^ D A C) i J i i / i U 0 i AIDS TO LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION DESIGNED FOR USE IN THE FIRST AND SECOND YEARS OF COLLEGE Vos exemplaria [Tulli] Nocturna versate manu, versate diurna. Horace. BY JAMES A. KLEIST, S.J. NEW YORK SCHWARTZ, KIR WIN & FAUSS Copyright* 1912, by SCHWARTZ, KIRW1N & FAUSS 1 H 8 7 3 6 PREFACE Few will deny the exceptional value of Latin as an educa¬ tional instrument. But this value depends in no small degree upon the practice of Composition. It is translation from Eng¬ lish into Latin that forces thought and reflection. There is scarcely an intellectual process through which the young student has to go that requires more orderly and independent thinking than the reproduction “in an ancient tongue of the thoughts and sentences of modern speech.” From the nature of the case, a book providing the student with “Aids to Latin Prose Composition” is quite a different thing from a Latin grammar. The latter treats of the various elements that enter into the composition of Latin speech, and gives the student such a knowledge of Latin syntax as will enable him to write (and speak) correctly. But mere grammat¬ ical correctness of writing is not all that we aim at in the teach¬ ing of Latin in our Colleges. Over and above this, it is desira¬ ble that a distinct effort be made to acquaint the student, within certain limits, with those fundamental principles that underlie the simple elegance of the genuine Sermo Latinus. It is the knowledge of these principles that aids him in his appreciation of a Ciceronian line or paragraph. Moreover, the conscious application of these principles in his own Compo¬ sition will more than anything else impart to him that mental training which has always been acknowledged to be one of the chief fruits of a classical education. It has, therefore, been my aim to single out for fuller treatment in these AIDS such mat¬ ters of Latin syntax only as have seemed to me to stand in need of special insistence for purely stylistic reasons; and, while I readily admit that there is room for a difference of opinion as to IV PREFACE what is important and what is not in the teaching of Latin style, it will be found, I hope, that the truly characteristic dif¬ ferences between the Latin and English idioms have been stated with sufficient clearness. For those who wish to use the AIDS in the class-room, it may be well to bear in mind that the Lessons herein presented for special study are entirely independent of one another. Con¬ sequently, should a teacher—whether for lack of time, or because a particular point is not deemed of sufficient impor¬ tance—decide to omit some Lessons, there is nothing at all in the AIDS themselves to forbid such a course of action. Each Lesson is complete in itself and may be omitted without any detriment to the whole. If the sixty-two Lessons are taken as they stand, they can be leisurely gone through in the space of two years, preferably in the First and Second Years of College: this would mean about one Lesson a week. The illustrative examples, as well as the great bulk of the sentences of the Exercises, have been taken from the writings of Caesar and Cicero. I desire here to express my sincere thanks to all those of my colleagues who have assisted me in the preparation of this book. I am under special obligations to Prof. I. H. Schmalz, the distinguished editor of the Antibarbarus and author of an Historical Grammar of Latin Syntax and Style, for the help I have derived from his brief, yet exquisite, statement of what in his opinion should constitute the essentials of a college student’s knowledge of Latin style. James A. Kleist, S.J. TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I Parts of Speech A. Nouns: page 1. Concrete preferred to abstract nouns. 1 2. Where Latin is more specific than English. 4 3. Nouns ending in -tor and -sor . 5 4. The force of nouns in -io . 6 5. Accuracy in the use of the Plural. 8 6. English nouns rendered by Latin verbs. 10 7. English nouns rendered by Latin clauses. 11 8. English nouns rendered by Latin Accusatives with Infinitives_ 13 9. English nouns rendered by Latin adjectives. 14 10. Formation of Word-Groups. 15 B. Adjectives: 11. English adjectives rendered by Latin nouns. 18 12. English adjectives omitted in Latin. 19 13. English adjectives explaining the action of the verb. 20 14. Latin prefers adjectives of quantity. 21 15. Plenus . 22 16. Latin adjectives in the singular used as nouns. 23 17. The same (continued). 24 18. Adjectives in the plural used as nouns. 25 C. Comparison: 19. The positive in a restricted sense. 27 20. The standard of comparison omitted. 27 21. The comparative used in superlative expressions. 29 22. The superlative often elative. 30 23. The meaning of Latin diminutives. 31 D. Pronouns: 24. Pronouns expressed or understood. 33 25. Possessive pronouns. 33 26. Juxtaposition of Pronouns. 34 V Vi TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGB 27. Reciprocity.. 35 28. Demonstrative pronouns..*. 36 29. The pronoun is with the force of talis . 38 30. The intensive pronoun ipse . 39 31. Quisquam and Ullus ( aliquis , nesio quis ). 41 32. Quidam. Quiddam. Aliquid . 43 33. The distributive force of quisque . 44 34. Quisque continued . 45 E. Prepositions: 35. The Latin preposition in . 47 36. The preposition without . 48 F. Verbs: 37. Remarks on the passive voice. 50 38. English phraseological verbs. 51 39. Latin verbs as equivalents for English adverbs. 52 G. Adverbs: 40. Rendering Latin adverbs. 55 41. Hendiadys . 57 H. Negatives: 42. Non. Nemo. Nullus . 59 43. Negative Combinations. 60 PART II Structure of Sentences 44. The normal order of a Latin sentence..*. 63 45. Rhetorical word-order. Emphatic position. 64 46. The normal word-order (continued). 65 47. Notes on the emphatic word-order. 67 48. Hyperbaton . 70 49. Chiasmus and anaphora. 71 50. Pronominal connection of sentences. 73 51. Asyndeton. 74 52. The simple period. 76 53. Eliminating English subordinate clauses. 78 TABLE OF CONTENTS vil PAGH 54. Clauses which precede the principal verb. 79 55. Clauses which follow the principal verb. 80 56. Emphatic position of clauses. 81 57. Types of sentence structure. 82 58. Relative in combination with other clauses. 83 59. A combination of questions. 85 60. Periodic writing. 86 61. Variety combined with unity. 87 62. Historical and oratorical periods contrasted. 88 Appendix 1. Dedication of Gettysburg Cemetery, by Abraham Lincoln. 91 2. The Sailing of the Spanish Armada from Portugal, by A. Froude 93 3. Heroic Death of Dundee, by Th. B. Macaulay. 95 4. Lord Clive’s Victory at Plassey, by Th. B. Macaulay. 96 5. A Letter from Cicero to Pompey. 98 6. The Assassination of Clodius, by M. T. Cicero. 99 7. National Sorrow for the Loss of Nelson, by R. Southey. 101 Exercises To Be Done Into Latin 1. Babel (from the London Globe)... 103 2. The Events following the Murder of Caesar.. 104 Nihil enim est aliud, Brute, pulchre et oratorie dicere nisi optimis sententiis verbisque lectissimis dicere. A beautiful oratorical style, my dear Brutus, is simply nothing more nor less than the expression of noble thought in exquisite diction . Cicero Or. 227 . vm PART I: PARTS OF SPEECH A. NOUNS LESSON I CONCRETE PREFERRED TO ABSTRACT NOUNS Litteras Graecas senex didici: In my old age I studied Greek literature. Romani cum Hispanis bellum gesserunt: Rome was at war with Spain. Hoc sentire stulti est: It is folly to think so. Quotus quisque formosus est How rare is real beauty! ' Voces indignantium: Cries of indignation. Labienus socius sceleris esse noluit: Labienus refused to be a party to the crime. Inter sicarios accusare: To accuse of assassination. Themistocles prudentia Graeciam liberavit: Themistoclis prudentia Graecia liberata est: The statesmanship of Themistocles saved Greece. As a general rule, Latin writers are concrete in their expres¬ sions. They prefer concrete to abstract nouns, the name of a person to that of a thing, the name of a people to that of their country. Moreover, they are somewhat averse to personify¬ ing inanimate objects. EXERCISES 1. Vera dixit. 2. Romani ei infesti erant omnes. 3. Servus dat signum Clodii decidendi. 4. Agitur res publica. 5. His lacrimis non movetur Milo. 6. Beatus esse sine vir- l 2 AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION tute nemo potest. Beati esse nemo nisi boni possunt. 7. Bullarum Verres non opere delectabatur, sed pondere. 8. In hunc sensum allicior beneficiis. 9. Accusandi terrores et minae, quibus tu cotidie uti solebas, sunt fortis viri. 10. (For a man to take up a literary career although he lacks the natural talent for writing) hominis est intemperanter abutentis et otio et litteris. 11. Eum multis palam ex civitate auctoribus interfecerunt. 12. Quid est turpius quam auctore hoste de summis rebus capere consilium? 13. Ut primum ex pueris ex¬ cessit Archias. 14. Animus gratus. Animus beneficiorum memor. 15. Apud inferos. 1. I have been in poor health from childhood. 2. After the assassination of Clodius. 3. We believe in the existence of a Deity. 4. The weight of opinion would be against us if we placed Cicero above Demosthenes. 5. He went with a mes¬ sage to Kolchis. 6. We started out at sunrise. 7. In my youth I espoused the cause of my country, nor will I in my old age forsake it. 8. During the lifetime of Caesar our re¬ publican institutions remained intact. 9. During Sulla’s dictatorship murder was a common occurrence. 10. Napo¬ leon marched through Switzerland. 11. He is the Shah of Persia. 12. The existence of God is a matter of universal belief. 13. These books treat of duty. 14. In spite of Piso’s opposition. 15. “But the belief that corals are plants re¬ mained not only in the popular, but also in the scientific mind” (Huxley). 16. The arms of Greece defeated the king of Persia. 17. Under his leadership. 18. Hannibal was the cause of the war. Vocabulary to be in health: valetudine uti. to be against: adversari, w. dat. to start out: proficisci. intact: integer. opposition: contra pugnare. poor: infirmus. to place above: anteponere, w. dat. to espouse: defendere. duty: officium. coral: coralium, ii, n. Notes 1. In similar connections, however, only in Graeciam (notin Graecos), per Italiam, e Sicilia, etc., could be used. It was largely a matter of usage that the names of certain countries were in vogue among standard writers, while those of others were not. Consult your dictionary. AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION 3 2. This preference for concrete expressions is so pronounced that ex¬ ceptions are found comparatively seldom. Quid in annos singulos vectigalis populo Romano Britannia penderet, constituit: Caesar fixed the tribute which Britain was to pay annually to Rome. Doctrina Graecia nos superabat: Greece surpassed us in learning. Gallia omnis cum Germanis consentit: All Gaul is in league with Germany. 3. CONVERSELY, abstract nouns are in certain cases used quite freely to denote concrete ideas. Thus: iuventus for iuvenes; senectus for senes; pestis for homo pestifer; nugae: jesters, jokers, humbugs; nobilitas for nobiles; levis armatura: light-armed troops. Compare Cicero Catii. II, § 25. Note also the abstract phrasing in ad dicendum natus: a born orator; eloquentiae laude florere: to be a distinguished speaker, to have achieved distinction as an orator. Clodius, illa furia et pestis: Clodius, that madcap and mischief-maker (bane to his country). Demosthenes longe omnibus eloquentia praestitit: Demosthenes was by far the greatest orator. Utilitatibus tuis carere possum: I can manage to get along without your services. Gallia omni nobilitate spoliabatur: Gaul was robbed of all her men of rank {nobility). Senectus stipata studiis iuventutis: Old men surrounded by enthusiastic youths, or by young enthusiasts. 4. The sentence “It is folly to think so ” may be rendered in two ways: Hoc sentire stulti est, or Hoc sentire stultitiae (stultitia) est. The former emphasizes the (concrete) person, the latter the (abstract) quality of foolishness. In like manner, there is some little difference between Litteras Graecas senex didicit, and Litterarum perstudiosus fuit in senectute. References. Potts, Latin Prose Composition, pp. 29, 30. bach §§14, 15. Naegels- 4 AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION LESSON II WHERE LATIN IS MORE SPECIFIC THAN ENGLISH Novi moderationem animi tui: I know your self-control. Posse mentes audientium permovere: The power of swaying an audience at will. Milites corpora curant: The troops refresh themselves. Genium curabis: Be good to yourself Ex sua natura ceteros fingunt: They judge others by themselves. The greater specificness of English as compared with Latin undoubtedly constitutes one of the main differences between the two languages. 1 Nevertheless, in certain phrases, when English is satisfied with a pronoun or proper name, Latin aims at greater precision by the additional use of some appropriate noun, especially animus and corpus. EXERCISES 1. Verebaris, ne cuius animum offenderes. 2. Caesar militum animos confirmavit. 3. Tigranes diffidentem rebus suis (suis fortunis, saluti suae desperantem) confirmavit. 4. Profectio eius non debet animum tuum offendere. 5. Contentum suis rebus esse maximae sunt divitiae. 6. Partim eorum rebus Caesaris, partim Pompei studebant. 7. Magnum animo cepi dolorem. 8. Nemo omnium tam est immanis cuius mentem non imbuerit Dei opinio. 9. Qua ex re futurum dixit, ut totius Galliae animi a se averterentur. 1. He debated with himself. 2. The Gauls joined Hannibal. 3. Take good care of yourself. 4. Boys take much exercise. 1 Witness the extensive use made by Latin writers of such vague and indefinite words as res and ratio. The one word societas may serve to translate “ society, alliance, partnership, association, treaty ” and other ideas. See H. D. Naylor, Latin and English Idiom, pp. 11 sqq. AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION 5 5. Pay attention. 6. Ever since his conversion. 7. Horace went to Athens for his education. 8. In a short time he won over the whole army. 9. Just imagine! 10. To bury the dead. 11. He bribed the judges. Vocabulary to debate: deliberare. to join: coniungere. to take much {exercise): multum esse in (with the gerundive). conversion: use corrigere. for (his education): causa. to win over: conciliare. to imagine: fingere. to bribe: corrumpere. References. Potts, p. 35. LESSON III NOUNS ENDING IN -TOR AND -SOR Tonsor, orator, cantor: Barber, speaker, singer (by profession). Creator ( = Parens) huius urbis, Romulus: Romulus, the founder of this city. Physicus, id est speculator venatorque naturae: A naturalist, that is one who makes a specialty of the thorough investi¬ gation of nature. Aversor pecuniae publicae, Verres: Verres, that ( notorious) embezzler of public money. Hanc adepti victoriam, in perpetuum victores erimus: One more victory now, and we have established our supremacy forever. Vitiorum emendatricem legem esse oportet: The f unction of the law should be to correct vice. Verbal nouns in -tor and -sor (- trix ) characterize a person as one engaged in a permanent occupation, or, in the case of single instances of action, as having established for himself a permanent reputation. In the Ciceronian usage, such words are often employed merely for rhetorical effect. 6 AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION EXERCISES 1. Solon, legum scriptor. 2. Politissimus ille scriptor, Lysias. 3. Corruptor. 4. Brutus, interfector Caesaris. 5. Captator. 6. Vos tanti conservatorem populi, tanti sceleris ultorem, ad supplicium rapi patiemini? 7. Quid? quod habes nomencla¬ torem? 8. Fuisse Messanam omnium Verris furtorum ac prae¬ darum receptricem negare non poterunt. 9. O vitae philo¬ sophia dux, o virtutis indagatrix expultrixque vitiorum. 10. Pamphilus, Platonis auditor. 1. The previous speaker has denied this report. 2. The audience kept on interrupting the speaker. 3. That author amuses his readers with funny stories. 4. The first speaker. 5. Our liberator. 6. Daniel O’Connell was the great liberator of Ireland. 7. Prizes were awarded to the best singers. 8. The successor of King Numa. 9. He promised a reward to the deliverer of the city. 10. He addressed an immense audi¬ ence. 11. A spectator in the first row. Vocabulary to interrupt: interpellare. funny story: narratiuncula. Ireland: Hiberni, orum. to award: dare. row: cavea (theatri). Note Auctor sum is very common in the sense of: I advise. Ut absim, vehementer mihi auctor est: He strongly advises me to keep away (from Rome). Consilium petis, quid sim tibi auctor: You ask what I advise you to do. References. Potts, p. 38. LESSON IV THE FORCE OF NOUNS IN -IO Inventio: Invention, act of inventing, faculty of invention. (Inventum: Invention, the thing invented.) Defensio: Defending, defence, method of defence. Coniuratio: Conspiracy. Band of conspirators. AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION 7 Cuius rei nulla est occultatio: There is no (possibility of) hiding this. Nihil sibi dubitationis dari respondit: He replied that he had no reason to hesitate. Quae fuit eius peragratio itinerum! Heavens, what style of travelling that man adopted! A. The majority of nouns in -io denote action. They are used when in the writer’s mind the action is more important than the person acting. B. English nouns in -ion may denote both action in the abstract, and its concrete result. Latin nouns in -io are more commonly restricted to an abstract meaning, while concrete results or effects are expressed by nouns in -um or in other ways. C. Some nouns in -io, especially after esse and habere, denote the method, means, or possibility of doing something. D. Some nouns in -io are used both in a concrete and in an abstract sense. EXERCISES 1. Cogitatio. 2. Promissio. Pollicitatio. 3. Actio tua vehe- mentior est. 4. Cogitatio, cogitatum, notio, consilium, sensa, quidquid aliquis sentit. 5. Rem cogitatione complecti. 6. Dei opinio omnium mentes imbuit. 7. Gallorum oppugnatio haec est. 8. Dubitatio. 9. Quid qualisque animus humanus sit, ratione discendum est. 10. Munitio. 11. Cogitationem a con¬ suetudine abducere. 12. Sessiones quaedam contra naturam sunt. 13. Profectio eius non debet animum tuum offendere. Num igitur remansio? 1. Philosophy is an invention of the gods. 2. The promise of help. 3. To make a promise. 4. To keep a promise. 5. To break a promise. 6. Cicero bent all the forces of his mind to the preservation of his country. 7. To commit one’s thoughts to paper. 8. To read a person’s thoughts or mind. 9. After the assassination of Clodius. 10. Three hundred years after the foundation of Rome. 11. The country owes its preservation to Cicero. Vocabulary forces of the mind: cogitationes. to commit to paper: litteris mandere to read {mind): assequi. 8 AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION LESSON V ACCURACY IN THE USE OF THE PLURAL Pedibus iter facere: To travel on foot. Dies noctesque timemus: Day and night we live in anxiety. Fumi incendiorum procul videbantur: The smoke of distant fires could be seen. Ingenia nostrorum hominum multum ceteris hominibus praestiterunt: Intellectually our countrymen were far superior to any nation of the world. Indignationes: Expressions ( manifestations) of indignation. Vitia: Wickedness. Cn. et P. Scipiones: Gnaeus and Publius Scipio. The plural is commonly used when plurality is referred to. Abstract nouns in the plural carry a concrete sense. EXERCISES 1. Totos dies atque noctes de re publica cogitabat. 2. In ora hominum pervenire. 3. Catones. 4. Animi, cum ex cor¬ poribus excesserunt, in caelum perveniunt. 5. Nostris opta¬ biles mortes fuerunt cum gloria. 6. Adventus imperatorum nostrorum sociis nostris graves sunt. 7. Horti. Aquae. 8. Cer¬ vices. 9. Frigora. Siccitates. 10. Somnus et ceterae quietes. 11. Exercitationes virtutum. 12. Septimus mihi liber Origi¬ num est in manibus. 13. Nives. 14. Adeste omnes animis, qui adestis corporibus. 15. Viri maximis ingeniis praediti. 16. Uva nimios solis defendit ardores. 17. Vix feram sermones hominum. 1. Day and night we are haunted by the thought that our end is close at hand. 2. Boys like to take exercise. 3. The soldiers took to flight. 4. They used to pray and sacrifice the bvelong day. 5. Caesar reassured his troops. 6. In the con¬ sulship of Marcus Messala and Marcus Piso. 7. Woe to a state with a (man like) Cleon at its helm. 8. We all believe in the immortality of the soul. 9. We cannot all of us be Scipios. AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION 9 10. The Germans were of immense stature. 11. I have always admired poetic genius. 12. Glorious is the death of a general on the battle-field. 13. While everybody’s attention was dis¬ tracted. 14. Greek is read in almost every country. 15. The cost of the war system to the British people for the last fifty years is enormous. Vocabulary I am haunted by the thought: cogitandum mihi est. to take exercise: corpus exercere. livelong: totus. woe to: miser est. to be at the helm of: praeesse. stature: magnitudo corporis - attention: animus. distracted: impeditus. country: gens. Notes 1. Manus is sometimes used in the singular where the plural alone might seem allowable. manum (or manus) conserere: to come to close quarters. in manum (manus) alicuius venire: to fall into somebody’s hands. 2. Animus, in the ablative and genitive of quality, is used in the singular only. Bono animo sunt: They are of good courage. Alacri animo: With alacrity, with buoyant spirits. Forti animo pugnabant: They fought bravely (like lions). Note also: pedem referre: to retreat, said of an army. (in) animum inducunt: they resolve (upon doing something). dicunt sibi esse in animo: they say that they purpose. Animi, on the contrary, when used of one person, denotes abundance, or the various manifestations, of courage. Libros laudando animos mihi addidisti: Your favorable notice of my books has been an encouragement to me. Quae civitas est, quae unius tribuni militum animos ac spiritus capere possit: How can any city bear the arrogance and pride of even one of our mili¬ tary tribunesf 3. “Since the memory of man” is either post hominum memoriam or post homines natos. 4. Opera in the singular means service, or services; operae, -arum means workmen, laborers. Eorum opera utor assidue: I make constant use of their services. 