytle encou¬ raged the saving of the seed, and provided improved machinery for the necessary cleaning operations. At first the result was but limited in extent, but the trade steadily increased, so that at the present date the trade in rye grass is of imposing dimensions, and is the means of distributing large sums of money, for what was formerly lost or disposed of with the hay. The quantity saved in the North of Ireland now is estimated at about 30,000 tons annually; the price of which, at £10 per ton, amounts to £300,000. To meet the euormous growth of a trade which they were instrumental in creating, Messrs. John Lytle & Sons have been obliged to introduce very extensive and elaborate machinery, worked by power, which enables them to turn out seed thoroughly clean and fit for sowing, on the Continent, in the Colonies, and the United Kingdom. It will thus be evident that a new Irish industry has been created largely by the pre¬ science and enterprise of this firm, which carries with it a lesson not easily forgotten. The firm is now largely engaged in several kindred lines of trade and in the tea business, and have an influential connection in all directions, both at home and abroad. They are agents for the cele¬ brated Odams’s manures and guano, long used upon the Royal Farms at Windsor with pleasing results, and vendors of all kinds of agricultural and garden seeds, and of certain assorted flower seeds. The premises in Victoria Street, where their very extensive trade is carried on, were built by the late proprietor in 1867, are 168 feet by 48 feet, and rise to five lofty storeys. The private and general offices, handsomely and appro¬ priately appointed, and a show-room, occupy the ground floor of the front premises, while tbe recleaning processes by improved machinery are carried on at the rear. The remainder of the extensive building is em¬ ployed as store-rooms for tea, and for seeds of various kinds. There are also extensive detached stores for manures, &c., in Marlborough Street, from which thoroughfare there are two entrances for goods into the main building. Both the present proprietors of the eminent concern are Jus¬ tices of the Peace for the city, and Mr. David Lytle is also a member of the Harbour Board, and Managing Director of the North of Ireland Chemical Company, whose works are at Bond Street and offices at Messrs. Lytle’s. The connection of this firm is rather with the agricultural than the city industries ; but both gentlemen are well-known and esteemed in all circles for their enlightened interest in the general prosperity of the city and province. Robert John Boyd, Henry Street Smith Works, Belfast.—This prosperous concern has become specially noted for the manufacture of iron gates and railings, and also of wire fencing, hurdles sledge-hammers, mining and quarry tools, in all of which a very large wholesale trade is transacted, and the entire works form a busy industrial feature of the locality in which they are situated. The Henry Street Works occupy three floors, and cover a considerable superficial area, the ground floor forming the office, near which is the principal department for heavy work, and the whole of the machinery is on this floor. The mechanical equipment is of the most improved description, and includes an engine and boiler of considerable horse-power, together with lathes, verticals, screwing and punching, shearing, andiron-twisting machines, by all of which the operations of a brisk industry are satisfactorily accele¬ rated. The various branches of work are well maintained by an efficient staff of hands, under careful and capable supervision. The firm’s business covers all Ireland, and both men and goods are sent to Africa, India, and the Colonies to fit up all kinds of ironwork. In the Colonies, where labour is scarce and costly, constructive and architectural ironwork has formed a factor of first-rate importance to the progress of settlers, and that the advantages of this system—of sending out ironwork for all the many and varied purposes to which iron can be now applied—have been duly recognised is at once manifest in the success which has attended the operations of the Henry Street Smith Works. There is nothing in the long and inexhaustible range of ironwork and industry in which this firm have not largely and actively engaged. A notable instance of their productive efficiency in ornamental ironwork is afforded by the gates and railings of the Alexandra Park, as well as those of the Ormeau Baths, these two important undertakings having been contracted for and com¬ pleted by the firm with favourable success. Under the able and assiduous guidance of Mr. Robert J. Boyd, the Henry Street Smith Works have attained a prosperity that is highly creditable to the enterprise and prac¬ tical skill with which it has been advanced, and its productions continue to find unreserved appreciation as thoroughly serviceable for every one of the many uses to which such manufactures can be nowadays appropriately devoted. IRELAND 107 North of Ireland Linen Company, 8, James Street South, Belfast.—Belfast is noted for its linen manufactories, and one of the chief among these is that of the North of Ireland Linen Company. This concern was established some years ago by Thomas Kernahan and James Black, who are the present members of the firm. The premises are situate in James Street South, and consist of large offices and stock, rooms, &c., where the preparing and finishing of all classes of linen and cotton goods are carried on. The trade of this firm is large, embracing an extensive home and foreign connection. Mr. Thomas Kernahan— managing partner of the concern—is a thoroughly practical manufac¬ turer. His works are situate at Portadown, where he manufactures extensively superior linen, linen handkerchiefs, cambric handerchiefs, light and heavy hemstitch handkerchiefs, lawns of all sizes, and in carry¬ ing out his business at Portadown he employs some hundreds of weavers of the finest and most beautiful linen goods. Mr. Kernahan is also a Director of the Glen Printing and Finishing Company, Newtownards. We have also closely inspected this important and extensive concern, for further particulars about which we refer our readers to our report given in this work. The North of Ireland Linen Company employ travellers who visit yearly every important country in Europe, in the larger cities of which they are represented by resident agents. Their telegraphic address is “Laurel,” Belfast. All congratulate this firm in their being thus placed in such an exceptionally good position to meet any reasonable competition which may offer itself. James A. Beck, Chemical Manufacturer, Drysalter, and Oil Merchant, Belfast.—This thoroughly representative and pros¬ perous business was established by Mr. J. A. Beck, the present sole pro¬ prietor in 1856, and has since attained commendable development and considerable prosperity under his experienced control. The works at Ballymacarrett are very extensive and complete, and capable of turning out a large supply of the various chemicals required by the trade. The ground floor is reserved for the making of vitriol and similar products, which form a large item in the business, and are indispensable in the processes of bleaching and finishing linen goods. Other acids, specially designed for the trade, are also turned out in great quantities. The retorts, vats, &c., are of the most complete and suitable character, and the various laboratories'are also excellently equipped. A large stock of tho products is kept at the stores in Tomb Street, whence they are dis¬ tributed to customers in all parts of Ulster. These premises communi¬ cate with the street by a large gateway, to the right of which is a suite of offices, and extend back one hundred and fifty feet, with a width of one hundred feet. The covered stores to the rear are used as an oil ware¬ house for the various descriptions of oils, tallow, and grease, in demand by steam and machinery users ; and for the chemicals, which form the great speciality of the concern. Bleachers, spinners, and finishers are, of course, the great customers, and the trade controlled is very large and flourishing. Some thirty hands and eight horses and vans are employed in the various operations of this establishment. The repute in which some of its special goods is held, and the fine quality and strength of the various chemicals produced in the works, are well known to the trade in the North of Ireland, and indeed are of a very superior description. Houses such as this do much to further the general prosperity of the staple trade, and bring the aid of science and experiment to expedite the various bleaching and finishing processes. Mr. Beck’s concern, managed as it is with enterprise and skill, and abreast of all the recent discoveries, supplies a want in the industrial world of the North of Ireland, and creates an important industry in itself in the great and flourishing city where it is located. It completes also, in some degree, the independence of outside supply which is, in many respects, so notable in Belfast, and which gives such increased strength to the industrial forces there at work, and is, in a word, in every way deserving of the influential and flourishing position it has so long occupied in the great linen metropolis. Mr. Beck has lately been appointed agent for Ireland by the United Alkali Company, Limited. Daniel Johnston & Co., General Smiths, 14£, Princes Stroet, Belfast.—This well-known business is justly entitled to claim the distinction of being the oldest establishment in the North of Ireland, having been originally founded as far back as the year 1709 by Mr. Samuel Johnston, who was followed by succeeding generations of the family, the firm being ultimately constituted of Mr. Daniel Johnston and Mr. Ralph Ludlow until March, 1889, when the former gentleman died, leaving Mr. R. Ludlow sole representative of the old firm. The premises occupied for the business are extensive and conveniently arranged, well equipped with plant and machinery for producing the specialities manufactured by the firm. These include every description of general smith works, weighing beams, weigh bridges, letter cutting, and all kinds of edge tools for butchers, &c. The firm have done the general stevedore work in gearing, &c., for the last hundred years. The business connection of the firm is influential and extensive and includes the leading manufacturers in the city and surrounding district, whose long continued support and patronage have been retained by the superior class of work produced at the establishment. Efficient workmen are retained in the various departments of the works, which are capably controlled by the principal, whose long experience in tho trade supplies a satisfactory guarantee for perfection in every detail of the management of this deservedly successful industrial undertaking. Boucher and Thomson, Select Family Grocers, Italian Warehousemen, Wine and Spirit Merchants, 17, Lombard Street, and Wine Cellar Entry, Belfast—In the family grocery and wine trade of Belfast there is probably no firm which enjoys a more deservedly earned reputation and patronage than that of Messrs. Boucher and Thomson. This well-known house was originally established in Castle Place, in 1816, by the late Mr. Boucher, who was afterwards succeeded by his son. Fourteen years ago the business was transferred to the above address where, under the joint administration of Messrs. Boucher and Thomson, the latter of whom was taken into partnership at the com¬ mencement of last year, it forms the centre of a vigorous and still- developing trade. The premises are comprised within a four-storay building with a commanding elevation, the front portion—about fifty feet square—forming the grocery and Italian warehouse, and compre¬ hending everything in domestic comestibles of a superior class drawn from the best markets at home and abroad; while the spacious wine cellars and vaults stretch towards the rear, comprising four floors behind the firm’s premises, and also behind those of Messrs. Mellroy, Messrs, Frizzle, and Messrs. Branagh. The buildings, in their entirety, present many evidences of completeness and facilities of arrangement tending to expedite the routine of the business. Messrs. Boucher and Thomson are justly celebrated for the completeness of their cellars, representing all shippers and distillers of long-established repute and acceptance. The stock of wines, spirits, and liqueurs, contains some valuable selec¬ tions of old and rare specialities bearing every guarantee of genuine growth, vintage, and distillation. They are proprietors of the Mourn® whiskey, one of the oldest and richest of those pure products with which Irish trade has been long identified, and the firm provide this superior distillation under their own seal and trade mark, and in a con¬ dition of strength and quality well-fitted for the tables of families and connoisseurs. Messrs. Boucher and Thomson are sole agents for Max Greger’s Carlowitz, a liquor which, through their agency, has become very popular in this district. They are also agents for the Clogher Park Dairy—one of the best Irish creameries—and they are agents also of Beach’s whole fruit preserves, one department of the many table-dainties which they have always comprised in their well-stocked stores. They likewise represent the Mazawattee Ceylon Tea Company, and supply the very finest blendings of Ceylon and Indian growths of^the fragrant cup. In all the branches of their well augmented business, the firm display much commendable enterprise, and having large stabling at Mount Pottinger, as well as a staff of a dozen hands, they are in a position to maintain that dispatch and attentiveness by which their reputation has been partly gained, while the active and energetic management tends to retain the estimation of a long-established and widespread local and district clientele. John Butler, Mechanical Engineer and Millwright, The Manor Mill, Millfield, Belfast.—-Tradition, if not history, will have it that the Manor Mill was erected by Oliver Cromwell during his memorable visit to Ireland. Be that as it may, it is now the home of peaceful and noteworthy industry, having been fitted up by Mr. John Butler more than ten years ago as an engineering concern. The premises cover a large space of ground, and are equipped with all modern machines and appliances, driven by water power. Bleaching and printing machinery form the chief speci¬ alities of the concern, but marine and land engines are also made on the premises. Mr. Butler is presently making a set of triple ex¬ pansion engines for the steam-ship Olensheak, which is now being built at Carrickfergus. Also the steam winches, &c., and all other deck gear, which gives enployment to a con¬ siderable number of skilled hands. The con¬ nection of the concern extends all over th® kingdom, and the services of the firm are in constant request. Mr. Butler is also pro¬ prietor of a most ingenious speed indicator, which he has patented, and which is in almost universal use, and for which he has received a medal and first-class certificate. A descrip¬ tion may possibly fail to give an adequate idea of this very ingenious patent. Roughly, a heavy iron piston floats in a reservoir containing mercury, and communicating with a sur¬ rounding reservoir by a small aperture. The inner reservoir is connected by suitable gearing with the revolving shaft, whose revolutions it is desired to measure. The revolution of the inner reservoir causes the mercury by centrifugal force to flow out into the surrounding receptacle, and the iron piston falls in proportion to the speed. The piston is con¬ nected with an index, moving round a circular graduated face by means of a rack and pinion, and so the slightest variation in velocity is imme¬ diately shown by the gauge. The invention has been largely adopted by all users of steam power, where it is important to secure a uniform rate of speed. From this it will be evident that Mr. Butler is a mechanician of some note, and that even in practical inventive genius the citizens of Belfast have something to say for themselves. 108 INDUSTRIES OE C. Miller & Co., Cabinetmakers and Upholsterers, “Bedding Manufacturers and Carpet Factors, 42, 44 and 46, High Street, Belfast.—In connection with tho cabinetmaking and furnishing trade in Belfast a leading firm is that of Messrs. C. Miller & Co., whose business, though of quite recent establishment, has already taken up a prominent position among other large concerns in this important branch of business. Messrs. C. Miller & Co. commenced their •operations as cabinetmakers, upholsterers and general house furnishers ■on the 6th January, 1890, and opened their fine warehouse in High Street on that day with a very large and superior stock. The premises here occupied comprise four spacious floors, each eighty feet long by forty-three feet wide, and affording the most appropriate accommodation for the storage and display of furniture. The ground floor contains the principal show-room, with a splendid display of goods, and has the packing department and yard at the rear. On the first floor, which is supported by iron pillars, we find a most extensive and noteworthy exhibit of carpets, curtains and bedroom furniture, part of the spaoe being occupied by a varied assortment of bedsteads. The second floor •constitutes the carpet-making work-rooms, the cabinetmakers’ rooms, and the general store-room,whilethe third floor isdevoted to the purposes of up¬ holstery and polishing rooms. Besides the main entrance to the show-rooms there is a side entrance for the workmen. The establishment in its entirety has a very fine appearance, and is one of the most perfectly organised furni¬ ture warehouses we have seen. It certainly contains as fine a stock as can be found in the city in this line of trade, and some of the goods shown are ■of rare merit and beauty. Every requirement can be met and satisfied by this firm, and whether it bo in antique or modem, plain or elaborate, useful or ornamental furniture, their warehouse in High Street is a treasury of first-class productions, calculated to give entire satisfaction to the purchaser. Messrs. C. Miller & Co. are throwing into the management of their rapidly progressing business that degree of energy and enterprise which is characteristic of every business undertaking developed in Belfast; and their trade is increasing in all departments in the most satisfactory manner. They undertake the complete furnishing of houses of any size or style on the shortest notice and at the most moderate rates for first-class goods; and there is no article which properly comes under the head of house furnishings that they are not in a position to supply. The trade already extends all over the kingdom, and also to America and other countries, and a most valuable connection has been established and maintained. Messrs. C. Miller & Co. employ upwards of fifty hands, and have three large stores on Donegall Quay, in addition to their chief warehouse, which is one of the most noteworthy of the many fine establishments that contribute to the attractiveness of High Street. James Agnew & Co., Timber, &c., Merchants, Bally- mnearratt, Belfast.—This concern was founded between fifty and sixty years ago by Mr. James Agnew, the father of the present proprietor, Mr. William Agnew, who took over the business on the death of the former about twenty-five years ago, and who is ably assisted by his brother, Mr. Alexander Agnew. The yard, workshops, and offices are of the most suitable description, and cover an area of about two acres. Within the large sliding gates which form the entrance are situated the general, private, and business offices to the left, and the immense enclosed yard is replete with every variety of the general goods of the trade of fine quality :—slates, tiles, &c. Running round the whole boundary of the yard are covered sheds for storage of timber, with stores above for mouldings, flooring, and sheeting. In the rear are stables for five horses, and a staff of experienced men is kept in executing the general work of the concern. The saw-mill is in a large shed in the centre of the yard, and is furnished with all the best machines and appliances for sawing, planing, moulding, &c.:—a vertical saw cutting up to thirty boards at a time, a fine planing and moulding machine by Mr. Dowall, of Johnstone, near Glasgow, two circular saws,two log-frame undone deal-frame saws. ’These are driven by a 25-horse power steam-engine, worked by a powerful boiler, which is by the eminent firm of Victor Coates & Co., Limited, Lagan Foundry, of this city. There is also a reserve boiler to be used in case of need. There is a special shop for saw-sharpening, and a powerful crane for dealing with the heavier materials. The timber-ponds, between two to three acres in extent, are at Shortstrand, within a few minutes’walk of their saw-mills. Messrs. Agnew & Co. import their timber direct from all the best markets, and it is floated in rafts from the ship’s side to the timber ponds, thereby saving cartage. In a word, this old-established and flourishing concern is one of the best equipped in various ways that we have come across anywhere. The business, which is simply that of a large merchant, is extensive in the city and the surrounding country. The trade is general and withbuilders; joiners, millowners, foundries, ship¬ yards, and private individuals, and the like being the principal customers. Air. Agnew is well known in business circles and takes an interest in many of the benevolent works carried on in the city, and particularly in the administration of the affairs of the Royal Hospital, where he has a seat on the Board of Management. William Nesbrt & Co., Apron and Pinafore Manu¬ facturers, 63 & 65, Arthur Street, Belfast.—Although the concern of William Nesbit & Co. is one of the youngest in its line, having been established but a little over two years, it has already attained a position of considerable prosperity and promisos to take rank amongst the fore¬ most firms in the business. The premises are centrally situated in Arthur Stroet, and consist of workshops and offices occupying the three floors of tho commodious building. Steam-power is used to drive the machines employed in the sewing, &c., of the various articles of manu¬ facture, and for supplying air to the gas irons employed in the finishing. About eighty hands find employment in tho various operations of cutting, making up, smoothing, and packing, and no small amount of skill is displayed in the production. All the desirabilities of cut, ornament and finish which taste or fancy can lavish on an apron or pinafore are here supplied on a wholesale scale, and the dexterity gained by the workers in the various departments gives a pleasing impression of the abilities of the fair sex in this busy city. This young and enterprising firm has succeeded in gaining a valuable connection in all parts of Great Britain and Ireland, and this is due in great measure to the ability and energy of its owner and director. Mr. Nesbit is practically acquainted with all the details of the manufacture, is well abreast of the demands of the hour, and brings to bear on the whole work of the concern an attention and an enterprise which rarely fail to obtain a flattering recognition and an ample and satisfactory recompense. _ William J. Woodside & Co., Shipowners, &c., 104, Corporation Street, Belfast.—This business was established in April, 1877, by Mr. Woodside, trading under the title indicated above, and has been, since that date, developed and extended to its present important propor¬ tions. The firm occupy an extensive and well-appointed suite of offices on the ground floor of the premises in Corporation Street, conveniently adapted for the business operations of the establishment. These include every detail connected with the shipowning, brokerage, and commission interests incidental to this class of business, tho firm acting in a repre¬ sentative capacity for many of the leading ship-owning companies of the port, amongst whom may be mentioned the County Steamship Corn- pan}', Limited; “ Alice M. Craig” Company, Limited; “Polly Wood- side ” Company, Limited ; “ Marian Woodside ” Company, Limited ; De Bay Steamship Company, Limited; and many of the notable steamships and other craft in the merchant service, the trading being principally with Brazil and the River Plate ports, many of their vessels being noted for exceptionally quick passages. The firm act as managers for these Companies, and control the freight and passenger departments for themselves and co-owners, and, in addition, under¬ take a large amount of general commission business for the principal shippers at home and abroad. A numerous staff of clerks is retained under the personal direction of the principal, who occupies a prominent position in commercial circles, gained by his able, energetic, and enter¬ prising administration of this important business undertaking. J. & T. Sinclair & Co., Provision Curers, 7 and 11, Tomb Street, Belfast.—This old and distinguished firm, who have long been noted throughout the world in connection with the provision trade, have a most extensive establishment at the above address, where they have carried on their operations for over half a century. These premises have a street frontage of two hundred and fifty feet, and run back nearly to the borders of Donegall Quay. The entire process of pork-curing goes on here all the year round, pigs being brought from the various Ulster markets in vast numbers, dressed, and made ready for the market in the shape of prime hams and bacon. During the summer months two steam- power refrigerating machines of the most improved type, by Messrs. Pontifex & Wood, London, are used in connection with the curing pro¬ cesses, and every appliance on the premises is of the most effective descrip¬ tion. All meat sent out by this eminent firm bears their well-known trade mark, and the greatest care is exercised in the manipulation of the same. Should a ham or other portion of meat be damaged in the skin, even though it bo otherwise of prime quality, it is at once relegated to the socond-class trademark, and in this and other respects the firm make continuous efforts to adequately sustain the splendid reputation their goods have won for uniform quality and reliability in both the home and the export markets. Messrs. Sinclair also maintain an alliance with the im¬ portant houseof Messrs. Kingan& Co., Limited,of Indianapolis and Kansas, LT.S.A., and from that firm they import largely for the American branch of their trade. The American houses of Messrs. Kingan employ upwards of two thousand hands, and about one hundred and twenty assistants are always engaged on Messrs. Sinclair’s premises at Belfast, where provision curing is carried on upon as important a scale as at any other similar establishment in the United Kingdom. The firm, whose telegraphic address is “ Sinclair, Belfast.” control an immense trade, and are held in the highest respect and confidence by their wide and influemial connec¬ tion at home and abroad. Messrs. Samuel Kingan and Thomas Sinclair, the present heads of the hou-e, are both county magistrates and gentle¬ men of the highest personal and commercial status; and Mr. Sinclair is also intimately associated with many of the leading public institutions of the city, in which he. takes an earnest, active, and beneficial interest. IRELAND. 109 William Dickson & Co., Umbrella Manufacturers, Queen’s Arcade, and 29, Done gall Place, Belfast.—Messrs. William Dickson & Co. are a well-known and old-established firm of manufac¬ turers of umbrellas and parasols, and large importers of fancy china, leather goods, toys, &c., &c., in largo and commodious premises in the Queen’s Arcade, and at 29, Donegall Place. The business is the oldest manufacturing concern of its kind, in the city of Belfast, having been in existence for almost fifty years. It was originally established by Mr. William Dickson at 47, Donegall Street, where, until quite recently, a branch shop has been carried on all these years along with the other premises which had been started in the course of time. The manufactory and workshop are situated in large and suitable premises in College Street, where a number of hands are employed. Here the premises are carefully fitted up and arranged with all kinds of necessary tools and mechanical appliances. All varieties of new umbrellas and walking-sticks are manu¬ factured, and re-covering and repairs are carried’out in the best and most approved style. For ladies’ and gentlemen’s umbrellas the best materials are used, including a “ Specially Durable Union Silk,” a “ Castle Silk,” and a “ Royal Silk,” all of which have been universally commended for their beauty and durability. In addition to a large variety of walk¬ ing sticks of all kinds the firm make a speciality of the well-known Irish blackthorns, which are carefully dressed and mounted to order in any form. The shop has an attractive frontage, thirty feet in extent, towards Donegall Place, while the large interior extends forty-five feet through the Queen’s Arcade, where another beautiful frontage at all times presents the most refined examples of window-dressing. The shop itself is most handsomely fitted up, every appointment and fixture tending to display the goods to the best advantage. There are elegant um¬ brellas, parasols, and walking-sticks of all kinds, and at all prices, from two shillings to fifty. The Irish blackthorn is at all times conspicuous for its substantial character and natural beauty, while the large and varied stock of Continental and American toys of all kinds, fancy china, leather goods, bog-oak jewellery, and Irish spar, all charmingly arranged and assorted, give a most delightful appearance of attractiveness and beauty to the whole establishment. The shop is exceedingly popular with both residents and tourists, anljthe general connection is of the best class, while the trade extends over the whole of the North of Ireland. An efficient staff is at all times employed, and orders for new and imported goods, as well as repairing commissions, are executed with the greatest care and punctuality. Thomson & Co., Steamship, Insurance and Shipping Agents, Scottish Amicable Buildings, Victoria Street, Belfast.—This notable firm have been trading in the Northern capital since 1882, and have attained much popularity and patronage by reason of the excellent facilities they afford alike to intending emigrants and to mercantile firms sending consignments abroad. Their general and private offices are on the ground floor of the Scottish Amicable Buildings, in Victoria Street (entered from Ulster Street), this location being favourable and con¬ venient for their numerous patrons, while all the matters of a large and progressive business are attended to with satisfactory despatch. Messrs. Thomson & Co. are duly authorised agents for the National Line of magnificent full-powered iron screw steamers from Liverpool to New York ; the Allan Line of Royal Mail Steamers to Canada and the United States ; the Warren Line, from Liverpool to Boston; the Anglo-Austral¬ asian Steam Navigation Company, Limited, from Liverpool, Hull, and London to Adelaide, Melbourne, and Sydney ; and the North German Lloyd Imperial Mail Steamers to Australia via Suez Canal; all of which bear a high reputation for speed, safety, and the liberality of their freight contracts. Mr. Thomson, as representing the firm of Messrs. Thomson & Co., accords to enquirers the utmost courtesy in advising them, not only as to the rates and particular lines, but also as to the nature and commercial resources of their destination, and whether embarking at Belfast or at Liverpool, passengers receive all the assistance which Mr. Thomson’s long experience and knowledge of emigration can ensure. Belfast merchants, who are in the habit of diverting their goods traffic across the Channel, will find this a most reliable agency for direct and moderate shipments, as Messrs. Thomson possess unexceptionable facilities to all parts of the world. Mr. Thomson is agent for the Standard Marine Insurance Company, and transacts an extensive busi¬ ness among merchants and shippers, to whom he is well known for his judicious tact and foresight as well as for his sound mercantile capacity. Neill, Neill & Co., Handkerchief Manufacturers, 42, Upper Arthur Street, Belfast.—Among the most enterprising and progressive representatives of the handkerchief trade in Belfast stands the comparatively young, but rapidly advancing house of Messrs. Neill, Neill & Co., of Upper Arthur Street. This concern, formerly con¬ nected with the firm of Messrs. McConnell, Neill & Co., recently com¬ menced operations under its present title, and has its headquarters at the above address. The premises here occupied are large and commodious, well lighted, and admirably equipped for the business engaged in, and every facility exists for the promotion of a constantly increasing trade. Neill, Neill & Co. are well known as manufacturers of plain, printed, and embroidered handkerchiefs, and in this line they have gained a reputation for goods of superior quality and finish. Their productions embrace a great variety of styles and patterns, in which many novelties of an attractive character, as well as all the standard lines, are prominent; and all these goods are finished on the premises in Upper Arthur Street, where many hands are employed, and where all working resources are in a state of complete development. The firm manifest a most commendable spirit of enterprise in all the interesting departments of their industry, utilising the best modern methods and appliances in the same, and the excellent results they thus attain are well exemplified in the beautiful goods that enter the market under their name. The trade controlled is entirely wholesale, and is of growing importance, influential connections being maintained in every quarter of the United Kingdom, and also in the leading American markets. All the affairs of the business are per¬ sonally administered by the energetic and experienced principals who are widely and favourably known in the great national trade with which their house is so creditably associated. Hanna & Browne, Cabinetmakers, Upholsterers, &o., 63, High Street, Belfast.—This firm commenced business a few years ago at the premises now occupied, which comprise a five-storey building of imposing proportions, with splendid shop and well-appointed show¬ rooms on the ground floor, containing a choice selection of high-class dining, drawing, and bed room furniture. The second floor is also devoted to the display of similar goods, with the addition of a fine assortment of overmantels, brackets, and drawing and dining room decorations in the highest forms of artistic design and finished workman¬ ship. The carpet department is replete with superior qualities of Brussels, Wilton, Axminster, and Kensington art carpets, hearthrugs, floorcloths, linoleums, lace, tapestry, and other curtains, table-covers, &c. Special attention is also directed by the firm to church decoration, and repairs and re-upholstering in all branches. The other portions of the premises are appropriated to workshops, upwards of fifty skilled operatives being employed by the firm in the various branches of the business. The whole arrangements of the management are controlled by the principals, whose long experience and intimate knowledge of the requirements of their large and increasing circle of influential patronage has been deservedly rewarded by a conspicuous commercial success. Belfast Warehouse Company, Limited, 26, Waring Street, Belfast.—This influential limited company was registered in the year 1874, and possesses a capital of £100,000. The Company owns many great warehouses in all the principal commercial centres, and does a flourishing business in the warehousing of all kinds of goods, the Cork and Galway Guano Stores forming a noteworthy feature. The ware¬ houses are maintained in a state of efficiency very creditable to the enter¬ prising directorate, and are equipped with the best modern fixtures and appliances, and, above all, are let at easy rates, thus giving a great im¬ petus to businesses requiring amplo and cheap storage. In the Company’s handsome new buildings in Waring Street, forming one of the best blocks in the city, are located the general and business offices of the concern, manned with a large staff of clerks under the superintend¬ ence of the respected secretary, Mr. W. H. Kingsmill. The directors are Mr. Adam Duffin and the Mayor of Belfast, Mr. Charles C. Connor, gentlemen who require no commendation in these pages. The influen¬ tial managing director, Mr. James S. Boyd, is equally well known and respected in all circles in the North of Ireland, and brings to bear on the affairs of the Company a business connection and a commercial knowledge rarely equalled. In the hands of gentlemen whose standing in the in¬ dustrial and commercial world is so high, we need hardly say that the success of the Company has been very gratifying to all concerned, to none, we are sure, more so than to the fortunate shareholders whose handsome dividends form a tangible evidence of the enterprise and ability of their very influential board of directors. H 110 INDUSTRIES OP McTear & Co., Limited, Patent Felt and Asphalte Works, Steam Sawing, Planing, and Moulding Mills, 117, 119, and 121, Corporation Street, Belfast. (Branches at Manchester, Liverpool, and London.)—This old-established and notable firm originated as far back as the year 1843, and has traded for some time as a limited liability company. From the first its operations have been attended with success, and it is now recognised as one of the leading concerns of its kind in the United Kingdom. Messrs. McTear & Co. occupy extensive premises, com¬ prising, in addition to offices and stores, the large works for the preparation of their felt specialities, and also important sawing, planing, and mould¬ ing mills, where they make the woodwork for their celebrated circular felt roofs. The arrangement of the whole of this immense establishment, which is three hundred and thirty feet long by two hundred and seventy feet wide, is remarkably effective and convenient, every facility existing for the conduct of the great industry engaged in ; and, as is undoubtedly necessary in a large trade of this kind, the firm have called into requisi¬ tion not only the services of a very numerous and skilful staff, but also the assistance of a costly and extensive plant of improved modern mac hin ery, specially suited to the requirements of their business. For the particular purposes of the industry here carried on there could hardly be a more perfectly organised establishment, and the perfect character of the firm’s resources is well exemplified in the regular and systematic pro¬ gress of the work in each department. A walk through the place is an experience fraught with much interest, and there can be no doubt that Messrs. McTear & Co. have developed their trade to an exceptional degree of completeness in all its aspects. Their manufactures of patent felts are greatly esteemed both at home and abroad, and include patent asphalte roofing felt; patent bitumen inodorous felt, for repelling damp, lining walls under paper, putting under carpets, &c.; patent sarking or lining felt, for putting under slates, tiles, &c.; patent hair ship-sheathing felt, patent brown sheathing felt, patent black sheathing felt, all used for sheathing ships under copper to prevent destruction of timber by marine insects 5 and a variety of boiler or dry hair felts, in different weights, for covering boilers, steam-pipes, &c. These goods have gained honours and awards at several important exhibitions, including those of Philadelphia, (1876), Belgium (1876), and Konigsberg (1863); and they are in large and constant demand in all parts of the world. Among Messrs. McTear & Co.’s specialities, their circular felt roof, constructed on the “bow- and-string” principle, is a feature of very great importance. These roofs are remarkably strong, durable, and economical, and as they afford a maximum of interior space, and require no central supports, they are greatly appreciated in connection with storage sheds and warehouses, and largely used by ironfounders and shipbuilders, &c., where plenty of internal room is a desideratum. The firm make these felt roofs in increas¬ ing numbers year by year, and have acquired a wide-spread reputation for the same. We believe that the widest span of timber roof yet erected in England is that put up by Messrs. McTear & Co. over the drill-shed of the Thirty-first Lancashire Bifies at Oldham. This roof covers a clear area one hundred and sixty feet long by one hundred feet wide, thus eclipsing in dimensions even the historical timber roof of Westminster Hall, which is only seventy feet wide. The house controls a home and export trade of great magnitude, and enjoys the confidence and favour of a most extensive and influential British, foreign, and colonial connection, Its affairs are administered with conspicuous ability, and its position is admittedly in the front ranks of the industry with which 'ts name is so creditably associated. W. Marshall & Co., Wholesale Tea, Flour, and General Merchants, 50, 51, 52, and 54, Church Lane, Belfast.—This important house—established in 1877—has made considerable advance in the whole¬ sale tea, sugar, flour, and general grocery business, but especially in the all essential department of American flour, which commodity they import largely from the two great flour-producing centres, viz., the United States and Canada, and they maintain an immense stock of this class of goods, not only at the stores adjacent to the docks, but also at their ware¬ houses in Church Lane and their extensive depot at Sandy Row. At No. 51, Church Lane the three-storey structure comprises the warehouse and offices, sixty feet in length, with floors above for storage fully utilised. On the opposite side of the street—at Nos. 50, 52, and 54—is another large three-storey warehouse with a wide entrance for carts, thus facilitating all the details of constant transport and consignment involved in the routine of a large and varied provision industry and trade. Carts, horses, and warehousemen are all brought into active requisition by the numerous transactions of the business, and while every care is adopted to secure the scrupulous freshness and purity of the various provisions, equal interest is manifested by the firm in the details of packing and despatch. For the needs of their extensive and rapidly growing business they have had recently built a splendid stabling and equipment in Cooke Street, and for all the purposes of an exclusively wholesale business the entire arrangements are thoroughly adapted and designed. This firm, having lately acquired possession of one of the best sites in Belfast—that is, ground standing at the corner of Town Hall and Victoria Streets, and which has a frontage of ninety feet on the former and forty feet on the latter—is erecting a handsome and substantial warehouse of five storeys in height, wherein will be offices, general and private, the remainder of the premises being devoted to the purposes of storage. Each floor is forty feet by ninety feet, the whole being fitted from top to bottom with two hoists worked by a gas engine, and the building is provided with two gateway entrances from Town Hall Street. We may say that no expense is being spared to ensure this splendid building being the first of its kind in its general equipment in the city of Belfast. It is needless, within the limits of the present sketch, to accentuate the superior merits of the various teas and general provision goods, consigned from the best markets at home and abroad. Messrs. William Marshall & Co. transact only in the premier goods, and their widely extended trade—promoted and represented in various parts of the country by three travellers—is a sufficient guarantee of the general acceptance which their produce invariably acquires. They have gained a sound and honourable reputation, and in that alone is to be found the best and highest endorsement of any class of merchandise which they import and supply, while their honourable and liberal dealings with a widespread range of customers has gained for Messrs. William Marshall & Co. a creditable and well-deserved name as pioneers of the Irish provision trade. William Lytle and Son, Soap Manufacturers, Ann Street, Belfast.—This business was founded in August, 1858, the founder of the concern having formerly been a partner in the well-known firm of'Francis Glenfield and Company. Having secured extensive premises in Ann Street Mr. Lytle commenced the manufacture of chandlery on a large scale. The business, from the hour of its inception, met with the success due to honest effort to give satisfaction to customers, nor has that measure of public approval and patronage diminished with the advance of years. In 1883 (April 19th) the founder died, having previously served the best interests of the town as a member of the Council. Mr. Lytle, junr., then succeeded to the business, and forthwith assumed for the concern the style by which it is still designated. The premises occupied by Messrs. Lytle & Son comprise a commodious four- storey building of considerable area, and extending in a rearward direction to a distance of ninety-six feet. At the rear of the stores is the manufactory, which has been thoroughly equipped with machinery and appliances of the most approved type. Here an efficient staff of workers is employed in the preparation of the specialities manufactured by the firm. Among these must be mentioned more particularly bleaching soaps used among linen bleachers in all parts of the Kingdom ; another speciality of the firm is a soap known as “ Mellior ” which gives rise to the trade mark peculiar to the establishment under review. The list of soaps manufactured here includes between twenty and thirty varieties of white, Queen’s, pale, and brown. The firm has a large connection in all parts of Ireland, and a considerable and growing export trade is carried on. From the commencement of the business to the present day the members of the firm have been animated by the desire to build up a steady and profitable business, solid yet unassuming, without resort to puff, and the thousand and one artifices by which less conscientious traders seek to establish a commercial reputation. That Messrs. W. Lytle & Son have succeeded in accomplishing their object is manifest in the excellent and far-reaching connection with whom they have constant mercantile relationship. IRELAND. Ill Robert Wilson, Orrneau Bakery and Grocery, Ormeau Road, Belfast.—The commercial capital of Ireland has during the past •quarter of a century made marvellous progross in a variety of ways. With the extraordinary increase of its population there has been not only the introduction of new industries, but marked improvements in those which previously existed. This has certainly been the case in the ancient trade of baking. Up to a little over twenty years since those engaged in that handicraft carried it on almost entirely by manual labour. Such operations as flour-sifting and dough-mixing by machinery were then unknown here. Belfast, however, can now boast of several extensive bakeries, equipped in every department in the most modern style; and prominent amongst these is the newly-built establishment of Mr. Robert Wilson, which covers almost an acre of ground at Ormeau, and is quite a ■model as regards its possession of the most approved appliances peculiar to the trade. The bakery undoubtedly occupies a fine position, and while the buildings externally are in every way worthy of the site, internally they are just about as complete as the newest machinery and the most careful arrangements could make them. The frontage to Ormeau Road is both attractive and commanding, while along both Ava Street and Burmah Street, which extend down each side of the bakery, the various blocks show out well architecturally. Facing Ormeau Road, at the end next the Ormeau Bridge, which close by spans the river Lagan, is a •spacious shop fitted up tastefully and well for general groceries and pro¬ visions, and adjoining is a section devoted to confectionery. Immediately behind the shop Mr. Wilson has a fine suite of offices. Here a very con¬ venient arrangement exists : a passage extends from the shop to the ground floor of Mr. Wilson’s residence, which is embraced in the front portion of the buildings, and also leads by a stair up to a goods store, as well as to apartments on the first floor, provided for the shop assistants. Away down Ava Street, through a large gateway, what may be termed the bakers’ premises proper are reached. The gateway leads into a very spacious square, surrounded with buildings all turned to the greatest possible account, and all situated in the best order for the demands made respectively upon them. Into a store extending along Ava Street the flour is elevated by means of a hoist, worked by a gas-engine, which, it may be here stated, drives all the baking machinery. In such quantities as may be required the flour is afterwards removed to a smaller store, and there weighed and placed for the various batches of bread. To that apartment, which is connected with the bakehouse, none but the opera¬ tives are admitted. The flour is there put into a hopper, from which it descends through a number of sieves to the ground floor, and into the dough-mixer, which is one of the most modern and complete inventions of the kind ever constructed. But the surroundings of the bakehouse are ■everything that could be desired. Close by is a well-appointed lavatory. The utmost cleanliness prevails at all points, and every possible arrange¬ ment has been made for its maintenance at all times and under all circum¬ stances. Whether we visit the engine and boiler houses, or cross the yard to the detached buildings where are to be found the stables, with their washing-place, harness-room, &c., surmounted by hay and corn lofts, neatness and tidiness prevail. The visitor cannot but feel that he is in an establishment designed with great skill for the production of bread in its most approved form, erected at great cost by a gentleman who has reason to be proud of the place, and who, it will be observed, has been so sufficiently wat'hfulasto the future that he has made duo pro¬ vision for approaching enlargements, which will, no doubt, come at an early date. Enterprising merchants like Mr. Robert Wilson have made the now great city of Belfast what it is, and we cannot but congratulate him on the handsome and extensive range of buildings he has raised, in what was not long since considered a suburban district, but which is now rapidly becoming one of the most densely populated portions of Ulster’s thriving capital. Quite an ornament to the popular section of the city is undoubtedly the Ormeau Bakery. Mercer & Co., Hemstitcliers and Finishers, 73a, Brewery Buildings, Belfast.—This eminent and representative house, which has a leading reputation throughout the "district, was estab¬ lished a few years since by Mr. Robert Mercer, a gentleman of great experience in the trade, to whose able management the success the house has achieved is due. The premises constitute a magnifi¬ cent block of two floors, each one hundred and fifty feet in length, admirably equipped, a large number of machines, driven by steam power, being employed. The ground floor is fitted as a laundry and finishing department, every modern appliance being used ; while the cutting and hemstitching rooms and offices are situated above. A very large staff’ of workpeople is employed, both on the premises and as out-workers, the whole resources of the huge establishment being taxed to the utmost to keep pace with tho demands. The work turned out consists principally of the hemstitching and finishing of fancy, plain, printedjand embroidered handkerchiefs, pillow-shams, d’oyleys, and linens of all descriptions ; and the broad and narrow hemming and smoothing of linen, cambric and cotton handkerchiefs. Thousands of dozens of all classes are turned out weekly, the house being celebrated for the superior style and finish of their goods. Mr. Mercer is a gentleman of the most conspicuous abilities, who has displayed great enterprise in the develop¬ ment of his important business ; and has earned universal respect for the principles of strict commercial probity that govern all his transactions. Millar & Co., Limited, Confectionery and Preserve Manufacturers, Clifton Street, Belfast.—Th9 important steam confec¬ tionery and preserve works of Messrs. Millar & Co. have been established since 1871. To better develop the possibilities of the concern, it was converted into a limited liability company' in 1888, and since that time it has embarked on a progressive career of prosperity that cannot but be gratifying to all concerned in the company’s well-being. The works occupy an immense area, extending as they do over almost the whole block from Clifton Street, Regent Street, and Trinity Street to Stanhope Street. The frontage is in Clifton Street. During 1888 a new five-storey brick building was added to the factory'. On the right-hand side of the entrance are the handsome suites of offices, while the principal depart¬ ments of the works can best be described separately under the following heads, viz.: lozenge department, gum goods department, drying-rooms, lozenge-parcelling department, preserve department, pangoods department, packing, labelling and topping departments, sugar-grinding mills, general store, and despatch departments. For extent and quantity of annual output, the company have no rivals in Ireland, and few in any other portions of her Majesty’s dominions. The lozenge department occupies the second floor, and contains the grinding machinery', which pulverises the sugar to the condition of the finest sugar-flour. After mixing, flavouring, and colouring, it is passed through rolling-machines which reduce the con¬ sistent mass to the required thickness ; lozenge-cutting machines, capable of turning out several tons daily, then impart the desired shape ; after which the lozenge undergoes a process of drying, which is completed in the drying-room, an apartment extending the whole length of the building, and heated by steam-pipes. The apartment, though kept at a high temperature, is at all times well ventilated and scrupulously clean and neat. In the lozenge department eighty hands are employed. The gum and fondants department next claims notice. Several steam-jacketed pans for sugar boiling and kindred processes are here employed. The composition of gum, sugar, spice, and other flavouring, when thoroughly- boiled, is poured into receptacles, and subsequently into the fondants moulds. Here a vast weight of jujubes is manufactured, and, after drying, are crystallised, and conveyed to the packing department for despatch, either in bottles, tins, or wooden boxes. The sugar-boiling department on the ground floor employs eighteen coke-fired stoves and copper boiling-pans, which reduce from two to two and a-half tons of loaf sugar daily to a condition for moulding. Here, too, are no fewer than four hundred sets of rollers to impress the different confection patterns. Cleanliness here, as in all other departments, is a striking characteristic. The confectionery room occupies [the entire portion of the" third floor. The recent alterations in this department make the room most interesting for visitors, and convey some idea of the enormous quantity of goods manufactured. Here are made the birds’ eggs, chocolate, strawberry' and raspberry creams, and other delicacies. The manufacture of jams is carried on in a large well-ventilated apartment where there are pans, capable of boiling from twelve to fourteen tons of fruit daily, with about the same amount of sugar. These jams are held in the highest repute. In taking leave of this gigantic establishment, it is only necessary to add that the success hitherto attending the efforts of its guiding spirits is the outcome of keen appreciation of mercantile principles, high and honour¬ able alike, and tending to developments in the future as satisfactory as arc those which have characterised the past. F. Plunkett & Son, General Insurance Agents, Brokers, and Commission Merchants, 8, Corporation Street, Belfast. —The valuable operations carried on by Messrs. F. Plunkett & Son had their origin in the late Mr. F. Plunkett, by whom the business was estab¬ lished in the year 1850, and is now continued by r tho two sons of that gentleman under the existing title. A brisk activity characterises the undertaking; and transactions of high commercial moment are carried through by T Messrs. F. Plunkett & Son in their varied departments of insurance business. They are engaged in the representation of the follow¬ ing high-class firms :—Royal Fire and Life Insurance Company, Inter¬ national Marine Insurance Company, Mannheim Insurance Company, Mannheim Re-insurance Company, and the Engine, Boiler, and Employers’ Liability Insurance Company. In connection with their work in insur¬ ance, Messrs. F. Plunkett & Son have brokers engaged in placing marine insurance on the various markets, two of whom are at Lloy'ds’, London, one at Liverpool, and a third at Glasgow. No man of intelligence requires that his attention should be directed, at this date, to the immense value and direct advantages centred in and arising from a properly con¬ stituted system of insurance. As will be seen from tho varied character of the insurance business transacted by Messrs. F. Plunkett & Son, this firm offer every facility for the due and proper exercise of this act of ordinary prudence. The firm occupy suitably-appointed general and private offices on the first floor of the building; and by all who may' have present or prospective dealings with Messrs. F. Plunkett & Son tho assurance may be cordially accepted that they are entrusting their confi¬ dence to gentlemen of the highest trustworthiness. 112 INDUSTRIES OF Glass & O’Flaherty, Manufacturers and Bleachers of Linens and Handkerchiefs, 5, Bedford Street, Belfast.—This eminent house originated in the year I860, under the auspices of Messrs. James Glass & Co , and took up its abode in Belfast in 1869, the business having been started at Lurgan, where the factory still remains. In 1S89 the present title of Glass & O'Flaherty was assumed, the co¬ partners being Mr. James Glass, J.P., and Mr. F. H. O’Flaherty, At the above address in Bedford Street the firm occupy spacious and commodious premises, their well-situated warehouse being a structure of fine proportions, and affording every facility for the transaction of business. There is a considerable street frontage, especially in Franklin Street, where a large gateway gives convenience for the receipt and despatch of goods. The offices are on the ground floor, and are ap¬ proached from the Bedford Street entrance by a fine hall. They are spacious and well appointed, and comprise the general counting-house and the separate private rooms cf the partners. At this warehouse Messrs. Glass & O’Flaherty show samples and hold extensive stocks of all the goods for which they are so highly reputed, their specialities consisting in linen and linen cambric handkerchiefs of every descrip¬ tion, both plain and fancy. These goods are well displayed in the show-rooms, and the variety of patterns and designs is unsurpassed in Belfast, either in completeness or in attractive character. All tho designs for fancy handkerchiefs are prepared on the premises by a special staff of talented artists, whose services are retained for this purpose alone. The top flat of the warehouse is admirably equipped as work-rooms for finishing and making-up the goods, in which departments about one hundred hands are engaged, besides a large number employed in other parts of the town. The factory at Lurgan is a very extensive and perfectly organised establishment, fitted with the best modern machinery in all parts, and possessed of the most complete and effective manufacturing resources. Here (and in the neighbouringdistricts) upwards of one thou¬ sand weavers and other operatives are employed, the firm's industry' being carried on upon a most important and extensive scale. Messrs. Glass & O’Flaherty control a large export trade to the United States, chiefly in plain, printed and embroidered handkerchiefs. These goods they produce in the very perfection of beauty and tasteful appearance, all the designs being new and artistic, while the general texture and finish of the fabrics could not be surpassed. In addition to the American trade referred to, the firm do a considerable Continental business, maintaining influential connections in all the leading markets ; and they are repre¬ sented by r resident agents in Manchester and London as well as in New York and various European countries. The principals of this house are both well known in the trade as capable, enterprising and straight¬ forward business men ; and Mr. Glass, the senior partner, is also a director of several notable commercial enterprises in the city besides the concern of which he is the respected head. Mr. Glass is in the Commission of the Peace, and has been intimately associated with the mercantile and social progress of Belfast for over a quarter of a century. Buchanan & McDowell, Wholesale Tea Merchants, 63, Church Lane, Belfast.—This young but thriving business is a good example of the growth of modern commercial enterprise. The firm carry' on business as wholesale tea merchants, and do a large trade over all parts of the North of Ireland, in which they employ several travellers and an efficient staff. The business was established three years ago by Messrs. Buchanan & McDowell on a somewhat extensive scale, no pains or expense being spared to make it a leading house of its kind. The large and well- appointed warehouse is handsomely fitted up and stocked with a great variety of teas of all the best known brands. The teas are imported from the best markets, and large consignments are kept in bond. The members of the firm, who conduct the business personally, have wide experience in the trade, and have made the acquaintance of the leading brokers and merchants and are capable of supplying tho best lots at the lowest prices. They are therefore in a position to offer exceptionally good value to retail dealers all over the northern counties, and the large and increasing trade of the firm is ample evidence of the knowledge and capability of the partners, and the excellence of the goods they offer to their customers. Arthur Henry & Co., Mineral Water Manufacturers, Gloucester Street, Belfast.—This business was established by Mr. Arthur Henry, the sole proprietor, during 1889, in premises which are well adapted for the operations of the firm. The working department is fitted up with a fine complement of appliances propelled by an Otto gas-engine, and an adequate number of assistants, with two horses and vans engaged in the work of delivery. The attention of the proprietor of this enterprise is confined chiefly to the manufacture of lemonade, and the public of Belfast are fortunate in having in their midst a gentleman with that thorough know¬ ledge of his business which characterises the proprietor of this concern. Not only, however, is Mr. Arthur Henry a fully competent, practical man but his work is, moreover, marked by extreme care and indefatigable activity. He is a man who may be fully trusted, and at whose hands his clients will experience no disappointments ; and, possessing these qualifi¬ cations, with his inherent steadiness of purpose, the success of his work is assured. Lowry & Co. (late Edgar & Lowry), Belfast Fur House, Donegall Place, Belfast.—This notable business was established so far back as the year 1810 by Mr. Samuel Edgar, who, on removing to Arthur Square, took his son as a partner, the title then becoming S. Edgar & Son. Twenty years ago the present senior partner entered the firm, when the business was carried on under the since familiar title of Edgar & Lowry. Another change took place in August, 1889, when Mr. D. E. Lowry joined his father as a partner in the business, the firm then becoming known to the world under its present title of Messrs. Lowry & Co. Owing to the demands of a high-class trade, Messrs. Lowry & Co. determined to remove from the old premises in Arthur Square; and the present mag¬ nificent warehouse is most conveniently and centrally situated in Donegall Place, one of the chief thoroughfares of Belfast; and these premises have been well adapted for the display and storage of a very valuable stock. The business is almost entirely confined to silks, furs, mantles, and dresses, silk and furs being the speciality; and to these wo specially wish to direct the attention of our readers. Mr. Lowry, senior, has had almost a lifetime’s experience in the silk trade; and when a gentleman of so much ability devotes his life to one study, success can only follow. The beauti¬ ful and valuable exhibit of silks from Messrs. Lowry & Co.’s warehouse at the Belfast Working-men’s Exhibition created no small sensation in the community. The durability and beauty of these silks is now too well known and appreciated to need further comment here. Suffice it to say that such distinguished people as the Duchess of Marlborough, the Mar¬ chioness of Londonderry, the Marchioness of Donegall, and many others, arc patrons of the house. As might be expected, the Belfast Fur House holds proud eminence as an emporium where those invaluable garments for preserving the health in our rigorous climate can be had in greatest variety and perfection. From the time of initiating the fur branch the business in that direction has been a steadily progressive one, and the present position of the house is due to the great attention and thorough experience brought to bear on the department. The name of Messrs. Lowry & Co. is universally associated with seal goods, and they have so secured the confidence of their clientile by only sending out goods of first- class reliable quality that orders are now received not only from all parts of the United Kingdom, but also from Canada and the United States. Every class of “skin work” is executed on the premises, a fully compe¬ tent staff' being, employed. Although special attention is paid to the silk and fur departments, our readers will find other desirable attractions in Messrs. Lowry & Co.’s large establishment, such as mantles, dress goods, table damasks, household linens, handkerchiefs, &c. A notable feature of the business is the ladies’ tailoring department, the first floor containing, in addition to the very handsome and convenient show-room, a most per¬ fectly arranged fitting-room for ladies. The whole establishment is replete with every convenience for the comfortable and expeditious inspection of the goods dealt in, and is one of the most perfectly 7 arranged and commo¬ dious places of its kind. Mr. Lowry and his son, Mr. David E. Lowry 7 , personally supervise the business of the firm, and are assiduous in their efforts to meet the requirements of their large and increasing list of patrons. We have had the opportunity of inspecting a very handsome trousseau for the bride of Lord Avonmore, in course of preparation by this firm, and we had a glimpse of some combinations in white satin and real Duchesse lace ; brown cloths with Siberian fox furs; silks and satins of varied hues, sufficient to tempt a lady to break the tenth command¬ ment. Bulloch Brothers, Wholesale Shirt and Collar Manu¬ facturers, 18, Linenhall Street, Belfast.—This eminent house is the oldest concern engaged in shirt and collar manufacture in Belfast, and has played the part of a pioneer in that industry as far as that city is con¬ cerned. The business was founded in 1860, under the present title of Bulloch Brothers, and has been so vigorously developed by able and enterprising management that it ranks to-day among the largest and most important concerns of its kind in this district. The premises are exten¬ sive and commodious, and afford the utmost facility for the conduct of each department of the business. All the working departments are most completely and effectively equipped, the large outfit of sewing and other machines in use being of the most improved modem type, and present a scene of activity which is suggestive of the magnitude of the trade carried on. Neatness and system prevail throughout the works, and the per¬ fection of the sanitary arrangements is evidenced in the healthy and contented appearance of the two hundred and fifty hands employed, whose general comfort and welfare are carefully studied by the firm. Messrs. Bulloch Brothers manufacture white shirts, fronts, and collars in great variety of style, size, and quality, and they enjoy a high reputation for the workmanship, finish, and reliability of all their goods, which are in great demand in the leading markets. The firm have also a reputation for wool shirts and athletic flannels, which they manufacture upon a large scale. An immense trade is controlled, and though the house has its most valuable and important connections in various parts of the United Kingdom, it is buildin gup a steadily increasing export trade, and estab¬ lishing sound commercial relations with the Australian and South African markets. Messrs. Bulloch Brothers have agents throughout Great Britain and Ireland, and are widely known as an honourable and straightforward firm, possessing the respect and confidence of all their customers at homo and abroad. IRELAND. 113 The Woodburn Weaving Company, Limited, Linen Manufacturers, AN oodbum, Carrickfergus; and 9,Donegall Square West, Belfast. At the above address in Belfast are situated the town offices and ware-rooms of the Woodburn Weaving Company, Limited, one of the best- known concerns of its kind in county Antrim. The extensive works of this important Company are picturesquely situated at Woodburn, about a mile west of Carrickfergus, the ancient capital of this district, and comprise several large ranges of buildings, with manager's residence and upwards of thirty comfortable workpeople’s houses, the whole occupy¬ ing a considerable area on a property forty acres in extent. These The splendid quality and superior finish of their productions testify to the completeness of their resources. At 91 and 93, Corporation Street, Messrs. Morrow, Miskelly & Co. occupy a spacious and commodious warehouse, which constitutes then- headquarters in Belfast, and which contains a very large stock of cordage, ropes, canvas, running gear, and other manufactures of a kindred nature. Sail and tent making and rigging are extensively carried on on the upper floor, and in this depart¬ ment a high reputation has been achieved. At 61, Anne Street there is a branch warehouse for supplying country and other shopkeepers, and here also we find a comprehensive stock of the goods for which this house is so justly noted. Messrs. Morrow, Miskelly & Co. control a most extensive local, provincial, English, Indian and Colonial trade, their travellers covering the whole of Great Britain and Ireland, and both by reason of the excellence of their productions and the sound principles upon which their old and well- established business is conducted, the firm is held in the highest respect and confidence by a most valuable and influential home and export connection, and tho business still continues to grow and extend. Works, ca.rric*^ works were started about forty years ago by the late Mr. James Gamble, for the bleaching of linen and the manufacture of all classes of linen goods. Since then they have been considerably enlarged, to meet the requirements of a constantly increasing business, and in 1879 the concern was registered as a limited liability company, the managing director being Mr. William S. Hamilton. This step has been very successful in promoting the further development of the trade, and in bringing the Woodburn Works into a position of enhanced prominence in the linen industry. At the present time about three hundred looms are in operation at the factory, and with the bleach-works in connection the Company employ from three hundred and fifty to four hundred hands. Gas is made on the premises for lighting purposes, and the mechanics’ shop is capable of turning out all the requisite ■machinery from the rough castings. The whole establishment is remark¬ ably well organised, and has excellent facilities of production. Its output embraces, principally, hucks, towels, drills, crashes, dowlas, cream Hollands, canvases, ducks, and other similar fabrics, for all of which an excellent reputation is enjoyed. The Company are careful to maintain a uniform standard of high quality in all their manufactures, and they never experience any difficulty in distributing their large output to advantage. Indeed, orders sometimes come in so rapidly as to fully tax •the resources of the works to execute them. A very large and widespread trade is controlled, its operations extending throughout the home and export markets, and the Company have valuable and old-established connections in England and America especially. They are well repre¬ sented by agents in London, Manchester, and New York, and are held in high respect and confidence in the trade, all the affairs of their business being administered in an able and straightforward manner. The Com¬ pany’s telegraphic address is “Woodburn, Belfast,” and the works are connected by telephone with the warehouse at 9, Donegall Square West. Morrow, Miskelly & Co., Patent Cordage Manu¬ facturers, 91 and 93, Corporation Street, and Cl, Anne Street, Belfast. Works; Short Strand, Ballymacarret.—This old and notable house was founded in 1793 by the late Mr. Ekenhead. Subsequently the business was taken over by Mr. James Lemon, whose son was afterwards joined by Mr. Morrow and Mr. Miskelly, under the style of Morrow, Lemon & Co. In 1879 the present firm of Morrow, Miskelly & Co. ac¬ quired the business, which is still carried on under the same name, Mr. S. G. Morrison, who had for many years travelled for the finn, having become a partner in 1888. They manufacture all classes of ropes and cordage required by ships, &c., and also produce twines of various kinds and fishing lines of fine quality, their factory being situated at Short Strand, Ballymacarret. The works cover an area of about two acres, -and give employment to fully two hundred hands. They are admirably •organised in all parts, and possess a fine equipment of the most effective modem machinery for the important industry in which they are engaged. Kennedy & Morrison, General Mill Fui- nishers, Oil and Boxwood Merchants, 16, Great Patrick Street, Belfast.—In the highly useful sections of commerce ^o which their attention is directed, Messrs. Kennedy & Mor¬ rison have made progress of the most gratifying character since the date of their becoming established in business in the year 1888. The premises in the occupation of this firm consist of three floors, extending sixty feet from front to rear, and having a frontage area of forty-five feet. On the ground floor are suitably-appointed general and private offices, as also the storage and forwarding departments. The succeed¬ ing flat is occupied by a valuable stock of oils and boxwood, while the third storey, in addition to containing a large quan¬ tity of oils and waste, is set apart for the operations con¬ nected with packing and despatch, a requisite number of assistants being employed on the premises. The trade in boxwood has so largely increased as to necessitate the acquisition of another storey. The character of the business engaged in by Messrs. Kennedy & Morrison opens up a fine field for the enterprise and assiduity of these gentlemen ; and the interests of the firm, in conducting transactions from the outside, among a large and valuable connection, receive the inde¬ fatigable attention of the senior partner in the concern. No one possessing the slightest amount of practical information on tho subject will be prepared to dispute the fact that the business of the general mill furnisher, and oil and boxwood merchant is in its very nature one which could only be success¬ fully prosecuted by men whose technical attainments were of the highest order : it demands not only a knowledge of vegetable growths, but at the same time necessitates an intimacy with the science of mechanical appliances and the theory of construction. That Messrs. Kennedy & Morrison possess all the requisite qualifications for securing- their full measure of success is fully evidenced by the amount of prosperity which has uninterruptedly attended their business from the start. Honour and perseverance’understand no such word as “obstacle,” and Messrs. Ken¬ nedy & Morrison are exactly the sort of men by whom success is merito¬ riously won. The Cogry Flaxspinning Co. Offices : 3, Bedford Street, Belfast.—These notable mills have been inexistence for about half a cen¬ tury, and came into the hands of the present company in 1879, having been for a number of years previously uader the direction of Mi-. Samuel E. Broadbcnt. The head of the concern at the present time is Mr. "William McMeekin, J.P., who is also proprietor of the Roughforte Bleaching and Dyeing Company. The latter business is identified with the one under notice, and both are very successfully carried on under Mr. McMeekin’s able direction. Between the two concerns about six hundred and fifty hands are employed, the larger portion of these being engaged at the Cogry Flax Spinning Mills. Here the company have one of the best-equipped and most perfectly organized establishments of the kind. Every modern improvement is in use, including the electric light through¬ out the premises; and Mr. McMeekin’s enterprise has been strikingly manifested in tho frequent introduction of the latest developments of plant and machinery applicable to the trade. At ths present time the resources of the mills are double that of ten years ago, and they present a remarkably busy and interesting scene. The industry is carried on upon a scale of considerable magnitude, and the product of the establishment enjoys a reputation which keeps it in constant demand in the home and export markets. The firm control a very large local and shipping trade, with valuable and influential connections, and they are well represented by agents in all the principal centres of the United Kingdom and the Continent. At No. 3, Bedford Street, Belfast, the company have a large town warehouse and offices, where they hold extensive stocks and possess every convenience for the transaction of business. Mr. McMeekin’s constant personal supervision tends greatly to the advantage of this thoroughly representative concern, which has never been so prosperous as during the eleven years of his energetic admin stration. ‘ 114 INDUSTRIES OF James Gray & Co., Agricultural Implement Manufac¬ turers, 41, May Street, Belfast.—There is the greatest truth in Lord Palmerston’s dictum that “ the man was a true benefactor who made two blades of grass to grow where only one had grown before,” and yet the valuable work is daily being effected, without either flourish or fuss, by men, who, like Mr. James Gray, devote their energies to the perfecting of mechanical contrivances calculated to increase the earth’s productiveness. The firm of which Mr. Gray is the sole representative was founded in 1840 by the father of the present proprietor. The founder, like his son, was a thoroughly practical worker in iron, and it must be re¬ corded of him that he brought the manufacture of agricultural imple¬ ments to a degree of perfection not previously attained in Ulster. Mr. James Gray, coming into possession of the business in 1864 brought to bear upon it all the results of ripened experience in the deft art of iron-working. How much the firm has achieved in the improvement of ploughs needs not to be mentioned, for the name of James Gray is well known in this connection in all parts of the world ; indeed, it has been said on high literary authority that “there is not a farm of any conse¬ quence in Ireland where the ploughs of this firm are not to be found.” The construction of these implements is carried on under the personal superintendence of Mr. Gray, and a detailed examination of the instru¬ ment at once reveals the artistic mind of the master; lightness in draught, superior style and finish, and excellence of the material emploved are the characteristics which have gained the universal admiration of the farming community, for whom this firm makes all kinds of tillage implements. Among the 'specialities calling for notice may be mentioned Gray’s cele¬ brated chilled plough, one of the most perfect in the market, and Gray’s world-renowned prize lea and general plough, without which no farm can be considered fully equipped. To give a list of the different agricul¬ tural implements manufactured by the firm would require much space, as well as exhaust the catalogue of farm requirements. Messrs. Gray & Co. are the holders of twenty-six silver medals, forty honorary certificates and £250 prize money, gained at the great national agricultural shows of Ireland ; they obtained the only first prize gold medal and two certificates of merit at the Dublin Exhibition, 1882, and three first class medals, and three certificates of merit at the Cork Exhibition, 1883. The firm enjoy the patronage of His Excellency the Lord Lieutenant, and the nobility in all parts of the country. The premises in which the gigantic opera- tions. of the firm are carried on are proportionately roomy and well- appointed. An area of about forty feet by two hundred feet is divided into, the necessary cffices, show-rooms, and work-shops, a large staff of efficient artisans being employed in the several departments. We have pointed out that everything sent out by Messrs. James Gray & Co. is characterised by the most excellent qualities, both in respect of material and good workmanship; to these must be superadded the additional recom¬ mendation that they are low in piice. By this means a wide and ready sale is always found for the products of the establishment. It is such reliable firms as this that are the best expenents of the principle suggested at the outset of this review, and Messrs. James Gray & Co. well deserve the substantial success they are achieving. Samuel Gough & Co., Shiplrcters and Iron Mer¬ chants, 36, Gaimoyle Street, Belfast.—Among the commercial houses of Belfast a very piomincnt position is occupied by Messrs. Samuel Gough & Co.., of Gaimcyle Street. Established in 1875 under the style of M orrison & Gough, the business in 1882 came into the sole possession of its present, principal, Mr. Samuel Gough, of Belfast. They also carry cn the business^of iron merchants, exporting old iron for manufactures iiithe United Kingdom, Italy. fi®t> .An>cric* j James Lowden & Co., High-Class Sanitary Plumbers,. Gasfitters, Brassfounders, and Bell Hangers, 46, Ann Street, Belfast.—This widely celebrated and favourably known concern was established in the year 1875 by Mr. James Lowden, trading under the present style and name of James Lowden & Co. The first location of the concern was at 48, Ann Street, hut the firm was compelled, about three years ago, owing to their yearly increasing business, to remove to- the present large and commodious premises. Before doing so, they had the whole building re-altered to suit the different departments of their trade. Facing the front is the large plate-glass window of their show¬ room, in which is displayed a complete assortment of the latest improved sanitary closets, baths, lavatories, sinks, gasaliers, hall lamps, globes,. &c., as well as a large and varied assort¬ ment of finished brasswork. The public and private offices are at the end of the show¬ room, the plumbers’ workshop, the brass¬ moulding shop, and the stores for heavy goods are to the rear, and complete the equipment of the ground floor, extending- from front to rear a distance of over one hundred feet. There is also a separate- gateway entrance in front to the stores and workshops at the rear. The upper part of the premises comprise the brass finishers’, dipping, lacquering, joiners’, and pattern shops, and extensive store-rooms, in which, are kept the various finished and unfinished materials used in the business. The repu¬ tation of this firm as high-class sanitary plumbers is well known throughout tho North of Ireland. Employing none but first-class experienced men, and using nothing but the best materials,, they invariably succeed in meriting the esteem and confidence of their- numerous patrons, and have succeeded in securing a first-class and very flattering connection amongst the nobility, clergy, and gentry of the city and province. Sanitary plumbing is, of course, their speciality, and they are regularly employed in testing, examining, and reporting upon the sanitary condition of mansions and dwelling houses, through¬ out Belfast and the surrounding districts, they, having just recently finished the remodelling and rearranging the sanitary plumbing work of Shane’s Castle (a sketch of which wo give on page 47 of this- work) for the Right Hon. Lord O’Neill, and in many similar sanitary works throughout the country. Indeed, the eminent reputation so long enjoyed by this firm, the thorough confidence reposed in it by its cus¬ tomers, the select connection it has secured over a wide area, and the success which has followed from its establishment, give it a position, second to none. It must he very gratifying to its founder to find that the enlightened efforts which he has made, to secure the observance of sanitary laws, and to introduce the best appliances for doing so, have been so highly appreciated by the most intelligent classes in Belfast and the North of Ireland ; and have obtained for his concern a reputation for enterprise and enlightenment which must have been no small element its its success. HIGH-CLASS SANITAEY PLUM1SEES. Francis McGlade & Co., Distillers, Blenders, Whole¬ sale Wine and Spirit Merchants, 52, Mill Street, Belfast.—This large and influential business, as one of the oldest-established firms of the kind in the city, occupies a position in public confidence and commercial esti¬ mation second to no other house in the trade. The premises at No. 52, Mill Street are very extensive, and are replete with machinery and appli¬ ances embodying all the latest improvements and the most comprehensive- utilities adapted to the successful carrying on of their large business. The premises also contain extensive storage accommodation, a spacious suite of -well-appointed offices, and counting-house, sample-rooms, and every convenience for effective and economical working. The firm’s customs and bonded warehouses are in Corporation Street, and their wine cellar is without doubt the finest and most complete in the city. McGlade- & Co. hold a very large stock of spirits in process pf maturing ; also wines- and spirits in bottle, including some rare and choice vintages of port and sherry, claret, Burgundy, and champagne ; brandy, whiskey, rum, gin, and liqueurs from the leading Irish, Scotch, English, and Continental distilleries. Buying, as ihey do, in such large quantities, direct from the producers, and making extensively themselves, the firm are in a position to give exceptional advantages both in quality and price. The whole of the stock is selected with great care and sound judgment, and the exten¬ sive storage accommodation and the large amount of capital embarked in tho business enable Messrs. McGlade & Co. to hold unusually large stocks. Tho trade is of a widespread and steadily-growing character. Several experienced travellers represent the firm in all parts of the United King¬ dom, and an efficient staff is employed. The business receives the direct personal attention of the proprietor, and is conducted throughout with marked ability, energy, and enterprise. Mr. Francis McGlade, who is the sole proprietor of this extensive establishment, occupies a prominent and influential position in bufiness and social circles in Belfast, and takes a keen and active interest in all matters that affect the prosperity of tho trade and commerce of the pity and district. IRELAND. 115 William W. Cleland, Manufacturing and Wholesale Stationer, Printer, Lithographer, Embosser. Account Book Manu¬ facturer, and Fancy Paper-Box Maker, FalconWorks, 18 and 20, Great Victoria Street, Belfast.—Belfast has won widespread fame as a notable centre of operations in the printing and lithographing trades, and the city’s great advancement in theso immensely important branches of industrial art is splendidly exemplified at the well-known works of Mr. William W. Cleland, 18 & 20, Great Victoria Street. The very notable and thoroughly representative business here carried on was founded by Sir. Cleland about twenty-six years ago in Victoria Street, and was transferred on account of its rapid growth, to more commodious premises in High Street at a somewhat later date. Here the concern continued to develop under Mr. Cleland’s able and practical management, and in 1872 it was removed to Great Victoria Street, where Mr. Cleland has since greatly increased the accommodation at his disposal by erecting an extra building to serve the purposes of a warehouse. The establishment in its entirety now comprises two large blocks, one used as warehouse and the other as works, the total street frontage being about seventy feet, while the rear¬ ward extension runs along the Blackstaff River, a distance of two hun¬ dred and twenty feet, terminating at Bain’s Place. These buildings are four full storeys in height, and present a fine appearance from without, while in every detail of their internal organisation they form one of the most completely equipped stationery warehouses and printing works in Belfast. The warehouse contains vast stocks of paper, envelopes, and manufactured stationery of every description, while the general and pri¬ vate, offices are suitably accommodated in this block. The works are divided into several departments, including those for bookbinding, the manufacture of loom cards, pattern and sample covers (in cardboard, cloth, and leather) for linen and handkerchief houses, letterpress, litho¬ graphic and copperplate printing, drawing and designing, machining, stereotyping, fancy paper-box making, See., Sec., and in each of these divisions we find the most perfect modern appliances in use. All the machinery is of the newest and best type, designed alike for the econo¬ mising of labour and the improvement of production; and every condi¬ tion is favourable to the execution of the very highest class of work in each branch of industry engaged in. As an artistic and commer¬ cial printer, illuminator, and lithographer, as an account-book maker, plain and fancy bookbinder, and as a manufacturer of every kind of stationery for mercantile and general use, Mr. William W. Cleland has won a reputation second to none in Belfast, and we have never seen anything to excel some of his productions in these lines. His business has had an almost unique development, deriving constant advan¬ tage from his careful personal supervision ; and his trade at the present day extends not only throughout the Belfast district and the four pro¬ vinces of Ireland, but also to all parts of the United Kingdom and to many important markets on the Continent, and in various distant quarters of the globe. Employing a very large staff of the most skilful and experienced printers, lithographers, box-makers, bookbinders, embossers, and other workpeople, Mr. Cleland’s productions are always characterised by sound quality and perfect finish, while his resources enable him to maintain a strictly^ moderate scale of charges; and we are especially pleased to have this opportunity of naming the Falcon Works as one of the most typical and most capably conducted establishments of its kind in Northern Ireland. W. J. Jury, Proprietor of the “Special Jury” and “Grand Jury” Irish Whiskey, Chichester Street, Belfast.—“Good wine needs no bush,” and the truism is equally applicable to good whiskey, which will make its way into the favour of an appreciative public without the adventitious aid of advertisement. But Ireland is especially famous for whiskey—the simple thought of the “Emerald Isle ” is suggestive of the delights attendant upon judicious consumption of “ the craythur; ” the very name of this most convivial of all spirituous liquors is derived from the Celtic tongue (the old phrase uisge-bealha, or usque-laugh, “water of life ”); and as a recent writer in the daily press has aptly said, “ the memories of millions of Irishmen of all ages cluster round the ‘ Cruiskeen Lawn.’ ” It is therefore particularly appropriate that, in a review of Ireland’s trade enterprises, some mention should be made of a liquor the production of which has long been one of the greatest of Hibernian industries. As far as Belfast is concerned in this matter there are not a few firms within her boundaries whose names are creditably associated with the “ wine of the country,” but we doubt if any of them have gained a higher reputation for whiskey of a special quality than has Mr. W. J. Jury, of Chichester Street. The extensive ll,Chi Chester St, BELFAST business carried on by this well-known gentleman has been in successful existence for a good many years, and his name has become identified in the closest possible manner with a special brand of Irish whiskey that has, in the opinion of many competent judges, no superior in the market to-day. This speciality is of a dual character, and bears two distinguish¬ ing titles—one, the “Special Jury” Whiskey, the other, the “Grand Jury” Whiskey. The names illustrate certain differences of age, and consequently of quality ; but in each case a splendid character is main¬ tained, which is distinctly individual and not to be confounded with that of any other whiskey before the public. Be it noted that the “Jury ” whiskeys are not blends ; they are productions in themselves, specially prepared, unmixed, unmingled, and carefully matured in the most ap¬ proved manner to delight the palates of those who are competent to appreciate and ready to approve a really first-class liquor, which does not pretend to be cheap in the common acceptance of that term, but which is certainly superior, and therefore economical in the true sense of the word. The “Special Jury” whiskey is a pure malt whiskey char¬ acterised by the essential qualifications of good age and unquestionable integrity. It is thoroughly matured in sherry casks for never less than seven years, sometimes for a longer period, and its perfect freedom from the fusel oil that mars the purity of younger whiskeys renders it valuable in a dietetic and medicinal sense, as well as in that of a beverage. The eminent physician, Sir Charles A. Cameron, M.D., F.R.C.S.I., in areport on this whiskey, says : “ I find that the whiskey is perfectly pure. Its freedomfrom acidity and other objectionable properties proves that it has been prepared from sound grain. It has a very pleasant flavour and agreeable odour, and the absence of fusel oil shows that the whiskey has been well matured.” All the above remarks will apply with increased force to the “Grand Jury” whiskey, which is an “extra special article, mmilnr in constitution to the “ Special Jury,” hut matured for much longer periods. It is sold in two classes—one being thirteen years old, while the other is guaranteed to have attained the ripe old age of no less than twenty years. These are superb whiskeys, well calculated.to main¬ tain the world-wide fame of the Irish distillations , and connoisseurs at home and abroad owe Mr. Jury a debt of gratitude for keeping them supplied with liquors of such perfect quality and unimpeachable merit. We need hardly say that a very large trade is controlled in these “ grand brands” of the national beverage, and Mr. Jury’s business is fully en¬ titled to classification among the most successful and representative con¬ cerns of its kind in Belfast. It may be added hero that Mr. W. J. Jury (whose personal popularity in the city needs no indication) is proprietor - of the Imperial Hotel, Donegall Place, an old-established and justly celebrated hostelry, with a great name for comfort and commodious¬ ness, and a general eminence of reputation which has made it one of the most favoured resorts of commercial men visiting the trade metropolis of Ireland. 116 INDUSTRIES OF Thornton & Co., Indiarubber Manufacturers, 12, High Street, Belfast; also at Edinburgh, Glasgow, Leeds, Bradford, and London.—In the Belfast section of Messrs. Thornton’s far-spreading business there is represented one of the most vigorous of the several branches which have so well sustained this noted firm’s prestige and dis¬ tinction. As they have been acknowledged pioneers of the indiarubber trade in Scotland, so in Ireland they have attained an eminence in con¬ nection with this department of industry that is well founded in the activity with which the business has been propelled for upwards of half a century, and the steadily-growing public recognition and appreciation of those many useful productions which they have so successfully specialised. The valuable advances which have been made in every phase of their manufactures have tended to elevate their industry to a sphere of unquestioned importance, while they have displayed great enter¬ prise and laudable perseverance in a scientific work by their efforts to introduce indiarubber into the production of everything to which that commodity can be-—by their operative agency—now effectively applied. Thus, while the original subjects of manufacture, such as waterproof mantles, &c., have been continuously improved upon by specialities designed exclusively for the firm’s retail trade, they have spared no trouble or expense to utilise indiarubber to the best advantage not only in water¬ proof, travelling, and sporting equipments, cut and designed with the faultless skill of costumiers, but also in American and French boot novelties, mechanical, surgical, and domestic manufactures of every kind, upon all of which the new machinery for vulcanisation has been brought to bear with the most satisfactory results. That their productions have certainly improved is sufficiently attested not only by their extended use abroad (being, as they are, fitted to resist every climatic influence) but also by the excellent awards (eight gold medals in all) they have taken at every International Exhibition where they have shown. The establish¬ ment at Belfast forms a prominent three-storey structure in the High Street, having an attractive frontage, and an extra entrance at the side for the conveyance of goods to and from the warehouse. The ground floor presents a large and varied stock of rubber goods in their many adaptations for textile, mechanical, industrial, chemical and domes¬ tic purposes, whilst on the upper floor the ladies’ show-room is replete with illustrations of style and fashion. The second floor com¬ prises the cutting and garment rooms, and the third flat represents one of the most important features of the business, namely, the repair of all classes of indiarubber goods, and their adaptation to every possible requirement, the speciality being of course the work on waterproof gar¬ ments, in which every fashionable development is carefully and accurately embodied. There is a large staff, at the head of which is Mr. Paul, the resident manager and partner. Mr. Paul is at all times active and energetic, and relaxes no exeition to promote the interests of the firm. Ayr Steam Shipping Company, 58, Waring Street, Bel¬ fast.—This extensive and important shipping concern commenced its operations in the year 1880 under the auspices of its present proprietary, the managing partners being Mr. David Rowan and Mr. Walter Bain of Ayr. The Belfast office in Waring Street was also opened in 1880, and is under the resident management of Mr. John Morrow. From the first, the company have had a very successful career, and their constantly increasing business has now attained proportions of much magni¬ tude. The company’s chief business is the carrying of live stock and goods between Belfast and Glasgow, via Ayr and the Glasgow and South Wes¬ tern Railway. This ensures speedy delivery of consignments, the sea route being the shortest between Belfast and Scotland. The Company's rates are regulated in accordance with the various commercial conditions under which they do business, and will be found so moderate as to constitute an additional recommendation for this line. A large general business is also conducted in goods and live stock between all the principal ports of Ireland, Scotland, and the North of England ; and important communi¬ cation has lately been opened up between Belfast and London, via Grangemouth and Ayr, in connection with the well-known Carron Com¬ pany’s steamships to London. By this route goods can be carried much cheaper than by any of the overland English routes, and the new service is already receiving an amount of patronage which proves that it is fully appreciated. Furthermore, a large trade has been successfully developed between Belfast and the Continent, via Leith and Grangemouth, and this route enables goods to be sent very economically and expeditiously, the rates competing with those charged by direct steamers to and from Continental ports. It also gives the public the benefit of daily transit. Through the port of Glasgow this enterprising concern also does a large American trade, and on the whole it is certainly one of the most progressive and note¬ worthy shipping enterprises that have come into active existence during recent years. The management of the business is marked by energy, per¬ sonal ability, and a manifest desire to meet every requirement of mer¬ chants and the public to the fullest extent possible. There are branch offices at Curran Quay, Larne; 14, Shore, Leith; 53, Waring Street, Belfast, and 82, Gordon Street, Glasgow, in addition to the head office at Ayr. Belfast merchants in particular will do well to interview Mr. Morrow, the Company’s courteous and experienced local manager, and obtain from him such information as may bear upon their particular requirements. William Gibson. & Co., Manufacturing Jewellers and Silversmiths, Watchmakers and Opticians, Donegall Place and Castle Place, Belfast.—This eminent house was founded by Mr. William Gibson in the year 1865, and has since amalgamated its business with that of the Manufacturing Goldsmiths’ and Silversmiths’ Company, of Regent Street, London, doubtless the largest manufacturers of fine jewel¬ lery, silver, and electro-plate, &c., in England. This has given the house a distinct advantage over the majority of its competitors, and enables it to offer to the public valuable opportunities of obtaining the newest designs and highest finish and quality of goods at manufacturers’ prices. The purchaser is thus enabled to save something like twenty-five per cent, on ordinary retail prices, and to secure goods of a very superior class at about the same figures as those hitherto quoted to the trade. Messrs. Gibson’s business has been very successful from the first, and its prosperity is continuous under the able and energetic management it enjoys. It is carried on at the above address in splendid premises, con¬ stituting one of the finest establishments in the goldsmiths’, silversmiths’ and watchmaking trades, and the stocks here displayed are of surpassing beauty and interest, and of immense value. This fine building is the firm’s own property, the ground and first floors being used as show¬ rooms, while the top flat is occupied by the numerous staff of skilled workmen here employed. Messrs. Gibson have their general factories at Newcastle Place, Clerkenwell, London, and at Rue Martel, Paris ; and they have recently purchased the manufacturing business and retail shops of Messrs. Mappin Brothers, of Sheffield and London. They pro¬ duce only the highest class of goods, the quality and finish of all their manufactures being unexceptionable, and these are all sold at the smallest possible margin of profit. An exceedingly large and far-reaching busi¬ ness is controlled, and the house enjoys the support and patronage of a most valuable and influential connection. The warehouse in Donegall Place and Castle Place is regarded as a chief source of supply in Belfast for everything connected with the watch and jewellery trades, and the spacious show-rooms here are replete with beautiful productions in gold and silver ware, watches, clocks, gem jewellery, and works of art, the mere enumeration of which would require a Bmall volume. Messrs. Gibson & Co. are manufacturers of gold and silver medals for the Commissioners of Intermediate Education, Ireland ; and they hold a great number of prize medals awarded to them at the leading exhibitions “ for originality in high-class jewellery and fine watches.” The business is conducted with conspicuous ability and enterprise in all departments, and the firm have lately issued a most interesting booklet entitled Precious Stones and Bric-a-Brac.” This beautifully printed and tastefully illustrated little work has achieved great success and favour, and is a wonderfully useful and instructive guide to connoisseurs and others, giving much valuable information on the subject of which it treats, and showing the various marks found on articles of jewellery and bric-a-brac to determine the place of their origin and manufacture. Hugh Craig & Co., 6, Royal Avenue, & 8, Queen’s Quay, Belfast.—The coal-importing houses of Belfast play- a large part in the com¬ mercial, and especially in the industrial life o f thecity. Though not so favour¬ ably situated as other manufacturing centres with respect to the English coal-fields, Belfast has not dropped out of the race of industrial life, hut has, perhaps, braced itself by reason of its drawback in this respect, for a more striking success. That that success has been attained is no doubt in part due to the energetic men engaged in the coal trade, who have shown no want of the enterprise and activity which so distinguish the citizens of this flourishing city. One of these men was the late Hugh Craig, the founder of the above firm, a business man of the highest abilities, and one well known and greatly respected in every- circle. For almost half-a-century his name has been familiarly known in Belfast, and he left to the present owners, Messrs. James and John 0. Craig, on his death in 1873, one of the best coal and shipping businesses in the city. The head offices are situated in Royal Avenue, and comprise general and private offices, tastefully appointed, while a branch office, connected with the head office by tele¬ phone, is situated on the Coal Exchange at Queen's Quay. Here also are the coal depots of the firm, fitted with special screening appliances and capable of btoring 12,000 tons. In order to facilitate the discharge of the steamers, preparations have been commenced for the erection of over-head lines, by means of which the coal can be passed direct from the steamers to the depots. The imports, which are principally- carried by the firm’s own steamers and sailing vessels, are from the Lancashire and Cumberland districts, and are of the most superior quality, being specially required for best purposes both in household and manufacture. In anthracite coal used for malting, limeburning and horticultural purposes, they are the largest importers in the North of Ireland ; a very- extensive business is also done in coaling foreign steamers at the different English and Welsh ports. Employment is given to about 120 permanent hands, the city deliveries being made by- the Company’s own carters, and tho country orders being despatched by rail and barges. The whole concern is managed on the best lines, and forms an eminent and striking illustration of what the energy and prescience of the citizens of Belfast can accomplish in any of the industries to which they- devote their abilities. IRELAND. 117 John Stuart Dudley, Distiller and Brewers’ Agent, 28, Great George’s Street, Belfast.—Mr. J. S. Dudley began business in 1879, in Sussex Place, Belfast, and removed to tbe present fine premises, which he built for the business, late in the same year. They comprise two storeys, the lower one being occupied by a suite of offices, and as beer and porter store, and the upper as a wine and spirit store. Few men have bad a more successful career than Sir. Dudley, and none have acquired a greater reputation for sound enterprise in the trade. Sir. Dudley became agent in 1879, for the great Dublin brewers, Slessrs. Joseph Watkins & Co., whose stouts are undoubtedly second to none, and by his enterprise and assiduity secured for them a splendid business in the North. But it is in connection with the introduction of lager beer that he became famous, and he may well claim to have established the reputation of this beverage in Ireland. He became agent in 1881 for the celebrated Frankfort Brewery Co., late Heinrich Henninger & Son, and succeeded in placing his goods in every important concern in the country. Competitors sprang up for a time, but one by one dropped off in the face of the approval alike of the public and of the trade, which was naturally accorded to the beverages bearing the well-known “Martlet” brand. A house was opened for the control of the southern trade at 62, Middle Abbey Street, Dublin, and so complete has been his success that Mr. Dudley has now a monopoly of the trade. The lager beer of the firm is now supplied to H.R.H. the Duke of Edinburgh, the King of Spain, and to the Court of H.M. the Queen. We notice, too, that it has carried off the first gold medal at every Exhibition throughout the world, at Amsterdam from the famous Dutch brewers, at Frankfort, at Nice, at Melbourne, and at London in 1881. The trade now done in Ireland by the firm, in Pilsener, Munich, Elanger, and Bock, is simply enormous ; and great as it is, will, without doubt, in the near future attain infinitely greater dimensions. Mr. Dudley also represents Messrs. John Aitchison & Co., brewers, of Edinburgh, whose ales are universally appreciated; the Chateau deConde, the famous growers of “ Privilege” champagne ; J. A. J. Nolet, distiller of the well-known “Eagle’’brand of gin, Schiedam; W. J. Mutter, the celebrated Islay distiller ; Messrs. 0. Stephenson & Co., the inventors and brewers of the now popular Nottingham hop bitters, known under the brand “ Kentora ; ” and several others. He also carries on a good business in home-made corks, bottles, and corking machinery, and is sole agent for Ure’s patent measuring tap, and for the “Peerless” hydraulic pump of American invention for raising liquors. Mr. Dudley’s connection is one of the most solid in the city and presents all the features of a rapidly rising prosperity. Mr. Dudley occupies a commanding position in the ranks of the leading citizens of that great centre of enter¬ prise. — Gregg & Co., Timber, Slate, Lath, and Tile Impor¬ ters, Green Street, Belfast. Telegrams: “ Trade, Belfast.” Telephone No. 435.—The business established in June, 1890, by Messrs. Gregg & Co. constitutes one of the most progressive of North of Ireland undertakings engaged in the importation of timber, slates, laths, and tiles ; and to that department of Belfast’s mercantile activity it already promises to become a splendid acquisition. Messrs. Gregg import timber direct from Canada and other noted timber-producing centres, while they also procure large consign¬ ments of flooring timber from Norway, and import slates and tiles from various sources, together with everything that enters into the category of constructive requisites. In view of the more prevalent demand for patent machine-split laths—in preference to those split by hand—Messrs. Gregg are devoting special attention to this department. The machine laths cover about one-sixth more surface than the ordinary “ hand-split,” and the beneficial advantages of this must be at once obvious. Messrs. Gregg have just completed the formation of a large yard, entrance to which is gained by a gateway’, and here the firm’s general and private offices are conveniently situated—the telephone being brought into operation in accelerating the routine of a large business. At the rear of the office, the uncovered portion of the yard admits of ample storage for every kind of timber, slates, laths and tiles, and the details of transport and consign¬ ment are greatly facilitated by a rear entrance from Great Patrick Street, the whole extent from front to back being about three hundred feet. In a two-storey structure in the centre of the yard are embodied all the latest appliances which have been devised for steam sawing—the machinery and equipment being of the costliest and most effective ty r pe. A large covered, shed at the Dufferin Dock forms a valuable aid to the firm in the matter of importation, for the preservation of prepared Baltic flooring and sheeting boards. Messrs. Gregg command a wide influence in com¬ mercial circles, and the continued energy and tact of both principals forms the best assurance for the future prosperity and development of the important business over which they preside. Kirker Robb & Co., Timber, Slate, and Tile Importers, and Merchants, Whitla Street, Belfast.—The timber, slate, and tile trade finds a most worthy' and fitting representation at the hands of Messrs. Kirker Robb & Co. The sole partner in this concern, Mr. Kirker Robb, was for many years a member of the firm of Messrs. Robb Brothers, Timber, Slate, and Tile Merchants, of Great Georges Street, Corporation Street, and Duncrue SLreet. Recently’, however, this gentleman com¬ menced business operations on his own account, under the title of Kirker Robb & Co. in these premises, which consist of a yard and offices in Whitla Street; the yard is provided with three entrances, one being at the ront, one opening out on to the timber yard at rear, and the other at the side. This place of business occupies an exceptionally favourable situation I for mercantile purposes, lying between the Northern Counties railway station and Dufferin Dock. Directly to the rear is the fine sy’stem of public timber pends, which are in use by Mr. Robb for trade require¬ ments, and to the right of the yard is a covered shed in which there is stored a large quantity of superior class timber. To the left is the storage accommodation for slates, while tiles and timber are located at the rear, a separate yard being used exclusively for tiles and slates. Messrs. Kirker Robb & Co., in addition to their importations in slates, tiles, &c., are largely engaged in the importation of timber from Canadian, Baltic, and other ports. Mr. Kirker Robb, not only by virtue of his large experience of all the requirements of the timber trade, but further by his diligent and honourable method of transacting business, is decidedly a gentleman fully meriting public confidence. - James Logan & Co., Victoria Wire Works, 137, Donegall Street, and 1 and 3, Donegall Lane, Belfast.—This old-established and well-known concern. Nos. 1 and 3, Donegall Lane, has been in existence close upon thirty years, having been originally established in 1862, by Mr. James Logan, who is still sole proprietor of the concern. The exten¬ sive premises in Donegall Street extend about ninety feet from front to rear. There are three large and well-arranged workshops. The whole of the works are extremely well fitted up and furnished with all the latest and most improved machinery and appliances ; these include circular saws for the Venetian blind shop, moulding machines and paint mill, all driven by steam power, supplied by a powerful engine and boiler. Experienced men are regularly employed in the various departments, and a large amount of work is regularly turned out, the firm having an excellent reputation throughout the town and over the whole of the North of Ire¬ land. Every kind of wire-work is produced in large quantities, while the blind-work is of the best quality in the trade, and the revolving shutters made by the firm is in great demand by tradesmen and builders generally. The trade is both local and provincial, while further afield the firm has a reputation for first-class work in the whole of the departments. The works are under the special personal care and management of Mr. Logan himself, whose sound experience and special knowledge of the business are highly appreciated by a large body of customers, extending over a very wide area, who can at all times depend upon the goods supplied being of the very best materials and workmanship. Wynne, Stokes & Co., Linen Manufacturers and Merchants, 35, Linenhall Street West, Belfast.—This leading firm devotes itself chiefly to black hollands, buckrams, French canvas, and •roughs, making a speciality of these particular lines, in which it has attained an honourable repute and an excellent connection, though having in addition a large trade in damasks, sheetings, pillow linens, towellings, tickons, dowlas and drills. The house was founded about fifteen years ago by Mr. W. C. Wynne, and became the present firm in 1884, the proprietors being now Mr. John Wynne (brother of the late proprietor, and formerly trading as John Wynne & Co.), and Mr. William Joseph Stokes, formerlygnanager for a leading house in the home trade, who has been all his business life connected with this branch of the linen trade. The premises form a handsome and central block of buildings, of three storeys, very commodious, and admirably situated. The counting-house, stock-rooms and lapping rooms, are admirably spa¬ cious, well-lit, and excellently appointed and equipped. The business is a very flourishing one, and its management is distinguished by excep¬ tional ability, enterprise and success. The trade is chiefly a home one, and of great dimensions ; the extensive connections of the firm, and its high reputation, being alike notable. The requirements of their customers are ably attended to by half a dozen energetic travellers, besides a large staff of agents in the various trade centres, and the whole business is directly controlled by the experienced principals, who are eminent and influential men in “linen” circles, and in a position to produce the very best goods in the local market. A. T. Robinson, Provision Merchant, Lard Refiner, and Ham Curer, 139, Shankhill Road, Belfast.—This undertaking forms a branch from Great Edward Street, which is the chief centre of the pro¬ prietor’s business, and is used as provision stores. The slaughter-house occupies a position to the right of the entrance, there being also a wash¬ ing and cleansing department, and pens for the accommodation of live pigs ; the premises are also provided with two suitably-constructed boilers, while the lower end of the yard is occupied by the stables and van-shed ; in the rear portion is the curing-store; this also is very appro¬ priately equipped, and here two hundred pigs are cured weekly. The lard refinery is provided with the requisite lard, pans and presses, and the upper floor contains the office and drying-loft. A wholesale and retail trade is carried on by Mr. Robinson, but the operations of this gentleman are principally of a wholesale description, a special feature consisting in Irish provisions of his own curing, which are exported to various parts of the United Kingdom ; and a number of workmen, in addition to three horses and five vans, are employed. This business is under the active and highly efficient management of Mr. Fred C Robinson, who is thoroughly intimate with all its details. In the auu..r.,b . ution of the concern the proprietor is recognised by all his large circle of connection as a gentleman who is essentially a man of business, clear-headed and far-seeing, and of indomitable energy and resolute purpose, whose.success has been well merited by the honourable spirit which characterises his conduct in all the work with which he is associated. t 118 INDUSTRIES OF John Riddel & Son, Wholesale Iron, Steel, Tinplate, and Metal Merchants (Agents for the Vieille Montagne Zinc Mining Company, and the Magnolia Anti-Friction Metal Company of Great Britain), 87 and 89, Ann Street; and 1, 3 and 5, Oxford Street, Belfast. —The very extensive and important wholesale business carried on hy the eminent firm named above, was founded about the year 1830 by Messrs. Edward Porter & Son in premises situated in Hamilton’s Court, off High Street and Church Lane, Belfast. In 1851 the goodwill and stock of the house was purchased from the surviving partner, the late Mr. John Porter of Belfast, by Mr. William Riddel, J.P., who was previously associated with his father, the late Mr. John Riddel, of 52, High Street, Belfast, in a wholesale ironmongery business of very old establishment. Mr. William Riddel continued the business of Messrs. Porter from 1851 under the title of John Riddel & Son, and greatly extended and developed it in all its operations, making his headquarters at the above address in Ann Street. In the year 1865 Mr. William Riddel purchased for the sum of £4,250 the site and two adjoining plots of land from the Corporation of Belfast, the property thus acquired measuring one hundred and eighty-five feet in length hy one hundred feet in width. On this site he erected the present fine warehouse, which was completed at a cost of over £6,000, the designs being furnished hy Messrs. Thomas Jackson & Son, the well-known architects. The Northern Whig of December 31st, 1867, contained the following accurate description of these very commodious and perfectly appointed premises:—“ The splendid new iron warehouse of Messrs. John Riddel & Son, in Ann Street, adjoining the Queen’s Bridge and proposed Central Railway Station, has sixty-five feet of frontage, is one hundred feet from front to rear, and four storeys [ in height. The interior of the building is of peculiar construction and admirably adapted for the business to which it is devoted, consisting of five galleries running round the entire building, supported on metal pilasters; the centre courtyard, which is forty-eight feet by twenty-seven feet, being covered over hy an iron and glass roof. The lower portion of the front is executed in cut granite from Newry. The remainder of the cut stone-work is from Dungannon, with an intermixture of Armagh lime¬ stone and Whitehaven red-stone ; a portion of the upper storeys of the front have Allen & Mann’s white brick introduced between the stone tracings. The entire of the front is glazed with plate-glass. The arrangements for traffic are very commodious, entering by a gate over a weighbridge, from which metal trams pass through the warehouse into another street in the rear. The centre, or court-way, is paved with wooden blocks to effectually deaden the sound, and the side stores with square setts from Messrs. Ritchie & Jackson. Whether for design or accommodation as a wholesale iron store, these premises, we believe, have no superior in the three kingdoms.” The above description applies equally well to the warehouse as it now stands, though the place is a scene of much greater activity to-day than it was in 1867. The business has developed continuously since then, and its steady increase has brought about various improvements in the organisation of the ware¬ house which have made it more than ever a model establishment of its kind. It contains vast 'stocks of iron and steel, tinplate, and various other metals, including the celebrated products of the Vieille Montague Zinc Mining Company, and the Magnolia Anti-Friction Metal Company of Great Britain, for both of which concerns Messrs. John Riddel & Son are agents. An immense business is carried on—one of the most important and representative of its kind in the North of Ireland, and the house retains the esteem and confidence of its own wide and influential connection, and the respect of the entire trade with which it has been so long and so honourably associated. Edward Shaw & Co., Yarn Merchants, 10, Donegall Square North, Belfast.—This noteworthy concern was established in Dublin by an ancestor of the present proprietor, in the year 1780, and removed to Belfast about the beginning of the century. During the long period of 110 years which has elapsed since its foundation it has remained in the hands of members of the Shaw family, now well represented hy Mr. Frederick Shaw, tlie sole partner. The business is that of linen and linen yarn merchants, and on a very extensive scale. The connection is both home and foreign, the trade one of great volume in both departments, and entirely under the personal direction of Mr. Shaw. The premises are among the finest in the city, and the warehouse and storage accommoda¬ tion of the most commodious character. A great world has sprung into existence since this house was established, a great world in which it now occupies an enviable position, and whose prosperity and influence it has done not a little to promote. Long may it flourish and grow in influence and repute commensurate with its historic position and honourable antecedents. - Irish Whiskey Company, Limited, Queen Street, Bel¬ fast.—This concern illustrates one of the most recent and most promising developments of enterprise in connection with the whiskey trade in Ireland, and with regard to its undertakings the following facts compiled from the Company’s prospectus may be of interest to our readers. The Irish Whiskey Company, Limited, was formed during the year 1890, and has commenced operations with an authorised capital of £50,000, of which, however, only a portion has heen called up. The object of the concern is to establish and develop a home and export Irish whiskey trade, as well as a general business in all kinds of first-class wines and spirits, and the promoters have started with the laudable determination of associating the Company’s name only with the best Irish distillations of whiskey, so that the reputation of the native product may be duly maintained both at home and abroad. The Company derive every encouragement from the success that has generally attended the business of wholesale whiskey dealers in Belfast, and they have com¬ menced under favourable conditions and with every prospect of achieving a fair share of that success, having purchased the important business and stock-in-trade of Messrs. Dempsey & Anderson, a well-known firm, whose very superior and much-esteemed brands, “Old Cora Malt” and “ Slemish,” have thus become the property of the Company. Mr. Patrick Dempsey, of the late firm of Dempsey & Anderson, is managing director of the Company, and Mr. Alexander Anderson, his former partner, has also joined the directorate, which includes several other gentlemen of large business experience, who are well known in the North of Ireland, and capable of influencing a large trade by reason of their extensive per¬ sonal connections. The Company have secured large and commodious premises in Queen Street, Belfast, which are not only central and con¬ venient in situation, but admirably adapted to the purposes of the business. This establishment is splendidly equipped in each department, and affords accommodation equal to that of any similar warehouse in the city. The Company expect to be able to accommodate thirty thousand gallons of spirit in their duty-paid warehouse, and they have excellent facilities for vatting, bottling, packing, and forwarding. There are carpenters’ and coopers’ shops on the premises, where all casks and cases will be made and repaired, and the entire establishment is remarkable for its compactness, systematic arrangement, and self-contained character. We have already alluded to the Company’s resolution to maintain a very high standard of excellence in all their goods. This will be the one aim and end of their commercial policy, and those who have become familiar with the special brands of “ Old Cora ” and “ Slemish ” whiskey do not need to be told that if the character of these choice blends is fully preserved there is not likely to be anything finer in the market in the way of Irish whiskey. Both these specialities have won unqualified approval, and the introduction of a few more brands of equal merit to these will place the Company in the very van of the trade, as far as popular favour is concerned. A word of praise is due to the handsome labels with which the Company distinguish their brands. These are attractive and tasteful pieces of work, thoroughly typical in character; and the motto which appears as a trade-mark (“ To the memory of the brave ’ ’) has about it a distinct national flavour. The device of a hand holding an old Irish drinking-horn, with “heads” of barley and sprays of shamrock surrounding it, and this motto underneath, is the Company’s registered trade-mark. It will be found on all the labels of the concern, and will stand as an assurance of the excellence of the liquor with which those labels are associated. Already great activity is being manifested in the trading operations of the Company, and the gradual development of a substantial connection speaks well for the com¬ mercial policy pursued. It is anticipated that influential relations will speedily be established, not only with the whole of the United Kingdom, but also with the Colonies, the United States, Canada, South America, and other countries, where it is proposed to inaugurate agencies without delay, and where the sale of genuine Irish whiskeys of a sound and superior character is sure to be attended with highly satisfactory and profitable results. All the executive officers of the Company are possessed of valu¬ able qualifications of experience, this being especially' so in the case of Mr. Patrick Dempsey, the managing director, and of Mr. Michael O’Leary, the secretary. Thus the new enterprise is inaugurated under exceedingly favourable auspices, and everyone interested in the promotion of one of Ireland’s most notable trades will join in wishing it all due success and prosperity. Erin has long been pre-eminent for whiskey, and right well has her reputation been maintained on the .whole; but should there be any who have listened to false doctrines, and imbibed tho erroneous impression that she has in any degree fallen from her high estate in this important matter, let them hasten without delay to an agenoy of the Irish Whiskey Company, and drink “ to the memory of the brave,” and to the restitution of their own right-mindedness, in “ Old Cora Malt,” or the “ Dew of Slemish.” Then, truly, will they be able firmly and freely to renounce their heresy, return to their old faith and allegiance, and exclaim, in the words of Caliban in “The Tempest,” though with a different and more weighty significance :—“ Oh, Setebos, these be brave spirits indeed! ” IRELAND. 119 James McCorry & Co., Manufacturers of Linen, Linen Cambric, Embroidered and Printed Handkerchiefs, &c., 9 and 11, James Street South, Belfast.—This firm is one of the oldest and most prominont handkerchief manufacturers in Belfast, whose business was founded about sixty years ago. Some time since the firm removed from No. C, Linenhall Street to their present commodious premises in James Street South, and they now use the former establishment as a finishing laundry, where the work" is expeditiously performed by steam-power machinery of a most effective type, and where upwards of one hundred and twenty hands are engaged in the finishing processes alone. Messrs. McCorry's factory is at Kilmore, Lurgan, and is one of the most extensive and best- organised establishments in that district. These works cover a large area of ground, and are ’equipped with plant and machinery of the highest class for the industry engaged in. They afford regular employment to upwards of five hundred workpeople, and to this numerous staff must be added fully one hundred hands who are engaged on tho premises in making-up, and other work of a kindred nature. The chief feature of Messrs. James McCorry & Co.’s important and fully developed industry consists in the production of their fine embroidered and printed goods, for which they have long maintained an eminent reputation ; in this lino the house is certainly one of the oldest in Ireland, and its name and manufactures are especially well known in the United States, South America, the Colonies, and throughout the Continent of Europe. A very large export trade is carried on with those countries, and the firm’s productions are also in demand throughout the United Kingdom, being greatly esteemed for their fine quality, perfect finish, and the rare beauty of design which characterises the embroidered articles ; we have not seen anything in linen fabrics [more elegant and artistic than the handkerchiefs placed in the home and foreign markets by this distin¬ guished house. In addition to the workpeople already referred to, Messrs. McCorry employ a large number of clerks and assistants in their offices and sale-rooms in James Street South, together with a numerous staff of talented designers, retained for the firm’s special department of em¬ broidery. The warehouse is a large and substantial five-storey building, admirably arranged and appointed, replete with a valuable and most interesting stock, and affording every facility for the conduct of the large and still rapidly increasing business to which it is devoted. We may add that Mr. James McCorry is, and has been for the past ten or twelve years, Consul at Belfast to the Argentine Republic. Lytle & Pollock, Hardwood Importers, Merchants, and Manufacturers, 20, Dunbar Street, Belfast.—This important firm was established in 1876 by Mr. Joseph Lytle and Mr. John Pollock. The premises are conveniently located, and comprise extensive office, work¬ shops, and stores. The speciality of the firm is hardwoods of all kinds, for which they have extensive storage accommodation up to a thousand tons, built for the requirements of their trade. These fine woods are imported by the firm from all parts of the world, the chief varieties being mahogany, walnut, rosewood, satinwood, boxwood, and lignum vita, all in constant demand for manufacturing purposes. The commoner hardwoods, such as oak, ash, elm, sycamore, maple, birch, snakewood, ebony, and lancewood, are also extensively held. Extensive workshops are situated to the left of the yard, where the operations of cutting and turning in hardwoods are largely carried on by a trained staff, aided by the best modem machinery and appliances. Power is supplied by a gas-engine of twelve horse¬ power. The firm also carry on business as hardwood timber importers at Liverpool. The Liverpool house is situated at 211, Great Howard Street, and is effectively managed by Mr. Lytle, this being the distribu¬ tive centre for their imports. The local house is under the control of tho other partner, Mr. Pollock, who is well known in all trade circles in the city. In addition, the firm are local agents for the celebrated “ Camp¬ bell ” gas-engine, whose compactness and steady running have gained an universal appreciation. In the several branches of their business Messrs. Lytle & Pollock have long held a foremost place, and their concern may be regarded as the leading one of the kind in the city, and indeed in Ireland. John Douglas, Handkerchief Manufacturer, 24, Donegall Street, Belfast.—Established in the year 1854 by the present proprietor, this important and flourishing concern has continued to occupy an important place in the great industrial growth of Belfast. The premises in Donegall Street are of the most extensive character, and centrally situated. The front building is occupied on the first floor by the necessary offices, the other storeys being devoted to the purpose of warehousing the finished productions. The steam engine and boilers are located in the rear, on the ground floor, from which power is obtained for driving the two hundred stitching machines and finishing apparatus. The various processes are carried on in the buildings to the rear, and comprise the necessary operations of hem-stitching, now done entirely by ingenious machines, washing, starching, smoothing, and ornamenting the various types and qualities of handkerchiefs. Some three hundred hands are em¬ ployed in these operations, and the work is expedited by improved and excellent machinery. Tho printing and embroidering is also carried on on a large scale, and tho articles even in their unfinished state cannot but attract the favourable attention of the visitor. A great speciality, to which a separate department is allotted, is the making of boys’ ready-made clothing, which is fast rivalling in importance the other, and older, branches of the manufacture. This is especially gratifying, and worthy of every commendation and encouragement by all interested in extending the scope of local enterprise. Ready-made goods, from their excellence and comparative cheapness, are rapidly growing in, demand and in general public favour. Such successful beginnings as [have been made by Mr. Douglas may extend to magnificent proportions, and rise into an import¬ ance not as yet dreamed of. The connections of this concern, as will be easily understood, are of the widest character, and tho business con¬ trolled very extensive in volume. The trade embraces a great export business to America and the Colonies, as well as a flourishing connection all over England. _ Ritchie, Hart, & Co., Limited, Engineers, &c.,. Mountpottinger Foundry, Belfast.—This prominent and influential firm was founded in 1863, and became a limited liability company in 1878, having been most successfully developed in all branches. Mountpottinger Foundry is situated in Mountpottinger Road, and covers a ground area of three hundred feet by four hundred feet. Here great industrial acti¬ vity prevails, and the various departments—admirably equipped with the most effective plant and machinery—present evidences of the progress of a great amount of business. The moulding shop is 110 feet long by forty-five feet broad, and possesses facilities for the production of very large and heavy castings, which form one of the firm’s leading speciali¬ ties. This shop is fitted with two travelling cranes capable of lifting fifteen tons and four tons respectively. There are also two cupolas in the foundry capable of melting up to twelve tons and three tons respec¬ tively. The heavy turning, slotting, planing, and drilling department is spacious and extensive, and contains the latest type of powerful machinery. In the smith’s shop there are two steam-hammers capable of producing forgings up to a very considerable size; and the erecting, modelling, and pattern departments aro all interesting, well equipped, and of busy appearance. Fully one hundred hands are employed, in addition to the large and valuable mechanical plant in use, and the Company have built up a large and well-connected trade. They enjoy a special reputation, among other things, for roof gutters ; and are algo' favourably known for their- large and varied production in columns and other iron work required by builders. A high standard of merit in quality and finish distinguishes all the manufactures of Messrs. Ritchie, Hart, & Co., Limited, in ironfounding, engineering, and millwrighting, and the entire business is in a flourishing and progressive condition. Frazer & Haughton, Linen Manufacturers and Bleachers. 31, Franklin Street, Belfast.—This firm was founded in the year 1878, under the designation of T. W. Haughton & Co., assuming its present character and title in May, 1883. The premises in Franklin Street comprise a large and commodious suite of offices and stock-rooms on the ground floor with extensive lapping, packing, and export accom¬ modation alongside, but the firm are just about to move into much larger premises in Bedford Street. The trade includes a wide range of white and other linen pillows and sheetings, both for home and foreign markets, and the business is conducted by means of agents in the various centres. For the home trade they have influential agents in London, Manchester, and Dublin, as well as a special representative in New York for the American trade. The Belfast business is under the guidance of Mr. Wilfred Haughton, whose experience of the linen trade and knowledge of the local market as well as of the requirements of the various home and foreign customers are invaluable. The business efficiently controlled by him is one of great volume and rapidly extending, the fame of their- great bleaching concern at Hillmount, which is under the personal man¬ agement of Mr. J. W. Frazer, J.P., is well known in linen circles, and this, coupled with the extensive merchant department located at the above address, gives the firm a position among the great leading houses identified with the modem enterprise and prosperity now so happily associated with the staple industry of Ulster. R. & W, Stewart & Co., Manufacturers, Bleachers, Printers, Linen, Cambric, Plain, Hemstitched and Embroidered Handkerchiefs, No. 8, Donegall Square West, Belfast.—This turn was established in 1856 by Robert and William Stewart under its present title, as a manufactory and bleaching and printing business for plain, hem¬ stitched and embroidered linen and cambric handkerchiefs. The firm also have a hand-loom and preparing factory and hemstitch factory at Porta- down, in which there are fifty hands employed, besides a large number employed outside as weavers, &c. The trade is home and foreign, the firm having agents who represent them in London, Manchester, Glasgow, and New York. The larger portion of their very considerable export trade is confined to the United States and Canada. The staple feature of the business is the industry in plain, printed and embroidered handker¬ chiefs. The Belfast premises, which are four storeys high with a rear of fully one hundred feet, consist of offices, with brown cloth store on first floor, sales-room and white stock-room on the second; white handkerchief room, smoothing-room and laundry on the third ; and on the fourth, em¬ broidery, designing and printing room. Spoaking-tubes communicate between the work-rooms and the office. The promises have a frontage on Donegall Square West of about twenty-five feet, and extend about one hundred and ten feet to the rear. This is altogether a flourishing concern, ably conducted and managed by the present proprietors. 120 INDUSTRIES OP The Grand Restaurant and Caf6, Limited, Corn Market, Belfast. Mr. M. McCarthy, Managing Director.—This fine estab¬ lishment is one of the gastronomic institutions par excellence of Belfast, and has always enjoyed an eminent reputation and a large amount of superior patronage. Por the past twelve months it has been conducted as a limited liability concern, and has secured increased favour and prosperity as such under the able and enterprising management of Mr. M. McCarthy. The premises occupied comprise a large and very handsome block, in a grand situation at the corner of Arthur Square and Corn Market. This build¬ ing covers a ground area of four hundred and fifty superficial yards, and contains four floors in addition to the spacious cellars. The ground floor has two entrances, and contains the beautifully-fitted buffet and luncheon- room, all the appointments of which are in excellent taste. Quite separate from this, though communicating by a convenient entrance, is a very comfortable smoke-room and liquor divan, and lavatory accommodation of the best class also exists on this floor. The first floor constitutes the grand dining-room, a spacious, lofty, and superbly decorated saloon, finely furnished, and prepared in every respect for the reception of a superior clientele. The ladies' dining-room on the same floor is another example of' beautiful appointment, and the billiard-room contains an ex¬ cellent table with low cushions, supplied by Messrs. Burroughes & Watts, and every requisite accommodation. On the second floor we find the manager’s rooms, together with various store-rooms and the per¬ fectly-appointed kitchens, presided over by Mr. Thornton, a chef of eminent reputation, whose name is especially familiar to gastronomes in Glasgow. The staff of assistants is thoroughly competent, and those who know the cuisine of the Grand Restaurant and Cafe pronounce it unexceptionable. It is noteworthy that all the culinary operations are carried on at the top of the building, an arrangement which should be universally adopted in hotels and restaurants, as all the disagreeable odour of cooking is thus prevented from entering the dining-rooms. A word of special praise is due to the elegant and artistic decorations of the Grand Restaurant and Cafe, all the public rooms being beautifully adorned with encaustic tiles and faience by the Burmantofts Company. The architectural style of the building is also somewhat unique, being German Renaissance, and the design has been very creditably worked out by Mr. Robert Watt, the well-known Belfast architect. In every respect this establishment must be regarded as a credit to the city and to its proprietors. The organisation is practically perfect, and it caters to the requirements of its large and distinguished circle of patrons (including the nobility and gentry of the district) in a manner unsurpassed by any similar concern in the province. Indeed, we have no hesitation in assert¬ ing that there is not a finer restaurant in Ireland, either in the matter of equipment, or in the character of the accommodation afforded. For the preservation of this high repute great credit is certainly due to Mr. M. McCarthy, who is not only a highly experienced and capable manager and public caterer, but a gentleman of great personal popularity. Mr. McCarthy has a host of friends in Belfast and in Glasgow (where he was formerly located as a restaurateur), who will wish him continuous success -and good fortune as manager of the Grand Restaurant and Cafe. Robert Erskine, Manufacturer of Portmanteaus, Dressing Bags, Trunks, &c., 8, High Street, Belfast.—Mr. Erskine commenced business in Belfast at No. 21, North Street, from which, however, it was found necessary, in view of rapid development, to transfer the entire operations to 8, High Street, where an old structure was entirely remodelled and modernised, with the result that in their present excellent condition the premises, of three storeys to the front and four storeys to the rear, are admirably adapted to the uses of the industry for which they have been so effectually designed. There is a very large stock, as exhaustive as it is varied, and well adapted for meeting the demands of an extensive wholesale and retail trade, which Mr. Erskine has cultivated all over the North of Ireland. Most of the travelling requisites are manu¬ factured on the premises under the proprietor’s personal supervision, and with the aid of a staff of selected work-hands he is enabled to make, with every mark of that productive excellence for which his goods are long noted, all kinds of portmanteaus, travellers’ sample-cases, basket-trunks, and bags of all kinds, from the smallest satchel for ladies’ use to the most elaborate overland equipment. Mr. Erskine is the only maker north of Dublin, and he is to be congratulated on the almost remarkable success which, single-handed, he has so creditably achieved. In Mr. Erskine’s patent “ Perfection ” travelling goods there are the elements of quite a novel industry. By the incorporation with leather, &c. of a composite akin to cork, Mr. Erskine has introduced a wear-resisting fabric which must take precedence among all materials of the kind. By its use the old system of inserting cardboard has been relegated to the things of the past, and there is presented a substantial, well-shaped bag, as near to modern perfection as any manufacturer has yet attained. Mr. Erskine deals largely in golf and game requisites, having one of the largest collections of cricket, tennis, and sporting necessaries that it might be possible to find in the North of Ireland, and certainly this is one of the best houses for sporting goods of the kind in Belfast, Mr. Erskine having a special reputation for his large and varied assortments of football goods. Being the only manufacturer in the North, his establishment is highly patronised by all lovers of the game. As a splendid emporium for high- -class goods in every branch and department it represents, this house has attained an importance and distinction well founded in appreciation and public confidence, and in the energy and continuous enterprise with which it has been sustained and developed. E. T. Church, Photographic Artist, 53, Donegall Place, Belfast.—The art and practice of photography is well represented in Belfast by this well-known and popular establishment. Previous to com¬ mencing in this city, Mr. Church had long experience in the establishment of Mr. Henry Herring, of Regent Street, London. In 1869 he acquired the extensive and commodious premises in Donegall Place, which are fitted up in a very superior style, and replete with every convenience for the successful working of the business. The reception-room is a splendid apartment, one of the largest of the kind in the city, and nothing is wanting to please the educated eye or gratify the artistic taste. Around the walls and distributed throughout the gallery are many splendid specimens of portraiture, which well display the superior skill and talent employed in this establishment. The studio is admirably lighted, and replete with cameras and lenses of great power and embodying all the latest improve¬ ments. The premises also contain several operating-rooms, retiring and dressing room, and all the accessories of a large and thoroughly organised establishment. Mr. Church undertakes every branch of photo¬ graphy, as cartes de visite, cabinets, enlargements by the new permanent gelatine process, groups, all kinds of out-door photography, and special attention is given to photographing machinery, &c., for trade purposes. Amongst the specialities may be mentioned the new carbon opaltypes, the cameo vignette carte, a new and effective style of carte de visite, being the nearest approach to cameo. Portraits are printed on china, in carbon, both plain and coloured, and carte de visite portraits are produced on enamel. Portraits are also painted in watercolours in various degrees of finish, from vein tinting to highly-finished miniatures and works of art. Drawings, engravings, oil paintings, miniatures, daguerreotypes, &c., are reproduced with the greatest care. Mr. Church has won a special reputation and a great triumph in the new life-sized oil portrait, ■which is mounted in broad gold frame, thirty by twenty-four inches, complete for £2 2s. By long professional and practical experience, Mr. Church has acquired a perfect mastery of the art; every improvement and invention tending to its advancement he has tested, and adopted when approved by experience. Mr. Church personally photographs all sitters, and in the colouring department executes all paintings himself : he is thus enabled to supply really artistic pictures at a moderate price. Mr. E. T. Church has had the honour of being patronised by II.R.II. Prince Arthur Patrick, Lord and Lady Dufferin, Lord O’Neill, &c., and also numbers among his clients many of the local aristocracy and members of the highest circles of society in Belfast and the North of Ireland. Lowry & Officer, Clothiers, Hosiers, and Outfitters, 12, Donegall Street, Belfast.—This notable business was established in 1876 by Messrs. McAlery & Lowry, and continued under that title until 1887, when Mr. McAlery retired, and Mr. Lowry was joined by Mr. Officer. The premises occupied comprise a handsome shop with a frontage of twenty feet, extending sixty-five feet to the rear. The window of mas¬ sive plate-glass affords convenient facilities for displaying an attractive assortment of high-class goods, and the interior, fitted with elegant appointments, is well-stocked with every description of high-class over¬ coatings and fancy coatings, selected from the choicest West End patterns ; suitings of Saxony and Cheviot wools in the newest and choicest patterns obtainable from Irish, Scotch, and English manufacturers ; trouserings in the prevailing taste ; clerical garments and liveries ; hosiery, gloves, &c. Special attention is directed to athletic outfitting in all its branches, a department of the business in which the firm have deservedly earned a high reputation for superior excellence of quality. Extensive work¬ rooms are provided, affording convenient accommodation for a large number of experienced and competent employes, under the personal supervision of the principals, and every garment turned out of this estab¬ lishment bears the unmistakable brand of high-class quality of style, fit, and material. The firm enjoy a wide and influential connection, embracing the leading local families, and the patronage of the principal athletic societies in the district. John Malone, General Cooper, Hoop and Stave Mer¬ chant, 30, Henry Street, Belfast.—This important business was estab¬ lished by Mr. Malone in 1867 in the commodious premises he at present occupies. They have a frontage of fifty 7- feet, and extend back a hundred feet, and include extensive workshops containing all the latest appliances for the trade, while a large staff of skilled workmen is continually employed. The yard is heavily stocked with American oak staves, hoops, and other accessories to the trade, the American staves being directly imported by Mr. Malone. Beyond undertaking general cooper¬ ing, he makes specialities of the manufacture of brewers’, distillers’, and provision casks, doing a very important trade in all these branches, not only in Belfast, but throughout Ireland. All the goods turned out from the works are distinguished by the strength of the materials used and for the excellent workmanship displayed in their construction. Mr. Malone possesses a thoroughly practical knowledge of the trade, and personally supervises all the work that is sent out from his yard, so insuring the best results. The business is one that for extent and repute has few equals in Belfast, and Mr. Malone is personally held in the highest respect. IRELAND. 121 James Withers, Registered Plumber, 59, Ann Street, Belfast.—Mr. James Withers commenced business in 1880, and has rapidly advancod to a leading position in Belfast’s sanitary trade. There is probably no better evidence of the vitality of this well-developed business than the extensive character of the establishment at Ann Street, and the immense stock that is therein comprised, in order to meet the many demands made upon its exhaustive resources. While the shop is large and fully stocked, the entire structure of four storeys is devoted to the purposos of storage, Mr. Withers being thus in a position to carry out the largest undertakings of first-class plumbing, and all its subsidiary branchos, with a despatch and promptitude well ensured by the working capacities and facilities at disposal, and the active operations of a skilled staff of thirty hands. While engaging extensively in every section of a large and representative plumbing trade and industry of the highest description, a special feature is that of sanitary engineering, ever)- essen¬ tial and important phase of which is c irried out with the practical aptitude derived from long experience, and the endorsement of special registration. It should be here explained that under the system of awarding certificates to plumbers of first-rate scientific skill and ability, Mr. Withers was the recipient of that honour in 1887, and the exceptional character of the award may be best explained by the following extract from the Belfast News Letter of 8th July, 1887. “ We notice with pleasure that Mr. James Withers, Ann Street, Belfast, has received a certificate from the Worshipful Company of Plumbers, London. This is a high honour bestowed on a local tradesman, and speaks well for the capabilities of the firm. Sanita¬ tion has been made a special study by Mr. Withers, and in this branch he has succeeded to a marvellous degree. It was this firm that did some very high-class work recently at MounStewart House, for the reception of His Excellency, the Lord Lieutenant and suite, and it has now been entrusted with plumbing and gasfitting arrangements for the Free Library.” Besides the high class of work here referred to, Mr. Withers has devoted special attention to the testing of soil and drain pipes, with a new patent asphyxiator, which embodies many qualifications of well- tried efficacy for the purposes it is designed to serve. Mr. Withers is a large importer, probably one of the largest in Ireland, of all kinds of sanitary goods, while he supplies and fits up medimval and ordinary gas- fittings, also electric, pneumatic, and ordinary bells, into which he has introduced many commendable improvements, and besides carrying out steam-fitting in all its branches, he undertakes the ventilation, lighting, and heating of private mansions, vineries, conservatories, and public buildings, his patrons including the Marquis of Londonderry, Mount- stewart, Ncwtownarda; Lord de Ros, Oldcourt, Strangford; Lord Roden, Bryansford, Co. Down ; Lord Bangor, Castleward, Downpatrick ; Earl of Caledon, Caledon, Co. Tyrone; the Earl of Erne, Crum Castle, Newtownbutler; Lord Deramore, Belvoir Park, Belfast; Lord Ross- more, Monaghan ; General Nugent, D.L., Pontaferry, Co. Down; John Mulholland, Esq., D L., Ballywalter Park, Bally waiter; Major R. P. Maxwell, D.L , Finnebrogue, Downpatrick; Colonel W. B. Ford, D.L., Seaforde ; Somerset Ward, Esq., J.P., Isle o’ Valla, Downpatrick ; H. L. Mulholland, Esq., M.P., Ballywalter; II. H. McNeile, Esq., J.P., D.L., Parlcmount, Belfast; John Macaulay, Esq., J.P., Red Hall, Lame ; R. E. Ward, Esq., D.L., Bangor Castle, Bangor, Co. Down. American Dental Supply Company, 28, Donegall Place, Belfast.—The art and practice of dental surgery is well represented in Belfast at this well-known establishment, which was opened some four years ago bv the manager of the Company, Mr. L.H. Robinson, R.D.S.Eng. and D.D.S. New York, and Prize Medallist for Surgical and Mecha¬ nical Dentistry. The American Dental Supply Company was organised in the year 1860, and so successful have been their operations that they have now one of the largest dental practices in England, which is the result of employing the best materials and workmanship at the lowest possible charges. The Company’s London establishment is at Nos. 16 and 17, Poultry, E.C., and for the convenience of their patrons in the North of Ireland they have established branches in all the principal towns within a radius of seventy miles of Belfast. Atthough very commodious, the establishment at the above address is scarcely adequate to the increas¬ ing requirements of the business, and the Company have been compelled to increase their premises. Every branch of dental surgery is carried out on the premises by highly-skilled practitioners. Ordinary artificial teeth on the American principle are supplied from £1 to £20 per set; single teeth from 2s. 6d. to 20s. No imitation or second-hand teeth used, and only the best materials and finest workmanship employed. Sealing and cleaning is also scientifically done ; the stopping of decayed teeth with gold or other materials has been made a special study ; loose teeth are tightened and painless extractions of teeth or stumps are effected by nitrous oxide gas or cocaine, which is administered by a qualified an.-ostheist. The business in every department receives the direct personal attention of Mr. L. H. Robinson, whoso well-known skill and ability, sound judgment and genial courtesy have secured the confidence and support of a very extensive and rapidly-increasing connection. The Company number among their patrons many of the nobility and gentry and members of the highest circles of society in all parts of the North of Ireland. Walter Barns & Co., Pianoforte and Harmonium Dealers, Wholesale (and Retail music Sellers, music Publishers, &c., 9, Rosemary Street, Belfast.—Mr. Walter Burns, the principal of this establishment, a Scotchman, is come of an old and well-known family, and was favourably known for many years across the Channel during tho earlier part of his career, as one of the two proprietors of the Fife Tier aid, carrying on at the same time an extensive business as sta¬ tioner, bookseller, letterpress and lithographic printer, and bookbinder. Relinquishing his Scotch business, he came to Ireland in 1858, established himself in the present line at Newry, where he was publisher and part proprietor of the Newry Herald Company, Limited, and which he worked with great enterprise, and this venture would, without douht, have proved a great success had those who inaugurated it, and induced Mr. Burns to join it, supplied the promised capital. Some shareholders, it is true, paid in full what they promised, while others only paid half, and others again (and those were they who had promised most) paid nothing, and the result was a collapse, and the loss to Mr. Burns of a considerable amount of capital. He moved to Belfast in 1876, and entered upon his very distin¬ guished after-career. In 1882 he was joined by his son, Mr. W. H. Burns, from John Brinsmead & Sons, who enjoys great local celebrity as a piano-tuner, these two gentlemen at present constituting the personnel of the partnership. The premises are large, excellently fitted, and replete with a splendid representation of the goods of the several lines of business followed. A speciality of the concern is musical instruments of all kinds, brass, reed, and stringed, for which this popular emporium enjoys a flat¬ tering reputation over the whole of Ireland. Sheet music occupies a prominent place in the business ; and military music for brass and string, bands can be supplied in endless variety. Indeed, the firm has a wide reputation in this line at home and abroad, and the Colonial and Indian military bands are (among its best patrons. Mr. Burns’s position as an author and publisher is peculiarly his own, and reflects increased import¬ ance on the concern whose business he so ably manages. He is the com¬ poser of a number of favourite quadrilles, such as “ Holyrood Palace,” “ Royal Dublin,” “Royal Ulster,” “ William III.,” “Harp of Erin; ” Vaises, ‘‘Isle of the Shamrock” and “Caledonia” ; of the spirited and seductive vocal galop, “ Lovely Nancy” ; of the sympathetic music of the songs, “My Irish Home, or Dear Isle of the Shamrock,” and “Who’ll have a Sprig of Shamrock?” the poetry being by the cele¬ brated local poet, Dr. Corry; of the favourite comic song, “ Coleraine Whiskey,” “ Caledonia,” “ Good-night, an’ joy be wi’ ye and several others. He is also the author of a collection of forty-one new hymn tunes, composed at various dates since 1849, instinct with religious feeling and charming melody, many of which are popular; and of the famous Queen’s Jubilee Anthem, which has found its way to every corner of the Empire, and is performed by the principal bands in the Army and. Navy. This anthem, besides a book of hymns, has been graciously accepted by her Majesty, the Prince and Princess of Wales, and the late Emperor of Germany. These will serve to indicate the versatility and mastery of the head of this leading firm. The music-publishing department stands first in Ireland in every way,'and the repairing de¬ partment is capable of dealing with all kinds of instruments, and is very efficiently organised. Mr. Burns is an accomplished business man, and controls the business of this flourishing establishment with an enter¬ prise and a success worthy of a citizen of that great industrial metropolis to whose service he has so honourably devoted himself. We may men¬ tion that Mr. Burns was the first to suggest the proposed Scoto-Irish tunnel as far hack as when the tunnel from England to Franco was first- spoken of, and has strongly advocated it through the Press. Mr. Burns is also a frequent contributor to the English, Scotch, and Irish Press on topics of general interest. Robert Dunlop, Flour Merchant and Grocer, 83 and 35, Edward Street, Belfast.—The great and flourishing business whose head¬ quarters are at the above address was founded in the year 1855 by Mr. Robert Dunlop, the present sole proprietor. The Edward Street premises, which are of the handsomest design and most commodious description, were erected by him in the year 1878, and consist of three storeys devoted to the flour, grocery, and provision business. Very large and select stocks are kept in these capacious premises, which have a total floor space of some ten thousand superficial feet, the whole forming one of the largest and most complete establishments in the city. Mr. Dunlop is largely engaged in the importation of American flour of fine brands, the flour stores being situated opposite the main premises, and extending right through into Green Street. These stores cover a rood of ground, are felt- roofed, and have a capacity for storing five hundred tons of flour. Branch shops are located at 186 and 188, Nelson Street, and at 34 and 36, New Lodge Road, both handsome two-storied buildings, carrying heavy stocks. The great specialities to which the proprietor of these flourishing con¬ cerns has devoted himself are flour and provisions, in both of which he controls an extensive trade in the city and surrounding towns. Four horses and vans and a staff of fourteen hands are engaged in the general work of the business, which is personally managed and directed by Mr. Dunlop. No better example of the spirited and enterprising Ulsterman could be desired than the proprietor of this influential business, furnish¬ ing, indeed, a type of all that is best and most successful in our modern business world, and embodying in himself all those excellent qualities of head and heart which have given reputation and prosperity to the lead¬ ing citizens and business men of the great city of Belfast. 122 INDUSTRIES OE John Hanna, The Ladies’ Emporium, 38, High Street, Belfast.—Prominent among the many notable and representative houses which contribute to the dignity and importance of Belfast trade is that established in 1863, and still controlled by Mr. John Hanna under the name of The Ladies' Emporium, a popular and well-patronised centre of interest and attraction. This fashionable house, isituated at a convenient part of the High Street, may be described as'a conspicuous feature of that thoroughfare, where its elegant fittings and appointments, combined with the style and character of the branches it represents, invest it with every claim to the title it bears, a title which, be it said, is both, appropriate and well-deserved. On the ground-floor, the visitor is presented with a large stock of dresses, silks, furs, domestic furnishings and general drapery ; while, upstairs, the splendid show-room "which is one hundred and twenty feet in length, affords many impressionable features of artistic elegance and exquisite display. Here the admirable manner in which the various novelties and specialities are presented to ready inspection exhibits that taste and study by which every department of this handsome emporium is characterised, and by the aid of mirrors and other first-class accessories, the shades, colourings, and styles are sub¬ mitted under every desirable condition of superior appointment and arrangement. Above are the work-rooms, where a staff of experienced hands are employed, and above that again is the cooking-room and dining¬ room, evidencing the care which is shown by the proprietor in providing meals for the entire executive and assisting staff, which staff, there is every reason for observing here, is both numerically and efficiently ■complete. In point of method and well-devised plan the whole estab¬ lishment is a model emporium so far as regards each of its numerous departments, and the constant personal supervision of the energetic guiding head and principal of the business ensures that perfect smooth¬ ness and pre usion which is so notable a feature of this well-regulated house. As a keen and discriminating buyer, watching the variations of fashion with the interests of his many lady patrons first in consideration, Mr. Hanna is at all times and in all seasons in a position to procure the premier goods and styles as soon as they appear in the metropolitian centres of fashion. His stocks are at all times the most reliable indications of what is pre¬ valent taste, or what is essentially proper and becoming for ladies’ attire. Neither expense nor trouble is spared in procuring the latest novelties, and the facilities of acquisition at Mr. Hanna’s constant command are much enhanced by his never-failing taste and judgment, so that, from whatever source or howsoever maintained, he sees that the goods are absolutely and unquestionably new, and in this way he may be regarded as a great leader of Belfast’s modern fashion. The truth of this is endorsed by the many illustrations of productive excellence and finish in all the details of millinery, mantles, furs and costumes, these being finished and completed in the highest style of faultlessness and thorough execution, and with the skill of one long practised in every phase and detail of the modern costumier’s art. In millinery, the French and English styles are precisely reproduced, while in jackets and coats, the Berlin and London tailor-make is faithfully embodied, and the Parisian silk mantles and dress materials of home-made tweeds, are certainly such as no house could be expected to surpass in respect of finish and design. Maintaining the noteworthiness and distinction of the house as a centre for ladies’ requisites of outfitting of all kinds, Mr. Hanna devotes one entire department to corsets, French wove, white and dove sateen, black and elastic, all the various designs being selected on the basis of graceful style, and hygienic excellence, any special order for stays being completed with the accuracy and elegancy of a long-experienced corsetier. Probably one of the most commendable features of this house, so replete with attractions for the fair sex of every class of society, is the e-acouragement it offers to the now gradually reviving home industries by the sale of the “ Hibernia" and “ Sterling," underclothing and baby- linen, so'universally demanded all over the United Kingdom. For purity and rich design these many excellent specimens of native needle-work, are not rivalled, and under a system of complete supervision, the facilities for their improvement in novelty of make and shape, are daily extend¬ ing ; though apart from the motives which should induce every Irish lady in the land to acquire these productions of an arduous peasantry, it is a sufficient inducement to their purchase that they form the most beautiful examples of lingerie that can anywhere be found. Within the limits of so concise a sketch it is impossible to do justice to the many phases of usefulness and importance exemplified in Mr.'Hanna’s em¬ porium. Perhaps the best test of its wide-spread favour is to be found in the fact, that while many houses of the kind have gone to the wall—so to speak—this notable emporium—the oldest house for small goods in Belfast—is still rapidly extending in influence and prosperity under the spirit of judicious management and enterprise to which it owes its activity and advancement. William Braithwaite, Cement Merchant and Agent, 5, Gloucester Street, Belfast.—The business establishment presided over by Mr. William Braithwaite carries on an extensive trade in plaster of Paris, Roman, Portland, and other cements, as well as chalk, whiting, putty, and suchlike commodities. In all these branches a flourishing trade is done among builders and the public generally, and the business is organised and conducted on a system of efficiency second to none in Belfast. The business was established in 1855, and is conducted at 5, Gloucester Street, where a substantial and well-appointed office serves in an admirable manner for all the transactions of the firm. The stores are all round the offices, and these are ample and commodious in extent, space being here provided for the storage of over four hundred tons of cement and other materials. Chalk and whiting are also kept in stock, and oil putty is manufactured on the premises to a fairly large extent, this and the other operations of the business giving employment to ten men. Mr. Braithwaite is also agent for J. B. White & Bros.’ London Portland cement, and Keen’s marble parian cement. These good shave a wide circulation among the building trades of the town and district, and are delivered within reasonable limits by the proprietor’s carts, two of which are constantly on the road for the delivery of goods. The business is conducted with commendable energy, and the trade is flourishing and steadily increasing. Anderson & McAuley, Linen Drapers, Silk Mercers, &c., Donegall Place, Belfast.—This popular house was established in 1861 by the present proprietor, Mr. Anderson (and Mr. McAuley, who has since died). The premises occupied comprise a substantial block of buildings with frontages to Donegall Place and Castle Street, of over one hundred and sixty feet, with a depth to the rear of two hundred and forty feet. The latter portion of the premises originally formed the residence of Sir Stephen May, and was afterwards occupied as the head offices of the Agricultural Bank. The establishment is fitted throughout in an elegant manner, and presents an attractive display of new silks, jackets, mantles, costumes, dresses, hosiery, bonnets, millinery, hats, gloves, dress and mantle trimmings, feathers, flowers, &c.; also fur boas, pelerines, fur Idalias, and trimmings. A special department is confined to the display of every variety of linen goods, for which the house bears a well-sustained reputation. The connection of the firm is influential in character, and embraces the leading resident families in the country, the firm offering special facilities (for purchasers at a distance, by paying carriage to any railway station in the United Kingdom on all parcels of the value of £5 and upwards. A large staff of clerks and assistants is engaged to attend to the numerous patrons of the establishment, which is under the entire personal control of the energetic and experienced pro¬ prietor, whose long and honourable connection with the commercial life of the city has been marked with conspicuous and deserved success. August Langemann, Practical Watch and Clock Maker, Electro-plater, and Jeweller, 20, Gresham Street, Belfast.—- This important business was established in 1884 as a practical watch and clock making establishment, in which branches it speedily secured a fore¬ most reputation; and it still stands at the head of the trade in this direction, its manufactures being universally acknowledged to be among the best produced in the city. The premises are most commodious, and are admirably adapted to the requirements of the trade, consisting of a handsome three-storey building, equipped with every modern machinery and tools used in the watch, clock, and jewellery manufacture. The plant for electro-plating is most complete, whilst the gilding-bath is the largest in Ireland. A large staff of British and foreign workmen is employed, under the personal supervision of the proprietor, who is a practical work¬ man, and has held very responsible positions both in Britain and on the Continent; and vast quantities of work are produced, embracing watches and clocks displaying the perfection of workmanship, solid metal and plated jewellery, and similar goods, the firm holding one of the most extensive and valuable stocks in the city. The gold and silver jewellery produced by the house is especially esteemed, and exhibits the greatest beauty of design and construction, and commands a ready sale in all markets. The firm’s connections are of the most extensive and influential description, being established in all parts of the country as electro¬ platers, the house being regarded as amongst the leading producers in Ireland. The watches manufactured by A. Langemann have given the greatest satisfaction both as regards being reliable timekeepers and the moderate price charged. Mr. Langemann is a gentleman who has dis¬ played the greatest enterprise and most conspicuous abilities in the deve¬ lopment of his important business, and has won universal respect by the principles of strict commercial probity upon which he manages it. W. J. Martin, Family Grocer and Provision Merchant, 10, Walnut Street, and 1, Walnut Place, Belfast.—The proprietor of this business commenced operations here in 1888, and has already made most gratifying progress. The premises comprise a suitably appointed shop having a frontage of twenty-five feet, and accommodation for large quantities of flour and general stocks of grocery goods. The stock is of the most comprehensive and best selected description, and Mr. W. J. Martin is evidently a gentleman possessing an exceptional knowledge of what a trade in grocery really means. The amount of freshness characterising the goods shown here being rarely met with elsewhere. Mr. Martin’s intimacy with all matters affecting the operations and fluctuations of the markets, is at once accurate and exhaustive, enabling him to buy at the correct moment, and to sell at a price which ensures to his large connection the very best possible value for their money. A very select local family trade is carried on, supported by a circle of clients, who recognise in Mr. W. J. Martin a man whose upright conduct and cultivated practical intelligence deservedly entitle him not only to be respected as a merchant, but esteemed as a friend. The entire concern affords a magnificent example of an admirably administered enterprise. IRELAND. 123 John F. Bell, Saddler, Harness Maker, Horse Cloth¬ ing and Portmanteau Maker, &c., 13 and 15, Arthur Square, Belfast. —In connection with the manufacture of saddlery, harness, horse clothing, and other goods of a kindred nature, a leading firm in Belfast is that of Mr. John F. Bell, of Arthur Square. This gentleman carries on a very extensive and important trade in the line referred to, and is the successor to the late Mr. Francis O’Hayes, who established the business in 1849. Mr. Bell assumed the control of the house about ten years ago, and during that time his productions in fine harness and saddles have given such universal satisfaction that his trade has been more than trebled in magni¬ tude. In order to meet the heavy demands of an ever-increasing busi¬ ness, Mr. Bell has greatly enlarged his premises at the above address, by adding another show-room on the ground floor, where he displays at all times a splendid assortment of the various manufactures in equestrian accoutrements for which he is so justly noted. The establishment is now one of the finest of its kind in Ireland, and enjoys the support of a very superior local and provincial clientele, the connection main¬ tained extending all over Ireland. His premises, which occupy a promi¬ nent and advantageous position in the Masonic Buildings, Arthur Square, are not only spacious and commodious in extent and arrangement, hut are also very handsomely and tastefully appointed, and the display of goods is always highly attractive. Conspicuous among the many note¬ worthy productions here exhibited we find Bell’s Patent Special-Fitting Cut-back Hunting Saddles, which constitute the leading speciality of the house. These saddles, which are made in the best quality only, with mountings complete, at the moderate price of five guineas, are claimed to be superior to all others in the now and improved features they embody. They are so formed that they will stay at the proper place on a horse’s back, showing plenty of rein, and thus imparting a wonderful improve¬ ment to the animal’s appearance. Testimonials from all parts of Great Britain and Ireland bear witness to the satisfaction these saddles have given to purchasers, and the constant increase in the demand for them, both at home and abroad, is conclusive proof of the high favour in which they are held. Mr. Bell is sending his new patent saddles to all parts of the globe, and his general trade, also, is of an extended character, patron¬ age being received from many esteemed customers in Germany, France, Italy, the United States, and the Colonies, as well as from a very wide circle in the United Kingdom. Mr. Bell has his workshops at 18, "William Street South, where he possesses excellent productive facilities and employs a skilful staff of about fifteen first-class bands. In all re¬ spects this business is conducted upon sound and highly satisfactory principles, and its select character is very carefully preserved under the able administration of the present proprietor. commenced business at the above address some five years ago, where he occupies several floors of a large and handsome building. The entrance is through a spacious hall, with beautiful specimens of work on either side. This hall leads to the first reception-room, an elegantly-furnished apartment, from which the ladies’ dressing-room is reached. Ascending a flight of stairs, we find another waiting-room, equally well appointed, and opening out of this are separate dressing-rooms for ladies and gentle¬ men. The studio is an apartment forty-five feet long . and replete with every modern requisite, as patent blinds to regulate the light on any part of the group or figure, a large variety of backgrounds of different tints to suit various complexions, dresses, &c., of the sitters, scenery on patent rollers, &c. Mr. Abemethy has spared no expense in procuring the very best appa¬ ratus and appliances that have been devised, amongst which may be men¬ tioned a Meagher’s patent camera, fitted with one of J. H. Dallmeyer’s powerful lenses, and having attached to it an instantaneous shutter which is specially adapted for photographing children or pet animals. Mr. Abernethy also employs one of the largest cameras in the kingdom for the production of the new popular panel photos, and has likewise one of the largest and most approved appliances for photographing family groups, pic-nic parties, landscapes, buildings, machinery, &c. Mr. Abernethy has recently made several important alterations and improvements in the premises, and now possesses an establishment which for convenience of situation, completeness in every detail of its arrangements, and elegance in all its appointments, not only reflects great credit upon the proprietor, but will bear favourable- comparison with any similar institution in the city. The fixtures and appointments are at once elegant and substantial, and the decorations are elaborate, yet in good taste and. in excellent keeping with the artistic surroundings, nothing being wanting to please the educated eye, or to gratify the artistic sense. Mr. Abernethy under¬ takes every branch of photography, as cartes-de-visite, cabinets, boudoir and panel portraits, miniatures, enlargements, groups, out-door photo¬ graphy ; also paintings in oil, water, or black and white, and has secured a special reputation for the striking faithfulness, accuracy, and. matchless beauty of his productions. Upwards of twenty experienced assistants are employed in the various departments, and every branch of the business receives the direct personal attention of the proprietor. Mr. Abemethy enj oys a very large share of patronage, and taking Saturday and Monday as average days, upwards of three hundred clients are photographed. Mr. Abernethy, as before intimated, possesses the advantage of.thorough practical experience, and as an artist occupies a prominent position in the profession. He devotes the whole of his attention to the development of the business with that laudable enthusiasm and spirited enterprise which command the respect and esteem of his patrons, and which are so essential to complete and permanent success. M'Coxnisli & Shaw, Tea, Sugar, and Coffee Mer¬ chants, Mill Street and Chapel Lane, Belfast.—During the short period in which this enterprise has been in operation its success has been of the most genuine and gratifying character. The firm carry on trade as general grocers, and a special importance attaches to the high-class quality and popularity of their Indian teas. The premises occupied by Messrs. M'Comish & Shaw have a fine appearance, and comprise the ground floor and two succeeding fiats. The shop is lofty in construction, and there is an important extension to the rear, where there is a large store. Two -commercial travellers are employed, and a business of capital proportions is carried on throughout the entire area of the surrounding districts. The vehicles employed in distribution are well appointed. Messrs. M‘Cornish -& Shaw give an unmistakable evidence of their splendid fitness for busi¬ ness in the excellently selected and varied character of their stock. The business of the general grocer is in itself of intrinsic importance, and the care requiring to be bestowed upon its details is commensurate with its importance. This is a fact with which Messrs. M‘Comish & Shaw are very sensibly impressed. They bestow the most unsparing attention on •every detail in connection with their trade, and the patrons of this house may, at all times, rely on their wishes having every consideration at the hands of its partners. John Rea, Family Grocer and Provision Curer, 30, Ann Street, Belfast.