BOSTON COLLEGE LIBRARY CHESTNUT HILL, MA OZlfiJ m\ N", Evening Telegraph Reprints— V 11 L J ll (PROFUSELY ILLUSTRATED) By MESSRS. F. A. FAHY and D, J. O'DONOGHUE. Reprinted from the " Evening Telegraph >> Dublin ; "EVENING TELEGKAPH 1 ' OFFICE: 83 TM ID DIE .ABBEY STREET. 1389. - . ■ - Lf. r)Y a thorough knowledge of the natural laws which govern the opprations of digestion and ) nutrition, and by a careful application of the fine properties of vvell-aelected Cocoa, Mr. Kits has provided our breakfast-tables with a dolicately-llavourcd Coverage which may save us many lieavy doctors' bills. It is by the judicious use of such article* of diet that a constitution 1 1 PORTING, mav he gradually built up until strong enough to resist every tendency to disease. Hundreds of subtle maladies are floating around us read v to attack wherever there is a weak point. We maj escape many a fatal shaft by keeping ourselves well fortified with pure blood and a properly nourished frame."— On Diet, in ' The Civil Service Gazette.' UNEQUALLED VALUE IN NOTE PAPER, Superior Vellum /Iota Paper at &%' 2 6. per lb, Seyeral tons of this celebrated :r already Sdd. Court Envelopes from 2si S^« per 1,000, A. W. WHEATLEY, S T it T I O KT EL R, 35 LT^. SAOKVILLB STREET, Next General Post Office, Dublin. SUPERIOR IRI5I- TY/EEDS, SUCHS & RUDD, ■MEEOHA1TT TAILOES, 6 LOWER ABBEY STREET, We respectfully invito inspection of our Large and Varied Stoo!\ of Irish Manufactured floods, which we can high!/ recommend. FIT & FliriSH GUARANTEED. Beg-3 to announce that, being 1 desirous to simply a long-felt deficiency In his Establishment, HE HAS NOW OPENED A First-Class Laoils' Hairdressi^ig Saloon AT HIS PREMISES, 38 AND 39 LOWER ABBEY STREET, And hopes that tlia satisfactory manner In qrhlch h9 has rendact-ed the Gentlemen's Department for the pisfc quarter of a csntury Ail! anxr secure the patronage of the Lndles. A Special St^n" of Ladies, competent Artistes, will be kapt. and he will undertake WIG MAKING. SCALP MAKING. TH£ DRESSING OF LADIES COMBINGS, &c. • •■■''■»'•''. Evening Telegraph Reprints — VII. IRELAND IN LONDON BY MESSRS. F. A. FAHY & D. J. O'DOXOGHUE Reprinted from the "Evening Telegraph. Dublin : "EYENLXG TELEGRAPH" OFFICE: 83 MIDDLE ABBEY STEEET. 1889. 3 ' tir Trrun rr Tr TT ™^ » ™* ' A verage Daily — FMNINGIT Price, One Halfpenny. ffiYfj^^jf^g^^Pj Circulation, 30,000. 83 MIDDLE ABBEY STREET, DUBLIN. Contains all the News of the Day, and Gleanings from the Best and Brightest Current Literature. The following series of articles have already appeared in the "Evening Telegraph," and having been republished in pamphlet form, may now be had from Messrs. Eason, and at the railway bookstalls ; also through the principal news- agents, or direct from the publishing office of the " Evening Telegraph," Prince's Street, Dublin. No. I.— GRATES AND MONUMENTS OF SOME ILLUSTRIOUS IRISH- MEN. By W. F. Wakeman. 25 pp. ; 13 Illustrations. Short Biographical Notices accompany the descriptions of the Monuments. The subjects include— Wolfe Tone, Emmet, Curran, Owen Roe O'Neill, O'Connell, and William Smith O'Brien. Price Twopence ; post free, 2^d. No. II.— OLD DUBLIN. First Series. By TV. F. Wakeman. 50 pp. ; 24 Illustrations. Describes Dublin Castle ; the oldest City Churches ; the birthplace of Clarence Mangan, Thomas Moore, Balfe, end Edmund Burke ; gives much archaeological information about Dublin, and the Suburbs of Kilmainham, Rings end, Blackrock, Dalkey, and Donnybrook. 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Joyce. 76 pp. ; several illustrations and plans. Stiff cover. Describes the leading battles fought on Irish soil from the Danish invasion down to modern times. Price Threepence ; post free, 4d. No VI.— IRISH GRAVES IN ENGLAND. By M. MacDonagh. 150 pp. ; profusely illustrated ; stiff cover. Describes the graves of thirty-eight prominent Irishmen and women in different parts of England, giving also many biographical details concerning each person. Price Fourpence ; post free, 5 id. N IRELAND IN LONDON. INTRODUCTION, THOROUGH investigation into the history of the Irish race in London, such as is attempted in the following papers, cannot fail to be of the keenest interest to our com- patriots, wherever they may be. Perhaps no city out of Ireland has been so much influenced by Irish genius. Irish character, and Irish achievement. The inquiry : " How far has that influence been exercised, and to what ^purpose ?" can only be answered— first, by a glance at their position among the other various races in England, and its tremendous difficulties : and, secondly. by a study of their achievements in liteiature, art, science, military genius, and states- .mmship, as exemplified in the metropolis ol the world. London teems with memories of Irish- men— iamous in all the various walke of life — and of their works, and the truly great part they have taken in making Lon- don what it now is— the most ex tensive as well as "the most solidly 4 inteHectual city of the world- can be uner- nngly traced through every 6tep of it6 history, literary and otherwise, lrom the remotest period of its literary and mechanical activity down to the present day. The task is not unattended with difficulties, some of them unexampled and unique, for there have been times when it would have been folly and even mad uess in any Irishman to boast of or even admit his Irish birth or descent, andyconscquently many brilliant Irishmen have either changed their names or so Anglicised them as to prevent the student from judging precisely of their Celtic origin. When James Montgomery, the poet (who, though born in Scotland, was of Irish parentage), pleasantly remarked that he had had a narrow escape from becoming an Irish- man, he doubtless echoed the words of others who more seriously thought it a lucky thing for them to have been born on English soil. Many of those Irishmen whose names occasionally appear in the annals of English literature or art, like beacons, to show the surrounding darknes9, or to point out the direction in which Irish genius has proceeded, have left no record of their connection with Ireland, other than that furnished by their names. But these names, though they conclu- sively prove that Irishmen won their waj- to emi- nence in early times, and in spite of all disad- vantages, cannot show positively how far Celtic influence extended. The nature of early English literature is a more decided criterion still, although, as Matthew Arnold and Ruskin have both admitted, there can be no exact knowledge as to the extent of the unquestionably immense influence ol the Celtic genius over English litera- ture alone. The former great writer has even ex- pressed the opinion that it would probably ac- count for what is best in the greatest of all writers, Shakespeare. As already hinted, however, it is perfectly ob- vious that in those times, so far as England was concerned, Celtic genius had to conceal itself, so to 6peak, under an English exterior, and that, with respect to the Irish in England, unless under very special circumstances — Undistinguished they lived if they shamed not their sires. To begin at the beginning, it may at once be said that London itself, according to the testi- mony of many authorities, is derived from two Celtic words, signifying " Stronghold oi Ships," and that its first inhabitants were Celts, such as now dwell in Ireland. Moreover, the earliest artistic work of England is purely Celtic, and Irish ; the illuminated and other work, termed Anglo-Saxon, executed in the monasteries, being: Ireland in London. chiefly done, or at least inspired or taught, by Irish monks. Miss Margaret Stokes's fine work on " Early Christian Art " deals very fully with the subject, and readers of it will find therein proofs of what is here advanced. In those times Irishmen were held in as high repute for their learning as for their valour, and various famous Englishmen, notably Alfred the Great and the Venerable Bede, ungrudgingly praised them ; but as time went on, and the struggle for national existence on the one hand, and for increase of territory on the other, became more violent, Eng- lish feelings naturally became more embittered, and the attitude of the English people towards the Irish is pretty plainly discerned in the great writers of succeeding times. But it was the Re- formation that really intensified the bitterness to its sharpest degree ; for England, suddenly (in a sense), becoming Protestant, made the terri- ble mistake of trying to force another nation to also change its cieed : and it was in this attempt to impose their newly-formed religion upon the Irish people that the English acted most unjusti- fiably, and caused the bloodiest and most persis- tent conflicts. That it was mostly, at one time, if not always, a religious matter between the con- queror and the conquered is pi oved by the fact that those Irishmen who elected to become Protestants always received better treatment than the Catho- lics, being considered, in short, almost as good as Englishmen. Throughout the whole sad history of the English connection with Ireland, the very worst excesses have been those committed in the name of religion, and the severest penalties have always attached to the profession of Catholicism. That is to say, where an Irish Protestant was tolerated, an Irish Catholic was not. It may very safely be said that the prejudice against the Irishman's re- ligion has at all times been stronger than against his mere nationality. During Queen Elizabeth's reign more than one writer advocated the utter exteimination of the Irish — as, for instance, Har- rington in his " Oceana ;" while others, such as Spenser and Raleigh, did their very best towards that end, practising rather than praaching. But they had a respect for the valour and sume other qualities ot the Celts ; it was the persistency of the latter in refusing to be annihilated that really roused the strongest ire of the courtly writers and soldiers of Queen Bess. English ignorance of the real people of Ireland was then abysmal, and is expressed in the writings ol Shakespeare and his contemporaries. Shakespeare's Captain Mac- Shane is a pure savage, who talks only of cutting throats as a mere pastime. At this time, it should be noted, the Scotch were held somewhat in great esteem by the best English writers ; a feeling that did not apparently last very long, for we find them heartily detested in the eighteenth century, while the Irish gradually grew in the estimation ot the same writers, until they reached the highest point of good opinion at the begin- ning of this century. E^enbyPope and writers of his time Irishmen were highly thought of although Pope could have known very little about them, and when he spoke of Ireland as " the mother of sweet singers," he was* un- doubtedly ignorant of the genuine poetry of Ireland . But in spite of persecution, the Celtic genius could not be repressed, and at the very time when all kinds of projects were being mooted as to thebestmanner ol exterminating the Irish people, and actually in the very midst of the would-be exterminators, Irish talent was silently winning its way into various branches of literature and art. Lodowick Barry, the dramatist, a contem- porary ol Shakespeare, and Duffet, Southerne, &c, among succeeding writers, are instances of this'. The authors just mentioned were unquestionably Irish; but what of those writers and artists whose names are clearly Irish, but of whom no parti- culars as to Irish origin are recorded ? William Walsh the poet, John Tobin the dramatist, Byrne the engraver, Riley the painter, and, some time alter, Heaphy and Hearne.t wo very eminent water- colourpainters.areall probably lost to Ireland on account of this absence of definite information regarding their true origin. Perhaps they found it to their advantage to keep their Irish origin secret ; but it is also likely enough that English biographers purposely placed their biith in Eng- land, as it is supposed they have done in the case of a much greater man, William Congreve. Apparently, also, the Irish were to the front in the agitations of early days, for most of the des- perate characters of those times, curiously enough, turn out to be of Irish birth— as Jack Cade, the leader of the rebellion of the Kentish- men, who is said to have been an Irish physician, whose real name was Aylmer. Although decried by almost all historians, however, Cade was evi- dently leading a legitimate agitation ; for most of the reforms he demanded are moderate enough, in all conscience. Up till the end of the eighteenth century th<» working classes of England had not been appre- I I Ireland in London. • ciably augmented by Irish emigration ; although various causes, such eb the Williamite Wars, the Periodical Famines, and the destruction by th« British Government of many Irish Industries. had necessarily driven some Irishmen to England as to all other corners of the earth, in search of a livelihood. But perhaps the army had swal- lowed the best part of them ; for as Wolfe Tone bitterly lemaiked, " The army of England is sup- ported by the misery of Ireland. " It may there- fore be said that up to this date the Irishman in London was generally what is termed by English writers a " literary or military adventurer." There were many of them in England in the eighteenth century, and , as might be expected , they attained the very highest positions in literature, ait, and the drama. Sheridan and Goldsmith, Burke and Malone, Maeklin, Murphy, O'Keeffe and Kelly, are but a few of the great literary frishmen of the time ; Tresham, Hone, Garvey, Peters and Barrett, all Irish painters of note, reached the coveted distinction of election as R.A. ; M'Ardell, Burke, Egan, Murphy, Sullivan and Fry, but particularly the first and last_ carried the art of sleel engraving to its highest pitch oi excellence ; whilst in the art of the actor, Irishmen and women were, as ever, unsurpassable, as will afterwards appear. While Grattan's Par- liament lasted, Irishmen were indispurably highly respected in England, and it is probably due to the fair play they received in the last century that they succeeded so admirably in all the pro- fessions they chose to exercise their genius upon. Coincident with this esteem for the Irish people, there existed a hitter feeling against the Scotch. There are few wi iters of the last century who do not show more or less of this animosity, which may be due to envy at the superior shrewdness of the Scotchmen in London. The famous satirist, Churchill, wrote a hitter but amusing satire on Scotland, entitled " The Prophecy of Famine : a Scot's Pastoral ;" while in his " Rosciud " he extols the abilities and the character of the Irish people. Dr. Johnson's strong antipathy to Scotchmen is well known, and instances of it are impartially related hy the sly Boswdl,who, when he first met Johnson, was mortally afraid lest the latter should discover his nationality. Of Ire- land and Irishmen Johnson had a very high Opinion ; his most intimate friends were amongst the latter: and over and over again he denounced •wjth indignation the actions of the Protestant minority in Ireland, backed up by the English Government, and had " great compassion for the PR. JOHNSON Papists ;" " let the authority of the Englfeh Government perish," said he, " rather than be maintained by iniquity." And when an Irish Bishop expressed a fear that if Johnson went to Ireland he might treat the Irish people as badly as he did the Scotch, he replied : " Sir, you have no reason to be afraid of me. The Irish are not in a conspiracy to cheat the world by a false re- presentation of the merits of their countrymen. No, sir ; the Irish area fair people." As for the Union, which was then only hinted at. Johnson spoke as follows to an Irishman who asked him his opinion on the sub- ject : " Do not make a Union with U6, sir. We should |j$3^jtrriit.e with you SJ^V^' only to rob you. We should hnve robbed the Scotch, if they had any- thing of which we could have robbed them." And again, to conclude these quotations as to the opinion of English writers on the relative merits of Scotchmen and Irishmen, even '' Junius " used these words : " I own I am uot apt to confide in the professions of gentlemen of Scotland ; and when they smile, I feel an involuntary emotion to guard myself against mischief." Of course Scotchmen can well afford to despise and to laugh at such prejudices —the only reason lor quoting them afresh is to show, at least relatively, the esteem in which Irishmen were held a hundred years ago. Irishmen were warmly welcomed in any profes- sion they chose during the last centuiy, but they received a special welcome in those proiessions where Englishmen weie not too abundant or not of the highest excellence. Nearly all the great wiifers of the lattei part of the eighteenth, and the earlier part of this century, have had a good word, to say of Ireland, and she has had no truer friends, among Englishmen, than Byron, Shelley, Sydney Smith, Dickens, and Thackeray ; and among Scotchmen, Scott, Campbell, Brou- ham, Jeffrey, and Chalmers. Byron's friendship for Ireland is too well known to need proof ; Shelley deeply sympathised with the Irish people, as his visit ts Ireland and his works prove ; Thackeray, though some oi his Irish characters are not very flattering, has spoken of Irish in- telligence in the highest terms ; and Sydney ■6 Ireland in London. Smith more than once feelingly refers to the " brave, generous, open-hearted peasants of Ire- land." To the same effect, Brougham and Chal- mers might be quoted : and Jeffrey, who called Ireland pre-eminently " the laud of genius ;" but it is not so well known that Dickeus also ex- pressed his admiration for the character of the REV. SYDNEY SMITH. -Irish people : and the following passage from his " American Notes," where he relates his meeting with two Irish emigrants in New York, will per- haps be new to many readers : — "Let us see what kind of men are those two labourers in holiday clothes, of whom one carries in his hand a crumpled scrap of paper from which he tries to spell out a hard name, while the other looks about for it on all the doors and windows. "Irishmen both! You might know them if they were masked, by their long -tailed blue coats and bright buttons, and their drab trousers, which they wear like men well used to working dresses, who are easy in no others. It would be hard to keep your modern republics going without the countrymen and country women of these two la- bourers. For who would dig, and delve, and drudge, and do domestic work, and make canals and roads, and execute great lines ot interna- tional improvement ? Irishmen both ! and sorely puzzled, too, to find out what they seek. Let us go down and help them, for love of home, and that spirit of liberty which admits ol honest service to honest men, and honest work for honest bread, no matter what it may be." The poems of Scott and Campbell are full ol evi- dence as to their appreciation of their brother Celts. Other writers, such as Landor and Leigh Huut, might have been quoted also, but the above testimony will doubtless suffice. Such sympathy was rare In the sixteenth and seven', teenth centuries, and most ol the prejudice and ill-feeling prevalent at that time was owing to the ignorance of English people respecting the Irish. This ignorance was fostered and en- couraged by interested persons, and sometimes by the Governments ot the time. Strong prejudice, but chiefly religious, was the result, and this was not sensibly diminished for some time. The ignorance was not dissipated in Swift's day, as a passage, somewhat ironical, but doubtless true enough, will show. He says : — " As to Ireland, they know little more of it than they do of Mexico ; further than it is a country subject to the King of England, full of bogs, in- habited by wild Irish Papists, who are kept in awe by mercenary troops sent from thence, and their general opinion is, that it were better for England if this whole island were sunk into the sea. For they have a tradition that every forty years there must be a rebellion in Ireland. I have seen the grossest suppositions pass upon them ; that the wild Irish were taken in toils, but that, in some time, they would grow so tame as to eat out of your hands. 1 have been asked by hundreds .... whether I had come from. Ireland by sea: and, upon the arrival of an Irish- man to a country town, I have known crowds coming about him, and wondering to see him look so much better than themselves." That the above passage fairly describes the ignorance of English people concerning Ireland in Swift's time, will haidly be disputed by those who have read the polemical literature of that period. "When Englishmen really know the Irish chaiacter intimately, they rarely fail to admire and reepect it. It may be truthfully said that, personally, the Irish people are greatly esteemed in England, and are preferred to other nationalities. That charm which so many English writers have re- marked, and which has taken so many English settlers in Ireland captive, and made them "more Irish than the Irish themselves," to quote a hack- neyed saying, attracts Englishmen in London as well as at its source. Of its power over the settlers already alluded to, proofs are hardly re quired, but two facts, little known, but startling in their significance, may be noted. One is that the grandson of the poet Spenser was an "Irish rebel," another is the equally important fact that a descendant ot Swift became a United Irishman, and wis also attainted as a rebel. But at certain times the English prejudice against Irish people has been fuiiously revived— as, for instance, after the events of 18G7, the Manchester rescue and the Clerkenwell explosion, and during those days of fierce excitement the Irish in England have led an unenviable life. As their influence grows greater in political and municipal matters, they are more carefully studied, and their suffrages more sought after. As the late A. M. Sullivan ■aid :— " As long as the working classes of England «»ere unenfranchised, these vast bodies of Celtic material accumulated between the Tay and the Thames, were of little account. But as every day the] influence of these classes increases— as the franchise is extended, and schoolboard, poor-law. municipal, and Parliamentary elections admit the masses of the people to the exercise of public power— the men whom Irish landlordism swept in thousands from their native valleys in the Wes- tern island will, as a consequence, be heard from They are placed in all the great centres of public opinion and political activity : and some ol the most momentous issues of the near future will be largely determined, one way'or another, by their aid." The foregoing words hold as good to-day as they did in 1877. when they were written ; and in the succeeding chapter we shall endeavour, by a careful consideration of their numbers and poli- tical status, to indicate the exact extent to which the influence of the Irish in London on public questions may be felt. CHAPTER i. NTIL the end of the last cen- tury the growth of the Irish population in Great Britain was very gradual. There has been at all times a comparatively small number ol them scattered throughout England, particularly since Eliza- bethan days, and it may be here mentioned that the parish of St Giles's, London (of which the Seven Dials is the most thickly-popu- lated part) was noted as a favourite residence of the Irish two hundred and fifty years ago. It would be impossible to give their exact num- bers in those days, as uo particulars are recorded of the various nationalities which formed the England of the peiiod. But by studying the Catholic population statistics of the end of the seventeenth century and onwards, we may get a fairly correct idea of the proportion of Irish among them. The following table gives the number of the Catholics of England and Wales at various intervals between 1699 and 1845 : — -T.ar. Numbers. Proportion to Total Population. 1699 1767 1780 1845 27,696 67,916 69,380 284,300 Less than \ per cent. Less than 1 per cent. Less than 1 per cent. 171 per cent. Thoueh the exact proportion of Irish cannot be etated, it is certain that at least one-hall of those Catholics enumerated in 1699 werelrish, and that their proportion gradually increased, until they were considerably more than one-half in 1845. From the beginning of the eighteenth century there has been a continual, yet thin, 6tream ol Irish emigration into England, but previous to 1841 no official return of their numbers had been made. In that year, however, and in every suc- ceeding decade, an official record has been taken of Irish-bom in this country, and in the following table the results are shown, their proportion to the populations of England and of Ireland, and indicating also the approximate number of the Scotch. Only those born in Ireland are given as Irish in the returns— their children, if born in. England, being considered as English natives. TAELE OF IRISH AND SCOTCH-BORN PERSONS - IN ENGLAND AND WALES. e e ts ^ ~ a st5§ E~.d Year. s Ss-3 o O o 9 gcLw 43 1841 290.S91 1 in 54 1 in 25 103, 000 1851 519,959 1 in 31 1 in 13 138,000 1861 601,634 1 in 33 1 in 9 140,960 1871 566,540 1 in 40 1 in 8 169,000 1881 562734 1 in 46 1 in 8 213,000 In the last-named year (1881), of every 1,000 Scotchmen in England and Wales 195 were in London, while only 144 out of every 1,000 Irish- men were in the capital. The increase in the number of Irish-born people in EDgland and Wales between 1841 and 1851 is- a Ireland in London. an eloquent though sad indication of the ravages committed in Ireland during the famine yeara ; but a few details will still more clearly show the terrible sufferings of our countrymen during that fateful period. Thus, in one year alone (1848), no tewer thau 296,231 Irish people landed at Liverpool. -Nearly half of this enormous number proceeded direct to the United States ; about 50,000 others had come to England on ordinary business, unconnected wi'h the famine; while, saddest fact of all, over 100,000 men, women, and children, more than a third of the entire num- ber, were absolute paupers, in a terrible condi- tion, who were destined to drag out what was, in most cases, a miserable existence in the slums of the great English towns. A great many of them perished from want of food and the effects of fever, in spite of all efforts to save them ; and in those efforts, 10 Catholic priests, one Protes- tant clergyman, and many parochial officers and medical men paid the price of their devotion by death. During those years great numbers of Irish people came to England, via Newport, having been brought from Ireland in coal-vessels, " as return caigo," the highest fare amounting to only 2s 6d. Few were brought direct to Lon- don, most of those who reached that city having gradually made their way up from the country ports. In one year alone, 8,794 poor persons were admitted into one of the London Asylums for the Houseless Poor, and of that number 2,455 were irish-born. The same asylum admitted within its doors during the fourteen years suc- ceeding the famine 130,000 destitute people, aud of these 34,000 were Irish. It is almost certain that most of these Irish emigrants were natives of Cork, for the relieving officer ol Cardiff at the timestated.ofhis certain knowledge, that of every 100 who came to England via Newport 99 were Corkmen. Meanwhile those of our countrymen who could manage it proceeded to London in one continuous stream for some years, and, as the following table shows, formed a large proportion of the total population of that city :— TABLE OF IRISH-BORN IN LONDON. Tr.i Total ■ No. Prop, to Pop of Lond. Proportian to Pop. of Ireland. 1^41 ! 40,000 • 1851 10S.54S 1861 110(5,879 1871 91.171 1881 S0.778 Iin41 1 in 22 lin2t> lin3C 1 in 47 5 in L«ndon to every 1000 in Ireland IB „ „ 1000 18 „ „ 1000 „ 17 „ „ 1000 „ its .. ,. woo The above figures do not include, of course, the children of Irish parents, born in London. The number of Irish-born and their immediate de- scendants in London must at least amount to a quarter of a million, which would be about one in twenty of the present total population— nearly five millions. The several tables given above show a decrease of Irish-born persons in this country, a fact that can be easily explained. In the famine yeais the people came over in enoimous quan- tities, and the emigration would have to keep to its then level in order to show an increase. Irish men generally have largely increased in numbers, but as the tide of emigration gradually subsided, and the number of those who came over during the famine period was slowly diminished by death, the number of Irish-born consequently de- creased. The Irish who came to London went alwavs to those districts or localities where Irish colonies were already settled, and where lodgings were cheapest— partly because they were poor, but also because many of them understood little English Approximately THE LATE LORD CAIRNS. ^ (From a Photograph,) and in some cases, none at all. The following are those districts, in their order of density, most favoured by the Irish exiles:— St Olave's (South wark), where, in 1861, they numbered 1 in every 6 of the total population of the district ; Whitechapel (1 in 8). St Giles's (1 in 9), Holborn Ireland in London » (1 in 11), St George's in the East (1 in 13), Step ney (1 in]5), Greenwich (1 in 1G), Lambeth East and West London, Westminster, Maryle- bone, Poplar, St Saviour's (South ,vark), Ber- mondsey, and Botherhithe — and with the exception ol one or two of these localities, where many street improvements have been carried out, they arethoseto which the poorer Irish even to this day resort. They do not choose these dis- tricts from mere inclination ; from their circum- stances they are obliged to settle in the low- rented neighbourhoods, where thescum and dregs of London generally live. But though compelled to dwell in the midst oi the concentrated villany of London, it may happily be said that they escape almost unscathed from the fierce ordeal. It is the universal testimony of Englishmen that the Irish are greatly superior in morality to their English neighbours in the courts and alleys. They are more honest, more chaste by far, and less brutal. Naturally enough, now and then they fall into temptation, but, generally, it is their proud distinction that, in 6pite of all allurements to the contrary, they live industriously, honestly, and religiously. They would be more than human if they did not occasionally err and wander into wrong courses ; and one sees Irish names in the " police news" not infrequently ; but it is mostly for trivial offences they are there, and not for the serious crimes which are so common in the modern Babylon. When 6ober and industrious, they are greatly preferred to people of other nation- alities by the more respectable of the artisan class amoDg whom they live and move. They are never absorbed into the general population, but pre- serve their national characteristics through all circumstances. As the distinguished antiquarian writer, Mr. E. Walford, says, they " live in var- ious parts of London, apart and amongst them- selves, carrying with them the many virtues and vices of their native land, and never becoming absorbed in the nation to which, for years, they may be attached. Swindlers, tuieves, and tramps may surround them, but do not in general affect them." Another excellent English author, Mr Diprose, says on the same subject: — " It would be a curious investigation for the philosopher how far the interest and progress oi this most gallant and interesting nation have bepn affected by what, in the absence of a better definition, we shall designate the absence of merging power." Bespectiug the callings and occupations of the Irish in London a great deal might be said, but a brief glance at the most important of those they do and do not follow will be doubtless more inte- resting than a mass of detail. They undoubtedly form the largest proportion of the building trades, especially the unskilled branches. In a very literal sense, they have built London, for, according to good judges, they number about 70 per cent, of the whole of the building classes. Contrary to usual custom, how- ever, the more intellectual work connected with building has not been, to any large extent, done by Irishmen. The labours of the great liish en- gineers, 6uch as Dargan and M'Neill, O'Shaugh- nessy and Benson, are more closely connected with their own country and with the British Colonial possessions than with London, and the same remark applies to the Tobins, Deanes, and Morrisons, among Irish architects. It is Scotch- men who have done a great part of the brain work employed in the material formation of London. James Gibbs, the two Smirkes, and Norman Shaw, among other Scotch architects, have built, or rather designed, 6ome of the finest parts of London ; while the greatest biidges over the Thames have been erected by John Bcnnie and Thomas Tellord, two great Scotch engineers Rut although Irishmen have, generally speaking, periormed the R'reater part of the manual work required, and comparatively little of the brain- work, it must not be supposed that there has been uo Irish genius concerned in the making of Londor. A most distinguished Irish architect Captain Francis F owke, designed the .Albert Hall one of the most remarkable buildings in London, and tiie splendid buildings oi the South Kensing- ton Museum were also erected fiom his designs. Two other great architects, Sir Charles and E. M. Barry, B.A., father and son, are intimately asso- ciated with the greatest triumphs of modern architectural genius in London. Ireland may not unfairly, by reason of their descent, claim them as her own. Another son of the first-named, John Wolfe Barry, is a very distinguished engi- neer, now erecting the great bridge over the Thames at Bermondsey. It is very probable that the occupation which attracts the majority of the London Irish is what is known as street selling. At one time the orange trade was altogether inthehands of Jews, but gradually they have been superseded by Irishwomen and girls, and a Jew orange-seller is in these days a curicsity — at any rate, so far as street-selling is concerned. The '" costermonger " proper is mostly purely Eng. lish— though this was apparently not always the 10 Ireland m Lonaim. case. According to Chailes Knight, the well- known scholar, it is clear, from references in the old dramatists, that he used to be an Irishman. The present term is derived (rom " costard- monger." a seller of costards or apples, and at the present day most of these are Irish by birth or parentage. Most of the flower-girls are also of Irish origin, few of them, however, being Irish- born. Many of these Irish street-sellers of fruit have been very successful in their occupation, and now own some of the largest retail businesses in London. As uear as we can judge, the following are the principal callings of the Irish, male and female, in London, apart from those already mentioned : — Tailoring, shoemaking, domestic service, the work connected with gas factories, he laundry, a^d unloading at the docks. The extent to which certain nationalities favour cer- tain occupations is remark able. While a great number of the milkmen of London are Welsh, the milkwomen are mostly Irish: the majority of the bakers of London are German— and in this trade the Irish are conspicuous by their absence ; while in other occupations they are few and far between. For example, there are exceedingly few Irishmen among the cabmen of London, that class being peculiarly English in its habits and general mode of life — and it may also be men- tioned that there are very lew Irish barbers in London They are only thinly scattered through the higher class trades, such as engineering, cabinet- making, &c, these trades requiring generally a severe technical training, which they are mostly too poor to get, or which they are unable to take advantage of from other causes. It should also be mentioned that most of the market-gardeners of the western suburbs of London are Irishmen, 4he original colony having been brought over in the famine days and planted there by the Society of Friends. The position of the Irish in their re- spective callings is generally high. When a recent French writer made the sweeping assertion that nearly all theforemen of London were Scotchmen, he showed unusual inaccuracy. There are a great number ot them, it is true, but it is also a fact that a goodly proportion of the managers and foremen of the most successful businesses in London are Irishmen, especially in those trades they most affect. Besides those Irishmen who come over specially for harvesting purposes in the summer, there are also many Irish people, gene- rally of the poorest class, who flock in thousands to the Kentish and other hop-fields in early au- tumn, and from this visit they generally manage to bring back sufficient to help them through the winter. Such are the chief occupations of the Irish in London; and in concluding this part of the present paper we need only add that where the hardest and most dangerous work is to be done, work which Englishmen cannot or will not do there is to be found the Irishman. As regards religion, the Irish population of London is overwhelmingly Catholic, and the enor- mous sacrifices they have made for their creed might be dilated upon at great length if there were any need. The indignities they have suffered for it, the churches they have built by their hard- won pence, and the many other good and pious works they have perlormed for the religion they deem their best guide and consolation in this world, would all furnish plenty of material for such a thorough investigation. Suffice it to say here that, when the history of Catholicism in mo- dern England comes to be written, it will be found that, as in America, its strongest support and stoutest defender has been always the exiled Celtic Irish lace. Concurrent with th ; s wide extension ot Catholicity, chiefly, as has been said, aided by Irishmen, has occurred the great impetus given to the temperance movements by the countrymen FATHKIt MATHEW. (After Haver j's Pictur » of the greatest of modern crusaders against vic« — Father Mathew. A good deal of his great work in London had become practically undoae in the particularly bitter fight of the Irish for a bate existence — when national and religious prejudice* Ireland in London. 11 were stronger than they are now-lmt the forma- tion of the League of the Cross in 1873 by Cardi- nal Manning gave fresh opportunity to the Irish in London of renewing the famous discipline and conduct which they evinced so strongly in Father Mathew's daf. The League, which numbers some So 000 members, was formed out ot six persons who had taken (and kept) the pledge from the great Apostle of Temperance. It now has 40 branches, 4fi large banners, 18 brass and 23 drum and file bands, and about 95 per cent of its mem- bers are Irish. So Irish is it, in tact, that its re- galia is the traditional green- and-gold shamrock- besprinkled silk, while its banners are genuinely National in colour and in pictorial representa- tion. Tho u gh, comparatively speaking, it is small in numbers, there is no telling the great benefits this organisation has conferred upon society in general, and especially upon the Irish working classes in London. Its work has been silent but beneficial, steady but sure, and its pro- moters deserve all the credit and all the satisfac- tion which every good work brings in its train. The Irish in London are, unfortunately, to far as the majority are concerned, not in very affluent circumstances. The uncertainty of em- ployment, in the fir6l place, added to the ex- penses of bringing up large families ; and, more- over, the many appeals to their patriotism, their religious feelings, and their general benevolence, all combine to make 1heir position less enviable than it might otherwise be. Their political status is higher than many people imagine. In certain districts their voting power is so strong as to en- able them to turn the scale to their own liking, but the exact figures cannot be stated precisely, pending the present registration. Hitherto we have spoken only of those Irish- men who go to swell the working classes, but, as everywhere else, the irrepressible Celts are to be found in all professions, from the lowest to the highest. At one time, especially when the Penin- sular War was being fought, the army was two- thirds Irish, according to Sir E. Lytton Bulwer, afterwards Lord Lytton. In 1807, according to Dr. M'Nevin, the well-known United Irishman, the proportion of Irishmen in the British army was " about one-half." It is much less favoured by Irishmen ol the present day, but still, even now, it eon+ains great numbersof them, probably one-fouith of the service being Irish born. It is likewise largely officered by Irishmen, and a bare list of the famous Irish officers ol the last 200 years would require a column in itself. They are not so numerous in the navy, but they are by no- means scarce in that profession. There are large numbers of them in the police force al*o, thouch not so many as formerly, for it will be found that while most of the veterans are Irish, the younger members are chiefly recruited from the class to- which Hodge belongs— the English farm labourer. In the various Civil Service departments through- out the country (especially in the Customs and' Excise) there are thousands of Irishmen— in fact, they seem to be more successful in this prolession than in any other, Judging by their numbers and their relatively high position in it. Again, the Irish medical men ol London are another impor- tant body, large in numbers, and perhaps supe- rior in status to their English rivals Many of the greatest physicians at the leading London hospitals are now, and have hitherto been, largely recruited from the medical men ol Ireland. There is no need to mention more than one hos- pital—St. Bartholomew's, for example, which has had among its most famous physicians such men •s John Abernethy (of Irish parentage), Dr. "Walter Moxon, and many others of equal or more renown, and which, at the present moment, counts among it« most distinguished men Dr Norman Moore, celebrated as a Celtic scholar as well as a physician. Other Irishmen hold also- very important appointments : the head ot the Army Medical Staff is an Ulsterman— Sir Thomas Crawford— while another great practitioner inti- mately connected with . London, Sir William M'Cormac, is, like the foregoing, also an Ulster- man. To mention the Bar to those acquainted with Irish history is like saving the proverbial " word to the wise." There is no profession more remark- able for its Irish associations than that of the lavryer, unless, indeed, it be that of the soldier. Therefore, it will very easily be believed that some of the greatest of modern English lawyers have been Irishmen. One of the greatest of recent Lord Chancellors of England was the late Lord' Cairns— an Irishman, needless to say, as great as an orator as he was learned in the law. It is not so well known that the present Lord Chancellor. Lord Halsbury, is also an Irishman, or at least of Irish descent. He is the son of an eminent Irish journalist, Br Stanley I>ees Giflard. One oi two others among the tamous Irish lawyers con- nected with London may be mentioned. Chie; among them are Baron Huddleston and Mr Justice Mathew, two of the most highlj j respected occupants of the Bench. As an ailvo- u irfJand in London. ate, moreover, fchxa is none greater than Sir Charles Russell (a native of county Down), -who is doubtless destined for a much higher position than he now holds. To notice only one other SIR CHARLES RUSSELL, M.P. (late Attorney-General for England.) name, we may instance Mr. Geoghegan, one of the most distinguished ot living exponents of the ciiminal law. In every other department of public life they have as admirably succeeded. There have been two Irish Prime Ministers during this century alone, not including Lord John Russell (who considered himself an Irishman) or Lord Talmerston, who was of Irish descent, though not primarily. It would, of course, be of little use to enumerate all the distinguished Irishmen who have held ths highest positions in the land at vaiious times ; but at the present moment some -?ery important p^sts are held by them, and may be mentioned. For instance, the Director of the Na' tional Gallery (Sir F. W. Burton) is an Irishman; the Director of the Science and Art Department (General Donnelly) is another ; the Assistant Commmissioner of Police (Mr. Anderson) is an- other (just as was the first ChieLCommissioner of the London Police, Sir Richard Mayne) ; and, lastly, the Chief of the Metropolitan Fire Brigade (Captain Shaw) is likewise an Irishman ; and al- though the present Lord Mayor of London is not Irish, yet even that most exclusive of exclu- sive offices in the British Empire has been held by an Irishman— namely, Sir William M'Arthur. They have succeeded in every capacity, and have filled all exalted positions, with the single excep- tion, perhaps, of the English throne. There need be no reasonable limit to their ambition or to their successes. If, as the poet says : — Too low they build who build bsneath the stars, Irishmen need have no fear of being over-ambi* tious. They will doubtless continue to win their way to the chief positions in the empire they have helped so materially to build up. Strictly speaking, Englishmen are only its nominal rulers for it may be truly said that the greatest and- best of their colonial and other administrators ha\e been and are natives of the once-despised island. As for the future capabilities of the Irish,\ race, let the testimony of an English writer, John Foster, the brilliant essayist of the last century testify : — " It would be the utmost want of candour, we think, to deny that they are equal to any nation in the earth in point of both physical and intel- lectual capability. A liberal system of govern- ment and a high state of mental cultivation would make them the Athenians ot the British Empire." $3 Ireland in London. 15 CHAPTER II FLEET STREET. •' How often hare I fancied, if the walls by which thou- sands now daily pass without a glance of reio,'nition or regard, if those walls could speak, and name some of their •former inmates, how great would be the regret of many at having overlooked houses which they would perhaps have made a pilgrimage of miles to behold, as associated with the memory of persons whose names history, literature, or art has embalmed for posterity, or as the scene of circumstances treasured up in recollec- ti0D -" T. C. CHOKER. ONDON is full of such memories as those to which the above quotation from Crofton Croker refers. Many ot the places hallowed by the reminiscences of gveat Irishmen remain as " silent witnesses of the past," but some of them have, naturally enough, given place to modern edifices and thoroughfares. To know the exact position once occupied bythose departed relics, however, is in itself valuable. Feeet-stbeet, strange to say, docs not, as might be supposed, greatly abound in memories of eminent Irishmen — at any rate, cot to the extent that other London streets do. At the same time, since Fleet-street has been the home of journalism, Irishmen have necessarily had many close connections with it. IndirecUy, every publishing house has had its Irish associa- tions, and every newspaper office its Irish contri- butors among its staff. With these we do not now propose to deal, as the Irish journalists of London will be discussed as adequately as pos- sible in separate articles ol the present series. WhenCharles Lamb spoke of the " impossibility oi feeling dull in Fleet-street," he referred only to those who looked at it trom a historical or lite- rary point of view, and in describing the Irish landmarks of London to our readers (who for the nonce may assume the role of visitors), we shall etop only at those places which have a strong in- terest for Irishmen, and which call up memories mostly creditable to their character and genius. We shall follow the only feasible rule of taking a certain 6treet or neighbourhood and dealing with it separately. By the accompanying sketch-map it will be 6een that Fleet-street begins at Ludgate Circus, from which point we propose to start. A short -distance on the left will bring us to a nar- row passage, with the "Punch" Office at the corner, leading to St. Bride's Church, *»rc of the finest ot "Wren's works. Its name (St. Bride or Bridget) clearly implies that it is a ielic ol pre- Beformation days— as i6 also the name of a pri- son which once 6tood behind it, and was called " Bridewell,' from a holy well known as St. Bridget's well. The Church ol St. Bride was ori- ginally built in the Middle Ages, but was de- stroyed by the Great Fire, and rebuilt in 1GS0 by Sir Christopher Wren. Within its piecincts is buried a Countess of Orrery, probably the wife oi that Earl in whose honour the instrument known as the " onery " was named. Nearly opposite St. Bride's is Shoe-lane, where Samuel Boyse, the unfortunate Irish poet of the eighteenth century, died. Shoe-lane has, however, other and more important Irish associations. In this narrow turning was started the famous de- bating club and resort lor politicians, known as " Cogers' Hall." It was founded by one Dan Mason in 1755, and till very recently was situated in Shoe-lane. Now. how ever, it occupies another part of Fleet-street, and even now is a kind of oratorical school for Irish politicians of various grades. Among its most famous past members were three Irishmen — Daniel O'Connell, John Philpot Curran, and Judge Keogh. The word " coger " does not mean a drinker ot "cogs," but is derived fiom " cogito," to cogitate. All were welcome to Coger's Hall, class distinction being unknown there ; but though strangers were ad- mitted, and were allowed to speak, members had a prior claim on the chairman's discretion. There the tradesman and manufacturer jostled the mechanic, and the reporter hob-nobbed with the barrister. It may be remarked that " No. 10 Shoe-lane " waB the rendezvous of the cogers, though owing to the incessant re-numbering of London stieets, this, as in many other places, has been changed. Coming out into Fleet street again, a little far TOM STEELE. u Ireland in London, ther on, at the house known as " No 134," we come upon a truly historic spot. The present house stands on the site of the old " Globe Tavern,"' a great resort of the Irishmen of the last century — Goldsmith, Macklin, Hugh Kelly, Edmund Burke, William Cooke (of Cork) the poet, and the witty Dr. Glover, an Irishman like the rest, and very charitable withal. Dr. John- 8on, the "presiding genius of Fleet-street," as Leigh Hunt calls him, was, ot course, also a fre- quenter. Here was held the " Wednesday Club," founded by Johnson (meeting on every Wednes- day), and it was at one of the weekly reunions of K t are original works, and are con3idered'the foun- dation of the English sentimental comedy. " False Delicacy " became the rage, so to speak. It had a splendid ran in London, was translated* into French by Madame Riccoboni'; into Portu- guese by order of the famous Minister, the Mar, quia de Pombal ; and also into German. Kelly was a native of Roscommon, and a pungent satirist and bitter polemic. Almost opposite 13-t Fleet-street is Salisbury Coubt and Square, with the " Daily Chronicle " office at the corner. At No. 12 here, now occupied by Lloyd's paper-works, lived Samuel Richard- FLEET STREET AND NEIGHBOURHOOD. this club that Goldsmith read the famous epitaph on Edward Purdon, his unfortunate countryman, having composed it as he came from his lodgings in the Temple. Most of our readers have probably read this epitaph before, but as there may be some to whom it is unknown, we quote it : — Here lies poor Ned Purdon, from misery hurled, Who long was a bo jkseller's hack; He led such d ble life in this world, That I don't think he'll wish to come back. One of the most remarkable members of the club was certainly the Hugh Kelly above referred to. He is not so well known as he deserves to be, yet he is the author of two of the best and most successful comedies of the last century—" False Delicacy " and " The School for Wives." Both son, the printer and novelist. Here he printed his- well-known works, " Pamela " and " Clarissa Harlowe," and here it was that Oliver Goldsmith acted as a printer's reader. This kind of work, however, did not suit him, and therefore he gave it up without regret after a short time. Crossing Fleet-street again, we reach Wine- office Court, notable also for its memories of Goldsmith. At the corner is ad. ancient tavern greatly modernised as far as exterior goes), called " The Old Cheshire Cheese." This used to- be greatly frequented by Goldsmith and Dr. Johnson, and up to a short time ago their- favourite seats were pointed out to all visitors,, and may be so even now. It was from Wine Office- Court that Goldsmith wrote to Johnson the me- Ireland in London, 15 morable letter, in which he mentioned that his landlady had n.rested him for non-payment of rent, and implored Johnson to call on him. Ab -evcrr reader of Goldsmith's life knows, Johnson went, first sendng a guinea. When he arrived, he found Goldsmith had already changed the guinea, and was provided with a bottle of wine, theiiatc landlady meanwhile threatening him with all sorts of penalties. Johnson first took irish painter, lived. Leading from Gough-square hack to Fleet-street, is Johnson's-couet, where Goldsmith, Burke, and Arthur Murphy (the dia- matist) constantly visited Dr Johnson, who lived there. Edmund Malone, the gieat Shakesperian scholar, was also a visitor here. Close by is Red Lion-court, which has the unenviable notoriety of being the scene of a murderous attack on a Catholic priest on the 5th of September, 1794 THE TEMPLE CHURCH. -away the wine, or rather put the cork back into the bottle, and then took the MS. of " The Vicar of 'Wakefield " (which he found in a drawer) to Newbery.the publisher, and received sixty pounds ffor it, with a part oi which the landlady was soon -satisfied. ' Wine Office Court leads into Gotjgh-sqcare, where Hugh Kelly, already mentioned, died, and Mhere George Gunnery, R.H.A., the distinguished Father Anthony Carroll was a distinguished Jesuit, and was passing through this ccart on the evening of the above-mentioned day when he was knocked down and robbed. His injuries were such that he died in a few hours in St. Bartholomew's Hospital. The next turning to Bed Lion-court is Crane- court. Here, in 1749, Matthew Concanen, the poet, died. Like many other Irishmen ot his time, 16 Ireland in Lvidan. he came to England penniless and friendless, and won name and fame as a writer. Although Pope has given him a niche in his " Dunciad," on ac- count, it is said, of an adverse criticism, C'on- eanen did not deserve what was intended as nn indignity. His poetic abilities, though not very great, were certainly very creditable, while his political writings earned him great distinction. He became Attorney-General for Jamaica as a reward for his services to the party in po\>er. His volume of poems, and his excellent comedy, " Wexford Wells," which contains some good songs, will indisputably preserve his name from that oblivion which has overtaken so many of his contemporaries. Crane-court is noteworthy on another account. From 1710 to 1782 the Royal Society (then, as now, the leading scientific body of England) held its meetings here. When Sir Isaac Newton died in 1727, Sir Hans Sloane be- came President of this famous body, and k^pt the post till his death in 1753. He was neither the first nor the last ol its Irish Presidents, as we shall hereafter see. As we shall have occasion to recur to Sir Hans Sloane, it is only necessary to say here briefly that he was a native of county Down, and was one of the greatest scientific men of his time, distinguished alike as a physician aud as a naturalist. Exactly opposite Crane-court is Hare-place or court, a spot instinct with Irish associations Its ancient name was Ram-alley, and it was once the resort of the worst riff-raff in London. As such it has been immortalised by Lodowick Barry, the earliest of Irish dramatists, in his amusing and indeed famous comedy, " Ram Alley." In his time, apparently, lawyers of various kinds resided close by, for he says : — " There's many a worthy lawyer's chambar Buts upon Ram Alley." All Irishmen will be interested in knowing that it was in this very court that Wolfe Tone lived for two years (1787-1788) while studying at the Temple close by. During his residence here, at No. 4, he supported himself by reviewing books for the " European Magazine." Here also he wrote a satirical novel, " Belmont Castle," in conjunction with some friends. It is needless to recall to the Irish reader the splendid record of the life of such a noble personality, whose memory is one of the greatest possessions of his admiring countrymen. A few yards past Hare-court is No. 37 Fleet-street, now the banking-house of Messrs Hoare, which stands on the site of the old "Mitre Tavern," a favourite resort of many of the Irish- men already mentioned, and others yet to be* noticed. It was particularly favoured by Gold- smith and Mackliu. Those who read the lives or memoirs of the distinguished Irishmen of the last centuiy. and who remember the occasional refe- rences to the " Mitre," will be glad to know its exact locale. At* OLIVER GOLDSMITH. Nearly opposite is Fetter-lane, where in 1793 Benjamin Binns, the United Irishman, and one or two of his friends, were arrested and taken to Newgate. Binns's brother, John, had already been captured, as well as Arthur O'Connor, aDti many others. In this street also lived, in 1609, the most famous of all the musicians of the Elizabethan age, John Dowland. It is extremely likely that this fine composer was an Irishman, as his latest biographer has hinted, for one ol his songs is dedicated to " My loving countryman, John Foster, merchant, of Dublin." Added to this is the ignorance as to his birthplace. It, a» is more than probable, Dowland is Irish, Ireland may well be proud of this latest acquisition to the ranks of her musicians. His son, Robert Dow- land, was also an admirable composer. At the> coiner of Fetter-lane is a house which has some interest for Irishmen — Peele's Coffee-house :b used to be, but it is now Peele's Family Hotel— for it is the housa in which Tom Steele, O'Connell's famous lieutenant, died on the loth June, 1848. The "Head Pacificator of all Ireland," as he was styled, became inconsolable after his great chief's death, and in one of his fits of despair tried to commit' euicide by jumping into the Thames. He was- res- cued and taken to Peele's, the kind-hearted pro- " Ireland in Lmdon. 17 -i tor of which took charge of him and caied lor him until be died on the date above given. Two or three doors past Fetter-lane is St. Dun- .-„•.