5. Vita is often used in the singular where the plural might be expected. Petis vitam omnium civium: You aim at the lives of all the citizens. References. Potts, p. 40; Antibarbarus, s. v. animus 10 AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION LESSON VI ENGLISH NOUNS RENDERED BY LATIN VERBS Moriens: On one's death-bed; with one's dying breath. Turpe est mentiri: Lying is immoral. Vehementer interest omnium recte facere: Right conduct is a matter of vital concern to all. Canere docet: He teaches music—gives lessons in music. Classical Latin shows a certain poverty of nouns. Perhaps the most convenient way of supplying this deficiency is by means of the verb. The modern mind is more abstract and wants nouns for the expression of its thoughts; the Latins, on the contrary, were more concrete and had more frequent re¬ course to the verb. EXERCISES 1. Diu mori. 2. Libros laudando animos mihi addidisti. 3. Vagiens puer. 4. Nihil ad hanc mansuetudinem addi potest. 5. Iniuria retentorum Romanorum equitum. 6. An tu dia¬ lecticis ne imbutus quidem es? 7. Metrodorum beatum esse describit his verbis. 8. Vacare culpa magnum est solacium. 9. Istuc nihil dolere non sine magna mercede contingit. 10. Fama appulsae classis. 11. Pudor non lati auxilii. 12. Idem velle atque idem nolle, ea demum firma amicitia est. 1. In my hearing. 2. Your advice is good. 3. For a literary man life is thought. 4. After the foundation of Rome. 5. I contemplate a trip. 6. Home-sickness. 7. The superintendent of the navy yard. 8. There is all the difference in the world between an excellent .state of health and a critical illness. 9. The news of the capture of the town. 10. The suspicion of bribery. 11. He went away with no hope of return. 12. I do not regret my past. 13. We will take a day for deliberation. 14. Correspondence. Vocabulary literary: doctus et eruditus. 7 contemplate: cogito. superintendent: praefectus (followed by dative of gerundive). difference: interest. critical: gravissime. I regret: paenitet me. AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION 11 Note Sometimes the use of a verb for the corresponding noun will necessitate a slight shifting of the point of view in the translation. “ The President has just entered upon his third year of office: ” N.N. tertium nuper annum rei publicae praeesse coepit. Here “ President ” is the subject of the sentence in English, while Latin expresses the same idea by means of the 'predicate. Thus the point of view is shifted, leaving the sense intact. If we bear this in mind, the Latin “ annum iam tertium regnat ” (Cic. Pomp., 7) will at once suggest a variety of translations, all of which are correct, but only one of which may best suit the requirements of a given context: He has been king for more than two years. He has worn the crown going on three years. It is over two years since his accession to the throne His reign dates more than two years back. Caution. —While verbs are always convenient and sometimes necessary substitutes for nouns, still the student needs to be cautioned against an excessive use of them. As they usually detract from the force of style, a too frequent use would be fatal to vigorous writing. References. Arnold-Bradley, Latin Prose Composition, XIII, 94-99. LESSON VII ENGLISH NOUNS RENDERED BY LATIN CLAUSES Is est o-wrii/o, qui salutem dedit: 2 urifip means savior. Ut vivere liceat, obsecrant: (The gladiators) beg for a new lease of life. Eae ipsae res, quae nunc aguntur: The issues of the day. Rex ita discessit, ut arbitraretur: The prince departed with the impression . . . Non laboravit, quid audiret: He did not care for his reputation. He was careless of his character. Cum ista sis auctoritate, non debes arripere maledictum ex trivio: A man of your standing should not pick up a reproachful term from the gutter. 12 AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION Another convenient and sometimes indispensable way of rendering English nouns is by means of entire clauses. Rela¬ tive clauses and indirect questions are, wherever possible, pre¬ ferred. EXERCISES 1. Ille, qui cepit Syracusas. 2. Si cepisset Syracusas. 3. Obest interdum iis, qui discere volunt, auctoritas eorum, qui se docere profitentur; desinunt enim suum iudicium adhibere. 4. Fruges et reliqua, quae terra parit (gignit). 5. Quid fieri velit, ostendit. 6. Non me paenitet, quantum profeceris. 7. Te quidem, cum isto animo sis, satis laudare non possum. 8. In sententiis ferendis, quod sentietis, id audete. 9. Cum diu multumque vixerit. 10. Est, unde discam, nemo. 11. Li¬ bere id, quod sentit, dicit. 12. Quaero ex te, quid hac de re sentias. 13. Dicendum est enim, quod sentio. 14. Ea, quae sensit, prae se tulit. 15. Intellexi et quid de me iudicaretis et quid aliis praescriberetis. 16. Ille, unde cognovit. 17. Quem¬ admodum oppida defenderent, non habebant. 18. Inepti, quid tempus postulet, non vident. 19. Extorsisti, ut faterer. 20. Quibus evenit, ut iam morerentur. 21. Eo, quo intendit, * mature pervenit. 22. Si diligenter, quid Mithradates potuerit et quid effecerit et qui vir fuerit, consideraveris, omnibus regi¬ bus hunc regem nimirum antepones. 23. Qui peccarunt. Qui nihil commiserunt. 1. However, notice the big difference. 2. Take good care of your health. 3. I ask your help. 4. There is great diversity of opinion regarding the nature, seat and origin of the soul. 5. The object of our affection. 6. They carry out the order. 7. A tributary to the Rhone. 8. With full knowledge of the facts. 9. All are not interested in their studies. 10. Some dare not express their opinion. 11. Your authority for that state¬ ment. 12. Express your opinion. 13. I * will tell you my opinion. 14. They remember their debtors as well as their creditors. 15. No Swiss questions the existence of William Tell. 16. The ancients were not quite clear about the true size of the moon. 17. Perhaps I do not make my meaning clear. 18. I have something to say. 19. His successor. AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION 13 Vocabulary diversity of opinion: dissensio. affection: diligere. I am interested: mihi curae est, ut. Swiss: Helvetius. to question: dubitare. Notes 1. Impression must not be conveyed that Latin nouns would be out o f place in all the sentences of the above Exercises. Explicanda est saepe mens nostra: Often we have to make our meaning clear. Possumus exprimere dicendo sensa: We have the power of expressing our thoughts by speech. Litteris mando cogitationes meas: I commit my thoughts to paper. 2. Rogatus quid sentiret: Being asked for his (private) opinion. Rogatus sententiam: Being asked for his vote (as senator). 3. Si quid, with a fine touch of doubt or seeming modesty, is of frequent occurrence in Cicero for the somewhat bolder quidquid. Si quid in dicendo consequi possum: My attainments (such as they are ) in the field of oratory. Si quid profecimus (consecuti sumus): Such success as I have met with. Si quid telorum erat, ex aedibus extulit: He had the whole stock of missiles carried out of the building. 4. Note also phrases formed by means of quidquid. Quidquid progredior: At every step forward. Quidquid increpuit, pertimescit: He startles at every (the least) noise. Quidquid postea vixerimus, id omne destinatum ignominiae est: Hereafter every hour of our lives is doomed to disgrace. Quidquid a bellis populi Romani vacabat: Every minute of leisure which the wars of the Roman people left him c References. Arnold-Bradley, XXII, 174-175. LESSON VIII ENGLISH NOUNS RENDERED BY ACCUSATIVES WITH INFINITIVES Maximam esse vim amicitiae facile intellegitur: The great importance of friendship is easy to understand. Hac spe decedebam, ut putarem brevi me rediturum esse: I left in the hope of an early return. 14 AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION Conscientia sustentor, cum cogito me omni vacare culpa: I am sustained by the consciousness of my innocence. Accusatives with Infinitives are particularly apt substitutes for English nouns. (However, they very seldom depend on nouns directly.) EXERCISES 1. Pherecydes primus dixit animos esse hominum sempiter¬ nos. 2. Negant id fieri posse. 3. Voluisse interfici Caesarem crimen est. 4. Firmissimum hoc adferri videtur cur Deum esse credamus. 5. Pervulgatum est illud Solonis neminem ante mortem esse beatum dicendum. 6. Confiteri nescire, quod nescias. 7. Nec unquam sum assensus veteri illi proverbio, quod monet mature fieri senem, si diu velis senex esse. 1. There are no traces of his presence on the scene. 2. I am interested in your victory. 3. He believes in the possibility of a cure. 4. We believe in the existence of God. 5. The news of the flood of Paris has alarmed us all. 6. The teaching of the sceptics that we must doubt of everything is absurd. 7. “This nation is dedicated to the proposition that all men are born equal.” Vocabulary trace: vestigium. 7 am interested: mea interest. flood: aquae. teaching: opinio. to dedicate: consecrare ad (in), proposition: sententia. LESSON IX ENGLISH NOUNS RENDERED BY LATIN ADJECTIVES Summus mons: The top of the mountain. Media urbs: The middle {heart) of the city. Imus collis: The foot of the hill. Extremo anno: At the end of the year. AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION 15 Whenever certain adjectives (especially summus, medius, imus, primus and extremus) affect but part of the thing which they qualify, they may be readily translated by English nouns. EXERCISES 1. Ex media morte ereptus. 2. Sapientia prima est stultitia caruisse. 3. Infima auricula. 4. Media dimicatio. 5. Primo diluculo. 6. Prima nocte. Primis tenebris. 7. Quid melius quam in mediis vitae laboribus obdormiscere? 8. In extremo ponte turrim constituit. 9. Hoc tantum bellum Pompeius extrema hieme paravit, ineunte (primo) vere suscepit, media aestate confecit. 10. Primo adventu. 1. It is the height of folly. 2. At the bottom of the sea. 3. The surface of the water. 4. The depth of grief. 5. In the beginning of spring. 6. At break of day. 7. The bowels of the earth. 8. Reared in the lap of luxury. 9. The tips of the fingers. 10. Vanguard; centre; rearguard. 11. From the open¬ ing (first day) of the siege. luxury: lautitiae. Vocabulary siege: obsidio. Note In the above signification, summus, etc., do not necessarily precede the noun. Thus, media insula: the middle of the island; yet: in colle medio: half-way up the hill; in extremo ponte: at the end of the bridge; yet: in hac insula extrema: at the end of this isle. References. Arnold-Bradley, IX, 60-62. LESSON X FORMATION OF WORD-GROUPS Homines, qui nunc sunt: Pugna ad Salamina facta: People nowadays. The battle of Salamis. Incredibilis apud Tenedum pugna illa navalis: That marvelous naval fight off Tenedus. 16 AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION Graecae de philosophia litterae: Greek philosophical literature. Res domesticae: Events at home, at our doors. Meus de amicitia liber: Iter nocturnum: My essay on friendship. Travelling by night. While English is able to express a compound idea by means of a group of words held together by mere juxtaposition or by a preposition, Latin has an aversion to such looseness of con¬ struction. Some of the means to insure close grouping appear from the above illustrations. EXERCISES 1. Evolve diligenter Platonis librum, qui est de anima. 2. Insula, quae est in Rheno. 3. Pons, qui est ad Genavam. 4. Lex, quae ad ludos pertinet. 5. Res in Hispania gestae. 6. Tua in me merita. 7. Nulla in agro opera maiora. 8. Bel¬ lum cum Poenis gestum. 9. Laelii de amicitia sermo. 10. Men¬ tis ad omnia caecitas. 11. Incredibilis apud Tenedum pugna illa navalis. 1. A trip across the ocean. 2. Roosevelt’s hunting expedi¬ tion to Africa. 3. That house over there. 4. An essay on friendship. 5. Our war of independence is the greatest event in the history of this country. 6. The war with the Persians made Greece famous. 7. A letter to a friend. 8. An essay on the State. 9. Many pre-Socratic philosophers. 10. Philip’s letter to his son. 11. I praise you highly for your strenuous efforts in my behalf. Vocabulary hunting expedition: venatio. independence: ius libertasque. to be made famous: gloriam consequi. strenuous: summus. effort: studium. Note CONTRARY TO THE GENERAL RULE, groups of words without any further connectives are easily formed in Latin in the following cases: a. By the prepositions ex, de, cum, sine: signa ex aere: statues of bronze; liber de amicitia: an essay on friendship; homo cum re: a man of substance; homo sine re: a man without means; cum dignitate otium: honorable retirement; homo sine litteris: an illiterate; mors cum gloria: a glorious death. AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION 17 sine doctrina natura: untutored nature. bonus et utilis et e re publica civis: a good , useful and public- spirited citizen. b. In the dative of the gerundive (to designate standing committees, col¬ leges, or commissions): decemviri legibus scribundis: the Composers of the Twelve Tables (lit. a committee of ten for codifying the laws). (A committee on Ways and Means: [septemdecimviri] augendis re¬ ditibus publicis or conficiendae pecuniae). c. With many nouns the verbal force of which is still felt: excessus e vita: death; discessus animi ex corpore: the separation of the soul from the body; domum reditio: the return home; provocatio ad populum: the appeal to the commons; Narbone reditus: the return from Narbo; Iustitia est obtemperatio scriptis legibus: Justice is obedience to the written law. d. With the noun in the genitive or ablative: puer decem annorum: a lad ten years old; vir acri ingenio: a shrewd man; a man of keen intellect; caerimoniae sepulchrorum: burial rites; operarius lingua celeri: said of a “ glib talker summo loco adulescens: a youth of distinguished family; homo nomine Vertico: one Vertico; dissimillimo ex genere homines: a motley crowd; pons fluminis: a bridge across the river; vox virtutis: the word “ virtue ”; homo summae potentiae: a very influential man; homines eius modi: people of that kind; magni formica laboris: a hard-working , industrious ant. e. In the case of an apposition: flumen Rhenus: the Rhine; urbs Roma: the city of Rome; Cato senex: Cato in his old age. (Also: id aetatis duo filii: two sons of that age.) References. Menge, Repetitorium, 13. B. ADJECTIVES LESSON XI ENGLISH ADJECTIVES RENDERED BY LATIN NOUNS Castra hostium: The hostile camp. In summo periculo civium: In a national crisis. Species utilitatis: Apparent usefulness. Bracchiorum robore nimis fretus, periit: Relying too much on his brawny arm , he perished. English adjectives may be rendered by Latin nouns when Latin lacks the corresponding adjective, or especially when the idea expressed by an English adjective calls for emphasis. EXERCISES 1. Auctore hoste de summis rebus consilium capere. 2. Di¬ gnitas hominis. 3. Multarum rerum usus. 4. Rex senex. 5. Tirones milites. 6. Atrocitas sceleris. 7. Temeritas con¬ silii. 8. Carpetani non tam bello moti sunt, quam itineris longinquitate. 9. Admiror arborum proceritates. 10. Tristi¬ tiam illorum temporum non subiissem. 11. Musicorum aures. 12. Omnium rerum caecitas. 13. Cursus honorum. 14. Ino¬ pia rerum omnium. 15. Studia humanitatis. 1. Public opinion. 2. Bodily pain. 3. Universal joy. 4. The Italian coast. 5. Philosophical precepts. 6. A victorious army. 7. A sweet voice. 8. Bad times. 9. Caesar feared to expose his army to that mighty stream. 10. An influential per¬ sonage. 11. Bodily strength. 12. Peaceful pursuits. 13. I am a great admirer of poetic genius. 14. In popular thought. 15. Literary work. 16. Wise sayings. 17. Judicial decisions. 18. Not a real difference, but a mere dispute about words. 18 AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION 19 Vocabulary opinion: existimatio. personage: homo. work: studium. decision: sententia. to expose: obicere. thought: opinio. saying: vox. difference: discordia. References. Potts, 39; Arnold-Bradley, IX, 59. LESSON XII ENGLISH ADJECTIVES OMITTED IN LATIN Natural talent: Sensual pleasure: Whole armies: Real worth: With the hare hand: Ingenium. Libido. Exercitus. Virtus. Manu. Such adjectives as are implied in the noun which they qualify are not specially translated. EXERCISES 1. Indoles. 2. Potentia. 3. Partes. 4. Opes. 5. Egestas. 6. Gratia. 7. Splendor. 8. Cultus. 9. Gaudium. 10. Species. 11. Modum servare. 12. Homo agrestis. 13. Retinere ani¬ mam. 14. Aspectu legiones exterruit. 15. In acie. 16. Ven¬ tum exspectare. 17. Stipendium. 18. Usus (usus rerum). 19. Casu. 20. Panis. 21. Si parcent animae fata superstiti. 22. Non sine causa. 23. Occupatio. 24. Ut ad rem veniamus. 25. Laetitia. 1. At the right time. 2. A personal enemy. 3. Devoted love. 4. In grateful remembrance. 5. Mere mortals. 6. Subjective opinion. 7. The soldiers placed their whole hope of victory in personal valor. Note In a similar way, possessive pronouns or adverbs are omitted when already implied in another word or in the whole context. See Lessons 24 and 40, 4 Litterae tuae exiguam significationem tuae erga me voluntatis habebant: Your letter conveys but a slight expression of your good will towards me . Possum Latine (Anglice) loqui: I can speak the King’s English plainly. References. Potts, pp. 23, 24. 20 AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION LESSON XIII ADJECTIVES EXPLAINING THE ACTION OF THE VERB Helvetii ea spe deiecti naves iunxerunt: Whereupon the disappointed Helvetii lashed barges together. Socrates, qua erat constantia- quae erat eius constantia- ut erat (cum esset) constans- pro sua constantia- ut erat insigni constantia- effugere ex carcere noluit: True to his principles {firm in his purpose ), Socrates refused to escape from the prison. With his wonted firmness, Socrates would not hear of an escape. Socrates was consistent enough to refuse to escape. Our pious ancestors built numerous temples: Maiores nostri pro sua erga Deum pietate multas aedes sacras aedificarunt. When English adjectives (or phrases made up of nouns and adjectives) are intended to explain the action expressed by the verb, Latin employs a periphrasis similar to those indicated above. EXERCISES 1. Themistocles, quod erat eius ingenium, quanto in periculo esset salus patriae, non poterat non videre. 2. Tu, pro tua prudentia, quid optimum factu sit, facile videbis. 3. Qua pru¬ dentia es, nihil te fugiet. 4. Confido, quae tua prudentia et temperantia est, te iam valere. 5. Non dubito quin, quod tuum est iudicium de hominibus, hominem ad opus illud utilissimum sis delecturus. 1. His enfeebled body was not equal to the hardships of the long and painful journey. 2. With our characteristic impa¬ tience of delay. 3. Whereupon the infuriated Hannibal (Han¬ nibal in his fury) ordered the men of the captured town to be cut to pieces. 4. “It was the scholar in him that made him impatient of half-formed conclusions.” 5. This wit exercised considerable influence over the king. Vocabulary enfeebled: infirmus. I am not equal to: non perfero. delay: mora. half-formed conclusions: si quid minus commode dictum est. to exercise influence over: valere apud. AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION 21 Note The same effect may be obtained by homo or vir placed in apposition with an adjective. Homo sapiens . . . multa vidit: Sagacious as he was, he saw many things. Pansa, praestanti vir ingenio, id confessus est: Pansa, shrewd as he is, ( The shrewd Pansa ) has admitted this. LESSON XIV LATIN PREFERS ADJECTIVES OF QUANTITY Magnus amicus: Magna voce loqui: Magna inter eos exsistit controversia: Multae litterae: Multa potius quam longa vita: Summa celeritate: Summum in cruciatum venerunt: An influential friend. To speak loud. A violent dispute arose between them. Vast learning. An eventful rather than long life. At top speed. They incurred the most cruel punish¬ ment. Latin has a fondness for adjectives of quantity, especially magnus, multus, summus. English, on the contrary, prefers such as denote quality. EXERCISES MAGNUS. 1. Magnum aes alienum. 2. Magnum vin¬ culum. 3. Magnus fletus. 4. Tantum frigus. 5. Magni ibi fluctus fiunt. 6. Magna res. 7. Magnum desiderium. 8. Max¬ imae gratiae. 9. Magnus error. 10. Magna quaestio est. 11. Maxima voce. 12. Maior natu. 13. Magna occasio. 14. Magnam habeo gratiam. 15. Fit magna caedas. 16. Tanta vis fuit psenitendi. 17. Mihi cum Murena et magna et vetus amicitia est. 18. Magna proponit iis, qui eum occiderint, praemia. 19. Magno cum fletu. 1. An important war. 2. Deep mourning. 3. Critical times. 4. Dearly bought. 5. By forced marches. 6. To value highly. 7. To sell dear. 8. Not without grave reason. 9. A mere, blind chance. 10. Ardent love. 11. To speak louder. 12. To buy at a high figure. 13. A heavy shower. 14. Keen interest. 15. By dint of hard work. 16. Our native horses fetch high prices. 22 AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION MULTUS. SUMMUS. 1. Multo die. 2. Multo mane. 3. Summa hieme. 4. Summa aestas. 5. Sermonem in multam noctem produximus. 6. Vos tum plus in re publica vidistis. 7. Summam spem nostram superavit. 8. In summa copia. 9. Cum diu multumque vixeris. 10. Summum ius. 11. Vir summa religione. 12. Summum supplicium. 1. Profound peace. 2. In the dead of night. 3. A long con¬ versation. 4. The Athenians are a maritime power. 5. At a ripe old age. 6. Grinding poverty. 7. Exquisite workmanship. 8. With the full consent of Catulus. 9. Crying injustice. 10. Many eminent men. Vocabulary shower: imber. native: vernaculus. power: (multum) valere. workmanship: artificium. consent: voluntas. Notes 1. Sum multum cum Phaedro: I associate a great deal with Phaedrus. 2. Multus (Multum) sum in aliqua re: (a) I am busy about, or engaged in, doing a thing. Multi sunt in venatione Germani: The Germans are great hunters or fond of hunting. (b) 7 am verbose, diffuse, minute (= longus sum). Ne multus sim: Not to speak at great length—to make a long story short— to be brief—in a word. LESSON XV PLENUS A haughty gesture: Gestus superbiae plenus. A kind letter: Litterae humanitatis plenae. In his search for Latin equivalents of English adjectives, the student will sometimes profitably turn to plenus which, together with some suitable noun, will express his idea accurately. AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION 23 EXERCISES 1. A criminal scheme. 2. Alarming news. 3. A dignified answer. 4. A jolly good fellow. 5. A sour old man. 6. A sleepy consul. 7. Vox plena gravitatis, plena auctoritatis, plena denique salutis. 8. Curiosus et plenus negotii. 