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 ‘^i~JZjOy^<i^-<-^^ 
 
 FREDERICK LUCAS. 
 
 A BIOGRAPHY. 
 
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LONDON : 
 
 R, CLAT, SON, AND TAYLOR, PRINTERS, 
 BREAD STREET HILL. 
 
FREDERICK LUCAS. 
 
 A BIOGRAPHY. 
 
 BY 
 
 CHRISTOPHER JAMES RJETHMULLER, 
 
 AUTHOR OF “teuton: A POEM.” 
 
 LONDON : 
 
 BELL AND DALDY, i86, FLEET STREET. 
 
 1862. 
 
4105 
 
 5 
 
 BOSXON COLLEGE LlBB^l 
 
 OCT --« 
 

 FEEDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 A BIOGEAPHY. 
 
 I T was in the autumn of the year 1828, that 
 University College, London (then called by the 
 general name of the London University) first opened 
 its doors for the reception of students. A yet un- 
 tried experiment, based on the princijjle of affording 
 a liberal education, at a much lower cost than the 
 old universities, to persons of various classes and 
 all religious opinions, it naturally gave rise to some 
 exaggerated expectations, which have not since been 
 realized. While many of its more enthusiastic sup- 
 porters looked forward to a brilliant career, that 
 should rival or eclipse the triumphs of the ancient 
 scholastic establishment of the land, its opponents 
 predicted with no less confidence, that it would 
 become a hotbed of sedition and infidelity, dangerous 
 to the State, and fatal to the character of the youth 
 
 B 
 
2 
 
 FEEDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 committed to its cliarge. Both friends and foes have 
 long since seen the fallacy of these views. If, on 
 the one hand, the progress of the new institution 
 has been slow and uncertain, and by no means 
 calculated to provoke comparisons with the old 
 renown of Oxford and Cambridge, it has not, on the 
 other, shown any tendency to foster revolutionary 
 principles. It has quietly taken its place with other 
 schools of the same standing, intended to supply a 
 recognized want in this or that section of the middle 
 classes ; and amongst the many respectable men in 
 various professions, who have received their educa- 
 tion within its walls, there is no reason to suppose, 
 that the Queen has less loyal subjects, or the Church 
 more hostile critics, than in any other portion of the 
 community. 
 
 But it must be confessed, that in 1828 there were 
 signs abroad of a coming storm, which might well 
 make wise men tremble. The truth is, that England 
 was on the eve of a great revolution — a revolution 
 no less real, because it was afterwards effected with- 
 out violence or bloodshed. A season of severe com- 
 mercial distress had been followed by one of intense 
 political excitement. A vague feeling of discontent 
 with existing institutions, and a strong desire for 
 
FEEDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 8 
 
 change, were widely diffused amongst the people. The 
 old Tory party, which so long swayed the destinies of 
 the empire, because it had the sagacity to identify 
 itself with the national sentiment in the war with 
 France, and the good fortune to bring that terrible 
 struggle to a triumphant close, had since the p6ace 
 been losing its hold on the country; the Whigs, 
 irritated by many years of exclusion from office, were 
 ready to bid high for a return to power ; and the 
 Radicals, once neglected and despised, were fast 
 assuming the proportions of a formidable confede- 
 racy. Questions, which had been 'kept for half a 
 century in abeyance, began once more to press on 
 the attention of statesmen, and to require an imme- 
 diate settlement. The claims of the Roman Catholics 
 to be admitted to equal rights with their fellow- 
 citizens, the claims of large and flourishing towns 
 to be represented in parliament, in the place of 
 obscnre and decaying boroughs, now forced them- 
 selves on the public ear, and made themselves felt 
 through all the channels of opinion. It was, in fact, 
 one of those periods of suspense and anxiety, in 
 which just demands, long denied, are gradually 
 swelling into a dangerous clamour, and, as in all 
 such periods, there was no lack of wild theories and 
 
4 
 
 FKEDEllICK LUCAS. 
 
 foolish expectations, as well as of futile objections 
 and groundless fears. 
 
 It was under these auspices that the London 
 University was opened, and at once associated, in 
 common estimation, with the innovating tendencies 
 of the day. Nor was there anything unreasonable 
 in this impression. The new college had started 
 with the avowal of an intention to give the utmost 
 latitude to every variety of belief and opinion. Its 
 founders were all members of the Whig or Eadical 
 party, some of them were dissenters from the 
 Established Church, and some were supposed to 
 entertain extreme views in religion or pohtics. One 
 of its first projectors had been Thomas Campbell, the 
 poet, whose liberal notions on most subjects were as 
 notorious as his genius. One of its earliest patrons 
 was Henry Brougham, who had not then attained to 
 the honours of the peerage, but who was universally 
 known as a leader of the people, and the greatest 
 orator on the side of Eeform. Its professors were 
 men of undoubted learning and ability, generally 
 reputed to lean towards the popular cause, and to 
 advocate entire freedom of thought and discussion. 
 Its students were to be admitted without restriction, 
 from all countries, languages, and creeds, to reside 
 
 t 
 
FREDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 5 
 
 anywhere they pleased out of the University, and 
 to he subject to no control beyond its limits. All 
 interference with their religious convictions or ob- 
 servances was strictly forbidden. 
 
 To this novel academy, thus democratically consti- 
 tuted, there soon resorted a number of young men, 
 or rather boys, many of them between the ages of 
 fourteen and seventeen. Some of these lived with 
 their parents, but came daily from considerable 
 distances, while others boarded with tutors, or had 
 lodgings in the neighbourhood of the University. 
 When they first met together, for the most part 
 strangers to each other, they found themselves in an 
 entirely new world, with none of those customs or 
 traditions, which exist in older places of education, 
 and exercise so marked an influence on every one 
 within their pale. Here, on the contrary, youths 
 brought up till now under various and conflicting 
 systems, and at a period of life, which is ordinarily 
 supposed to require restraint and discipline, were left 
 pretty much to their own devices, to establish for 
 themselves the laws and usages of their little 
 commonwealth. It will not seem wonderful, that 
 they fell into many follies and inconsistencies, 
 adopted many extravagant opinions, and often 
 
6 
 
 FEBDERICK LUCAS. 
 
 neglected tlieir legitimate studies for idle and de- 
 sultory pursuits. But it is only just to add, that 
 their follies were not generally low or debasing ; that 
 their opinions, if often absurd, were not ignoble ; and 
 that a certain literary and intellectual tone was early 
 given to their intercourse with each other, by the 
 mental activity of some of their number. 
 
 Amongst the light-hearted and high-spirited lads, 
 who in those days might have been seen mounting* 
 the steps of the portico in Gower Street, or pacing 
 the gloomy courts and ugly brick cloisters behind 
 the College, waiting for the next lecture, and gene- 
 rally engaged in some lively discussion, was a young 
 Quaker, named Feedeeick Lucas. Born on the 
 30th of March, 1812, he was now in the seventeenth 
 year of his age. His father, Mr. Samuel Hayhurst 
 Lucas, was a corn-merchant in the city of London ; 
 and the families of both his parents were members of 
 the Society of Friends. Up to this time, he had 
 been trained in the peculiar notions of that body, 
 and had spent eight years of his life at a Quaker 
 school at Darlington, where his abilities had already 
 attracted attention, and given promise of future 
 excellence. Though extremely shy at this period, as 
 might have been expected from his having hitherto 
 
FEEDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 7 
 
 been confined to a narrow circle, there was something 
 singularly engaging in his look and manner. With 
 a remarkably fair complexion, a cheek glowing with 
 health, a broad, open forehead, very light hair and 
 eye-brows, and eyes of the clearest blue, there was 
 such an expression of intelligence and frank good- 
 nature about the whole countenance, as could not 
 fail to inspire a friendly interest in all who saw him. 
 His figure was large beyond his years, very stout, 
 broad-shouldered, and broad-chested, and gave the 
 impression of rude health and vigour. His smile 
 was the sweetest, his laugh the most exhilarating, 
 that I have ever met with; and the shyness men- 
 tioned above soon wore off in the company of young 
 men, and was replaced by an easy gaiety of de- 
 meanour, that was delightful to all his associates. 
 Long afterwards, however, he remained silent and 
 reserved in the presence of strangers, and seldom 
 addressed a lady without blushing. There was 
 indeed a bashfulness, an almost girlish modesty 
 about him, which strikingly contrasted with the 
 strength and manliness of his character, and with 
 that dauntless courage for which he was at all times 
 distinguished. When he began to speak, he at once 
 commanded attention. Even at that early age, he 
 
8 
 
 FREDERICK LUCAS. 
 
 had acquired a large amount of miscellaneous know- 
 ledge, and had learned to express original views in 
 fluent and forcible language. But his conversation 
 was, perhaps, chiefly characterized by a constant flow 
 of rich and genial humour, which held on its course 
 so naturally, and with so little effort, that the listener 
 was earried away imperceptibly by it, and caught the 
 joyous contagion almost before he was aware of it. 
 
 In the usual studies of the place, he soon gave 
 proof of his talents and industry, and took a re- 
 spectable position in all the classes he attended : but, 
 from the first, these studies formed but a small 
 portion of his various pursuits and occupations. He 
 was always a great reader, and had a wonderful 
 facility in getting at the pith of a book in the 
 shortest possible time. His tastes were multifarious, 
 almost universal. He read indiscriminately, and 
 with insatiable appetite, history and poetry, theology 
 and metaphysics, sermons, grave treatises, orations, 
 and political discussions, besides aU the novels and 
 romances, good or bad, that came within his reach. 
 He had no marked liking for pure mathematics, but 
 was quite able to apprehend and appreciate the 
 truths of science. Though he had seen but few 
 works of art, he showed a remarkable capacity for 
 
FREDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 9 
 
 judging of the beauty and merit of sucli productions, 
 and, m bis boyisb visits to tbe Eoyal Academy and 
 other collections of pictures in London, his criticisms 
 were always original, and often just and striking. 
 He had no gift of music, hut understood the associa- 
 tions connected with it, and could he deeply affected 
 by a grand or solemn performance. When he had 
 once visited the theatre — a pleasure denied to his 
 childhood by the religious scruples of the body to 
 which he belonged — the drama became a passion— 
 the more so, perhaps, that it still had the flavour of 
 forbidden fruit. Hor was he by any means deficient 
 in the love for manly sports and athletic exercises, 
 and he availed himself of all the opportunities for 
 such recreations that lie within the reach of a London 
 youth. Boating on the river, bathing, cricket, were 
 amongst his favourite amusements ; and some few 
 may yet remember the heartiness with which he 
 entered on these pastimes, and the spirit of exu- 
 berant enjoyment in which he partook of them. 
 
 Thus richly endowed, and with so many agreeable 
 qualities, it is no wonder, that Lucas was generally 
 popular with his fellow-students. Amongst them, 
 he formed some friendships of the closest and 
 warmest kind, which only strengthened with the 
 
10 
 
 FEEDERICK LUCAS. 
 
 lapse of years, and survived many changes of fortune 
 and opinion ; and there are still two or three of those 
 early comrades remaining, to whom his name and 
 memory must ever he dear and sacred. 
 
 One of the principal events, in the first few 
 months of the new university’s existence, was the 
 foundation of a Debating Club, under the name of 
 the Literary and Philosophical Society. It originated 
 in a meeting of students in their common room, 
 and shortly afterwards received the sanction of the 
 authorities, who placed one of the lecture-rooms at 
 the disposal of the young disputants, on condition 
 that controversial theology and the politics of the day 
 were to be excluded from their discussions. I am 
 afraid, that these restrictions were not always very 
 scrupulously observed, and that ingenious plans were 
 invented, to introduce religion in the guise of meta- 
 physics, or politics in the garb of history. On the 
 whole, however, the subjects chosen were innocent 
 enough, and the general treatment of them was, I 
 think, creditable to the youthful orators. It is diffi- 
 cult to say how far one is deceived by the illusions 
 of memory, but it seems to me, that I have since 
 lieard worse speaking in more ambitious assemblies, 
 and that those boyish debates were really distin- 
 
FEEDERICK LUCAS. 
 
 11 
 
 giiislied by a considerable amount of vigour and 
 animation. Nov", from tbe first, Frederick Lucas 
 took a leading part in almost every discussion, and 
 had even then acquired a power of sustained and 
 consecutive reasoning, a readiness in reply, a com- 
 mand of language and illustration, and altogether a 
 weighty and solid style of eloquence, rare at any age, 
 and certainly very remarkable in so young a man. 
 But he had also here the opportunity of displaying 
 certain other peculiarities of mind and character, 
 which remained with him through life, and which 
 serve to explain many portions of his subsequent 
 career. 
 
 For instance, he never took up a subject hy halves. 
 'Wliatever was the matter in hand, he followed a pro- 
 position to its extreme consequences, and often 
 accepted conclusions, that seemed very remote from 
 his first starting-point. It was sometimes impossible 
 to trace the process, by which he arrived at an 
 opinion ; but, when he had once formed it, he held 
 it with a tenacity, and defended it with a vehemence, 
 which astonished and confounded less ardent natures. 
 For the time, it appeared to take possession of his 
 whole being, until displaced by some other train of 
 thought, which had also originated entirely from 
 
12 
 
 FEEDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 within. Thus he adopted in succession many dif- 
 ferent theories, on each of which he brought to bear, 
 for a season, all the resources of his intellect, and all 
 the energy of his feelings. 
 
 While engaged in upholding the favourite thesis, 
 every argument in its favour gained constantly in 
 strength and clearness, and every opposing considera- 
 tion was torn to pieces, and trampled under foot. 
 Nor was this the ingenuity of an advocate, careless 
 of truth, and eager for victory. It was rather the 
 intense conviction of a most earnest, and yet most 
 subtle mind, which united the fervour of an enthu- 
 siast with the acuteness of a logician. For, beneath 
 the cheerful good-nature, the genial kindness, the 
 practical moderation and fairness in his dealings 
 with his fellows, and the modest estimate of his 
 own worth, lay concealed in his inmost heart the 
 tumultuous and fiery emotions, which often belong 
 to genius, but are also akin to fanaticism. These, 
 acting through the imagination, coloured and in- 
 fluenced all his opinions, but never disturbed for a 
 moment his mastery over his intellectual weapons. 
 Pity or indignation might be the real source of his 
 views on any particular subject, but he always knew 
 how to find reasons for them, such as not only satis- 
 
FEEDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 13 
 
 tied his own mind, but went a long way towards 
 convincing the minds of others. What has been 
 said of Burke, that he formed his opinions like a 
 fanatic, and then defended tliem like a philosopher, 
 was, I think, eminently true of Lucas. , It was so, 
 
 I believe, in his boyish days, and it supplies the 
 key to much, that might otherwise seem strange and 
 inexplicable in his after life. 
 
 During his first session at the university, England 
 was agitated and divided by the discussion of the 
 Catholic Question. As might be supposed, the 
 sympathies of the students were generally in favour 
 of emancipation, but Lucas took a special interest in 
 the cause, and from that time began to turn much of 
 his attention to Irish politics. The wrongs and 
 oppressions, which Ireland undoubtedly suffered ' 
 during the previous century, w^ere well calculated to 
 excite his imagination, and rouse his anger — O’Con- 
 nell, with his great gift of wielding at will “that 
 fierce democracy,” was just such a hero as commanded 
 his youthful admiration — and the violent attacks, 
 which, in the heat of party-conflict, were often 
 levelled against the Catholics and their leaders, only 
 served to provoke a more determined hostility to 
 what he considered Protestant injustice. But it 
 
14 
 
 FEEDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 was in the name of the great principles of Pro- 
 testantism, free thought and free worship, that he 
 claimed for the Catholics their full participation in 
 the rights of citizens. Catholicism, as a religion, 
 had then no hold upon him, and none could have 
 foreseen the day when he should assert the supre- 
 macy of that Church, for which he now demanded 
 equality on the broad ground of liberty of con- 
 science. 
 
 But I am anticipating a later portion of my nar- 
 rative. I would fain pause awhile in that golden 
 time of boyhood, and recall some of the scenes with 
 which Frederick Lucas is indelibly associated in my 
 memory — the long, long rambles through the crowded 
 streets of London, where no noise of carriages, or 
 jostling of passers by, could stop the current of his 
 talk, and people would turn round to gaze on the 
 frank, animated countenance, or listen to the ring of 
 the loud, merry, inextinguishable burst of laughter 
 — the gay encounters with hackney-coachmen, and 
 porters, and all sorts of miscellaneous rabble, who 
 were sure to find more than their match in those 
 passages of wit that are technically called chaff — the 
 expeditions into obscure lanes and alleys in search 
 of some book-stall, where a coveted volume was to 
 
FKEDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 15 
 
 be met with — ^the excursions to Eichmond, or Green- 
 wich, or some other suburban retreat, and the plea- 
 sant summer afternoons spent under the shadow of 
 old trees, or on the river’s bank, with Shakspeare 
 or Spenser for a companion, when the high animal 
 spirits would subside into a gentle melancholy, and 
 Lucas would discourse wisely and eloquently of the 
 poets he loved so well — the patient watch for the 
 opening of the playhouse doors (young gentlemen 
 were not above going to the pit in those days) and 
 the eager rush to obtain front places, and witness 
 the glories of a stage, on which Edmund Kean yet 
 lingered, and Eanny Kemble had just made her 
 first appearance. Of the last-named amusement 
 Lucas was very fond, but neither his leisure nor 
 his pocket-money allowed him to indulge in it often. 
 On one occasion, a fellow-student, who had the 
 means of obtaining free admissions to the theatre, 
 promised • to pass him in with a friend, if they 
 would be at the doors at a certain hour. They were 
 punctual to their appointment, but waited long and 
 in vain for the expected aid. The friend, indignant 
 at being thus left in the lurch, began to pour out 
 execrations on the head of the treacherous deceiver, 
 when, with a look full of quiet fun, Lucas thus 
 
16 
 
 FEEDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 addressed him : “ Why, what do you complain of, 
 my dear fellow ? He said he would tahe us in — and 
 so he has ! ” 
 
 Then there were the internal feuds in the Debating 
 Society, which, after the fashion of such bodies, 
 soon split into rival factions, although it would 
 have been difficult to discover any real cause of 
 quarrel. But, in these party-politics on a small 
 scale, Lucas occupied a prominent position, and 
 was always looked up to as a leader. At one time, 
 the feuds ran so high, that stormy discussions were 
 followed by a secession, and an opposition society 
 was formed, which held its meetings in a house in 
 the neighbourhood of the University, where the 
 attractions of boxing, fencing, and single-stick, were 
 added to those of eloquence. In all these exer- 
 cises, though, like Hamlet, he was “fat and scant 
 of breath,” Lucas was ever ready to contest the 
 palm, and could give and take hard knocks, whether 
 morally or physically, with the same indomitable 
 courage, and the same unruffled good temper. 
 
 Then, too, he made his first attempts in literary 
 composition. Some of the students had started a 
 periodical work, under the name of the London Uni- 
 versity Magazine, which had a very brief existence, 
 
FEEDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 17 
 
 and to which, I think, Lucas never contributed. 
 But it led to the appearance of several minor pub- 
 lications of a like ephemeral character, in which 
 he was an occasional writer. One of them, I re- 
 member, was called the Marauder, and another, the 
 London University Chronicle, and my impression 
 is, that they were for the most part sad trash, chiefly 
 made up of local and personal allusions, only intel- 
 ligible to the initiated. Yet, in writing as in 
 speaking, Lucas had already acquired a style of his 
 own, and I have no doubt, that it would be found 
 impressed on those immature productions, as dis- 
 tinctly as on his more finished works. 
 
 No degree could as yet be obtained at the London 
 University; but Lucas took his full share of what- 
 ever honours lay within his reach. On one occasion, 
 when he carried off the prize for the best English 
 Essay, he had chosen for the motto sent in with 
 his composition : “ Let old Timotheus yield the 
 prize!” and, when his name was read out in con- 
 nexion with that famous passage, a shout of laughter 
 and applause rose from the assembled students, 
 and, with a perverse application of the words, they 
 insisted on associating him with the ancient singer, 
 and long afterwards called him Old Timotheus. It 
 
 c 
 
18 
 
 FREDEKICK LUCAS. 
 
 is a small incident, bnt not without significance, for 
 such nicknames (of the friendly and familiar kind) 
 are seldom bestowed except on popular favourites. 
 
 And so the years rolled on, and the French Eevo- 
 lution of 1830, and the subsequent debates on the 
 Reform Bill, came to furnish fresh matter for the 
 young politicians of the schools. If, as I think, the 
 boys of the present day take far less interest in 
 politics than their predecessors, it may partly be 
 explained by the paramount importance of the ques- 
 tions, which then divided and convulsed the country, 
 as compared with any that yet remain unsettled. 
 The safety of our ancient monarchy, the supremacy 
 of the law, the peace of society, all seemed trembling 
 in the balance, and only the most hopeful would 
 have ventured to prophesy, that a few years more 
 would find us a contented people, united in loyal 
 attachment to a beneficent throne. The struggles 
 of those perilous times shook the whole social edifice 
 to its base, and no wonder, that the young and the 
 ardent were strongly attracted by the excitement 
 of danger and contest. Lucas watched attentively 
 every change in the political atmosphere, and I 
 remember as a proof of his early sagacity, that he 
 foresaw the troubles in France, long before the crisis 
 
FEEDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 19 
 
 of tlie Polignac Ministry. "While others talked in 
 English fashion of parliamentary majorities, he had 
 already marked the signs of a coming revolution. 
 