= in the-WeBt. one of the few churches in this n ».j"iiliourhood that escaped the ravages ol the Great Fire, which approached to within three door* of it. It has Deen partly rebuilt during the rentury hut is still a peculiar structure. In this church several eminent persons have been buried, notably o ne famous Irishman, Father Peter Walsh one of the most remarkable characters of i lie seventeenth century. His works are import- nut from the great learning displayed in them, jmil his life was a somewhat adventurous one, his liioTnpli.v occupying no less than twelve pages of T. D. M'Gte's work on the " Irish Writers of the £rventeenth Century." Father Walsh was a native of Kilkenny, and became a devoted adherent ot that greatDuke oi Ormond whom beunsuecess- fully endeavoured to convert to Catholicism, and who enters so largely into the history of his time. Js'ot far from St. Dunstan's, and where the great campanile of the Law Courts now stands, there used to be a turning called Shire-lane, facing the Temple. Here the renowned Kit-Cat Club used to meet. It was a social club, named after one Christopher Catt, a pastry-cook, at whose house its meetings were held. All the great wits of several generations patronised this club, but it had no more rotable member than Sir Eichaid Steele, the creat essayist and humourist. This most lovable ot writers was born in Dublin in 1671, his father being an Englishman and his mother a native of Watertord. As his person- ality charmed his contemporaries it has likewise charmed the writers of succeeding generations, until Steele shares with Goldsmith and Charles Lamb the praise of being one of the most beloved of English or Irish writers. Steele is not only considered the true founder of English periodical literature, but is also regarded as the originator ol the English novel, as, apart from his delightful little tales, it was his account of" Robinson Crusoe" that led Defoe to write his famous work, the first of regular English stories. Steele was besides the first in England to write the genuine critical essay, and from his " Spectator," " Tat- ler," and " Guardian," many exquisite things might be quoted, all forming part of what may be fairly claimed as Irish literature. Opposite the site of Shire-lane is Child's Bank, by the side of the Temple. Part of this bank stands on the site of the old " Devil Tavern," a ffreat resort ot the writers of Shakespeare's aB of Swift's time. Swift, as well as Steele, and. ut £ later period, Goldsmith, were very frequea* visitors, as "their workB no less than their dio- graphies testify. IT. bride's church, fleet street. Now let ns enter the quaint old place known everywhere as the " Temple," and though in two parts, with two separate entrances, we may take it as a whole. It receives its name fioro the Knights Templar, who removed here from Hol- born in 1184, and who were succeeded by the Knights Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem— when the estates of the former were taken over by the Pope. The armorial bearings of the Middle and Inner Temples are carved over their respective gateways. That of the first is a Lamb, of the last a Horse. A wag once chalked on one of the gates some verses satirising the lawyers, of which the following is a couplet : — " The Lamb sets forth their innocence, The Horse their expedition." The Temple is one of the many relics of Catho lie England that still exist in London, sometimes IN Ireland in London. in all their pristine beauty. Such names an Blackfriars, Whitefriars, Austinfriars, and the like, with their obvious associations, yet linger about Fleet-street and its neighbourhood. The Temple ; s filled with memoiies of numberless eminent. Irishmen of more or less affectionate memories. Its stillness eontrasts^startingly with the roar, bustle, and din outside in Fleet-street, and its curious old-world air is very different from the work-a-day aspect of its immediate surroundings. No wonder a legion of poets has hymned its praises, for it is impossible for anyone, let bis nationality be what it. may, to stroll through this ndic of the Middle Ages with out feeling that he treads upon what is almost holy ground. Irishmen cannot but recollect that it was here Goldsmith lived for many years, and wrote some ot his most remarkable works, and that he died here, close by the spot where his grave now is. Here he used to receive from the demesne of Earl Nugent (his countryman and soie patron, and an excellent poet) a fine buck every year, the gift of which inspired one of Oliver's best poems — namely, " The Haunch of Venison," commencing : — Thanks, my lord, for your venison, for finer or fatter Never ranged in a forest or smoked on a platter." It was in the Temple that Thomas Southerne. the best of Irish tragic playwrights, wrote his comedy, " Disappointment," and here also lived Tom Moore, "Pleasant" Ned Lysaght, Congreve, Sheridan, Hugh Kelly, Henry Brooke, the author of " The Fool of Quality," one of the best novels of the eighteenth century. Here also dwelt Ed- mund Burke, Edmund Malone, an! Lord Clare of tlnion fame. Many and many a time have such patriots ns Henry Grattan, Wolfe Tone, John Philpot Curran, William Molyneux, Peter Bur- rowes, Henry Flood, and Lord Cloncurry trodden its beaten paths as they proceeded to their cham- bers in the bui'dings around, while in very recent times such Irishmen as Eaton Stannard Barrett, the witty novelist and poet, Lord Cairns, Sir Joseph Napier, John D'Alton, Chief Justice Whiteside, and the lamented A. M. Sullivan, have honoured the place by residing there. The peculiar old church also has its distinct associa- tions. This circular edifice is one of the four urected in England by the Knights Templar in 1185, one in London and three in other parts of the country. This church was no doubt frequently visited by the various Irishmen just enumerated, and its interior is as well worth a visit as its ex- terior and surroundings. There is a tablet here to the memory ot Oliver Goldsmith, the best-loved resident of the Temple. Here, nearly 250 years ago, the learned Archbishop Ussher used to preach to the Benchers. TJssher is certainly one of the most remarkable men Ireland ever pro- duced. His stupendous learning astonished even the most learned men of his day, and its visible out- come may be seen in his great and, indeed, monu- mental works. Concerning one of these a curious anecdote is related. When " The Antiquities of the British Churches,'' one of his greatest \, AJ i ^ ARCl BI HOP USSHER. works, was published in 1639, the great French Minister of the period, Cardinal Richelieu, sent its author a gold medal and a congratulatory letter, in return for which Ussher sent the mighty Cardi- nal some Irish wolf-dogs of superior breed ! Of Ussher's learned work just reterred to, an eminent Irish scholar, Dr Elrington, says : — " To pan- egyrise this extraordinary monument of human learning is unnecessary; to detail its contents im- possible." The Temple, its ancient church, its tranquil and narrow churchyard, and pleasant gardens overlooking the rivercannot fail in meditative Irish minds to call up some reminiscence of its past glories, and the share Irish genius has taken in making it one of the most delightful and remarkable places in the metropolis. An exquisite poet, J. F. O'Donnell, in a poem worthy of the place and of himself, has described the Temple so Ireland in London. 19 finely that we cannot refrain from quoting a lew lines. He says :— I lote this quiet Temple nook. This ancient haunt of wren and rook, Thick writ with legends like a bonk. D rkcircled in the town it lies, Above it loom the misty skies, Outside the tongs of commerce rise. Ten paces from the battling street Lurks the old-fashioned, quaint reUeat- A land of murmurs low and sweet. I love those alleys deep and old, While all around in gusts of gold The autumn leares fall manifold. CHAPTER III. IRISH ASSOCIATIONS OF THE CITY PROPER.— FROM LUDGATE HILL TO THE TOWER. EFORE proceeding west- ward irom Temple Bar, jjL where our first walk ended, %\ let us retrace our steps until Vv) we reach Ludgate Circus. 5§ Ludgate-hill, facing the end f of Fleet - street, takes its name from one of the half- dozen gates that once shut in the ancient city'of London. Their names still exist in various tho- roughfares— Ludgate, Newgate, Aldgate, Cripple gate, Aldcrsgate, and Bishopsgate. Ludgate- hill, up which we propose to proceed, is not a long street, but about it many interesting Irish memories hover. Here stood the cofiep-house kept by the father of John Leech (the famous car- toonist), who, it is not generallyknown, waslrish by parentage as well as in temperament. He, with other eminent Irish artists, has been among the worthiest illustrators of " Punch." A6 -.ve intend to show later on, Irishmen have almost monopolised the most artistic fea- tures of that famous periodical. In Sta- tioners' Hall Court, close by, is the Sta- tioners' Hall, where all published works are copy- righted. There is here a fine portrait of Sir Richard Steele, well worth a visit on account of its intrinsic merits. The first turning on the left in Ludgate-hill is the Old Bailey, where the gloomy prison of Newgate is situated. It has a melancholy interest for Irishmen, for many of their countrymen have been imprisoned here, but mostly either for national principles or for trivial faults such as would not now be thought deserving of punishment. Some have been exe- cuted here for small offences : a few, however richly deserved their late. One of the most eminent inmates of Newgate in past times was Thomas Delaune, a native of Brinny, county Cork, a leading Nonconformist, and admittedly one of the roost remarkable men of his time. He wrote some famous works, for the best of which --his powerful " Plea for the Nonconformists " —Daniel Defoe wrote a preface. He »vas impri- soned for refusing to conform to the principles ot the Established Church, and died here in 1684, after fifteen months of suffering. Here were executed Governor Wall, an Irish officer, for cruelty, ending fatally, to a soldier under hin command, while Governor of Goree in 1802 , ami James MacLaiie, a native of Monaghnn, son of a dissenting minister, and one of the most noto- rious highway- men of the last century. Having disgraced his family he took to the road, and led a reckless life be- fore be finally fell into the hands of the law. Among the most cele- brated of the tiials that have taken place at Newgate have been those of James Quin and wolfe tone. „, , , Charles Macklin the two great Irish actors. They were both tried for the same kind of offence— that of killing e, brother actor, and were sentenced to be burned in the hand— a very light punishment, as in both cases the fatality was caused through their own impetuosity. Captain Macnamara, an Irish duellist, was also tried here on the charge of killing an adversary in a duel, but as the law winked at the gentleman's pastime of duelling, Macnamara was not much inconvenienced by his senl euce. None of the Irish prisoners of Newgate have had a stranger career than George BarriDg- 20 Ireland in London. /ton, the celebrated pickpocket. His real name twas Waldron, and he was born at Maynooth, in KHdare. Aiter some very extraordinary suc- cesses as a thief, he was at length arrested in i!790, tried, and sentenced to transportation. 'Previous^ incorrigible, he seems to have become in Australia a law-abiding citizen, and at the time of his death held the post of chief constable of one of the leading colonial cities. He wrote several excellent works, and is universally known as one of the earliest of Australian poets. His famous couplet — "True patriots we, for be it understood, We left our country for our country's good," occurs in the fine prologue he wrote for a play acted by convicts in one of the Australian cities. DOOR OP NEWGATE. The political troubles of recent years have sent several living Irishmen to the cells of Newgate ou charges of treason-felony, the most distinguished of whom is Michael Davitt. It is noteworthy that the last public execution in England took place here on the 26th May, 1868, the culprit being Michael Barrett, on suspicion of being concerned in the Clerkenwell explosion ; and here also was executed Patrick O'Donnell for shooting James Carey, the informer. Leaving Newgate we note at the top of the Old Bailey the site of Green Arbouh-court, destroyed about twelve years ago, where Goldsmith lived for some time in great poverty, and where he wrote several of his works. Returning to Lud- gate-hill, and proceeding eastwards, we pass such highly suggestive names as Ave Maria-lane and Creed-lane, with Paternoster-row and Amen- l corner close by, all referring to pre-Reforma- tion days. At the north-western corner of St. Paul's Churchyard stood the publishing house of New- bery, who published Goldsmith's finest works, buying " The Vicar of Wakefield " from Dr Johnson almost at a glance, so great was his confidence in Johnson's judgment. Close to this spot, in St. Paul's School (now removed), a very remarkable Irishman was edu- cated. Apart from his gieat attainments as a statesman, Sir Philip Francis is likely to de. scend to fur- thest posterity as the author of the " Let- ters of Jo. nius," that re- markable series of political at- tacks on the Government ot thetimefl796). Although it is not absolutely cei tain that Francis wrote theseletters,the balance of pro. bability is , heavily in his favour. It is SIR PHILIP FRANCIS. cariousthat the most favoured candidates for having written them were five Irishmen — namely, Edmund Burke, Colo- nel Barre*, Hugh M'Auley Boyd, Laurence Mac- la ine, and Sir Philip Francis. It has been proved that neither Burke nor Boyd could have written them, and there are grave doubts as to whether Barre - or Maclaine had anything to do -vith their production. Sir Philip Francis, on the other hand, has very strong claims to the authorship, and has by far the largest number of believers in his identity with the mysterious Junius. In a court close to St. Paul's Gerald Griffin once lodged, and it was here that John Banim was startled to hear from the landlady of the poet that Griffin had, apparently, scarcely tasted anything for days, and never went out until nightfall, being, in fact, on the road to starva- tion. Close by the north door of the Cathedral was buried Colonel Edward Marcus Despard, a gal- lant Irish soldier, and brother of an officer still more celebrated. Despard was a native of Queen's County, and after a brilliant career in the British Ireland in London. 21 army became a conspirator, being moved thereto by what he considered unfair treatment in return for hi6 many services. He was arrested and inipri- eoned for some years, and soon after his release, showing no friendlier disposition towards the Go- vernment , was rearrested, brought to trial for high- treason, and executed in 1803, at the age of 48. He had been the friend of such dissimilar person- ages as Lord Nelson and Lord Cloncurrv. Merely lemarking that St.Paul'6 Cathedral will be dealt with in our next article, we pass round it and enter Cannon-street. Some distance down bere, on the left, and facing the railway station, is St. Swithin's Church. Fixed into its outer wall, and protected by iron railings, is a curious relic of the past— London Stone. Anciently it was a kind of Roman milestone, and where it formerly stood, near the Mansion House, was a terminus trom which all the great Roman roads radiated over England. This stone has, how- ever, other memories. When Jack Cade entered London in 1450, he proceeded direct to this stone, and, placing his foot upon it, proclaimed himself Lord ol the City. Readers of Shake- speare's " Henry VI., Part 2," will find the scene described there. By 6ome Jack Cade is supposed to have been really an Irish physician named Aylinei ; others believe him to have merely as- sumed that name and profession. He was finally slain, and his head impaled on one of the gates of old London Bridge, distant only a few yards from London Stone, the memento of his iormer triumphs. By the side ol London Bridge is the Hall of the Fishmongers' Company, oneoi the wealthiest of the city guilds, owning thousands of acres in Londonderry. Thomas Doggett, the famous Irish actor, was a member of this company, and being a staunch Whig, left a sum of money to purchase a coat and badge to be rowed for by six young watermen of the Thames on each succeed- ing l6t of August, the anniversary of the acces- sion of George I. This boat-race has now been run 167 times, and i6 annually witnessed by •crowds of persons, who, perhaps, have but little notion of the origin of " Doggett's Coat and Badge." Just past London Bridge, on the right, is Fish- street Hill, and, at the corner of Moncment- yard here, Goldsmith acted as a chemist's assist- ant, but only for a short time, as his position was a miserable one. A few steps along Great Tower-street and we are on Tower-hill, where so many of the noblest, and also, indeed, of the vilest of mankind were executed. The Irishmen who Buffered that fate here were unimportant, and do not deserve special mention. Opposite Tower-hill is the vast pile of fortifica- tions known as the Tower of London. No spec- tator can view it without interest and wonder. Its Irish associations are of a uniformly dis- mal character. Before entering it, however, we must refer to an interesting place quite near its gates. The Mint, where the coinage is car- ried on, is on our left as we emerge from Tower- street into the open space in front of the Tower. Richard Lalor Sheil was Master of the Mint from 1846 to 1850, and the following in- cident is related of bis administration. Some new florins were issued, and 6tartled the public by the omission of the inscription sur- rounding the coin, which signified that Queen Victoria was " Defender of the Faith," &c. The omission was at- tributed to Shell's Catholicism, but he effectually repudiated sectarian moti res foi bis action, and showed a precedent for it. The Tower is, perhaps, next to Westminster Abbey, themostinterestingedifice in London. Its oldest part was built by William theConqueror in 1078, other monarchs adding to it, and since then it has been by turnsafortiess,aRoyalpalace,and a prison, and part of it is now a barracks. Fiom the time of its erection down to the reign of Charles II., it has been frequently used as a palace, and although in modern days it has not been much utilised as a prison, many famous Irishmen have " counted the weary years " within its walls, and in some cases have been put to death in one or other of its noisome dungeons. With the Tower as a royal residence or as a fort- ress we have nothing to do. As a prison, how ever, it has many interesting Irish associations. The Jewel-room is generally the goal of most visitors, and i6 certainly worth making a long journey to visit. The Crown jewels are valued at about three millions sterling, and in speaking of bichard lalor sheil. (From a bust) 22 Ireland in London. them a very remarkable personage recurs to every student of history. The notorious attempt to steal the Crown jewels was made on the 9th May, 1671, by Colonel Thomas Blood, a des- perado born in Ireland in 16?8, the son of an ironmaster residing at Farney, in Meath. After GENERAL VIEW OF THE TOWER OF LONDON. an adventurous career as a soldier in the Parlia- mentary army, he quitted it and took to more reckless courses. His attempt to hang the Duke of Ormond in the London streets terrified some of the people in power, not excepting the weak King, Charles II. By a skiliul ruse aided by several confederates, Blood managed to worm himself into the good graces of Edwards, the old keeper of the jewels. Under the pretext of wish- ing to see them. Blood induced the keeper to ac- company himself and his friends into the Jewel- room, and when Edwards had locked the door on THE BEAUCHAMP TOWER. the inside, as was the custom, he was set upon by the confedeiates and rendered senseless. Luckily, however, his son arrived, and while Blood and his gang were packing up, the old man recovered strength enough to call out for help. Seizing the Crown (the most valuable part of *hy collection), Blood tried to escape, but was caught. Strange to say, the daring of the attempt so- alarmed the King that instead of being punished Blood was not only pardoned, but actually allowed a pension of £500 u year : arid, stranger still, the old keeper, instead of receiving his legiti- mate pension when due, was almost allowed to die of destitution. So true is the statement of a great writer that wickedness done in a brilliant manner is always more appreciated than a bene- faction silently performed. The most remarkable of the Irish prisoners nt> the Tower was, perhaps, Thomas Fitzgerald, 10th Earl of Kildare, or " Silken Thomas, "as he was more commonly styled. His history is well known to Irish readers ; suffice it here to say that he and his five uncles, lor the crime of high- THE TRAITORS* GATE— TOWER OF LONDON. treason, were imprisoned in the Tower, and after- wards hanged and quartered at Tyburn in 1537. On the walls in one of the upper rooms ot the Beatxhamp Tower (between the last recess and! the entrance to the cells) — where " Silken- Thomas " passed the sixteen months ot his con- finement, and was treated in a barbarous manner —may be seen his autograph, roughlv cut into the stone in the following fashion :— AS : YT : IS : TAKY . . THOMAS FITZGera Another notable prisoner was Richard Creagh, Archbishop of Armagh. He escaped once from the Tower, but was recaptured, and spent eighteen- years there, dying alter many sufferings in 1585, aged about sixty or thereabouts. Here also- Ireland in London. 23 «ufTeied Thomas Butler, 10th Earl of Ormond, and bis grandson Thomas, Earl of Ossory. Among the Desmonds who also tasted the horrois of the Tower were Gerald, the loth Earl, and his brother, Sir John Desmond, both imprisoned for -six years ; and here also JnniPB, the lGth Earl, and the still greater " Sugan Earl," James, nephew of the 15th Earl, died and were buried. In St. Peter's Chapel in the Tower are buried Gerald, the 8th Earl of Kildare, (father of Sil- ken Thomas), and his grandson, the 9th Earl. Tn the Tower were also imprisoned Gerald, the 11th Earl ol Kildare, and bis family; Donogb M'Carthy, 4th Earl of Clancarty (who escaped once and was retaken) ; Connor Magnire, Baron of Enniskillen, and his friend, Captain MacMahon, who were imprisoned for complicity in the rising of 1641, and who both escaped, but were again cap- tured, and were executed at Tyburn ; Niall Garv O'Donnell and his son (the former for eighteen years). Con O'Neill, son of the great Hugh, died here ; and here also were imprisoned Richard Talbot, the great Duke of Tyrconnell, one of the finest 6oldier-state.-.men Ireland ever produced, and the Irish Earls of Tyrone and Orrery. Another great Irishman, Sir James Ware, the distinguished writer, suffered ten months' impri- sonment in the Tower at the hands of the Parlia- mentarians for his Royalist principles. V\*e have only to mention a few other famous Irishmen of more modern times before we take leave of the Tower's prisoners. In 1798 the noted United Irishman, Arthur O'Connor, who afterwards be- came an eminent French General, was brought here in company with his rein John Binns, and James OToigly. In the same year the To wer recei ve il Lor d Cloncurry as a piisoner. He was suspected of being a United Irishman, and was arrested whilst in London studying at the Temple. The Duke of Leinster (father ol Loid Edward Fitzgerald), Henry Grattan, and John Philpot Curran, who happened to be visiting Lord Clon- curry, were also arrested on suspicion and con- veyed to the Tower, but were almost immediately liberated. The above list is not a complete one, but the most important of the Irishmen who have passed ARTHUR O CONNOR (From Madrten's "Lives of United Irishmen.") '"",„,, 1 Ludtf»»e f»tn» /"owerl *IJT- -che " Traitors' Gate "— ,: that gate misnamed " —have been specified. They were all distinguished •in some way, and their only crime appears to have been a disposition to resent tyranny. The Tower possesses few relics of peculiar im- portance to Irishmen, although the axes and other such instruments of death or torture have doubtless been used on many of the •Irish inmates of the place. One part, the Broad- arrow Tower, was specially reserved lor priests, a very significant fact. On the staircase leading to the White Tower may be seen a very interesting object— a sword shown as William Smith O'Brien's. IntheHoi6e Armoury are some old Irish wea- pons, dag up near the Giant's Causeway, and here also may be seen the uniform worn by Wel- lington as Constable of the Tower. Irish visitors should not fail to explore every 24 Ireland in London. accessible corner of this hoary pile, and they may rest assured they will not want food for thought as their eyea wander over the dark cells, the occa- sional inscriptions, and the rusty and dust- covered weapons and implements, not to speak oi the priceless treasures that abound here. „ .... CHAPTER IV. IEI3H ASSOCIATIONS OF THE CITY PROPER.— ST. PAUL'S CATHEDRAL AND ITS IRISH MEMORIALS- IRISH OBJECTS IN THE GUILDHALL— IRISH ART AT THE MANSION HOUSE— THE ROYAL EXCHANGE, ETC. LMOST facing the rear of Newgate Prison, and lying some distancebackfrom New- gate-street, whence we start for our second peregrination through the city, is a splendid old building known as Christ's Hospital. In ancient times this was a monastery of Grey Friars ; it is now a school for the sons of well-to-do tradesmen and others, having been diverted from its founder's intention to endow it as a charity-school for friendless boys. In the Diaing-hall is a very notable picture by a distinguished painter, John Singleton Copley, R.A , depicting the narrow escape from a shark of one of the scholars (who afterwards became Lord Mayor of London). Copley was American by birth, but oi purely Irish parentage, and his paintings are generally con- sidered masterly. Where Newgate-street ends and Cheapside begins is St. Martin's-le-Grand, on the lelt, with, on the right of the way. the General Post Office, in connection with which it is a curious fact that, in 1663, the revenues ot the Post Office were li farmed " for the sum of £21,000 by one Daniel O'Neill, whose worldly means and business enterprise must have been considerable, and whose nationality is certainly unmistakable. The continuation ot St. Martin's-le-Grand is Aldersgate-street. In Aldersgate Church there is a fine stained -glass altar-window, executed by in Irish artist, John Pearson, who became well known in the last century as a distinguished painter on glass. Returning to Cheapside, the first turning on - the left is Foster-lane. Here is the Hull of the Goldsmiths' Company, which possesses two of the best works of Sir Martin Archer Shee, PR. A. — namely, a portrait of Queeu Adelaide and one of William IV. Shee was a very fashion- able painter at the beginning of the cen" tury, and so highly esteemed by his brother- artists that his election to the Presidency of the Royal Academy was unanimous— an event of rare occurrence. He was . essentially a portrait- - y & painter, and many o' £ his best works aie to be found in various parts dr. croly. of London. Crossing Cheapside, from Foster-lane. we are in view ot St. Paul's Cathedral. Before ascending the flight of steps in front, however, we cannot omit to notice the group of sculpture outside. It was executed by Francis Bird, one of the early Eng- lish sculptors, and represents Queen Anne on a pedestal, surrounded by more than life-size figures of Britain, America, France, and Ireland — the last-named country being figured as a beautiful female with flowing tresses, and bearing a harp of somewhat small dimensions. The vast Cathedral of St. Paul's, Sir Christo- pher Wren's noblest and greatest work, was built in the seventeenth century, the ancient edifice having been destroyed in the Great Fire. Many interesting incidents that occurred in the older Cathedral might be enumerated, but one or two will suffice. Thus : it was in St. Paul's that King John, in 1213, acknowledged the supremacy of the Pope ; and it was in the same building that Cardinal Wolsey publicly burnt the Protestant Bible on Shrove Tuesday, 1527. Under the Com- monwealth, the soldiers of Cromwell stabled their horses in the nave of St. Paul's, as if to show Ireland in London. 25 their contempt for sacred edifices. The present building is erected on the site of the ancient one. Though not nearly 60 crowded with tombs and monuments as Westminster Abbey, the Cathedral contains the remains of many of the greatest men these islands have produced. Irishmen, ol course, form a goodly proportion ol the number. Here, in the Artists' Corner, by the 6ide of Rey- nolds, Wren, Lawrence, Turner, Opie, and West, lies the greatest of Irish sculptors, John Henry Foley, R.A. ; while not far off rests another great Irish artist — James Barry, R A.^the famous alle- gorical painter. And, if an eminent authority is to be believed, here also reposes the dust of Sir Martin Archer Shee, though he J6 commonly thought to be buried at Brighton. The great majority of the tombs and monuments of St. Paul's are those of naval and military heroes. Among the Irish soldiers commemorated here is Sir Robert Rollo Gillespie, a native of county Down, and a brilliant general. His 6tatue, by Chantrey, is a conspicuous ornament. Here also is the statue of a still greater Irishman — Sir William Francis Napier, the famous historian, whose " History of the Peninsular War" is the best of all military histories. Napier was bom near Dublin in 1785, and died in Clapham in 1860. His statue is by Adams, as is also that, close by, of his brother, "'the hero of Scinde." The magnificent tomb of the Duke of Wellington, by a gifted sculptor ol the modern school, is also well worth par- ticular mention. Tne tracery on this tomb was executed by a clever Irish artist named Doherty, who has executed some fine works in London and elsewhere. Sir Arthur Wellesley Torrens, who fell at Inker- man in 1854, is here honoured by a bas- relief, sculptured by an eminent artist, Baron Marochetti. Among other famous Irish soldiers whose tombs or monuments are in St. Paul's are several who, if space allowed, would call for detailed notice. Sir Henry Lawrence, of Lucknow fame, was the eon of an Irish soldier, GEN. GILLESPIE. a native of Ulster, but waB born in India. As an administrator and as a soldier he ranks exceptionally nigh, while most ol his brothers anddescendantswerealso notable by their achiev- ments as statesmen and soldiers. Other Irish soldiers commemorated here are Sir John Byrne Skerritt (with statue by Chantrey), General Sir W. Ponsonby, who fell at Waterloo (with a grace- 8T. PAUL'S. fill monument by E. H. Baily, R.A.), and Generc ' Sir Edward Pakenham, whose death, at the age of 36, while leading the attack on New Oileaus, January 8th, 1815, was a paiticularly heavy blow to the English Army. His statue, by Sir Richard Westmacott. is well worthy of that sculptor's fame. Several other Irish soldiers of lesser note have their monuments here, including one, the most recent of all. to Sir Herbert Stewart, who was of a Keny family, and whose career in the Soudan was so brilliant and of 6uch brief duration. A memorial here which will attract the visitor's particular attention is that to the war correspondents killed in the Soudan, among whom two Irish names stand pre-eminent. Ed- mund O'Donovan and Frank Power are fitly honoured by the memorial brass to their memory and that of their colleagues being placed among the monuments of the most illustrious dead of the United Kindgom. The fine statue to Dr. William Babington (who will be presently referred to) is a worthy recogni- tion of the great labours in science of a distin- guished Irishman. Among the monuments in St. Paul's there are two executed by Irish artist6 which deserve a passing reference. One is the splendid statue tc Turner, the great landscapist, by Patrick M' Do well, R.A., one of the best of the modern sculptors of Ireland. The other work is th« monument of Sir Thomas Picton, which was exe- 26 Ireland in London. «uted by Sebastian Gnha^an, one of a family o/ Hood Irish sculptors and modellers. Leaving St. Paul's and returning to Chenpside, •we reach Wood-street, on tho left, and St. Michael's Chuich, noteworthy as being a place where Dr. Nicholas Biady, the divine and poet, frequently preached. He is chiefly known from his translation, in conjunction withN'ahum Tate, of the Psalms. A short distance past Wood-street is Milk- street, at the bottom of which, in the turning known as Aldermanbury, stands the Church of St. Mary the Virgin. Here is buried the Dr. Babington above mentioned. This celebrated man was a native of Portglenone, county Antrim, was born in 1756, and died in 1833. As a mineralogist, chemist, and geologist, Dr. Babington was almost unrivalled, his contribu- tions to his favourite sciences being many and valuable. In Cheapside are situated the Mercers' Chapel and the Hall of the Saddlers' Company. In the first-named is buried James Butler, one of the Earls of Ormond (1428), and also his wife (1430). The Saddlers' Hall possesses one of Thomas Frye's finest works, a full-length portrait oiFredeiiek. Prince of Wales. Frye was one of the best Irish artists of the eighteenth century. He is beliaved to have been the first in England to paint on porcelain, while both as a mezzotint engraver and portrait-painter he is very highly praised. Passing Bow Church, with its beautiful steeple by Wren, and its famous bells, only within the sound ol which true Cockneys are born, we come to King-street, on the left. At the end of this street is situated the Guildhall of Loudon, be- longing to the Cor- poration. This great and ancient ci^jc hall well deserves a visit, if only on account of its mag- nificent library, which is perfectly tree to all person? on entering their names in the visitors' book. It contains many Irish works — its most, valuable, possessions relating to Ireland being, perhaps, " The An- nuls of thfr Foof SIR H. LAWRENCE. Masters," and the publications of' the Irish- Archaeological and Ossianic Societies, and other works of a kindred nature. Among other objects of interest in the Guild- hall are seveial specimens of Iiish art. In the Common Council Chamber are Copley's great picture, " The Siege of Gibraltar." his portrait of Lord Cornwallis, and an excellent bust of the Duke of Wellington by Peter Turnerelli. Turne- relli, an exceedingly clever sculptor, was a native- of Belfast, his father being an Italian modeller, and his mother a native of the chief city of th«- North. Some of his works are truly admirable ; he excelled in portrait-busts. He was greatly- patronised by Royalty and various eminent persons, and so admired was his celebrated and life-like bust of George III. that he had to execute- no fewer than eighty copies of it (one of theru being in the Trinity House on Tower Hill). In the Waiting-room are to be seen the enor- mous pictures by Sir Robert Ker Porter, entitled respectively, " The Siege of Acre," and " The- Battle of Agincourt." The painter was very highly esteemed during the early part ot the cen- tury, and it is interesting to know that the- picture last named, which was finished befoie Porter was nineteen years of age, owed not a little of its general excellence to the fact that William Mulready, the greatest of Irish painters,, then (1808) unknown, assisted him in its produc- tion. Porter was born in England, of Irish parents, his sisters being the well-known novel- ists, Jane and Anna Porter. In the same room as the above pictures is a splendid folding-screen, a veritable masterpitce, said to be painted by Copley. In the Guildhall are also a grand monument to Wellington, aud others equally fine to Nelson, Chatham, and Pitt, the inscriptions upon which were written by three notable Irishmen— Sheridan, Burke, and Canning respectively. Finally, at the entrance to the library is a fine- bust ot Sir Andrew Lusk (a recent Lord Mayor> by H. P. M'Carthy, an Irish sculptor. Returning to the main street, we leave Cheap- side after a few paces, and enter the Poultry, a continuation of the former thoroughfare. On the left is Grocer's Hall Court, where lived for a time in great destitution Samuel Boyse, the poet. Like many other \r\c\ writers of his time, he seems to have been unjustly neglected by his con- temporaries, for his poetical gifts were of a some- what high order, and won the admiration of Henry Fielding, the novelist, and a few other great writers. On the right, as we emerge- in view Ireland in London. •of the Mansion House, Batik of England, oud Royal Exchange, is Walbrook, a turning running by the side of the first-named buildiug. Heie is St. Stephen'6 Chuich, one of the grandest churches in England, where Dr. Croly, its cele- brated rector, is buried Croly wasa distinguished Irish poet and dramatist, and exquisite prose writer, and earned a solid and wide reputation as a clergyman of active industry and vivid elo- quence. His monument, by J. B. Philip, R. A., is in the church, as also a fine marble bust presented -to bim during his lifetime by his parishioners ; while severul 6tained-glass windows have been also placed here to his memory. The Mansion House i6 noteworthy as being •the residence of the Lord Mayors, and as the re- pository of some magnificent examples of Irish .art. We have already referred to the fact MANSION HOUSE. -that even the Mayoralty had not been inacces- sible to Irishmen, and gave as an instance the name of Sir William M' Arthur. But iu reality there has been more thau one Irish Lord Mayor, for in the reign of Henry the Seventh, in the year 14S5, the Chief Magistrate of Loudon was an Irishman named Hugh Brice or Bryce. Only re- cently, too, another Irishman (Sir William Law- rence) has held that once exalted position. Be- tides the names just mentioned, there are also others on the list of Lord Mayors which have an Irish appearance, though it is difficult to say whether the bearers were Irish or not. Thus, there have been Lord Mayor? with such names as Michael Thoveyin 1244 and 1248, Stephen Slany in 1595, William Gill in 1788, Sir Richard Welch -in 1802, Thomas Kelly in 1836, Sir George Car- roll in 1837, and also other names like Hayes, Bryan, &c, among the High Sheriffs. Inside the Mansion House Irish art is splen- *L;dly represented by some of the finest works of -Foley and M'Dowell. The former's beautiful JAMES QUIN. " Caraetacus." " Egeria," and " Elder Brother in ' Comus,' " rank beside the noblest of Lou- don's artistic possessions. No Biiti&h sculptor, with the single exception, per- haps, of Flax- man, has pro- duced, in modern days, 6uch won- derful works. Foley's genius may be said to be nowhere seen to better advantage than in the EgyptiauHall of theMansionHouse which contains many other fine pieces of modern sculpture. Among them is the " Leah "' oi Patrick M'Dowell, R.A., a Belfast man, than whom no more gifted artist could be lound to worthily fill one of the niches of this hall. His works, more truly than those of other great sculptors, are genuinely poetical conceptions in themselves, altogether apart from his exceptionally fine and imaginative treatment of his subjects. His female figures are generally considered the best efforts oi hi6 genius. It is much to be regretted that the sculpture of the Mansion House is not in some easily accessible building Exactly facing The Poultry, and standing be- tween Cornhill and Threadneedle-street, is the Royal Exchange, with an equestrian statue in front, by Chantrey, of the "Iron Duke." The Royal Arms in massive-relief, finely sculptured, is the work of John Edward Carew, an excellent sculptor, and a native of Waterford. He was born in 1785 or thereabouts and died somewhat recently. Much of his best work is in private collections, thougU there are a few examples in London public insti- tutions. Carew was very highly esteemed as a sculptor, and the flattering opinions held ot him by such artists as Sir Francis Chantrey and Sir Richard Westmacott were certainly fully de- served. On the North side of the Exchange, and overlooking Threadneedle-street, is Carew'6 statue of Sir Richard Whittington, ' thrice Lord Mayor of London " — the hero of famous nursery tales and rhymes. The romantic stories current of Dick Whittington are not, however, 6trictly true — he was not poor, as the legend gees, but the son of a wealthy knight, Sir William Whittington. S3 Ireland in London. Carew's stable Is excellent, but the climate or the dust and smoke of London have given it an appearance of great antiquity. It is interesting to note that the original pro- prietor of the Gresham Hotel in Dublin was an enfant trouve found on the steps of the Royal Exchange, and who, taking the name of Sir Thomas Gresham, trie greatest city magnate of that time, rose afterwards to affluence in the Irish capital. On the right of the Exchange is Cornhill, which has some very interesting Irish associa- tions. One of the most noted frequenters of the Fleece Tav- ern, which stood here, was James Quin, the great comedian. It was in Cornhill, at tho Pope's Head Taveri (on the site ot the present P jpe's Head Alley), that Quin killed his fellow-country- m a n and brother actor, Bowen — an excellent performer. Though of an exceedingly generous disq osi- tion, Quin could not resist uttering the many sarcastic words which frequently came to hia tongue, and was, as a consequence, em w. U'ARTHCB. THE GUILDHALL. frequently involved in quarrels. His encounter with Bowen was owing to slight causes, and as he was furiously attacked by the latter with a sword, Quin was compelled to draw, and being an expert swordsman, gave Bowen a mortal wound. It was also in Cornhill. in 1798, that William Putman M'Cabe, the famous United Irishman, was attacked by the police, but, after' a brief struggle, baffled them with his usual luck and daring, and escaped arrest. It was probably his reckless boldness and determination to rulfil his mission which led him so often to London at the risk of death, and may have helped him even- tually to escape the many perils by which he was surrounded. Leadenhall-street is a continuation of Corn- UVAl 4§\ Wo citv 0^* GATC TO Bisvvopso m&) Ireland in London. 23 hill. On the left is the Church of St. Katherine Cree, of which the most prominent rector has been the Dr. Nicholas Brady above referred to. Threadneedle-street runs from the Bank of Eng- land to Bishopsgate-street. In the Hall of the Merchant Taylors, which is in the former 6treet, may be seen Wilkie's splendid portrait of Well- ington, aud among the magnificent collection of plate here are some very curious and valuable old Irish silver tankards of 1683. Off Bishops- gate-stbeet is Gresham College (Basinghall- 6Tbeet), where the Royal Society was started in 1663. Its first President, Sir William Brouncker, an Irishman, and others of his coun- trymen who afterwards became Presidents, such as Robert Boyle, Hans Sloane, and Lord Carbery, were frequent visitors here. In completing our survey of the City, we have only to add that not a few of its most successful business men have been Irish. As a mere list of names would be of little use or interest, it will, perhaps,be better to mention only one conspicuous instance, which will, perhaps, effectually disperse the doubts that exist in many persons' mindsasto the commercial capabilities of Irishmen. The late Mr. M'Calmont, brother of Lord Cairns, was one of the richest men the City has ever produced, and worth millions when he died. And, as there have been several Irish Lord Mayors, as every Lord Mayor must necessarily be a successful city man, it is clear that M'Calmont was not the only Irish- man who has acquired great wealth and great influence in the ancient and teeming City of London. CHAPTER V. THE STRAND AND ITS IRISH ASSOCIATIONS.— FROM TEMPLE BAR TO THE ADELPHI. UR first chapter on the Lon- don streets concluded with a notice of the Temple aud its famous students and resi- dents. The hideous "Griffin" memorial which marks the site of Old Temple Bar, also marks the termination of Fleet street and the commencement ef the Strand. Standing at Temple Bar, and look- ing west, we have on our right the splen- did buildings, only recently erected, kmown as the Law Courts, which are fitly situated near the most important abodes ef legal learning in Loudon. Although the Law Couits can boast of few historical associations, many fatuous iawyers have been connected with them during their brief existence; and they hare been the scene of some important trials. It is, strictly speaking, within their walls that Sir Charles Russell has won his great forensic triumphs, and that several other great Irish lawyers have earned distinction. One of the most successful of the advocates of the day is Mr. Gerald Geoghegan, who has acted in more than one cause eclebre. This distinguished lawyer 18 a member of both the Irish and the English Bar, and it will interest many lovers of Irish literature to learn that he is the son «f the well-known poet, Arthur Gerald Geoghegan, author of the celebrated poem, " The Moiks uf Ki.crea," and of many stirring bal- lads. The Law Courts being a recent ad- dition to the architectural beauties ef Lon- don, there are few direct or personal Irish associations to be recorded in connection with them. We will leave them, there- fore, with the remark that when the " Par- nell Commission," now sitting there, is at an end, and the chief actors in the momentous trial shall have passed away, the Law Courts will, in •years to come.be indisputably a spot instinct with Irish memories. Opposite the central doorway of the Law Courts is a small turning or alley, called Detereux Cowrt. A few yards down this court, on the right hand side, stood at one time the famous Grecian Coffee-house. Its place is now occupied by a tavern, and its site marked by the bust, placed some height from the ground, of Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex. The " Grecian" had many Irish frequenters, and it was especially notable as the resort of the great Irish- men residing or studying in The Temple. The first number of The Spectator — ihat mine of de- lightful thought and lofty teaching, and the foundation of English periodical litera- ture — was addressed from this coffee-house by The Spectator himself — Sir Richard Steele, the gentle essayist and dramatist. To the '• Grecian" frequently came Goldsmith, to play whist ; and here he often delighted the as- sembled coaapany by his performances oa the 30 Ireland in London. flute. The pleasure he caused, and the applause he evoked, were doubtless gratifying to the simple-hearted poet, but the remembrance of hia previous wanderings on foot through France and Italy, with his flute, in search ef a liTelihood, must often have been present to hia mind. Finally, it was from the " Grecian" that John O'Keeffe, the inimitable farce writer and wit, sent his first piece to George Col man, the manager of the Haymarket Theatre, and had the satisfaction of finding it accepted. The career thus opened preved beneficial both to O'Keeffa himself and to the dramatic literature of the 13th century. On the evening whe» Goldsmith was presented a worthy and well-to-do baker was president, whose grave an% judicial aspect, and air of great import- ance se impressed Goldsmith that he whispered to Derrick his opinion that " the chairman must be a lord-chancelloi at least." " No," returned Derrick, seftly, " not exactly ; he's only a master of the rolls I" Facing Essex-street is the church of St. Clement Danes, one of the most prominent rectors of which was Dr. George Berkeley, the sen of the great Irish philosopher and Bishop of Cloyne. Io the church, er in the narrow strip of churchyard s -mounding it, lies buried Charles Coffey, aa " NEW LAW CCCETS. A few paces beyond Devereux-court is Essex- Stkekt, with the office of the Freeman's Journal at the corner. Aa the chief Loudon office of the oldest and greatest of Irish newspapers, it has riecesearily had many interesting Irish associations, which, however, it is ueedtesa to particularise here. Essex-street is well known to readers of the lives of Burke, Goldsmith, and Johnson. Here were held the meetings of the Robin Hood Debating Society, •f which the above writers, as well aa Arthur Murphy and other Irishmen of note, were mem- bers. A humorous anecdote is related of Gold- smith's first visit to the society. He was intro- uced by Samuel Derrick, an Irish wit and poet. cellent Irish farce writer, and author of one of the most amusing pieces ever written, " The Devil to Pay," which has held the stage for more than a hundred years. St. Clements was the favourite place of worship of Dr Johnson, and the inscription o» the tablet erected to hia memory over the pew he used to occupy, was.it is interest- ing to note, written hy Dr. George Croly, the well known poet. Ardndel-street is but a few yards farther on, on the left, and on entering it we come upou some very interesting facts. In a house which stood on the site of the Temple Clue, the Catholic As- sociation used to meet during the struggle for Ireland in London. 31 O'CONNELL. Emancipation. O'Connell was, of course, a fre- quent -visitor, and the rooms very often resounded with the echoes of his splendid accents. Richard Lalor Sheil, Lord Cloncurry, and other dis- tinguished Irishmen also spoke here occasionally. In the Crown and Anchor Tavern, which occupied the site of the present Courts of Justice Hotel, O'Connell often pleaded his country's cause and de- nounced her enemies. On the 21st of January, 1838, he was entertained here at a banquet, the chairman be- ing a distin- guished Irish soldier, Ge- neral Sir De Lacy Evans, a native of Limerick, and M.P. at the time for Westminster. The speech of The Liberator on this occasion, in which he accused the members of the Parliamen- tary Committees of perjury, drew down upon him the wasted censure of the House of Commons. In May, 1841, a gieat Repeal meeting was held here, when O'Connell spoke lengthily and elo- quently on the burning question of the hour. At the" Crown aDd Anchor " used also to meet a club, under the title of " The King of Clubs," among the habitues of which was John Philpot Curran, with whose life, oratory, and wit every- one is more or less familiar. In Surrey-street, a little fuither on the left, died, in 1729, the great diamatist, William Con- greve. There is great doubt as to his birthplace. " Several writers, notably Chailes Anderson Read, in his comprehensive " Cabinet of Irish Litera- ture," and Mr. Halliday Sparling, in his '' Iiish Minstrelsy," most emphatically deny that he was born in Euglaud, but that he allowed his bio- grapher to place his birth in Yorkshire. On the other hand, it seems pretty clear, from the baptismal eutry in the parish church of B rdsev, in that county, that he was born there, while the same town is civen as his natal place in the books of Trinity College, Dublin, whither he was sent on leaving school. But wheresoever born it is certain he was educated in Ireland, first at Kilkenny School and afterwards at Trinity Col- lege, and his superior classical knowledge, as com- pared with that of most of his contemporaries, was certainly due, as Lord Macaulay candidly ad- mite, to his Irish education. Apart from his eminence as a writer, and his supposed Irish birth, he does not deserve the kindly remembrance of Irishmen, for his character was a contemptible one. Be^a6,il recorded statements be tTue, as much ashamed othis profession as he was of his country, and wished to be known only as "an English gentleman." When Voltaire was in London and visited Congreve, for whose play6 he entertained high admiration, thelatter particularly impressed upon the French wit the necessity of not refer- ring to his productions, because he wished to be considered as " a gentleman," and not as a great dramatist. This miserable plea called forth from Voltaire the obvious retort that if he had known that Congreve was merely " a gentleman " he should not have taken the trouble to call upou him. Just past Surrey-stieet, and still on the left, is"- the Strand Theatre. It is notable as being the' spot, on which the first panorama was exhibited. Its inventor, Robert Barker, a distinguished' Irish artist, was a native of Kells, county Meath. He was born in 1739, and died in 1800. The first thought of his invention occurred to him whilst sitting on Calton Hill, in Edinbui-gh, and he carried it out most successfully, exhibiting it, when completed, at 1G9 Strand, now the Strand Theatre. King's College, still on the left. is only notice- able as possess- ing Peter Tur- neielli's fine sta- tuette of George III. The splendid building close by, on the same side ot the way, known as Somer- set House, is in foresting to Irish- men for several reasons. In the old palace of Charles II., which stood on its site, the body of the great Archbishop Ussher lay in state, pre- vious to buiial in Westminster Abbey. In the STEELE. 32 Ireland in London. quadrangle of the present building are 9ix colos- sal statues, each 7ft 6in in height, emblematical of the principal cities and towns in the United Kingdom. Two of them represent Dublin and Belfast. In Somerset House may be seen the wills of many famous Irishmen, including Burke and. Wellington, and Richard Cantillon, the father of political economy, whose Irish origin is not suffi- ciently well known. Facing Somerset House, and by the side of the church of St. Mary-le-Strand, is Drury-lane. This dingy and gloomy thoroughfare, which is at present, with its outlying narrow courts and alleys, the resort of the poorest Irish in London, was once a fashionable place of residenco, espe- cially in the reign of Elizabeth. It received its name from the town house, which stood there, of Sir William Drury, Lord Deputy of Ireland, in the 16th century. It has had few well-known Irish residents, perhaps the most celebrated of them being Walter, the eleventh Earl of Ormond, a dis- tinguished soldier, who lived here in 1625 ; and Connor Maguire, Baron oi Enniskillen, and his friend Captain M'Mahon. The two last escaped from the Tower on the 18th of August, 1643, and lay hid in a house in Drury-lane until the 20th of October, on which day one of them happening to call out after an oysterman in the street, his voice was recognised by some of his enemies, and the fugitives were soon after recaptured and executed. SOMERSET HOUSE. Off Drury-lane, at the northern corner of Vere- street, in October, 1869, a man was thrown out of a cab and severely injured, and, on the police asking his name, feebly replied " Kelly." The police, at the time eagerly on the look-out for Lionel Kelly, one of the Fenians rescued from the prison van in Manchester, immediately con- cluded that they had effected a magnificent cap- ture, and roughly hauled off the injured man to prison, instead ot to hospital, with the result that his death shortly ensued. Evidence was given at the inquest on his remains that he had gone BARRY. by name of Edward Martin. The Irish of London, however, partly to draw tho authorities off the scent of the Fenian leader, and partly to show their resentment at the conduct of the police, organised a monster funeral, and on the 10th October, an orderly proces- sion of some 20,000 respectably -clad Irish- men and wo. men, aug- mented by contingents ' along the way, con 7 veyed the remains ot the deceased l( from Lin- coln's Inn, through the principal streets, to Stratford Churchyard Nearly op- positp Drury lane, and just past Somerset House, is a tailor's' shop with the words " Formerly Holyland's " on the name-board outside. This is very probably the house where 'Conned was arrested on the morning of the 19th September, 1815, just pre- vious to starting off tor Calais in order to fight a duel with Sir Robert Peel, whom he had chal- lenged. He was taken before the magistrates and bound over in very heavy sums to keep the peace. On the light, in Wellington-street, is the Lyceum Theatre. For some years this theatre was managed by an excellent Irish actor, dramatist, and poetnamed John Brougham, who was born in Dublin in 1814, and died in 1880. His connection with the " Lyceum " begau in 1840. He is supposed to have been the original of Lever's " Harry Lorrequer," and, whether the supposition be correct or not, he certainly re- sembled Lever's creation in many respects. His excellent comedies and farces, notably " Playing with Fire," are likely to endure on the stage for a long time. The " Lyceum " is noteworthy on another ac- count. Behind its stage used to be held the meetings of the famous Beefsteak Club, among the earliest members of which were the Duke of Leinster and Richard Brinsley Sheridau. The latter's name will occur so frequently aud pro- Ireland in London. 35 SHERIDAN. miuently henceforward in these articles that we may safely say he wa6, perhaps, of all Irishmen the most intimately connected with London. There are few leading thoroughfares that do net possess some remembrance of this greatest of Irish dramatists, this brilliant orator, 6parkling wit. and graceful poet. Other famous Irish- men and women were connected with the Beefsteak Club. Among them were Arthur Murphy, the dramatist, and Mrs. Jordan, the great actress, a native of-Waterford, and the "finest Rosalind that ever trod nhe stage." Lacy Ryan and Jack Johnstone (known as " Irish Johnstone "), two inimitable Irish comedians, were also among its members. John Binns, the United Irishman, who in after life became one of the greatest of American journalists, had a lecfure-room in the Strand, which was a great resort of his fellow-counrymen and brother Nationalists during the '98 move- ment. Its exact position is nowhere stated. Binns was only 26 years of age when arrested and taken to the Tower on a charge of high treason. Passing Southampton-street on the right, where Congreve lived lor some time, we reach Bedford-street, near the Adelphi and Vaude- ville Theatres. In this street lived James Quin and Thomas Sheridan, the two great actors. Quin, who resided here from 1749 to 1752, is universally admitted to have been the greatest of all impersonators of Falstaff, and he was also a good tragic actor. We shall deal with the histrionic triumphs of these and other Irish actors in future articles ; at present it is surti- cient to say ot Sherdian that, though his innova- tions in acting and elocution were ridiculed in their day. as all innovations are, they are now considered excellent, and their author is ac- counted one of the truly great actore of the 18th century. It may be added that he was a native of the county Cavan. Opposite the Adelphi Theatre is Adam-street, leading to Adelphi-tekkace. The Greek word " Adelphi." meaning '" brothers," has reference to four brothers, Scotch architects, of the sur- name f f Adnm. who built, on a series of arches, the pri.-ipal streets about here, on the south side of the Strand. The fine Adelphi-terrace, fronting the river, is justly considered an ornament of architecture. Part of this neighbourhood is built on the site of Durham House, the ancient residence of the Bishops of Durham. Durham- street occupies the 6ite of what was knows as the New Exchange, one of those covered thoroughfares, or " arcades," so common in Paris. It was simply a row of shops, kept chiefly by milliners ; and here a elf ver Irish poet of the 17th century, Thomas Duffett, had a shop for the sale of millinery. His poems are now little known, though his " Come all you pale lovers," and " Since Celia's my foe," are excellent song*, and bear a favourable comparison with the poetical productions of his day. Nothing is known of Duffett's early life or of his later years In the New Exchange, also, ufter the fall of James II., and the consequent decline of her family fortunes, the widow ot Talbot, the great Duke of Tyrcon- nell, ucted as a seamstress, wearing a white mask, so that she might not be recognised by friends or enemies. She was eventually disco- vered, however, and taken care of by her friends. In John-street, Adelphi, are the rooms of the Society of Arts, where the greatest works of James Barry, R.A., the painttr, are to be seen. All the best authorities admit that although his treatment of his subjects is at times a little grotesque, and even ludicrously absurd, his con- ceptions are in general grand, and occasionally sublime. His paintings are so important and his eccentricities so strange that we may be par- doned for dealing with his life and works at some length. Were it not for his hot tamper, careless- ness, and irritability, he might have ended his days in luxury, surrounded by " troops of friends," and all that " should accompany old age " and genius, instead of dying, as he did, poor and neglected. He was born in Cork on the 11th of October, 1741. After some success in Dublin as a painter, he was taken under the patronage of Edmund Burke, who first brought him to England, and afterwards 6ent him to Rome at his expense. Barry became a member of several famous bodies, both in England and Italy, and in 1772 became A.R.A.