9. A learned treatise. Vocabulary jolly: (ineundus). sour: (morosus). LESSON XVI LATIN ADJECTIVES IN THE SINGULAR USED AS NOUNS There is some difference of idiom between the English and the Latin way of using adjectives with the force of nouns. The masculine gender of adjectives in the singular is used with the force of a noun in a collective sense, especially in the genitive with esse. Doctus: A learned man. Probus: A good man. Mortuus: A dead man. Pauperis est numerare pecus: None but the poor man counts his flock. Besides, adjectives denoting nationality are used with the force )f nouns when they stand in apposition with proper names. Miltiades Atheniensis: Miltiades , a native of Athens; the Athenian M. But: Atheniensis quidam: A (certain) Athenian. Romanus quidam: A ( certain) Roman. Homo Romanus: A ( typical ) Roman, a Roman of the old stamp. Homo probus: (A certain individual who is) a good man. EXERCISES 1. Iracundus non semper iratus est. 2. Parcitur inermi. 3. Id imprudentis esse videbatur. 4. Potentis non est facere, quod velit. 5. Venenum ut sitiens obduxit. 6. Propter in- tuens. 7. Non sentientis nihil est ullam in partem quod in¬ tersit. 8. Plurimum interest inter doctum et rudem. 9. Non est sensus in mortuo. 10. Iacet corpus dormientis, ut mortui. 24 AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION 1. A good man is not jealous. 2. It is foolish. 3. It is mad¬ ness. 4. It is a patriotic duty to die for one’s country. 5. It requires energy (in a consul) to check the arrogance of a tribune of the people. 6. A straying wayfarer should be shown the way. Vocabulary I am jealous: invideo. to check: reprimere. arrogance: animi atque spiritus. References. Arnold-Bradley, VIII, 50 sqq.; Schultz, Lat. Sprachl., §306. LESSON XVII ADJECTIVES IN THE SINGULAR USED AS NOUNS ( Continued ) The neuter gender of adjectives in the singular is frequently used with the force of a noun: 1. In the genitive of adjectives of the second declension: rarely in the dative or ablative: aliquid novi: J quidquid boni: nihil sacri: parvo contentus: Ecquid forte Roma novi? a piece of news; whatever good things; nothing sacred; satisfied with little; Is there any news from Rome? 2 . 3 . After prepositions: ex improviso: sine dubio: in posterum: in occulto: Ad extremum dicam: In publicum prodire: Statuam in excelso collocare: suddenly, unexpectedly; without doubt; in future; in a secret place; In conclusion I will say; To appear before the public; To mount the statue on a pedestal. Especially in the nominative and accusative cases: illud Catonis: bonum: utile: pulchrum: Vetus est: Verum dicere: Falsum sentire: Unum illud erat insitum priscis illis that saying of Cato; what is good, the good; the useful, expediency; the beautiful, beauty; It is an old saying; To say the truth; To be in error; This one conviction rvas firmly rooted in the minds of those ancients . AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION 25 EXERCISES 1. Carere publico. 2. Ad extremum descendere. 3. De medio tollere. 4. Gratum (gratissimum) alicui facere. 5. In publico proposuit epistulam. 6. In lubrico versabitur. 7. Quis coegit eos falsum cogitare? 8. Adest extremum. 9. In medio relinquere. 10. In perpetuum. 1. There is nothing new under the sun. 2. To give assent to a false proposition. 3. To keep one’s word. 4. To covet other people’s property. 5. Too little wisdom. 6. A heap of money. 7. More strength. Vocabulary to give assent: assentiri. other people’s: alienus. too little: parum. heap: aliquantus. Note Adjectives with the force of nouns do not necessarily enjoy all the priv¬ ileges of original nouns. Thus, while “ an eloquent speaker ” is eloquens, still “ an accomplished speaker ” is not perfectus, but perfecte eloquens. Similarly, ^ facete dicttqjn: a witty saying. praeclare factum: a splendid deed. bene, recte, male, nequiter, audacius factum, yet: illud meum factum laudabile. (See Antibarbarus, s. v. factum .) summum bonum: the supreme good. Here as in many other parts of Latin grammar: Usus est tyrannus: Usage knows no law. LESSON XVIII ADJECTIVES IN THE PLURAL USED AS NOUNS Docti: The learned. Pauperes: The poor. Doctorum est ista consuetudo: That is the custom, of philosophers. Volo (cupio) tibi omnia: I wish you good success. “ Withbest Mediocres: The average run of men. wishes . . .” Plural adjectives of all genders may be used as nouns in the nominative and accusative cases. Plural adjectives of the masculine gender may be used as nouns in all cases without exception. 26 AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION EXERCISES 1. Diximus multa. 2. Similia. 3. Nobiles. 4. Prava de Deo sentiunt. 5. Male parta male dilabuntur. 6. Summis in¬ fimis par habetur honos. 7. Scrutari vetera. 8. Divites. 9. Pugnantia te loqui non vides? 10. Nova. 11. Rerum nova¬ rum cupidum esse. 12. Rebus novis studere. 13. Omnes Galli rebus novis student. 14. Omnia. 15. Si liber Antiochi vera loquitur. 16. Boni. Improbi. Note Omnia is declined thus: Omnia, omnium rerum, omnibus rebus, omnia (omnes res). C. COMPARISON LESSON XIX THE POSITIVE IN A RESTRICTED SENSE Longum est-narrare: It would take too long to tell. Sero agere: To act too late. Lente agit: He proceeds too slowly. Infirmi sunt ad resistendum: They are too weak to offer resistance. Latin sometimes employs the positive degree in a somewhat restricted sense which is understood from the context. English in such cases adds too to the positive. Helvetii pro multitudine hominum angustos se fines habere arbitrantur: Considering their number of inhabitants, the Swiss feel that their territory is too small for them. LESSON XX THE STANDARD OF COMPARISON OMITTED Plura loquitur: He talks too much. Liberius loquitur: He speaks rather freely. Germania Superior: Upper Germany, the South of Germany. Luce clarior: -4s clear as daylight. Diligentius : With more than usual care. 27 28 AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION The comparative degree is used when a comparison of two things is either expressly made or merely implied. When the standard of comparison is omitted, it is supplied by the context, by the usual or proper standard, or by the opposite. EXERCISES 1. Gallia ulterior. 2. Gallia citerior. 3. Certiorem facere aliquem. 4. Dicam iam apertius, in quo necessarius meus fuerit inferior. 5. Rideri possit eo, quod rusticius tonso toga defluit. 6. Statua taciturnior. 7. Virtus, inquit Ulyxes, nisi cum re, vilior alga est. 8. Pedites, si quid erat durius, concur¬ rebant. 9. Ea ipsa, quae dixi, sentio fuisse longiora. 10. Hoc est obscurius dictum. 11. Superior uxor. 1. As hard as stone. 2. Richard, king of England, was a lion-heart. 3. A pretty severe illness. 4. Old age is naturally rather talkative. 5. The night is pitch-black. 6. Sweet as honey, the words flow from his lips. 7. Swift as an arrow. 8. Raven curls. 9. Unduly long. Vocabulary severe: gravis, magnus. talkative: loquax. pitch: pix, picis. raven: corvus. Note Two comparatives are used when two qualities of the same person or thing are compared: He has more luck than common sense: Felicior ille quam sapientior est. He spoke with more zeal than truth: Libentius quam verius dixit. If a space is longer than it is wide: Si locus longior quam latior est (Rectangle). Magis in such a case is followed by two positives: Hoc magis subtiliter quam dilucide dicitur: This theory is too subtle to be quite clear. References. Gildersleeve-Lodge, Lat. Gr., 297, 299. AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION 29 LESSON XXI THE COMPARATIVE USED IN SUPERLATIVE EXPRESSIONS Nihil tum illustrius mathematicis: Mathematicians were then the most distinguished men. Catone nihil illis temporibus erat doctius: (nemo) (doctior) Cato was the most learned man of his time. Senatu nostro nihil fortius: Our Senate is the embodiment of courage. Nihil ei antiquius amicitia nostra fuit: It ioas the dearest wish of his heart to keep my friendship. A very high degree of condition or quality may be expressed by nemo or nihil with an adjective in the comparative degree and a noun in the ablative of comparison. Such periphrasis has a touch of exclusiveness which makes it specially fit for superlative expressions. EXERCISES 1. Mente nihil homini dedit Deus ipse divinius. 2. Nihil est incertius vulgo, nihil obscurius voluntate hominum, nihil fal¬ lacius ratione tota comitiorum. 3. Insitionibus nihil agri cul¬ tura invenit sollertius. 4. Peripateticis nihil est uberius, nihil eruditius, nihil gravius. 5. Nihil est otiosa senectute iucundius. 6. Senatus ^peios nayoz : nihil constantius, nihil severius, nihil fortius. 7. Homini homine pulchrius nihil videtur. 8. Quo quid absurdius? 1. The proudest set of people are philosophers. 2. He is com¬ mon sense personified. 3. An arch-conspirator. 4. As shrewd as any. 5. What is so divine as virtue? 6. She was all sun¬ shine and innocence. 7. The dry-as-dust annals of the ponti¬ fices. Vocabulary common sense: (moderatus). shrewd: acutus. innocence: (castus). conspirator: (insidiosus) . sunshine: (hilaris). dry: ieiunus. 30 AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION Notes 1. In brief sentences, the copula (especially est or sunt) is often omitted. 2. When a superlative is followed by a relative clause, the Latin requires either omnium (eorum, earum) to be added to the superlative or the com¬ parative to be used as above. I am about to write an account of the most momentous war ever waged by Rome: Scripturus sum bellum omnium (or eorum) gravissimum, quae Romani unquam gesserunt; or quo Romani gravius gesserunt nullum. LESSON XXII THE SUPERLATIVE OFTEN ELATIVE Homo acutissimus: A very shrewd man; So shrewd a man. Socrates, homo sapientissimus: The wise Socrates. Doctissimi homines: Eminent thinkers. In Latin, the superlative degree is often a mere elative. This usage is in keeping with the Roman character which was somewhat inclined to rhetorical exaggeration. EXERCISES 1. Iucundissimus ille quidem senex est. 2. Aristoteles, phi¬ losophus maximae auctoritatis. 3. Amicissimus meus—mihi amicissimus. 4. Homo summae virtutis. 5. Notissimus. 6. Nigerrimus. 7. Occisissimus. 1. A great scholar. 2. A deadly foe. 3. .People rolling in wealth. 4. In broad daylight. 5. Child's play. 6. As old as the hills. 7. A darling son. 8. Many eminent men. Vocabulary daylight: lux. play: render by facilis. Note The elative is perhaps of most frequent occurrence in adjectives denoting praise or blame. These are not joined directly to proper names, but by means of ille or some appropriate noun placed in apposition. AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION 31 The wise Socrates: Socrates, homo sapientissimus, Socrates ille sapientissimus. Far-famed Corinth: Corinthus, urbs clarissima, Corinthus illa clarissima. No such intervention of ille or a noun is required: (a) with standing epithets, surnames or titles: Laelius Sapiens, Sulla Felix, Alexander Magnus, Pius Aeneas. (b) in conversation and in composition of a colloquial style: Mellitus Cicero, Helico suavissimus, Cato ingratissimus. (c) in connection with the ablative of quality: Cassius integritate, virtute, pietate singulari. LESSON XXIII THE MEANING OF LATIN DIMINUTIVES Ut homunculus unus e multis: Like an ordinary frail human being. Mercedula adductus: For beggarly wages Ille acriculus: That hot little man, that little hot-head. Latin diminutives may be nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. Instead of their obvious primary meaning, they often suggest the idea of snugness, comfort and security. Many of them express affection and endearment. Others imply irony, con¬ tempt or scorn. The exact force of diminutives is not always translatable. FURTHER ILLUSTRATIONS Urbani malevolorum sermunculi: The malicious gossip of the townsfolk. Erit nescio quid negotioli: There will be some little business there. Assentatiuncula quadam aucupari gratiam: To curry favor by some mean piece of flattery. Hac tamen oblectabar specula: • And yet I found comfort in this gleam of hope. Deus ille Zeno— homuncio Antiochus: The one , Zeno , a veritable “ superman ”—the other, Antiochus, a poor specimen of humanity. 32 AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION De Tusca Graecula facta est: A Tuscan by birth, she is now a fine Greek lady (irony). Istae litterulae: Those charming little missives of yours. Vidi ego tuam lacrimulam: I saw your crocodile tear. EXERCISES 1. Parvulo labore. 2. Recreandae voculae causa. 3. Num¬ mulis acceptis. 4. Matutina tempora in lectiunculis con¬ sumere. 5. Nulli sunt inventi tam miseri, qui non lectulum suum salvum esse velint. 6. Indignatiuncula. 7. In theatro sunt mulierculae et pueri. 8. Belli homunculi eo collecti sunt. 9. Litterulis Graecis imbutus est. 10. Litterulae meae ob- languerunt. 11. Verbi controversia iam diu torquet Graeculos homines. 12. Ocelle mi. 13. Nos homunculi. 14. Filiola Curionis. 15. Pelliculam curare. 16. Mendaciolum. 17. Me¬ liuscule mihi hodie est. 18. Adulescentulus. 19. Navicula. References. For a discussion of the diminutives found in the writings of the poet Catullus, see S. B. Platner in Amer. Jour, of Phil., Vol. 16, p. 186. For diminutives in general, see Naegelsbach’s Stil. § 46. D. PRONOUNS LESSON XXIV PRONOUNS EXPRESSED OR UNDERSTOOD Quintus frater: My brother Quintus. Bona filio tradidit: He left his fortune to his son. Non ego, sed ille erravit: Not I, but he, erred. Ego enim sic existimo: In my opinion. Haec mea cura est, ne quid tu perdas: Let me take care that you don’t come to grief. Ego ilium de suo regno, ille me de nostra re publica percontatus est: I questioned him concerning his kingdom, and he inquired about our Republic. Si te parentes timerent tui: If your own parents were afraid of you. Personal and possessive pronouns are omitted in Latin when sufficiently implied in the form of the verb or when they are understood from the context. On the other hand, they are ex¬ pressed when contrast or any kind of emphasis is aimed at. Note The fondness of Latin writers for Juxtaposition (see Lesson 20) some¬ times led them to use pronouns even when there was no apparent call for special emphasis. References. Arnold-Bradley, I, 11, XLV, 334. R. W. Tunstall: “ The Roman was frugal in the use of words.” LESSON XXV POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS Pro sua constantia: With characteristic firmness. See Lesson 13. Nunc abibo, sed meo tempore revertar: I am now going , but will return in due time. Non modo in aere alieno nullo, sed in suis nummis multis est: He is free from debts, and besides has plenty of cash on hand. 33 34 AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION Such English adjectives as imply, or are based upon, the idea of title, ownership, property, fitness, or peculiarity, are rendered by the possessive pronouns, which in this case are emphatic and therefore precede the noun. English equivalents are: own, proper, fit, peculiar, personal, full, strict, good, right, characteristic, due, favorable, and others. EXERCISES 1. Meo, tuo, suo, nostro, vestro tempore. 2. Habuisset suos consules. 3. Caesar hostes in suum locum elicuit. 4. Suum numerum naves habent. 5. Sua morte defungi. 6. Cicero suo anno consul factus est. 7. Suae luxuriae dediti erant. 1. I have a perfect right to do this. 2. With an eye to per¬ sonal profit. 3. At my own discretion. Vocabulary with an eye to: causa, w. the genitive. LESSON XXVI JUXTAPOSITION OF PRONOUNS Huic ego me bello ducem profiteor: I want to be the standard bearer in this war. Quem tibi aut hominem aut deum auxilio futurum putas? What god or man, think you, will come to your assistance? Cur ego tuas partes suscipio? Why am I doing what is properly your business? Tu isti aderis? Will you defend this man? The juxtaposition or parataxis of pronouns, especially at or near the beginning of a sentence, is rather sought after in Latin. EXERCISES 1. Eo ille, cum esset — ut ego mihi statuo — talis, qualem te esse video, nunquam esset profectus. 2. Revocare tu me in patriam, Milo, potuisti: ego te in patria retinere non potero? AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION 35 3. Quem ego meum casum fortiter ferre visus sum. 4. His mihi rebus levis est senectus. 5. Hi tibi tres libri tamquam hospites sunt recipiendi. 6. His ego me ipse rego solorque ele¬ mentis. 7. Tu te ipse in custodiam dedisti. 1. Why is that enemy despised by you? 2. I have repeatedly exposed life and limb to the weapons of your enemies. 3. I, the consul, recommend to you this consul-elect. 4. And I shall not love this man? 5. Who do y°u think will grant you this? Vocabulary to expose: obicere. consul-elect: consul. to grant: dare. LESSON XXVII RECIPROCITY Aspiciunt inter se: They look at one another. Alius alii est saluti: They help one another. Simile simili gaudet: Like loves like. Alius ex alio causam quaerit: Every man asked his neighbor (the reason of the uproar). Non facile Galli Gallis negare possunt: It is a hard thing for Gauls to say no to their fellow-countrymen. Strict reciprocity is expressed by inter nos, inter vos, inter se; other relations not strictly reciprocal are expressed either by alter alterum, alius alium,, alii alios, or by parataxis of the same word. EXERCISES 1. Obsides dant inter se. 2. Inter se obtrectant. 3. In eo, quod sciunt omnes, nullo modo possunt inter se discrepare. 4. Uterque utrique (better alteri) erat exercitus in conspectu. 5. Alius alio quomodo magis mortuus esse potest? 6. Frater fratrem ne deserat. 7. Apes apium sunt similes. 8. Alii alios deinceps exceperunt. 36 AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION 1. We love one another. 2. Shake hands (with each other). 3. We hold conversation. 4. Their hatred is mutual. 5. There is no love lost between them. 6. Men love their fellow-men. 7. They help each other. 8. We must observe neutrality. 9. Fellow-citizens should bear with one another. 10. Friends exchange confidences. 11. All philosophers are friends. Vocabulary to shake (hands): dare (manum). to observe neutrality: non iuyare. to bear with: parcere. to exchange confidences = open their minds. Notes 1. When a multiplicity of subjects is considered as a unit, the reflexive pronoun, strengthened by ipse, is sufficient to denote reciprocity. Conferti milites sibi ipsi erant impedimento: The men standing close together were in each other's way. 2. The two different forms of alius which denote reciprocity in the wider sense lend themselves to a variety of translations: Aliis aliud placet: The votes are (the house is) divided. Alius aliunde venit: They came flocking from all sides. Alias aliud loquitur: He is not consistent. Aliis alii rebus studiisque tenentur: All men do not ride the same hobbies . Bestiis aliud alii praecipui a natura datum est: Nature has made some beasts superior in one respect and others in another. References. Naegelsbach, Stilistik, p. 380. LESSON XXVIII DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS In eo numero erant complures milites: Among them were several soldiers. Hic tam immensus campus: This immense field. Haec tantula epistula: These few lines. Apud Helvetios longe nobilissimus fuit Orgetorix. Is coniurationem fecit: Preeminent in rank among the Helvetii was Orgetorix. This nobleman organized a conspiracy. AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION 37 Demonstrative pronouns are not infrequently put in the same gender, number and case with a noun, when they might be ex¬ pected to be in the partitive genitive. The same is true of rela¬ tive and interrogative pronouns. When demonstrative pronouns are followed by an adjective and the latter calls for emphasis, tam is placed between the pro¬ noun and the adjective. In English the force of tam is indi¬ cated by a stress of the voice on the adjective. English writers have a way of referring the reader back to a person mentioned previously, by such expletives as: this man, that noble lady, this eminent statesman, that great jpoet, and others according to the nature of the context. Latin either omits such reference or employs a simple demonstrative pro¬ noun. (For the reason of this, see Lesson 13.) EXERCISES 1. Hie (Is) me timor prohibuit. 2. Illa ipsa mentio ad iram eum inflammabat. 3. Quo in genere est in primis senectus. 4. Abiit ad deos Hercules. Nunquam abisset, nisi eam sibi viam munivisset. 5. Quodnam ego concepi tantum scelus? 6. Quae tanta insania, cives? 7. In eum sermonem incidit, qui tum fere multis erat in ore. 8. Archias est ex eo numero, qui semper sancti sunt habiti. 1. At length Caesar won the day. In the glow of victory (elated with joy over this event) he despatched a messenger to Rome. 2. Those numerous precedents. 3. This atrocious crime. 4. That wonderful voice. 5. Heraclea was the wife of Zoippus. That wretched woman took refuge in a shrine. 6. The news of this event having reached the Treveri. 7. Mil¬ tiades was one of them. Vocabulary elated: elatus. precedent: exemplum. to take refuge: confugere. to reach: perferri. Notes 1. In speaking of the past Latin chooses its pronouns from a point of view different from ours, the reason being that his, as in the sentence which follows, does not really express ownership. See Lesson 25. 38 AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION Socrates, the wisest man of his time: Socrates, homo sapientissimus eius aetatis; Socrates, quo nemo tum erat sapientior. 2. Cicero often uses hoc or illud to direct attention to an important statement to be made presently. In English the pronoun is often best omitted. Sed hoc scito tuos novos amicos iacere: But let me add that your new friends are in despair. Potest enim hoc dici . . For it may be urged. Atque hoc loco illud non queo praeterire: And here I cannot help mentioning. Illud non dubito, quin res publica nos inter nos conciliatura sit: I have no doubt that our common interest in the welfare of the country will bring us nearer together. Hoc constat . . . : So much is certain. 3. The pronoun is is omitted: a. When it would be in the same case with the noun to which it relates. b. When in contrasting two things a genitive depends on it. c. After the participle when this takes the place of a relative clause. d. In statements of a general or sententious character, or whenever there is no particular stress on it. Virtue starts friendships and keeps them alive: Virtus et conciliat amicitias et conservat; Virtus amicitias et conciliat et conservat; Virtus amicitias conciliat, conciliatas conservat. I like Terence’s comedies better than those of Plautus: Fabulis Terentii magis delector quam Plauti; Fabulis Terentii magis delector quam fabulis Plauti; Fabulis Terentii magis delector quam Plautinis; Fabulis Terentii magis delector quam Plauto. At their departure he charged them to write soon: Abeuntibus mandat, ut brevi sibi scribant. He tells you freely how he feels: Libere (id), quod sentit, dicit. LESSON XXIX THE PRONOUN IS WITH THE FORCE OF TALIS Non is sum, qui mortis periculo terrear: I am not the man to flinch when the bullets fly. Death has no terrors for me. AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION 39 Tu is es, qui multam utilitatem rei publicae afferre possis: You are in a position to render many services to your country. Quae pietas ei debetur, a quo nihil acceperis?: What gratitude is due to one from whom you have received nothing? Generally, when the pronoun is is used, it is emphatic and often assumes the force of talis. It is often best translated by the indefinite article. EXERCISES 1. Non is est Catilina, quem ratio a furore revocarit. 2. Brutus is erat, qui consilio libenter uteretur. 3. Ea eloquentia est, quae me magnopere delectet. 4. Non potest exercitum continere is imperator, qui se ipse non continet (contineat). 5. Ea fieri apud inferos fingunt, quae sine corporibus nec fieri possunt (possint) nec intellegi. 6. Res eas gessi, quarum aliquam in tuis litteris gratulationem exspectavi. 7. Proposita morte, invidia, poena, qui nihilo segnius rem publicam defendit, is vir vere putandus est. 1. We are all liable to err. 2. I am not subject to jealousy. 3. “It is not in me to resist the call of duty.” 4. He is just the man (the very man) to do it. 5. Subordination is not to his liking. 6. Inflexible as he is, he is not open to conviction. 7. You are old enough to understand this matter. Vocabulary jealousy: invidere. call of duty: officium. subordination: obedire. inflexible: praefractus. i/ LESSON XXX THE INTENSIVE PRONOUN IPSE Nosce te ipsum: Know thyself. Sub ipso vallo: Close to the wall. Triginta erant ipsi dies: It was exactly thirty days. Sapientia ipsa: Wisdom as such. 40 AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION The intensive pronoun ipse is used to express antithesis and exclusion: “I myself to the exclusion of all others.” It usually stands in the case required by the contrast: Non amicum, sed se ipsum amat: He does not love his friend, hut himself. But there is a distinct tendency to put ipse in the nominative (especially before the reflexive pronoun and after per se) y when from our point of view another case might be expected. Thus, He loves himself: Se ipse (se ipsum) diligit, Ipse se diligit. Virtue is desirable for its own sake: Virtus per se ipsa expetenda est. Know thyself:—He knew himself: Nosce te ipsum. — Se ipse novit. EXERCISES 1. Artem musicam per se ipsum didicit. 2. Ipso aspectu commotus sum. 3. Valvae se ipsae aperuerunt. 4. Non egeo medicina, me ipse consolor. 5. Pone librum et tecum ipse ali¬ quantulum cogita. 6. Athenis decem ipsos dies fui. 7. Nunc ipsum. 8. An haec ipsa vis est? 9. Themistocles necem sibi ipse conscivit. 10. Omnia Stoici a se ipsi petunt. 11. De me ipse ali¬ quid more senum glorior. 12. Veritas facile se per se ipsa defendit. 13. Ex ipsa caede effugit. 14. Quamvis amem ipse me. 1. I know thenVpersonally. 2. I am coming from the very scene of the massacre. 3. You are selfish. 4. He sent him an autograph letter. 5. Snatched from the jaws of death. 6. Some doors close automatically. 7. When we camp out, we cook our own meals. 8. Benjamin Franklin has left an autobiography. 9. Even so my list of the delights of country life is somewhat long. 10. Quack doctors profess to master the science of medi¬ cine when other people are ailing, but themselves they cannot cure. Vocabulary massacre: caedes. doors: valvae. my list: quae dixi. country life: res rusticae. to master: tenere. snatched: ereptus. to camp out: rusticari. delight: oblectamentum. quack: malus. when etc.: in alienis morbis. AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION 41 Notes 1. Ipse and ipse quoque are often used in the sense of item. Crassus eloquens fuit, Antonius ipse (ipse quoque) eloquentiae laude floruit: Crassus was eloquent; Antonius too was a distinguished speaker. 2. When several actions of the same person are contrasted, the principal action is introduced by ipse, which need not always be rendered by himself. Munitoni Caesar Labienum praefecit; ipse in Italiam contendit: Caesar put Labienus in charge of the entrenchments; he himself (he then) hastened to Italy. References. Arnold-Bradley, XLVI, 355, 356. Antibarbarus, s. v. ipse. Naegelsbach, Stilistik, p. 395. LESSON XXXI QUISQUAM AND ULLUS Nego me quicquam fecisse: I deny that I did anything. Si ullo modo potero: If I shall at all be able. In negative sentences, or such as convey a negative idea, quisquam has the force of a noun, ullus that of an adjective. They are used after negare, vetare, nescire, ignorare, cavere; vix, quasi, quasi vero, sine; after quam following a comparative; in rhetorical questions and exclamations; in hypothetical clauses; after miror; turpe, indignum, nefas est; doleo, etc. EXERCISES 1. Saepius cum hoste conflixit Pompeius quam quisquam cum inimicis decertavit. 2. Hic quisquam mirabitur? Et quisquam dubitabit? 3. Permirum est, quemquam exstare, qui credat Chaldaeis. 4. Priusquam quicquam conaretur Caesar, Diviciacum ad se vocari iussit. 1. Hardly any one will say this. 2. Do not injure anybody’s character. 3. Has any one sent you? 4. If ever man was wise, certainly Cato was. 5. I am more wretched than ever man was. 6. If ever man was averse to empty praise, it is certainly I. 42 AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION Vocabulary to injure: violare, laedere. character: fama, existimatio. averse to: remotus a. empty: inanis. References.—For fuller treatment, and especially for the use of quisquam as an adjective and ullus as a noun, consult the grammars. Menge, Repetitorium, 274-284; Arnold-Bradley, XLVII, 357-3G2. Notes 1. The preposition sine, like negative expressions generally, is followed by ullus; non sine, nemo sine, nihil sine, nullus sine, which are affirma¬ tive in character, are followed by aliquis. Id sine ullo labore confici potest: That can he done without the least trouble. Nullus ignis sine pastu aliquo potest permanere: No jire can be kept up without some fuel. Nihil unquam Verres fecit sine aliquo quaestu: Verres never engaged in any business without netting a handsome profit. Nemo vir magnus sine aliquo adflatu divino unquam fuit: No man ever attained to greatness without some divine inspiration. 2. Aliquis after sine or non means notable, considerable. Sine ullo vulnere: Without any loss whatever. Italiam cepit sine aliquo vulnere: He conquered Italy without notable loss, with no loss to speak of. 3. Nescio quis, in the sense of aliquis, does not affect the mood of the following verb. When used of a person, it often carries a contemptuous sense. Ille nescio qui: That fellow, what d’ye call him? Ut est apud poetam nescio quem: As some poet has it. Nescio quis ex me quaesivit: Somebody asked me the other day. Inest nescio qui angor in animo meo: 7 feel some ( strange, indefinable ) mental pain. Nescio quo modo, nescio quo pacto: Strangely, strange to say; in some unaccountable, mysterious manner; somehow or other; oddly enough; also: providentially. AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION 43 LESSON XXXII QUIDAM. QUIDDAM. (ALIQUID) Vetus scriptor quidam narravit: An old writer tells a story . . . Saltatio quaedam oriebatur: It developed into a real dance. Elaboratum quiddam aberat. The performance lacked the touch of the master: Quidam indicates that the writer has some knowledge of the person or thing of which he treats, but cannot or will not specify it more definitely. There is a certain vagueness of thought in expressions formed by means of quidam which it is sometimes impossible to reproduce in English. EXERCISES 1. Amentia quaedam erat. 2. Non astutia quaedam, sed aliqua sapientia. 3. Aliquid officii. 4. Spei quiddam. 5. Ut adulescentem, in quo est senile aliquid (quiddam), sic senem, in quo est aliquid (quiddam) adulescentis, probo. 6. Admirabilis quaedam celeritas. 7. Propter quasdam suspiciones. 8. Inest philosophia in huius viri mente quaedam. 1. Death is much like a migration. 2. Once upon a time there was a king who had three sons. 3. One Arpineius is sent to them. 4. A streak of folly. 5. A sense of poverty seemed to hang over field and wood. 6. That man has a certain pompous way about him. 7. There is a divine element in the thing. 8. “Great intellects have often a touch of madness.” Vocabulary field and wood: arva lucique. pompous way: magniloquentia. to have about one: prae se ferre. intellects = men endowed with intellects. 44 AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION LESSON XXXIII THE DISTRIBUTIVE FORCE OF QUISQUE Unumquemque laudavit: He praised each one. He praised them one by one. Quotus quisque formosus est: How many (= how few ) are really handsome! How rare is real beauty! Suum cuique pulchrum est: Every one takes delight in his own work. Millesimus quisque: One in a thousand. Ditissimus quisque: {Every time the richest man:) The richest men. Unius cuiusque confessio: Their several confessions. The indefinite pronoun quisque has distributive or individual¬ izing force. It means “each one severallyIt is mostly treated as an enclitic, and therefore never heads a sentence. It is used with preference after unus, reflexive, interrogative, and relative pronouns, ordinal numbers, and superlatives. EXERCISES 1. Verres contemplari unum quidque otiose et considerare coepit. 2. Nostrum unusquisque, qui tam beati, quam iste est, non sumus, si quando aliquid istius modi videre volet, eat ad aedem Felicitatis. 3. Percipere, quale quidque sit. 4. Levi¬ ter unumquidque tangam. 5. Non agitur, quam locuples, sed qualis quisque sit. 6. Quae quisque vult, ea libenter credit (see 55, Note). 7. Noverit orator, quot modis quidque dicatur. 8. Primum constituendum est, quid quidque sit, de quo dis¬ putetur. 9. Quotus quisque est, qui teneat artem numerorum ac modorum. 10. Quae quisque eorum carissima habebat, petere atque arripere properabat. 11. Milites in suam quisque patriam redierunt. 1. Each man loves himself. 2. “Charity begins at home.” 3. Let each man ply the trade he is master of. 4. How few AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION 45 there are that know. 5. Let each one use his own discretion. 6. Each one made a speech for himself. 7. The games were held every four years. 8. Every good thing. 9. Every night I rehearse what I have said that day. Vocabulary to ply: se exercere in re. trade: ars. discretion: iudicium. I rehearse: commemoro. Note As quisque is mostly enclitic, it must be avoided in such sentences as the following: Everybody knows: Nemo nescit; Nemo est, qui nesciat; Quis est, qui nesciat? Omnes sciunt; Inter omnes constat. References. Arnold-Bradley, XLVIII, 373-377; Antibarbarus, s. v. quisque. LESSON XXXIV QUISQUE {Continued) 1. Quisque in the sense of omnis occurs in the phrases cuiusque generis and cuiusque modi: Materia cuiusque generis: Timber of every kind. 2. Quisque is sometimes best translated by the indefinite article. Quotiens quaeque cohors praecurrerat (B. G., V, 34, 2): As often as a cohort had sallied forth. (In V, 35, 1, this is changed to: Cum quaepiam cohors excesserat. Here the distributive character of the statement is apparent from the use of cum with the pluperfect indicative.) 3. Primus quisque has two uses: (a) Each one in its order, one after the other. Primum quidque enarrabo: I will tell the whole story by stating “each detail in its proper place” just as it happened. I will give a detailed account. 46 AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION Primum quemque versum recitat: His recitation is perfect, for he recites the lines u in their due order of succession”; that is, always the line which for the moment stands at the head of the others. (b) Primo'quoque tempore: At the earliest time possible. 4. Quisque often suggests the idea of proportion and percentage: Quintus quisque interfectus est: Twenty per cent of the men were killed. Vix decimus quisque erat reliquus: Out of every hundred hardly ten survived. 5. Note the various translations of such sentences as: The best students are the most diligent: Optimus quisque discipulus est dibgentissimus; Quo quisque melior discipulus, eo est diligentior; Ut quisque optimus, ita est diligentissimus. EXERCISES 1. Hic aditus laudis optimo cuique maxime semper patuit. 2. Optimus quisque maxime posteritati servit. 3. Trahimur omnes studio laudis, et optimus quisque maxime gloria ducitur. 4. Ut quaeque civitas optime morata est, ita (illa) diligentis¬ sime observantur. 5. Augurum, ut quisque aetate antecedit, ita sententiae principatum tenet. 6. Ut quisque aetate et honore antecedit, ita primus solet dicere. 1. All good things are generally few and far between. 2. The pensions of teachers are fixed with reference to their salaries. 3. “As men draw towards their end, they care less for dis¬ closures.” Newman. 4. As men advance in wisdom, they grow more indifferent to death. 5. A person’s usefulness is not necessarily in proportion to his self-confidence. 6. Soldiers are the more efficient for being disciplined. 7. “In proportion to our opportunities of knowing the right and the wrong, so will our judgment be.” Hedley. 8. Old Marcus Cicero used to say that the more a Roman had tasted of Greek culture, the more of a rascal he would generally be. Vocabulary few and far between: rarus. pension. stipendium (salarium) salary: docere (w. gen. or abl. of price), annuum. to draw etc.: prope abesse a morte, disclosure: mentem suam aperire. to care less: use invitus. indifferent: aequo animo. usefulness: utilitatem afferre. disciplined: disciplina assuefactus. efficient: idoneus ad pugnandum. to taste, etc.: scire Graece. rascal: nequam, nequior, nequissimus. E. PREPOSITIONS LESSON XXXV THE LATIN PREPOSITION IN In laudibus quasi pleniore ore laudamus: When we praise at all, we praise heartily. Habet nihil, quod in offensione deperdat: He has nothing to lose—if he should lose his cause. In fragili corpore odiosa omnis offensio est: When the body is sore, every rub is a source of pain. Nulla in re communi saluti defuit: Ha has proved himself on every occasion a public-spirited gentleman. The preposition “ in ” denotes that special field within the limits of which a given predicate may be asserted or denied of its subject; or the special point of view from which an action is considered. Owing to the nature of the context, it some¬ times shades over into the meaning “ despite.” EXERCISES 1. In amicitia Lentuli Pompeius vituperatur. 2. In summa prudentia tamen deceptus es. 3. Quidam saepe in parva pe¬ cunia perspiciuntur, quam sint leves. 4. In portoriis tollendis. 5. In sententiis ferendis, quod sentietis, id audete. 6. In no¬ stro omnium fletu nullam lacrimam Milonis aspexistis. 7. In salute omnium. 8. Galli in consiliis capiendis sunt mobiles. 9. Stantes plaudebant in re ficta; quid arbitramur in re vera facturos fuisse? 10. In consule declarando multum apud po¬ pulum Romanum auctoritatis habet suffragatio militaris. 11. Nonnunquam homines in ipso negotio consilium capere co¬ guntur. 12. In dissensione nullam ego salutem perspicio. 13. In eo peccandi Germanis causa non erat. 14. In tanta mul¬ titudine dediticiorum suam fugam occultari posse existimarunt. 47 48 AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION 15. Atque m rege tamen pater est. 16. Lucullus meis omnibus litteris in Pompeiana laude perstrictus est. 17. In admini¬ stranda re publica. 1. In this respect I praise you. 2. I cannot blame you for such conduct as I have approved of in my own case. 3. In the field or department of education. 4. In the shaping of our policies. 5. As an orator, Demosthenes ranks high. 6. Despite his wealth, a wicked man is not happy. 7. I appeal to you, soldiers, now that a good man and fearless citizen is in danger. 8. In a matter in which the public is interested. Vocabulary such conduct: id. to shape: administrare. to rank high: excellere. to appeal to: appellare. fearless: invictus. Note The preposition in is especially found after versari which takes things as well as persons for its subject: Quid? Democritus, nonne in maximo errore versatur? And how about Democritus—is he not entirely mistaken? Meus labor in privatorum periculis versatus est: My work has been confined to the defense of privat: persons. In Asiae luce versatur: He (has emerged from his hiding places in Cappadocia and now) stalks about (busies himself) openly in our province of Asia. LESSON XXXVI THE PREPOSITION WITHOUT Sine ulla spe: Without a gleam of hope. Venit non rogatus: He comes without an invitation. Diana loco mutato religionem tamen non amisit: The statue of Diana changed its place without losing the veneration of the people. Si commodo rei publicae facere possum: If I can do it without hurting the interests of the Republic. AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION 49 Besides the preposition “ sine ” which is always followed by a noun, there are various other ways of rendering the English preposition “ without.” EXERCISES 1. Vobis invitis. 2. Nunquam te aspicio, quin tuum in me meritum recorder. 3. Ita id expedit, ut non sit turpe. 4. Ad unum omnes interfecti sunt. 5. Memoria minuitur, nisi eam exerceas. 6. Plato mortem ita laudat, ut fugere vitam non iubeat. 7. Non possunt multi rem ac fortunam amittere, ut non plures secum in eandem trahant calamitatem. 8. Sapientis est nihil contra legem facientem rationem habere rei familiaris. 9. Relinquo illa, quibus relictis (omissis, remotis) hoc vitium omnino esse non potest. 10. Ab artificio suo non recessit et tamen dixit aliquid ... 11. Est in manibus laudatio; quam cum legimus, quem philosophum non contemnimus? 12. Res nullius momenti est. 13. Tacitus loquitur. 1. Without let or hindrance from any one. 2. They come without being invited. 3. They never come without being in¬ vited. 4. Without resorting to violence. 5. Without an order from Caesar. 6. Hannibal marched up to the City without the least resistance. 7. I can never look at you without weeping. Vocabulary violence: iniuria; vis. to weep: lacrimare. F. VERBS LESSON XXXVII REMARKS ON THE PASSIVE VOICE \dmirationem habeo: I am admired. Duce natura optima vivitur: We live best when we follow nature. Pugnatur: The fight is on. The battle rages. There are various ways of supplying the passive voice of deponent and defective verbs. The impersonal use of the passive voice of intransitive verbs is a special point of Latin idiom. Thus, Odio sum alicui: I am hated. Misericordiam habeo: I am pitied. Impetus fit in hostes: The enemy is attacked. Metui sum: I am feared. In odium (odia hominum) venit: He became unpopular. Ab cone lio disceditur: The assembly disperses. EXERCISES 1. Non sine periculo manetur. 2. Moriendum est. 3. Ad eum statim concursum est. 4. Accessum est ad Britanniam omnibus navibus. 5. Maioribus natu assurgitur. 6. Ventum erat ad Vestae. 7. Ipsi nihil nocitum iri dixit. 8. Cum simu¬ latione timoris agi iubet. 9. Ab nostris resistitur. 10. Honori¬ fice sane consurgitur. 11. Totis trepidatur castris. 12. Aditum est ad libros Sibyllinos. 13. Habet enim venerationem iustam quidquid excellit. 14. Periculum hostium fit. 1. I am envied. 2. Such is life. 3. The fight was something fierce. 4. There is no prevailing upon the citizens. 5. The citizens seem to have been prevailed upon. 6. The order is given out. 50 AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION 51 Vocabulary fierce: acriter. to give out an order: pronuntiare. to prevail upon: persuadere. Note Many phrases are formed by means of habere which in such cases means to give rise to, cause, be connected with, occasion, etc. Res dubitationem non habet: The matter does not admit of doubt. References. For a full discussion of this usage, see Naegelsbach, Stilistik, § 110. LESSON XXXVIII PHRASEOLOGICAL VERBS Me ipse consolor: I know how to console myself. Nihil te utor: I will have nothing to do with you. Sometimes, when Latin uses a simple verb, English employs a more elaborate phrase. The auxiliary verb thus employed is styled phraseological. In such cases, Latin states a simple matter of fact, leaving the reader to discover for himself the precise shade of meaning conveyed by the writer. ILLUSTRATIONS The context may require that we render mortuus est fateor : careo: non fero: non dico: non vereor: cogor : suspicor: non infitior: debeo: by: he had to die, I must confess, I have to dispense with I cannot endure, I will not say, I need not fear, I feel constrained, I am led to suspect, I will not deny, I feel obliged. 52 AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION Flumen vado transitur: The river is fordable. Caesar pontem fecit: Caesar had a bridge made. Voluit sibi anulum facere: Verres wanted to get a ring made for himself. Contumaciam tuam non probo: I cannot approve of your stubbornness. Ex hac ego lege omnia illa tollebam quae ad privatorum incommodum pertinebant: From this bill I had all such features eliminated as tended to injure pri¬ vate interests. Collatino Brutus imperium abrogabat: Brutus caused Collatinus to resign. Crassus illas fortunas dimisit: Crassus had to part with his immense fortune. Etiam Appia iam via carebamus: Things got so bad that we had to avoid even the Appian Way. Note The Roman of classical times could afford to be “frugal in the use of words,” because Latin was still in its freshness and its words had lost nothing of their original meaning. What the phrase I feel obliged usually means to us is sufficiently expressed by debeo, while a literal translation sentio me debere would mean much more to the Roman than what is conveyed by the phrase in English. Modern speech has a strongly sub¬ jective tinge; Latin, on the other hand, aims to be direct, concrete and objective. LESSON XXXIX LATIN VERBS AS EQUIVALENTS FOR ENGLISH ADVERBS Apparet vos esse commotos: You are evidently moved. Vexare me non desistit: He bothers me all the time. AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION 53 While Latin has no dearth of adverbs, still there is a tendency to use verbal constructions where English, often prefers ad¬ verbial expressions. Thus we may render necessarily seemingly: in haste: unhesitatingly: no more, no longer: unfortunately: usually, repeatedly: hardly: possibly: luckily: perhaps: hardly: besides: undoubtedly: almost: by: necesse est, videor, properare, non bubito, desino, doleo, nollem, soleo, consuevi, vereor ut, fieri potest ut, bene accidit ut, haud scio an, nescio an non, accedit ut (quod), non est dubium quin, non multum abest quin. EXERCISES 1. Sequitur (Ex quo conficitur), ut animi sint immortales. 2. Relinquitur, ut de me ipso pauca dicam. 3. De Carthagine vereri non desinam. 4. Carthaginem et Numantiam funditus sustulerunt; nollem Corinthum. 5. Eum regem, quem antea ornare solebam, nunc cogor defendere. 6. Accedebat huc, ut magnis intervallis proeliarentur. 1. Each one fetched in haste what was his own. 2. The sold'ers crossed the river without delay. 3. Read Cicero’s Tusculan Disputations, and you will fear death no longer. 4. I have now to speak of happiness. 5. I may possibly be mistaken. 6. Possibly he may not return. 7. He confessed without delay. 8. Probably it is true. Vocabulary to fetch: petere. 54 AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION Note Here belong a number of familiar phrases of transition: dum haec aguntur, geruntur, fiunt: meanwhile. quo facto; his rebus cognitis; his rebus gestis; quo audito; haec ubi facta sunt: thereupon. quo fit ut; unde factum est ut: in consequence. quod nisi ita esset: otherwise. quibus rebus paratis: these preliminaries over. References. Arnold-Bradley, IX, 64. G. ADVERBS LESSON XL RENDERING LATIN ADVERBS 1. Avide obduxit: He drank eagerly. Laetus venenum hausit: He cheerfully drank the poison. While adverbs describe the manner of the action, adjectives emphasize the mental or physical condition of the subject at the time of the action. The Romans often used adjectives where we prefer adverbs. Praecipites fugerunt: They fled precipitately. Agnosco non invitus: I gladly acknowledge. Haud timidi resistunt : They resist fearlessly. Prudens et sciens : Deliberately. With open eyes. 2. Iniuste fecit: He did wrong. Bene sperat: He has good hopes. Latin adverbs are sometimes best rendered by nouns or by adjectives added to the noun that is implied in the verb. Bene facere: To do good. Bene dicere: To make a fine speech. Largiter potest: He wields an immense power. Liberaliter pollicetur: He makes liberal promises. Non obscure invident: They make no secret of their jealousy. Male vendere: To sell at a sacrifice. Bene praecipis: Your advice is good; you give good advice. Equitatu multum valent: They have a strong (efficient) cavalry. Their strength lies in their cavalry. Praeclare vixero, si tantum mali non videro: Glorious shall be (the evening of) my life if I am spared the sight of so great a calamity. 3. Recte dicit: He is right in saying. Male reprehendunt: They are wrong in criticizing. 55 56 AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION Certain adverbs are used to express the writer’s verdict or judgment upon the action set forth by the verb, or upon the person acting. Insipienter sperat : He is foolish enough to hope. Non recte tacuit: It was wrong for him to keep quiet. Melius tacuisses: You would have done better to keep quiet. Inique comparas: It is unfair for you to compare. lure omnia saeva patimur : It serves us right if we suffer harsh treatment. Melius peribimus quam vivemus: It will be better for us to die than to live. Metuo, ne scelerate in te dicam, patria, quod pro Milone dicam pie: Will it be a crime against thee, my country, if I breathe a prayer for Milo? 4. Mortuus: One already dead. Moriendum mihi est: I have yet to die. English adverbs are not specially translated when implied in the Latin equivalent of the word which they qualify. Maior est Caesar: Still greater is Caesar. Est Deus: There, really is a God. Pater mature decessit : The father died all too soon. Id, quod accidit: That which actually happened. Nunc: Even to this day; even nowadays. Nuper: Only the other day. Notes 1. Mark the difference between Sapienter taces, or: sapienter facis cum (quod) taces: It is wise on your part to keep quiet; and Sapienter facis si taces, or: sapientis est tacere: It were wise for you to keep quiet. 2. Bene may sometimes serve for our “thank you: ” Bene vocas: Thank you for your kind invitation. Bene narras: Thank you for saying so. (Male narras: I owe you little thanks for saying so: I do not like to heca this from you.) AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION 57 LESSON XLI HENDIADYS Ardor et impetus: A sharp attack. Orare et obsecrare: To beseech earnestly. Sceleratus et nefarius: A downright villain. Declinatione et corpore: By dodging. Modice et sapienter: With wise moderation. Fundi fugarique: To be utterly routed. A single complex idea is sometimes expressed in Latin by- two nouns, or two adjectives, or two adverbs, or, finally, two verbs. This figure is called Hendiadys. It should be used with discretion. ILLUSTRATIONS Aestus febrisque: Feverish heat—high fever. Temeritas et casus: Blind chance. Natura pudorque: Native reserve—characteristic modesty. Ora vultusque: The expression on the countenances. Vociferatio atque indignatio: Cries of indignation. Clamor fremitusque oriebatur: A babel of voices arose. Mors non est interitus omnia tollens atque delens: Death is not a complete annihilation. Divellere atque distrahere: To separate violently. Interdicit atque imperat: He forbids strictly. Contendere et laborare: To strain every nerve. Favere et cupere alicui: To be an ardent partisan of—to be heart and soul in favor of—someone. Voces ac timor: Voices of despair. Furor ac tela: Mad violence. (A furious cannonade.) More et exemplo : In accordance with established usage. Signa et lumina: Brilliant constellations. Hoc candelabrum nunc ego do dono, dico consecro Iovi 0. M.: This chandelier I now formally and solemnly dedicate and consecrate to the great and gracious Jupiter. Abiit excessit — evasit erupit (a double asyndetic hendiadys) : He is off and gone, and not a trace is left of him. 58 AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION Dicendum est enim de Cn. Pompei singulari eximiaque virtute: The subject of my discourse is— Gnaeus Pompey, the ideal commander-in-chief. Caution Reid-Kelsey, on Cic. Sen. 15: “Real instances of hendiadys are much rarer than is generally supposed.” H. NEGATIVES LESSON XLII NON . . . NEGO . . . NULLUS 1. In exclamations, when “ not ” is not really intended to negative a word or sentence, non should be omitted in Latin. How often has he not helped me: Quam saepe me adiuvit! How great is not God’s bounty: Quanta est benignitas Dei! How pleasant is it not to rest after work performed: Quam grata requies est opere peracto! 2. As the modifier of a single word, non is placed directly before it; as the negative of a whole sentence, it is placed before the verb. Non ego, sed ille erravit: Not I, but he has blundered. Aegrotus non sum: I am not ailing. Vulneratus non est: He was not wounded. Prodire non audent: They dare not go forth. Id facere non possum: I cannot do it. 3. When “ no ” negatives an entire sentence, it is rendered by non and placed before the verb. Bella non gero: I wage no wars Caninius suo toto consulatu somnum non vidit: Caninius got no sleep during his entire consulship. 4. When “ no ” negatives a word and is equivalent to not one, not a single one , it is rendered by nullus. 59 60 AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION Nulla nox est, qua non somniemus: There is not a night, but we dream. In tyranni vita nullus locus est amicitiae: A tyrant's life leaves no room for friendship. Cum nulla belli esset suspicio: When no one so much as dreamt of war. Sine amicitia vita est nulla: Without friendship, life is not worth living. Raris et prope nullis portibus: The harbors being few and far between. Nullo puncto temporis intermisso mundus versatur circa axem: Without a moment's stop the world turns round its axis. 5. Nemo is sometimes used as a noun, sometimes as an adjective. Nemo e decem sana mente est: Not one out of ten has all his wits about him. Nemo alteri similis est: No two are exactly alike. No scholar: Nemo doctus. No Roman: Nemo Romanus. No poet: Nemo poeta. No man: Nemo homo. Decline: Nemo, nullius, nemini, neminem, nullo. 6. Note the position of the negative in sentences of the fol¬ lowing kind. (See Lesson 47, 5.) Ut enim innocens is dicitur, non qui leviter nocet, sed qui nihil nocet, sic sine metu is habendus est, non qui parva metuit, sed qui omnino metu vacat: As he is not called harmless that does no great harm, but he that does no harm at all, so he is not styled fearless that entertains no great fear, but he that entertains no fear at all. LESSON XLIII NEGATIVE COMBINATIONS 1. NEGO. NOLO. VETO. Whereas English often places the negative in the dependent clause, Latin prefers to join it to the verb of the leading sen¬ tence, especially in the case of dico, volo, and iubeo. Thus, dico . . . non is changed to nego, volo . . . non nolo, iubeo . . . non veto. AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION 61 Negat se posse: He says he cannot. Negavit se quidquam fecisse: He said he had not done anything. Nollem factum esset: I wish it had not happened. Vetuit suos tela conicere: He gave orders to his men not to throw any missiles. Nemo est tam senex, qui se annum non putet posse vivere: No one is so old as to imagine he cannot live another year. 2. NEGATIVES JOINED TO CONJUNCTIONS. Instead of et and the negative, Latin prefers to use neque and the positive. and no one, nor any one: and never, nor ever: and neither.. . nor: in order that neither., .nor: neque quisquam, neque unquam, neque aut.. .aut, ne aut...aut. Similarly : Nemo unquam: No one ever, never any one, Nihil unquam: Nothing ever, never anything, Nemo usquam: No one anywhere, nowhere any one. Neque quisquam est vir bonus nisi sapiens: And none but a wise man is good. Verres nihil unquam fecit sine aliquo quaestu: Verres never engaged in any sort of business without netting a handsome profit. Artes nullo usquam tempore magis floruerunt quam Athenis aetate Periclis: Never did art flourish anywhere more than at Athens in the day of Pericles. 3. TWO NEGATIVES JOINED. Non ignoro: 7 know very well, Non possum non: 7 must, I cannot help. Two negatives neutralize each other. There are two exceptions to this rule: a. When a negatived generic idea is by means of nec-nec still further explained and specialized. Nemo unquam neque poeta neque orator fuit, qui quemquam meliorem quam se arbitraretur (ad Att., XIV, 20, 3): There never yet was poet or orator who reckoned any one better than himself. 62 AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION Nemo nec miles nec eques: (nemo aut miles aut eques) : Neither legionary nor horseman. Nihil est nec maius nec melius mundo: There is nothing greater or better than the world. Nulla vitae pars, neque publicis neque privatis in rebus, neque si tecum agas quid, neque si cum altero contrahas, va¬ care officio potest: No portion of our life, whether we spend it in public or in private, whether we deal with ourselves or con¬ tract with our fellow-man, can ever be free from responsibility. b. When the negative is followed by ne-quidem. Non praetermittam ne illud quidem: Neither will I pass over the following item. Themistoclem non deterruit ne Miltiadis quidem calamitas: Not even the sad experience of Miltiades deterred Themistocles Note Mark the difference between: nemo non: every one, nihil non: everything, nullus non: every {one), non nemo: some one, non nihil: something, non nullus: some one, nunquam non: always. non nulli: some, several, non nunquam: sometimes. PART II: STRUCTURE OF SENTENCES LESSON XLIV THE NORMAL ORDER OF A LATIN SENTENCE Beneficia recordari debemus: We are obliged to remember favors. Caesar munitioni Labienum praefecit: Caesar placed Labienus in charge of the entrenchments. Equites — regem magnis cum copiis adesse — dixerunt : The horsemen announced the arrival of the king at the head of a large army. An ordinary Latin sentence is one in which no special em¬ phasis is placed on any of its parts. The word-order of such a sentence has clearness for its sole object. The above illus¬ trations show that this order is sometimes the very opposite of what it is in English. The normal order of a Latin sentence, the order of colorless statement so to say, is as follows: The subject followed by its modifiers; expressions of time, place, means, etc.; indirect and direct objects; adverb and verb. ILLUSTRATIONS Duces a bello alieni sunt: The leaders are opposed to war. Nulla pars nocturni temporis ad laborem intermittitur: Work went on throughout the night without a break. Ptolemaeus a filio vita privatus esse dicitur: Ptolemy is said to have been murdered by his son. Milites sinistra impedita satis commode pugnare non poterant: With their left arms encumbered the soldiers could not fight very conveniently. Milites omnem spem salutis in virtute ponebant: The soldiers placed their whole hope of victory in personal valor. References. B. L. D’Ooge, Latin Composition, Lesson 1; Potts, V: General Characteristics of Latin; VI: Phrases and Style. 63 64 AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION LESSON XLV RHETORICAL WORD-ORDER. EMPHATIC POSITION Obsolevit iam ista oratio: A stale objection that! Manent ingenia senibus: Old people do retain their wits. Pugnatum est ab utrisque acriter: The fight on either side was spirited. Fuit hoc luctuosum suis: It must have been a hard blow for his kin. A departure from the order of colorless statement becomes im¬ perative when it is intended to emphasize some word or phrase at the expense of others in the same sentence, in other words when contrast of ideas is aimed at. Whereas in English a stress of voice may be the only means of indicating emphasis, Latin takes the emphatic word out of its accustomed place, thus changing the normal to the rhetorical order of words. The two most emphatic places in a Latin sentence are, ordi¬ narily speaking, the beginning and the end. ILLUSTRATIONS Si est reddenda ratio: If there must be an explanation. Quid habet enim vita commodi? What advantages does life really offer? Risit Apollo: Apollo had to laugh. Est Deus: There is a God. Prudenter Academici adsensionem cohibent: The Academics very wisely withhold their assent. Illo licente contra liceri audet nemo: When that man bids, no one dares bid against him. Capere eius amentiam civitas, Italia, provinciae, regna non poterant: The City, Italy, the Provinces, foreign kingdoms, why, nothing was bis: enough for his mad ambition. Non modo de vallo discessit nemo, sed paene ne respexit quidem quisquam: Not only did not one of them abandon his post on the rampart, but hardly a man looked round. AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION 65 Multo denique die per exploratores Caesar cognovit montem teneri: It was late in the day when patrols informed Caesar that the hill was in his possession. Arbores seret agricola, quarum aspiciet baccam ipse nun¬ quam: The farmer plants trees, the fruit of which he will not live to see. Ut desint vires, tamen est laudanda voluntas: Granted that strength be lacking, yet is credit due me for my good will. Note The importance of the particular context in which any given text may be found can hardly be overestimated. It is that which shapes the Latin sentence and lends color to the translation. “ By context is meant ordinarily the words which precede or follow a particular word within a group. From the psychological side more must be included, and the word “context” is, perhaps, too narrow. It should include all the circumstances attending the speech, the occasion which called it forth, the relation of the speaker to the hearer, the emotional tone, the nature of the general topic of conversation.”— E. P. Morris, Principles and Methods in Latin Syntax, p. 79. LESSON XLVI THE NORMAL WORD-ORDER ( Continued) 1. ESSE. Latin allows great freedom in the position of the auxiliary verb. Is ubi est? Praesto est, testis est. Non usque eo est improbus, non omnia sunt in uno vitia, nunquam fuit crudelis. Est Deus. Est, ut dicis. Sunt ista. Sit ita sane. Fuimus Troes. Erant omnino itinera duo. Erat hiems summa. (Lesson 47, 3.) 2. ADJECTIVES: In Latin, as in Indo-European languages generally, adjectives are as a rule prepositive, i. e. precede the noun. Alia urbs. magnum argumentum, turpe facinus. bono animo, magno opere. Magna Graecia. bonus vir: “patriot,” omnia flumina. 66 AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION Yet many adjectives are by force of custom postpositive. iter campestre. Populus Romanus. Gallis cisalpina, di immortales, res publica, genus humanum, pontifex maximus, aes alienum, vir peritissimus. homo Romanus, litterae Latinae, litterae Graecae, ab urbe condita, res urbanae. In the following, therefore, the adjectives are emphatic: urbsalia. Latinae litterae. publica res (opposed to privata res). When a noun is preceded by adjective and preposition, the adjective is often placed before the preposition: magnis cum copiis, magno cum fletu. (Lesson 48.) quam ob rem. quo ex portu. Yet: in nostro mari. in reliquis maribus, in summa omnium rerum copia. 3. PRONOUNS: Demonstrative pronouns are prepositive; possessive and in¬ definite pronouns are postpositive. haec urbs. ipse homo, illi omnes, domus mea. frater tuus, filio suo. scriptor quidam, poeta nescio quis. Emphatic position : mallem audissem de tuis rebus ex tuis litteris. haec mea manu scripsi. Medea illa ( well-known ). sine ullo vulnere, non sine aliquo vulnere. 4. GENITIVES. APPOSITIVES. Genitives and appositives are ordinarily postpositive. salus rei publicae, odium Hannibalis, amor parentum, timor Germanorum, tribunus plebis, orbis terrarum. Xerxes, rex Persarum. Philippus, rex Macedonum. C. Mario (et) L. Valerio consulibus. Yet regularly: mons VosSgus. flumen Rhenus, urbs Roma. 5. NUMERALS: Both cardinals and ordinals are prepositive: duo legati, quingentae naves, prima luce, primo adventu. But ordinals follow hora, dies , annus: hora nona. annus iam tertius. Emphatic: vicesimus iam dies. AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION 67 6. ADVERBS: Adverbs are prepositive: multo ante, paullo post, iniuste facere, bene sperare. 7. NOTE : ferro ignique. terra marique. senatus populusque Ro¬ manus. senatus consultum, mihi crede ( crede mihi is more commonly colloquial). References. I. H. Schmalz, Syntax, p. 641-649. LESSON XLVII NOTES ON THE EMPHATIC WORD-ORDER 1. In concessive clauses, the verb often stands first. Sit hoc verum: Let this be ever so true. Sit ita sane: Granted. What of it? Fuerit iratus: Well, suppose he was angry. Ne sit summum malum dolor, malum certe est: If pain is not the greatest evil, an evil it certainly is. 2. Note the simple and direct way in which Cicero opens the narratives wh'ch are scattered up and down his speeches. Cn. Pompeius est Tyndaritanus. Is cenam isti dabat apud villam: Down at Tyndaris, there is a man by the name of Gnaeus Pompey, who once gave a dinner at his villa in honor of Verres. Verr., IV, 48. Melitensis Diodorus est, qui antea testimonium dixit, ib. 38. Diocles est, Pamphili gener, Popilius cognomine, 35. _ Mulier est Segestana, perdives et nobilis, Lamia nomine, 59. Segesta est oppidum pervetus in Sicilia, 72. Insula est Melita, a Sicilia mari diiuncta, 103. 3. In giving a description of place or other attendant circum¬ stances, Latin writers put the verb (usually some form of esse) in the first, or perhaps more commonly in the second, place in the sentence. Erat hiems summa. Verres, IV, 86. Erant omnino itinera duo. B. G., I, 6, 1. Flumen est Arar, quod in Rhodanum influit, I, 12, 1. 68 AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION Mosa profluit ex monte VosSgo, IV, 10. Planities erat magna, I, 43, 1. Palus erat non magna . . . II, 9. Loci natura erat haec. II, 18 (ib. vergebat.) Collis erat leniter ab infimo acclivis, VII, 19. •Ipsum erat oppidum positum in colle summo, VII, 69. Erat ex oppido Alesia despectus in campum, VII, 79. 4. Caesar and Cicero often head a sentence with the verb which sums up and brings home to the reader, vividly and in¬ stantly, the whole force and gist of the statement to be made. They resort to this device to sketch the rapid movement of events, or to denote quick response to a wish, or prompt ful¬ filment of an anticipation. For illustrations, see Caesar, B. G., V, 31: consurgitur ex concilio . . . comprehendunt utrumque ... pronuntiatur ituros . . . consumitur vigiliis . . . Legem ambitus flagitasti; gestus est mos: You demanded a Bribery Act. Well, you got what you wanted right away. Poena gravior in plebem tua voce flagitata est; commoti sunt animi tenuiorum: You were heard to demand more drastic measures against the Commons: there was an instant commotion among the lower classes. See especially Cic. Sest., 103: Tabellaria lex ferebatur: dissentiebant principes; agrariam legem ferebat: nitebantur contra optimates; frumentariam legem ferebat: repugnabant boni. 5. Ordinarily, dependent clauses are headed by the con¬ junction or the relative pronoun (adverb). There is an excep¬ tion to this rule when other words in the sentence call for special emphasis. Aliter si facit: If he does otherwise. Augur cum esset, auspicia neglexit: Though augur by profession, he yet neglected the auspices. Eo facto sic doluit, nihil ut tulerit gravius in vita: At this he felt such pain as he had never felt in all his life. Iter erat angustum et difficile, vix qua singuli carri ducerentur: One route was so narrow and difficult that carts could barely pass along it one at a time. Quae vis explicabo, nec tamen, certa ut sint et fixa quae dixero: I will explain what you desire, not, however, as though what I am going to say is absolutely certain. AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION 69 Corpus quid sit, intellego, quasi corpus quid sit, nullo prorsus modo in¬ tellego: I know what a body is, but I have no idea whatever of a quasi body. 6. The writings of Cicero abound with instances where rea¬ sons of euphony as well as a desire for emphasis are respon¬ sible for the breaking up of the sentence into two equally balanced members. In the sentence (Verres, IV, 39): ( Verres ) makes the impression of a raving lunatic, (Verres) insanire ac furere omnibus videtur, Cicero chose to balance the sentence more evenly by taking omnibus from its place before videtur and putting it, like an enclitic, after insanire: insanire omnibus # ac # furere videtur. This arrangement is artistic and makes the sentence easy to deliver by enabling the speaker to throw all the stress of voice on insanire and furere. The words omnibus and videtur are comparatively unaccented. Other illustrations of the same principle: Verr., IV, 67: contineri mihi // atque ^ inesse videantur. 67: comitatu regio /f' atque # ornatu fuit. 64: recens ad oculos hominum ^ atque # integra pervenit. The same dual arrangement is permissible where the place of et or atque is taken by que, by aut-aut, or by an asyndeton: IV, 72: locum tantum — hominesque mutavit; 80: (Omnia sunt in te, quae) aut fortuna hominibus j? aut natura largitur: You have every advantage which either fortune or nature can throw in man's way. Ars P. 333: Aut prodesse volunt ^ aut delectare poetae: Poets want either to instruct or to please. Off. 2, 51: Et gloria paritur et gratia defensionibus: The defence of innocence wins fame and favor alike. Verr., IV, 117: (Urbem Syracusas) / maximam esse Graecarum, Z' pulcherrimam omnium saepe audistis: / You have often heard that Syracuse is the greatest of Greek cities and the most beautiful in the world. To imitate the above arrangement: “( Nelson ), an object of our pride and our hopes, was suddenly taken from us In quo gloriam ponere // salutemque imperii solebamus, is subito nobis ereptus est. 70 AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION LESSON XLVIII HYPERBATON Nulla hoc civitas unquam alia commisit: No other city has ever done this. Non sibi homo soli natus est, sed patriae: Man was not born for himself alone, but likewise for his country. Magno cum gemitu: With many a sigh. Quanto nostri maiores sapientius: How much more wisely our forefathers acted! As two long words may be relieved by a short one merely for the sake of euphony, so two accented words are often separated by an unaccented one for the sake of emphasis. The effect of this figure, called Hyperbaton , 1 is to throw emphasis on the modifier, which is separated from its noun, by leaving it for the moment in suspense. ILLUSTRATIONS Magno vir ingenio: A man of excellent parts. Multo enim oratio esset pressior: His style would be far more terse. Aliud iter habebant nullum: No other route was open to them. Quam est magna dissensio partium : How bitter their mutual ill feelings are! Quam id recte faciam, viderint sapientes: As for the justifi¬ cation of my conduct, I must leave that to the philosophers. Quid tam porro regium?: Besides, what is so worthy of a king? Si quid est in me ingenii: If I do possess any talent. Haud scio an multo sit etiam adiuvandus magis: Perhaps he stands so much the more in need of help. Romani ei infesti erant omnes: At Rome everything was against him. Nemo omnium tam est immanis: No man is so savage. ^rom ut ep-fialw. virtp-fiaTov, transposition of words, Lat. transgressio. AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION 71 Meam tuorum erga me meritorum memoriam nulla unquam delebit oblivio: Never shall I forget the services you have ren¬ dered me. References. Hale and Buck, Lat. Gr., 627. LESSON XLIX CHIASMUS AND ANAPHORA Two very common means of emphasis are Chiasmus and Anaphora. Both impart emphasis by contrasting two pairs of words, the chiastic arrangement by putting the second pair in inverse order, the anaphoral by putting it in the same order as the first. I. CHIASMUS OR CROSSWISE ORDER Ambos salutavi, resalutavit uterque: I greeted both, and each returned the greeting. His confectis rebus conventibusque peractis: After disposing of these affairs and finishing the assizes. Virtute sis par, dispar fortuna patris: (Says Ajax to his son): May you be like your sire in valor, but be spared his fate. Nil ait esse prius, melius nil caelibe vita: Nothing is better, says he, nor is aught more expedient than single blessedness. Peius victoribus Sequanis quam Aeduis victis accidit: The victorious Sequani have met with a worse fate than the defeated Aedui. II. ANAPHORA Agitur populi Romani gloria . . . agitur salus sociorum . . . aguntur vectigalia maxima . . . The prestige of Rome is at stake; so is the welfare of our allies; so are our most important sources of revenue. Defendi multos, laesi neminem: While I have helped many, I have done harm to none. Dispares mores, disparia studia: Difference of character leads to difference of aims. Reticebunt, quae poterunt, libenter, dicent, quae necesse erit, ingratiis: They will gladly suppress what they can, and what they can’t they will tell with reluctance. 72 AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION III. CHIASMUS AND ANAPHORA COMBINED Urbem incendiis, caede cives, Italiam bello liberavi: 1 have saved the City from conflagration, the citizens from massacre, and Italy from war. Cum vastabitur Italia, vexabuntur urbes, tecta ardebunt: When Italy is ravaged, her cities harassed, and her homes in flames, (will you, Catiline, alone remain unhurt f). EXERCISES I. 1. A te non liberationem culpae, sed errati veniam im¬ petrarunt. 2. Senectutem ut adipiscantur omnes optant, ean¬ dem accusant adeptam. 3. Homo effeminatus fortissimum vi¬ rum conatur occidere. 4. Optimis auspiciis ea geruntur, quae pro re publica geruntur; quae contra rem publicam feruntur, contra auspicia feruntur. 5. Si gladium quis apud te sana mente deposuerit, repetat insaniens, reddere peccatum sit. 6. Senes avari, quo viae minus restat, eo plus viatici quaerunt. 7. Tolle hanc opinionem, luctum sustuleris. 8. Philosophia aeque pauperibus prodest, locupletibus aeque. 9. Nil despe¬ randum Teucro duce et auspice Teucro. 10. Metuo ne scele¬ rate dicam in te, patria, quod pro Milone dicam pie. 11. Vos exemplaria Graeca nocturna versate manu, versate diurna. I. This has often been said, but it must be said many times more. 2. Enjoy that blessing while you have it (dum adsit); but do not wish it back when it is gone. 3. This cannot be said of you, though it might be said of Tarquin. 4. “I can well die, but I cannot afford to misbehave.” II. 1. Ab eo bello Sullam res publica, Murenam Sulla revo¬ cavit. 2. Dum ita gaudet, nihil agitare mente, nihil ratione, nihil cogitatione consequi potest. 3. Concordia parvae res crescunt, discordia maximae dilabuntur. 4. Huius extrema aetas auctoritatis habebat plus, laboris minus. 5. Ausi sunt transire latissimum flumen, ascendere altissimas ripas, subire iniquissimum locum. 6. Defendi rem publicam adulescens, non deseram senex. 1. They neither hurl spears from a distance nor use swords at close quarters. 2. You know how to conquer, but you don’t know how to take advantage of your victories. AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION 73 III. 1 . Negat enim se, negat ingratis civibus fecisse quae fecerit, timidis et omnia circumspicientibus non negat. 2. In eo bello aut in acie cadendum, aut in aliquas insidias incidendum, aut deveniendum in victoris manus, aut ad Iubam confu¬ giendum. 1. The Roman people hate private luxury as much as they admire public magnificence. Vocabulary I. blessing: bonum. to misbehave: corrumpi. II. spear: hasta. from a distance: eminus. at close quarters: cominus. to take advantage: uti. References. Potts, pp. 50, 68. LESSON L PRONOMINAL CONNECTION OF SENTENCES Unus Sulla victoriam diutius tenuit; quem imitaturus non sum: Sulla was the only one to maintain his victory for some length of time; but I am not going to imitate him. When demonstrative pronouns refer to a word just men¬ tioned, they are placed as early in the sentence as possible; this helps to carry the principal thought of the preceding sen¬ tence over into the next and hold it prominent before the reader’s mind. Besides, the demonstrative pronoun is often changed to the relative, a change which renders the use of further connectives superfluous. Thus, Qui may stand for et is, and he. nam is, for he. is autem, but he. is igitur, he therefore. is tamen, yet he. ILLUSTRATIONS Exercitum tuum omnibus rebus ornabo; cuius rei turn tern- pus erit, cum ipse adveneris: I will furnish your troops with all necessaries; however, there will be time for that after your own arrival. 74 AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION Oculorum est in nobis sensus acerrimus; quibus sapientiam non cernimus: Sight is our keenest sense; and yet we cannot see wisdom by means of it. Est in manibus laudatio; quam cum legimus, quem phi¬ losophum non contemnimus ? His funeral speech is in every¬ one's hands. When we read this eulogy, how contemptible all philosophy appears to us! Ligarius legatus in Africam profectus est: qua in legatione et civibus et sociis maxime se probavit: Ligarius went as lieu¬ tenant to Africa. As such (In this capacity) he won the esteem alike of citizens and allies. EXERCISE 1. This war is bound to arouse your interest, because the prestige of the Roman people depends on it. 2. Much against his will, he accepted (the governorship of) Africa; nevertheless, his administration of that province was excellent. 3. Gorgias reached an age of one hundred and seven years. When the question was put to him, why he desired to live so long, he re¬ plied: “Because I have no fault to find with old age.” 4. “This reminds me of . . .” Vocabulary I am bound: debeo. interest: animus. prestige: gloria. to depend upon: agi in. administration: praeesse. to reach: complere. to find fault: accusare. Note For phrases of transition, see Lesson 39, Note. LESSON LI ASYNDETON Co-ordination or Parataxis is that arrangement of a complex sentence in which two or more clauses are placed side by side, without losing their grammatical independence. The most conspicuous case of Parataxis is the Asyndeton, i. e. the joining together of sentences without the use of con¬ nective particles. AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION 75 Veni, vidi, vici: I came, saw and conquered. Vincere scis, victoria uti nescis: You know how to conquer, hut you don't know how to take advantage of your victories. Asyndeta are used with good effect in sketching rapid events, or in contrasting two ideas. EXERCISES 1. The copulative asyndeton. 1. Quid quoque die dixerim audierim egerim, commemoro vesperi. 2. Abiit excessit, evasit erupit. 3. Peroravit ali¬ quando; assedit; surrexi ego; respirare visus est quod non alius potius diceret; coepi dicere. 4. Hominem sine re, sine fide, sine spe, sine sede, sine fortunis, ore, lingua, manu, vita omni in¬ quinatum. 5. Messala consul est egregius, fortis, constans, diligens, nostri laudator, amator, imitator. II. The adversative asyndeton. 1. Tribuni purgant plebem, culpam in patres vertunt. 2. Consulatus ei eripi non potest, vita potest. 3. Temeritas est florentis aetatis, prudentia maturae senectutis. 4. Unum sustinere pauci possunt, utrumque nemo. 1. Boys can do this, and men will be unequal to the task? 2. Enjoy this blessing while you have it, but do not wish it back when it is gone. III. The explicative asyndeton. 1. Romani supplicium in parricidas singulare excogitarunt: insui voluerunt in culeum vivos atque ita in flumen deici. 2. Here belong sentences of the kind analyzed in Lesson 47, 4. IV. The disjunctive asyndeton. 1. Velit nolit: Whether he will or no. 2. Aperte tecte: Whether openly or covertly. Notes 1. Caesar, B. G., V, 40, affords an excellent model of asyndetic writing. See also Cic. Verres, IV, 112, where asyndeta are combined with polysyndeta. 76 AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION 2. Par atactic Conditional Clauses. Sentences like the following: Recordare illum diem: iam (or tum) intelleges: Remember that day, and you will understand, are disguised conditional clauses. The asyndeton is, therefore, only ap¬ parent. Lege orationem: dices: Read the speech, and you will say. Importunus amat laudari, donec “ Ohe iam ” Ad caelum manibus sublatis dixerit, urge: If he have an insatiate thirst for praise, just ply him with it, until he throws up his hands to heaven, and cries out: “ Enough, enough.” LESSON LII THE SIMPLE PERIOD The word “ period ” is often taken in a wider sense as a struc¬ ture in which one main clause has one or several other clauses subordinated to it. In a more technical sense, a period is a carefully constructed sentence of some length with suspense kept up until the end. The simplest period is a combination of one subordinate and one main clause. Three points should here be noticed. 1. There are various ways of arranging the clauses. A. The subordinate clause (a) precedes the principal (A): Si ignis est animus, exstinguetur: (a: A) If the soul is fire, it will one day be quenched. B. The subordinate clause is inserted: Pedites, si quid erat durius, concurrebant: (A (a) A) If any unusual difficulty occurred, the infantry would hasten to the rescue C. The subordinate clause follows the principal: Non abest suspicio, quin Orgetorix ipse sibi mortem consciverit: (A: a) There is a suspicion that Orgetorix took his own life. D. The principal clause is inserted: (a(A)a) Illorum vides quam niteat oratio: You see how elegantly they write. Ego hoc nondum adducor ut faciam: I cannot yet bring myself to do this. AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION 77 2. The subject or object, whenever common to both clauses, is usually placed outside the subordinate one. Hostes, cum sibi delegissent campum, hunc insidiis circumdederunt: When the enemy had chosen a place for their camp, they surrounded it with ambuscades. Pompeius Cretensibus, cum ad eum legatum misissent, obsides imperavit: When the Cretans sent an embassy to Pompey, he ordered them to furnish hostages. 3. In presenting a succession of clauses, all having certain words in common, Cicero likes to crowd the words that are common into the first part of the sentence. Ad hanc te amentiam /natura peperit, voluntas exercuit, fortuna servavit: For this madness nature has endowed you with the disposition, your ( indomitable ) will has developed it, while fortune has preserved you. A nullius unquam me tempore /aut otium meum abstraxit, aut voluptas avocavit, aut somnus retardavit: Never have my leisure moments withdrawn me from the needs of any fellow man; neither has pleasure ever called me aside from them nor even sleep prevented me. EXERCISES 1. a : A. I will relate what has happened. 2. A (a) A: Re¬ gulus refused to vote. 3. A : a. I have no fault to find with old age. 4. a (A) a. I fear this thing will come to pass. 1. When the Persians saw Alcibiades beyond the reach of the flames, they shot him down from a distance. 2. As Caesar had decided to winter on the Continent, he ordered the Britons to furnish hostages. 3. Being unable to make a defence, the Aeduans sent an embassy. 4. When the Romans wished to sentence Coriolanus, he failed to appear in court. Vocabulary I refuse: recuso ne. I vote: sententiam dico. to find fault: accusare. beyond the reach: effugisse. to shoot down: telis interficere. from a distance: eminus. to decide: constituere. to appear: comparere. References. Hale and Buck, 630; Potts, pp. 77, 79, 82. R. W. Tunstall, on Cic. Cat. I 25. 78 AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION LESSON LIII ELIMINATING ENGLISH SUBORDINATE CLAUSES His rebus adductus tacui: Such considerations led me to hold my peace. Diu recusans nihil profecit: He refused a long time , but to no avail: Mea voce perterritus ivit in exsilium: It is I who have frightened him into exile. Ordinarily, an English subordinate clause will find its count¬ erpart in a Latin subordinate clause. Sometimes, however, it may be convenient to eliminate the English subordinate clause (under which term are here included infinitives) by changing it to the main clause in Latin. ILLUSTRATIONS Nondum tempestivo ad navigandum mari Pompeius Siciliam adiit: The sea was hardly fit for navigation when Pompey went to Sicily. Hoc cum dolore dico: I am sorry to say this. Cicero spe pacis adductus ad optimates accessit: Hope of peace led Cicero to side with the aristocrats. Rhenus, in plures partes ubi diffluxit, in Oceanum influit: The Rhine branches off into several channels before it empties into the ocean. Sine sensu nascimur: We are unconscious at our birth. EXERCISES 1. Pity prompted me to do this. 2. He was so frightened that he could not utter a word. 3. The forces of the king were dispersed never to reassemble. Vocabulary not to utter a uwrd: conticesco, -cui, 3. to reassemble: sese colligere. AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION 79 Note We sometimes use the infinitive with to to denote an actual, though not intended, result. In Latin, such infinitives are eliminated by the periodic structure of the whole sentence. “ Of the remnant all but a few returned only to die ” ( Froude ): Reliqui omnes, paucis exceptis, ex bello reversi paullo post sunt mortui. That day the people of Ephesus awoke to see the temple of Diana destroyed by fire: Eo die mane Ephesii cum surrexissent templum Dianae viderunt igni esse deletum. LESSON LIV CLAUSES WHICH PRECEDE THE PRINCIPAL VERB The following clauses usually precede the principal verb: STRICTLY FINAL: Hannibal, ne alieno arbitrio vitam dimitteret, ve¬ nenum sumpsit: Being unwilling to part with his life at another’s beck, Hannibal took poison. CONDITIONAL: Si quis ita agit, imprudens est: If one acts thus, he is imprudent. CONCESSIVE: Ut desint vires, tamen est laudanda voluntas: Granted that strength be lacking, nevertheless I de¬ serve credit for my good will. Cum id posset infitiari, confessus est: Although he could deny, yet he confessed. CAUSAL: Quia Athenis tutus non erat, Corcyram profectus est: Not being safe at Athens, he went to Corcyra. TEMPORAL: Postquam haec dixit, profectus est: Saying this (With this), he went away. Quoniam studium meae defensionis reprehen¬ sum est, antequam pro Murena dicere in¬ stituo, pro me ipso pauca dicam: Since I have been criticized for my zealous defence, I will first make a few personal remarks and then proceed to speak on behalf of Murena. COMPARATIVE: Ut sementem feceris, ita metes: You will reap as you have sown. Ubi tyrannus est, ibi plane nulla est res publica: A free republic ( government ) is impossible, where- ever a tyrant rules the land. Quot capita tot sententiae: Many men, many minds. References. Arnold-Bradley, Introd., 103-107. 80 AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION LESSON LV CLAUSES WHICH FOLLOW THE PRINCIPAL VERB The following clauses usually follow the principal verb: . INDIRECT QUESTIONS: Quaero, quis hoc fecerit: I want to know who is responsible for this. RESULT CLAUSES: Saepe fit, ut homines fallantur: Man is often deceived. SUBSTANTIVE FINAL: (introduced by ut, ne, quin, quominus, quo): after verbs of acting: Sol efficit, ut omnia floreant: The sun makes all nature bloom. after verbs of caring: Enitendum est, ut vincamus: We must make an effort to win. after verbs of commanding: Impero tibi, ut abeas: I order you to leave. after verbs of permitting: Permitto, ut redeat: I allow him to return. after verbs of saying: Dixit ei, ut iter noctu faceret: He told him to travel by night. after verbs of fearing. Vereor, ne mihi irascaris: I fear you will be angry with me. after verbs of hindering: Non recusavit, quominus poenam subiret: He did not refuse to submit to the punish¬ ment. RELATIVE CLAUSES usually follow the word to which they are related, the Antecedent. Pater, qui profectus erat, rediit: The father, who had gone away, has returned. Omnes eo convenerunt, quo praedictum erat: All assembled at the appointed place. AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION 81 Note Quisque is drawn, if possible, into the relative clause, which in that case usually precedes. Quam quisque norit artem, in hac se exerceat: Let each man ply the trade of which he is master. Quod cuique datum est, eo (quisque) debet esse contentus: Each one should be satisfied with what has been given him. References. Potts, p. 64. LESSON LVI EMPHATIC POSITION OF CLAUSES The arrangement of clauses is subject to the same rules as the arrangement of words in a sentence. Accordingly, a de¬ parture from the usual order is permissible, or even necessary, whenever considerations of emphasis or euphony require it. It is not always possible in the translation to bring out the full force of the original. Quo me vertam, nescio: I am in a distressing dilemma. Quocunque aspexi, nihil est nisi mortis imago: (Ovid writing from his exile): As far as eye can reach, I see nothing but images of death. Ut possim, facit acta vita: That I still can (do these things despite my old age), is due to the life Fve led. Causa quae sit, videtis; nunc, quid agendum sit, considerate: Such is the situation before us; now for the ways and means of dealing with it. Id ne accideret, magnopere sibi praecavendum Caesar existimavit: To avert such a calamity, Caesar felt it necessary to take vigorous measures. Si factum est, quin contra legem sit, nemo dubitare potest: If it has occurred, it is undoubtedly illegal. Videmus, qui oratores evadere non potuerint, eos ad iuris studium devenire: Experience shows that such as do not succeed on the platform finally land in the law business. Ego ad quos scribam, nescio: I don’t know to whom to write. Proposita morte qui nihilo segnius rem publicam defendit, is vir vere di¬ cendus est: He deserves the name of a true man who in the face of death itself stands up for the national interest. References. Potts, p. 67. 82 AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION LESSON LVII TYPES OF SENTENCE STRUCTURE More complicated forms of sentence structure arise when two or more clauses are made dependent on one main sentence. Here many varieties of arranging the clauses are conceivable. Generally speaking, the rules governing the position of sub¬ ordinate clauses (see Lessons 54 and 55) are to be observed, unless euphony or special emphasis requires a change from the usual order. Let A stand for the principal sentence; a, b, c, for the clauses directly depending on A; a, (3, y } for the clauses directly de¬ pending on a, b, c. ILLUSTRATIONS a/ a/A/: Qualis esset natura montis/' qui cognoscerent/' misit: Ile seni a party to reconnoitre the hill A /a/ a /: Quaero/ quis imperaverit/ ut impetus fieret: I want to know who ordered the attack. a/'b/'A/': Cur nolint/ etiamsi taceant/ satis dicunt: Despite their silence, they sufficiently indicate the reason of their unwillingness. b/a/A/: Ne ignores/ quid ego in tuis litteris desiderarim/ scribam aperte: To make sure that you will know just what I have missed in your letter, I am going to write frankly. EXERCISES 1. b/ a/A/: If it has been done, it is undoubtedly illegal. (Undoubtedly: nemo dubitare potest. Illegal: contra legem.) 2. b/A/a/: As they could not prevail upon the people, they sent an embassy to Dumnorix in order to obtain their re¬ quest through his mediation. (The people: his. To obtain one’s request: impetrare. Mediation: deprecator.) 3. K/ a/b/A/ : When Pausanias learned that the pris¬ oners he had taken at Byzantium were relatives of the king, he sent them to him. (Let A be: Pausanias . . . misit.) AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION 83 4. A/a//? /ol/ a/ : They allow traders to visit them in or¬ der to get customers for their booty. (Begin with: mercatori¬ bus est aditus. Booty: quae bello ceperunt. Customer: cui vendant.) 5. A/a/b/A/: Alco went by night to Hannibal, but when tears were of no avail, he remained with the enemy. (Main sentence: Alco mansit. To be of no avail: nihil movere.) 6. A/a/b/A/ : When people in a critical state of health are tossed about with a high fever, they seem to find relief in a drink of cold water. (In a critical state of health: aeger morbo gravi. High fever: see Lesson 41. To find relief: relevari. A drink of . . .: render by a si-clause.) References. Naegelsbach, Lat. Stilistik, § 152; C. L. Meader, in Transact. Am. Phil. Assoc., Yol. XXXVI, p. 32. LESSON LVIII RELATIVE IN COMBINATION WITH OTHER CLAUSES Relative clauses readily permit clauses of a different kind to enter their structure and blend with them. 1. With an Accusative and Infinitive. Nihil dico, in quo putem aliquid doloris esse: I say nothing which I think may give the least pain. 2. With another Relative Pronoun. Id bonum solum est, quo qui potiatur necesse est beatus sit: That alone is good the possession of which cannot but bring happiness. 3. With an Indirect Question. Qua terra persequar eum, qui ubi sit nescio: Where shall I pursue one of whose whereabouts I am ignorant? 4. With a Conjunctional Clause. Nihil dico, in quo vereor ne quid doloris sit: I say nothing which I am afraid may give pain. Note ‘ The awkwardness or impossibility of a literal translation may generally be relieved by the substitution of a demonstrative with an appropriate con¬ junction, or the employment of an abstract noun.”—Gildersleeve-Lodge, L. G., 600. 84 AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION EXERCISES 1. Victus est ab eo, quem si vicisset, habuisset impunitatem sempiternam. 2. Eius mortis sedetis ultores, cuius vitam, si putetis per vos restitui posse, nolitis. 3. Epicurus non satis politus est iis artibus, quas qui tenent eruditi appellantur. 4. Nunquam satis philosophia laudari potest, cui qui pareat, aetatem sine molestia possit degere. 5. Statum rerum com¬ munium ab amico cognosces, quae quales sint non facile est scribere. 6. Omnia Romae erant suspensa propter exspectatio¬ nem legatorum, qui quid egissent, nihildum nuntiabatur. 7. Fient ea, quae tu ne accidant ut caveamus mones. 8. Nunc video calcem, ad quam cum sit decursum, nihil est praeterea extimescendum. 9. Quis in eo praetore consul fortis fuisset, per quem tribunum virtutem consularem crudelissime vexatam esse meminisset? 1. His funeral speech is well-known; its reading fills us with contempt for all philosophers. 2. Whom (Plato) I know you esteem very highly. 3. I follow a friend whom I know to be prudent. 4. I am even more wretched than you whom I know to be very wretched. 5. I will tell you by word of mouth what tears prevent me from putting down in writing. 6. You have borne hardships which every one would be glad to escape. 7. The crown is now offered to Caesar, and he must be a fool not to accept it. 8. Which (grief) defies adequate expression. 9. “ It is a duty which I shall never forgive myself if I decline.” Vocabulary funeral speech: laudatio. by word of mouth: coram. crown: omnia {euphemism). to defy expression: dici non potest. adequate: quantus sit. to decline: deesse (officio) Note The sentence: “ At present Antonius demands things which we cannot by any possibility grant unless we are willing first to confess ourselves de¬ feated in war ” (Cic. Phil., XII, 5 : 10) may be rendered: Nunc Antonius ea petit, quae dare nullo modo possumus, nisi prius volumus bello nos victos confiteri, or, briefly and in a different context: Nunc Antonius ea petit, quae si damus, bello victos nos confitemur. (See Naegelsbach, Stilistik, §§ 164, 165.) AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION 85 LESSON LIX A COMBINATION OF QUESTIONS Uter utri praeferendus est? Which (of the two ) is the betterf Quantae quotiens occasiones fuerunt! How many splendid opportunities there have been! In Latin, a combination of questions (exclamations) may be effected by drawing two or more interrogative (exclamatory) sentences, whether director indirect, into the same grammatical structure. EXERCISES 1. Quot, quantas, quam incredibiles Pompeius hausit calami¬ tates. 2. Quas res incredibile est, quam brevi tempore quanto deteriores offensurus sis quam reliquisti. 3. Videmus, quibus exstinctis oratoribus quam in paucis sit spes. 4. Diiudicari non poterat, uter utri virtute anteferendus videretur. 5. Nepos narrat, quem et ex quanto regno ad quam fortunam Timoleon detulisset. 1. Consider whom you defend in this manner. 2. What Latin authors have you read and what Greek writers are you going to take up next? 3. In his speech on Pompey’s Military Command, Cicero shows what sort of man he must be that would put an end to so important a war, as well as what virtues he must possess and what vices avoid. Vocabulary to take up next: transire ad. to put an end to: conficere, finem imponere. Note Another point of Latin idiom in the matter of questions appears from sentences in which interrogative particles are used side by side with conjunctions. Veniamus in forum. Sessum it praetor. Quid ut iudicetur? Let us go into the forum. The praetor takes his seat. What question has he to settle f Sine ulla sede vagi dimicassemus, ut quo victores nos reciperemus? Roaming about without a fixed encampment, we should have fought not know¬ ing whither to retreat in the event of victory. 86 AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION LESSON LX LATIN HAS AN EXCEPTIONAL APTITUDE FOR PERIODIC WRITING HISTORICAL PERIODS Periods are divided into Historical and Oratorical. The former aim at the appropriate grouping around one central thought of a number of subordinate clauses (or groups of words equivalent to clauses) which follow one another in the order of time in which the events occurred. ILLUSTRATIONS Caesar, cum animadvertisset timorem Germanorum omnem exercitum occupavisse, convocato consilio centuriones vehementer incusavit: When Caesar noticed that the fear of the Germans had overpowered his whole army, he called a meeting of the centurions in which he rated them roundly, or: Caesar saw that the fear of the Germans had overpowered his whole army. He therefore called a meeting of the centurions in which he severely took them to task. * Latin periods often require to be broken up in the translation. Caesar, etsi principum Britanniae consilia nondum cogno¬ verat, tamen id quod accidit fore suspicabatur: Caesar was not yet aware of the plans of the British chiefs; nevertheless, he guessed what was coming. Caesar, etsi intellegebat qua de causa ea dicerentur, tamen, ne aestatem in Treveris consumeret, omnibus ad Britannicum bellum comparatis Indutiomarum ad se cum ducentis obsidibus venire iussit : Caesar saw through the motive that dictated these words. However, as his preparations for a campaign in Britain were complete, he was not willing to waste the winter in the district of the Treveri. So he sent word to Indutiomarus to report with two hundred hostages. Athenienses, cum statuerent, ut urbe relicta naves con¬ scenderent, Cyrsilum quendam suadentem, ut in urbe manerent, lapidibus obruerunt: The Athenians concluded to leave the city and embark, and when a man by the name of Cyrsilus advised them to stay, they stoned him to death. References. For further illustrations, see Potts, 75. Also, 84-87-100. On the limitations to the employment of the period, see Potts, 100-107. AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION 87 LESSON LXI VARIETY COMBINED WITH UNITY In rendering a Latin period graceful, Unity of Subject and a certain pleasing Variety of Clauses are the most important factors. Fixing the subject of the period and keeping it throughout will sometimes require great care. Caesar, primum suo, deinde omnium ex conspectu remotis equis, ut, aequato omnium periculo, spem fugae tolleret, cohortatus suos, proelium commisit. Caesar had first his own horse and then the horses of his officers taken out of sight. The danger was to be equal for all. All hope of flight was to be abandoned. There followed an address, and the battle began. (B. G., I, 25.) EXERCISES 1. The consul Gnaeus Servilius had engaged the Gauls in several light encounters when he heard of the murder of his colleague. He at once began to entertain fears for the city of Rome, and as he would not be absent in the critical moment, he turned about and marched back cityward. 2. After a stirring address to the tenth legion, Caesar hurried off to the right wing. Here his troops were hard pressed. The twelfth legion, whose standards were closely massed, was all crowded together, so that the combatants stood in each other’s way. The centurions of the fourth cohort, as well as its stand¬ ard bearer, were dead. The standard itself was lost. Almost all the centurions of the other cohorts were either killed or wounded. Caesar took in the situation , and snatching from a soldier in the rear a shield—for he himself had come up with¬ out one— stepped forward into the front rank, and calling the centurions by name, encouraged the men and bade them advance. (The principal clause should be: Caesar, . . . ubi vidit . . . [there follow Ablatives Absolute] . . . processit in primam aciem.) References. See Potts, 72 sqq. Notes 1. Periodic writing may, of course, be overdone. It is always a fault, if clearness is thereby sacrificed. 2. The detached style or asyndetic paragraph writing is not uncommon in Caesar’s Commentaries on the Gallic War, e. g., VII, 89. Such chapters 88 AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION read like brief memorandums or note-book entries. See also the account of “ The Assassination of Clodius,” by Cicero, in the Appendix. 3. The great model of the classic historical period is Livy. His period in XXVIII, 13 : 15, is remarkable for the perfect lucidity which reigns throughout despite the mass of detail presented in a few lines. For the study of Livy, see Naylor: Latin and English Idiom, An Object Lesson from Livy’s Preface. LESSON LXII HISTORICAL AND ORATORICAL PERIODS CONTRASTED An Historical Period aims to bring out boldly by means of a principal sentence an historical event which is important in the writer’s mind. Around this is grouped a number of smaller events which are expressed by means of participles, infinitives or subordinate clauses. This arrangement makes for logical unity combined with a certain amount of variety. An Oratorical Period is more ambitious and consciously aims at an artistic effect. Here the dominant purpose of the writer (or speaker) is to gain the sympathy of the reader (or his audi¬ ence) and keep their interest in his cause sustained through¬ out. Hence the frequent display of all sorts of rhetorical de¬ vices, such as questions, exclamations, ellipses, parentheses, anacolutha, and other figures of speech. HISTORICAL. Caesar, B. G., VI, 31 : 5. Catuvolcus, rex dimidiae partis Eburonum, qui una cum Ambiorige con¬ silium inierat, aetate iam confectus, cum laborem belli aut fugae ferre non posset, omnibus precibus detestatus Ambiorigem, qui eius consilii auctor fuisset, taxo-cuius magna in Gallia Germaniaque copia est,—se exani¬ mavit. Catuvolcus, king of one-half of the Eburones , had joined Ambiorix in his enterprise. As he was now worn out with age and unable to stand the hard¬ ships of either campaign or flight, he heaped every possible curse upon Am¬ biorix, the prime mover of the enterprise, and then poisoned himself with yew — a plant which grows in abundance both in Gaul and in Germany. ORATORICAL. Cicero, Cat. I, 13 : 31. UT saepe homines aegri gravi morbo, cum aestu febrique iactantur, si aquam gelidam biberunt, primo relevari videntur, deinde multo gravius vehementiusque afflictantur: SIC hic morbus, qui est in re publica, rele¬ vatus istius poena, vehementius reliquis vivis ingravescet. AIDS TO LATIN COMPOSITION 89 Not infrequently, when people in a critical state of health are tossed about in bed with a high fever, they at first seem to find relief in a drink of cold water; but the relapse they suffer is even more dangerous and violent. Just so has this disease with which the Republic is at present afflicted been somewhat relieved by the punishment of Catiline, only, I am sure, to get worse and worse if his accomplices are spared . Notes 1. Cicero avoids the periodic style when the quiet flow of a period would but inadequately express the sudden burst of his emotion, as in the opening paragraphs of the first Catilinarian, or when the formality of that style would interfere with the easy, familiar chatting preferred in dialogue or letter. 2. Historical periods are intercalary (enthetic), because the various items are inserted in their proper place between subject and predicate. Oratorical periods are responsive (apodotic), because in them a protasis is followed by an apodosis. See Gildersleeve, L. G., 685. V . « . APPENDIX 1. DEDICATION OF ORATIO AB ABRAHAMO GETTYSBURG CEMETERY LINCOLN IN DEDICATIONE COEMETERII GETTYS- By Abraham Lincoln BURGENSIS HABITA Fourscore and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth upon this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedi¬ cated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle¬ field of that war. We are met to dedicate a portion of it as the final resting place of those who have given their lives that that nation might live. It is alto¬ gether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we can¬ not dedicate, we cannot conse- Annus iam octavus et octogesi¬ mus est 1 quum maiores nostri novam in hac orbis terra rem publicam pepererunt, 2 quam liber¬ tatis in condicione conceptam 3 rationi illi dedicarunt 4 * qua omnes homines natura aequales esse cen¬ semus. Nunc vero magno sus¬ cepto bello civili nos experimur, haecne res publica vel alia, eodem modo concepta eodem dedicata, diu possit permanere. 6 Eo in bello acerrime pugnatum est in hoc ipso campo, quo nos convenimus; convenimus autem huc, ut in planitiei parte aliqua tranquillum illis pararemus por¬ tum, qui, ut viveret haec res pu¬ blica, vitam hoc loco profuderunt; quod nos facere et aequum est et iustum. Verum hunc locum, si altius rem spectaverimus, 6 nec inaugu- 1 Octavus et octogesimus annus est hic. Or: Octogesimus annus est hic et octavus; compare Cicero Mil. 98: centesima lux est haec ... et altera. Also: Octavum agimus annum et octogesimum;. compare Cato M. 32: quaitum ago annum et octogesimum. Or again: Annus ex eo anno octavus et octogesimus est. Anni prope duodenonaginta sunt. 2 Rep. 2, 5: rem publicam serere. Legg. 1, 19: constituere civitatem. 3 libertate partam; libera condicione partam or procreatam (Legg. 1, 22). 4 quum maiores nostri novam in hac orbis terra civitatem libertate con¬ stitutam rationi illi dedicarunt. 6 per longum temporis spatium possit stare. 6 si verum quaerimus; ut vere dicam. 91 92 APPENDIX crate, we cannot hallow, this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our power to add or to detract. The world will very little note nor long remember what we say here; but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us, the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfin¬ ished work they have thus far so nobly carried on. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us: that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they here gave the last full measure of devotion; that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain; that the nation shall, under God, have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the peo¬ ple, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. rare nec dedicare nec consecrare nos possumus; quem illi ipsi viri fortissimi, qui hic dimicarunt, sive mortui sunt sive superstites, tanta consecrarunt sanctitate, ut nos nec addere quicquam nec demere possimus; nos enim quod hic dicimus, 1 neque multum attendet posteritas neque diu recordabi¬ tur: 2 illi quod hic gesserunt, nulla unquam obscurabit oblivio. 3 Quo magis nostrum, qui vivi¬ mus, 4 est ei nos operi perficiendo tradere totos, quod illi tam prae¬ clare propagarunt; 5 nostrum, in¬ quam, est huic tanto muneri, quod reliquum videmus, fungendo nos dedere, ut ab his, quos honora¬ mus mortuos, maiore discamus pietate eam amplecti causam, qua in defendenda 6 illi hic morientes pietatem praestiterunt summam; ut magno id animo statuamus, ne mortem illi frustra oppetiverint; ut beneficio Dei haec natio liber¬ tate reviviscat; ut denique res publica popularis, 7 quae et a populo et pro populo administre¬ tur, ex orbe terrae ne tollatur. ABRAHAMI LINCOLN LAUDATIO GETTYSBURGENSIS Abhinc annos prope duodenonaginta 8 patres nostri novam in hac terrae parte civitatem ex libertate procreatam in illam consecrarunt 1 dixerimus (II future) would include the speeches made after Lincoln’s address. 2 neque multum attendent homines neque diu meminerint. 3 compare Marcell. 30: tuas laudes obscuratura nulla unquam est oblivio. Mil. 98: de me semper populus Romanus, semper omnes gentes loquentur, nulla unquam obmutescet vetustas. 4 more fully : in vita sumus or mansimus, 6 auxerunt. 6 quam ad defendendam. 7 Rep. 1, 69: populi imperium. 8 also: abhinc duodenonaginta prope annis . Or: his duodenonaginta prope annis; compare Cato M. 50: qui his paucis diebus pontifex factus est. APPENDIX 93 sententiam aequo nasci iure homines universos. Nos hodie ingenti bello civili inito periclitamur, quem ad finem vel haec vel aliqua sic nata sic consecrata possit civitas consistere. Convenimus in eum locum, ubi acerrime hoc in bello est pugna¬ tum; convenimus autem, ut huius campi partem aliquam ad supre¬ mam quietem eorum consecraremus, qui hic vitas, ut illa viveret, posuerunt; quibus id nos merito ac iure praestamus. At enim ampliore quadam dedicatione, religione, caerimonia, cui nos neque addere quicquam neque deducere possumus, fortes illi viri, sive superstites sive mortui sunt, hanc terram pugnando consecrarunt. Paulum enim homines advertent nec diu recordabuntur, quod nos hic dicimus: illi quod hic fortiter gesserunt, nulli unquam dabunt oblivioni. 1 Quam ob rem nos potius, qui in vita sumus, hoc loco consecrari oportet ad reliquias persequendas eorum, 2 qui hic dimicando tantum profecerunt. Nos, inquam, consecrari oportet ad hoc tantum opus propositum nobis atque traditum: ut horum gloria mortuorum incensi incendamus illius causae studium, in quam illi summum studium cumulatissime impenderunt; ut hoc loco sanctissime statuamus, ne hi mortui frustra animas devoverint; ut huic civitati nova, si Deo videbi¬ tur, nascatur libertas; denique ut populare imperium, quod et a populo et pro populo administretur, ne pereat unquam in orbe terrarum. 2. THE SAILING OF THE DE ARMADAE, HISPANO- SPANISH ARMADA FROM RUM CLASSIS, A LUSI- PORTUGAL TANIA PROFECTIONE By James Froude All being thus in order, the Prince of Parma ready to embark, the paternal admonition to the English nation to commit treason prepared for circulation, and the last touches added to the com¬ pleteness of the fleet in the Tagus, the Duke of Medina Sidonia sailed from Lisbon on the nine¬ teenth of May. His rebus omnibus ordine con¬ stitutis, duce Parmensi ad navi¬ gandum parato, libellis, quibus Angli paterno videlicet animo ad parricidium patriae sollicitaren¬ tur conscriptis utque divulgaren¬ tur 3 in promptu positis, ubi pri¬ mum suum numerum naves, quae erant in flumine Tago, habuerunt, “Medinae Sidoniae Dux,” a. d. XIV. Kal. Iunias ab Olysipone profectus est. 1 nulla unquam delebit oblivio. 2 compare Cato M. 19: quam palmam utinam di immortales tibi reser¬ vent, ut avi reliquias persequare, cuius a morte tertius hic et tricesimus annus est. Or: ad opus incohatum eorum. 3 adque divulgandum. 94 APPENDIX The northerly breeze which prevails on the coast of Portugal was unusually strong. The gal¬ leons standing high out of water, and carrying small canvas in pro¬ portion to their size, worked badly to windward. They were three weeks in reaching Finis- terre, where, the wind having freshened to a gale, they were scattered, some standing out to sea, some into the Bay of Bis¬ cay. Their orders in the event of such a casualty had been to make for Ferrol. The wind shifting suddenly to the west, those that had gone into the Bay, could not immediately reach it, and were driven into Santander. The offi¬ cers, however, were on the whole satisfied with the qualities which the ships had displayed. A mast or two had been sprung, a few yards and bowsprits had been carried away; but beyond loss of time, there had been no serious damage. Maiore autem coorto vento, qui in Lusitaniae ora maritima plerumque a septentrionibus flare consuevit, aegre naves procede¬ bant. 1 Neque enim paullum ex aqua eminebant et velis pro sua magnitudine parvis instructae erant, adeo ut uno demum et viginti consumptis diebus Finem qui dicitur Terrae attingerent. Inde autem, cum saevire ventus coepisset, dispersae partim Ocea¬ num, partim mare Cantabricum petiverunt. Quae in Cantabricum proces¬ serant, quum—aquilone in fa¬ vonium se subito convertente— impedirentur, quominus sine mora pervenirent ad promunturium Brigantium, quo, si eius modi casus accidisset, omnes naves iussae erant convenire, ad Sancti Andreae sunt delatae. Nihilo¬ minus eos, qui classi praeerant, nihil fere paenituit, quomodo naves tempestatem tulissent. 2 Etsi enim detortus malus unus alterve nonnullaeque ablatae erant 3 antemnae et proralia, tamen, facta aliqua iactura tem¬ poris, praeterea maius incommo¬ dum acceptum est 3 nullum. 1 Increbruerat autem praeter consuetudinem ventus, qui in Lusitaniae ora maritima plerumque a septentrionibus oritur—a septentrionibus flare consuevit, atque ob eam rem aegre naves procedebant. 2 quomodo naves vim tempestatis passae essent. 3 ablatae essent—acceptum esse: indirect discourse. APPENDIX 95 3. HEROIC DEATH OF DUNDEE AT THE BATTLE OF KILLIEKRANKIE By Th. B. Macaulay Lochiel knew with how much difficulty Dundee had been able to keep together, during a few days, an army composed of sev¬ eral clans; and he knew that what Dundee had effected with diffi¬ culty, Cannon would not be able to effect at all. The life on which so much depended must not be sacrificed to a barbarous preju¬ dice. Lochiel therefore adjured Dundee not to run into any un¬ necessary danger. “Your busi¬ ness is to overlook everything, and to issue your commands. Our business is to execute those commands bravely and prompt¬ ly.” Dundee answered with calm magnanimity that no general could effect anything great with¬ out possessing the confidence of his men. “I must establish my character for courage. Your peo¬ ple expect to see their leaders in the thickest of the battle; and to-day they shall see me there.”... At the beginning of the action Dundee had taken his place in front of his little band of cavalry. He bade them follow him, and rode forward. The horse hesi¬ tated. Dundee turned round, stood up in his stirrups, and, DE DECII MORTE IN PROELIO KILLICRAN- KIENSI FORTITER OBITA (Quam Fortiter Decius in Proe¬ lio Killicrankiensi Mortem Oppetiverit) Noverat Lucius, quanto Decius cum labore exercitum ex complu¬ ribus gentibus collectum vel pau¬ cos dies potuisset continere; ne¬ que minus ignorabat, quod ille aegerrime confecisset, id Canium facere nullo modo posse. Quam ob rem, ne vita, quandoquidem in tanto pretio esset, pro inani quadam barbarorum opinione morti daretur, Decium oravit atque obsecravit, ne inutili sese periculo obiceret. “Summae enim,” inquit, “rerum praeesse atque imperare tuum est: no¬ strum erit, imperata prompte atque fortiter facere.” Ad quae placide ille magnoque animo ne¬ gavit quicquam magni ab ullo unquam duce posse effici, cuius virtus suis non esset explorata. 1 “Quare gloria fortitudinis, inquit, mihi quaerenda est. 2 Confidunt tui, ubi acerrime pugnetur, ibi duces suos pugnantes visum iri, ibidemque hodie me videbunt.” Signis collatis 3 Decius, in prima acie parvae equitum tur¬ mae collocatus, quum suos sese subsequi iussisset, ipse equo pro¬ vehitur. Haerent 4 equites. Verso ille capite in stapiis erigitur, pileoque in altum elato illos, 1 qui a suis in nullo putaretur numero. 2 fortitudinis mihi fama in tuto collocanda est. 3 commisso proelio. 4 haerere; historical infinitive. 96 APPENDIX waving his hat, invited them to come on. A musket ball struck him: his horse sprang forward and plunged into a cloud of smoke and dust which hid from both armies the fall of the victorious general. “How goes the day?” said Dun¬ dee. “Well for King James,” answered his lieutenant, “but I am sorry for you.” “If it is well for him,” answered the dying man, “it matters the less for me.” He never spoke again, but, when half an hour later some friends came to the spot, they thought they could still discern some faint remains of life. The body, wrapped in two plaids, was car¬ ried to the nearest castle. 4. LORD CLIVE’S VICTORY AT PLASSEY By Th. B. Macaulay The battle commenced with a cannonade in which the artillery of the Nabob did scarcely any exe¬ cution while the few field-pieces of the English produced great effect. Several of the most distinguished officers in Surajah Dowlah’s ser¬ vice fell. Disorder began to ut longius progrediantur, horta¬ tur. Tum vero glande percuti¬ tur. Prosilit equus inque fumi atque pulveris quasi nubem im¬ mergitur, qua uterque exercitus impeditur, quo minus victorem ducem cadentem conspicerent. At ille “Quo tandem marte, in¬ quit, dimicamus?” “Iacobo regi,, inquit legatus, omnia evenere se¬ cundissima: tibi vero doleo quod adversa accidunt.” 1 Tum Decius moriens “Regi si bene est, nihil refert 2 quid mihi sit futurum.” Et continuo obmutuit. 3 Dimidia autem hora post amici nonnulli, qui propius accesserant, quum vitae quasi scintillulas quasdam etiarntum videre sibi viderentur, illius corpus duobus opertum stragulis ad proximum castellum deferendum curaverunt. DE CLIVII AD PLASSEY OPPIDUM VICTORIA (Qua Ratione Angli Clivio Duce ad Plassey Oppidum Vicerint) Coniciendis telis proelium com¬ missum est; quibus cum nabob nihil fere proficeret, 4 Angli pau¬ cis tormentis tantam ediderunt stragem, 5 ut complures centu¬ riones, summi viri, qui in Sura- jahi Dowlahi exercitu erant, inter¬ ficerentur. Cuius statim omnes 1 cum Jacobo rege actum optime (praeclare) est: tibi doleo, quod in¬ commodius. Cic. had. 15. 2 flocci facio, pro nihilo duco. 3 quem continuo vox defecit. 4 Coniciendis telis, quibus proelium commissum est, cum nabob nihil fere proficeret, Angli paucis tormentis, quibus S. D. verberabant exercitum, tantas ediderunt ruinas. 5 tantum valuerunt. APPENDIX 97 spread through his ranks. His own terror increased every mo¬ ment. One of the conspirators urged on him the expediency of retreat¬ ing. The insidious advice, agree¬ ing as it did with what his own terrors suggested, was readily re¬ ceived. He ordered his army to fall back, and this order decided his fate. Clive snatched the mo¬ ment, and ordered his troops to advance. The confused and dis¬ pirited multitude gave way before the onset of disciplined valor. No mob attacked by regular soldiers was ever more completely routed. The little band of Frenchmen, who alone ventured to confront the English, were swept down the stream of fugi¬ tives. In an hour, the forces of Sura- jah Dowlah were dispersed, never to reassemble. Only five hundred of the vanquished were slain. But their camp, their guns, their baggage, innumerable wagons, in¬ numerable cattle remained in the power of the conquerors. With the loss of twenty-two soldiers killed and fifty wounded, Clive had scattered an army of near sixty thousand men, and subdued an empire larger and more popu¬ lous than Great Britain. perturbantur ordines, ipsiusque animum terror in horas maior occupat. Tum quidam e coniuratis urget atque defendit, optimum factu esse receptui canere. Quod ille consilium, plenum insidiarum, eo 1 libentius comprobat, quod id ipse quoque terrore percussus iam pri¬ dem animo conceperat. Itaque cum receptui signum dat, suum ipse casum decernit. Hac enim occasione arrepta, 2 Clivius suos iubet progredi. Subito hostes perturbare ordines, salutem de¬ sperare, virtute nostrorum disci¬ plinaque superari, loco concedere. 3 Quorum tanta eo die facta est clades, quantam nullum unquam vulgus a milite accepit. 4 Gallo¬ rum enim parva manus, qui soli nostris adversi consistere ausi erant, una cum fugientium mul¬ titudine ipsi quoque in fugam quasi torrente quodam abrepti sunt. Itaque spatio unius horae in- teriecto copiae Surajahi ita sunt dissipatae, ut ex fuga non amplius sese collegerint. Ex quibus non plus quingenti sunt occisi; sed eorum castris tormentis impedi¬ mentis, innumerabilibus carribus pecoribusque innumerabilibus nostri potiti sunt; qui quidem, amissis viginti duobus, vulneratis quinquaginta, quum Clivio duce exercitum sexaginta fere milium hostium disperserunt, imperium sibi subiecerunt et amplitudine finium et hominum multitudine ipsa Britannia maius. 1 plenum illud quidem insidiarum, tamen eo libentius. 2 hac enim facultate data, hanc enim occasionem nactus. 3 statu moveri. 4 quanta turbae hominum a milite inferri potest maxima. 98 APPENDIX 5. A LETTER FROM M. T. CICERO TO GN. POMPEY THE GREAT Rome, April, 692. My Dear General: I hope that you and the troops are well. Your official despatches have been a source of incredible de¬ light, to me as well as to the whole < community. The prospects of < peace which you hold out are fully as bright as I have always prom- 1 ised the people they would be— i such is my faith in you. I beg leave to add, however, that your < old enemies, now your friends, i are in despair. They are greatly alarmed at your letter because it shatters one of their fondest hopes. Your private communication, it is true, conveys but a faint expres- i sion of your good will towards me. 1 Nevertheless, I must say, that I t am pleased with it. I am never i happier than when I recall the 1 services I have rendered to others, c My favors are not always recip- c rocated, it is true, but then I am s well content that the balance of 1 services done should be on my c side. If my ardent zeal in pro- s moting your interests has not per- r haps quite succeeded in winning t for me your friendship, I have not the least doubt that our common political activity is destined to establish the friendliest relations between us. 1 Marci filius. 2 Salutem dicit: sends greetings. 3 Gnaei filio. 4 Si tu exercitusque valetis, bene est. M. TULLIUS M. F. 1 CICERO S. D. 2 CN. POMPEIO CN. F. 3 MAGNO, IMPERATORI «* (Cic. ad. Fam. 5, 7) Scripta Romae mense Aprili, a. u. c. 692. S. T. E. Q. V. B. E. 4 Ex litteris tuis, quas publice misisti, cepi una cum omnibus in¬ credibilem voluptatem; tantam enim spem otii ostendisti, quan¬ tam ego semper omnibus te uno fretus pollicebar. Sed hoc scito: tuos veteres hostes, novos amicos, vehementer litteris perculsos at¬ que ex magna spe deturbatos, iacere. Ad me autem litteras quas misisti, quamquam exiguam signi¬ ficationem tuae erga me volunta¬ tis habebant, tamen mihi scito iucundas fuisse; nulla enim re tam laetari soleo, quam meorum officiorum conscientia; quibus si quando non mutue respondetur, apud me plus officii residere facil¬ lime patior. Illud non dubito, quin, si te mea summa erga te studia parum mihi adiunxerint, res publica nos inter nos concilia¬ tura coniuncturaque sit. APPENDIX 99 Furthermore, I would have you know clearly what I miss in your letter. So I will speak without reserve, just as my character and our mutual relations demand: I have achieved successes of which I expected some acknowledgment in your letter, both for the sake of our friendship and for reasons of a political kind. Probably, you omitted all mention of this matter purposely, because you were afraid to give offence. I can assure you, however, that the whole civilized world has set its seal of approbation upon my work for the preservation of the country, and when you return home you will find that I have acted my part with such consum¬ mate skill and magnanimity that you will be glad to have me— who am not so very much inferior to Laelius —be associated, in pub¬ lic as in private life, with one, like yourself, so far superior to Africanus. Marcus Tullius Cicero. 6. THE ASSASSINATION OF CLODIUS By M. T. Cicero Milo lingered in the senate that day until the senators adjourned. On arriving at home, he put on his travelling clothes, shoes and all, but tarried some time while his wife, leisurely enough after women’s fashion, dressed herself. Then he set out on his journey, at an hour of the day when Clodius, had he at all meant to reach the Ac, ne ignores, quid ego in tuis litteris desiderarim, scribam aperte, sicut et mea natura et nostra amicitia postulat: res eas gessi, quarum aliquam in tuis lit¬ teris, et nostrae necessitudinis et rei publicae causa, gratulationem exspectavi; quam ego abs te praetermissam esse arbitror, quod vererere, ne cuius animum offen¬ deres. Sed scito ea, quae nos pro salute patriae gessimus, orbis ter¬ rae iudicio ac testimonio com¬ probari; quae cum veneris, tanto consilio tantaque animi magnitu¬ dine a me gesta esse cognosces, ut tibi multo maiori, quam Africanus fuit, me non multo minorem, quam Laelium, facile et in re pub¬ lica et in amicitia adiunctum esse patiar e. QUOMODO CLODIUS IN¬ TERFECTUS SIT ENARRAT M. T. CICERO Milo (autem), cum in senatu fuisset eo die, quoad senatus est dimissus, domum venit, calceos et vestimenta mutavit, paulisper, dum se uxor, ut fit, comparat, commoratus est, dein profectus id temporis, cum iam Clodius, si quidem eo die Romam venturus erat, redire potuisset. Obviam ei fit Clodius, expeditus, in equo, 100 APPENDIX city that day, might have been back at Rome. On his way he met Clodius prepared to strike a blow: not seated in a travel¬ ling carriage, but riding on horse¬ back, without any baggage, with¬ out his accustomed retinue of Greeks, without even the com¬ pany of his wife—something quite foreign to his usual custom. On the other hand, “this waylayer, who planned his trip with the thought of murder on his mind” was accompanied by his wife— ensconced in a four-wheeled car¬ riage—wrapt in a travelling cloak —and attended by a large and cumbersome train of delicate youths and maids in attendance! Milo chanced upon Clodius in front of the latter’s villa about four o’clock in the afternoon or thereabouts. Forthwith, some of the Clodian party, weapon in hand, swoop down upon him from their vantage-ground. They face his driver and kill him outright. Then Milo threw back his cloak, leapt off the carriage, and made a spirited self-defence. Now one part of the Clodian retinue came hurrying back with drawn swords to attack him from the rear, while another detachment, believing him to be already slain, proceeded to make havoc of the slaves fol¬ lowing the coach. Such of the latter as were faithful to their master and willing to help him were partly cut down; the others, though seeing that the fight cen¬ tred about the carriage, were pre¬ vented from rallying to their mas¬ ter’s assistance; and, therefore, on hearing Clodius say what they nulla raeda, nullis impedimentis, nullis Graecis comitibus, ut sole¬ bat, sine uxore, quod nunquam fere: cum hic insidiator, qui iter illud ad caedem faciendam ap- parasset, cum uxore veheretur, in raeda, paenulatus, magno et im¬ pedito et muliebri ac delicato an¬ cillarum puerorumque comitatu. Fit obviam Clodio ante fundum eius hora fere undecima aut non multo secus. Statim complures cum telis in hunc faciunt de loco superiore impetum; adversi rae¬ darium occidunt; cum autem hic de raeda, reiecta paenula, desiluis¬ set seque acri animo defenderet, illi, qui erant cum Clodio, gladiis eductis partim recurrere ad rae¬ dam, ut a tergo Milonem adori¬ rentur, partim, quod hunc iam interfectum putarent, caedere in¬ cipiunt eius servos, qui post erant; ex quibus qui animo fideli in do¬ minum et praesenti fuerunt, par¬ tim occisi sunt, partim, cum ad raedam pugnari viderent, domino succurrere prohiberentur, Mil¬ onem occisum et ex ipso Clodio audirent et re vera putarent, fecerunt id servi Milonis—dicam enim aperte, non derivandi cri¬ minis causa, sed ut factum est— nec imperante nec sciente nec presente domino, quod suos quis- APPENDIX 101 themselves took to be a fact, namely that Milo was dead, they —well, I’ll be perfectly candid, not in order to shift the responsi¬ bility of the crime, but simply to state a fact—these slaves of Milo did, without the bidding, without the knowledge, without even the presence of their master, what every master would want his own slaves to have done under like circumstances. 7 NATIONAL SORROW FOR THE LOSS OF NELSON By R. Southey The death of Nelson was felt in England as something more than a public calamity; men started at the intelligence, turned pale, as if they had heard of the loss of a dear friend. An object of our admiration and affection, of our pride and of our hopes, was sud¬ denly taken from us, and it seemed as if we had never, till then, known how deeply we loved and reverenced him. What the country had lost in its great naval hero—the greatest of our own and of all former times—was scarcely taken into the account of grief. So perfectly, indeed, had he per¬ formed his part that the maritime war after the battle of Trafalgar was at an end. que servos in tali re facere voluisset. (Pro Milone, 28, 29.) MORTE NELSONII QUANTO ANGLI MAERORE SINT AFFLICTI 1 Ex Nelsonii morte multo Angli acerbius condoluerunt, 2 quam ex nescio qua calamitate rei pu¬ blicae; qui ea re cognita sic per¬ turbari sic pallescere (sunt visi), ut qui 3 hominem amicissimum e vita excessisse audivissent. Ni¬ mirum, qui in admiratione nobis et in deliciis semper fuerat, de quo gloriabamur optimeque speraba¬ mus, is subito nobis ereptus est: quem quanto amore quantaque veneratione, prosequeremur, per¬ spexisse antea non videbamur. Ac dolentibus nobis vix illud ob oculos versabatur qualem res publica virum amisisset amisso illo in rebus maritimis exercita¬ tissimo—-quo nemo neque nunc neque antea maior exstitit:— usque adeo munus suum exple¬ verat, 4 ut facto ad Trafalgar proe¬ lio bellum navale conficeret. 5 1 quanto maerore Angli oppressos se praebuerint. 2 acerbior Anglismors Nelsonii fuit—mortuo Nelsonio acerbior tota Anglia luctus versabatur—quam si nescio quam civitas calamitatem accepisset. 3 ac si. 4 usque eo sibi (muneri suo, officio suo) non defuerat. 5 bello navali finem faceret. 102 APPENDIX It was not from any selfish re¬ flection upon the magnitude of our loss that we mourned for him: general sorrow was of a higher character. The people of Eng¬ land grieved that funeral cere¬ monies and public monuments and posthumous rewards were all which they could bestow upon him, whom the king, the legisla¬ ture, and the nation, would have alike delighted to honor; whom every tongue would have blessed; whose presence in every village through which he might have passed would have wakened the church bells, have given school boys a holiday, have drawn chil¬ dren from their sports to gaze upon him, and “old men from the chimney corner” to look upon Nelson ere they died. Huius viri mortui dolor tantum aberat ut ex ingenti quodam no¬ stro ipsorum damno desiderioque nasceretur, ut etiam multo esset altius repetendus: illud gens An- glorum doluit, quod praeter ritus funebres, monumenta locis pu¬ blicis ponenda, alia praemia mor¬ tuo danda, nihil ei posset tri¬ buere, quem rex, quem senatus, quem universa civitas summo honore afficere voluissent; cui uno omnes ore optima quaeque pre¬ cati essent; qui, quemcunque vi¬ cum adiisset, 1 ecclesiarum Cam¬ panas ex somniando ad sonandum excitasset; qui discipulis diem festum 2 impertivisset; qui pueros puellasque ad se spectandum a ludis abduxisset; qui ipsos deni¬ que senes a lare familiari avo- casset, ut, postquam vidissent Nelsonium, tum demum de vita decederent. 1 cuius in vicos adventu campanae e somnio excitatae sonare coepissent: cuius in vicos adventus campanas . . . excitassent. 2 diei vacationem. EXERCISES TO BE DONE INTO LATIN 1. BABEL As if there were not more than a sufficiency of languages in the world already, those who have nothing better to do with their time have been inventing, and doing their best to persuade people to adopt, universal languages, which will enable all nations to converse after a fashion, without any acquaintance with each other’s tongues. A short time ago, we dealt with this subject of a universal lan¬ guage, and the result has been a rain of pamphlets. The votaries of Esperanto, Volapuk, and the Langue Bleue have all urged the claims of their respective jargons, to be the one world-wide universal language. So far as can be judged from a very cursory glance through the rival tongues, the most sensible of all and the most easily understood would appear to be Esperanto, for the simple reason that it is founded more closely than the others on Latin. But this at once raises the question, Why should it be thought necessary to invent a new international language when one already exists, and one which has been the universal language of civilization for nearly two thousand years. Most people know something of Latin, and the Chinese, the Fiji Islanders, and others who do not, might very profitably devote their spare time to studying a universal language with a magnificent litera¬ ture behind it. There is absolutely no need to attempt to build another Tower of Babel in the present year of grace .—The Globe , London, May 25, 1903. Vocabulary more than a sufficiency: nimio plures ; or maior quam quae suppeditat multitudo ac varietas. I have nothing better to do with my time: nihil antiquius habeo quam ut. after a fashion: quodammodo. without any acquaintance: ignarus. Lesson 36. the result: eliminate this word by changing the structure of the sentence. Lesson 60. I urge my claim: from a cursory glance: rival tongues: founded on: but this raises the question: civilization: with a magnificent literature behind monumenta) than which nothing to devote one’s time to: multa dico, quare. use leviter eruditus. use in hac contentione linguarum. similis w. genitive. on this account one is 'permitted (licet) to ask. politiores populi. Lesson 1. it: to studying a literature (litterae ac is more copious. Lesson 21. tempus vacuum, otium, otii tempus insumere in aliqua re. 103 104 APPENDIX 2. THE EVENTS FOLLOWING THE MURDER OF CAESAR IN THE POMPEIAN CURIA Meanwhile the curia was abandoned by the living, and the marble effigy of Pompeius looked mutely down upon the prostrate corpse of his mighty rival. The assassins had proposed at first to treat the body with the formal indignities due to chastised traitors, and drag it ignominiously to the Tiber; but they soon became aware that their own position was too precarious to indulge in an act which might pro¬ voke popular indignation, and all their care was directed to providing for their own safety. During the first hours which followed only a few curious eyes in¬ truded upon the melancholy scene: at last three of the murdered man’s attendants summoned courage to enter the hall, and removed the body, stretched upon a litter imperfectly supported at three corners, while one arm hung unheeded over its side. When the conspirators withdrew to the Capitol quiet was gradually restored; it was affirmed that they had abjured from the first the exten¬ sion of their vengeance even to the immediate adherents of their victim. Some of them, it must be allowed, had urged, as a necessary precau¬ tion, the massacre of Antonius also; but Brutus, consistent in the prin¬ ciples which he brought to his crime, had forbidden an act which might seem to stain with a trace of human passion the purity of their sublime sacrifice.— Merivale. Vocabulary effigy: statua. / propose: rival: obtrectator. animum induco; Lesson 5, Note 2. formal: omit; see Lesson 12; or by means of: lex. that their own position, etc.: that they were in ho great a danger, followed by quam ut. to intrude: attendant: (se) insinuare {scene: ad videndum), satelles, itis, use an adverb. imperfectly: incommodius. they summoned courage: litter: lectica, ae. they abjured: they said they would not (supplicium sumere de quoquam), favere alicui. cavere, ut—occideretur. Lesson 6. ut erat constans consiliique memor, punish: adherent: precaution: consistent: purity: with a trace of human passion: carried sublime: use gloria; Lesson 11. quo. 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