—This old-established and eminent house was established over one hundred years ago, and subsequently came into the hands of Mr. Hogg, who vigorously carried it on for forty years, until it was taken over by Mr. Rea in 1878. The promises occupy a four-storey building at the abovo address. The shop is a double one of ample dimensions, and admirably fitted and appointed throughout. There is a large and varied stock of general groceries, including teas, coffees, sugars of the beBt qualities at very cheap prices. Ham-curing is largely carried on on the premises. This branch employs a number of hands, and the trade, which is wholesale and retail, is that of the largest Irish retail shop in Belfast. The second floor is used as stores, and at the rear there is suit¬ able stabling for the firm’s horses. The wholesale and curing establish¬ ment is carried on at 13, Telfair Street, where there is nothing but Irish- fed pork cured. The respocted proprietor conducts the business with due energy and tact, and his labours have been well rewarded by an increasing trade, which extends over Ireland, Scotland, and England. William Abernethy, Photographer, 29, High Street, Belfast.—After long and thorough practical experience Mr. Abernethy Samuel Morton, Auctioneer and Appraiser, 109, Donegall Street, Bedfast.—One of the best-known and most popular men in Belfast and the North of Ireland is Mr. Samuel Morton, .Auctioneer and Appraiser. That he should have attained the first place in his pro¬ fession will not surprise anyone who has an opportunity of appreciating his ready talents, either at a town or a country sale. For popular and courteous manners, ready wit, and quickness, his name is synonymous with all the public look for in the occupier of an auctioneer’s rostrum. Mr. Morton’s premises, known as the Central Auction Mart, are conve¬ niently situated in Donegall Street, and are used solely for bond-flde busi¬ ness. The auction-room is fifty by thirty feet, airy and commodious, and finely lit and ventilated, a matter of some importance to anyone who attends one of the crowded sales which frequently take place here. The establishment in High Street, Antrim, designed to meet the wants of provincial customers, was opened in 1889. Mr. Morton commands the finest business in Ireland with respect to country sales of crops, grass, or stock, and this, along with the business of his two establishments, is more than enough for a single individual. Mr. Morton has for the last twenty- six years acted as auctioneer for the Down Royal Corporation (Maza Races). The business connection is solely amongst the. gentry and farmers throughout the whole of Ireland. The business is altogether conducted on bona-fide lines, and Mr. Morton, who is a born auctioneer, is universally trusted and admired by a numerous clientele in the whole of Ireland. In conclusion we have only to add.that Mr. Morton has almost thirty years’ active experience of the profession, and may fairly claim to take the premier place amongst the gentlemen of his own order who occupy leading positions in the city and North of Ireland. D. Hinds, Boot and Leather Warehouse, 27, Academy Street, Belfast.—This old-established business dates back as far as 1830, when it was founded in John Street by the late Mr. Hugh Dunn, from whom the present proprietor acquired it in 1875. Owing to the taking over of John Street by the City Council Mr. Hinds removed in 1881 to the spacious premises he at present occupies. The business is an exceed¬ ingly high-class one, and is confined exclusively to the order trade, Mr. Hind’s reputation for style, material, and workmanship being the best in the district. A large staff of skilled workmen is employed, the trade being by no means confined to the eity r , but spread over the whole of the surrounding districts. Since the business has been in Mr. Hind’s hands it has steadily increased, and at the same time fully maintained that high reputation which has always attended this old-established and cele¬ brated house. 124 INDUSTRIES OF Davidson & Leslie, Pharmaceutical Chemists, Ulster Medical Ilall, 20, Castle Place, Belfast. W. Prott, Sole Proprietor.—The “ Ulster Medical Hall,” which has for a period of nearly forty years been resorted to with the utmost confidence by both the rich and poor of Belfast and the surrounding districts, was originally founded by Dr. Cantrell during 1852, being succeeded by Messrs. Davidson & Leslie in 1869. For some time, however, the establishment has been owned and presided over solely by Mr. W. Prott, who still continues to carry it on in the name of his predecessors, and whose close and careful attention and business qualifications are fully appreciated by an ever-widening circle of customers. The premises at Castle Place are attractive in outward appearance, having a tastefully-designed frontage and two fine windows, and the interior of the shop is splendidly fitted up; admirable arrangements have been devised for the conducting of an extensive business, and thoroughly capable and courteous assistants are always in attendance. Mr. Prott’s stock, which is large and comprehen¬ sive, includes all the usual drugs, chemicals, &c., and a useful selection of patent medicines, proprietary articles, toilet, nursery, and sick-room requisites, infants’ and invalids’ foods, high-class perfumery, natural medicinal waters, &c. Also one of the largest stocks in Ireland of homoeo¬ pathic medicines and preparations for dispensing and sale. The goods throughout are distinguished for their absolute purity and perfect freshness. A very important branch of the business is the dispensing of physicians’ prescriptions, and other recipes, which are compounded with unerring accuracy from the most reliable ingredients, and Mr. Prott, who is entrusted with many orders from customers residing in England and Scotland, may be pronounced thoroughly worthy of the widespread and implicit trust reposed in his character and professional attainments. Mr. Prott is a member of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, and a member of the Pharmaceutical Society of Ireland. Thomas O’Neill, Cooper, 54 and 54 a, Little Patrick Street, Belfast.—Belfast, we believe, ranks third amongst the cities of the United Kingdom in respect of its contribution to Imperial taxation, a fact which sufficiently indicates what a fine field the Customs and Excise officers have here for their efforts to raise the wind for Her Majesty’s Government. It is no wonder, then, that in connection with the great distilleries and breweries we find establishments like the above, which have obtained a considerable amount of prosperity, under the wing of the great trade in the various popular beverages. The business was established by the present owner in 1883, and has had since its inception a very remarkable success. The premises occupied consist of a large workshop, 80 feet by 20, with extensive stores above, the whole concern being equipped with all the usual appliances of the business. Large stocks of American oak staves and Dutch hoops are stored on the premises, and all the materials, and the finished casks themselves, are subjected to a process of seasoning which is indispensable to the production of a first-class article. The business controlled is principally with the local distillers and the trade, and has attained considerable dimensions. The whole concern is person¬ ally directed by Mr. O’Neill, who allows nothing but first-class work to leave the establishment. As he is a practical master of the business, and an expert in the whisky cask line in particular, it is not to be wondered at that his efforts to create a first-rate connection have been of the most gratifying and successful character; and that his workmanship should be in high repute and constant demand. "We need not add that the great success of this concern is a noteworthy instance of what good workman¬ ship and integrity of principle can do in building up a business in a comparatively short space of time. Thomas Johnson & Sons, Furniture Removing aid Posting Establishment, Dublin Road, Belfast.—This business was founded in 1846 by the father of the present proprietor, the latter having succeeded to the business some years ago, and occupies extensive and commodious premises, with well-appointed offices and very spacious yards in the rear, extending to the river Blackstaff. Here are situated the stables, well ventilated and in every way adapted for the comfort and health of the valuable animals kept by the firm. Above are store-rooms for provender, &c., and also stalls and loose boxes reached by sloping gangways. In addition lofty and spacious sheds are erected for housing every description of broughams, victorias, dogcarts, four-in-hand brakes, and furniture and removing vans, &c. The firm have another extensive yard in Norwood Street, with spacious stores for the deposit of furniture and other valuable effects. A large number of men are employed by the firm, and every detail of the business evidences the superior quality of the arrangements. An important branch of the business includes the fur¬ nishing of funerals, experienced workmen being engaged in this depart¬ ment for manufacturing coffins, and excellent vehicles are always on hand for this purpose. The connection of the firm is of an influential character, patronage being extended to Messrs. Johnson from the leading city and county families. Telephone communication places every conve¬ nience in the hands of the public for promptly notifying orders to the firm, who are to be congratulated on the well-deserved and continued commercial success they have for so long a period enjoyed. J. Ogston Stewart, Pastry Baker, Cook, Confec¬ tioner, and Purveyor, 7, Great Victoria Street, Belfast.—The work in which Mr. J. Ogston Stewart is so successfully occupied was established in 1880, and sinco 1882 has been carried on in the present premises, which comprise a fine building of three storeys, containing the shop in the front portion, with bakehouse to the rear. Thoroughly efficient workmen are employed, and the special feature of the business consists in high-class catering and purveying for dinners, soirees, private parties, and picnics, and in connection with the latter department Mr. Stewart lets out marquees and tents on hire. Mr. Stewart is also in the occupation of another establishment, which is situated in Donegal! Square North, facing the Linen Hall. A first-class local connection has been secured, Mr. Stewart being a tradesman who understands both the theory and the practice of his business. The work in which he is engaged necessitates the possession of a very high order of taste and discrimination. A man who is occupied in a business of this description has of necessity to study the varied requirements of a large variety of tastes, and must be able to adapt himself with readiness to circumstances of emergency. Mr. J. Ogston Stewart possesses the art of accomplishing this most completely and effectually, and the work produced by him is a credit not only to his own skill, but to the discrimination of the valuable circle of business connection by whom he is surrounded. In the hands of Mr. Stewart, the technique of his business appears to perfection, and, as a natural result, the confidence of the public is both secured and retained. D. & G. Foy, Wholesale Windsor Chair Manufacturers, City Chair Factory, Ormeau Avenue, Belfast.—This important business was originally established in Chichester Street by the above firm about sixteen years since, and subsequently removed to the present fine pre¬ mises, which were erected by the proprietors at considerable expense, and designed specially for the requirements of the trade. They consist of handsome offices in the front and two finely-lighted workshops at the rear, of two storeys, and extending back some eighty-five feet. The lower storey is used for bench workers, and also as a store for finished goods, the manufacturing operations being chiefly carried on on the upper floor. The business is confined to Windsor chairs chiefly, the machinery and appliances being driven by a horizontal steam engine of sixteen horse¬ power nominal. They are believed to be the only chair manufacturers in Ireland at present using steam as a motive power. The repute of the firm is thoroughly established for their special goods, and their connection about the best in the trade. The business is mainly an Irish one, with town connection, however, in England and Scotland, which is principally looked after by one of the members of the firm. Some fifty or sixty hands are usually employed under the personal and experienced oversight of the partners themselves. They enjoy a good position in business circles in the city, and have solidly founded this important and successful industry by steady perseverance and unsurpassed business qualifications. Bridge Street and Royal Avenue Restaurants, Belfast. John Turtle, Proprietor.—These popular and excellent restaurants form the favourite resorts of great numbers of city gentlemen owing to their fine arrangements, select menu, splendid cuisine, and reasonable charges. The Bridge Street Restaurant has been under Mr. Turtle’s control for some fifteen years, but dates back at least half a century prior to his purchasing the business. The interior has an air of comfort and homeliness, a cosy bar —a luxury still remaining on this side of the Channel—and a very com¬ fortable luncheon-room, occupying the ground floor. The large and hand¬ somely-appointed dining-room occupies the floor above, and is capable of accommodating a hundred and fifty guests. Above all is the kitchen, fitted with the best modem appliances. The establishment in Royal Avenue has but a short history, having been opened only a few years. The interior is fitted up in modern style, and fairly divides the patronage accorded to Mr. Turtle’s excellent catering. There is a handsome and comfortable bar, and a splendid dining-saloon capable of accommodating a hundred persons. Both establishments are under the vigilant superin¬ tendence of the proprietor, and his attention to the wants and wishes of his numerous patrons is unremitting. H. Montgomery & Son, Practical Saw-Makers, 16, New King Street, Belfast.—This notable firm was established in 1883, Mr. Montgomery bringing to it invaluable experience gained with the celebrated firm of Messrs. Cook & Sons, of the Glasgow Saw and File Works; and the business quickly assumed a leading position in the trade, and secured most extensive and valuable connections in all parts of the district. The premises are admirably adapted to the requirements of the trade, being fitted with all the latest appliances used in sharpening, set¬ ting, teething, &c., and a number of skilled hands are employed. The firm’s work lies chiefly in re-teething, hammering, and sharpening circular and frame saws, brazing band saws, and general repairs, in which branches it is noted for the excellence of the workmanship it displays. The firm also deals very extensively in all descriptions of the best saws, and keeps a good assortment upon the premises. The members of the firm are gentlemen of great experience in the trade, who have thoroughly earned the success they have achieved by the excellent busi¬ ness abilities and strict commercial probity they have displayed throughout their career. IRELAND. 125 H. Johnston, Umbrella and Walking Stick Manu¬ facturer, 31, High Street, Belfast.—This important and rapidly in¬ creasing business was commenced in 1878 at premises in Castle Lane, which were unfortunately included in the disastrous conflagration, involving the destruction of the Theatre Royal and neighbouring build¬ ings. Nothing daunted by this calamity, Mr. Johnston, with prompt resolution acquired the ground floor of the premises he now occupies, and in 1883 recommenced his battle with fortune, adding the floor above in 1887, and finally renting the whole of the building in 1889. It was just at this period that Mr. Johnston developed the wholesale branch of his busi¬ ness, and which has gradually been on the increase ever since, and extends through the North of Ireland, but has proved particularly successful in the Provinces of Ulster and Connaught, The floors cover about five thousand square feet, and comprise a splendid shop with handsome appointments, and fitted throughout with air-tight cases, displaying an attractive selection of high-class goods, including every description of Ladies’ and Gentlemen’s Umbrella Sticks in natural woods or mounted in Ivory, Crocidolite, Onyx, Agate, Gold, Silver, &c. Round the walls may be seen an immense variety of walking sticks, and in the window a novel and ingenious revolving stand, twelve feet in diameter, displays about seven thousand specimens of the goods manufactured at the estab¬ lishment. An extensive workroom is well equipped with machinery and appliances of modern construction, and affords convenient facilities for the workmen employed in the production and repair of umbrellas and manufacture of walking sticks. The second floor is utilised as a ware¬ house for the storage of materials used in the business. The floor above provides workroom accommodation for the female portion of the em¬ ployes, Machinists, Tippers, 'Packers, Pressers, Yarnishers, Polishers, &c., all of whom, wo may remark, have been trained on the premises. In the rear of the workshop, on the ground floor, is stored an immense stock of sticks in the rough state, all of them the produce of the island, and con¬ taining the enormous total of one thousand five hundred dozen Irish blackthorns alone, which, with the bog oak, naturally takes the lead, being peculiar to the island. The premises are lighted by electricity, motive power being supplied by an engine specially adapted for the purpose, and enclosed in an air-tight plate-glass compartment about twelve feet square; all the mechanical and labour-saving appliances are of modern invention and construction. This is the only extensive umbrella manufactory in the country, every detail displaying perfection of system and orderly organisation. The trade connection of the estab¬ lishment includes the principal families in Ireland, and a considerable portion of the business is effected through the medium of the parcel post. This prosperous concern is personally conducted by Mr. Johnston, who retains the services of a numerous staff ot first-class and experienced workmen, and we heartily congratulate him on the conspicuous success which has attended his enterprising introduction of this latest addition to the industries of Ireland. analysis. In conclusion, we need scarcely add that the senior partner occupies a leading position in trade circles in Ireland, and is as favourably known as a public-spirited citizen as he is eminent in that great field of enterprise which he has so honourably made his own. The Belfast and Dublin Tea Company, 08, Victoria Street, Belfast.—This prosperous and noteworthy company was established in the year 1875, by Messrs. Charles W. Lepper and W. C. Fry, who are still the sole proprietors, and who continue actively to control and extend the immense volume of their city and provincial trade. The head offices, situated at the address’above, are of a very commodious character, and the warehousing accommodation of very considerable extent. The premises comprise a fine four-storey block, centrally situated, having a frontage of a hundred and twenty feet, and a rear extent of some thirty feet, thus affording a floor space of about 14,000 superficial feet. The general business and private offices, both suitably appointed, are located on the first floor. These, with convenient sample rooms adjoining, occupy the whole Space, the remaining storeys being devoted solely to the warehous¬ ing of the several fine qualities of tea in which the company operate. An attractively fitted up branch shop was opened in 1883, at 73, Victoria Street, designed for a retail trade alone, which has proved a very great convenience for city customers, and enjoys a flattering patronage. Following on this success, the company have established branch retail shops all over the country, with the result that the business controlled in this department alone is something enormous. Even in an industrial point of view this enterprise has some noteworthy features, and it is pleasing to record that more than a hundred persons now find lucrative employment in the various branches of the concern. The credit of this belongs entirely to the experienced heads of the firm, who, in addition to a large share of that enterprising spirit which dominates the business world of Belfast, have brought to bear on the business an expert knowledge and a ripe experience, which are, after all, the primary requisites for success iu this department of trade. Both partners are specialists in the tasting of teas, and are able to place before their customers the very choicest, freshest, and most delicious productions of India and China. No trouble is ever spared by them in the selections, knowing, as they do, that an inferior article might ruin the trade of a whole district, and their skill in this way, though wonderful enough to an outsider, is, we are assured, an easy matter for an accomplished tea buyer. To us it seems marvel¬ lous enough how an expert taster can easily and surely arrange a number of samples in order of excellence, with the infallibility, of a chemical Scottish Provident Institution, Belfast Branch, 23, Donegall Place, Belfast.—Of the various agencies which contribute to sustain the dignity and prosperity of the Scottish Provident Institution, there are probably none which have evidenced more vitality than that centred in the Irish Northern capital. Under the active management of the resident secretary, Mr. E. G. MacGeorge, this section of the organi¬ sation, founded in Belfast more than forty years ago, has vigorously advanced the claims and advantages of the eminent corporation it represents. The present secretary has held office for four years, and even in that period a very considerable progression has been made in every part of Ulster to which the influence of the Institution—accele¬ rated by an active staff of agents—has become extended. There is probably no more remarkable circumstance in the history of this organisation than that represented in the connections of its ex-manager, Mr. James Watson, to whom the Institution was indebted for its inauguration in 1837, and to whose efforts, during a long and honourable administration, only terminating last year, may be traced the present status and prosperity of this Society among the leaders of insurance organisations. In January Mr. Watson formally placed his resignation in the hands of the directors, leaving it to them to decide when it should be carried into effect. Mr. Watson had been associated with the Insti¬ tution since its inception. For upwards of fifty years he had successfully managed its ever-increasing business, and, when challenged, had never failed triumphantly to vindicate the soundness of its distinctive principles. In a word, he had made the Scottish Provident Institution what it was. He withdrew—with full honours—-from his arduous lifework, and was followed in his well-earned retirement by the best wishes of all. After full and deliberate consideration the directors came unanimously to the conclusion that the interests of the Society would be best secured by the appointment of Mr. James Graham Watson, chartered accountant, as manager in succession to his father. He has served the office as assis¬ tant secretary and joint secretary for upwards of fifteen years. He is thoroughly acquainted with the principles of the Institution, and is conversant with every detail of its history and management. The directors are satisfied that, from his proved ability and business capacity, his appointment will contribute to the strengthening of the position already attained by this great Institution. Established on mutual principles, the interests of its directorate and office-bearers, as policy¬ holders, are in every way identical with those of its numerous members. The premiums, which are based on comparatively modem data, are so moderate that an assurance of £1,200 or £1,250 may be secured for the same yearly payment which would generally elsewhere assure £1,000 only, that is to say, giving an immediate and certain bonus of from twenty to twenty-five per cent. The safe and equitable system involved in the division of surplus has been well endorsed by results, the Society on the last occasion having been enabled (after reserving one-third of the surplus ascertained) to apportion £700,690 among 9,384 policies— certain of these being participants for the first time, and receiving additions of from eighteen to thirtj'-four per cent. One equitable system of awarding profits may be mentioned, that is where an extra premium has been paid for two consecutive years—it brings the assured into an earlier participation. The Society have simplified the system of a limited number of premiums (ceasing in twenty-one or fourteen years) for assurance of a certain sum at death with profits, and in many other phases of their assuring methods the Institution have relaxed, as far as possible, all restrictions on the policies, with the yiew of meeting the most acceptable ideals of equity and mutual benefit upon which the whole structure of the organisation is based. Last year was the sixteenth occasion on which tho amount t>f completed new assurances has exceeded £1,000,000. In every respect the financial condition of the Society is unquestionably sound, and while its funds are invested at a rate of interest more than commensurate with that which forms the basis of the valuations, the expenses of management are economically gauged, and are greatly lower than in any office doing as large a new business. The ratio to premiums income last year was under ten per cent. Thus the year which has just closed presents an accumulated fund of more than seven millions, the increase therein represented, £476,999, being the largest in any one previous year of the Society’s existence. The head office of the Institution is at 6, St. Andrew Square, Edinburgh, and the London office is at 17, King William Street, E.C. The Belfast Board of Reference, headed by the Rev. Professor Killen, D.D., College Park, comprises many gentlemen of eminent position and influence, and the prosperity of the Institution, as represented in Ireland, is a sufficient attestation of the ability with which its affairs have been administered. The directors receive loyal assistance in their labours from the executive staff, and minor agencies supervised by the local secretary, Mr. E. G. MacGeorge, who is eminently qualified for that official capacity by- reason of his long experience and unceasing energy in promoting the interests of tho honourable Society he represents. 126 INDUSTRIES OF Young & Anderson, Wholesale Warehousemen, Bel¬ fast.—James Young, the founder of this firm, was bom at Dundrod, near Belfast, in the year 1773, and was in business in the year 1795, as his I early hooks still preserved show. He was brought up to the Linen trade, having served his apprenticeship with his uncle William Young, a | bleacher, at Glenavy. Owing to the difficulties which he experienced in getting his goods to London during the war, and in disposing of them in Dublin, then the two chief markets for the sale of linen cloth, it wa 3 his practice to supplement his business by attending the great annual fairs held at Chester with as large a stock as he could bring together, and which he found no trouble in disposing of on advantageous terms. It was upon an occasion of this kind that he was induced to bring home the pro¬ ceeds of his linen sales in Woollen cloth from Leeds and Huddersfield in¬ stead of Gold, woollen goods being also largely dealt in at these fairs. Mr. Young incidentally mentioned to a friend who is still alive that at these fairs he counted on a guinea as the minimum profit that should be ob¬ tained on each piece of linen cloth sold, and that less than that would not pay. The goods were generally shipped a month before the fair, and he invariably accompanied them himself with an assistant, and as it frequently happened that owing to the stress of weather the vessel had to run for shelter, it was not unusual for them to be obliged to remain for a week at one place waiting for a favourable wind, in addition to which there was also the risk of capture at sea. The first venture in, woollens proved so successful that for many years afterwards no incon¬ siderable portion of his business consisted in the preparation of linens for the fairs at Chester and the purchasing of a stock of woollens for the home trade. In a directory of Belfast, by Smyth & Lyons, for the year 1808, when the population was about twenty-two thousand-—and which may be seen at the Linenhall Library—“ Young, James, Woollen and Manchester Ware¬ house, 31, Rosemary Lane, ” is recorded, so that it would appear that at that date Mr. Young had confined his business to the sale of Woollen and Cotton goods. The next directory of Belfast known to exist is that by Thos. Bradshaw, dated 1819, when the population was about thirty-two thousand, in which the names and addresses of the various wholesale woollen-drapers of the town are given thus :— Johnston & Haliday, 2, Donegall Street. Radcliffe & Munce, 24, Bridge Street. John Whittle, 9, Elliott Court. James Young, 84, High Street. Of these the last-named firm is the only one now represented in the city. Mr. Young’s warehouse then in High Streetwas a very old-fashioned house, the gable turned to the street; it was nearly opposite St. George’s Church. No doubt some will remember it. It was about the year 1822 that the business was transferred to more commodious premises which he had purchased in Donegall Street, then numbered 19, where it is still con¬ tinued. In the j ear 1840 his eldest son, William John, and his son-in-law, John Anderson, became associated with him in the business as James Young & Co., and after his death the two surviving partners carried it on, altering the name of the firm to Young & Anderson, which it still retains. Mr. James Young was a tall, portly, good-looking gentleman, of fine physique. A faithful portrait of him by Hawksett was lent by his son Robert for exhibition at the opening of the local Free Library. He was a member of the Police Committee and a Spring-water Commissioner, lead¬ ing Elder in the Rosemary Street Presbyterian Church, and on the Committee of the Belfast Charitable Society, and he was ever good and kind to the poor. As a successful man of business, he was straightfor¬ ward and striclly upright and honourable in all his dealings, discoun¬ tenancing any r approach to. misrepresentation or deception in any- shape or form. He died in the year 1846, aged seventy-three years. His son, William John Young, having no great taste for business, left everything in the hands of his brother-in-law, John Anderson, in whom he had most implicit confidence. He was fond of travel, and spent a great deal of his time in the East and on the Continent, and eventually died in Australia in the year 1861. So that virtually it may be said that Mr. Anderson had sole charge of the establishment Lorn 1840 to 1869, in which latter year it was taken over by his old friend John Scott, G. H. Osborne having had an interest in it for two years previously. For the first ten years from 1840, the business was conducted on the old lines, Mr. Anderson being the principal buyer. At that time there was no railway between Man¬ chester and Leeds, so that the travelling between those towns was by stage coach via Blackstone Edge. The markets were usually visited monthly, and as the bouse at that time was noted for heavy Woollen cloths and Corduroys, the buyer got speedily into a system of purchasing large quantities of woollen goods in “balk,” getting them afterwards finished to suit the taste of the customers. And the practice was to purchase Cords in the grey by weight, and then to get them dyed and finished through an agent. Advantage was also taken of the change in the hand-loom weaving trade, many linen-weavers being thrown out of work in the- country ; numbers of these were employed by the firm to weave Cotton Ginghams, which were then in great demand, and which were sold in quantity all over the kingdom. For several years the house made heavy shipments twice a year to the firm of Creighton & Hall, who were old friends, and who had established a large business in Toronto; but the- difficulty which was experienced in the selection of suitable goods for the Canadian market was so great that this trade was ultimately discontinued. And on the outbreak of the Civil War in America large contracts were early placed for the delivery of heavy cotton goods at low prices, of which the customers afterwards had the full benefit. It was not till 1851 that the Departmental system was adopted. This change involved the introduction of several new branches, also the employ¬ ment of additional buyers, and it has been found to work satisfactorily from that till the present time. It is worthy of mention that during all these years, in which all of many very large and heavy transactions were carried out, the firm never accepted a bill of exchange, always findin g it¬ self in a position to meet its engagements, and to claim the full discounts. For many years the house had no traveller, and it was with reluctance that it was compelled at last, in self-defence, to place Representatives upon, the road ; and it is only justice to say of most of these, and of the buyers and apprentices generally “ all along the line,” that no house in the trade in the North of Ireland could boast of having had so many eminent men IRELAND. 127 of businei s from time to time in their employment. Although strongly inclined to give names, it would appear perhaps invidious to do so, as some of the very best of thesj are now in their graves, others are them¬ selves large employers and successful merchants, while two or three have taken up professions. As a rule all were true and loyal to the firm, and acted as if they felt a pride in being connected with it, and the firm was proud of them, and always treated them with respect. On the retirement of John Anderson from the firm in 1869 arrange¬ ments were duly made for its continuance by John Scott and G. H. Osborne, as already stated. These gentlemen agreed to make no change in the name of the firm, and so the business went on as usual until the year 1888, when it was taken over by three of the leading gentlomen in the place, viz., John Black, Alexander Christy, and Charles Montgomery. The latter had served his time in the house as an apprentice, and the two former had many years’ experience in it, Mr. Black as head of the Woollen department and Mr. Christy as a representative of the firm. Like their predecessors, they agreed to make no change in the name of the firm. This last change of proprietors was brought about by the death of Mr. Osborne in the year 1875, and of Mr. Scott in the year 1887, leaving their widows at the head of this large and increasing Establishment. As this state of affairs—though continued for some time—was not considered satisfactory, the wise arrangement above-named was fixed upon as the best for all concerned, which the results since fully confirm. It may¬ be mentioned that in the year 1879 the premises in Donegall Street were burned to the ground, including the stock ; the fire originated in an adjoin¬ ing house, which was also consumed. This catastrophe necessitated the taking of temporary premises in Waring Street. As the hooks were preserved, and an entirely new stock of goods was purchased immediately-, little loss was sustained, the buildings and stock being always kept fully insured. In the meantime a new and far more convenient and extensive warehouse was built on the old site, and on additional space at the rear, having a back entrance from Exchange Place ; improvements greatly required for this large and prosperous house, which claims to be the oldest in the same business in an unbroken line in the North of Ireland. Mr. James Young signed :— Mr. John Anderson signed :— George Horner, Flax Machine Maker, Engineer, Millwright, Iron and Brass rounder, Clonard Foundry, Falls Hoad, Belfast.—This well-known and old-established house has gained an emi¬ nent reputation in the mechanical and engineering trades since it was first founded in the year 1859 by its present proprietor. The business was started on a part of the premises now occupied, and the establishment has been from time to time extended and enlarged until it now covers an area of three acres of ground. In all parts it is admirably arranged and equipped for the industry to which it is devoted, and special facilities exist for the class of work to which Mr. Horner has given his particular attention, viz., the making of patent hackling machines for flax, hemp, and jute. These machines have achieved a remarkable success and over twenty-two hundred have been made and sold since they were first intro¬ duced. They meet all the requirements of the class of spinners named in a most satisfactory manner, and have been adopted and kept in constant use, with the best results, by many of the leading firms of the United Kingdom, the continent, and the United States of America. All Mr. Homer’s specialities in connection with “ hackling ” have met with a very favour¬ able reception, and the highest praise has been bestowed upon his Duplex Stripper Rod Machine in the coarser trade ; the Giant Hackling Machine in working Russian and American hemps in their full length, suitable for rope and twine makers ; Single Brush and Doflfer Machine for fine flaxes; the Ending Machine adapted for giving extra hackling to the ends of flax, removing naps, &c.; and Patent Revolving Brush for keeping the hackle pins clean while hackling gummy materials, all of which for general efficiency in their several capacities are unsurpassed. Mr. Homer employs upwards of two hundred hands in his large interesting and per¬ fectly organised establishment, and the labours of these skilled workmen in the various branches of engineering, millwrighting, and iron and brass founding engaged in are assisted by an extensive plant of the most im¬ proved modem machinery driven by a fine pair of horizontal steam engines working up to 80-horse power. The business in its entirety is one of con¬ siderable magnitude, maintaining a far-reaching and influential connection at home and abroad. Hanna, Campbell & Co., Manufacturers, Corporation Factory, 51, Corporation Street, Belfast.—This highly successful concern, which was only commenced in 1889, has made rapid and creditable advance in every branch of the industry and trade engaged in ; and as wholesale manufacturers of pinafores, aprons, blouses, boys’ suits anu ladies’ skirts, underclothing and children’s costumes, &c., a very favourable reputation has been acquired in these lines, while in pinafores and aprons a special trade has been already cultivated. The Corporation Factory, conveniently situated to the quays in the tho¬ roughfare of that name, is arranged and adaptel on principles which attain the most admirable convenience, and acceleration of all its opera¬ tions. It has a general depth of one hundred feet from front to rear, and a breadth throughout of nearly half that extent. The front portion of the ground floor forms the general and private offices, the back portion comprehending the cutting-out and packing departments, and the engine- house being on the same level. The stock-room, designing department, and smoothing-room are all towards the front of the first floor, where are also the stitching-room and other conveniences for workers. A large operative staff work under every condition of light and ventilation. At present a range of forty sewing-machines, erected in a most superior manner by the well-known firm Wheeler & Wilson, are in constant operation, and so briskly developing are all the branches of this compact industry that already it has been found necessary to add another bench with thirty machines, and the total equipment will undoubtedly necessi¬ tate the augmentation of the firm’s present well-controlled staff of eighty hands. Transacting only in a wholesale capacity, and exclusively for the trade, Messrs. Hanna, Campbell & Co.’s manufactures are fast coming to the front among Irish textile productions, and their name is becoming more extensively associated therewith—-through agents—in every part of the United Kingdom. There can be no better evidence of Ireland’s deve- I loping prosperity than the support given to trade by such an industry as that upon which we are now treating. From the exten¬ sion of wholesale manufacture much hope is experienced for the future good of Ireland by practical men of business, and that it is continuing to extend is nowhere better endorsed than in the advance and wide support which has attended the successful business enterprise of Messrs. Hanna, Campbell & Co. The firm is represented by Mr. Thomas Hanna and Mr. John Campbell, in whose business capacity, foresight, and energetic administration there consists every assurance of further progression for a commercial career so excellently inaugurated. Morrison’s Temperance Hotel, 10 and 12, Gamble Street, Belfast.—This justly celebrated business was established in 1865 by Mr. Morrison, the present proprietor, as a family and commercial temperance hotel. It is a handsome structure, four storeys in height, and possesses a frontage of some forty feet and a depth of about seventy- five feet. There is a well-appointed sitting-room tastefully furnished ; and in the dining-room no less than thirty-four persons can be easily and comfortably provided for. The rooms on the upper floors are used as bedrooms, of which there are fifteen, all being handsomely furnished, and noted for their neat and tidy arrangements. A thoroughly compe¬ tent staff of attendants is employed, and a general air of comfort, order, and regularity pervades the whole establishment. Mr. Morrison provides good and efficient accommodation for visitors; his charges are most mode¬ rate, and being a very attentive host, his hotel receives extensive patronage from all quarters. lie never advertises, as the place speaks for itself. The ouisine is excellent, and only articles of the best quality are supplied. The hotel is open to receive visitors on the arrival of all boats. J. Keown & Co., Fancy Boxmakers, Brunswick Street, Belfast.—This business was established in 1885, by Messrs. Cunningham & Keown, in Upper Queen Street, the firm assuming its present designa¬ tion in the following year. The rapid growth of the business in a few years, under the energetic management of Mr. J. Keown, com¬ pelled its removal to its* present commodious location in Brunswick Street. The premises, which were designed specially for carry¬ ing on the manufacture, were erected by Mr. Keown in 1889 ; and comprise a spacious and well-equipped factory, splendidly lighted and ventilated, as well as office and dispatch accommodation. The trade is ch'efly a local one, the connection lying among the handkerchief and fancy goods houses, but there is also in addition a well-secured and grow¬ ing export to both England and Scotland. Some fifty hands, mostly girls, find light and remunerative employment in the factory, a consideration whioh gives the ooncem very great industrial importance. The whole is ably directed by the experienced head of the firm, who occupies a favour¬ able position in the trade and an influential place in general business circles in the eitv. 128 INDUSTRIES OE Shaw & Co. (Ltd.), Oil and Tallow Merchants, Soap and Candle Manufacturers, Quoen’s Bridge Soap Works, Belfast.— This notable house represents in a most creditable manner an industry for which Belfast is famous—the manufacture of soaps and wax and tallow candles—and is one of the largest concerns of its kind. The business was founded originally by Messrs. Shaw Brothers, who com¬ menced operations under the title of Shaw Brothers & Co. The partners were Messrs. James and David Shaw, two sons of the late Mr. James Shaw, who was in his time senior member of the firm of Shaw & Finlay. In 1883 the concern was converted into a limited company under its present title, Mr. David Shaw holding office as managing director, a post for which he is eminently qualified by sound practical experience. The present works, known as the Queen’s Bridge Soap Works, were built in 1875 and have two entrances, one from Mountpottinger Road and the other from Newtownards Road. They cover a large area of ground, and are unsurpassed in completeness of organisation and efficiency of equipment by any similar works in Great Britain. All the manu¬ facturing facilities are of the best class, modern plant of the most approved type being in use in each department, and the industry is conducted upon a scale of very great magnitude. Some of the appliances in use are the largest we have ever seen in this trade, and the whole of the splendid plant here laid down represents a great amount of capital, every penny of which has been well and judiciously invested. Messrs. Shaw & Co. (Ltd.) employ a very large force of hands, and manufacture an im¬ mense variety of household bleachers, woollen soaps, toilet and fancy soaps, &c., in the production of which they exercise great care, both as regards the selection of materials and the methods of compounding the same. The firm have developed a large number of excellent specialities in soaps, including their famous “Queen’s Pale Bleachers’ Brown,” and “Stearic,” “Daisy,” “Lemon Pale,” “ Rival,” “Primrose,” and “ Cham¬ pion ” brands. Some of these have been specially prepared from the best materials to meet the requirements of those who wish for a really good article at the lowest possible price, and all of them have won great favour and widespread reputation by their unfailing purity and fine quality. In addition to the soap factory already described, Messrs. Shaw & Co. (Ltd.) opened a wax candle factory in 1885, where they manu¬ facture wax, paraffin, composite, and tallow candles on a very large scale. This is practically a new industry in Ireland, as formerly almost all the candles consumed in Ireland were drawn from the English and Scotch makers, so that it is worthy of the support of the Irish consumers. The firm make untiring efforts to maintain the high standard of excellence that characterises every item of their manufacture, and in this they are entirely successful—a fact which is fully demonstrated by the constant increase of their trade. Messrs. Shaw & Co. (Ltd.) have a valuable con¬ nection which extends widely in the home markets, and both as manu¬ facturers of soaps and candles, and direct importers of oils and tallows, they hold a position of great prominence and well-earned distinction in the commercial world. Hutcheson Keith, Building Contractor, G-lemavel Street Joinery Works, Belfast.—This business was founded by Mr. Keith in 1872, and has had a career of steady growing success, each year seeing a material increase in tile extent of this gentleman’s transactions. The premises are situated in Glenravel Street, where they comprise a most spacious yard abutting on that thoroughfare one hundred and fifty.six feet, and extending about one hundred and fifty feet to the rear. Upon the front of these extensive premises are built a well-appointed office and excellent dwelling-houses, dry timber and scantling stores, stabling, workshops, &c., to the rea>-, the latter provided with the most improved circular and sweep sawing, planing, moulding, turning, and other wood¬ working machinery. On one end of the yard space is the stone-yard, where all kinds of freestone is cut by machinery for building purposes ; this, as well as the other machinery, is driven by a powerful gas-engine. The rest of the space is used for storing a supply of the usual building materials—bricks, tiles, slates, cement, &c.', and plant, also a store for hardware. A large staff of thoroughly competent workmen is employed, arid most important contracts, especially churches and schools, have been undertaken in all parts of the North of Ireland. This gentleman has the highest reputation for the excellent workmanship, superior materials, and completeness of finish that distinguish all his productions ;• and pro¬ perty owners have learned to place implicit reliance in him. Mr. Keith personally superintends the business, which owes its character entirely to the practical knowledge and strict integrity which have char¬ acterised his career and won for him universal respect. Mr. Keith has been employed very generally for the last fifteen years by insurance companies and their assessors in checking' and adjusting claims against them by insurers, making valuations for average, acting on arbitrations, &c., and his general knowledge of building in all its branches, and his fearless adhesion to what is right, have gained for him the confidence and respect of all concerned. R. H. Macy & Co., Exporters and Jobbers of Linens, taces, &c., 23 and 25, James Street South, Belfast; Sixth Avenue, Thir¬ teenth and Fourteenth Streets, New York ; and 29, Rue des Petites Ecuries, Paris.—This prominent American firm has a depot in Belfast that was opened in 1881, which has assumed a most important position in the trade of the district. As exporters of general Belfast products to the American markets this house has rendered valuable services to the North of Ireland trade. Their premises in James Street South are most spacious, and form a centre of important industrial activity. They con¬ tain a large and well-appointed office and laundry on the ground floor, and commodious work-rooms occupying the two floors above. By far the leading feature of the firm’s trade is the preparation of plain and em¬ broidered fancy handkerchiefs for the export markets, and on their premises, in addition to a large number of machines of the latest and most expeditious patterns, they employ a staff of fifty hands to stitch and fold, while more than three hundred outworkers are kept continually employed embroidering and hemstitching. A large trade is also carried on in general linens, towels, damasks, laces, and fancy goods, &c. Their whole business consists of an export trade to the house in New York for the American markets. The establishment in Belfast is managed by Mr. James Geddcs, who is a gentleman of first-class commercial abilities, which are exhibited in every detail of the vast business he so admirably conducts. [The above article was written previous to the firm’s removal to more extensive premises at 7, May Street.] Samuel W. McBride, Linen, Cambric, and Handker¬ chief Manufacturer, 20 and 22, Linenliall Street, Belfast.—Thisflourish- ing business was established in Lurgan by Mr. Samuel W. McBride, the present sole proprietor, in the year 1878. Premises were taken at 4, Bedford Street, Belfast, in the following year, where the operations of the firm were carried on till 1887 ; at this date the business was removed to the very extensive premises at present occupied, located at the address above. These consist of three lofty storeys, with a handsome frontage to Linenliill Street, extending quite a hundred feet to the rear, and com¬ prising finely-fitted offices, spacious warehouses, and sale-rooms. The manufactory is situated at Lurgan, whore a great number of hands find employment as hand-loom weavers, &o., the principal production being handkerchiefs of fine texture, which are afterwards in great part em¬ broidered by women workers. The connection of the firm embraces a large home trade, and an extensive export business with the United States in plain, embroidered, and fancy handkerchiefs. A large staff of clerks and assistants, under the direction of the proprietor, attends to the distributive part of the business, which is entirely managed from the city establishment. The concern is one of a very enterprising character, and of great industrial importance, and is ably directed and controlled in all departments by Mr. McBride in person. He occupies an influential and leading position in the trade, and has secured, by his ability and energy, a commendable and noteworthy prosperity for this representative concern. S. B. McKeag & Co., 'Wholesale Grocers and Flour Merchants, II7, Victoria Street, Belfast.—This Well-known concern was established in 1878, in premises at No. 61, Church Lane, by Mr. McKeag and Mr. Marshall, and was carried on by them until 1885, when a disso¬ lution of partnership took place, and Mr. McKeag removed to No. 99, Victoria Street, and conducted the business there, under the present name and style. In May, 1890, the present premises at No. 117, Victoria Street, were occupied, and these have proved in every way suitable for the class of business carried on. They comprise the entire ground floor of No. 117 and six offices above, the firm having reccntlj 1 acquired these premises at a cost of £600, with a frontage of twenty-six feet, and extending back¬ wards about fifty-two feet, the whole being occupied by the shop. At the rear are spacious stores for warehousing flour, reached by a gateway at the side, as well as the stabling used by Mr. McKeag. The business is both whole¬ sale and retail, the large trade in flour; and various meals being the leading feature. The flour is imported principally from America, and large stocks are at all times in hand in the warehouses at the back. The shop is well arranged and fitted up with an extensive assortment of groceries and flour's of the best quality, and a large retail business is done. Half-a-dozen hands are regularly employed in the various departments of the concern, the trade embracing a large portion of the North of Ireland as well as the town of Belfast itself. Mr. McKeag himself does the principal travelling, so that the firm is well known throughout a very wide district, especially amongst retailers of flour and various kinds of meals. In the town itself three horses and vans are constantly occupied in delivering goods by the firm both in the wholesale and retail departments of the business. The principal is now extremely well known in the trade, and is held in the highest repute for his energy, enterprise, and business tact, and there is every promise that the firm is now on the high road to prosperity and success. We may add that the firm have also a branch shop in the grocery business in the Square, Comber, county Down, where they do a considerable amount of trade. It has a large coal business attached. Two hands are employed, and the branch is carefully looked after by Mrs. McKeag. IRELAND. 12J Williamson Bros., Tanners, Curriers, Leather Mer chants, and Boot and Shoe Manufacturers, Royal Avenue and King Street, Belfast.—Even in this most enterprising of Irish cities it might be difficult to instance a case of greater success than the industry con¬ ducted by the firm under notice. That it has flourished in the face of opposition, dangerous, because cheap, and progressed beyond anticipation, is indisputable, and may be attributed in a great measure to the fact that the Messrs. Williamson, since the inauguration of their business, have always made it a rule to turn out nothing but the best goods. The firm how can boast of being the only one of its kind in the city, of having combated successfully all opposition, and of enjoying the confidence and custom of the leading leather houses throughout the whole of Ireland. Under these circumstances, a brief sketch of its rise and progress and existing conditions may not prove uninteresting. In 1858 the Messrs. Williamson commenced business in North Street as leather merchants, and fared so well therein that two years later they' began to devote their attention to the currying trade—at that period an industry of much importance in the land—and, succeeding from the first, they 7 were soon obliged to look out for larger premises, which were subsequently' procured in Hercules Street, now Royal Avenue. Here they purchased a concern about an acre in extent, formerly owned by a brewery company, and transferred their business thither in 18C3. From this date up till 1880 their leather and currying trade was carried on with the most satisfactory results. In 1880, in consequence of portion of their premises being required by’ the Corporation, who were then making new streets in the vicinity, they' were obliged to build a currying shop at their tannery in King Street. Since then their manufactory'—which is one of the oldest in the city—has remained there. It was for a number of years in the possession of the M'Cammon family', one of the leading families of Belfast. In 1867 it was sold by' a member of that family', Mr. Thomas M'Cammon, to a Company, in which the Messrs. Williamson were large shareholders. In 1872 Messrs. Williamson, on purchasing the entire shares of the Company', came into possession of the property, and up till the present have conducted their manufactures there in a manner the most creditable to them. So far as suitab’e offices, store-rooms, and factory grounds go to make up a business, the firm are amply' provided. Their Royal Avenue premises are in the centre of the city', and in the handsomest thoroughfare thereof, and of such extent that they touch upon a couple of other leading streets, Gresham Street and Garfield Street. This is the warehousing and distributive centre. Near the entrance are situated handsomely'-appointcd offices and dispatching-rooms, while at the rear are a number of commodious stores, including some lor heavy goods, such as sole-butts, bends, bellies, and shoulders, and a large yard. Here also may be seen several other stores and stables. The second floor is devoted to the storage of kip-butts, harness leather, boot- tops, findings, and other articles in connection with the trade. The third storey' is monopolised as a store for boots and shoes; and here, as in the other departments, may' be seen at all times the most varied stock pro¬ curable. The King .Street manufactory' is also of a very extensive character, extending to Scotland Street on the right and King’s Slews on the left. The buildings are three storeys high, fitted up in the most approved manner, and include offices, fitting-shop, and stores. The hide store, lime y'ard, beam sheds, and bark lofts run across the entrance passage, while to the left is a range of office?, workshops, and stores. By far the greater portion of the ground-space, however, is occupied by the tan-pits, which number more than one hundred. The currying and finishing are conducted on the second floor of the factory proper, and the drying and rolling on the third. The dry'ing is done by steam kept at a high temperature by means of a boiler immediately below the final drying room. The machinery is driven by an engine of lG-horse-power. When the goods arc finished they are removed to the Royal Avenue premises, whence, as wc have said, they are dispatched to the trade. Only' the best processes are resorted to in the preparation of the leather, and every' precaution is taken that only the most perfectly finished goods shall leave the works. The very' fact of the Messrs. Williamson adhering to the old process, and rejecting the assistance of chemicals—which enable others to flood the market with cheaper but much inferior articles —is the secret of their success, and accounts amply for their possession of the best portion of the Irish trade. The entire concern, under the personal management of the brothers, Messrs. William J. and Hugh Williamson, and two sons of each, is sure to preserve intact the reputa¬ tion of Belfast in this important industry. Shaw & Comrie, Engravers to Calico Printers, Brewery Buildings, Sandy Row, Belfast.—The unique business in question was established in 1888 under the present title of Shaw & Comrie, the part¬ ners being Mr. Patrick Shaw and Mr. James Comrie. At the above address this firm occupy premises which have the advantage of being entirely upon the ground floor, and the establishment comprises business offices, works, and engine room, most completely equipped for the important industry to which it is devoted. The plant is a valuable one, of the best modern type, and includes, among various other apparatus and appliances, pentograph machines, ruling machines, several turning and polishing lathes, and two varnishing machines with polishing appa¬ ratus attached. Messrs. Shaw & Comrie execute all kinds of engraving required in the calico-printing industry, and as the latter trade is steadily developing here, and they are the only firm catering on the spot to its requireinonts in this particular respect, they control a large and growing business, which promises to assume proportions of great magnitude and importance in the near future. Messrs. Shaw & Comrie arc well noted for the excellent character of their work, and they'maintain a valuable and influential connection among local printing works. Both the principals of the house are thoroughly' practical and experienced men, possessing a most exhaustive knowledge of their trade in all it s details : and they have admirably organised a representative establishment of its kind, ■which they direct with a degree of enterprise and ability calculated to influence its progress in the most favourable direction. S. Wilson & Co., Tent and Marquee Manufacturers, and Ship Chandlers, Corporation Square, Belfast.—The firm of S. Wil¬ son & Co. has without doubt attained its present substantial position by the energy and inventive capacity of the proprietor and director, Mr. S. Wilson. In the days when ships had to he towed to Glasgow, or elsewhere, to be rigged, he formed a business which soon put an end to that discreditable state of affaiis. That was twenty-two years ago, and such a success might have seemed enough for a single life¬ time ; but Mr. Wilson’s ever pregnant abili¬ ties could not rest with an achieved success, but urged him on to other efforts for supply-- mg the more glaring wants of the city. He invented and patented mechanical appliances for rope-making, and founded the Belfast Ropeworks Company', now probably' the premier concern of the sort in the world, and one of the sights of the city'. His last invention, and one that has borne the name and reputation of the firm to all parts of the civilised world, is his intro¬ duction of the perfect and elegant tents and marquees which he has invented. He has received the Royal appointment to her Majesty the Queen, and fitted up the tents and marquees for the garden party' at Buckingham Palace, in connection with the Jubilee festivities. The fast hold which out-door sports has got on all classes during recent years, and especially tennis, has created a demand for tents of unprecedented dimensions ; Mr. Wilson has met this demand, and the productions of his firm, for ease in erection, for stability, free space, and artistic ornament, have no rivals in the world. It is impossible in these notices to explain the many points of value embodied in their structure, but it is.safe to say that they' are to be seen at flower shows, wedding festivities, cricket matches, garden parties, bazaars, tennis matches, throughout Ireland, England and Scotland. These tents are of all kinds, both as regards shape, size, principle of construction, and, w'hat is an important item, price; but when it is borne in mind that these useful and pleasant temporary- pleasure houses can be had either by purchase or hire, it will at once be seen that the use of them is within the reach of the majority of tho general community, wealthy or otherwise; and so extensive is the trade done by this firm in the sale and hire of tents that they- have arranged to have these goods delivered at any station in the United Kingdom free of cost to the purchaser. Another speciality of Messrs. S. Wilson &. Go. ’s is the manufacture of lifebelts; this seems at fiist glance an insignifi¬ cant matter, but when we come to consider that, under the new and stringent enactment, each life belt has to pass the inspection of the Board of Trade, the importance of the announcement can be at once perceived : of these belts Messrs. Wilson turn out very large and still increasing- quantities, in proof of which we may' state that their trade, in them extends to every port not only- in Ireland but in the United Kingdom. But.as the old Spanish maxim has it: “ Good wine needs no bush, so in like manner this firm needs no flourish from the historian, for that which is sound, healthy- and progressive requires no laudatory .encomiums or lengthy praise : and so we take our leave of Messrs. S. Wilson & Co. John Elliott & Co., Manufacturers of Linens, Cam brie and Linen Handkerchiefs, &c., 2, Bedford Street, Belfast.— This representative firm was founded upwards of half a century ago, and its premises are very extensive, comprising fine offices and sale-rooms, the latter affording every accommodation for a varied and interesting stock. Messrs. Elliott’s factory is at Springfield, Belfast, where they employ about four hundred hands, and have a splendid plant of power-looms. At Lurgan they have a large hand-loom factory, and employ also a con- siderable number of outside workers. Tlio principal manufactures of tlie house consist in pule and brown roughs, hollands, buckrams, canvas, tickings, damask, diapers, light, medium, and heavy bleached linens, too-ether with linen and cambric handkerchiefs, and in each of these hues a 'distinguished reputation has long been maintained for sound quality and general perfection of character. The firm control a home and export trade of great magnitude, their connections being valuable and influential in all parts of the United Kingdom and the United States, the latter country being their chief market for exportation. The firm have ware¬ houses at 3, Castle Court, Lawrence Lane, E.C.; 31, Back Ticcadrlly, Manchester; 77, Queen Street, Glasgow-; 71, Leonard Street, New York; and they stand among the best-known and most respected con¬ cerns in the Belfast linen trade. 130 INDUSTRIES OF Oxford Buildings Medical Hall, Shaftesbury Square, Belfast. J. C. Charles Payne, M.P.S.I., Proprietor.—An especial interest attaches to the professional operations of Mr. J. C. Charles Payne, M.P.S.I., proprietor of the Oxford Buildings Medical Hall, which forms one of the most notable among the many superior pharmacies of the northern capital. This interesting house is a prominent and con¬ spicuous feature of the Shaftesbury Square, where its very bold, curved frontage—extending in actual measurement over fifty-two feet—forms one complete side, and the many fine features of the interior are emphasised by the handsomely appropriate character of its appointments. The entire establishment is furnished in accordance with every rule of modern com¬ pleteness and good taste, the mahogany fittings, tesselated pavement, and other details, presenting such elements of richness and elegance as are conformable with the requirements of a large and representative emporium. By the use of one of Musgrave’s slow-combustion stoves, the temperature is always maintained at the proper degree, and the spacious hall is at all times a model of ventilation and comfort—features which are favourably accentuated by the pleasant aspect of the office for the principal and his library attached, containing those numerous reference works on pharma¬ ceutical and medical science so invaluable in the work of a practitioner. At the rear of the hall is the compounding-room, totally distinct from the retail business, and farther to the rear are the work-rooms, con¬ taining a lar£e stock of drugs, a store for bottles, and also a large yard for the convenience, of carts and vehicular traffic ; while the main portion of the remainder of the building is devoted to storage, &c. The entire organisation and method of the establishment is based on a system which attains the utmost convenience and economy in every braneh.and department of its work. Special apartments are allotted to a skilled dispenser, who is always at hand both during the day and at night. In recognition of the importance and responsibility of the prepara¬ tion of physicians’ prescriptions, these are made up with all desirable care and accuracy, in strict conformity with the directions given, and by the use of absolutely pure and reliable drugs only. Nothing in the form of water is ever used in compounding, unless distilled water, which is distilled cn the premises, the Commissioners of Inland Revenue having granted the proprietor permission to use a still for that purpose. Medicines tor external use are invariably dispensed into fluted bottles, different in shape to those used for ordinary medicines, and great dispatch is observed in forwarding compounded medicines per post to any address without extra charge. The proprietor has a branch establishment at High Street, Ilolywood, about five miles from this city, where there is a qualified manager, this deput forming an invaluable and beneficial medium of pharmacy to residents in this rising and fashionable watering-place. The operations of the proprietor’s dispensing staff are personally superin¬ tended by Mr. Payne, in whose professional abilities and skill there consists the best assurance for the successful transaction of all matters concerned with this large and influential business. Mr. Payne occupies a very high and well-merited position in the pharmaceutical sphere. He was the first examined licentiate of the Pharmaceutical Society who was elected a member of that Council, remaining a member of it over ten years. His professional knowledge and specialistic talents have secured the confidence and esteem, not only of his patrons, but of the local medical fraternity. Mr. Payne is the proprietor of what is known as Payne’s Compound Syrup of Marshmallow, a preparation derived from the root of the well-known plant of that name, first introduced to the public.in 1872; and it has since advanced in popularity, consistent with the widely extending knowledge and appreciation of its many valuable cough-curing properties. J. S, Salvage, Linen Merchant; Salvage & Co., Limited, Linen Clothing Maufacturers, 22, Bedford Street, Belfast.— Among the foremost of those houses whose business undertakings have tended of late years to develop and extend the character of Belfast’s lead- ing industry and trade, a prominent and creditable position has been rapidly attained by the concerns now carried on under the names which head this sketch. As a linen merchant, Mr. Salvage conceived the idea of adding to his business, in 1882, at 9, Donegall Square East, an entirely new and separate department for the manufacturing of all classes of linen clothing articles, an .industry previously centred in Scotland and England, but which has since become a most important branch of the local linen trade, haying now taken firm root in Belfast, which is justly considered one of the chief seats of this, increasing and greatly progressive industry. In Mr. Salvage’s case, within the. suceeding four years, so largely had this new business developed that it was found necessary to transfer the whole operations to the present address, shortly after which Mr. Salvage had this branch of his business formed into a limited liability company, with a vi * w to its still further extension and development. Such has been the rapid growth of the business, that this concern has now opened country branch establishments, where labour is not in such keen demand as in Belfast, great difficulty being experienced in obtaining workers in suf¬ ficient numbers for this new industry. While acting' as the managing director of Salvage & Co., Limited, Mr. J. S. Salvage transacts largely in all the departments comprehended within a thoroughly representative linen merchant s trade, but devotes principal attention to Linen Canvas arid Ducks of all descriptions, Hollands, Pale Roughs, Rough Browns, Checks, and Brown and Dyed Linens generally, in the several finishes for which he maintains a widespread reputation, H. S. Johnston & Co., Manufacturing Stationers, Paper Merchants, Designers, Engravers, Embossers, Commercial and Colour Printers, Account-Book Makers, Bookbinders, &c., 1, 5 and 7, Adelaide Street, Belfast.—The above firm occupies an eminent place among the enterprising and distinguished houses of the city devoted to special and important industries, originally established in the year 1870, and now one of the best known and successful concerns of the kind in Belfast. The premises are looated in Adelaide Street, near the White Linen Hall, and well suited for carrying on the extensive manufactures of the house. They consist of stationery warehouse, offices, and paper stores in which is a large stock of paper, paper bags, and twines, suited to the requirements of every trade. In the hasement and rear are situated the heavy printing and embossing machines, well equipped with the most modern appliances, driven by a powerful gas engine, for the execution of all classes of printing, from the simplest type up to the highest and most elaborate class of chromo-lithographic work. On the second floor are the binding, perforating, gold blocking, rolling, cutting, punching, and account-book making depots, well to the fore with tools and labour-saving appliances, also the artists’ rooms. On the third floor is carried on the delicate and interesting process of gelatining, mounting, and framing of show cards, and the manufacturing of every description of sheet gelatine for tracing, printing, and hand painting in water colours. On the fourth floor are the varnishing, dyeing, and bag-making rooms. The establish¬ ment gives employment to about one hundred and ten skilled workers, both male and female, under the personal guidance of Mr. Johnston, an expert in all the details of the business, ably assisted by his sons. The specialities of the house are embossed gold and colour printed bands, tickets, labels, &c., for the textile and other trades, colour printed and var¬ nished labels for the spirit, meat, and fruit canning trades, and show cards for same. Account books and commercial printing in every department of these branches. Elaborate show cards are finished in their “ Yitrinette ” process, a glossy washable golatined surface, having a margin in colour and gold around the card, and when framed looking like chrystoleum, with the advantage of no glass to break ; a great boon to those who know the risk of breaking in the most carefully packed show cafds framed with glass. This branch is largely employed in finishing the work of other printers all over the kingdom. They are the sole makers of the “ Vit- rine ” window decorations and advertisement tablets, the nice process by which these are produced, and the material itself, are really wonderful; the beauty of the designs and rich colouring leave nothing to be desired, in this unequalled substitute for stained glass, lasting, and easily applied to any glass surface by simply wetting the glass. Their reputation for trans¬ parency printing is also well known. The flourishing condition and high repute of this house is but the outcome of enterprise with practical know¬ ledge continually applied in every branch of the work, and an integrity unimpeachable. James McCann & Co., Auctioneers’ Valuers, andHouse- rurnishers, 111, Donegall Street, Belfast.—Among the many native branches of trading activity in Belfast a position of importance and con¬ tinuous development has been attained in the operations of the business concern, established 1878, by Mr. James McCann, the sole proprietor, who was a member for Dock Ward in the Town Council during 1887 and 1888, during which time he introduced and succeeded in having passed by the Council many important measures of reform, including the running of workmen’s tramcars at one halfpenny per mile; during his term of office the town was created a city, and the Free Public Library was opened. Under the name which heads this sketch, this firm has made rapid and creditable advancement in every section of the trade and calling which they represent. They engage in the sale by auction, commission or otherwise, of all kinds of furniture, horses, carriages, live stock, and every description of personal or real property; they make liberal advances to owners pending sales; and furniture is bought, exchanged, stored, and removed, the whole of these operations being not only carried on in Belfast but in every part of the United Kingdom. They also make valuations for probate, and the law courts, and furnish estimates of every description for the disposal or exchanging of any property with which they are entrusted. The interest and wishes of clients are fulfilled with the utmost exactitude. They have inaugurated a system of easy payments for the convenience of all those desirous of furnishing with economy and satisfaction. The premises at Donegall Street are well and admir¬ ably adapted. Of the four spacious floors here occupied the uppermost forms a large general store, while the two centre floors are used as a dwelling-house, and the ground floor, which forms the auction mart and sale-rooms, extends over a distance of two hundred feet from front to rear, and thus forms a large and spacious depository. For removals, &c., three horses and vans are in constant use. An efficient staff of hands is maintained, and the whole business progresses with that satis¬ faction which is adequately ensured in the ability and enterprise of the principals, and the obliging and honourable methods by which their numerous transactions are invariably characterised. IRELAND. 131 John Robinson & Son, The Ulster Granite, Marble, and Stone Works, Queen’s Quay, Belfast. Telegrams, “ Tjltonia,” Belfast.”—One of the most important and indispensable industries in modem as in ancient times has been the working of stone for architec¬ tural or artistic purposes. Marbles of various kinds and granites of various composition have ever been favourites on account of their inde¬ structibility and beauty. Aberdeen has long held a premier position in respect of granite, but its supremacy in this line is a thing of the past since the unequalled Ulster quarries have been opened up. The place of honour in this great enterprise belongs undoubtedly to the well-known firm whose designation stands above, Messrs. John Robinson & Son, Queen’s Quay and lork Street, Belfast. Their history dates back to the year 1830, thus giving them the distinction of being the first in the field as granite workers and polishers. Since that date they have steadily developed their business in all directions with unflagging spirit and success. They now own and work several splendid quarries in Ireland and Scotland. Their principal quarries are situated at Castlewellan, county Down, and are equipped with the most modern and powerful machinery and plant required for the economical quarrying and dressing of this most important product into every description of work for monumental, architectural, engineering, and paving purposes, from the ordinary building stone and crushed or granulated gravel for concrete and garden walks, &c., to the very finest description of decorative and monumental work, for which the stone from these quarries is now greatly celebrated. The quarries are situated mid¬ way between the systems of the Great Northern of Ireland and the county Down railways, and also convenient to the port and harbour of Dundrum and Newcastle. The product of the quarries is transported by locomotive road-engines to the several railway stations and shipping ports convenient, from whence it is forwarded either by rail or sea to its destination. The quality of the Castlewellan granite is superior, in an immense degree, to any other granite for strength and durability, while for beauty of colour and composition it has few equals in the geological formations of the King¬ dom. Of a pleasing colour, varying in degree from a light to an exceedingly dark gray, the latter variety being used principally for polished work, for which it is specially suited, it stands dressing to the finest arris, and takes a very brilliant polish, can readily be quarried in great lengths, and up to sixty tons in single blocks, and when tested along with some twenty other varieties of granite at the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, was found to be for toughness, strength, resistance under static pressure, per¬ cussion, and friction, superior to all the samples experimented on in the ratio of 20 to 12j, or almost two to one. This accounts for its durability, which is also apparent by the want of any sign of disintegration or decay in the substance of the rocks themselves, exposed for ages to those disin¬ tegrating influences which, sooner or later, affect almost every other substance. Recognising these qualities, the War Office specified for its employment in fortifications, and especially for the embrasures of batteries. It was also adopted in the Thames Embankment, the national memorial to the late Prince Consort in Hyde Park, London ; also by the Corpora¬ tion of Trinity House, Board of Irish Lights, Board of Public Works, and many other national and local works of importance. The granite is of exceptional excellence as a paving material, and extensively used for setts, kerbs, and paving work generally, and has been approved and used by the Paving Board of the City of London and the principal cities and towns in Lancashire, Yorkshire, and Cheshire, to which it is largely exported. The beautiful rich-coloured red granite, so much used for decorative purposes, is mostly obtained from the firm’s quarries at Iona, N.B., while various other granites, red, green, and blue, are also obtained from the remote regions of Donegal, Mayo, Galway, and other localities. The Belfast works were originally in York Street, and are now at Queen’s Quay. The premises occupy an extensive tract of land adjoining the docks and railway terminus, having tramway sidings from both, and are equipped with the most powerful steam-driven machinery for sawing, working, and polishing the different materials used by the firm in their extensive trade as gTanite, marble, and stone workers. Difficult as such operations are in the case of these intractable conglomerates, the visitor cannot fail to be surprised at the facility with which the powerful •appliances used by the Messrs. Robinson overcome the resistance of the materials. Here can be seen granite of the hardest nature being turned into massive columns by the powerful patent lathes with apparent ease, while doing the work of forty masons. The polishing, which is carried out by cast-iron polishers, is a more tedious process. A granite column, for instance, revolving at a fair speed, requires several days to gain that fine surface with which everyone is familiar. All kinds of work, of course, are turned out in grey, blue, red, and green granite, also the beautiful marbles of Connemara, Galway, and other available Irish quarries, as well as British and foreign marbles in great variety, in limestone, free¬ stone, Portland, Bath, and Caen stone for monumental, architectural, and building purposes, constructional and decorative marble and slate work, marble and enamelled slate chimney-pieces, kerbs, and fenders ; marble stairs, hall and corridor marble tiling and mosaics, dado and wall¬ lining, lavatories, washstands, bar and counter tops, solid marble baths and marble concrete baths, &c., &c., pulpits, fonts, lecterns, altars, reredoses, mural tablets, and general church decorations. Decorative, portrait, architectural, and monumental sculpture is made a speciality by the Messrs. Robinson, who have at all times on hand some beautiful examples of high-class sculpture in marble, stone, and bronze. The premises in York Street have also been retained, and have been remodelled as show-rooms and show-yards. The show-rooms are entirely of plate- glass on the two sides, and have a frontage of over ninety feet, are extremely spacious, and are devoted to the sale of marble chimney-pieces, principally of their own design and manufacture ; also enamelled slate, wood, and iron chimney-pieces, register grates, stoves, and ranges, tiles, hearths, and panels, of which a great variety is shown in styles of every period, and of the handsomest and most artistic ensemble. The yard, which occupies the space between the two main show-rooms, is devoted to the display of the monumental section of the business ; and here may be inspected an extensive and select assortment of monuments, obelisks, tombs, and enclosures, Celtic crosses, headstones, and every form of public and private memorials, and the like, of beautiful design and finish, in a great variety of enduring materials, bronze and iron railings, &c. The whole is about 120 feet by 100 in extreme dimensions, the show-yard being divided from the street by a neat iron railing. Messrs. Robin¬ son are also largely engaged in the manufacture of a superior paving material known as granolithic, which is supplied in slabs ready for laying, or is laid in continuous layers in situ, and many other kinds of high- class concrete, for which they use the granite chippings and debris after being granulated by crushing machinery. This material is specially suited for facing all kinds of concrete work where durability and appear¬ ance is required. They also manufacture solid baths of marble concrete, which have already gained an extensive patronage for their extreme durability and beauty, and are used in several public baths. Grindstones, millstones, and contractors’ materials are also largely supplied by the firm. From this brief outline of their well-developed enterprise some idea of its extent and importance may be obtained, but any one requiring more specific information than can possibly be given in these pages, ranging over the varied industries of the North of Ireland, will be supplied by the Messrs. Robinson with samples, designs, estimates, or other information free of cost. In conclusion, we congratulate the firm on their proud position in the trade, another instance, in addition to the many in these pages, of the premier position gained by Ulstermen in almost every line of enterprise represented in the province, and of their capacity to organise and develop industries of the first magnitude and importance. Hammond & Co., Wholesale Leather Merchants, &c., 127 and 129, Donegall Street, Belfast.—This notable concern was estab¬ lished in 1877 by Messrs. Hammond, Boyd and Shannon, and a very large and promising connection was soon secured. In 1888 the other two partners withdrew, and Mr. Hammond became the sole proprietor, and trades under the name and style of Hammond & Co., personally superin¬ tending the whole of the departments of the business. The large pre¬ mises comprise an extensive and commodious warehouse, containing three extensive floors, the whole of which are devoted to business purposes ; and an enormous stock, of a most varied character, is always on hand. The first floor contains a splendid and most varied stock of goods, em¬ bracing a most valuable assortment of almost all kinds of English and American dressed leather, to meet all the requirements of the various leather using trades, as well as a large stock of ready-made boots and shoes of all sizes and makes ; and a most extensive and varied stock of boot and shoe makers’ and saddlers’ grindery, including all the requi¬ sites cf these trades, and which are supplied by Messrs. Hammond both wholesale and retail. On the upper floor are the work-rooms, and other stocks of boots and shoes. An extremely large and miscellaneous trade is done in every branch of the extensive business, extending, as it does, not only in Belfast and surrounding district, but throughout the whole of the North of Ireland. Ten or a dozen men are regularly employed in the warehouse, and although the business is so varied and extensive, the method and system is so complete and methodical, that the work of the establishment proceeds with almost mathematical accuracy and pre¬ cision. John Mohan & Co., Linen Manufacturers and Mer¬ chants, 4, Wellington Place, Belfast.—This large and influential business was established in 1886 by Mr. John Mohan, who is the sole proprietor. At the above address the firm occupy commodious premises, which com¬ prise well-appointed offices, general and private, together with sale and stock rooms, packing and dispatch department, and all the accessories of a thoroughly organised establishment. To meet the extensive requirements of the trade the firm have always on hand a very large and thoroughly representative stock of linens, handkerchiefs, towels, &c., ready for im¬ mediate delivery; those beautifully-made and highly-finished goods are well and favourably known in the market, and in point of quality and price will bear favourable comparison with any in the trade. The firm have a very influential and rapidly-increasing connection, which extends to all parts of the United Kingdom, and are also the agents for the “ Glen Printing and Finishing Company,” a very large and old-established con¬ cern. The business in every department receives the direct personal attention of the proprietor, and is conducted throughout with marked ability, energy and enterprise. Mr. John Mohan occupies a prominent position in business circles ; he is well known and highly respected in Belfast, and takes a keen and active interest in all matters that affect the prosperity of the commerce and industries of the city and district. 132 INDUSTRIES OE Lindsay, Thompson & Co., Limited, Flaxspinners, Manufacturers, Bleachers, Dyers, and Printers, Mulhouse Works, Grosvenor Road, and Prospect Mills, Belfast.—The great and world- famous firm of Messrs. Lindsay, Thompson & Co., Limited, presents in its history and achievements a remarkable example of the results of personal energy, practical ability and extensive capital applied to the development of a textile industry. This influential house was established upwards of half a century ago by the late Mr. Robert Lindsay, J.P., and assumed its present title in 18S0, when it was regis¬ tered as a limited liability company. The company is, however, of a private character, and its shares have not been placed in the market, but are held entirely by the principals and their family connections. Robert Thompson, Esq., is the chairman and managing director. Messrs. Lindsay. Thompson & Co., Limited, are fluxspinneis, linen thread manufacturers, bleachers, dyers, and printers, and control two of the largest industrial establishments in the Belfast district. The spinning and linen thread manufactures are carried on at Prospect Mills, while other departments of power-loom weaving, bleaching, printing, and dyeing have their locus operand* at Mulhouse Works. Both these estab¬ lishments cover immense areas of ground, and their equipment and organisation have been carried out upon a scale of magnitude, complete¬ ness, and practical perfection altogether unsurpassed in the Irish textile trade. They give permanent employment to upwards of two thousand hands indoors, besides several thousand sewers and weavers employed in cottage industries at their own homes, and they are famous throughout the world for the splendid quality of their varied output, particularly in fine fancy handkerchiefs, which are a staple product and a leading speciality. Mr. Robert Lindsay, the late founder of the house, was a pioneer in the modem development of handkerchief manufacture in Ireland, and the early efforts of this firm in the promotion of the various branches of their manufacture have gained for them a reputation which continues to be well-nigh pre-eminent. Messrs. Lindsay, Thompson & Co., Limited, control an immense home and foreign trade, their export operations being especially large and of international influence. Their business is one of the most perfectly developed concerns of its kind in existence, and their name is known and respected wherever the textile manufactures of Ireland are appreciated. No house has done more to advance the cause of the Irish national industry, and none occupies a higher place in the esteem and approval of those who have the best interests of that industry at heart. Henry Hutton & Co., Timber, Deal, and Slate Im¬ porters, Whitla Street, Dufferin Dock, Belfast.—This business, carried on by Mr. Henry Hutton as remaining partner, was established by that gentle¬ man in 1880, and occupies a gratifying position in the trade. The yard in Whitla Street covers an area of six hundred by one hundred feet, and the large quantity of timber, deals, slates, &c., stored here gives an unmistake- able indication of the important transactions passing through the hands of this firm. There is stabling for four horses, and accommodation for the vans, carts, and other vehicles in use in connection with the business. The sheds employed in the storage of the more valuable classes of timber are covered in, and the firm participate in the use of the public timber ponds, which are very conveniently located at the rear of the yard, and in close contiguity to the dock and large saw-mills. Messrs. H. Hutton & Co. are also in the occupation of a yard in Dunevue Street, adjoining and of similar extent to the Whitla Street premises, which is in use as an addi¬ tional store for their valuable stock of timber, slates, and other goods. In addition to a staff of clerks there are thirty hands employed in connection with the working section of the business. This concern is very ably administered by Mr. Henry Hutton, a gentleman thoroughly cognisant with the several details of this trade. Mr. Hutton is an energetic and reliable business man, who devotes a painstaking and conscientious atten¬ tion to the commercial interests of the large connection with whom he is associated, and is exactly the class of man whom one feels pleased to see succeeding to the uttermost. William Macartney & Son, Hope and Twine Manu¬ facturers, Lawn View Works, Shankhill Road, Belfast.—This important business was established many years ago. The works at Shankhill Road, known for many years as the Lawn View Rope Works, have acquired a more than local reputation for the high-class quality of the goods supplied, the goods being in favourable demand in the principal mills and fac¬ tories in the city and district for their superior excellence of material and manufacture. The rope works are of extensive dimensions, cover¬ ing a considerable area of ground, and employ the services of a large number of skilled workpeople, all the goodsjbeing hand made, of the very finest qualities of hemp and flax. The management of this flourishing concern is conducted with system'an'S'regularity, and a large and influen¬ tial connection of the principal consumers of the country is enjoyed. Thompson & Co., Chemists, 100, Peter's Hill, Belfast.— This business was established in 1889 by Mr. Thompson, and now enjoy a a considerable amount of [patronage ; the shop and laboratory are excel¬ lently appointed, and the firm are proprietors of some well-known specialities, among which we notice their Quinine and Iron Tonic, Blood Purifier, Tonic Bitters, and Neuralgia Specific, all articles of universal reputation. Mr. Thompson is a qualified dispensing chemist, a member of the Chemists’ and Druggists’ Society of Ireland, and occupies an eminent position in his profession. He devotes great care to the selection of the purest drugs, regardless of the extra cost, and omits nothing that expe¬ rience or science can suggest to render his compounds ideally perfect. The whole business is personally supervised by him, aided by an experienced assistant, and may fairly take rank among,the best reputed and best managed of the kind to be found in the city. Samuel Lawther, Shipowner, and Samuel Lawther & Co., Ship and Insurance Brokers, Corporation Square, Belfast.—This well-known shipping house was established in the year 1857 by Mr. Samuel Lawther. No more noteworthy shipping concern exists in the port, and few have been longer or more intimately connected with its progress and prosperity. The firm have long controlled a large business as shipowners and ship brokers and marine insurance agents, but are perhaps best known to the community at large as the owners of one of the finest fleets of sailing-ships in the kingdoms. These fine and well- known vessels were all built by the great local firm of Harland & Wolff, are among the largest and best-found ships afloat, and trade to all parts of the world. They are named after E. J. Harland, G. W. Wolfl, Walter II. Wilson, W. J. Roscoe, and the Queen’s Island, the members of this firm and their works, a compliment well deserved for the excellent architecture and rig of these vessels. They were specially designed for Mr. Lawther, and wherever seen, the press in foreign parts always draws the public attention to them. The similar business conducted by Mr. Lawther in Canada is extensive, Mr. Lawther being direct agent for several of the best American firms. 'The ship brokering and insurance department, trading as P. Lawther & Co., is managed by Mr. J. T. Harvey, who is the only partner in this branch of the business. He has been with Mr. Lawther almost from the establish¬ ment of the business, and has his entire confidence. The offices are situated in a neat and handsome edifice in Corporation Square, excel¬ lently appointed. Continued prosperity has accompanied this well- known house since its foundation, so that its chief is one of the most popular, influential, and enterprising of the prominent men of the city and port. No one takes a livelier or more prescient interest in every¬ thing connected with the prosperity and progress of the city, and} none brings greater abilities to the work of furthering its enterprise and repu¬ tation in every department. Mr. Lawther is a justice for the city, a prominent and influential Harbour Commissioner, an Alderman of the City Council, and a member of the board of governors of the Belfast Lunatic Asylum. The firnf is about to start a line of five steamers of suitable speed and splendid appointments for the cross-Channel cargo trade, the first to be named the Manchester, which will be read.y shortly. Others will follow, all built in Belfast, in order to bring up this communication to a point of perfection it has not by any means attained in the hands of the present companies, and in this he is sure of the support of the whole- influential shippers of the city. Such is the latest enterprise of this historic firm, and such has been its spirit all along. Mr. Lawther has also entrusted an order to Messrs. MTlwaine & M'Call, Limited, to build him a steamer of large dimensions for the Indian trade. This steamer will have all the latest improvements, and will be as much in advance of other steamers in design as the Walter H. Wilson was as a sailing-ship when she was built, being at that time the largest carrying-ship in the world. This splendid steamer will bo launched about August next. Mr. Lawther is not increasing his interest in sailing-ships, holding that the new? type of steamer will supersede sail. Mr. Lawther also built, at Harland & Wolff’s, a large steamer of 6,400 tons last year, but was in¬ duced to sell her at a handsome profit before completion. The building of such a fleet of ships and steamers in Belfast has contributed in no small degree to increase the trade and give employment to the people of Belfast. Mr. Lawther has developed and turned into streets and building ground about one hundred acres of land. The Antrim Road, Sea View, &c., all testify to his foresight in the great advantages the tram service would render to the locality. It is in a great degree to his example that others have followed in other directions; so that Belfast possesses such splendid workers’ houses, there being no city in the Empire where the working man can have the same accommodation for the small rents charged for such complete self-controlled houses. When the now celebrated White Star Line was commenced, Mr. Lawther came for¬ ward before any of the steamers were built and joined this undertaking, the shares being £1,000 each, and he retains his interest in, and is reap¬ ing the reward of his pluck in helping to start this now famous com¬ pany. No words of commendation are necessary in respect of this lead¬ ing house ; its spirit and reputation are too well known in every circle to require any notice in these pages. We are sure that its efforts for the good of Belfast will ever obtain that success and approval which has hitherto been accorded, and that its reputation will not soon be oblite¬ rated from the annals of this thriving port. IRELAND. 183 R. Payne, Special Maker of Hunting and Riding Coats, Breeches, and Ladies’ Habits, 20, Donegall Place, Belfast.— In the eminent and influential'business now carried on by Mr. R. Payne there are represented the characteristics of a highly patronised concern which contributes to sustain the dignity of Belfast’s fashionable tailoring trade. As the centre of a very select custom for everything in superior costumes and habits, this business has rapidly attained to a position of considerable note and distinction, Mr. Payne having first commenced in 1872 at Arthur Street, from which the operations of the business were transferred in 1883 to the commodious house now known as Ulster Cloth Hall, at 20, Donegall Place, where there are many facilities and conve¬ niences for carrying on satisfactorily all the details of a much-augmented trade. This establishment, which has a frontage to this leading thorough¬ fare of about forty feet, extends rearwards over a lengthy stretch of one hundred feet, the rear portion forming a fitting-on room ; and the whole details of fitting and appointment are appropriate to the status of the business, as they are also admirably arranged towards meeting the require¬ ments of a very high-class tailoring emporium. Some idea of the mag¬ nitude of Mr. Payne’s business may be conveyed by the mere fact that a three-storey building at the rear extending backwards for one hundred and fifty feet is entirely used for the working capacities, and here every appliance, both manual and mechanical, tending to accelerate the opera¬ tions of a large and busy industry—has been incorporated with the details. The whole work progresses with a smoothness and rapidity which only sound and skilful management could properly effect, and the large, well-lighted, and well-ventilated character of the various executive apartments evidences that nothing has been omitted to secure the health and comfort of the proprietor’s staff. The employes are all specially chosen for their abilities, and the talent of the cutters has the warrant of long experience in several of the best houses. In hunting and riding coats, ladies’ habits, and everything pertaining to hunting or livery cos¬ tumes, the house has cultivated a special reputation, and the styles and fashions of the day are illustrated with unerring exactitude, while the faultless fit and finish, for which this business is widely noted, is adequately ensured by the personal supervision of Mr. Payne, whose management is endorsed by long and assiduous study in every branch of this essentially artistic trade. Besides transacting a large business in Belfast and its vicinity, Mr. Payne maintains valuable hunting connec¬ tions all over Ireland, as well as many customers in England and Scot¬ land, and the esteem of an influential and aristocratic clientele is alone retained by the specialistic aptitude with which their wishes are antici¬ pated and fulfilled. We may mention that this house does a very exten¬ sive American trade, and we feel that we are justified in saying that it is ono of the most extensive in this respect in the three kingdoms. John Greenfield, Wholesale and Retail Hosiery, Haberdashery, and Woollen Warehouse, 58 and 60, High Street, Belfast.—Apart from its many historical associations, the city of Belfast possesses an interest and importance in the annals of modern commercial enterprise second to none in the kingdom; and amongst the many large business establishments that have been most intimately associated with the commercial development of this busy city during the greater part of the present century there are few more worthy of recognition than the extensive emporium of Mr. John Greenfield. Dating back in its founda¬ tion to the year 1820, this fine old business was established by the uncle of the present proprietor, who was succeeded by his two nephews, Messrs. John and Alexander Greenfield, in 1859; Mr. Alexander died in 1873, and since then the first-named gentleman has been the sole proprietor. The premises, which have been recently rebuilt, now form one of the most attractive architectural features of this ancient thoroughfare ; the site is also historically interesting as having formerly contained the resi¬ dence of one of the early Marquises of Londonderry, also the house in which the late Lord O’Hagan was born, as well as the house wherein Bullock’s School was conducted. The present building is of three storeys ; on the ground floor is a spacious and handsome shop, with an exceptionally fine plate-glass frontage. The massive and lofty windows are framed in ebonised bay wood, and rise in an arcaded form the full height of the ceiling of the first floor, with a handsome comice and cresting of wrought iron. Over the entrance porch is a pediment of ebonised wood, with the name of the firm incised and gilded. On the same level the transome extends the full width of the shops in polished mahogany with the names of the various departments similarly inscribed. These handsome windows are well and tastefully dressed, and display to great advantage a choice selection of fashionably-cut clothing, hosiery, and woollen goods. The fixtures and appointments of the interior are of a very superior character. The columns and other appropriate places are tastefully relieved with handsome plate-glass mirrors. A mezzanine floor, comprising a spacious gallery, has been constructed all round the shops, producing a very pleasing and open effect. The premises also contain several show-rooms and spacious work-rooms, together with extensive warehouse accommodation, dining-rooms with complete culinary arrange¬ ments for preparing meals for the employes, and every convenience for the effective and economical working of the business. The arrangements are in every way perfect; the house is typical, and favourably so, of the practicality as well as the good taste and refinement which are so con¬ spicuously characteristic of the first-class establishments of the present day. The various departments are well and completely stocked with goods of a quality and character admirably suited to the trade, including a most extensive assortment of ladies’ and gentlemen’s hosiery and under¬ wear, haberdashery and woollen goods, a choice and varied selection of dress fabrics in all the newest materials of the most fashionable colours, shades, and patterns, ready-made clothing of every description, and boots and shoes are also well represented; indeed, one of the features upon which Mr. Greenfield very justly prides himself, apart from the quality of the goods, is the large and varied stock always on hand ; and m the several departments of this extensive establishment is probably the largest and undoubtedly the best-assorted stock of the above and goods of a kindred nature which at present commands the attention of the Belfast public, the whole of which is selected in the best markets, with great care and sound judgment. The goods are most tastefully displayed and admirably arranged for ready reference and easy inspection, and buying, as he does, in such large lines direct from the manufacturers, the proprietor is enabled to give his customers the advantage of all intermediate profits and to supply goods of a quality and at a price with which it is impossible for small dealers to compete. The trade, which is both wholesale and retail, is of a widespread, influential, and steadily- growing character, a very brisk business is done in every department, which receives the direct personal attention of the proprietor, and is con¬ ducted throughout with marked ability, energy, and enterprise. The executive staff includes sixteen 'quick and obliging salesmen and lady assistants and as many outside workers, chiefly engaged in the bespoke clothing branch of the business. An experienced traveller also repre¬ sents the firm over the North of Ireland. In business and social circles Mr. Greenfield is held in the highest esteem, not only as an old-esta¬ blished and successful merchant, but also for his active exertions in promoting the best interests of the commerce and industries of the city and district. Hugh Adair, Printer, Lithographer, Bookbinder, and Account Book Manufacturer, Stationer, See., Arthur Street, Belfast. Branch establishment, 8, Donegall Place.—This well known and highly reputed house was founded by Mr. Adair in the year 1858, and has since maintained an excellent repute and controlled a prosperous business. The premises in Arthur Street have a fine frontage extending to over sixty feet, containing warehouses and workshops for his manufacturing trade of stationer, bookbinder, printer, and lithographer. The latter is stocked with stationery and kindred goods in great variety, and of excellent appearance. The office, and machine-printing and litho¬ graphing departments are to the rear of the shop, and are replete with all the best modern machines (including six letterpress and three litho¬ graphic machines driven by a steam engine of sixteen horse-power) for every species of printing. On the second floor is the bookbinding depart¬ ment, excellently equipped, where a great variety of work is turned out daily, and above are the paper store and the paper-ruling, label-making, gumming, varnishing, and die-stamping departments. The composing room is on the top floor, furnished with an immense assortment of type of all sizes and designs, and new sets are constantly added so as to suit every species of letterpress printing. Over a hundred skilled hands are employed, and they are all under the direct control of Mr. Adair and his son, who is a specialist in every department of the manufacture. The house is represented all over Great Britain and Ireland by agents and travellers, and has long enjoyed one of the best businesses in the trade. Mr. Adair is famous for his account books and his bookbinding, and is besides a pretty extensive publisher. A great speciality is the “ Excel¬ sior Copy Book,” got up for educational purposes, whose excellence has been recognised by the Home and Colonial Boards of Education, and which has been adopted by them. During the past year a “ Civil Service ’ ’ series has been added, which is universally approved. A large amount of money has been expended over these copy books, not only in paying premiums but latterly in having the copy engraved for printing. The style of writing in these books is said to be the very best for bankers, commercial, civil sendee, and general mercantile purposes. A splendid branch shop, elegantly fitted and stocked, has been opened by Mr. Adair at 8, Donegall Place, and specially devoted to the fancy trade. It forms another centre of interest and attention in that main thoroughfare, where it has no superior for the beauty of its varied stock and the novelties displayed, among which may be found bronzes and brasses from \ ienna, reliefs, candle and ink stands, olive wood ornaments from Paris, photo¬ graph frames, purses, desks, &c., &c. Further description of this interesting business is unnecessary and any laudatory remarks super¬ fluous ; the fame of this leading establishment being as widely spread as it is eminently deserved. It offers, we need hardly say in conclusion, another excellent and speaking illustration of the commercial mastery, progressive spirit, and fine genius for industrial organisation, which uro such salient features in the character of the proprietors of many leading concerns in the city and district, and an illustration, too, which we think it would be difficult to better in the trade to which Mr. Adair has so long and so successfully devoted himself. 134 INDUSTRIES OF John K. Mitchell, Shirtmaker, Hosier, and Ladies’ and Gentlemen’s Outfitter, High Street, Belfast.—This Large and influential business was established in 18-39 by the present proprietor, who has long enjoyed the distinction of the special appointment to his Excellency the Lord Lieutenant. The premises in the High Street comprise a large and imposing building of four storeys. On the ground floor is a spacious and handsome shop with an exceptionally fine plate glass frontage of fully forty feet, and extending back over eighty feet. Above the shop are large and well-appointed show-rooms, whilst the floors above are utilised as stock-rooms and work-rooms. The premises also contain a spacious and handsome office and counting-house, packing and dispatch department, and all the accessories of a thoroughly organised establishment. The large and comprehensive stock is fully representative of the business in all its branches, embracing a most extensive assortment of ladies’, gentlemen’s and children’s hosiery and underwear, Irish shooting hose, Belfast-made socks, Belfast cycling hose, pyjama sleeping suits, cycling suits, athletic equipments of every kind, cambric handkerchiefs, &c. The shirt depart¬ ment is a leading speciality of the business, and embraces white and coloured shirts suitable for all the requirements of modern life, and of the finest quality. The entire stock is of exceptional quality. The goods are most tastefully displayed, and all linen goods are guaranteed made from pure flax of Irish manufacture. The large stock of ladies’ and children’s underclothing is mostly Irish needlework, and includes trimmed lace and embroidery outfits, trousseaux for warm climates, &c. In the bespoke department special regard is paid to accuracy of measurement, whereby an easy and elegant fit is ensured, and with the same attention to economy as if selected from stock. The work-rooms are replete with every modem appliance, and a large number of experienced hands are regularly employed. Mr. Mitchell numbers among his patrons many of the local aristocracy and members of the highest circles of society in all parts of the ITnited Kingdom. Goods are also sent to customers in America, Canada, India and the Colonies; and schools, colleges, and clubs are liberally dealt with. Mr. Mitchell is a practical maker with an experience extending over thirty years, and this advantage, combined with the possession of one of the largest and most complete establishments in the district, enables him to compete on favourable terms as regards style, quality, and price with any house in the trade. Campbell & Lowry, Builders and Contractors, Cran- burn Street, Belfast.—Founded originally by Mr. Anderson in the year 1870 this business passed into the proprietary designated above, in 1882, and became, on Mr. Campbell’s death in 1886, the sole property of Mr. Lowry who now directs it. The premises are very commodious, and comprise a large yard, offices, stores, and workshop, all excellently designed for carrying on a very extensive trade. The office is located on the first floor, the second is "devoted to the purpose of a workshop for joiners and carpenters, and is spacious, well lit, and excellently fitted up. This enterprising firm gives employment to a large number of hands. A large quantity of the general materials of the trade is stored on the premises, including Baltic and Canadian timber, wrought or otherwise, heavy scantlings, hardwoods, slates, tiles, cements, and the like, all of the best quality, and especially selected for the requirements of a first- class trade. The general connection extends to the whole city and provinces, but a great portion of the work is contract, obtained under terms of keen competition. The firm is in a very prosperous and influen¬ tial position, owing to the high reputation which it has possessed from the first for excellent workmanship, and, under the experienced and practical direction of Mr. Lowry, has undoubtedly a very successful career before it in the future, both in the flourishing city where it is located and in the surrounding counties. P. J. Lyons, Pharmaceutical Chemist, 120, Royal Avenue, Belfast.—This successful and important concern was founded by Mr. Patrick J. Lyons, the proprietor, in 1887. The shop is fitted up in wrought hardwoods, and the arrangement of the whole is of the most pleasing and effective character. The compounding department, which is the great speciality of this house, is situated at the farther end, and is fitted up with all those delicate appliances so essential to an art of vital importance to most people at one time or another. Mr. Lyons is especially careful in obtaining only the freshest and purest drugs and materials, as he is but too well aware that upon these qualities depend very often the question of life or death. A special compounder is kept, and the dis¬ pensing department has achieved for itself a reputation, and a confidence among the public, of which any house might be proud. In glancing over the long list of fa mil y medicines and toilet requisites, at popular prices, we were greatly struck by the variety of useful and established preparations, placed at the disposal of the public-, and any one who could not find here a remedy for real or fancied ills must be hopeless indeed. Mr. Lyons is a member of the Council of the Pharmaceutical Society of Ireland, and is specially appointed as dispensing chemist to the local Mater Infirmorum Hospital. No encomium need be added on a gentle¬ man so successful in his profession, and so greatly trusted and esteemed by a large section of the community. John A. Murphy, Mercantile Stationer, Bookbinder, Letterpress and Lithographic Printer, 16, Howard Street, Belfast.— This flourishing house was founded, early in 1882, by Mr. John A. Murphy, the present sole proprietor. The premises are advantageously situated in Howard Street, with a fine frontage, and comprise five storeys devoted to the various departments of the business. The buildings extend at the rear to the distance of about eighty feet, and all the latest and best types of presses and lithographic machines are in operation on the premises. The stock of general and business stationery, and of the materials used in the various processes is choice and extensive, and a large staff of writers, lithographers, and printers is constantly engaged. The show-room and sale-room are located on the first floor, together with the usual offices; and the second floor is devoted to the letterpress department, a large and increasing branch of the business. The lithographic appliances are located on the floor above, and the remaining portion of the premises is devoted to bookbinding and to the general stock-in-trade. There are also exten¬ sive premises at the rear of the main building. All the necessary mate¬ rials and appliances in every department of the concern are all that could be desired, and the whole is under the personal superintendence of the proprietor. The business, which is rapidly progressing, is chiefly among the local linen merchants and business houses, where the work¬ manship and skill employed are fully appreciated. Although there are several houses in the city of longer establishment than this, there is none can show such results achieved in a space of time comparatively so small -—a fact which speaks volumes for the skill and care bestowed on the productions of this firm. Mr. Murphy is a well-known and popular gen¬ tleman, whose personal good qualities and business abilities and integrity are well known to all the business men of the city ; and this, as well as the character won for the house by good workmanship, has been no small element in its rapidly-increasing prosperity. Pulton & Kingan, Wholesale Provision Merchants, 17, Great Edward Street, Belfast.—This is one of the leading firms of Belfast in the wholesale provision trade. The establishment is of an extensive character and has every facility for the conduct of a large trade. The business dates its origin from 1876, when it was established at 64, Corporation Street. A rapidly developing trade was soon built up, which necessitated removal to more commodious premises, an d in 1888 the present extensive warehouses and stores in Great Edward Street were opened. These are of ample dimensions to meet all the requirements of the firm’s growing trade, and are fitted up in the most perfect manner for the accommodation of goods and the despatch of business; while the curing department is replete with all modern appliances for the treatment of pork in the best manner. The entire premises cover an area of one hundred and twenty feet by twenty- five feet, the front portion being used as a warehouse, where a large stock of hams, bacon, &c., of the finest quality is kept on hand ready for delivery to town or country merchants. These goods are of the firm's own curing, and being of the finest Irish and treated by the best method, the quality is excellent. The goods are delivered throughout Belfast by the firm’s vans, of which there are two constantly on the road, while six assistants are employed in the warehouse. A first class wholesale connection has been established with local and country customers, which is steadily developing under able and judicious management. Mr. Fulton, who was the senior partner in the firm, died about four years ago, and since that time the business has been conducted with energy and success by Messrs. Kingan, who are gentlemen of lengthy experience and commercial acumen. Mrs. Miller, Dress and Mantle Maker, 42, Royal Avenue, Belfast.—This extensive concern was established by the princi¬ pals, Mrs. Miller and Mrs. Crawford, in 1887, and by dint of great energy, industry, business tact, and the production of work of the very best class, all in the latest and most approved fashion and style, a vfery large and creditable connection has been secured. The partnership was dissolved on August 1st, 1890, the sole partner being now Mrs. Miller. The exten¬ sive premises are well fitted and furnished, the greatest attention being paid to healthful arrangement and careful ventilation. The business is entirely confined to the making of costumes and mantles, and employment is regularly given to from twenty to thirty experienced workwomen of proved ability. The show-rooms are elegantly fitted up, and the display is of a character to almost defy description. It is sufficient to say that the display of stock is simply perfect, and that the lady under whose careful management and superintendence these charming articles have been produced has fully earned the largo share of business prosperity and commercial success that has already fallen to her lot. It appears that she does not confine her efforts entirely within the limits of Belfast and the surrounding district, but her connection extends both to England and Scotland as well, while her list of patronesses in the home district includes in its pages the names of the principal families of position and influence. IRELAND. 135 The X. L. Vegetarian Restaurant and Caf 6, 3, 5 and 7, Arthur Square,, Belfast.—Many excellent critics attribute the spirit of pessimism which pervades our modem civilisation to nothing else than that indigestion which is the almost universal scourge of the unskilful or intemperate eater and drinker. If this be so, and if this intimate connec¬ tion exists between the physical and the metaphysical items of our existence, no small portion of the blame must rest upon those public eat¬ ing and drinking establishments, which cater so unscientifically for the general public. The rapidly extending appreciation of this fact has taken practical form in the case of the fine and excellently-managed establish¬ ment above, which offers an obvious remedy for this state of affairs by placing at the service of the public a cuisine and a menu as scientifically designed as it is toothsome, nutritious, and healthful. The premises besides being the most central and easily accessible in the city are also the largest and perhaps the best managed and most comfortable. They comprise three extensive floors, some three thousand superficial feet each, excellently designed and appointed. The kitchens, &c., &c., are located on the top flat. The ground floor and first flat are fitted as ladies’ and gentlemen’s dining, tea, and coffee-rooms, the whole comprising space for over two hundred guests, the bill of fare numbering in its pages some hundreds of dishes, while the attendance is prompt. The charges, too, are but a small fraction of those of the “Carnivorous” hostelries, and therefore, on all these accounts, it is not so surprising perhaps that the “X. L.” is the most largely patronised in the city. No doubt, too, the principles of vegetarianism have taken a firm hold of the public of the city, when some four hundred dinners are ordered daily in this flourish¬ ing concern alone. The manager and proprietor, Mr. L. McCaughey, whose heart is in the cause, began the business of vegetarian caterer for the public, in High Street, about three years ago, and so astonishingly rapid was his success that he soon found it necessary to remove to the present very eligible and commodious location. Here his connection grows by rapid strides, comprising customers from all ranks; a fact not more grateful to the enterprising proprietor as a business man than it is to him as a vegetarian missionary, offering palpable proof of the success of the great cause he has at heart. Well has he chosen for a motto the lines of our greatest Irish poet:— “ No flocks that range the valley free To slaughter I condemn ; Taught by the power that pities me, I learn to pity them. “ But from the mountain’s grassy side, A guiltless feast I bring ; A scrip with herbs and fruit supplied, And water from the spring.” It should be stated, that the chief strength of vegetarian diet lies in the pulse items, i.e., beans, peas, and lentils, which owing to their high per¬ centage of solids and nitrogenous, or flesh-forming matters (72 per cent.), are well able to compete with roast beef, mutton, or even' fowl as the mainstay of a dinner. This (to the flesh-eater) astonishing fact is owing to their containing so much nourishment packed in so small a space, and also to the similarity of animal albumenoids to vegetable albumenoids—• chemical analysis not being able to detect any difference. The stomach, to digest properly, must be slightly distended, and a large proportion of starch in the form of potatoes, rice, &c., should be taken, else the heating nature of beef or puke (haricots, peas, lentils, &c.), will fire the blood too much. This is an elementary rule in eating, and if attended to there will be no unpleasant eruptions of the skin or face, gums, nostrils, &c., the sure s : gns of too heating a dietary. Brown bread is recommended to be eaten during the meal, to promote digestion. Fruits are indispensable to the healthy action of the stomach, and if eaten occasionally at dinner, will prevent the straDge longing for unseasonable food which is sometimes felt. John Mann, Family Grocer and Provision Merchant, Halliday’s Road and Duncairn Gardens, Belfast.—This enterprising business was established in 1887 by the present proprietor, and has made an ever-extending advance, as the result of unremitting assiduity and scrupulous attention. The premises are well adapted for the purposes of the business, and contain an admirable selection of all the varied goods associated with a high-class grocery and provision trade. Special atten¬ tion is devoted to the important items of flour and provisions, and a very active retail business is carried on throughout an extensive local connec¬ tion. Mr. Mann has just completed the erection of an extensive estab¬ lishment, situated in Duncairn Gardens. These latter premises are three storeys in height, and cover a ground area of sixty by sixty feet, with fine storage accommodation at the rear. The proprietor stands high in the estimation of all with whom he is associated, by reason not only of his superior commercial attainments, but also by virtue of his genial courtesy and ever-present readiness to oblige his patrons, and help for¬ ward their interests in trade by procuring his goods only at the best markets, and selling on an honourable basis of charges, and the prosperous mercantile status of this gentleman proves how thoroughly an impartial public can both discern and appreciate a man who serves them faithfully, and whose work can, at all times, stand the test of daylight. N. M. Wallace, Butter, Egg, and Provision Mer¬ chant, 163 and 165, North Street, Belfast.—A factor of both value and interest in the provision trade of this city is furnished by the work so successfully conducted by Mr. N. M. Wallace. This business became established in the month of November, 1888, and from that date has made a progress which is not only in the highest sense satisfactory, but indi¬ cates unmistakably its possibilities for the future. The attention of th : s house, besides being concentrated on their large trade as butter, egg, and provision merchants, is also devoted to the work of provision curing ; and in all the departments of his enterprise the greatest activity prevails, both on wholesale and retail lines. He is largely engaged in the importation of provisions from the best American markets, and in the exportation of fresh pork from the best and principal Irish markets, in heavy quantities, to England and Scotland. These premises are carefully appointed with a view to their meeting the full requirements of the firm’s trade. The ground floor front is devoted to the retail work, and at the rear there is a suitable cellarage for the accommodation of their heavy and valuable re¬ serve stock of hams, rolled bacon, and other goods, while the upper portion is in use as a drying loft for provisions in the process of curing. The premises contain all the curing and washing accessories requisite, in a very creditable state of perfection, and the establishment covers a ground area of one hundred and fifty feet, and possesses a frontage of forty-five feet. In the yard adjoining is stabling for ten horses and vans, which are occupied in the delivery of goods among the connection of the firm. The large and generous support which has been accorded by the public to this firm, while it is deeply appreciated, is at the same time highly deserved ; for in the person of Mr. N. M. Wallace there are conspicuously present all those qualifications and principles which mark an active, intelligent and honourable man, who fully merits the confidence and esteem of the public. Robinson & Allen, Pharmaceutical Chemists, 59, Antrim Road, and 9, Old Park Road, Belfast.—This firm, although only two years in existence, is now regarded as one of the most rapidly advancing in the city. The business originated in the Old Park Road, and there continued to grow apace. Next year the proprietors were fortunate in securing the Antrim Road prem ises, which, since the new ownership, bear every signs of increased prosperity. This establishment is fully equipped for a dispensing trade, and has been newly stocked with fine drugs ; they also occupy spacious stores in Crimea Street. There is an extensive prescription business done in both houses, the principals having been so happy as to win the confidence of the faculty from the accuracy and efficiency of their work. We observe too, that this house has now become the sole dep6t for the supply of the “ Chest Balm,” a deli¬ ciously-flavoured healing compound for lung affections, irritating cough, &c., and which acquired such extraordinary popularity here a year ago, during the influenza epidemic, owing to its specific action in combating attacks of that malady. One other product we should notice before closing, for which this firm is noted; it is Robinson’s Safe Vegetable Pills, which are now so largely consumed with much benefit; it has been found that these pills act so successfully against such complaints as sick stomach, headache, loss of appetite, flatulency, &c., by not merely relieving these symptoms, but by remedying the cause, which in so many instances is dyspepsia or indigestion. They are found, too, a most satisfactory remedy in cases of habitual constipation, and not being a reducing but a tonic medicine, are restorative of general health. By way of extending their trade in these articles, Messrs. Robinson & Allen, we have noted, are announcing the transmission of them post free. William Ireland, Ostrich Feather Merchant, Manu¬ facturer and rurrier, 16, Arthur Street, Belfast.—The extensive and well-known business establishment of Mr. William Ireland is a unique one of its kind. The business is that of a feather merchant manufacturer and furrier, while ostrich feathers and kid glove3 are cleaned and dyed, and furs cleaned and altered. On these particular lines it is the only con¬ cern of its kind in Ulster, and that it supplies a felt want among a large section of the community is proved by the extensive trade carried on in all branches throughout the North of Ireland and Britain. The business was established by the proprietor in 1868. The premises occupy a large three- storey building in Arthur Street, with a frontage of 46 feet, and a depth to the rear of 70 feet. This entire block is occupied by the several depart¬ ments of the business ; the ground floor is used as a warehouse, where the goods are displayed. Mr. Ireland imports his own feathers, and these are obtained from the best sources, for quality, and the style of finish is unrivalled. Ostrich feathers are cleaned and dyed on the premises, the workshops above being used for this purpose. Here also furs, kid gloves, and kid boots are cleaned on the shortest notice in such a manner as to make the goods look equal to new. The various opera¬ tions of the firm give employment to about a score of workers, the whole being ably managed, by Mr. Ireland, whose energy, enterprise, and thoroughness in everything he undertakes have brought him a wide and increasing connection throughout the three kingdoms. INDUSTRIES OF 130 Thomas H. McKnight, Furniture Manufacturer, 156, \ ork Street, Belfast.—This enterprising and steadily-developing business was established at 19, Dock Street, in 1870, by Mr. McKnight, and so steady and rapid has been its growth that it now occupies a large three- storey building there as a manufactory, and, in addition, an extensive warehouse opposite in \ork Street, the work employing steadily from eighteen to twenty-four skilled artisans. The premises in York Street consist of a showroom with a frontage of twenty-five feet, and extending to the rear a distance of eighty feet. This is fitted in an elegant manner, and neatly arranged for the display of the firm’s manufactures. Every description of furniture is here shown, from plain kitchen suites to the iinest parlour and drawing-room furniture, in the most exquisite style of material, make, and finish. All the goods on view are the firm’s own manufacture, no other furniture being kept in stock. The workshops are opposite the showrooms in Dock Street. These occupy a large three- storey building with a frontage of thirty-five feet, and extending back to sixty feet to the rear. This is suitably and conveniently appointed throughout, and fitted with all necessary appliances for the various processes of cabinet making, upholstering, polishing, &c. The proprietor, who is a practical workman, superintends the entire operations with indefatigable energy, and every facility exists for the turning out of the best work in all classes of furniture in any style. Mr. McKnight served his time to the trade with his father, and is thoroughly conversant with all its details. He allows no inferior work to leave the i'actory, and this is the chief secret of his great success in business. He also deals in rare old articles of furniture, and such things as are prized for their antiquity. The entire business, including the repairing branch, is well organised, and reflects credit on the skill, enterprise, and industry of the proprietor. Linenhall Shirt and Collar Company, 28a, Linenhall Street, Belfast.—This noteworthy firm was established in 1887, and is making creditable advancement in the manufacture of ladies’ setts and ladies’ and gents’ fronts, cuffs, and collars, which have already become the special features of the industry, and which have acquired a wide demand in England and Scotland. Every available working resource applicable to the modern linen manufacturing industry has been incor¬ porated with the mechanical and industrial facilities of the company’s well-appointed factory in Linenhall Street, where a staff of eighty hands is employed under careful and competent supervision. There are hero in operation about thirty-six machines of the lockstitch type, together with five button-hole machines, and man)' other appliances of improved capacity in the laundry and workrooms, which are all well fitted up and on a high standard of industrial efficiency. The machinery is driven by steam, and the entire equipment is thoroughly organised. In every respect the trade and industry of the Linenhall Company has attained a status sufficient to maintain and enhance the notable reputation which its productions have Becured. The materials of manufacture are acknow¬ ledged to embody, only those essentials tending to elevate the sterling character and merit of Irish textiles, and as a thoroughly representative concern, well and energetically managed in all its departments, the busi¬ ness of the company is in a position of progress and rapid development which speaks volumes for the sound method and principle of its adminis¬ tration. Branagh & Co., Butchers, Lombard Street, Belfast.— This successful undertaking was founded by Mr. David Branagh about the year 1840, in Hercules Street, whence it was transferred to Lombard Street in 1877. The founder’s son, Mr. John Branagh, succeeded to the business twenty-five years ago, and to his efforts may be well attributed the advances in importance and influence which this concern has made during the past quarter of a century. Messrs. Branagh & Co. are con¬ tractors not only to the army and naval station at Carrickfergus, but to the army establishments all over the North of Ireland. Their slaughter¬ ing is done at the public abattoir in McAuley Street, and they kill on an average about fifty head of cattle and a hundred sheep weekly—all first- class meat and reared on the best pasture lands. The building which now forms the centre of the firm’s transactions possesses all the favourable advantages of good position, convenience and first-class appointment. It presents a frontage to Lombard Street of fifty feet, and a large fron¬ tage also to Rosemary Street, and altogether the external character of the house is commanding and appropriate. The firm have a large gas- engine, by means of which the mincing machinery is propelled, and in this operative department Messrs. Branagh have embodied every well- approved modern appliance for rapid and effective work, and with a staff of twenty hands the firm are enabled to adopt every means not only to secure the fresh condition of the various commodities in which they deal, but also a perfect system of delivery. In this important branch of industry Messrs. Branagh are, to some degree, indebted for its guidance to Mr. Shields, the manager, a gentleman in whose abilities they have perfect confidence, and under the same system of business activity and enterprise which has marked the course of Messrs. Branagh’s business for half a century, it now stands as a factor of the highest merit in advan¬ cing the trade and commerce of the northern capital. Joseph Keys, Agent for Flour and Bran Importers, Oatmeal Millers, and Grain Merchants, 2, Hill Street, and Waring Street, Belfast.—It may be said with all justice, that there are few commercial men in Belfast who excel Mr. Joseph Keys in the importance of the work which he has conducted here since 1880. This gentleman occupies suitable private and general offices on the first floor, where he acts as agent for the following well-known firms :—Messrs. Atkinson & Co., Flour Merchants, Liverpool; Gilchrist Brothers, Flour Merchants, Waterloo Street, Glasgow; Buchanan & Co., Flour Millers, Liverpool; W. & T. F. Fume, Mona Meal Mills, Dunglass; C. S. Mair & Marcus, Grain Importers, Glasgow; Angus Brothers, Provision Merchants and Grain Importers, Glasgow ; S. Henry, Oatmeal Miller, Coleraine ; John Ellerman, and Max Levi, Grain Merchants, Riga. Mr. Keys personally undertakes the work of travelling, and all goods are sent direct on wholesale terms. Viewed from its every aspect it is impossible to over¬ estimate the value of the trade in which this gentleman is engaged. Personally a gentleman of the most honourable principles, he is at the same time indefatigable and painstaking in all his concerns. He has already won for himself a high position in the esteem of all with whom he has been brought in contact. The goods in which he conducts busi¬ ness represent the best value procurable for money, and all his trans¬ actions are carried through with unfailing promptitude and accuracy. Such a man is a felt power for good in the mercantile interests of an important centre such as this, and becomes appreciated for the common- sense reason that such men cannot possibly be dispensed with. John Burke, Hair-Dressing Saloon, G, Garfield Street, Belfast.—This is one of the leading Hair-dressing Saloons in this locality of Belfast. It is, in fact, a unique establishment of its kind, fitted up on the most approved plan to secure the comfort of customers, and for the expeditious discharge of work. The business was established by the pro¬ prietor, Mr. John Burke, in 1885, and is located in "premises which are of commodious size, and fitted with every comfort and convenience for a large circle of customers. This is the only hair-dressing saloon in Ireland which has as yet adopted the Centennial American Barber Chairs, which were patented by Mr. McKinney, of Philadelphia, and Mr. Burke is the sole agent in Belfast for these chairs. There is also in use on the premises a Whiteley’s (Halifax) Patent Hot Water Urn and Soap Dis¬ tributor ; this vessel is fitted with three taps, and thus fresh water is insured for each customer. Mr. Burke was the first to introduce the Patent American Hair Clippers into Ireland. The hair is brushed by machinery, which is driven by steam power. The entire arrangements are of the most complete kind, and no pains or expense have been spared on the part of the proprietor to make it a first-class establishment in its line. By strict attention to business, and the comfort of customers, to¬ gether with moderate charges, a wide connection has been formed among a good class of patrons. Michael M’Carter, Cabinetmaker and Upholsterer, 4 and C, York Lane, Belfast.—This thriving business was established in 1868, in Great Patrick Street, but removed to the present commodious premises in 1882. The whole of the premises are admirably arranged, and are provided with the most improved tools and other appliances that are required for the construction of first-class articles, and include a ser¬ viceable hand-power engine which drives a small circular saw. A number of skilled and well experienced workmen find employment here, and Mr. M‘Carter makes a speciality of oak coffins of a first-class quality, in the manufacture of which he excels. He was also the first to introduce these in Belfast. At first there were only about fifty of these turned out in the year; now there are from seven hundred to eight hundred turned out yearly amongst the various undertakers. He encourages local industry by purchasing all the timber used at his establishment from firms trading in the town. His trade is chiefly a local one, but it is conducted on both wholesale and retail lines. Mr. M ‘Carter is very well known in the town, where he is generally esteemed. Anderson Brothers, Provision Curers, Butter and Egg Merchants, 85, York Street, Belfast.—This recently established firm offers a good example of that enterprising and energetic spirit which pervades every department of the business world of Belfast. The proprietors, Messrs. John and R. G. Anderson, are both well versed in the provision trade, and have secured no small share of public support in the city and in the adjoining counties of Antrim and Down. Irish pro¬ visions form the chief speciality of their business, but they are also large importers of the best class of American goods from Liverpool. The premises comprise three extensive floors, the ground floor being used as a retail shop and offices, large stores and stabling taking up the rear. The remainder of the premises is devoted to storage purposes. The trade is both wholesale and retail, and gives excellent promise of achiev¬ ing a splendid success and reputation for this spirited and well-managed I establishment. 1 EEL AND. Thomas Gray, Importer of Wines and Fruit, and Wholesale Paper Sealer, 35, Donegall Street, Belfast.—This business has been in existence since 1824, the founder having carried it on with the most pronounced success down to his doath in 1879, when he was succeeded by Mr. James Moore, the present proprietor, who had for a period of a quarter of a century efliciently managed the toneern, and who still trades under the old name. The business includes the importation of foreign wines, Spanish and French, and fruits of the highest quality from Spain and America. Mr. Moore is also an importer of foreign canes and reeds, which are largely disposed of among the weaving fraternity of Ireland. It may be interesting to notice also that this is the only establishment in the United Kingdom where reeds suitable for the drones and chanters of Scotch bagpipes can be procured in large quantities. On the ground floor of the premises (which •extend a distance of one hundred and seventy-seven' feet from front to rear) are the offices and wine store. The rear portion is used as a fruit warehouse, as well as for the storage of paper, which forms also an important department of the business. There is also a large paper- warehouse on the first floor. The cellars contain large quantities of wine in wood and bottle. The firm import their wines and fruits direct, and formerly Mr. Gray owned a vessel for the shipment of his imports. A fruit buyer of experience is also employed at the Liver¬ pool markets. The well-known gunpowder firm of Curtis & Harvey is also represented in Belfast by Mr. Moore, who has two large magazines at a convenient distance from the city boundaries. The trade done is entirely of a wholesale character and extends over a wide area. Two representatives are employed, and at the warehouse is an adequate staff of assistants. The proprietor is a thoroughly practical man, versed in all the multifarious branches of his business, and throughout the district is held in the highest esteem. Richard Shannon, General Draper and Clothier, 109 and 111, Victoria Street, Belfast.—Mr. Shannon commenced business at this address in 1882, operating in the wholesale and retail phases of the trade with the result that a very large and still increasing connection Las l>een secured, not only in Belfast but over a large portion of the provinces. Travellers represent the house in the city and adjacent country towns, and the name of Mr. Richard Shannon has come to be regarded as a sufficient guarantee of good value and liberal it}- in every one of the numerous branches of drapery and clothing trade he represents. So speedily has the whole trade of the house developed that it was found necessary in 1887 to increase and extend the entire premises at. Victoria Street with the view of adapting them to the exigencies of a large business, and in its present enlarged condition the house affords every impression of completeness. The ground floor forms the retail sale-room, fully stocked and admirably arranged, while, as regards the two upper floors, the first comprehends the wholesale show and sale-room, stocked to reple¬ tion with shirts, ready-made, and boots; and on the second floor a staff of women is employed in making those shirts which have become so special a feature of the business. A large number of machines is brought into operation, and the whole work is supervised in a manner which sustains the notable reputation of the house, not only for first-class and well-made shirts, but also for all classes of underclothing and pinafores, and many other of those characteristic linen manufactures by which. such houses as this contribute to sustain a typical and representative branch of Belfast industry. A thorough business method and system prevails, whereby the proprietor is enabled to provide everything of personal outfit or under¬ clothing on a basis of moderation only attainable by judicious purchase in the best markets, and the quick and speedy turnover involved in a ready cash system. To all classes the utmost liberality is offered, and this is one of the genuine wholesale and retail houses where a veritable bargain can be made and thorough value received. By the aid of an energetic staff of hands the whole work of the establishment is satisfac¬ torily accomplished under the personal superintendence of Mr. Sliannon, to whose ready tact, obliging courtesy, and good commercial methods may be well attributed the sound position of the business house he controls. Samuel Ewing, Builder and Contractor, Clifton Park Avenue, Belfast.—This very successful firm was established by Mr. Samuel Ewing in 1885 in Snugville Street, and was afterwards removed to Annesley Street, and finally to the commodious premises now occupied in Clifton Park Avenue, where it has attained important dimensions, afford¬ ing employment to some forty skilled hands. The premises are commo¬ dious and extensive, comprising a yard a hundred and ten by sixty feet, with a range of workshops and stores. Large quantities of sawn and rough timber are stacked in the yard, and building materials are stored under cover of the sheds. The trade is exclusively local, and the spe¬ ciality of the firm is the building of artisans’ dwellings. Some heavy contracts of this kind are now in hand for several thousand pounds, and speak eloquently for the business abilities of Mr. Ewing, as this is the most difficult work of any from a financial point of view. We are glad to note the rise of this young and enterprising firm into prominence, and wish it a long and prosperous ca-eer. 1157 Henry Hanna, Leather Merchant and Boot Upper manufacturer, 2, 4, 6, and S, Gresham Street, Belfast.—The above well- known and very enterprising concern was opened in June, 1861, by Mr. Henry Hanna, the sole proprietor, as a wholesale and retail leather ware¬ house and boot upper manufactory. The extensive premises have a front¬ age of some seventy feet, extending about an equal distance to the rear, and comprise three storeys entirely devoted to the business. The shop is to the front on the ground floor, the remainder being occupied as show and sale¬ rooms with the necessary offices ; the whole replete with a first-class stock of the finest tannages, splendid ranges of boot tops in every material and design, and all the usual findings and grindery. The two upper floors are utilised as stores, very heavy stocks being carried in all departments to meet f he demands of an extensive connection in Belfast and all over Ireland. Mr. Hanna sends out several energetic travellers, who cover the whole ground and successfully attend to the wants of customers whether for tanned or manufactured goods. The latter department enjoys an exceptionally higli repute in trade circles everywhere, won by the excellence of the goods in all respects, whether as regards, quality, cut, or manufacture. In a word this establishment has long been a premier one, is excellently equipped and managed, and rapidly developing its already very influential connection. Mr. Hanna personally directs the whole, aided by a large staff of assistants, and occupies a high position, both in the trade, and in general business circles in the city and province. J. W. Boyd, Printer, 5 and 7, Academy Street, Belfast.— This establishment was opened in the year 1887 as a general and fancy printing concern, and has attained considerable reputation and success under the experienced direction of the enterprising and highly-respected proprietor. Aiming at a high standard of excellence in all departments, Mr. Boyd has secured a flattering patronage from many of the most eminent houses, and the various religious bodies, as well as a fair share of general public favour. The great Methodist body, to which Mr. Boyd belongs, the famous Sirocco Tea Works, Mr. Mcllroy, the publisher'of the well-known Monthly Railway Guide, and many others are among his customers ; and, indeed, no one requiring difficult work carefully turned out, or artistic printing, could desire a more excellent style of production than that which distinguishes this flourishing establishment. The manufacture of all kinds of stationery, copybooks, text cards, and the various requisites for use in the schools under the National Board, form a separate department. A speciality is also made of soiree, concert, and hall cards, of which a large variety is kept in stock. The spacious and well-equipped premises, which comprise three extensive floors, are conveniently located. The office, engine, and printing machinery are located on the ground floor, the second floor is used for type setting, and the third as a stereotype department. A staff of about twenty skilled hands is employed, under the management of the pro¬ prietor, and all the machines, type, and appliances are of the latest and best descriptions. Mr. Boyd’s establishment is a model one, whether in regard to equipment, workmanship, or business methods, and may challenge comparison with any similar concern in the city. The courteous and estimable proprietor has infused into all departments that excellent spirit which animates himself, and may flatter himself that nothing has been left undone to moet the wishes of his many customers and friends in the city and province. John Smyth, Coach Builder, Belfast Coach Factory, and City Wheel Works, 26 and 28, Chichester Street, Belfast.—Mr. Smyth commenced operations in 1885, and removed to the above premises in 1888, where Mr. Bathurst had carried on a very successful coach- building and wheelwright industry for many years. It should be stated that Mr. Smyth’s father was long a partner of the firm of Waugh & Smyth, a concern out of which the business under notice has emanated, and in the operations of the Belfast Coach Factory there are mam- evidences that the high reputation of that old and respectable firm will be adequately sustained. Favoured by central position and commodiousness, the premises cover a general area of about one hundred and ten feet square, and are altogether most suitable for the business. Both are admirably arranged, and the whole working capacities—controlled by a staff of competent hands—embody good appliances and mechanical facilities. Originality, inventive capacity, and artistic skill, aro the main features by which Mr. Smyth’s control of ihis important under¬ taking is characterised. Energy, sound business skill, and the expe¬ rience of years, are all duly brought to hear upon its many operations, with the result that in respect of good style, careful construction and finish, few productions have more valuably contributed to carriage- making perfection than those manufactured at the Belfast Coach Fac¬ tory. Mr. Smyth is the only agent iu Belfast and the North of Ireland for the Griffin Gas Engine, the meritorious characteristics of which have been endorsed by public testimony and general approval all over the United Kingdom. In introducing them into Ireland, Mr. Smyth has placed an inestimable boon in the way of tradesmen and manufacturers. The sole licensees and manufacturers are Messrs. Dick, Kerr & Co., of the Britannia Engineering Works, Kilmarnock, Scotland, and as their agent, Mr. Smyth has adopted every means to promote the use and recognition of a gas engine which is simply invaluable. 138 INDUSTRIES OF William Killen, Bacon and Ham Curer, 32, May Street, Belfast.—This well-known curing house is one of the best reputed in the country, and can work up to the figure of eight hundred pigs per week ; thirty hands, and all the latest and best machinery and curing methods being employed to perfect and expedite the production. The business has grown to its present dimensions, from small beginnings, under the practical and intelligent control of Mr. Killen. Originally established in Henry Street in the year 1870, the manufacture was removed to its present excellent location about four years ago. The pre¬ mises have a frontage to May Street of one hundred and forty feet, extending back almost the same distance to Seymour Street, in which thoroughfare they have an equally extensive frontage. The whole has been rebuilt with a special design to the carrying on of the business on a large scale. The most improved system of refrigeration has been adopted for curing during the summer months. The principal manufactures are bacon, hams, and lard of superior quality and the best curing, in cuts to suit the various markets of the kingdom. The arrangements are of the most modern and excellent character, nothing that experience can suggest being omitted to bring the various processes as near perfection as possible ; and the demand from all parts for the productions of this establishment, and the increasing prosperity which attends it, prove how completely it has met the public taste. No small element in such a success is the selection of the animals themselves, the breed, feeding, and housing determining to a great extent the character of the hams and bacon produced. The home-fed animals are of the best breeds, and the result obtained in the curing-house is also of the best description ; indeed, the fame of Irish production in this particular line is wide as the bounds of civilisation, and the manufactured article finds its way to the tables of the great as well as to those of lesser note. Mr. Killen, in order to secure the best animals that can be had, maintains a staff of experienced buyers in the principal Irish markets, and in this way obtains a selection of the very best animals in the country. He controls a first-class connection over the greater part of the United King¬ dom, and his hams, bacon, and lard are in demand often beyond the produc¬ tive power of the concern, extensive as it is. This is highly commendable in the case of such an important manufacture, both to Ireland itself and to the consumers, and confers no small distinction on the enlightened methods and excellent abilities which Mr. Killen has brought to bear on the turning out of this historic Irish product. James Magill, Photographic Studio and Art Rooms, Donegall Place, Belfast.—This large and influential business was estab¬ lished in 1847 by Mr. James Magill, the present proprietor, originally in Castle Place as a stationer, and moved in two or three years to the present address, No. 2, Donegall Place. These extensive premises have from time to time been enlarged as new departments have been added to the business. Mr. Magill soon received the appointment of sole agent for Ordnance maps in Belfast, and afterwards as sub-distributor of stamps from her Majesty’s Government; he then acquired De la Rue’s agency and several special agencies for works of art. In 1861 Mr. Magill com¬ menced operations as a photographer. The other departments of the business include painting, gilding, frame-making, fine art print selling, artists’ colourman, heraldic stationery, the restoration and cleaning of pictures, &e. The large and handsome shop is fitted up in a very superior style, admirably appointed, and well arranged for the display and storage of the large and varied stock. The goods are of exceptional quality, selected with great care and sound judgment, and with a special view to the requirements of a high-class trade. Cabinets and Parisian enamels are a leading speciality with Mr. Magill; platinotypes are also strongly in evidence, and may be justly said to be perfect examples of art work¬ manship. Every branch of photography is indeed well represented, cartes-de-visite, miniatures, enlargements, groups, scenery, mansions, interesting historical ruins, &c., &c. The leading characteristics of Mr. Magill's photography are clearness, definition, high artistic finish, and permanency, and the many beautiful specimens on view well display in every detail of execution the superior skill and talent employed in this establishment. The Art Gallery contains a very fine collection of British artists of the old and new schools, and portraits in oil of some of our greatest celebrities, notably two portraits of the Marquis of Dufferin, a portrait of Lord Randolph Churchill, a celebrated picture of William III. entering Carrickfergus; also prints, etchings, engravings, photogravures, &c., &c. The studio is replete with the most modem appliances and accessories, everything, in fact, that science oan dictate or experience suggest. There are also a series of operating-rooms, ladies’ and gentlemen’s dressing-rooms, and all the accessories of a large and thoroughly organised establishment. A large staff of skilled and experienced hands is regularly employed. Mr. Magill is well known and greatly esteemed for his long and honourable connection with Belfast; his skill as a photographer has secured him a position in the foremost rank of the profession, and he moreover enjoys the confidence and support of a very extensive and no less distinguished patronage. John McWatters, Baker and Flour Merchant, 108, Cromac Street, Belfast.—This important and notable business was established by the present proprietor in 1880, and in consequence of its rapid development, and the necessity for increased accommodation, the premises were considerably extended in 1883 by the addition of a large yard, stabling, and stores, the entrance to which is from Eliza Street. They now form one of the largest and most complete establishments of the kind in the city, extending along McAuley Street for fully forty yards, with a large and handsomely appointed retail shop fronting Cromac Street. The bakery is replete with machinery and appliances embodying all the latest improvements. The doughing and mixing machines are by the well-known firm of Werner & Pfleiderer, London, and the ovens are built of the Scotch stone from the celebrated Dunkon- nell quarries. The premises also contain storage accommodation for 4,000 to 5,000 tons of flour, and every convenience for the effective and economical working of a large and increasing business, upwards of thirty hands being regularly employed. Plain and fancy bread is turned out in immense quantities. Mr. McWatters is keenly alive to the fact that the best goods can only be made from the best materials ; therefore the greatest care is exercised in the selection of ingredients of the finest quality, and quality is never sacrificed to price. The trade is of a wide¬ spread, influential, and steadily-growing character. The proprietor’s own vans (eight in number) deliver bread in all parts of the city and district, and no effort is spared to meet the convenience of customers in the prompt and accurate execution of orders. A large business is also done in American and Hungarian flour of the finest quality. Mr. McWatters is a thoroughly practical man, with an experience extending over many years, and this advantage, combined with the possession of one of the most perfect and complete works in the district, enables him to- compete on favourable terms as regards quality and price with any firm in the trade. Mr. John McWatters is well known and highly respected in Belfast, and widely recognised as an enterprising and courteous man, with whom it is pie isant and profitable to have business tranactions. Rankin Brothers, Manufacturing Watchmakers, Jewellers, &c., 17, Royal Avenue, Belfast.—This well-known and enter¬ prising firm was established in 1870, by Mr. Hugh Rankin, under that style, andcontinued so till 1875, when the firm became Rankin Brothers, Mr. Hugh Rankin being the sole working partner in the concern. They commenced first at No. 5, Castle Lane, but in 1888 removed to their present commo¬ dious premises, which have a most attractive frontage. The large shop is exceedingly well and elegantly fitted up, every appointment displaying the large and valuable stock to the best advantage. The chief line in Rankin Brothers’ establishment is their watches, a large number of which are manufactured to their own special order, and the excellence of the firm in this department has given them a name all over Ireland, and the North in particular. Among the watch stock, the intending customer has, at all times, a most abundant choice of levers, with all the latest improvements, in gold and silver, in open face and hunting cases, as well as ladies’ and gentlemen’s silver or gold Genevas at moderate prices. There is also a very fine stock of chains, especially gold alberts, in all the latest and most approved patterns. Messrs. Rankin’s establishment is especially patronised by the members of the Royal Irish Constabulary, and there is- scarcely a police barrack throughout Ireland where their well-known watches and albert guards are not found. The large and spacious work¬ shops of the firm are situated at 35, Royal Avenue. They are well fitted up, and a large number of skilful and experienced hands are employed. An important repairing business is carried on, watches and all kinds of jewellery receiving skilled and. careful attention. During the season, also, a large tourist trade is done in Irish bog oak and Connemara marble, made up into various kinds of ornaments. The whole concern is under the able and energetic control of Mr. Rankin himself, whose experience, in every department, is of the widest'and most varied description. Frew & Hall, Merchant Tailors, 139, Royal Avenue, Belfast.—This enterprising business was established in March, 1890, by Mr. John Frew and Mr. Vance Hall, who have both had extensive expe¬ rience in the trade. The premises are situated in a first-class locality, and consist of a commodious and neatly appointed single shop, fitted in very attractive style, and admirably suited to all the requirements of the- trade. The interior affords every facility for the display of goods and the transaction of business. The fitting-room is at the rear. The firm’s work-rooms are in Donegall Street, where forty skilled workmen are- employed. The trade is chiefly in tailoring goods made to order, and the stock of cloths in coatings, worsteds, trouserings, and all kinds of tweeds- is very varied and extensive, and of the best quality. Only the best goods are kept at this establishment, and the styles and patterns are of file newest and most fashionable. A largo and increasing trade is con¬ ducted on the cash system, the connection being chiefly in Ireland, but extending occasionally to England and America ; and in addition to the trade in men’s clothing, a fair business is done in ladies’ jackets, riding habits, &c., and servants’ liveries, which are made on the premises in the best style. The business is personally conducted by the proprietors- with commendable spirit and enterprise, which cannot fail to be successful« IRELAND. 130 Bradley & Robb, Boot and Shoe Warehousemen, 43, Ann Street, Belfast.—This large and influential business was established in 1883 by the present proprietors, for the supply of thoroughly honest and durable goods, the want of such a warehouse being long felt. The trade has been steadily progressive, and the firm has secured a position in public favour and commercial estimation second to no other house in their business. Messrs. Bradley & Robb occupy extensive and com¬ modious premises, comprising a large and well-constructed warehouse of four storeys, measuring one hundred and twenty feet from front to rear, and forty feet wide. The premises are admirably adapted to the business, and have been specially arranged and fitted up in the most careful and complete manner. On the first floor is a spacious suite of well-appointed offices, general and private, and also the department devoted to women’s and children’s boots and shoes, containing many thousand pairs. To the rear is the entering room and packing department, in which is also stored a large supply of boxes of all sizes ready for the despatch of goods. The first floor, which is reached by an easy flight of stairs, is of the same dimensions, and contains an immense stock of gentlemen’s and youths’ fine and light goods; on the second floor are stored large quantities of heavy, strong, nailed boots of all descriptions. The whole of this large and valuable stock is admirably arranged in the various departments for ready reference and easy inspection; whilst the rooms above are devoted to the storage of seasons goods, which they find it necessary to stock in large quantities some months previous to being required, owing to the difficulty of obtaining sufficient supplies at certain periods of the year. Not only do the firm buy largely in all the best markets, but also take the entire output of some of the best manufacturers in England, thus securing a distinctive feature to their goods, and presenting a range of variety which no single manufacturer could possibly produce. The trade is of a widespread and steadily-growing character. Ten. ware¬ housemen are busily employed, and two experienced travellers represent the firm over the whole of Ireland; this being, in fact, the only whole¬ sale firm in Belfast exclusively engaged in the boot and shoe trade who are represented in all parts of Ireland. Messrs. Bradley & Robb occupy a very prominent position in the trade; a position they have attained through strict adherence to sound business principles and a display of that oommendable spirit of enterprise and energy, which has been a leading feature of the firm since its inception. Castle Restaurant, Queen’s Arcade, Belfast. Mr. George Fisher, Proprietor.—This well-known and highly reputed establishment is justly regarded as one of the foremost and best restaurants in Belfast, and enjoys a prosperity and support fully commensurate with the repu¬ tation it has won. Sir. George Fisher, the proprietor of the Castle Restaurant, commenced his business in 1868, and at his present central and eligible address in the Queen’s Arcade he has accommodation which has enabled him to fully display his enterprise and ability as a high-class restaurateur. Queen’s Arcade corresponds to Burlington Arcade in London, inasmuch as it is at once fashionable as a promenade and highly attractive as a business thoroughfare of the “ arcade ” type. It con¬ tains upwards of thirty finely fitted shops. We need hardly inform our readers that the Arcade was built by Mr. Fisher, who opened it in 1881, and at the same time he inaugurated the Castle Restaurant, the entrances to which are on both the right and the left hand sides of this pretty and sheltered thoroughfare. One could hardly desire a more con¬ vincing proof of the public spirit and enterprise of Mr. Fisher than that which is presented in this really superb addition to Belfast’s structural orna¬ ments ; and he has been well rewarded by the success that has followed his venture, both with respect to the shops and to the restaurant. The appointments of the Castle Restaurant are rich, elegant, and comfortable. The grill-room and luncheon bar are on the ground floor, and fine coffee and smoke-rooms lie to the right and left of the grand staircase. The grand dining-hall, which overlooks Donegall Place (the Piocadilly of Belfast), is fifty feet long, and has six windows. It is capable of seating one hundred guests at table with perfect comfort. On the next floor there are three beautifully furnished private dining-rooms, and a drawing¬ room for ladies. There are also suitable rooms for club meetings, a capital cellar of wines, and the entire place is replete with the various comforts, conveniences, and luxuries so greatly appreciated by people whose lots are cast in a “high pressure” age, and whose lives for the most part are a constant round of necessarily energetic action. It is delightful to have at one’s disposal the many resources of such an establishment as this, and in the midst of the turmoil of life in a great and busy city, to find one’s requirements in matters gastronomic so carefully studied and so fully satisfied as they certainly are under Mr. Fisher’s hospitable roof. Dinners . S.& T. Stevenson, General Drapers and Outfitters, Shipquay Street, Londonderry.—The above establishment was opened some months ago by the present proprietors, Messrs. R. S. & T. Steven¬ son, who have been eminently successful in securing the patronage of a very extensive and rapidly increasing connection. Messrs. Stevenson have been fortunate in securing the extensive and commodious premises in Shipquay Street, which are eminently suited to the business, having been specially fitted up and arranged in the most careful and complete manner. The various departments are well stocked with goods of a quality and character admirably suited to the trade, including a most extensive assortment of general drapery, costume and dress fabrics in all the newest materials of the most fashionable colours, shades and pat¬ terns. Hosiery and underwear, handkerchiefs, ribbons, laces, hats, caps, &c., woollens, linens, cottons, prints, calicoes and general outfitting goods are also well represented. Indeed one of the features upon which the firm very justly pride themselves, apart from the quality of the goods, is the large and varied stock always on hand, the whole of which is selected from the best sources with great care and sound judgment, and buying in such large lines direct from the manufacturers, Messrs. Stevenson are enabled to give their customers exceptional advantages both in quality and price. A brisk business is done in every department, an efficient staff of sales¬ men and assistants being busily employed, and no effort is spared to meet the convenience of customers. Messrs. R. S. & T. Stevenson are well known and highly respected in Londonderry. Both the partners take an active part in the management, and are widely recognised as courteous and enterprising men with whom it is pleasant and profitable to have business transactions. James Hadden & Co., Grocers and Provision Mer¬ chants, Sackville Street, Londonderry.—From the date of its inception in September, 1890, the trade done by Messrs. Hadden & Co., the proprietors of these stores, has been emphatically successful. The open¬ ing of the stores was signalised by a capital descriptive account of its splendid appointments given in the Berry Sentinel for November 1st, 1890, which is worthy of re-production in extenso in this place, as illustra¬ tive of the character, the scope, and the aims of its present and future doings. “The establishment, which was formerly a private residence, presents an extremely neat appearance ; the projecting shop-front being in black and gold, and the upper elevation an attractive red. The whole of the ground floor of the former building was gutted out, and the space converted into one of the most spacious and well-appointed shops in the trade. The general appearance is most pleasing, the tints of the cornices and other decorative features being very harmonious. The main shop, which has a superficial area of one thousand five hundred feet, extends fifty feet to the rear, and beyond this, a space partitioned off by glass is designed for a meal and flour department. The entire walls and ceilings have been sheeted with tongue-grooved sheeting of narrow width, the shelves being supported by pilasters, with carved cap's and moulded bases judiciously introduced. The grocery counter is formed of one very large piece of mahogany, its length of twenty-eight feet being equalled by few slabs devoted to the same purpose in the city. The counter front is framed, panelled, and moulded, with pillars with carved trusses, finished in walnut. The provision department, on the left-hand side on entering the shop, is provided with a polished Sicilian marble-topped counter, the front of which is in keeping with the mam counter. A spacious and well-appointed office in the rear is illuminated by a large skylight. The shop windows are fitted with polished plate- glass, the square on the grocery side being of exceptionally large dimensions, whilst the floor of the provision window is laid with enamelled tiles. The frame enclosures are lined with mirrors, and a large mirror placed at the end of the grocery counter also adds to the agreeable general effect, and conveys an impression of. greater length. The gas arrangements are particularly perfect, the interior being lighted by means of handsome standards rising from the counter. The vestibule is laid with encaustic tiles revealing the name of the firm. Over.the shop window is a neat entablature, surmounted by an ornamental iron casting, displaying the name of the establishment, ‘ The Ceylon Tea House.’ The two storeys above the shop are used for storage, packing, &o. Since the opening of the premises the space at the disposal of the firm has been found so limited, that instructions have been given to the architect to prepare plans for a further extension in the rear, and when this is completed, the entire length from Sackville Street to the rear will be ninety feet. In the new annexe there will be a hoist for the more effective working of this portion of the establishment, where an extensive manure and seed business will be carried on.” Ten hands are found just barely adequate to cope with the large custom, and the entire concern is carried on in all its details with marked ability, energy, and enterprise. Prior & Co., Pharmaceutical and Dispensing Chemists, 7, Ferry Quay Street, Londonderry.—No more noteworthy example of what the business of a high-class pharmacist ought to be can be adduced than the doings of the house of Messrs. Prior & Co., which take us back to the good old days of 1785, when the establishment was in the hands of Sir John McGuiness, Mayor of Derry, and surgeon to the jail and county infirmary, who handed it down to his son, who handed it to Dr. W. J. Eames, under whose proprietorship Mr. Prior was head-assistant; the latter became a partner in course of time, and ultimately became the sole proprietor. Mr. Prior is a distinguished member of the Pharmaceutical Society of Ireland, and in every way an able and fully qualified member of the honourable profession to which he belongs. His premises are con¬ veniently situated, and consist of the ground floor of a handsome three¬ storied building, used as a Medical Hall, and elaborately fitted and stocked with a comprehensive selection of pure chemicals and drugs, all kinds of domestic and toilet requisites, perfumes by all the best makers, patent medicines, and a very fine series of special preparations, medicinal, for toilet purposes, &c., prepared exclusively by the firm, and bearing a high reputation of over fifty years’ standing. The most scrupulous attention is paid to the compounding of prescriptions from drugs of unimpeachable purity, and the compounding department is under the personal superintendence of Mr. H. M. Prior, the laboratory being replete with all the latest improvements and appliances, and in this particuhir Mr. Prior is justly proud of the fact that his house has been conducted on the same straightforward, honourable and intelligent lines for upwards of a century. All honour is therefore due to the present head of the house, for having not merely sustained but developed the high prestige held by his house for the past one hundred and twenty-five years. 152 INDUSTEIBS OF William Mitchell, Flour Importer, Grain Merchant, and Shipowner, Commercial Buildings, Londonderry.—No house engaged in any department of the extensive commerce of Londonderry has achieved a more prominent or more distinguished position than that of Mr. William Mitchell, of Commercial Buildings, whose name is celebrated throughout the North of Ireland in connection with the flour and grain trade. The head of this notable concern is a native of Londonderry and commenced his connection with the trade in which he is still engaged at an early age. He had the advantage of a sound and liberal education, which was soon supplemented by the acquisition of a large amount of commer¬ cial knowledge gained in the office of an old and noted milling firm of Derry. In the course of time Mr. Mitchell acquired a thorough mastery of every detail of the trade, both in its home and foreign aspects, and after remaining for a considerable period in the service of another very important firm of shipowners and grain importers (the largest concern of the kind in the North of Ireland), he found himself possessed of a suffi¬ ciency of practical knowledge and experience in the several departments of the trade to encourage him to commence operations on his own account. This he accordingly did about twenty years ago, founding the extensive business which he still directs with masterly ability and j udgment, and which has steadily developed from the first until it now takes rank among the most notable and widely-known undertakings of its kind in Ireland. The entire concern is a monument to its proprietor's energy and enterprise, and owes all its prosperity and advancement to those sterling qualities which have made him one of the most successful and respected merchants in Londonderry. The headquarters of the house are in the well-known and stately Commercial Buildings, which were completed in 1883 from plans and arrangements originally conceived and formulated by Mr Mitchell himself and subsequently approved by Mr. W. Harte, C.E., architect and surveyor to the Irish Society. The building operations were very admirably carried out by Mr. Joseph Ballintine, and the block in its entirety (standing upon ground leased from the Irish Society on a per¬ petuity building lease') forms as fine a pile of business premises as any in the North of Ireland. All the structural and architectural details call for high commendation, and in the matter of internal appointment the utmost completeness and efficiency have been attained. Certainly no establishment could have been designed on (similar lines which would have afforded greater facilities for the conduct of an immense flour and grain trade, and the entire edifice reflects credit not only upon its pro¬ prietor and those who assisted him in its erection, but also upon the city itself, which contains no more noteworthy or more commodious structure for commercial purposes. The trade carried on by Mr. Mitchell from his headquarters in this most convenient warehouse is one of great magnitude aud widespread range, extending not only throughout the northern counties, but also to all other parts of Ireland. Connections are main¬ tained in almost every port and inland town of importance in the king¬ dom ; and the head of the house frequently takes an active part in the travelling necessary to keep the concern constantly in touch with its many customers in different parts of the country. Of course he also employs a numerous and efficient staff of travellers as well. In the American trade Mr. Mitchell is especially well-known and esteemed, and he acts as agent for the largest shippers of grain from the United States—the noted firm of Messrs. Gill & Fisher, of Baltimore and Philadelphia. He was also the first merchant who entered into the direct importation of flour into Derry from the Pacific Coast. His specialities consist in the famous “Nokomis,” “Mohongo,” “Famous,” “Hiawatha,” and “ Zered ” brands of flour, which he imports in large consignments from the United States and distributes widely throughout Ireland. The business main¬ tains an eminent status in the commercial world, and is regarded as one of the most substantial and representative concerns in the trade. Mr. Mitchell is also a shipowner and has started a line of ships for trading all over the world. At present he has building a new steel barque, 2,450 tons capacity, to be followed by others of larger dimensions. The A. C. Jewell, Cork Merchant and Manufacturer, Magazine Street, Londonderry.—Among the special industries of Lon¬ donderry one that is deserving of favourable consideration is that repre¬ sented by the firm of Mr. A. C. Jewell. It was in 1860 that Mr. Jewell embarked upon his present enterprise, pursuing his project with such vigour and intelligence that he very soon found himself in the enviable position of a leader in the market for his particular commodity in the North of Ireland, his trade, for sundry reasons, being principally con¬ fined to dealings in the towns of Londonderry as the headquarters, and Strabane, Lurgan, Omagh, Armagh, and Enniskillen. His premises are very extensive, and consist of a substantial three-storied building; the ground floor of which is devoted to the general and private offices and affairs of the business are all personally superintended by Mr. Mitchell, whose energy and enterprise are undiminished, but who finds time, apart from the responsibilities of his commercial undertakings, to play an active part in the public life of Derry, and to acquire a well-founded reputation as a student of English literature. It must not be understood that Mr. Mitchell devotes attention to any affairs of a political or municipal nature, for he has carefully avoided the many paths which might have led such a man as he to prominence and distinction in these spheres of action. But he has won the esteem and admiration of his fellow-citizens by his con¬ stant interest in all affairs and movements bearing upon the commercial condition and advancement of the port of Derry, and at the present time he holds office as President of the Derry Chamber of Commerce and is a member of the Harbour Board. We may add that telegrams for the house should be addressed “ Mitchell, Londonderry.” sample-room, in the latter of which a full line of specimens is shown of virgin corkwood and a vast variety of cut corks of all kinds. To the rear of the sample-room there is a two-storied building covering an area of fifty feet by thirty feet. The ground floor of these premises is utilised as a store for crude corkwood of all kinds, of which an immense stock is always kept on hand ; while the upper floor is equipped as a workshop, with three splendid cork-cutting machines, entailing in all the employment of eight hands. The entire business is under the direct personal supervision of the worthy proprietor, whose extended and valuable experience and energetic and judicious policy of administration is instrumental in con¬ tinuously fortifying his house in the eminent position it has so long and I so worthily maintained. IRELAND. 153 John Cooke & Co., Ironmongers and Hardware Mer¬ chants, Waterloo Place, Londonderry.—This large and influential busi¬ ness was established many years ago by Mr. Andrew’ Moore, and con¬ tinued by Messrs. Hamilton and Alexander, and was taken over in 1865 by Mr. Cooke, by whom the trade has been greatly developed and the connection considerably extended. Before retiring from business Mr. Moore and Messrs. Hamilton and Alexander had amassed large for¬ tunes. The premises occupy a commanding position in Waterloo Place and comprise three large separate shops with intercommunication at the rear. One of these is stocked with fancy goods, lamps, and light hardware; the second with heavy goods and leather articles ; and the third with builders’ and house-furnishing goods; the total frontage, with gate entrance at the side, being fully one hundred feet. The entire length of the building is two hundred feet. The two upper floors contain spacious and well-appointed show-rooms, and the stores at the rear are principally used for bar iron and the heavier class of goods. The premises are admirably adapted to the business, having been specially fitted up and arranged in the most careful and complete manner to ensure the effective and economical working of the various departments. The firm hold a large and comprehensive stock of goods which is thoroughly representative of the business, embracing an extensive assort¬ ment of general and furnishing ironmongery suitable for domestic and tradesmen’s use; tools of all kinds and hardware of every description. One of tho features upon which the firm justly pride themselves, apart from the quality of the goods, is the large and varied stock always on hand, and in the several departments of this extensive warehouse is pro¬ bably the largest and undoubtedly the best assorted stock of the above, and goods of a kindred nature, to be found in the North of Ireland, the whole of which is selected from the best sources with great care and sound judgment, and by the exercise of that keen and prudent buying which comes of mature experience ; and purchasing in such large lines direct from the manufacturers, Messrs. J. Cooke & Co. are in a position to give their customers exceptional advantages both in quality and price. The trade, which is both wholesale and retail, is of a widespread, influen¬ tial, and steadily-growing character. A very brisk business is done in every department; upwards of twenty-five hands are employed on the premises, and several experienced travellers represent the firm throughout the North-west of Ireland. Mr. John Cooke and Mr. B. Smith, his partner, occupy a prominent and influential position in business and social circles ; they are well known and highly respected in Londonderry, not only as old-established and successful merchants, but also for their active exertions in promoting the best interests of the commerce and industries of the city and district. A. Brown & Sons, Engineers, Millwrights, Boiler Makers, Smiths, &c., Foyle Iron and Brass Foundry and Engineering Works: Offices, 78, Foyle Street, Londonderry.—This well-known firm commenced operations at their present location in Foyle Road in 1876, which works are now altogether devoted to the manufacture of iron and brass castings of every description, and as their trade increased they have continued to extend their works and improve their productive facilities. The latest addition to the premises was effected in the early part of the present year (1890), and in July last the firm opened their new and very commodious engineering, millwright, boiler, and smithy workshops, stores, central offices, &c., in Foyle Street. There is private telephone communication between the Foyle Street and Foyle Road works, and both concerns have connection with the Telephone Exchange system. As it now stands in its entirety, Messrs. Brown’s establishment is one of the most extensive and best organised of its kind in Derry, and com¬ prises iron and brass foundries, pattern shops, engine and boiler sheds, smithies, machine Bhops, stores, offices—in short, every department essen¬ tial to the complete exemplification of all branches of the industry engaged in. A large area of ground is covered by the works and yards, and the whole place is arranged in a manner promoting to the utmost the con¬ venient progress of work in the several departments. The situation of the works is very advantageous, and the firm have certainly not over¬ looked any matter which could be made to contribute to the satisfactory working of their business. About one hundred hands are employed in the various departments, all of which are splendidly equipped with the best modern plant and steam-power machinery, and present an appearance of constant activity which indicates the busy nature of the firm’s opera¬ tions. Messrs. A. Brown & Sons undertake and carry out all descriptions of millwrights’, engineers’, boiler-makers’, andsmiths’ work, also ironmongers', agricultural builders’, machine, and every variety of castings, and make a speciality of the equipment of mills, steam laundries, factories, and general works. Their productions are marked by every feature of excellence in material, workmanship and design, and also include a number of new and improved specialities which have added largely to the reputation of the house. It is noteworthy that all Messrs. Brown’s manufactures, and all the work they execute for their numerous customers, are the product of their own foundry and engineering shops, where every industrial condi¬ tion is favourable to the attainment of the best results. The firm have won the confidence of a large and valuable connection by their straight¬ forward methods and the satisfactory manner in which they fulfil all their undertakings ; and the business continues to mako gratifying progress under the able and thoroughly practical administration of its enterprising principals. Robert C. Malseed, Wholesale Grocer, Tea and General Merchant, Duke Street, Londonderry.—This large and in¬ fluential business was taken up by the present proprietor in 1868, when Mr. Oliver Kelly, who enjoyed the unbounded confidence and respect of all who knew him, retired. The trade has been steadily progres¬ sive, and the establishment has secured a position in public favour and commercial estimation second to none in the city. The premises occupy an excellent position in one of the busiest parts of the city, and comprise a large and well-constructed building of two storeys, with a frontage of thirty-five feet, and extending back to the quay a distance of over two hundred feet. There is also an extensive yard in the rear, ninety feet by ninety, which is admirably suited for the requirements of the increasing wholesale business carried on. Tho front portion of the premises is used as a general grocery store, to the rear of which is the ex¬ tensive wholesale department. On the second storey there is an exten¬ sive tea loft, and ample storage for the warehousing of goods. Adjoining the premises are extensive stores for seeds, manures, and general feeding stuffs. The warehouse is eminently suited to the business, having been specially fitted up and arranged in the most perfect and complete manner. To meet the extensive and varied requirements of the trade, Mr. Malseed holds a very large and comprehensive stock of goods, which is replete with all the best features of the various lines engaged in, and thoroughly representative of the business in all its branches, embracing as it does a most extensive assortment of general groceries, tea, coffee, fruits, spices, biscuits in great variety, all the best known proprietary articles, pre¬ served meats, canned goods, pickles, sauces, and all the specialities of tho leading manufacturers of comestibles, meal, flour, bran, planks, iron, metal, guano, agricultural seeds, nails of every description ; oils, paints and colours are also well represented. Indeed, one of the features upon which Mr. Malseed very justly prides himself, apart from the quality of the goods, is the large and varied stock always on hand, and in the various departments of this extensive establishment is probably the largest, and undoubtedly the best assorted stock of the above and goods of ^ a kindred nature to be found in the city and district, the whole of which is selected from the best sources with great care and sound j udgment; and buying in such large lines direct from the manufacturers, Mr. Malseed is enabled to give his customers the advantage of all intermediate profits, and to offer goods of a quality and at a price with which it is im¬ possible for small dealers to compete. The trade is of a widespread, influential and steadily-growing character. A very brisk business is done in every department, which receives the direct personal attention of tho proprietor. An efficient staff of quick and obliging salesmen, assistants, and warehousemen is busily employed, and no effort is spared to meet the convenience of customers in the punctual execution of orders. Mr. Robert C. Malseed is well known and highly respected in Londonderry, and widely recognised as a courteous and enterprising man, with whom it is pleasant and profitable to have business transactions. John Hughes & Co., Soap Manufacturers, London¬ derry.—This representative house was founded in 1798, by Mr James Thompson, and since his death has been carried on with a conspicuous degree of success by Messrs. John Hughes & Co. The works are situated in Orchard Street, and the premises comprise a three-storey build¬ ing. The warehouse is at the rear, and has been fitted up in a style best calculated to ensure the highest business results. The stores are at the rear of the factory, and contain abundant supplies of material used in the manufacture of the various commodities with which the name of the firm is associated. In the soap manufactory the equipment of machinery and appliances is of the most improved description, and to the perfect arrangement of this department is to be attributed the unique suc¬ cess which has attended the operations of the firm. The firm’s patent soap has already attained a wide celebrity. It is carefully prepared from the purest ingredients and is a perfect grease solvent; without labour it cleans all kinds of glass and silver, and in the cleansing of shop windows is of inestimable value. The “Barilla” soap is a speciality of the firm which has long enjoyed a large measure of popular favour. It is made of the purest materails, and can be used by persons having the most delicate texture of skin, indeed medical testimony declares the “Barilla” soap to be eminently adapted for all the requirements both of the toilet and laundry. Messrs. Hughes have also gone into the manufacture of a pure toilet soap. This soap is made from the purest ingredients, and as a requisite for the toilet it has no superior. It is being regularly supplied to the Duchess of Abercorn. Hence they have given it the name of the “Duchess” soap. Messrs. John Hughes & Co. have also laid down a splendid plant for the manufacture of blacking, and so successfully have they conducted their operations, that a steady and ever- increasing demand for the firm’s blackings has arisen in all parts of Great Britain, Ireland and the Colonies. The soundest practical and technical experience and knowledge characterises every department of the firm’s administration, and ample justification is afforded for a prediction of augmented and enduring future prosperity for this house, whose past and present successes have been so worthily earned. 154 INDUSTRIES OP T. Young & Son, Carriage Builders and Harness Manufacturers, Clarendon Street, Londonderry.—In every large town and city in the United Kingdom, the ancient industry of carriage-building has its representatives, and in historic Derry this important and typical British trade is especially well exemplified by the old and well-known house named above. The business of Messrs. T. Young & Son, of Clarendon Street, Londonderry, was founded in the year 1843 by the late Mr. T. Young, a practical coach-builder of high attainments in every branch of the industry, and was developed by him with conspicuous success and ability from the first. In 1868 the business had so greatly increased that it was found necessary to enlarge the premises, and the firm accordingly erected the large and perfectly appointed establishment they now occupy. The present head of the house is Mr. James Young, who succeeded to the proprietorship on the death of his father, the founder of the business, and who has had an exceptionally sound practical training in every detail and particular of the trade. Under his able administra¬ tion the characteristic reputation of the firm for work of the highest class has been more than maintained. The factory which now forms the headquarters of Messrs. T. Young & Son’s industry is one of the largest and best organised establishments of its kind in the North of Ireland, and is replete in every department with the best modem appliances and facilities for the conduct of an extensive coach-building and harness trade. The various workshops comprised in this commodious building are spacious, well-arranged, and admirably equipped, and every process of the industry is carried out under the most favourable conditions, the best results being invariably obtained, in quality and workmanship, by careful selection of materials and personal supervision of manufacture. The show-rooms contain a splendid display of carriages of every descrip¬ tion, from the stateliest landau or brougham to the simplest school cart or donkey cart, and in every case these vehicles are characterised by remarkable elegance of design, strength, lightness, and beauty of finish. The stock is one of the largest we have seen, comprising over two hundred vehicles of all kinds, and these, for variety of artistic design, constructive improvement, sound workmanship, and moderate price, cannot be sur¬ passed. Messrs. Young claim to he the largest employers of labour in the carriage trade in Ireland, north of Dublin, and very few of our readers will need to be informed of the fact that their work is well and favourably known abroad as well as in almost every part of the three kingdoms. This firm are also celebrated as army, hunting, and general saddlers and harness manufacturers, and have specially equipped work¬ shops on the premises for this important trade. They have a speciality in collar making and fitting, and also in the execution of repairs to all Campbell’s Cabinet and Upholstery Warehouse, Bishop Street, Londonderry.—Among the many attractive shops and warehouses that have contributed to make Bishop Street one of the most favourite commercial thoroughfares in Londonderry, there are none perhaps that deserve a more prominent place in these pages than Campbell's great warehouse, which, apart from its importance as an emporium of direct supply for the people at large, is accounted to he by far the leading manufactory in the cabinet-making and upholstering line in the North and West of Ireland combined. The firm was founded over half a century ago by Mr. Bobert Campbell, who, in the ordinary course of events, was succeeded by his son, Mr. David Campbell, in the year 1882, although the latter gentleman had for many years previously been the active director of the concern, and had helped materially to elevate it to its present proud position. The premises, as they at present stand, are very extensive, presenting a grand fa 9 ade, thirty-six feet wide, and four storeys in height, to the busy thoroughfare in which they are fortunately situated, and extending backwards for a distance of one hundred and twenty feet. The whole of this noble edifice is used as a warehouse, most of the goods exhibited being manufactured by the firm in their large workshops to the rear, the entire premises covering an area of nearly an acre of ground. The four floors of the front building, each measuring one hundred and twenty feet by forty-three feet, are apportioned as follows :-—The ground floor is utilised principally as a carpet warehouse, the handsomely-appointed offices being at the rear of the show-rooms; here a splendid selection of goods is always available, and Mr. Campbell makes it a point to order all his own carpets to be made in seasonable patterns, of superior designs and colouring, calculated to withstand the hardest wear and tear, and to retain their pristine appearance to the end. He always holds a splendid line in Brussels, royal Axminsters, tapestry, and Kensington art carpets, which altogether kinds of harness, their work in this latter connection being accomplished with the greatest expedition and at the lowest rates. Saddles, bridles, whips, bitts, rugs, horse-clothing, &c., are held in stock in great variety, and being sole agents in Ireland for leading manufacturers, Messrs. Young & Son are in a position to offer the very best advantages of low price and high quality in all kinds of harness room and stable requisites. The whole of this great business is conducted with exemplary enterprise arid practical skill; and Mr. James Young, the present principal, has succeeded in bringing his house into a higher place than it has ever occupied in the favour and confidence of the public. This is saying a great deal, for the firm we have herein briefly noticed is probably the oldest in the North of Ireland in its particular line, and has long been recognised as a leading exponent of the carriage building and harness making trades. form a very splendid exhibition well worthy of a visit, if only to be viewed. The first floor is reserved chiefly for dining and drawing room furniture en suite; the second storey for bedroom furniture, and the top floor hall and library furniture of every description. In every one of these departments, Mr. Campbell’s rule has always been to exclude anything of an inferior, or even doubtful character, and this has un¬ questionably led to the establishment of public confidence in the quality of the articles emanating from his firm. He is prepared to furnish the humblest cot, or the grandest hotel or palace, with every requisite at the shortest possible notice, and in any desired style, as most of the work is executed on the premises under his personal supervision, and supplied at first cost. An important point is, that all the bedding and mattresses are made on the premises, none but the very best materials being used in their manufacture. The front premises moreover contain the upholster¬ ing, French polishing, gilding, and general repairing workshops, each department being very fully equipped, and all work done with care and despatch. The workshops and factory proper, however, are located to the rear in a great three-storied building, covering an area of some sixty by forty ‘feet. The ground floor of this structure is the machinery department, and is fitted with all the appliances and tools required for high-class cabinet work of every description, such as circular saws, band saws, moulding and squaring machines, and the like, the whole being driven by a steatn engine of twelve horse-power. The upper floors are utilised as general workshops, and the entire premises, including the front show-rooms, oocupy an area of fully three hundred feet by forty- five feet, giving ample employment to a staff of from fifty to sixty skilled hands, and catering for the wants of a first-class connection, which extends throughout the Northern and Western counties of Ireland. Personally, Mr. Campbell occupies a very influential position in business circles, and by his integrity, sound judgment, and courtesy, has deservedly gained the confidence and support of all classes of the community. IRELAND. 155 Robert J. Black & Co., Wholesale Grocers, Irish House, Shipquay Street, Londonderry.—This business was established in 1860 by the present proprietor, Mr. Robert J. Black, who has since successfully conducted the concern under the above title. The premises occupied by the firm comprise a commodious four-storied building extending back three hundred feet to Magazine Street, in which there is a goods entrance, and having a well-appointed suite of offices, and sample room on the ground floor, with extensive stores and warehouses on the upper floors. Those are fully stocked with every description of groceries of the finest quality, including the teas for which the firm are celebrated, selected from the choicest growths of China, India and Ceylon, and in well established demand for their purity, fragrance, and strength ; spacious storage ac¬ commodation is also needed for the large quantities of flour and bran held by the firm and which is supplied wholesale to the leading members of the trade in the district. The trade connection is of an extensive and influen¬ tial character, including a wide circle of retail grocers and provision dealers in the North of Ireland whose support and patronage has been gained by the consistently high-class quality of all goods supplied by the firm. The services of a large number of clerks, assistants, warehousemen, &c., are retained in the various departments of the business, which is capably managed under the supervision of the principal, whose energetic and enterprising administration has been rewarded with well-deserved and conspicuous commercial success. Semple & Thompson, Merchant Tailors and Outfitters, Ferryquay Street, Londonderry.—This notable firm was founded five years ago by the association of Messrs. William Semple and John P. Thompson, trading as Semple and Thompson, “ the City Tailors.” Their premises, situated in the best and busiest part of Ferryquay Street, consist of a substantial three-storied building, with a splendid workshop to the rear of the second floor, the entire premises measuring one hundred and fifty feet from front to rear, and having a bold frontage of thirty feet. The ground floor of the main building is elaborately appointed throughout with superb fittings, and very heavily stocked with a full line of gentle¬ men’s underclothing of every description ; hats, ties, and seasonable suit¬ ings of all kinds. On the second floor a very grand display is made of ready-made clothing, each garment being guaranteed to be fashionably cut and made out of material equal in every respect to the best fabrics employed for bespoke work. The top floor is utilised as an additional tailors’ workshop, for there is a staff of from forty to fifty hands en¬ gaged upon the premises. The trade controlled by the firm is a very large local and North and West of Ireland one, and every detail of the business is managed by the principals in a highly creditable manner, which has won for them the esteem and respect of all those who have had the privilege of their acquaintance. Irvine & Co., General Drapers, Clothiers, Silk Merchants, &c., Ferryquay Street, and Linenhall Street, Londonderry —There are few businesses in Londonderry that can compare in point of importance and magnitude with that of the one which forms the subject matter of the present brief review. The firm was organised as long ago as the year 1814 by a Mr. Maxwell, and from that till the present time has had always a most prosperous career. It came, thirty-seven years ago, into the hands of the present energetic [proprietor, who with exemplary vigour and well-directed enterprise has succeeded in extend¬ ing the business of the establishment to its present very large dimensions. Mr. Thomas J. Irvine having thus constituted his house on a secure foundation, has ever since traded as a general draper, clothier, silk merchant, millinery, mantle, room paper, and carpet warehouseman, making specialities of boys’, youths’, and men’s ready-made clothing, merchant tailoring, and ladies’ mantles and jackets. His premises occupy a commanding corner position in Ferryquay Street and Linenhall Street, and another shop in Ferryquay Street connected with it, the two having a frontage of about sixty feet, and an extension to the rear of fully a hundred and thirty feet. Some idea of the magnitude of the operations carried on within this superbly appointed establishment may be gathered from a general description of its various departments which are appor¬ tioned in the following way. The great ground floor in Ferryquay Street shop is used as a show-room for waterproofs and all kinds of made- up clothing, cloths, carpets, curtains, and general house furnishing. To the rear of this is a paper ware-room. The top floor at the rear is fully fitted up as a first-class tailor’s workshop, and is always the scene of unusual business activity. The Linenhall Street corner shop, with its very extensive floor is composed of the following departments, viz. : mantles, dresses, bonnets and millinery, ribbons and laces, hosiery, gloves and underclothing, blankets, flannels, sheetings, linen goods, &c. In the employment nearly seventy hands are engaged constantly under the personal direction of Mr. Irvine; and they all strive to emulate the example of their worthy principal by the energetic, careful, and courteous manner in which they meet the wants of customers. Joseph Sherrard, Yeast Importer, Wholesale and Family Grocer, &c., The Waterloo Tea House, Londonderry.—A dis¬ tinguishing feature of this, one of the most notable grocery and provision establishments in Londonderry, is that it is the only house in the city which makes a speciality of importing yeast of qualities to suit the requirements of bakers and others in the North of Ireland. It was in the year 1879 that Mr. Joseph Sherrard formed the nucleus of his under¬ taking, which, by dint of perseverance and well-directed enterprise, he has succeeded in developing into one of the most thriving concerns of its kind in Derry. His premises consist of a substantial and handsome three- storied edifice, familiar to the good citizens of Londonderry as “ The Waterloo Tea House,” thereby indicating that a great speciality is made of the fragrant herb of the Orient. To the rear of the main building there are large stores extending backwards for a distance of fully one hundred feet, including the front premises with its splendid frontage of thirty-five feet, and attractively dressed double plate-glass windows. The ground-floor of the establishment is beautifully fitted up, and stocked with a very choice array of goods ; prominence being given to teas, pro¬ visions, and yeast, all of which are marked at strictly popular prices. The provision trade is a speciality of the business, and reaches very large dimen¬ sions indeed. To the right-hand side of the sale-shop there is a goods entranoe, giving access to a private hall, from which a hoist conveys the wares to the upper storeys of the main building, which are used as general stores, and are always very heavily stocked with goods to meet the enormous demands, both wholesale and retail, that have accrued through the careful management of the active principal. A staff of ten hands find it about as much as they can do to attend to the wants of customers, and altogether the Waterloo Tea House always presents a scene of brisk business activity which speaks volumes for the able manner in which it is conducted. Socially as well as commercially Mr. Sherrard has won the esteem and respect of all those who have had the privilege of his acquaintance, in virtue of the thoroughly sound, lines upon which he carries on his business, and the courteous manner in which he invariably meets those who come into personal contact with him. 156 INDUSTRIES OP Crockett & Guy, Wholesale and Retail Ironmongers and Hardware Merchants, 1, Strand Buildings, Londonderry.—This large and influential business was established in 1884. The trade has been steadily progressive, and the firm has secured a position in public favour and commercial estimation second to no other house in the city. At the above address Messrs. Croclrett & Guy occupy very extensive and commodious premises, which comprise a large and well-constructed building of four storeys with a frontage of 35 feet and extending back over 120 feet. On the ground floor to the front is a spacious and handsome shop, admirably appointed, and well arranged for the display and storage of the large and varied stock. To the rear are the ofifices and wholesale department. The first floor is principally stocked with house and grocers’ furnishings, and the second floor with builders’ iron¬ mongery. To the rear is the yard ; also a large three-storey warehouse, 100 feet by 60, divided into stock-rooms and packing department. To meet the extensive requirements of the trade, the firm hold a very large and comprehensive stock of general ironmongery suitable for domestic and tradesmen’s use, hardware of every description, table and pocket cutlery, a choice selection of electro-plated goods of the best Sheffield and Birming-hi.m manufacture, lamps in great variety, tools and garden implements, ranges, kitcheners, grates, stoves, washing, wringing, and domestic labour-saving machines of all kinds. Indeed, one of the features upon which the firm very justly pride themselves, apart from the quality of the goods, is the large and varied stock always on hand ; and in the various departments of this extensive establishment is probably the largest, and undoubtedly the best, assorted stock of the above and goods of a kindred nature to be found in Londonderry or the district, the whole of which is selected from the best sources with great care and sound judgment, and by the exercise of that keen and prudent buying and purchasing in such large lines direct from the manufacturers, Messrs. Crockett & Guy are in a position to give exceptional advantages both in quality and price. The trade, which is both wholesale and retail, is of a widespread, influential, and steadily-growing character, a very brisk business being done in every department. Fourteen salesmen and assistants are busily employed on the premises, and several experienced travellers represent the firm over the counties of Derry, Donegal, and Tyrone. Messrs. Crockett & Guy are well known in the trade and widely recognised as courteous and enterprising meD, with whom, it is pleasant and profitable to have business transactions. James Glass, Landscape and Portrait Photographer, Carlisle Hoad, Londonderry.—Mr. Glass entered into business some six¬ teen years ago by opening a first-class studio at No. 65, Carlisle Boad, and pursued his artistic avocation with such ardour that ten years had not elapsed before he was called upon to vastly increase his accommoda¬ tion by the institution of a second studio at No. 31 in the same busy thoroughfare as a branch establishment. The original premises at No. 65 comprise a splendidly-appointed gallery for the display of a very choice and comprehensive selection of work, including all kinds of portraits, outdoor photographs, enlarged examples of every description finished superbly in crayon, oil, and water-colours, and exquisitely executed examples of work on porcelain, of which he makes a speciality, and in which he particularly excels. To the rear of this gallery there is the brilliantly-lighted studio, replete with every modern contrivance, and elaborately equipped with all the latest and best instruments, with a cosily contrived dressing-room, and dark-room and laboratory attached. In No. 65 the studio is also on the ground floor, and similarly well appointed. The charges made are extremely moderate, the portraits being unsurpassed for truthfulness of likeness and excellence of finish. As a natural consequence of this, Mr. Glass enjoys a very large local and county patronage, and his popular studios have become the rendezvous of all in search of pleasing, life-like, and truly artistic portraits in the form of ordinary photographs, carbon-types, crayon, oil, water-colour paint¬ ings, or surpassingly beautiful pictures on porcelain. M. Mulholland & Co., Wholesale and Retail Drapers, Londonderry.—This old-established business was founded in 1819, by Messrs. Thomas Mulholland and J. and J. Kelso ; the latter, Messrs. J. and J. Kelso, being also a private firm of bankers and bill discounters. Thomas Mulholland & Co., originally did an exclusively wholesale trade in the counties of Donegal, Derry, and Tyrone. The house is mentioned in the Ordnance Survey of Ireland. In 1865 there was a modification of the firm, and in 1885 Messrs. Hugh Walsh and Philip Gallagher became partners of the firm, joining the old partner, Mr. J. Mulholland, trading as M. Mulholland & Co. The new premises comprise a three- storey building, having a most attractive frontage, and fine interior. Crampsey Brothers, Merchant Tailors, Woollen Drapers, &c., Diamond and Ship Quay Street, Irish Manufacture Depot, Londonderry.—This representative establishment was founded in 1885 by Messrs. Patrick, Edward, Philip and William Crampsey, under the style and title of Crampsey Brothers, trading as merchant tailors, woollen drapers, hatters, clothiers, and manufacturers of Irish woollen goods in general, making a speciality of Irish tweeds, friezes, worsteds, clerical cloths, flannels and yarns, and additionally keeping a very choice and comprehensive selection of goods. The premises occupied consist of the ground and portion of the front floor of a substantial three-storied build¬ ing, occupying a prominent position at the comer of Ship Quay Street and the Diamond, having a total frontage of thirty-five feet to those busy thoroughfares, and an extension from front to rear of fully ninety feet. The ground floor is elaborately fitted and fixtured throughout, and fully stocked with a splendid selection of the goods already enumerated, while the first floor is utilised as a hosiery manufactory, provided with two splendid knitting machines, and a well-appointed tailoring department, where bespoke work of the best description is executed by expert cutters and workers. A staff of ten active hands is employed upon the premises, under the active superintendence of the principals, and there are also a large number of out-door workers, chiefly tailoring, who find constant employment from the firm. A large branch establishment is carried on, on precisely similar lines, at Cardonagh, county Donegal, and, on the whole, a very large local retail trade is carried on. The business in all its branches is conducted with marked ability and judgment, upon a thoroughly sound and honourable mercantile basis, that reflects the greatest credit upon all those who are in any way concerned with the administration of its affairs. Smith, McSparron & Co., Wholesale Wine and Spirit Merchants, Foyle Street, Londonderry.—This business was founded in 1870 by the above-named gentlemen, of whom Mr. Smith is now the sole representative, and occupies a convenient and commodious site in this central thoroughfare. The premises comprise well-appointed suite of offices and sample room on the ground-floor, with extensive storage ac¬ commodation above, and spacious storage bottling and bottle departments to the rear, where a tramway runs for over one hundred yards to the ex¬ treme back of the premises. These are devoted to the storage of the large quantities of high-class wines selected with critical judgment from the choicest vintages and noted for their age, purity and bouquet. The stock of spirits includes fine old brandies, whiskies, rum, gin, &c., of the best- known brands, and unequalled for purity, flavour, and strength, and freedom from deleterious agents. Special mention must also be made of the noted Irish whiskies for which the firm is celebrated, and which are in favourable request with the public for their wholesome qualities, largo quantities being despatched to England and Scotland, and an increasing demand existing for these goods in the home markets. The business is capably organised in every department, retaining the services of a staff of clerks, cellarmen, &e., and the whole details of the manage¬ ment in the hands of the enterprising proprietor display the perfection of system and order, worthy of the high reputation so long sustained by this popular establishment. COLERAINE. Given & Co., Wine Merchants, Coleraine.—This leading and widely connected firm dates back so far as the year 1780, when it was established by Mr. Given, the grandfather of the present energetic proprietor, as a general merchant house. His successor added the family and wholesale wine trade over half a century ago, carrying on business in premises in the Diamond, Coleraine. In 1888, Mr. Given removed to the premises now occupied, which adjoin the markets, and afford greatly increased space for carrying on the various branches of the enterprise. They consist of three storeys, fifty by one hundred feet, the ground floor of which is devoted to offices, business and private, to bottling, and to a packing and dispatch department. The upper floors are devoted to the heavy stocks of wines and spirits held in wood, case, and bottle, embracing the best brands of Champagne, Clarets from all the leading vineyards, Hocks, Madeira, Burgundy, Carlowitz, and Hungarian wines, and a splendid selection of fine and ordinary Ports. Among the latter we notice the vintages of ’34, ’47, and ’51, in numerous lots, bottled by the firm many years ago. Sherries, too, are very fully represented, especially thrss suitab’e for luncheon or dinner use. The firm are also widely known as vendors of fine Brandies, Hollands, Coloraine and Scotch Whiskeys and Liqueurs. Great care in the importa¬ tion and bottling of the wines sold has always been a characteristic of the firm, and everything is sent out in the best condition. One of the principal departments of their trade is the export to England of the fine liquors mentioned above, mainly to supply private orders. Messrs. Given and Co. have also a branch establishment at 31, Queen’s Arcade, Belfast. Mr. Given is a magistrate for County Londonderry. IRELAND. 157 Robert A. Taylor, Distiller from Malt only, The Coleraine Distillery, Coleraine.— “ If you search in the annals of hist’ry To the time of the Itoman and Dane, You’ll find it was reckoned a myst’ry How they made such good stuff in Coleraine.” Coleraine Whiskey Song. To a great many people it may still be a mystery “ bow they make sucb good stuff in Coleraine,” but the fact remains, as it has remained for many a generation, that better “ stuff” in the shape of distilled malt spirit does not emanate from any other spot under the sun than that which is known to fame as “Old Coleraine” whiskey. In stating this unquestion¬ able truism, we merely do justice to the “trim little borough” on the banks of the Bann, which has long and honourably maintained the credit and renown of the distillery industry in Ireland. “ Old Coleraine ” whiskey has become a household word among connoisseurs of “the crayther” and its name is accepted in many quarters of the highest authority as a synonym for perfection in malt spirit. And when we seek for an ex¬ planation of this reputation and celebrity, we find it in the manner and method of the distilling art as it is exemplified in the establishment of Sir. Robert A. Taylor. Just seventy years ago this establishment— which, it is needless to say, is the far-famed Coleraine Distiller}'— became associated with the industry in which it is now engaged. Prior to that the place had been a corn mill, but when its new career of use¬ fulness was entered upon it received a thorough rehabilitation, and subsequent improvements and enlargements have so developed the original premises that they now form a very extensive and commodious block of buildings, admirably adapted to all the requirements of the trade, and comprising large bonded and duty-paid warehouses, in addi¬ tion to the distillery proper ; the appointments and arrangements of the latter according most perfectly with the nature and necessities of its trade, all the interesting processes of the industry being carried out upon principles whose efficacy cannot possibly be better demonstrated than by the splendid results they obtain in the whiskey produced. Still, the “mystery” of the very special and long-sustained merit of the Coleraine whiskey remains to be explained, and we find its solution in ■several peculiar methods obtaining at Mr. Taylor’s establishment. These methods are not by any means as mysterious as one might suppose ; in fact, they comprise very little beyond the exercise of the greatest care, skill, and patience that men can acquire by years of experience. But this in itself involves a great deal that is not apparent to the uninitiated eye, and when it is coupled with the most(scrupulous nicety in the selection of material (the grain for the malt being the finest home-grown), we obtain a combination of conditions favourable to the very highest achievements in distillation. Assuredly the Coleraine Distillery has not fallen short of the highest possible mark, and it continues to produce, at the present day as in the past, a whiskey which has, admittedly, no superior in any of those essential points which constitute a perfect malt spirit. Purity, wholesomeness, and intrinsic fineness of quality are secured in this whiskey by the manner of its production, and the circum¬ stance that it is distilled from the very finest malt only ; and the high order of maturity for which it has long been especially noted is explained by the fact that “ Old Coleraine ” whiskey (the brand of which, by the way, is “ H.C.”) is bottled at the ripe age of ten years. It is also to be distinctly understood that at the Coleraine Distillery the best home-grown malt is the only material used, and nothing but pure malt whiskey is here produced. Another special feature of the place is its fine well of spring water, especially suited for distilling purposes. Tradition has it that St. Tinian once blessed this ancient well, and if tradition speaks truth, no one will deny that the saintly benediction was bestowed to excellent purpose for the Coleraine Distillery. The product, when duly matured, finds its way to every quarter of the globe. At several notable exhibitions it has met with great favour, and it gained the remarkable distinction of the highest pure malt distiller’s award at the Edinburgh Exhibition of 1886. Com¬ mercially speaking, the Coleraine Distillery maintains a most extensive and influential home, foreign, and colonial connection, and it is but just to say that it has attained its highest renown during the regime of its present able and experienced principal. Mr. Robert A. Taylor became proprietor of the business about twenty years ago, and his sound policy of administration (sufficiently progressive yet always judiciously conservative), has brought the distillery to its present btate of complete and effective organisation, and more than maintained its good name as a source from which the lover of a “ drop of good whiskey” can always depend upon obtaining a spirit after his own heart—pure, healthful, perfectly matured, and invariably reliable. W. J. Baxter, Pharmaceutical Chemist, Druggist, ancl General Merchant, Church Street, Coleraine.—This noteworthy busi¬ ness was established by Mr. W. J. Baxter some fourteen years ago, and has ever since been managed by him with the most pr, sperous and grati¬ fying results; the secret of his success being the excellence of his wares and the attention which customers always receive. The premises consist of a three-storied building, which has a frontage measuring thirty feet, while behind are very large stores, the total depth of the buildings from front to rear being about a couple of hundred feet. The front portion of the ground floor is suitably arranged as an order department and drug store, which is well stocked with the purest drugs and other pre¬ parations; behind this being the grocery department, where a large and first-class selection of general groceries and provisions is neatly and compactly arranged. Mr. Baxter devotes his most careful attention to the dispensing department, and makes specialities of several proprietary articles, which comprise a celebrated cough mixture, a grape salt for indigestion, &c., quinine and iron tonic, and an entirely new remedy for neuralgia, tic-doloreux, &c., known as “Baxter’s Neuralgic Drops.” An extensive, trade is conducted. A most important feature of the business is the trade done in oils, very large quantities of these being sold, and for the storage of which there are extensive uncovered buildings occupying about an acre of ground near the railway station. Ten hands are employed in the business. Mr. Baxter is an extensive importer of petroleum from America, and also imports most of the other goods that he sells. He is a member of the Pharmaceutical Society of Ireland, a member of the Pharmaceutical Council of Dublin, and likewise a Town Commissioner for Coleraine, a position which he fills with the greatest credit to himself and complete satisfaction to his fellow townsmen. - H. Kennedy & Son, Agricultural Engineers and Implement Manufacturers, Coleraine Foundry, Coleraine.—This notable and important concern originated nearly half a century ago under the auspices of the late Mr. Hugh Kennedy, father of the present principal, and from a very small beginning it has developed to proportions of considerable magnitude. Messrs. Kennedy’s premises underwent a radical and complete remodelling some years ago, a new building being erected to give increased accommodation for the growing trade, while the old works were thoroughly overhauled and re-arranged. At the present day the establishment is one of the largest of its kind in the North of Ireland—indeed it has probably no superior in size outside of Belfast; and in point of organisation and equipment it is the equal of any similar works we have ever visited. The new build¬ ing facing Mountsandal Road is a fine three-storey structure of hand¬ some appearance and commodious dimensions, and the establishment extends rearward from this down Terrace Row, this latter frontage being one of two hundred feet, while the frontage in Mountsandal Road is one hundred and thirty-five feet. Messrs. Kennedy have displayed especial enterprise in the equipment of the foundry and workshops with modern machinery of the highest order of efficiency, and they now have in opera¬ tion a splendid plant, all of which is specially adapted to the requirements of the trade. The manufacture of agricultural implements and machines is here carried on, from the first stage of production to the final finishing operations. Extensive stocks of British and foreign timber are kept on the premises in process of seasoning. Besides producing agricultural implements and machinery of unsurpassed efficiency and highly improved character throughout, the Coleraine Foundry turns out a large variety of general castings, and is particularly noted for its iron gates and railings. The firm have gained quite a reputation for their registered “Empress ” Turbine Water Wheel, of which they have erected a large number in different parts of Ireland and elsewhere, and for which they received a silver medal at the Edinburgh Exhibition of 1890. The manufactures of this concern, in which about one hundred hands are employed, have won a national reputation, and are regarded as equal to the best in the market. This renown has been amply justified by the careful and con¬ scientious manner in which Messrs. Kennedy have sustained the uniformly high quality of their productions; and at the present day the house stands higher than ever in the confidence and favour of its wide and influential connection. - Charles Daly & Son, Seed Merchants, Nurserymen and Florists, Lodge Road and Spruce Bank Nurseries, Coleraine. Ware¬ house and Stores, 13 and 15, Bridge Street, Coleraine.—This firm was originally established in 1825 by Mr. Charles Daly, the father of the pre¬ sent owner, who succeeded in 1867 to the sole proprietorship, but was for some years previous a partner with his father in the firm. The nurseries are very elegibly situated, and comprise in all a space of forty- eight acres. The handsomely laid out nursery at Lodge Road is devoted mainly to flowering, ornamental, and herbaceous plants, and is equippel with five glass houses of spacious dimensions. The stock comprises everything of any value, and the display in many sections is highly meritorious. The rose3 are specially good, all the best British and Continental hybrids being well represented. Bulbous rooted plants are also a very striking feature, and present a complete range of famous varieties of hyacinths, narcissi, tulips, liliums and many other sections. Not the least important, however, is the space devoted to culinary plants and roots. The Spruce Bank Nursery is devoted to forest, fruit and ornamental trees, and is unique in the completeness of its stock. Hardy ornamental trees, conifers, transplanted forest trees, and plants for hedging, underwood and game covert are raised in every variety and of fine growth In both nurseries the greatest mastery of the details of the business is evident, and everything is maintained in the most creditable state. The seed and implement warehouses in Bridge Street are situated in a handsome three-storied building, attached to which are extensive stores. The office and show-rooms are to the front and form part of the seed warehouse. In the stores large stocks of agricultural soeds and artificial manures are carried, and indeed the whole premises are very closely stocked. The firm are very large importers of seeds from Germany and France, and large exporters of plants and shrubs of all kinds to Great Britain. The business carried on is both wholesale ani retail, and is managed with notable ability. Mr. Daly himself superin¬ tends the whole business, and is to be congratulated on its leiding and flourishing position. L COUNTY DOWN. BANGOR, NEWTOWN ARDS, NEWRY, DOWNPATRICK, WARRENPOINT, BANBRIDGE, PORTAFERRY, GILFORD, BALLYNAIIINCH, SAINTFIELD. N .various parts of County Down there are situated towns of considerable note and prominence in connection with the trades and industries of the North of Ireland, and of these we may here make brief mention by way of introduction to the reviews of their leading business firms which will be found in the following pages. Bangor is a seaport town situated on the south side of Belfast Lough, about twelve miles from the city of Belfast, with which it has railway communication. In early times Bangor was even a more notable port than Belfast, and it is still a place of very con¬ siderable trade. The fishing industry is an important one, and the manufacture of linen and embroidery is carried on to a large extent. As a seaside resort Bangor has a popular reputation, and the bathing facilities are good. In 1881 the parish had a popu¬ lation of 7,081. Bangor is said to have derived its name from Ban Cl lot (the “ White Choir ”), a term indicative of the abbey founded in the middle of the sixth century by St. Cungall. Newtownards, situated near the head of Lough Strangford, is a busy market town, with a large general trade and an important flax-spinning industry. The population is about 10,000, and there are good facilities of communication with Belfast, which is thirteen miles distant by rail. The history of Newtownards dates back to the year 1244, when the town was founded by Walter de Burgh. It received a charter from James I., and prior to the Union it returned two members to the Irish Parliament. Newry is an important and flourishing parliamentary borough, market town, and seaport, well situated on the Newry river and canal, thirty-eight miles south of Belfast, and not far from the head of Lough Carlingford. The town is well built, having a number of commodious and handsome public buildings, and as a railway centre and a seat of commerce and industry it is one of the foremost places in the county. There is a great export trade in cattle, and the activity prevailing in the shipping of the port is very notable. The import trade is also a busy one in various branches, and there are manufactures of very considerable importance, the granite works and quarries of Newry being almost as famous as those of Aberdeen. The borough had a population of 15,590 in 1881, and returns one member to Parliament. There are four newspapers published at Newry, and the town is, in all respects, a place of most creditable advancement. Newry has long been regarded as one of the chief ports of Ulster, and came into pro¬ minence many years ago as a result of its important trade. Tho town is a place of great historic interest, and possessed many old- time privileges. Downpatrick, on tho river Quoile, is the county town of county Down, and possesses great historical interest, its records dating back to periods of very remote antiquity. It is an episcopal see, with a fine cathedral, and in the matter of modern commerce and industry it stands well to the front. The port at Quoile Bay is a good one, and the local sewed muslin trade gives employment tu a large number of hands. Downpatrick has a population of about 4,000, and possesses excellent educational and other institutions. Warrenpoint, at the head of Lough Carlingford, is a popular bathing resort and busy seaport, with a large shipping and general local trade, and a population of about 2,500. A somewhat similar situation is occupied by Portaferky, which stands on the east side of the narrow strait forming the entrance to Lough Strang¬ ford. This latter seaport has a thriving herring fishery and a trade of some magnitude in grain, timber, coal, and other com¬ modities. Its population in 1881 was 1,647. Banbridge, on the river Bann, twenty-four miles from Belfast, is the seat of several very important linen factories and bleach works; and the linen industry is also represented upon a large scale at Gilford, four miles to the north-west. The population of the township of Banbridge in 1881 w T as 5,609, that of Gilford being 1,324. Ballynahinch and Saintfield are both associated with the typical industry of county Down, and are noteworthy on that ac¬ count. The former stands on a river of the same name about thirteen miles south of Belfast, and the latter (Saintfield) is situated some four miles to the north-east. In the following reviews the reader will find descriptive and historical particulars concerning a number of prominent and representative mercantile and manufacturing concerns in the towns and districts above mentioned. County Down is at the present day one of tho most notablo divisions of Ulster, and the extent to which its agricultural and manufactur¬ ing industries have been developed, coupled with tho importance of its maritime trade, renders it worthy of special attention in any review of the commercial and industrial centres of Ireland. INDUSTRIES THE FOLLOWING BRIEF NOTICES OF THE PRINCIFAL INDUSTRIAL ESTABLISHMENTS IN COUNTY DOWN ARE COMMENDED TO OUR READERS AS ILLUSTRATIVE OF THE ENERGY AND ENTERPRISE WHICH ARE CHARACTERISTIC OF THIS INTERESTING PART OF THE NORTH OF IRELAND. NEWBY Duncan, Alderdice & Co., Wholesale Wine and Spirit Merchants, 74, Hill Street, Newry. Sole Proprietors of the Famous Brands of “ Hand-in-Hand,” and “The Native” Irish Whiskeys.—In writing an historical notice of the trade and commerce of Newry and the district, one of the first firms to be mentioned is that of Messrs. Duncan, Alderdice & Co. This large and influential business is of very old foundation, having been established as far hack as the year 1804, by Messrs. J. H. Wallace & Co., and passed into the hands of the present proprietors in 1879. At tho above address the firm occupy a spacious and well-appointed suite of offices, the building extending hack from Hill Street to the Mall, a distance of over 200 feet, and having a frontage to both thoroughfares. The cellars for wines and spirits are vaultei, and extend through the whole length of the building. The upper storeys are used for storage and the usual requirements of the trade. The other premises owned by the firm are the very extensive bonded aud duty-paid warehouses situate in Monaghan Street, and known as the “ Old Distillery.” Tho bonded warehouse alone has a capacity of 6,000 hogsheads, and here are erected splendid vats and hydraulic lifts, with every modern appliance, so that the firm can turn out 6,000 to 10,000 gallons per day. The duty-paid premises, adjoining the bonded ware¬ house, are of very great extent; and some idea of the area of property occupied by the firm in this street may be obtained when it is stated that the measurements are 175 feet frontage, with 130 feet from front to rear. The stock of wines held by the firm is very extensive and varied, and a special feature of this department is the stock of old crusted ports and fine clarets, while all qualities of rare and choice wines are kept in stock. This firm is decidedly famous for whiskey, and their registered brands, “ The Native ” Irish whiskey, and the “ Hand-in-Hand ” Irish whiskey, are favourably known everywhere within the hounds of the three kingdoms, and, indeed, to a considerable extent on the Continent. A special Irish whiskey, which is commanding an enormous sale, is their “ White Libel,” hut as this is the very finest whiskey made in Ireland, and of very great age, the price is necessarily high, but, notwithstanding, it is in increasing demand day by day, and will, it is believed, eventually become as wgll known as Guinness’s stout or Bass’s ale. The quality of the wines and spirits supplied by this firm is so superior that they suffer greatly from the unscrupulous use of their empty bottles by unprincipled persons, who refill them with inferior liquors ; and to avoid this, Messrs. Duncan, Alderdice & Co. constantly remind their friends to destroy the labels as soon as the bottles are emptied. Messrs. Duncan, Alderdice & Co. employ an extensive staff, and are represented in all parts of the country by energetic and experienced travellers. This firm occupy a very prominent and influential position in the trade, and their extensive business relations are well founded upon the eminent reputation of the firm, and deserve special mention in this work, “The Industries of Ireland.” Moses Hunter & Sons, Ship Builders, Mast, Block, and Pump Makers, Joiners, and General Shipsmiths, Coal, Tim¬ ber, and Iron Merchants, &c., Kilmorey Street, Newry.—This impor¬ tant concern was established in 1845 by the senior partner, who took his two sons, Messrs. Robert and Francis Hunter, into partnership ten years ago. The business in which they are engaged is of a most comprehensive character, they being also steam-tug and lighter owners, and Austrian Lloyd’s surveyors. They are large importers of Scotch and Wigan coals, have extensive workshops, admirably arranged and equipped, and em¬ ploying, as they do, from ten to twelve thoroughly experienced and well- skilled hands, are enabled to ensuro that efficiency which constitutes one of the chief features of the establishment. They make specialities of steam- towing and the carriage of goods, keeping two steam-tugs, a large fleet of sailing vessels and lighters for those express purposes. Every descrip¬ tion of work connected with ship-building is executed, as are also joining, general ship-smith’s work, plumbing, and tin-smith’s work, some of the principal articles manufactured being oars, handspikes, spars, belaying pins, mast hoops, pump-leather, copper nails, pumps, winches, and fans. Considerable quantities of timber, iron, and coal are also kept on hand. The premises consist of a two-storied building, which is divided into workshops, in connection with which are a large yard, spacious stores, &c. The firm has a very widespread reputation, and the trade done is exten¬ sive and amongst a well-established connection. J. C. Nicholson & Co., Tea, Seed, and General Mer¬ chants, Kildare Street, Newry.—This is another of those substantial and well established business houses, a mere cursory glance at which is sufficient to perceive that a very prosperous trade is being carried on. It was founded in 1873 by Mr. J. C. Nicholson at the present premises, these consisting of a large three-storied building, possessing a frontage of thirty-five feet, and measuring a hundred and fifty feet from front to rear. The front part of the ground floor is arranged as offices, the rear portion being utilised as a general stock-room and also as a sample and forwarding department. The first floor is used exclusively as stores for tea, while above this are more geueral stook-rooms. There is a large three-storied building, measuring seventy-five feet by fifty, situated on Merchant’s Quay, aud is used as stores for tea and seed; another two- storied structure utilised as general stores, and measuring fifty feet square, being located on Sugar House Quay. The premises and stores are stocked in abundance with seeds aud geueral groceries of all kinds, and of the best and purest quality ; the teas being the special feature of the business, the choicest, richest, and most fragrant varieties of this class of goods being sold. Messrs. J. C. Nicholson & Co. are very large importers of the commodities in which they deal, receiving their teas from the London market, and their seeds and general goods from all parts. They employ seven hands, and do a very large local and a considerable North of Ireland trade ; but the firm’s special line consists in the tea and general grocery business. The whole of the trade is entirely of a wholesale character. The Newry Nurseries, Rodger, M'Cielland & Co., Nursery and Seedsmen, 2, Sugar Island Street, Newry.—This great nursery and seed business was established in the year 1846 by a Mr. Daly, who was succeeded by the present firm in the year 1872. The central offices in Sugar Island, which are connected with the nurseries by telephone, are used as a seed warehouse, a memorial wreath factory, and a sale-room for agricultural implements and garden appliances of all kinds. The pre¬ mises are very extensive and well-fitted. The well-kept and fully-stocked nurseries on Warrenpoint Road form the great centre of activity. They extend over some twenty acres devoted to the raising of hundreds of varieties of conifer®, evergreens, suh-evergreens, flowering and ornamental trees and shrubs, embracing every species, deciduous trees and shrubs, common and rare, standard weeping and other ornamental trees, climbing and wall plants, clematis in many fine varieties, with the jackmanni, lanuginosa patens, and other sections fully represented, and such favourite plants as ivy, honeysuckle, jessamine, laburnum, cotoneaster, tropseolum, and many others of every habit. The collection of azaleas is certainly unique, and that of native and foreign ericas scarcely less so. The fruit-trees include many hundred kinds, every celebrated variety being represented. Great as are the rarity and completeness of the above, that of the flowering and decorative plants is even more so. Four large greenhouses serve for the raising, hardening, and keeping of a large collection. The business is very extensive, and its connections extend over an immense circle of customers of all classes, both fur and near. The firm, too, are in great favour as contractors for the laying out and planting of gardens, lawns, pleasure grounds, and the like, and are in a position to offer the best professional advice to those requiring their services. The distribution of their productions is carried on with great promptitude and care, and their nurseries are always open for personal inspection and selection. Long experience and a rare mastery of the details of a very exacting industry have given the firm a very flattering position. The telegraphic address is “Agrestic, Newry,” and all orders for trees, plants, cut flowers, bouquets, &c., are promptly attended to. ICO INDUSTRIES OF J. Catlicart & Co., Wholesale Hardware Merchants, Manufacturers of Bellows, Brushes, Baskets, Cages, and General Ironmongery, 29 and 31, North Street, Newry.—Prominent among the northern firms which have taken a leading place in introducing new industries is the above leading Newry house. The premises are situated conveniently in North Street, have a handsome and attractive frontage of about a hundred feet, and comprise three storeys extending nearly one hundred yards to the rear. The fine shop is fully stocked with a complete range of general hardware and house furnishing iron¬ mongery, the special manufactures of the firm forming noteworthy items. These include bellows of all • kinds, from the hand bellows used in the house up to the giant bellows used in the smithy. Brushes for all purposes -F— . ggg|g=| i —^ ig=gj=g=g| ipgpppf| - !Sff# M' 1 :.i=r BpL—- || jjj — L “‘ _ 'T ■*—r . IK --pi 1 i " 1 1 . .t lifer*!, — ! -._ J®]’.., — ufe 29 .& 3 I. J.CATHCART-&.-C 9 - 2 9 & 31 . •- -T—- BrF — =r Inari > £= 1 Hi — — 1 U'T U- fob ilffee - f T'’-' f b*r ' In D' — KrfD -IT — Stfffi - ■ Rvh: 1 Is -"• wines and spirits embrace a wide range of articles of fine selection, mostly imported direct from the best sources. Fine French brandies, splendid wines, and preserved fruits form the leading specialities, but the stock comprehends all kinds of family groceries, confectionery, pastry, and Italian 'goods in endless variety and immense quantity. The firm arc heavy importers of fine brands of American and Hungarian flour, and maintain large stocks in their stores at Castle Street. The stock of teas and coffees is by no means the least important feature of business, but the whole range of goods is no less notable for its general superiority. The business, which affords employment to forty hands, is managed on the most systematic and admirable plan, and might challenge comparison with anything of the kind, A large and widespread trade is effectively controlled by the house. The energetic principals conduct the business with marked ability and with a practical and complete mastery of every detail. In Newry, and in the adjoining counties, the firm enjoy a flattering reputation, and hold the field against all comers. Fifteen horses and vans are kept for delivery by road, mainly for bread and pastry, while the communication by rail is open to all parts. In a word the house is fully abreast of the requirements of the times, and caters for a wide district in a manner which is certain still further to extend and enhance its influence and prosperity. are made, including blacklead brushes, whitewash brushes, frame, loom, mill , and horse scavenger brushes, market, parcel, clothes, and linen baskets, wicker chairs, wicker tables, and a speciality in rustic work, viz. garden chairs, garden seats and tables, picnic baskets, bass brooms, scavenger brooms, hair brooms, bird cages, &c. Some thirty hands are em¬ ployed, and the demand from all parts of Ireland is so great for the several specialities that the firm can only keep pace with it by the greatest exer¬ tion. Smiths’bellows, of which they are the only northern manufac¬ turers, form a special feature, and Messrs. Cathcart & Co. received for both hand and smiths’ bellows the highest award at the recent Arti¬ sans’ Exhibition in Dublin. Then'intention has been from the first to turn out a very superior article, and their success in every way has been commensurate with this enlightened system of procedure. The general merchant business of the firm is carried on ia the same spirit, and the reputation of the house with all classes of customers is of the most flattering description. The very enterprising head of the firm, Mr. J. Cathcart Henry, has spared no effort to secure the manufacturing and commercial position of the concern, and deserves to be congratulated on successfully establishing such an important centre of industry in this flourishing frontier town. It is worthy of note, too, that the foundation of the concern dates back to 1835, when it was founded by Mr. Joseph Cathcart, so that it ranks among the oldest, as it does among the most spirited and successful firms in the town. Their telegraphic address is “ Cathcart, Newry.” "We may add that this firm was the first in Ireland to make the new pattern parcel-post basket for the General Post Office, Dublin, and for which they secured the contract for three hundred and fifty baskets for 1890 and six hundred and fifty for 1891. A. & J. McCann, Wholesale and Family Grocers, Wine Merchants and Italian Warehousemen, Victoria Bakery, 37, Castle Street, and 28 and 30, Hill Street, Newry.—This house was established by Messrs. Matthew and Joseph McCann in 1837, who were succeeded by Mr. Thomas McCann, and finally passed (in 1876) to the nephews of the latter gentleman, Messrs. Arthur and James McCann, the present enterprising proprietors. The premises occupied in Hill Street, Nos. 28 and 30, were erected by the present firm, and comprise a handsome corner block of three storeys with an extensive double frontage ol some three hundred and twenty feet. The bakery is in Castle Street and contains ten ovens, together with the usual modern appliances. The whole premises are spaciou-, commodious, and suitably fitted in every way for carrying on the very large wholesale and retail business con¬ trolled by the firm. The stocks of general groceries, Italian goods, and Foster & Co., Drapers, Milliners, and Fancy Warehousemen, The Arcade and 53, Hill Street, Newry — The varied and very extensive business of Foster & Co. was established in 1870 by Mr. Robert Foster, and has been very ably developed by him during the twenty years that have since elapsed. The central premises, widely known as the “ Arcade, ” are devoted to the general drapery, dress, millinery, and mantle-making, and form a very busy and fashionable centre in the “ frontier town.” These premises, which have an attractive frontage and fine windows for the display of goods, are excellently designed, arranged, and fitted for a first-class trade. They comprise two floors, fifty by one hundred feet, the lower used as a retail shop, and the upper devoted to offices and to millinery and mantle ware-rooms and work-rooms. The range of goods is of the most complete de¬ scription, including all articles of general drapery, English and foreign dress goods and sundries, millinery goods in endless variety and of the best selection, ladies’ and children’s mantles, mantle cloths, under-clothing, infants’ dress, plain and fancy hosiery, corsets, furs, &c., and such household goods as blan¬ kets, down quilts, and the like, together with men’s and boys’ ready-made clothing. During the year 1889 the premises contiguous, at No. 53, Hill Street, were opened as a merchant tailoring and outfitting estab¬ lishment, and now form the centre of an active trade in these lines. These premises consist of a fine shop fully stocked with a complete representation of the best home and foreign woollens for coatings, suit¬ ings, and trouserings, silk and felt hats, caps, shirts, gloves, gents’ hosiery aud mercery, and the hundred and one secondary items of gent's wear. To the rear of the shop are the cutting, fitting, and tailors’ departments. Mr. Foster is also the proprietor of a third establishment at the junction of North Street and Margaret Street, devoted to ready¬ mades, trading there under the style of the “Ulster Clothing Company.” In a word, all these leading houses are fully organised on the best modern principles, and are quite up to date in every way. Skilled staffs of modistes, milliners, cutters, and tailors are employed in the several departments, as well as a number of counter hands, the whole number amounting to some seventy hands in all. The reputation of Foster & Co. is firmly established in Newry and throughout the adjoining counties, and the counter and order trade is unusually active; in fact, the connec¬ tion includes a wide circle of retail and wholesale customers whoso patronage is as steady as it is well merited. The whole business is very ably controlled by Mr. Foster himself, whose popularity with all classes is very flattering. Joseph Livingston, Baker and General Grocer, Meal, Flour, and Bran Stores, Queen Street Bakery, Newry.—Mr. James Livingston founded (this important and prosperous business in 1862, his son, the present proprietor, succeeding him in 1875, and in 1879 he purchased a large property, 13 to 21, King Street, at the rear of which he erected large grain stores, stabling, &c. The premises in Queen Street comprise a three-storied building ; the commodious and well-appointed shop being largely stocked with a fine and well-chosen selection of general groceries, plain and fancy bread, &c., the windows being dres-ed in a tasteful and effective manner. Un the same floor are spacious stores for meal, flour, and bran, aud adjoining the stores is a suitably arranged bakehouse, in which is a large oven, bread-baking being the speciality of the business. An extensive trade is carried on amongst a desirable and old established clientele, whose continual support must be a source of great gratification to Mr. Livingston, who labours so earnestly and so success¬ fully, as did his father before him, to give complete satisfaction to those whom it is his pleasure to serve, and maintains a well merited reputation for the excellence of the whole of his supplies. IRELAND. 161 Anderson & McCrea, Wholesale Druggists, Grocers, and General Merchants, 96, Hill Street, Newry.—One of the most noteworthy of the many leading houses in Newry, and perhaps the most important Italian warehouse in that busy and enterprising centre, is that conducted by Messrs. Anderson & McCrea, the well known whole¬ sale druggists, grocers, and warehousemen, of 96, Hill Street. The house dates back so far as the year 1874, when it was established by the proprie¬ tary indicated above, the latter gentleman having become the sole proprietor in 1S83. The premises consist of three floors, forty by four hundred feet, and are Very commodious and excellently appointed throughout. The ground floor is devoted in part to offices, order and despatch departments, and the remainder of the premises to purposes of general storage. The stocks held in the different departments are varied and complete, embracing all articles of grocer}’ and general goods, drugs and Italian wares in endless assortment, spices, nuts, preserves, farina¬ ceous goods, table articles, confectionary, household specialities, dye¬ stuffs, oils, varnishes, colours, ground and dry, inks, fancy cosmetic and toilet articles, medical and kindred sundries, tonsorial requisites, illu¬ minating appliances, biscuits by famous makers, paper bags, writing paraphernalia, bath requisites, room-papers, and a thousand and one similar items form the general stock in trade, in addition to the heavier goods in the general wholesale grocery and drug trade. These the firm import direct from the best houses across the Channel, and supply to a wide and valuable connection in the town and in the prosperous counties around. Mr. McCrea personally directs the whole business, and caters for his influential clientile, in a way that secures a steady and increasing support. The business is thoroughly organised, and splendidly managed in every respect, and affords employment to a large staff. No doubt, much of its success is due to its able and capable management, and to the skill and knowledge displayed in catering for the special wants of a wide and highly-prosperous district. In fact, the name of the firm may be accepted as a guarantee of excellence in all goods sent out, and a synonym for all that it honourable and successful in commercial enter¬ prise. We may add that this firm are sole agents in this district for the famous German yeast, and it is interesting to note that so rapid has been the increase in the sale of it, on account of the wonderful demand for it, that whereas four years ago seven pounds per week was considered a satisfactory amount to dispose of, the sales now reach two hundred and twenty-four pounds per week. This speaks for itself, and therefore requires no further comment from us. William F. Redmond & Co., Timber, Slate, Iron, and Cement Merchants and Importers, Eagle Planing, Sawing, and Moulding Mills, Newry.—This business was established in 1840 by the original proprietors, Messrs. Guy & Co. Afterwards it was carried on by Messrs. Guy & Stewart, and finally, in 1873, it became the property of Mr. William F. Redmond, trading as above. The success of the under¬ taking, in such a busy and enterprising centre as Newry, was assured from the first, but its great and recent development has entirely taken place during the last two decades. The premises comprise three large yards covering an acre each, with suitable buildings situated alongside Merchant’s Quay. The central premises comprise a fine suite of busi¬ ness and private offices, of modem design, and a splendidly [equipped saw-mill. Iu the latter is a fine steam-engine of one hundred and twenty horse-power by Rowland &; Sons, used for driving the various machinery. This consists of three circular saws, three deal frame saws, one log frame saw, a sweep saw, planing and moulding machines, lathes, and, in fact, every modem appliance. Operations are actively carried on here, and this yard forms a centre of busy industry. A great quantity of timber, both wrought and rough, is stored here. To the left is another equally extensive yard devoted to the storage of bricks, tiles, cement, slates, and iron, large stocks of which are carried. Further along is the third yard, exclusively devoted to the storage of timber. The great quantity of material held, as well as the industiial activity of the concern, mark the large scale on which operations are carried on, and the pre-eminent posi¬ tion held by the firm in this important trade. The connection includes a numerous and influential clientele of wholesale and retail customers in the town and throughout a great portion of the Northern Province, whose steady support has long been given to the firm. As timber and heavy goods importers, the business, as we have indicated, is of the first magni¬ tude, and the firm controls a direct trade with all the best American, Baltic, and British houses in the several lines followed. A staff of fifty hands, and several horses and carts, find constant employment in the general work of the concern, which is personally directed by the pro¬ prietor. The commercial and business reputation of the firm is second to none ; while as an industrial centre it takes precedence of most of the large firms in the Province. The energetic owner occupies a favourable position in all circles, and is keenly alive to the best interests of the busy town and port of Newry, to whose prosperity he so largely and actively contributes. Maclean & Co., Wholesale and Family Grocers, Tea Merchants, and Italian Warehousemen, Margaret Square, Newry.— This flourishing and widely-connected business was founded many years ago by a Mr. Green, and passed to the present proprietors in the year 1886. During the interval they have very energetically and ably con¬ solidated and extended the connection of the firm, and at present control an influential trade in Newry and throughout the surrounding counties. The range of operations is very extensive, and the goods sold include all kinds of grocery and Italian wares, fine Loudon teas of an unusually high class, fresh and canned fruits, and wines forming the leading features. The stock held is complete in the multitudinous articles known as Italian, in general groceries, and in all household requisites and fancy goods. The firm are local agents for the great house of Gilbey, the celebrated wine and spirit merchants, and control an immense trade oa their behalf. The premises in Margaret Square consist of three storeys, sixty by a hundred feet, and are mainly devoted to offico and warehousing purposes. A handsome and attractive front shop serves for the supply of local retail customers, and is excellently fitted up for the business and replete with a full representation of the general goods of the trade. A large staff of assistants, under the direction of the principals of the firm, attends to the general distributive business, which is very perfectly organised. The prompt and unsurpassed catering of the house, in every way fully up to date, and its now established position are constantly winning extended support. Most of the large stock held represents the very best goods of the leading English and Scotch merchants and factors, and alone entitles the concern to a prominent position in the ranks of the foremost caterers for the wants of the great northern province. Hence the business is steadily increasing, both in extent and importance, and bids fair to outdistance that of most of their rivals in this splendid field of enterprise. Campbell & Savage, Wholesale and Retail Drapers, 6, North Street, Newry.—Mr. John Campbell founded this business about 1830, and in 1S66 Mr. Savage entered into partnership with Mrs. Campbell (Mr. Campbell having died in 1865), and since 1872 h 0 has been sole manager, continuing to trade under the old style of Campbell & Savage. The premises are thoroughly adapted for the important business carried on, and consist of a large building, the front portion of which is admirably appointed as a retail sale shop, behind which are departments for hats and caps, and ready-made goods, as well as the millinery and mantle department, and suitably-arranged work¬ rooms, while at the extreme end are large general stock-rooms, the entire length of the floor being four hundred feet, its width being about thirty feet. The windows are attractively and tastefully arranged, the general stock being a large and first-class one, and consisting of every description of plain and fancy drapery, hats and caps in great variety, and compris¬ ing the latest styles, millinery goods, mantles, and all kinds of ready¬ made clothing; these last, together with woollen goods being the specialities. From fifteen to twenty hands are regularly employed on the premises, and include shop assistants, and also experienced milliners and dressmakers, whose very efficient workmanship plainly proclaims their skill. The- establishment is most ably managed throughout. It has always received extensive patronage, and even now, after^sixty years of uninterrupted success, its trade is still growing, this being mainly of a retail description, and extends throughout the town of Newry and the counties of Down, Armagh, and Louth. E. C. Sloane, Watchmaker, Jeweller and Silversmith, 108, Hill Street, Newry.—This fine business was established by Mr. Sloane in the year 1882. The premises are two storeys in height, and occupy a favourable corner position, their entire frontage being about fifty feet. On the front portion of the ground floor is a commodious and well- lighted shop, splendidly appointed in every particular, those tasteful arrangements so characteristic of Mr. Sloane being discernible on all sides. There is a lavish display of some of the choicest articles in the trade to be seen in the windows, while in various other parts of the shop are handsome plate-glass and mahogany show-cases, in each of which i displayed a most beautiful assortment of the finest jewellery, &c., the stock bein"' a comprehensive and very valuable one, and embraces gold and silver watches in great variety, and of excellent workmanship ; clocks and jewellery of all kinds, of rich design and exquisitely made; and also fire and burglar-proof safes, specialities being made of gold, silver and diamond jewellery and precious stones. On the first floor is a well- arrano-ed workshop where all kinds of repairs, &c., are promptly and neatly executed by experienced workmen. Sir Sloane is a large importer of American and Continental watches, clocks and jewellery ; and carries on a considerable local and country trade. He employs two hands, and displays very marked ability in the management of his prosperous undertaking. 162 INDUSTRIES OE James Stuart, Tea, Coffee, Fruit anti Provision Merchant, the “ Golden Eagle,” 31 & 33, Mill Street, Newry.—This business has been established many years, and has always been noted for the excellence of its goods, a fact that doubtless accounts in a very great measure for the extensive patronage which it has always enjoyed. It was founded by a Mr. Willis, and has been in the hands of the present proprietor since, December, 1889. The premises occupy a very desirable position, and comprise two adjacent shops, that at No. 31, Mill Street being used as the tea, coffee and general grocery .department, and fully stocked with high-class goods, and the adjoining shop being devoted to choice provisions, in which a very large trade is done. At the back of the premises is a large warehouse for goods, and this stands two storeys in height. The ground floor is utilised for the storage of provisions, meal flour and bran ; and the upper one is used as a store for general groceries. The principal part of the goods are imported from Liverpool. The whole of the establishment is extremely well organised, being replete with every convenience, and the different arrangements are in good taste; while the window displays form not the least attractive feature of the “ Golden Eagle.” Five shop assistants are employed, and a large trade is carried on amongst a well-established connection, some of the largest sales being in respect to provisions, tea, coffee, plain and fancy bread and fruit. Barclay & Hopkins, Merchant Tailors and Outfitters, G7, Hill Street, Newry 7 .—The members of this distinguished and leading firm of outfitters are Messrs. William Barclay and Edward Robert Hopkins. The partnership dates from the year 1885, and during the comparatively 7 short interval that has elapsed since that date the firm has come prominently to the front as the leading high-elass house in the trade. They have always made it a leading feature of their business to keep none but tho finest materials in stock, and to engage only 7 picked work¬ men. The result has been that they have gained a flattering position amongst those classes of customers whose taste is obviously 7 superior, and now control a fine business in Newry and throughout the prosperous counties of Louth, Armagh, Down and Monaghan. The premises in Hill Street are well adapted to the requirements of the business, and are splendidly fixtured and fully stocked with all the best and most reliable goods on the market. The ground floor is devoted to the smaller items of dress, such as collars, ties, cuffs and shirts, and to a fashionable range of fine outfitting materials. To the rear is a well-fitted cutting-room and a fitting room. A magnificent stock of home and foreign dress fabrics is kept. The third flat is the making-up department. An efficient staff of skilled hands is employed, under the general supervision of the principals, who are both experts in all the details of the business. The firm is renowned for many specialities, such as evening dress suits, officers’ uniforms, and ladies’ tailoring, but it is unnecessary to single any items out for particular mention where all is almost equally praise¬ worthy. The firm indeed are equal to anything in their line, and require no superfluous commendation in these pages. Hooray Brothers, Wholesale and Retail Ironmongers and Hardware Merchants, Margaret Street, Newry.—This establish¬ ment was founded in 1865 by Mr. Frank Rooney, the present sole pro¬ prietor, who continues to trade under the above style. A large two storied building constitutes the premises, and has a fine frontage of forty- five feet, while its depth from front to rear is fully sixty feet. The ground floor forms the wholesale and retail shop, and is handsomely appointed. The stock on hand is very large and comprehensive, and consists of hardware and general ironmongery of the best manufacture, comprising house-furnishing goods in great variety, stoves, grates, kitcheners, gardening and other tools, &c., a special feature of the busi¬ ness being made of agricultural implements, which are of very superior workmanship in every detail. The upper floor of the premises is divided into spacious stock-rooms. The firm deals largely in London, Birming¬ ham, and Sheffield hardware, and imports nearly the whole of the goods sold. The entire establishment is splendidly organised, everything being extremely well-arranged, and in a manner that reflects the greatest credit upon the proprietor, who is characterised by energy, ability, practical knowledge and experience. The house has been reputed from the very commencement, and deservedly so, for the superiority of its productions, and is in the enjoyment of extensive patronage and support from a connec¬ tion that is spread throughout the town and the counties of Down and Armagh. The trade is both wholesale and retail, but principally the former, and provides five hands with regular employment. John K. Todd & Co., Wholesale Grocers and Seed Merchants, Sugar Island, Newry.—This very extensive and well- managed business was established in 1865, by the present proprietor, Mr. John K. Todd, J.P., and has now attained colossal dimensions. Very extensive premises are maintained for storage purposes, comprising in addition to tho above large concern at Sugar Island, a large seed store in Edward Street, of three very extensive storeys, three hundred by one hundred feet, and other very extensive threo-storied buildings devoted to purposes of general storage at Canal Quay. The main premises are devoted both to the grocery and seed departments, and are heavily stocked. Here, too, are the business and private offices, sample-rooms, and despatch department. Tho seed warehouse is to the rear, excellently fitted up with seed cleaning machines, of which there are six, fans, rces, &c., all driven by a powerful steam-engine. The whole premises are about two hundred feet by three hundred and fifty feet, and possess an enormous storage capacity, rising as they do to four storeys. The firm are large importers of flax and other seeds from various parts of the Continent, exporting grass seeds in return ; are very large importers of all kinds of grocery goods, and control an enormous home trade, exclusively wholesale, in this line. The general work of the firm affords employment to some thirty hands, and the whole is very ably con¬ trolled by tho accomplished proprietor, who has long held a leading position not only in the trade, but in public affairs, he being a Justice of the Peace for the county of Armagh. DOWNPATRICK. Kerr & Eelshaw, General Merchants, Scotch Street, Downpatrick.—This flourishing concern was inaugurated nearly a century ago, the proprietors being Messrs. James Kerr and Thomas Belshaw, trading as above. The business, which is a very extensive and influential one, embraces general grocery, provision, seed, grain, and wine and spirit departments, all splendidly organised and fully stocked. The premises are of very considerable extent, embracing a range of shops to the front, and very commodious stores to the rear. The frontage is about forty-five feet, and has three separate entrances, one to the grocery department and office, one to the general stores, and one to the wine and spirit department. Yery extensive stocks are carried to meet the demands of a large wholesale and retail trade. Several specialities of the house are very widely famous, such as its matured Irish whiskies, fine teas, and specially selected agricultural and garden seeds. The very extensive stores extend back some two hundred feet to the rear, are of several storeys, and are utilised for the storage of ales, porters, wines, spirits, grain, meal, seeds, flour, bran, and other bulky goods. The con¬ nection, which extends for twenty miles round, is very successfully catered for, and maintained, both in the wholesale and retail depart¬ ments, and is being steadily consolidated and increased. The general business is under the direction of the principals in person. Both are very popular with all classes of customers, and possess a complete know¬ ledge of their business, which they have creditably utilised in the best manner. It may be interesting to add in conclusion that these premises are said to be the oldest at present existing in the city. R. T. Lithgow & Son, Coach Builders, Downpatrick.—• This widely and favourably known firm of coach builders was founded in the year 1845 by the present senior partner, Mr. R. T. Lithgow, who was joined in 1875 by his son, Mr. Douglas Lithgow, under the firm name of R. T. Lithgow & Son. The business is a large one and has been developed from the first upon a sound and high-class basis. It is well accommodated in spacious and comm'odious premises, which consist of two immense floors, over a hundred and eighty feet long. The build¬ ing is about sixty feet wide, and has large yards and timber stores adjoining, so that the entire establishment covers a very considerable area of ground. The show-rooms contain a fine display of the firm’s pioductions, which comprise a very large variety of vehicles, charac¬ terised by the highest excellence in material, workmanship, design and finish. A leading speciality consists in light traps of all descrip¬ tions, for which this house is famous; and it is noteworthy that Messrs. R. T. Lithgow & Son use only native timber in building the various styles of carriages they produce. Their work is of the very best class, and they have sent vehicles of their make to all parts of the world. The various workshops at this film’s establishment are well arranged and perfectly equipped, and the whole industry, even to the bending of the timber, is exemplified on tho premises under the most favourable conditions. A numerous and skilful staff is employed, and all work is executed under the personal supervision of the principals, who are practical masters of every detail of the coach-building trade. Messrs. R. T. Lithgow & Son conduct a business which develops continuously under the able and conscientious management of the proprietors, and the patronage enjoyed by the firm is of a distinctly superior class, including that of all the first families in the nobility and gentry of County Down. IRELAND. 1G3 Roden Jolinston, Pharmaceutical Chemist, Medical Hall, Irish Street, Downpatrick.—The above represents tho largest and most important chemist's establishment in Downpatrick. Tho business is of old foundation, having been established as far back as the year 1847 by a Mr. Hodges, who was succeeded by Mr. McEwen. Mr. Benjamin Morrow, an apprentice of the last-named gentleman, next became the proprietor, and in 1883 the establishment passed into the hands of Mr. lloden Johnston, who served his apprenticeship in the house. The premises, which are in connection with the Town Hall buildings, com¬ prise a large and handsome shop, with an exceptionally fine and imposing plate-glass frontage of fully thirty feet. The window is most tastefully arranged, and displays all the interesting and attractive characteristics of a high-class pharmaceutical establishment. The interior is fitted up in a very superior style with elegant yet substantial counters, stands, show-cases, and other appropriate appointments. The premises contain dispensing department, consulting room, and all the accessories of a large and thoroughly organised establishment. The various depart¬ ments are well and completely stocked with goods of a quality and character admirably suited to the trade, including a most extensive assortment of drugs and chemicals of well-attested purity, all the best known patent medicines and proprietary articles, surgical appliances of all kinds, hospital and sick-room requirements, deodorisers, disinfectants and sanitary preparations, a choice and varied selection of perfumes and fancy soaps, sponges, brushes, and toilet requisites of every description. The entire stock is of exceptional quality, the goods are all selected from the best sources with great care and sound judgment, most tastefully displayed and admirably arranged for ready reference and easy inspection. The house has long enjoyed a vei'y wide-spread and well-merited reputa¬ tion for a number of special preparations, amongst which may be mentioned, Johnston’s Botanical Hair Wash, an unequalled preparation for beautifying, refreshing, and renovating the hair, and Johnston’s “ Dulcie,” which is the most fragrant and lasting perfume known. John¬ ston’s blood purifier and tonic, com remedy, cough mixture, cascara cordial, Johnston’s celebrated rheumatic embrocation, and Johnston’s ■ointment for tender and perspiring feet, are remedies that are undoubtedly producing tho happiest results. Dispensing is a leading speciality of the business. This department receives the direct personul attention of Mr. Johnston, physicians’ prescriptions are accurately'dispensed, and family receipts carefully prepared, the best and purest drugs and chemicals only being used. An efficient staff of duly qualified assistants are also employed. Mr. Johnston has also another establishment at Newcastle, Co. Down, which is equally well appointed and stocked as the above. Mr. Johnston possesses tho advantage of thorough professional and practical experience, and by his well-known ability, spirited enterprise, and genial courtesy, has secured the confidence and support of a very •extensive and high-class connection. John Gilmore, Family Grocer, Wine and Spirit SEer- cliant, Commercial Hotel, Downpatrick.—The loading hotel in Down¬ patrick is that which has been established with such distinguished success by Mr. John Gilmore. This gentleman had previously conducted the most important family grocery, wine and spirit stores in the town in Stream Street, and in opening tho hotel last year, he removed his business to the same'premises, and now conducts them conjointly. The hotel is most centrally situated opposite to the railway station, and is included in the finest block of buildings in the town. The whole premises, with stores and stables, cover an area of more than an acre, and are most admirably appointed. In the front is a handsome and commodious shop, tastefully arranged, displaying in the most inviting manner a choice selection of family groceries. Attached are extensive stores for wines and spirits, for which Mr. Gilmore has the highest reputation, and also coal stores and stabling for coaches and post-horses. The hotel accommo¬ dation leaves nothing to be desired. There is a handsome bar as well as commercial and smoking rooms, furnished in the most tasteful and luxurious styles. On the first floor is situated a splendid apartment used as a coffee-room, and there are also a very large number of bed-rooms, well ventilated and furnished. No effort is spared to ensure the comfort of the guests, and a very large staff of competent servants is employed, whilst the cuisine is one of the best in the North of Ireland. All who have stayed at the hotel, under Mr. Gilmore’s management, are loud in their praises of the substantial comforts it accords, and the house is fast acquiring the highest reputation among first-class hotels in the county. Mr. Gilmore is personally held in the highest respect for his courtesy and geniality, and the strict integrity which characterises all his transactions. - NEWTOWNARDS. REGISTERED. Stevenson & Co., Manufacturers and Finishers of Hosiery, Skirts, &c., Regent Street Factory, Newtownards.—This im¬ portant concern was founded in 1883 by its present sole principal, Mr. John Stevenson, and from that date up to 1890 its operations were car¬ ried on in premises directly oppo¬ site to the factory now occupied. The latter establishment (formerly used as a brewery) was recently pur¬ chased by Mr. Stevenson and sub¬ jected to considerable alterations, which have rendered it thoroughly suited to the requirements of the trade. The establishment is of large dimensions, and Che accommodation is further increased by the fact that the buildings contain three lofty storeys. The top floor is used as yarn-store, stock-loft, and natural drying-loft, and its contents com¬ prise a great quantity of the best class of Irish, English and Scotch spun yarns. The yam goes first to the winding-machine room, where it is wound on to bobbins. These are passed on into the knitting-machine room, which is situated on the first floor of the building. Here there is accommodation for upwards of two hundred knitters, and the large outfit of machines enables this staff to turn out a vast amount of first- class work in a given time. In this room there are a few fine circular knitting-machines of Mr. Stevenson’s own patent—highly efficient apparatus, embodying some very important improvements. There are also several Swiss double-head steam-power automatic knitting-machines, of a highly perfected type—the first of their kind introduced into Ireland. With these exceptions, and that of eighteen flat knitters of Swiss make, the remainder of the machines are of the Griswold type. On the floor below is located the “ passing’’-room, where the goods are. in¬ spected after knitting, and from this department they are sent finally into the “ toeing ’’-room. Most of.the goods are knitted from undyed yarn, and are subsequently sent on to the dyeing-room. . All goods brought in by outside workers (“closers” and “embroiderers ”) are taken at once to the scouring-room, where they are washed and put through hydro-ex¬ tractors. They are then transferred to a hot chamber, and after this they are pressed, finished, and taken to the packing-room, where they are parcelled and made ready for the stock-room. All the processes of manu¬ facture, dyeing, and finishing are carried out under conditions favourable to tho attainment of the best results, and certainly Messrs. Stevenson s productions in hosiery, skirts, &c., reach a very high standard of excel¬ lence in every essential feature. Their shooting hose are simply unsur¬ passed in quality and finish, and are in great demand. The Regent Street factory is characterised by excellent arrangements and effectual organisa¬ tion in all departments. This firm gained the Gold Medal at the Cork Exhibition for the excellence of their hosiery and underwear,_ and they have developed in a very energetic manner a large and rapidly increasing trade, with valuable connections in all the leading markets. Mr. Stevenson, whose personal ability and enterprise are strongly' manifested in his admi¬ nistration of this business, has recently purchased the hosiery' factory lately owned by' Mr. Greer at Bangor, county' Down, and this establish¬ ment he is now successfully carrying on in conj unction with his New- townwards factory', giving employ'ment in all to over two hundred and fifty hands. 1C4 INDUSTRIES OF John Taylor & Son, Wholesale Grocers, Provision Curers, Starch Manufacturers, and Steam Corn Millers, Conway Square, Newtownards, county Down.-—One of the oldest and most exten¬ sive businesses in the flourishing town of Newtownards is that carried on under the above well-known designation. Originally established in 1820 by the late Mr. John Taylor, the business afterwards passed to his son, and on his death, in 1882, became the sole property of the present owner, Mr. James McCulkmgh. The business includes the several departments of starch manufacture, corn milling, provision curing, and wholesale grocery, and is carried on with great energy and success. The central premises in Conway Square have a frontage of thirty-five feet and a rear extent of two hundred feet, including offices, forwarding department, and general stock-room to the front; while behind are the starch factory and very extensive stores. Part of the ground floor space is used as a provi¬ sion-curing house, while the floor above is devoted to general grocery storage. The starch factory is equipped with all the best modern machi¬ nery, driven by a steam-engine of twelve-horse power. The turn-out of prepared starch is very great, as much as twenty tons of wheat being used weekly in the manufacture, all of which is ground in the firm’s own mills. Their “B”and “BB” brands of starch are widely known and are highly esteemed for purity, whiteness, and high stiffening qualities. The corn mills of the firm are situated, one in Mill Street, known as the Manor Mill, and the other in Glen Road. Each of these is about a hundred feet square, is equipped with all the best modern grinding, sifting, and purifying appliances, and provided with ample steam and water power. In the grocery and provision department and in the genoral grain trade, the firm enjoy an extensive connection all over the North of Ireland, while their various brands of fine wheat starch, which are specialities, are known favourably on both sides of the Channel. In all some thirty hands find employment, and the whole is ably directed by the proprietor. The firm takes a prominent position among provincial enterprises, and richly merits on account of its skilful and successful management, no less than for its long establishment and high standing, that eminent and important position it now enjoys. James Caughey, General Letterpress Printer, House Fainter, Hoorn Paper Sealer, Picture Frame Manufacturer, Funeral Undertaker, afid Posting Establishment, 60, Frances Street, Newtownards.-—This enterprising and varied business forms one of those representative developments of energy for which the county Down is remarkable. The premises are situated very centrally in Frances Street, the front portion of the ground floor being employed as an office and as a painters’ and decorators’ department. Including the workmen’s resi¬ dences the total frontage extends about one hundred and ninety feet, while the rear extent is not less than seventy feet. There are an exten¬ sive yard, capacious coach-houses, and a commodious three-storey building. The first floor of this structure serves for stabling accommodation, the second is used as a coffin workshop, and the top floor as a printing-office. In the latter are two excellent printing-machines, type, and all the usual paraphernalia of the business ; adjoining is another store for room-papers. This aggregation of businesses gives employment to some twenty hands, while the posting and undertaking department is fully equipped with a splendid range of vehicles, a large stud of very superior horses being kept both for posting and funerals. Every requisite for the latter is also kept in stock, in great variety. The connection of the house is very exten¬ sive both in the town and county, and no effort has been spared to keep all departments fully and effectively abreast of, the requirements of the times. The business is one of very old standing, having been founded by Messrs. James & R. B. Caughey so far back as the year 1860; but has been the sole property of the former since 1889. Under his very energetic and experienced management the influence of the house is being very steadily extended, and is now of a decidedly leading character. Mr. Caughey acts as correspondent for several newspapers, both in Antrim and Down. The whole concern bears the marks of his intelligent and practical control, and reflects no small honour and credit upon him for his very spirited and successful direction in all its flourishing and well- organised departments. WARRENPOINT. Beach Hotel, Warrenpoint, Co. Down.—By no means the least important of the many attractions of Warrenpoint as a health resort is the unequalled excellence of its hotel accommodation. This fact is supremely conspicuous in the splendid new hotel mentioned above, and built in 1887 by Mr. Stanley, from whom it was taken over by its present proprietors, a syndicate of gentlemen in Newry and Warrenpoint, in May, 1889. The building comprises a magnificent three-storey structure covering an area of fully half an acre, with an additional half acre laid out as lawn-tennis courts. The situation of the hotel is most pleasant and convenient, the entrance hall is spacious, lofty, and well appointed. The dining-room is a large and well-proportioned apartment capable of accom¬ modating a large number of guests. The drawing-room is most luxuriously furnished, as also are the billiard-room, smoke-room, suites of private apartments, lofty and comfortable bedrooms, the lavatories, bath-rooms- supplied with salt and fresh water, the spacious kitchens, and cellars, the usual domestic offices, and all the accessories of a large and thoroughly- organised establishment. The Beach Hotel is noted for the excellent and liberal character of its cuisine, and the high-class quality of its wines, spirits, and cigars. The arrangement of the establishment throughout is in every way perfect, all reasonable requirements being anticipated, every comfort supplied. The house is typical of the practicality as well as the good taste and refinement which are so conspicuously characteristic of the first-class hotels of the present day. The Beach Hotel is well pat¬ ronised, and the excellence of the accommodation, and strictly moderate charges contribute to make the house one of the most comfortable, econo¬ mical, and convenient in Ireland for either a long or short sojourn. Robert A. Jones, Chemist, Druggist, and Seedsman, Warrenpoint and Rosstrevor, Co. Down.—A representative business con¬ ducted with great enterprise and success is that of Mr. R. A. Jones, of Warrenpoint and Rosstrevor. Mr. Jones established the concern in 1864, and has devoted himself to its interests since that date with the utmost advantage and satisfaction to his numerous and influential clients. The field of operations, in addition to the chemist and druggist depart¬ ment, includes a flourishing trade in garden and farm seeds, Belleck pottery and kindred ware, fancy articles, photographs, local scenery, bric-a-brac, natural and artificial mineral waters, and perfumery. Mr. Jones occupies handsome central premises of two storeys, tastefully fitted up. The retail shop is large and brilliant. The left is devoted to post- office purposes, Mr. Jones having been appointed post-master of Warren¬ point in 1875. The right side is devoted to the fancy department and stationery, and the rear to drugs and dispensing. The second floor is devoted to fancy goods, glass, china, earthenware, cabinet ware, &c. The rear premises serve for the accommodation of heavy goods and general storage purposes ; heavy stocks of oils, paints, colours, varnishes, illumi- nants, seeds, &c., being held. The proprietary medicines sold by Mr. Jones, and in many cases specially prepared by him, form a long list; his “ Grape Saline,” “ Worm Tablets,” “ Teething and Fever Powders,” “Iodized Sarsaparilla,” “Blood Mixture,” and preparations for the- relief of indigestion, rheumatism, influenza, neuralgia, and debility, being noteworthy for the popularity they enjoy among all classes. Mr. Jones is also a specialist in perfumery, toilet and cosmetic articles, and prepares two delicate perfumes known as the “ Glenmore Bouquet,” and the “Rosstrevor Bouquet.” Medical and surgical instruments and appliances are also represented in great variety. Mr. Jones represents the famous Belleck Potteries and the celebrated Belfast mineral-water manufacturers, Messrs. Wheeler & Co. The Rosstrevor house is carried on with the same energy and success, and supplies a wide district with select fancy stationery, glass, delf, china, and earthenware goods. Both houses bear the stamp of the ability of their spirited owner, and are among the most notable provincial establishments in the line. Mr. Jones, we may add, is a member of the Pharmaceutical Society of Ireland. SAINTFIELD. David M. McGahey, Imitation Hemstitcher, Finisher and Sewing Agent, Todd’s Hill, Saintfield.—As an outcome of the great linen industry of the North of Ireland, many new branches of business, hitherto unknown have arisen on a scale of magnitude and importance which would be hardly credible, were it not for the existence of stubborn facts and figures. Not the least important amongst these comes the Imitation Hemstitching and Finishing Industry which is typically exemplified b}’ the firm whose business forms the subject-matter of this brief review. Mr. D. M. McGahey commenced operations in 1889 at Todd’s Hill, working principally for the wholesale Belfast houses. His premises were formerly occupied by the Saintfield Steam Sawing and Planing Mills, and now consist of two floors, each having a superficial area of seventy feet by thirty feet. The ground floor is used for packing purposes and the temporary storage of cases, while on the upper storey are the well-appointed offices and machine room, containing sixteen splendid sewing machines by Messrs. Wheeler & Wilson of world-wide celebrity, and eight machines by other makers, all of them being worked by treadle action. Mr. McGahey is also the proprietor of a small hem- stiching factory at Board Mills, which was established in 1S88 by Mrs. McGahey, and which was annexed to the larger establishment last year ; there are eight machines and ten hands employed here, and the combined out-turn of the two concerns is something only short of marvellous, both as regards the superior quality and large quantity of work got through. The entire business is conducted under the personal direction and super¬ vision of the able and courteous proprietor, who has displayed excep¬ tional energy and ability in the management of the work, and is noted for the care and dispatch with which all orders entrusted to him are executed. IRELAND. 165 GILFORD. Dunbar, McMaster & Co., Limited, Flax Spinners and Linen Thread Manufacturers, Gilford Mills, Gilford.—One of the largest firms of linen thread manufacturers in the United Kingdom is that of Messrs. Dunbar, McMaster & Co., Limited, whose immense mills at Gilford for flax-spinning and thread-making rank among the most notable industrial establishments in this part of Ireland. This eminent house originated in the year 1836, when Mr. Hugh Dunbar commenced operations in the preparation of linen yarns and the hand-loom weaving of fabrics from the same. In this industry he achieved marked success, and before long he was joined by Mr. John W. McMaster of Armagh, the firm of Dunbar, McMaster & Co., being thus formed. The death of Mr. Dunbar in 1847 left Mr. McMaster principal of the concern, which he c inducted with conspicuous ability until the time of his own decease —1872. The present limited liability company was formed in 1885, andits principal shareholders are Mr. Hugh Dunbar McMaster, J.P., and his brothers, sons of the late Mr. John W. McMaster. Under this proprietary the house has continued its remarkably successful career, and has more than maintained its distinguished position in the trade. Vast sums of money have been laid out in the improvement of the works, the erection of new buildings, and the installation of plant and machinery of the most perfect modern type. The result of all this enterprise is an establishment which, in our opinion, is quite unsur¬ passed in the British Isles in the completeness of its resources for all the processes of the industry to which it is devoted. The Gilford Mills stand upon a property of one hundred and eighty acres, apper¬ taining to the- company, and the concern owns a great number of houses in the town and neighbourhood, which are used as dwellings by the workers engaged at the mills. These workers, we may say, number | about fifteen hundred hands. Messrs. Dunbar, McMaster & Co. exemplify every process of their industry on their own premises, and the yams they i spin for weaving purposes, as well as the threads for sewing use, are bleached and dyed on the spot, and made thoroughly ready for their destined market. The river Bann in its course through the works sup- I plies very excellent water for washing and dyeing purposes, and the same ! useful stream furnishes good water power, which is supplemented in the works by steam power to a sufficient extent. About sixteen thousand spin- f ning and four thousand twisting spindles are in operation in the Gilford Mills, turning out about seventy-five thousand miles of yam and thread per week. The threads produced by this firm are world-famous, and have gained many eminent awards at international exhibitions at home and abroad, including a prize medal for “ great general excellence ” at Lon¬ don, 1862, a medal for “ superior excellence ” at Philadelphia, 1876, and the special gold medal of the Toronto Exhibition, 1884. In finish, colour, and quality, these threads are unexcelled, and as they are put up in hanks r spools, &c., to suit the requirements of all markets, it is not surprising that they have won universal favour. The company’s linen yarns are held in equally high esteem among weavers and manufacturers every¬ where. It is noteworthy, as an evidence of the self-contained character of the Gilford Mills, that they include shop3 for repairing and erecting the machinery, and also a lithographic department for label work. The British Trade Journal says :—“ The success of the firm as manufacturers of yarn and thread must be attributed in no small degree to the exceptionally favourable position of their works shown in the above sketch. These are built in part literally over the river Bann, the water of which is famous for its bleaching-power. The exquisitely fine white and even yarn re¬ quired in making the lace which sells in London at fabulous prices is spun and bleache'd in this district, and is largely produced by this firm. So well appreciated is the river that linen is sent long distances, even from Belgium, to be bleached on the banks of the Bann whenever extraordinary whiteness is to be attained. The river also supplies power (estimated at two hundred and eighty horse) to -the machinery, the water for driving a huge wheel, twenty-four feet diameter, being drawn from a reservoir about five English acres in area and forty feet deep. Two steam-engines, indicating over six hundred horse, are also at work, and for these five thousand tons of coal are yearly imported. Another large reservoir near the works is set apart for fire extinguishing, and is connected with hy¬ drants and hose in every part of the mills, so that such a conflagration as occurred in 1869, when £40,000 worth of property was destroyed, is not likely to happen again. To these advantages, as regards water for bleaching and dyeing and motive power, must be added cheapness and efficiency of labour, and the use of special machinery. This is employed from the scutching of the flax, so extensively grown in Ulster, to the finishing of the thread, and even at the present moment the firm are the first to be introducing a new invention which promises to effect a great change in the preliminary processes of flax preparation. It is doubtless owing to the care with which the firm select their material that they are called upon to supply her Majesty with flax in the line state for spinning on the old-fashioned hand-wheel. The order and regularity prevailing in the store-houses are typical of the whole establishment. These stores are set apart for the flax as it is bought, and as it is after the heckling and dressing operations have been applied. The buildings are separated from the mills proper, and have been specially designed and constructed with a view to keep the flax in the best condition—that is, unaffected as much as possible by changes of temperature. An excellent system of arranging the various qualities also prevails. From these stores the flax is taken to the heckling departments, partly occupied by hand-hecklers aud partly by machinery for heckling. And here begins the series of processes by which the firm manufacture their famous machine threads I for tailors and shoemakers up to a length of two thousand yards, perfectly uniform in size and smoothness from one end to the other, and capable, therefore, of working without a hitch in the most intricate sewing-machine. For the production of such threads especial care is required, and certain processes and mechanisms are adopted to make them rapidly and success¬ fully even in the smallest sizes. After roughing and heckling the flax is- sorted, and several preparatory processes follow before it reaches the spin¬ ning and doubling frames, and becomes grey yarn in hanks—a form in which it is bleached and dyed if these processes are required. As yarn, also it is largely stocked, and ultimately sent away to foreign countries, to be there woven into fabrics. That for thread-making—the great speciality of Messrs. Dunbar, McMaster & Co.—must undergo finishing processes, chiefly those imparting a beautiful silky gloss or glaze, and must then be wound in given lengths upon spools or bobbins for use in the sewing-machine and also for hand-work ; or it is tied up in skeins, sold by weight, and done up in neatly-labelled parcels. For all this work machinery is extensively used. Certain qualities in thread, however, can- only be obtained by skilful manipulation, and for this experienced opera¬ tives are retained. How fine is the spinning done for certain lace and’ embroidery threads may be inferred from the fact that a length of thirty- six thousand yards weighs only one pound. Other departments at these works deal exclusively with the carding, preparing, and spinning of tow. Throughout the firm appear to have neglected nothing which can add to the efficiency of the machinery ; indeed, they have a particular apti¬ tude for seeing what will be practically useful, to say nothing of inven¬ tive ingenuity, such as that displayed in the new hydraulic governor patented by a member of the firm. Commercially, Messrs. Dunbar, McMaster & Co. are known in all parts of the world. The looms of Spain, Italy, and other European countries weave yarns spun at Gilford, and much linen, lace, embroidery, and netting manufactured elsewhere La 1GG INDUSTRIES OF IRELAND. made from their material. In the warehouse and packing departments we were shown gilling twines for the Adriatic and the Mediterranean, twine for salmon-fishing in British Columbia, carpet-threads, book¬ binders’ thread, extra strong threads for leather and thick cloths, and fine threads for the sewing-machinist and lace-maker. When we say that on an average four tons of raw flax are worked up into these articles and into yarn every day at Gilford, some idea of the vast extent of the firm’s trade may be formed.” Messrs. Dunbar, McMaster & Co., Limited, have other mills at Greenwich, New York State, U.S.A., and have warehouses at 39, Noble Street, London, E.C., 30, College Green, Dublin, 78, Mos¬ ley Street, Manchester, and 6, Donegall Square South, Belfast. Their business, in all its important and far-reaching ramifications, is conducted upon the soundest principles by the present directorate, whose adminis- tratiye capacity is strikingly illustrated in the recent advancement and continuous development of the concern, and the trade now controlled finds its outlet in all the markets of the world, especially valuable connections being maintained throughout the United Kingdom, the Continent, the United States, South America, the Dominion of Canada, and nearly all the British dependencies abroad. BANBRIDGE. Frederick W. Hayes & Co., Flax Spinners, Linen Thread Manufacturers, Seapatrick Mills, Banbridge.—These large and important mills are situated about a mile distant from the town of Banbridge, and form a notable industrial feature in a busy district. They were founded many years ago, and formerly were large manu¬ facturers of union linens. Of late years, however, the firm have taken up the manufacture of all kinds and grades of linen threads, and this in¬ dustry has occupied their entire attention for the past twenty-five years. The premises have been greatly extended in order to give full scope for the development of the thread trade, and over £30,000 was expended in the erection of the new and extensive preparing, spinning, twisting, and spool¬ ing mill. The fine flax warehouse, which also forms such a notable feature of the premises, was built in 1868 at a cost of upwards of £5,000. The whole establishment is now as complete and effective in equipment as any -of its kind in the kingdom, and possesses a splendid plant of the most improved modern machinery, representing the outlay of a very large amount of judiciously invested capital. In the neighbourhood of the works there are numerous neat and comfortable work-people’s dwellings belonging to Messrs. Hayes & Co., and these give accommodation to the majority of the seven or eight hundred hands constantly employed by the firm. Messrs. E. W. Hayes & Co. produce a great variety of linen threads for all purposes, and their goods are put up in forms which satisfy the requirements of a great many markets at home and abroad. These threads have always been very favourably received by the trade and the public, and they worthily maintain their reputation for sound quality and fine finish—a reputation confirmed by high exhibition awards. At Dublin in 1882, at Cork in 1883, and at Glasgow in 1888 the firm under notice gained gold medals for excellence of quality in their linen threads for tailors’ use, and a certificate of merit was also granted to them for flax and tow yams, which they produce to a con¬ siderable extent. The trade of this notable house extends to all parts of the United Kingdom, the continent, the colonies, and the United States. All the affairs of the business are administered with marked ability by Mr. Frederick W. Hayes, J.P., grandson of the founder of the house. The latter gentleman at his death was succeeded by his son, Mr. William Hayes, who died in 1876, leaving his son (the present principal) in sole proprietorship. We know of no house in this line of trade that has more worthily achieved the success it enjoys, or more honourably gained the confidence of a widespread connection. Thomas Gillespie, Druggist and Grocer, Banbridge.— The drug and grocery business is well represented in Banbridge by the establishment of Mr. Thomas Gillespie, which has had a prosperous career since its inauguration by him in the year 1873. The premises ■consist of three extensive storeys with a frontage of forty feet, and extending to the rear about a hundred and fifty feet. The retail shop occupying the front (fitted with large plate-glass windows) is well equipped and fully stocked. All kinds of grocery goods, drags, and chemicals are represented in the fine fresh stock, the brisk trade admitting of con - stant renewal in the goods. To the rear of the shop are stores for oils, paints, colours, varnishes, and heavy goods. In addition, Mr. Gillespie has recently opened a first-class provision shop in the adjoining premises, which already commands a flattering trade. The connection is mostly with retail customers in Banbridge and throughout county Down, and is very energetically attended to. Mr. Gillespie manages the concern in person ; the routine work being in the hands of half a dozen assistants. The proprietor is well and favourably known in local business circles, and is a member of the Chemists and Druggists Society of Ireland. The progress and success of the enterprise steadily maintained since its inception must be regarded as very gratifying, reflecting no small honour on Mr. Gillespie for his skilful direction of it. We may mention that this gentleman is a member of the Town Council and also a member of the Burial Board of Banbridge. PORTAEEREY. Henry Donnan, Grain and Coal Merchant, and Ship¬ owner, Portaferry.—A very large and important grain and coal trade is carried on at Portaferry by Mr. Henry Donnan, whose father, Mr. Hugh Donnan, started business here in the same line as far back as the year 1824. The present proprietor succeeded to the control of the concern in 1870, and has greatly developed the scope of its operations. Mr. Donnan deals very largely with coal and grain, importing the former in great quantities, and exporting grain and hay to England and elsewhere. He owns one vessel and has always a number of others in charter, convey¬ ing goods for him to and from the English, Irish, and Scotch ports. The various operations of the business give employment to a good many hands, and the whole concern is actively supervised by Mr. Donnan in person. At Portaferry the premises occupied comprise two large stores, the principal establishment being in High Street. This building is one of three floors, and is about one hundred feet square. It contains stores for coal and grain, and also has the chief offices of the firm. Upwards of fire to six hundred tons can be stored here, and the capacity of the warehouse (the one situated in Church Street being the property of Mr. Donnan) is equal to about seven hundred tons. It will thus be seen that Mr. Donnan possesses very satisfactory accommodation for the goods in which he deals, and, as a matter of fact, his facilities for conducting a large grain and coal trade are not surpassed in this vicinity. Personally Mr. Donnan is well known as an energetic and thoroughly experienced business man, and he enjoys deservedly the confidence, of a large and important connection. William Brown, Family Grocer, Hardware, Seed, and General Merchant, Portaferry.—It was in the year 1856 that Mr. John Brown formed the nucleus of this important establishment which ten years later passed into the hands of his brother, the present proprietor. The premises consist of a substantial two-storied building in front, and a two-storied commodious store-house to the rear, the entire establishment having a frontage of thirty-five feet, and extending backwards for a distance of no less than one hundred and fifty feet. The ground floor is heavily stocked with general grocery goods, seeds, and hardware of every description, the whole being most carefully arranged, and forming one of the best displays of its kind in the town. The upper floors are reserved as show and stock-rooms for hardware and general house- furnishing goods, while the stores to the rear are utilised for seeds, meal, flour, and bran, most of these being purchased in the best markets of Great Britain, and imported direct from Liverpool and Glasgow. Five active hands are regularly employed under the personal supervision of the worthy proprietor, who conducts the business throughout with marked ability, energy, and enterprise. It would indeed be difficult to find a more thoroughly sound concern of its character in the trade, and there are fe w men better known or more highly esteemed in business circles than the spirited head of this house, which enjoys a very large and fast growing local and district connection amongst the leading families of the town and county. BALLYNAHINCH. XL. B. Bailie, Grocer, Hardware and General Mer¬ chant, Ballynahinch.—This substantial and prosperous concern was established some forty years ago by Mr. John Bailie, the father of tho present proprietor, the latter succeeding to the business in 1878, but besides being a general merchant, Mr. Bailie is also engaged in the watch¬ making trade. The premises consist of a three-storied building, the front portion of the ground floor being used as a general grocery, tea, hardware and fancy goods store, the watch-making department being behind this, while at the rear of the premises are commodious stores, for general groceries and hardware, the entire length of tho two buildings combined, from front to rear, being ninety feet, while the frontage is sixty feet. The establishment is most suitably appointed throughout, is well conducted, and is largely and comprehensively stocked with high- class groceries, Foster Green & Co.’s teas, “ Mazawattee ” Ceylon tea, Indian and China teas, French coffee, rich plum, seed and other cakes, biscuits, in great variety, London and Scotch sweets, choccdate, cocoa, stationery, cutlery, hardware, ironmongery, wooden goods, watches clocks, jewellery, electro-plate and fancy goods, &c. Specialities are made of choice teas, and confectionery and hardware goods. The watch¬ making branch of the business is a very important one, and w’atch, clock and jewellery repairs are neatly executed on the premises, and constitute, the special feature of this department. A large wholesale and retail trade is carried on in the town and district, the desirable connection which has been formed extending for a radius of fifteen miles. Mr. Bailie is also very successful as a nows and shipping agent, and also , as an emigration agent for the Anchor, Allan, White Star and State Line Steamers. COUNTY TYRONE -- CALEDON, OMAGH, STRABANE, COOKSTOWN, AND DUNGANNON. HAT county Tyrone holds a prominent and credit- [ able place in connection with the trades and industries of the North of Ireland will be readily seen from a survey of the state of commercial enterprise in its principal towns. We have en¬ deavoured to make such a survey and now lay the results of the same before our readers. Caledon is a market town, with a considerable trade and pros¬ pects of future development in the local industries of which it is the seat. It is well situated on the river Blackwater, in the southern extremity of county Tyrone, and about eight miles from Armagh, in a westerly direction. Omagh, the county town and seat of the assize courts for Tyrone, stands on the bank of the river Stoule, about thirty-five miles from Londonderry, and is a busy market town, with a large general trade. The flax and corn mills in this district are important, and the local tanning industry and leather trades have been success¬ fully developed. At the present time the population of the town is upwards of 5,000, and with its useful local institutions, enter¬ prising business men, and excellent resources of a general char¬ acter, Omagh has every prospect of an increasingly prosperous future. Strabane is one of the largest and most flourishing towns in this county, and has a fine situation at the point where tho two rivers, Firm and Mourne, join their waters and form tho river Foyle. Strabane is an important railway junction, about fifteen miles south-west of Londonderry, and as a manufacturing town it is one of tho busiest places of its size in the North of Ireland. J The shirt-making industry has been developed here upon a very large scale, and several firms of almost world-wide reputation have factories in the town, giving employment to a great number of hands. Several other industries are profitably engaged in, but shirt- J making may be regarded as the chief manufacture. The trade in produce is large, particularly that in grain; and all round the town there are acres of orchards and market gardens, yielding great quantities of fruit, &c., for exportation. The facilities of communication by rail, river, and canal are excellent, and all conditions of situation, surroundings, and internal resources are favourable to the prosperity and progress of this thriving town and its inhabitants, who numbered in 1881 about 4,200. There is every reason to believe that the population has greatly increased since then. Cookstown, in the north-eastern quarter of county Tyrone, is a flourishing market town, with good railway communication and a population of upwards of 4,000. Here again we find the linen industry occupying a premier place in the attention of the people, and it has certainly been pursued with excellent results. The mills and factories at Cookstown are admirably equipped, and their . products are highly esteemed in the various markets to which they find their way. This town has also corn-mills of considerable importance, and a large amount of general business is transacted, especially on market days. Ten or twelve miles to the south of Cookstown is Dungannon, a busy and thriving market town with a population of probably 5,000. A very large grain trade is carried on here, and there are various local industries of an important character, notable among these being the manufacture of linens and muslins, the tanning of leather, and the production of earthenware goods, for which the town has a reputation. In all these towns in county Tyrone the element of enterprise is well manifested among the representatives of the different trades engaged in, and we have pleasure in directing our readers’ attention to the historical and descriptive particulars we are now enabled to give concerning some of the principal business houses of this county. INDUSTRIES. -- 1 — •»- THE FOLLOWING WILL HE FOUND TO HE ENTERPRISING AND REPRESENTATIVE FIRMS IN THE BUSY DISTRICT OF WHICH THE SUCCEEDING PAGES TREAT. OMAGH. John M'Adam, Wholesale and Retail Druggist, Oil i and Italian Merchant, 41 and 43, High Street, Omagh.—This business was founded in 1840 by Mr. John M‘Adam, passing, on his decease in 1885, to his sons, Messrs. Robert William and Thomas James M'Adam. The premises are now divided into two separate and very handsome shops, one devoted to the general drag trade, and occupied by Mr. R. W. M'Adam, and the other to the purposes of a medical hall anil pharmacist’s establishment. The former business embraces a large wholesale and retail trade in drags, spices, confectionery, perfumery, patent medicines, dye stuffs, oils, colours, window-glass, and room- papers. The shop, No. 43, is well adapted both for the accommodation and display of the range of articles dealt in, and very large general stocks are maintained in addition, both in the stores behind and in commodious premises of two storeys, fifty feet square, in Campsie Avenue. The Medical Hali, No. 41, is under the sole direction of Mr. T. J. M'Adam, who is a pharmaceutical chemist and a skilled compounder. The shop has just been fitted up in modem style by Messrs. Evans, Sons & Co., Liverpool, in mahogany, and the arrangements for shelving of ho'tlc-s, &c., and for the general display of the large stock of patent, fancy, c- smetic, and toilet specialities are admirable. The laboratory, situated behind the dis¬ pensing counters, is replete with all the necessary delicate appliances, and here all drags and chemicals are carefully examined and tested be r ore taking into stock, thus ensuring everything of the purest and finest quality' obtainable. Both branches of the trade command a flattering patronage, and the Messrs. M'Adam are both deservedly regarded as specialists in their respective lines. Their clients number many town and county' customers, of all classes, by whom they are regarded with the greatest confidence and esteem. Both houses afford constant work to a staff of nine hands, and generally present a busy and active aspect. Meenan’s Wholesale and Retail Drapery, &c., Estab¬ lishment, CalifomiaHouse,Omagh; and at Dromore, Beragh, and Strabane, Co. Tyrone.—This old-established and leading concern was established in 1853 by the late John Meenan, and carried on for many years under his management in a manner that showed him to be a highly qualified man of business. After his decease, his widow held the business for a short time, hut eventually it was purchased by her son, the present spirited owner, Mr. Francis William Meenan. Under his direction the premises have been greatly enlarged and conveniently' re-arranged, and the California House is now one of the most attractive draper}' concerns in the town. Several outfitting and kindred departments are represented, including general drapery, silk mercery, hosiery, millinery, mantle and dress making, together with special departments devoted to ready-mades, carpets, boots, shoes, and hats. The premises consist of three spacious storeys, of attractive exterior, forty by one hundred and sixty feet. The general drapery shop, fitted up with the latest improved cash railway system, is devoted to the retail trade, prominent among its varied stock beiDg fine ranges of woollens and silks. Behind, and raised a little, is a further range of offices and show¬ rooms, devoted to millinery, mantles, ready-mades, boots, and to general stock for the wholesale trade. Everywhere the latest novelties in the several lines followed are to he seen, while the general stock, whether designed for fashion or hard usage, is admirable. A basement storey serves for purposes of general storage, especially for heavy' and bulky goods, such as carpets and floor coverings. The working staff numbers twenty hands. In addition to this splendid concern, Mr. Meenan carries on three other establishments of a similar character, one at Dromore and others at Beragh and Strabane, all in the county, which serve the inte¬ rests of three very important districts. Mr. Meenan also controls a busi¬ ness of great volume with a splendid connection in San Francisco, in Irish linens and Lyons silks. Having traded there for fifteen years before buying the interest of the above concerns, he occupies a position of special advantage in catering for Californian patrons. In every way' he has shown himself a highly qualified trader, and brings to bear on the control and development of his various enterprises a rare and complete practical experience which is simply invaluable. His success has been commen¬ surate with his. enterprise and ability, and marks him out prominently as one of the leading commercial men of the province. P. Crawford & Co., Ironmongers and General Mer¬ chants, 54, 56, and 58, High Street, Omagh.—This important business was inaugurated in 1854 by Mr. William Crawford, and was successfully carried on under that designation till 1887, when it assumed that of F. Crawford & Co. The premises present a substantial frontage, and com¬ prise two shops and large storage space. The main shop is devoted to hard¬ ware., ironmongery, house furnishings, cutlery, tools, saddlery, cycles, and all kinds cf light and heavy hardware, one side being devoted to toys, stationery and fancy goods. To the rear of the shop is a warehouse devoted to the interests of the agricultural community, and fully stocked with farm implements, garden and farm seeds and other requisites. The second floor is devoted to the house furnishing department, and is replete with the best and latest goods in brass and iron bedsteads, bedding, lamps, fenders, fire-irons, &c. The furniture ware-room is also here, where there is always exhibited a magnificent stock of furniture. The other shop is devoted to glass, china, and hollow ware and forms a centre of attraction for the judicious housewives of the town and neighbourhood. In both houses some fourteen hands are employed. The general connection includes a very numerous clientele in both Omagh and throughout Tyrone, which is catered for in praiseworthy fashion. In all departments the stocks held are of fine quality by the best makers, and present features either of utility or beauty which cannot fail to catch the attention of the purchaser. The firm holds a leading and representative place in the pro¬ vincial trade, and is, in every respect, a perfectly organised and complete modern establishment. Johnston Brothers, Family Grocers, Italian Ware¬ housemen, Booksellers, and Stationers, 25, High Street, Omagh.— A noteworthy instance of the enterprising spirit which so greatly animates the merchants and traders of the Northern Province is furnished by the fine business carried on since 1886 by Mr. Thomas Johnston under the above designation. Since that date, under his guidance, the interests of the concern have been sedulously cared for to the advantage and reputation both of the firm and its customers. The main lines of the enterprise are grocery goods, Italian wares, stationery, and book¬ selling, all of which are effectively represented. The premises form one of the finest business centres in the town, and are excellently adapted for carrying on a first-class wholesale and retail trade. The frontage is of three storey's, and extends some fifty feet; while the premises, including the stores to the rear, run back quite two hundred feet. The retail shop is fitted up in admirable fashion, and presents a very attractive appear¬ ance. The staff of assistants numbers some eight hands under the direction of ,the proprietor. The house has a high reputation in Omagh- and the district around, and the wholesale connection is rapidly extend¬ ing over the entire county'. Mr. Johnston is universally recognised as a first-class man of business, well versed in the minutiee of the several lines of trade followed, and thoroughly acquainted with the special wants of the district. His success has been marked, and its evidence is visible in the important business which he has built up in a compara¬ tively' short period. W. J. Johnston, Woollen-drapery and Fancy Ware¬ house, 37, High Street, Omagh.—The widely-known establishment of Mr. William James Johnston has been carried on by that gentleman since 1872 in attractive and commodious premises consisting of three floors. The retail shop, on the lower storey, is undoubtedly one of the finest of provincial houses, the fittings being of modern design and tastefully- disposed. The stock includes all the latest and most fashionable goods, embracing many London and Paris’novelties ; woollen goods, and dress materials in woollens and other mediums forming the strong features of the trade. The millinery and mantle show-rooms also show a new and superb stock. The top flat is devoted to the modistes of the establish¬ ment. The total working staff numbers twenty five hands, under the general superintendence of Mr. Johnston. In addition to the flourishing local patronage, the house forms the centre of supply for a large number of smaller establishments in the county districts, and caters for their special wants in masterly' fashion. The business is still steadily de¬ veloping under Mr. Johnston’s energetic guidance, and reflects the highest distinction both on him and his skilful and courteous assistants. J. and R. Waterson, Meal, Flour, and Seed Mer¬ chants, and Oatmeal and Indian Meal Millers, Omagh.—This house was founded in the year 1830 by Mr. John Carson, who carried on the busi¬ ness till 1867, when he was succeeded by his nephews, the Messrs. Water- son. Since the decease of Mr. John Waterson in 1889, the sole proprietor of the business has been Mr. Robert Waterson, trading as above. The premises consist of three storeys, have an extensive yard to the rear, and commodious ranges of stores. The front portion of the ground floor is handsomely fitted up as an office. The remainder of the space is devoted to the specialities of the firm, among which meal, flour, bran, and seeds are the most important items. The yard is devoted to coal, timber, and slates, and the surrounding storehouses, which are of three storeys, to general goods. The mill, devoted to the manufacture of oatmeal and Indian meal of fine quality, is situated about a mile from Omagh, and contains three pairs of stones, and all the usual appliances of the industry, driven by a powerful waterwheel. The total staff of both concerns numbers twenty- four hands. The firm are agents for Goulding’s manures, and also for the Anchor Line steamships, sailing every Friday'from Londonderry. Form¬ ing a great centre of distribution, and possessing a wide and valuable wholesale connection throughout the neighbouring counties, this concern is one of the most notable factors in the life (commercial and agricultural) of the district, the present owner of the business being one of the most popular and influential men in local business and private circles. INDUSTRIES OF IRELAND. 1G9 William Doak, House Furnishing Ironmonger, Grocer, Implement, manure and Seed Merchant, &c., 42, High Street, Omagh.—This firm was established by Mr. Doak in 1876 and has been ably developed in all directions since that date. Mr. Doak’s establishment is one of the busiest centres in the town, and presents several interesting features. The general house furnishing and hardware business, supple¬ mented by a first-rate trade in agricultural and farmyard machines, forms the nucleus of the business. To these the large front shop is mainly devoted, and the selection of goods on view, while specially designed to meet the wants of the locality, is in every way complete and representative. A special feature in the business, which has been rapidly increasing, is the sale of fire-arms and ammunition. The firm has always on hand a supply of E.C. and black gunpowders, shots, wads, caps, game and cartridge bags, &c., &c., all of which are purchased direct i'rom the leading manufacturers, thus placing Mr. Doak in a position to compete with any of the wholesale houses. All cartridges are loaded by. hand, and are personally superintended by the proprietor himself; nothing but the best powders are used in loading and on the most improved principle. Mr. Doak has this season got a special air-tight cartridge made for E.C. powder; and has also in stock Messrs. Eley Brothers and Kynoch & Co’s, cartridges. A special ■department we must not omit to mention is reserved for garden and farm seeds, procured from leading seed houses in Belfast. Further stocks of the same description are kept in the large stores which occupy the rear of the premises. Here, too, are the workshops devoted to what is rapidly becoming a very important industry, namely, the making of straw bee-hives. The making of the necessary straw covers, so familiar to -everyone, Mr. Doak has carried to a high degree of perfection, and his goods in this line are eagerly sought after by all interested in this enterprise. He also represents the well-known Ballymena Woollen Factory, and the makers of the celebrated Ulster manures. His chief agency, however, and one perhaps of no little general importance to the community, is that for the thrashing and churning machines of Messrs. H. Kennedy & Son, of Coleraine. Such a varied business, including ironmongery, hardware, seeds, groceries, artificial manures, farm implements, and wool, will, no doubt, be considered difficult to organise and manage, but in Mr. Doak’s hands, it is easily seen, everything goes like clockwork. DUNGANNON. Dicksons & Co., Linen Manufacturers and Finishers, Dungannon, county Tyrone.—This eminent firm was founded in I 860 by Mr. Thomas A, Dickson, and became known as Dicksons, Anderson & Co. in 1883. That style was retained until 1890, when the present title of Dicksons & Co. was assumed, the principals now being Mr. Thomas A. Dickson (the founder), and his son, Mr. James Dickson, J.P. The busi¬ ness has been actively developed from the first, and its operations are now conducted upon a large and important scale, the work accomplished em- bracingthe manufacture and finishing of Roughs, Flemish Linens, Hollands, Drills, Boot Linings, Glass-Cloths, Huckabacks, Towels, Bleached Linens, Damasks, Diapers, and Handkerchiefs. For all these goods the firm enjoy a distinguished reputation, and their connection is widespread and influ¬ ential in the leading markets. The works and factories at Dungannon ■cover a large area of ground in a picturesque situation, and comprise ■every industrial department incidental to the business, from the prepara¬ tory to the finishing stages. The whole establishment is equipped in the most complete and effective manner, with improved modern machinery driven by steam power, and employment is given to upwards of two hun¬ dred and thirty hands, a considerable number of whom live in the neat and comfortable workpeople’s dwellings erected by the firm close to the works. In its entirety, this representative and steadily-developing business reflects high credit upon the ability and energy of its principals, and affords a very pleasing illustration of industrial advancement in this part of Ireland. Messrs. Dicksons & Co. control a large and increasing trade, and they deservedly enjoy the full confidence of their extended •circle of customers. The telegraphic address of the house is “ Dicksons, Dungannon.” Stevensons, Boyd & Co., Linen Manufacturers, Bleachers, Dyers, and Finishers, Moygashel Mills, Dungannon ; Lagan Factory, Lisburn; and 14, Howard Street, Belfast.—This old and notable house maintains a position of distinction in connection with the manufacture, dyeing, and bleaching of linen fabrics, and has its industrial headquarters at Dungannon, county Tyrone. The Moygashel Mills at this address were originally an old bleach-green, with beetling mills attached, but in 1874 a power-loom weaving factory was erected, with workers’ houses, &c., in connection. In 1886 the place was taken over by Messrs. Stevensons, Boyd & Co., the present proprietors, who have made very considerable improvements and alterations in the estab¬ lishment, both by the introduction of a large amount of additional machinery of the best modern type, and by the erection of more cottages of a comfortable character for the workpeople. Moygashel Mills now include a large weaving factory, containing about two hundred looms, together with beetling mills, bleaching-green, .dyeing and finishing works, and other departments incidental to the large and comprehensive industry which is carried on. The machinery is of the most effective description, and power is supplied by a forty-horse power engine and a turbine water-wheel. The establishment has a very busy appearance, and its output is very large, embracing a great variety of fancy checks and stripes, glass-cloths, dyed hollands, dress linens, elastic canvas and ducks, drills, &c., all of which are well known in the trade for superiority of quality, texture, and finish. Messrs. Stevensons, Boyd & Co.’s other works, known as Lagan Factory, and beautifully situated at Lisburn, on the picturesque banks of the Lagan, were purchased by the firm in 1881. Prior to that date they had been lying idle for several years. As in the case of Moygashel Mills, the new proprietors, pursuing the energetic and progressive policy for which they are noted, carried out many improvements in Lagan Factory, adding one hundred additional looms to the weaving-shed plant, and putting in a quantity of new machinery. New drying-sheds and other departments were erected, and with these increased resources the place has made great headway in the production of ducks, cream roughs, rough browns, lawns, and similar fabrics. Both Moygashel Mills and Lagan Factory are now in full working order, and turn out and finish upwards of fifty thousand pieces of cloth per annum. This large output is disposed of to the principal wholesale houses in Manchester, London, and Glasgow, and also in the American markets, where Messrs. Steven¬ sons, Boyd & Co. maintain an extensive and valuable connection. They are ably and energetically represented in Belfast by their agents, Messrs. A. Clendinning & Co., of 14, Howard Street, the principal of which house, Mr. A. Clendinning, is especially well known in the linen textile trade. Their offices in Manchester are at 23, Lever Street; London, 1, Fountain Court, Aldermanbury, E.C. ; Glasgow, 71- Queen Street; New York, 343, Broadway. Hale, Martin & Co., Flax and Tow Spinners, Dungannon, county Tyrone. —This well-known house was founded in 1860 under its present title, tut, since the death of Mr. Martin some vear3 ago, the sole proprietor has been Mr. Francis Hale, who continues to personally direct the business with ability and success. The works stand upon a property' of about three and a half acres, and the mill buildings (comprising one large throe-storey block and a long range of shedding) cover fully three quarters of an acre of ground. This com¬ modious establishment is admirably arranged and laid out, and is equipped in all departments with the n ost effective modem machinery. The whole of the working organisation epeaks well for the progressive spirit of the firm. Steam is the motive power in use, and the spinning department has upwards of five thousand spindles in operation. Employment is given to two hundred and eighty hands, who work under excellent sanitary conditions, and who are well looked after in all respects by the firm. Messrs. Hale, Martin & Co. import from one hundred to one hundred and twenty tons of continental flax yearly, but for the most part the flax used in these works is of Irish growth, and it is from this material that the house produces its leading and celebrated speciality in superior warp yarns for damask weaving. These yarns are spun to perfection by Messrs. Hale, Martin & Co., whose reputation is second to that of no other house in Ireland in connection with this special class of product. Richard Richardson, Select Family Grocer, Market Square, Dungannon.—The select family grocery establishment carried on in Market Square, by Mr. R. Richardson, since 1887, ranks among the best managed and most successful houses in Dungannon. The premises consist of a handsome retail shop to the front and extensive stores to the rear, heavily stocked with an endless variety of all kinds of select grocery goods, chosen with the utmost care. In fact, the whole stock is very evidently selected on the ground of merit alone. The trade includes a high-class connection among the local gentry and a valuable select family trade. The general connection of the house extends over the whole county, and the business controlled is very valuable. A number of hands are employed in the establishment, which is personally managed by the proprietor, who is devoted to the business. His expert catering for the special wants of the district is fully recognised, and has received the most ample recognition. 170 INDUSTRIES OP John Aiken, Wholesale and Family Grocer, Grain, Seed, and Coal Merchant, Scotch Street, Dungannon.—The above representative business was established during the year 1865 in premises a little further down Scotch Street by Mr. Aiken, the present proprietor. In 1884 he purchased the premises at the present address, and rebuilt them for the trade. The business carried on is that of a wholesale and retail grocer, seed, grain, and coal merchant. The three latter depart¬ ments form the special features of the business, and are carried on on a large scale. Mr. Aiken is a large importer of seeds from all parts of the Continent, of artificial manures from Great Britain, and of guano from Liverpool and Glasgow. In return he exports grass seeds to all parts of Great Britain, as well as grain. The premises are very capacious, and possess great storage capacity, which of course is a principal requisite of the business. The local connection is very ably attended to, and extends over a large area. Altogether the position and connection of the concern are very flattering, and reflect no small credit on the able and spirited proprietor of the business. Peter Kelly, Wholesale Grocer, Tea, and Provision Merchant, Scotch Street and Shamble Lane, Dungannon.—This in¬ fluential business was established by Mr. Peter Kelly in 1883, and has now attained notable dimensions. The premises comprise three extensive floors, devoted to provisions, general grocery, fine teas, and offices. The whole of the stock is selected from the best sources (the leading speciality being fine tea3) with great care and sound judgment; and by the exercise of that keen and prudent buying which comes of mature experience, and purchasing in such large lines direct from the best London producers, Mr. Kelly is enabled to give his customers exceptional advantages both in quality and price. The connection is both wholesale and retail, and is steadily extending in all directions. Yery heavy stocks of general grocery goods are carried, designed for the general trade. The work of the concern is carried on by an efficient staff of hands under the management of Mr. Kelly himself. He has achieved a high position as a skilful caterer for the wants of the community ; and the sound business now controlled has been gained by honest merit alone. STRABANE. Elliott & Sons, Wholesale Grocers, Wine and Spirit Merchants, Importers of Agricultural Seeds and Artificial Manures, Strabane.—It would be difficult to find in Strabane or its vicinity a more thoroughly representative establishment in the grocery, wine, spirit, agricultural seed, and manure trade, than that controlled by the above-named firm. The marked success which has attended the operations of this house since its establishment, is a striking instance of the achievements of well-directed energy and enterprise, and the ready appreciation of the public for goods of high quality at strictly moderate prices. The business was founded in 1859 by Messrs. Elliott & Crawford, and was conducted under that style until 1876 when the concern became the sole property of the senior partner, who eleven years later assumed his sons into the partnership, the firm taking its present designation in consequence. Messrs. Elliott & Sons occupy large and commodious premises, having a spacious frontage and a very well-appointed interior, together with extensive warehouse accommodation and all the accessories of a large and ably-conducted establishment. The stocks are very large and comprehensive, being replete with all the best features of the various lines engaged in, and embrace all kinds of general grocery, provisions, &c. The firm also carry on an extensive wine, spirit and bottling trade, and in their extensive stores will be found wines of the choicest vintages, drawn from the best sources at home and abroad. Their business being located in the centre of a highly agricultural district, they very early saw a splendid opening for trading in farm seeds and manures. As a leading speciality this branch of their business has for over a quarter of a century received every possible care and attention, and has been steadily advancing in volume, now principally as wholesale seed and manure merchants. The senior partner possesses the advantage of long and thorough mercantile experience, and the firm by their well-known integrity, spirited enterprise, and genial courtesy, have gained the esteem and confidence of a very extensive and valuable connection. T. Pollock, Jun., Bread Baker, Model Steam Bakery, Strabane.—The well-known Strabane Model Steam Bakery, which has recently been re-arranged, is in every respect a model, and covers an area of about half an acre. The building is one of two storeys, the upper being utilised as flour stores, the ground floor being the bakery proper, also affording shop and oifice accommodation of a superior kind. The storage part can accommodate many hundreds of bags of Hungarian, British and American flour, Mr. Pollock being a large importer of these productions. The kneading is done by machinery, and is accomplished more perfectly than when performed by hand, and in a much cleaner and quicker manner. There are three very large Scotch ovens built on the most scientific principles, and another special large size about to be erected. An “Otto” gas ongine supplies the motive power, and the whole establishment is, without doubt, one of the most complete, clean, and perfect in the bakery trade of Ireland, or even of the United King¬ dom. The stables furnish accommodation for a number of horses, which are fully employed in the delivery of bread all over the district. Mr. T. Pollock, Jun., is a capable and energetic business man, of high integrity, and deservedly popular in public, private and commercial life. William R. Orr, Seed Merchant and Nurseryman, Manufacturer of Prize Medal Bee Furniture, Abercorn Square and Abercorn Road, Strabane.—Among the interesting and varied enter¬ prises noted in these pages few are more worthy of permanent record than that carried on by the spirited and enlightened gentleman whose name stands at the head of this review. Widely known as a specialist in several departments of floriculture, ho is still more celebrated as an apiarian, especially as an inventor of new and improved bee-hives and appliances. Commencing business in 1875 in the very commodious and finely-fitted premises at present occupied, he soon came to the front as an expert, and now controls a large connection by means of agents all over the North and West of Ireland, and an increasing and valuable patronage for his bee-keepers’ specialities from customers in both the Old and New Worlds. In the seed department of the business, as well as in that devoted to horticulture, no effort has been spared by Mr. Orr to keep abreast of the times, and both these departments are now splendidly organised. The seed warehouse, with which is also connected the tele¬ phone exchange and stamp office, occupies a central position in the town, and presents an attractive and handsome frontage to Abercorn Square. The main shop is devoted to vegetable and flower seeds of all kinds of the very best and freshest selection, many of the most popular specialities being the product of Mr. Orr’s extensive nurseries, situated at Railway Road, near the town. The horticultural department is no less worthy of mention. Pansies, of which Mr. Orr maintains one of the finest and most complete collections in the kingdom, deserve, perhaps, the place of honour, many of the flowers raised from seedlings by him being with little doubt the finest pansies in the world. The roses, too, are also deserving of honourable mention, and embrace fine specimens of all the famous home and foreign hybrids, tea-scented roses, &c. Gladioli, too, are equally well shown, the new snow-white gladioli forming a very striking item in this handsome group. Other bulbous flowers such as hyacinths, narcissi, tulips, crocus, iris, ixias, lilies, tuberoses, &c., are splendidly represented, while fruit trees and plants, ornamental shrubs, and deciduous trees are well to the front. Mr. Orr is fully entitled to a foremost place in the great and important enterprise to which so many of tho keenest minds in all parts of the United Kingdom are devoted. Mr. Orr’s well-known “ Irish Bee-Keepers’ Guide-Book ” offers full details both of the structure and management of these improved hives, and is a neat and useful handbook for apiarians in general. Mr. Orr’s hives are made after several models, being, however, all the same in principle. The type known as the “Jubilee Hive ” (registered) is one of the best for amateur bee-keepers, and consists of a rectangular box with several movable sections fitting over it by which its height can be raised from one to three storeys, the whole being surmounted with a sloping roof perfectly waterproof. Other types are also made by Mr. Orr, but this seems to be “ the hive of the future.” All these appliances are turned out of his own workshops, situated to the rear of the seed warehouse, where a skilled staff is constantly engaged in their construction. All other requisites of the apiarian are supplied by Mr. Orr, as well as various foods for dogs, poultry, pigeons, and cage birds. Nor must we omit to mention that his hives have gained Prize Medals at Cork, Dublin, and Strabane Exhibitions. Such a record of very successful enterprise speaks for itself and requires no further words of comment or elucidation on our part. O. Stevenson, The Woollen Hall, Strabane.—This well- managed and prosperous drapery and general outfitting house was established by the present proprietor, Mr. Oliver Stevenson, in 1865. Under his experienced management it has attained a leading position in the trade, and has gained an excellent position with all classes of buyers. Mr. Stevenson’s premises consist of two handsome shops rising to three storeys. The total frontage is about forty feet, with eighty five feet to rear of the shop. The main shop is devoted to woollen goods, drapery, and general outfitting, and is very admirably arranged,. fitted, and stocked. The office is to the rear, and farther back is the tailors’ workshop. The adjoining shop is devoted to tho fair sex, and includes millinery’, mantle, and dressmaking departments and show¬ rooms, all replete with the latest fashionable goods. Indeed, the stocks on hand in both establishments are of a decidedly superior selection, and of excellent quality. They are widely patronised by judicious buyers, and drive a busy r trade. A first-class order trade is also enjoyed, afford¬ ing employment to many’ modistes and tailors. In all, a staff of twenty hands is busily engaged in the various departments. The general organisation and business-like arrangements of the place reflect great credit on the management of the business, and greatly’ facilitate the carrying on of the trade. Mr. Stevenson enjoys a very’ popular position, and is to be congratulated on his well-deserved success. IRELAND. 171 Bawsou & Anderson, Drapers, Merchant Tailors and Outfitters, Main Street, Strabane.—This representative and leading business ranks among tho oldest in the town. The original proprietor, a century ago, was a Mr. Scott, who was followed by his son Mr. Walter Scott; he was succeeded by Mr. Macbeth, and finally by Mr. liawson, the present senior partner, in 1S70. In 1890 Sir. Anderson was assumed as partner, under the present designation, these two gentlemen at present being the sole proprietors. The handsome and very commodious premises occupied by them comprise two floors, one hundred by twenty-five feet. The business is that of general drapers, and ladies’ and gentlemen’s out¬ fitters. General drapery goods of home and foreign make occupy the front shop and present a fine range of the best goods of the trade. These embrace British and Irish cloths, ready-mades, flannels, hosiery, hats, caps, silks, dress goods, laces, linens, millinery and haberdashery goods, &c. The floor above is devoted to the millinery and dressmaking departments. The tailors’ workshops are at the rear on the ground floor. In all a staff of thirty hands is constantly engaged in the several depart¬ ments. Both partners personally supervise and direct the work of the concern, and devote themselves to the best interests of the customers. The retail and order trade is of flattering volume. The house has a high reputation with both sexes for first-rate material and workmanship. Both partners, wc need not add, are popular with all classes and hold a high position in business circles. _ _ John A. Taylor, Iron ancl Brass Founder, Engineer and Millwright, Strabane Foundry, Strabane.—This business was inaugurated, in 1843, by Mossrs. James Cooke & Co., who carried on operations till 1817, when Mr. William Stevenson succeeded. The latter gentleman ably directed the business for thirty-three years, and thoroughly established the reputation of the concern both for capacity and good workmanship. In 1870, Mr. James Stevenson became pro¬ prietor, and, finally, Mr. John A. Taylor in 1889 purchased the premises and business. The premises consist of very spacious and excellently fitted offices and ware-rooms, pattern shops, turning shops, smiths’ shop, fettling shop, moulding shop, fitting shop), carpenters’ shop, and two commodious and extensive yards. All the working plant of tho establish¬ ment is of the most effective and modern type, and is driven by a power¬ ful steam-engine. The moulding shop is excellently designed and is furnished with two furnaces, overhead cranes, core-stoves and a collec¬ tion of moulding boxes. Every description of brass and iron casting is carried on under favourable conditions in this foundry. Of course special attention is given to agricultural machines and implements, which are turned out in large quantities in all the best modern designs to meet the wants of the farming community in the counties around. In the general work of engineering and mill-fitting, that being the firm’s speciality, the concern also holds a very high position and enjoys a valuable and repre¬ sentative patronage, doing all the principal -work in the North-west of Ireland. In a word all kinds of engineering and fitting work falls within the scope of operations and are always carried out with the utmost satis¬ faction to clients. Mr. Taylor, who is one of the most experienced engineers in the province, directs the business himself and ably sustains the old fame of the house. His working staff numbers about forty skilled hands under picked foremen. Controlled by him, and maintained at a high level of efficiency, the Strabane Foundry has without doubt a very promising and successful future ahead of it, and is well able to maintain the repute of the great Ulster engineering industry, which it so fully represents in this prosperous locality. COOKSTOWN. H. & J. MacMillin, Woollen and Fancy Warehouse, Cookstown, Co. Tyrone.—This firm was established in 1854 by Messrs. H. & J. MacMillin, and was carried on by them with great success till 1887; at that date they were succeeded by the present proprietor, Mr. William James Glasgow, who now carries on the business under the original designation. The premises are of three storeys, and are extremely commodious and well-suited to the trade. The ground floor shop is mainly devoted to the general retail trade, is suitably fitted, and very admirably stocked. All kinds of fashionable goods are kept in endless variety, to suit all tastes and preferences. The millinery, mantle and dress-making rooms arc on the second floor. The former display a select range of fashionable and general articles dear to tho heart of the fair sex. Several skilled modistes and judicious milliners are employed, the whole staff numbering some twelve hands. Mr. Glasgow is an experienced man in the trade and conducts the whole business with complete success. The old-established reputation of the house has not in any way suffered under his direction, but has, on the contrary, been steadily maintained and enhanced. Both for material and workman¬ ship, the establishment can hold its own against all comers — a very pleasing feature for us to notice in these pages. W. & M. Mason, Grocers, Butter and Egg Merchants, Cookstown.—This notable firm plates from 1865, and under vigorous and experienced guidance its interests have been very successfully advanced. The business is carried on .in very large and suitable premises, partly used as a retail shop and office, and partly as a packing and dispatch department. Grocery and provision goods, meal, flour, bran, potatoes, &e., are well represented in the general stock held by the firm, and supply the local patrons of the house. The speciality of the business, however, is the export of potatoes, butter, aud eggs in large quantities, as also all kinds of poultry, to England and Scotland. The firm also represent the celebrated baking-house of Wilson & Strain, and form the medium of supply for the unexcelled products of that great concern. They are also agents for the Belfast confectionery of Messrs. Irvine. They employ a staff of twenty hands. In vigorously providing in the best manner for both their home and British connection, the Messrs. Mason have achieved a distinct business success, and now occupy an eminent and well-deserved position with all classes of their customers. The Cookstown Drug Hall, S. Turkington, Chemist, Druggist and Select Family Grocer, Molesworth Street, Cookstown. —Among the most important concerns of the province devoted to the general drug and select grocery business that of Mr. S. Turkington at the above address in Cookstown merits notice. Established originally by Mr. Turkington in 1875, in premises further up Molesworth Street, the rapid increase of the business compelled him to seek more com¬ modious premises. In 1879 he built the fine substantial and well- designed house at present occupied, and removed there. These premises are of three storeys, the spacious and well-fitted shop being the main feature. This is devoted on the right to the choice grocery trade and on the left and along the end to the drug business. The stocks in both departments are of a commendably select description, and present a complete range of all the usual goods associated with both trades. The connection is very steady and extensive, both locally and over the whole county, and gives employment to an efficient staff of assistants. Mr. Turkington personally conducts the whole business with no small reputation and success. He enjoys a high and well-merited position in business circles and is deservedly esteemed for his upright principles and honourable dealings. He is one of the committee of the Chemists and Druggists Society of Ireland, and Associate Druggist of the Pharmaceutical Society of Ireland. Thomas Adair & Son, Linen Manufacturers and Mer¬ chants, Cookstown. H. Mercer & Son, Agents, 10, Donegall Square West, Belfast.—Eestablished for upwards of a century, and managed dining its existence with exceptional enterprise, this business has long held a promi¬ nent place in the great staple industry of the North. The works, which include spinning, weaving, bleaching, and dyeing factories, are among the most extensive in the trade, and afford employment to fully a thousand skilled operatives. The Cookstown works comprise a splendid power-loom factory, an equally extensive spinning mill, a bleach-green and finishing- house, and extensive dyeing works. Another large power-loom factory is situated at Limavady, the total weaving equipment amounting to some six hundred looms. About ten thousand spindles are in operation in the spinning mill. In fact the firm receives the raw fibre, spins it, weaves, bleaches, finishes or dyes it, and sends it out ready for the consumer. Messrs. Adair & Son turn out a very superior class of linen goods, whose reputation is as extensive as the limits of the trade itself. In fact, the connection of the firm is world-wide, and its goods find their way to almost every clime. They are represented in the great home and foreign business centres, the chief of which are those in London, Glasgow, Man¬ chester, and New York. The head of this great concern is the well-known and popular Mr. Hugh Adair, who is a Justice of the Peace, and is keenly interested in everything, industrial or social, which tends to benefit tho great province with which his family have been so long and so intimately connected. COUNTY ARMAGH. ARMAGH, LURGAN, AND PORTADOWN. MONG the ancient and historic cities of Ireland there are few more interesting than Armagh, which in early times was a place of pre-eminent power and influence. From the fifth to the ninth century Armagh wielded metropolitan sway in the North of Ireland, and the first cathedral here is said to have been built by no less a personage than St. Patrick himself. The site of that ancient fane is believed to be occupied by the present cathedral of Armagh. The city still holds 'premier rank in connection with the episcopacy, and the diocese of Armagh is one of the largest and most populous in the kingdom. In commercial matters Armagh maintains a very •creditable status, and being the centre of a fertile agricultural district, it enjoys the advantages of a lai’ge and well-developed general trade. In corn and linen a very considerable business is done by the local merchants, and the manufacture of linen fabrics is carried on as a staple industry in all parts of the county. The excellent limestone which is found so largely in this district forms a valuable building material, and has been largely used in the houses and public structures of the city. Armagh has a fine public library of about 14,000 volumes, and possesses also a not¬ able observatory, which has deservedly gained high repute in the scientific world. The city has a population of over 10,000, pos¬ sesses numerous banks, newspapers, and general institutions of a creditable character, and displays a degree of progress and activity in business and other matters which speaks highly for the spirit and enterprise of the citizens. Prom a very remote period the name of Armagh is prominent in connection with Irish literature, and its educational status has always been eminent. St. Patrick is said to have founded the first college here, and the present College of Armagh is a very notable institution. It received a valuable endowment from Charles I., and has long enjoyed a high reputation as an academical esta¬ blishment. Lurgan, a busy industrial town near the southern extremity of Lough Neagh, enjoys the advantage of a fine situation in a fertile and populous district, and is one of the most flourishing com¬ munities in county Armagh. This town is about twenty miles from Belfast in a south-westerly direction, and has good railway communication, which has done much to assist in building up the local trades and industries. Lurgan is a well-built and well- ordered place, with several banks, a weekly newspaper, and a busy market. The manufacture of cambric, damask, lawn and diaper constitutes the principal industry, and is carried on upon a very large scale, the goods of this class produced here being in great demand at home and abroad by reason of their fine texture and perfect finish. In 1S81 the population of the town was 10,135, and it has doubtless grown considerably since then. In the neighbourhood of Lurgan is Brownlow House, the seat of the eminent family of that name. Portadown is another noteworthy town in county Armagh, and is a trade centre of very considerable importance, having a busy market for agricultural produce, and large manufactures of sheetings, cambrics, and linen textiles generally. All business matters here are in a progressive and satisfactory condition, and the town is well placed in a commercial sense, being a railway junction, and having a good situation on the river Bannnear the Newry Canal. Tho general facilities of the transport and com¬ munication are therefore excellent, and there is reason to believe that the growth and prosperity of Portadown will be continuous, for its people are industrious and enterprising, and their various mercantile and manufacturing undertakings are firmly established and well advanced. The town has several banks and a capably conducted local newspaper, and at the last census (1881) its jmpulation was 7,850. The following articles will be found to comprise brief but j carefully compiled reviews of a number of well-known firms whose energetic and straightforward business methods tend to continuously promote the trade interests and material welfare of J county Armagh in general. INDUSTRIES. ->—c- IN THE FOLLOWING FAGES WILL BE FOUND BRIEF REVIEWS OF REPRESENTATIVE CONCERN'S WITHIN T11E BUSY COUNTY OF ARMAGH. PORTADOWN. ■William Paul & Son, Merchant Tailors, Wholesale and Retail Drapers, Hatters, Outfitters, &c., 46 & 48, High Street, Portadown.—This leading and popular house, by reason of its old-standing and extensive business connections, merits special mention. The business was established so long ago as the year 1812, by Mr. William Paul, father of the present senior partner, Mr. William J. Paul. The latter, now associated with his son, also Mr. William Paul, succeeded as sole proprietor at the founder’s decease, and has very ably and successfully extended and consolidated the business. The premises comprise two attractive shops, the smaller of which is devoted to hats, outfitting, and the like; while the other, thirty-five by one hundred and fifty feet, and including three stoTeys, forms the main centre of operations. The spacious shop is fitted up in keeping with modern ideas of a first-class establish¬ ment, a noticeable feature being the American Cash Tramway running from all parts to the cashier’s office. The stock is at once useful and select, embracing complete ranges of gentleman’s outfitting materials, in fashionable and hard-wearing fabrics, suitable for hunting, livery, dress, or business outfits, together with a complete representation of woollen drapery goods, linens, and house furnishings. As specialities a very large trade is done in their own make of blankets, grass-bleached calicoes, and cambric handkerchiefs. The whole of the stock is selected from the best sources with great care and sound judgment, and buying as they do in such large lines direct from the producers, the firm are enabled to give their cus¬ tomers the advantage of all intermediate profits, and to supply goods of a quality and at a price with which it is impossible for small dealers to compete. Both in the ladies’ and gentlemen’s departments a busy order and making-up trade is carried on by a select staff of tailors, modistes and milliners. The connection, as might be supposed in the case of so long-established a house, is very strong among all classes of customers in the town and country, the firm also sending goods throughout the United Kingdom per parcels post. No effort is spared to provide the newest and most stylish goods, or to turn out garments unsurpassed for fit, style and finish ; in a word, to cater for their customers in the most satisfactory way by keeping in touch with the changes of fashion and style in the great leading centres at home and abroad. The tailoring and outfitting department, indeed, forms the great speciality of the business, the whole of the second floor being devoted to it. In all the brisk counter trade, cutting, making up, and fitting, afford employment to the large staff of sixty trained hands, the whole being actively superintended and directed by the enterprising principals. They are both practically acquainted with all the details of the business, and their enlightened system of conducting it is the secret of tho leading and influential posi¬ tion it now holds. The distinguished honour of royal patronage was conferred on this house by His Royal Highness the Prince of J Pales, an illustrious fact in the traditions of over seventy-nine years' experience. Portadown, being a great centre of the linen manufacture, situated on the River Bonn (so famous for its pure white bleaching properties), this firm supplies all classes of linens, sheetings, pillowings, damask table¬ cloths, napkins and towels, Irish cambric, cambric handkerchiefs, &c., &c., on the most favourable terms (with special designs and monograms if required). Letter orders receive special attention. Emerson & Co., Wholesale and Retail Ironmongers, Delf, China, Glass, and Leather merchants, 29, High Street, Porta¬ down.—This business was established early in 1890 by Mr. Henry A. Emerson and his brother, Mr. Newton Emerson, who are the sole pro¬ prietors. The trade has been steadily progressive, and the firm has already secured a well-established reputation as purveyors of trustworthy and reliable goods. Messrs. Emerson & Co. have been very fortunate in securing the extensive and commodious premises at No. 29, High Street, which comprise a large warehouse of three floors, with a frontage of fully twenty-five feet, and extending back over fifty feet. On the ground floor is a spacious and well-appointed retail shop. The warehouse is eminently suitable for the business, having heen specially fitted up and arranged in the most complete manner. The various departments are completely stocked with goods of a quality and character admirably suited to the trade, including a most extensive assortment of general ironmongery, suitable for domestic and tradesmen’s U3e, a very large and well selected stock of delf, china, and glass, the display of glass orna¬ ments being exceptionally brilliant. Leather of all kinds is also well represented, as well as gunpowder, patent shot, percussion caps, gun wadding, cartridges, and ammunition. The firm are also the agents for the leading cycle manufacturers, and hold a large and representative stock of the most popular machines. Their show-room also contains a very large and valuable stock of gold and silver watches by the most noted makers, a choice selection of silver and electro-plated goods of exquisite workmanship, plain, gold, and jewelled rings, bracelets, bangles, brooches, ladies’ and gentlemen’s watch chains and alberts, and a large assortment of articles suitable for presentations, wedding, birthday, or parting gifts. The whole of the stock is selected from the best sources with great care and sound judgment, and buying as they do in such large lines direct from the manufacturers Messrs. Emerson & Co. are in a position to give exceptional advantages both in quality and price. The trade is of a widespread and steadily-growing character, a brisk business is done in every department, and the success which has hitherto attended the firm’s operations is very satisfactory. Both the partners take an active part in the management, and are widely recognised as courteous and enterprising men, with whom it is pleasant and profitable to have business transactions. M. Grew, Tea, Coffee and Wine Importer, General Grocer, and Proprietor of the Queen’s Hotel, High Street, Porta¬ down.—This comprehensive business was inaugurated fifty years ago by the late Mr. James Grew, upon whose decease it passed into the hands of his widow, and is now under the entire management of Mr. John Grew, and comprises a first-class grocery establishment, an excellent hotel, and a posting department, with its nearly allied trade of funeral undertaking in all its branches. The premises consist of a prominent corner block of buildings with a frontage of one hundred feet facing the busy High Street, and extending backwards for a distance of some two hundred feet. The ground floor front of this extensive establish¬ ment forms a very handsomely-appointed grocery store, where a vast and varied selection of all kinds of groceries and Italian warehouse goods of the finest qualities is held in stock and displayed to the best advantage. A very high-class import trade in teas and wines is also done in this department, Mr. Grew being a connoisseur of considerable ability and experience. The Queen’s Hotel occupies the apartments on each side of the grocery stores, and the two upper floors above. On entering the portals of the hotel, the ground floor is found to be occupied by a capitally- appointed bar, a comfortable commercial room, spacious well-fitted stock-rooms, a coffee-room and excellent billiard saloon ; a snug back bar moreover leads out into Thomas Street to the rear. The first floor contains reception and sitting rooms and apartments en suite for families, elegantly" furnished, yet thoroughly comfortable and home-like. Still higher are the wholesome and scrupulously clean bedrooms—lofty, light, and with pleasant outlooks ; while there is ample lavatory accommodation, and well-ventilated servants’ offices on the ground floor at the rear of the premises, access to which is gained through a gateway entrance from Thomas Street. The posting establishment and funeral undertaking department are each very complete and thorough in all details. There is stabling accommodation for forty horses and a large number of carriages, cover and outside cars, waggonettes &c., are available on the shortest notice. Twenty-five hands in all, exclusive of the female hotel servants, are regularly employed to keep the entire place in full working order, and the whole undertaking is under the direct personal control of Mr. Grew, to whom great credit is due for the admirable manner in which he administers the affairs of his complicated business. M 174 INDUSTRIES OF David Graham & Co., Flax Spinning Mills, Portadown, Co. Armagh.—This extensive industry was founded in 1852 by Messrs. Wilson, Irwin & Co., and has developed into one of the largest manufac¬ turing undertakings in this busy district. The business has increased continuously from the first, and as it grew the premises were added to from time to time. They now stand on ground 3} acres in extent, and contain a splendid plant of the best modem spinning machinery, over eight thousand spindles being in constant operation. The greatest development of the business dates from the year 1876, when it was acquired by its present energetic proprietors, Messrs. David and Robert Graham. This firm have displayed conspicuous enterprise in the re-modelling of the concern, introducing entirely new machinery and greatly improving all the working facilities of the place, and the mills now stand among the best equipped and most completely organised establishments of their kind. About four hundred hands are employed, and the firm have their speciality in the spinning of superior yarns for all the finer grades of linen textiles. They use chiefly homegrown flax, though a considerable quantity of raw material from Belgium and Holland is also employed, and their product is much esteemed for its excellent quality. Messrs. Graham’s yarns are in large demand, and the firm maintain a valuable connection among the most influential manufacturers of the North of Ireland and the Continent. Mr. David Graham and Mr. Robert Graham pursue a spirited and energetic policy that cannot fail to win for their house a still more eminent position in the trade it so creditably represents. The telegraphic address of the firm is ‘ ‘ Grahams, Spinners, Portadown.’ ’ James Clow & Co., Steam Corn Mills, Portadown.—These mills were taken over by the present proprietors at the end of 1884. Mr. James Clow the principal of the firm belongs to an old stock of millers, and came from Glasgow to Ireland in 1855. His first venture was at Caledon Mills, where he succcessfully carried on the manufacture of Flour and Oatmeal; “ Caledon Cut” Oatmeal commanding the highest price in the North of Ireland. In 1870 Mr. Clow took the Emy Mills, Emyvale, Co. Monaghan, which are still carried on with vigour, in which specialities in Oatmeal are manufactured, notably “ Rolled Oatmeal” known as “ Flake Meal,” “ Pinhead,” “ Granulated,” and “ Baker’sFine,” Mr. Clow being one of the first millers to introduce these qualities in the North of Ireland. The mill at Portadown is used principally for grinding Indian corn, and is specially fitted up with the object of turning out the maximum quantity at the lowest possible expense. The mill contains six pairs of stones and all necessary hoisting, screening, and cleaning machinery, the motive power being supplied by a new compound tandem engine of 100 horse¬ power, driving the mill-stones at a speed of one hundred and sixty revolu¬ tions per minute, being the highest speed known for large-sized stones. The mill has a capacity of almost two hundred tons of meal per week, and during the summer months is kept running night and day. The stores are ample and commodious, affording storage accommodation for over one thousand tons of grain. In addition to the grinding of Indian com, the manufacture of Wheatmeal from Irish wheat is made a speciality, and large quantities are sent out all over the North of Ireland and as far south as Dublin. In addition to the milling of these products, the firm do a large trade in importing American flour, and besides holding large stocks at the mills have stores at the seaport towns of Newry and. Dundalk. They also receive large consignments to Glasgow and Liverpool, and sell at these ports. In addition the firm act as agents for James Clow & Sons, Emy Mills, Emyvale, makers of the Oatmeals already referred to. The busi¬ ness at Portadown is under the management of Mr. W. M. Clow, who has had over twenty years’ experience in the milling trade. J. & J. Canavan, Chemists, Druggists, and Seed Mer¬ chants, Drug Hall, High Street, Portadown..— This well organised business was established in 1889 by Mr. Joseph Canavan, the sole pro¬ prietor, trading as J. & J. Canavan, and has been ably and energetically developed during the short period of its existence, and now occupies an important position among the leading business houses of Portadown. The premises comprise a well-fitted front shop, devoted to the general drug trade, and extensive stores to the rear for oils, colours, bulky goods of all kinds, seeds, &c. Many specialities have been brought out by the house and have attained very considerable popularity. Among these we notice the firm’s “Indigestion Mixture and Stomach Tonic,” containing the essential principles of hops, huchu, camomile, quassia, gentian, dandelion, and the extracts of several other roots and barks, valuable as specifics for stomachic disorders. Their “ Syrup of Wild Cherry and Tolu,” designed for the cure of throat and chest affections, is equally valuable, and possesses very eminent efficacy. Their “ Com Solvent, ” “Aperient Stomach Pills,” and horse and cattle medicines represent tried and successful articles, whose effects may he relied on. Tho firm are vendors of all kinds of patent medicines, perfumery, and fancy articles, and control an extensive seed trade. Housewives, too, desirous of presenting butter of fine colour to the buyer can here obtain Tomlin¬ son’s Danish Butter Colouring, which mixes only with the butter and does not colour the milk. The trade is brisk, and the local connection rapidly extending. Capable assistants are employed, and the whole business is personally managed by the proprietor, who is a member of tho Chemists’ and Druggists’ Society of Ireland, and creditably repre¬ sents the trade in this prosperous centre. L. J. Steen, Wholesale Boot, Shoe, and Leather Merchant, 9 and 10, West Street, Portadown. — Mr. L. J. Steen commenced business three years ago at No. 5, West Street, but has recently removed to more commodious promises at Nos. 9 and 10, in the same thoroughfare. This establishment consists of a handsome three-storied building, with a hold frontage of thirty feet, facing the street, and extending backwards for fully eighty feet. The accommoda¬ tion thus afforded is conveniently divided into two sections, one being utilised as a retail hoot store, and wholesale leather and shoo finding warehouse, while the portion to the back is fully equipped as the retail leather, hoot upper, and shoe findings department. Tho importation of leathers of all kinds constitutes one of tho chief lines of Mr. Steen’3 trade, tho products being distributed all over tho district surrounding Portadown, and to all parts of tho North of Ireland. Another speciality is the supply of hoot uppers to the local and county bootmakers, Mr. Steen’s reputation as a merchant being second to none in the country. A very largo retail trade is carried on in the spacious shop, which is fitted with every convenience for the comfort of ladies and gentlemen ordering hoots and shoes. These being his speciality, the proprietor gives this department his special attention, ensuring to his customers the very best class of material and workmanship, for which he has gained a famous reputation. All the work done is as perfect as possible, the utmost care being exercised to ensure uniformly good results. As a consequence of the thoroughly sound commercial lines upon which] Mr. Steen conducts his business ho has succeeded in establishing a large and influential family connection, in addition to his wholesale business as a manufacturer and merchant of the highest qualifications and respect¬ ability. Hugh. Wallace, Wholesale and Retail Hardware Merchant, Jeweller, and General House Furnisher, Woodhouse Street, Portadown.—Thirty-one years ago Mr. II ugh Wallace established this prosperous business, which, in the ordinary course of events has been succeeded to by his son of the same name, who entered upon his onerous duties under particularly favourable auspices, he having gradu¬ ated, as it were, under the able tuition of Mr. Cooke, of Derry, until he became a past-master of every detail in connection with the business. Mr. Wallace makes a speciality of the hardware and jewellery depart¬ ments of his large business, but the other sections are in no way neglected. Prompt attention is given to repairs of all kinds of jewellery, which are executed with the least possible delay consistent with perfect and reliable workmanship. A very substantial general house furnishing business is carried on; the repairing, remaking mattresses, and upholstery work being neatly and expeditiously executed upon the establishment by competent workmen. The premises consist of a handsome four-storied building, with a bold frontage of fully fifty feet, and premises which extend backwards for about one hundred feet. On entering the estab¬ lishment, it will he observed to bo closely stocked with a splendid assortment of hardware and jewellery, and house furniture of every conceivable description :— room papers and stationery; carpets, oil¬ cloths, and hearth-rugs, grates, fenders, and fire-irons, oils, paints, colours, and varnishes, and carpenters’ and joiners’ tools of every description. Nearly all the goods are imported from makers of known reputation, the trade effected being wholesale and retail upon a large scale. Eight experienced hands, and two horses and vans find ample employment, and the enterprising proprietor is one of the most energetic gentlemen in the trade, courteous to all and strictly business-like in all his transactions, every detail of which he carries on with conspicuous ability,7and an energy that practically knows no bounds. Grimshaw and McFadden, Linen Manufacturers, Tavanagh Factory, Portadown.—This old-established and well-known house, whose history dates from the year I860, is one of the principal concerns engaged in the manufacture of linens iu Portadown. It was founded by Messrs. Moore & Co. in the year above mentioned; but in 1879 it came under the control of' Messrs. Grimshaw & McFadden, and since that date there has been no change in the proprietary. Tavanagh Factory, the headquarters of the firm, is a large and commodious estab¬ lishment, comprising extensive glass-roofed weaving sheds, together with all the usual preparing departments, each of which is admirably equipped with the best modem machinery for its special purpose. The weaving- sheds contain three hundred and seventy power looms in full working order, and tho entire plant is driven by a fine engine of eighty horse¬ power (nominal). There are also spacious linen and yam warehouses on the premises, and the whole place might stand as a model of a completely organised and effectually equipped linen manufactory. It is one of Portadown’s most representative establishments in this line, and gives employment to upwards of two hundred and fifty hands, whose labours are performed under sanitary and general conditions which are so satis¬ factory as to deserve express commendation. As general linen manufac¬ turers and power-loom weavers, Messrs. Grimshaw & McFadden occupy an eminent position, and enjoy an excellent reputation. Their spe¬ cialities in linens for the home trade are well known and highly esteemed, and tho demand which exists for these superior goods is indicated in the extensive and increasing trade controlled by the firm. Both the princi¬ pals are gentlemen of sound practical experience, and under their capable personal administration the business receives continuous development. Telegrams for this house should be addressed “ Tavanagh, Portadown.” IRELAND. 175 Joseph Fleming, Woollen Draper, Hatter, Haber¬ dasher, and General Outfitter, Portadown.—Portadown is fortunate in the possession of a large and thriving emporium for the supply of woollen drapery, and articles of a kindred character, in the well- appointed establishment of Mr. Joseph Fleming, who, with a large practical experience of his trade in all its branches, commenced business on his own account ten years ago in one of the busiest and most fashionable quarters of this salubrious little inland town of N orthern Armagh. The premises chosen by Mr. Fleming are exactly adapted to the requirements of his self-contained trade,'which is strictly retail and local. They consist of a substantial four-storied building, with a spacious ground floor, which extends for seventy feet to the rear, and has a very handsome frontage of twenty-five feet, facing the street, forming with its •elegantly dressed windows one of the centres of attraction for ladies and others “ out shopping.” On entering the establishment, the beautifully- appointed shop, which is brilliantly illuminated after dusk, may be observed to be divided into departments stocked to repletion with a grand show of general draper’s goods, the neatly contrived offices being situated on the right hand side, at the nether end of the shop. Ascending to the •first floor, a very fine show-room, with every convenience'for the comfort of customers, forms the millinery and mantle department, where a very large and select stock of goods, representing all the latest Parisian and London fashions is displayed to the best advantage. The upper storey is set aside as a work-room for the dressmakers and milliners employed upon the establishment. About thirty hands altogether are employed in attending to the wants of customers, who can depend upon being served with promptitude and civility upon all occasions. As a woollen and general draper, Mr. Joseph Fleming occupies a leading place amongst the tradesmen of his town, supplying goods of a thoroughly reliable description only. IJe makes a speciality of general outfitting work, employing only skilled assistants in this department, and producing articles of the very best quality at wonderfully moderate rates. As a hatter and haberdasher, he is ultra-careful to keep only the most approved goods of the latest styles, and by all the best makers in the United Kingdom. Everything, indeed, about his establishment is conducted with marked ability and energy, and reflects the greatest credit upon all those who are in any way concerned with the administration of its affairs. John Gibson & Co., Wholesale and Family Grocers, &c., Market Street, Portadown.—At the prominent corner of Market Street and Woodhouse Street, Mr. John Gibson five years ago established his flourishing wholesale and family grocery stores, which to-day forms one of the leading features of this busy thoroughfare. The premises are divided into three distinct departments, the corner shop being utilised as a well-appointed grocery store. Here all kinds of select goods of the •highest class are kept. The adjoining shop is devoted to the display and sale of provisions, with ample accommodation for the storage of a large variety of general goods, the capacious yard containing a provision curing department. The bulk of the goods are imported from the best English and foreign sources, and a speciality is made of the highest class of Irish provisions. Seven hands are employed upon the premises, under the personal superintendence of Mr. Gibson, and two vans and horses are called into requisition to deliver the ordered goods to all parts of the town and surrounding country. Taken altogether, the business is a representative one of its kind, and reflects the greatest credit upon the courteous proprietor for the altogether admirable manner in which ho manages every detail of his work. Douglas & Beck, General Drapers, Outfitters, and Funeral Supply Undertakers, High Street, Portadown.—This popular establishment was founded in 1810 by Messrs. A. Shillington & Son, who were succeeded by the above enterprising firm in 1884. The premises present a brilliant and attractive frontage; the front portion of the ground floor being occupied by the handsomely fitted and well stocked retail shop, where a busy trade is briskly carried on. The stock embraces a fine selection of Ladies’ and gentlemen’s outfitting materials, in all the leading fashionable fabrics and designs. A department is specially devoted to mourning outfits, which are a famous speciality of the house. The floor above is devoted to offices, millinery and mantle show-rooms and work-rooms. In addition to the general retail trade, a large order and making-up trade is carried on, some forty hands being engaged in the various departments. The reputation of the house in the outfitting departments has long been established, and the garments of all kinds turned out are models of good taste, fashionable design, and fine work¬ manship. This end is attained by selecting only the best hands, and by keeping abreast of all the latest developments in fashion. The members of the film spare no effort to secure perfect satisfaction for their wide circle of customers. They occupy a leading position in the trade, and have developed their business by skill, attention, and unfailing courtesy. LURGAN. Reburn & Co., Woollen Drapers, Silk Mercers, Mer¬ chant Tailors, &c., The Arcade, Lurgan.—This important firm originated in the year 1840, under the title of Paul & Co., and subse¬ quently became known as Latimer, Davis & Co., who spent nearly £7,000 in extending the premises, making them the finest of the kind in Ireland. In 1868 the business was purchased by the present sole principal, Mr. Thomas Reburn, and under that gentleman’s able and energetic manage¬ ment it has become one of the largest and most influential concerns of its kind in this part of the country. The premises occupied at the above address are eminently suited to the requirements of a first-class drapery and tailoring trade, and comprise an extensive block, four storeys high in front and three at the rear. The street frontage is a fine one of fifty feet, widening to sixty at the back, and the spacious ground floor measures one hundred and thirty feet in length from the main entrance to the back. It is perfectly lighted and elegantly appointed, and contains a splendid stock of all kinds of heavy drapery goods, dress materials, suitings, millinery, fancy drapery, hosiery, &e., &c. This stock is admirably arranged in convenient divisions, and represents the newest and best productions in each department, all the goods bearing the stamp of fine quality and careful selection. The back portion of the ground floor is lighted from the roof by means of a glass dome sixty feet long by twenty feet wide, supported upon ten columns. This excellent arrangement dispenses with the necessity of using artificial light except at night time, and it also greatly enhances the fine appear¬ ance of the (shop. The upper floors of the premises are used partly as stock-rooms and partly as dormitories and residential quarters for those of the employes who live on the premises. Here, as elsewhere in this well- ordered establishment, the best of appointments are en ioidencc, and the whole place bears witness tojthe care and judgment that have been exer¬ cised in its general organisation. The American Cash Railway is in use in the shop, and there are many other notable conveniences which facili¬ tate the progress of this large and increasing business. In the spacious well-ventilated basement we find the comfortable work-rooms, which are thoroughly well equipped, and where about twenty tailors and other work¬ people are busily engaged. Messrs. Reburn & Co. employ a numerous and highly efficient counter staff, whose courtesy and careful attention to customers are well noted and appreciated. The firm’s business, as we have already indicated, is large and comprehensive, and in addition to the execution of stylish and first-class merchant tailoring at the most mode¬ rate prices, they are always offering attractive and economical novelties in mantles and millinery of the latest fashion and best workmanship, to¬ gether with French cashmeres, fancy dress goods, hosiery, haberdashery, carpets, rugs, quilts, blankets, floorcloths, flannels, calicoes, sheetings, linens, men’s and boy’s ready-made clothing in great variety and splendid value, hats, caps, shirts, women’s boots, &c., &c. The entire stock is culled from the best markets, and exemplifies the highest order of merit and reliability at the lowest consistent prices. In every respect this is a typical modern drapery and clothing establishment, and its success is fully deserved, for it has been won by fair dealing and honourable methods from the first. Mr. Rebum is a pushing and experienced business man, fully qualified to conduct a leading trade of this kind, and since he assumed control of this business the house has gained in a very marked degree the support and confidence of constantly expanding local and county connection. We may add that Mr. Thomas Reburn was for over twenty years a Town Commissioner, and during that period had the honour of being elected four times chairman, viz., in 1884 and 1885, and again in 1SSS and 1889. Richard Allan, L.F.S.I. (late of John Evans, Chemist to the Queen, Dublin), Pharmaceutical Chemist, The Medical Hall, 61, Market Street, Lurgan.—This is the most important of the chemists’ establishments in Lurgan, and was founded by Mr. Allan some six years since as a general medical hall and drug store, the prosperity and success attending his undertaking being very marked indeed, the proprietor being particularly well adapted for the position which he occupies, and, moreover, a Licentiate of the Pharmaceutical Society of Ireland. The ground floor of a three-storied building is used for business purposes, the front portion being admirably arranged as a drug store, while the rear serves the twofold purpose of a store and compounding-room. The window is attractively dressed, and the stock embraces all kinds of drugs, &c., of the purest and best description, Mr. Allan devoting the greatest possible attention and care to the dispensing department, being fully impressed with the vast importance attached to it; and amongst the principal articles prepared by him should be mentioned the following : — Compound syrups of the phosphates of iron, lime, potass, and soda, which are known as Parrish’s “ Chemical Food,” and possess extraordinary properties as a constructive tonic ' an Aromatic Quinine and Iron Tonic (a specific for neuralgia), which contains both these compounds in a high state of purity and concentration, and is widely celebrated for its medi¬ cinal properties ; “ Compound Asthmatic Powder,” a valuable remedy for Asthma, Catarrh, Hay Fever, Influenza, and Common Colds; “Dr. Gregory’s Stomachic Powder” ; cod-liver oil and pure cold-drawn ca-tor- oil; and last, but by no means least, a famous remedy for coughs, odds, and all affections of the chest and lungs, which is known as “ Antitussim,” and is prepared solely by Mr. Allan. Two assistants are employed, and a large and fast-developing business is carried on. 17G INDUSTRIES OF John Park & Co., Hatters, Outfitters, and Woollen Merchants, 40, Market Street, Lurgan.—This prosperous concern owes its origin to Mr. .John Park, the sole proprietor, who opened it in 1888, and has continued to trade under the title of “ John Park & Co.” The premises occupied consist of a three-storied building measuring twenty- five feet by fifty, and on the ground floor of this is a large and well- appointed shop which is comprehensively and very neatly stocked with hats of all descriptions, including those of the latest and most fashionable shapes ; woollen articles, &c., &c. A leading speciality is made of gentle¬ men’s, youths’ and boys’ ready-made clothing, an immense assortment of the newest and most fashionable goods being always held in stock. The firm were the first to introduce this class of business in Lurgan on a large scale, and buying as they do in such quantities direct from the producers and manufacturers, and paying prompt cash, they are enabled to give exceptional advantages to their customers both in quality and price. The windows are very attractively arranged, and that too in remarkably good taste, with some of the finest specimens of the goods sold, all the articles being noteworthy by reason of their very fine quality, their dura¬ bility, and their excellence of finish; nothing of a spurious nature being allowed to come into, much less to be sold at this premier establishment, the reputation of which is widespread, and is richly deserved. A speciality is also made in hosiery, shirts, gloves, scarfs, and collars, which are sold in great variety. An efficient staff of assistants is con¬ stantly employed in attending to the orders of the numerous customers who visit the shop, and a large and growing trade, chiefly local and retail, is done in each of the several departments, Mr. Patk having suc¬ ceeded in establishing an excellent connection on a very sure footing. The upper floors of the house are used for residential purposes. Ireland Brothers, Family Grocers, Tea, Wine and Spirit Merchants, Provision Curers, and Grain Merchants, 31 and 32, Church Place, Lurgan.—This important grocery business owes its formation to Mr. James Ireland, wdio founded it in 1880, and is still the sole proprietor, although trading under the style of “ Ireland Brothers.” The premises consist of a two-storied building, the front portion of the ground floor being divided into two commodious shops—the one on the right-hand side being the grocery and provision department, while the other is used as a retail wine and spirit shop. Both are handsomely appointed and present a most attractive appearance, being supplied with a very fine variety of goods, including choice Irish provisions, the curing of which Mr. Ireland makes a speciality. In a yard at the rear is a spacious building, two storeys in height, the ground floor of which is used for provision curing, general stores, stabling, &c., the upper floor being used for the storage of flour, bran, and other commodities of a kindred nature. A large number of hands is employed; and an extensive trade, both wholesale and retail, is conducted continuously, and is steadily growing, the popularity which this house has achieved being due to the perseverance and business acumen displayed by the proprietor, and also to the surpassing excellence of his supplies. J. Gilchrist, Wholesale and Retail Draper, Hosier, Haberdasher, and General Warehouseman, 51, Market Street, Lurgan. —This noteworthy and old-established house was founded in 1861, and has been conducted from first to last under the able and energetic guid¬ ance of its present esteemed principal, Mr. J. Gilchrist. As the centre of a large drapery, hosiery, haberdashery, and general warehouse trade, the premises have been greatly favoured by their excellent business position, and a brief survey of the general aspect of the interior is sufficient to manifest the care that has been bestowed in the arrangement of a varied stock in order to ensure complete departmental supervision. There is a spacious frontage of thirty-five feet, and the premises extend over one hundred feet from front to rear, the front portion constituting the retail shop for the sale of woollen goods and general drapery. There is a convenient office at the rear, and behind this again—towards the right —are commodious stores and stock-rooms, wherein a very large general stock is preserved, and to the left there has just been added a spacious w r are-room and fitting-rooms, with the view of still further developing the mantle and fancy trades. There has also been a great improvement made in lighting the rear of the house by putting glass in the roof and ceiling. With such ample capacities and resources the proprietor is enabled to provide for the most extensive demands of a large and still¬ growing trade. He devotes special attention to the woollen goods department, entering into each branch of a complete warehouse trade and providing the best obtainable goods on the most liberal terms—satis- lactorv alike to the public and the trade. The most fashionable develop¬ ments in coatings, suitings, and trouserings, are here creditably illustrated; and all kinds of gentlemen’s clothing are made up to order. The enterprise with which Mr. Gilchrist has extended his operations to every conceivable department of outfitting is evident in the trade which he has cultivated for ladies’, gentlemen’s, and children’s hoots, shoes, and slippers. In this and all other sections of a sound business undertaking, Mr. Gilchrist commands the patronage of many local families and trading connections. As an honourable and successful tradesman, well known for his attentiveness and courtesy during a business career of thirty years, he receives general confidence and esteem ; and holds a position in the commerce of this rising town which his abilities have well merited. James Clendinning & Sons, Manufacturers, Bleachers and Printers of Linen, Cambric, Hemstitched, and Embroidered Handkerchiefs, 54, 56, and 58, High Street, Lurgan.—This well-known and representative house was founded in 1850 by Mr. James Clendinning, who was joined some years later by his sons, Mr. John Clendinning and Mr. James H. Clendinning. These latter gentlemen are now the active partners of the concern, for, though the founder continues at the head of its affairs, he does not engage actively in the duties of management. The business is one of the largest of its kind in this part of Ireland, and embraces the manufacture, bleaching and printing of linen cambric hand¬ kerchiefs, both hemstitched and embroidered. A leading speciality con¬ sists in embroidered cambric and linen goods for the London and American- markets, and in the production of this fine class of textiles Messrs. Clendinning stand among the leaders of the trade, their manufactures- enjoying a splendid reputation for quality, design, and finish. The works in High Street, Lurgan, are very extensive and commodious, and comprise large ranges of three-storied buildings, with a frontage of one hundred- feet, and a total rearward extension of five hundred feet. These pre¬ mises have been very considerably enlarged during recent years, a fine new block being added in 18S6, and they now form a perfectly organised group of factories, offices, warehouses, and stock-rooms, pos¬ sessed of every facility for the conduct of an immense business. The various working and manufacturing departments—which are most com¬ mendable for their excellent lighting and sanitary arrangements—are all equipped with the best class of improved modern machinery and appliances- for their several purposes, and present a scene of great interest and activity, upwards of three hundred hands being employed on the premises in the different processes of hemstitching, block-cutting and printing, smoothing, washing, &c., &c. In the hemstitching department there are about one hundred machines at work, all of the improved and highly ingenious type now used in this interesting branch of industry. Messrs. Clendinning have a supplementary hemstitching and finishing factory at Merchant’s Quay, Newry, where they employ an inside staff of one hundred and fifty hands, with sixty machines. In addition to the workpeople engaged in the two factories the firm have from eight hundred to twelve hundred outside operatives in their service—so that they rank among the largest employers of labour in their district. Their works have an attractive- appearance, and are conspicuously neat and systematic in all their arrange¬ ments. Messrs. James Clendinning & Sons control an exceptionally large home and export trade, a steady demand existing for their goods in all the British, foreign, and colonial markets; and, besides having an important; London warehouse at 12, Bread Street, E.C., they are represented by numerous agents in other large centres of the trade at home and abroad. All the affairs of the business are most capably directed by Messrs. John, and James H. Clendinning, who have had a long and thoroughly practical experience in the industry with which they are associated, and who devote their personal attention to the management of the works and the super¬ vision of the commercial routine of the business. The registered tele¬ graphic address of tho house is “Clendinning, Lurgan.” Daniel Murray, Delf, China, Coal, Rag, Waste, and! Hide Merchant, High Street, Lurgan.—Established in the year I860' by the late Mr. Daniel Murray, father of the present partner, this business- has become the medium of a large and widely-developed trade in many varied kinds of materials ; and in the capacity of a delf, china, coal, rag, waste, and hide-merchant, Mr. Murray continues to carry on all the operations of the business under the same methods and principles as- observed by his esteemed predecessor, who remained at the head of its affairs until a very recent date. The firm make a speciality of the rag and waste department, while the buying and disposal of hides constitutes an important feature of the business, and Mr. Murray exports largely to- England and Scotland. He is also an extensive importer of delf, glass, and china, and his collections frequently embrace many of the highest attainable productions in English and Foreign pottery art. In order to meet the due preservation of all the different kinds of merchandise dealt in, Mr. Murray’s premises are necessarily of a very extensive character, the ground-floor front of a tliree-storey building in the High Street forming an attractive glass and china warehouse, while close by are the marine and rag stores, with separate entrance by gateway. The magnitude of Mr. Murray's premises, and the immensity of resource which their extent indicates, cannot be better conveyed than in the mere fact that the range of two and three-storied buildings, extending down the left side of the yard, present a frontage of forty feet, and cover a stretch of throe hun¬ dred feet from front to rear. This building is principally used as a store for all classes of linen rags, waste, &c., having ample accommodation for sorting same. Mr. Murray employs a staff of eighteen hands in tho store, and his own family assist in the china warehouse. This part of the premises is fifty feet long and has communication with the yard, where there are horses and carts for the delivery and consignment of goods; and there are many conveniences of arrangement which suggest the completeness with which all the details of this large business concern have been arranged in order to facilitate its many transactions. Mr. Murray is at all times at the head of its management, superintending and directing all matters with accuracy and business tact. To the widespread connections of the house he affords due liberality and attentiveness, and the whole business is one which admirably illustrates the results of honourable trading and successful enterprise. IRELAND. 177 Mathers & Bunting, Manufacturers and Bleachers -of Cambric Handkerchiefs, Lurgan.—This old-established and impor¬ tant business was acquired by Messrs. Mathers & Bunting in 1879, these gentlemen taking it over from its founder, Mr. Alexander Cordner, who had carried it on since 1850. The new firm commenced its opera¬ tions in Union Street, but in 1885 they took the fine premises they now occupy, in Mary Street and Brownlow Terrace. Here they have an establishment eminently suited to the requirements of their large and still growing trade, and they have organised and equipped it in the most complete and effectual manner. The premises comprise a square block of two-storey buildings, substantial in structure and very commo¬ dious in arrangement. The ground floor is used chiefly in connection ■with the manufacture of brown goods, and it also contains the laundry and stores. The upper floor is devoted to the purposes of lapping and warping- rooms, and general and private offices. In all respects the equipment is very complete, and the staff employed on the premises numbers about fifty hands, but Messrs. Mathers & Bunting give constant employment to between six and seven hundred outside workpeople. This firm manufac¬ ture and bleach cambric handkerchiefs of all classes, and their productions are unsurpassed in quality and finish. They maintain a style and charac¬ ter particularly suited to the home markets, and their trade is principally with the British Isles. In England, Scotland, and Ireland alike, Messrs. Mathers & Bunting’s handkerchiefs are well-known and greatly approved, and, under the able and judicious administration of the principals, thishouse is developing a splendid connection in all the great trade centres of the United Kingdom. The firm’s telegraphic address is “ Cambric, Lurgan.” John Long, Plumber, Steam and Gasfitter, Bell- hanger, Lead Merchant, and Electric Bellfitter, William Street, Lurgan.—This leading concern was founded in 1866 by the present pro¬ prietor, who has not only been very successful in his undertaking, but has also conducted it with very great ability. The ground-floor of a three¬ storied building is used for the business, and is fitted up as a show-room and office, the appointments being fully commensurate with the importance of the establishment; while the stock exhibited is a large and very compre¬ hensive one. At the rear is a structure of two storeys, the ground-floor being fitted up as a workshop, while that above is used as a store for lead, &c. The workshop is suitably appointed in every particular, and pro¬ vided with vertical hand-power lathes and other appliances of the most improved make. Mr. Long employs a number of skilled, experienced, and registered plumbers, and all work performed by him is conspicuous for its efficiency and its excellence of finish, the most careful exactitude being given to details. He makes specialities of sanitary plumbing and steam fitting, work in which he excels ; and is held in the highest repute as a remarkably skilful plumber and fitter, &c. He has been entrusted with the most important contracts in the town of Lurgan, the carrying out of which has reflected the greatest credit upon himself, and given the most complete satisfaction to those by whom he was engaged ; and amongst these contracts may be mentioned the fitting of the works of James Malcolm, the Lurgan Weaving Company, Limited, and Johnstone, Allen &Co. A splendid trade is carried on in all branches. The Lurgan Weaving Co., Limited, Power Loom Manufacturers of Linen, Cambrics, and Cambric Handkerchiefs, &c., Lurgan.—This influential and successful company originated in the year 1881 as power-loom manufacturers of linen, cambrics, and cam¬ bric handkerchiefs, and they have brought these branches of industry to a very high state of perfection. During the last five years the com¬ pany have carried out some very extensive and important improvements in the structural character of their works, offices, and auxiliary buildings; and the result of their enterprise in this matter has been a distinctly gratifying addition to th§ architectural attractions of Lurgan. The company have well maintained the reputation of the town for progress of the best kind, besides providing themselves with accommodation that is in every way worthy of the extensive and important trade they have so energetically developed. A word of special praise is due to the excel¬ lent arrangements that have been made for the better housing of the employes of the factory. A large number of new and commodious workers’ dwellings have been erected, forming quite a little colony of industrial residences in the vicinity of the works, and the neat and com¬ fortable appearance of these houses has elicited much admiring comment. The march of improvement, after leaving its mark upon the company’s premises in general, has extended to the internal and practical equip¬ ment of the works, and we find the large and well-organised factory replete with a fine plant of new machinery of the best modern type, steam power for the driving of the same being supplied by a magnificent pair of condensing engines of two hundred and fifty indicated horse-power. There are upwards of five hundred looms in the factory, all of them in full operation, and many hundreds of hands find employment here, their labours being performed under sanitaryjeonditions of the most favourable character. The company is entitled to every credit for enterprise dis¬ played and progress accomplished, and its material reward consists in the notable success of its manufacturing and commercial operations. The large output of linens, cambrics, and cambric handkerchiefs which leaves this factory maintains a standard of the highest excellence in all its essential features, and, as a consequence, the goods produced are in great and increasing demand in all the principal markets of the trade. All the affairs of this great business are administered with conspicuous skill and ability, and the lion's share of credit in this matter must be assigned to Mr. H. Gf. MacGeagh, the company’s experienced and energetic manag¬ ing director, who has so largely influenced the advancement of the entire concern to its present high position among the most flourishing and promising of Lurgan’s manufacturing undertakings. L COUNTY ANTRIM. LISBURN, LIGONIEL, LARNE, BALLYMENA, CARRICKFERGUS. MONO the chief centres of business activity in county Antrim outside of Belfast stand the five towns named above, and the sketches of their representative trading and manufacturing firms, which here follow, may be prefaced by a few introductory remarks on the towns themselves. Lisburn, like Belfast (from which city it is eight miles distant), is situated on the river Lagan, partly in Antrim and partly in Down. It is a handsome, populous, and prosperous town, well built, well governed by its local authorities, and noted for the neafness and cleanliness of its appearance and its general aspect of thrift and progress. Here is located the cathedral church of the diocese of Down, and the local institutions of the town include several excellent schools. The press is well represented by the Lisburn Standard, a Conservative newspaper dating frotn the yea r 1878. As a seat of the linen industry Lisburn is one of the first towns in Ireland, and the damasks and other fine linen fabrics produced here have been famous for fully two centuries. In beauty of finish and perfection of qualityThey cannot be surpassed, and the flax-spinning, bleaching, muslin, and linen-thread works of Lisburn are among the largest and most important in Ireland. The town has also a number of other local trades and industries of a notable character, and its population (10,750 in 1881, but much larger now) includes some of the most industrious workers and most enterprising business men to be met with in the province of Ulster. The prosperity of Lisburn may be said to date from the year 1641, when Lord Conway, who obtained a grant of the dis¬ trict from Charles I., encouraged a number of families to settle there. The town grew by degrees, and at The present day it takes rank among the principal industrial and commercial communities in County Antrim. Ligoniel, or Legoniel, is within the parliamentary limits of Belfast, and is situated about two miles north-west of the city proper. Its population has doubtless increased considerably sinco 1881, when it was 3,497; and the local trades and industries are in the flourishing condition which is characteristic of the whole of this busy district. Larne ranks among the principal seaports of the north-east coast of Ireland, and has a fine situation at the entrance to Lough Larne, about twenty-five miles from Belfast. To this position and to the fact that it is one of the termini of the shortest route between Scotland and Ireland (Larne to Stranraer), the town owes' its modern prosperity. The harbour of Larne, having been much improved in recent years, is now a very safe and commodious one, affording good facilities for the large shipping trade of the place ; and there are excellent conveniences of railway transport to Belfast and other parts of Ireland. Industrially considered, Larne is making steady and satisfactory progress, and the local flour-milling and linen trades are noteworthy, while numerous branches of general commerce afford ample scope for the exercise of tho energy and enterprise of the people. The returns of the last census (1881) gave the population of this town as about 4,000, and we may expect that the census of 1891 will show a consider¬ able increase on that figure. Larne was originally called Inver, and has long been noted for the varied beauties of its scenic sur¬ roundings. On the bold extremity of the peninsula called the Curran stands Olderfleet Castle, once a formidable and important stronghold. Ballymena (population, about 9,000) is well known as a busy centre of the linen manufacture, and has important spinning- mills, bleach-works, and dye-works. It stands on the river Braid, thirty-four miles north-west of Belfast, and is one of the principal industrial towns in county Antrim. Throughout the populous district in which Ballymena is situated the agricultural and linen manufacturing industries are greatly developed. Many bleach- fields of vast extent are to be met with in the neighbourhood, and the flax and linen market is one of the most important in Ulster. Carrickfergus, a seaport on the north shore of Belfast Lough, is a place of great antiquity, and ranks as one of the oldest and most historical of Irish towns. The oyster fishery is valuable, and the local trades of the place aro well conducted. The port was once tho chief one on the Lough, and it was here that Edward Bruce landed in 1315 to attempt the conquest of Ireland. Wo now direct the reader’s attention to the reviews wo have prepared of prominent commercial and industrial houses whose operations are centred in Lisburn, Ligoniel, Larne, Ballymena, and Carrickfergus. IiN DUSTRIES. THE READER'S ATTENTION IS NOW DIRECTED TO THE RISE AND PROGRESS OF LEADING BUSINESS HOUSES IN COUNTY ANTRIM. IT IS TO THE ENTERPRISE OF SUCH FIRMS THAT THE DISTRICT OWES ITS PRESENT INDUSTRIAL IMPORTANCE. BALLYMENA. Robert Morton & Co., Flour and Oatmeal Millers, Ballymena.—The business of the above leading firm, which has long been of very large proportions, was begun by Mr. Robert Morton, father of the present proprietor, who was largely engaged as a wholesale flour and meal merchant, during the year 1840. In 1854 that gentleman commenced milling operations in the present premises, and succeeded in building up a first-class connection. Since his decease, which occurred in 1875, his son, Mr. Robert Morton, has been the sole owner of the concern, which is carried on under the above denomination. The mills are of the most extensive description, extending over some three acres, and are well equipped with the best modern appliances. The buildings rise to five storeys, and are approached by a wide avenue. The offices are to the left of the main entrance. The ground floor of the mill proper is used for storage purposes and for shafting the mill-stones. Of these there are six pairs in constant operation, for the manufacture of oatmeal and Indian meal, as well as twelve sets of rollers for wheat on the third floor. The screening, sifting, and purifying machinery is all of the latest and best type, and plays an important part in securing the high reputation of the productions of these mills. The fine engine of 150 horse-power and several large boilers are located in a separate build¬ ing at the rear. The chief products are flour and oatmeal, designed for the local markets, the connection lying mainly with North of Ireland merchants. Large imports of grain are made by the firm to supply the demands of their very extensive trade. The concern affords employ¬ ment to some fifty hands, and the whole business, both manufacturing distributive, and commercial, is ably managed by Mr. Morton himself. No one occupies a higher position or enjoys a more enviable reputation in the trade which he so effectively represents, and the success which has attended his enterprise is the best testimony to his energy and high business qualifications. David McCartney & Son, Bacon and Ham Carers, Grain and riour Merchants, Church Street, Ballymena.—The above leading firm, whoso great speciality is the curing of “ mild cure ” hams and breakfast and roll bacon of finest quality for the homo and English trade, and also specially cured hams for the foreign export trade, was established during the year 1865 by Messrs. David and Samuel J. McCartney, J.P. However, for some years past the active management has been in the hands of the latter gentleman. The very extensivo and finely equipped premises in C hurch Street consist of three floors, two hundred by forty feet. The iffices and wholesale order department for general produce are to the front on the ground floor; to the rear are the curing-houses and dispatch department; while the upper part of the premises is fully utilised as stores for grain, seed, flour, &c. Heavy stocks are carried in all departments to meet the requirements of the old-established and very extended export connection of the firm. Further very extensive premises have just been complete! at Ballymoney Street for curing purposes. The firm also largely engage in the import of American provisions, and fine brands of flour from America, Liver¬ pool, and Glasgow, and control a first-rate home connection in these several lines. They are also famous as vendors of the best London teas. Indeed, the business, which is being so rapidly and energetically extended under the direction of its present proprietor, now ranks amongst the first of the kind in the province both in volume and reputation. The general business arrangements are of a kind very pleasing to notice in an establishment of the kind, and the whole concern is one calculated to maintain the position of the province in the great and important pro¬ vision trade which has been so steadily developed during many years in Belfast and the North. Mr. Samuel J. McCartney is one of the most popular and influential men in the district, and, besides being a justice of the peace for the county, holds the commission for the township, having for several years been chairman and one of the most energetic and trusted of the Town Commissioners of Ballymena, in whose progress and prosperity he has ever manifested the keenest and most enlightened interest. Kane Brothers, Engineers, Millwrights, &c., Bally¬ mena Foundry, Harryville, Ballymena.—This enterprising engineering concern was founded by the present proprietor, Mr. William Kane, trading under the above designation, during 1871. The business is closely connected with the staple trade of the province, the firm having devoted special attention since its foundation to the fitting up of factories for the weaving and bleaching of linen. They have also greatly dis¬ tinguished themselves as makers of improved agricultural machinery, which they have brought to considerable perfection. The works lie alongside the goods station of the Belfast and Northern Counties Rail¬ way, cover quite an acre of ground, and are very excellently equipped with the latest appliances. The premises are of two storeys, and comprise a suite of offices on the ground floor, to the left of which are the work¬ shops. First comes the fitting shop, in which are fitted up all the usual drilling, slotting, polishing, grooving, and other machines. Alongside this is the pattern makers’ shop, temporarily occupied till the alterations and improvements in the new pattern shop on the second floor are com¬ plete. Here, too, the machinery is of the best and latest kind, including circular, jig, and fret saws, and planing and. moulding machines. Farther along is the moulding shop communicating* w*ith the roadAvay by an independent gateway, and fitted up with every appliance for wet and dry moulding. Outside in the yard is a blast furnace, the yard itself being utilised as a general storage space. The various machinery is driven by a steam engine of twenty horse power, located in the fitting shop. Some sixty skilled hands are employed in these works, mostly skilled mechanics, and the wholo is under the immediate direction of Mr. Kane himself. A small branch foundry is maintained at Larne in which twelve hands are employed, and which is adequately found in engine power and mechanical appliances. The firm have a strong con¬ nection all over the country, both with the manufacturing and industrial interests, and have fitted up many of the finest factories. Their latest effort in this way has been the fitting up of the machinery in the new weaving factory of Messrs. Gault Brothers, at Ballymena, which has lately been opened. AJ1 departments, we need not add, are splendidly organised, and the enterprise and success which have all along marked the career of this firm reflect no small distinction on its able proprietor and on his skilled and experienced staff. 180 INDUSTRIES OP Gault Brothers, Phoenix Weaving Factory, Bally¬ mena.—This splendidly equipped -weaving factory, belonging to the above enterprising firm, though but lately fitted up and opened, has assumed an important and noteworthy place among the various industrial centres in and around Ballymena. The enterprise of Messrs. Gault Bros, in thus developing the very important power loom industry in this pros¬ perous linen centre, will undoubtedly largely benefit both the spirited owners and the entire community among which they purpose carrying on operations. Mr. William Henry Kinkead, the able manager of the factory, has had a long and varied experience in the staple manufacturing trade and brings to bear on their new venture a complete mastery of every department of the industry. The premises, which are splendidly found in weaving and preparing machinery exclusively of the best and most improved modern type, comprise two extensive ranges of buildings, one of which is devoted to power looms alone, containing some 174 looms in all, and the other to the preliminary operations of winding, warping, dressing, &c. In the latter range of buildings is located the motive power, namely a steam-engine of forty horse-power, which is assisted by a powerful turbine of nearly the same force. The manufacture at present includes plain and fancy linens, diapers, drills, hucks, &c., and is busily carried on by a staff of some 190 skilled employes. • The connection lies with both home and foreign trade, mainly with the large merchant and export houses, and is ably controlled in all detail . Being entirely a modern factory, fitted up in the latest and most appr ved manner, we need hardly say its productions fear no competition from any quarter, and from the first have taken rank among the best and soundest goods produced in the province. We may mention that the factory is entirely lit by the electric light, and all the driving machinery is supplied by Messrs. Kane Bros, of Ballymena/who have completed the fitting up to the entire satisfaction of the owners. The agent in Belfast is Mr. Thomas Moore, junior, Linen Hall. John Kane & Sons, Engineers and Millwrights, Iron and Brass Founders, &c., Braidwater Foundry, Harryville Bridge, Ballymena.—This flourishing business was originally founded by Mr. Andrew Martin, in 1870, who was succeeded by the above very successful firm in 1886, it having been in business since 1858. The scope of opera¬ tions includes engineering, millwright work, and iron and brass founding, in all of which a staff of some thirty-five skilled hands find employment. The premises are very extensive and splendidly found in all the neces¬ sary plant and appliances. The entire area of the yard and workshops is about half an acre. The workshops comprise the usual smith’s fitting and moulding departments. The second floor is utilised as a pattern¬ making shop. Besides their general engineering work the firm make a speciality of the manufacture and repair of threshing and churning machines, and in cart axles do the largest business in the county. The connection, which is steadily growing, embraces a wide circle of special and general customers both in Ballymena and in the whole county, at Londonderry, Donegal, county Down, Armagh, Tyrone, as well as Antrim. Both partners are practical engineers and millwrights, and this combined with their energy and enterprise has given them a position in the general trade which is as flattering as it is valuable. George S. Wilson, Imperial Steam Mineral Water Works and Cordial Manufactory, Bridge Street, Ballymena..—It was early in the year 1886 when Mr. George S. Wilson established himself at the above mentioned address as a manufacturer of all kinds of aerated and mineral waters and cordials. He makes specialities of ginger, cinnamon, peppermint, and quinine liqueurs; his other manufactures consisting of lemonade, aromatic ginger ale, sarsaparilla and hot tom, summer and winter beverages, a beverage known as champagne nectar, a most delicious drink, double soda water, aerated water, commonly called soda water, double kali water, seltzer, seidlitz, and tonic waters, raspberry and clove cordials. The premises consist of a two-storied building, which is sixty feet in width and eighty-six in depth. The front portion of the ground floor is used as an office and a sale-room, and is well stocked with the liqueurs, cordials, and syrups enumerated, the aerated and mineral waters are in corked and patent glass-stoppered bottles. Syphons are kept in stock and are charged with all the aerated and mineral waters. All the most improved machinery and other appliances are used in manufacturing. They consist of a soda water machine by Bratby and Hinchliffe, Manchester, which is capable of turning out a thousand dozen per day ; a “Monarch ” turnover, filling and syruping machine by the same firm, which is capable of filling, &c., from sixty to eighty dozen bottles per hour ; a patent steam filling and corking machine, doing seventy to eighty dozen per hour ; a hand syruping and filling machine for corked bottles which will turn out forty dozen every hour ; and a syphon filling machine. The water used is of the purest, and passes through a low pressure filter of the best London make direct to the machines, thus making contamination impossible. The washing appliances are most complete, all the brushes being driven by machinery. All the above are driven by a Crossley’s “Otto” gas engine. On the upper floor are stores and syrup rooms. The establishment is splendidly managpd, and only the best and purest ingredients are used. Only competent hands are employed, and horses and vans are kept for delivering goods within a radius of thirty miles, while large quantities are sent by rail all over the North of Ireland. John Gault, Prince Arthur Steam Sawing and Plan¬ ing Mills, Ballymena.—This noteworthy concern dates back to the year 1862, when it was founded by its present able and energetic proprietor, Mr. John Gault. The business includes that of a large importer of American and European timber direct, of Welsh slates and Chester tiles, as well as that of an extensive saw-mill proprietor. The premises cover fully three-quarters of an acre, and include a large storage space for timber, tiles, and slates, partly covered, as well as a fully-equipped saw¬ mill. In the latter are two circular saws, a log and two deal frames, a planing and moulding machine, grooving, tenoning, and morticing machines, lathes, &c., all driven by a powerful steam-engine, of sixteen horse-power. Another very large yard at Harryvillo is used for storing further stocks of timber, and as a coal store. The connection of the estab¬ lishment is very strong in Ballymena and throughout the district, and is ably maintained and extended. Mr. Gault in person looks after the interests of the business, some forty hands finding employment in the various departments. Mr. Gault is universally respected, and well- sustains the reputation of the town in the special line to which he has devoted his abilities. Jolm Hanna, Dyer and Finisher, Kildrum and Lisuawhiggle, Ballymena, Co. Antrim.—In the year 1798 the first Mr. John Hanna established a bleach works at Kildrum, and after his death his son, Mr. William Hanna, continued the business ; this gentle¬ man was succeeded by Mr. Curell, who followed up the industry for twenty-one years, and was succeeded by Mr. William Millar, who remained in possession the same length of time. Mr. William B. Taylor then took the premises, and five years subsequently the second Mr. John Hanna changed the industry from bleaching to dyeing, continuing on these lines until his death in 1874. The present Mr. John Hanna, the third of the name, 'who is the son of the pre¬ ceding gentleman, then acquired the property ; he has greatly developed the trade and considerably enlarged the works. The bleach green now covers about thirty-six statute acres, and is most conveniently situated in the valley of the Glenwlierry Rivers; the buildings are all of two storeys, admirably constructed and well arranged. The various departments are replete with all the best and most improved machinery and appliances, the motive power being supplied by two water wheels and an auxiliary steam engine. The works at Lisuawhiggle were estab¬ lished in the last century by Mr. William Johnston for beetle, finishing and dyeing. After changing hands several times they finally became the property, by purchase, of Mr. John Hanna the second, and from him they passed to the present Mr. Hanna. These works are equally well equipped with machinery and appliances as those at Kildrum, two large water wheels supplying the motive power. A very extensive busi¬ ness is carried on at both works in the dyeing and finishing of linen and cotton goods on commission for Manchester, Belfast, and other mer¬ chants. The work is all turned out in the very best style and so complete are all the arrangements of the works and the facilities afforded by the splendid plant of improved maclnnery at command, that Mr. Hanna stands in an unrivalled position to execute contracts and work of any magnitude on the shortest notice and with dispatch and economy. Mr. Hanna, whose private residence is at Crevilly Valley, Ballymena, is a gentleman well known and highly respected. Robert A. Simms, Wholesale and Retail Draper, Merchant Tailor, and Outfitter, The London House, Ballymena.—The London House of Mr. Robert Simms forms one of the great fashion¬ able and business centres of the prosperous town of Ballymena. The premises form a handsome block of two storeys, eighty by one hundred and seventy feet, replete with a splendid stock. The front portion is fitted up as a retail shop, and presents a bright and highly attractive appearance, both inside and outside. The fittings, &c., are in keeping with the character of a first-class house, every modern improvement being visible, including the American cash tramways. The general ware-rooms and stock-rooms occupy the rear of the ground floor, while a finely equipped millinery, dress, and mantle-making department and work-rooms are located on the second floor. The whole establishment presents an appearance of activity and business very pleasing to note in a provincial house, and rivals many a city establishment both in enter¬ prise and connection. In addition to a first-class general counter trade, Mr. Simms in 1890 obtained the large clothing contract of the Belfast and Northern Counties Railway Company, extending over three years, for every article of uniform required. This contract was never pre¬ viously obtained by one firm, and was competed for by the leading houses in Belfast and Dublin, and some eminent English firms. Both departments afford employment to no less than eighty-five trained hands. The business dates back to the year 1840, when it was solidly estab¬ lished by Mr. James N. Hardy and Mr. John Baird, who were appointed linen drapers to her Majesty in the year 1853, and who controlled it for over forty years. Finally, in 1881, it passed into the hands of Mr. Simms, who has spared no effort to further consolidate and develop its influence and reputation. In this laudable endeavour he has succeeded in an eminent degree, and the London House may fairly claim to hold an unrivalled position among great establishments of the kind. IRELAND. 181 LARNE. George Baine, Plain and Fancy Bread and Pastry Baker, Confectioner, and General Purveyor, Maine Street, Lame.— This flourishing business was originally established in these premises by the late Mr. George Baine, father of the present proprietor. The premises comprise two first-class shops, one used for the sale of confectionery, pastry, and fancy goods, and the other devoted to family grocery and the sale of bread. To the rear of the front premises is the bakery, lately fitted up with two patent continuous baking ovens by Baker & Sons, London, by which an equal heat is maintained during the time the bread remains in the oven. Great attention is paid to cleanliness of manipula¬ tion in the preliminary processes, and the place is a model one in this respect. Some twenty hands are employed as breadservers and bakers, and the delivery carts are familiar objects for many miles around Larne. Plain bread forms the great speciality of the house, and the success which has followed the concern is no doubt closely connected with its successful manufacture. Alongside the pastry shop is a large room for parties, and a commodious residence is attached. The place, indeed, is one of the busiest in Larne, and is steadily increasing its hold on general public favour. LIGONIEL. Arthur Boyd, Grocer and Provision Merchant, Ballysillan and Ligoniel Stores, Main Street, Ligoniel.—The success which has attended the operations carried on here by Mr. Arthur Boyd since 1884 has not only been of the most encouraging character, but indicates very pointedly the ability with which this gentleman conducts his business. His premises consist of an excellently appointed shop, having a frontage of twenty feet, and extending for a distance of over one hundred feet to the rear. An active trade is carried on in groceries, teas, and provisions. The world-wide reputation of Ireland in association with the provision trade is splendidly sustained at the hands of the pro¬ prietor, who not only devotes an undivided amount of care and attention to all the work with which he is associated, but possesses all the sagicity and sound practical judgment which go to constitute a successful business man. This is a fact which is abundantly exemplified in the appearance of his establishment. The honourable spirit by which this gentleman has been at all time3 actuated in the conduct of his concern has not only won for him a high position in the estimation of the public as a com¬ mercial man, but has drawn around him a large circle of personal friends, who recognise in him a man of genuine worth, who can be most j implicitly trusted, and the future career of Mr. Arthur Boyd is certainly full of the most gratifying promise, for success very rarely fails to attend the earnest efforts of the meritorious. LISBURN. Ward & Co., Apothecaries, Dispensing Chemists, Market Square, Lisburn.—This is the oldest-established business of its kind so far as this locality is concerned, having been traced back as far as 1788 ; and, after passing through various successors, at length came into the possession of the present proprietor, Dr. Ward, this being in 1875, and has since been conducted under the style of “Ward & Co,” who are also licentiate apothecaries, pharmaceutical and analytical chemists. The ground floor of the commodious and conveniently-situated premises is utilised for professional purposes, and this presents a frontage of twenty feet to Market Square, and extends to the rear for no less than fifty feet, the front portion being admirably appointed as a medical hall, and well stocked with all varieties of the purest drugs and chemicals, Dr. Ward himself superintending the dispensing department, to which he devotes special and careful attention. The efficacious properties of his prepara¬ tions are too well known to require any elaborate description, and the large demand there is always for them amply proves their excellence. There are two well-furnished consulting-rooms, these being also situated on the ground floor, and at the rear is a store. Four assistants are employed. Dr. Ward displays a special aptitude for the calling he so worthily pursues, and is a member of the “Pharmaceutical Society of Ireland.” An excellent business is constantly carried on. I GALWAY, SLIGO, ATHLONE, MONAGHAN, ENNISKILLEN, LISBELLAW, AND CAVAN. HE busy seaport town of Galway, the capital of county Galway, and one of the most historic places in Ireland, has at the present day very considerable prominence and importance as a centre of commercial and industrial activity, and stands second to none among the Western ports. Galway harbour is one of the finest on the coast, and the situation of the town has contributed very largely to its mercantile renown and progress. In olden times Galway was one of the most notable marts of British commerce, a great amount of shipping trade being carried on through its port. Other towns have risen into greater prominence since then, but Galway still remains notable and interesting, not merely because of its history and its famous past, but also on account of the manner in which its enterprising merchants still maintain its old-time commercial traditions. The town is, indeed, quite a metropolis for the West of Ireland, and its people have devoted their attention most successfully to the con¬ tinuance of its old trades and the establishment of such new ones as can be profitably engaged in. In its municipal institu¬ tions and public affairs generally the town presents a no less creditable aspect; and it is the seat of one of the three “Queen’s Colleges” constituted in Ireland by Act of Parliament in 1845. As to the manufactures of Galway, we find several productive trades in a flourishing condition. Among the local industries we find corn-milling, ironfounding, marble working, and distil¬ ling in a flourishing condition ; and the herring fishery is valuable and productive, affording a means of livelihood to many people in this district. The textile industries carried on by the peasantry of Galway include the weaving of hand-made cloths of heavy texture and splendid quality, which have a national reputation; and there are several firms in the town who devote special atten¬ tion to supplying these goods to the public. An immense export trade is done in corn, butter, and provisions, and the town of Galway contains numerous business establishments which are in every respect a credit to the place, as well as to their proprietors. A great deal might be written about the well-developed retail trades of this interesting town; but for details concerning these, as well as for descriptions of the leading manufacturing concerns estab¬ lished in this locality, we may refer the reader to the separate articles in the following pages. Sligo, a very noteworthy seaport and market town, stands in the midst of beautiful scenery at the mouth of the river Gar- rogue, which flows from Lough Gilly into Sligo Bay. This town, with a population of about 10,000, is celebrated for its salmon fisheries, and has a brisk trade in grain, pork, butter, eggs, and other produce. Great shipments of these goods, and also of live stock, are despatched by vessels sailing regularly to Liverpool, Glasgow and other ports. There are also several important local industries, including flour and corn-mills, saw-mills, distilleries, and breweries; and all general retail and wholesale trades are well represented in the town. The extensive ruins of the fine old Abbey of Sligo are among the most interesting and historic architectural monuments in the West of Ireland. Athlone, on the river Shannon, is a flourishing town with a large trade and excellent facilities of transport by rail, river, and canal. The population at the present time must be considerably larger than in 1881, when it was given as 6,755 ; and the place makes continuous progress in all branches of general commerce, as well as in social and municipal institutions of various kinds. Athlone is an important military depot, and is the seat of a number of large linen and textile factories, tanneries, corn-mills, distilleries, soap-works, and other industries, which are very successfully carried on, and which give employment to a great number of workpeople. The town has the advantage of a com¬ manding situation on both banks of the river, which is here spanned by a fine bridge; and a canal at this point greatly faci¬ litates trade by enabling large river steamers to navigate the Shannon from Killaloc to Carrick, a distance of 116 miles. Monaghan, on the Ulster Canal, is the chief town of the county of the same name, and has a population of probably 5,000. The local cattle trade is extensive, and there is a large amount of business connected with the distribution of agricultural produce and the supplying of general merchandise to the people of the surrounding districts. Enniskillen and Lisbellaw are notable towns in county Eermanagh, the former being the county town, while the latter has local industries which deserve attention. At Enniskillen (population, about 6,000) there are saw-milling and browing industries of considerable magnitude, besides a number of general trades of an important character; and the town enjoys a beautiful situation on an island at the southern extremity of Lough Erne. Cavan is the chief town of county Cavan, and has a population of about 3,500. It is the centre of a large agricultural district. The following reviews illustrate in some measure the inportant part played by leading local firms in developing the trades and manufactures of the above-named towns. INDUSTRIES THE SKETCHES OF MERCANTILE HOUSES CONTAINED IN THE FOLLOWING PAGES HAVE BEEN COMPILED WITH DUE BEGABD TO THE DETAILING OF FACTS CONNECTED WITH THE RISE, GROWTH, AND PROGRESS OF THE REPRESENTATIVE INDUSTRIES OF THE DISTRICT. Athlone Woollen Mills Company, Shannon and Burn- brook Mills, Atlilone.—This large and very important industrial concern was founded at Athlone in the year 1859 under its present title, and its original proprietors, Messrs. Gleeson, Smith & Co., are still in possession and control of the business. Remarkable success has attended the career of the Company, which is now regarded as one of the leading exponents of woollen manufacture in Ireland. The Athlone factory covers between two and throe acres of ground, almost the whole of this area being o ceu- pied by buildings, some of two, some of three storeys in height, and stands opposite the barracks on the river Shannon. Machinery. —In every matter of mechanical equipment and labour- saving device, this large establishment has been brought up to the high est modem standard of completeness and efficiency, and its working organi¬ sation leaves nothing to be desired in any department. The wool used in the industry here carried on is, for the most part, of Irish origin, and is bought by the Company direct from the farmers, after being carefully graded and sorted into seven different qualities. It goes then through the washing process, and such wool as is required to be dyed before being manufactured is treated with a chromic liquid and dyed accordingly, the new German alizarine and indigo dyes being extensively used in the latter process. The next process is that of combing, which is effected by singularly ingenious and complicated machinery, which effectually separates the long wool from the “noils,” or short wool. These two lengths of wool have to be treated in subsequent processes by totally different kinds of machinery. There are many sets of carding machines in these mills, occupying several large floors, and the spinning frames take up two floors, with six frames to each. Another flat accommodates the roving, twisting, and doubling machinery. When the wool leaves these departments it is in the form of yarn, which is next sent to the winding and warping rooms. From thence it goes to weaving-sheds, where it is woven into pieces, and these are subsequently washed and “fulled.” The fulling is now done by cleverly-contrived machinery, which is much quicker in operation and much more effective in result than the old process. The wet pieces of cloth are then taken to an immense piece of labour-saving machinery, which dries them and leaves them as soft and pliable as if air and sun-dried. The goods then undergo the following processes :—first, they are raised on the “ teazle ” gig, and then “ sheared ” by a perpetual revolving knife (which cuts all long hairs off the face of the cloth); they are then brushed and placed between folds of peculiarly prepared paper, and put under one hundred and eighty tons’ hydraulic pressure, with lieatod plates at intervals (and this produces the gloss); the excess of gloss is afterwards reduced by means of steaming; they are then rolled, measured, and passed into stock. Altogether, such an establishment as this presents a remarkable study in the application of machinery to the purposes of a large textile industry, and we do not remember ever having seen a more perfectly-equipped 184 INDUSTRIES OF woollen mill. The plant is an exceedingly large and valuable one, and is driven by a splendid new horizontal engine of two hundred and fifty horse-power, and fifty horse-power turbine, besides two smaller engines. Productions. —The goods here produced are chiefly Irish tweeds, serges, dress fabrics, and fancy overcoatings. The Burnbrook Mills cover about an acre of ground, and are driven by water-power. They are also admirably equipped, and are devoted mainly to the production of Irish friezes, for the making of which there are special facilities here. The goods turned out at both factories are pure woollen fabrics, containing no admixture of other material, and, as we have said, the wool used is principally of Irish growth. Treated in the perfect manner adopted by this Company, Irish wool manifests special qualities of excellence in strength and durability; and the Shannon and Burnbrook Mills are famous for the sterling merit of their tweeds, friezes, and other woollen cloths, no better goods of the kind being turned out in Ireland. There is also a supplementary industry carried on here which is of great impor¬ tance, and is that of fingering and yarn-making, which is done upon a large scale by machinery of the most improved type, producing work of beautiful quality, pattern, and finish. All the small complement of yarns which cannot be used in goods are utilised by being knitted into stock¬ ings, in which a larg'e trade is done. Honours. —All the Company’s goods are held in very high esteem in the home and export markets, and they have won highest honours at many important exhibitions, including gold medals at Dublin (1882), and Crystal Palace, London (1884), and a great number of first-class medals from the Royal Dublin Society’s exhibitions (1882 to 1889), including' the silver medal for novelties at the exhibition of 1889. Speciality. —The speciality of the firm is “Irish Cheviots.” The “ Shannon Make ” is celebrated for brightness of coloiu'ing and soft¬ ness of handle, due largely to the pure character of the Shannon water and its abundant supply, while the wearing quality is ensured by the well-known strength of the home-grown wool. The designs in melanged, curled, and knicker yarns (all produced in the mills) have just that touch of quiet novelty and style so dear to the fashionable dry-goods merchant, and accounts for the extraordinary fact that for fifteen years, through all the bad-trade as well as the good-trade years, the firm have had to run overtime to keep up with their orders. Mr. Wm, Smith, the managing partner, who has built up the concern, has always made designing his special study, which is no doubt the reason for such a successful run. The output is about fourteen thousand yards per week, and the firm are just now putting in a number of additional fast American looms to cope with the increasing demand. Success. —The trade controlled is one of almost universal extent. Prom four hundred to five hundred hands are employed at the mills, and the Company maintain influential connections all over the United King¬ dom and the Continent, and also in America and the Colonies, where they are represented by agents in the principal commercial centres. They have a London office at 4, Lower John Street, Golden Square, W., under the charg'e of Mr. A. H. Crawford, and a depdt at 96, Spring Street, New York, under the charge of Mr. William Robinson Burgess. The Com¬ pany is the only one in Ireland which is represented by a Continental traveller, and they also have a representative in America and Canada. Their telegraphic address is “ Factory, Athlone.” Michael Geoghegan, Practical Coach Builder, Mar- dyke Street, Athlone.—Mr. Geoghegan commenced operations on a comparatively small scale iu 1872, but developed his undertaking with such vigour that five years had scarcely elapsed before he was obliged to move into his present premises in order to give full scope to the greatly augmented business that had in the meantime accrued. These premises were formerly used as a place of worship and this necessitated the outlay of a considerable sum of money in adapting them to the wants of the business. The factory comprises a two-storied commodious building, the ground floor of which is utilised as a paint shop, the upper storey being reserved for the finished carriages, vans, cars, carts, &c. To the right hand side of the spacious yard there are large ground-floor sheds exten ding for fifty yards, and used respectively as smiths’, joiners’, fitters’, car erecting, upholstering, and other shops, a staff of from twelve to twenty skilled hands being regularly employed under the able guidance of the talented principal who, in addition to his manufacturing business, does a very substantial trade as a dealer in new and second^ hand vehicles, which are taken in exchange or lent on hire. In the show-rooms there are to be seen many splendid examples of the firm’s manufacture, comprising croydon and polo cars, broughams, victorias, landaus, waggonettes, dog-carts, &c., built of the best and most thoroughly seasoned materials, and on the most approved modern principles. As the best part of the work, including repairs, is done to special order, the firm is ablo to guarantee everything sent out from the premises. Mr. Geoghegan’s efforts have been amply rewarded by his acknowledged eminence in the industry which he so ably represents, and by the distinguished patronage of many of the leading nobility and gentry of the neighbourhood, amongst whom may be mentioned Lord Gastlemaine, of Moydrum Castle, Athlone, for whom he has executed extensive repairs, and he has also built new vehicles for other representa¬ tive county families. Ferrier Brothers, Agricultural Seed and Implement merchants, and Dealers in Artificial Manures and Cattle Feeding Stuffs, Athlone.—It would hardly be an exaggeration to describe the well-known house whose name appears above as the greatest factor in the supply of agricultural requisites in Ireland. Certainly, we are well within the truth when we say that Messrs. Ferrier Brothers, of Athlone and Kilkenny, rank among the very foremost firms in the United Kingdom in the magnitude and importance of their operations as seeds¬ men, importers, and dealers in agricultural machinery and implements, and merchants in all kinds of feeding stuffs and artificial manures. This influential concern has been in existence for about thirty-three years, and commenced its career at its present headquarters in Athlone, the impor¬ tant branch at Kilkenny being opened subsequently. The house has always borne the title of Ferrier Brothers, but Mr. David Ferrier, whose portrait we give helow, is now the sole principal. From the first the business has had a remarkable development, and the comprehensive char- Me. David Ferrier. acter of its operations, coupled with the great extent of its connection, makes it especially worthy of notice in these reviews of Irish trade and industry. Messrs. Ferrier Brothers occupy very large premises at Ath¬ lone, the establishment having a three-storey frontage upwards of three hundred feet long, with storage buildings at the rear, and a large show- ground for agricultural implements. The area covered is fully an acre. At Kilkenny, also, the premises are of large size, and both establishments are of substantial structure, admirably arranged throughout, and per¬ fectly adapted to the requirements of the business. The Athlone ware¬ house contains one of the most notable and extensive stocks of farm implements, seeds, feeding stuffs, manures, &c., we have ever seen ; and certainly every want of the agriculturist can here be fully satisfied, while many other necessities are also provided for, as will be readily under¬ stood when we say that the enormous stocks held by the firm include such varied articles as saw-benches, bone mills, dog kennels, brewers’ floats, garden furniture, mangles, brick-making machines, tents, &c. It would be idle to attempt in this necessarily brief sketch to give any¬ thing like a complete enumeration of the multitude of goods supplied by Messrs. Ferrier Brothers to their many customers ; but we must not let our opportunity pass without endeavouring to explain in some measure the great extent of this firm’s resources. In the first place, it may be said that the house has four leading specialities—(1) feeding stuffs, (2) farm seeds, (3) agricultural implements, and (4) artificial manures. These four specialities constitute the four great divisions of the business, and a few words in connection with each of them will perhaps be instruc¬ tive. In cattle feeding stuffs there is a constantly-increasing demand at the present day for those standard articles which have been proved by experience to play such an important part in the sustenance and fattening of prime live stock. We know very well that a large measure of the beauty and high physical development which distinguish many of the fine animals nowadays seen at our large cattle shows and fairs is due to the judicious use of such feeding stuffs as oil-cake, palm-nut meal, cotton cake, linseed, rape cake, rice meal, cocoanut cake, desiccated grains, locust meal, and other highly nutritive substances which are well known to experienced stock raisers. And equally important is it that these valuable cattle foods should be liberally employed in preparing beasts for the butcher and the meat market. All this is well enough known, and the only problem to be solved is that involving the question, “ Where shall these foods be obtained in the greatest variety and best quality F ” There can he no doubt that Messrs. Ferrier Brothers are in a position to answer this question practically and satisfactorily, for their stock includes all the stuffs enumerated above, as well as every other kind and description of meal, cake, grain, &c., of which wo have ever heard in IRELAND. 185- connection with cattle feeding. They have also an excellent speciality in calf-feeding meal, a special preparation, which has met with great favour, since it enables the farmer to raise an almost unlimited number of calves, and places him well-nigh independent of the co v's milk. Before leaving the subject of live stock, we should say that Messrs. Ferricr Brothers supply that very celebrated and useful speciality —Non-Poisonous Sheep Dip, which is claimed to be the safest and most reliable. It not only cures scab and kills all insects, but also waterproofs the fleece, gives increased growth of wool, and protects the sheep from coll. In the farm seed department this firm do an enormous business, aud hold vast stocks of every kind of agricultural seeds. Special attention is paid to the selection of the first prize grass seeds, turnip seeds, clover, mangold, cabbage and carrot seeds, and particularly to the “Athlone” bog grown early flounder, and other seed potatoes, for which this house is nationally famous. These goods are eagerly bought by merchants in every town in Ireland, best wholesale terms being offered. Messrs. Ferrier’s imported seed grain is also in great request, and they are large buyers of farmers’ crops of barley, oats, and wheat, for supplying brewers, maltsters, distillers, army forage contractors, corn factors, &c. At the Kilkenny branch (in addition to a large business in feeding stuffs, implements, seeds, manures, &c.), an especially important trade is done in grain for dis¬ tillers, brewers, millers, &c. The agricultural implement department of Messrs. Ferrier’s business deals with every machine and utensil that has been invented to assist^ and facilitate the art of the husbandman ; and this enterprising firm are importers of all the most improved types of reaping and binding machines, mowers and hay-makers, engines and threshing machines, grain and seed sowers, carts, ploughs, harrows, chums, weighing machines, gates and cattle fences, turnip cutters, chaff cutter’s, sheep racks, washing machines, cake breakers, pumps, rollers, winnowing machines, and a host of other useful appliances far too numerous to be detailed here. These are invariably the product of the most noted manufacturers at home and abroad, and are supplied to customers in all parts of the kingdom, from the largest landowners to the sma llest peasant farmers. The firm are sole importers of the famous agricultural machinery of D. M. Osborne & Co., of Auburn, New York State, and they have been signally successful in the introduction of the “Osborne” Self Binder, which has won “golden opinions” everywhere. Messrs. Ferrier Brothers are also prepared to supply everything in the shape of garden furniture, seats for parks and promenades, conservatories, greenhouses, poultry appliances, water-barrows, wheel-barrows, &c., See., of the newest design and best quality. Finally, in the artificial manure department, they hold immense stocks of all the most approved fertilizers known to the agricultural science, including Peruvian guano, bone super¬ phosphate, nitrate of soda, sulphuric acid, dissolved bones, grass manure, kainit, bone meal, sulphate of ammonia, agricultural salt, basic slag, and a great variety of special manures for different crops and soils. These are all of the best brands, being the product of the most noted makers, and they are sent out in all directions in answer to an ever-growing demand. Messrs. Ferrier Brothers employ a very- large number of hands, and their trade extends to all parts of the three kingdoms, drawing its support from a constantly-increasing connection among farmers, land-owners, brewers, distillers, corn factors, and mer¬ chants in agricultural seeds and supplies. The whole concern presents a magnificent example of the result of enterprise and ability in manage¬ ment, and forms a striking tribute to the energy and industry of its proprietory. Mr. David Ferrier (whose experience is of the soundest and most practical character), assisted by his son, George M. Ferrier, give their constant personal attention to all the affairs of the house, and from the manner in which they conduct the business, it is easy to see that they are determined to fully maintain the good repute that has accrued to this firm from more than thirty years of close adherence to stra ight- forward methods and honourable principles. CAVAN. William Henry Morris, Registered Plumber, Hot Water, Ventilating and Sanitary Engineer, 14, Main Street, Cavan. —The above leading house was originally established in the year 1S3S by Mr. John Morris, passed in 1850 to his son, Mr. William Morris, and, finally, in 1889, to the present owner, Mr. William Henry Morris. The stock on view represents all the best modern items of the trade—gas- fittings, plumbing materials, electrical apparatus, &c. ; the special feature being sanitary appliances. Sanitary work, indeed, forms the speciality' of the business, and has received special attention from Mr. Morris, who is widely known as a skilful hot water and ventilating engineer, and as a manufacturer of pumps, cistern, &c. He contracts for the public pump-fit¬ ting of the locality, and for the work of the local workhouse and courthouse. The workshops occupy the rear of the premises, and are fitted up with all the necessary appliances, six hands are constantly employed under the immediate supervision of Mr. Morris, who is an expert in all branches of the trade, and a registered plumber. In addition to his large local and district connection, he does a large business in the counties around, including Longford, Monaghan, and Fermanagh. The reliability of his material, and the excellence of his workmanship, are generally recognised ; and, in consequence, tho old and valuable connection of the house is rapidly extending under the most favourable conditions. GALWAY. H. S. Persse, Nun’s Island Distillery, Galway.— Time was when Galway was the chief centre of the wine trade in Ireland, as well as an entrepot of tho first rank and importance in all mercantile matters. Those were the “ palmy days ” of the old town’s commerce, but though her merchants are no longer the greatest purveyors of the vintages of France, Spain, and Portugal to the leading families of the kingdom, she is still noteworthy in a somewhat similar connection, inasmuch as we- find here a thoroughly' representative whiskey distillery under the control of Mr. Henry S. Persse. Passing over a fine bridge spanning the river Corrib, wo gain access to Nun’s Island (so-called from the convent stand¬ ing upon it), aud here is situated the Nun’s Island Distillery, which dates back as far as the year 1815. In 1840 the father of the present proprietor took over the establishment, and it is under the name of Persse that this- distillery has gained its greatest renown and made its choice product so widely and favourably known to all good judges and lovers of pure and genuine old Irish Pot Still Whiskey'. This, we may say at once, is the only kind of whiskey distilled on Nun’s Island, and Mr. Persse’s trade mark, “ B.P.,” is a brand than which none is more deservedly esteemed in the trade. It would be a quixotic task to attempt a description of Mr. Persse’s establishment within the brief space at our disposal here. Many pages might be filled with an account of the premises and of the processes carried on in their several departments; but it must suffice us to say that the distillery' in its entirety is one of the most completely equipped and most effectively organised we have seen in the Irish provinces, and that it gives a worthy exemplification of the interesting industry with which its proprietor’s name is so creditably identified. The whole establishment covers an area of between two and three acres of ground, and possesses not only the best appliances and arrangements for the various processes actually connected with the distillation, but also the most effective facilities for handling the raw material and manipulating the liquor after it leaves the distillery. Upwards of one hundred and thirty hands are employed in this flourishing business, and the industry' is certainly carried on under the most perfectly satisfactory conditions as regards care, cleanliness, practical skill, and all other matters essential to the attainment of good results. The output of the distillery is between nine thousand and. ten thousand gallons of whiskey per week, and Mr. Persse keeps immense stocks in his several bonded stores, the principal one of which is an immense stone building on Galway Docks, capable of accommodating five thousand butts of whiskey, and fitted with the most powerful and serviceable pulley apparatus for lifting and handling these great casks. We note also that a new bonded warehouse is being erected on the Island, and there are many other indications of the fact that the business is steadily' developing. Indeed, it is gratifying to learn that there is almost a daily increase in the demand for both the old and the new whiskeys of this house—a circum¬ stance which proves that the trade are still prepared to fully' recognise and liberally support a really first-class article. On the principle that “good wine needs no bush ” we refrain from any' extended comment upon the quality and character of Mr. Persse’s whiskey. Its merits are well known and its purity is widely appreciated ; and it is no more than the truth to state that it ranks in quality with the best Dublin brands. There is no reason why it should not, and as Mr. Persse takes every care to make sure that it does, the fact may as well be admitted at once. Samples of the bondings from 1877 to 1888 can now be obtained by the trade, and a. finer class of whiskey (new or matured) it would be very difficult to find. Mr. Persse, who comes of an old and eminently' respectable Galway family, has developed this business with conspicuous skill and enterprise, and has conducted it upon lines which speak volumes, not only for his sound prac¬ tical acquaintance with the industry, but also for his commercial capacity and integrity. He has won the esteem and confidence of a wide and valuable connection in the home markets, and has also built up a substan¬ tial and increasing export trade, which is especially' influential in London and the leading English centres, and which extends generally to almost all parts of the world. Mack’s Royal Hotel, Galway.—Dating back fully a century, this noteworthy'business passed about nine y'ears ago into-th® hands of the present proprietor, who has since carried it on in a very satisfactory' manner. Perhaps the first thing that strikes a visitor is the sense of comfort pervading every' apartment, and all the more striking, as it is but too often wanting in pretentious modern establishments. The premises are very extensive, having a frontage of one hundred feet, and rising to four spacious storeys ; all the indispensable resorts of the visitor are to bo found under this hospitable roof. Dining, coffee, smoking, billiard, and sitting rooms, are all open, and present each their own invi¬ tation. The fittings, decorations, and furniture are admirable, and in harmony and keeping with their respective surroundings. The sleeping accommodation is also superior. Nor has anything been left undone by Mr. Mack in respect of perfecting tho cuisine, varying the menu, or extending and enhancing the reputation of the wine list. Indeed, the place is looked after in masterly' fashion, and may fairly claim to be one of the best and most recherche hotels in the West. Commercial men, too, are laudably' catered for as they well deserve to be. Since Mr. Mack has had control of the business, he has also given special attention to the posting department, and now possesses one of the finest establishments of the kind. Omnibuses, too, attend all trains and steamers free of charge, and, in a word, we may' say Mack’s Royal Hotel is almost a perfect and ideal resting-place. 186 INDUSTRIES OF B. Connolly, Direct Wine Importer and Spirit Mer¬ chant, Family Grocer and Italian Warehouseman, Connaught Buildings, Galway.—As an example of the results of commercial energy and enterprise well directed and long continued, the business of Mr. B. Connolly is very noteworthy, and it also illustrates the progress made in this historic Western city by that system of domestic trading which has become so general in the great metropolitan centres of the United Kingdom since the advent of the co-operative “ stores.” Mr. Connolly started his flourishing business in 1861, and its headquarters then were, as now, at Connaught Buildings, in Mainguard Street. These fine premises comprise a large double block of buildings, four storeys high, and admirably adapted to the requirements of a great and growing business. The ground floor forms the Italian warehouse and family grocery emporium, and is as fine an establishment as any in its line in the West of Ireland. A most extensive and varied stock is held, and the goods embrace the choicest products of all the home and foreign markets in first- class groceries, imported provisions and comestibles, and all the thousand and one domestic necessaries and delicacies that find a place in the stock of a representative high-class purveyor. As a wine importer and wine and spirit merchant this firm occupies an eminent position in Galway, and holds an unsurpassed stock in all the best growths and vintages of foreign wines (ports, clarets, Burgundies, &c., &c., of the oldest and best-known brands, some of which have been in bottle over a quarter of a century), together with choice French brandies, and the cream of the leading dis¬ tillations in Irish and Scotch whiskeys. The wine cellars extend under¬ neath the whole length of Connaught Buildings, and are splendidly equipped for storage purposes. At the back of the buildings there is a retail spirit bar. We note the very superior fittings of Mr. Connolly’s handsome establishment, which render it doubly attractive to the eye; and it is also satisfactory to observe the excellent arrangements made for the reception of a host of customers and the quick serving of the same. The staff employed is numerous, active, “and thoroughly efficient, and the general convenience of customers arid assistants alike is greatly promoted by a “cash railway” on the most rapid and improved system. This cash transit sends its branches to all parts of the premises, and makes its benefits equally felt in each department. Very considerable historical interest attaches to the cellars of this establishment, which extend under the old college house and under the street leading to St. Nicholas Church. It was through a subterranean passage leading to these cellars that the priests used to pass in order to celebrate Mass in troublous times, and a passage ascended from them direct to the high altar of the church. The large yard and premises, which cover about an acre of ground on the farther side of the church and square, also belong to Mr. Connolly, and here he has provided himself with the most complete and perfect facilities for bottling ale and porter, the trade of the house in bottled wines, whiskeys and beers being very large. Thousands of dozens of wines, whiskeys, ale, and porter can he stored here until in proper con¬ dition to he sent out to the consumer, a matter over which Mr. Connolly is very particular, and rightly so. At the end of the yard we find a slaughter-house for killing pigs, and also a curing-house for hams and bacon, and close by Gunning’s Mill, with fine water power, which Mr. Connolly purchased some time ago, seeing in it a property likely to come into demand as a woollen factory. Part of the premises here also com¬ prise the site and walls of the once large and handsome Galway Theatre, which was one of the finest playhouses in Ireland in the days when Galway city had four times its present population. Just now the old temple of Thespis finds its occupation gone, and stands desolate and roofless, but not hopeless, we trust. Perhaps there are better days in store for the old theatre; but even though it may never return to its original state, the site upon which it stands is sure to be turned to some good purpose eventually by its present enterprising possessor. Mr. Connolly' has a branch houso, the “ Castle,” at Eyre Square and Forster Street, and about two years ago he fitted up at the corner of Bridgo Street and Cross Street a splendid bar after the pattern of the far-famed “Mooney’s” of Dublin. This he has appropriately called the “Central Bar,” and there is not a more elegantly or more attractively appointed place of the kind outside of Dublin. It maintains a worthy reputation for refreshments of the best quality', and is distinctly one of the “ institu¬ tions” of Galway, and much appreciated by the citizens. All Air. Con¬ nolly’s undertakings have prospered, and he does a splended trade all round, enjoying the patronage of a very large and. valuable town and county connection. The headquarters of the house in Alainguard Street (Connaught Buildings) form an establishment which anyone might visit with pleasure and satisfaction ; and here the people of Galway have long since learnt that they need never go to a distant mart for groceries, provisions, wines, spirits, and other associated goods, all of which they can obtain from this house, in the finest quality', freshest condition, and at the lowest current prices. AVe should add that Mr. Connolly (who personally supervises the whole of his great business), holds the honour of an appointment as purveyor to II.R.H. the Duke of Edinburgh, and to II.E. the Lord Lieutenant. He also sends supplies of wines, whiskey, &e., to officers’ messes at Alalta, India (Calcutta, &c.), the Curragh Camp, Aldershot, Athlone, Fermoy, and Dublin ; and his military connection is thus undoubtedly one of tho best maintained by any house in the kingdom. M. Cloherty & Sons, Wholesale and Retail Iron¬ mongers, Oil, Seed, and Furniture Merchants, 36, Shop Street, Galway. —This important concern was established half a century ago by Air. Alichael Cloherty, in the premises at present occupied. In 1885 tho firm took its present title ; the sole surviving partner and proprietor being now Mr. Henry A. Cloherty. The premises are very extensive, and carry an immense and varied stock. The large and brilliant shop occupies the front portion of the ground floor, and the arrangements and fittings are of the most convenient and modern character. The stock shown is of the most complete description, finest selection, and varied character, em¬ bracing household furnishings of every' description, ironmongery, cutlery, Sheffield goods, lamps in all the latest designs ; also toilet glasses, over¬ mantels in all styles and patterns, electro-plate, tinned, japanned, gal¬ vanized, and hollow ware; a splendid assortment of bronzes, tiled and other registered grates, &c., and a largo variety' of close and open fire ranges, also American heating and cooking stoves. The establishment has a cash railway all through its ware-rooms. Behind the warehouse are other extensive ranges of buildings, yards, and stables, covering the space of an acre. These premises are devoted to the storage and exhibition of cabinet goods, upholstery, bedding, bedsteads, paints, oils, colours, tar, fire-clay goods, chains, iron, smiths’ appliances, builders’ fittings, W'all-papers, and other decorative mediums ; saddlery', grocers’ fittings, household machines, fencing wire, and innumerable others; everything, in fact, for the mansion or the cottage, for the farmer or the artisan. Two other departments deserve separate mention, viz., that devoted to garden and agricultural seeds, and that devoted to sporting requisites. The firm publish a seed catalogue of over thirty pages, containing hints for amateurs, and form¬ ing one of the best handbooks of the kind. They supply all kinds of seeds for the kitchen garden, for horticulture, and for agricultural purposes. To the latter particular attention is given, and the stocks held have been selected with the greatest care, and from the finest samples. Alixtures for laying down permanent pasture, clovers, Italian and perennial rye-grass, natural grasses, and potatoes, form the chief items. The other special department remaining to bo mentioned is replete with sporting requisites of all kinds. Curtis and Harvey’s powders, Chester patent and chilled shot, cartridge cases and loaded cartridges (Ely Bros.), guns, rifles, and loading appliances being.repre¬ sented in great variety. The firm forms, in fact, a great distributive centre for the AVest of Ireland, carrying on a trade of considerable volume with smaller houses, and with the agricultural f ommunitics around. Buying on advantageous terms in tho home and continental markets, they are able to cater for their clients with constant success. The able proprietor himself is devoted to the interests and reputation of the establishment, which everywhere shows evidence of his spirit, enter¬ prise, and knowledge of the latest developments of the trade, lew houses that have come under our notice can fairly rival it, and its eminent and flattering position is secure against all competition. IRELAND. 187 Francis McNamara, Wine Merchant, Wholesale Grocer, and Dealer in Home and Foreign Spirits and Liqueurs. Colonial Buildings, Galway.—This well-known and important house was founded in 1859 at the above address, under its present title. Some years ago, however, theoriginator of the concern—Mr. Francis McNamara—died, and although his name is still used as the style of the house, the business is under the proprietorship of his son, Mr. John Francis McNamara. During the minority of the latter gentleman, the concern was most capably administered by Mr. Fredk. W. Giddings, who still continues to manage the business in all its practical workings, his long experience and thorough knowledge of the trade being employed greatly to the advantage of the house. Mr. McNamara has his headquarters in the largest block of buildings in Galway. These fine premises (bearing the name of the “ Colonial Build¬ ings ”), measure one hundred and fifty feet in length by fifty feet in width, exclusive of outbuildings and yards, and they present a lofty and handsome three-storey facade. The position is an excellent one, ■occupying a very prominent corner site, and the Italian warehouse has the principal entrance from Main Street. This is a large double¬ counter shop, extending rearwards for seventy feet, and presenting a notable example of handsome appointment and convenient organisation. The stock is one of great magnitude and variety, and includes goods of the highest class and quality in each department. Behind this warehouse we find a spacious yard, devoted chiefly to bottle-washing ; and here also is the entrance to the cellars and reserve stores. One of the buildings at the rear is a four-storey block for the accommodation of groceries and dry products of all descriptions, and the beer-bottling store stands at one side, together with the sample room. Above this there is a commodious store for empties. The wine cellars are all beneath the premises, and in these spacious underground vaults is held an immense stock, remarkable for value and comprehensiveness, and including high-class wines of the choicest vintages, some of them twenty or thirty years old. There is a cart entrance in the courtyard for loading country orders, both in wines and ales, and in grocery goods. Extending at the back of all the build¬ ings there is a space of ground about half an acre in area, which is used as an exercising ground for the eight or ten horses kept by the firm. These animals have first-class stabling on the premises, adjoining the yard just mentioned. The upper floors of the “ Colonial Buildings,” are partly rented to other firms and partly used for residential purposes, Mr. McNamara himself occupying a large portion of them. The whole block is a most creditable and conspicuous feature in the local architecture, and is worthy of its association with a business which is a leader in its line in Galway. Mr. McNamara’s price list contains over one thousand five hundred quotations for goods in the grocery, provision, tea, coffee, Italian warehouse, wine, ale, spirit and liquor departments ; and these quotations are all based on co-operative principles when the transactions are for cash. Thus, customers who are prepared to pay “ ready-money ” for their purchases, can obtain in this western town all the advantages offered in London, Dublin, Belfast, and other large centres, without the trouble attendant upon despatching their orders to a distance. Every department of Mr. McNamara’s stock is replete with the newest and best goods the market affords, and the connection maintained by the house extends among all the prominent and influential families in the town and district, a large amount of patronage being regularly received from the county aristocracy. Mr. John McNamara, the present head of the house is well-known in Galway. lie takes due interest in all the affairs of his business, and favouis a policy of enterprise which is fully calculated to sustain the house in the high position it has so long occupied. Alexander Moon, Merchant Tailor and General Ware¬ houseman, Eglinton Buildings, Galway.—This extensive business was founded fifty years ago at the same address under the title of Farquharson & Moon. Between thirty-five and forty years ago Mr. Moon took over the entire business under his own name, but of late years he has not taken a very active part in the administration of the concern, leaving the man¬ agement to a large extent in the capable hands of his son, Sir. Charles Moon. The premises occupied comprise a fine three-storey comer block in a splendid position, with about one hundred and fifty feet of plate-glass frontage on the ground floor. The forward part of this floor constitutes the main warehouse and sale room, a handsome and lofty saloon one hundred feet long by fifty feet broad. At the rear of this spacious \vart>~ house there are several other departments and work-rooms, including tailors’ cutting rooms and workshops, boot and shoe departments, milli¬ nery rooms, hat and cap rooms, &c., all of which are well lighted from the roof by a series of glass bays. Altogether there are fifteen depart¬ ments in this notable emporium, containing immense, varied and valuable stocks, and representing the newest and best of everything in drapery, woollens, linens, silks, dress and mantle fabrics, costumes, made-up mantles and millinery, haberdashery, shirtings, Irish tweeds and woollen cloths, boots and shoes, and hats and caps, the last-named goods being the product of Messrs. Lincoln & Bennett, and Messrs. Ward & Sons, London. Tailoring is also largely carried on, and very superior work is done in this department. Mr. Moon’s great speciality is a truly national one. It consists in the far-famed Connemara, Galway, and Claddagh Naps and home-made flannels for cloaking and petticoats, made by the peasants of Galway and Connemara at their own homes, and possessed of merits which entitle them fully to the high repute they have -gained. These fabrics are of unique and beautiful texture and splendid char¬ acter, and their wearing qualities, warmth, and fine appearance are un¬ equalled among textiles of their class. They have been supplied to and worn by the Royal Family and the nobility of Great Britain and Ireland, and have gained the highest recognition in fashionable circles. The “ Claddagh Cloaks ” and “ Galway Nap Peasant Dresses,” to which Mr. Moon invites special attention are certainly the perfection of tasteful and becoming costume for ladies of every rank and station. Mr. Moon’s stands at the Irish Exhibition, Olympia, London, and at the Edinburgh Exhibition, displayed his specialities in these very characteristic Irish productions, and were great centres of attraction for visitors. Another notable feature of this house consists in Connemara handmade tweeds, unrivalled for gentlemen’s boating, fishing, and knockabouts suits. These are either made up by Mr. Moon, or supplied in the piece as may be required, patterns, sketches, and quotations being supplied free. Mr. Moon has also a choice assortment of Connemara marble ornaments, set in gold or silver. These are very pretty and unique productions, and are particularly suitable for wedding presents or birthday gifts. In his boot and shoe department Mr. Moon stocks a very complete range of Irish, English, and French foot gear of the best quality for ladies, gen¬ tlemen, and children ; and these goods are sold at prices which are lower than those charged in Dublin and other large centres. On the first floor of the premises we find an extensive and valuable stock of carpets, bed¬ steads, and house furnishings generally, and here also are situate the commodious dressmaking and costume work-rooms, in which about forty girls are employed. The upper flat contains the residential quarters, dining rooms, &c., for the numerous male and female assistants employed in the establishment and the domestic arrangements here are excellent. Altogether Mr. Alexander Moon gives employment to a total staff of about one hundred hands, and his business is certainly one of the best organised and most capably conducted mercantile concerns in Galway. The house enjoys deservedly the favour and confidence of a widespread and valuable connection among the nobility, gentry, and general public, and the trade controlled extends to all parts of England and Scotland, as well as throughout the whole of Ireland. Even on the Continent Mr; Moon has numerous customers, especially and principally for his Irish hand-made tweeds and Claddagh naps and cloakings, the fame of which bids fair to become universal. It would be impossible to speak too highly of the ability and sound judgment displayed in the management of this repre¬ sentative business; and the honourable and straightforward methods adhered to by the firm for so many years have met with a general recog¬ nition which places them beyond the need of commendation here. We may add that the telegraphic address of this house is “ Moon, Galway.” Dominick Burke, Posting Establishment Proprietor, Galway.—As the proprietor of the large posting establishment formerly carried on by the late Mr. John Flynn, in premises adjoining the Eank of Ireland, Mr. Dominick Burke gives evidence of the commercial and administrative ability that is generally characteristic of the business men of Galway. Under his able management and careful personal direction, this posting business is proving more successful than at any time in the past, and it has grown so rapidly of late that it now necessitates the employment of one of the best selections of horses, cars, and conveyances generally to be met with in the district. Whether the demand be for an “outside” or an “inside ” car, an open or a close carriage, a landau, wagonette, brake, or any other vehicle in modern use in this country, the requirement can be promptly met by Mr. Burke, and with the con¬ veyance he supplies thoroughly sound horses, and if required, drivers of experience and reliability. The establishment has long enjoyed a reputa¬ tion for good horses, first-rate carriages, and steady men, and Mr. Burke maintains that reputation in the most complete manner. He also under¬ takes the conducting of funerals, and supplies hearses and mourning- coaches on the shortest notice at very reasonable charges. The entire business is in a state of excellent organisation, and the premises are maintained in a condition of good order which reflects the highest credit upon the proprietor and his experienced men. Air. Burke employs a large staff of assistants, and in every department he exercises the utmost energy, ability, and sound judgment, qualities which, coupled with the honourable and straightforward methods which regulate the conduct of his affairs, have secured for him an enviable reputation and character not only in the city, but also throughout the county of Galway and the whole of Western Ireland. 188 INDUSTRIES OF John P. Fogarty, Wholesale and Retail Warehouse¬ man, 17, Shop Street, Galway.—Prominent amongst the leading concerns which have contributed to the commercial prosperity of Galway stands the house of Mr. John P. Fogarty, who carries on the business of a wholesale and retail warehouseman, as the successor to Mr. James Davis, who founded the establishment fifty-eight years ago. Mr. Fogarty came to his duties in 1876, with a firm resolution to succeed ; and, as our Ameri¬ can cousins on the other side of the broad Atlantic would say, subsequent events proved that “ he had come to stay.” His vast, well-ordered premises, conveniently situated in the very centre of the commercial quarter of the town, comprise a large double-fronted sale shop and ware¬ house combined, fitted along its entire length of thirty-five feet with substantial double counters and stock shelves so arranged as to facilitate the brisk business which is characteristic of the place. The counters terminate where a short half-flight of stairs leads up to a ware-room of noble proportions measuring about seventy feet by thirty-five feet, which is utilised as a show-room, and is according equipped in the most elegant style, while beneath the premises there are huge storehouses for reserve stocks, which can also be approached independently through an entrance in an adjoining lane. From what has been stated it will be gathered that the warehouse per se is exactly adapted to the requirements of the large wholesale and retail trade of a general dealer, whose heavy stock of goods are comprised under the following leading lines :—Fancy goods of every description, stationery, both educational and commercial, jewellery and cutlery of the highest class, superb fishing tackle, Connemara marble jewellery, Irish spar and bog-oak goods, baskets, and all kinds of wicker¬ work, haberdashery, including buttons, embroidery, trimmings, and the like ; oils and perfumes, tailors’ and shoemakers’ thread, electro-plated wares, toys of every conceivable kind, and knitting-yams and wools, this last-named department being made a speciality of, and containing one of the largest stocks in Galway of both English and Irish fingerings, fleecy yarns, and kindred manufactures. Special mention must also be made in this connection of the superior stock of spectacles and opticians’ goods in general, which are kept in vast variety. He is remodelling his premises to have them lighted by electricity. John P. Fogarty’s is the only fancy warehouse in or around Galway having a certificate of merit for Connemara marble jewellery and ornaments which he exhibited at Cork Exhibition in 1883, mounted in silver and fine gold. He is also a practical angler of twenty-six years’ experience, and strangers will find in him a true guide to all local, &c., fisheries, and may rely on getting purely truthful information. The trade connections of the house extend throughout the town and province, and the entire business furnishes a most noteworthy example of what well-directed energy, enterprise, and personal capacity can do, and has done, under the fostering care of Mr. Fogarty in this instance. Thomas A. McCullagh, Bookseller, Stationer, Jeweller and General Fancy Goods Merchant, Eyre Square, Galway.—One of the largest, and certainly one of the most popular and highly appreciated establishments in Galway is undoubtedly that of Mr. Thomas A. McCullagh. The business is perhaps the oldest in the purely stationery line in the West of Ireland—undoubtedly it is so in Galway—and was founded in the same year as Queen’s College was opened, about forty-five years ago, the founder being Mr. Thomas Crokcr, who was succeeded by Mr. William Thomson, and the concern was acquired by the present pro¬ prietor by purchase. Mr. McCullagh was virtually born and bred to the business. He entered upon his duties under the most advantageous cir¬ cumstances, and so zealously has he pursued his trade that his house is reckoned to possess the largest stock of its kind in the province. The premises are situated in the best part of the town, and consist of a spacious shop handsomely fitted throughout, with three elegantly-dressed windows containing a splendid selection of goods. The shop leads into a show-room of noble proportions, beautifully lighted by a terminal bay window and glass roof. Here, as elsewhere, the stock is most carefully arranged. Precedence must be given to the fine collection of books, which is very large, and contains works on every subject and in every language, and represents every branch of literature. The other depart¬ ments represented comprise home, school, commercial, and fancy sta¬ tionery of every description, fancy goods, high-class leather and cabinet goods, oils, soaps, and toilet requisites, patent medicines, foreign cigars and tobaccos, pianofortes, musical instruments, and music both vocal and instrumental, fingering wools and needlework requisites, jewellery in gold and silver, and newspapers and magazines.' Mr. McCullagh is also an importer of Berlin, fleecy, and Shetland wools, Continental art needlework, silks, and transfer designs. He has also a splendid supply of photographic views of Galway and Connemara, Killarney and the South, Giants’ Causeway and the North, and, in fact, every place of interest in Ireland. Mr. McCullagh has also a complete stock of requi¬ sites for cricketing, tennis, football, and outdoor games. He enjoys a trade connection of the highest class in Galway and its neighbourhood, which he maintains with a spirited enterprise that has won for him the esteem and respect of all those who have had the privilege of his acquaintance, and as some proof of this statement, we may add that he holds a special appointment to H.R.H. the Duke of Edinburgh, such appointment being bestowed upon him under the Duke’s own hand¬ writing, a favour, we opine, seldom enjoyed. CIOHERTY & SEMPLE, TIMBER MERCHANTS AND IMPORTERS, IRON AND STEEL MERCHANTS, &e., Mer¬ chant’s Road and St. Augustine Street, Galway.—The extensive business carried on by this well-known firm was founded at the above address in Galway in the year 1853, and has always been conducted under the name of Cloherty & Semple. Previous to the death of Mr. Cloherty (which occurred some time ago), Mr. Joseph Semple, J.P., had been sole proprietor of the concern since the dissolution of partnership, which took place in July, 1874; but he has continued it under the original title. The premises occupied by this firm com¬ prise five large yards, embracing in all about three acres, together with a fine saw-mill known as the Atlantic Sawing, Planing, and Mould¬ ing Mill at Parkavara, Galway. The principal yards extend from St. Augustine Street across .Merchant’s Road to the harbour—a distance of between two hundred and three hundred yards—and have an average width of one hundred yards. These yards contain large stocks of timber, slates, hundreds of tons of coals, fireclay goods from Scotland, "Wales, and England, drain and sewage pipes, cement, plaster of Paris, sheet- glass, plate and rolled glass, manufactured iron and steel, metal castings, salt, and many other heavy commodities in general demand. Spacious storehouses are provided for the iron and steel, salt, and other wares requiring protection from the weather, and of these building’s there are several, three and four storeys in height. The offices of the firm are at the chief yard, off St. Augustine Street. Messrs. Cloherty & Semple are the largest timber merchants in the West of Ireland, and they also do an extensive trade in builders’ materials, heavy iron, lead, zinc, slates, chains, shovels, and corn sacks and flour bags. They hold the agency in Con¬ naught for the British Dynamite Company, and are also agents for W. & H. M. Goulding’s celebrated manures, and also hold an agency from tho National Fire and Life Insurance Company, Dublin. The Atlantic Saw¬ mills at Parkavara cover over an acre of ground, and are devoted to the conversion of timber, chiefly of a foreign description, but including atten¬ tion to native timber. They have a fine plant of effective machinery for sawing, planing, moulding, and turning, and valuable water power is obtained from the river Corrib. Altogether, the business of Messrs. Cloherty & Semple must be ranked as one of the largest and most impor¬ tant combined industrial and commercial undertakings on the west coast of Ireland; and throughout its entire career its affairs have always been administered in a manner which has won and retained the confidence and support of a most extensive and influential connection. The present principal of the house, Mr. Joseph Semple, is a Justice of the Peace, and is well known for his extensive commercial knowledge and strict integrity in all his dealings. _ Michael Cloherty, Ironmonger, Drug, Oil, Seed, and Furniture Merchant, 10, Williamsgate Street, Galway.—The splendid establishment of Mr. Michael Cloherty forms one of the sights of Galway. It has been opened only two years as yet, and, nevertheless, stands at the head of the trade. The handsome premises rise to three storeys, and have excellent and well-fitted windows in which there is at all times to be seen an endless assortment of brilliant or attractive goods. Electro-plate lamps in the newest forms, brass and steel goods, cutlery, house fittings, tools, saddlery, guns, gunpowder, cartridges ready loaded or loaded to order, japanned goods, furniture, cabinetwork, bedroom furnishings, mantelpieces in various marbles and designs, fenders and fire-irons, carpets and hearthrugs, floor coverings of all kinds, and other sections of the business are admirably represented. The business is purely a retail one, and is well patronised by all cla3se3 of customers, and very largely by the county gentry and the well-to-do residents of a great part of county Galway. -Mr. Cloherty personally directs and controls the whole concern, and is ably aided by a select staff of assistants. The business is evidently on the increase, which in itself is an evidence of the proprietor’s ability, popularity, and spirit. Dr. Grealy, Physician, Surgeon, and Apothecary, Medical Hall, Galway.—The business of a pharmacist is admirably repre¬ sented in Galway in the very excellent Medical Hall established seven years ago by Dr. Grealy, near its present location, and removed to the handsome and commodious premises at present occupied about two years ago. These premises present a lofty frontage of some sixty feet. The interior is in keeping with the attractive exterior, the whole presenting a pleasing ensemble. Over a thousand different patent medicines are kept, and a small host of Dr. Grealy’s own specifics for the relief or cure of toothache, heartburn, sore eyes, corns, &c.; tonsorial applications, dentifrices, cosmetics, toilet and fancy goods, medical and surgical appliances, and household articles of many denominations, are all fully represented in the complete and recherche stock. Prescription compound¬ ing is a special feature, pure and fresh drugs being guaranteed. The spirited and popular proprietor of the concern himself keeps a keen supervision over the business, and the public, we think, could not be better safeguarded. In a word, the concern is a model in all respects, and reflects distinguished credit on its proprietor and his able assistants. IRELAND. 189 John Miller & Son, Marble and Granite Manufac¬ turers, Galway.—This important and influential firm originated ten years ago, the partnership consisting of Messrs. Miller & Moon, by whom the business continued to be carried on until 1887, when Mr. John Miller became solo proprietor, he subsequently taking as partner his son, Mr. John James Miller. The concern is certainly one of the largest of its kind in the kingdom. A constant supply of water from the river Corrib is utilised in working tho ponderous planing and cutting machinery so extensively in operation. The equipment of machinery and appliances is most complete, nothing being omitted that could facilitate the firm’s operations. The marble used by Messrs. J. Miller & Son is obtained from the famous quarries situato at Connemara, and which produco such exquisite mateiial used in the manufacture of trinkets, and universally known as Connemara stone. The black marble worked by the firm is obtained from Anglaham, county Galway, and is eminently adapted to the manufacture of chimney pieces, fender strips, &c. The granite used is mainly obtained from the west coast of Galway, and is of a most beautiful texture. Limestone is also extensively worked by the firm, there being a large demand at all times for Messrs. Miller & Son’s marble chimney pieces, which are exquisitely wrought by the skilled artisans employed. Monumental masonry is also a special feature of the business, and all work in this department is executed in the most artistic style, and in a manner unsurpassed by any firm in the trade. The firm maintain a high reputation alike for the excellence of their work, the superiority of their materials, the extent of their resources, and the honourable and trustworthy manner in which they fulfil every mercantile engagement. In his public capacity, the senior partner is highly esteemed. His impartiality as a Justice of the Peace, his shrewdness as a Harbour Commissioner, and his able administration of the Italian Vice- Consulate of the district, have won golden opinions on all hands. Michael Foley, Saddler, Shop Street, Galway.—This business was established in 1860 by Mr. Michael Poley, and is now carried on under the same name by his son Mr. Patrick Poley, who has fully maintained the distinguished success which the house has always enjoyed. The premises comprise a handsome and commodious double-fronted shop, admirably equipped as a work-room, and giving employment to a large number of thoroughly experienced hands. The firm’s manufactures embrace all kinds of harness and saddles, the production of the house displaying the latest designs and most expert and finished workmanship. Beyond these goods Mr. Foley holds a very fine assortment of whips, horse-clothing, and stable requisites of the best manufacture All orders are executed with the greatest promptitude ; and the connections of the house embrace the most influential residents in Galway and for miles round. There is a branch establishment at Quay Street. The business is admirably managed under the personal supervision of Mr. Foley, who is a gentleman well known throughout the district and universally respected for the strict integrity which characterises all his transactions. F. Jordan & Sons, Boot Manufacturers, &c., Shop Street, Galway.—This notable business was established over forty years ago by the father of the present proprietors, (Messrs. Patrick and Joseph Jordan), who have carried it on for some years with the most distinguished success. The firm’s premises in Shop Street (and the portion facing the street contains a massive stone, bearing date 1562), comprise two hand¬ some and commodious shops. One is devoted to a magnificent stock of boots and shoes of the most elegant designs and best manufacture, while the other is used for leather, leather goods, and shoemakers’ grindery. A large, number of competent hands are employed, and all the firm’s productions display the most expert and finished workmanship. The business is admirably managed in every branch under the personal super¬ vision of the proprietors, who are gentlemen well known in commercial circles in the district, and universally respected for the strict integrity which characterises all their transactions. Grevatt & Taylor, Cabinet Makers, Upholsterers, Bedding Manufacturers and General House Furnishers, Sligo.—- The cabinet making and kindred industries have been rapidly developed in Ireland in recent years, producing goods of unexcelled workmanship, style, and durability. One of the leading firms in this way, is that of Messrs. Grevatt & Taylor, of Sligo, it was originally founded in 1835, by Mr. James Grevatt, who, in 1866, took Mr. Taylor as partner, under the present title. Mr. Grevatt died some years ago, leaving his widow an interest in the business, which has since been conducted by Mr. Taylor with steady success. The largo and substantial premises occupied form a splendid location for a first-class business of this description. The three floors to the front, thirty-five by forty feet, are fitted up as cabinet, furniture, and furnishing show-rooms, and contain, beyond doubt, tho best and most recherche stock of the kind in this part of Ireland. All tho articles of this fine collection are, moreover, of the firm’s own manufacture, and the visitor may see the various operations in progress in the largo and well-found workshops which occupy the rear. We shall not attempt to describe the various styles and designs in cabinet-work and furniture displayed in profusion in the firm’s show-rooms ; suffice it to say, that the customer, noble or plebeian, wall find himself well provided for in the varied and extensive stock of Messrs. Grevatt & Taylor. At the time of our visit one item arrested our attention by the beauty of its design and its exquisite finish, namely, a library desk and chair, manufactured from walnut and yew grown on the Hazlewood estate. Whatever its extrinsic value may be from association, its workmanship was unique. The firm enjoy a representative and valuable connection all over the kingdoms, even competing successfully in the London market, and keep a dozen skilled hands in constant employment. Mr. Taylor, we need not say, is a master both of the manufacturing and merchant departments of the business, and is to be congratulated on his success in so creditably maintaining in Sligo this very important Irish industry. R. Collins & Co., Woollen, Linen, Fancy, and General Drapery Warehouse, 17 and 18, Market Street, Sligo.—This concern was established in 18S6. The warehouse is a magnificent structure of three storey's, of modern design and excellently adapted to the business. The frontage is about fifty feet, and the shop is fitted up with large plate- glass windows, in which, from time to time, all the leading fashionable goods of home or foreign make are exhibited. The shop is some ninety feet long, the right side being devoted to dress goods, linoleums, and floor coverings ; the centre to haberdashery and hosiery, and the left to millinery. To the rear are the woollen and tailoring departments. The second floor is devoted to ready-mades, tailors’ work-rooms, and cutting- rooms. On the third floor are the dress-making and millinery work¬ rooms. All these work-rooms are very spacious and comfortable. In addition to the shop assistants, a large staff of skilled tailors, modistes, and milliners is constantly employed, and their workmanship is favourably regarded even by the most critical of the numerous clients of tho house. An experienced cutter is retained, and indeed, none but picked hands of special skill are employed. The whole is under the personal supervision of Mr. Collins. The connection in Sligo and the prosperous country around is large and influential, and branch houses represent the firm both in Dungannon and Enniskillen. Trading on a largo scale, Mr. Collins occupies a special position as a buyer, an advantage which ho hands over entirely to his clients. His honourable business methods are well known, while his business ability and ready courtesy must impress every visitor to his establishment. He occupies indeed a prominent place in the front ranks of the wholesale and retail trade so well represented in his splendid establishment. J. & E. J. Tighe, Flour, Oil, and Provision Importers, SLIGO. Thomas R. Wilson, Bookseller and Stationer, 3, CastL Street, Sligo.—The printing and stationery trade is very ably represents ^ “ e ^-established and highly-reputed house of Mr. Thoma, "• Wilson, w ho has the most extensive and influential connectioi throughout the district. The stationery business was established in 183! by the mother of the present proprietor, who succeeded to it in 1851, ant has since conducted it with the most distinguished success. The printin' busmess Mr Wilson purchased from Mrs. Bolton in 1868, previous tc wmch.te d had long been established. The premises in Castle Stree; comprise a handsome and commodious shop, very elegantly appointee throughout, and stocked with a magnificent assortment of stationery, books, and fancy goods, forming the largest and most choice selection in the aistnct. At the rear are well-equipped printing works, and the pro¬ ductions of the house in this direction display expert and finished work¬ manship. Mr. \\ llson also carries on a very important business as an p!tti 10n m r an / v » lu htor, having acted for the past twenty years in the latter office for the Bankruptcy Court. He is a gentleman well known throughout the district, and universally respected for the strict integrity which has characterised his long and honourable career. Sligo.—This is about one of the oldest, as it is the most important firm of the kind in the Province of Connaught. The business dates back to 1810, when it was established by the late Mr. James Tighe. In 1871 its title became J. and E. J. Tighe, which it still retains, although since tho founder’s decease in 1880, Mr. E. J. Tighe has been the sole owner. The business is purely wholesale, and is carried out on a large scale. The head premises, situate in High Street, are handsome and substantial, compris¬ ing three floors, devoted to offices, buttery, grocery and provision stores, and to the rear a warehouse capable of storing about four thousand tons of flour. On the quay the firm own an iron-roofed store, capable of hold¬ ing four thousand barrels of petroleum, being one hundred and twenty feet long by forty feet in width. The firm’s connections, in flour, groceries, oil, provisions, &c., extend to North and West of Ireland, and command an immense volume of trade. The proprietor (who has a fiuo mansion with extensive grounds called Merville) holds an eminent position in trade and private circles. He is an Alderman of the Corporation, a Justice of the Peace for the Borough as well as County of Sligo, a member of all its public boards. He is always to the front when the public or commercial interests of the community demand his services, and has endeared himself to all classes by his ready courtesy and practical sympathy. N 190 INDUSTRIES OF James Galloway & Sons, Engineers, 28, Castle Street, Sligo.—This leading firm was founded in 1860 by Mr. James Galloway, who in 1880 took the present owner, Mr. John Galloway, as partner. The premises consist of a warehouse devoted to sanitary goods, plumbing, gas-fitting, and bell-hanging requisites, and three large workshops to the rear for plumbing, brass-finishing, and carpentering. The field of the firm’s operations is a very wide one, and comprises several special lines. They are builders of hydraulic engines, fitters of private gas-works, sanitary and heating engineers, and undertake all kinds of work con¬ nected with the plumbing trade. A more representative concern it would be difficult to find, and their connection, large and valuable as it is, in the counties around is but the visible evidence of their capacity and enter¬ prise. A large staff of skilled hands is constantly engaged, both on out¬ side and inside work under the general direction of the proprietor. The founder of the firm was a man of wide practical experience, gained both in Dublin and Glasgow, and soon established the reputation of the con¬ cern. His son, the present owner, is also an expert in all the details of the trade, and under his control the firm has fully sustained its great reputation. We may mention, in conclusion, that a branch establishment exists in Boyle, county Roscommon, and is managed with great success by the brother of the proprietor. LISBELLAW. Henderson & Eadie, Woollen Manufacturers, Lis- bellaw, county Fermanagh.—This distinguished firm of woollen manu¬ facturers, whose reputation stands high in the textile industries of the North of Ireland, was founded in 1858 under the present title and pro¬ prietory, Messrs. Henderson & Eadie being still the joint principals; and a most extensive and important trade has been developed in the manu¬ facture of tweeds, friezes, serges, woollen shirtings, flannels, winseys, sheetings, blankets, horse-rugs, the celebrated “Erne” travelling rugs, mauds, gentlemen’s plaids, knitting yam, crumbcloths, stair carpeting, and shawls. In the several departments of this comprehensive industry, Messrs. Henderson & Eadie have attained a very high standard of per¬ fection, and their fabrics are always characterised by a remarkable degree of merit in substance and quality as well as by equal excellence of texture and finish. Thus the firm have become renowned as manufacturers of woollen fabrics of the most serviceable description. This reputation is enhanced by the fact that these goods manufactured by Messrs. Henderson & Eadie are all made from Irish wool which, though lacking the fineness of some other wools, is of great strength in fibre, and, when properly manufactured, is capable of withstanding a great deal of rough usage. It is, therefore, the most suitable apparel in this climate for those who have much outdoor occupation, and it is also exceedingly useful and durable when woven into various domestic fabrics. The firm here under notice illustrate to the fullest extent the value and utility of Insh wool, their factory being completely equipped with all the latest and best machinery of a character specially suitable for manufacturing this class oi material. The establishment at Eisbellaw impressed us most favourably by its large extent and splendid organisation, and every process of the industry from the preparing and spinning of the wool to the weaving and finishing of the cloth is carried out under the personal supervision of the principals. In this way the customer is assured of satisfaction, Messrs. Henderson & Eadie being thoroughly practical masters of the trade in all its details. A special detail of the business consists in the weaving of cloth from wool supplied by the customer, and this department has been so largely developed that it is now the leading operation of the firm’s trade. Of course, the goods we have already enumerated are also largely manufactured for the trade, and are in large and ever-increasing demand in the home markets. Messrs. Henderson & Eadie’s tweeds are especially well known, and enjoy a favourable and well-deserved reputation both at home and abroad. Messrs. Henderson & Eadie also make fine tweeds liom Colonial wool, a largo stock of which is always kept on hand for salo. The firm employ nearly one hundred hands at their well-appointed factory at Lisbellaw, and they have recently opened a warehouse at Enniskillen for the sale of their goods. Altogether, we have much pleasure in inviting the increased attention of our readers to this notable concern, which is a thoroughly typical Irish industry, and an excellent example of a progressive and prosperous business conducted upon the most honourable and straightforward methods. ENNISKILLEN. R. Collins & Co., Woollen, Linen, Fancy and General Drapers, Boot and Shoe and Clothing Warehousemen, 25, High Street, Enniskillen.—This 'notable concern was founded by its present principal in Dungannon, in the year 1880, and three years later tho above-noted establishment was opened in Enniskillen. This latter ware¬ house has now become the headquarters of the firm, and the whole busi¬ ness has been so energetically developed by Messrs. Collins that it now has flourishing branches at 23, Scotch Street, and 19 and 22, Irish Street, Dungannon, and also at 17 and 18, Market Street, Sligo. The general scope of the trade has been immensely extended, both in its wholesale and retail departments, and at the present day Messrs. Collins send goods to all parts of Ireland, and enjoy the support of a constantly increasing connection. Their establishments in Enniskillen, Dungannon, and Sligo are locally held in very high esteem, and completely exemplify every department of tho drapery trade, each shop containing remarkably large and exhaustive stocks. The goods are new and fresh in every instance, and Messrs. Collins display admirable enterprise in keeping “abreast of the times ” in 'the matter of novelties. The latest productions of the leading markets can always be seen at an early date in their well-ordered warehouses, and equal care is taken to maintain a due standard of useful¬ ness and reliability in all departments of the stock. At each of Messrs. Collins’ houses a speciality is made of merchant tailoring, and large and well-assorted stocks are held in ready-made clothing and boots and shoes, representing the best possible value for the purchaser’s money. The whole of this notable business is conducted with conspicuous enterprise and ability, and gives employment to a total force of about two hundred hands. Its progress in the short space of ten years has been extraordinary, and speaks volumes for the energy, push, and commercial capacity of its experienced proprietors. Messrs. Collins, we may add, trade entirely on the cash system, and this, we venture to think, has been one of the secrets of their success, since it enables them to offer so many extra advantages and inducements to their patrons and the public generally. W. R. Cooney, Complete House Furnisher and Hard¬ ware merchant, 29 and 30, High Street, Enniskillen.—These premises were purchased in the year 1883 by the present proprietor,- Mr. William It. Cooney, who controls a very prosperous connection and a valuable trade over a wide area. The premises consist of three storeys, devoted to show and storage purposes, and are very heavily stocked with a choice collection of house furnishing goods and hardware, including fashionable dining-room, drawing-room, and bedroom suites of unusual excellence. Five fine show-windows face the street and serve for the display of special and general goods, while the interior show-rooms on the ground floor are replete with all the varied goods of the trade—glass, china, and hardwaro having a special department to themselves. The upper floors are devoted to the same general purpose, and contain a choice collection of general goods, among which the brass and iron bedsteads form a special feature. To the rear are the workshops, where the manufacturing and repairing of furniture and cabinet-work is busily carried on. Mr. Cooney, who is a practical man, superintends and directs the whole, the general appear¬ ance and organisation of the house reflecting no small credit on him for effective management. The trade extends over the counties of Tyrone, Donegal, Fermanagh, Armagh, and Cavan, and is energetically attended to. A number of trained hands are constantly employed, and, altogether, the concern ranks among the first provincial establishments devoted to the high-class furnishing and hardware business. W. R. Cooney, Woollen and Linen Draper, Military and merchant Tailor, Complete House Furnisher, &c., 4, High Street, Enniskillen.—Mr. W. R. Cooney acquired this leading business by purchase in 1867, and has carried it on with success during the twenty- three years that have since elapsed. The premises occupied by him are very spacious and well-designed, and tho stock of unusually fine selection. The fine retail shop is fully stocked with all kinds of dress fabrics, silks, cashmeres, doeskins, tweeds, fancy coatings; with , household goods such as linens, sheetings, carpets, sewing.cottons, flannels, napkins, towelling, and the like ; with millinery goods and mantles, trimmings, ribbons, feathers, and flowers; with family mourning requisites and an endless variety of other goods. The tailoring department is widely patronised for suitings, liveries, riding and hunting outfits. Mr. Cooney supervises the whole, and directs the large staff, some forty in all, with great suc¬ cess. The workrooms are commodious, well lighted, and comfortable. In addition to the busy local trade Mr. Cooney enjoys a flourishing business with very numerous customers, throughout the counties of Fermanagh, Tyrone, Cavan, and Leitrim, and spares no effort to satisfy his clients and to place all that is best at their disposal. IRELAND. 191 W. & J. Downes & Co., Brewers and Mineral Water Manufacturers, Enniskillen.—In connection with the manufacture of mineral waters and the brewing of ales and stout in the North of Ireland, a well-known and highly reputed firm is that of Messrs. "W. & J. Downes & Co. The brewery was established towards the close of the last century, and acquired in the year 1877 by the present principals, W. and J. Downes, who obtained a certificate of merit for ales at the Irish Exhibi¬ tion of Arts and Manufactures, 1882. The mineral water manufactory was added in 1887. In both departments they have been conspicuously successful, and have gained an excellent reputation for the purity and fine quality of their productions. The premises at Enniskillen cover about an acre of ground, and afford excellent accommodation to the two departments of the industry, the brewery and the mineral water factory being both equipped with the best machinery and appliances for their respective purposes. In mineral waters the firm are now producing highly satisfactory qualities of lemonade, ginger ale, ginger beer, sarsa¬ parilla, champagne cider, soda water, lemon soda, seltzer, lithia water, kali, and zoedone. The product of the brewery includes the usual grades of ales and porter, in which a high standard of merit is carefully sus¬ tained, and the whole business, personally superintended by the able and experienced principals, is in a flourishing condition, which augurs well for its continued advancement and prosperity. Messrs. W. & J. Downes & Co. enjoy the confidence and support of a very valuable connection, and they control a largo and increasing trade, which extends to all parts of the counties Fermanagh, Cavan, Leitrim, and neighbouring counties. MONAGHAN. H. G. Leeman, Military and Merchant Tailor, Draper, and Outfitter, The Diamond, Monaghan ; and English Street, Armagh : Telegraphio address, “Leeman,” Monaghan.—Mr. H. G-. Leeman established the above important and widely connected business in Armagh in the year 1880, and removed to the present location in Mona¬ ghan in 18S8. The promises comprise four storeys, forty feet by two hundred feet, and possess an attractive exterior. The ground floor is devoted to the general drapery and outfitting departments, including boot and shoe, ready-made, and woollen sections. The tailors’ and mantle- making departments are at the extreme roar, and the upper floor is devoted to the dressmaking and millinery. In all some fifty skilled hands are employed in attending to the demands of the local and general Irish trade. A traveller is retained to represent the firm, and the whole is ably managed by Mr. Leeman in person. A special feature of the business is the contract work for the Royal Irish Constabulary, such as the manufac¬ ture of shirts, boots, and clothing. The business is organised into about a score of separate departments, and the range of articles dealt in is very wide. Dress and silks, mantles and jackets, hosiery and gloves, blankets and flannels; perfumery, jewellery, and fancy goods; household linen, calicoes, shawls and wraps, Christy’s celebrated silk and felt hats, boots and shoes, and umbrellas have sections to themselves equally with ready¬ mades, house furnishing, and carpets. The business is largely of a wholesale description and is very ably managed. Military and merchant tailoring is perhaps its most special feature ; next comes dressmaking and millinery. The proprietor is entirely devoted to the interests of the business, and has won his present leading position by sheer force of skilful trading on the fairest and most honourable lines. The firm have lately opened a branch establishment for the purpose of supplying first-class gentlemen’s out¬ fitting and merchant tailoring requisites, in Armagh, at the corner of the two chief thoroughfares English and Russell Streets —thereby providing for a want long felt in that locality. And when we add that a staff of first-class workmen and cutters is kept it will be seen at once that gentlemen can rely upon having all their orders executed in a style equal to any to be found in the North of Ireland. Arthur Brennan, Wholesale and Family Grocer, Seed, Provision, Iron, Timber, Coal, and Slate Merchant, The Diamond, Monaghan.—The flourishing and important business carried on by Mr. Arthur Brennan, at the above address, dates back to 1873, and has been ably developed and consolidated by him in the interval. The pre¬ mises comprise a commodious and heavily-stocked retail shop to the front on the ground-floor, extensive stores above, and further storage in the large yard to the rear. In the latter heavy stocks of timber, iron, coal, slates, tiles, and the like are kept, mostly imported direct from the other side of the Channel. Space is also provided for provision-curing. Pro¬ visions, indeed, and seeds, form the notable features of the business and receive special attention. Heavy stocks are carried in all departments to meet the wants of a valuable wholesale connection, extending over the counties of Fermanagh, Cavan, and Tyrone. Eighteen hands find em¬ ployment in the establishment, which is solely directed by Mr. Brennan in person. A by no .means unimportant branch of the business is the wholesale furnishing department, and such is the stock held in all requi¬ sites pertaining to this especial branch, and such is the class of skilled workmen at hand that Mr. Brennan is always prepared to furnish private or public establishments from “ top to toe” within any reasonable time, and is furthermore willing to forward estimates for such work at short notice. This gentleman occupies a popular position with local customers, and the house is freely patronised by judicious buyers belonging to all classes of the community. c s~ INDEX VA«£ Abemethy, W., Photographer, Bel¬ fast. 123 Adair, H., Printer, &c., Belfast . 133 Aduir, T. & Son, Linen Manufac¬ turers, Cookstown. 171 Agnew & Hamilton, Wholesale Tea Merchants, Belfast . SI Agnew, J. & Co., Timber, &c., Mer¬ chants, Belfast . 108 Aiken, J., Grocer, Dungannon. 170 Alexander, J., Auctioneer, Belfast... 104 Alexander, J., Plumber, Belfast. 143 Allan, R., Chemist, Lurgan . 175 Allen, D. & Sons, Chromo-Litho- American Dental SupplyCo., Belfast 121 Anderson Bros., Provision Curers, Belfast . 136 Anderson, D. & Son, Limited, Felt Manufacturers, Belfast . 93 Anderson & HeAuley, Linendrapers, Belfast . 122 Anderson & McCrea,Wholesale Drug¬ gists, Newry .. 161 Army Institute, The, Belfast . 103 Antrim, County. 178 Armagh, County . 172 Association for Employment of In¬ dustrious Blind, Belfast. 101 Athlone Woollen Mills Co. 183 Ayr Steam Shipping Co., Belfast ... 116 Babington; H., Wholesale Grocer, Londonderry . 119 Bailie, ft. B., Grocer, Ballynahinch 166 Baine, G., Baker, Larne. 1S1 Balmer, J. & Co., Leather Factors, &c., Belfast. S8 Barclay & Hopkins, Tailors, Newry 162 Baxter, W. J., Chemist, Coleraine ... 157 Beach Hotel, Warrenpoint. 164 Beattie, J. & Co., Chemists, Belfast... 141 Beck, J. A., Chemical Manufacturer, Belfast . 107 Belfast and Dublin Tea Co., Belfast 125 Belfast Flax Spinning and Weaving Co., Ltd., The. 79 Belfast Mineral Water Co., Ltd. 89 Belfast Warehouse Co., Ltd. 109 Belfast Wool Spinning and Tweed Co. (Ross Bros.). 65 Bell, J. F., Saddler, Belfast . 123 Bell. W. & Sons, Grain Merchants, Belfast . 103 Benson’s Patent Hemstitching Ma¬ chine Co , Ltd., Belfast . 92 Betzold, G. & Co., Linen Manufac¬ turers, Belfast. 144 Bigger, C. J., Shipbuilder, London¬ derry . 150 Birch, R. S. & Co., Fancy Box Manu¬ facturers, Belfast . 142 Black, A. & Co., Wine and Spirit Merchants, Londonderry . 150 Black, J. & Co., Manufacturers, Bel¬ fast. 63 Black, R. J. & Co., Wholesale Grocers, Londonderry . 155 Boucher & Thomson, Grocers, Belfast 107 Boyd, A., Grocer, Ligoniel. 181 Boyd, R. J., Ironfounder, Belfast. 106 Boyd, S., Bacon Curer, Belfast. 140 Boyd, J. W.. Printer, Belfast. 137 Bradley & Robb, Boot Warehouse, Belfast . 139 Braithwaite, W., Cement Merchant, Belfast . 122 Branagh & Co., Butchers, Belfast ... 136 Brennan, A., Grocer, Monaghan. 191 Brewster, J., Bread and Biscuit Ma¬ nufacturer, Londonderry . 149 Bridge Street and Royal Avenue Restaurants, Belfast. 124 Brown, A. & Sons, Engineers, Lon¬ donderry . 153 Brown, J. S. & Sons, Linen Manufac¬ turers, Belfast. 84 Brown, W., Grocer, Portaferry. 166 Browne, A., Sawing and Planing Mills, Belfast . 103 Bryce, A. Cross & Co., Seed, Manure, &e., Merchants, Belfast. 84 Brydon, W. W., Wine and Spirit Broker, Belfast . 87 Buchanan it McDowell, Tea Mer¬ chants, Belfast . 112 BuUoch Bros., Shirt and Collar Ma¬ nufacturer's, Belfast. 112 Burke, D., Posting Establishment, Galway. 187 PAOR Burke, J., Hairdresser, Belfast.. 136 Burns, W. & Co., Piano and Harmo¬ nium Dealers, Belfast. 121 Bushmills Old Distillery Company, Limited (The), Whiskey Distillers, Belfast . 77 Butler, J., Engineer, Belfast . 107 Campbell & Lowry, Builders, &c., Campbell’s Cabinet Warehouse, Lon¬ donderry . 154 Campbell & Savage, Drapers, Newry 161 Canavan, J. & J., Chemists, Porta- down . 174 Cantrell & Cochrane, Aerated Water Manufacturers, Belfast . 89-81 Carton, J. H. & Co., General Carriers, Belfast . 97 Castle Restaurant, Belfast . 139 Cathcart, J. & Co., Hardware Mer¬ chants, Newry. 160 Caughey, J., Printer, Newtownards 164 Charles,* S. & Co., Cabinetmakers, &c., Belfast .. 91 Cheyne Bros., Linen Manufacturers, Belfast . 64 Cliisim, A., Wocllen and Waterproof Clothing Manufacturer, Belfast ... 72 Church, E. T.. Photographer, Belfast 120 Cleland, W. W-, Manufacturing Sta¬ tioner, &e., Belfast . 115 Clendinniug, J. & Sons, Manufac¬ turers, Lurgan . 176 Cloherty, M. & Sons, Ironmongers, Galway. 186 Cloherty & Semple, Timber Mer¬ chants, Galway. 188 Cloherty, M., Ironmonger, Galway... 188 Clow, J. & Co., Corn Millers, Porta- down . 174 Coates, W. & Son, Metal Merchants, Belfast . 86 Coey & Co., Ltd., Provision Curers and Packers, Belfast . 91 Cogry Flaxspinning Co., The, Bel¬ fast. 113 Coleraine. 147 Collins, R.&Co., Woollen, &c., Mer¬ chants, Enniskillen . 190 Collins, R. & Co., Woollen Drapers, Sligo. 189 Combe, Barbour & Combe, Ltd., Connolly, B., Wine Importer, &o., Cooke, J. & Co., Ironmongers, Lon¬ donderry . 153 Cookstown Drug Hall, S.Turkington 171 Cooney, W. R., Draper, &c., Ennis¬ killen .190 Cooney, W. R., House Furnisher, Enniskillen. 190 Cooper Bros., Merchants, Belfast ... 143 Corry, R., Building Contractor, Bel¬ fast. 145 County Antrim. 178 County Armagh. 172 County Down. 158 County Tyrone . 167 Craig, Adam, Music Dealer, Belfast 145 Craig, H. & Co., Coal Importers, Belfast . 116 Cramer, Wood, & Co., Pianoforte Warehouse, Belfast . 105 Crampsey Bros., Tailors, London¬ derry . 156 Crawford, J., Fish Curer, Belfast ... 139 Crawford, A. & Son, Wheat Starch and Com Flour Manufacturers, Belfast . 105 Crockett & Guy, Ironmongers, Lon¬ donderry . 156 Cross & Donaldson, Grass and Clover Seed Merchants, Belfast. 79 Crozier & Co., Silk Mercers, &c., Cullen, Allen, & Co., General Mer¬ chants, Belfast ... 91 Daly, C. & Son, Seed Merchants, Coleraine. 157 Davidson & Leslie, Chemists, Belfast 124 Davis, H., Apron and Pinafore Manu¬ facturer, Belfast. 99 Deans, Logan, & Co., Ltd., Wine Merchants, Belfast . 76 Dickson, A. & Sons, Nurserymen, &c., Belfast. 83 PAGE Dickson, W. & Co., Umbrella Manu¬ facturers, Belfast . 109 Dicksons & Co., Linen Manufac¬ turers, Dungannon . 169 Dixon & Campbell, Builders, &c., Doak, W., Ironmonger, Omagh . 169 Donnan, H., Grain and Coal Mer¬ chant, Portaferry . 166 Douglas & Beck, Drapers, Portadown 175 Douglas, J., Handkerchief Manufac¬ turer, Belfast. 119 Down, County . 158 Downes, W. & J., & Co., Brewers, &o., Enniskillen. 191 Downing, W. M„ Bookbinder, Belfast 110 Dudley, J. S., Distillers’and Brewers’ Agent, Belfast . 117 Dunbar, MeMaster & Co., Ltd., Flax- spinners, Gilford . 165 Duncan, Alderdiee & Co , Wine Merchants, Newry . 159 Dunlop, R., Flour Merchant,/Belfast 121 Dnnseith & Flack, Tailors, Belfast... 146 Eoleotio, The (Sinnamon & Co.), Ladies’ Outfitters, &c., Belfast. 72 Elliott, J. & Co., Linen Manufac¬ turers, Belfast . 129 Eglinton and Wiuton Hotel, Belfast 111 Elliott & Sons, Wholesale Grocers, Strahane . 170 Emerson & Co., Ironmongers, Porta¬ down . 173 Erskine & Craig, Tailors, Belfast ... 143 Erskine, R., Portmanteau and Bag Manufacturer, Belfast. 120 Ewing, Sou & Co., Linen Manufac¬ turers, Belfast. 63 Ewing, S., Builder, Belfast . 137 Fenton, Connor & Co., Linen Manu¬ facturers, Belfast . 94 Ferguson, J. & Co., Linen Manu¬ facturers, Belfast . 70 Ferrier Brothers, Seed Merchants, Athlone. 185 Finlay, A., Soap and Candle Manu¬ facturers, Belfast. 70 Fisher, T„ Van Builder, Belfast. 141 Fitzpatrick Brothers, Building Con¬ tractors, Belfast. 144 Flack, G. & Co., Ship Chandlers, Belfast . 76 Fleming, J., Outfitter, Portadown ... 175 Fogarty, J. P., Warehouseman, Gal¬ way. 183 Foley, M., Saddler, Galway . 189 Foster & Co., Drapers, Newry. 160 Foy, D. & G., Windsor Chair Manu¬ facturers, Belfast . 124 Franklin Street Laundry Co. (The), Belfast . 103 Franklin Street Collar Co. (The), Belfast . 91 Frazer & Haughton, Linen Manu¬ facturers, Belfast . 119 Frew & Hall, Tailors, Belfast . 138 Fulton & Kingan, Provision Mer¬ chants, Belfast . 134 Gahbey, R., Saw Mills, Belfast. 145 Gallaher & Co., Tobacco Manufac¬ turers, Belfast. 96 Galloway, J. & Sons, Engineers, Sligo 190 Galway, &c. 182 Gamble, R., Grocer, Belfast . 145 Gault Bros., Weavers, Ballymena ... 180 Gault, J., Steam Sawyer, Ballymena 180 Geoghegan, M., Coachbuilder, Ath¬ lone . 1S4 Gibson, W. & Co., Manufacturing Jewellers, Belfast. 116 Gibson, H., Feather Purifying Fac¬ tory, Belfast. 145 Gibson, J. & Co., Grocers, Portadown 175 Gilbert & Co., Advertising Agents, Belfast . 140 Gilchrist, J., Draper, Lurgan . 176 Gillespie, T., Druggist and Grocer, Banbridge . 166 Gilmore, J., Grocer, Downpatrick ... 163 Gilmour ic Co., Jewellers, Belfast. 139 Given & Co., Wine Merchants, Cole¬ raine .156 Gough, S. &Co., Shipbrokers, Belfast 114 Glass & O’Flaherty, Linen Manufac¬ turers and Bleachers, Belfast . 112 PAGE Glass, J., Photographer, Londonderry 156 Glendinning, McLeish & Co., Hand¬ kerchief Manufacturers, Belfast ... 73 Graham, D. & Co., Flax-spinners, Portadown . 174 Grand Restaurant and Cafe, Limited, Belfast . 120 Grattan & Co., Limited, Apothe¬ caries, &c., Belfast . 70 Gray, J. & Co., Agricultural Imple¬ ment Manufacturers, Belfast. 114 Gray, T„ Importer, Belfast . 137 Grealy, Dr., Physician, Galway . 181 Greenfield, J., Hosier, &o„ Belfast ... 133 Green, G. & Co., Millwrights, Lon¬ donderry . 150 Gregg & Co., Timber, Slate, &c., Im¬ porters, Belfast . 117 Grevatt & Taylor, Cabinetmakers, Sligo . 189 Grew, M., Grocer, Portadown . 173 Grimshaw & Me Fadden,Linen Manu¬ facturers, Portadown . 171 Haddeu, J. & Co., Grocers, London¬ derry .151 Hale, Martin & Co., Flax and Tow Spinners, Dungannon. 169 Hamilton, H. S. & Co., Tea Mer¬ chants, Londonderry . ISO Hammond & Co., Leather Merchants, Belfast . 131 Handforth, T., Yeast Importer, Bel¬ fast. 93 Hanna, Campbell & Co., Manufac¬ turers, Belfast. 127 Hanna, H,, Leather Merchant, Bel¬ fast.:.137 Hanna, J., Draper, Silk Mercer, &c , Belfast.. 122 Hanna, J., Dyer, Ballymena. 180 Hanna & Browne, Cabinetmakers, Belfast. 109 Harden, C., Linen an l Handkerchief Manufacturer. Belfast. 97 Harlaud & WolfI, Ltd., Shipbuilders, Belfast . 62-3 Harper, A. & Co., Furniture Manu¬ facturers . 86 Harvey, J., Wine Merchant, London¬ derry . 143 Hayes, F. W. & Co., Flax-spinners, . Banbridge . 166 Henderson, R., Grocer, Belfast . 142 Henderson & Eadie, Woollen Manu¬ facturers, Lisbellaw.190 Henry, J., Builder and Contractor, Belfast . 90 Henry, A. & Co., Mineral Water Manufacturers, Belfast . 112 Henry & Haig, Linen Shirt and Col¬ lar Manufacturers, Belfast. 104 Hewitt, I., Builder, Belfast . 139 Hinds, D., Boot and Leather Ware¬ house, Belfast. 123 Hogg & Co., Laundrymen, Belfast... 146 Horner, G., Engineer, Belfast. 127 Hughes, B., Model Bakery and Flour Mills, Belfast . 67 Hughes, J. & Co., Soap Manufac¬ turers, Londonderry. 153 Hunter, M. & Sons, Shipbuilders, Newry . 159 Hutton, H. & Co., Timber Mer¬ chants, Belfast . 132 Imperial Hotel (W. J. Jury, Pro¬ prietor), Belfast.'.. 75 Imperial Hotel (T. M. Hegan, Pro¬ prietor), Londonderry. 151 Inglis & Co., Ltd., Steam Bakers, Belfast . 89 Ireland, W. Ostrich Feather Mer¬ chant, Belfast. 135 Ireland Bros., Grocers, Lurgan. 176 Irish Whiskey Company, Ltd., Bel¬ fast. 118 ' Irvine & Co., Drapers, &c., London¬ derry . 155 Jewell, A. C., Cork Merchant, Lon¬ donderry . 152 Johnson, T. & Sons, Furniture Re¬ movers, &c., Belfast. 124 Johnston, H., Umbrella Manufac¬ turer, Belfast. 125- Johnston, li., Chemist, Downpatrick 163 Johnston, W. J., Woollen Draper, Omagh .. 168 194 INDEX, PAGE Johnston Bros., Grocers, Omagh ... 168 Johnston D. & Co., General Smiths, Belfast. 107 Johnston, (R. S., & Co., Stationers, Belfast . 130 Jones, B. A., Chemist, Warrenpoint 164 Jones Bros., Saw Mills, Belfast. 97 Jordan, F. & Sons, Boot Manufac¬ turers, Galway .'.... 189 Jury, W. J., Imperial Hotel, Belfast 75 Jury, W. J., Whiskey Merchant, Belfast . 115 Kane Bros., Engineers, Ballymena... 179 Kane, J. & Sons, Engineers, Bally¬ mena . 180 Keith, H., Building Contractor, Belfast . 128 Keegan, Graham & Co., Wine and Spirit Merchants, Belfast . 104 Kelly, P., Grocer, &c., Dungannon... 170 Kennedy, H. & Son, Agricultural Engineers, Coleraine . 157 Kennedy & Morrison, Mill Fur¬ nishers, Belfast. 113 Keown, J., & Co., Box Makers, Bel¬ fast. 127 Kerr & Belshaw, General Merchants, Downpatrick . 163 Kevs, J., Flour Importers’ Agent, Belfast . 136 Killen, W., Bacon Curer, Belfast ... 138 King, F. & Co., Ltd., Preserved Goods Manufacturers, Belfast ... 82-83 Kirk, W. M. & Partners, Ltd., Linen , Manufacturers, Belfast. 81 Langemann, A., Watch and Clock Maker, Belfast. 122 Lawther, S., Shipowner, Belfast. 132 Leahy, Kelly & Leahy, Cigar Impor¬ ters, Belfast . 77 Lee, J. & Sons, Piano Warehouse, Belfast . 143 Leeman, H. G., Tailor, Monaghan ... 191 Lemon, J. & Sons, Cabinetmakers, Belfast . 143 Lilley, W., Copper and Zinc Worker, Belfast . 142 Lindsay Bros., Limited, ‘Wholesale Warehousemen, Belfast. 64 Lindsay, Thompson & Co., Limited, Flax-spinners, Belfast . 132 Linenhall Shirt and Collar Co., Bel¬ fast. 136 Lithgow & Son, Coachbuilders, Downpatrick . 162 Livingston, J., Baker and Grocer, Newry . 160 Logan, J. & Co., Wire Works, Belfast 117 Londonderry and Coleraine . 147 Long, J., Plumber, Lurgan. 177 Long, J. C. & Co., Manufacturers and Agents, Belfast . 88 Lough Neagh Pure Whiskey Distil¬ lery Company, Limited, Belfast... 71 Lowden,J. & Co.,Sanitary Plumbers, Belfast. 114 Lowry & Co., Fur Warehouse, Bel¬ fast. 112 Lowry & Officer, Clothiers, &c., Bel¬ fast. 120 Lurgan Weaving Company.. 177 Lyle & Kinahan, Limited, Wine and Spirit Merchants, Belfast. S 8 Lyons, P. J., Chemist, Belfast . 134 Lytle, J. & Sons, Belfast . 106 Lytle, sW- & Sons, Soap Manufac¬ turers, Belfast. HO Lytle & Pollock, Hardwood Impor¬ ters, Belfast. 119 Macartney,W. & Son, Rope and Twine Manufacturers, Belfast . 132 Maeauley, H. & Co., Bleachers, &c., Belfast . 90 Mack’s Royal Hotel, Galway. 185 Maclean, S.T., Linen Merchant, Bel¬ fast . 100 Maclean & Co., Grocers, Newry. 161 Macy, R. H. & Co., Linen Exporters, Belfast . 128 Magill, J., Photographer, Belfast. 138 Majestic Boot House, Belfast . 141 Malcolm, W. & Co., Engineers, Bel¬ fast . 140 Malone, J., General Cooper, Belfast 120 Malseed, R. C., Grocer, Londonderry 163 Mann, J., Grocer, Belfast . 135 Marshall, W. & Co., Tea and General Merchants, Belfast . 110 • Martin, W. J., Family Grocer, Bel¬ fast . 122 Mason, W. & M., Grocers, Cookstown 171 Mathers & Bunting, Manufacturers, Lurgan. 177 Matier, H. & Co., Handkerchief and Linen Manufacturers, Belfast. 66 PAGE Mayne W. Erskine, Book and Bible Repository, Belfast . 69 Mayne W. Erskine, Book Repository, Belfast . 64 McAdam, J., Druggist, Omagh. 168 McBride, R. & Co., Linen and Cotton Goods Manufacturers, Belfast. 74 McBride, S. W., Linen Manufacturer, Belfast . 128 McCann, A. & J., Grocers, Newry ... 160 McCann, J. & Co., Auctioneers, Bel¬ fast. 130 M’Carter, M., Cabinetmaker, Bel¬ fast . 136 McCartney, D. & Son, Bacon Curers, Ballymena . 179 McCausland, 8 ., Seed, Tea and Sugar Merchant, Belfast. 83 M’Clinton & Thompson, Soap and Candle Manufacturers, Belfast. 90 McClure, W., Tailor, Belfast. 146 M’Comish & Shaw, Tea Merchants, &c., Belfast. 123 McCorry, J. & Co., Linen Manufac¬ turers, Belfast... 119 M‘Curdy, J., Builder, Belfast . 142 M’Cullagh, S. A., Bookseller, &o., McCullough, J. & Co., Bakers, Belfast 144 McDowell, T., Chemist, Belfast . 142 McGahey, W. M„ Imitation Hem- stitcher, Saintfleld. 164 McGee & Co., Clothiers, Tailors, &c., McGlade, F. & Co., Distillers, Belfast 114 McHugh, B. &B., & Co.,Ltd.,Ware¬ housemen, Belfast. 100 Macllwaine & MacColl, Ltd., Ship¬ builders, &c., Belfast . 71 MeKeag & Co. Wholesale Grocers, Belfast . 128 McKnight, T. H., Furniture Manu¬ facturer, Belfast . 136 McLaughlin & Harvey, Ltd., Buil¬ ders, Belfast . 85 McMillan, T., Builder, Belfast. 142 MacMillin, H. & J., Woollen Ware¬ house, Cookstown. 171 McMullan, M., Glass Merchant, Bel¬ fast. 140 McNamara, F., Wine Merchant, Galway . 187 McNaughton, N., Importer, Belfast 144 McTear & Co., Ltd., Felt and Asphalte Merchants, Belfast . 110 McWatters, J., Baker, Belfast. 13S Meenan’s Drapery House, Omagh ... 168 Mercer & Co., Hem-stitchers and Finishers, Belfast. Ill Millar & Co., Ltd., Confectioners, &c., Belfast. Ill Miller, Mrs., Dress and Mantle Maker, Belfast . 134 Miller, C. & Co., Cabinetmakers, Belfast . 108 Miller, J. & Son, Marble and Granite Manufacturers, Galway . 189 Milligen, J., Steamship Owner, Belfast . 99 Milliken, J. J., Plumber, Belfast. 146 Millin & Rankin, Mineral Water Manufacturers, Belfast . 103 Mitchell, J. K., Shirtmaker, &e., Mitchell, W., Flour Importer, Lon¬ donderry . 152 Mohan & Co., Linen Manufacturers, Belfast . 131 Montgomery, H. & Son, Saw Makers, Belfast . 124 Moon, A., Tailor, Galway. 187 Moore, J., Manufacturing Stationer, Printer, &o., Belfast . 84 Moreland, R. & .W., Tea Dealers, Belfast . 69 Morris, W. H., Plumber, Cavan . 185 Morrison’s Temperance Hotel, Bel¬ fast.•". 127 Morrow, Miskelly & Co., Cordage Manufacturers, Belfast . 113 Morton, S., Auctioneer, &c., Belfast 123 Morton, R. & Co., Millers, Ballymena 179 Mulholland, M. & Co., Drapers, Lon¬ donderry . 156 Mulryne, P., Coachbuilder, Belfast... 141 Murphy, J. A., Stationer, &c., Bel¬ fast . 134 Murphy & Orr, Linen and Damask Manufacturers, Belfast . 65 Murray, D., Delf Merchant, Lurgan 176 Neill, Neill & Co., Handkerchief Manufacturers, Belfast . 109 Nelson, W. R. & Co., Linen and Lawn Manufacturers, Belfast . 86 Nesbit, W. & Co., Apron and Pina¬ fore Manufacturers, Belfast . 108 Nieholl’s Medical Hall, Belfast . 94 PAGE Nicholson, J. C. & Co., Tea Mer¬ chants, Newry. 169 Nicholson & Douglas, Linen Manu¬ facturers, Belfast . 143 Northern Linen Co., The, Belfast ... 90 North of Ireland Linen Co., Belfast 107 Osborne, T. E., Cycle, Safe, &e., Osborne & Patton, Wholesale Gro¬ cers, Londonderry. 148 O’Neill, T., Cooper, Belfast . 124 Orr, W. R., Seed Merchant, Strabane 170 Park, J. & Co., Hatters, Lurgan . 176 Paton, J., Manufacturers’ and Spin¬ ners’ Agent, Belfast. 104 Paul & Son, Tailors, Portadown. 173 Payne, J. C. C., Chemist, Belfast. 130 Payne, R., Hunting-breeches Maker, &c., Belfast. 133 Percival, J. J.,Carpenter and Builder, Belfast . 146 Persse, H. S., Distiller, Galway . 185 Phillips & Thomas, Leather Mer¬ chants, Belfast . 140 Plunkett, F. & Son, Insurance Agents, &c., Belfast. Ill Pollock, T., jun„ Bread Baker, Stra¬ bane . 170 Porter, A. & D., Grain Merchants, Belfast . 146 Prior & Co., Chemists, Londonderry 151 Queen’s Hotel, Portadown. 173 Rankin Bros-, Watchmakers, Belfast 138 Rawson & Anderson, Drapers, Stra¬ bane . 171 Rea, J., Grocer, Belfast . 123 Reade, J. T., Linen, Yarn, &c., Mer¬ chant, Belfast. 91 Reburn & Co., Drapers, &c., Lurgan 175 Redmund, W. F. &Co., Timber Mer¬ chants, Newry. 161 Richardson, R., Grocer, Dungannon 169 Richardson, Sons & Owden, Ltd., Linen Manufacturers, Belfast ... 68-69 Riddel, J. & Son, Iron and Metal Merchants, Belfast . 118 Ritchie, Hart, & Co., Ltd., Engi¬ neers, Belfast. 119 Robb & Co., Timber and Slate Im¬ porters, Belfast. 117 Robertson, Ledlie, Ferguson & Co., Linen Merchants & Manufacturers, Belfast .,. 102 Robinson, A. T., Provision Merchant, Belfast . 117 Robinson, J. & Son, Marble Mer¬ chants, Belfast . 131 Robinson & Allen, Chemists, Belfast 135 Robinson & Cleaver, Royal Irish Linen Warehouse, Belfast. 78-79 Robson, J., Horse and Carriage Bazaar, Belfast . 66 Rodman, W. & Co., Fancy Goods Im¬ porters and Dealers in Works of Art, Belfast. 87 Rodger, McClelland & Co., Nursery¬ men, Newry . 159 Rooney Bros., Ironmongers, Newry 162 Ross Bros., Damask, &e., Manufac¬ turers, Belfast. 72 Ross, W. A. & Co., ASrated Water Manufacturers, Belfast . 74 Royal Hotel (Miss Doyle, Proprie¬ tress), Belfast. 93 Russell, J. & Co., Grain Merchants, Londonderry . 150 Salvage, J. S., Linen Merchant, Bel¬ fast. 130 Salvage & Co., Linen Clothing Manu¬ facturers, Belfast . 130 Scottish Amicable Life Assurance Society, Belfast. 104 Scottish Provident Institution, Bel¬ fast .125 Semple & Thompson, Tailors, &o., Shannon, R., Draper, Belfast . 137 Shaw & Co., Ltd., Oil Works, Belfast 128 Shaw, E. & Co., Yam Merchants, Belfast . 118 Shaw, J. & Co., WaU-paper Mer- , chants, Belfast . 145 Shaw & Comrie, Engravers, Belfast... 129 Shaw & Jamison, Wholesale Drug¬ gists, Belfast . 102 Shaw & McMullen, Tea Merchants, Belfast . 70 Sherrard, J., Yeast Importer, Lon¬ donderry .. 155 PAGE Simms, R. A., Draper, Ballymena ... 180 Sinclair, J. & T. • & Co., Provision Curers, Belfast . 108 Sinnamon & Co. (The Eclectic), Ladies’ and Children’s Outfitters, &c. 72 Sloane, E. C., Watchmaker, Newry... 161 Smith, J., Builder, Belfast. 139 Smith, MeSparron & Co., Wine and Spirit Merchants, Londonderry ... 156 Smyth, J., Coachbuilder, Belfast. 137 Springfield Finishing Co., Belfast ... 74 Steel & Sons, Limited, Electroplate Manufacturers, Gold and Silver Smiths, &c., Belfast. 76 Steen, L. J., Leather Merchant, Por¬ tadown . 174 Stevenson, O., Draper, Strabane. 170 Stevenson & Co., Hosiery Manu¬ facturers, Newtownards . 163 Stevenson & Co., Bread Manufac¬ turers, Londonderry.148 Stevenson, R. S. & T., General Dra¬ pers, Londonderry. 151 Stevensons,Boyd & Co.,Linen Manu¬ facturers, Dungannon. 169 Stewart, J., Belfast . 144 Stewart, J. O., Pastrycook Baker, &C., Belfast. 124 Stewart, R. & W. & Co., Manufac¬ turers aud Bleachers, Belfast .... 119 Stuart, J., Grocer, Newry. 162 Tate’s Medical Hall, Belfast. 101 Taylor, J. A., Ironfounder, Stra¬ bane . 171 Taylor, R. A., Distiller, Coleraine ... 157 Taylor, J., & Son, Wholesale Grocers, Newtownards. 164 Teuton, W., Builder, Belfast. 141 Thompson & Co., Chemists, Belfast... 132 Thomson & Co., Steamship and In¬ surance Agents, Belfast. 109 Thornton & Co.,Indiarubber Manu- 1 facturers, Belfast . 116 Tighe, J. & E. J., Flour and Provision Importers, Sligo. 189 Tillie & Henderson, Shirt Manufac¬ turers, Londonderry. 149 Todd, J. K. & Co., Wholesale Grocers, Newry . 162 Tyrone, County. 167 Victoria Temperance Hotel, Belfast 141 Vint, W. & Sons, Jam Manufac¬ turers, Belfast. 69 Wallace, H., Hardware Merchant, Portadown . 174 Wallace, N. M., Provision Merchant, Belfast . 135 Ward & Co., Chemists, Lisburn . 181 Warden & Stewart, Grain Merchants, Belfast . 141 Waterson, J. & R., Meal and Flour Merchants, Omagh . 168 Watson & Son, Clothiers, Belfast. 142 Waugh, Walsh & Co., Merchants, &c. Belfast . 73 Whyte, W., Block Works, Belfast ... 84 W ightman, D ^Manufacturing Jewel¬ ler, Belfast . 106 Williamson Bros., Tanners, Belfast 129 Wilson, G. S., Mineral Water Manu¬ facturer, Ballymena. 180 Wilson, R., Baker and Grocer, Belfast . Ill Wilson,’.T. R., Bookseller, Sligo. 189 Wilson, S. & Co., Tent Makers, Belfast . 129 Wilson, W. & Co., Tea Merchants, Londonderry . 148 Wilson & Strain, Bakers and Confec¬ tioners, Belfast . 100 Withers, J., Plumber, Belfast . 127 Woodburn Weaving Company, Ltd., The, Belfast. 113 Woodside, AV. J. & Co., Shipowners, Belfast . 108 Wright, J. 8 . & Co., Ship Brokers, Belfast . 143 Wynne, Stokes & Co., Linen Manu¬ facturers, Belfast . 117 X L Vegetarian Restaurant, The, Belfast . 135 Young, J. & Co., Ship Store Mer¬ chants, Belfast . 93 Young, T. & Son, Carriage-builders, Londonderry . 154 Young & Anderson, AVarehousemcn, Belfast.126-7 Young, King & Co., Ltd., Distillers, Belfast ...1. 81 PRINTED BY J. S. VIRTUE AND CO., LIMITED, CITY ROAD, LONDON. DATE DUE UNIVERSITY PRODUCTS, INC. #859-5503