— an Associate of the Royal Academy. In the following year he was elected a full R.A. Such speedy recogni- tion by fellow academicians has very rarely oc- curred ; Mulready being another ot the few so highly honoured. Barry exhibited at the Royal Academy for the first time in 1770. In 1782 •34 Ireland in London. he was appointed professor of painting at the academy, hut he was so quarrelsome and inde- pendent that he was finally expelled from that body in 1799. The Society of Arts, wishing to jji ve their great room decorated by the principal artists of the day, approached eight of them for that purpose, Barry among the rest. The result was a refusal on the part of Sir Joshua Reynolds, and the others followed his example. However, th ret) years after (in 1777), Barry offered to do the work by himself, gratuitously, on condition that the society should pay for colours, frames, and other materials. His models cost £30, and this Bany offered to pay out o. his own pocket. Before learning the name of the artist the committe ao?epted this magnanimous and disinterested offer. It will hardly he credited that when he commenced the work Barry only possessed sixteen shilings, having been unable to raise a loan. During thesix years he was engaged STRAND are portraits of Edmund Burke and Keane Fitz- gerald. In the sixth picture, as Barry himself says, are "brought together those great and good men of all ages and nations who have acted as the cultivators of mankind." Among the great number of persons, ancient and modern, repre- sented are-William Molyneux, the patriot, holding in his hand his great work, the " Case for Ireland Stated ;" Robert Boyle, the famous chemist; Ossiau, Swift, Sterne, and Goldsmith Barry himself is represented in the third picture, seated at the base of the statue of Hercules. In a cornel of the sixth picture, where the famous poets, painters, and sagos are congregated, is represented Tartarus, where (to again quote the painter's description) "two large hands are seen, one of them holding a fire-fork, the other pulling down a number ol figures bound together by serpents, representing Wai, Gluttony, Extravagance, De- traction, Parsimony, and Ambition; and, floating Socnr • f aa ADELPHll n painting thesis great pictures he supported himself by etching. The pictures when exhibited were greatly ap- preciated. The two largest are each 42tt long; the others are smaller in size. Their subjects — lepresenting the growth or evolution of Happi- ness—are as follows : —I. " Man in the Savage State ;" II. " A Grecian Harvest Home ;*" III. " The Victor at Olympia :" IV. " Navigation ; or, the Triumphs of the Thames :" V. " The Dis- tribution of the Society's Rewards." and, VI. " Elysium ; or, The State of Final Retribution." Three of these pictures are poetical in subject ; the other three may be called historical. Barry made the supreme mistake of introducing por- traits of living celebrities into strange places in his pictures. Thus, in the fourth picture, his friend, Dr. Burney, the musician, is represented as a sea nymph(!)— a kind of personification of Har- mony. In the fifth picture, Arthur Young, the friend of Ireland and a famous writer on agricul- tural matters.is represented as a farmer carrying specimens of vaiious seeds. In the same picture down the fiery gulph are Tyranny, Hypocrisy, and Cruelty, with their proper attributes." The greatest ol German art critics, De Waagen, has spokeu in high terms of the sublimity of concep- tion and the frequent beauty of expression dis- played in these paintings. Canova, the great Italian sculptor, when in London, said of the " Victors at Olympia "trat if he had known of the existence of such a work while in Italy he would have come to England specially to see it. Besides his greatest works, there are here many of Barry'se tchings, and also his portrait and that of his mother, both painted by himself. A bust of the great artist is also to be seen in the rooms. In conclusion, it should be mentioned that be- fore its burial in St. Paul's Cathedral his body lay in state in the great room here, amoDg his magnificent works. Altogether the collection forms one of the most interesting sights of London ; and as it is per- fectly free and open every day of the week, Irish- men should make it a point to see these master- pieces of Irish artistic genius. Ireland in London. 3fr CHAPTER VI. THE STRAND AND ITS IRISH ASSOCIATIONS.— FROM THE ADELPHI TO ST. GILES'S. LOSE to Adelphi-terracb, and on the same side of the Strand, is Cecil-btbket, where a once famous Irish orator and politi- cian died, on the 8th of August, 1837. " Honest " John Lawless, as he was called on account of his invincible pro- bity, was born in or about 1772, and became a prominent journalist and politician. He was greatly admired by the majority of his contem- poraries, but having believed •'Connell wrong ou the question of enfranchising the " forty shilling freeholders " he opposed him, and consequently incurred his enmity. Besides his qualifications as an orator, which were unquestionably important, Lawless wrote a clever " History of Ireland," or rather a pamphlet on the history of Ireland ; a work which excited the admiration of Shelley the poet, but which is not now considered of much value as an authoiity. Opposite Adam-street is the Adelphi Theatre, the " home ol melodrama," a building asso- ciated in latter days with the successful produc- tion of some of Dion Boucicault's Irish dramas. Among other notable Irish dramatists whose plays have also succeeded here are Mrs. S. C. Hall, the well-known novelist, whose " Groves of Blarney " had a lengthened nin herein 1838; and Joseph Stirling Coyne, a native ol Birr, one of the founders of " Punch," and an excellent writer, who has given to the stage no less than 90 pieces, the best ol which have been produced at the Adelphi. Proceeding on our course we soon reach Buck- ingham-street, notable as being the street in which John Henderson, the great tragedian, died. Born in London, of Irish parentage, in February, 1746, he became distinguished as an engraver, and executed some admirable work* in that capacity. He afterwards joined the dra- matic profession, and soon became known both as a fine actor of tragic parts and a6 an excellent comedian. The popularity of Cowper's famous ballad, " John Gilpin," was gieatly due to his inimitable rendering of it at various places in London. He is buried amongst the illustrious dead of Westminster Abbey. Buckingham 6treet leads to the Victoria Em- bankment, one of the greatest of modern en- gineering feats, and built chiefly of granite from Dalkey, county Dublin. In the northern public garden on the Embank, raent, overlooking the river, is Foley's statue of the great political economist, John Stuart Mill. This statue, like everytning from Foley's chisel, is a fine work of art, suggestive of its clever creator in its artistic pose and fidelity as a like- ness, and is palpably superior to the other sta tues on the Embankment. In Villiers-street, leading back to the Strand, is York-place, formerly York Buildings, where Sir Richard Steele lived from 1721 to 1724, and where he wrote his clever comedy, " The Con- scious Lovers." This narrow turning or court seems to be still nariower than it I ifvt f.'Tv.^ZV"-,' / SMI I -^ J t V< U. really is, owing to the great height ol its houses, must of which are moie thanloO years old, the place having undergone little change since Steel* time. From re- ferences in the let. BOYLE. ters of the great philosopher, Bishop Berkeley, it seems clear that it was here he visited his fellow-countryman. Steele. He was certainly very intimate with the great essayist, having sought him out aud been warmly welcomed by him on his first visit to London. At the corner of Villiers street, in the Strand,, is the Charing Cross Hotel and Railway Station, built by E. M. Barry, R.A., the distinguished architect. The peculiar structure in front, re- sembling a fountain, is an exact fac-simile of the ancient Cros6ot Charing, and was also executed by Barry. Just past the Hotel and Railway Station is Craven-street, where Sir Martin Aicher Shee lived in 1789. Having only recently come to Lon- don, he was little known, but his genius soon dis- played itself; and, as his reputation and in- come increased, he moved to more fashion- able quarters. Shee was born in Dublin on the 20th of December, 17G9, and in course of time became not only a distinguished painter but also a clever poet and dramatist. Byron, in his- 36 Ireland in London. " English Bards and Scotch Reviewers " (1811), attacked nearly every one of his contemporaries, bnt the following lines show his high appreciation of Sltee's powers : — Ami here let Shee and Genius find a place. Whose p ;n and pencil yield an equal grace: To guide whose hand the sister arts combine And trace the poet's or the painter's line; Whose magic touch can bid the canvas glow, Or pour the easy rhyme's harmonious flow; While honours, doubly meiited, attend The poet's rival, but the painter's friend. Shee died at Brighton on the 19th of August, 1850, deeply regretted by his fellow-artibts and others who were acquainted with him. It was partly through his exertions that the Royal Hi- bernian Academy received its ob alter, and, in short, his life was one long record of good works. It was at his lodgings in Craven-street, in 1798, that Roger O'Connor was arrested lor treason- able conspiracy about the same time that his brother Arthur was committed to the Tower. The next turning on the lelt is Northumber- land street, which has a more than ordinary interest, as being the home of the " Museum Club," which counted among its members the well-known Francis Sylvester Mahony (" Father Prout"). This lamous Corcagian's writings are familiar to most lovers of Irish literature, and therefore need only a passing reference here. He was by no means so genial a man as one might suppose from his works, and was ceitainly not such a lovable writer as his moie eminent towns- man and friend, William Maginn. Neither should it be forgotten that he was not the sole author of the lamous " Reliques " — for not a few ol the best of them, notably the Greek versions, were wiitten by his collaborator and countryman, Francis Stack Murphy, a sergeant-at-law and an inimitable scholar. Dr. Maginn also had a hand in the production of the " Padre's " writings. Prout was not greatly liked by his contem- poraries— his bitterness and occasional unscrupu- lousness having made him enemies. His feelings against O'Connell and the National Party gene rally were intensely bitter, and led him to write some very discreditable tilings — witness, his " Lay of Lazarus," which appeared in the " Times," and had reference to the Repeal " rent." The " Museum Club," ot which he was an ornament, was very short lived, although it numbered some ot the best wits of the day, including Douglas Jerrold, among its members. A few paces past Northumberland-street and we are on " the finest site in Europe " — Tra- falgar-square. On our right, at one corner of St. Martin's-laxe, is St. Martin'six-the-Field, a tine church built by Gibbs, the eminent Scotch architect. At the opposite corner is the National Gallery, where the national treasures of ait are enshrined, and which was partly rebuilt by E. M. Barry, R.A. Trafalgar - square itself was planned by Sir Charles Barry. R.A., and the fountains here were designed by him. It is built on the site of the Royal Mews of several monarcb3. The keeper ol the Royal stables was for some time Owen M'Swiney, the Irish dramatist and theatrical manager, who died in 1754. leaving his wealth to Peg Woffing ton, the Irish actress. The Nelson Monument or Pillar, facing Whitehall, deserves notice here for one reason only. On the side facing Whitehall i* an immense alto- relievo in bronze representing : ' The Bailie of Trafal- gar." It is an exceedingly fine work of art, and was executed by John Edward Carew, the Irish sculptor, who has been previously mentioned. Close to the pillar is the statue of the emin?ut soldier, Sir Charles James Napier, who, though not born in Ireland like his brother, had Irish blood in his veins. The Church of St. Martin's-in-the-Fields (a strange misnomer at the present day) has some very interesting Irish memories. Here, in 1811, Thomas Moore was married to Miss Bessie Dyke, his faithful wife, who survived the poet some years, living down to 1865. It is, of course, un- necessary to discuss anew thelile or works of this greatest of Irish song-writers—" the poet of all circles and the idol of his own," as Byron happily termed him. St. Maitin's is highly in- teresting for other reasons, for within its precincts were buried two celebrated Irishmen, each almost unrivalled in his own particular sphere. George Farquhar, a native of Londonderry, born in 1678, was one of the most eminent dramatists of his age. His works still endure, and are counted among the English classics. Unfortu- nately for literature, Farquhar died at the early a ;e ot 29, and he was buried here in 171'. He HENDERSON. Ireland in London. 37 *as a clever uctor as well ae a distinguished dramatist ; but it is by his plays, particularly tiis " Beaux' Stratagem," " Recruiting Officer," -and " Inconstant," that he will be known to re- mote posterity. Here also, in 1692, was buried a still greater Iiishman— namely, Robert Boyle, the celebrated philosopher and savant, and the real founder ot the science of pneumatics He was a native of Lismore, county Waterioid, where he was born ou the 25th or January, 1627, and may justly be termed one of the most remarkable members of that great scientific body, the Royal Society. His funeral serrnon was preached by the great divine, Bishop Burnet. The illustrious ioreign savant Boerhaave said of Boyle's dis- coveries and investigations in science^ — " To him, . .. .. . the ornament of his age and country, ... we owe the secrets of fire, air, water, animal6, vegetables, tossils ; so that from his works may be deduced the whole system of natural knowledge !'" St. Martix's-lane, with its continual ions, luns from Trafalgar-square to Bloouisbury. It has several interesting Irish associations, the most important of which, perhaps, centres in May's Buildings, a narrow turning on the right, only a few yards from St. Martin's Church. Here used to meet the celebrated club of " Eccentrics," prominent among whose members or visitors were four Irishmen— Sheil, Sheridan, Maginn, and " Prout." The careers of Shell aud Sheridan are too well known to need comment. Both as orators and dramatists they were unquestionably distinguished ; but at the present day Sheil is chiefly remembered as an orator and Sheridan as a dramatist. Dr. Maginn, that truly extraordi- nary genius, does, how ever, require slight mention. Like " Pi out," he was a native of Cork, where he was born in 1794. His splendid scholarship and powerful mind, no less than his abundance of wit and humour, brought him into connection with some of the ioremost men of the day — not a few oi whom served under him on the staff oi " Frazer's Magazine," which he edited on its loundation. He is universally considered the greatest scholar and wit of his time, and many of his distinguished f ontemporaries did not hesitate to place him iu the rank and on the same level with such master- minds of the past as Swift, Lucian, and Rabelais. His versatility has never been surpassed— it is a question whether it has been even equalled in modern times. His native city has been a verit- able "birthplace of genius, ' : and has produced writers like Sheridan Knowles, Ciofton Croker, Richard Millikin, Dr. E. Y.Kenealy, J. D. Murphy. Arthur O'Leary, Richard Sainthill, Richard Caulfield, Edward Dowden, and J. J. Callanan, and 6uch artiste as Bairy and Maclise, the Royal Academicians, Grogan and Rogers, Skillin and Forde, Butts and Hussey, Kirk and West, Willis and Pope, Adam and Frederick Buck, and the eminent architects, Sir Thomas Deane aud Sir Richard Morrison. In St. Peter's-coukt, close by, was the Aca- demy oi Fiue Arts, of which several nf the best Irish artists of the 18th century weie members. Not one of them was more justly iamous than the great mezzotinto engraver, James M'Ardell, a native of Dublin, born in 1710 or thereabouts, whose engravings after Yandcyk, Rembrandt, Murillo, and others are highly praised by all au- thorities. He is better known, however, by his magnificent engravings ot Sir Joshua Reynolds's best portraits, than which nothing can be finer. He died in London on the 2nd June, 1765, having been, with Sir Joshua Reynolds, one ot the eailiest members of St. Martin's Academy of Arts. One of the most distinguished masters of this school in recent times was William Linnaeus Casey, who was born at Cork in 1835, and who died, still young, iu 1870. His portraits are always excellent, and sometimes masterly, aud fully deseive all the high praise which they have received. A little higher up. at what is no w 70 St. Mar tin'e- lane, another eminent Irish painter, Nathaniel Hone, R.A., exhibited the picture which led to his expulsion from the Royal Academy. It was in- tended as a satire or caricature of one of Sir Joshua Reyuolds's works, and as Reynolds was then President of the Academy, and held in great esteem by artists generally, Hone was punished for daring to ridiculea greatpainterbybeiugexpelled fiom the Academy. Hone excelled in portraits, his miniatures being exceptionally fine. He was a native of Dublin, and was born in 1718 His son, Camillus Hone, who died in 1807, was also a clever painter, while his grandson, Horace Hone, A.R.A., born in Dublin about the middle of the last century, was one of the best miniature pain- ters of his time, and became an Associate of the Royal Academy in 1799, and died in 1825. At the upper end oi St. Martin's-lane, on the left hand or west side, stood the celebrated old coffee-house known as " Old Slaughter's," a great resort ot the artists of the last century. Three of its most remarkable habitues were Charles 38 Ireland in London. Jervas, Luke Sullivan, and James M'Ardell. Jervas was a very fashionable painter of his time, and a great friend of Alexander Pope. He was bom in Ireland in 1675, and died iu 1739. His vanity was certainly excessive, if the following story is authentic. It is stated that, having copied a picture by the great painter, Titian, he was seen | to glance from his own copy to the original, and heard to say '" Poor little Tit, how he would stare 1" Luke Sullivan wasa much greater artist, though not so good a portrait-painter as Jarvas. He was bo'-n in County Louth in 1705, and is re- membered for his fine engravings, especially the " Manh toFinchloy," after Hogarth's great pic- ture. Sullivan was also a good landscapist and a clever miniature painter. He died in great poverty in 1771, one of the best of a remarkable group of Irish engravers who worked in London during the last century. slaughter's coffee-house. Some distance farther up the street, and lying on the left of High-street, Bloomsbury, is the Church of St. Giles h-the-Fields. In former times the gallows used to be erected in close proximity to the Church, and as each place in London where the gallows had ev»r stood was called Tyburn, so was this particular spot. He here executed many Catholics, including priests, Irishmen among others, for the crime of attend- ine or celebrating Mass ; and here, too, was ex- ecuted the saintly prelate, Oliver Plunket, Archbishop of Armagh, on a charge ot high trea- son. His iemains were deposited in St Giles's Church or its churchyard, but were afterwards removed, either to Landsprung, in Germany, as is commonly stated, or, as is more likely, to Armagh Cathedral. Here also probably were executed " Silken Thomas " and his five uncles, whom wo have already mentioned in connection with the Tower. In St. Giles's Church was buried in 1608 a very celebrated Irishman — Dr. Bernard O'Connor — who was born in Kerry in 1666, and who died at the earlv age of 32. As a physician he was highly appreciated by his contemporaries, and while quite young was appointed physician to Sobieski, King of Poland. On his return to England he wrote his " History of Poland," which even at this dav is the best work on the subject according to English cri tical testi- mony. A curious in- cident in connection with O'Connor's woiks may be noticed. Two of the most remarkable of them are in the- British Museum, and in both the " " has been cut out of the title page. It is not known who did the act, but it was evidently due to a wish to destroy the Celtic character of the name. When O'Connor died he was a membei of several learned bodies, including the Royal Society and the Royal College of Surgeons. In leaving St. Giles's it is only right to mention that a considerable number ot the inhabitants of this parish are, and have been since the duys ot Queen Elizabeth, Irish of the poorest class. Retrac- ing our steps down St. Martin's lane, we reach again the National Gallery, two of the promi- nent objects in the vestibule of which are busts of Mulready and Wellington, both by Weeks. The gallery may, on the whole, be said to contain but few works ot Irish, or, indeed, of English art! It is rich in examples of the foreign schools, but the artists of the United Kingdom are, with one ex- ception, scantily represented. The exception alluded to is J. M. W. Turner, R.A., the great landscapist, many of whose finest works occupy a separate room. The only Irish artists whose works find a place here are William Mulioidy. FATHER PHOUT. Ireland in London. 39 KTANFIELJJ. Daniel Maclise, Francis Dnnby, Sir M. A.Sbee, and Gavin B. O'Neill. To these may be added John SiDgleton Copley, It. A. ; William Collins, R.A. ; and "William Clarkson Stnnfield, R.A., who were of Irish parentage, though born out of Ireland. Mulready is certainly the greatest of all those above mentioned. He was born at Enunis. county Clare, in 178G, and died in 18G3. His works are characterised by all those competent to judge art astruly wonderful. Forcolouring, for ideul expres- sion, and lor humour, his pictures are almost un- rivalled. In the National Gallery there are 6ix of his works— three of which are among his best. " The Last In " de- picts an Irish school, with several shock- headed pupils poring over slates and books The door is slightly opened, and a&cholar is creeping stealthily in, being presumably late. The withered schoolmaster, a de- 1 ghtrul creation, with a most unmistakably Irish physiogonomy, is, however, aware of the laggard's entrance, and is making him a most profound bow, covering him with confusion. The laces of the children in this picture, asin all of Mulready's works, are ex- quisite in character. The landscape Been through the open window is also very beautiful, and proves, if there is any need for proof, Mulready's talent for landscape painting. Another picture close by. " Crossing the Ford," is by the same great artist, and in it6 refined portraiture and beauty of colouriug are worthy of his lame. " Fair Time," which shows some revelleis returning from the fair ; " A Snow Scene," and one or two sketches make up the total o) Mulready's contri- butions to be seen here. Maclise has three pictures here — viz., hisenoimous picture of the "Play Scene in Hamlet," " Malvolio and the Countess " (from Shakespeare'6 " Twelfth Night"), and a portrait of Charles Dickens. The last-mentioned picture is considered an admirable likeness, and the "Play Scene" is certainly a fine work, contain- ing some b3autiful heads ; but as it is admitted that Maclise succeeded better in fresco painting and in sketching than in subject painting, there is no real necessity to dwell here upon his works in the latter branch of art as his best pro- ductions are to be found elsewhere. On the staircase in the entrance hall is Sir M. A. Shee's full-length portrait ol W. Lewis, the famous comedian, and in one of the rooms is a single work by Francis Dauby—" The Fisherman's Home." AsDanby(who was a native of Wex- ford, and who early received the distinction of election as A. R.A.) is considered one of the most imaginative and poetical of landscape painters, this is a rather meagre representation of his genius, but makes up in quality what it lacks in qurtntity. for the picture just mentioned is a veritable masterpiece, although not so grand as some of his other works in London public institu- tions. Danby was born in 1793, and died in 1861, leaving two sons, both of whom became distinguished painters, and only died recently. John Singleton Copley is represented by two or three of his greatest works. One is the magnifi- cent " Death of Chatham," an event most gra- phically described on canvas; and his equally fine " Death of Major Pierson, at St. Helena." The last is a genuine battle-picture, and places war be- fore us in all its terrible aspects, therein some- what differing from theconventional battle-pieces, which resemble more closely the stage-fight in a melodrama than " the real thing."' Copley was born in Boston, in America, in 1787, his parents being poor Irish emigrants, whose real name it t NATIONAL GALLERY. said was Collopy. J. S. Copley died in 1815 His son became first a judge, and finally Lord Chancellor of England, with the title of Lord Lyndhurst. There are oue or two fine pictures here by William Collins, R.A., a most delightlul painter of seascape. His father, the author oi the ' Life of George Morland," and a clever carver and modeller, was a native of Wicklow. His son, the 40 Ireland in London. painter now under notice, was born in London in 1788, and died in 1847. The present eminent novelist, William Wilkie Collins, is a son ot the last-named, and, therefore, possesses some Irish 9lood in his veins. It is not so well known that the great marine- painter, William Clarkson Stanfield, R.A., was also of Irish parentage. The fact is generally ignored by English compilers, but it is, neverthe- less, a fact, and one which should not be lor- gotten by Irishmen. He was born in Birming- ham in 1792, and diedinl8G7. He was one of the most intimate friends o( Dickens andMaclise, and aa a marine-painter had very few superiors. The NAT to n »> v. CM-LC HY TRM" A.LCA.R o © 3QUARC X^V I I HOCl-PHI STRAND 4*iO "Tr>| I > [ 1 Z l RSI < r r r ■(..» c ' CD c p z tl I > a ? j 1/3 -4 n n r •* 1 \ -4 AvQELUPHI Te Rrac c *? 3 ! VICTORIA EMBANKMENT, River Thames National Gallery contains about six of his works, and they are all of the utmost beauty. Nothing could be finer than his glorious view of "' The LakeofComo." They are all so clear, so dis- tinct, and so natural that one feels that their greatest merit is, perhaps, that of accuracy of description. London is full of the works of Stan- field and other Irish artists, and we shall en- deavour to give a complete account of both the. works and the men whohave producedthem as we proceed on our journey through the metro- polis. CHAPTER VII. COVENT GARDEN" AND ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD. EADING out of St. Martin's- lane, and on our right as we come from Charing Cross, is Long Acre, once a fashion- aole thoroughtare, but now almost wholly occupied by the shops and factories of oachbuildera. Before, however, we actually leave St. Martin's-lane we should meution that it was there, ii» 1770, that Henry Jwuw», th« tileroe but ill-starred Irish dramatic poet, was run over, dying shortly afterwards in the parish infirmary. Long Acre runs from the street just mentioned to Drury lane, pausing at its commencement the street named after Garrick, where the Garrick Club is situated. As this club contains the finest collection of theatrical portraits in existence, we ehall have something to say of it later on. In Long Acre used to stand th<» " Sun " Tavern, a much frequented resort ol the actors of the neigh- LJand in London. 41 bouring theatres. Here Lacy Ryan, an excellent Irish comedian, was one night attacked by un old fnemy of hie, and, being compelled to draw for his safety, killed his adversary. Not long after, strange to say, Uyan was shot at and severely wounded almost on the same spot, dying in a short time from the effects of his injuries. In Long Acre used to meet a club founded by an- other well-known Irish actor, Isaac Sparkes by name, which became the haunt of the nobility nnd of the actors of the day. The first turning on the right in Long Acre is James-street, where both David Gamck and Charles Macklin lodged for a time. Garrick, though born in Eng- land, had no English blood in his veins, his father being French and his mother Irish: and there can be no ques- tion—as, indeed, Mr. Irving admitted in a recent lecture of his on *' Four Great Actors'' — that Garrick. by reason of bis French and Irish garrick. blood, was admirably equipped for the histrionic profession. A part from his greatness as an actor (and he is probably the greatest actor England has known). Garrick was &i excellent dramatist and a clever epigram- matist. Several 01 his iarces, notably his " Irish "Widow," still keep the stage, and there are com- paratively lew good modern actors who have not acted in one or other ol his dramatic pieces. Charles Macklin, his famous rival, whose real name was Maclaughlin, was a nati\e oi West- meath. and born about 1700. This great actor, it should not be torgotten, was the originator ot the now universally accepted method ot playing Macbeth and Shylock. Previous to his time Macbeth was played in all kinds of anomalous •costumes, such as that of a British soldier, and the like. Macklin was the first to brave the ridi- cule of the malicious by habiting the Scotch war- rior in h kilt, and gave also the correct reading of a play that had hitherto been strangely misin- terpreted. Similarly Shakespeare's creation of "the " immortal Jew "was before Macklin"s time actually played as a comic part, and was a favourite character oi Tom Doggett and other •low comedians. Macklin's impersonation of Shy- flock was so excellent, so minutely correct in every •detail, that it is stated that Pope, the poet, who was present at the first performance, uttered the well-known exclamation, " This is the Jew that Shakespeare drew 1" For other details of Mac) lin's career, the admirable account by Mi M'Donagh in " Irish Graves in England " should be consulted. In concluding our notice, w% may merely mention that Macklin died in 1797, and as it is believed that he was born some years pre- vious to 1700, he is thus supposed to have reached the patriarchal age of 100 yeare. James-street leads directly into Covent Gar- den, now the greatest fruit and vegetable market in the kingdom, which stands on the site of the ancient Convent Garden of the monks of West- minster. On the dissolution of the monasteries it was given by Edward VI. to his uncle, the Lord Protector Somerset, but it eventually fell into the hands of the Bedford family, who still bold it. The market is one of the sights ot London, and is in the form of a square, pari of it being known on that account as the Piuzza, the Italian equi- valent for square. Here in the last century Macklin kept a coffee-house, tavern, and school, and gave lessons on elocution ; and here also, many years after, the Tumbler Club used to meet, countingamong its visitors no less a person than Father Prout, the wit and scholar. On our right is Hart-street, where Macklin lived for a time, and where Hugh Primrose Dean, a well-known Irish artist of the eighteenth cen- tury, exhibited several of his best pictures. Dean was an eminent painter in his day, and was a member ot the Florentine Academy of Arts. He executed some ver}' meritorious works, mostly in Italy, however, there be- ing very few, it any of them, in England. King- street is a cjnt inu a tion of Hart-street, and here Jas. Quin, the great actor, was born in February, 1G93, being shortly afterwards taken to Ireland by his parents. Adopting the macklin. stage as an avocation, he won for himself a pro- minent position among Ihe many distinguished actors of the day, and is now considered by com- petent critics the greatest impersonator of Fal- staff and similar characters. On the right of the square, between Hart-street and Henrietta-street, is the ugly, barn-like St. Paul's Church, remarkable for the number of eminent personages buried within its precincts. 42 Ireland in London. including several Irish men and women ol note. Here were interred Charles Macklin, and another famous Irish actor, Robert Wilks, who succeeded admirably in genteel comedy, and who was born in 1670, at Rathfarnhum, county Dublin, and died in 1732. In St. Paul's were also interred that most touching of Irish playwrights, Thomas Southern, also a native of Dublin, and the amusing comedy writer — Mrs Centime. Southern deserves the praise of posterity on other grounds besides that, of dramatic genius, for, according to the great historian Hallam, he was the first writer in the English language to hold up to ab- horrence the vice of slavery. This he did in his most pathetic play, " Oroonoko." He was born in 1660, and died in May, 1746, having made a fortune out of the success of his fine dramas. Mrs. Centlivre, whose maiden name was Free- man, was also born in Dublin, and has, by her clever comedies, especially " A Bold Stroke for a Wife," secured a conspicuous place in the ranks of dramatic writers. In this same church is also buried Michael Kelly, the well-known composer and singer, whose musical pieces, though little studied or played nowadays, prove him to have been * most talented musician. But as an operatic singer he is admittedly more worthy of notice, while his lively " Reminiscences " are valuable as a record of entertaining particulars of the great men and women of the 18th century. St. Paul's is also noteworthy as the church where the clever and handsome actir and dramatist, "William O'Brien, was married to the daughter of the Earl of Uchestcr. As an actor O'Brien was inimitable in certaiD parts ; and his most amus- ing farce, " Cross Purposes," is still occasionally played, and has therefore stood the test of a hundred years. A couple of doors past St. Paul's is Henrietta- street, famous as the place of residence of Kitty Clive, the charming ac- tress, and James M'Ardell, the great engraver, and as the scene of a duel between Richard Brinsley Sheridan and an insignificant adver- sary over some matter of very little importance. Kitty Clive was probably botn in the North of Ire- land in 1711. Her father was a lawyer, named Raltor, of Kilkenny. She became one of the most KITTV CLIVE. fascinating actresses on the stage, and excelled in the light and lively parts of fashionable comedies, acting the " fine lady " and the impudent lady's ' maid to perfection. Her forte was low comedy, arfd in this she was pre-eminent. In the opinion of the grim old Dr. Johnson she was tho best player " he had ever seen," and as ho had seen all the great actors of the epoch, this was very high praise indeed. Dramatic authorship was not unknown to her, for she wrote a bustling comedy which had some little success. Her kindness and tenderness of heart and sensitive temperament endeared her to all who knew her, while her private character was beyond reproach. She died at Twickenham in 1785, and was buried there. On the opposite, or east, side of Covent Garden is Tavistock-street, where Macklin died at a great age. Macklin-street, close by, perpetuates his name. We have not spoken of his excellent, comedy, " The Man of the World," or of his clever farce. " Love a-la-Mode," though they are destined to last as long as witty dialogue, when combined with good characterisation and strik- ing situations, is appreciated. In the next turn- ing, Ru9Sell-street, stood the celebrated old ' coffee-houses known as " Will's, " " Tom's," and, Button's," so frequently mentioned in the- literary annals of the last century. They have re- cently ceased to exist, but there is a host of memories connected with them. Their most note- able Irish habitues were Dean Swift, Sir R. Steele, Oliver Goldsmith, Arthur Murphy, John Moody, and Sir Philip Francis ; but, besides these, every- body of note in the literary, artistic, or theatrical world were accustomed to drop in for a game of whist or a bowl of coffee, or for the purpose of discussing politics, literature, or scandal, with the well-informed on such matters. Their places have been usurped by the fashionable clubs of later days; and the romance that once centered inthese- humble institutions, where intellectual prince and plebeian met almost as equals has been dissipated by removal to the " gilded salons" and gorgeous- palaces of Pall Mall. From frequent references in the writings ot Swift and Steele it would almost appear as if they lived altogetherin their favourite coffee-houses. It is pretty certain that no day passed without their paying a visit to their ac- customed corners to ta'k over the latest news. And, in days when the regular newspaper was un- known, we can scarcely estimate the importance which attached to those famous resorts. As we enter Russell-street from Covent Garden- we have Bow-street on our left and Drury-lanr. Ireland in London. 43 Theatre in front. This historic building, the oldest theatre in London, has, from its founda- tion, been distinguished for its Irish actors, managers, or dramatists. Irish musicians, like Balle, Kelly, Carter, and Cook, have led its orchestra or sung on its stage ; while among its Irish managers have been Sir Richard Steele, Thomas Doggett, Robert Wilks, David Garrick, Owen M'Swiney (the dramatist), R. B. Sheridan, and his father, Thomas Sheiidan, and Charles Kean. Concerning the management oi R. B. Sheridan, a half-humorous, half-tragic incident is related. One night, in 1809, vrhile Sheridan was attending to his Parliamentary duties in the House of Commons, the theatre was burnt down. On hearing the news, Sheridan at once hastened to the 6cene of the fire. Thousands of people were watching the progress ot the flames with in- terest, and, perhaps, with enjoyment, and Sheri- dan tried to push Lis way to the front, but was stopped by a watchman, who wished to know where the person most interested was going. ■Sheridan, who even under this great financial calamity did not lose his accustomed wit, is 6aid to have promptly replied — " What ? Cannot a man warm his hands at his own fireside 7" In the vestibule of the theatre is a fine statue of Michael Balfe, by a Bel- gian artist, which is sup posed to be a good like- nessof the great musician, whose earliest and latest triumphs were obtained at " Old Drury."- Opposite the front en- trance, inBRYDGES -STREET, BALFE. is a public-house named after Sheridan Knowles, the well-known dramatist and elocutionist, who was " chancellor " of a club known as " The Owls," which used to meet here, and of which many distinguished men were members. Knowles was the most successful playwright of his time, and was very highly appreciated by his contempo- raries lor his amiability and geniality. In one of Charles Lamb's poems he is termed one of " Those fine spirits, warm-souled, Ireland sends To teach us, colder English, how a friend's Quick pulse should beat." It sbould be mentioned that he was a Cork man, and was born on the 12th of May, 1784. He died on the let of December, 1862, aged 78, hav- ing been in receipt of £200 a year lrom the Civil List for some time previously. His son also be- SS came an eminent writer, and died not very long ago. Another piominent member of the " Owls "was Pierce Egan, who died on the 6th July, 1880, having made a reputation as a novelist and sporting journalist. He was the son of the au- thor of the celebrated novel, " Life in London ; or, Tom and Jerry," who died in 1849, at the age of 77. Entering Bow-street, which is on the right of Russell-street as we return, we are among other Irish associations, some of them of a different nature to those of which we have just been treat- ing. Not a few eminent Irishmen have lived in this street, ODce the most fashionable in all Lon- don. At what was No. 6, resided Charles Macklin, Peg Woffington, and David Garrick, at various times. Quin and Wilks also lived in Bow-street, while here also lived Robert Carver, the gifted Irish painter: and herehedied inNovember, 1791. His paintings have always been held in high esteem, his landscapes being considered exceed- ingly fine. He executed some splendid scene- painting for Garrick, who had been one of hie greatest friends. Carver was probably born in Dublin, and was the son of another clever painter, a native of Waterford, who painted the altai- piecc of one of the churches of that city. This street was also the place of residence of Mr. Ber- nard O'Connor, the eminent physician, »who hae been referred to in Chapter VI. Bow-street Police Court is exactly opposite Co vent Garden Theatre and the Floral Hall, both built by E. M. Barry, R A. It has been the scene of some important episodes. After the troubles of '98, William Putnam M'Cabe was brought up here on a charge of high treason, but was sent elsewhere to take his trial. Another involuntary occupant of the doi-k here was the notorious George Barrington, previously mentioned, who was tried for stealing a gold snuff-box, valued at £30,000, the property of *he Russian Prince Orloff. The box was stolen in Covent Garden Theatre; but, as Orloff declined to prosecute, Barrington was discharged Not long afterwards, however , he was charged with some other offence, and, being convicted, was trans- ported to the colonies— a punishment which re- sulted most beneficially foi him,aswehavealready shown. Here, too. O'Connell was brought before the magistrates c.fcei his arrest in the Strand, fo> challenging Sir Robert Peel to a duel. He wae bound over in very heavy sums— himself in £5,000 and two sureties in £2,500 each. 44 Ireland in London. Covent Garden Theatre having been rebuilt in 1857-58, cannot be called a very historic build- ing, and baa few and very unimportant associa- tions of an Irish interest. But it stands on he site of the old edifice where some of the greati st triumphs of the foremost Irish actors, musicians, and dramatists have been won. Even more lite- rally than that uf Drury-lane, old Covent Garden Thpatie was the scene of the successes of a multi- tude of Irish men and women. The be«t plays of Farquhar, the first piece from Sheridan's pen, and plays by Goldsmith, Macklin, O'Keeffe, Sheridan Knowles, and Sheil were first produced here, aud many eminent Irish actors aud actresses ing to Byron, wrote • the best comedy (" Toe School for Scandal "), the best opera (" The Duenna "), the best farce (" The Critic ") . the best address (the " Monologue" on Garrick), and, to crown all, delivered the very best oration (the great " Begum " speech) ever conceive or heard in this country.' In this street is the Free- masons' Tavern, famous for the clubs that used to meet there, and as the headquarters of Free- masonry. The Royal Society Club used to hold its meetings here, and numbered many Irishmea among its raemhers. On the 25th of February, 1825, a great meeting, was held in this building, the Duke of .Norfolk, 7^r Q U E E N ST £23 ~ZA Taverm STftrVND Strand made their first bow to a London audience from its stage. But it has other memories too, for O'Connell, when in the height of his fame, was banquetted here by his Loudon sympathisers, and afterwards attended the great meeting of the Anti-Corn Law League when they were held in this theatre. Bow street leads again into Long Acre, and, turning to the right and crossing Drury-lane, we reach Great Qceen-street, which runs into Lin- coln's Inn Fields, as the large square sacred to lawyers and solicitors is called. In Great Queen- etreet lived for some time the delightful Kitty Clive, and in the same street, later on, in 1778, resided Richard Brinsley Sheridan, who. accord- Earl Marshal of England, taking the chair. On this occasion O'Connell delivered the speech he had intended to deliver at the bar of the House,, but which he was prevented fiom making. Among the other speakers on this memorable evening was Richard Lalor Shfil, and among the ordinary spectators in the body of the hall was no less a person than Gerald Griffin, who has left in his- letters an account of the meeting. We will con- clude this chapter without entering upon rhe- classic ground of Lincoln's Inn, reserving its many interesting spots for description in our next chapter, in which we will also introduce a notice- of Gray's Inn, Holbom, Smithfield, and Clerken- well. Ireland in London. 45 CHAPTER VIII. COVENT GARDEN AND ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD.— FROM LINCOLN'S INN TO CLERKENWELi,. NTERING Lincoln's Inn Fields, from Great Queen- street, we have on our left, at No. 18, the museum of Sir John Soane, which contains a few objects ol interest to Iiishmen. It was founded by Soane, an eminent architect, in the present building, which had been his own residence and property. It is chiefly remarkable as possessing the gn-nt seiies of pictures by Hogarth — " The Rake's Progress" and " The Election "—and also for the magnificent Egyptian sarcophagus, lormed out of a single block ot alabaster. This great trea- sure is 9ft 4in long, 3ft 8in wide, 2ft 8in deep, and 2M>in thick, and is beautifully carved and in- scribed. These objects alone are worth many visits, and there are also one or two admirable pictures and drawings by Irish artists. Promi- nent among them is F. Danby's picture, *' A Scene from the Merchant of Venice ;" while James Barry is repiesented by two excellent sketches, entitled, " The Fallen Angels " and " Adam's Detection ;" and George Barrett, R.A., one oi the greatest of landscapists. and a native of Dublin, has several good drawings here. On the staircase is an excellent bust of Richard Brinsley Sheridan, which is perhaps the only marble likeness of that great writer in London. On the opposite sideof thesquare.facingSoane's Museum, is the Royal College of Surgeons, which was partly rebuilt by Sir Charles Barry, and contains some most interesting objects It stands upon the site of the old Duke's or Lin- coln's Inn Theatre Royal, whose stage was often trodden by Macklin, Quin, and the other great actors of the past. Over the door of the room aB you enter the Museum are the antlers of an Irish elk of immense size, while in the collection itself is a gigantic skeleton of the extinct red deer, found in a bog in Limerick, and measuring 8ft across the antlers, the latter being 7ft Cin in length, and the skull 7ft 6in from the ground. But by far the mostinteres+ingthingsheieare thecastof Patrick Cotter's hand and the skeleton of Charles Byrne (commonly called O'Brien), two famous Irish "giants." Cotter was born in Kinsale, county Cork, and died in 1806, aged 4G years. He is said to have been 8 feet 7 in?hes in height, and such was his success as a giant that he made a fortune by exhibiting himself. He is buried in the Jesuit Chapel, Trenchard-street, Bristol. Byrne was a more famous personage, although less of a giant, than Cotter. He was born in Ireland in 1761, and died prematurely in 1783, aged 22, having reached the height of 8ft, or a little over. Before his death he sold his body to John Hunter, the great surgeon (and founder of the present College ot Surgeons) ; but as bis death ap- proached he became morbidly afraid of his bar- gain, and wished to get out of it. As he could not do this, he arranged with one or two of his com- patiiotsfor a secret funeral in order to outwit Hunter, but that wily Scot proved tco much for the giant's executors, and obtained possession of his body. The 6trange colour of the skeleton ia due to the fact that Hunter was obliged to boil the dead giant, and the copper or boiler which was used for that pur- pose is still to be seen in the house of the great sur- geon in West Kensington. A curious anecdote is lelated of Byrne's visit to Edinburgh. Dur- ing the last cen- tury,before the introduction of gas, oil-lamps were used in the streets, and Byrne U6ed occasionally to light his pipe at one of them. One night the suddenness and phenomenal singularity of the feat 60 frightened a watchman who had witnessed the apparitiDn of the giant with wonder, that he fell down in a fit, fairly deprived of his senses. Before leaving this remarkable but somewhat gruesome exhibition, we must mention that in, the library may be seen an excellent portrait', by Cline, of John Abemethy, the great sorgeon. He is believed to have been born in London, but was ABE^'ETHY 4"> Ireland in London. unquestionably of Irish parentage. His career was equally extraordinary for the rapidity of ita success and the height to which it oonducted him. His deep insight iuto the science of physiology and anatomy showed him that much empiricism existed in the profession, and ho lavished bis con- tempt with a free tongue. He was the first to at- tempt the cure of a local disease through the general constitution, and to prove the practica- bility of operations of a bolder character than had been hitherto attempted. Original in his ideas and treatment, he was no less so in man- ners and appearance, and many and absurd ate the stories related of his " eccentricities." His lectures, which he loved to give, were enlivened by the most lively wit and humour. An eye-witness describes his very mode of entering the lecture- room as " irresistibly droll ; his handH buried deep in his breeches pockets, his body bent slouchinsly forward, blowing or whistling, his eyes twinkling beneath their arches, and hislower jaw thrown consid3rably beneath the upper." The first turning on the right of the College is Duke-street, in which is situated the Sardinian Chapel, the oldest consecutively Catholic chapel in London. It was built in 1648, the year before the execution of Charles the Fiist, as the chapel ■of the Sardinian Ambassador, and was singled out for special attack by the Gordon rioters in 1780. In their fury they partially destroyed the sacred edifice, and heaped all kinds of insult upon the devoted clergymen attached to.it. Readers of Dickens's " Barnaby Rudge" will find therein a powerful and accurate description of these in- famous rioters and their ravages, and of their chief instigator, the half-crazed Lord George Gor- don. Many eminent siagers used to perform hero in the days when this chapel was the place of worship of noble Italian refugees and their foreign visitors. Among these great vocalists was the fnmous Luigi Lablache, who deserves to be singled out for mention in this place as the son of au Irish mother. Coming out of Duke-street we enter Poktugal-stkeet (where Halam, the actor, was killed by Macklin), and notice on the left, behind Lincoln's Inn, New-square, where, at No. 1, Arthur Murphy lived for over twenty years. He was a native of Roscommon, and was born in December, 1730. After a long life, devoted • •hiefly to literature, he died iu June 1805. Some of his dramas still hold the stage, and all of his dramatic works show great cleverness of construc- tion, and evince considerable ingenuity in their plots. Murphy ia also well known as a classical author and translator, and as the biographer of Dr. Johnson, his intimate friend. Just here in Portugal-street is the old shop immortalised by Dickens as the " Old Curiosity Shop," which fact is prominently advertised on its front walls. Carey-street is at the end of this thoioughfare and immediately behind the Law Courts. Here lived Thurot, the well-known French privateer captain, when he was iu London. All Irish read- era remember his gallant and successful landing at Carrickfergus in 17G0, which came to nothing owing to the fuilure of the people to support him in his effort to free Ireland. Thurot, it should be remembered, had some Irish bloodin his veins, his mother being an O'Farrell, and daughter of an officer of the Irish Brigade. Passing through Clare Market on the left we reach Wych-street, a very old street, and containing some curious ancient houses. In a garret here William Maginn wrote his " Tobias' Correspondence," which ap- peared in " Blackwood's Magazine" (vol. 48). At the time of writing it he was expecting arrest for debt, and may be supposed to not have been in a very comfortable frame of mind. Nevertheless, th« articles are brimming over with his usual wit and learning. Returning to Lincoln's Inn Fields, we see on our right Lincoln's Inn, where not a few great Irish- men have studied law. It occupies the site of an ancient monastery of Black Friars, who after- wards removed to that part of London which bears their name. The land then became the property of the Earl of Lincoln, and after his death, in 1312, it became an Inn ot Court. The great Archbishop Ussher was chaplain to the Benchers of Lincoln's Inn, and often preached in the splendid old chapel here, built by Inigo Jones in 1623. Lincoln's Inn was largely used bj Irish law students, amoDg those who resided here for the purpose of study being Richard Stany- huret, an early Irish writer : Sir Richard Belliug, an Irish historian of the seventeenth century; Sir John Denham, a poet of the same period ; and, coming down to later times, Richard Lulor Sheil (who, during his residence in 1811 and onwards, composed his plays — " Adelaide," " Bellamira," " The Apostate," and " Evadne ") ; Sir James Emerson Teunant, a well-known politician and author ; Lord Plunket, the great orator ; the somewhat recent Lord Chancellor of Ireland, Francis Blackbuine ; Lord Cairns, and the pre- sent Baron Huddleston. Arthur Murphy was also a member, and resided close by, as we have seen. Continuing our journey past Lincoln's Inn, we Ireland in London. M reach High Holborn, a great thoroughfare, ex- tending irom Oxford-street to Newgate. We enter Holborn from the narrow turning leading out of Lincoln's Inn Fields, known as the Great Turn- Bttle. On our right, at a little distance up the road, is Bedford Chapel, at the corner of Blooms- bury-street. The late incumbent of this chapel ENTRANCE TO LINCOLN S INN FROM THE FIELDS. was J. C. M. Bellew, the famous elocutionist, who was, next to Charles Dickens, the most successful public reader of the age. He was born in Eng- land, but came of a Gal way family. The present pastor of Bedford Chapel is one of the best poets and critics ot the day, the Rev. Stopford A. Brooke, who is stated by some authorities to be a native of Dingle, in Kerry, but who is, we have his own authority for saying, n native of Letter- kenny, in Donegal. He is admittedly one of the finest of living critics, and his poems stamp him as a poet of great power and thought, while his sermons are models oi eloquence and culture, and are widley read and admiied. His strong opi- nions on the past and present misgovernment ol Ireland are well known to all Londoners, while the bitterest Tory cannot deny that he is one of the most distinguished men of the present time, and ae profound a scholar as he is an enthusi- astic Home Ruler. The turning opposite leads into Great Russell- •treet, where that storehouse of the world's trea- sures, the British Museum, is situated. As we Bhall deal fully with this magnificent institution in a subsequent article, we must pass it by at STOPFORD A BROOKE, M.A. present and come to Bloomsbuky-sqcare, which abuts upon Great Russell-street. This square has had some celebrated residents, among them being Sir Hans Sloane (whose splendid collections formed the nucleus of the Museum's possessions). Dr. George Croly. Sir R. Steele, and John Aber- nethy. Dr. Croly, the admirable poet and prose writer, dl than described. Such an as- sembly c ry giants it would be difficult, if not impo-oiule, to equal in point of mental power; and thin quint little street in Soho, with its in- numerable rucmoiesof other great men, certainly takes rank amuiig the historic spots of the metropolis. CHAPTER X. FROM SOHO TO MARYI.EBONE. ARDOUR -STREET, with which we deult in our last chapter, runs into Oxford- street, and faces Newman- street and Rathbone- >lace, two turnings on the right, as we proceed towards Morylebone. In the latter street died the distinguished portrait-painter, Nathaniel Hone, R.A., in 178-t, while in the former street an Irish sculptor of repute, Peter Turnerelli, died in 1839. Turnerelli was born in Belfast in 1774, and came to London when 18 years old; and soon came into repute by a fine bust of the young Princess Char- lotte. He was employed as teacher of modelling by Royalty and many noble families, and in a short time chiselled a number of busts of eminent per- sons in Great Britain. His works are to Ue found in London and the provinces, and in several Continental cities, and he has executed more busts of eminent characters than any British artist of the day. Two of his best works are busts of his illustrious countrymen, Grattan and Curran, the former of which, executed iu a very few hours, was declared by Canova to be the finest modern bust he had seen in this couutry. To Turnerelli we are principally iudebtcd lor the sensible innovation of dressing busts in the exact costume of their originals, instead of absurdly habiting them, as was uni- versal, in the costume ot Roman Senators. Mortimer-street is at the top of Newman- street, and here lived, soon after his arrival in London, that most versatile of Irish writers, Samuel Lover. He was not only, as his bio- grapher puts it, "poet, painter, novelist, com- poser, and dramatist," but he succeeded in all these capacities. It was the succcsh of his minia- ' ture of Paganini.the celebrated violinist, painted in Dublin, and exhibited in London, which led to his removing permanently to the British met- LOVER. ropolis, where he continued to exhibit for twelve years on the walls ol tire Royal Academy. Hia varied talents, combined with great conversa- tional poweis and unfailing good humour, soon made him a favourite in Lon- don with all classes and gained him an entry into the most exclusive society. His tastes were simple and his life pure, and possessiag a warm heart and a happy lisposition, he was ioved by all who knew him. His most inimi- table productions are his songs. of which he wrote nearly 300, and most of which will live as long as genuine humour is appreciated. As a miniature painter he deserved and obtained the highest praise, and if he had confined himself to that art, or to any other of which he was master, a lasting fame would be as- sured to him. Lover was a master of repartee, aud several instances might bo quoted of his ready wit. One one occasion a lady who took a great interest in Ireland and sympathised deeply withthedeplorabloconditionofthat country, said to him— " I believe I was made for an Irishwo- man" " Cross over to Ireland," replied Lover, " and they will swear you were made lor an Irish- man !" On the right and left of Mortimer-street is Great Titchfield-stbeet, where, in September, 1788, the great painter, WilliainCollius, R.A., was born. His 6ea-pieces are exquisitely true to nature, and the best of them are everywhere known by numerous engravings. In this street it Ireland in London. hi was that James Barry, the painter, died iv great poverty in 1806. He was taken ill in a French eating-house in Wardour-street, and was first conveyed to his own miserable lodgings, but the door could not be opened, owing to the mis- chievous conduct of some urchins in obstructing the keyhole. He was then taken to the house of a brother Academician, where he soon expired. A lamentable ending to a career wholly and unsel- fishly devoted to the furtherance of Art ! Castle-street, where Barry lived many years, l>lso runs out of Mortimer-street. The house, No. 8G, which he occupied, can be easily recognised, as a tablet recording the fact is placed on its lront. It is stated that he once invited his great friend and benefactor, Edmund Burke, to dise with him here, and, with characteristic contempt for dis- play of any kind, asked Burke to attend to the steak he was cooking while he hurried to the nearest publichouse lor a pot of porter ! Returning to Oxford-street through Castle street we notice Berwick-street, which is on the left. Here, in 1788, died George Anne (Georgiana) Bellamy, one of fhn cleverest ofcomedy actressi-s, and a formidable rival to Peg Wof- fington and Kitty Give. She >vas born at Fingal, in Ire- land on the 23rd of April (St. George's Day), probably in the year 1727. In certain characteis >f^-rS.\-^-_ s^^^ij^^^N s ' 10 vrns unappro- achable, and where shefound her equal it was mostly in an Irish woman, such was Ireland's pre-eminence as the birthplace of great actresses. In the next turning, Polaxd- btreet, is St. James's Workhouse, where Luke Sullivan, the fine engraver, was taken atter death, and in the burying-ground of which he was in- terred. On the opposite side ot the way is Great Port- land-street, which is noteworthy as the place of residence of Arthur O'Leary. He died here in January, 1802. W. P. M'Cabe, the well-known United Irishman, made this street one of his numerous resorts dining his daring and dan- gerous visits to the metropolis. Here also, on the 26th of February, 1848, died Thomas Sfm.p- 8on Cooke, an excellent musician and vocalist . CARDINAL ui.-LMAN. and a still more successful teacher. He was born in Dublin in 1782, and gained a great reputation by the numerous operas and songs he composed. Among his pupils, perhaps the mo6t famous has been Sims Reeves. On the right is Margaret street, containing one of the most beautiful churches in London— All Saints. Its interior is su- perbly decorated, the fine painted windows being by a living Irish artist of renown— namely, John O'Connor. In this same street M'Dowell the sculptor kept a studio towards the close of hia life, and at an academy here the famous critic and antiquary, Dr. John Doran, was educated. He was born in London, of parents who came from county Cavan, and was essentially Irish in feeling and sympathies. To him we owe many facts concerning Irish writers and other Irishmen of note which would doubtless have remained in obscurity if he, with his intense enthusiasm for everything Irish, had not rescued them from neglect and dwelt with full emphasis upon them. He seemed to take a great interest and much pride in quoting every fact which was creditable to the race from which he sprung, and Ireland owes him a debt of gratitude for his works on theatrical matters. His books are most fascinat- ing to read, owiDg to his sprightly style and the immense number of enteitaining anecdotes with which he enlivens their pages. Notably so is his " Annals of the Stage," a book which is as ab- sorbing and diverting as one of the best novels ol the day, and a splendid edition of which, with innumerable illustrations, has only recently been published. Just past Great Portland-street the thorough- fare is crossed by Regent-street, which deserves u little more notice than usual. It is certainly one of the finest streets in the world, and is interest- ing to Irishmen for several reasons. At No. 112 heiewas the publishing house, now removed, of Fraser, where the well-known magazine of that name was first published in 1830. William Maginn was its first editor, and in the room be- hind the shop he wrote many of his finest criticisms and wittiest poems and tales. Here also many of the learned and humorous " Reliques " of " Father Prout :? were dashed off by the ownei of that pseudonym. At the dinners which were frequently given here to his contributors hy Fraser, a gathering of remarkable men took place. Carlyle and Dickens, Thackeray and Lock- hart, Hogg and Allan Cunningham were pro- minent among the English and Scotch guests, while litlle Crofton Croker. " Father Prctit." Ser- 53 Ireland in London. jeant Murphy, Daniel Maclise, and, lastly, the erudite editor himself, who graced the chair, never failed to attend these convivial meetings. But Regent-street has other memories. Among its remarkable residents, perhaps the most important (certainly so to Irishmen), was Gerald Griffin, one of the sweetest of our poets and the most popular ot our novelists, who lived here in 182-4, in what was then No. 76. He was at the time in somewhat affluent circumstances, his fight against poverty and the indifference of the English public being partly over. In this street also, on the 3rd of February, 1848, died General Sir Charles Doyle, the eminent soldier, who served with great distinction in the Spanish War— one of the many Irish soldiers of that time who rose to a high position in the Eng- lish army. In "Warwick-street, which leads out of Regent- street, is the Bavarian Roman Catholic Chapel, containing one of J. E. Carew's finest works. It is a sculptured tablet, 14 feet high and 7 feet wide, representing the Virgin surrounded bj cherubim. Behind Regent-street, on our left as we look towards Piccadilly, lies Golden-square, notable as the place where Charles Phillips, the orator and friend of O'Connell, died on the 1st of February, 18.19. As a rhetorician he dazzled his contem- poraries, but his speeches, full of fervent declama- tion and brilliaut imagery as they are, no longer at- tract readers. At the top of Regent- street is Langham- place, where O'Conncll lived in 18S8, and beyond this is Portland- place, which iscon- sidered a fine thoroughfare, and was partly built by an architect named O'Neill, father of Hugh O'Neill, the eminent draughtsman and artist. Sebastian Gahagan's statue of the Duke of Kent is at the top of this street, and is one ot his best works. It is of bronze, and stands 7ft. Gin. in height. The likeness is an admirable one, and in every respect the statue ia a good specimen of Gahagan's powers. dr. dokas. In the Marylebosk-road. which crosses the top of Portland-place, is the New Church ot Maryle- bone. in the burial-ground attached to which was buried George Canning, a clever poet and general author, who died in 1771. and who is now re- membered chiefly as the father of the jrreat states- man of the same name. In the same road, and within sight, is the famous wax-work show (Ma- dame Tussaud's), which, as it contains some in- teresting relics of Wellington, and a great many models of illustrious and notorious Irishmen, cannot be passed by unnoticed. In Marylebone- street, in the immediate neighbourhood, William Paulett Carey, an Irishman and a cele- brated art critic, kept an art establishment or paint shop. Hewas one of the United Irishmen, but did not become a very prominent member of that body. Besides his works, some of which are excellent, his chief title to praise and remem- brance is that he was among the first to recognise and to encourage thegeniusof three distinguished sculptors, John Hogan, Sir F. Chantrey, and John Gibson ; and he was also one ol the earliest in his recognition of the abilities of James Mont- gomery. Returning to Regent-street by Portland-place, the first turning on the right in the former leads into Cavendish-square, the neighbourhood of which is famous for its Irish residents. No. 32 was once occupied by a good painter, of Irish parentage, named Francis Cotes, R.A., who was followed in his tenancy by Sir Martin Archer Shee, then at the height of his reputation as a portrait painter, and during the time he was President of the Royal Academy. Every street about this spot has had among its dwellers many dis- tinguished Irish personage. Thus, in Cavendish- street, Mrs Jameson, one of the best authorities on art subjects, lived for a time ; and on the op- posite side of the square, inHARLEY-STREET.livec 1 several other Irish writers of note, including Sir Philip Francis and Sir Aubrey de Vere. Here the latter wrote his" Duke of Mercia,"in the winter of 1822. As a dramatic poet andsonnetur, Sir A. de Vere is widely known and highly praised by com- petent critics; his son, the present Aubrey de Vere, being equally distinguished in the'same branches of literature. Another resident of Harley-street was Lord Strangtord, also a good poet, and well known as the translator of Camoens' " Lusiad," the epic of the Portuguese. In Queen Anne street, also in close proximity to the square, have lived at various times Edmund Burke, Edmund Malone, Sir A. de Vere, and Richard Cumberland. J. eland in London. 6J One other street calls for mention here, and that is Wigmore-stkeet. No. 40 was one of the many London addi esses of ThomasMoore, whose songs, according to James Hogg, the Ettrick Shepherd, will " last to a' eternity." No other songs, not even Burns's, are so popular all over the world, and whether this is due to the melodies or to Moore's words it is needless to inquire. In the ma- jority of instances Moore's felicitous language and brilliant imagination are worthy ot the entrancing old airs to which they are wedded, and no higher praise is necessary or could be given to them. Proceeding up Oxford-street, we reach Duke- street, which leads into Manchester-square, where Lady Blessington lived in 1816. This re- markable Irishwoman, whose maiden name was Margaret Power, was born in Clonmel,Tipperary, in 1789. By her powers of fascination rather than by sheer literary ability 6he raised herself to a very high position among the writers of her time. As for her works, they are now mostly lor- gotten, her best novel being, perhaps, " The Re- pealers," a tale of a6omewhat national character, though not as the term " national " is nowadays understood. In Spanish-place, off this square, is situated the Spanish Catholic Chapel, where, about 1830, the great wit and scholar, Bev. Francis Sylvester Mahony, afterwards known as " Father Prout," used to preach occasionally. Quite close to this spot is Portmansquare, reached through Seymour-street. This was also a neighbourhood greatly favoured by Irish lite- rary men and others. In Orchard-street, Richard Brinsley Sheridan lived in 1773, and here he wrote his admirable opera, " The Duenna," and the amusing comedy, " The Rivals." Another resident of the same street was George Barrett, R.A., whom even English ciitics describe as one of the most eminent of English (!) landscape- painters. York-place here is interesting to Irish- men, for at No. 8 died one of the greatest of divines, Cardinal Nicholas Wiseman, who was filled with Irish sympathies. So precociously talented was he that at the age of 18 he published a book of some merit on the languages of the East, and attained the rank of D.D. eomo time before the ordination age of 23. In 1835 he came to Lon- don, and the next year delivered a course of Lenten lectures at Moorfields Chapel which created a great sensation. In 1849 he was ap- pointed Vicar Apostolic ot the London District in euccession to Dr. Walsh. In 1850 commenced a stormy period of his career The Vatican issued a Bull changing the system of Catholic Church government in England, and establishing dio- ceses with bishops, and created Dr. Wiseman Cardinal Archbishop of Westminster. A perfect whirlwind of indignation, difficult now to under- stand, burst forth from the Piotestant popula- tion of England at this " Papal aggression." The most alarming and absurd rumours were cir- culated of an intended descent on the country by the Pope at the head of a new Armada ; public meetings were held all over the country to rouse popular excitement to boiling point; there were wild and prolonged debates in Parliament, and the famous " Ecclesiastical Titles Bill " was passed, making illegal the assumption by Roman Catholic prelates of 6uch titles as the Pope had recently conferred on them. The excitement, how- ever, was only temporary, the bill when passed was openly violated, without an attempt at pro- secution, and was repealed some years after wards with almost universal assent. The Car- dinal, who had lost no time in endeavouiing to throw oil on the troubled waters by the publica« tion oJ " An Appeal to the reason and good leel ing of the English People," became, after the storm had passed away, extremely popular, even in circles outside his own Church, through his genial manners, great abilities, and vast accom- plishments. He lectured frequently before the most widely different audiences in London and the provinces on subjects connected with art and science. His knowledge of languages was excep- tionally great, extending to almost all the Con- 6k Ireland in London, tiuental and many Oriental tongues. His writ- ings are varied and voluminous, dealing with reli- gious controversy, science, philology, and art. Perhaps his best-known works aie his graphic " Recollections ot the Last Four Popes," and a romance, entitled, " Fabiola," vividly depicting the Catacomb worship of the early Christians. He was born in 1802, and died on the loth February, 1865. leaving behind him a name as one of the greatest of Cardinals, and, among the Irish Catholics ot London a loving memory for active sympathy and untiring labours among thpm. In Somerset-street died Sir John Doyle in August, 183-t. Both us a soldier and as an ad- ministrator Sir John Doyle was very distin- guished. He was Governor of Guernsey for many years, and the flue monument theie erected in his honour is a testimony ot the esteem in which he was held by its people. His uephew, Sir Francis Hastings Doyle, who died recently, was widely- known as a poet and critic, and was lor some time Professor ot Poetry atOxfor.l. In Baker-street, which leads oft" Portuian-square, two important events occurred. One was the death ot Henry Grattan, the greatest ot Irish orators and states- men, and one of the most sterling of her patriots, which took place on the 4th ot Juue, 1S20. This event was of such great importance that we may be pardomd for dwelling upon it at a little length. Lecky, in his li Leaders of Public Opinion, " says — " He lingered for a lew days, re- taining to the last his lull consciousness and in- terest in public affairs. Those who gathered round his deathbed observed with emotion how fondly and how constantly his mind reverted to that Legislature which he had served so faithfully and loved so well." He wished to be buried in Ireland, but was overruled, and consented to a tomb in Westminster Abbey. Almost his last "ords were—' - [ die with a love ot liberty in my heart, and this declaration (in support of the Catholic claims) in favour ot my country in my hand." It is a remarkable example ot the man ner iuwhich physical deficiencies are overmastered by commanding intellect and nobility of soul that this brilliant orator and statesman was as ill furnished by nature with the bodily attributes calculated to prepossess his audience as could be conceived. In person he was low-sized, his arms were of disproportionate length, his face thin, marked slightly with the smallpox, his chin re- markably long, and his action in delivery most ungraceful. In this street, at the house of a friend naincd John Macnamara, Lord Cloncurry first met Pitt, towards the close of last century, aud for tha first time heard of the project ot the contem- plated Union. Baker-street, runs to Regent's Park, which, when it was open fields, was a lav^uiite place for duels in the days when such a practice was uni- versal. Among otht-r hostile meetings /which took place here was one between Morgan O'Con- nell aud Lord Alvanley. The ause of it was as follows ::— The Liberator, on account of some provocation irom the nobleman referred to, termed him in the House otCommons " a bloated buffoon," but having resolved to fight no morn duels after the disastrous result ot that which oc- curred between him and D'Esterre, refused a chal- lenge irom Alvanley. The latter brought the mat- ter before thf club (Brooke's) to which they both belonged, and sought to get O'Connell expelled. The club refused, though Alvanley's attempt was backed by twenty-four prominent members. On hearing of the affair. O'Connell's son, Morgan, challenged Alvanley, after saying in a letter con- taining the challenge that everybody knew his father had vowed not to fight another duel, and could therefore throw out their challenges with impunity. The meeting took place in May, 1835. After exchanging two or three shots the parties withdrew from the field, perfectly satisfied on the score of honour, if not with the." result oi the encounter. Ireland in London. CI CHAPTER XI. FUOM PADD1NGTON TO NOTTINGHII.T,, HE Marylebone-road runs .lito Edgware-road, at about the centre of the latter, which reaches from Hyde Park almost to Kilburn, one of the north-western suburbs of London. As we leave Marylebone-road, Kilburn is on our right through Maida Vale. In this road died in 1883, a dis- tinguished Irish novelist, known to all lovers of books of adventure as Captain Mayne Reid. He was bora in Kloskilt, county Down, in 1S19, and in his writings showed all the splendid vigour possessed by so many of his Northern bre- thren. His works are greatly superior to those of many other " purveyors" of " adventurous" literature from the fact that he had a thorough and practical acquaintance with the life he gene- rally describes, and thrilled his readers by his evideut sincerity and the forcible truth of his delineations. In common with most prolific authors he wrote much that was unworthy of his reputation, but his best work, as in " The Hun- ter's Feast," &c, is equal to that of J. F. Cooper, and quite entitled to rank beside U. Of his "Scalp Hunters" alone above a million copies are said to have been sold.' It i^ stated that in Rus- sia he is more popu- lar than Scott or Dickens, and most of his works have been t r a-B-e-l"srt e d into various European lan- guages. It is pleas- ing to record that, unlike many Irish writers whose works lay in paths removed \\' from politics, Cap- *& tain Mayne Reid was thoroughly in sym- pathy with the Irish capt. mayne reid. struggle for freedom, and a good hater of the misgovernment of his native country. In this neighbourhood there also died in 1868 another Irishman — John Doyle— whose conspicuous powers as an artist reflect great credit on his Irish art education. He was born in Ireland in 1797, and after studying for a time in Dublin, his native city, came to London, and Boon as- tonished and delighted the town by his exceed- ingly clever and almost unique political carica- tures or cartoons, which were always signed "H. B.," the letters being formed by his ini- tials doubled and placed one above the other thus : — -T i; " This wonderful series of draw- ings is now very valuable, as much for their his- torical importance as for their artistic merit. They came out to the number of 917, in batches at irregular intervals, from 1S29 to 1851, and were considered so important as to be noticed for many years by & semi-leader in the " Times " explaining their meaning. Great pains were taken to conceal the name of their author, and to the last the secret was well preserved. They were the best cartoons that had appeared sa mentioned— attended by masses of Irish people, old and young, from the most distant and outlying parts of the metropolis, in the most inclement as well as the most favourable weather — that Lon- doners have best understood how the hearts of Irish exiles in London beat true to the old country. Hyde Park was once a famous meeting place for duellists, but there have been apparently few Irishmen of note concerned in these affairs. The Earl of Shelburne (an Irish statesman of note, and afterwards Prime Minister of England), fought a duel with a Colonel Fullarton here in 1730, and R. B. Sheridan also fought one with Matthews here during the last century. But these duels were of little moment, and are not of historical interest. Before leaving tli Park we may adi . that it was a fa- vourite resort of Gerald Griffin, to FERGUS O CONNOR. whom its green sward and quiet, shady avenues afforded a pleasant re- treat from the dust and uoise and bustle of the city in which he had to struggle so hard for a liv- ing. In one of his letters to his sister he writes — "We (John Bauim and himself) walked over Hyde Park together on Patrick's Day. and renewed our home, recollections by gathering shamrocks and placing them in our hats even under the cy? of " John Bull." As the genuine " green Immor- tal" leaf is said not to grow out of Ireland, it is probable that our two novelists, like many of their exiled fellow-countrymen, were forced to put up with the large rough-leaved Cockney tre- foil which i3 commonly sold outside the Catholic churches on " the 17th," and of which many a John Bull in these changed days makes a lavish display. In the Bayswater-road, an eminent scholar and divine, Dr. Adam Clarke, died in 1832. He was born in the county of Deny in 1760, and before his death had acquired a great reputation for scholarship, especially in Biblical matters. In this road is situated the cemetery of St. Georgb's, belonging to the church in Han- over-square. It is notable a3 the burial-place of two distinguished Irishmen — Laurence Sterne, the author of "Tristram Shandy," and Sir Henry Parnell (afterwards Lord Congleton), who wrote a couple of excellent works in favour of the Catholics, and who died in 1842, aged 65. In the neighbourhood, at Queensboro- TERRACE, opposite Porchester Gardens, died Charles Keane, the celebrated actor, on the 22nd of January, 1868. He was a native of Waterford, and a son of the great tragedian, Edmund Keane. He was a thoroughly good Shakesperean actor, and suc- ceeded in both tragedy and comedy, and was also excellent in melodrama. For many years he was one of the leading impersonators of Shakespearean parts in London, and held his own successfully against Macready, Phelps, and other great per- formers and rivals. Westbourne-grove is chiefly noteworthy as the place where George Barrett, the painter, lived and produced some of his finest works, and where he died in 1784. Linden^ grove, close by, was the last place of residence of Mulready, who died here on 7th of July, 1863, aged 77. Bayswater leads direct to Notting-hill, and here at Notting Hill-terrace died the famous Char- tist leader, Fergus O'Connor, in August, 1859. For some time before his death he had 3hown unmistakable signs of mental derangement and had to be cared for in a private lunatic asylum kept by a Dr. Tuke. O'Connor was a native of Cork, and was born in 1796. He was at fir3t an Irish member, but opposed O'Connell on some points, .though always an ardent Repealer, and was consequently obliged to seek a seat else- where. He ultimately became member for Notting- ham and editor of a paper called the Northern Star, which had a tremendous influence in the politics of those days, and also an enormous circulation (for that time), sometimes reaching 60,000. Hia Ireland in London. 65 speeches were terribly bombastic in tone, but he had a large amount of ability and could at times be very eloquent and forcible. His unselfishness is indisputable and undisputed. He spent a large fortune in the Chartist movement, and under- went severe imprisonment for what he was con- vinced was a just and reasonable cause. His very recklessness and carelessness endeared him to a large majority of the Chartists, who hold his name and labours in affectionate remem- brance, and many Chartists pay annual pilgri- mages to his tomb, which is not far distant, in Kensal-green Cemetery, where a striking monument has been erected over his grave. In person he was "huge," in manner '"boisterous," And was possessed of plentiful and flaming red hair. Whatever his individual faults were, and they were many, servility or greed were not of the number. His conduct was somewhat auto- cratic, and he displeased some of the other Char- tist leaders by attempting or aspiring to be sole chief of the movement. So far as Ireland was •concerned, his patriotism was undoubted. Two of his most prominent colleagues in the agitafiou were Irishmen — James Bronterre O'Brien, the author of some excellent works on social and •economical subjects, and Rev. Arthur O'Neill, who was intimately connected with the movement in Birmingham, and who is, we believe, still alive (1SSS). Kensal-gkeen Cemetery, which we have just referred to, is situated at the end of the Ladbroke Grove-road, Notting-hill. It may fairly be called the London Glasnevin, judging by the number of its Irish dead. It is divided into two portions, the Catholic and Protestant burial- grounds. As the last resting-place of many who have done good service to Irish art and litera- ture, or w!k> have helped her in her centuried struggle, this cemetery is worthy of many Irish pilgrimages. Here are buried many eminent artists, like Mulready, Stanfield, Maclise, John Leech, and John Edward Carew; and some of our best musicians, such as Balfe, "Wallace, and Thomas S. Cooke. Samuel Lover, J. F. O'Don- ncll, and Ellen Fitzsimon (daughter of O'Connell, and author of " The Woods of Killiuoe"), are among the Irish poets whose dust also reposes here. Here, too, lie Catherine Hayes, the ex- quisite vocalist; Sir Robert M'Clure, the great Arctic navigator; Macready, the actor ; Mrs. Jameson, the well-known writer on art; Cardinal Wiseman, one of the greatest of English prelates and the first English cardinal since the Reforma- tion; Dr. John Ooran, one of the most delightful writers on theatrical and antiquarian matters ; Peter Burrowes, a member of Grattan's Parlia- ment, a sound lawyer and thorough patriot; Fergus O'Connor, the most prominent of the Chartist leaders; and Dr. Marsden, one of the most distinguished of Irish scholars and Oriental- ists. Besides those mentioned, there is a magni- ficent tomb here over the grave of a remarkable Irishman, John St. John Long, who was a native of Limerick and a clever artist, but who became notorious as a quack doctor, professing to cure anything or anybody. He was greatly believed in by many persons, and made a large fortune by his pretended powers. Several Irish physicians of note are also interred here, including Dr. Robert B. Todd, an eminent anatomist and brother of the Celtic scholar of the same name. Among other Irishmen who rest here may be noted Sir Henry Keat ng, a great lawyer, re- cently dead; Eyre Evans Crowe, the novelist and journalist; Robert Bell, a well-known critic and versatile author; and John Sydney Taylor, one of the acutest of art critics and art reformers of recent times. There are a great number of Irish men and women buried in this " city of the dead," but we have only spoken of those whose fame was very great in their lifetime or is des- tined to be lasting. Irishmen should take a pride in visiting the graves of many of those we have referred to, for, as has been said, a people who do | not honour their illustrious dead are unworthy of I possessing either freedom or a share in the intel- lectual triumphs of the ages. 66 Ireland in London. CHAPTER XII. PICCADILLY AND IIAYFAIfi. E spoke of the Marble Arch in our last chapter, and will com- mence our present journey from that point. Park-lane runs thence to Piccadilly, and is in the neighbourhood of some very interesting places. To our left lie Mayfair and other fashionable quarters, and on our right stretches Hyde Park. In Park-lane died, a few years ago.Dr. Archibald Billing, one of the most eminent physicians Ireland has produced in modern times, who received some of the highest awards Science could bestow for hi3 remarkable researches into and discoveries of the causes of the sounds of beats of the heart, which subject he made pecu- liarly his own. Mount-street, one of the first turnings on the left, is notable as the place where John Banim, the poet and novelist, lived during 1826-27, and where Gerald Griffin and other Irish writera visited him. A genuine poet and most powerful novelist, Banim was also one of the most JOHN BANIM. . He had become deranged during his last years, and endeavoured to commit suicide by jumping from his window into the street. He was born in 1757, and was the son of an Irish pen- sioner (of Chelsea) who had fought at Fontenoy, His very first caricature was entitled, "Paddy on Horseback," being a satire on the Irish for- tune-hunter. Besides his famous works in this direction, which stamp him, according to most people, as the greatest of English caricaturists, ho also executed some excellent engravings, several of his subjects being drawn from Goldsmith's "Deserted Village." Some of his works are- savage in spirit, but of course that does not de- tract from their merit historically or intrinsi- cally. In'this same street lived, in splendid style, the famous highwayman, James M'Lean, and here- JAMES MACLEAN, HIGHWAYMAN. From the Chronicles of Newgate. (Rare Portrait ) also stood many old taverns and coffee-houses of great historical interest. Thus, on the site of the present "Conservative Club" was situated the "Thatched House Tavern," a popular re- sort of literary men and politicians, especially of Moore and Brinsley Sheri- dan ; while here also the Dilettanti So- ciety used to meet, among its most prominent members being Lord Charlemont and Sir M. A. Shee. "St. James's Coffee-house" stood at the 70 Ireland in London. bottom of the street, facing the Palace, and waa greatly used by Swift, Steele, Goldsmith, and Garrick, to mention but one or two of ita fre- quenters. Garrick used to "chaff" Oliver 30 mer- cilessly that he vowed to be revenged, and at their next meeting here produced his celebrated poem, " Retaliation," which ranks among his happiest and most humorous efforts. On the site of No. 64 stood the " Cocoa Tree Tavern," another famous meeting-place for the wits, in- cluding Sir Philip Francis, and, previous to him, Sw ft and Steele. ' Brooks's Club', also here, deserves mention if c-nly on account of its eminent or notorious Irish members, among them having been "Fighting" Fitzgerald, Daniel O'Connell, R. B. Sheridan, Sir P. Francis, and General Fitzpatrick, a well- known dilettante of the last century. St. James' s-street was likewise the scene of one of Colonel Blood's reckless exploits. The Duke of Ormond, surnamed " The Great," had, while Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, so severely treated eome of Blood's friends that- he declared he would be revenged on the Duke, threatening to waylay him in the public streets, carry him to Tyburn, and there hang him with his own hands. On the evening of the 6th of December 1670, Blood, accompanied by several desperate allies, attcaked his carriage.and after putting the footman to flight, dragged out the famous soldier (who was then 60 years of age), and had carried him as far as the corner of Berkeley-street when, being pursued, he was reluctantly obliged to relinquish his project. A reward of £1,000 waa offered for the apprehension of those who committed the outrage, but it was not then known that Blood had anything to do with it. Cleveland-row is on the right, nearly at the ■end, and here died Charles Jervas, a very clever but excessively vain portrait-painter, and friend of Pope and Swift. In Stafford House here is one of Danby's grandest pictures, a veritable masterpiece, entitled " The Passage of the Red Sea," universally admitted to be a really sub- lime production, befitting the subject. On the right, higher up, is also St. James' s-place, where lived Thomas Parnell, the poet, and author of " The Hermit," one of the most harmonious and finished poems in English literature. On the left ia Jbrmyn-street, where Henry Grattan resided in 1788, and Sir M. A. Shee in 1791 ; and where Thomas Colley Grattan, the novelist, died on the 4th July, 1864. His novels are still popular, but hia beat work ia, perhaps, hi* " Highways and Bye- ways," a series of enter- taining sketches. In this street ia also situated the Geological Museum, which is well worth a visit for its fine collection of Irish marbles and granites from Galway, Limerick, Dublin, Donegal, and King's County. Duke-street, which runs across Jermyn-streeb into Piccadilly, is notable as the place of resi- dence of Edmund Burke in 1795, and of Moore in 18-33. Burt-street, close by, is still more remarkable for ita Irish residents, for at different times Swift, Steele, Mrs. Pilkington, Moore, Lord Strangford, and O'Connell have lived in it. Swift, in his " Journal to Stella," thus describes his lodgings here — "I have the first floor, a din- ingroom and bedchamber,at eight shillings a week — plaguy dear !" Reaching Piccadilly through St. James's-street MRS. NORTON. (Autograph.) vVte: we have Bond-street almost opposite us. Lau- rence Sterne, the author of "Tristram Shandy," lived and died here, over a cheesemonger's shop, now occupied by Agnew's Picture Gallery. In this street also died Henry Tresham, R.A., a dis- tinguished Irish painter of the last century, some of whose allegorical pictures are excellent. The first turning on the right leads past London University into Savile-row, where two eminent Irishmen died in the earlier part of the century — Sheridan, the dramatist and orator (at No. 14, where a tablet is placed to that effect), and the Right Hon. George Tierney, the well-known statesman. The exterior of the University is decorated with twenty-four statues, all finely carved, of great savants, philosophers, and scientists. Of these, the three occupying niches to the right of the entrance are by Patrick Ireland in London. 71 M'Dowell, R.J ., whose works we have more than once referrer 1 »o in the course of these chapters. The three philosophers representee^ by M'Dowell are Cuvier, Leibnitz, and Linnaeus. Bbdtos-stheet, which is on the left of Bond- ■treet, was another place of residence of the ever- moving H. B. Shcr dan, whose creditors pressed him so hard while here that provisions had to be ■ecretly conveyed over the area railings to the watchful prisoner, lest the duns should see him. Mrs. Jameson also resided here for a time. Op- posite BUUTON-STREBT is Co>"DUIT-STKEET, where the last-mentioned writer died, and where such distinguished Irishmen as Michael Balfe and George Canning have lived. The house, No. 37, occupied by Canning, still exists, and bears a tablet recording the residence of the great states- man. Some people do not consider Canning as an Irishman, because he was born in London, but he himself always called himself one, and when claimed as an Englishman used, it is said, the phrase erroneously attributed to "Wellington when claimed as an Irishman — "Is one a horse because he is born in a stable ?" Besides, in a letter written by Canning to Sir Walter Scott, when the latter was visiting Ireland, he expressed himself pleased that his "countrymen" had received him well, and adds — "Though born in London, I consider myself an Irishman." This letter proves that Canning was not ashamed of his Irish origin, and may be well contrasted with the miserable pleas put forward by some unworthy Irishmen for the purpose of denying their race. "Whatever may have been his other faults, Canning was not "that meanest thing on earth," the anti-Irish Irishman. As one of the greatest of England's Prime Ministers, a fine orator, and a gifted writer to boot, he reflects credit on Lrish genius, apart altogether from his deficiencies in patriotism to- wards Ireland and Irish wrongs as Irishmen of the present day understand them. Opposite Bond- *treet is the Egtftian Hall, which has two peculiar ( glossal figures sculptured over the entrance. These were executed by L. Gahagan, brother of Sebastian Gahagan, and are meant to represent the Egyptian gods Isis and Osiris. They hay* been unfortunately daubed with paint, and de- prived of any artistic merit they possessed. Just past Bond-street is Burlinoton House, the home of the Royal Academy, Royal Society, and other bodies, which is so interesting that we reserve it for separate treatment. It was partly built by Barry, and stands on the site of a house occupied by Sir John Denham, a native of Dublin and a poet of the 17th century. The " Albany," a famous set of chambers, is just past here. George Canning lived in this house, and here Lord Byron wrote his " Lara." The place is im- mortalised in the well-known novel, "The Bachelor of the Albany," written by a clever Irish novelist named Marmion Savage. Almost opposite io the Institute of Painters in "Water Colours, held at the Prince's Hall. Among tht busts over the front of the building is one oi George Barrett, one of the founders of the water- colour/school of artists, an excellent painter, and son of the R.A. of the same name. A little further on is St. James's Hall, which has resounded to the brilliant oratory of Father Tom Burke, and which has been the scene 6i many remarkable Irish political demonstrations. It faces St. James's Church, one of Sir Chris- topher "Wren's works, wherein is buried the eminent Irish physician, Sir John Macnamara Hayes, a native of Limerick, who died in 1809, to whose memory a mural monument has been erected under the gallery in the church. Here, or in the ground attached, was also interred the brilliant writer, Mrs. Margaret Delany, wife of Dr. Patrick Delany, the frienif of Dean Swift. Though a witty and clevef woman, Mrs. Delany was not Irish, but lived 1/ good deal in Ireland and admired the country an(j its people greatly. In the ground behind the church was also buried James Gillray, whom wa hare already referred to. 7:2 Ireland in London. CHAPTER XIII. THROUGH PALL MALL TO WESTMINSTER. ALL MALL begins at the bottom of St. James's-street, and though once a popular and fashionable place of resi- dence is now largely given up to palatial clubs. On the right as we proceed eastward is the War Office, with one of Foley's finest statues in front. This statue — of Sidney, Lord Herbert — is splendidly carved, the bas-reliefs round the pedestal, depicting scenes in the eminent statesman's life, being also very delicately and gracefully executed. It is acknowledged to be one of the best examples of modern sculpture that London possesses. In the last century Pall Mall was noted for its distinguished residents, not a few Irishmen being among them. Here lived Hugh Douglas Hamilton, an exceedingly good portrait painter, and a member of the Royal Hibernian Academy. Royalty sat to him at his lodgings here, so wide- tpread was his reputation as a painter. Two other OABTLERBAOH. Irish artists of note lived here. One, the eminent engraver, William Nelson Gardiner, kept a book- ■hop in this street ; while the other, Hugh Howard, also a fashionable painter, died here on the 17th of March, 1787. In Pall Mall, on the 15 th of July. 1847, died alio The 0" Conor Don, father of the politician of that name now living, and a well-known character himself. Among other Irish residents of this street were Laurence Sterne, Dean Swift, and Robert Boyle (on the right or south side), and Mrs Pilkington, the friend of Swift, and a poetess and dramatist of merit, who kept a small shop here for the sale of pamphlets. On the left, one or two turnings lead us into St. James's-squabe, always a very exclusive neigh- bourhood. Here lived Lady Blessington in magnificent style after her marriage with the Earl of Blessington ; and her* also resided Sir Philip Francis (in a house occupying the site of the present East Indian Service Club), and in the 17th century the Duke of Ormonde, one of the greatest soldiers and states- men of hi3 age. At what was No. 16, at the north corner of King-street, lived for some years the notorious Castlereagh, who first cut hi3 country's throat and then his own. The house referred to was not, however, the scene of the latter exploit, which took place at his country house at Cray- ford, in Kent. There is a tradition (doubtless incorrect) that Castlereagh bought a knife, in order to carry out his happy idea, at a small cutler's in Bloomsbury, and after some haggling, got a shilling knife for tenpence-halfpenny. No person living at his time was more execrated than Castlereagh, and Byron's powerful and oft-quoted lines in "The Irish Avatar," accurately express the popular feeling towards the worst enemy Ireland ever had. This same house waa, after the death of Castlereagh, occupied by the well-known author, Irish politician, and diplomatist, Sir James Emerson Tennent. Litchfield House, the scene of a famous histo- rical event, stood on part of the site of the present London Library. 0' Council's agreement with the Whigs, known as the Litchfield House compact, was fraught with danger to Ireland and Irish interests. O'Connell met the leaders of the party at this house, and agreed to help them to oust the Tories from office, vhiih, with O'Connell's aid, they succeeded in doing, when the Whigs, having gained their object, became, after some bom- bastic resolutions and deceptive promises, as Ireland in London. 73 SOUTHERN. bitterly inimical to Irish prosperity as even the Tories had been. On the right of Pall Mall is situated the Re- form Club, which has had many prominent Irish members, one of them being O'Connell, whose portrait, by J. P. Haverty, a Limerick man, and an excellent artist, is to be seen here. Haverty was the brother of another clever Irishman — namely, Martin Haverty, the historian. The work of art just re- ferred to is one of the best portraits of O'Connell ex- tant, and is rightly con- sidered a valu- able acquisition to the club. The building itself was erect- ed from the designs of Sir Charles Barry, as was also the Travellers' Club, close by. Both are fine edifices, and well worthy of the genius of tbat great architect. Here also is the Umted Service Club, which contains "The Battle of Trafalgar," one of W. C. Stanfield's finest sea-pieces. In Carltox-terrace, which is between the Reform and Athenamm Clubs, is an excellent statue of Lord Lawrence, one of the greatest of the many Irish Viceroys of India. The Athen-EOI, which is at the corner, has always had a creditable percentage of Irishmen among its distinguished members, including the Earl of Mayo, Maclise, and J. "W. Croker among past mem- bers, and Professor Tyndall and Mr. Leek}" among the living. At the end of Pall Mall, just at the entrance to Trafalgar-square, is a massive building adorned with fine pillars. The Royal College of Phy- sicians is interesting to Irishmen for several reasons. Ireland has at all times been noted as the birth-place of great medical men, and the "roll" of the most eminent members of this famous body emphasises the fact anew. It has had one Irish President, Sir Hans Sloane, and another of Irish parentage, Dr. Thomas Lawrence; and among its many famous Irish mem- bers have been the patriots, Dr. Charles Lucas and Dr. W. J. M'Nevin, and many celebrated physicans, including Dr. Bernard O'Connor, Dr. Adair Crawford, Sir John M'Namara Hayes, Sir Matthew John Tierney, Sir David Barry, Sir Edward Barry, Sir George Magrath, Dr. Arcbibald Billing, Dr. W. H. Fitton, Dr. James Johnson, Dr. W. Babington, Sir Joseph de Courcey Laffan, Dr. William Mushet, Dr. Christopher Nugent, Sir Arthur Brooke Faulkner, Dr. James Curry, Sir Robert Alexander Churnside, and a great many others — all Irish-born and of great reputation. Among the interesting objects possessed by the College are Behne's bust of Dr. Babington; Mur- ray's portrait of Sir Hans Sloane; a portrait of Sir Gilbert Blane, by Sir Martin Archer Slice; Jervas's portrait of Dr. Arburthnot; and a fine bust of Dr. John Conolly, an eminent physician of Irish parentage. The Haymarket is almost opposite, and deserves & slight mention, for some of the streets leading out of it have had their well-known residents. For example, in Paktox-street, on the right, lived Dean Swift at one period, and at Suffolk-stkef.t, on the same side, lived his celebrated friend, "Vanessa"— Miss Hester Vanhomrigg— to whom some of his best poems were addressed ; and also Michael Kelly, the Irish musical composer and singer. In Charles-street, on the right, lived Burke. At an hotel here, close by Her Majesty's Theatre, when that building was the operatic centre of London, two very eminent Irish- men stayed for a short time in the stormy period of '48. They were none other than Sir Charles Gavan Duffy and Thomas Francis Meagher, who were paying a brief visit to London. In Pall Mall, close by this theatre also, probably under the colonnade itself, Michael Kelly kept a shop, while he conducted the orchestra of the theatre. The shop was used for the sale of wine that Kelly imported, and of music that he com- posed. It was in allusion to this double occupa- tion that Sheridan, with more wit than strict justice, suggested to Kelly as a suitable sign for his establishment the following legend— "Michae' Kelly, Importer of Music and Composer of "Wine." Kelly's "Recollections," the book in which this anecdote is given, was edited by Theo- dore Hook, and is not only fascinating reading, but is also one of the most valuable records of 18th century life and manners of which English literature can boast. In fact Kelly is chiefly remembered by this work rather than by his numerous operas and songs. The latter are ex- cellent, and are modelled a good deal after the Italian methods, but though at one time very popular, are rarely heard now-a-days. As a singer, Kelly was among the foremost of his day, and was a thoroughly good musical director of several 74 Ireland in London, MICHAEL KELLT. theatres. To thi3 need only be added the facta that he was born in Dublin in or about 1764, studied in Italy, and died at Margate in October, 1826. Facing the bottom of the Haymarket is the com- mencement of Cockspur-street, where is situated the Union Club, which possesses some excel- lent pictures by Stanfield. In this thoroughfare died Charles Byrne, the giant, at an early age, in 1783. George Canning lived in a turning called Spring Gardens, which runs out of this street into St. James's Park. In Buckingham-court, which is in Spring Gar- dens, died Mrs. Centlivre on 1st December, 1723. This accom- plished dramatist was born in Dub- lin about 1667, and by her own great gifts and unaided energy raised herself to a high posi- tion among the comedy-writers of the last century. Some of her plays still hold the stage, notably "A Bold Stroke for a Wife" and "The Busy- body." Several of [them have been translated into French and German. Whitehall, on the right of Cockspur-street, is a fine thoroughfare, leading from Trafalgar- square almost to the Houses of Parliament. On the left of it, a little way down, is Scot- land-yard (now the chief London Police Office), taking its name from an ancient palace of the Scottish Kings which stood on its site. There is a museum of curiosities here, among its contents being the rifles taken from some Fenians arrested in Clerkenwell, and a large assortment of infernal machines found in con- nection with certain explosions. The first Chief Commissioner of Police was an Irishman, Sir Charles Cowan, who was born in Antrim. He held the post from 1829 to 1850, Adjoining Scot- land-yard was the residence of Sir John Denham, a distinguished Irishman of the 17th century, and one of the poets whose purity of style assisted largely in the formation of the English language, a distinction which is now his chief credit. Denham died hero in 1668. At the old Palacb op Whitehall (of which the Chapel Royal, formerly the banquetting room of the Palace, is the only remaining part), Shane O'Neill visited Queen Elizabeth on the 6th of January, 1562, with his followers, causing great sensation by their wild appearance and curious attire. Ac- cording to Froude, " O'Neill stalked in, his saffron mantle sweeping round and abcut him, hi3 hair curling on his back and clipped short below the eyes, which gleamed from under it with a grey lustre, frowning, fierce, and cruel. Behind him followed his gallowglasses, bare- headed and fair-haired, with shirts of mail which reached beneath their knees, a wolf-skin flung across their shoulders, and short, broad battle- axes in their hands." Opposite Whitehall Palace lived Archbishop Ussher, in a house lent him by Lady Peterboro', which stood on the site of the present Horse Guards. From the roof of his house Ussher be- held the unfortunate King Charles I. led out to execution, and fainted at the sight. The Admiralty, which is near the Chapel Royal, ex- hibited at one time on its roof the signal known as the Semaphore, invented by an Irish soldier named Sir Home Riggs Popham. It was after- wards replaced by the shuttle telegraph, the invention of another Irishman, Richard Lovell Edgeworth, whose daughter Maria was one of the earliest and best of Irish writers of fiction. Edgeworth' s invention was in turn superseded by the electric telegraph. Behind the Chapel Royal is the United Service Destitution, a very interesting museum of naval and military curiosities. Among other interesting objects, such as relics of Captain Cook, of the Crimea, of the Arctic Expeditions, of the Siege of Quebec, and of Nelson, is one weapon which, as it wielded a great influence in Irish affairs, cannot be looked upon without deep interest, being nothing less than the sword worn by Cromwell at the siege of Drogheda and else- where. Between the Treasury and Home Office buildings, on the opposite side of Whitehall, is Downing- street, named after an Irish soldier and poli- tician of the 16th century, Sir George Downing, whose grandson afterwards founded Downing Col- lege, Cambridge. The India Office here is de- corated by many memorials of eminent Anglo-In- dian officials and others, including a bust of Lord Laurence, statues of the Marquis Wellesley and the Marquis of Hastings (formerly Lord Moira), three great Irish Viceroys of India; and one 'of Sir Eyre Coote, an eminent Irish soldier who did not a little towards the conquest of India. : Ireland in London. 75 In Downing-street lived John Boyle, one of the Earls of Cork and Orrery, a tolerably good poet and dramatist, considering the age in which he lived. In the narrow little thorouglifare of King-street, between Whitehall and Parliament-square, two very distinguished personages once lived. They ■were Oliver Cromwell and Edmund Spenser. The former started from his house here in July, 1649, on his "mission" to conquer Ireland, or, failing A. HAMILTON" ROWAN. (Autograph,^ c/r Ymi< that, to devastate it. How successfully he carried out the latter alternative no Irish reader needs to be informed. Spenser lived here on his re- turn from Ireland, where his castle had been at- tacked and burned down by the wronged in- surgents of the South. His great poem, "The Faery Queen," was doubtless written in Ireland, and its scenery and characters are partly Irish. Thus, Una and Queen Mab (who is thought to be the Irish Queen Maeve) are doubtless embodi- ments of some of Spenser's Irish memories; and "The strains sweet foreign Spenser sung By MuUa's shore " were literally inspired by the scenes he saw in the lovely South of Ireland. Charles-street, to the south of the Home Office, leads into St. James's Park, where one or two events happened that call for brief notice. While crossing the Park, Charles Connor, one of the best actors and impersonators of Irish character in hie day, died suddenly of heart disease on the 7th of October, 1826. He was a worthy successor of Jack Johnstone in certain parts, and very creditably filled the interval that elapsed be- tween Johnstone's leaving the stage and Tyrone Power's most favourable introduction to it. In this same Park, O'Connell had a narrow escape from death. While studying law at Gray's Inn in 1795 he came to St. James's in order to see the King's return from the House of Lords. He saw the Royal carriage, which was sur- rounded by an angry and excited mob, one of whom broke the glass of one of the doors. They were charged instantly by the dragoons in attendance, and as O'Connell leaned forward to get a glimpse of the King, a dragoon made a wild slash at him with his sword, just missing his head, and making a deep cut in a tree beside him, about an inch above. Buckingham Palace, which is at the western side of the Park, is only interesting to Irishmen in that the summer-house or pavilion in its grounds contains two fine frescoes by Maclise and Stanfield — the subject being taken from Milton's "Comus." Reaching Parliament-square from the Park, through Great George' s-street, we have to the left of Parlirment-street, a row of houses and shops called Bridge-street, where Dr Patrick Duigenan, the celebrated controversialist, and a powerful and vigorous writer, died on April 11th, 1816. He was a master of invective and raillery, and, being of a most unscrupulous and grovelling nature, was paid by the Government to assail O'Connell or any other patriot who dared to say a word in behalf of his countrymen. In Palace Chambers here was for some seven years the central office of the Irish Land League and National League of Great Britain. In Parliament-square is Westmacott's colossal statue of George Canning, which is probably the identical one which caused the death of the brother of Sebastian Gahagan, the sculptor, who assisted Westmacott, for he is stated to have been crushed to death by the falling on him of a statue of Canning on which he had been engaged. Between the Abbey and the Houses of Parlia ment, which will be dealt with in subsequent articles, i3 Poet's Corner, and in one of the houses here, in a small upper room, was the earliest London office of the Home Rule Con- federation of Great Britain, when that association was still in its infancy. Passing round to the other side of the Abbey we reach Westminster Hospital, which Btands on the site of a house once occupied by Edmund Burke. The hospital, which has had some emi- 76 lid uul in Lnn&m. MRS. CENTLIVRE. nent Irish physicians connected with it, particu- larly Sir John Maenamara Hayes, is quite near Tothill-street, which has at its corner the Westminster Palace Hotel, where Mr. Parnell inaugurated thelrish Land League of GreatBritain, and which is a favourite resort of the Irish mem- bers during the sessions of Parliament. Iu this street died, on the 26th of May, 1746, at tillage of 85, one of the besfT of the tragic dramatists of Ireland, Thos. Southern. He was a native of Dublin, and devoted him- self to litera- ture in pre- ference to the law, which he had studied in the Tem- ple. He is the author of " Isabella" and " Oroonoko," two of the most pathetic tragedies written since Shakespeare's time, and immortalised by the acting of many great actors and actresses in their leading parts. Opposite the hotel just referred to is Great Smith-street, and where Sir R. Steele and Southern once lived, and where (at No. 26, facing the Westminster Public Library), the offices of the National League of Great Britain are at present situated. It leads up towards Bowling-street, Tufton-street, where Colonel Blood, the notorious adventurer, lived and died. He was probably buried in the neighbouring church, in the Broad- way, though it is believed by some that he was buried in St. Margaret's Church, by the side of the Abbey. At the corner of Great Smith-street is Westminster School, which has had several notable Irishmen amongst its scholars. Thomas Sheridan, the great actor and elocutionist, and father of R. B. Sheridan, was educated here; as also John Boyle (Earl of Cork and Orrery), Temple Henry Croker, an Irishman, and a clever trans- lator of Ariosto, &c. ; and last, but not least, Archibald Hamilton Rowan, one of the most pro- minent of the United Irishmen. He was born in London of Irish parents on May the 12th, 1757. He went to Ireland in 1784, and soon became involved in the National movement, joining the Volunteers first and the United Irishmen after- wards. He was tried in January, 1794, for com- plicity in treasonable practices, and, after a mag- nificent speech from Curran, his counsel, was sentenced to two years' imprisonment, and also fined £510. Knowing that the Government, after his trial, had discovered certain facts which might bring him to the gallows, Rowan deter- mined to escape from Newgate Prison, Dublin, which he did in May, 1794. He reached France, after some difficulty, and after staying there a while, proceeded to America, where he re- mained some years. He petitioned the Govern- ment to let him return to Ireland, and expressed in his memorial his great satisfaction and delight at the "happy Union" which had been effected (in the most unscrupulous manner). His prayer was granted, and he returned to his paternal estate, where he lived during the remainder of his life, dying on November 18th, 1834, aged 77. It is only right to add that the French Revolu- tion, with its attendant horrors, of which ha had been a witness, caused the great change in his mind which we have described. Turning down by Wood-street and proceeding along by Grosve- nor-road to the River Thames, and skirting its brown current, we soon come within view of Mi l lbajtk Prison or Peni- tentiary. This prison held within its walls for various periods during the years 1866- 7-8 a famous batch of Fenian " penitents, notable among them being Mulcaliy, Rossa, Costello, Richard Burke, John Devoy, Stephen Joseph Meaney, Edward Duffy, and Xavier O'Brien. O' Donovan Rossa, who was imprisoned here for twelve months and two days, gives in his "Irish Rebels in English Prisons" a graphic account of his prison life and of the treatment to which he was subjected— treatment which goes far to explain his subsequent notorious and virulent animosity against England and all things English. EDWARD DUFFS'. He was Ireland in London. 77 subjected, without chance of redress, to the most persistent and mean annoyances at the hands of warders, was gradually deprived of every ordinary privilege, stripped naked and submitted to an ignominious search several times a day, for weeks together, punished for not obeying contradictory orders, for doing his work too soon, or for resent- ing insolence; and persecuted, in fact, in every way possible. Although he came to Millbank from Portland. Prison a mere skeleton, with the flesh rotting off his hands, he was put on starvation ar Moore, your lays are sung (Can it be true, you lucky man?) By moonlight, in the Persian tongue, Along the streets of Ispahan. A little further past the Brompton Oratory, one of the most important Catholic churches in Lon- don, and greatly frequented by the Irish of West London, is the South Kensington Museum, which is so full of Irish art and objects of interest to Irishmen that we will reserve it for special and separate treatment in a future article. Further on, in Cromwell-road, is the Natural His- tory Museum, which not only possesses a fine collection of specimens of the animal, vege- table, and mineral worlds, but is architecturally also one of the most remarkable buildings in London. Among its unrivalled collection of minerals are many found in Ireland, including precious stones of nearly every description. The Irish crystals, agates, &c, are exceptionally fine, as are also some specimens of different coloured marbles. There are also several of the basaltic pillars of that "world's wonder," The Giant's Causeway; but the most remarkable objects in the 82 Ireland in London.. Museum, so far as Irishmen are concerned, are the skeletons of the extinct quadrupeds, the elk and red deer. There are three fine skeletons of the latter animal, all of magnificent size, and two specimens of the gigantic elk, male and female. It would be impossible to enumerate the thousand- and-one curiosities among the sea-shells, animals, and minerals brought hither from Ireland, and which, as indeed the whole vast collection de- posited here, are well worth seeing, and of ab- sorbing interest. Fulham-road is a very long thoroughfare, run- ning from Brompton to Putney, but, though its points of interest are few and far between, they are of too great importance to be passed over alto- gether. On the right, as we enter the road, is Alexander-square, where the eminent novelist, Captain "William Nugent Glascock, "the Irish Marryat," lived for a longtime. His naval stories are so excellent in pljt and so vivid and lifelike in narrative, that he is fully entitled to rank be- side Captain Marryat and Michael Scott, the Eng- lish and Scotch naval storytellers. Glascock died in 1847, and, like Mayne Reid and Maxwell, his countrymen, is widely read by the youthful lovers of adventure in these islands. Some distance further on, close to the "Admiral Keppel" publichouse, and beginning immediately beyond it, is a row of houses, on the left, once form- ing Amelia-place, but now bearing no distinctive title. From the opposite side of the way can be aeen the original houses, now almost hidden be- hind the shops built on their front gardens, and • n the lowest house of the row, once No. 7, died the famous orator and patriot, John Philpo Curran, on the 14th of October, 1817. His never- failing wit was present even during his last illness, if the following ancedote is to be believed. Hia doctor, noticing his racking cough, remarked— "Your cough has not improved, I see, Mr. Cur- ran." To which the latter promptly replied— "That's odd, for I have been practising all the evening." After Curran' s death, John Banim came to Eng- land, and one of his first actions was to make a pilgrimage to the house where his great country- man had died. Finding lodgings were "to let" in the house, he immediately took them, in order, as he himself said, "that he might dream of his country with the halo of CuiTan's memory around him." In Marlborough-street, close by Amelia- place, died on January 7th, 1841, James A. O'Connor, an exquisite landscape painter, in the 49th year of his age. Pelham Crescent, opposite, has had some dis- tinguished residents, including the eminent Frenchman, Ledru Rollin, a particularly warm friend of Ireland, and one who did his best to get the French Government, in 1848, to lend her as- sistance in her fight for freedom. In Sydney-street, on the left, lower down, is St. Luke's Church, the first y \±v of which was Dr. Gerard V. Wellesley, broker of the Duke of Wel- lington. In the burial ground attached to it was buried in 1826 Charles Connor, one of the cleverest Irish actors of his time. York-place (now York Mews), still on the left of Fulham-road, was once the place of residence of c^fer^s MONSTER house. Moore, and at No. 7 Finborouch-road, some dis- tance on the right, died the great artist, Richard Doyle, on the 11th of December, 1S83. Doyle ia best known by his most inimitable drawings for "Punch," with which he was for a long time con- nected. But he also painted some delightful pictures, all conceived in a genuinely humoroui spirit, and worthily executed. The cover of Ireland in London. 83 "Punch," with its innumerable elves, all excel- lently drawn, is known far and wide as the char- acteristic work of Doyle. He left "Punch" for reasons wholly creditable to himself and equally discreditable to that journal. As a sincere Catholic he could not tolerate its blatant and oft-repeated attacks on the Pope, and therefore resigned his position on the staff, a step which, it is certain, "Funch" little relished. Thenceforth Doyle devoted himself to book illustration, in which he excelled, and produced some of his finest work, now considered invaluable. Brompton Cemetery, just past here, contains the graves of some notable Irishmen and women. Lady Morgan's fine monument, by S. Westrnacott, is just inside the entrance, but has been most wan- tonly despoiled of some of its decorations, includ- ing an Irish harp carved in marble. A plain stone, at the other end of the ground, records the death of Thomas Crofton Croker, the antiquary and folk-lorist, and his wife and father-in-law. Here also reposes the dust of an eminent Irish musician, William Michael Rorke (O'Rourke), the instructor of Balfe, and a composer of great merit; General Sir John Ly6aght Pennefather, a " gallant Tipperaryman," and a Boldier of brilliant achievements, is likewise buried here, a; is also Captain Francis Fowke, the architect and engineer. In Thistle Grove, on the right of the road, lived John Burke, the genealogist, whose two sons, Sir Bernard and Peter Burke, have both achieved distinction in literature, the latter as a bio- grapher and novelist, and the former in the "science" of genealogy. Burke's "Peerage" and similar works are among the most valuable works of reference in existence. Keeping to the left as the road winds in that direction, we pass on the right a former residence of John Wilson Croker, called "Munster House," which received the nickname of "Monster" House, owing, it is Baid, to the fact that two hideous composition lions adorned each gateway ; but we may be allowed to refer its name to its unprincipled owner, who, though a writer of immense vigour and ability, was a treacherous friend and an intensely bitter opponent of his CDuntry and countrymen. His famous edition of Boswell' s "Johnson" is the only work of his which is likely to live, though its author wrote with great versatility on many subjects and in many styles. He mote a great deal of poetry, which is now somewhat unjustly forgotten, a natural retribution for one who destroyed, or en- deavoured to destroy, the reputations of many of the great poets of the time he lived in. Hia house is in exactly the same condition as when he left it, and appears not to have had a tenant for T. CROFTON CROKER. many years. Croker was a Galway man,but was not proud of the fact, boasting rather of his English descent. In Parson's Green Lane is a small house called Audley Lodge, which was the famous "Rosa- mond's Bower" of T. Crofton Croker, who lived there for about nine years, and there collected his treasures and regaled his various friends and countrymen. The main road leads over the Thames to Putney, where John Toland, an eminent Irish philosophical and controversial writer of the latter half of the 17th century, died and was buried in 1722, aged 51. He was a natire of Donegal, and whatever may be thought of hia inferences and deductions regarding Christianity, his great learning and genius are unquestionable. Retracing our steps for a good distance along the Pulham-road, we reach Chdrch-street, Chelsea, on the right. In this street both Steele 81 Ireland in London. aud Swift resided, Chelsea being then as now, a favourite place of residence of literary men. At the bottom is Cheyne Walk, by the river side, a street hallowed by innumerable historical associa- tions. At old Chelsea Church here, where Dr. Nicholas Brady, the well-known translator of the Psalms, used to occasionally preach, were buried two great Irishmen, Sir Hans Sloane aud Henry Mossop, the tragedian. Both have fine tombs, the first outside, the second inside the church. Mossop died in destitution close by, and, as in the case of Sheridan, his friends resolved to give him, whom when living they neglected, a grand funeral, which they accordingly did, thereby proving the old saying, "He asked for bread, and they gave him a stone," once more applicable to genius in difficulties. Mossop was a great actor, but he pos- sessed a violent and overbearing nature, which led him into many troubles. Like other eminent men of his profession, he was frequently in a chronic state of impecuniosity, and when he died was the possessor of one small coin of the realm — a halfpenny — and no more. Sir Hans Sloane was the physician of Queen Anne, and attended her on her death-bed. He was created a baronet by George I., and was the first physician who ever received that distinction. The Botanic Garden, which is almost opposite the church, was given by Sloane to Chelsea, in return for which valuable present his statue was erected in the garden, and may be seen there to this day. In Cheyne-row, near the church, lived Thomas Carlyle for many years, and at his house, which is easily identified, John Mitchel and Sir Charles Gavan Duffy were occasional visitors. The grim "Sage of Chelsea" had a sincere regard for both of these distinguished Irishmen, and said of the former — "Poor Mitchel! I told him he would p -obably be hanged, but I also told him they could riot hang the immortal part of him!" Sir Hans Sloane lived in Cheyne Walk, at Manor House ; and at No. 4 here died Maclise, the great painter, in April, 1870, at the age of 59. Queen's-road (formerly Paradise-row) was the place of residence of Lord Carbery, the eminent scientist and President of the Royal Society, and in the same street died Samuel Cotes, the clever miniature painter, and brother of a still more notable painter. Any of the turnings on the left lead into King's-road, where two interesting places may be pointed out, Argyll House, at the corner of Oakley-street, wherein Richard Curran, eldest son of J. P. Curran, died on the 11th of December, 1846, and the Duke op York's School, which stands on the site of a house occupied in the 17th century by Lord Ossory, the celebrated soldier and courtier. But the most interesting building in Chelsea has yet to be noticed. The Royal Chelsea Hospital, which- lies between Queen* s-road and the river Thames, is to the Army what Green- wich Hospital is to the Navy— an asylum for wounded and aged warriors. It is a magnificent building, built by Sir Christopher Wren, the architect of St. Paul's, and its gardens are the most beautifully laid out of any public grounds in London. A great number — the majority, we should think — of the "old pensioners" are, and have always been, Irish, and some of the oldest of them are lavishly adorned with hard-won medals and decorations. On a monument in the grounds, which was erected in honour of the soldiers who fell at the battle of Chillianwallah (during the Indian Mutiny) a great number of the names inscribed are of a decidedly Celtic character, the O's and the Mac's forming a very large proportion of the total number. The hospital has had among its governors no less than three eminent Irish soldiers — Sir Andrew Barnard (a native of Donegal), Sir Edward Blakeney, and Sir J. L. Pennefather. Its chaplain during a part of the last century was the Rev. Philip Francis, the well-known translator of Horace, and father of the supposed author of "Junius' s Letters." Among other famous Irish- men connected with this historic pile was George Barrett, R.A., the landscape painter, appointed master painter to the Hospital through the in- fluence of Burke, who was ever ready to befriend a countryman of his, or anybody else in need of aid. It should be also mentioned that after Wel- lington's death his body lay in state here for a few days in presence of many of the veterans who had shared in his battles if not in his distinctions. Inside the Hospital are many interesting ob- jects, especially the tattered flags of many famous regiments, and the eagles captured from time to time from the French by Irish and other regi- ments. In the cloister is a monument to Sir Arthur Wellesley Torrens, who fell at Inkerman, in 1854. In the burial-ground attached to the hospital are many interesting tombstones and many Irish graves. Two Irish centenarians are buried here, one Peter Dowling, aged 102; and another, aged 111, who fought at the Boyne, and died a great many years after that great battle. Here also were buried Sir Andrew Barnard and Sir Edward Blakeney (Governors of the Hospital), and the Right Hon. James O'Hara, Baron of Tirawley, Ireland in London. 85 ivho died in July, 1773. But the most remark- able grave here is that of Christian Kavanagh (afterwards Davies), one of the most remarkable of female soldiers. She was born in Dublin in 1667, and entered the British army disguised as a man. She fought at the battles of Blenheim, Landen, Ramilies, etc., and was wounded several times, her sex being finally discovered. She re- ceived a pension in 1712, and married a soldier named Davies, and it was whilst visiting him here that she died in 1739. She was buried with full military honours, in the churchyard. CHAPTER XV. SOUTH LONDON AND THE SOUTH-WESTERN ENVIRONS. ROSSING Westminster 5ridge,ST.TH0MAs's Hospital is on our right. One of its most distinguished physicians in the past has been Dr. Adair Crawford, the chemist, a na- tive of Ulster, who was born in 1748, and died in 1795. The chief surgeon at present connected with this hospital is Sir William M'Cormac, a native of Bel- fast, and one of the greatest practitioners of the •day. The hospital has a fine river frontage, at its end being situated Lambeth Palace, the resi- dence of the Archbishops of Canterbury, and one of the oldest buildings in London. This pic- turesque-looking edifice has not many objects of peculiar interest to Irishmen, but although few, they are of relatively great importance. Here is Shee's excellent portrait of Archbishop Howley, whose name seems to betoken his Irish origin though he was born in England. The portrait of Bishop Berkeley, the great Irish philosopher, who was the first bishop of an American See, is also here. Berkeley was a native of Kilkenny, and one of the greatest of Irish Protestant Bishops. In a glass-case in the Library are the finely- illuminated "Gospels of MacDurnan," the work -of an Irish scribe of that name of the ninth cen- tury. It comprises the four Gospels of the Evan- gelist':, exquisitely written aud magnificently il- luminated, and ranks in value with some of the most unique Irish manuscripts in Dublin, Ox- ford, and the British Museums. This priceless treasure once belonged to Athelstan, King of the "West Saxons and English in the tenth century, who gave it to the city of Canterbury; hence its presence in the archiepiscopal residence. The il- lumination of manuscripts in these islands in the -early ages was almost exclusively confined to Irish monks, whose unremitting labours were given to the dissemination of useful and necessary know- ledge, and the preservation and production of most beautifully-executed art objects, the admira- tion and envy of succeeding ages. There are also in the Library the Carew Manu- scripts, in 42 volumes, compiled by Sir George Carew while Lord Deputy of Ireland under Eliza- beth, for the purpose of a History of Ireland, and a digest of which was published in 1633, under the title of "Pacata Hibernia," or "Ireland Ap- peased"— that is to say, after the plunderings and slaughters committed by the Elizabethan gene- rals. These volumes, which contain curious illus- trations of the old castles, cities, and fort ificat ion a that withstood the campaigns of the time, con- tain an immense fund of original historical mat* ter, and are said to be the most largely-read books (j%7- Jvrotrrfe HENRY BKOOKE, WITH AUTOGRAPH. in the Lambeth collection. The Library is open to the public on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fri- days, from 10 to 3. In Lambeth Church, close by the Palace, was 86 Ireland in London. buried Robert Barker, the distinguished artist, and inventor of the Panorama, who waa born in Kells, county Me&'h, in 1739, and died in 1S06. Returning to Westminster Bridge, and proceed- ing a little way through it, we reach Oakley- gtreet on the left, where Colonel Despard, with 32 other persons, were arrested in November, 1302, on a charge of high treason, when, being found guilty, Despard and seven of hi3 associates were subsequently executed on the top of Horse- monger-lane Jail, off the Borough, Southwark. Proceeding further, we come to St. George' s- HOad. Here is situated St. George's Cathe- dral, a fine specimen of the work of Pugin, the great architect. It is built on the precise spot where, in 1780, Lord George Gordon assem- bled his rabble in order to march to Parliament to oppose any concessions being offered to Catho- lics. The cathedral wa3 dedicated on July 4th, 1848, High Mass being sung by Dr. Wiseman, the first English Cardinal since the Reformation. He was here for two years after being installed as Archbishop of Westminster, and preached here his famous sermon3 on the re-establishment of the Hierarchy. One of the most prominent foun- ders and chief divines of St. George's Cathedral waa the Rev. Dr. Thomas Doyle, an Irish priest, in whose honour a memorial has been erected in the Cathedral. Hi3 exertions in getting together the funds necessary to build it were aa great and untiring as his efforta on behalf of the Irish of South London, by whom he has been always vene- rated. There is another point in connection with St. George's Cathedral which should not be for- gotten. One of the most munificent donors to its funds waa the Earl of Shrewsbury, the same nobleman to whomO'Connell addressed his famous letter, after he had been attacked by that nobleman in which he declared himself " the hired servant of Ireland, and glorying in his servitude." Lord Shrewsbury had accused O'Connell of living upon the bounty of the poorest of his countrymen, and this splendid and well-known letter, the most vigorous piece of writing we possess from O'Con- nell'a pen, was his sufficient answer. At the end of Westminster Bridge-road are Blackfriars-road (on the right of which, at No. 155, opposite the Surrey Theatre, was started the first London branch of the Home Rule organisa- tion) and Londox-road, where is situated the Southwark Irish Literary Club. This body, which meets in Bath-street Hall, has now been established some years, and may fairly claim to be the only purely literary and Irish society in London. Though its "lease of life" has not been very long, ita main objeots— the spread of a know- ledge of Irish literature and the cultivation of Irish literary talent — have been so far most suc- cessfully carried out; the result beingchiefly due- to the individual labours of its members, though ita work has been materially assisted by tha- various eminent Irish litterateurs who have honoured it by their presence, including such well-known and gifted Irishmen as Sir C. Gavan Duffy, T. D. Sullivan, Justin M'Carthy, Richard Dowling, Edmund Downey, J. A. O'Shea, Daniel Crilly, W. B. Yeata, and J. F. Molloy, some of whom are honorary members of the society. A little past Bath-street is a music-hall, which oc- SAIN'T GEORGE'3 CATHOLIC CHURCH, BOUTHWARK. cupies the site of the former Roman Catholic- Church of Southwark, which waa opened on 17th of March, 1793, the sermon being preached by the redoubtable Father Arthur O'Leary. At the top of thi3 road, to the left, ia the- Borough, a thoroughfare leading to London Bridge. Here, a few yards beyond Horsemonger-lane Jail, ia situated the Church of St. George the Mar- tyr, where two celebrated Irish personages were- buried. One waa Nahum Tate, the Irish poet of the 17th century, and the only Irishman of note who waa made Poet Laureate of England. In spite of the abuse that ha3 been showered upon him by various English critics, Tate waa by no meana so bad a poet a3 they would wish ua to be- lieve. Looked at from the preaent-day point of view, his poetry may be called dull, but he waa certainly equal, and, indeed, superior, to some of the English poeta (so-called) of his time, and his productions compare very favourably with those of Settle, Shadwell, Cibber, Pye, and other Eng- lish Laureates. He wrote a good many linea of "Absalom and Achitophel," Dry den' a master- piece; and although they do not equal the part* written by that master of satire and pungent Ireland in London. 87 ■verse, he must be a very prejudiced critic who will not admit them to be exceedingly creditable and above the average of satirical verse. Tate, who was born in Dublin in 1652, died in the Mint, -or debtor's prison, which stood close by here, in 1715. Mrs. Glover, the admirable Irish actress, who is also buried in St. George the Martyr's, was a native of Newry, county Down, where she was born in 17S1. As an impersonator of old-women ■characters, especially Mrs. Malaprop, in Sheri- dan's "Rivals," she has been almost unrivalled, and was in every respect a comedy actress of the highest order. She died on July 16th, 1850, leaving a son, William Howard Glover, who was ■an accomplished musician and a composer of great merit. At the end of London-road is the Elephant and Castle, and directly opposite is New Kent- road, leading direct to Greenwich, where one of the many interesting sights of London is situated. Greenwich Hospital is the asylum of the naval pensioners, and though not quite so many Irish memories cluster around it as in the case of Chelsea Hospital, it is nevertheless a place of absorbing interest. It was in former days a palace of Henry VIII., or rather stands on the site of his palacs, for it has been much altered. Part of its fine river front is the work of an Irishman — namely, Sir John Denham, the poet and archi- tect. It was from the old Palace of Greenwich that Henry VIII., in 1536 (the same year in which he grabbed the spoils of the monasteries) wrote a famous letter, still extant, to the people of Gal- way, ordering them to shave their lips, allow their hair to grow over their ears, and wear Eng- lish caps. They were also to wear gowns and hose of English fashion, and by no means to appear in garments of saffron dye. And hither, in 1541, came Con (Bacach) O'Neill, father of Shane the Proud, to make humble submission to Henry and be created Earl of Tyrone, "the first of his race who had received a title." The following year saw other Irish renegade chieftains — O'Brien, Ulick MacWilliam, and O'Donnell — received at the Royal Palace with lavish ceremonials, "the Queen' 8 apartments being gaily hung with arras and strewn with rushes." And here, after Mass, the King sat in state surrounded by his nobles, and the three chiefs came forward, and having given up their tribal lands, to which they had no title whatever, and accepted a royal patent of proprietorship for the same, and a fair promise of the share of the plundered Church property bia Majesty dubbed them respectivelyjEarls of Tho- mond, Clanricarde, and Tyrconnell, and girt Bwordsupon them, and put gold collars upon their necks; and after some right merry feasting the new-fledged peers returned home to experience a right lively reception from their disgusted and revolted clansmen. There have been several Irish governors of Greenwich Hospital, particularly two— Sir John Colpoys, and Matthew, Lord Aylmer, whose por- traits, with those of other notable Irish Admirals including Sir Thomas Graves, Sir Francis Beau- fort, Sir H. Blackwood, Sir Robert Stopford,Pand Sir Hugh Palliser, are to be seen in the Painted Hall. There have been at all times a large num- ber of Irish Admirals, as of Irish soldiers, in th.. British service, even in early days — when Sir Peter Warren and Sir Richard Tyrrell distinguished themselves— as in more modern times, when such celebrated Admirals as Sir J. Rowley, Sir Robert M'Clure, Sir M. O'Reilly, and Sir F. L. M'CHn- tock (still living) have upheld the fame of their race for dashing exploits. M'Clintock and M'Clure are, however, better known as two of the greatest of Arctic discoverers, a more honourable title than that of successful warriors. There are two excellent examples of Irish art at Greenwich Hospital which reflect immense credit on the artists who produced them. One is the magnificent bronze equestrian statue of Lord Exmouth, by Patrick M'Dowell, R.A., one of the most vigorous conceptions of that artist; and the other is the admirable marble statue of Admiral Sir Sydney Smith, by Thomas Kirk, R.H.A., a native of Cork, and a graceful artist. Kirk was born in 1784, and died in 1845, the present Irish sculptor, J. R. Kirk, R.H.A., presumably his son, following worthily the same profession. Thomas Kirk's finest works are in Ireland, and are all ex- cellent. Here also, in the Painted Hall, is the full- length portrait of Lord Hawke, the great Ad- miral, by Francis Cotes, R.A., an eminent por- trait painter, and the son of a Mayor of Galway, who came to London about 1720, and lived at Cork-street, behind Regent-street. His son Fran- cis, who was born there in 1726, died in 1770, aged 45, one of the best portrait painters of the time. The Hospital also contains a bust of Sir Joseph Banks, the great naturalist, executed by Peter Turnerelli, and Copley's portrait of Admiral Sir E. Berry. In Greenwich Church, close by, was buried General Wolfe, the great soldier, in 1759, wbo 83 Ireland in London. was of Irish descent; and it also contains the dust of Lord Aylmer. In Lewisham Churchyard, not far off, was buried, in 1802, the* luckless poet, Thomas Dermody, whose poems, though intrinsically worth little, gave evidence of remarkable precocity of genius. He was born in Co. Clare, and through neglect or other causes became unfortunately ad- dicted to drink at an early age. This besetting sin proved his ruin, as he died prematurely in great poverty. He was over and over again rescued from improvidence and dissipation, only to repay kindness with the basest ingratitude, and to fall back into his evil ways. His wretched life was, if we may believe his biographer, re- deemed by scarcely a single generous or worthy act, and ended, as it began, in misery. Some of his poems were written while quite a child, and, considered as mere juvenile efforts, are certainly wonderful. His maturest productions are very vigorous, but they do not entitle him to rank with the celebrated poets with whom he has been often inaptly compared. He never had a good word to say of his country or countrymen, and does not deserve their respect or their praise; he did not consider it wrong, apparently, to libel Ireland in order to curry favour with his English patrons. We may now return to London -road, and, turn- ing to the left, proceed towards Clapham. On the left, some distance down the main road, is Kensington Park, known in history as Kenning- ton Common, where the great Chartist meetings, presided over by Fergus O'Connor, used to be held in the revolutionary times of '48. In that year the great assembly that was to frighten the Government into submission was announced to be held, O'Connor vowing that he would bring an unlimited number of armed men to the meeting- place. The Government were certainly alarmed, and prepared themselves, enrolling an extraor- dinary number of special constables (Louis Napo- leon, subsequently Emperor of the French, vain- gloriously including himself amongst them), and amassing their horse and artillery; but compara- tively few Chartists answered their leader's ex- pectations, and the meeting was practically a fiasco. By the side of Kennington Park is a Hall called "The Horns," where Mr. Parnell addressed what was probably his first public mooting in London. The road by the side of Kennington Park runs through Brixton to Streatham, where is the Magdalen Hospital, which has had many eminent Irish physicians connected with it, and which possesses one of the best por- traits — a full-length one — of the distinguished Irish painter, Thomas Hickey, a native of Dublin, and an admirable artist, who flourished during the last century. His brother, Noah Hickey, who died in 1795, aged 39, was one of the most notable sculptors of the time. Clapham Common', at the end of Clapham - road, is chiefly remarkable in that the eminent scholar and divine, Dr. John Jebb, Bishop of Lime- rick, is buried at the church of the Holy Trinity there, a tasteful monument by Baily being erected to his memory. On the right of the Common, from Clapham-road, is Macaulay-road, where, at Kenley Lodge, lived for some years the lamented A. M. Sullivan, M.P. Both as author, orator, and politician, his reputation was equally great, and his death caused universal sorrow, as he was respected by all parties. Although hi3 works have received very high praise from the best authorities, especially his invaluable " New Ire- land," it is doubtful whether they have bee & W. F. NAPIER. fully and adequately valued. The latter work is a particularly fine one, some of its chapters being, most dramatic and thrilling in their intensity, and remarkable for their historical completeness and impartiality. His descriptions of the stormy scenes of '67 and of landlord extermination of tenantry are so powerful and enthralling that his readers are carried away by the rush of the narra- tive. On the opposite side of the Common is situat ' • : : Ireland in London. 91 CHAPTER XVI. THE 3KITISH MUSEUM. T should be a matter of pride for Irishmen to re- flect that the British Museum — the finest col- lection of national treasures in the world — owes its foundation to the intelligence and munifi- cence of an Irishman. Sir Hans Sloane was born in Killileagh, county Down, in 1660. Coming to London at the age of nineteen, he studied medicine, and became early distinguished for his zeal and industry in scientific research, and for his skill in medicine. When 27 years old he was appointed physician to the Governor of Jamaica, and on his return home a year later brought with him a collection of rare and valuable natural objects, which afterwards became the nucleus of the British Museum treasures. He again practised in London, and continued actively engaged in his profession until his 80th year. He was appointed physician to George I., and on the death of Sir Isaac Newton was elected President of the Royal Society. Remarkable for his care for the poor, he formed the plan of dis- pensaries for the gratuitous distribution of medi- cine to them, and he is said to have been no less estimable for his private than for his public virtues. He continued to add to the treasures brought with him from Jamaica until his death in 1753, and directed in his will that they should be offered to the nation on condition that a sum of £20,000 should be paid to hia family. The offer was accepted, and an Act of Parliament passed for their purchase, the necessary funds b;ing raised by the then common method of a lottery. SIR HANS SLOANE. Lest the bequest of the Sloane collection on the condition mentioned may be considered an act of as doubtful generosity as that of the individual who] *' Out of his bounty Built a bridge at the expense of the county," we hasten to state that, apart altogether from the extreme rarity of most of his collection, and the labour and time involved in its acquisition, Sloane had actually expended on its purchase the sum ot £50,000, and had at one time been offeied £60,000 for it, together with Borne honorary mark of Royal favour, by the then reigning King of France. Some idea of its nature, extent, and importance may be gathered when we mention that it con- tained, among other objects of worth and interest, 50,000 volumes of rare and valuable books, 3,516 scarce manuscripts, 32,000 coins, medals, precious stones, and gems of all kinds (the medals alone being valued, if sold merely by weight as bullion, at £7,000), 1,500 of the most exquisite cameos, 542 vessels of agate, jasper, &c. ; besides a collec- tion of 8,186 skeletons of animals, 1,172 of birds, 1,555 of fishes, and 5,439 of insects, all of the strangest character. I The Sloane Collection, together with others purchased or bequeathed about the same time, was placed in Montagu House, Russell-street, Blooms- bury, which was replaced by the present Museum, on the same site, in 1850, the former building proving inadequate for the increasing store of treasures, as indeed the present structure has since become, necessitating the removal ef th« whole of the Natural History collection to a separate splendid edifice in Cromwell-road, South Kensington. Among the various persons from whom addi- tions to the Museum collections have been since acquired four Irishmen aae noticeable. A valuable store of manuscripts was bought from William Petty Fitzmaurice, First Marquis of Lansdowne, a statesman of considerable political knowledge and detailed acquaintance with foreign affairs, who was born in 1737, and died in 1805, and who employed the later years of hie life in pur- 92 Ireland in London. chasing the libraries and MSS. of various persons. The sum of £4,925 paid for the " Lansdowne MSS." is noteworthy as the first grant made by Parliament for the improvement of the national collection of books in the Museum. In 1832 the nucleus of the stock of Irish MSS. was acquired by purchase from James Hardiman, author of the " History of Galway," editor of the well-known "Hardiman's Minstrelsy," and one of the most prominent members of the Royal Irish Academv in his day; and an addition to this col- lection was made in 1358 from the library of BRITISH MUSEUM, Henry Monck Mason, LL.D., an Irish barrister, author of a learned volume on the Ii ish Parlia- ment and a Grammar of the Irish Language, who died in that year. A splendid cabinet of Oiiental coins was bequeathed to the Museum in 183b' by Dr. William Marsden, a Dublin man, who had been nearly all his life in the East India Com- pany's service, and is noted for his great work on the Malay language, but most for his numismatic knowledge. The external appearance of the Blitish Museum, with its splendid columns and noble front, formed of 800 stones from five to nine tons in weight each, is impressive, and indeed, except on rare days of London sunshine, oppres- sive in the extreme, a feeling winch is scarcely re- moved by the grand yet sombre aspect of the in- terior of the building. THE READING-ROOM. Facing the entrance is the Reading-room, a cir- cular building, 110 feet in diameter by 106 feet high, the dome of which is the largest in the world, with the single exception of that of the Pantheon at Rome. Admission to view the room is readily granted, but permission to read requires the slight formality of a personal application, supported by the recommendation of a house- holder. Chance Irish visitors to London, with but limited stay, should know that even this formality L» waived where admission is required for pur- poses of study or reference. The number of printed books in the Reading-room and adjacent galleries is, of course, immense, reaching to over a million and a half, and ranking next in amount to that possessed by the National Library of France, which is said to bo the largest in t'ae world. The Museum is empowered by law to claim a copy of every book printed in the British Empire, SHRINE OF BELL OF ST. CULANUS. and hence its stock of books is yeai ly increasing at a iate that bids fair to monopolise all the available space in the building. It will be safe for the Irish student to assume that he will find heie a copy of nearly every Irish book that has ever been pul- lished either in the English or Irish language, and of every English and many foreign printed works which treat in any way of Ireland, her history,, people, resources, &c. There are, of course, ex- ceptions (and not a few remarkable ones', especially in the case of obscure or minute bool a- and pamphlets, although the number of even the: e to be found, chiefly gathered together in large mi; - cellaneous folio volumes, is extraordinary. Bt t until he is intimately acquainted with the my. - teries of the many and bewildering catalogues, ai rt has exhausted the patience of the obliging ai d much suffering attendants, the Irish reader shou'd not despair of finding even the rarest and least known work dealing with his country. Of the rare and curious Irish volumes a few deserve special mention. One of these is the first book ever printed in the It ish language and character. It is a tiny volume, called "O'Kearuey'* Ireland in London. 90 Irish Catechism," printed at DuLlin in 1571, from type presented Ly Queen Elizabeth (no less!), "with a view to instruct the native Irish." Then there are the New Testament in Irish (Dublin, 1602), being the first portion of the Bible ever printed in Irish, and a translation of the Chuich Prayer Book into Irish (160S) — all early attempts at proselytism; the first Irish dictionary, "O'Clery's Glossary" (Louvain, 1643), the first Irish Grammar, " O'Molloy's " (Rome, 1677); together with a number of rare Irish impiints of the 18th century. Of some of these books there is no other copy extant. Among later printed woiks of great value or interest are the Royal Irish Academy's facsimile reproductions of the ancient Irish books, the " Leabhar na-h-Uidhre," the "Leabhar Breac," the" Book of Leinster,"and " the Book of Ballymote;" the late Lord Dun- raven's book on Irish architecture — two very large volumes, containing magnificent photographs, with descriptive letterpress; Di Petrie's two great quarto volumes on "Christian Inscriptions in the Irish Language;" O'Donovan's "Annals of the Four Masters," in seven quarto volumes; Gil- bert's "Facsimiles of National Manuscripts;" the "Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy," and the Ossianic, Celtic, and other Irish learned so- cieties, &c. Irish newspapers were r^imlarly added to the CROZIER OF MAELFINNIA. Library about 1850. Besides files of current Irish papers and magazines to the number of 140, in- cluding the " Nation" from its commencement, with the exception of its famous first number and a few others, the Library possesses copies of most of the thousand and one ephemeral prints which have appeared in Ireland from time to time rising pioudly, and soon failing miserably through various causes, such as Lawless's " Ulster Regis- ter " (1S16-7), Fiancis Davis's "Belfast Man's Journal," the entertaining " Penny Journal," the "Satirist," "Spy," "Kottabos," "Salma- gundi," "Zozimus," "Zoz," "Hibernia," "Harp," "Celt," "Citizen," and Duffy's ex- cellent "Fireside" and "Hibernian Magazines." Here also may be had the sixteen numbers of Mitchel's "United Irishman," and the five issues of its successor, "The Irish Felon," edited by John Martin, and the "Irishman," from its first number to its last. There are also some curiosi- ties of Irish periodical literature to be met with, the most notable being the single number of the " Irish Monthly Mercury," a small quarto sheet of eight pages, published in Cork in 1649, contain- ing an account of the movements of the Crom- wellian army in the South of Ireland, and which, if it can be called a newspaper, is one of the earliest newspapers published in these islands. Before leaving the Reading-room, it should be mentioned that among its most celebrated fre- quenters may be enumerated some of the greatest Iiish literati from John O'Donovan and Eugene 0' Curry, in the past, to Lecky and JustinM'Carthy , in the present. Not a few of the Young Ireland party, during their visits to London, came here to avail themselves of its vast treasuies of Iiish literary material. Duffy, in his "Four Years of Irish History," relates how D'Arcy M'Gee was sent by him " as special correspondent to London duiing the session of Parlia- ment, but his political letters were a little wild and speculative. . . It was plain from certain voluntary contributions •which he sent to the ' Nation ' that he had plunged into the British Museum, and was more absorbed in the achieve- ments of Luke Wadding and Art Kavanagh than in those of Sir Robert Peel and Lord John Rus- sell." And so M'Gee was soon relieved of his uncon- genial "Parliamentary penny-a-lining," and has left us in his " Art MacMurrough" and "Irish Writers of the 17th Century," splendid testi- monies to the use made by him of his time in London. Several of the prominent officials of the Museum have also been natives of Ireland; among them was Arthur O'Shaughnessy, the well-known poet. He entered the institution as a transcriber at the y* Ireland in London. age of 20, through the influence of Lord Lytton, nd was afteiwaids promoted to the Natural His- tory Depattment, where he remained until hia death in 1881. His contributions to zoological science %re considered of great value. Sir Frederick Mad- deu, the eminent antiqary, who was Chief of the MSS. Department for about 40 years, was also of Irish descent ; and George Bullen, the dis- tinguished scholar, who has been Head of the Printed Book Department since 1838, and Louis Fagan, Assistant Keeper of the Print Room, a well-known author and artist, whose lectures on the contents of the Museum are so highly popular, are of Irish parentage. THE MANUSCRIPTS. More prized than the printed books is the Museum collection of Manuscripts, declared by competent judges to be the finest, without excep- tion, in the world, and of the extent of which no man has made himself master. They amount to over 50,000 volumes on every conceivable subject. Those relating to Ireland are very numerous and important, dealing with history, topography, politics, genealogies, literature, &c— a practically inexhaustible fund of original unpublished mateiial for our future historians and wi iters. Most of these volumes are naturally of the highest interest. Here may be seen a variety of original letters from many of the eminent men and women of Ii eland, contemporary accounts of important historical events, original drafts of many famous Irish works, besides a mass of those dry-as-dust documents into which genius breathes the breath of life and makes entrancing. There are eontem- poraiy copies of all the works of the historian, Sir James Ware, of Spencer's "View of Ireland," of Keating'a "History," and the production of ather old writers. Here are — the first Anglo-L ish composition in English verse, being a satire by a Kildare friar of the 14th century; a contemporary iccount of the great defeat of the Englishfat the Blackwatei in 1598; and copies of the debates in the Irish Parliament for a number of years. And some of the MSS. are of the utmost beauty and elegance, notably one written by a French officer in the Court of Richard I., giving an account of that monatch's ill-starred campaign in Ireland in 1399, with many curious illustrations in gold and 6ilver, one of them depicting the meeting of Art MacMurrough and the Earl of Gloucester, and another the arrival of ships at Waterford, bringing food to the famished soldiers of Richard, who rush into the sea in their eagerness to receive it. There are also a number of most curious mapa of Ireland, or parts of Ireland, dating from th« time of Henry VIII., downwards, which well repay inspection, and tell in a graphic way the story of the gradual tightening of the grip of England on the country. The MS. collection in the Irish language is the third largest known, numbering 170 volumes, the Royal Irish Academy being first with over 600 volumes, and Trinity College, Dublin, second with over 290. The Museum collection, the greater part of which originally belonged to James Hardi- man, contains much valuable matter dealing chiefly with the history, liteiature, romances, and poetry of Ireland, and was catalogued for the trustees in 1849 by the celebrated Irish scholar, Eugene 0' Curry, a copy of whose catalogue may be consulted in the Reading-room. Most of the MSS. are not very old, being merely transcripts made in the 17th or 18th century of earlier works, but there are a few both old and interesting. The most notable is a 12th centuiy copy of the famous Brehon Laws — the "Seanchus Mor, " or "Great Law Digest," compiled in 439 by St. Patrick, two bishops, three kings, and three sages — the oldest body of laws in Europe, and a code by which the Irish people were governed for 2,000 years. Then there are the "Leabhar Breac," or Speckled Book of MacEgan, of the 12th century; the " Leabhar MacPartholain," and Leabhar Ua Caemnaigh" of the 15th century; the only copy now extant of the "Tripartite Life of St. Patrick," the identity of which was discovered by O' Curry himself on his very first visit to the Museum; be- sides several tracts of the 13th and 14th centuries. Of the marvellously written and illuminated books, the work of the scribes of the early Irish Church, of which the Book of Kells in Trinity College is a world-renowned specimen, the Museum possesses two examples which are ex- hibited to the public, as will be mentioned further on. One of these is an ancient Psalter written in Latin, probably in the 8th or 9th century; the other and more remarkable one is the Four Gos- pels, written in Latin, by Maelbrigte Ua Maeluanaigh, a splendid illuminated specimen of minute writing, in the Irish hand, of the 12th century. At the foot of a small slip the transcriber, pardonably proud of his exquisite penmanship, has written in exceedingly small Irish characters — " If I wished I could do the whole like this." A large number of the so-called Anglo-Saxon manuscripts, both here and in other English libraries, are stated by the best authorities to be undoubtedly the work of some of the many Irish monks who established monasteries in Britain in Ireland in London. S5 the early Christian period, and Miss Stokes is of opinion that to this origin is due the Gospels of St. Cuthbert of Lindisfarne (7th century), one of the priceless treasures of the Museum. Of the immense number of autograph letters, manu- scripts, charters, and other documents, a selection interesting but necessarily limited is exhibited to the public in labelled cases in the Department of Manuscripts and the King's Library, to the right of the entrance hajl. Here are shown autograph letters of Dean Swift, Sterne, Garnet, "Welling- ton, and others; an agreement in Goldsmith's handwriting, and a dedication in "Junius's" handwriting of the famous Letters. There is a letter from Sir Richard Steele to Henry Pelham (May, 1720), inquiring whether the Duke of New- castle will recall the order of silence imposed on Drury-lane Theatre, and threatening to petition the judges, the Parliament, and the King before he would allow his lordship to send his children a-starving. Of great interest is one from Charles James Fox (October, 179S),tothe Duchess of du^CJ/j^^ Q&>scted. The foibles of the English middle- KICHAllD DOTLE, WITH AUTOGRAPH. class and the vagaries of men in power are the constant yet ever fresh themes of his pencil. All the leading Irish mezzotint engravers are represented in the Frint Room, besides other artists working in various other styles and belong- ing to different schools. The Irish school of en- graving, which has not ha 1 man/ equals, and of which James McArdell, Thomas Frye, Richard Houston, John Murphy, James Watson, John Dixon, Richard Purcell, and others of the same calibre may be taken as representatives, may be seen here to advantage in specimens of all of their works, as well as those of William Humphrey, John Brooks (who taught Frye, McArdell, and other fine artists), Captain William Baillie (of whose 107 plates 102 are here), and Luke Sullivan, last but not least of a splendid group of men who made Irish art of worldwide celebrity. In the same and other styles may be mentioned Thomas Burke, Nicholas Blakey, Thomas Chambers, A.R.A., Thomas Beaid, William N. Gardiner, James Egan, Caroline Watson, and William J. Cooke, all of whom are in evidence in the Print Room. Most of these were Dublin artists, who came to London in the last or at the beginning of thia century, in order to get that larger audience and increase of remuneration which they thought im- possible in Ireland. Nor must we forget the designs of such excellent architectural draughts-" men as John Carter and Hugh O'Neill, both of whom are here well and largely i-epresented. Among the specimens of Irish art exhibited on the walls of the galleries above referred to are some magnificent works. McAr- dell takes first place with his five plates after Reynolds, Murillo, Ho- garth, &c, all executed in his cleaiest and most finished style ; Captain Baillie's two remarkable prints after Salvator Rosa and Franz Hals being little inferior. John Murphy's " Abraham and Isaac " (after Rembrandt) is a masterly plate, and will rivet attention to the exclusion of surround- ing works; while Thomas Burke's three etchings of allegorical pictures by Angelica Kauffmann suggest more peaceful and pleasing reflections. Houston's four plates, the " Four Elements," after Mercier, are, like all his work, exceptionally careful and accurate; and Purcell' s two plates- one of them a fine portrait after Reynolds— have been well chosen as representing the power of the artist at its highest and most attractive point. For those who appreciate steel engravings and work of a similar character nothing more pleasing ; WOOD'S HALFPENCE. Ireland in London. 97' can be imagined than a visit, to these master- pieces; the subjects are excellent, the treatment more than worthy, and the artists themselves Irish, and a credit to their country. COINS AND MEDALS. The numismatic collection in the Museum is the finest known, and is formed in very large part from the collections of Sloane and Marsden. A large number of the coins exhibited in cases in Room VII. are of Irish interest. There may be seen six coins of Sitric, Danish King of Dublin, a farthing of Prince John (Lord of Ireland), and many well-executed specimens from the mints of Dublin, Drogheda, and Waterford, of coins of English monarchs from Henry III. downwards, noticeable among them being Charles the Second's " Money of Necessity," and the cele- brated "Wood's Halfpence," whose alleged base- ness* was utilised by Swift in his famous "Drapier Letters" in a manner familiar to every student of Irish history. The next apartment (Room VIII.) contains a goodly number of gold and silver medals, illus- trative of English history. Among those which have any association with Irish affairs are one of Ireton, as Deputy in 1650, one of the Duke of Ormond in 1682, and one relating to the French in Bantry Bay, 1798; but the most remarkable have to do with the campaigns of William of Orange in Ireland, every step of whose progress has been commemorated by the execution of a medal of more or less artistic design, as may be seen by the subjects of a few specimens:— De- parture of William for Ireland— Battle of the Boyne — Flight of James — Entry of William into Dublin — Amnesty to the Irish "Kebels" — Battle of Aughrim — "Pacification" of Ireland. The artistic work of Irish hands may be seen here in seveial medals executed by William Mossop, sen. (1751-1S04), whose productions, though few, are of the highest excellence, and whose son, William Stephen Mossop, R.H.A., fol- lowed his father's profession, and produced some fine work. ANTIQUITIES. In the room immediately at the top of the grand staircase will be found a collection of British and Irish antiquities. The Irish assortment includes a number of curious bronze objects — bridles, bits, sickles, bowls, collars, and helmets, iron swords and spear-heads, and some very pretty and • We sty " alltgtd baseness," because Sir Isaac New- ton is stated to have assayed the coins in England, and found them genuine. peculiar glass beads and enamelled ornaments. A more valuable and interesting collection, hew- ever, is to be found placed, strangely enough, in the "Anglo-Saxon" Room, next door. They comprise a number of bronze bells and croziers pins, brooches, and specimens of bookbinding of the early Christian period in Ireland. There are 22 of those artistic brooches so dear to the hearts of our antiquaries, including a remark- ARTHUIi O SHAUGHNESSY, WITH AUTOGRAPH. able bronze specimen from Drogheda, with rings four inches in diameter, and a pin nearly a foot long; a large number of beautiful pins, many of them harp-shaped, from Westmeath and Gal way; a figure from a shrine, found buried near St. John's Abbey, Thomas-street, Dublin; and the top of a processional cross, finely decorated. There are also seven bells of great antiquity, those of Saints Cummin and Caimin (King's County), St. Conaill of Inishkeel (Donegal), St. Molua (Queen's County), St. Senan of Iniscat- tery, St. Ruadhan of Lorrha (county Tipperary), and several others. Most of these bells were in the hereditary keeping of particular Irish families, and have an authentic history. Thus, the Breslins had charge of St. Conaill's Bell, and' the Keanes of Clare that of St. Senan, called the Clogh Oir, or Golden Bell ; the former bell W P8 Ireland in London. sold in 1835 by Connell O'Bresliu, a poor man, but the oldest representative of the family, and so came into possession of the Museum. One of the most interesting of these bells i3 cer- tainly that of Ruadhan, as it is supposed, on high authority, to be the identical bell which that saint rang as he made his circuit of the Hill of Tara in the 6th century, and, in punishment for the forcible carrying off of a kinsman of the saint's, by King Diarmaid of Tara, cursed that ancient residence of the Irish monarchs, after which it was deserted for evermore. For the better preservation of these relics it was the peculiar custom of the Irish Church to enclose them in cases or shrines, highly ornamented, and adorned with gold, silver, enamels, and gems. A beautiful example of one of these shrines is to be seen here, being that of the Bearnan Cualaun or gapped bell of St. Cualaun, brother of Cormac, King of Cashel in the 9th century. The design and tracery on this shrine are of the highest type of Irish art of the 12th century. There are also five croziers, or parts of croziers, the best pre- served of which is that of Maelfinnia, an Irish ecclesiastic of Kells, a.d. 967, which is remark- able as being the oldest one extant, exhibiting in its work three periods in the history of Christian art in Ireland. First, there is the oaken staff or walking-stick of Maelfinnia, the founder of the church to which it belonged; secondly, a covering of delicate and beautiful design of the best period of Irish art; and, thirdly, an outer case of 14th century workmanship, into the panels 'of which exquisite filigree golden traceries, taken from the older cover beneath, are fitted. It bears an in- scription in Irish which may be translated — "Pray for Maelfinnia and Cudulig." But older and stranger than bell, bead, or crozier are the four upright Ogham Stones — blocks of red sandstone from five to nine feet in length, and inscribed on their edges with mystic Ogham characters — which, presented by Colonel A. Lane Fox, and brought over from Roovesmor Fort, Aglish, county Cork, may be seen in the first room to the left of the entrance hall, in company with a number of antique Greek and Roman busts; and after an examination of which we may take our leave of the British Museum. CHAPTER XVII. SOUTH KENSINGTON MUSEUM. HIS Museum may be said with truth to contain the finest collection of modern Irish art in the world. All the greatest of our artists are represented here by fine works — some of them by numberless examples. No- where, for instance, can Mulready and Maclise be seen to such advantage as here, and in no other place is there such a miscellaneous collec- tion of Irish art. No more pleasurable task can be conceived than a visit to the picture-galleries of the Museum, and a study of the many master- pieces, the products of Irish geniu3, hanging on the walls. Not only are all the most renowned artists of Ireland in evidence here, but almost every Eng- lish painter of modern times is also represented by one or more pictures. The collections are essentially modern, nearly all the painters belong- ing to the present or the latter half of the last century. The building itself, which is a series of magnifi- cent courts and galleries, was designed by the gifted Irish architect, Capt. F. Fowke, and partly erected under his supervision. The principal entrance, however, has a very mean and sordid appearance, SOUTH KENSINGTON MUSEUM. and gives little or no idea of the beauty within. The Museum, in fact, was never finished, and the exterior, from the entrance, looks very prosaic, straggling, and unworthy of Ireland in London. 99* its purpose and its designer, having the ap- pearance rather of a succession of warehouses, with an outhouse for entrance, than of what it really is — a fine edifice exquisitely adapted to its uses. These remarks do not apply to that portion of the Museum which abuts on Exhibition Road, for it has there a palatial exterior, proving that had the eminent architect lived to finish it, it would have been, externally as well as internally, one of the finest buildings in London. Entering the Museum, and passing through the first court, which is devoted to replicas of various remarkable monuments, we reach several light and spacious courts, in which some of the most mag- nificent treasures of the country are stored, includ- ing jewellery of all kinds and of all countries, works of vertu, delicate glasswork, and other price- less art objects, Borne of them of a minute but beautiful character. At the end here are several sases full of medals and decorations, a gift to the Museum from Surgeon-Major J. W. Fleming, of the 4th Royal Irish Dragoon Guards. The collection is very valuable, and amongst its most inte- resting objects are several fine gold and silver medals executed by William Stephen Mossop, R.H.A., having for their subject the Siege of Derry, and the famous defender of the city, Rev. George Walker. Almost all kinds of English medals and decorations are here, as well as many foreign ones, one of the most curious of the latter being that awarded to an Irish soldier by the Emperor of China. A goodly number of the medals were issued in celebration of the vic- tories of the two great soldiers, Wellington and Viscount Beresford, both, it is needless to say, of Irish birth. In a wall-case, quite close to the medal collec- tion, arc a number of reproductions of the finest of the ancient Irish brooches. They are the work of eminent Irish goldsmiths, and as they resemble, as closely as modern art and modern ingenuity allow, the magnificent works of early Irish art, they should be seen by every Irishman who visits the Museum. The replica of the famous Tara Brooch, though it cannot equal in beauty that unique piece of workmanship, is well worthy of the closest attention, and will excite the admira- tion of every lover of perfection in art, mingled with wonder that such remarkable beauty of design should be found in a production manifestly due to what are strangely called the "dark" ages. To the left of the court is the corridor where the sculpture is located. Just near the entrance to this corridor are numerous specimens of musical instruments, among them bein" three fine Irish harps, one a fac-simile of the cele- brated harp of Brian Boroimhe now in the Royal Irish Academy. The other two are very valuable instruments, but possess no historical or extrinsic interest. The Sculpture Corri- dor contains, with ether works of art, three nota- ble specimens of Patrick P. MAC DOWELL, WITH AUTOGKArH. (?VJ, and won a good reputation by his small and care- ful works. Before leaving (for the present) the name of Mulready, it should be stated (what is not generally known) that Duncan Gray in Sir D. Wilkie's "Refusal" (a subject taken from Burns's song, "Duncan Gray") is a good portrait of Mulready. It is in the next room to the Mulready collection. Also, it is well to note that among the portraits of the great artists of ancient and modern times which decorate the great courts, and were executed here in mosaic by the eminent Welsh artist, Owen Jones, is a fine one of Mul- ready. It is a characteristic likeness, and may be easily seen from the gallery where Phillipoteaux' " Battle of Fontenoy" is placed — the latter picture, by the way, leading an unsophisticated observer to suppose that there were no Irish troops present at the memorable struggle it represents. In the Sheepshanks Gallery are three very fine pictures by Francis Danby — namely, his "Dis- appointed Love," " Scene in Norway," and " Calypso," the last being of transcendent beauty, a most poetically-conceived landscape, with Bplen- did effects of sunset, and Calypso wandering along the sea-shore, grieving for the loss of Ulysses. Ih the neighbouring room is the same painter's ter- ribly gloomy "Upas Tree of Java," a most depres- sing picture — sad in subject, and hung, like others of Danby's, in a rather poor light. In this and the adjoining rooms may be also seen other fine productions of Irish art, especially James Barry's portrait of himself, and his "Adam and Eve," and the two excellent paint- ings by Richard Rothwell, R.H.A., one, " Noviciate Mendicants," a charming study of two children. Rothwell was a native of Roscommon, and an artist of really great power, Sir Thomas Lawrence, the great portrait painter, especially admiring some of his works. There are also here some magnificent paintings by W. C. Stanfield and William Collins, both of them Acadeniieans, of Irish parentage, and excelling in lake sad coast 104 Ireland in London. g cenery. Collins has likewise painted some ex- quisite rural scenes, some of which may be seen here ; and, without particularising Stanfield's lovely Italian and Rhine views, we may briefly say that they stamp the artist as one of the greatest of the century. Two or three of the exquisite gems of painting by that fine artist, J. A. O'Connor, are also to be found here. One, a view of "Clew Bay, West- port, Co. Mayo," is a truly glorious work, and thoroughly explains the admiration of all con- noisseurs for his pictures, and the eagerness to ob- tain them. To many writers O'Connor's life has been a mystery, for it would seem th;-.t very few know anything about him. We are in a position to be able to give an account of his life. He was the son of an engraver who lived at Aston' s- quay, Dublin, and was born in 1792. He wa3 first taught engraving, but took to paint- ing in preference, and early came to London with his friend Daub}-, returning after a while to Dub- lin. He made a second visit to London in 1822, and stayed for some time, making several j our - neys abroad — to Brussels and elsewhere, in com- pany with his wife. In spite of his powers he was neglected by his contemporaries, and finally died poor and unfriended in humble lodgings in Chelsea (see Chapter XIY) on January 7th, 1841, nearly 49 years of age. A sum of money was col- lected for the benefit of his wife and family, who had been left unprovided for. His landscapes are wonderfully clear and vivid, and give him a right to a place amongst the most conscientious artists of the century. On the staircase adjoining the Sheepshanks Gal- lery are several portraits of interest. One is by J. Catterson Smith, late President of the Royal Hibernian Academy, and a clever painter, whose son survives him, and almost equals him in his work; another by Thomas Clement Thomson, R.H.A., a well-known Irish portrait painter of a generation or two ago; and two full-length, life-size portraits of Viscount and Viscountess Dungannon, the former picture having been presented to the Vis- countess by her husband's admiring tenantry. The Jones Collection also contains several Irish pictures of importance, particularly Mulready's "Convalescent from Waterloo," and Collins's " Fishwomen of Boulogne" — both works of uncom- mon merit, and in some respects equal to the artist's best work. A splendid portrait of the en- chanting Irish actress, Peg Woffingtou, is also here, and is certainly one of the best likenesses of her extant. The magnificent collection of books, MSS, and [ pictures left by John Forster (the biographer of Dickens and Goldsmith) is of absorbing interest to Irishmen. In glass cases are displayed various autograph letters of Moore, Goldsmith, Swift, Burke, Maclise, Wellington, Macready, and many other great Irishmen. Here, too, are several relics of Goldsmith, such as his chair, writing- desk, and walking-stick, and in the different cases are autograph copies of the works of Sterne, Steele, Swift, and others of equal renown. Forster wrote the lives of the two latter Irishmen, and naturally took a great interest in their works, and obtained first editions of their most famous writings. Thus, there is here a copy of "Gul- liver's Travels," with many MS. alterations and corrections by Swift, some of the variations being very curious. Among other remarkable relic3 of the great satirist are his diaries, his "Private Expenses" book, portraits of Stella, &c. The " Private Expenses " book is so curious and in- teresting, and so indicative of the habits and tastes of Swift's time, that we are tempted to ex- tract a page from it, giving the items in the original spelling: — From March 1st to 8th. & S I> 1st. Veal, Is 7d; Washing 5s 5d: Coffee. 0s7d 7 7 2nd. Suxei, Os lod ; Cream, Os 2d ; Coffee, 0s3d 1 S 3rd. Bread, Os 4d ; Coffee, Os 7d ; Cream, 0s Id 1 » 4th. Sprouts, &c. 0s 2d; Fish, Is 4d ; Flower, 9 18 10 &c, Oa 2d 5th. Nutmeg, Os 2d; Oranges, Os o'd; Viniger, 0s2d 6th. Ale, Os b'd; Salt, 0s Id; Barly, Os 2d; S. 1- mon, IsOd 19 7th. Coals, 5s 6d: Veal, 2s 3d; Mutton, Is ljd: Oranges, Os 3d ..'. ... 9 2; Sth. Wheat, Os 2d; Butter, Os 7»d; Ale, 0s4d; Milk, 0s Id ... ' I 2J l 4 t; In movable portfolios at each end of the Forster Room are hundreds of Maclise' s drawings, some of them of the utmost beauty and precision ; others mere rough sketches. The original draw- ings for the "Fraserian" Portraits are in these portfolios, or are hung in frames on the walls around, besides numberless other portraits not to- be found elsewhere, from the same skilful pencil. In the portfolios are the portraits of James Roche, Dr. Lardner, Mrs. S. C. Hall, T. C. Croker, O'Connell and Sheil, Sir Egerton Brydges, and other notables; while the walls are adorned by lifelike presentiments of " Father Prout," Eyre Evans Crowe, Thomas Moore, and other contributors, English and Scotch, to "Fraser's Magazine" in its heyday. Here also may be seen some of Maclise's exquisite designs for " Moore's Melodies," Hall's "Ireland," and Ireland in London. 105 other works which he illustrated, and first drafts and sketches of his celebrated pictures. There are, besides, a number of clever sketches of Irish scenery, character, and incident, which were probably intended for use in future pictures. One or two of these, notably " Donny brook Fair" and "The Irish Piper," are really fine, and had they been embodied in some large painting, would certainly have increased his immense reputation. The portraits of the " Fraserians" are exceptionally valuable; Maclise had the gift (more than any other artist, perhaps, of modern times) of dashing off a most startlingiy lifelike portrait, and several great authorities have not hesitated to express the opinion that he is at his best in these rapid sketches, for there he is un- approachable. On the walls are also some fine oil paintings by Maclise, as " Macrcady in 'Werner,' " "Scene from Ben Jonson's ' Every Man in his Humour' " (with John Forster as Kitely;, and " A Girl at a "Waterfall," the last-named being the most pleas- ing of all. But the best things, perhaps, among the pictures are six exquisite little landscapes by James A. O'Connor, already referred to. The two largest of these pictures, "Night" and "Morning," are beyond praise. Few artists fainted moonlight or the aspects of morning better than O'Connor, and, knowing his superiority in that respect, he frequently chose such subjects as themes for his brush. There are likewise a number of excellent sketches by W. C. Stanfield, another of Forster' s great friends and intimates, and a most beautiful painting entitled, "Ancona and the Arch of Trajan," also by that great master of landscape and seascape. Nor should the characteristic and evidently faithful portrait of Swift, by an unknown artist, be forgotten in reviewing the contents of this room. The Forster Library, adjoining, contains numerous Irish works, and not a few curiosities. Among the latter may be mentioned Hayes's " Ballads of Ire- land," inscribed to "John Forster, Esq., with the best regards of C. Gavan Duffy, May, 1865." This work, in two volumes, contains a few MS. notes by Duffy, some of them explaining several mysterious "noms-de-plume" of the early " Nation." In the Dyce Collection are many auto- graph copies of the works of famous Irishmen, and perhaps the finest collection of the Irish drama- tists in existence, some works here not being in the British Museum. Among the miniatures, too, in this collection is an excellent portrait of Sir Bi chard Steele. The Art Library, which is on the ground floor of the Museum, contains a great many valuable works relating to Irish art, but no very rare Irish books. The reader wiil not fail to have noticed that the Museum is particularly rich in the works of Irish landscapists and subject-painters, but pos- sesses very few portraits by or of Irishmen. The National Portrait Gallery at Bethnal-green, in East London, on the other hand, contains many fine examples of Irish portrait painters, and numerous portraits of celebrated Irishmen; and our next chapter will be devoted to a description of its most interesting treasures. CHAPTER XVIII. BETHXAE GEEEN MUSEUM. ETHNAL GREEN MUSEUM is situated at the end of Bethnal Green road, in that portion of London denominated the 'East End. ' It is a modest-looking build- ing enough, more unpre- tentious externally than its rare and valuable contents deserve. Apart from those treasures to which it has a perpetual right, it is at present the temporary home of the magnifi- cent collection of national portraits removed here *ome years ago from South Kensington until such time as a worthy repository could be erected for their keeping. Bed-tapeism, however, is as rampant as ever, and the future home of these in- teresting series of portraits is not only not yet built, but the site is hardly yet decided upon. To the ordinary visitor this collection possesses many attractions. The majority of the great personages of English history are here depicted by leading painters. To the Irish visitor who ie familiar with the marvellous record of the achieve- ments of his countrymen, the interest of the col- lection is deeper still. Not merely are the Irish- men who fill so large a portion of modern history represented here, but the best portiait painters of Ireland are also seen to advantage here. 10G Ireland in London. JAMES GILLRAY. Some of them bear English names, a fact easily- explained when we consider that in the last century Dublin was a real art centre, many Eng- lish artists settling there; and their sons, being born there and following their fathers' art, are naturally considered Irish. At the present day several eminent English painters bear most characteristically Irish names, showing their Irish descent, though they are always considered as Englishmen. Many of the painters in the National Portrait Gallery are of foreign extraction, but only the portraits of those men and women who were born in these islands and played some pro- minent part in their history are considered worthy of a place on the walla. We may first deal with the pro- ducts of Irish art, and afterwards proceed to indicate the remaining portraits which have any interest of a pe- culiar kind to Irish- men. The total number of portraits is between 700 and 800 — a number, be it remarked, rapidly increasing. One of the earliest Irish artists represented here is one called "E. Lutterel," who can be no other than the eminent artist of the 17th century, Henry Luttrell, who executed some inimitable crayon drawings, and was besides one of the very earliest of the engravers who flourished in England. Of Luttrell (who was a native of Dublin) there are no less than three excellent specimens — one being a portrait of "Samuel Butlei-," the luckless author of the humorous epic, " Hudibras." Two of Luttrell' s portraits are in crayon, the medium in which he best succeeded. Another Irish artist of the 17th century was G. Murphy, whose curious and apparently lifelike portrait of the saintly "Archbishop Plunket" is one of the most import- ant of the acquisitions of the Gallery; Francis Bindon, a clever artist of the same period, and a native of Limerick, being represented by his por- trait of "Archbishop Boulter," of Armagh. Bin- don was also an architect of great merit, but his portraits are his most enduring works, those which he executed of the great Irishmen of his day being in every way admirable. Of 18th century artists there are a great number here. The m:ich-abused Charles Jervas, who was born in Lublin about 1675, and who died in 17C9, is l.ere represented by four excellent work3, all of large- size. Chief among them ia his portrait of "Swift," which completely refutes the de predatory estimates of the artist's powers, that used to be very commonly formed, but are now repented of by certain critics. Though by no means a great painter, Jervas ha3 left a fine- series of portraits of contemporary notabilities, well drawn and well painted. His vanity was ex- cessive, but that ia hardly sufficient reason for de- crying his talents, which were far above mediocrity. His other portraits require no particular comment, being likenesses of English royal and other per- sonages of his time. Thomas Frye's fine portrait of "Jeremy Ben- tham" worthily sustains that great artist's re- putation. As we have already said in a foregoing chapter, Frye was one of the best engravers and one of the most versatile artists of the last century. James Barry's portrait of himself at- tracts and deserves attention, both on account of its intrinsic merit as a work of art, the singular physiognomy of the artist, and, we may add, the misfortunes of his stormy career, which are de- lineated in his strongly-marked features. The face- is thoroughly Celtic in type, resembling in that respect the portrait at South Kensington Museum^ though differing altogether from it in colour. The small miniature of "James Gillray,' executed by himself, is one of the very few ex- tant portraits of that vigorous satirist of the pencil, and one of the few attempts of the artist at portraiture pure and simple. His chalk-draw- ing of "William Pitt," also here, is another good example of the same gift. Of the two fine portraits by J. S. Copley, R.A., that of "Lord Mansfield"" is certainly the most (After a portiait by him- pleasing, though the "' other, of an old warrior with blood-red countenance, may be more life- like, and better in other respects. That extremely fine artist, Nathaniel Hone, R.A., has three portraits here, that of himself being remarkably clear and of more interest than the other two. The latter are respectively "Horace Walpole," the bitter critic, and "Rev. John Wesley," founder of the well-known sect which bears his name, and are both admirable^ paintings. But Hone probably succeeded better JOHN SINGLETON' COPLEY. Inland in London. 107 in miniature painting, those portraits of his which •come into that category being universally con- sidered his best, and estimated at great value. Thomas Lawreuson's portrait of John O'Keeffe, -the fertile dramatist, is another valuable work of Irish art to be found in this Gallery. Lawren- -son, who flourished during the last century, did .some very good work as a portrait painter, and left a son, William Lawrenson, who became equally eminent in the same branch of art. Greater than either, however, was Hugh Douglas Hamilton, R.H.A, whose portrait of "Lady Temple" is worthy of all admiration. Hamilton's works are much sought after now, as they are rightly considered of superior excellence. Of the Irish painters of this century Sir Martin _Archer Shee is the best represented, there being no fewer than five of his works here, respectively entitled "Thomas Morton" (the dramatist), "Sir Thomas Picton" (the soldier), "Lord Denman," .and " Lord Kenyon" (judges), and "Sir Francis Uurdett" (the well-known politician). Each portrait has its fault, as well as its beauties. This much may be said of Shee's powers as an artist, that when he i* at his best he is hard to equal'; but owing to his popularity in private life — a popu- larity due to his gift of painting good like- nesses, he painted too much for his reputa- tion. His portraits are comparatively nu- merous, and necessarily obtain less attention sometimes deserve. They are as : Reynolds's, but not so good, ite of the derogab ry maimer in almost habitually referred to by modern critics, it may be safely asserted that not only was he an excellent painter, 'but that Reynolds was occasionally a very bad one. Both produced so much that some of it was neces- sarily unworthy of their respective reputations; and the same thing may be said of most eminent artists. Unfortunately, the majority of those who .rail at Shee and Jervas, as at other Irish painters and who, in fact, make Irish genius their scape- goat, will not allow that Reynolds or any other of their favourite artists ever failed in power or -«ver descended to mediocrity — a fact, however, KATHAXIEL HONE than they common j And in s which Shee vouched for by other critics of equal importance. The critics alluded to will never admit, what is patent to the unprejudiced eye, that Turner is sometimes ludicrously inferior to other land- scapists, and though never commonplace, is often grotesque and fantastic; but they never have the slightest hesitation in saying, or admit the least reason for doubting, that some Irish artists are beneath contempt. Richard Rothwell is another eminent Irish por- trait painter who has never received his due from English critics. His portraits of the famous Irish soldier, "Viscount Beresford," and of the "Right Hon. William Huskisson," the statesman, prove his great skill as a portrait painter, and show that he well deserved the high praise given to him by Sir Thomas Lawrence, one of the greatest of por- trait painters. "William Hazlitt, the excellent critic, and John Hazlitt, his brother, are both represented here the first by his portrait of " Charles Lamb" and the other by a portrait of "Joseph Lancaster," both works being admirably executed. The essayist's portrait of the "Gentle Elia" is an evidence of what he could have done in art if he had chosen to keep to that profession; as for John Hazlitt, he has always had the reputation of a clever and careful artist, and there is therefore no need to insist upon his merit. The fine portrait of "Father Mat- hew' ' by Edward Daniel Leahy is the work of an- other excellent Irish artist, who is supposed to have been born in London, though that is doubtful. He was clearly of Irish origin, and it is not unlikely that he was a Corkman ; but no indication of his Irish extraction is given in any English work. He practised, we be- lieve, both in London and Dublin, and we find, after a slight investigation, that he contributed to the first exhibition of the Royal Hibernian Academy in 1826. He died in 1S75, aged 77, at Brighton, and isgenei-ally recognised as a very good artist. His portrait of the great Apostle of Temperance is very well executed, although Leahy was not properly a portrait painter, the majority DUKE OF OKMOND. 103 Ireland in London. of his works being landscapes or subject pic- tures. The exquisite miniature of "Daniel O'Connell" (which is of more than ordinary size) was the work of Bernard Mulrenin, R. H A., and it is certainly- one of the best things of the kind in the collec- tion. The gifted artist who executed it need not fear comparison with the majority of the artists whose works surround it. It is an exquisite pro- duction, and renders to the life the familiar smil- ing and genial features of the "Liberator." The last of the pictures by Irish artists is the splendid portrait of "George Eliot" by Sir Frederick W. Burton, the present Director of the National Gallery, who was born in Ireland (pro- bably in Limerick) in 1816, and who executed some exquisite drawings of the leading Young Irelanders. Exee-.ent specimens of his char- acteristically fine works may be seen in the Na- tional Gallery of Ireland, the present portrait of "George Eliot" being the only one of his pictures in any London public institution. One of his finest works was burned at a disastrous fire some years ago at a warehouse where it had been temporarily deposited, and the rest of his produc- tions are comparatively few and far between. Of the lifelike character of this drawing of the great novelist there can be very little doubt. There are two admirable busts here by Irish sculptors. That of "Samuel Lover," by Edward A- Foley, brother of the great Foley, is splendidly carved, and appears to be a faithful presentment of the famous humorist ; while the inimitable bust of "Thomas Moore," by Christo- pher Moore, the well-known sculptor, represents the artist at his best. C. Moore was born in Dub- lin in 1790, and died about 1S62. He excelled in portrait busts, all those of his execution being lifelike, as his power of seizing a likeness was remarkable. His statues are by no means so good as his busts, the pose being considered ungraceful and the figures badly executed. The finely en- graved portrait of " Lord Hard wick e " here, by William Nelson Gardiner, the Irish engraver, is a credit to that distinguished artist, and worthily concludes the list of Irish works of art in the National Portrait Gallery. We now come to the many portraits of Irishmen and women which were executed by others than Irish painters, and which commemorate, by their presence here, the services rendered by the former to either England or Ireland. Some of them have been already mentioned in our account of the Irish art contained here, and do not therefore re- quire further mention. The remainder may be COLONEL BLOOD. very briefly dealt with, as they are of less in- terest than the foregoing. A3 so many Irish men and women played a very conspicuous pare in the history of this country, or contributed very largely to it3 literature or to its amusements, their por- traits naturally occupy a proportionately large space. Irish soldiers are well represented by the excellent portraits of Lord William Cado- gan, a native of Dublin and a brilliant soldier, who was the chief lieutenant of Marlborough at Blenheim and other battles ; Sir Eyre Coote, the- famous Anglo-Indian conqueror ; Sir Henry Lawrence, who did as much as any soldier in establishing English rule in India ; Thomas Butler, Earl of Ossory, the great admiral and general of the 17th century; James Butler, the second Duke of Ormond, another eminent soldier of the same period ; General Wolfe, the victor of Quebec (of whom there are three portraits) ; the invincible^ Wellington (of whom there are four portraits); and lastly, Sir Charles J. Napier, the conqueror of Scinde. There are a number of Irish statesmen, diplomatists, and orators also, whose portraits occupy a prominent position on the walls, among- them being that great statesman and soldier, James Butler, first Duke of Ormond, who was so- prominent in the history of his time; R. B. Sheri- dan, Edmund Burke, J. P. Curran, the first and third Marquises of Lansdowne (the former a Prime Minister of England during the latter half of the 18th century), George Canning (a bust), George Ti^rney (another bust), Lord Charlemont, J. W. Croker, Sir Philip Francis, Lord Macartney, and Sir George L. Staunton, the great traveller and scholar. The learned Archbishop Usslier and Bishop Berkeley, the eminent philosopher,, fitly represent the long series of Irish Protestant divines, while such dramatists as Congreve, Cum- berland, and Arthur Murphy, and such dis« tinguished writers as Steele and Edmund Malone, the last of whom has done so much for early English literature, and particularly for the works of Shakespeare, by his investigations and researches, are very properly placed in this gallery of great men. The reckless desperado, Colonel Blood, whose savage appearance at once arrests attention, as an historical character of renown r Ireland in London. 109- and Sir Hans Sloane, as one of tlie greatest scientific men of the past, are naturally included in the collection, which is one of the finest of its kind to be found anywhere. There are, besides the works we have mentioned, several gifted and famous Irishwomen whose portraits are also to be seen here. The most noteworthy of them i s that of "La Belle Hamil- ton," the beautiful Coun- tess of Grammont, the two portraits of Peg Woffington, the portrait of Miss O'Xeill, another great actress, and the line bust of Mrs. Jameson, the well-known authority on art subjects. Isor should we omit to mention that there is a fine portrait of James Barry besides the one already referred to, and an equally fine one of Daniel Maclise. The two immense paintings of the "Anti-Slavery Convention, 1S63," and "The House of Com- mons, 1833," contain many portraits of famous Irishmen, including, of course, some of those we have already mentioned. Finally, the Gallery possessessome interest ingautographsof Wellington, Moore, Charlemont (a letter of his to Flood), James Barry, Lansdowne, and J. W. Croker, and others of equal note, all of them exhibited in open cases. In the Dixon collection, downstairs, there are some very beautiful specimens of Irish art. Apart from the excellent landscapes of George Barrett, K. A., there are several exquisite river scenes by LORD CHARLEMONT. Thomas and James F. Dauby, the gifted sons of the great landscapist of the same name, both of them possessing the poetic imagination and power as colourists which rendered their father so ecle brated. F. Nowlan's clever picture, "A Lady with a Fan," is a little gem of the collection, and the "Dunluce Castle" of an English artist, is of really superior excellence. But the best things to be seen here, so far as Irish art is concerned, are the two small works by Richard Doyle and Edwin Hayes, R.H.A. The picture of the former is entitled "Wood Elves," and depicts, in a manner that defies imitation or even adequate description, some really genuine fairies gambol- ling in the woods — executed only as Doyle could do it, and showing all the accustomed humour, skill, and insight of that most accomplished and genial artist. Edwin Hayes's "View of St. Malo" is a masterly work by one of the greatest marine painters of the age. As a painter of the sea in all its moods, but especially in storm, Mr. Hayes has no living superior, and it is doubtful whether any English painter even equals him. His son, Claude Hayes, is also a distinguished artist, generally choosing landscape for his subjects, who is des- tined to reflect as much honour on Irish genius and art as his distinguished father has done. Before leaving the Museum, the work by the eminent water-colour painter of the day, Frank Dillon, which has for its subject a scene of Japanese life, should not be unmentioned ; and a glance at the fine collection of Irish poplins enshrined in one of the cases here concludes the list of objects of peculiar interest to Irishmen which may be seen in this institution, the whole forming one of the : most suggestive collections in London. CHAPTER XIX. BURLINGTON HOUSE, GARRICK CLUB, AXD WESTMINSTER ALLEY. Burlington House. UCH might be written of this interesting building, for its Irish associations are innumerable. It is the home of the chief artistic and scientific bodies of England, and consequently j.s the centre of a great deal of that intellectual life of the country, with which Irish- men have at all times been closely identified. As the Royal Academy has only been situated here for a comparatively few years, its Irish memories are by no means complete, except indirectly. Of the numberless Irish artists who have exhibited in this buildiug it would be impossible, and even futile, to speak with any degree of fulness. Put we may do what has never yet been done — namely,- give a list (a perfectly complete one, we think) of all the members and associates of the Academy who have been Irish by birth or descent. This cannot but be of great interest and suggestiveness, as the names maybe taken as fairly representative of the spirit of Irish achievement in art. Among its first, or foundation members, were George Barrett, the eminent landscapist, and ^Nathaniel- 110 Ireland in London. Hone, the famous portrait painter, both natives of Dublin ; and Francis Cotes, of Irish parentage, a distinguished painter of portraits. Following them were Henry Tresham, Edmund Garvey, and James Barry, all of Irish birth ; and Matthew W. Peters and J. S. Copley, who were born out of Ireland. In rapid succession came Sir Martin Archer Shee, who became President ; William Mulready, Daniel Maclise, Patrick Macdowell, Alfred Elmore, and J. H. Foley, stretching from the close of last century to the middle of this, all eminent artists, and each of Irish birth; and William Collins, William Clarkson Stanfield, Sir CharL'8 Barry, and Edward M. Barry, who were of Irish descent or parentage only. So much for the notable list of Irish R.A.s. The earliest A.R.A.s of Irish birth were Horace Hone in the last century and Francis Danby in this ; and of those of Irish parentage were Thomas Chambers (a clever engraver of the latter half of the 18th century), and, more recently, Henry O'Neil and Eyre Crowe, the latter of whom is still living. There has been one Irish President (Sir M. A. Shee), and there would have been a second if Daniel Maclise had accepted that honourable dis- tinction. Though we cannot help admiring his modesty in refusing the exalted position, yet it is to be regretted he did not accept it, as it would have been an additional proof that Irishmen, in spite of the serious disadvantages they labour under, as compared with Englishmen and Scotch- men, can still win their way to the most inacces- sible posts in the world of Art, as to those of the world of Literature, Science, and Politics. The list we have given above, highly flattering as it is to Irishmen, does not imply so much as it might, seeing that many admirable Irish artists have met with little or no encouragement from the Academy; and it is needless to say that the R.A.s and A.R.A.s of a period are not the greatest artists of their time, for some of the most re- markable painters, engravers, &c, of the English as of the Irish school, from Hogarth downwards, have never been connected with the Academy in any way. The Royal Society, which also has its dwelling here, has also had a remarkable contingent of Irish- men among its greatest lights. There have been almost as many Irish Presidents as there have been English Presidents, and more Irish than Scotch ones— a really important fact, which effectually refutes the general belief and frequent assertion that Irishmen are mere romancers , and not so •olidly intellectual as other races — too volatile •for long application and perseverance, and too imaginative to pay any attention to facts. The first President of the Society was the distinguished mathematician, Sir William Brouncker (Viscount Castlelyons), a native of Cork, who wm succeeded by Sir Isaac Newton, who, in turn, was followed by Sir Hans Sloane, the great naturalist and physi- cian. Robert Boyle, the eminent philosopher, was offered in 16S0 the post of President, but de- clined it on conscientious grounds. It will thus be seen that Irishmen almost monopolised the presidency of this famous body for a number of years after its foundation. During the present century the post has been held by no les3 than three different Irishmen, all of the highest reputation and ability. Earl Rosse, the eminent astronomer, occupied the position for many years, and after him came Sir Edward Sa- bine, the famous elec- trician and a native of Dublin, who was Presi- dent for about twenty years. Finally, the present occupant of the chair is Professor George Gabriel Stokes, Edward M. barry, and a native of Sligo, and autograph. one of the most cele- ^^^^ brated physicists of the age, whose remarkable discoveries in the science of Light entitle him to a foremost place among the great Irishmen of any period. He is not the greatest of living Irish scientists, that honour belonging either to Professor Tyndall, a native of Co. Carlow, or to Sir William Thomson, a native of Belfast, whose startling discoveries in natural philosophy have earned for them the admiration of the whole scientific world. Burlington House itself was partly rebuilt by E. M. Barry, R.A., having been originally designed and erected for the most part by Sir John Denham. It was in bygone times the seat of the Earls of Cork and Orrery, and the connec- tion is commemorated in Cork-street, which is at the rear of the building. It contains some truly fine works of Irish art, and some other objects of almost equal interest. In the rooms of the Royal Society are many interesting portraits, in- cl iding portraits of Sir VCi liam Brouncker and Ireland in London, 111 Robert Boyle, by the famous Court painter, Sir Peter Lely, the last-named work having been be- queathed to the society by Sir Isaac Newton ; "* another portrait of Boyle by another foreign painter; an excellent portrait of Sir Hans Sloane ; and Jervas's admirable portrait of Sir Isaac Newton, a work whioh has won unqualified ap- proval from eminent judges, and which is strong evidence of the Irish artist's great power as a painter of portraits. In the Council Room of the Society is Shee's portrait of "William IV. But it is the Diploma Gallery which contains the most interesting collection of art in this building. It was acquired in this way: Each artist on his election as R.A. is required to deposit in the Academy an example of his work within six months after the date of the election. This diploma work is retained by the Academy, and is publicly exhibited in special rooms here. The gallery is filled with admirable and mature works by most of the B.A.s, from the earliest time down to the present. Several are missing, but the series is nearly complete. The rooms are open free daily, almost throughout the year. There are some splendid works in these rooms, among the finest being John Singleton Copley's " Tribute Money," a really grand work ; Foley's statue of " The Younger Brother" (in Milton's "Comus") ; Maclise'B "Woodranger,"one of the best pictures he ever painted; Mulready's ♦ "Village Buffoon," a work slightly different from }is better-known works, and more in the manner, as regards colouring, of Wilkie ; Macdowell's grace- ful statue of "A Nymph;" Alfred Elmore's ex- quisitely painted "Scene from 'The Two Gentle- men of Verona,' " the production of one of the most gifted of modern Irish painters, and a native of Clonakilty, county Cork; an excellent "Land- scape" by Garvey ; a delightful work by William Collins, entitled "The Young Anglers," depict- ing two urchins absorbed in piscatorial occupa- tions at a stream; and Stanfield's glorious view "On the Scheldt," one of the most remarkable works by that great master. Besides these there are M. W. Peters' 8 " Children," a clever study of child-life; Tresham's "Death of Virginia," executed in his most brilliant manner ; "Belisarius," by Shee, in a style rarely attempted by that painter, and in which the blind king and a little child are very ably portrayed; a splendid "Portrait" by Cotes, one of the best things in the room; a characteristic portrait by an admir- able painter, Nathaniel Hone, of himself; and several masterly drawings and plans by Sir Charles and E. M. Barry, the great architects. In an inner room are several other objects of more than ordinary interest to Irishmen. Apart from the fine easel, a work of art, which belonged to Sir Joshua Reynolds, by him given to Lady Inchiquin (afterwards Marchioness of Thomond), and bought at the sale of her effects, after her death, there are two productions of Maclise'B pencil which are deserving of no less an epithet than "magnificent." One is the beautiful design for the Turner gold medal, a 6inall but exquisite work; the other is the cartoon for the artist' s great fresco of "The Meeting of Wellington and Blucher at Waterloo." This marvellous work, which has entranced all who have seen it, would of itself suffice for the reputation of a great artist. The extraordinary draughtsmanship displayed in the work, and the lifelike nature of the scene, are vividly impressed upon the beholder. Altogether, it is a triumph of Irish art, and should be seen by all those who visit the annual exhibitions of the Royal Academy. In fact, the whole collection here, in the Diploma Gallery and the adjoining rooms, is more interesting and more creditable to Irish genius than many other and better known exhibitions. The Garrich Club. This famous club, which is situated in Garrick- street (as mentioned in Chap. V.), contains the finest collection of theatrical portraits to be found anywhere. The club was founded about the close of last century, and was then called "The School of Garrick Club," numbering among its earliest members such clever Irish actors as Andrew Cherry, John Moody, James and Francis Aicken and Michael Kelly, the well-known com- poser and singer. The portraits number at present about 500, and were pai tly be- queathed to the club and partly bought. The gene- ral belief is that Charles Mathews, the celebrated comedian, left the majority to the club, but that is a mis- take. He offered his collection to it for a certain sum, but the club could not afford to buy them ; they were ultimately purchase! by a MRS. ROBDsSON. (" PerdiU.") 112 Ireland in London. wealthy tradesman, who finally bequeathed them to the club. Additional purchases and gifts have made the collection what it ia — a remaikable one, historically as well as artistically. Irish art is not largely represented here, but the amount and the quality are nevertheless cre- ditable. Among the portraits, Shee's " Jack Johnstone " as Sir Callaghan O'Brallaghan, in " Love-a-la-mode," his "Alexander Pope," "Mrs. Pope," "Munden," and other simi- lar portraits, are perhaps the best portraits by Irishmen in the collection. But there are like- wise Thoina3 Hickey's excellent likeness of "Mrs. Abingdon," and Henry O'Neil's "Robert Keeley," which are very good works, and reflect credit on the eminent artists that produced them. The best works of Irish art here are, however, Stanfield's exquisite "Lugger coming out of Monniken dam," and his view of "An- cona;" Leech's inimit- able drawings, of which there are a goodly number, and Maclise's fine sketch of W. M. Thackeray. The Irish portraits are so numer- ous that we cannot hope to do more than give an idea of the extent of the collec- tion. Thus of Garrick there aie over a dozen portraits and two busts ; of George Frederick Co ike, another eminent actor, who was born in a Dublin barracks, there are no fewer than seven portraits; charm- ing Peg Woffington is here depicted by four different painters; and there are several portraits of Macklin, two of Quin, one of Kitty Clive, several of John Hendeison, two of Andrew Cherry, several of Mr. and Mrs. Pope (besides those mentioned as by Shee), several of Macready, several of the sprightly Mrs. Robinson (known as "Perdita," and whose maiden name was Darby, not M'Dermott, as has been stated), two portraits of Misa O'Neill, the great tragic actress, one of them representing her with her Irish harp; and numerous other portraits of the following Irish actors and actresses, among others — Master Betty, Thomas Sheridan, Thomas Doggett, Charles Kean, Mrs. Glover, Miss Farren, Mrs. Bellamy, Mrs. Partley (ne'e O'Shaughnessy), Mrs. Edwin (ne'e miss o NEILL. Richards), Mrs. Jordan, and Miss Fanny Kelly, and lastly, a very fine portrait of John Moody, the famous comedian, and a Cork man, as Teagua in "The Committee," one of his favourite and best MOODY, AS TEAGUE. parts. Curiously enough, the Teague of this play, which was written by a Sir Robert Howard, is the first Irish character, properly so-called, ever pre- sented on the English stage, as Shakespeare's ridi- culous Captain Macshane can hardly be dignified with the name of a character. Howard's Teague is, of course, a mere caricature, but it is one of the most popular and important part3 in his old-fashioned play. We give a rare illustration of Moody in the character of this early "stage Irishman." There are other portraits of Irish actors and actresses of note, by the greatest painters of suc- ceeding generations, but we have mentioned the most important of them. The club, or rather its interior, ia somewhat inaccessible to the general public, but the trouble of getting admission is amply compensated by the absorbing interest of the art treasures within. Ireland in London. 113 CHAPTER XX. "WESTMINSTER ABBEY. K" account of the historic aDd interesting buildings of London without a re- ference to the Abbey would be as defective as the representation of the play of "Hamlet" with- out the leading character. The Abbey is so important historically and so in- teresting to visit that it deserves and requires a chapter to itself. But even in that space there is only room enough fcr a brief reference to the graves and memorials of Irish men and women, and a slight description of several of the most elaborate works of art erected in honour of various notabilities in the Abbey. The visitor's fust impression on entering the edifice is sure to be one of disappointment at the meagre appearance of the interior, and surprise WESTMINSTER ABBEY. at the inordinate number of ridiculous tombs that have been allowed to accumulate in the various aisles, preventing a full and uninterrupted view of the noble proportions of the Abbey. One can- not help feeling indignation at the action of the different Deans of Westminster in allowing elaborate and, in most cases, inartistic monuments to block up the many magnificent arches of the building. If these monuments were only erected in honour of real genius, or were fine works of art, the complaint would lose half its force. But the greater part of the tombs and memorials in the Abbey are those of insignificant persons. In the earlier days they were allowed plenty of space, with the result that the Abbey contained long since quite as many tombs, &c, as it could conveniently hold ; and therefore many of the great minds of the last few generations are commemorated simply by a bust or a tablet, or their grave is represented merely by a flag-stone half hidden under pews and kneeling-boards. At one time many of the nobility were buried here, dead geniuses being relegated to some out-of-the-way parish church- yard. But, as space became more limited, there was necessarily some choosing of those who were to be "honoured" by burial in the Abbey, and in that way a few statesmen, poets, actors, and dramatists received a small share of the space set apart for interments, and previously wholly monopolised by soldiers, courtiers, and sycophants of various reigning monarchs. At present the abbey appears more like a sculptor's workshop than a sacred edifice — most of its numberless tombs and monuments commemorating the virtues of perfectly worthless but notorious personages, or testifying to the fame and prowess of worthy individuals who were never very notable and whose names and deeds are buried in the deepest oblivion. i There have been only two Irish Deans of "West- minster bo far as we have been able to discover. The first was William Markham, Who afterw?' "s became Archbishop of York, and who is buried in the cloisters here. He was born in Ireland, and was a very distinguished English prelate. More recently there has been Dr. R. C. Trench, the late Archbishop of Dublin, who was Dean for some years, and who introduced some welcome and much-needed innovations. It is difficult nowadays for anybody, but especially so for Irishmen, to see what "honour" is conferred upon a great writer or any great per- sonage by the mere fact of being buried in the in Ireland in London. Abbey. When we consider that so many plain Smiths and Browns are buried along with the Grattans and Sheridaus and Cannings, we perceive that, after all, the Abbey is like any other burial- place — that, in fact, it contains not many more CORONATION CUAIU, WESTMINSTER ABBEY. distinguished persons than are laid in Kensal- green or other cemeteries. And it is a mistake to suppose that only truly great men and women are buried in the Abbey at the present day. Apart from those who may have filled important positions and occupied some share of public atten- tion, but whose greatness may nevertheless be strongly called in question, there can be no doubt that many persons, merely because they are rela- tives of the Dean of the moment, are interred in this great edifice. The principle which is supposed to regulate the admissions of monuments, &c, ha3 been at times strangely perverted. At no time have Irishmen been particularly warmly welcomed; the refusal of one Dean to allow a memorial to Balfe, the dis- tinguished composer, to be placed in the Abbey, is • only equalled by, and may be contrasted with, the unseemly willingness of another in allowing the auicide Castlereagh to rest in the same plot of ground aa the patriot Grattan — an insult to tho latter' a great and valued memory. Irish visitors to the Abbey now glance with feel- ings akin to disgust to the narrow ship of ground separating the graves of the saviour and the destroyer of Irish liberty. The shameful manner, too, in which Grattan's grave is hidden under the kneeling-boards of the pews in the North Transept looks not unlike a premeditated insult, while the conspicuous statue of "cut-throat Castlereagh" arrests everybody's attention. Room could not be found for a bust of Balfe by- Dean Stanley, but he easily found space for a grave MEMOniAX TO BALFE. (and a memorial) for Darwin, whose remains were- welcomed to the Valhalla to which those of Byron were refused admittance. Of Irish art there is not much in the Abbey, but the small quantity in- cludes such a masterpiece as Foley's fine statuejjf Earl Canning, which almost touches those of his- father, George Canning, and his relative, Strat- ford Canning. There are, besides Foley's work,, such creditable productions of Irish art as the ad« mired monument to Sir George Hope, by Peter Turnerelli, the clever sculptor (whose somewhat rare portrait we are enabled to give), and Sebastian Gahagan's bust of Dr. Charles Burney, the eminent musician. Turnerelli's work is at the west end of the nave, and Gahagan's in the- south aisle, in what ia know as the Musicians' Corner. The number of Irish men and women who have been thought worthy of a place in this national Pantheon is very great, in spite of all prejudices- Even several Catholics have been interred hero since the Reformation, such as Lord Stafford (1719), and some of his f.miily, and De Castro, Ireland in London. 115 FOLEY S STATUE OF EARL CANNING. ihe Portuguese Envoy (1720), all in St. Edmund's .Chapel. -Altogether, about three thousand persons have been buried in or im- mediately around the Abbey. The principal reason, it would seem, why so many of these are nonentities 'was the largeness of the fees, which precluded almost all but rich people from interment in the Abbey. Goldsmith makes his Chinese Philosopher, in his " Citizen of the World," denounce the Deans and other officials as "'the sordid priests, who are guilty, for a superior reward, of tak- ing down the names of good men to make room for others of equivocal character, or of giving other than true merit a place in that awful sanctuary." There are many Irish soldiers buried here, among the earliest being Sir Richard Bingham, whose inscription is in the South Aisle, and who died inl59S; Lord William Blakeney, an eminent Boldier of the ISth century, the whereabouts of whose tomb we have not been able to find ; Lord William Cadogan (Henry VIII. 's Chapel), the .great soldier of Queen Anne's time, one of the best staff-officers the British army ever possessed ; and, lastly, Field-Marshal Lord Ligoiiier, who has a bust, and an elaborate monument, represent- ing History holding a scroll, upon which are in- scribed the following battles: — Schellenberg, Blenheim, Ramillies, Oudenarde, Taniere, Malplaquet, Dettiugen, Fontenoy, Rocoux, and Laffeldt. Ligonier, who was an Irish peer, died on the 28th of April, 1770, aged 92. The tomb is in the Chapel of St. Michael. Ligonier was a fine soldier, and commanded in many of the wars ■of Anne, George I., and George II., and it is related of him that when the last-named monarch reviewed his (Ligonier's) regiment on one occasion, and remarked that the men looked good soldiers but that the horses were wretched, Ligonier replied — "Yes, the men are Irish, the horses are English." Other Irish soldiers buried here are General James Johnston, a Governor of Quebec ^Middle Aisle), who died in December, 1797, aged I MEMORIAL TO ]. LAWRENCE. 76: several of the Ormond or Butler family, in- cluding the great Duke, James Butler, who died in 1688, and was interred in the vaults of Henry VII. 's Chapel ; and Sir Charles M'Carthy, another distinguished soldier, whose precise burial-place is apparently undiscoverable. There are other warriors of Irish birth or parentage, who, though not buried here, are commemorated in various ways. Thus, there is a decorated tablet in the North Transept to the memory of Sir Richard Kane, a native of Down, and a Gover- nor of Minorca, who died in 1736; a very elaborate and well- executed monument to Sir Eyre Coote (same place), representing on the one side a weeping Mahratta captive, and on the other Victory hanging Coote' s por- trait on a palm tree, the elephant in the front of the monument showing the locality of the scene depicted ; another large monument, tastelessly executed, to General Wolfe, in the Chapel of St. John the Baptist; and also one in the North Aisle to General Stringer Lawrence, erected by the East India Company, and representing the genius of the Company point- ing to a bust of Lawrence, while Fame is telling of his exploits, and holding a shield bearing a suitable inscription. Of Irish Admirals there are three buried and commemorated here — namely, Sir Peter Warren (North Transept), Sir Richard Tyrrell (South Aisle), and Sir Henry Blackwood (North Tran- sept). The first two sailors belonged to the early part of the 18th century, and distinguished them- selves greatly against the French. Blackwood, who died in 1S32, has a sculptured tablet to his memory, setting forth his private virtues rather than his public services. Sir Peter Warren's monument is not a bad one, though the sculptor, evidently determined to execute a faithful like- ness, has actually made the features of the bust pock-marked. Hercules is placing the bust of the eminent Admiral on its pedestal, the figure of Navigation being on the opposite side, holding a laurel wreath in her hand and gazing at the bust with an expression of mingled admiration and sadness. The monument to Sir Richard Tyrrell was at one time considered a very grand affair, but it has been discredited by this time, as 116 Ireland in London. it, deserved. Still, it is in conception a very curious monument and an improvement Upon the usual weeping angels and crying babies generally executed in the sculptors' best wooden manner. In this particular monument Tyrrell is represented rising from the waves (presumably at the Resurrection) ; three figures, History, Naviga- tion, and Hibernia are shown amongst the rocks, the whole bearing this inscription, cut on a piece 'of rock — "The sea shall give up her dead, and everyone shall be rewarded according to his works," having reference to Tyrrell's burial at sea. Several eminent Irish actors and actresses were buried in the Abbey, such as. Spranger Barry, John Henderson, David Garrick, and Maria and Elizabeth Pope — the two wives of Alexander Pope, the Irish actor and painter. The two actresses just men- tioned are both buried in the West Cloister. Maria Pope was a na- tive of Waterford, her maiden name being Campion ; Elizabeth Young, the other Mrs. Pope, being probably of Irish birth also. She died in 1797, aged 52; Maria Pope dying in 1803, aged 28 (accord- ing to the Registers of the Abbey). They were both excellent ac- tresses, and as there has been a considerable amount of confusion between the two, we are able thus satisfac- torily to clear it up. Spranger Barry was Cloister, and has no MEMORIAL OF DAVID GARRICK. the North buried monument ; Henderson lies in the South Cross, his grave being marked merely by a flat stone. Garrick's grave is at the foot of Shakespeare's monument in Poets' Corner, his statue showing him in a dramatic attitude, throwing back a cur- tain, "unveiling the beauties of Shakespeare," Charles Lamb and others have found fault with this work as too theatrical for such a place as the Abbey. Garrick's funeral was a grand one, and attended by many notabilities of the day. Covent Garden and Drury Lane each sent twelve actors to represent them on the occasion. Close to Shakespeare's statue lies Richard Brinsley Sheridan, to whom there is no memorial of any kind in the Abbey. Sheridan died in deep distress, and the hollow friendship thab failed him in his last hours mocked his re- mains with a magnificent funeral, calling forth the apt comment of a French journal on the evenb — "France is the place for a man of letters to live- in, and England the place for him to die in." As for the Irish poets, they are not strongly represented here. Only three who had any con- nection with Ireland have been buried in this famous spot — to whim, it is interesting to learn, Goldsmith first gave its familiar name of Poet's GOLDSMITH S MEMORIAL. Corner. The three poets referred to are William Congreve, Wentworth Dillon, Earl of Roscom- mon, and Sir John Denham, the latter with no memorial, the former having a bust mounted on a pedestal decorated with carvings emblematic of figures relating to the Drama. Goldsmith's bust and tablet are over the south doorway, in the South Transept (a position selected for it by Sir Joshua Reynolds), and is an admirable piece of work, executed by the eminent sculptor, Joseph Nollekens, R.A. The inscription is iu, Latin, Johnson, who wrote it, having refused to (as he said) "disgrace the walls of Westminster Abbey with an English inscription," and this in spite of an unanimous appeal from His own and the poet'* friends. It is iu this inscription that the well- known lines occur, so descriptive of Goldsmith'* genius: — "Nihil tetegit quod non ornavit" ("He touched nothing that he did not adorn")- Three Irish Archbishops are buried here — namely, Ussher, Boulter, and Agar. Hasher wa* buried in St. Paul's Chapel by Oliver Cromwell'* orders and at his expense — a remarkable fact,, considering that that grim fanatic had issued a Ireland in London. 117 severe edict against all Episcopal ministers. The cost of the funeral was £200, and was a very grand affair. So tremendous was the crowd that a num- ber of soldiers had to be on guard to keep order and to keep the road clear. This was the only funeral during the Commonwealth of Oliver and his merry men at which the Liturgical Service of the English Church was heard in the Abbey. The funeral sermon was preached from the very appropriate text — "And Samuel diea, si3 all Israel was gathered together." Hugh Boulter was an Englishman who was elevated to the See of Armagh, and is buried in the North Transept. His bust is a somewhat strik- ing object; the inscription setting forth that he was "translated to the See of Armagh, and thence to Heaven," which is almost as good an epitaph as that of Purcell (the famous musician, whose nan^e has an Irish appearance, and who is buried here in the Musicians' Corner), which says — "Here lies Henry Purcell, who left tins life and is gone to that blessed place where only his harmony can be exceeded." The tomb of Charles Agar, Archbishop of Dublin and Earl of Norman- ton, who was an Irishman by birth, is in the North Aisle, and has upon it a representation of the Cathedral of Cashel, which he erected at the foot of the famous Rock. In the same grave with this eminent prelate is his relative, "Welbore Ellis (Baron Mendip), an Irishman and a dis- tinguished statesman, bom in Kildare. In the North Aisle is also buried Sir George Leonard Staunton, a native of Galway, who is known as one of the greatest of the scholars of his day, and who died in 1S01, aged 62. His monument is by Chantrey, and shows him expounding the law to a native Indian, a tiger being represented at the east end of the tomb. In the centre of the nave is a memorial brass to Sir Charles Barry, who is buried there ; in the Musicians' Corner is a sculptured tablet to Michael Balfe ; and in the South Aisle of the Nave is a bust of Lord Lawrence, the great Indian Viceroy. In that part of the North Transept which is known as the Statesmen's Aisle, and which is im- mediately within the ordinary entrance to the Abbey, were buried several very eminent and one or two notorious Irishmen. Here lie, almost side by side, Grattan, Tierney, George Canning, his son, Earl Canning, and his cousin, Sir Stratford Canning, and Castlereagh. The statues of the three Cannings are all well done, the one in the centre being by Foley, that of George Canning being by Chantrey. Nearly opposite is the statue of Castlereagh. At the funeral of the latter a re- markable scene was beheld. Dense crowds lined the streets from his house to the Abbey, and when the door of the sacred edifice was reached and the coffin was taken out of the hearse loud execrations burst from the assembled thousands and the mourners had "to literally fight their way through the masses of people." The jeers and curses on the unpopular statesman resounded through the Abbey, and amid a silence within and loud tumult outside, the cordially-hated Castle- reagh was buried. Grattan's funeral was also a notable one ; at his obsequies the children of the Catholic Charities were ranged at the west entrance of the Abbey, the Irish children being dressed in green. Most of the principal personages of the day attended, and yet no steps were taken to raise any monu- ment to his memory. The following lines, quoted in the preface to his "Speeches," may be given here ; they are eloquent, but hardly as severe as the occasion required : — Here, near yon walls, so often shook By the stern weight of his rebuke, While bigotry with blanching brow Heard him and blushed, but would not bow, Here, where his ashes may fulfil His country's cherished mission still, There let him point his last appeal Where statesmen and where kmes will kneel: His bnnes will warn them to be just. y till pleading even from the dust. Finally, we have to speak of the Coronation Chair in Edward the Confessor's Chapel, in which all the Sovereigns of England have been crowned since the days of Edward I. Under the seat of this chair is fixed the famous "Coronation Stone," 26 inches long, 16| inches wide, and 10J inches thick, respecting which so many learned disputes have arisen. It is asserted to be the identical " LiaFail," or "Stone of Destiny," brought to Ireland from the East by the Milesians, on which the Irish monarchs were crowned at Tara from time im- memorial, and which had the mystic propei ty of ringing or moaning whenever the true king was crowned on it, and of carrying with it the power of the Scotic race. The stone is stated to have been borrowed and carried to Scotland by Fergus, first King of Scotland, and brother of the reign- ing Irish monarch, and the kings of Scotland con- tinued certainly to be crowned upon this stone until 1296, when Fdward I. defeated King Baliol of Scotland, and c ri 1 the relic to Westminster. The best Irish ai qua ies, on the other hand, contend that this buone (which is composed of Scotch red sandstone) is not the "Lia Fail," which, they say, never left Ireland, and may 118 Ireland in, London. atill be seen, an upright block of limestone, on the side of Tara Hill, and now serving aa a monu- ment of the graves of the insurgents of '98. However it be, the Irish visitor to the Abbey cannot help gazing with interest on this stone beneath the Coronation Chair, and wondering if it ever rang, except, indeed, for shame, beneath the succession of Royal tyrants, libertines, and imbeciles who have grasped the sceptre above it since its' removal to its present position. CHAPTER XXI. THE HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT. HERE is, perhaps, no build- ing in London which ha3 greater attractions for the average Irish visitor than the Houses of Parliament. Let his politics be of what colour they may, ranging from orange to the ultra- Mereutio's — "A plague o' botli your houses" — it is safe to assert that one of his earliest trips will be to this green, whose motto historic spot, in which so many Irish interests are centered, and which is not alone replete with so many memories of Irish eloquence and patriotism, but contains so much that reflects credit on the genius of Irishmen. The Houses of Parliament form a magnificent pile of buildings, stretching along the Thames at Westminster. It is the largest Gothic edifice in the world, covering an area of nine acres, with an unequalled front to the river of nearly 1,000 feet, and contains 14 halls and between .500 and INTERIOR OF THE HOUSB OK COMMONS, Sh • win* the Speaker's Chair, the front Ministerial Bench, and the principal Opposition Benches. Ireland in London. 119 Of tli 600 different apartments. It is quite a modern edifice, the old Houses of Parliament which stood here on the site of the old Palace of Westminster, where the great O'Neill was knighted by Henry VIII., in 1511, having been destroyed by fire in 1834, with the exception of Westminster Hall and the cr/po under the chapel of St. Stephen. sent in for the proposed new buildings that of Sir Charles Barry was se- lected ; the building was commenced in 1S40, and was ready fur use in 1S50, the Legislature meeting iluring the years 1834- ;"0 in a temporary structure erected for the purpose. The "Ne.v Palace of West- minster," as it was originally styled, is indeed a splendid monument to the genius of its gifted designer, with its unrivalled river front, its three grand towers and innumerable turrets, and its niches filled with statues, presenting, especially in the early morning or beneath clear moonlight, an appearance fully warranting the poetical description of the late Russian Emperor Nicholas — "A dream in stone!" Barry, who was knighted shortly after the com- pletion of the work, appears to have been very much hampered during its progress by conflicting opinions, professional jealousy, and official inter- ference ; and on^ of his biographers considers that "had he not been of the toughest fibre, and of almost superhuman industry," he could never have carried out the work. It may be added that a splendid statue of him, by John Henry Foley, is to be found within the building at the foot of the stairs leading to the Committee Rooms ; and that the completion of the Queen's Robing Room, the Central and Royal Staircase, and the restoration of St. Stephen's Crypt (unfinished at his death, was entrusted to his son, Edward M. Barry. Nor should we omit to state that the unequal appearance of the land or western side of the edifice is due to deviation from the original plan of the architect, who pro- posed to enclose Palace Yard by a wall, and make »t open by a fine gateway direct on Whitehall. Seeking out St. Stephen's Porch (which faces Henry VHP's Chapel in Westminster Abbey), and giving the policeman at the door the name of any M.P. the visitor wishes to see, the visitor enteis the building, and finds on his left West- minster Hall, which strangers have not been per- mitted to enter since the dynamite explosion that occurred here, near the Crypt entrance in January, 1885. This magnificent Hall, 239 feet long, 68 feet broad, and 92 feet high, was built by William Rufus in 1099, and enlarged by Rufus II. in 1394-9. Its immense timber roof, one of the finest examples of scientific construction in car- pentry in the world, is formed of Irish oak, pro- cured from the site of St. Michan's Church, Dub- lin, the records of which contain the following curious entry respecting it : — Tht fair preene or commune, now called Ostomond- 1 t»wue greene, was all wood, and hee that diggeth at this day to any depth shall find the grounde full of great roots. From thence, anno 1(198, King William Kufus, by license of Murchard, had that fiame of timber, which made up the roofes of Westminster Hall '* where no English spider webbeth or breed. th to this day." In this Hall Parliament used at one time to assemble. Here the Law Courts were held for nearly eight centuries, and here took place the Coronation feasts and great State Trials of Eng- lish history. Famous among these last was the seven years' trial of Warren Hastings, the first Governor- General of India, im- peached by the Com- mons in 1787, for tyranny and extortion practised by him dur- ing his administra- tion. The leader of the impeachment was the great statesman, Edmund Burke, who (with Sir Philip Francis), from no other motives than those of hatred of injustice and compassion for suffering, had roused the Legislature step by step to the arraignment of Hastings, and whose remarkable speech on this occasion, lasting four days, crowned for ever his fame as a brilliant and unequalled orator. One of his supporters was Richard Brinsley Sheridan, of whose address Macaulay writes:— "The curiosity of the public to hear him was unbounded. His sparkling and highly- finished declamation lasted two days; but the, Hall was crowded to suffocation during the wliol* 'JOHN HENRY FOLEY. 120 Ireland in London. time. It was said that fifty guineas had been paid for a single ticket. Sheridan, when he con- cluded, contrived, with a knowledge of stage effect which his father might have envied, to sink back, as if exhausted, into the arms of Burke, who hugged him with the energy of generous admiration." The later Irish associations of Westminster Hall are connected with Samuel Lover the poet, and the London Irish Volunteers, one of the many volunteer corps formed in England in 1859 on the rumour of a projected French invasion. Lover, though 62 years of age, joined the corps, worked actively on the Finance Committee, wrote several ultra-loyal songs for them, and attended their drills in the Hall here, at one of which the curious movements of the awkward squad of that day drew forth from him the remark — "Begorra, if Boney could only see us now he'd think twice before invading us!" Before leaving the Hall, it should be mentioned that in the reign of Charles II., when, in revenge for the execution of his father, the bodies of Cromwell, Ireton, and Bradshaw were disinterred and executed with every mark of opprobrium at Tyburn, their heads were placed on the roof of this Hall. The head of Cromwell, which had been embalmed, remained there exposed to the atmosphere for 25 years ! when, one stormy night, it was blown down and picked up and hidden by a sentry, and was in 1874 in the possession of a Mr. Wilkinson, living at Seven Oaks, in Kent. The visitor next enters St. Stephen's Hall, which stands on the site of St. Stephen's Chapel, where the House of Commons met from the days of Edward VI. down to the fire of 1834. It is to this old House of Commons (of which no vestige remains) that the earliest Irish memories of the British Parliament cling. Here originated the atrocious measures which have constituted the main features of English legislation in Ireland for so many centuries, and here were pulled the wires which moved the puppets in Dublin Castle and the "unfree" Irish Parliament to so many deeds of wrong and outrage. Here in later days rang the eloquent accents of Sheridan, one of the most popular oratora in Parliament, almost whose last words in the house were — "Be just to Ireland as you value your own honour, as you value your own peace." Here Canning "called a new world into existence to redress the balance of the old;" and Burke, "in amplitude of comprehension and richness of imagination superior to every orator, ancient or modern," revelled in the full exercise of his wondrous powers ; and here occurred the melodramatic scene in which, in his excessive horror of the French revolutionists, he flung a dagger on the floor of the House as a specimen of the presents which French fraternity and equality was preparing for Englishmen. Hither, like some Satanic spirit, came Castlereagh, exulting in the ruin of his country, and here thronged the venal crowd of Irish post-Union members, heedless of their self-inflicted degrada- tion Here, faithful among the faithless, was raised the voice of immortal Grattan, pleading for the rights of his Catholic fellow-countrymen. Hither in 1825 came an important deputation from the Catholic Association, headed by O'Connell and Sheil, to be heaid against the Algerine Bill, in- tended to suppress that Association, O'Connell's demeanour for the first time in the British Parlia- ment showing (says Sheil) "a perfect carelessness of manner," though "it was easy to see that he was full of restlessness and inquietude under an easy surface." A more memorable scene occurred on the 15th May, 1829, when, in a house crowded to excess, O'Connell, having won Emancipation through dread of civil war, ap- peared to claim his seat as member for Clare county, and refused to take the degiading oaths imposed upon Catholics returned to Parliament. The further Irish me- mories of the Old House are connected with his fight, almost single- handed, against the Government of the day, Daniel jiaclise, with his matchless voice being autograph. raised night after night (^°S^L^L. ^ in his country's cause, now throwing down the gage of battle to "scorpion Stanley," now ridiculing the "shave-beggars' of the Irish Government, now pouring the vials of his wrath against the "brutal and bloody Whigs" with "brains of lead, hearts of stone, and fangs of iron." It was not here, however, but in the temporary structure erected after the fire, that the powerful accents of the great Tribune (now aged, ill, and sad at heart) were softened into touching appeals, not for alms, but for restitutory help for his poor Ireland in London. 121 eople stricken down by famine. "She (Ireland) is in your hands," were his last words, "she is in your power. If you do not save her, she can- not save herself ; and I solemnly call upon you to recollect that I predict, with the sincerest con- viction, that one-fourth of her population will perish unless you come to her relief." It was in that temporary building, too, that Smith O'Brien declined to serve on a Par- liamentary Committee on an English question. He was imprisoned for 25 days (while the Com- mittee lasted) in a room called the cellar of the House, and was there visited by a deputa- tion from the 'S2 Club, consisting of Captain Bryan, John Mitchel, T. F. Meagher, R. 0' Gor- man, and T. B. M'Manus, whose green and gold club uniforms created no small sensation at Westminster. As memorials of the old house St. Stephen's Hull is decorated by ten excellent statues of eminent statesmen. To the right and left of the entrance door are statues of two Irishmen— Henry Grattan, by the Irish sculptor, J. E. Carew, and Edmund Burke, by Theed, an Englishman The former is an excellent figure, repiesenting the great orator in the height of debate, the face full of animation, the body bent forward, and expres- sive of energy. The left arm is extended across the body, as if about to sweep from right to left. This, it is said, was not the position first designed for the arm by the artist, who was requested to alter it as it now is by the Prince Consort, who was, or assumed to be, a great authoiity on art matters. The sculptor reluctantly complied, but left a memorial of his displeasure in the absence of his name from the usual place at the base of the statue. Four other beautiful statues in this Hall are by Irishmen — those of Chatham and Pitt, by MacDowell, and those of Selden and Hampden, by Foley. The last-named is the finest statue in the Hall, and perhaps one of the noblest specimens of Foley's creative genius. The high birth, wide knowledge, and gentleness, yet inflexibility, of the original — at once states- man, soldier, and orator — are there produced in cold marble in a manner that must strike the most careless beholder. Passing through the swinging doors into the Central Lobby, we will suppose that the visitor gains admission to the Strangers' or Speaker's Gallery of the House of Commons by means of the proper order obtained through an M.P. On the floor of the House, dnectly opposite the gal- lery, is the Speaker's chair, in which no Irishman Las, we believe, ever sat, with the worthy excep- tion of the irrepressible Dr. Tanner, to relieve the monotony of a dull Committee hour in his own frolicsome way. Before the Speaker sit the Clerks of the House; to his right the Government, to his left the Opposition, the Ministers or "Big Guns" of each party occupying the front benches. Below the gangway, on the opposite side, sit the Irish Nationalist members,no longer shifting sides, as at one time, according as a Liberal Government was "in" or "out," but, since the proposition to that effect made by Mr. A. M. Sullivan, fixed in permanent opposition. The Irish visitor obtains from the gallery an exasperat- ingly small view of them. Most of them occupy various seats at different times, but a few favour certain places. Mr. Parnell usually sits on the second or third seat of the third bench (the same, we understand, once favoured by Sir Charles Gavan Duffy), and is generally flanked to his right and left by Mr. Dillon and Mr. Sexton re- spectively. Mi. "William O'Brien always speaks from the second bench, Mr. Healy from the corner seat of that bench, and Mr. Biggar from the second or third seat, generally below his leader. How many Irish memories throng round this Chamber since its opening in February, 1852 ! The Irish visitor looks down upon the spot where that corrupt knot of representatives, the Pope's Brass Band, headed by Keogh and Sadleir, made Parliamentary action to stink in the nostrils of all true men ; where Duffy, John Blake Dillon, and others, stemmed in vain the tide of corrup- tion around them ; where, year after year, their tentative efforts on behalf of their country were contemptuously defeated, and, year after year, fresh links forged in the long and heavy chain of coercive enactments, until, the struggle ex- tending beyond the walls of Parliament, a master mind arose that saw in the "intensity of Fenianism" the nature of the oppression from which Ireland suffered, and strove to allay it by the disestablishment of an alien Church and the curbing of landlord despotism. Then, approaching our own day, memories needless to dwell upon come faster and more vivid. The cry of "Home Rule" becomes the watchword of a party, with some few honest men — Butt, Sullivan, Martin, &c; but made up of a rank and file whose venality bade fair to again wreck constitutional action, when, aided by an unparalleled uprising of the Irish people, a change of tactics within Parliament and a weedingout of "nominal" patriots, an almost lost cause was snatched from destruction by Parnell and his men of to-day, and raised, through combined caution, boldness, and self- 122 Ireland in London. sacrifice, into a position where victory already seems to shiue upon it. Directly opposite the Strangers' Gallery is the Reporters' Gallery, where, among others, aie re- presentatives from the chief papers of Dublin, O CON'NELL AND SHEIL IX THE HOUSE. (After Maclise.) Belfast, and Cork. From the earliest days of Parliamentary reporting the majority of the re- porters have been Irishmen. In Sheridan's time it was especially so — most of them, according to an English authority, having been brought by him from across the Channel because of their superior qualifications for the task. He always defended them on critical occasions, and spoke most highly of their abilities, and they showed their gratitude by always faithfully reporting him when the utterances of others missed record. Among those who fell foul of the Pressmen was no less a person than O'Connell, who, in July, 1S33, drew the attention of the House to the unfairness of the London Press, at that time excel- ling itself in hostility to Ireland. He complained that they represented him as invariably worsted iu debate, and charged their reporters with inserting reports designedly false. The reporters resolved in a body to insert no more of his speeches until he apologised. He retorted by "spying strangers," thus obliging all but mem- bers to leave the House. This went on for eight or ten nights, when the public, hungry for the new3 of proceedings in Parliament, grew clamorous for a settlement. A compromise is said to have been effected, but the victory apparently rested with O'Connell, who was thenceforward fully reported. The Irish Pressmen in those early days seemed to have had among them some humorists of the first water. One of these was Mark Supple, who enlivened a dead-and-alive debate by calling in stentorian tones for "A song from Mr. Speaker." While the surprised House went into roars of laughter, the Sergeant-at-Arms rushed wrathful into the Strangers' Gallery to arrest the offender, when Mark, of whom he inquired (the reporters sat in these days in the Strangers' Gallery), pointed out an innocent Quaker in a corner as the culprit. The astonished Obadiah was hauled off in spite of his protestations, and only released next day on the discovery of the real offender, and payment of a heavy fine for Sergeant's fees. Peter Finnerty, known best perhaps to Irish- men by Curran's speech in his defence in a libel action, was another Yorick of the Gallery. He it was who made Sullivan, a fellow-Pressman fresh from the green sod, believe that Wilber- force, the great opponent of the slave trade, had delivered himself of a great speech on the merits of the potato, winding up with these remarkable words — "Had I been reared upon that root, Mr. Speaker, I would not be the poor, stunted creature that now you see me." We may conceive the amusement of the reading public next day, and the amazement of Wilberforce himself, whose needless repudiation of such sentiments in the House subsequently was drowned in uproarious merri- ment. But the Reporters' Gallery has had something more to boast of than practical jokers. Many of the most eminent literary men of the three kingdom; served here their literary "apprenticeship." Si) James Mackintosh, Dickens, Hazlitt, and Collie) may be named among those hailing from Great Britain; while the list of Irish reporters includes names no less famous— Gerald Griffin, Edward Michael Whitty, Joseph O'Leary, D'Arcy M'Gee, Henry Dunphy (Parliamentary editor of tin "Morning Post," with which journal he was con- nected for forty years), Joseph Sheehan, Michael Nugent (the best and earliest of the Parlia mentary reporters of the "Times"), Willian Bernard M'Cabe (the well-known journalist), S. C Hall, Joseph Arthur Crowe (the great art critic) William Henry Russell (the famous " Times' correspondent), and last, but not least, Justii M'Carthy, the talented historian of our owi times. It may be added that those indispensable works of reference, "Dodd's Peerage" and "Dodd's Parliamentary Companion," owe their Ireland in London. 123 origin to an Irishman, Charles R. P. Dodd, who was for many years Superintendent of the Parlia- mentary staff of the "Times." Over the Reporters' Gallery is the Ladies' Gal- lery, admission to which is by Speaker's order, obtained through an M.P. The seats are generally ballotted for a week ahead, the space being very restricted, but (we may remark) not so much so as in the old House of Commons, where the ladies could only get a peep athon. members through an opening in the roof Admission to the House of Lords is obtained on a Peer's order or through introduction by an M-P. With this "Upper Chamber" — the most richly decorated apartment in the world — few Irish memories are associated save one of unvary- WELLIXCTON IN' THE HOUSE. (After a Skeich by Jolm Do\le.) ing hostility to popular demands. Within its four walls have crystallised all the scorn, bigotry, and prejudice with which the aristocracy of this country have regarded the just claims of our people. We only linger in it to ask our readers to examine the two magnificent specimens of Irish art which are immediately over the Strangers' Gallery — Maclise's frescoes, " The Spirit of Chivalry" and "The Spirit of Justice," subjects chosen as if in satire of their lord.-diips' peculiar attributes. These pictures were the first fruits of the com- petition held in Westminster Hall in 1845 for paintings to decorate the newly-erected building. All the great artists of the day competed, Mae- lise among them, his choice being the subjects mentioned, which were finally approved of. They are both admirable paintings, placed, unfor- tunately, in a position so effectually out of sight that the visitors who pass through these apart- ments every Saturday are generally unaware of their existence. The principal figure in "The Spirit of Chivalry" is a beautiful female representing Chivalry, while around her are a king clothed in armour, representing War ; an archbishop as the repre- sentative of Religion, and a statesman represent- ing Civil Government. Beneath kneels a young knight vowing himself to chivalric service, sur- rounded by figures — artists, a man of science, a bard, a mother with her babe, a palmer, and a p oe t — indicative of the range and intensity of the chivalric feeling. The "Spirit of Justice" is typified by a majestic female, her eyes not blind- folded (a Pagan idea), but lifted up to Heaven. At her side stands the Avenging Angel, to her left the Angel of Mercy, in front of whom are seated the judges, lay and ecclesiastical. At the foot, to the right, stands the guilty one held by his accuser, and to the left a widow and orphans protected by an armed champion. In front kneels a negro liberated from his fetters, and next him a free citizen unrolling a chai ter of liberty. It may be well to add that an Irishwoman, the Hon. Mrs. Norton, posed for the figure of "Astrea " in this picture, while portraits of Macready and other celebrities are preserved iu the accompanying group On the completion of these pictures Maclise was commissioned to reproduce in fresco in the Painted Chamber his celebrated picture, "The Marriage of Eva and Strongbow," which he had just exhibited at the Royal Academy. Maclise however, found the room so unsuited, and the proposed payment so inadequate, that he was, at his own request, released from his engagement, and was entrusted instead with the herculean labour of decorating the two large and sixteen smaller compartments of the Royal Gallery, ad- mission to view which, as well as the other rooms in the building, is permitted on all Saturdays on which the House does not sit. The first of the larger pictures executed is that depicting "The Meeting of Wellington and Blucher after Water- loo," a painting 46 feet long by 12 feet high, containing 105 human figures life-size or larger, and 50 smaller, and 17 life-size figures of horses, and 30 smaller. The second painting on the op- posite wall is of the same size, and no less elaborate. It depicts "The Death of Nelson at Trafalgar." To these gigantic works, whose 124 Ireland in London. wealth of detail defies description in our limited space, Maclise devoted over eight years of his life. A truly conscientious artist, he spared no pains to secure correctness, and the authenticated accuracy of every one of the thousand details in these pictures is truly wonderful. Nothing was painted without authority, from Nelson's uniform and the forage cap worn by Blucher to the smallest regi- mental button. The vastness of the space enabled him to reproduce to exact scale a large portion of the deck of the "Victory" where Nelson fell. As to the artistic merits of these pictures we need only quote Ford Madox- Brown, one of the greatest fresco-painters of the day, who says that "in no modern school" could "such sumptuous magnificence of design, carried out with such faultless execution of colour and expression, be seen" as in these paintings "Could I compass it," he continues, "every schoolboy in England should have a chance of looking more than once at those splendid works ;" and he compares their author to "Michael Angelo, Phidias, Titian, Giotto, Raphael, and Hogarth. It only remains for us to state how unjustly Maclise was treated with regard to these works. He undertook to paint these two large pictures for £7,000, and the sixteen intended for the smaller compartments of this gallery for £1,000 each. The time and labour involved were far in excess of the calculation* made, and the £7,000 was voluntarily raised by the Fine Arts Commis- sioners to £10,000. Half of this additional money was, however, never paid him. The Commis- sioners, besides, abandoned the project of decorat- ing the sixteen smaller compartments, and although he had executed designs for three of them he never received a penny for them, although other artists employed on the paintings in the buildings were fully compensated. Added to this, his contemporaries, instead of being justly proud of his great productions, as- sailed them for the most part with carping criti- cism, while the long hours of constant application in the damp atmosphere of the Gallery per- manently injured his health ; and, all combined, the work which should have been his glory was a source to him of monetary loss, disappointment, and keen physical and mental suffering. CHAPTER XXII. IRISH DRAMATISTS AND ACTORS IN LONDON. ROM the time of Shake- speare to this day London has always been able to boast of its numerous Irish dramatists, actors, and others connected with ' 'that mirror of life" — the Stage. It is needless to dilate at length upon the great, and, in some respects, unparalleled, success of Irish men and women in representing on the Stage the humour and pathos of human life in all its completeness and reality. In this respect we have more than held our own with England; and it is quite probable this superiority is largely due to the fact that Irish- men feel their parts more than the calmer and less impressionable English. There has lately been some discussion upon this question ; to our mind there can be no doubt that they who enter most fully into the parts they play or the characters they represent make the truest and finest actors — that, in fact, as Churchill say3: — In spite of all the criticising elves. Those who would make us feel, must feel themselTes. The earliest Irishman connected with 'the Eng- lish Stage, so far as present knowledge extends, was Lodowick Barry, who wrote, published, and produced "Ram Alley," an admirable comedy, in 1611, five years before Shakespeare's death. Thia work is full of humour and spirit, and has received the commendation of such a discerning critic as Charles Lamb; but little worth mentioning seems to be known of the author, except that he was born in Ireland, and was a gentleman of fortune. The Irish dramatists immediately following Barry were Sir John Denham, whose excellent tragedy, "The Sophey," was produced with great success in 1642 ; Roger Boyle, Earl of Cork, who wrote plays of all kinds, ranging from bloodiest tragedy to screaming farce, and from sentimental comedy to outrageous burlesque; Richard Flecknoe, the victim of Dryden's merciless satire; and Thomas Duffett, author of some exceedingly clevei plays and burlesques, his "Spanish Rogue," produced in 1674, being a particularly entertain- ing work. Of Flecknoe, a few more words are necessary. He is remembered chiefly as the butt of that prince of satirists, John Dryden ; but de- Ireland in London. 125 «pite the vigorous lines so often quoted against him, Flecknoe was nevertheless a clever writer. His best play, "Love's Kingdom" (altered from ■a former play of his, entitled "Love's Dominion), was brought out about the middle of the 17th century. To it was prefixed an admirable sketch of the English Stage, which Dryden, though he "chaffed" the author unmercifully, did not hesi- tate to lay under contribution for his " Essay on Diamatic Poesy." In the preface to the above- named play Flecknoe says, somewhat vain- gloriously— " For the plot, it is neat and hand- some, and the language soft and gentle, suitable to the persons who speak it; neither on the ground nor in the clouds ; but just like the stage, somewhat elevated above the common." Passing over John Dancer, or Dauncy, who came to England in 1670, and similarly endowed dramatists, we come to Thomas Southerne, whose first play was acted in 16S2, when its author was only 21 years of age. Once embarked on the career of a dramatic author, his success was conspicuous, and in those days unique. He made more money by his dramas than the Drydens, Congreves, and Wycherleys of the time, and lived to a great age on the proceeds of his genius and not less of his business-like habits. His famous tragedies, "Isabella" and "Oronooko," are likely to live for ages to come by virtue of their penetrating pathos and their lofty sentiments. His other plays are dead beyond all hopes of resuscitation, but the two plays mentioned have been, and will doubtless continue to be, favourites with the great tragic actors and actresses. In "Oronooko" he warmly denounced the system of slavery or elave-holding, whether in the East or West, and has the distinction, admitted and claimed for him by Hallam, the great historian, of being the first writer in the English language who protested against that infamous institution. The 17th century produced many eminent actors ■and actresses, but few of them, comparatively speaking, were Irish. John Lacy, the favourite comedian of Charles II. and one of the best actors of the Restoration period, may have been of Irish descent but was born in England. He died in 1681, and had been the original Teague in Sir Robert Howard's " Committee ; or, The Faithful Irishman " (brought out in the year 1665), a part which he acted to perfection. The idea of the character is said to have been taken from Howard's own Irish servant, and the play cer- tainly merits reference here as being the first real attempt at depicting Irish character. It is fairly Amusing even to Irishmen, and became a favourite JAMES LACY. role of all the leading Irish comedians for the next hundred years or so, two of its finest performers being John Moody and John Barrington, portraits of both in that character being among the treasured possessions of the Garrick Club. This same character also gave a name to most succeeding Irish characters. Thus Shadwell, the preposterous poet Laureate of a later period, atrociously caricatured the Irish priest in his "Teague O'Divelly, the Irish Priest" (1681) and ' ' The Amorous Bigot' ' (1690). AsDiydenwaa a Catholic, though a rather lukewarm one, it must be confessed his scorching satire of Shadwell's poetic at. tempts may have been a little influenced by the latter' s blatant No-Popery shrieks. Farquhar and Mrs. Centlivre followed with Irish characters named Teague, the first in his "Twin Rivals" (1706), and not in his "Recruiting Officer," as stated by Professor A. W. Ward ; the latter in her comedy, "A Wife Well Managed." To return to the actors and actresses of the century. The greatest actress was probably Eliza- beth Barry, the daughter of Edward Barry, a Bristol barrister. She was born in 1658, and died on November 7th, 1713. During her lifetime 6he rose to the highest pitch of tragic excellence, and ranks with such queens of tragedy as Mrs Pritchard, Mrs Siddons, and Miss O'Neill. Ac- cording" to Colley Cibber, the Stage chronicler of that time, "in characters of greatness she had a presence of elevated dignity, her voice full, clear, and strong, so that no violence of passion could be too much for her ; when distress or tenderness possessed her, she subsided into the most affect- ing melody and softness." She was the first tragic actress of the period, and during the 37 years (1673-1700) she was on the stage, she oiiginated no fewer than 112 characters. Cibber also says: — "In scenes of anger, defiance, of re- sentment, while she was impetuous and terrible, she poured out the sentiment with an enchanting harmony. As "Isabella,' in Southerne's play of that name, she acted magnificently, and the same might be said of all her tragic impersonations ; while she also excelled in comedy parts. She was buried in Acton Church, where a tablet is erected to her memory. It may be noted, as a 126 Ireland in London?.. curious fact, that she waa the first performer who ever received a benefit, that occasionally i much-abused custom being the outcome of her great popularity. Previously, benefits had been given only to authors. The most notable, perhaps, of the low come- dians of he 17th century was Thomas Doggett, ELIZABETH BARRY. who was born in Dublin about 1660. His first appearance on the London stage took place in li>91, and his success was rapid. His mastery of the art of "making-up" was a continual source of wonder to his contemporaries. He could represent almost any age up to ninety, in the most inimit- able manner. One of hi3 most popular characters was that of Shy lock, in "improved" versions of **The Merchant of Venice" — a part which he played as a low comedy one, amidst roars of laughter. Endowed with great independence of character, he gave much offence to some managers who were accustomed to use all kinds of threats and menaces, and to exercise various small tyrannies towards their actors, by his determina- tion J/ob to submit to harsh treatment in any shape. Ha was not only an actor of great merit, but he also wrote "The Country Wake," acomedy which was performed in 1696 with some success, and which, when changed to a farce under the name of "Flora; or, Hob in the Well," was very popular. Probably his highest distinction was won iufseveral of Congreve's plays, comic characters in which were written specially for him 'y the witty and licentious author. Doggett died on Septem ber 22nd, 1721, and was buried at Eltham, a little- way out of London. Contemporaneous with his- arrival in England (1691) was the advent ot another Irish actor, named Bowen, a clever low comedy actor, but inferior to Doggett. He was very capable, and might have occupied a very com- manding position on the English Stage if his career had not been cut short by a quarrel with THOMAS DOGGETT. (From a rare contemporary print.) Quin, in which he was killed — a fatal result due more to his ungovernable temper than to any wil- lul intention of Quin. The latter great actor, though born in 1693, belongs properly to the 18 th century, and will be presently referred to. But there i3 one eminent actor yet unmentioued — Robert Wilks — who, born in 1670, went on th« stage before the close of the century, and may be placed among the best of Irish per- formers. As an imper- sonator of the lover, the fine gentleman, and the gallant, he had in his own sphere no equal during one period of his career, and few; superiors at any time. The gay sparks of Con- WILKS. greve, Farquhar, and Cibber's comedies were his most popular parts. But it would seem as though he particu- larly excelled a3 Sir Harry Wildair, Archer, Captain Plume, Young Mirabel, and the other leading "gentlemen" of his friend. Farquhar' » Ireland in London. 127 />lays. flis handsome presence, dashing style, and invariable good humour and good nature all com- bined to make him an immense favourite with the Jmblic and with everybody. He assisted Farquhar in many ways, and was his best and most intimate friend, and after their father had prematurely •died, cared for his oiphan children. His death -occurred in 1 C32, at the age of 62, deeply regret- ted by the public he had so well and faithfully ■served, but especially by his bosom friends. Farquhar' s first comedy, "Love in a Bottle," appeared in 1699, and was followed in quick suc- cession by such masterpieces of comic drama as "The Constant Couple," "Sir Harry Wildair," "The Inconstant," "The Recruiting Officer," '"The Twin Rivals," and "The Beaux' Stratagem" (the last being, in the opinion of most critics, his best work), this splendid intellectual display culminating in one of the most remarkable comedies in the English language. His powers had reached their highest point of development in 1707, when his last work was produced, and there is no question that he could have surpassed his previous efforts, but that, unfortunately for Irish and English dramatic literature, he died in April of the same year, a month after his "Beaux' Stratagem" had been brought out, and at the early age of 29. He was a native of Derry, and was born in 1678, and made a reputation, and a creditable one, as an actor before his great success as a dramatist. His plays abound with wit and humour, but they aie also very coarse in parts; etill, compared with the gross productions of some . of his contemporaries, they are pure. His best chaiacters are finely portrayed, the situations highly diverting and dramatic, and the dialogue of great force and cleverness, and bristling with , good points. It is clear, from passages in "The Rape of the Lock" and others of his works, that Pope studied his Farquhar. The most celebrated female playwright of the century, or indeed of •any century, was Mrs. Centlivre, who was born About 1667, and who, before she died in 1723, married three husbands, the last of whom gave her the name by which she is known to fame. She wrote 19 plays, and of these three are of the highest excellence. One of the chaiacters in her "Busybody" (the first play printed under the name of Centlivre, the others having been signed "S. Carroll," from her second husband's name), is a masterly specimen of her powers of delineating character. Marplot is the busybody of the play, and a most amusing peisonage. It is, and has keen, one of the most favourite parts of many ,gr«at comedy actors. Her first piece came out in SPR ANGER BARKT. works were collected*- some of the best of 1700 at Drury Lane, at which theatre most of her plays were first performed, as Farquhar' s had been at Covent Garden. Her second best comedy is probably "The Wonder; or, A Woman Keeps a Secret" (1714), the scene of which is Spain, the land of intrigue. It is a very bustling and amus- ing piece, but not free from the taint of the ace. Its clever characteri- sation and ambiguous wit made it a great favourite, both with actors and audience. But her "Bold Stroke for a Wife" is her best-known comedy, and ranks very high among the comedies of the 18th century. It was produced in 171S, and she claims for it absolute originality — a claim which, though not Btrictly accurate, must be allowed. Her in three volumes, and them [were translated into various languages. ; One character in the last-mentioned comedy, Simon Pure, from the confusion that arises about! him, has given a phrase to the English language I — "the real Simon Pure." Before leaving the dramatists of the century we must give a few words to some of the minor' writers, such as Dr. Brady, Nahuin Tate, Dr. Sheridan, Owen M'Swiney, Dr. Madden, and John Leigh. Brady was born in 1659, in county Cork, He wrote one play, which was acted with success, but the title and subject, as much as the treat- ment, preclude any further reference to it. His name is remembered chiefly on account of his translation, in conjunction with Tate, of the Psalms. Tate was born in Dublin in 1652, and died in 1715 ; he wrote about half a dozen plays, and altered or adapted (or, as it was then called, "improved") several of Shakespeare's master- pieces. Strange to say, his adaptation of "King Lear" kept the Btage for a century and a half, to the exclusion of the genuine article. It was the "Lear" of Tate's version that was acted by Betterton, Booth, Quin, Garrick, Barry, Hender- son, Kemble, and Young; it was not until Macready's advent that the original masterpiece was performed by a great actor. Tate's own plays were not remarkably successful, and are not of a very high order of merit. Owen M'Swiney was born in Ireland towards 123 Ireland in London. the close of the century, and wrote four plays, which appeared in the years 1705-6-9-45 respec- tively. M'Swiney was one of the most successful managers of hi3 time, and made a large fortune by his ventures. He died in 1754, very wealthy, having been keeper of the Royal Mews for some years. Hi3 plays are clever and witty, but are now buried in oblivion. Dr. Samuel Madden' 3 " Themisto- cles," acted in 1729, is a good tragedy, judged by the standard of the times he lived in, but would prove dull reading to massof. t ne Present generation. It wa3 acted with success, and was extensively quoted as a specimen of poetic feeling and tragic intensity. Dr. Sheridan, father of the eminent actor, and grandfather of the great dramatist and orator, wrote, or rather translated from the Greek, one play ; although it was never acted, it is interesting to record the fact, as it adds to the numerous proofs that hi3 remarkable family afford of devotion to the Drama. The Sheridan we are refening to wa3 an eminent divine, an intimate friend of Swift, and was born at Quilca, in county Cavan, in 1686. John Leigh, one of the best minor actors of his time, was born in Ireland about 1690, came to England about 1714, and was very successful in secondary parts. His two play3 were clever, and became fairly popular; but he died in 1726, aged 36, before his full opportunities had properly arrived. Sir Richard Steele's first play was "TheFuneral ; or, Grief a-la-Mode," which was produced (as were all his others) at Drury Lane in 1701. It was a great success, and, though of a moral didactic nature, is very entertaining. One of his best points is well worth quoting. Sable, the under- taker, in giving directions to his mutes notices one who does not look so dismal as the circumstances require. His employer protests against the un- seemly air of comfort and enjoyment visible in the mute, and reminds him that he has raised his salaiy several times with a result the very opposite to what he expected — "Why the more I give you the gladder you are!" The genial author'3 next play was "The Lying Lover" (1704), but it did not succeed, owing to its sermonising and its too frequent iteration of moral teachings. In fact, as Steele aptly and humorously put it, "it was damned for its piety." "The Tender Husband" appeared iu 1705, and wa3 a failure; but hi3 fourth and last piece, "The Conscious Lovers," which did not come out till 1722, was a complete success. It is not surprising that so great a humorist should have failed (com- paratively) as a dramatist, seeing that hi3 quiet and subtle style was unsuitable for the stage of that day. His plays were the purest of the age, and that was, at the time, no recommendation. Hia delicate and airy wit was not appreciated as soon as spoken, and the wonder is that such audiences as his plays were presented to tolerated them for one night. Steele is, perhaps, the legitimate founder of the sentimental comedy school. He was, in short, nothing if not an innovator, and a wel- come one — that is one of his greatest distinctions. Towards the close of the 17th, and not long after the opening, of the 18th century, several of the greatest actors of any period were born. The versatile James Quin, Lacy Ryan, Charles Macklin, and Spranger Barry, who were at home in either tragedy or comedy, and the tragic Thomas Sheridan and Henry Mossop. The same generation also saw the birth of the inimitable Kitty Clive, Mrs. Bellamy, and others- of almost equal note. These actors, some of them greatest among the great, though necessarily at a disadvantage when compaied with Engli.-h. performers, won their way to the very topmost pointof their profession. According to Churchill's estimate of his countrymen, which is nob without a certain amount of truth, Those who would gain the votes of British tribes, Must add to force ot merit, force of bribes. and thi3 statement refers to audiences and their reception of actors. But, as the majority of Irish actors came into England poor and unfriended, and surrounded by all kinds of prejudices, it is manifest that they owed their advancement more to their merit than to anything else— a difficult and creditable feat. Ireland in London. 129 CHAPTER XXIII. IRISH DRAMATISTS AND ACTORS IN LONDON. peculiar were the cus- toms of the early clays of the Drama that a refer- ence to some of them is almost essential, and will prove instructive. Thus, Wilks was so great a favourite in Dublin at one time that the Duke of Orrnond, then Lord Lieutenant, actually issued a decree forbidding him to leave that city. Wilks's immense popularity was not unnatural if some testimonies to his acting powers may be be- lieved. It is said by one admirer that, even in his old age, when afflicted with various infirmi- ties, he acted the sprightly gallants — his favourite parts — with as much apparent ease and finish a •' in his best days, and that people who saw the de- crepit old man out-of-doors would never believe him to be the dashing actor of youthful charac- ters. One of th£ most pernicious customs of the 17th and early part of the ISth centuries was that of the invasion of the stage by wealthy patrons. The b?aux and well-to-do idlers of the period considered QUTN AS CORIOLANrS. (From a rare portrait.) they had a perfect right to intrude into every corner of the theatre, before or behind the stage. The consequence was that the players had some- times practically to force their way to the foot- lights, so great was the crowd surging on the stage. All stage illusion was lost, and it speaks volumes for the great powers of the acters when they enthralled the house in the midst of such drawbacks and disadvantages. On benefit nights, occasionally, the stiange scene was witnessed of ostentatious and pleased spectators pressing round the recipients of the benefits and thrusting money into their hands — in other cases speaking to them and, at times, embracing them. As an instance of the want of reality of the scenes, and as a proof of the absence of piobability in the incidents of a play, it is mentioned that Juliet, supposed to die alone in the tomb of the Capulets, expired in the presence of two or three hundred spectators, who thronged the stage. This custom became intolerable at last, and in 1704 a decree was promulgated forbidding any but those con- nected with the play upon the stage during per- formance. This rule was not strictly carried out, as the "swells" strongly resisted any attempt to deprive them of what they considered their privileges. Finally, things reached such a pass that the climax occurred. On a night in 1721, at Lincoln's Inn-fields Theatre, during an import- ant scene in "Macbeth," a drunken nobleman, an earl, crossed or reeled over the stage to speak with another loafing toper who was lolling against the opposite wings. He was remonstrated with by the manager, whom he immediately struck. The latter returned the blow ; in a moment the friends of the intruder were rushing about with drawn swords threatening to kill the manager— a menace they would have certainly carried out if Quin, Ryan, and others had not rushed upon them, also armed with swords, and driven them from the stage into the street. While this was being done other friends of the ignoble earl were destroying the hangings and furniture of the house, and had, in fact, commenced . to "fire" the theatre, when Quin and the others attacked them and carried some of them before the magis- trates, by whom they were fined. After this event soldiers were placed upon the stage to prevent any further intrusion. James Quin, who was born in London in 1693, went upon the stage in 171 J, and remained on it till 1753. His success wm 130 Ireland in London. soon ensured, and till the end of his life he main- tained his reputation almost at its highest. He suffered a temporary decline when Garrick came GAR3ICK A3 MACBETH. (From & rare print.) to the front, and was excelled in some of his favourite parts by his great rival. But as Falstaif , Henry VIII., Bajazet, Hotspur, Brutus, or Sir John Brute, he was unequalled by any one of his contemporaries. As Churchill, in "TheRosciad," says — As Brute he shone unequalled; all ajjree Garrick's not half as great a Brute as he. Quin's principal defect was an absence of that mobility of features which is so essential to a good actor. The satirist of the stage just quoted, after telling us that — His words bore sterling weight, nervous and strong, In manly tides of sens • they rolled along; Happy in art, he chiefly had pretence To ke. p up numbers, yet not forfeit sense. No actor ever greater heights could reach In all the laboured artidce of speech; and admitting that his elocution and what has been called his "grand emphasis" were worthy of a great actor, says, notwithstanding this — Nature, in spite of all his skill, crept in : Horatio, Dorax, FaUtatf— still 'twas Quin. Though of a very sarcastic disposition, Quin was really a generous and warm-hearted man. Many instances of his benevolence are cited, such as his visit to Thomson, the poet of "The Seasons," in jail, where he had been lodged for debt, and his present to him of a cheque for £100, on the ground that that was a fair price for the pleasure his works had afforded him. His kindness to his fel- low-actor, Ryan, was also a good trait in his character, when we remember the jealousies of actors in those days. Even after he had retired from the stage he came up from Bath every year to act Falstaff for his friend's lienefit. But, having lost his front teeth, he would not, as he put it, go on the stage "to whistle Falstaff." However, in answer to Ryan's request, he replied that though he could not attend his benefit, he was leaving him £1,000 in his will, and if he wanted money he could have that sum in advance. He had many enemies on account of his sharp tongue and the difficulty he felt in restraining the bitter remarks that occasionally came to his mind. His voice, like Macklin's, was somewhat unpleasant. Churchill speaks of his "deep-mouthed bass" as unsuitable to some of the parts he played. While not a very jealous actor, he was oc- casionally piqued at the preference shown by his manager to other players, and in one of these moments he withdrew to Bath, expecting, doubt- less, that he would be sent for. But Rich, his manager, took uo notice of him ; so, after a while, MRS. JORDAN. Quin wrote the brief note — "I am at Bath. Yours, James Quin," to which he received the equally laconic and more expressive reply, "Stay there, and be d — d. Yours, J Rich." His friend, Lacy Ryan, was probably born in London in 1694. He was the son of a tailor named Daniel Ryan, who gave him an excellent educa- tion, and intended him to study the law; but this did not suit the future actor. Consequently, in 1710, he joined the Haymarket Company, and soon became a favourite. He may be accounted one of Ireland in London. 131 ttie most careful actors of the 18th century, though he never, of course, reached the heights that Garrick and others did. In 1729 he produced a small comic opera, which had some success, but not sufficient to induce him to continue to write. As an actor he ranks just below the greatest of his time. Hamlet and Lothario were amon his best parts, Quin acting the Ghost to the former part. In opposition to Garrick, Ryan acted some of Garrick's finest impersonations, and it is no small credit to Ryan that in one or two of them he excelled Garrick, whose stunted figure was against him in a few special characters. Charles Macklin first appeared on the stage in 1716, or thereabouts, at Bristol. For a large number of years he acted subordinate parts, and met with little encouragement, though his greatest merit was his carefulness and attention to the smallest details. But at length, on the 14th of February, 1741, his conspicuous ability and his originality were fully recognised. On this night he played Shylock. It had always been played as a comic character, and Macklin, who was the first actor to carry out Shakespeare's meaning, feared to show in rehearsal the manner in which he was going to play the part, lest the manager should prohibit it, and insist upon the time- honoured custom. When Macklin appeared he observed that the house was crowded and that the first two rows of the pit were occupied by nota- bilities. He involuntarily exclaimed — "Good; I shall be tried to-night by a special jury." Instead of wearing fanciful costumes, he had studied the exact dress worn by the Jews in Venice, even to the small red hat which they wore to distinguish themselves from the Christians. During the first few scenes in which Shylock taies part, the house was amazed and silent; but it gradually began to dawn upon them that this, after all, was the correct interpretation of the author, and the pleased audience broke into ex- pressions of delight and admiration. This was the turning-point of Macklin's career. Shylock and Macbeth were perhaps his greatest assumptions of Shakesperean parts. In 17S0 he wrote and pro- duced his amusing comedy, " The Man of the World," and in 1793 his farce, "Love-a-la-Mode." It should be noted that when he wrote these pieces he was of great age, even assuming that he was born in 1700 (for there is still a possibility of his having been born in 1690), and it is a remark- able testimony to his powers that he should have played the leading parts himself on their pro- duction, and thus have given the cue to all suc- ceeding Sir Pertiuax M'Sycophauts, Sir Archy M 'Sarcasms, and Sir Callacdian O'Brallaghans. These two plays still live; his others, numbering half a dozen, are now forgotten. In private life he was irreproachable, but he was feared rather than loved by his colleagues and as- sociates on account of his brusque and, at time?, almost savage manner. His elocutionary powers were magnificent ; more than any actor of his time he knew where to lay the stress and the emphasis in subtle passages, and was thereby fitted, with his other admirable qualifications, as a performer of Shakesperean characters. With the exception of a rather brief interval, he acted almost till his last day. His friends and contemporaries were surprised that he showed no failing of his powers. Finally, however, the crash came. He had pre- viously given a half-hint that his memory was deserting him. On his benefit night, May 7th, 1789, he appeared on the stage for the last time. He was playing Sli3'lock, and it was clear he would not go through the performance unless by some miracle, and an understudy, in the person of Thomas Ryder, was in readiness to finish the part. Just before going on the stage Macklin asked the excellent actress who was to play Portia whether she was going to act that night. On her remind- ing him that she was dressed for Portia, he re- plied vacantly — "I had forgotten; who plays Shy- lock?" He went on the stage, tried to go through the part, but broke down, and was led from the stage for the last time, amidst the pained silence of the house, after he had mournfully asked the pardon of the audience. He died in 1797, leaving a daughter, Miss Macklin, who had become a very capable actress under her father's tuition. Two other excellent actors of this period were Denis Delane and William Havard. The former was winning his way to the highest rank as an actor when his career was cut short by drink. It appears that he suffered from certain peculiarities of speech and action, and Garrick so mercilessly ridiculed them that the sensitive actor, who had played leading parts with the greatest performers of his time, took to drink, and died in poverty in 1750, twenty-two years after his first appearance. If we may judge by the com- ments on this sad event, Garrick's action roused bitter feelings against him. Havard was born in 1709 in Ireland, and died on the 20th of February, 1778, aged 68. Both as actor and dramatist he deserves high praise. His four plays are cleverly written, though never acted nowadays. The tragedies of those days were generally very turgid productions, ending in most cases by the indiscriminate slaughter of the leading characters. 132 Ireland in London. to which Dryden's pithy words refer — "The dagger and the bowl are always at hand to butcher a hero when a poet wants the brains to save him." Havard's tragedies contain good verse, have good plots, and were very successful when they were produced. His success a3 an actor was equally great. Fielding, the novelist, passed a very high eulogium upon him when he said— "Except Mr. Garrick, I do not know that he hath any superior in tragedy at Covent Garden Theatre." He further speaks of him as a "sensi- ble, modest, and good-natured man." These words were written iu 1752, when Covent Gar- den and Drury Lane possessed an unequalled array of fine actors and actresses. Havard's epitaph was written by Garrick, and runs as follows: — Ilavard from sorrow sleeps beneath this stone; An honest man. beloved as soon as known; [Iowe'er defective in the mihiic art. In real li e he justly playejd his part; The noblest character he acted well, And Heaven applauded when the curtain fell. Unquestionably the most comic actress of the ISth century was Kitty Clive. She was bom in 1711 of Irish parents, but whether in London or Ireland is doubtful. Her first appearance was at Drury Lane as a boy, on 2nd January, 1729. She merely sang a song on this occasion, but im- mediately became a great favourite. Strangely enough, her first appearance was in tragedy; but before long an opportunity of showing her great comedy powers was afforded her, when she at once became an object of general popularity. There is no difference of opinion whatever as to her re- markable merit as a cqrnedy actress. She was the original Xell in "The/Devil to Pay," and in this part enchanted all her audiences. Even Dr. John- son could not resist, her charms or withhold his praise. He said o^ her— "Mrs. Clive was the best player I ever saw.'^" Dr. Doran says— "She was the one true comic genius, and none could with- stand her." And Churchill, who had a good word for scarcely any of the great actors of his time, thus characterises her : — q Firs k gisglimr, plotting chambermaid? arrive, lliiydens and romps, led on by Ceneral Clive. I i spite of dutward blemishe she shone For humour famed, and humour all her own. No comic actress ever yet could raise Ob huuiouM* base more merit or more praise. iliO: Kitty Clive.wa.3, besides, an authoress. Several of her pieces w^ere acted, the ti*le of one of the best of them b ; ejng "The Faithful Irishwoman.' One of her mosj; successful rivals was Mrs. Bel- lamy, who first .appeared at Covent Garden on November 22nd, 1744. in a tragic character. She acted pathetic parts most exquisitely, some of Shakespeare's heroines being among her best as- sumptions. As Juliet, she has had few rivals. After delighting the town for some years, her ex- travagance and general carelessness exiled her from the stage, and in course of time she died in poverty and loneliness. Her right to a place among the MRS. BELLAMY. great actresses of the last century i3 universally admitted, and it is to be regretted she did not pursue her profession with the assiduity and care of the many actresses inferior to her in grace, dignity, natural ability, and other attributes of the art of acting. First and foremost among the actors of the period was David Garrick. As we have said be- fore, he was of Irish descent on the maternal side, a fact which evidently had some influence on his future career. His success as an actor was almost immediate, although it was some time before he could leave the second-class theatre where he was engaged. His first important appearance in London was on October 19th, 1741, when he played the part of Richard III. From this time his popularity was assured. His versatility was marvellous. Nothing came amiss to his extra- ordinary genius; and he played almost every character to perfection. He was pro- bably the finest actor of the century; and as a further proof of his abilities, his dramatic pieces may be mentioned. Some of these are inimit- able — one, "The Irish Widow," deserving the title of one of the best farces in English litera- ture. His career is so familiar that it needs no recapitulation — his private character, however, calls for one word. He has been accused, and not without some reason, of bitter jealousy of his brother actors; and his niggardliness has been the Ireland in London. 133 theme of many a theatrical critic. With respect to Mie first charge, it may be remarked in ex- tenuation that once his position was secured he gathered round him at Drury Lane a magnificent company, including such Irish men and women as Barry, Macklin, Delane, Havard, Barrington, Sparks, Peg Woffington, and Kitty Clive. His love of money was notorious. When Kitty Clive took leave of the stage in 1769, Garrick said to her — "I am grieved to lose you," to which the lively actress replied, "Not you, Davy; you'd light up for joy only the candles would cost you sixpence." Of his rivals, Thomas Sheridan was one of the most important. The year 1744 saw the rise of this "bright theatric star," and Covent Garden was the scene of the event. In spite of his ex- cellence in tragic parts, Sheridan did not receive the recognition he deserved, and it has been re- served for critics of more recent times to pay him his full due. But there was at least one keen critic who saw his splendid powers, and that was Churchill, as the following lines testify. Their author never paid a higher compliment to anyone when he said: — Ju = t his conceptions, natural and great; His feelings strong, his words enforced with weight. And then, leferingto some of his faults, he continues — But, spite of all defects, his glories rise. And Art, by judgment formed, with Nature vies, Vie* the whoie scene, with c itic judgment scan, And then deny him merit if you can; AY here he falls short 'tis Nature's fault alone; Where he succeeds the merit's all i.is own. Like most of his fellow-actors, Sheridan was an author; but none of his plays have survived, though written with more than ordinary taste and ability. His celebrated son's productions have completely dwarfed those of the actor and teacher of elocution. A more formidable opponent of Garrick was Spranger Barry, the handsomest actor of his age. His fine presence (he was over six feet in height) and a voice of melting tenderness were powerful aids to his natural ability. He won the hearts and applause of the fair portion of his audiences, from his first appearance in 1746 to his farewell of the stage, thirty years after. His personal ap- pearance "drew admiring eyes " wherever he went, and in the theatre — None more could flood each eye. None better formed to make the ladies sigh. No greater Romeo has ever trod the English etage ; according to Garrick, he was "the most ex- quisite lover that had ever been seen on the 6tage;" and a lady who saw Garrick and Barry act Romeo expressed the difference between them in this way —"Had I been Juliet to Garrick's Romeo, so im- passioned was he that I should have expected him to come up to me in the balcony; but had I been Juliet to Barry's Romeo, so tender and seductive was he, I should certainly have jumped down to him." Very curious stories are related of him, and of the magic of his harmonious voice. It is said that once when a bailiff came to seize his furniture for debt, another bailiff, who had come upon a precisely similar errand, was so entranced by his "silver tongue" that he paid the debt of the other officer, and left Barry with the assurance that everything was settled. But this has an apocryphal air, and may only be taken as an exaggerated popular estimate of his powers of persuasion. Henry Mossop, the other rival of Garrick, and the emulator of his proud position, was by no means so dangerous as those already mentioned. His great tragic powers were undeniable, and as the tyrant King John, in Shakespeare's play of that name, he was unapproachable. But Mossop's excessive pride ruined him, and his career on the stage was brief, though brilliant. When he could not always obtain leading parts or "first busi- ness," he refused to accept "seconds," and finally died, primarily of poverty, but in some degree of a broken heart. There were other clever actors of this period, who may be placed in the second-class. Such were — Samuel Reddish, whose Edgar in "King Lear" and Posthumous in "Cymbeline" were finely ren- dered ; Luke and Isaac Sparks, excellent comedy actors ; John Barrington, the Irish comedian ; John Brereton, who ended by playing Orlando and other leading parts with Mrs. Siddons; Mid- dleton (whose real name was Magann), a good imitator of Barry, whose extravagance drove him to ruin ; and Crawford, first a barrister, then a very capable actor, who succumbed, like the pre- ceding, after reckless courses, and lived in a state of chronic impecuniosity. Of the minor dramatists who either preceded or were contemporary with Sheridan and Goldsmith a few may be here dealt with. One of the most prominent of these was Charles Coffey, whose famous farce, "The Devil to Pay," has been a great favourite with the low comedians of the last hundred years, affording them as it does, by its wit and liveliness, considerable scoj>e for the display of their powers; John Kelly, a barrister, and author of some very clever plays ; 134 Ireland in London. Charles Stolloy, another'excellent dramatist; Dr. Michael Clancy, who by reason of one good play received a pension from George I. ; il'Namara Morgan, the Rev. Philip Francis, Samuel Derrick, Mrs. Sheridan and Miss Sheridan (the mother and sister of R. B. Sheridan), Henry- Brooke, Mrs. Pilkiugtou, Frederick Pilon, Francis Gentleman, and others too numerous to mention. Matthew Concanen, by his exceptionally clever piece, "Wexford Wells," and Captain Robert Jephson and Henry Jones, by their admirable tragedies, deseive a place apart, for they were un- questionably among the first of the minor Irish dramatists of the century. CHAPTER XXIV. IRISH DRAMATISTS AND ACTORS ON THE LONDON STAGE. 4#*& URIXG the latter half of the 18th century Irish actors and actresses were more numerous than ever, and this period also saw the fruition of the genius of such famous dramatists as Sheridan, Goldsmith, O'Keeffe, and others. The first piece Goldsmith produced was his "Good- natured Man" (in January, 1768, at Covent Gar- den), and though the audience were somewhat captious, and objected to one of the best scenes in the play — the scene between Honeywood and the bailiffs — it was a success, and brought more money to Goldsmith than he had ever previously handled. Five years elapsed before his next play appeared; but on the loth of March, 1773, Covent Garden had the honour of wit- nessing the first perfor- mance of the author's masterpiece, "She Stoops toConquer. ' ' A good many ' friends of the author, with strong lungs and horny hands, were in the house, and Dr. Johnson was conspicuous in a box, giving the cue, by his smiles and laughter, to the merriment of the rest of the audience. Gold- smith was terribly nervous, but had no cause for alarm till the beginning of the fifth act, when a solitary hiss was heard, said to emanate from RichardCumberland. "What's that? what's that?" asked Goldsmith, hurriedly; to which Colman replied— "Pshaw! my dear doctor, of what con- sequence is a squib, when we have been sitting for two hours on a barrel of gunpowder. " The play was a remarkable success, and gave Goldsmith the means of extravagance, and enabled him to charitably disburse his earnings. The wit of these two plays is akin to that of Steele, but is JOHN' o'keefke. occasionally of a more pronounced kind. There are not in Steele's plays such humorous characters, as Tony Lumpkin, Jack Lofty, or Croaker, though the type of each is not absent from his essays. Some of Goldsmith's characters border on the farcical, it must be admitted, aa, for instance, the. drunken butler, but their general humour is un- questionable. It is not so well known that Gold- smith wrote (or rather revised) another play, but such is the case. It was entitled, "The Grum- bler," and was played at a benefit in Covent Garden on May 8th, 1773, but was never printed. There were a large number of contemporary Irish dramatists, some of whom cannot be passed over by reason of their popularity in this or in other branches of literature. Such were Paul Heffernan (1719-1777), the author of several plays — one, "The Lady's Choice," having been a success at Covent Garden ; G. E. Howard, who wrote one or two very fair tragedies ; Elizabeth Griffith (died January, 1793), who was first an actress at Covent Garden, and whose several pieces are all credit- able, notably two, "The Double Mistake" and "The School for Rakes," which were well received at Covent Garden and Drury Lane respectively; John Cunningham (1729-1773), the well-known poet, author of the excellent farce, "Love in a Mist;" Henry Boyd, the translator of Dante, aud author of several good tragedies; Isaac Jackmau, whose "All the World's a Stage," The Milesian," and "The Divorce," particularly the last-named piece (a musical farce), were warmly appreciated at Drury Lane on their production ; and, lastly, Francis Gentleman, who, besides being a capable actor at the Hay market in 1770 and onwards, wrote a number of plays, including "The Modish Wife," which was acted "with universal applause" at the same theatre in 1774. To the above may- be added William Cooke, the poet, whose "Capricious Lady" was occasionally acted; Joseph Atkinson (1743-1818), whose "Tit-for-Tat" was successful at the Haymarket in 17S6 ; Eliza Ryves.T.L.O'Beirne, an Irishbishop ; JohnSimons, Ireland in London. 135 William Preston, Denis O'Bryen, W. C. Oulton, Charles Hamilton, Hall Hartson, Francis Dobbs, James Field Stanfield, father of the great marine painter of the same surname ; and, finally, "William Macready, •who, after a short career as an upholsterer in his native city, Dublin, went on the stage, and also wrote for it his popular "Irishman in London" and "The Village Lawyer," and whose son was "William Charles Macready, one of the greatest of modern actors. While those we have thus briefly mentioned are more or less honourably connected with the Eng- lish Stage and English dramatic literature, there were others whose claim to a prominent rank among the dramatists of the century cannot be disputed. Among those whose works were of immense popu- larity, and the lightness of whose productions was one of the chief reasons, perhaps, that helped them to float down the stream of time, were four men who are rightly considered the founders and chief supporters of English comic opera and burlesque — Kane O'Hara, Isaac Bickerstaff, Leonard M'Nally, and John O'Keeffe. O'Hara, in his "Midas," "Tom Thumb," and "The Golden Pippin," ridiculed in a most inimit- able manner the Italian opera of his time. "Midas" made great fun of the gods of ancient Greece, satirising the preposterous way in which mythology was treated in some operas; "Tom Thumb" amusingly burlesqued the tragedies then in vogue, with their accumulated horrors. Of the author of these clever parodies little is known. His life is almost a mystery, but it is certain he was a musician living in Dublin, and was probably born about the commencement of the ISth century, dying in 17S2 at a ripe old age. He was the true founder of English burlesque, as at present under- stood, though not the first author who burlesqued serious productions. Leonard M'Kally (1752-1S20), who became notoiious as a Government spy, was the author of several excellent comic operas and other dramatic pieces (such as " Kobin Hood"), which are likely to live as literature, though never plaj-ed. He was a clever barrister, and joined the United Irishmen, apparently of set purpose to betray 'hem. But while his political treachery exposes him to the just contempt of every honest Irishman, his literary ability is worthy of all recognition, and as one of the precursors of the modern school of writers of comic opera his works are also of his- torical interest. Concerning his counterpart, Bickerstaffe, little that is creditable is known. His conduct was so bad as an officer in the army that he was obliged to seek refuge abroad. The exact date of his birth is unknown, but it w.is probably about 1760. He was a page to Lord Chesterfield while the latter was Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. It is a curious circumstance that long before Bickerstaffe was born, Swift had used the very same name as a pseudonym. It would seem, therefore, that either Swift was acquainted with a person of that name, and consequently used a genuine name as a cloak for his identity, or Isaac Bickerstaffe was not the dramatist's real name. If neither of these suppositions be correct, the acci- dental similarity of the names constitutes a strange coincidence. Steele also used the name of "Isaac Bickerstaffe," having used it in the "Tatler," borrowing it from Swift. This exceed- ingly amusing and prolific dramatist was still living in 1816. As the author of some of the most entertaining pieces of the last century, his name is "writ" prominently in the volume of English (or Irish) dramatic literature. His "Love in a Village," "Lionel and Clarissa," "The Maid of the Mill," and other operas were immensely popular, and are characterised by clever plots and bright dialogue, while the scraps of verse scattered throughout them are very apt and sometimes witty. Originality was not Bicker- staffe's strong point, and he borrowed from almost every body, as many more famous authors have done. But his plays, mosaics though they be, are highly diverting, and pleased the audiences of former days, some of them, in fact, still "holding the field." In "Love in a Village" occurs the well-known song, "The Miller of the Dee," which, as given by Bickerstaffe, runs as follows :- — There was a jolly miller once Lived on the River Dee ; lie worked and sang from morn till night, X" lark so blithe as he ; And this the burden of his song For ever u^ed to be — I care for nobody, no, not I, If nobody cares for me '. More lasting, perhaps, than his opeias and burlettas will be his adaptation of Molierc's "Tartuffe"— "The Hypocrite." To the original cast of characters he added one, Maw-worm, which has been an especial favourite with all the princi- pal low comedians since the date of its production. This adaptation of Bickerstaffe's has quite super- seded that of Colley Cibber, and holds undisputed possession of the stage. The greatest of the four comic writers classed together above was undoubtedly John O'Keeffe. He was bcrn on June 24th, 1747, in Dublin, his father hailing from King's County and his mother from Wexford. His education was entrusted to the distinguished Jesuit, Father John Austin; 136 Ireland in London. and after thi3 was completed he began to study art. But though he painted some good portraits, he grew tired of the profession of a painter, and went on the stage in Dublin, and remained thereon for twelve years, his brother Daniel meanwhile becoming proficient a3 a miniature painter. John O'Keeffe wrote his earliest piece while an actor at Smock Alley Theatre, and it was produced, but without much success. Fired with ambition, he journeyed to London, and having written another play entitled "Tony Lumpkin in Town," sent it anonymously to George Colman the elder, then manager of the Haymarket Theatre. It was gladly accepted, and was produced shortly after, on July 2nd, 1778, with success, and from that moment O'Keeffe's future career was decided. He wrote MRS. ELIZABETH POPE. an immense number of pieces for the stage, not a few of them being of a trivial and slight character, but there are several which will bear comparison with all but the best plays of the last century for combined humour, plot, characterisation, and well- devised situations. Such are his "Wild Oats," a comedy; "The Agreeable Surprise," a comic opera; and "The Castle of Andalusia," an opera; and some others. With regard to one of his farces, "The Man-Milliner," a disturbance occurred. The haberdashers of the town, guessing they were to be ridiculed, assembled in force at the theatre, and damned the play without hearing it. A point of importance in connection with O'Keeffe's life must be recorded here. He just missed being made Poet Laureate. On Whitehead's death he applied for the appointment, but was informed by the then Lord Salisbury that it had "unfortunately" been promised to a Mr. Thomas Warton, otherwise he should certainly have had it. In 1S26 O'Keeffe published his entertaining and valuable "Recollections," a trustworthy record of the theatrical affairs of the previous half-century. He died in 1833, aged 85, having some years previously lost his sight, and thu3 hav- ing been compelled to dictate his writings to his daughter. In his own sphere he was perfectly unequalled, and though he had some enemies, he was very highly esteemed by his contemporaries. Sir Walter Scott, in his "St. Ronan'3 Well," used the phrase "from Shakespeare down to O'Keeffe." On the latter having his attention called to this remark, he said — "I see. From the top to the bottom of the ladder. He might have put me a few rungs up." O'Keeffe's operas are no longer played, doubtless owing to the old-fashioned style of the music to which they are wedded, but his "Wild Oats" is one of the best of the English stock comedies, affording perennial delight and enjoyment to every class of audience. Two other dramatists, of a more serious, less farcical vein than O'Keeffe, and who received a not in- considerable share of the attention of their con- temporaries, were Hugh Kelly (1739-1777) and Arthur Murphy (1730-1S05). Kelly, a native of Killarney, is known to fame as a clever dramatist and dramatic innovator, and as a biting political and social satirist. Hi3 personal appearance was one of his principal defects, apparently, though beyond a reference to his "belly fair and round" by an anonymous poetical critic, no details are given. Goldsmith has immortalised him in his "Retaliation," and he was abused by most of the writers of the day on account of his outspokenness or of his unfair attack3 The exasperating Hugh's "False Delicacy" and "School for Wives" are excellent comedies, conspicuous for clever points, and showing his powers of character-drawing. They are comedies of the "tearful" order, belong- ing to what in France would be called "comedie larmoyante" Kelly was, as we have hinted, cordially hated by many of his contemporaries, and his death, at the early age of 33, may not have been greatly regretted by them, but he died too soon for the world of literature. So great was the enmity aroused by some of Kelly's political writings and his capacity for hitting hard that some of his plays had to be produced under an Ireland in London. 137 assumed name, as though by an unknown author, and by this ruse they were successful. His fellow-dramatist, Arthur Murphy, lived longer, and produced some excellent work; but his works lack the point and brilliancy of Kelly's plays. As a scholar, he was greatly esteemed by the best judges of his time, and as a dramatist, his "Three Weeks after Marriage," "All in the Wrong," and "The Way to Keep Him," to men- tion only one or two of his bustling pieces, en- title him to a foremost place among the second- class dramatists of the period in which he lived. According to Churchill, Murphy was — In person gxil, a figure formed to please, If b) minetry could charm deprive! of eass. The handsomest actor on the stage at this period ■was William O'Brien, an inimitable comedian in special parts, and author of one of the best farces -of the century. As an instance of the way in which he identified himself with his part it is stated that one night, while playing Sir Andrew Ague-cheek in Shakespeare's "Tempest " he was so richly humorous that one of the soldiers guard- ing the stage fell down in an uncontrollable fit of laughter, and rolled over and over on the stage, to the increased gratification of the audience. Churchill, even Churchill, that severe stage censor, ■pays him an unconscious compliment when he admits, after saying that O'Brien was a "shadow" •of Woodward, that O'Brien had imitators — Strange to relnte, but wonderfully true, That even fehadows have the.r shadows too ! O'Brien's fat ce, "Cioss Purposes," was produced in 1772, and became a great success. Another piece, "The Duel," also by O'Brien, produced at another theatre on the same night, was a failure, although it is quite as good as the successful farce. Both as actor and dramatist, O'Brien's name is honourably associated with the Theatre. As to the jear of his birth, it is not known; but as his first appearance took place at Drury Lane in 1758, it may be conjectured that he was born about 1740. After a triumphant career on the boards, he mar- ried in 1764 Lady Diana Strangeways, daughter of the Earl of Ilchester, and retired from the theatre. He was still living in 1816 in Dorsetshire, a re- •ceiver-general and a J. P. Among other promising dramatists of this time was John Tobin (1770-1804), who, though born in England, was undoubtedly of Lish origin. His "famous comedy, "The Honeymoon," appeared posthumously in lS05,and is rightly considered one <.>1' the masterpieces of modern English comedy. Tobin died young at Cork, where he lies buried. 'Unlike Andrew Cherry (1762-1812), he was not both actor and dramatist. Cherry" is known to fame principally as the author of one play, "The Soldier's Daughter," and of several songs, such as "The Dear Little Shamrock," "Tom Moody," and "The Bay of Biscay 0;" his reputation as an actor was equally great and well-deserved. He hailed from Limerick, and played many leading parts in all the leading theatres of England and Ireland. But nearly all the dramatists previously men- tinned sink into insignificance before Richard Brinsley Sheridan (1751-1816). A member of one of the most gifted of families, almost wholly con- nected, in one way or another, with the Drama, he was destined to shed still greater glory upon it. His plays are few in number, but they are of unusual excellence. He may, without exaggera- tion, be ranked next to the "Swan of Avon," notwithstanding the dissimilarity between them. There have been greater poets, but not greater dramatists. No dramatist, not even the Immortal Bard him- self, has ever been more popular; and his polished wit and strokes of satire and humour are as eagerly waited for and listened to by audiences as the aphoristic gems and grand soliloquies of Shakespeare. His ."Duenna" is perhaps the wittiest opera extant; his " Critic" is an inimit- able burlesque; while his "School for Scandal" and "The Rivals" are almost unapproachable either for keen wit or graceful satire. So much for the Irish dramatists of the 18th century. A glance at the actors and actresses of the same period will demonstrate with equal force that Ireland's share in the history of the English Stage is enormous. Of Irish comedians proper, John Moody (1728-1813) heads the list in point of time, and perhaps in point of merit. He was a native of Cork, his real name, it is said, being Cochrane. He was known in theatrical circles as "the Irish gentleman," partly on account of hi* success in depicting that character, and partly be- cause of his irreproachable character. It is said by all critics that as Major 0' Flaherty in "The West Indian," asTeague in "The Committee," aa Sir Callaghan O'Brallaghan in "Love-a-la-Mode," and as Sir Patrick O'Neal in "The Irish Widow," ANDREW CHERRY. 138 Ireland in London. he was without an equal. He was the original Major O'Flaherty, and played the part inimitably, a formidable rival appearing afterwards in Jack Johnstone. The anonymous critic already once or twice quoted thus expresses the general chorus of -praise on Moody's performances: — _ Moody we praise, with all the warmth we can When he depicts the Irish gentleirmn : Nor stop we here, since he possesses iense, To keep from those attempts might give offence; May just reward his real merit crown Who well deserves the favour of the town. And Churchill, departing from his usual method, warmly eulogises his powers : — Long from a nation ever hardly used. At random censured, wantonly abused. Have Britons drawn their sport with partial view, Formed general notions from the rascal few ; Condemned a people, as for vices known. Which from their country banished, seek our own ; At length, howe'er, the slavish chain is broke. And Sense a«akened, scorns her ancient yi'Ke ; Taught by thee, Moody, we now learn to r.use Mirth from their foibles : from their Tirtues praise Jack Johnstone was a native of Tipperary, and was born in 1750. His reputation as an im- personator of Irish characters was made in Ireland, and was thoroughly endorsed in England. He was gifted with a fine presence, a splendid voice, and was an ideal Irish comedian. The fact that so many of the plays of the last century have their Irish , . . JACK JOHNSTONE A3 MAJOR characters is owing to o' FLAHERTY, the necessity of find- ing a suitable part for one or other of the Ii-ish comedians of the time. Johnstone retired from the stage after a long connection with it, and died on December 26th, 1828. He created a large number of original parts, and excelled in others created by Moody and others. Several of his Irish contemporaries, though not peculiarly Irish comedians, won their way to general recognition. Such were Alexander Pope, who was born about the middle of the last century, and died in 1835, equally eminent as painter and actor; and Francis and James Aickin, both excellent actors, the former excelling in tragedy, the latter in pathetic melodramatic parts, and possessing a fine voice. Of James Aikin, it is said — Aikin, the younger, has some gifts to please, Ju».t sensibility and modest ease ; His ii 1ms not there where Nature cannot reach. But lets her guide his gesture and his speech. The elder brother died in 1805, the younger in PEQ WOFFINGTON. 1803. Robert Owenson, a member of Garrick's company, and father of Lady Morgan, must also be mentioned. Distinguished Irish actresses were less numerous towards the latter part of the century. Margarec Woflington properly belongs to the first part of the century, but did not really reach the height of her reputa- tion till the fifties. She went upon the Dublin stage in early life, having been- born in 1720 or thereabouts, and in 1740 made her first appearane in Lon- don at Covent Garden as Sylvia to Ryan's Plume, in Farquhar's " Recruiting Officer." After a while she assumed male parts, and particularly shone as Sir Harry Wildair, in another of the same dramatist's works. Though in every respect a comedy actress, Peg Woffington has the distinction of having been the original Lady Randolph (to Barry's Norval) in Eng- land. This part has always been a favourite with the best tragic actresses, as it affords plenty of scope for pathos. Her impersonations of highborn ladies were as popular as her gay sparks, though like several other great actors, she triumphed in spite of a harsh and grating voice. Everybody was fascinated by her good looks and her charming manner ; yet she could be a virago at times, wit- ness her jealousy of and quarrels with Mrs. Bellamy, Mrs. Cibber, and Kitty Clive. And though beautiful in feature and figure, she could act old women parts finely, assuming wrinkles and sour- ness as easily as dimples and smiles. In private life she was extremely generous, and ended her days honourably and well. Her sister, Mary Woffington, was far inferior as an actress, but she succeeded better in life, and became the wife of an earl's son. The Woffingtons were Catholics, but Margaret apostatised in order to come into an estate which had been left to her. There were, towards the close of the century, three actresses of the very highest reputation — namely, Mrs. Robinson, Mrs. Elizabeth Pope, and Mrs. Maria Pope. The former was notable as a performer of Shakespeare's heroines, the na^ne of "Perdita" being given to her because of her fine rendering of the heroine of Shakespeare's "Win- ter's Tale." Her connection with the Stage was very brief, and calls for no particular mention. The same thing may be said of the two wives <>f Ireland in London. 139 Alexander Pope. They excelled in second-rate parts; Maria Pope, who died young, being a great loss to the Stage, for she would undoubtedly have ■developed into a great actress. A few great actois and actresses must be referred to rather briefly, as their connection with Ireland was very slight and somewhat accidental. Thus, lic became aware of her histrionic powers, her Shake- sperean attempts being particularly good. But it was in domestic comedy that she shone most brightly. As Mrs. Malaprop in "The School for i Scandal" and as Mrs. Candour in " The Rivals" ehe reigned supreme. No actress approached her in those parts. She also played the garrulous Nurse in "Romeo and Juliet" inimitably ; indeed, all her renderings of old women characters were of MRS. GLUVER. the highest order. She made her last appearance at Drury Lane on July 12th, 1850, being then in very feeble health, and played Mrs. Malaprop on that occasion with her usual carefulness and unctuousness, and died, at the age of 70, four days after (July 16th). Before leaving this group of actresses refer- ence must be made to Catherine Hayes (1820- 1S61), one of the most entrancing singers of modern times, who appeared at all the principal theatres of London in grand opera, and captivated all her audiences by her opera- tic singing, and no less by her magnificent ren- Catherine haves, with dering of Irish songs. AUTOGRAPH. Tyrone Power was the natural successor of John- stone and Moody, and is said to have surpassed them, though that is hardly possible. Tyrone — or, to give him his true and full name, "William Grattan Tyrone Power — was born near Kilmac- thomas, county Waterford, on November 2nd r •1 42 Ireland in London. 1797. Owing to the death of his father, while her hero was still a child, his mother was seriously •embarrassed, and as he had to earn a livelihood in some way, he chose the stage — the most fitting and the easiest occupation for him, he thought. His first important appearance was in Dublin on December 10th, 1817, and it was not till after many provincial wanderings and an American visit that he played to a London audience, which event took place on January 19th, 1S24, at the Adolphi. Hitherto he had not specially distinguished himself in Irish characters ; it was in February, 1825, he made his mark as an Irish comedian. At various times he played a round of the best-known and most difficult of Irish characters, and likewise "created" many original parts, specially written for him by Lover and others. Lover's " Rory O'More," with Power in the leading part, was produced at the Adelphi, and was the most successful play of the time. Like all Lover's work, this play was brimming over with genial humour. Tyrone Power met with a sad end. He had already been to America .several times, and made another journey in 1840. He embarked at Kew York on March 11th, 1841, on the ill-fated vessel, "The President," on his return journey, but the ship and its passengers were never more seen or heard of. Power was a cultured man and wrote several clever books and some TTROXE POWER, WITH AUTOGRAPH. good verse. His literary ability was inherited by his son, Sir William Tyrone Power, the well- kuown traveller. Another famous Irish actor of this century perished in the same manner — namely, Gustavus Vaughan Brooke, who was drowned in 1866 while journying to Australia. Brooke was born in Dublin in 1818, and, having adopted the stage as his vocation, soon won his way to a high position. His first London appearance was at the "Vic" (then the Coburg), a second-class theatre at that time, and he did not arouse any great in- terest. But his opportunity came later on, when Macready engaged him for Drury Lane, which was the principal stepping-stone in his eventful career.. Gifted, like Spranger Barry, with a fine presence and an equally fine voice, he enthralled his hearers as Othello, and in similar parts. His unfor- tunate death deprived the stage of one of its most promising actors, who might have excelled, had he lived, all the other actors of his time. Passing over many clever actors, and but briefly mentioning such performers as Charles Connor, a well-known delineator of Irish character ; James Lacy, an admirable actor, manager of Drury- lane for some years ; John Bernard, an equally good actor ; Edward Fitzwilliam and his sister, Kathleen Fitzwilliam, both of similar excellence ; the well-known actor of Irish charac- ters, Richard Malone (better remembered as Malone Raymond), who died January 14th, 1862, after a long connection with the Hay market Theatre; and, lastly, the two celebrated ballet- masters of Drury Lane, James Byrne, and Oscar, his son, the greatest dancers of the first half of this century — we come to the four chief Irish actors of the last 70 years (leaving out of account those still living). Master Betty was born in Shrewsbury, but his parents were Irish. He went ou the stage while a child, and may be said to have gained his best laurels while still of tender years. He wa3 12 years of age when London first saw him, at Covent Garden, on December 1st, 1804, and on this occasion, such was the eagerness to see so youthful a prodigy that several lives were lost in the crush at the doors. The scene inside the theatre during the evening was fearful ; hundreds of people fainted, and the ladies in the lower boxes who had no difficulty in obtaining their entrance, were engaged all the time in fanning those beneath them, who were in a melting condition. Betty's theatrical career was really ended by the time that others are usually beginning theirs ; as he grew up most of the interest in him vanished, though he always remained a good and careful actor ; and, as he appreciated and accepted the altered situation, he retired from the Stage with a large fortune in 1S24, aged 32, living quietly on his ample means until a few years ago, when he died at an advanced age. The first appearance of Charles Kean in Lon- don was at Drury Lane in 1827, but it was some years before he was enrolled among the leading actors of the metropolis. Kean was born in Waterford in 1811, and died in 1868. He was a splendid all-round actor, and few failures at- tended his efforts. With Phelps and Macready, he shares the distinction of being among the most conscientious of the Shakesperean students and Ireland in London. H3 actor3 of the century. William Charles Macready was a greater actor than Charles Kean, and was more studious in his readings and more original in his methods. As Richelieu in Lytton's play of that name he was unequalled; his "King Lear" was a really magnificent performance, while his /'Werner" in Byron's tragedy was considered a truly marvellous piece of acting and of perfect elocution. He was also greatly admired as "Virginius" in Sheridan Knowles's play, and in the leading character of Gerald Griffin's great tragedy, "Gisippus," a work which has no superior among the dramas produced during the century. The only actor who approached Macready as "Virginius" was the eminent actor who died in 1885 — John Edward M'Cullough. He was born in Derry in 1827, and may, without exaggera- tion, be termed one of the greatest tragedians of latter j ears. He acted many parts admirably, but "Virginius" was his most famous impersona- tion. Finally, among the actors of more recent years Charles Sullivan occupies an honoured place. As an Irish comedian he has had very few equals, and ranks with the best of his predecessors and contemporaries. Several eminent Irish musicians were connected with the principal theatres of London about the beginning of the century and later on, such as J John Moorehead, who joined the orchestra of Co vent Garden in 1798, and who composed operas for the same theatre ; William Michael Rooke (or O'Rourke, which was his real name), the in- structor of M. W. Balfe, who himself sang on the stage, led the orchestra of and composed operas for both Coveut Garden and Drury Lane ; William Vincent Wallace, whose " Maritana" and "Lur- line, " to mention but two of his works, are among the most tuneful operas produced in England during the last hundred years ; George Alexander Osborne, Henry Grattan Cooke (son of T. S. Cooke, the composer), Mary A. A. Gabriel, and others of less note. Sheridan Knowles, by his fine plays, "Vir- ginius," "The Love-Chase," and "The Hunch- back" naturally heads the list of Irish dramatists of the 19th century. They are now among the English classics, and may very favourably com- pare with some of the productions of the Eliza- bethan age. Knowles, who was a Corkman, was an excellent actor, and his histrionic training served him in good stead in after years, when he became a Baptist preacher. Of the other tragic writers of the same period, Sheil and Griffin have already been referred to; Maturin, in spite of Byron's and Scott's admiration for his works, may be dismissed in a line or two as a clever poet who affected the supernatural in his dramas to a great extent; Sir M. A. Shee's "Alasco" is a good tragedy, but it was never performed, as the Lord Chamberlain thought it too independent in its teachings, and prohibited it; T. C. Grattan's "Ben Nazir" was brought out by Edmund Kean after his powers had begun to fail him, and was doomed, like the actor, to condemnation • Eugenius Roche, as the author of two good plays, may also be included; and John Banim's "Damon and Pythias" is one of the exceptions to the rule that tragedy during these last few generations has been of the dullest kind; finally, Dr. Croly'6 dramatic work, poetical as it is, must be con- sidered of too gloomy and severe a type to suit the modern taste. The early writers, like James Kenney, who did their best merely to amuse their readers, are, after all, more popular than the poets whose tragedies either fell flat or pleased only because of their poetic flavour. Kenney' s "Raising the Wind" (with its ever-welcome Jeremy Diddler), " Too Many Cooks," "The World," "Oh, This Love," and other comedy-farces and farcical comedies were all extremely successful when produced^ at Drury Lane, Covent Garden, and elsewhere in the early part of this century. In the same way, John Till Allingham's screaming farces, such as "Mrs. Wiggins," and the pieces of Edward Irwin, Mrs. S. C. Hall, Thomas Moore, Charles Lamb Kenney, P. P. O'Callaghan, Maurice G. Dowling, J. F. M'Ardle, William Muskerry, and many others, though sometimes amusing and successful, are not, with one or two exceptions, to be com- pared as literature with the serious productions of pievious authors. The works of such excellent writers as Edmund Falconer (1813-1879), whose real name was Edmund O'Rourke; John Brougham (1814-1SS0), and Joseph Stirling Coyne (1805- 1868) require a separate reference. Falconer wrote a good many plays, his most notable being "Peep o' Day," an Irish drama, which was a tremendous success when produced at the Lyceum Theatre, of which he was manager in 1S58 and 1861. He was also a very clever actor, and played Danny Mann in "The Colleen Bawn" at the Adelphi. Like Juhn Brougham, he was also a poet, and produced two volumes of poetry. To complete the parallel, he was also a native of Dublin, like Brougham. The latter, however, was a better poet, bettor dramatist, and better actor than Falconer. Several of his plays will doubtless stand the test 1U Ireland in London. DION BOUCICA0LT. -of time for many years, while some of his poems are of a very high order of merit. As an Irish character- actor, he also takes high rank. Most of his latter years were spent in America, where he found few rivals. Joseph Stirling Coyne also wrote largely for the stage, many of his plays being suc- cessful at the Adelphi Theatre. He was a native of King's County, and gained a good position among London journalists, joining the staffs of several of the most important papers of the metropolis. Foremost among the dramatists of the day, if popularity is any guide, is Dion Boucicault, who was born in Dublin in 1822. He has been a most prolific writer, and a mere list of his productions would take a good deal of space. Some of these pieces are trivial and unworthy of him, but his best pieces are un- rivalled in their way. His first piece, "Lon- don Assurance," was brought out at Covent Garden, March 4th, 1841, and is an excellent comedy, and likely to be his most lasting work. The dates of his other most important plays are: — "Colleen Bawn" (September 16th, 1860), "The Octoroon" (November 18th, 1861)," Streets of London" (August 5th, 1S64), " Arrah-na- Pogue" (first time in London, March 22nd, 1865), "The Flying Scud" (1866), " Hunted Down" (1S66), "After Dark" (1868), "The Shaughraun" (1875). A French version of "Arrah-na-Pogue," entitled "Jean la Poste, or les Noces Irland- aises," ran in Paris for 140 nights, and everywhere " Shaun the Post" was a welcome visitor. Bouci- cault's powers as an actor are well known; .according to the "Athenajjm," he " is probably the best stage Irishman that has been seen." The most poetic playwright of the time is doubt- less William Gorman Wills, the son of the Irish poet, biographer, and divine, the Rev. James Wills. W. G. Wills is not only the author of such genuine masterpieces as "Charles I.," "Olivia," and other plays; he is also an admirable artist, and has written some fine novels and poems. He is a native of Kilkenny, and has mostly written for Mr. Irving. ' Other Irish dramatists of the day who have produced excellent plays are Miss Clotilde Graves (a native of Buttevant, county Cork), Percy Fitzgerald, Justin Huntly McCarthy, Hubert 0' Grady, and a few others of lesser note. Some prominent Irish actors have yet to bo mentioned before closing this account of Irish hamaand acting in London. Barry Sullivan, the 3 'reat tragic actor, was born in Birmingham, but aiade his first appearance in Cork in a travelling company, playing on that occasion the singing part of Young Meadows in Bickeistaffe's "Love in a Village." Since that time the provinces have almost wholly monopolised him, his appearances in London being few and far apart. But at Drury Lane, some years ago, he astonished London by the intensity and p^wer of his acting, more especially in the parts of Richard III. and Beverley in "The Gamester." An actor of almost equal po\v?r is Shiel Barry, who was born in county Kildare, and made his first appearance in 1859 in Australia as Dr. O' Toole. His first triumphs were in Irish characters, but in February, 1S7S, he joined the company at the Folly Theatre (now Toole's), and played Gaspard, the miser, , in the opera of "Les Cloches de Cor- neville," and made a distin-C and remarkable success. The "Daily News" of September 3rd, 1S78, says: — "Few who have ever heard it will forget the guttural laugh of Mr. Sheil Barry in his powerful delineation of the miser — a performance which belongs to the very highest order of eccentric comedy." Among the comedians of the period, John Lawrence Toole, who first appeared at the Adelphi on December 27th, 1858, takes high rank. Though born in London, he is of Irish parentage, and, we believe, of Irish sympathies. Charles Groves, an excellent comic actor, born in Limerick in 1843, also comes into our survey ; while other very clever actors, as Charles Coghlan, J. D. Beveridge, Dominick Murray, the late George Hodson, Harold Kyrle Bellew (son of J. C. M. Bellew), George Power, and similar performers are among the most important Irishmen connected with the Stage in very recent times. Among the Irish actresses of note may be mentioned Ada Crehan (the Irish-American actress known as Ada Rehan, a native of Limerick), Helen Barry (a good melodramatic actress, born in England), Rose Coghlan, sister of the comedian above re- ferred to ; Rose Bishop (nee Egan); Kathleen Irwin, a very capable singer; Margaret and Maude Brennan (the latter of whom has played Ophelia to Irving's Hamlet); Henrietta Hodson (now Mrs. Labouchere), and her sister Kate Hodson, daughters of George Hodson; and, lastly, Kate and Mary Rorke, both admirable actresses, of Irish Catholic parentage. Nor must we forget to mention, in completing Ireland in London. 145 our review, the well-known operatic and other singers, such as Andrew John Foley (Signor Foli), Barton M'Guckin, Leslie Crotty, William Ludwig, Clara Merivale, Donnell Balfe, Helen D' Alton, Plunket Greene, aud Bernard Lane; and the dis- tinguished composers — Sir Arthur Sullivan (of Irish parentage, his father being a Thomas Sul- livan and his mother a Mary Coghlan), James Hamilton Clarke (now of the Haymarket), Pro- fessor C. V. Stanford, James L. Molloy (a native of King's County), Miss Hope Temple, and others cf less renown. / CHAPTER XXVI. IRISH LITERARY MEN IN LONDON. OR the last three centuries i^^io'l, K\f/ *^£) London has been the chief «,<^ >v ~*>i." A remarkable group of Irish literary men were living at this period, including William Molyneux, the author of the splendid indictment of English rule in Ireland — "The Case of Ireland Stated;" John Leland, the philosopher, whose works, though of a heterodox nature, evidence his immense learning and ability ; Dr. George Berkeley, the great propounder of the Idealistic Philosophy ; Thomas Paruell, the traiiquil poet; and Dean' Swift, the unapproach- able master of irony and of scorn. Swift has often been compared with Vol- taire as a satirist, but they were as wide apart as the poles upon nearly every point. One thing they had in common, a hatred of injustice and tyranny. As satirists, they differed in their .„ methods; Voltaire aimed LELAND. '. to make his opponents, or the abuses he satirised, as ridiculous and absurd as possible, believing in Ridicule as a mighty weaj>on ; while Swift tried to make his objects of attack as contemptible as possible, by depicting them in the blackest colours. Steele posed as a social censor in his " Tatler," and not as a political satirist or advocate, or as a personal satirist. But his journal necessarily referred in 6ome way, chiefly indirectly, to the public events of the period. As previously the most common disseminator of news was rumour, news passed by word of mouth through the city, and, exaggerated by each new teller, was discussed in the various coffee-rooms by the beaux and wits over a cup of Mocha or a game of whist. "The Tatler" made its first appearance on the 12th of April, 1709. It was a single folio double- columned sheet, and was published every Tues- day, Thursday, and Saturday. The first four numbers were given away gratis; afterwards, the 116 Ireland in London. price was a penny. For some time it was written by Steele only, and it was not until the seventieth number or so that Addison commenced to aid the editor. The sheet was wholly taken up by delightful bantering of the ridiculous fashions of the day, by keen analysis of the theatrical per- formances, or by an occasional critical study of. Milton or Shakespeare, and au infrequent disser- tation on political events. The venture was a great success; the circu- lation increased rapidly, and it became a steady source of income for Steele. When later on Addison gave the paper the benefit of his acut<» criticisms, moral re- flections, and keen if-uy, it still further incre jed it3 influence and oircu- Hugh kelly. lation. But the credit of founding it, and all the innovations it contained, are due to Steele alone; and more>ver, some of the finest of the essays are also his. As Austin Dobson has said — 1 'For words whi -a the heart finds when tht, head is seeking; for p'irases glowing with the white heat of a generous emotion ; for sentences which throb or tingle with manly pity or courageous in- dignation, we must turn to the essays of Steele." And the same pleasant writer remarks : — "The whole life of the time is mirrored in its pages. We see the theatre, with Betterton and Bracegirdle on the stage, or that 'romp,' Mrs. Bicknell, dancing; we see the side-box bowing ' from its inmost rows' at the advent of the radiant 'Cynthia of the minute;' we hear the shrill cries of the orange-weaches, or admire the pert footmen keeping guard over their mistress's bouquets. We see the church with its high pews, and its hour-glass by the pulpit: we hear, above the rustle of the fans, and the coughing of the open-breasted beaux, the sonorous periods of Burnet or Atterbury ; we scent the fragrance of Bergamot and Lavender and Hungary-water. We follow the gilded chariots moving slowly round the Ring in Hyde Park, where the lackeys fight and play chuck-farthing at the gates; we take the air in the Mall with the Bucks and Pretty Fellows; we trudge after the fine lady, bound, in her glass chair, upon her inteiminable 'how-dees.' We smile at the showy young Templars lounging at Squire's or Serle's in their brocaded 'night- gowns' and strawberry sashes; we listen to the politicians at White's or the Cocoa-Tree; we com- pany with the cits at Bat son* 3, and the Jews and stockbrokers at Jonathan's. We cheapen our Pekoe or Bohea at Motteu's China Warehouse ; we fill our boxes with musty or 'right Spanish' at Charles Lillie's in Beaufort Buildings ; we choose a dragon cane or a jambee at Mather's toy shop in Fleet-street; we ask at Lintot's or Tonson's for 1 Swift in Verse and Prose ;' we call for the latest ' Tattler' at Morphew's by Stationer's Hall. It is not true that Queen Anne is dead ; we are living in her very reign ; and the Victorian era, with its steam and its socialism, its electric light and its local option, has floated away from us like a. dream." Swift, who had used the name of Isaac Bicker- staffe, now appropriated, with his consent, by Steele, had ridiculed the almanac-makers of his day, especially one of them named Partridge. He predicted that this individual would die at a certain hour on a certain day — and when the fate- ful hour arrived, and Partridge did not die, Swif b was not in the least disconcerted, but calmly de- clared that his prediction was fulfilled. Partridge protested that he was not dead, but Swift was- »nexorable, and the wits, seeing the joke, kept it up, with the result that elegies were written on Partridge, his last moments were minutely described, and even the Stationers' Company ap- plied for an injunction against the almanacs that were published under the name of Partridge. It was to this humorous affair that Steele alluded when, in his in- troduction to the "Tatler," he said — " It is impossible for me to want means to entertain — (the public), helps of my own parts, the Power of Divination, and that I can, by casting a figure, tell yuu all that will happen before it comes to pass." But he adds that he will use his power "very sparingly, and not speak of anything till it is passed, for fear of divulging matters which may offend our superiors." " The Tatler" ran to 271 numbers, and was- almost immediately followed by "The Spectator," the first number of which came out on March 1st, 1711. This was in its turn succeeded by "The- Guardian" (March 12th, 1713), "The English- man" (6th of October, 1713), "The Lover" and "The Reader" (1711), "Town Talk" (1715), STERXB. havin?, besides the- Ireland in London. 117 ■"The Tea-Table" and "Chit-Chat" (1716), "The Plebeian" (1719), and "The Theatre" (1720). In some of these ventures Steele had the active assistance of Addison ; but they were mainly written by their projector. His work may be easily identified: all his contributions are signed "It." or "T." ; Addison's signature was one of the following letters— C, L., L, 0. Steele was of a most inventive turn of mind, and all the improve- ments and the finest ideas of the different publi- cations were due to him. He conceived the idea of the "Visions," which Addison worked out so •successfully ; he cieated Sir Roger de Coverley, and left his collaborator to take the credit of the invention ; he was probably the first literary critic of the day, and by his short stories may be con- •sidered the true founder of the English novel; he •strenuously opposed duelling, gambling, and other vices, and was the first English writer to rescue the name of woman from the degradation to which -it had been brought by the writers of the Restora- tion, and for his chivalrous defence of them de- serves, as Thackeray says, their good-will and • affection. Among the principal occasional contributors to Steele's periodicals were Swift, Berkeley, and Parnell. The latter only -wrote one or two things ; -and Berkeley, a firm friend of Steele's, was not -a frequent contributor, "The Guardian" being the journal for which lie mostly wrote. Swift helped Steele in many ways, until he became a Tory, when he transferred his al- legiance to other jour- nals. To "The Exami- nei," a weekly sheet brought out on the 3rd of August, 1710, he constantly contributed. HUGH doyd. In this paper appeared his remarkable essay on " The Art of Political Lying," which has a strange interest for the present •day reader on account of its applicability to certain -statesmen. It is couched in Swift's best vein of keen irony, and one or two of its most piquant passages will be doubtless appreciated by the students of present politics. Thus, after remark- ing that the devil, called "the father of lies," was ■expelled frorn heaven for insubordination," where (as Milton expresses it) he had been viceroy of a great western province," he adds — "But although the devil be the father of lies, he seems, like the great inventors, to 1 ave lost much of his reputa- er£??5. W 1 tion by the continual improvements that have been made upon him. Who first reduced lying into an art, and adapted it to politics, is not so clear from history, although I have made some diligent inquiries It has been the guardian epii it of a prevailing paity It gives and resumes employments, can sink a mountain to a mole-hill, and raise a mole-hill to a mountain ; has presided for many years at com- mittees of elections ; can wash a blackmoor white ; make a saint of an atheist, and a patriot of a pro- fligate; can furnish Foreign Ministers with intelli- gence, and raise or let fall the credit of tl e nation." And again — "Some people may thh.k that such an accomplishment (as lying) can be of no great use to the owner, or his party, after it hnB been often practised and is become notorious; but they are widely mistaken. ... As the viles-t writer has his readers, bo the greatest liar has his believers; and it often happens that, if a lie be believed only for an hour, it has done its work, and there is no further occasion for it. Falseho< d flies, and truth comes limping after it, bo that when men come to be undeceived it is too late ; the jest is over, and the tale has had its effect ; like a man who has thought of a good repartee when the discourse is changed or the com par y parted ; or like a physician who has found out an infallible medicine after the patient is dead." Among the many eminent Irish writers contem- poraiy with or succeeding Swift we may particu- larise Dr. Samuel Madden, the scholar and author of a notable work, "A Memoir of the Twentieth Century;" Henry Brooke, the author of "TheFcol of Quality" and other admirable works; Dr. Thomas Leland, the distinguished historian; Charles Johnstone, the clever author of "The Adventures of a Guinea," an unjustly-neglected novel; and lastly, Laurence Sterne, whose evei- popular "Tristram Shandy" and "Sentimental Journey" place him among the greatest of tl e masters of English fiction. Oliver Goldsmith is known to the world all over as a novelist, dramatist, and poet of supreme excel- lence. But it is principally as an essayists n short, a journalist — that we refer to him here His first work in this direction began in 17. 7, when he reviewed books for "The Critical Review" and "The Monthly Review." In 1759 he favoured "The Bee" and "The Busybody" with some admirable essays, and some poetic at- tempts, including the clever imitation of Swift, known as "The Logicians Refuted," and the comic "Elegy on Mrs. M»T Blaize." His most import- ant work in this w - was his inimitable Letters 148 Ireland in London. MADDEN. of the Chinese Philosopher, famous as "The Citizen of the World," which were commenced early in 1760 in the "British Magazine," and ran on into 1761. They appeared twice a week, and Goldsmith obtained a guinea each for them. At this time he was also editor of "The Lady's Magazine," and wrote some "serious" bio- g-aphies for " The Christian Magazine," elited by the unfor- tunate Rev. Dr. Dodd, afterwards hanged for forgery. Goldsmith's other work3 were published separately, and few of them equal "The Citizen of the World" for wit, vigour, and irony. In the guise of a Chinaman resident in England, he com- ments delightfully on English follies, prejudices, and vices, and passes shrewd and humorous re- marks on their time-honoured but somewhat "played-out" institutions. Goldsmith reached almost his highest powers in some of these essays, which are too familiar to need quotation. Two of the most vigorous political writers of the period were Hugh Boyd, one of the reputed authors of "The Letters of Junius," and Hugh Kelly, the dramatist. The former has not, despite his great powers and his reputation, left any work of importance to posterity ; Kelly is besh known as a playwright and as a poet, but his- political writings exercised considerable influence, and earned him the hatred of his opponents. He conducted a paper called "The Babbler," and in its columns fulminated with great effect against the Opposition. Arthur Murphy was more a man of letters than a journalist, yet he edited "The Gray's Inn Journal" for a couple of years. It is by hi3 dramatic work, however, and by his classical translations and his biography of Dr. Johnson that Murphy will be remembered. The greatest jour- nalist of that age was undoubtedly Sir Philip- Francis, assuming (as we have a right) that his- identity with the mysterious "Junius" is practically certain. The famous "Letters" ap- peared in the " Public Advertiser, "a prominent journal of the time, during 1769-1772, and by their unsparing treatment of the Ministers then in power caused an immense sensation. It may be mentioned that people at the time of publication considered them to be the work of an Irishman, for Junius, in No. 29, answers a correspondent who attacked the race in attacking him, and refers to the "unremitted rancour" shown by the Govern- mental party towards Ireland, "a nation which we well know has been too much injured to be easily forgiven." And, in another letter (No. 35), he exclaims that "the Irish have been uniformly plundered and oppressed. In return, they give you every day fresh marks of their resent- ment." CHAPTER XXVII. IRISH LITERARY MEN IN LONDON. DMUND BURKE was one of the leading figures in the literary world at the time of the publica- tion of the " Letters of Junius." His masterly works, mines of deep thought and lofty wis- dom, were among the greatest productions of that era. His journalistic connections are not so well known. He first con- tributed to a somewhat obscure journal, entitled "t'he Englishman," and then to the " London Evening Post ;" afterwards beginning that admir- able summary of the year's events known as "The Annual Register," now a most valuable work of reference. Its earliest numbers were largely written byBuike. Many years afterwards another Irishman of note — Marmion W. Savage — con- ducted the same publication. But Burke was not a journalist proper, as so many great writers have been. His great works were issued separately and might not have attracted so much attention as they did were they merely republished articles. The essay on "The Sublime and Beautiful" is useless as an authority, but its fine style and the remarkably profound maxims scattered through its pages render it a valuable contribution to the literature of England. The "Reflections on the French Revolution," "Thoughts on the Presenr Discontents," and the "Letter to a Noble Lord" are masterpieces of subtle reasoning, eloquence, and felicitous phraseology, and are certainly his most important tracts ; yet his speeches, per- haps, remain his greatest, as they are his most famous, productions. Ireland in London. 149 His friend and countryman, R. B. Sheridan, did not possess the methodical habits or the powerful mind of the philosopher, or the works he has left to posterity might have been larger in extent and even moie brilliant than they are. A few dazzling speeches, some sparkling witticisms, and some witty plays are his sole contributions to the world's literature. They are splendid proofs of his genius, but they are less numerous than one would wish, or than they might have been, if his inexhaustible mind had been further stimu- lated and more fully sounded. Had he actively EDMOND MA LONE, WITH r ,, ■, • , • .• followed a journalistic career he would have ac- AUTOGRAPH. quired method and perseverance ; but if,as has been said Genius is but "an infinite capacity for taking pains," Sheridan possessed little of it. His jour- nalistic work was small in amount and not par- ticularly able. Beyond a few contributions to the "Morning Chronicle," a paper which has had as- sociated with its fortunes a remarkable number of clever Irishmen, a little assistance he rendered to "The Jesuit," a short-lived paper started by himself in 1782, with anti-Tory principles and ultra-Liberal tendencies, and a not inconsiderable number of articles in the "Morning Herald," Sheridan has contributed very little to the Press. Towards the close of the century several Irishmen became very prominent as journalists. Apart from Isaac Jackman, who edited "The Morning Post" (commenced in 1772) for some years; William Cooke, editor of a daily paper — "The General Advertiser" — but better known as a poet and as the friend of Goldsmith ; and Edward Quin, of whom we shall have occasion to 6peak presently — apart from these comparatively minor writers, there were George Canning, John Wilson Croker, and Thomas Moore. The last-named became, be- fore the close of the century, tolerably well known. Once his powers were proved he joined the staffs of three newspapers — "The Morning Post," "Morning Chronicle," and "The Times" — to which he wrote numberless stinging squibs, in the form of epistles, odes, and epigrams, which were immensely saccessful, and earned him a pension of £300 a year from the delighted Whigs, for whom he laboured. So successful were his political satires that we find "The Morning Chronicle" saying, in September, 1815, a few days after his "Epistle from Tom Cribb" had appeared in its columns: — "We have had so many and such incessant applications for the paper which contains the exquisite ' jeu d'esprit' Chat we shall reprint it to-morrow." Some of these skits will hardly bear quotation now, when the lapse of time has somewhat bluuted their point; but that they are clever, let the fol- lowing few lines from one of them testify : it is entitled "An Occasional Address for the Opening of the New Theatre of St. Stephen's; intended to have been spoken by the Proprietor in full cos- tume" (i.e., The King): — This day a new hou-e, for your c r 'ific:.tion. We open, most thinking and right -headed nation! Excuse the materials, though rotten and bad, they're the best that for money just now could be had • And if echo the charm of .such houses should be, Vnii will find it will echo my speech to a T. As for actors, we've got the old company yet, 'Hie same motley, odd, t agi-comical set ; An i considering they all were but clerks t'other day, 1* is truly surprising h"W well they can play. Our manager the, who in Ulster svas nirst, And *ang " Erin Go Bragh " for the galleries first, Hut, on finding Pitt-interest a much better thing, Changed his note of a suuden to " God Save the King"). In taking my leave now, I've only to say A few " stats in the house " not as >er sold away, Maybe had of the manager, Pat Castlereugh. Some of the other skits of the lively little poet are still better, but would require too much elucidation of their meaning to render them quotable. Moore was in such demand among editors that when Brougham, then a leader-writer on the "Times," fell ill, he was asked by Barnes, the editor, to take his place at £100 a month. But the poet refused the offer, and preferred to express his witty contempt in verse. His most formidable foes were a few Tory writers like Canniug, Croker, Maginn, not to mention English "tomahawkers" such as Gifford, Hook, Frere, and others. Canning was one of those who started the "Anti- Jacobin; or Weekly Examiner," in November, 1797, a journal which lasted about nine months. It was followed by a monthly publication, "The Anti-Jacobin Review and Magazine," which lasted from 1798 till 1S21. For the former Canning wrote his most inimit- able squibs and parodies, including his "Loves of the Triangles," a mathematical poem in imitation of the poet Darwin, and his burlesque play, "The Rovers," ridiculing Schiller's "Robbers." To the same paper he contributed his famous Sapphic 150 Ireland in Lonaon. Ode, an imitation of Southey — "The Friend of Humanity and the Knife-Grinder. " The philanthropist begins by pointing out the dilapidated condition of the itinerant trades- man : — Needy knife-grinder ! "hither are you going? Rough is your road, your wheel is out of order ; Bleak blows the blaat— your hat has gut a hole in it. So have your bre ches. And, sympathising with him, he inquires how he came to this pass, and wishes to know whether he has been the victim of the squire, the parson, or the lawyer ; then asks him whether he has read Paine' s "Rights of Man," and finally expresses a wish to bear his sad story. The knife-grinder replies — S:ory ! God bless you ! I have none to tell, sir ! except that while drinking in "The Chequers" he became involved in a drunken quarrel, and was roughly handled. He adds — I should be glad to drink your honour's health in A pot of beer, if you will give uie sixpence ; But, for my part, I never love to meddle With politics, sir. To which the "Friend of Humanity" indignantly responds by kicking the Knife-grinder, overturn- j < his wheel, and departing "in a transport of republican enthusiasm and universal philanthropy, remarking before his exit — I .»i'e thee sixpence ! I will see thee hanged fiist — Wret -h, whom no sense of wrongs can rouse to ven- fieance — Sordid, unfeeling, reprobate, degiaded, