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SET GU ne A due ae d A. M. D. (5. THE STUDENT'S GRADUS AN AID TO LATIN VERSIFICATION I" 7N P, 7 BY LEO T. BUTLER, S.j. BOSTON COLLEGE LIBRARY CHESTNUT HILL, MASS, WOODSTOCK COLLEGE WOODSTOCK, MD. 1914 Copyright 1914 by Leo T. Butler 131308 Baltimore City Printing and Binding Company 352-363 Equitable Building CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION—By Rev. Charles B. Macksey, S. J.... iii PRSVENUCE SAG Mapa PS a Lie MN eL dr eas d RUN RUE s E RN Ria V PRAENOTANDA | ERI CLOS Yt a ry ARCANO NAI EARN du. 09S UD CEU X vil BL d E Poot ss ek ey neon ey PN vii Pie su x2 aaa n : J IX Ehe Caesardl adsense eame rie m e vil | A. species and Length Of Verse seis ooo ds viii ; MI uOGeherul Rules Of;Prosody... 2. dou eu xii MESOPOSUCTJcenses 0 eu Leser RE ES xii NT opOeanUes OL Tindal 5ylHables... 5... 5. coe xiii LISTOIUPEADIHORSQGEDEID o i ILE en ME M xxiv LIST OO ADO REVIT A THON SWISH Dey oo. Seely xxvi JEDER tod, © Des IRAs oot he a UV Ve es 1-454 APPENDIX I. A list of Proper Names, Ancient and Modern, common to Po8try........ Sin peas a UT 457-498 II. A list of Trees, Plants, Flowers and Shrubs... 499-509 III. A list of Birds known to the Ancients........ 510-516 INTRODUCTION. Experienced teachers of English know that the compassing of a style in prose is somehow connected with patient drill work in English verse, even though the pupil may never look to projecting his thoughts upon the poetic clouds of creative fancy. Few men, if any, who have suc- cessfully taught the mastery of the written and the spoken word in Latin, have doubted the value thereunto of a careful drilling in Latin verse. The familiarity with Latin idiom, rhythm, antithesis and epi- gram gotten by the successful grasp of the elegiac distich, for instance, is a distinct step in the security of Latin expression. So long, then, as we retain Latin as the best type for a thorough study of language and as an instrument for the development of the powers of thought-recep- tion and thought-expression, we may count on the retention of Latin verse work in the class-room, in spite of sporadic discontent therewith. If so, the value of the present work is obvious. For many years those of us who have put the Latin Gradus among the school-boys’ tools have been constrained to fall back upon Noel’s French edition of the Gradus. Thereby we complicated the problem for the student, unless he was familiar with French, and we embar- rassed the college authorities concerned with book-supplies, for the reason that it was difficult and sometimes impossible to secure imported copies of Noel. More than once some of us have looked longingly for the prospect of having an edition out in English. While teaching Latin at Georgetown University some years ago, Mr. Butler emphasized to the Prefect of Studies the pressing need of such an edition and was told in reply that if he desired a Latin Gradus for the use of English iv INTRODUCTION. students he would have to prepare it himself. He has done so. The present edition in English of the old French Noel, revised and abridged, is the result. The Prefect of Studies in the case herewith bids it wel- come and Godspeed. May it do- for the students of today as much good as its French forbear did for an earlier generation! CuHanRLEs B. Macksey, S.J. Gregorian University, Rome, Oct.i22, T9 I2. PREFACE. The compiler of the Student's Gradus makes no claim to originality either in the purpose or in the contents of this work. As was the case with any Gradus, it must be founded along the lines of those which have blazed the way to Parnassus for the student of the past. When James Vaniére, S.J., uniting together all the merits of the different works, issued to aid the student of Latin poetry, brought forth his famous Magnum Dictionarium Poeticum, he left no room for improve- ment from the standpoint of originality, and when Noel, taking up the work of the scholarly Jesuit, augmented it by many more examples, phrases and quotations, no future editor could hope to extend the field covered by both. So the writer has availéd himself of these two works, merely retrenching what was superfluous and making certain changes, which, from experience, seemed necessary and useful to the student of the present day. As this volume is for the young student of the High School and College course, it has been thought advisable to omit all words not needed in his work, such as rare geographical terms, names of obscure personages, and uncommon words, found but seldom, in the classical authors. Epithets for the most part have been left out, since the young student's propensity to fill out his line at any cost has made them an occasion of abuse, while anyone, who can use them with profit, will easily select them from the authors read. Participles have been omitted, except as synonyms of adjectives, since they will be found with the verb from which they are derived. Those, however, which have been so commonly used that their connection with the verb is lost sight of, are embodied in the text. vi PREFACE. It has seemed fit to separate from the main part of the Gradus the proper names in common use, the list of trees, plants, flowers and shrubs, as well as a complete list of the birds known to the ancients, and place them in three distinct appendices. This has been done that the body of the work should be as compact as possible, while the student, wishing to make use of these sections, may run through them with greater ease and less expenditure of time. Po Such then is the work which the writer offers to the young student of Latin Verse, desiring as he does, to assist him in the great work of formation based on the time-honored study of the classics. He has been led to undertake this task, seeing the difficulty of procuring for the boys the old Gradus Ad Parnassum, so long out of print, and the trouble they are accustomed to have with the edition in French. If it may be of assistance in helping them to acquire a greater knowledge and love of the classics, he will feel amply repaid for the labor spent upon it. | | PRAENOTANDA. A SuonT TREATISE ON LATIN VERSIFICATION. I. QUANTITY. The quantity of a syllable in Latin depends upon the quantity of its vowel sound, which in turn is governed by fixed rules according to its nature and position. If the vowel is long by nature, the syllable is long. If, however, the vowel is short by nature, yet followed by two consonants, the syllable is long by position, unless the two consonants be a mute followed by a liquid in the same syllable. In the latter case, the quantity may be considered either long or short. For the sake of the student, but three symbols are used to indicate the quantity of the syllable: the long (2), the short (~), and the common (x). The last indicates that a syllable is either long or short, by nature or posi- tion. A little practice will enable the student to discover which is meant by the common mark, since a syllable will be common by position only when the vowel is followed by two consonants, not a mute and a liquid. Il «Tag Boor: The standard of all metrical measures in Latin is the foot. The following are the more ordinary ones used by the classical poets. i Love a ENG ED TRORMIOB hair mabey ale VLA ates monstrüm. dur oV EHE qa oo Mo s curru dies. cea date By og © CRU BORON M e uis arma. Nu Dou: BES Sun's 0 oan AN a Ara d aO Un péde. Sag cg HE Tage UR Vg RE A I PO US càrmíná, ee cc. DNO AMADgesEr i a a iU driven piétas. Bros) phe Me. DEA Wace hcg dis anima. EU MER UC BOITE S S T ANIME RR EA éxanimas. In regard to these measures it is to be noted that the last syllable of a verse may be indifferently long or short, whatsoever the metre. Vill PRAENOTANDA. III. Enxision. One of the difficulties with which the student has to contend in writing Latin verse is the elision of a vowel, diphthong, or a final syl- lable ending in a vowel and M before a word commencing with a vowel or H. With the ancients this combination was harsh-sounding and unpleasant, so the final syllable of the previous word was elided and not considered in the scansion. As too many elisions, however, are apt to make a line rough and harsh, it is well to be sparing of them at first. Certain interjections are not elided: e.g. 0, ah, heu, proh, 10, etc. IV. THe CarsuraAL PAUSE. At certain points in a line of poetry, the ancients placed what was known as the caesural pause, namely a pause or slight suspension of the voice for harmony, happy effect, to give prominence to certain important words or ideas, or even to relieve the too stately effect which is apt to result in a long line such as the hexameter. One or two things must be noted. A syllable that is elided never ends a caesura. The caesural syllable is always the end of a word. It generally comes about the middle of the verse. In the hexameter it is generally found before the last syllable of the third foot, though for grace and variety it is often found in the second and fourth feet. In the pentameter, as well as most of the other measures, the caesura has a fixed place. V. SPECIES AND LENGTH OF VERSE. A) Hexameter Verse. This is composed of six feet, of which the first four are indiffer- ently dactyls or spondees, the fifth a dactyl, and the sixth a spondee. Sometimes a spondee is found in the fifth foot, but in that case a dactyl will be found in the fourth. As this latter variety is the excep- tion rather than the rule, a spondee should not be placed in the fifth foot. DIAGRAM. A quick, light or joyful thought predominates in dactyls, while a stately, mournful theme contains more spondees. Care should be taken to have the measure fit the thought expressed. In general, how- PRAENOTANDA. ix ever, the best effect is produced by a skilful combination of both dac- tyls and spondees. But the first foot should be a dactyl in preference to a spondee. ) The Hexameter is the measure used in heroic and didactic poems on account of its stateliness. B) Pentameter Verse. This is composed of four feet, with two extra syllables called the caesural syllables, one of which is placed after the second foot, the other at the end of the line. The first two feet are indifferently dactyls : or spondees, the last two necessarily dactyls. The last word in a line should never be a word of three syllables, or even a monosyllable unless the words "est," if preceded by a vowel which is elided. The best word to end the line is one of two syllables, though a word ot four or even five syllables may occasionally end the verse for the sake of variety. DIAGRAM. The Pentameter verse is used with the Hexameter to form a couplet, called the Elegiac distich. It is the usual measure employed in elegies. C) Iambic Verse. There are two kinds of Iambic verse, the dimeter consisting of four feet, and the trimeter of six feet. In the dimeter, the fourth foot must be an iambus, but the other feet vary according to the diagram below. THE DIMETER. The trimeter may be entirely iambic or it may be varied. In the’ latter case the sixth foot is always an iambus. In the mixed Iambic trimeter, the second, fourth and sixth feet must either be iambi or tribrachs, while the first, third and fifth may either be dactyls, spondees, or anapaests. The third foot, however, sometimes admits the tribrach, while the fifth is generally a spondee or an anapaest. X PRAENOTANDA. THE TRIMETER. D) Sapphic and Adonic. This measure consists of three Sapphic verses and one Adonic. The Sapphic verse has five feet. The first is a trochee, the second a spondee, the third a dactyl and the last two trochees. The caesura comes usually after the fifth and sometimes after the sixth syllable. The Adonic verse is composed of a dactyl followed by a spondee. DIAGRAM. E) Asclepiad Metres. The general name of Asclepiad is given to five variations of metre based on the use of the choriambus. They are best explained by the diagrams below. I. First ASCLEPIAD. 4 = yy = = PRAENOTANDA. xi 4. FOURTH ASCLEPIAD. F) Alcaic Verse. This difficult measure is composed of four lines, the first two of which are Dactylic Alcaics, the third an Archilochian lambic, and the fourth a Dactylic Trochaic line. The first two lines have four feet and a caesural syllable. The first foot is a spondee, rarely an iambus, the second an iambus, followed by the caesural syllable, while the last two feet are dactyls. In the third line the first foot is a spondee, rarely an iambus, the second an iambus, the third a spondee, and the last foot an iambus with a hypermetric syllable following. The fourth verse is composed of two dactyls fol- lowed by two trochees. DIAGRAM. Another and more modern method of scanning the Alcaic metfe is by considering the first syllable of the first three lines an anacrusis; in that case, the first two verses consist of an anacrusis, a trochee, spondee and two dactyls. The third and fourth lines are expansions of the first and second halves of these lines respectively; the third adding two trochees to the first half of the first line, and the fourth Xil PRAENOTANDA, adding them to the second half. The following diagram will explain the method clearly. DIAGRAM. VI. GENERAL RULES or PRosopy. 1. The last syllable of a verse may be long or short, no matter what species of foot be required. A 2. Every vowel is long by position when it is followed by two con- . - sonants, the single consonant J, and the double consonants X and Z. The single exception to this rule is a vowel, short by nature, followed by a mute and a liquid in the same syllable. In this case a vowel may be long or short ad libitum. | 3. A vowel followed by another vowel is short except in the case of certain words borrowed from the Greek, the genitive and dative singular of the fourth declensions, and the I in Fio and its compounds, except when the I is followed by ER. 4. Final O is common, except in monosyllables, the dative and ablative singular of nouns, and most adverbs. 5. Derived words follow the quantities of the words from which they are derived. VII. Poetic LicENsEs. The following licenses have been found in the works of the great Latin poets, which, however, should be used with moderation, if at all: 1. A syllable, short by nature and position, may be considered long if followed by the caesura. e.g. Néc qui pretériit, hora rédiré potest... .O. 2. A vowel followed by the caesura is not elided sometiines before another vowel Some poets have even used this license where the caesura did not follow. e.g. Arcádico jüvéni in leva parté mámillz... . . J. PRAENOTANDA, xiii 35. Very rarely a vowel at the end of a line is elided by one begin- ning the following line. e.g. Robórá navigiis àptant rémdsqué ridéntésque Exigüi nüméro..... jf 4. Sometimes a word is divided so that a part ends one line, and the other part begins the following line. e.g. Potét ácetum ; ágé, si et straméntis incübét unde- Octoginta ànnos nàtüs...... i2 5. Sometimes the poet adds the suffix ER to the infinitives of passive and deponent verbs. e.g. Et incipiébat princeps ingrédiér; éüm Addücit prétío. Phaed. 6. Frequently two vowels generally pronounced as two separate syllables are made to form one syllable, more often a long one. e.g. Invidia postquam péllacis Ülysset. V. 7. It is a common practice for the poet to separate the parts of a compound word by an intervening word. e.g. Quo me cunque rapit tempestas — H. VIII. Quantities oF FINAL SYLLABLES. 1. Nouns. First Declension. Singular. Plural. PR SE OR Lr E Res E ini ial A e BOR VO AUREUM a. QE TU eR ay MIU gfe RUN OES alU LU AE UH artim. IE PER UU uus Fale Ahearn IU ene AQ DR S Is. DASE io a V MER v BUSES DUST MON CRUSE Oc M. SE WDR FRU as. Ve Ces dius uh E Nt, FRG SPA aoe, INI GIs RT NA xo IGS 2e. Kee UME ut S p wA d QU Gegen VOLARE NBN a SN I REDE OU 6r is. Note. In the singular, the first list is the regular declension ending. The others are the endings of Greek nouns of which there are a few used in Latin. Second Declension. Singular. Plural. BN CES EP IP ALAS UIS AUS cios duse s ver C SOR Y E 1,'d. GEL een ee ey AU hib so Door EL D órüm. TIME OU aem PU e OMS E CHA, pi MEAN S 4 3 is. D. QAM CC rv uel ADE NOUO ONG UL DA VP oo Fe HU RO A ARM OS, à. TUS OB ETT DO o LOUP duse Rai cS E OI RM RA ait eke THe ee ee Ry SN a Me ohare aR OU OT RIMAGE Nal is. xiv PRAENOTANDA, Third Declension. Singular. Plural. PO Oe, 49/0326; 05: Neut 3,6, 0$ 1 1 Lev 1s, 683 IN aia. Legen REND ye ome SURREAL MERON M Ts Gub Vee am) aa RAR RHICME hee RUNE ORAS PP qn re UN Dy Kc LAU a kee ME inc 1 ACC... ,em, 1m, 4, In; : N. a e Na RS D Ne AY ad ag es, 1s; N.; à, à, AMO UNDE CHR as 'Nominative. j NODIS E annu i br ATUS ups Tut DAS oh Ne Oe ex cus ARMIS. Fourth Declension. Singular. Plural. PT OS Nenb Hou s coL EU Mee RU S JL Sean. Ua. Hime d ads UR Pu M ultep bi LA UNE RUE UR UNE DURATA Tabs OTL LAUS aera dp da mua on OU DE PRSE ENS sis 0S ADUR, DUS: Acc....üm, Bo vL. DIM vs tie COME rp Ml goat M aera Ti UO eos We Gis dis SPORE: dS Nomistive. E NE d qe d CoL LG EDU NDS Singular. Plural. PEL RU d QN a EB ne osos ea de qal ue TE "IAEA RE A QUT: és, Ce Nep MIS PL URN Vas ARREST US eri SIME PE ORL ea s dios S RNa hy bat Mice T a END ER NCC L D HEHL emos sov es PORE oe eb ES D X ADMI AE ee MOC..i.. s 22. ,.pame as Nominative, NU Y. uL d eua qM Ko NEU ME TM ébüs. 9. PRONOUNS. Singular. SER ed TTE Cro RTE galas NE MUA Cauca Hae, Bac; "mo . le, ila, illád ERU AMG oo ty Ele ds S BÜL E. hüjüs. DEL UM . Allfüs. PE Un VNB. Ls SI ss BC s MI TOO meas. 46, .......56.. .. Hane, hanc, hoc. diam, illam, 1llàd. TUBE COL S Later i V 56... hoc, hac, hoc... ; Me 23 1]. Plural. Node C UNO. :MOSL iio (C) HL Me; hac. ^. HT MEO G.......nostrüm, 1.véestrüm, 1.sü1. . . .horüm, hàrüm. . illorüm, illàrii:n. Duc NODIS. T DRE. € SAbE Coe eo deem . . Illis. JUOG. Cervo HOS LU MORAL 2 se. . hos, has, hic. . . illos, illàs, ia. X8 23.25 adl AP MR YODIS, ; 8 At a a Piet) bey PRAENOTANDA. XV Singular. NUS V OL BE PH. Id. i Ipsé, ipsa, ipsüm. ....Qui, quz, quód. Qu UE EUIS. risu. stn 52 9 vee ICT HR: Dr I Pte TURON S dE CIUS TRES bane cao af Cl: Acc...... éüm, é4m,id......ipsiim, ipsam, ipsum. .quem, quam, quód. ABE s CO PAJEOU T m. :.1D50, Ipsa. IDSD - «s.s quo, qua, quo. l Plural. NA VOL EL), eae, 63... MDSI; ApSeey ipsa? eus . qui, qua, quà. Cr S .. éorüm, éarüm.....1psorüm,Ipsarüm....quoórüm, quarüm. D ele AS Deas eas QUBSIS UE nro CR quibüs. Po Cs a ce COS, CaS Ca... unis. S05, 1pSa5/ IDSa: Ys. quos, quàs, qua. Abo c BIS HS ve Gola s ZIDSIS o de eed ates quibüs. Note. The words Uter, Alter, Neuter, and Alius are declined like /pse. The interrogative pronoun Quis, quae, quid, is declined like Qui. NUMERAL ADJECTIVES. NON. UNS 8, MIM uice cs 12:2 OUS MIM ee CHO cca ica Trés, tria. GU NI DIS eU E EU ..düorüm, dáarüm...... . tríüm. DRIN SES LENS Hr D PRU an ee ; A ditobis; dHabus. os Les tríbüs. Ages TS ünüm, ünàm..... 452 Ns SONOS: dUAS, CUO. . 4 . trés, tria. ADI T JEUO UNAS Ld VAIO düobüs, dáabüs........ tribis. Note. .imbo is declined like Duo. 3. Tur PERSONAL ENDINGS OF VERBS. ACTIVE. Indicative, . Subjunctive. Present. L ls III. IV T. I III. IV. SOUL, é6. é. 10. em, Eam o am iam. as. és, Is. is. es, éas. as. las. át. ét, it. it. ét. éat. at. iat. Pl. àmüs. é@mtis. imis. imüs. emüs. é€amts. amtis. iamis. atis. étis. itis. itis. etis, catis... Aüs: iatis. ant. ént. tint. fünt. ent. eant... « ant. lant. Imperfect. S. abam. ébam. ébam. iébam. |arém. erem. érém. irem. abas. ^ ebas. bas. © iébas. ares. érés. érés. Ires, dbat. ebat. ^ ebát, | iébát laret. erét.. €rét. iret. Pl. àbamüs.ebamüs. ébamis. iebàmüs.|aremüs. éremüs. érémüs. irémüs. abatis. ébatis. ébatis. iébatis, |àretis. érétis, érétis. irétis. abant. eébant. ébant. iébant. larent. érént. érent. irent. PRAENOTANDA. Xvi Future. S abd, ébé.' àm. iam. | abis. éebis. és. les. abit — eh. et. iét. Wanting. Pl. àbímüs. ebímüs. émüs. lemüs. abitis. ébitis. etis, iétis. abunt. ébunt. ént. ient. Perfect. Pluperf. Fut. Perf.| Perfect. | Pluperf. Fut. Perf. .. (For all conjugations.) (For all conjugations.) a d éram. ero. érim. issém. isti. eras. éris. éris. isses. it érat, érit. érit. issét. Wanting. Piss imius:; éramts. érimis. érimüs. issemüs. istis. ératis. — éritis. éritis. issétis. erünt (éré). érant. érint. érint. Issent. Imperatives. L T II. IV, MD. q^ ato. é, etó. é, itd. i, itd. 9: ato. etó. ito. ito. Pl. 2. até, atote. etc, Etdté. ité. 1t6té. ité, itoté. 3. antd. énto. üntó. iunto, Infinitives. 1, Th. TII. IV. Pres. àré. éré, ere. iré. Perf. issé. issé. issé. Issé, Fut. arts, a, im essé. LL Pres. àns,àntis. Fut. ürüs,à, am. ürüs, 4, im éssé. ürüs, 4, iim éssé. ürüs, à, im éssé. Participles. RH: Il. IM. ens, entis, ens, entis, ürüs, 4, üm. ürüs, 4, tim. iéns, iéntis. urus, a, tim. PASSIVE. Indicative. Subjunctive. Present. il H. III. BV bd T ITI. INS So éor. or. ior. ér. éar. Ar. iar. aris. éris. éris, iris. eris. éaris. àris. iaris. abr. etr s ARES für. etür. éatür. .atür. . qatar Pl àmür. éeémür. lmür. imür emür. éàmür. amtr. [làntür. Amini. émini, imini. imini. |émíni, éàmíni. àmini. lamür. antür. énttir. üntür. Iüntür. Jentür. éantür. àntür. iamini ESL PRAENOTANDA. xvii Imperfect. L LT. III. IV. I. II. TII IV. S. abár. ' ebir. ebár. iebár. |àrér. Grér, érér. irér. -21-7^* -1- 4 -1- * Med mw em JL mn Nd - - x FERES: 2.- abaris. ébaris. ébaris. iébaris. |àreris. éréris. éréris. iréris. abatür. ebatür. ébatir. iébatiir. |arétir. érétiir. érétiir. iretür. Pl. abàmür. ébamtr, ébàmür. iebàmür.|àremür. eremür. érémür. irémiir. abamini. ébamini. ébamini. iebamíni.|arémíni. érémini.érémini. irémini. abanttr. ébantür. ébantir. febantür.|arentür. éréntir. éréntir. iréntir. Future. S.D 8bor, abor. ar. iar. abéris. ébéris. eris. iéris. abitür. ébitur. étfir.’. iettir Wanting. Pl abimtr. ebímür. émür. iémir abimini. ebimini. emiíni. iémini abüntür.ebüntür.entür. lentür. Perfect. Pluperf. Fut. Perf. |Perfect. Pluperf. Fut. Perf. (For all conjugations.) (For all conjugations.) Past Part. with süm, éram, & éró, |Past. Part. with sim Wanting etc. & essem, etc. T . Imperative. 1i if. II. IV. m7. NEC Ln ROME: - v -1M€ "" wv,X -" -€X GM. aré, ator. éré, etór. éré, itor. iré, it6r. B atór. etór. ítór. itór. PL». mini. emíni. imini. imini. 3. antor. entór. üntór. Iüntór. Infinitive. T. II. TEE IV. Pres. art éri. 1. TET: Perf. atüm éssé. Itüm éssé. tüm éssé. itum éessé. Fut. atüm iri. itüm iri. tüm iri. Itüm iri. Participles. D IT TII: TVs Perf. atüs, a, iim. ittis, 4, üm. tis, 4, üm. itüs, a, im Fut. arts, a, Gm) rds) A, Gm. |) (Gnas: a, lm. ürus, a; tim Supines. I. LA TII. IV. atim, ü. Itüm, ü. tüm, ü. itüm, ü xviii PRAENOTANDA, 4, IRREGULAR VERBS. Sum. Indicative. Pres. Sim, és, ést, sümüs, estis, sünt. Imperf. Bram, eras, érat, éramüs, Eratis, érant. Future. Éró, éris, érit, érimis, éritis, érünt. Perf. Fui, füisti, füit, füímüs, füistis, füerünt (éré). Pluperf. Füérám, füéràs, füérát, füéramüs, füératis, füérant. Fut.Perf. | Füéró, füérls, füérit, füérimüs, füéritis, füérint. Subjunctive. Pres. Sim, sis, sit, simüs, sitis, sint. Imperf. Essém, éssés, Essét, éssémüs, essetis, essent. Perf. Füérim, füéris, füérit, füérimüs, füéritis, füérint. Pluperf. Füissém, füisses, füissét, füissemüs, füissetis, füissent. Infinitives. Essé, Füissé, Fór&. Participles. Fütürüs, à, im. Possum. Indicative. Pres. Possüm, pótés, potest, posstimts, potéstis, possünt. Imperf. Pótéràm, pótéras, pótérát, potéramus, potératis, potérant. Fut. Pótéró, pótéris, pótérit, potérimus, poteritis, pótérünt. Perf. Pótüi, pótüisti, potiit, pótüimüs, potitistis, pótüerünt (éré). Pluperf. Pótüéràm, pótüéras, pótüérát, pótüéramüs, pótüératis, . pótüérant. Fut.Perf. | Pótüéró, pótüérls, pótüérit, pótüérimüs, pótüéritis, pótü- érint. Subjunctive. Pres. Possim, possis, possit, póssimüs, possitis, possint. Imperf. Póssém, posses, posset, possemüs, possetis, possent, Perf. Pótüérim, pótüéris, pótüérit, potüérimüs, pótüéritis, poti- érint. Pluperf. Pótüissém, pótüisses, pótüissét, pótüissemüs, pótüissetis. pótüissent. Infinitives. | Possé, Pótüissé. Eo. Indicative. Pres. Éó, is, it, imüs, itis, éünt. Imperf. Ibàm, ibis, ibát, ibàmüs, ibatis, ibant. Fut. Ibó, ibis, ibit, ibimüs, ibitis, ibünt. Perf. Ivi (Ti), ivisti, ivit ( Ht, i ivímüs, ivistis, iverünt (lérünt). Pluperf. Ivéram (Iéràm), ivéràs, ivérat, ivéramüs, ivératis, ivérant. Fut. Perf. — Ivéró (Iéró), ivéris, ivérit, ivérimüs, ivéritis, ivérint. Pres. Imperf. Perf. Pluperf. Imperative. Pres. Imperf. Fut. Perf. Pluperf. Fut. Perf. Pres. Imperf. Perf. Pluperf. Pres. Imperf. Fut. Perf. Pluperf. Fut. Perf. PRAENOTANDA. XIX Subjunctive. Eam, éàs, &it, éàmüs, éatis, cant. Irém, ires, irét, irémüs, iratis, irént. Ivérim (Iérim), ivéris, ivérit, ivérimts, ivéritis, ivérint. Ivissem (lissem), ivissés, ivissét, ivissémiis, ivissétis, ivissent. Infinitives. | Iré, Ivissé (Tissé). Participles. Yéns (éüntís), Ituris (à, im). I, ité, itoté, éüntó. Gerundive. Éündi, éündo, éündüm. Fero. Indicative Active. Féró, fers, fert, férímüs, fértis, férünt. Férébam, férébas, etc. Féràm, féres, etc. Tuli, tülisti, etc. Tüléràm, tüléras, etc. Tüléró, tülérís, etc. Subjunctive Active. Féràm, féras, etc. Férrém, férrés, etc. 'Tülérim, tüléris, etc. Tülissem, tülisses, etc. Indicative Passive. Férór, ferrís, fertür, férimür, férimini, férüntür. Férébar, férébaris, etc. Férár, féreris, etc. Làtüs stim, és, etc. Lattis éràm, éràs, etc. Latüs éró, éris, etc. Subjunctive Passive. Pres. Férár, féraris, féràtür, féràmür, féramini, férántür. Imperf. Ferrér, férréris, ete. Perf. Làtüs sim, sis, etc. Pluperf. Lattis essem, esses, etc. Infinitive. Imperative. Active. Passive. Active. Passive. Férré, Férri. S. 2. Fér, fertó, Férré, fertór. ''ülissé. Làtüs, 4, üm éssé, 3. Fértó. Fertór. Pies Pi. 2. Ferté, fertoté, Férimini. articiple. Férünté Férünt Active. Passive. Pu Gene nhac ie ib Féréns, éntis. —Làtüs, 4, im. Supines. | Làtüm, lati. Làtürüs,i,üm. Féréndis, à, im. Gerund. ^ Férendi, 6, tim, 6 Pres. Imperf. Fut. Per. Pluperf. Fut. Perf. Pres. Infinitive. Participles. Imperative, Supine. PRAENOTANDA., Fio. Indicative. F16, fis, fit, fimüs, fitis, fiünt. Fiébàm, fiebàs, etc. Fiàm, fiés, etc. Factis süm, és, etc. Factüs éram, éràs, etc. Factüs éró, érís, etc. Subjunctive. Fiàm, fiàs, etc. Fiérém, fiérés, etc. Facttis sim, sis, etc. Facttis essem, éssés, etc. Fiéri, Facttis éssé, Factüm iri. Factis, Faciéndis. Sih. Ba £106. 3. Fitó. Facti. Pl, 2. Fité, fitoté, 3. Fiüntó. Note. ‘Those compounds of Facio which are formed by the union with an adverb are conjugated like Fio in the passive. All others form the passive regularly. Pres. Imperf. Fut. Perf. Pluperf. Fut. Perf. Pres. Imperf. Pe. Pluperf. Infinitive. Participles. Imperative. Gerund. Edo. Indicative. Fido, édis & és, édit & est, édímüs & estis, édünt. Edébam, édébas, etc. Edam, édes, etc. Edi, édisti, etc. Edéràm, édéras, etc. Edérim, édéris, etc. Subjunctive. Edam, édas, etc. Edérém & Essém, etc. Edérim, édéris, etc. Edissém, edisses, etc. Édéré & Essé, Edissé. Edéns (éntís), Esürüs (à, im), Esás, Édéndüs. S. 2. Édé& Es. Pl. 2. Édité & Esté. Édendi, édéndé, édendüm, édéndo. Mc oL LL iioii Pres. Imperf. Fut. Perf. Pluperf. Fut. Perf. Pres: Imperf. Perf. Pluperf. Pres. lmperf. Fut. Perf. Pluperf. Fut. Perf. Pres. Imperf. Perf. Pluperf. Pres. Imperf. Fut. Perf. Pluperf.. Fut. Perf. PRAENOTANDA. XXi Volo. Indicative. V6l6, vis, vült, volümüs, vültis, vólünt. Volébam, volébas, etc. Volam, vóles, etc. Volui, voluisti, etc. Voluéram, voliéras, etc. Vólüéró, vólüéris, etc. Subjunctive. Vélim, vélis, velit, vélimüs, vélitis, vélint. Vellem, velles, vellét, vellémüs, velletis, vellent. Vólüérim, vólüéris, etc. Vólüissem, vólüisses. Infimitives. | Vellé, Vólüissé. Participles. Vóléns (entis). Nolo. Indicative. Nolo, non vis, nón vült, nolümüs, non vültis, nolünt. Nolebàm, nolebas, etc. Nolam, nolés, etc. Nolüi, nolüisti, etc. Nolüéràm, nolüéràs, etc. Nolüéró, nolüéris, etc. Subjunctive. Nolim, nólis, nólít, nolimüs, nolitis, nolint. Nollém, nolles, nollét, nollémüs, nolletís, nollent. Nolüérim, nolüéris, etc. Nolüissém, nolüisses, etc. Infinitives. | Nollé, Nolüissé. Participle. | Nolens (entis). Imperative. Noli, Nohtó, Nohté, Nolitoté. Malo. Indicative. Malo, mavis, màvült, malümüs, maviltis, malünt. Malebàm, malébas, etc. Malam, malés, etc. Malui, maliisti, etc. Maluéram, maliiéras, etc. Malüéró, maltiéris, etc. xxii PRAENOTANDA. Subjunctive. Pres. Malim, malis, malit, malimüs, maàlitís, malint. Imperf. Mallém, mallés, mallét, mallemüs, mallétis, mallent. Perf. Malüérim, malüéris, etc. Pluperf. Malüissem, malüisses. Infinitives. Mallé, Malüissé. Participle. Maléns (entis). 5. DEFECTIVE VERBS. Certain verbs are only found in the following tenses, numbers and persons :— o TED. Indic. Pres. Aig, 51$, ait ie ata ME, Imperf. Aiébam, àiebas, aiebát, - , aiebatis, aiebant. Subj. Pres. z 85148,4146, "*- ., oS) alant. Imperative. Ai. Participle, Aiéns. 29. inquam. Indic. Pres. Inquam (inquió), inquis, inquit, inquimüs, inquitis, inquiünt. Imperf. d TOM nC LN E UL LUE Fut. Hoc igi MERE ARIS e ee Idee Perf. s. mgpuisu Intalt, eism y Mensa DD), tres, ro A E ROE Se Rei eU Imperative. Inqué, inquitó. dme Far. Indic. Pres. WU sss AES deor os s ae Fut; Labb 5-0. FAMEM Sa Imperative. Faré. Participles. Fans, Fatts, F’andis. Infinitive. Fari. Gerund. Fandi, fando. Supine. Fati. Note. In like manner the compounds Affari, Effari, and Profari are defective. 4. Quaeso. Indic. Pres. Infinitive. ~ 5. Avere. Imperative. Infinitive. 6. Salveo. Indic. Pres. Fut. Imperative. Infinitive. 7" Ovat. Indic. Pres. Subj, Pres. Imperf. Participles. Gerund. PRAENOTANDA. Quiasó, - ,quisit, quxsümüs, - , - . Quzeséré, Ave, Aivéts, Avété. Avéré, Salvéó. Salvébis. Salvé, sálvetó, salvété. Salvéré. Ovat. Ovét. - Ovarét. Ovans, Ovatts. Ovandi. 8. Fuo (obsolete). Subj. Imperf. Infinitive. : Fórem, forés, forét, - , - ,fórént. Fór&. XXIV PRAENOTANDA. LIST OF AUTHORS CITED. (With the Abbreviations Used.) Cat. Catullus (Gaius Valerius). b. Verona, 86 B. C.