 Wlien Lucas left the university, he entered on the 
 study of the law, first in the chambers of Mr. Eevell 
 Phillips, and afterwards in those of Mr. Duval, and 
 kept his terms in the Middle Temple. I believe, that 
 he pursued his legal studies with diligence, but he 
 certainly did not neglect his other multifarious occu- 
 pations. His professional training had, however, at 
 this time, an indirect influence on all his thoughts and 
 opinions. As soon as he began to read about law, 
 he endeavoured, with his usual passion for gene- 
 ralization, to consider it as a complete science, and 
 sought to evolve great principles from the mass of 
 detail before him. This led him necessarily to the 
 leading writers on jurisprudence, and especially to 
 the works of Bentham. It would hardly be credited 
 by those, who only knew him at a later period, to 
 what an extent he was influenced by these works. 
 It was not only the laborious attempt to classify the 
 most complex of subjects, which charmed him by its 
 ingenuity and apparent completeness, but he found 
 there a theory of morals, that seemed to have a 
 strange fascination for him. Wholly opposed to all 
 
 c 2 
 
20 
 
 FEEDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 liis subsequent views, the utilitarian scheme, as it 
 was called — or, in other words, the doctrine of 
 enlightened selfishness, as the sole rule in the con- 
 duct of life — appeared to him, for awhile, the most 
 unanswerable wisdom. He applied it to law, to 
 government, to history, to politics, and proved with a 
 provoking complacency, that the true interest of the 
 individual man was in every instance identical with 
 “the greatest happiness of the greatest number.” 
 Himself the most unselfish of human beings, he 
 argued in defence of a theory, which his own practice 
 was every moment refuting, and this from no love of 
 paradox, but from a sincere conviction of the truth of 
 what he advanced. This phase of opipion did not 
 last long, but, while it lasted, it engrossed his whole 
 mind, and coloured all his conversation ; and his 
 friends used laughingly to tell him, that he would 
 one day sacrifice himself to self-interest, and die at 
 the stake, to prove the absurdity of martyrdom ! 
 
 The writer, who first diverted his thoughts into 
 quite another channel, was of a very different order 
 from the quaint old philosopher of Queen Square. 
 The natural reaction from Benthamite codes, and 
 Uthitarian systems, would lead in the direction of 
 poetry, and, just about this time, Lucas became 
 
FEEDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 21 
 
 familiar with the works of Wordsworth. He had 
 always admired the mighty spirits of the Elizabethan 
 age, and was well versed in most of our best poets, 
 from Cowley and Milton to Gray and Cowper, but 
 had not yet paid so much attention to some of the 
 greatest of the moderns. Of course, he had not 
 escaped the spell, which Byron threw for a season 
 over all the youth of that generation, and the stirring 
 ballad-poetry of Scott, and the noble odes of Campbell, 
 had long ago kindled and delighted his boyish fancy; 
 but Shelley was still only partially known to him, 
 and, if I am not mistaken, he had shared in the pre- 
 judice against Wordsworth, caused by the ridicule so 
 unsparingly heaped on some of the minor poems. 
 But now he became suddenly interested in the works 
 of that illustrious man, and, almost from the first 
 moment, a complete revolution was wrought in his 
 mind. The spiritual instincts and powers, which for 
 awhile seemed deadened or obscured by Benthamite 
 theories, awoke into new life and vigour, and the 
 “ vision and the faculty divine ” were at once restored 
 to the imagination. To the end of his life, whatever 
 changes took place in his views on every other sub- 
 ject, he retained his love and reverence for the author 
 of the Excursion, and openly professed, that to him. 
 
22 
 
 FREDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 more than to all other teachers, he owed the thoughts, 
 “ that do often lie too deep for tears,” and the highest 
 and purest aspirations of his inward being. How 
 often, in after years, have I heard him repeat, with 
 strong emotion, those majestic lines, which, in their 
 whole scope and tendency, constitute so striking a 
 contrast to the opinions he had lately held : 
 
 Still glides the stream, and shall for ever glide ; 
 
 The Form remains, the Function never dies ; 
 
 While we, the brave, the mighty, and the wise. 
 
 We Men, who in our morn of youth defied 
 The elements, must vanish. — Be it so ! 
 
 Enough, if something from our hands have power 
 To live, and act, and serve the future hour ; 
 
 And if, as tow’rd the silent tomb we go, 
 
 Through love, through hope, and faith’s transcendent dower, 
 "We feel that we are greater than we Tcnow! 
 
 Concurrently with this change, there was also a 
 considerable niodification in his religious sentiments. 
 Naturally devout and reverential, and strictly trained 
 in the principles of a somewhat austere Christianity, 
 the first effect of free speculation in such matters had 
 been to unsettle all his previous notions. Not only 
 did the views of the body, to which he belonged, 
 appear to him in many things narrow and puritanical, 
 but he had begun to examine for himself the grounds 
 of the belief in a divine revelation, and to question, 
 if not to deny, almost aU the received opinions of 
 
FKEDERICK LUCAS. 
 
 23 
 
 theologians. The English sceptical philosophers, 
 from Hobbes to David Hume, were well known to 
 him, and the French infidel writers of the last century 
 were not without their influence on his mind. But, 
 from the moment that utilitarian schemes of mere 
 material well-being gave way before the nobler 
 wisdom of a high and generous poetry, the dreary 
 haze of religious doubt and negation grew intolerable 
 to him, and he sought, with a passionate earnestness, 
 to harmonize the claims of faith and reason. Hence, 
 an entirely new set of studies, in which the defenders 
 and apologists of Christianity occupied a chief place. 
 Of all the metaphysicians properly so called, who 
 had hitherto enthralled or bewildered him with 
 daring hypotheses, one only kept a permanent hold 
 upon him, and that one was Berkeley. Long after, 
 when a great gulf lay between him and the good 
 bishop, with regard to some of the most important 
 subjects of human belief and opinion, he never 
 mentioned him but with tenderness and respect, 
 often acknowledged his own obligations to him, and 
 continued to rank him in the first class of English 
 thinkers, both for clearness and depth of insight. 
 But, about this time, he devoted much of his atten- 
 tion to the writings of another bishop of the Church 
 
24 
 
 FEEDERICK LUCAS. 
 
 of England, who also left his mark on many of the 
 young enquirer’s subsequent speculations. In Butler’s 
 Analogy he found a line of argument, which he 
 afterwards strained to the utmost, and applied 
 (unreasonably, I think) to forced and fanciful resem- 
 blances ; hut its first and legitimate effect was to free 
 him from the doubts, which then oppressed him, and 
 by showing, that the same objections tell equally 
 against natural and revealed religion, to reconcile 
 him to the latter as part of the general scheme of 
 Providence. 
 
 He was now once more a believer, but as yet 
 withoifi preference for any particular church or sect. 
 If he continued nominally a member of the Society 
 of Friends, he was no doubt infiuenced by habit and 
 association, as well as by the feeling, that he could 
 follow his own convictions as freely in that body 
 as in any other. Its abstinence from creeds and 
 dogmatic teaching would, of course, be a recom- 
 mendation to him, and I have often heard him speak 
 approvingly of that silent worship, which, however 
 strange it may appear to others, has a solemn sig- 
 nificance for those, who have been accustomed to it 
 from childhood. 
 
 In 1835, Lucas was called to the bar. It was his 
 
FKEDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 25 
 
 intention to practise as a conveyancer, and the 
 encouragement he met with in the outset of his 
 professional career seemed to promise a successful 
 and prosperous future. With his talent and acquire- 
 ments, hacked hy the marvellous energy of his 
 character, he could hardly have failed in anything 
 he had seriously undertaken; hut already the pursuit 
 of wealth or station was with him a matter of 
 secondary importance ; and although, from motives 
 of duty, he would have submitted to any drudgery, 
 his tastes lay rather in the direction of literature 
 than of law, and his mind was chiefly occupied with 
 a class of subjects, the issues of which extend beyond 
 the limits of this present world. 
 
 Still he continued to work at his profession, and to 
 keep up a familiar intercourse with his early friends. 
 The gravity of the themes, over which he had lately 
 pondered, had nowise impaired the sweetness and 
 buoyancy of his temper, and, amongst his intimates, 
 he was ever the gayest and most delightful of 
 companions. The ties, formed at the university, had 
 not been broken on leaving it. The little knot of 
 attached and conflding associates, of which Lucas 
 had been the centre, was dispersed from time to 
 time, by business, or travel, or the other accidents of 
 
26 
 
 FEEDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 life — but its members remained true to the old bond 
 of union, and for years it was an understood thing 
 amongst them, that whoever of them happened to 
 be in London should spend the Saturday evening 
 together. These gatherings took place under different 
 roofs, but one spot was especially consecrated to 
 them — a set of chambers in Garden Court, Temple, 
 overlooking the river, and then occupied by two very 
 dear friends. There, in an atmosphere redolent of 
 cigars and coffee, many pleasant hours were passed 
 in the unrestrained converse of congenial minds, 
 sufficiently alike for sympathy, yet sufficiently 
 opposed for animated discussion. No one was ever 
 present on those occasions, who can forget the 
 warmth and Kght, which Lucas diffused over the 
 scene. His flow of spirits was irresistible, and his 
 very look a gleam of sunshine, while the freshness 
 and originality of his views, on almost every subject, 
 impressed the most careless listener with a sense 
 of his intellectual power. 
 
 Often, in summer-time, tlie weekly meetings at 
 chambers would be exchanged for excursions into 
 the country, and here Lucas was equally in his 
 element An untiring pedestrian, although, like 
 Falstaff, he ‘Garded the lean earth as he walked 
 
FKEDEEICK LUCAS, 
 
 27 
 
 along,” he could always beguile the way with a 
 thousand pleasant fancies, and revive the drooping 
 courage of weary or hungry companions. And when, 
 after a long day’s journey, the goal was reached at 
 last, in the shape of some road-side inn, which pro- 
 mised rest and refreshment, if insufficient food or 
 accommodation disappointed the hopes of the way- 
 farers, his unfailing good-humour made light of every 
 difficulty, while his unconquerable energy prevailed 
 over all the scruples of sulky landlord, or unwilling 
 landlady, and called forth the latent resources of the 
 establishment, in a manner wonderful to behold. 
 
 It must have been a little before this time, that 
 a strange crotchet came into his head with regard 
 to animal food. Blessed with the hearty appetite 
 and vigorous digestion of youth and health, he sud- 
 denly conceived a notion, that he would be the 
 better in body and mind for restricting himself to 
 a vegetable diet. I cannot trace this fancj^ to its 
 source, unless it was first suggested by some weak 
 and whimsical speculations of SheUey on the same 
 subject. Certain it is, that Lucas believed he would 
 in some way improve himself by the change, and as, 
 with him, an idea was soon carried out into practice, 
 he at once relinquished his ordinary fare, and lived 
 
28 
 
 FEEDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 for many successive months on vegetables alone. 
 It must he confessed, that the required quantity of 
 provisions was not diminished by this change in 
 their quality, and I can still remember the startled 
 look of some waiter at a tavern, when a couple of 
 guests would sit down at the dining-table, and order 
 “chops for one” and “potatoes for six.” However, 
 the whim did not last very long. The experience 
 of about a year convinced Lucas that he was not 
 benefiting by the experiment, and he returned to his 
 old habits as suddenly as he had quitted them. It 
 is a proof of the soundness of his constitution at 
 the period indicated, that this freak, and others of 
 the like kind — such as total abstinence from sleep 
 when engaged in reading, or great bodily exertion 
 after a long course of pursuits entirely sedentary — 
 had no perceptible effect on his health. 
 
 I am conscious, that I am lingering unduly over 
 these early days, but they have to me an inex- 
 pressible charm, when I contrast them with a sadder 
 and more troubled time. Those only knew Lucas 
 thoroughly, who knew him in his youth, before the 
 burthen of a great and awful responsibility rested 
 upon him, and when he was yet free to choose his 
 own path, and to foUow the quick impulse, or in- 
 
FREDERICK LUCAS. 
 
 29 
 
 dulge the wayward fancy, without constant reference 
 to the authority of a power, which claims an absolute 
 dominion over the souls and consciences of men. 
 
 And, before entering on the subject of the total 
 revolution in religious belief, which had so marked 
 an influence on all the remainder of his life, I have 
 yet to speak of the zeal and industry, with which he 
 continued to pursue his secular studies. Without 
 any pretension to profound scholarship, he kept up 
 a fair knowledge of the classics, and often, during 
 his first years at the bar, returned to the perusal of 
 one or the other favourite author. He learned 
 enough Italian to enjoy the great work of Dante, 
 and enough German to become familiar with Goethe. 
 Indeed, he once undertook, with a friend, a trans- 
 lation of the Diclitung und WaJirheit^ and made some 
 considerable progress in the task. He devoted much 
 of his time to historical enquiries, read most of the 
 modern Drench writers on such matters, and often 
 had recourse to the original chronicles for informa- 
 tion. With regard to the true method of studying 
 history, he always expressed himself as deeply in- 
 debted to the example of two of his contemporaries, 
 who differed from him in many things as widely as 
 they did from each other. The one ^was the late 
 
30 
 
 FEEDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 Lord Macaulay, and the other Mr. Carlyle. For 
 both he entertained a sincere respect, and with the 
 latter he was for some time on terms of friendly 
 intercourse. I do not know exactly when his per- 
 sonal acquaintance with Mr. Carlyle commenced, 
 though I have often heard him speak of the pleasure 
 and instruction he had derived from the society of 
 the author of Sartor JResartus. He certainly read 
 that work, and all the other writings from the same 
 pen, as soon as they appeared, and they left an 
 impression on his mind which was never wholly 
 effaced. It is not too much to say, that they con- 
 tributed indirectly to the change of creed, of which 
 I am about to treat, for the sympathies they called 
 forth were all in favour of the Middle Ages, and 
 they pointed to a revival of Faith as the panacea 
 for the ills of humanity. 
 
 But, in this, they were indeed as one of many 
 voices. The craving for something higher and more 
 enduring than the cold, sceptical philosophy of the 
 last century, or the duU indifference and materialism 
 of a generation absorbed in the pursuit of wealth, 
 had begun powerfully to agitate aU the better minds 
 in England, and to find its expression in a thousand 
 various forms. Tire great political struggles were 
 
FEEDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 81 
 
 well-nigli over, and contests of a more spiritual kind 
 seemed abont to replace them. In the bosom of the 
 Church of England, in the very heart of the Univer- 
 sity of Oxford, so long considered as the home of a 
 timid and conservative orthodoxy, there sprang sud- 
 denly to life a religions movement, which has ever 
 since continued to divide the nation, and, leaning 
 sometimes to one extreme and sometimes to the 
 other, has at least had the merit of stimulating much 
 earnest thought, and rousing many dormant energies, 
 while, whatever the errors it may have incidentally 
 fostered, it is no .doubt destined in the end to promote 
 the cause of truth. 
 
 ETow it would be a very shallow view of this 
 movement, to ascribe it chiefly to the personal in- 
 fluence of a few ingenious men, or to any local and 
 accidental causes. It was, in fact, only one wave of 
 a mighty flood — a part of that strong recoil from the 
 irreverence and unbelief of the eighteenth century, 
 which had already made itself felt, in some shape or 
 other, in all the nations of Teutonic descent. That 
 reaction is attested alike by friends, and enemies, 
 and men of all shades of opinion — by the pathetic 
 wail of some, who still wandered in darkness, as well 
 as by the exultation of others, who saw the first 
 
S2 
 
 FEEDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 dawning of tlie light. Visible in the higher litera- 
 ture of Europe, through every variety of mood and 
 tone, from Goethe to Eichter, from Eichter to Schle- 
 gel or Novalis, from the stormy despair of Byron to 
 the serene wisdom of Wordsworth — piercing the 
 lower strata of society, and thence breaking forth in 
 strange or grotesque manifestations — in the quaint- 
 ness of Methodism, in the rant of crazy fanatics, in 
 the unknown tongues of the Irvingites — it was often 
 a vague feeling, obscure, and blind, and struggling 
 painfully into form, hut giving evidence of the inde- 
 structible nature of those hopes and aspirations, 
 which no sophistry can ever entirely banish from the 
 deepest recesses of man’s immortal soul. And the 
 same feeling had already found a vent in the Church 
 of England, and inspired the fervid, though some- 
 wdiat narrow theology of a thousand evangelical 
 pulpits, before, in this Oxford movement, it took the 
 direction of reverence for the past, and research into 
 ecclesiastical antiquity, which were soon to hear such 
 unexpected fruit, in the revival of long-forgotten 
 usages, and the assertion of obsolete claims. 
 
 To all this stir about him Lucas was fully awake, 
 for it corresponded with what was going on in his 
 own mind. He too had struggled through doubts 
 
FEEDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 33 
 
 and difficulties back to the faith of his childhood, 
 but as yet could find no resting-place in any outward 
 communion, and, dissatisfied with the present, had 
 begun to turn fondly towards the past. The history 
 and traditions of mediaeval Christianity had a great 
 charm for his imagination, and he threw himself 
 heart and soul into the study of those subjects. His 
 feelings and his fancy soon acted insensibly on his 
 judgment, and those, who observed him closely, could 
 not fail to perceive, that his opinions were once more 
 undergoing a gradual, but important change. 
 
 It was in the year 1838, that, to oblige some 
 friends, he delivered two Lectures on Education in 
 the Literary and Scientific Institution at Staines. 
 These lectures excited some attention at the time, 
 and were afterwards published at the request of his 
 audience. They contain many remarkable passages, 
 from which I shall select one or two, as clearly indi- 
 cative of the prevailing tendency of his thoughts. 
 
 “ We are accustomed (he says) to pride ourselves on 
 the improvement we have made in knowledge, on the 
 national progress in intelligence, on the defeat everywhere 
 made manifest, and exulted over in songs of triumph, of 
 the Powers of Darkness, and the Eeign of Chaos and of 
 night. We are used on all occasions to imagine, that the 
 
 D 
 
34 
 
 FEEDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 former times were characterized by nothing hut rudeness, 
 ignorance, galHng superstitions, turbulent ferocity, dangers, 
 sufferings, and manifold social imperfections ; and to look 
 hack upon them with something of that contempt, with 
 which a joyless and apathetic dotage often looks back upon 
 the restless and inexperienced season of early manhood. 
 In this business of Education more particularly, we are 
 proud of our own superiority. We exult over the diffu- 
 sion of knowledge, and over the mechanical and social 
 contrivances, by which that result has been brought about. 
 Hot only our Societies for the Diffusion of Useful Know- 
 ledge, our Mechanics’ Institutes, our Literary and Scientific 
 Associations, and our other bodies framed for the purpose 
 of keeping alive among persons of mature age a love of 
 learning — but, in addition to these, our Institutions for 
 the young, our Schools of Bell and Lancaster, our Sunday 
 and Proprietary Schools, our new Universities, are con- 
 templated by us with complacent self-satisfaction, and 
 upon our older Schools and Universities we are beginning 
 to look down, with the contempt we think due to the 
 unenlightened ages which gave them birth. Upon the 
 pinnacle of our present advancement we repose calmly, 
 and, casting our eyes abroad, we behold, with an eye of 
 pity and comfortable self-approval, our apparent elevation 
 above the eminences we have left behind, of which the 
 height is lost in the distance; and, stretching out our 
 hands towards the future, we seem as though we would 
 grasp in, and appropriate to ourselves as our undoubted 
 inheritance, all the benefits which are destined to belong 
 to those who come after us, and who wiU mount higher 
 
FEEDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 35 
 
 than even our victorious steps have yet raised us. In all 
 things, and especially in the matter of Education, we are 
 vain and boastful of the present, we pity and despise 
 the past, and by anticipation we reckon as our OAvn the 
 rich treasures of the future.” 
 
 After expressing a doubt, whether these comfort- 
 able reflections are really justified by facts, be pro- 
 ceeds to show, that much was achieved in former 
 times, which we are now unable to accomplish, and 
 endeavours thus to account for it : 
 
 “The unenlightened middle ages, of which I lately 
 spoke, have often been denominated iron ages; but, if 
 they had in any degree the hardness and ruggedness of 
 iron, they had also its strength. It is not to them that 
 we look for a smooth and polished surface in society — it 
 is not to them that we look for the undeviating practice 
 (in outward acts) of the social virtues — it is not to them 
 that we look for a well-ordered, material well-bemg, in- 
 cluding all ranks in its wide embraces — but to them we 
 may look for that, which, with aU our improvements, has 
 been almost trodden out amongst us — for individual 
 energy and vigour of mind, for spirits to whom danger, 
 trouble, and difficulty were the elements of their daily 
 life, for men by whom, if cruelty and pain were often 
 ruthlessly infficted, they were at least unshrinkmgly 
 borne. Those were not times for the feeble and irresolute. 
 In them, as the strong, the energetic, the patient, could 
 alone front successfully the difficulties of life, so those 
 
 D 2 
 
36 
 
 FEEDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 times were fertile in men, who were strong and energetic 
 in action, and patient in endurance. In the rude half- 
 anarchy, which succeeded the downfall of the Eoman 
 Empire, each man, deprived of the protection which 
 society now so easily affords, was compelled to seek his 
 daily safety, and the prosperity of his life, in the strength 
 of his own arm, and the vigour of his own character ; or, 
 if he did seek for protection elsewhere, it was not in a 
 complicated organization, which crushed aU individual 
 character ; hut in an association, in which, in return for 
 protection, he surrendered his sword and his arm to the 
 service in the field of some powerful chieftain. In this 
 surrender he found the means of a full developement and 
 employment of his own rude energies. Fealty ; submis- 
 sion to his superior ; a life of activity, but in subordina- 
 tion to the will of his lord ; free scope for enterprise and 
 heroic achievement, but strict and habitual subservience ; 
 subjection recognized as honourable ; reverence to those 
 above him made the very condition and means of his tur- 
 bulent freedom ; such, in one of its aspects, was the daily 
 life of the private man of those ages. And when the 
 Church, ever active to mix itself up with all the business 
 of society, seized hold of these feudal customs, consecrated 
 them by the sanction of religion, and out of them built 
 up a feudal chivalry — it hallowed, and strengthened, and 
 made permanent the reverence of which we have before 
 spoken, by superaddiug to it a reverence of a higher cha- 
 racter, and by connecting it with the hopes and the fears 
 of another world. Strange as it may seem to us, in whom 
 reverence is now so feeble, it was by this double reverence 
 
FKEDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 37 
 
 alone, that in centuries, which had no law and no law- 
 maker, society was able not merely to hold itself together, 
 hut to advance with sure and certain steps in the career of 
 • improvement. 
 
 Ak. ate. Jig. 
 
 V 
 
 “ The race of men, among whom were made those 
 numerous and brilliant discoveries, which no subsequent 
 age has equalled — printing, gunpowder, the compass, the 
 representative system — the race of men, among whom, 
 when sloth and worldly indolence had in part invaded the 
 priesthood, there went forth, to rescue religion from con- 
 tempt, a St. Dominic and a St. Francis, with their thousands 
 of Mendicant Friars, claiming and receiving honour and 
 reverence for their spiritual greatness, and, through that, 
 winning the respect of all men to their coarse and lowly 
 vestments, their scanty diet, their voluntary poverty — this 
 was not a race, among whom sense and the things of sense 
 had a sure and undoubted empire. Book-learning indeed 
 may have been wanting, but amongst them were working 
 and fermenting, in every direction, transcendent intel- 
 lectual vigour, and high moral energies. The great names, 
 which illustrated the revival of letters, sprang from no 
 puny fore-fathers. These intellectual and moral giants 
 were not descended from intellectual and moral dwarfs. 
 When the sun of learning rose into the upper hemisphere, 
 and disclosed what in the night of book-ignorance had 
 been working unseen, it laid bare the limbs, the thews, 
 and the sinews of the sons of Anak. The good seed was 
 now scattered everywhere abroad ; but the harvest, which 
 ensued, showed in what a soil that seed had been planted. 
 
38 
 
 FEEDERICK LUCAS. 
 
 ‘‘With all its merits and demerits, this middle age 
 passed away. Society became more settled. Under the 
 Tudors, the overwhelming preponderance of regal authority 
 in part crushed the local independence of the barons, and 
 substituted comparative tranquilhty for the turbulent ex- 
 citement of a life of daily warfare. One source then of 
 the heroism of the former age was beginning, at least, to 
 he dried up. At the same time, the other source of super- 
 sensual strength, the influence of the Church over daily 
 life, was hourly decreasing. The militia, whom time after 
 time she had poured forth to revive her old authority by 
 the freshness of their youth, successively sank into the 
 inertness of their predecessors. But, while this change 
 was taking place, the very causes, which were producing it, 
 supplied the place of the old sources of inspiration, by 
 powerful, hut only temporary substitutes. 
 
 * .\i> li/. 
 
 “ With the attainment of comparative tranquillity, com- 
 merce was revived. But the discovery of a new world — 
 of two new worlds, the Eastern and the Western Indies — 
 communicated to it a character, which in our days it has 
 almost entirely lost. Instead of being the low, mechanical 
 operation of modern times, it had in it something generous 
 and romantic. The merchant was a voyager into unex- 
 plored, or at least unfamiliar seas. In a little hark, he 
 ventured to encounter the yet unfamiliar perils of oceans 
 but lately traversed, and of an extent, to which the seas of 
 old, known to commercial enterprise, were hut as lakes ; 
 week after week, at a distance from land which would 
 have amazed and affrighted his predecessors, and which in 
 
FEEDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 39 
 
 him required an heroic, undaunted disposition. But he 
 did not encounter these perils for nothing. No ; a hope 
 as mighty as the sense of danger stirred within him. At 
 the ends of the earth, he trusted, at the expense of still- 
 continuing hazard and enterprise, to found empires, to 
 reap the rich harvest of unexplored gold mines, to store 
 his vessel with the jewels of the east and of the west, with 
 spices, with frankincense, with myrrh. The largeness of 
 the profits arising from the sudden expansion of the fields 
 of commercial enterprise was not without its effect. The 
 rapid accumulation of wealth, by chance, in ease and tran- 
 quillity, by the turn of a die, by plunder, by the fortune 
 of war, or by any other accident, which may never return 
 again, too often communicates to the character a fixed, 
 inveterate avarice ; but the merchants of those days, ac- 
 quiring as they did immense wealth, by regular industry 
 joined with heroic enterprise, in a field apparently bound- 
 less, felt within themselves a true nobility of soul. They 
 were not huckstering anxiously after the last and ex- 
 tremest farthing. As their wealth poured in, not indeed 
 without difficulty, but yet with profuseness, they insensibly 
 acquired a character of generosity. They were princes of 
 the earth, not merely in their riches, but in real princely 
 magnanimity. Daily exploring new wonders in the deep 
 and on the land, they became, not narrow petty formalists, 
 but men of large and capacious understanding. Exposed 
 in the infancy of navigation to personal perils almost 
 unknown in our times, they imbibed a certain profound 
 spiritual assurance, that their lives, their wealth, and all 
 that they had, were in the hand of that Almighty Euler, 
 
40 
 
 FEEDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 who, as he had freely given, might also, if his will were 
 so, at one stroke take them all away. They that go down 
 to the sea in ships, that do business in great waters, these see 
 the worTcs of the Lord, and his wonders in the deep. Even the 
 miser of that day was something of a poet ; not filling his 
 belly with the windy abstractions of consols, or exchequer 
 bills, or railway shares, or scrip of this denomination or that, 
 
 s 
 
 but feeding fat his soul, in gloating over solid bars of silver 
 and of gold, over ingots, over diamonds of untold price, 
 over rich heaps of substantial and glittering treasure. 
 
 “ But, while the discovery of new worlds of sense and 
 worldly wealth communicated this impulse to the men of 
 commerce, the invention of printing opened up a new 
 spiritual world, of equally boundless and inexhaustible 
 riches, which communicated an impulse of a far deeper, 
 wider, and more permanent character. Let us imagine, in 
 the present day, a man, whose mind, cultivated up to a 
 certain point, has been fitted for the quick reception of 
 the truths and modes of thinking, developed in the 
 writings of some great mind, with which he has been 
 hitherto unacquainted. When these writings are for the 
 first time brought under his notice, what a change is sud- 
 denly produced in him ! What a new world of thought 
 has been all at once revealed within him ! With what 
 zeal does he give himself up to the study of this, to him, 
 new sage ! How all his faculties are quickened and set in 
 motion ! What a complete revolution, for a time ! — The 
 new subject haunts his mind by day ; in the night season, 
 it troubles his dreams. All that he has before known or 
 believed must henceforth be submitted to a new investi- 
 
FEEDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 41 
 
 gation. All his actions must be tried by a new standard. 
 He carries into the minutest concerns of life a heart and 
 mind changed. In a certain sense, the whole world has 
 become new to him. How dear to him are the words, the 
 phrases — for a time, even the affectations — of this new 
 friend. While the novelty lasts, he thinks, almost writes, 
 and, if the world around sympathized with his enthu- 
 siasm, he would speak, in the dialect of this new revela- 
 tion. Standing as he does alone, and without sympathy, 
 his conversation, for a little while, is a mere translation 
 into the world’s tongue of what he has just read in most 
 unworldly language. His topics, his illustrations, his dis- 
 tinctions, all the weapons of his discursive warfare, are 
 selected from that armoury — for a time. Tliis is what 
 actually takes place now, in this unenthusiastic age, more 
 than once in the lives of all men of any pretension to mental 
 cultivation. And how would it be with him, if, instead 
 of his enthusiasm being checked by the coldness and in- 
 difference of all around him, he found himself encom- 
 passed on every side by men in the same mental condition, 
 catching the fierce contagion from him, and imparting it 
 to him ? If, instead of his enthusiasm being based on the 
 writings of some one mind, of perhaps very limited reach 
 of thought, it was kindled, not alone by all the master- 
 pieces of human imagination, wit, reason, and eloquence, 
 but by even a more universal acquaintance than before 
 with the transcendent revelations of Divine Wisdom, 
 appealing at once to his profoundest sensibilities, and 
 quickening all the noblest faculties of his mind ? We 
 have in our own day witnessed a faint image of such a 
 
42 
 
 FEEDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 spiritual conflagration, produced by tbe morbid imagina- 
 tion and superficial thought of a Byron, of a singer 
 chanting without authority, and coming before the world 
 with no prejudice in his favour. Yet this ecstacy lasted 
 for years, spread wide enough, and indeed to very distant 
 corners of the globe. What would have taken place, if 
 (as in the days of the revival of learning) the inspiration 
 had fallen upon a nation, not sunk in sloth and scepticism, 
 but of great inward heroism and outward activity, of 
 reverence incomparably deeper, and spiritual character 
 incomparably more healthy, having not merely the faculty 
 to receive, but the true creative energy to appropriate 
 and reconstruct — if it had fallen upon such a people, and 
 had proceeded from all the master-minds of Greece, of 
 Eome, of modern Italy, and in part too from those yet 
 more awful Hebrew sages, through whose hps the streams 
 of the wisdom of the Almighty flowed yet nearer to their 
 Divine and Everlasting Fountain — from books, which, 
 with all the freshness of novelty, spoke not the unau- 
 thorized and doubtful words of modern innovation, but 
 had upon them the crust of antique revereuce, and 
 breathed the language of time-honoured and undoubted 
 wisdom ! — From causes such as these, which in the age of 
 Elizabeth attained their fullest developement, proceeded 
 consequences of the highest importance. Such circum- 
 stances, of themselves, constituted an education without 
 
 the aid of schools. 
 
 * * * * * 
 
 “ And when we look at the fruits of that education, at 
 the men of that age, we discern at once how universal. 
 
FREDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 43 
 
 how many-sided it really was. Wherever we turn our 
 eyes, whatever class of society appears distinctly before 
 us in the records of that time, we cannot hut recognize 
 on the whole a superiority over our own age ; a superiority, 
 not of knowledge, hut of character. No man of any 
 eminence was in those days content to excel narrowly in 
 any one pursuit. With a generous eagerness after excel- 
 lence, each man strove to cultivate his whole mind. The 
 speculative and active powers were not, as in the present 
 age, divorced, hut cultivated in harmonious unison. 
 Eeason was not developed to the exclusion of the Imagina- 
 tion, nor Imagination to the exclusion of the Eeason ; indi- 
 vidual peculiarity was not sacrificed, hut was found con- 
 sistent with a strict and awful reverence, not only for 
 civil and ecclesiastical authority, hut for all forms of 
 excellence. The influence of the Church was indeed 
 diminished, though it was stiU great, hut, to compensate 
 for tliis loss, the Bible was studied more than ever, and 
 from its pages men did not at first learn wholly to expunge 
 this lesson : Let every soul he subject to the Higher Powers. 
 If we leave out of our consideration men of the highest 
 intellectual rank, Shakspeare and Bacon, and confine our 
 attention to minds of inferior order, how gigantic does 
 their cultivation seem ! — Sir Philip Sidney, the warrior, 
 the statesman, the courtier, the poet, the romance-writer ! 
 — Sir Walter Ealeigh, of a yet wider range of mind — at 
 once poet, orator, soldier, sailor, discoverer, planter of 
 colonies, historian, man of science, courtier, and states- 
 man ! — ^Even Coke, the pedant, had in him something 
 gigantic, a force of character which has brought him down 
 
44 
 
 FEEDERICK LUCAS. 
 
 the stream of time in regal state, and has preserved for 
 him, even to the present moment, the devout homage of 
 the weak and puny pedants who have succeeded him. 
 And when these Elizabethan days of triumphant mental 
 developement passed away, when the circle of excellence 
 became in the course of time narrowed, when that source 
 of inspiration, which addressed itself to the widest circle 
 and appealed to the deepest feelings (the Bible) out- 
 lasted and triumphed over the others — when the rod of 
 Moses swallowed up the rods of all the other enchanters 
 — when, in place of an age of universal developement, 
 there came an age, in which religion was made, not in- 
 clusive of all other and lesser excellence, but exclusive 
 and narrow — when the great deep of English society was 
 broken up, so as to display the riches which it before 
 concealed in its bosom — then, in the midst of civil conflict, 
 was seen what strength, what health, what energy, what 
 varied excellence, what unheard-of vitality, had pene- 
 trated down to the very commonalty of this mighty 
 people ! ” 
 
 I could multiply these characteristic extracts, but 
 enough has been given, to show the direction the 
 mind of the lecturer was then taking. He was look- 
 ing back with intense interest to the past, and, 
 if he still saw much to admire in the Age of the 
 Eeformation, it was clear, that he traced the origin 
 of all its merits to a yet earlier period, and was 
 already inclined to bestow his warmest sympathies 
 
FEEDEETCK LUCAS. 
 
 45 
 
 on the Feudal and Catholic spirit of mediseval Chris- 
 tendom. 
 
 But now came an interval of painful uncertainty. 
 Every day led him further from Quakerism, and 
 nearer to the historical Christianity of the ages in 
 which he took so deep an interest, hut he still 
 retained some of his old Protestant feelings with 
 regard to the Church of Eome. He doubted her 
 claim to infallibility, for he still believed her in 
 many things corrupt. Her antique forms, her solemn 
 services, her venerable traditions, had a great charm 
 for him; he longed for communion with the good 
 and pious men of distant countries and bygone 
 generations, and for those sweet and awful memories 
 which unite the living with the dead in a chain 
 of unbroken association ; but he shrank from at 
 once condemning all the convictions of his previous 
 life, and he hesitated to accept an authority, from 
 which there could be no appeal. 
 
 The natural solution of these difficulties seemed 
 to lie in the Church of England, and some of his 
 friends entertained the hope, that he would yet 
 find rest within her walls. Here, they argued, was 
 a Church, which laid no claim to infallibility, but 
 which possessed the authority of old reverence and 
 
46 
 
 FEEDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 long prescription — whicli liad never broken with the 
 historic past, but had studied to maintain what- 
 ever of ancient usage was compatible with scrip- 
 tural truth — which, seeking to reform, and not de- 
 stroy, had preserved the most beautiful and touching 
 services of former times, only made clearer and more 
 intelligible to the people — which was identified, not 
 only with that Elizabethan age, of which Lucas 
 himself had proclaimed the genius and the glory, 
 but with much that was noble and honourable in 
 our subsequent annals — which, for three centuries, 
 had satisfied the conscience, and commanded the 
 allegiance, of many of the most illustrious of English 
 minds — which, without sacrificing what she held to 
 be essential, was yet so comprehensive in her charity, 
 that she gave more latitude to opinion than any 
 other Church in existence — and which, while ab- 
 staining from the restless and meddling activity of 
 the Eomish clergy, still exercised a wide-spread 
 and often salutary influence, on the education, the 
 literature, the habits, and the character of English- 
 men. A Church embalmed in our poetry, and bound 
 up with much of the story of our daily life. A 
 Church, at once Catholic in feeling, and Protestant 
 in the free spirit of rational enquiry — sometimes 
 
FREDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 47 
 
 called Arminian, and sometimes Calvinistic, but 
 really including both Calvinists and Arminians in 
 her pale — and, not wishing to be more precise or 
 dogmatical than Evangelists and Apostles, content to 
 leave many questions unsettled, and many points 
 dubious, so that she could preach the great truths 
 of the Gospel in their simplest and broadest sense. 
 
 To all this Lucas responded somewhat coldly. The 
 early prejudice against an established religion, which 
 he shared with most English Dissenters, had been 
 modified or removed by his subsequent studies and 
 reflections, and he was certainly not insensible to the 
 high and rare qualities of many of the Church of 
 England divines. Of his obligations to Bishops 
 Berkeley and Butler I have already spoken, and 
 I have often heard him expatiate on the various 
 merits of Hooker, and South, and Barrow, and ex- 
 press an almost affectionate admiration for Jeremy 
 Taylor. But he seemed to be repelled rather than 
 attracted by the Church of his own day. It must be 
 confessed, that she does not always present herself to 
 a stranger in the most pleasing form. That noble 
 Liturgy, which can never lose its beauty and signifi- 
 cance for those who have been bred up in the use of 
 it, must in a great measure be deprived of its effect, 
 
48 
 
 FEEDERICK LUCAS. 
 
 when heard read for the first time, in a droning, a 
 flippant, an affected, or an irreverent tone ; and no 
 amount of respect for the pulpit of South and Taylor, 
 however deep and sincere, can reconcile a neophyte 
 to the chilling manner, the wearisome repetitions, the 
 heavy and oppressive somnolency of many a modern 
 sermon. But, apart from these outward considera- 
 tions, there was no doubt something in the mind 
 and character of Lucas directly opposed to that, 
 which has been sometimes deemed the weakness of 
 the Church of England, hut which her best friends 
 have always considered her chief strength and glory 
 — namely, her singular moderation, and wise spirit of 
 compromise. Now to all compromise Lucas was by 
 nature adverse, for it seemed to him a cowardly 
 abandonment of truth for the sake of expediency. 
 He forgot in his impatient ardour, that absolute truth 
 can only be attained by perfect intelligences, and 
 that such relative truth as we possess in this world 
 is often found in the balancing of apparent contra- 
 dictions, in limitations, in concessions, and in the 
 careful avoidance of extremes. It is vain to say, that 
 this may be very well in worldly matters, but does not 
 apply to the revelations of Divine Wisdom ; for the 
 fact is, that those revelations must be comprehended 
 
 « 
 
FEEDEKICK LUCAS. 
 
 49 
 
 and explained by human reason, before they can 
 have any practical result: and we know positively 
 that they are differently understood by different 
 minds. But what Lucas wanted was something com- 
 plete, definite, unconditional ; and, if he had entered 
 the Church of England at all, he would certainly not 
 have rested on any neutral ground, but would have 
 at once attached himself to one of her extreme 
 parties. 
 
 The low church or evangelical party could hardly, 
 under any circumstances, have been the one of his 
 choice. He could fully sympathize indeed with the 
 lofty and unselfish enthusiasm, which had abolished 
 the slave-trade, and found a vent in missionary enter- 
 prise ; but he had a strong dislike to the narrow and 
 puritanical spirit, which was often so unpleasingly 
 contrasted with it, and which appeared to him more 
 offensively present in this section of the Church, than 
 even amongst the Dissenters with whom he had 
 passed his youth. Then, too, the views of the evan- 
 gelicals differed altogether from that estimate of the 
 value of ecclesiastical history and tradition, which he 
 had derived from his late studies, and which was so 
 congenial to his own taste and feelings. He accused 
 them moreover of giving undue prominence to the 
 
 E 
 
50 
 
 FEEDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 minister, and, strange as it may sound to many, of 
 attaching too much importance to mere human teach- 
 ing. “ Look there,” he would say, as he entered some 
 church, in which the pulpit was placed with its back 
 to the altar; “there is an epitome of the whole 
 matter. The minister and the congregation face to 
 face, chiefly occupied with each other’s notions. 
 Preaching preferred to prayer, the pulpit to the altar, 
 man to God ! ” And, in that preaching, if one thing 
 more than another tended to alienate and repel him 
 (and herein is a lesson, which all Protestants would 
 do well to lay to heart), it was the gross unfairness of 
 those unmeasured and intemperate attacks, in which 
 hostility to the Church of Eome outsteps the limits 
 of charity and common sense. It cannot be too often 
 repeated, that the bitter and violent language, which, 
 in the early Eeformers, was the natural and excusable 
 exaggeration of men struggling for life, and for all 
 that is dearer than life, is wholly unsuitable and 
 intolerable in the members of a safe, settled, and 
 prosperous communion, and can only serve to degrade 
 and injure the cause they wish to promote. It pro- 
 duced in Lucas a feelmg of intense disgust, and 
 many besides Lucas can testify to the same effect. 
 
 The old high church party, on the other hand, with 
 
FEEDEKICK LUCAS. 
 
 51 
 
 its learning and sober dignity, bad less to offend bis 
 taste, or excite bis opposition ; but be never could 
 reconcile bimself to wbat be considered its coldness, 
 stiffness, and exclusiveness. He looked on tbe bigb 
 cburcb parsons as fine, old English gentlemen, “a 
 branch of tbe aristocracy,” but knew not bow to 
 include them in his definition of a priest. He 
 acknowledged their private virtues, but accused them 
 of a merely formal execution of their office, of indif- 
 ference in matters of theology, and of a general 
 stagnation in religious ideas. He said, that the most 
 distinguished amongst them were rather scholars 
 than divines, and that they seemed to prefer learning 
 even to piety. Had he been acquainted with some 
 of their number — Archdeacon Watson, for instance, 
 or the late Mr. Horris, of Hackney — he might 
 perhaps have modified these opinions, unless he had 
 regarded those excellent clergymen as exceptions 
 proving the rule. 
 
 I have already explained the repugnance, which 
 Lucas would have felt, to sit down quietly with that 
 great body of Englishmen, who, calling themselves 
 neither high nor low, are content to give a vague and 
 general assent to the doctrines and discipline of the 
 Church, and, without entering on any disputed 
 
 E 2 
 
52 
 
 FREDERICK LUCAS. 
 
 questions, to pray as their fathers prayed, in the old 
 buildings with the old forms, satisfied that the real 
 essence of Christianity lies in the heart and life of its 
 votaries, and that all outward observances are merely 
 means to an end, but quite willing to pay due defer- 
 ence to ancient custom and established authority. 
 He would have charged these persons, although he 
 might have found amongst them some of the best and 
 wisest of his countrymen, with a cowardly and disin- 
 genuous neutrality, and have compared them, in his 
 half serious, half jesting way, to those doomed spirits 
 in Dante, who, being neither good nor bad, neither 
 black nor white, neither hot nor cold, neither one 
 thing nor the other, are passed by with the silence of 
 contempt. Of course, this would have been the mere 
 extravagance of phrase, in which he sometimes de- 
 lighted ; but he really had a strong antipathy to the 
 middle course in such matters, and looked upon it as 
 not far removed from dishonesty. Afew years later, and 
 he would have learned, that, in the bosom of this hroad 
 church party, there were men with views as definite, 
 and hopes as high, and courage as dauntless, as in 
 any other section of the religious world. Even then, 
 he must have known something of that moral magic, 
 by which Arnold had breathed a new life into the 
 
FEEDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 53 
 
 schools of England. But he could not foresee what 
 earnest and devout champions were soon to range 
 themselves under the banners of Mr. Maurice and 
 his friends ; and the day had not yet come, when, in 
 a chapel at Brighton, he might have heard from the 
 lips of Frederick Eobertson (too -Ettle appreciated, 
 and, alas ! too early lost) the thoughts of a mind as 
 bold and original as Luther’s, expressed in language 
 as chaste and eloquent as Bossuet’s. To this side of 
 the religious movement of his time Lucas was com- 
 paratively a stranger, and he held the moderate 
 Churchmen to be mere trimmers and temporizers, 
 when a more intimate knowledge might perhaps have 
 taught him, that, in religion as in politics, depth and 
 largeness of view (far oftener than shallowness or 
 timidity) may lead men to stand aloof from extreme 
 counsels, and to bear the hostility and reproach of 
 opposite factions, rather than sacrifice their own 
 convictions to the prejudices or passions of either. 
 
 There was, however, one party in the Church of 
 England, towards which Lucas was drawn by power- 
 ful sympathies. That new Oxford school, which, 
 popularly known by the nickname of Puseyite or 
 Tractariariy was beginning to excite universal atten- 
 tion, had much in common with himself. It con- 
 
54 
 
 FKEDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 sisted of men, who, like him, could find no rest in 
 the present, and were strongly impelled to take 
 refuge in the poetry and traditions of the past. Like 
 him, they were dissatisfied with what they termed 
 the evasions and compromises of all around them, 
 and steadily pursued the ideal of a Visible Church, 
 pure, perfect, and invested with supreme authority, 
 that should speak in clear and unmistakeable tones 
 to all her children, and put an end to the schisms 
 and heresies of the Christian world. Such an ideal 
 they could not find in the avowedly imperfect, but 
 practical and temperate Church of their own age and 
 country, and they therefore sought to bring her back 
 to what they considered the Catholic idea of unity, 
 and to restore to her the prerogatives, of which they 
 believed she had been unjustly deprived. Unwilling 
 to separate from the communion, in which they and 
 their fathers had been reared and nourished, sincerely 
 attached to the Anglican worship as a whole, and 
 still regarding Popery as in some respects corrupt, 
 they fondly hoped, that, by a stricter observance of 
 the rubrics, by a return to many of the practices of 
 ancient days, and by a diligent study of the Fathers 
 and Doctors of the Universal Church, they might 
 inspire their own branch of it with a true Catholic 
 
FEEDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 55 
 
 spirit. Many of them would no doubt have said 
 with the poet : — 
 
 Oh ! gather whencesoe’er ye safely may 
 The help which slackening Piety requires ; 
 
 Nor deem that he perforce must go astray 
 Who treads upon the footmarks of his sires ! 
 
 And, whatever unseemly or ludicrous incidents may 
 have afterwards been associated with this movement 
 — as when a great controversy degenerated into a 
 miserable squabble about surplices, and flowers, and 
 candles lighted or not lighted — no candid person will 
 deny to its authors the praise of honest and earnest 
 devotion. Nor were they deficient in learning and 
 ability, to aid the efforts of their zeal, and in John 
 Henry Newman they possessed one man at least of 
 rare and exceptional talents. 
 
 It was natural, it was inevitable, that Lucas should 
 feel deeply interested in the fortunes of this party — 
 that he should watch all their proceedings with the 
 closest attention, and devour their writings with 
 avidity. He constantly found points of resemblance 
 between their views and his own, but there was one 
 point of difference between himself and them, which 
 it is most important to remember. They had been 
 trained up in the lap of the Church of England, they 
 
56 
 
 FEEDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 still lingered in the shadow of her venerable univer- 
 sity, and, in spite of all changes of opinion, they 
 were bound to her by the early ties of memory and 
 affection. Lucas, on the contrary, had been nurtured 
 in direct hostility to her claims as a national religion, 
 had no early recollections to predispose him in her 
 favour, and could approach the question as to how 
 far she was identified with the Church of the Middle 
 Ages, in a spirit of impartial indifference on her 
 account. It was this, perhaps, which enabled him to 
 see, sooner and more clearly than the Oxford divines, 
 whither they were insensibly drifting. Accepting 
 their premises, and believing their idea of a Church 
 to be the true one, he failed to arrive at the conclu- 
 sion, that this idea could ever be realized in the 
 Church of England. Whatever she had retained of 
 stately forms and ancient usages, whatever of Ca- 
 tholic sentiment she had derived from the past, what- 
 ever deference she might pay to the authority of 
 Councils and Fathers — he could not help feehng, that 
 she was, in her nature, essentially Protestant, and 
 that, from the moment she had separated from Pome, 
 she had really based her title to respect and alle- 
 giance, not on any power inherent in her own con- 
 stitution, but on a sound, and reasonable, and honest 
 
FEEDEKICK LUCAS. 
 
 57 
 
 interpretation of Scripture, and a faithful adherence 
 to the broad principles of the Christian faith. But 
 this, Lucas would argue, involved an appeal to the 
 right of private judgment, as distinctly as the un- 
 authorized preaching of any obscure sect, and in no 
 way came up to that grand idea of a Church, gifted 
 with divine graces, and armed with supernatural 
 powers. The true Protestant, who was willing to 
 work out painfully his own salvation, by the light 
 of Scripture, and the guidance of God’s Spirit, with 
 such little help as he might get from men wiser or 
 better than himself, but with no thought, that he 
 could ever shift the responsibility for a moment from 
 his own shoulders, might be content with a Church, 
 that could only afford him advice, assistance, and 
 consolation. But for those, who required a Visible 
 Presence, which, reflecting the glory, and endowed 
 with the perfections of the Unseen, should encompass 
 their whole life from the cradle to the grave, and, 
 never leaving them to their own choice or discretion, 
 should solve every doubt, fix every opinion, direct 
 their thoughts, regulate their actions, examine their 
 consciences, bind or loose their sins, the Church of 
 England offered no permanent resting-place. And 
 so it happened, that the teaching of that Anglican 
 
58 
 
 FEEDERICK LUCAS. 
 
 school, with which he had the most sjonpathy, led 
 Lucas, as it has many others, not in the direction of 
 Anglicanism, hut on the high road to Eome. There, 
 he contended, and there only, was the Church of the 
 Middle Ages, unaltered and unalterable ; and, if that 
 Church were indeed identical with Christianity itself, 
 and not a mere earthly garment, in which the hea- 
 venly Truth had clothed herself for a temporary 
 purpose, he could not doubt, that his duty was to 
 seek her where she was to be found in her full pro- 
 portions, and not to accept any imitation or shadow 
 as a substitute for the great original 
 
 The year 1839 opened upon these doubts and 
 struggles, but they did not continue long. It was 
 one of the characteristics of Lucas, to pursue a train 
 of thought with incredible rapidity, and arrive at a 
 conclusion with startling promptitude. His friends 
 had indeed noticed the direction which all his specu- 
 lations had of late been taking ; but they were not' 
 prepared for the sudden avowal, that he had made 
 up his mind, that all hesitation was at an end, and 
 that he had determined to become a Eoman Catholic. 
 They were at first struck dumb by the intelligence, 
 but, when they recovered from the surprise, they did 
 what was most natural under the circumstances. 
 
FREDERICK LUCAS. 
 
 59 
 
 They implored him to pause, before takiug an irre- 
 vocable step. They argued, that he had not had 
 sufficient time for a full and fair investigation of so 
 important a matter, and they entreated him to let a 
 year or two elapse, during which he might continue 
 his studies, and consult the best authorities on all 
 sides of the question, before openly declaring himself. 
 But to all this he answered, that Catholicism was 
 true, and that he dared not palter with the truth. It 
 was not an opinion, which he held about it, but a 
 faith, which had possession of his soul, and by which 
 he must live and die. To deny it before the world 
 would be like Peter denying his Saviour, and, what- 
 ever might be the consequences, he would pubKsh 
 his convictions, then, there, at once, and to every 
 body, and lose not a moment in joining the Catholic 
 Church. It was in vain to plead or remonstrate, and 
 his best friends could only lament his precipitation, 
 while they honoured his fearless integrity. 
 
 Por it must not be supposed, that such a step 
 could be taken without considerable sacrifices. A 
 change of this kind almost always involves the 
 loosening of many ties, or, at all events, gives rise 
 to harsh judgments, and is attended with painful 
 feelings. In the case of Lucas, it was opposed to 
 
60 
 
 FEEDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 the strongest sentiments of the body, to which he 
 had hitherto belonged ; and, far worse than this, he 
 knew it must be distasteful to a father, whom he 
 loved and reverenced, and to all the members of a 
 family, for whom he entertained the warmest affec- 
 tion. Moreover, he was deeply attached to a lady, 
 whom he had engaged to marry, and who, like him, 
 was a member of the Society of Friends, and he 
 could not but own, that the happiness of both of 
 them might be seriously endangered by his present 
 course. As it happened, she was convinced by his 
 arguments or his example, and soon after adopted 
 his new opinions, and, at a later period, two of his 
 brothers followed him into the Eomish Church. But 
 when he first took the resolution, which was the 
 turning-point of his life, he stood absolutely alone, 
 and he acted irrespectively of every consideration 
 but a sense of imperious duty. 
 
 It is the fashion to assume, that such conversions 
 are necessarily brought about by persuasion, by 
 personal influence, by the intrigues of Jesuits, or by 
 some other occult machinery. It is difficult for 
 Protestants to believe, that any man, reared in the 
 spirit of the nineteenth century, should choose of 
 his own accord to go back some hundreds of years. 
 
FREDERICK LUCAS. 
 
 61 
 
 Yet, with Lucas, there can be no doubt, that the 
 change was entirely the work of his own mind. 
 He was not acquainted at the time with more than 
 one or two Eoman Catholics, and had read scarcely 
 any of their later productions, with the exception, 
 perhaps, of Milner’s End of Controversy, and 
 the Bishop of Strasburg’s Amicahle Discussion. 
 His studies had been chiefly conflned to the older 
 books, and, like the Oxford divines, he had sought 
 to evolve the idea of a Church, from the records 
 of primitive Christianity, and the history of the 
 Middle Ages. If he found this idea realized nowhere 
 but in Eome, it was the spontaneous and unbiassed 
 result of his individual meditations, and was certainly 
 not produced by any external pressure. 
 
 And hardly had he become a member of the 
 Eomish Church, when, with his usual enthusiasm, 
 he determined to communicate his views to others, 
 and proceeded to publish a pamphlet, entitled 
 Reasons for hecoming a Roman Catholic, addressed 
 to the Society of Friends. In this remarkable 
 tract, he made great use of the argument founded 
 on analogy; and, as Bishop Butler had shown, 
 that many of the popular objections to revelation 
 apply equally to natural religion, so he endeavoured 
 
62 
 
 FEEDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 to prove, that the charges most frequently brought 
 against Catholicism might be urged with the same 
 justice against any form of Protestantism. With 
 regard to the accusation, for instance, that Catholic 
 images and paintings have a tendency to sensualize 
 the mind, he wrote as follows : — 
 
 “Do not men of all creeds surround themselves on 
 every side with fair and noble objects? Does not the 
 citizen leave his daily toil, and the busy hum of the 
 streets, to solace himself every evening and every morning, 
 though it were with but a glimpse of the work of the 
 Almighty ? Does he not fly as from a pestilence from the 
 works of man, to solace himself with the works of God ? 
 What line of poetry more frequent in the mouth of a 
 Friend, than that line of Cowper : 
 
 God made the country, and man made the town ! 
 
 “ Does he not, in his mansion, or villa, or cottage in 
 the country, surround himself with flowers and trees, 
 and evergreen shrubs, that speak of an eternal summer, 
 and lawns and waterfalls, and whatever else of the 
 same kind his means enable him to collect around him? 
 Nay, even if his worldly occupations do not allow him 
 to leave the town, does not he keep at his smoky and 
 dingy window some pot of sweet smelling mignonette, 
 some geranium, or some root of hyacinth over his mantel- 
 piece? Amd when the summer is drawing to a close, 
 and the trees are beginning to clothe themselves in their 
 autumnal tints, does he not choose out some sequestered 
 
FEEDERICK LUCAS. 
 
 63 
 
 spot, in which, before the arrival of desolate winter, 
 he may refresh himself in intercourse with the restormg 
 powers of nature ? And why does he so ? Is it for 
 pleasure, for amusement, to enjoy himself, to scrape 
 together as much of the transitory delights of this world 
 as lie within his reach 1 Is he a sensual epicurean, and 
 does he look upon it that pleasure is the ultimate good, 
 and that God has sent Christ to suffer death for his 
 redemption, and taught him the religion of the cross, 
 and then, forsooth, has laid deep the foundations of this 
 magnificent earth, only to minister to his pleasure ? — 
 Oh, no ! the Friend, who uses nature as we have described, 
 is no such pagan. He knows well, that the true use of 
 every pleasure is to lead us to God. That the beauty 
 and the glory of the outward creation are lawfully to be 
 used and enjoyed by us, because they are symbols of the 
 power, the wisdom, and the goodness of Him who has 
 created both them and us. He knows, that the smallest 
 leaf, or root, or flower, or mineral, speaks volumes of 
 the God who has created them. And for this purpose 
 it is, that he surrounds himself at all events with 
 some of God’s workmanship, to cheer and console him 
 amid the trivialities of human existence. To what 
 purpose does he attend lectures on astronomy, and delight 
 himself in orreries, and read treatises on natural theology, 
 and study the exquisite anatomy of the hand, but because 
 he knows well, that this outward world has been contrived 
 so cunningly, and dressed up in such heavenly beauty, 
 not to minister to his pleasure, but to preach to him of 
 the God who made him ? 
 
64 
 
 FEEDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 “Truly, if we would be consistent, let us burn our 
 meeting-houses, and the pious stories for our children, 
 and the pictures in their books, our Bridgewater treatises, 
 and Paley’s Natural Theology — nay, let us devastate the 
 face of the earth itself, and make creation a blank, if 
 we will allow no outward object to suggest an inward 
 aspiration, and dispose our minds for the teaching of the 
 Hoty Ghost ! — Let us do this, for assuredly these things 
 were not created for pleasure ; they were made in vain 
 and in waste, if they were not placed there as symbols of 
 religion, as outward instruments of worship. Is it not a 
 work of humihty, to receive with thankfulness whatever 
 outward helps God has given us, or enabled us to use, 
 and to acknowledge with a sigh, that all helps are little 
 enough to free the sinful and imperfect soul from the 
 taint of sin, and cleanse it from that impurity, which 
 must be washed away before it can enter the kingdom of 
 heaven 1 
 
 “If this be the true use of the outward creation, if 
 we ought to discipline our mind.s so that everything 
 about us shall serve as a symbol of the Divinity, and 
 an instrument of worship, are we to forget that we have 
 not been born the creatures of mere natural worship? 
 We all fell in Adam, and there fell with Adam, and the 
 powers of the human soul, the whole outward and visible 
 creation. The shock pervaded the entire universe. 
 
 Throngs of celestial visages, 
 
 Darkening like water in the breeze, 
 
 A holy sadness shared. — Wordsworth. 
 
FKEDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 65 
 
 Earth trembled from her entrails, as again 
 In pangs, and Nature gave a second groan ; 
 
 Sky loured, and, muttering thunder, some sad drops 
 Wept at completing of the mortal sin 
 Original. — Milton. 
 
 “ The whole creation suffered in the fall, and groaneth 
 and travaileth in pain together, until it he delivered from 
 the bondage of corruption. Not alone was man redeemed 
 by the sacrifice of the cross. The outward world, which 
 shared in his fall, shared also in his redemption, and now 
 looketh earnestly for a renovation and new birth. This 
 world then, upon which condemnation has fallen, and 
 which bears upon itself by nature no sign of its redemp- 
 tion, is not a perfect symbol of the relation of man to 
 God. It tells us of his power, his wisdom, and his 
 goodness, as they might be known to the enlightened and 
 devout heathen. It speaks to us no word of our redemp- 
 tion and regeneration by grace. Is it lawful then for 
 us to use the outward world and all the forms of it, as 
 symbols of natural religion, and instruments of natural 
 worship, and not to stamp on everything around us 
 symbols of revealed religion, instruments of worship 
 through grace ? If the bursting forth of spring may be 
 permitted to speak to our hearts as the type of the natural 
 bounty of our Creator, and may be used without blame to 
 inspire us ■with feelings of thanksgiving for his outward 
 blessings, may not the crucifix be used without blame 
 also, as a type of the revealed bounty of the Creator, and 
 to inspire us with feelings of thanksgiving for his inward 
 blessings in our redemption and sanctification ? 
 
 “ But we are told, that the Catholics go far beyond this. 
 
 F 
 
66 
 
 FEEDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 This is not the ground of complaint. All this would be 
 innocent and harmless, nay, laudable enough, hut the 
 Catholics worship images, they pay adoration to the works 
 of their own hands; they pray to wood, and stone, and 
 ivory, and transfer to the creature the homage due to the 
 Creator ; they are idolaters ; they actually strike out of 
 the decalogue the second commandment. That this is a 
 most wicked calumny, however often it may he repeated, 
 is notorious to every one who has read the small catechism, 
 the first hook of religious instruction put into the hands 
 of every Catholic child. However, that a lie has been 
 often refuted and exposed is no reason why it should 
 cease to pass for current coin. You cannot nail a lie to a 
 shophoard, as you can a had shilling, and stop its circula- 
 tion for ever. It must and will run on, till the motive 
 which gives it hirth, and the malignity which feeds it and 
 keeps it alive, have been exhausted. But (says an ob- 
 jector, determined to think evil of his fellow-men) the 
 Catholics do worship images, I care not for their 
 catechisms, I have seen them. My good friend (I 
 answer) God alone knows the heart, not you. Worship 
 is an inward act, which you have not seen, and cannot 
 see. I repeat again, it is entirely destitute of proof, and 
 destitute of probability, that there should be any such 
 worship. Images and crucifixes are used — as every man 
 of sense uses the outward world — as symbols of the 
 Divinity, and as means of exciting devotion. 
 
 “ Oh ! but (continues the objector) the use of images in 
 worship is entirely forbidden; do you suppose, that the 
 heathen believed the images they worshipped to be 
 
FREDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 67 
 
 divine ? They used them as symbols, and nothing more. 
 I answer : I desire to be no wiser than Isaiah and David, 
 and if this be, as it is often said to be by Protestants, a 
 true account of the old heathen idolatry, then I contend, 
 that Isaiah and David knew nothing about the matter. 
 Turn for a moment to the magnificent invective of the 
 former prophet, in the forty-fourth chapter. Is the 
 practice there denounced, the using of images as symbols ? 
 No. Isaiah denounces the besotted idolater, who believes 
 that he can make a god ; who heweth down cedars, and 
 of the wood makes a fire, and on the coals thereof roasts 
 meat, and eats thereof, and is satisfied, and of the residue 
 HE MAKETH A GOD. And he prays to it, and says unto it, 
 deliver me, for thou art my god. 
 
 “ The practice denounced by the old Hebrew prophets 
 involved three errors, which an understanding imbued 
 with the Christian belief of an incorporeal, omnipresent 
 God has some difficulty in realizing, but which were then 
 fatal realities. The first error was the belief in an infinity 
 of gods, with human passions and human vices. The 
 idolater, it is well known, prayed to his god for things too 
 atrocious to be named among his fellow men. He substi- 
 tuted, for the worship of the true God, the adoration of 
 the worst portions of his own nature, under the sanctions 
 and forms of religion. Idolatry was, in reality, a worship 
 of devils. The second error was a belief, that, when the 
 idol was fashioned, the devil to whom it was erected 
 joined himself to it, and became in a manner incarnate 
 in the image, as the blessed Son of God became united to 
 flesh and blood; and that the image which the idolater 
 
 F 2 
 
68 
 
 FEEDEEICK LUCAS; 
 
 worshipped was God, in the same sense as the man Jesus 
 Christ, who was crucified on Mount Calvary, was God ; 
 and to represent the heathen worship as symbolical is 
 as complete a misrepresentation, as the heresy St. John 
 writes against, of those, who taught that Christ’s life, 
 death, and sufferings were only symbolical and repre- 
 sentative, not actual. In the heathen worship, the image 
 was the god. The third error was, that the beings, to 
 whom these images and statues were erected, were no real 
 existences, and never had been. The whole system was 
 not oidy wicked, but it was false, and a lie. ISTow, of 
 course, not one of these three objections can be charged 
 against the Roman Catholics. 
 
 “ One common form of idolatry among the nations, by 
 whom the Israelites were surrounded, and into which the 
 Israelites themselves were constantly in danger of falling, 
 was the worship of the sun, moon, and stars ; and yet David 
 does not scruple to use these works of God as symbols of 
 His divinity, and to stimulate his own devotion by medi- 
 tating on them, and invoking them and all created nature 
 to join in offering thanksgivings to their Creator. Many 
 of those, whom I am addressing, are, I doubt not, acquainted 
 with Wordsworth’s beautiful poem. The Excursion. Let 
 me for a moment suppose his Wanderer to be a Catholic 
 instead of a Presbyterian, and let us accompany him through 
 some of the scenes, which the poet’s imagination conjures 
 up. In the morning, when he commences the labour and 
 burden of the day, 
 
 From the naked top 
 
 Of some bold headland, he beholds the sun 
 
 Else up and bathe the world in light ! 
 
FEEDERICK LUCAS, 
 
 69 . 
 
 As he gazes on the magnificent spectacle, 
 
 Rapt into still communion, that transcends 
 The imperfect offices of prayer and praise, 
 
 His mind is a thanksgiving to the power 
 That made him ; it is blessedness and love ! 
 
 Into the inmost depths of his soul, as he pursues his daily 
 course, 
 
 The whispering air 
 
 Sends inspiration from the shadowy heights 
 And blind recesses of the caverned rocks. 
 
 And in some sequestered spot, where the rocks shut out 
 aU outward objects but the azure sky, the solitary raven, 
 with his iron knell, flying athwart the dark blue dome, 
 rouses within him devout aspirations, and gives him 
 
 Far stretching views into eternity. 
 
 The day wanes, and he passes from these valleys and 
 craggy defiles into “an elevated spot,” where he beholds 
 the sun 
 
 Sinking with less than ordinary state, 
 
 but, as he sinks, kindling into a blaze of light, “through 
 half the circle of the sky,” the little floating clouds, which' 
 shed each on each. 
 
 With prodigal communion, the bright hues, 
 
 Which from the unapparent fount of glory 
 They had imbibed, and ceased not to receive. 
 
 His mind is filled with rapturous joy, and, falling prostrate 
 on the soft heath, there bursts from him, in holy transport, 
 this devout invocation ; 
 
70 
 
 FEEDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 Eternal Spirit ! Universal God ! 
 
 Power inaccessible to human thought, 
 
 Save by degrees and steps which Thou hast deigned 
 To furnish ; for this effluence of Thyself, 
 
 To the infirmity of mortal sense 
 Vouchsafed, this local, transitory type 
 Of thy paternal splendours, and the pomp 
 Of those who fill thy courts in highest Heaven, 
 
 The radiant Cherubim ; accept the thanks 
 Which we, thy humble creatures, here convened, 
 Presume to offer ; we, who from the breast 
 Of the frail earth, permitted to behold 
 The faint reflections only of thy face. 
 
 Are yet exalted, and in soul adore ! 
 
 The world is covered with darkness, as the pilgrim still 
 pursues his weary way. He beholds in the distance a 
 little glimmering light among the trees. He turns aside 
 into a by-road, and approaches a humble chapel, where 
 holy men, set apart for the service of God, offer up 
 prayers day and night unceasingly. Oppressed with fa- 
 tigue and travel-stained, longing for the hour when the 
 labour of the day shall cease, and he can betake himself to 
 his humble bed, he enters, and beneath a crucifix, whereon 
 is contained an image of our Blessed Saviour suffering 
 unutterable agony for his redemption, he prostrates him- 
 self with the lowest humility, thanking God for the life 
 and death of that Divine Teacher, who came to make a 
 religion of sorrow and self-denial ; and he passes onwards 
 more refreshed and more strengthened against the mur- 
 murings and complainings of his nature, by that symbol of 
 his Eedeemer’s agony, than by all the splendour of the 
 sun, all the glory of the heaven, all the divine magnifi- 
 cence of the earth. Let me ask, where is the idolatry, 
 
i 
 
 FEEDERICK LUCAS. 
 
 71 
 
 where is the unspirituality of all this? I answer, it is 
 Christian worship, all of it ; and this last act of devotion 
 the most spiritual of all. Men have worshipped the sun 
 as a god ; who is insane enough to say, that the Wanderer 
 has done so ? Men have worshipped the elemental 
 powers of nature, and the beasts which inhabit the earth, 
 and the birds which fly through the air ; but who accuses 
 the humble Wanderer of idolatry, because they are to him 
 symbols of the one God, and because, impressed by their 
 presence, he devoutly oflers up to his Creator the homage 
 of a grateful heart ? In like manner, men have wor- 
 shipped idols, and in images of wood and stone have 
 offered homage up to devils ; but who shall be mad enough 
 to accuse our Wanderer of idolatry, because the image of 
 Christ crucified is to him a symbol of the Eedemption, 
 recalling to him more forcibly than words or books the 
 love of Him who died — the just for the unjust — to save 
 him from eternal condemnation ? Idolatry is a sin, which 
 in the present day is hardly conceivable, and it is this very 
 difficulty, which leads prejudiced persons to confound two 
 things utterly dissimilar — the devotion of the Catholics, 
 
 and the idolatrous blasphemy of the heathens.” 
 
 / 
 
 I have chosen this passage as a specimen of the 
 whole pamphlet. It is very characteristic, both in 
 its imaginative colouring, and in the skill, with 
 which the feelings of the Protestant wanderer are 
 made imperceptibly to merge in those of the Catholic 
 pilgrim. Even the faults of carelessness in the style, 
 
72 
 
 FEEDEEICK LECAS. 
 
 as when an image is said to be contained on a cru- 
 cifix, are simply indicative of the haste and vehe- 
 mence, with which Lucas wrote. It will be observed, 
 that the line of argument pursued is almost entirely 
 negative, and indeed of considerable force as a reply 
 to specific objections ; and such is the general tone 
 of reasoning throughout the treatise. It does not 
 pretend to offer any positive exposition or defence 
 of the Catholic doctrines, but rather attempts to 
 show how they may be reconciled with views and 
 feelings, which are already familiar to Protestants, 
 and especially to Quakers. Taken in this sense, it is 
 undoubtedly an impressive and powerful piece of 
 writing. 
 
 As may be supposed, while he was thus eager to 
 propagate his opinions amongst the public, Lucas 
 was even more anxious, if possible, to convince his 
 friends. Por a long time, he tried all that fervour 
 and eloquence could accomplish, to shake what he 
 considered the obstinacy of their Protestant pre- 
 judices ; and it is a striking proof of the genial rich- 
 ness of his nature, that this constant persistence 
 in the advocacy of one set of ideas never degene- 
 rated into triteness, or became wearisome and intoler- 
 able to his hearers. He knew so well how to vary 
 
FEEDEKICK LUCAS. 
 
 73 
 
 his arguments and illustrations, they were so full of 
 life, and freshness, and the bright play of fancy, that 
 his talk never flagged for a moment, and the oldest 
 and gravest subjects seemed always new and inte- 
 resting; while his unfailing gentleness and good- 
 temper (with those, whom he really esteemed) made 
 it impossible to be hurt or offended by anything 
 he said. Earnest as he was in defence of his prin- 
 ciples, he could seldom resist a pleasantry, if it came 
 in his way, even in the midst of a serious discussion ; 
 and I can still see the look of drollery stealing over 
 his face, when, being asked if he could bring himself 
 to believe in the eternal perdition of his Protestant 
 friends, he answered with a mischievous allusion to 
 a well-known dogma : “ Oh, as for you, old fellow ! 
 you are safe in your invincible ignorance !" 
 
 Besides publishing his Reasons for becoming a 
 Roman Catholic, Lucas contributed about this time 
 several articles to the Dublin Review, and acquired 
 a degree of literary reputation, which made his co- 
 religionists desirous, that he should be permanently 
 engaged in their cause. They had long wished for 
 an organ of their opinions in the public press of 
 England, and everything seemed to point to Lucas as 
 a person well fitted to conduct such an undertaking. 
 
74 
 
 FREDERICK LUCAS. 
 
 While he was inferior to none in zeal for his new 
 faith, his acquaintance with Protestant feelings and 
 modes of thought would of course be an advantage 
 in dealing with the questions of the day. It was 
 therefore proposed to him to become the editor of 
 a weekly newspaper, for which some gentlemen 
 largely engaged in trade were to find the capital. 
 He at once acceded to this request, only stipulating, 
 that he was to have the sole management, with 
 regard to the choice of subjects, and the manner of 
 treating them. He fixed on the name of the Tablet, 
 as a title admitting of a very wide interpretation, and 
 not pledging him to any special course, and he took 
 for his motto the characteristic, though somewhat 
 arrogant words of Burke : “ My errors, if any, are 
 my own. I have no man’s proxy.” 
 
 A complete history of the Tablet newspaper would 
 be a record of the struggles and vicissitudes of the 
 Koman Catholic party in these islands, through a 
 succession of eventful years. It could only be 
 properly written by one of themselves, and would 
 then, in all probability, be chiefly interesting to 
 Eoman Catholics. I have not attempted any such 
 task. My object is to give a sketch of Frederick 
 Lucas, such as he appeared to those Protestant 
 
FEEDERICK LUCAS, 
 
 75 
 
 friends, who loved and honoured him in spite of all 
 differences of opinion ; and, if I have yet to make 
 some passing allusions to the Tablet, it will only be 
 as far as it bears on the character and fortunes 
 of its editor. 
 
 The first number was issued on the 16th of May, 
 1840, and, for nearly fifteen years from that date, 
 Lucas continued to direct the enterprise, and to write 
 most of the principal articles. Though always essen- 
 tially Catholic, it began with a moderation of tone, 
 which strongly contrasted with the violence of a 
 subsequent period, and treated of other subjects 
 besides religion in a fair and liberal spirit. In those 
 early days, some of the literary reviews, and other 
 miscellaneous papers of general interest, were con- 
 tributed by Protestants. For a while, indeed, the 
 Tablet was received with that sort of favour, which 
 candid men are willing to extend to an opponent, 
 whose views they would rather see fuUy stated than 
 either misrepresented or disguised ; and it must be 
 confessed, that the fierce and bitter hostility, 
 which it afterwards met with, was provoked by a 
 corresponding change in its own ipaanner of dealing 
 with its adversaries. 
 
 It was about this time, that Mr. Carlyle delivered 
 
76 
 
 FEEDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 his lectures on Heroes and Hero- Worship. In these 
 Lucas took a deep interest, and it was from his 
 careful and accurate notes, that a full report of the 
 first lecture was published in the Tahlet. His in- 
 timacy with the lecturer must have commenced 
 about the same date, for it was certainly not long 
 after, that he was in the habit of resorting occa- 
 sionally to Mr. Carlyle’s house at Chelsea, and he 
 always spoke of these visits with a delight and 
 enthusiasm, which were nowise abated by the radi- 
 cal differences of opinion between himself and his 
 host. 
 
 It was also in the year 1840, that Lucas married 
 Miss EKzabeth Ashby, a daughter of Mr. William 
 Ashby, of Staines — the lady, to whom he had been 
 for some time engaged. The union was in all re- 
 spects a happy one, except in the loss of their first 
 child, one of the great sorrows of his life, and in the 
 absorbing cares and labours, which left him so little 
 leisure for domestic intercourse. The birth of a 
 second boy came to console them for their first 
 bereavement, and, in every season of trial, Lucas 
 found in liis wife a faithful and devoted helpmate. 
 
 The Tablet was not long destined to pursue a 
 smooth and prosperous course. Those, who knew 
 
FEEDEKICK LUCAS. 
 
 77 
 
 Lucas well, could Lave foreseen, that, with his bold, 
 impetuous, uncompromising character, he was sure 
 to make enemies in his own party, to offend a 
 thousand susceptibilities, and to rouse innumerable 
 fears. Intent upon one object — the promotion of the 
 interests of his Church, including the broadest asser- 
 tion of the civil rights of its members — he spoke the 
 language of a man thoroughly and heartily in earnest, 
 and had no patience with what appeared to him a 
 weak or temporizing policy. But years of constraint 
 and persecution had not been without effect on the 
 English Eoman Catholics, and had left behind no 
 small share of timidity and caution ; nor were other 
 motives wanting, to moderate the fervour of their 
 zeal. Some amongst them, who had struggled man- 
 fully for political equality, considered that, after the 
 passing of the Belief Bill, they were bound in honour 
 and gratitude not to press unduly for further con- 
 cessions from their Protestant friends and supporters. 
 Others, however sincerely attached to their religion, 
 did not think it necessary or expedient to bring it 
 prominently forward on ordinary occasions, or to 
 connect it with every matter of public interest. 
 Others again were under the influence of strong 
 ^ aristocratic feelings, and shrank from anything like 
 
78 
 
 FREDERICK LUCAS. 
 
 a popular agitation, even in favour of their own 
 views, !N’ow to all these Lucas addressed himself 
 in a tone of indignant remonstrance, as to persons 
 culpably neglectful of the trust committed to their 
 charge ; and it is not wonderful, that they resented 
 this kind of dictation. It must have been especially 
 offensive to those hereditary leaders of the party, 
 whose Catholicism came to them with the estates 
 and honours of their ancestors — who had held firm 
 to their faith through dark and troublous times, who 
 could point to the names of confessors and martyrs 
 in their family history, and whose old manor-houses 
 still contained the hiding-places, which had sheltered 
 a persecuted priesthood, and the secret chapels, 
 where mass had been performed in seasons of im- 
 minent peril. For them to he called to account, and 
 accused of lukewarmness, not by any dignitary of 
 the Church, or other ecclesiastical authority, hut hy 
 an obscure layman, a convert of yesterday, was 
 indeed hard to hear. It is creditable to some of 
 them, that they did hear it with equanimity, and 
 retained their respect for the honest censor, hy whom 
 they had been so unexpectedly attacked ; hut many 
 others were at once repelled and disgusted, and 
 Lucas did not take the best means of conciliation. 
 
FEEDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 79 
 
 SO that the Tablet had not been many months in 
 existence, before he found himself in opposition to 
 powerful sections of his own religious community. 
 As a Protestant, I should not pretend to judge of the 
 merit of the particular questions in dispute, even if 
 I had any distinct remembrance of their details ; 
 but I cannot help feeling, that, if Lucas could have 
 tempered his zeal with a little more discretion, or if 
 the other side had shown a larger amount of forbear- 
 ance, and he had remained in alliance with the 
 natural leaders of the English Catholics, their in- 
 fluence would all have tended to calm and sober 
 counsels ; while his breach with them threw liim 
 more and more on the support of the Irish party, 
 and led, however unconsciously, to the adoption of a 
 tone of still greater vehemence and exaggeration. 
 
 In the course of a year or two, another misfortune 
 occurred to the Tablet. The original proprietors 
 failed in business — an extensive leather-trade in Ber- 
 mondsey, wholly distinct from the newspaper — and 
 Lucas was left without resources to carry on the 
 latter. On this occasion, however, his Catholic 
 friends came forward liberally to his assistance, and 
 his own indomitable energy vanquished all other 
 difficulties. Soon after, he was engaged in a dispute 
 
80 
 
 FEEDEKICK LTJCAS. 
 
 with his printers, who endeavoured to get the paper 
 entirely into their own hands, and to supplant him 
 in the management. On the ground of some claim 
 of partnership or copyright, they at one time took 
 possession of the house, in which the publication 
 was carried on ; but Lucas was not the man tamely 
 to submit to such an attempt. He no sooner heard 
 of it, than he repaired to the spot in the early dawn 
 of morning, obtained admission through an open 
 window, by help of a ladder, and without further 
 ceremony forcibly ejected the agents of the intruders. 
 A state of siege followed, in which a garrison of 
 Irishmen kept guard over the citadel. The opposing 
 party, however, continued for a while to publish a 
 paper under the name of the TaMet ; and, to avoid 
 a Chancery suit, Lucas altered the title of his journal 
 to the True Tablet. At this crisis, O’Connell de- 
 clared emphatically in favour of Lucas, and rendered 
 him great service with the Catholic public, who were 
 not long in settling the question between the rival 
 papers. The Pseudo- Tablet died a natural death, 
 and Lucas resumed the name, under which he had 
 first appeared as a journalist. 
 
 During the next succeeding years, Lucas bore 
 almost the whole burden of writing and conducting 
 
 o o 
 
FEEDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 81 
 
 his newspaper. Nor was this by any means the full 
 extent of his labours. He was constantly engaged 
 in correspondence, connected with some religious or 
 political matter, and was consulted by all sorts of 
 people on all sorts of questions. He had moreover 
 a number of literary projects, which he only wanted 
 time and opportunity to carry into execution. 
 Amongst other plans, he once entertained the scheme 
 of a Catholic Encychpoedia, which was to correct 
 what he considered the Protestant errors and pre- 
 judices contained in existing works of that nature, 
 and he seriously looked about for assistance to in- 
 augurate this vast design. I have also reason to 
 believe, that he attended more assiduously than most 
 men the ceremonies and services of his Church, and 
 I know, that he sometimes withdrew to those reli- 
 gious retreats, where pious Catholics are accustomed 
 to seek in solitude and meditation for new strength 
 to encounter the trials and temptations of the world. 
 And here, perhaps, I may be allowed a few words on 
 the peculiar character of his creed, although I ap- 
 proach this subject with considerable hesitation, as 
 looking at sacred things from quite a different point 
 of view, and therefore liable to misunderstand or 
 misrepresent him. 
 
 G 
 
82 
 
 FEEDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 It seems to me, that Lucas was not only a Eoman 
 Catholic, not only what is called an Ultramontane, 
 not only an advocate for the extreme claims of the 
 Papacy, but that he was (as far as a man born in our 
 age can be) a Catholic of the twelfth century. For 
 him, the customs, the ceremonies, the legends, the 
 traditions of the Church were all alive and real — 
 not merely ancient rites, or venerable observances, or 
 solemn and pathetic narratives — ^but powers as opera- 
 tive as the changing seasons, and facts as patent as 
 the sun at noonday. His imagination had appro- 
 priated to itself all that world of the Middle Ages, 
 and he lived in it as in his natural home. Most of 
 us have known, in dreams, how the mind becomes 
 reconciled to the most extraordinary circumstances, 
 and, once in the atmosphere of miracles, goes from 
 one marvel to another without any sign of astonish- 
 ment. How Lucas dwelt habitually in such a super- 
 natural atmosphere, and many wonders and extra- 
 vagances, which most modern Catholics would be 
 inclined to apologize for and explain away, were to 
 him perfectly in order, and occasioned no strain upon 
 his faith. Once convinced of the infallibility and 
 miraculous gifts of Eome, he not only accepted her 
 whole system without reserve or quahfication, but 
 
FEEDERICK LUCAS. 
 
 83 
 
 appeared to take delight in the most questionable 
 parts of her history, and to find something congenial 
 in the strangest and wildest of her legends. In 
 matters of religious belief, he might have been a 
 contemporary of St. Bernard, St. Dominic, or St, 
 Francis. 
 
 No doubt, this description would apply to other 
 Catholics of our time ; but Lucas had the singular 
 faculty of uniting this child-like faith, in its utmost 
 simplicity, not only with strong sense and practical 
 sagacity in secular matters, but with the spirit of 
 liberty and progress, and the love of enquiry and dis- 
 cussion. The twelfth and the nineteenth centuries 
 were strangely blended in his character. While 
 in some things he submitted to the most absolute 
 authority, in others he was ever striving for light and 
 freedom, and, though one portion of his nature seemed 
 entranced in a vision of the past, he took a warm and 
 lively interest in almost every question, that agitated 
 society in his own day. Eetrograde in religion, he 
 was progressive in politics, and no man looked 
 forward with more hope and confidence, to the spread 
 of free institutions, and the establishment of popular 
 rights. I do not mean to say, that he was a revolu- 
 tionist, or even a democrat, in the common sense of 
 
 G 2 
 
84 
 
 FEEDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 the word. On the contrary, his sympathies were, I 
 think, aristocratic, and the liberty he contemplated 
 was always based on legal and historical foundations. 
 He had a thorough contempt for the mere cant of 
 Uheralism, and no faith whatever in some new 
 arrangement of the suffrage, or some machinery of a 
 ballot-box, to make corrupt men honest, or foolish 
 men wise. But he had a generous trust in the 
 gradual enlightenment and improvement of his feUow- 
 creatures, to fit them more and more to participate in 
 legislation and government, and he held it to be the 
 true policy of the Church of Eome (subject always to 
 the assertion of her religious supremacy) to ally her- 
 self with the reforming and popular party in every 
 nation, and to take the lead in the general enfran- 
 chisement of Europe. In all these respects, the 
 person, to whose opinions he approached the nearest, 
 was, perhaps, the Count de Montalembert, and I have 
 often heard him speak with high admiration of that 
 distinguished Frenchman. 
 
 When Pius IX. ascended the throne of St. Peter, 
 Lucas watched with intense interest the spectacle of 
 a reforming Pope, and aU his feelings went fully with 
 the awakened hopes and reviving liberties of Italy. 
 But he saw from the first the dangers, which 
 
FEEDEKICK LUCAS. 
 
 85 
 
 threatened the new freedom on every side, and he 
 spoke in warning tones both to the governors and the 
 governed. The policy he recommended was that of 
 wise, well-considered, gradual, and moderate change, 
 and could his views on this subject have really been 
 carried out, they would have accomplished safely and 
 legally what has since been achieved in a very 
 different manner, at the expense of broken treaties, 
 and at the imminent risk of the peace and security of 
 nations. 
 
 But it must be confessed, that this temperate and 
 conservative liberalism was not equally apparent, in 
 the course, which the Tablet took on the affairs of 
 Ireland. It is the part of his career, which has ex- 
 posed Lucas to the most obloquy, and which even his 
 friends have found it the most difficult to defend. 
 “ For what can you say,” they have been asked, “ for 
 an Englishman by birth and blood, whose calm and 
 statesmanlike judgment is visible wherever his own 
 country is not directly concerned, but who loses it 
 altogether in the violence and bitterness, with which 
 he urges against her the wrongs and sufferings of 
 another race ? Even if just, there is something un- 
 filial in such denunciations. But could Lucas believe 
 them to be just? Could he really hold England 
 
86 
 
 FEEDERIOK LUCAS, 
 
 responsible for that terrible famine, with which it 
 pleased Heaven for a while to afflict the sister island, 
 only (as we since have seen) to prepare the way for a 
 better and happier future? Did he not know, that 
 every possible effort was made to relieve that fearful 
 calamity, and that, if any error was committed in the 
 method of doing so, it was from no want of good will 
 in the government or people of Great Britain ? Did 
 he really persuade himself, that a native Irish parlia- 
 ment (torn as it would be by factions) would be 
 likely to deal more fairly with the general interests 
 of Ireland, than the Imperial legislature, such as it 
 had of late years shown itself to be ? Lastly, could 
 he blind himself to the fact, that the poverty and 
 distress, which had so long prevailed on the other 
 side of St. George’s Channel, were to be ascribed 
 quite as much to the habits of the people themselves, 
 as to any laws or institutions, that might have been 
 imposed upon them ? ” 
 
 To all this Lucas would have answered, that the 
 more he loved his country, the more it behoved him 
 to free her from any stain of injustice or oppres- 
 sion, That it was not by flattery or concealment, 
 but by speaking the plain truth, however unpalatable, 
 that he coidd serve her best. That he was not such 
 
FKEDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 87 
 
 a madman as to attribute the policy of Great Britain 
 with regard to Ireland to malignant hatred ; hut that 
 ignorance and prejudice are often as fatal as ma- 
 lignity, and should he denounced and exposed with 
 the same unsparing frankness. That he was quite 
 willing to admit the factions and the follies of the 
 Irish people; hut that those factions had been 
 fostered, those follies encouraged and perpetuated, by 
 a government, which, in old times at least, had taken 
 for its maxims ; Divide and conquer ! and : Kee^ 
 others weak, that we may he strong! — That the 
 English parliament and people might now he really 
 striving, to the best of their ability, to redress the 
 grievances of the sister island; but that they had 
 failed, and must continue to fail in the attempt, 
 because they looked at all Irish questions, religious, 
 social, or political, from an alien point of view, and 
 could not understand the wants, or sympathize with 
 the feelings, of another and widely different race. 
 That, however little wisdom might be expected from 
 the first efforts of a native parliament, they would at 
 least understand the people they had to govern, 
 better than an assembly of foreigners convened at 
 Westminster — they would restore the Cbrn’ch of the 
 majority of the nation to its old supremacy, they 
 
88 
 
 FEEDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 would adopt large and comprehensive measures for 
 the relief of distress, and they would apply them- 
 selves to settle, once for all, those disputes about the 
 conflicting rights of landlord and tenant, which lay 
 at the bottom of so much misery, and often led to 
 the perpetration of crime and outrage. 
 
 And in this view of the subject Lucas would have 
 been perfectly sincere. If it be asked, how a man of 
 his sagacity could fail to perceive, that, whatever 
 may have been the origin of the violent and formid- 
 able factions existing in Ireland, they were now 
 really held in check, and prevented from doing 
 incalculable mischief, by the power of England 
 alone; and that the true hope for the regeneration 
 of the Irish people lay in their own efforts at self- 
 improvement, and the gradual progress of peaceful 
 industry, under the wise, impartial, and beneficent 
 administration of the Imperial government — I can 
 only answer, that he was blinded by the influence of 
 two sentiments, both worthy of respect, and both 
 liable to be carried to excess — devotion to his 
 religion, and strong sympathy with the sufferings 
 of the poor. To promote the interest and extend 
 the sway of the Eoman Catholic Church, which in 
 his mind was identified with Christianity itself. 
 
FEEDERICK LUCAS. 
 
 89 
 
 appeared to him an object of such paramount im- 
 portance, that all other considerations sank into 
 insignificance beside it ; while the sorrows and 
 privations of the Irish peasantry, magnified and 
 coloured by many romantic incidents peculiar to the 
 character of an imaginative people, inspired him 
 with such a mixture of compassion and indignation, 
 that he was hurried beyond all calmness of judg- 
 ment, and, in his eagerness to serve and help them, 
 became sometimes unjust to others, and unwise as to 
 the best means of effecting his purpose. The lines, 
 which Coleridge addressed to Burke, were, I think, 
 in a great measure applicable to Lucas : 
 
 Thee stormy pity, and the cherished lure 
 
 Of pomp, and proud precipitance of soul, 
 
 Wildered with meteor fires ! 
 
 And it might with equal truth have been added, that 
 he too “ never drank Corruption’s bowl.” For, in the 
 midst of all this vehemence, his thoughts were ever 
 fixed on doing what he considered his duty to God 
 and his country, never for a moment on the gratifica- 
 tion of a personal feeling, or the advancement of a 
 
 ♦ 
 
 private interest. Many might accuse him of rash- 
 ness, intolerance, prejudice, or passion ; but no one, 
 that really knew him, could dream of imputing any 
 
90 
 
 FREDERICK LUCAS. 
 
 base or selfish motive to a man, whom, as an Irish 
 friend of his once said of him, all the gold in the 
 Bank of England could not have bought, and a 
 charge of the Life Guards would not have frightened. 
 
 The year 1848, emphatically the year of revolu- 
 tions, spread wonder and alarm through almost every 
 country of Europe, and, although the throne of Great 
 Britain stood unmoved amid the shock of falling 
 dynasties, there was even here a moment of con- 
 siderable excitement and uneasiness. In England, it 
 is true, the Chartist movement was at once deprived 
 of all danger by the firm and united attitude of the 
 great body of the middle classes ; but, in Ireland, a 
 small party of political enthusiasts, young, head- 
 strong, and violent, whom the departure of O’Connell 
 from the scene had allowed to take a prominent 
 position, were urging the people to rebellion, and 
 openly preparing for an armed resistance to the 
 government. That their schemes were wholly chime- 
 rical, and could never have succeeded against the 
 power of England, backed by the bulk of the pro- 
 perty and intelligence of their own country, is, I 
 think, morally certain ; but it appears to me equally 
 clear, that, had they obtained the support of the 
 Eoman Catholic Clergy, and of that large section, 
 
FKEDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 91 
 
 over whom Lucas and the Tablet exercised no mean 
 influence, their efibrts must have issued in a wide- 
 spread insurrection, which could only have been 
 suppressed at the cost of much misery and blood- 
 shed. 
 
 Now with regard to this Young Ireland party, as 
 it was called, Lucas stood in a diflicult and hazardous 
 relation. He had advocated many of their views on 
 general Irish politics, he was on terms of intimacy 
 with several of their leaders, and had always been 
 treated by them personally with consideration and 
 respect. But he entirely disapproved of their present 
 course, and urged on them again and again, that the 
 only weapon they should use against the English 
 government was that of legal and constitutional 
 opposition, and that as surely as they took the sword, 
 so surely would they perish by the sword. In 
 private and in public, in season and out of season, at 
 every possible opportunity, he strove to divert them 
 from the mad career, on which they had entered ; 
 and he took care to let them know in the plainest 
 terms, that, if they persevered in it, they could only 
 count on his most active and strenuous resistance. 
 Yet, all this time, his English friends had the pain of 
 perceiving, that he was himself suspected of disaffec- 
 
92 
 
 FEEDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 tion, and supposed to share in the treasonable 
 counsels of the conspirators. No imputation was 
 ever more absurdly false. Bold, uncompromising, 
 and imprudent as his language often was on political 
 subjects, it had at least the merit of being perfectly 
 clear and open, without any reticence or disguise, 
 and the line of action he recommended was thoroughly 
 straightforward and consistent. He held, that, under 
 the British Constitution, every change, that was worth 
 effecting at all, could be brought about legally and 
 peaceably, by the influence of free discussion upon 
 public opinion, and, while he deprecated violence, he 
 had the greatest contempt for all secret plotting. It 
 was not only opposed to his principles, but altogether 
 repugnant to the frankness and manliness of his 
 nature. And, more than this, however extreme may 
 have been his views on questions of Irish policy, 
 there is not the shadow of a shade of a reason for 
 doubting his loyalty to the English crown; and I 
 feel persuaded, that, if any real danger had threatened 
 the throne of these realms, whether from foreign or 
 domestic foes, no man would have ventured more 
 than Lucas, with tongue, and pen, and sword if 
 necessary, in defence of his rightful sovereign. 
 
 As it was, he did the State good service in this 
 
FREDERICK LUCAS. 
 
 93 
 
 time of crisis. Tailing to induce the Young Ireland 
 party to abandon their schemes, he applied himself 
 with all his usual energy to prevent others from 
 joining them. Numbers, who would have refused to 
 listen to any advice tendered by political opponents, 
 were willing to be guided by the opinions of a friend, 
 who had proved himself, within certain limits, to be 
 ready to go as far as most men in favour of Irish 
 views. He denounced the folly and wickedness of 
 civil war, as in any case too high a price to pay for 
 the attainment of their objects, and, what was stiU 
 more to the purpose with the audience he was ad- 
 dressing, he demonstrated the utter impracticability 
 of a successful insurrection. In a series of articles, 
 remarkable for the technical knowledge they dis- 
 played, he went into all the details of a possible 
 campaign in Ireland, and showed, that the insurgents 
 must be beaten by the necessary conditions of the 
 contest. There can be no doubt, that these articles 
 had great influence in deterring many from taking 
 part in a desperate attempt, and so were the means 
 of averting much evil. The Young Ireland con- 
 spiracy ended, as every one knows, in an abortive 
 and ridiculous enterprise, and, instead of enveloping 
 the whole land in fire and blood, the last sparks of 
 
94 
 
 FEEDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 rebellion were trodden out by a few policemen in the 
 Widow McCormack’s cabbage-garden ! 
 
 It was with reference to this affair, and to the 
 subsequent rumours of a French invasion, that Lucas 
 set himself to study military tactics, and was soon 
 deep in the works of the principal masters of 
 strategy. As one result of the knowledge thus ac- 
 quired, he wrote in the year 1849 an article in the 
 Duhlin Review, on the Campaigns of the Duhe of 
 Marlborough, which at once attracted the attention 
 of Sir William Napier, the historian of the Penin- 
 sular War, This competent judge at first supposed 
 the article to be written by a soldier, and, when he 
 learned who the author really was, hastened to seek 
 his acquaintance, and to offer him all sorts of com- 
 mendation and encouragement. Lucas had a won- 
 derful facility in mastering the details of almost any 
 subject; but I cannot help thinking, that he had. 
 a peculiar aptitude for military matters, and that, 
 had he embraced the profession of arms, he had all 
 the qualifications for attaining to eminence in the 
 field. 
 
 Towards the end of 1849, Lucas received a 
 pressing invitation to remove the Tablet to Dublin, 
 and, after some brief deliberation, determined to 
 
PEEDEEICK LUCAS, 
 
 95 
 
 comply with, the wishes of his Irish friends. He 
 believed, that he should be more in the centre of 
 his Catholic supporters, and able to act more directly 
 on Irish opinion. The change was not unattended 
 with inconvenience and sacrifice. He had to break 
 up his modest English home, to leave old friends 
 and associates, and to transport his family amongst 
 comparative strangers. From the time of his mar- 
 riage, he had resided at Kensington, and there, in 
 a quiet and frugal fashion, had been accustomed 
 to receive visitors of different ranks and various 
 endowments. The res angustce domi never troubled 
 hhn for a moment — ^his purse (at no time a heavy 
 one) was always open to his friends and to the poor 
 — but he cared nothing for display, and held in 
 just contempt that miserable weakness, which thinks 
 it necessary to ape the outward appearances of wealth 
 and station. With him, “plain living and high 
 thinking” were natural and habitual. If he ever 
 indulged in any superfluous expense, it was in the 
 purchase of books, but these were in some sort the 
 essential food of his mind. I can well remember a 
 small room, which he used as a library and study, 
 crowded from skirting-board to ceiling with these 
 literary treasures, and the very floor strewed with 
 
96 
 
 FEEDEEICK LUCAS, 
 
 pamphlets and papers. He would step out from 
 the midst of the confusion, with the cheerful smile, 
 and the warm welcome ; and, although at first you 
 might have to tread with caution, and even have 
 some difficulty in finding an unoccupied seat, you 
 were soon more at your ease than in the gayest 
 and brightest saloon, and charmed with a conversa- 
 tion such as is seldom heard in any circle. 
 
 It was therefore a great loss and sorrow to some 
 in London, when Lucas took his departure for Ire- 
 land. They hoped indeed, that his absence might 
 be but temporary, and that, a few years hence, the 
 former relations would be renewed on the old footing. 
 They could not foresee, that, with the exception of 
 one .or two short intervals, and a chance meeting 
 now and then, the separation was to be final. 
 
 notwithstanding the kind reception, which Lucas 
 met with in Dublin, he too cast back many a 
 “longing, lingering look” towards his old haunts 
 and companions, I have some of his letters, chiefly 
 treating of private and personal subjects, which 
 could only interest the parties concerned ; but, with- 
 out imitating the modern practice of dragging all 
 sorts of trivial and irrelevant matter before the 
 public, I think I may venture on a few brief 
 
FREDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 97 
 
 extracts, as illustrative of his views and feelings at 
 this time. 
 
 “Dublin, January, 1850. 
 
 “ Your letter, old fellow, was most welcome in this land 
 of exile, where, however, I comfort myself in a very jolly 
 fashion. As far as I can judge, everything is going on 
 well, and I certainly have had success so far. I mean, 
 that, from what they were in London, my subscribers have 
 increased some hundreds, and are increasing. I have no 
 end of troubles in moving, as you may imagine, but, thank 
 God, everything has gone well with me except in the 
 press-worTc, and there my experience has been disastrous. 
 However, I see even here a dawn of better hopes, and am 
 not absolutely cast down even in that. What can I tell 
 you in return for your budget of news 1 You don’t care 
 about Irish affairs, you wretched Saxon, and what others 
 
 have I to write about ? I can say : How is Mrs. E ? 
 
 pray give her my kindest regards. How are M and 
 
 B 1 Eemember me to them all, most kindly and even 
 
 tenderly. But when I have said that, what the deuce do 
 you care about anything else I can teU you ? Oh, I re- 
 member — I made a foray, not exactly into England, but 
 into Wales last Monday, to meet and bring home Mrs. 
 Lucas, who is now with Angelo and your humble servant 
 at Eongstown. As I got to the Menai Strait first, I spent 
 an hour or so in looking at the Menai Bridge. I had not 
 much time, it was raining, and I had no guide, so I saw 
 few details ; but I went into the tube nearest the shore, 
 which is constructed on a scaffolding in the very place 
 
 H 
 
98 
 
 FKEDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 where it is to remain. There I saw little hoys of ten 
 years old, taking with pincers iron holts red-hot out of a 
 fire, outside the tube and on a level with the bottom of it, 
 and with the greatest nonchalance fiinging them to the top 
 of the tube, apparently among a crowd of workmen, one 
 of whom received the bolt, and drove it in. The elements 
 of the construction are all very simple, and I saw pretty 
 nearly both what they were, and what they look like when 
 put together. One line of tubes is complete across the 
 strait. Others I saw at a distance, being made on the 
 shore. Though not so elegant, of course, as the Chain 
 Bridge, it is too far off to extinguish it, and has a pecu- 
 liar character of rude sublimity, which is not at all out of 
 place. The Pyramids, I take it, are not at all handsome, 
 and this is a much greater work than all the Pyramids 
 put together, or multiplied by a thousand.” 
 
 “Kingstown, April, 1850. 
 
 “ I had been fearing to hear from you, lest you should 
 blow me to the clouds of the Antipodes for having kept 
 silence so long, but the truly Christian tone of your letter 
 reassures me, and, afraid of another mishap, I sit down at 
 once to answer it as confidently as if I had never sinned. 
 I have had no end of bother with printing, i. e. machining, 
 and have never felt sure on Monday morning, that the 
 paper would really be published on the next Saturday. I 
 have had a run of bad luck in this way, which would 
 have ruined inevitably a paper not yet tolerably established. 
 In every other respect, I have had very good fortune — not 
 hrilliant fortune, but the kind of success which promises 
 
FEEDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 99 
 
 durability. I don’t know, that I bave gone back in any 
 respect, in many there is a decided improvement, there is 
 a much greater opening for the future, and plenty of work 
 to do of a kind that I like, and which I find I can do 
 nearly as well as my neighbours. I am projecting, as an 
 addition to the Tablet, a paper three days a week, which 
 ought to bring in a considerable access of profit. You 
 may perhaps see an announcement of this kind shortly in 
 the Tablet. 
 
 “We have just got tiled in, in a house of our own here 
 at Kingstown, and, allowing 12^. a year for railway to 
 Dublin, I pay for rent, rates, taxes, &c. about half as much 
 as at Kensington. As the house really is comfortable and 
 suitable, and as we have sea-air, and most exquisite 
 scenery within a shilling ride of us, besides seeing 
 mountains out of our back- windows, I think this is not a 
 bad basis to begin upon. 
 
 “We often think and talk of you, I promise you, and 
 wish much to get back to London for a time, to see our 
 
 old friends. I want much to see old M again. The 
 
 old chap has nothing in the world to do ; why doesn’t he 
 behave like a man, and come over here to spend the 
 summer at a reasonable rate, instead of spending his 
 money in your outrageously extravagant neighbourhood?” 
 
 “Kingstown, January, 1851. 
 
 “ Please Heaven, we will meet this year somehow, by 
 hook or by crook ! — I think it very improbable, that the 
 year will pass over without my being in London, though 
 certainly the Great Exhibition will not be the attraction. 
 
100 
 
 FEEDEKICK LUCAS. 
 
 And yet I have some feelings of local attachment, and a 
 longing sometimes to see how Hyde Park looks with the 
 huge glass house in the middle of it, and many other 
 things, persons, and places. Hay, to tell you the truth, 
 if I had not had the luck to be married, I should have 
 seen you half a dozen times at least in the year 1850. 
 But a wife and brat are terribly anti-locomotive. Hot 
 that I have been very sedentary during the last half-year, 
 but a journey to London alone was not to be thought of 
 So I could only tantalize myself by going down to the 
 Pier, and watching the boats go to Liverpool and Holy- 
 head, reflect on the facility of transit, fancy myself on the 
 way to London, and — ^walk rather thoughtfully up the hill 
 to Cedar Place. 
 
 “ Thoughtfully, not sadly. Por I have neither time nor 
 inclination to be sad. I have hitherto succeeded better 
 than I had any reason to expect. I have got into the 
 right position among the various parties here, and feel 
 myself (morally speaking) on firm ground. In other 
 respects, I am well enough ) though, not having my 
 balance-sheet quite completed, I shall not be certain for a 
 week or two about the year’s proceedings. However, I 
 know by the circulation and some other leading points, 
 that I was never better, I think never so good, and it 
 strikes me that I am on the way to improve. Besides, I 
 have gobd people about me in every department, and 
 (though for aught I know some heavy stroke may be im- 
 pending) I have none but the ordinary cares and anxieties, 
 which belong to any condition of hfe. Add to this, I 
 have plenty to do, the work such as I like, the objects of 
 
FREDEKICK LUCAS. 
 
 101 
 
 it such as engage every faculty and energy I possess — and, 
 to crown all, a happy home, an aifectionate wife who keeps 
 me straight just where I am wanting to myself, and a 
 child, whom (as I am bound to do) I firmly believe to be 
 a prodigy. What on earth can a man want more, and 
 how can he be thankful enough for having so much? And 
 yet there is nothing out of the way in supposing, that 
 four-and-twenty hours may change the scene, and leave 
 me like Job on a dunghill, scraping myself with a broken 
 sugar-basin. 
 
 “ I daily rejoice in the recollection of our old Debating 
 Society, and I take some pride in remembering, in con- 
 nexion with it, almost the ordy instance of real perse- 
 verance I was ever guilty of — I mean, in labouring to 
 overcome a most painful nervousness, &c. The year I 
 devoted myself to do that has made me of twice the value 
 here, and, if I had not done it then, I should never have 
 done it. Oh, Lord ! when I attend Committees, and 
 Conferences, and Public Meetings, and speak from the 
 tops of barrels, and out of public-house windows, and 
 in all sorts of strange places, you can’t teU how often I 
 think about the old days, and the old places, and the 
 good old fellows who then were. I wish some of you 
 were here — and yet I sometimes wish not ; for, in this 
 sort of public life, friendship is oddly mixed up with a 
 secret jealousy, or, if that word is too strong, with little 
 ranklings of mutual discontent, which amongst old friends 
 are more painful than separation. 
 
 “We won’t discuss the Papal Aggression just now, for 
 I have no time. All will go well, I dare say, and for my 
 
102 
 
 FEEDEKICK LUCAS. 
 
 part I jjrefer the hostility of the Whigs, and penal laws, 
 to their friendship, which I believe to he radically and 
 necessarily treacherous. You may have reason to lament 
 the perturbation caused on your side of the channel. 
 Here, we are as stagnant as mud about it ; and, as a mere 
 religious question, I would willingly — if I could afford it 
 — have paid down 1,000^. to purchase Lord John’s letter 
 with its consequences.” 
 
 The speeches and popular demonstrations, to which 
 Lucas alludes in the above extract, were connected 
 with the subject of Tenant Eight, which was be- 
 coming a question of great public interest in Ireland. 
 Here, as on previous occasions, Lucas found himself 
 once more in direct opposition to his EngKsh friends. 
 They could not understand how land was to be 
 treated on quite a different footing from every other 
 property, and why the legislature was to interfere 
 in this instance only, to alter the natural laws of 
 supply and demand. They contended, that the 
 tenant was as free to make a bargain for himself as 
 the landlord, and that it was his own fault if he 
 entered on a tenancy, without obtaining some secu- 
 rity for the fair enjoyment of any improvements 
 he might undertake. But Lucas answered, that these 
 views could only arise from a total ignorance of the 
 
FREDERICK LUCAS. 
 
 10:3 
 
 condition of Ireland. He said, that the competition 
 for land was so intense, that it was hopeless for the 
 tenant to ask for the protection of a lease or agree- 
 ment, and, being generally a small holder, and a 
 poor man, he was entirely at the mercy of his 
 landlord, who, being often himself thriftless and 
 embarrassed, was ever ready to wring the uttermost 
 farthing from his victim, and immediately to appro- 
 priate to himself any improvements, for the sole 
 purpose of raising the rent. If it was observed, that 
 such conduct was very much like killing the goose 
 that laid the golden eggs, because it clearly tended 
 to put a stop to all improvements — he at once ad- 
 mitted, that it was so, hut maintained, that the evil 
 had become so habitual and ineradicable, that, for 
 the sake both of tenants and landlords, he saw no 
 remedy except in legislation. His English friends 
 still urged, that the evil would cure itself with the 
 growing wealth and intelligence of Ireland — that the 
 thing really wanted was to substitute solvent land- 
 lords and substantial tenants for the present occu- 
 pants of the soil — that emigration, the sale of 
 encumbered estates, and the rise and progress of 
 new branches of industry, were slowly, but surely, 
 effecting this beneficent revolution — and that it would 
 
104 
 
 FEEDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 be wiser to trust to the gradual operation of the 
 laws of nature, than to seek to subvert those general 
 principles, which govern the tenure of property 
 throughout the British Isles. But Lucas indignantly 
 replied, that we had no right to sacrifice even one 
 generation to a possible future — that the persons, in 
 whom he was interested, the clients, whose cause 
 he was pleading, were not the ideal farmers of a 
 coming age, but the living men, women, and children, 
 who were driven from their homes, and reduced to 
 beggary and starvation, by that system of rack-rents, 
 which was at once a stupidity and a crime. He 
 grew warm and eloquent in painting the sufferings 
 of the small farmers and peasantry, and no one, who 
 heard him, could doubt, that, whether right or wrong 
 in the measures he proposed for their relief, he was 
 most ardent and sincere in his desire to aid and 
 protect them. 
 
 And, indeed, this sympathy with the poor was one 
 of his striking characteristics. I have often noticed, 
 that nothing gave him more pleasure than the sight 
 of a neat, comfortable cottage, however humble, with 
 the gay little patch of garden-ground, the tidy house- 
 wife, and the healthy children— while rags and 
 squalor were to him equally painful, and the sorrows 
 
FEEDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 105 
 
 of helpless and indigent people moved his compas- 
 sion to an extraordinary degree. I have frequently 
 heard him say, that he thought the happiest con- 
 dition of life was that of a poor, honest man, able 
 to support his family decently by his labour ; but 
 he felt acutely for such a person, when any combi- 
 nation of circumstances prevented him from earning 
 his daily bread, and he cherished the notion, that, in 
 a Christian country, there could always be found a 
 remedy for such a calamity. His mind was far too 
 vigorous to indulge in mere sentimentalism on these 
 subjects, and he was ever seeking to elaborate some 
 practical scheme for the relief of distress. Many 
 of his projects may have been utopian, but they 
 were certainly not taken up from caprice, or without 
 method and forethought ; and as one proof of this 
 it may be mentioned, that he latterly gave much 
 time to the study of political economy, and took a 
 special interest in the social theories of a writer, 
 who has never been suspected of belonging to the 
 sentimental school — I mean Mr. John Stuart Mill. 
 
 The eyes of many Catholic Irishmen were now 
 fixed on Lucas, as a fitting person to represent their 
 interests in parliament, and, when an opportunity 
 offered in 1852, they resolved to propose him as a 
 
106 
 
 FEEDEKICK LUCAS. 
 
 member for the County of Meath. As soon as he 
 had yielded to their wishes, he set about his canvass 
 with his accustomed energy, and was not long in 
 discovering, that, Saxon as he was, he had the bulk 
 of the clergy and people with him. After a sharp 
 contest, he was triumphantly returned by a large 
 majority, the numbers being, at the close of the poll, 
 Lucas 2,004, Corbally 1,968, Grattan (the unsuc- 
 cessful candidate) 565. 
 
 When the news of his election reached London, 
 his friends naturally wrote to congratulate him, and, 
 amongst others, I addressed a few lines to him, in 
 which I ventured to express a hope, that, in the new 
 field of action now opening before him, he would rise 
 above all narrow party-views and sectarian politics, 
 and take the place he was fitted for in the great 
 council of the nation. I believe, I must have drawn 
 some comparison between Burke and O’Connell, as 
 an illustration of the superiority of the real states- 
 man over the most able and successful demagogue. 
 These few words of explanation are necessary for the 
 understanding of the following remarkable letter. 
 
 “ 21 Hardwicke Street, Dublin, 28th July, 1852. 
 
 “I cannot tell you the pleasure your most kind and 
 affectionate letter of congratulation has given me. I have 
 
FEEDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 107 
 
 reached home from Meath only a few hours, and, after the 
 excitement of the election, I must confess it, that I feel in 
 rather low spirits — hut your letter warms the cockles of 
 my heart. It is a perfect transcript of yourself, and read- 
 ing it makes me long to throw politics to the devil, in 
 favour of the old Saturday-nights’ conversaziones. This 
 whole business of M.P., with the weight, duties, and diffi- 
 culties of it, by anticipation almost presses me to the earth. 
 Often and often, I wish I could wash my hands of it. 
 Why? l^ot from any false modesty assuredly. I think, 
 if I were an English Protestant, taking my stand in the 
 ranks of either Whig or Tory, upon the recognized prin- 
 ciples and ideas of either of those parties, I could discharge 
 my duties in a very tolerable and creditable manner. Even 
 then I should be nervous and anxious about success, because 
 such is my nature. But, in fact, I go into the House of 
 Commons, to stand (I fear) very nearly alone — a member 
 of an unpopular minority, an unpopular member of that 
 minority, and disliked even by the greater number of the 
 small party with which I am to act — and having cast upon 
 me, in a prominent manner, the defence of the two noblest 
 causes in the world ; that of a religion, which it requires 
 great learning to defend properly, and that of the most ill- 
 treated and (in all essential qualities of heart and character) 
 the noblest population, that ever existed on the face of the 
 earth. I am very poorly and hurriedly describing to you 
 what it is that weighs me down. But I think you will 
 understand me. You talk of Burke and O’Connell, and 
 indeed to do adequately what I ought to do would require 
 a Burke or an O’Connell — that is, a man, who, in an 
 
108 
 
 FKEDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 assembly of really able men, can stand alone on bis own 
 resources and character, against every opposition from 
 within and from without. I think my own course will be 
 the one I shall follow, and that you will disapprove — nor 
 do I believe, that the bad element, to which you refer, of 
 selfish, shabby Irish members, will have much influence 
 upon me. But it will be one of the greatest disagreeables 
 of my course, that fair, candid, and just men like yourself, 
 looking at these subjects through different media and 
 associations, will condemn as irrational what I believe to 
 be just and necessary. It remains to be seen and tried, 
 whether I can hold as true to my own convictions in 
 parliament as I have done in the press — and I am sure, 
 that with my many weaknesses of character this will be 
 utterly impossible, without a special grace of Almighty 
 God to save me from total political extinction. 
 
 You wiU laugh, perhaps, at my calling the Irish people 
 f :.e finest pisantry in the world. But the limited inter- 
 course I have had with them has left on my mind a very 
 strong impression, that there is not in the world a people 
 — I refer to the unsophisticated portion of the country 
 people — for whom a man of any heart or conscience would 
 sooner lay down his life. The wrongs they continue to 
 endure fill me with a passionate indignation, which I 
 hardly know how either to express or to repress, and I 
 would give every hope I have in this world to alleviate 
 them but a little. I fancy, that a man, who enters the 
 House of Commons with these feelings, is little better 
 than a fool. What right has he to dream of an Irish 
 people, possessing an Irish character, requiring an Irish 
 
FKEDEKICK LUCAS. 
 
 109 ■ 
 
 social and political organization, unfitted for the narrow 
 pedantry of English systems, and whom an English House 
 of Commons may torture, hut cannot govern 1 — to dream 
 of such a people, and to labour to get for them institutions, 
 which the English intellect must despise, exactly in pro- 
 portion as they are really suited to the people for whom 
 they are intended ? — I fancy, that to attempt wisdom for 
 Ireland in an English House of Commons is, not exactly a 
 contradiction in terms, hut a practical contradiction just 
 about as gross. Anyhow, I have it in my mind, that I 
 shall fail in my endeavour, that my abilities are not equal 
 to the task before me, that I shall be rudely thrust out of 
 the saddle upon the ground, and that, before two years’ 
 time, I may be digging gold in or near Port Philip. In 
 the mean time, my dear old friend, I shall try to do my 
 part like a man, and, whether I fail or succeed, I shall at 
 all events love both my old friends and niy new friends, 
 and carry in my heart wherever I go the memory of that 
 quarter of a century, which has not cast even a moment’s 
 shade over the true and sincere friendship, that has bound 
 us together during more than a third part of this mortal span. 
 
 “We are here all quite well, and I hope we may all 
 meet you all in October. With kindest regards, &c. 
 
 Yours affectionately, 
 
 E. Lucas. 
 
 “ P. S. I am heartily glad Macaulay is in the House, 
 for every reason. I said nothing about it in the Tablet, 
 because I thought my advocacy would do him no good, 
 but perhaps the reverse.” 
 
110 
 
 FREDERICK LUCAS. 
 
 The difficulties attending his first appearance in 
 the House of Commons, which Lucas describes in 
 the above letter, were indeed real and formidable. 
 He came as a stranger amongst strangers, to defend 
 a most unpopular cause, and he belonged to a party, 
 which all other sections of the assembled senate 
 regarded as a nuisance and obstruction, or something 
 worse. It was not merely that this party interrupted 
 the public business, by the intrusion of Irish questions 
 on every occasion — not merely that it changed sides, 
 and upset or endangered ministries, upon principles 
 wholly unintelligible to the ordinary Englishman — 
 but that its members were generally viewed with dis- 
 like and suspicion, either as fanatics, whose violence 
 could only be explained by their Celtic temperament, 
 or as adventurers, who had taken to politics as a trade, 
 and were ready to sell their votes and their con- 
 sciences to the highest bidder. Just or unjust, this 
 was the estimate formed of them. And, if some 
 allowances were made for the accidents of birth and 
 education, no such excuses could be pleaded in the 
 case of Lucas. He was not an Irishman, and he had 
 not been born a Eoman Catholic. He was looked 
 upon as a renegade from his religion, and, in some 
 sort, an enemy to his country. The reputation. 
 
FEEDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 Ill 
 
 which had preceded him, was that of a truculent 
 journalist, known to he extreme in his opinions, and 
 supposed to he unscrupulous in his designs. And, to 
 balance all this prejudice, he had scarcely a friend or 
 acquaintance (out of his own small party) within the 
 walls of parliament. His elder brother had married 
 a sister of Mr. Bright, who was then member for 
 Manchester, and he may have known one or two of 
 the more advanced English Liberals. But, with 
 these exceptions, he stood, as he himself describes it, 
 alone. Ho man ever entered the House of Commons 
 under greater disadvantages, and whatever success he 
 achieved there must have been owing to personal 
 qualities of no common order. 
 
 It is creditable to Englishmen, that their strongest 
 antipathies do not prevent their giving a patient 
 hearing to an adversary, if he has really anything to 
 say, and from the moment, that Lucas first rose to 
 address the House, he was listened to without inter- 
 ruption. It was not long, indeed, before the cloud 
 of prejudice against him began to disperse. His 
 very look and manner, suggestive rather of some 
 stalwart Kentish yeoman, than of Irish rapparee or 
 Popish conspirator, told at once on the assembled 
 Commons. The portly figure, the frank, fair, Saxon 
 
112 
 
 FEEDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 countenance, the genial smile, the glance of kindly 
 humour, the unaffected and manly bearing, were 
 sure to impress an English audience in his favour ; 
 and when it was found, that he brought to every 
 subject, of which he treated, considerable knowledge 
 of detail, great skill in arranging his facts, and the 
 power of putting a statement in the clearest light, 
 accompanied by^ a flow of language and illustration, 
 which rose often to eloquence, while none, who saw 
 and heard him, could doubt for an instant of his 
 sincerity — the former hostility and suspicion were 
 replaced by something like interest and sympathy. 
 Ministers and leaders of party accosted him in words 
 of compliment, and the House granted him that 
 respectful attention, which is the highest praise from 
 political opponents. Personally, he became almost 
 popular ; and I believe it is no exaggeration to say, 
 that, before he had been many months in parliament, 
 the only feeling, with which he was regarded by 
 those, who differed from him most widely, was one 
 of regret, that so gifted and amiable a man should 
 be engaged in such a cause. 
 
 Yet certainly, in the matters debated, he had 
 done nothing to conciliate them. He avowed the 
 most unpopular opinions without reserve, and the 
 
FREDERICK LUCAS. 
 
 113 
 
 questions, on which he spoke, were jnst those most 
 likely to irritate an English and Protestant assembly. 
 Not only Tenant Eight, but the existence of the Esta- 
 blished Church in Ireland, and the whole system of 
 National Education, afforded him opportunities for 
 attack ; and when his Church was in turn assailed, 
 as in the case of the government grant to the College 
 at Maynooth, or the disposal of the property of Nuns 
 in Convents, he always scorned a merely defensive 
 warfare, and at once carried the assault into the lines 
 of the enemy. On the Maynooth question, for 
 instance, he not only offered to give up the grant, 
 hut urged the Catholics to reject it, and to take their 
 stand altogether on the voluntary principle — with 
 the view of applying that principle, in its full extent, 
 to all other sects and churches — to the “ministers’ 
 money ” of the Presbyterians, and to the endowments 
 of the Establishment. When the persecution at 
 Florence of two converts to Protestantism (the 
 Madiai) was brought before the House of Commons, 
 Lucas did not content himself with denying the 
 policy and propriety of the English parliament’s 
 interference with the laws and customs of a foreign 
 country — hut he argued, that the same zeal for 
 religious liberty should carry them still further, and 
 
 I 
 
14 FEEDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 he called on them to interfere also, if they interfered 
 at all, on behalf of certain converts to Catholicism, 
 who had been persecuted in like manner in some 
 of the Protestant countries of Northern Europe. This 
 ingenious diversion took the sting from the attack on 
 the Catholics, and obliged the Evangelical Alliance, 
 which had strongly advocated the cause of the 
 Madiai, to include all these other instances of per- 
 secution in a common censure. But, besides running 
 counter to the Protestant feeling of the majority of 
 the House, Lucas soon managed to come into col- 
 lision with a section of his own small party. He 
 believed, that he had discovered intrigues, which 
 seriously affected the political honesty of more than 
 one of the Irish members, and he did not scruple to 
 denounce them in plain terms. Whatever may be 
 thought of his prudence in this affair, most English- 
 men have long been convinced, and few candid 
 Irishmen will deny, that such corruption really 
 existed, and, if Lucas incurred much obloquy in 
 exposing it, we have only another proof of that 
 singleness of purpose, with which he pursued a 
 public object at every personal risk. 
 
 All this time, his early English friends watched 
 his proceedings with anxious interest, and waited 
 
FEEDEEICK LUCAS. 115 
 
 eagerly for .the next phase in his career. They 
 felt, that he had not yet done full justice to his own 
 great powers, and that the game he was playing was 
 on too confined a scale. As .a speaker and politician, 
 he was now the foremost man amongst the Catholics 
 of the United Kingdom, and it seemed a pity and 
 a wrong, that his abilities should be wasted on mere 
 sectarian disputes, and on the proverbial narrowness 
 and virulence of Irish party-feuds. Those, who had 
 known him longest and best, believed, that he was 
 fitted by nature and cultivation for far other work, 
 and they still fondly hoped, that, on the broad field 
 of Imperial politics, he would one day break through 
 the trammels of sect and faction, rise to the height of 
 some great argument, and take his place amongst the 
 leading statesmen and orators of his age. 
 
 Alas ! it was not to be. The labours of the last 
 few years had proved too much even for that strong 
 frame. The amount of work he went through cannot 
 be fully known, but it must have been something 
 prodigious. His attendance in parliament, and the 
 editorship of his newspaper, formed but a small 
 portion of his occupations ; he was at the same time 
 engaged in the weeding and organization of his party, 
 plunged deep in the agitation for Tenant Eight, and 
 
 I 2 
 
116 
 
 FEEDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 constantly interrupted by the claims of a voluminous 
 correspondence, on almost every subject of Irish or 
 Catholic interest. Already in the autumn of 1853 
 he had a serious illness, and was even then advised 
 to withdraw, at least for a time, from all public 
 business. It was neither vanity nor ambition, nor 
 any form of selfishness, that prevented his doing so. 
 Had he consulted his own wishes, he would have 
 retired both from parliament and the press, and have 
 sought in Australia a new home for himself and 
 family. More than once, in the few short interviews 
 I had with him about this period, he reverted to the 
 longing he felt for rest, and to his ideal of a happy 
 life in some distant colony, spent in the tillage of his 
 own fields, and the education of his boy. The 
 soothing influences of natural scenery, and books, 
 and leisure, and quiet thought — these were the 
 visions, which floated through the weary brain of 
 the politician; and, if he resisted all their allure- 
 ments, it was that in his soul and conscience he 
 believed, that duty to God and his country bound 
 him to the post he then occupied, and, living or 
 dying, he was resolved to maintain it to the last. 
 
 The year 1854 brought him a new source of 
 uneasiness. He had hitherto counted on the support 
 
FREDERICK LUCAS. 
 
 117 
 
 of tlie Irish Eoman Catholic clergy, and the priest- 
 hood in general had been his unwearied and zealous 
 allies. But now came a warning from high eccle- 
 siastical authority, exhorting the priests to attend 
 more to their strictly religious duties, and prohibiting 
 them altogether from interference in political affairs. 
 Most Englishmen will agree in the spirit of that 
 prohibition, but Lucas held, that it was an infringe- 
 ment on the rights of an oppressed people, whose 
 clergy had been their chief mouth-piece, in making 
 known their grievances and their wrongs. He deter- 
 mined to appeal from the episcopal decision to the 
 Holy See itself, and, in the course of the autumn, he 
 started on a mission to Rome, to intercede with the 
 Pope in favour of his clerical friends. 
 
 Of what passed at Rome, I have no certain or 
 definite knowledge. There is no doubt, that Lucas 
 was most kindly received by the Pope, and met with 
 many flattering attentions from learned and pious 
 ecclesiastics ; it is equally sure, that the city itself, 
 with all its noble and venerable associations, in- 
 terested him greatly; but I have some reason to 
 think, that he was deeply disappointed at the slow 
 progress he made in the object of his mission. He 
 found that the Papacy was by no means exempt 
 
118 
 
 FEEDEEICZ LUCAS. 
 
 from the delays and vexations of courts, and that 
 human jealousies and infirmities cluster around the 
 chair of St. Peter, as well as about more earthly 
 thrones. He was invited to prepare a memorial, 
 containing a full statement of his case, and to this 
 task he devoted the whole of the winter. But the 
 climate of Eome, joined to the incessant labour and 
 anxiety, was preying more and more upon his health, 
 and the month of May 1855 found him so feeble and 
 exhausted, that it was necessary for him to return to 
 England, though with the intention of going back to 
 Eome in the course of a few weeks. A party-divi- 
 sion was about to take place in the House of Com- 
 mons, and, in order to be in time for it, he travelled 
 night and day, and arrived in London so thoroughly 
 worn out, that, when he presented himself at the 
 entrance of the House, the door-keeper did not know 
 him, and hesitated to admit him. He afterwards 
 said, that this incident first showed him how ill he 
 really was. It was soon too fatally clear, that he 
 was indeed in a most precarious state. 
 
 Still there remained some hope of his recovery, if 
 he could be induced to give himself the needful 
 repose. He was persuaded to consult a first-rate 
 medical opinion, and was at once ordered to abstain 
 
FREDEKICK LUCAS. 
 
 119 
 
 from all manner of work. He now accepted an 
 invitation from his friend and colleague, Mr. Swift, 
 to spend some weeks at his house at Wandsworth. 
 It was here that I visited him for the last time. He 
 was indeed sadly changed; the cheek was sunken, 
 the eye had lost its lustre, the hair had grown 
 prematurely grey; but the old smile, played about 
 his lips, and he talked with the spirit and cheer- 
 fulness of his best days. It was a fine evening, and 
 we walked together in the garden. He spoke with 
 pleasure of Eoman buildings and antiquities, and of 
 the kind and fatherly reception he had met with 
 from the Pope, but very little was said on the subject 
 of his mission. Of course, it was the state of his 
 health, in which I was chiefly interested. He spoke 
 of it freely, without either presumption or de- 
 spondency. He said in his simple way, that he was 
 ready to submit to God’s will, whether it required 
 him to work or rest. And then, with a certain 
 humorous pathos, which was at once comical and 
 affecting, this man, the most active and restless, of 
 mortals, began to vaunt the delights of idleness, and 
 to declare how fortunate he thought himself in the 
 prospect of a visit to Brighton, in which he should 
 sit on the beach all day long, and have nothing to do 
 
120 
 
 FEEDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 but to fling stones into the sea ! — On the whole, his 
 conversation inspired me with the best hopes, and 
 I parted from him with no presentiment, that we 
 were never again to meet in this world. 
 
 Soon after, he went for a few days to Weybridge, 
 and thence to his father’s house at Brighton, where 
 he remained for about two months. During this 
 time, the progress of disease was slow, but not the 
 less certain ; and when, early in September, he went 
 with the intention of paying a short visit to his 
 brother-in-law, Mr. Skidmore Ashby, of Staines, he 
 grew so rapidly worse, that it was found impossible 
 to remove him. His friends heard with dismay, 
 that his physician had abandoned all hopes of his 
 recovery, and that, as it was unadvisable to risk 
 any disturbance or excitement, they must renounce 
 even the poor consolation of bidding him a last 
 farewell. 
 
 Yet he retained all his intellect and fortitude to 
 the end. His affectionate wife never left his side, 
 and was at once his nurse and secretary, for, even 
 in that near prospect of death, he continued to send 
 messages, and dictate letters, with the utmost calm- 
 ness and perspicuity. He desired to be most 
 kindly remembered to aU his friends, Protestant 
 
FEEDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 121 
 
 and Catholic, and I know of few death-bed incidents 
 more striking than the following letter, addressed 
 to the Eev. Thomas O’Shea, one of the most enthu- 
 siastic of his Irish supporters. 
 
 “Staines, September 28th, 1855. 
 
 “ My dear Father Tom, 
 
 “I don’t know whether I am glad or sorry, that 
 your notion of my disorder is so mistaken. The truth is, 
 that it is pretty fairly spread over most of the organs of 
 my body ; that I am now suffering under enlarged heart, 
 bronchitis, congested liver, inert kidneys, a stomach that 
 refuses food, asthma that forbids sleep, and, to crown all, 
 the dropsy. As Sydney Smith says in one of his letters : 
 I have seven or eight complaints, hut in all other respects I 
 am perfectly well. In plain and sober seriousness, my 
 dear Father Tom, I have given up all hope of life, have 
 received the Last Sacraments, and though, perhaps, not 
 immediately to die, for this is in God’s hand, yet I have 
 now no other business than to make the best preparation I 
 can for the Judgment Seat of the Almighty, and to request 
 all the prayers of my friends, to help me through this fearful 
 passage, which, I hope, may be from death to life. 
 
 “Thank God, I have no wish to hve. I ask for no 
 prayers for restoration to health. I have never valued 
 life very much, and now less than ever. Dear Father 
 Tom, it would be a great pleasure for me to see you again 
 before I die. We have fought many a battle together, at 
 your imminent peril, and I never found in you less than 
 the courage of a hero, perfect unselfishness, zeal untiring. 
 
122 
 
 FEEDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 and a devotion to the cause of God and the poor, which it 
 will be difficult to surpass. Now, when, perhaps, I am 
 presently to stand face to face with my Creator and 
 Eedeemer, I esteem it an honour to have fought so often 
 by your side, and though I do not regret for a moment 
 that my exertions have tended to shorten my life, I do 
 most bitterly regret that your nobleness and heroism have 
 brought on you so sad a persecution. However, my dear 
 Father Tom, let me say to you, and to our friends of your 
 diocese, not to be downcast or disheartened. As sure as 
 God is in Heaven, your cause is the cause of truth and 
 honour ; and when your last hour comes, you will all feel 
 what consolation it gives a man never to have flinched in 
 the worst of times — as I may say of you — or given way in 
 the public service to selfish personal considerations. 
 
 “ My dear Father Tom, I would give a little world to 
 press your hand once more, and to receive your blessing. 
 Make my kindest adieus to all our friends, particularly to 
 Father Keefie, your good brother, the Archdeacon, Father 
 Aylward, our friends in Tipperary, and my most worthy 
 and venerated friend, the Archdeacon of Eathkeale. 
 
 “ Your business, as far as it depends on my statement, 
 is not yet quite complete. I am sorry for it, but I have 
 done my best ; and I have left such instructions, as I 
 hope will turn to the best account what I have been able 
 to do. If I die, you will hear through one of my friends 
 how the matter stands ; at present, I can add no more, 
 than that I am, My dear Father Tom, 
 
 Most affectionately yours, 
 
 F, Lucas.” 
 
FREDEEICK LUCAS/ 
 
 12a 
 
 The above requires no comment. Every line, 
 every word, attests the courage and honesty of the 
 writer, and no true man, however much lamenting 
 his religious or political opinions, will refuse to pay 
 him the homage of personal admiration and respect. 
 
 A few days later, Lucas received the following 
 letter (which, like the preceding one, was published 
 after his death) from a great dignitary of his own 
 Church. As he had often differed from the prelate 
 in question, and on more than one occasion had 
 openly opposed his views, both the act and the 
 manner of writing are creditable to that eminent 
 person, and must have been gratifying to the sufferer 
 even at this crisis. 
 
 “Leyton, October 12th, 1855. 
 
 “ Dear Mr. Lucas, 
 
 “It was my sincere desire to call upon you, and 
 enquire in person after your valuable health, but Dr. 
 Whitty assures me of what I feared, that my visit would 
 be over-exciting at a time when quiet is indispensable. 
 I must, therefore, content myself with conveying to you 
 in writing my warmest sympathy and anxiety for your 
 recovery, and assuring you of my fervent prayers to God 
 for this mercy, if not for your own sake, for that of the 
 Catholic interests, and the general welfare. 
 
 “At the same time, I am sure, that your own earnest 
 
124 
 
 FREDERICK LUCAS. 
 
 wish is that God’s will may he accomplished in you, and 
 I pray Him earnestly to give you grace, to he in all things 
 conformable to it, and prepared for it. In this spirit, I 
 wish you and yours every blessing, and am ever 
 
 Your affectionate servant in Christ, 
 
 H. Cardinal Wiseman.” 
 
 But Lucas was fast going, where no voice of 
 human praise or pity could reach him more. He 
 lingered on till the 22nd of October, attending to the 
 offices of his religion, sending kind messages to his 
 friends and family, arranging his private affairs, and 
 exhibiting the same serene and heroic constancy in 
 all things. But he grew weaker and weaker, and, on 
 the afternoon of the above day, he was seized with a 
 sudden faintness, and she, who never left him, saw a 
 great change in his countenance. The usual reme- 
 dies were tried in vain, yet he joined mentally in 
 some of the short prayers of his Church, and, with a 
 sign that he understood and appreciated them, he 
 gave up his soul calmly and peacefully into the 
 hands of his Maker. He was in the forty-fourth 
 year of his age, and in the seventeenth of his con- 
 version to Catholicism. 
 
 The news of his death spread rapidly through the 
 United Kingdom, and was felt as an overwhelming 
 
FEEDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 125 
 
 blow by the main body of his co-religionists. They 
 had indeed no second such man ; and though, in life, 
 he had been regarded by some of them with jealousy 
 or distrust, they were all now forced to acknowledge, 
 that a great light had been quenched in their Israel. 
 The whole Catholic press, and many Protestant 
 journals, united in deploring the event, and in doing 
 justice to the talents and character of the deceased 
 politician. More especially, the warm and impres- 
 sionable Irish nature was deeply affected by the loss 
 of so true a champion, and many a meeting was held 
 in his honour, and many a mass offered up for the 
 repose of his soul. Meanwhile, in England, his 
 funeral was strictly private — such as would have 
 been most in accordance with his own modest and 
 simple taste. The body was first removed to the 
 Oratory at Brompton, and thence to the West London 
 Cemetery, where it was interred by the side of his 
 first-born child. A few priests and choristers, his 
 father, his brothers, and his little boy, one or two 
 Catholic, and one or two old Protestant friends, were 
 all that assembled around his grave on that melan- 
 choly occasion. A plain tomb-stone marks the spot, 
 inscribed with his name, the date of his birth and death, 
 .and the good, old, pious legend : Requiescat in Face. 
 
126 
 
 FEEDERICK LUCAS. 
 
 Nearly seven years have now elapsed, since he was 
 laid in his last resting-place, and, with the exception 
 of the notices in the journals at the time, I am not 
 aware, that any record has appeared of his life. Yet 
 certainly he was a man of no common mould, and 
 exercised no small influence on his Church and party, 
 and in an age, when every zealous parson or pious 
 soldier has ,his biographer, one would have thought, 
 that this devoted champion of Catholicism would not 
 have been left without some memorial. It remains 
 for me, a Protestant, to pay this last tribute to his 
 memory, and, if I am not so well .acquainted as some 
 of his Catholic friends would be, with many of the 
 circumstances in the latter part of his career, I have 
 at least the advantage of having known him longer 
 and earlier, and so perhaps am able to take a wider 
 view <of the whole character of the man. 
 
 It may be asked,: “Why write his life at all? 
 Was it not, in the main, a failure ? An attempt to 
 effect impossibilities, and therefore a mere waste of 
 energy and talent ? ” — I answer, that, in my opinion, 
 when he sought to put back the hand on the dial of 
 time, and to restore, in the midst of our own age, the 
 faith, the .maxims, and the views of the twelfth 
 century, it was to attempt :an impossibility as great, 
 
rEEDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 127 
 
 as for the fabled Danaides to fill their sieves with 
 water. And I think also, that, considered as a whole, 
 his Irish policy was a mistake and a failure. But I 
 am yet to learn, that the only things worth recording 
 are the brilliant annals of success. In this world of 
 onrs, there may be mistakes and failures, which are 
 worth many triumphs, because of the virtues they 
 call forth, and the motives from which they spring. 
 The noble errors of an unselfish enthusiasm have 
 never permanently injured or corrupted mankind. 
 There is much more danger in setting an undue value 
 on prosperity and worldly wisdom, and in the per- 
 nicious habit of judging of the merit of actions by 
 the result alone. 
 
 Taken at the lowest, the life of Frederick Lucas is 
 a remarkable chapter in the religious history of our 
 time, and, as such, not without interest for the 
 general reader. It is the story of the recoil of a 
 very powerful mind, from the scepticism and pre- 
 sumption of an age “blasted with excess of light,” 
 and of its finding repose amid the shadows, that 
 seemed to have passed away for ever. But, when 
 we come to estimate the full character of the man, 
 it has a different and far higher value ; for it tells 
 of a lofty heroism, which belonged indeed to the 
 
128 
 
 FEEDEEICK LUCAS. 
 
 knightly virtues of the Middle Ages, hut which must 
 he reproduced in some form in every century, that 
 is not wholly debased and rotten. ISTo Paladin ever 
 hore his banner more stainlessly through toil and 
 peril, no Confessor ever trod more fearlessly on 
 the red-hot ploughshares, and no Martyr ever went 
 to his rest with a stronger and a calmer faith. 
 In his high sense of honour and duty, in his 
 dauntless courage, in his entire unselfishness, and 
 complete submission to the will of God, he has left 
 an example for all to foUow; and I think of him 
 now as in his proper place, amongst the spirits of 
 just men made perfect, whose errors in action or 
 opinion here below have all been blotted out by that 
 Divine Mercy, which, knowing the secrets of our 
 hearts, and judging by other than human standards, 
 accepts the pure intention, and the faithful endea- 
 vour, and supplies whatever is wanting in the weak- 
 ness and ignorance of our nature. And if, as good 
 and wise men have ventured to hope, the religious 
 contests and heart-burnings of our time should issue 
 in the new-birth of a believing and united, yet 
 charitable and tolerant Christendom, in which the 
 disciples of the One Great Master will think more 
 of the things in which they agree, and less of the 
 
FREDEKICK LUCAS. 
 
 129 
 
 things in which they differ, and, in a spirit more 
 truly Catholic than that of the old Church of Kome, 
 be ready to exclaim with the poet ; 
 
 Our little systems have their day ; 
 
 They have their day, and cease to be ; 
 
 They are but broken lights of thee, 
 
 And thou, 0 Lord, art more than they ! — 
 
 then will that happier generation be the last to judge 
 harshly of their less fortunate brethren, who fell 
 fighting valiantly in the front of the battle, trampled 
 on by friends and foes, but who, in as far as they 
 acted from high and unworldly motives, were really 
 training their followers for a better service, and pre- 
 paring the way for a sure and lasting peace. 
 
 Therefore, to the gentle and the generous of every 
 church and creed, I commit this brief and imperfect 
 record of a brave, self-sacrificing life. They will find 
 in it something to blame — yet more, I hope, to love, 
 and admire, and imitate. But, be that as it may, 
 I shall not regret the tribute I have paid to an old 
 friendship, or the justice I have tried to render to the 
 memory of a noble man. 
 
 THE END. 
 
 K 
 
LONDON 
 
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 Publications, 
 
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 LARKE’S COMMERCIAL COPY-BOOKS. 
 Price Ad. A liberal allowance to Schools and 
 Colleges. 
 
 The First Copy-Book contains elementary turns, with a broad 
 mark like a T, which divides a well-formed turn into two equal parts. This 
 exercise enables the learner to judge of form, distance, and proportion. 
 
 The Second contains large-hand letters, and the means by which such 
 letters may be properly combined ; the joinings in writing being probably as 
 difficult to learn as the form of each character. This book also gives the whole 
 alphabet, not in separate letters, but rather as one word ; and, at the end of 
 the alphabet, the difficult letters are repeated so as to render the writing of the 
 pupil more thorough and uniform. 
 
 The Third contains additional large-hand practice. 
 
 The Fourth contains large-hand words, commencing with unflourished 
 capitals; and the words being short, the capitals in question receive the 
 attention they demand. As Large, and Extra Large-text, to which the fingers 
 of the learner are not equal, have been dispensed with in this series, the 
 popular objection of having too many Copy-books for the pupil to drudge 
 through, is now fairly met. When letters are very large, the scholar cannot 
 compass them without stopping to change the position of his hand, which 
 destroys ihe freedom which such writing is intended to promote. 
 
 The Fifth contains the essentials of a useful kind of small-hatid. There 
 are first, as in large-hand, five easy letters of the alphabet, forming four 
 copies, which of course are repeated. Then follows the remainder of the 
 alphabet, with the difficult characters alluded to. The letters in this hand, 
 especially the a, c, d, g, o, and q, are so formed that when the learner will 
 have to correspond, his writing will not appear stiff. The copies in this book 
 are not mere Large-hand reduced. 
 
 The Sixth contains small-hand copies, with instructions as to the manner 
 in which the pupil should hold his pen, so that when he leaves school he may 
 not merely have some facility in copying, but really possess the information 
 on the subject of writing which he may need at any future time. 
 
 The Seventh contains the foundation for a style of small-hand, adapted to 
 females, moderately pointed. 
 
 The Eihhth contains copies for females; and the holding of the pen is, of 
 course, the subject to which they specially relate. 
 
 This Series is specially adapted for those who are preparing for a commercial 
 life. It is generally found when a boy leaves school that his writing is of such 
 a character that it is some months before it is available for book-keeping or 
 accounts. The special object of this Series of Copy-Books is to form his writing 
 in such a style that he may be put to the work of a counting-house at once. By 
 following this course from the first the writing is kept free and legible, whilst it 
 avoids unnecessary flourishing. 
 
 Specimens of hand-writing after a short course may he Seen on application to 
 the Publishers. 
 
BELL AND DALDY’S 
 
 SOCKET 
 
 GLUMES. 
 
 A SEEIES OF SELECT WOEKS OF 
 FAVOUEITE AUTHOES. 
 
 HE intention of the Publishers is to produce a Series of 
 Volumes adapted for general reading, moderate in price, 
 compact and elegant in form, and executed in a style 
 fitting them to be permanently preserved. 
 
 They do not profess to compete with the so-called cheap volumes. 
 They believe that a cheapness which is attained by the use of 
 inferior type and paper, and absence of editorial care, and which 
 results in volumes that no one cares to keep, is a false cheapness. 
 They desire rather to produce books superior in quality, and 
 relatively as cheap. 
 
 Each volume will be carefully revised by a competent editor, 
 and printed at the Chiswick Press, on fine paper, with new type, 
 and ornaments and initial letters specially designed for the series. 
 
 The Pocket Volumes will include all classes of Literature, both 
 copyright and non-copyright ; — Biography, History, Voyages, 
 Travels, Poetry, sacred and secular. Books of Adventure and 
 Fiction. They will include Translations of Foreign Books, and 
 also such American Literature as may be considered worthy of 
 adoption. 
 
 The Publishers desire to respect the moral claims of authors 
 who cannot secure legal copyright in this country, and to re- 
 munerate equitably those whose works they may reprint. 
 
 The books will be issued at short intervals, in paper covers, at 
 various prices, from Is. to 3s. 6d., and in cloth, top edge gilt, at 
 6d. per volume extra, in half morocco, Eoxburgh style, at Is. 
 extra, in antique or best plain morocco (Hayday), at 4s. extra. 
 
 Now Ready. 
 
 The Robin Hood Ballads. 2s. Qd. 
 
 The Midshipman. By Capt. Basil 
 
 Hall, R.N. 3s. 
 
 The Lieutenant and Commander. By 
 the same Author. 3s. 
 
 Southey’s Life of Nelson. 2s. Qd. 
 George Herbert’s Poems. 2s. 
 Geoi’ge Herbert’s Works. 3s. 
 Longfellow’s Poems. 2s. M. 
 Lamb’sTalesfrom Shakspeare. 2s. Qd. 
 Milton’s Paradise Lost. 2s. Qd. 
 Milton’s Paradise Regained and 
 other Poems. 2s. Qd. 
 
 Preparing. 
 
 White’s Natural History of Selborne. 
 The Conquest of India. By Capt. 
 Basil Hall,, R.N. 
 
 Sea Songs and Ballads. By Charles 
 Dibdiu, and others. 
 
 Walton’s Lives of Donne, Wotton, 
 Hookei’, &c. 
 
 Walton’s Complete Angler. 
 
 Gray’s Poems. 
 
 Goldsmith’s Poems. 
 
 Goldsmith’s Vicar of Wakefield. 
 Henry Vaughan’s Poems. 
 
 Burns’s Poems. 
 
 Burns’s Songs. 
 
 Colei'idge’s Poems. 
 
 And others. 
 
 CHISWICK PRESS : PRINTED BY WHITTINGHAM AND WILKINS, 
 
 TOOKS COURT, CHANCERY LANE. 
 

RIETHMULEER 
 
 BX 
 
 i^705 
 
 .L79^ 
 
 R5 
 
 Bapst Library 
 
 Boston College 
 Chestnut Hill, Mass. 02167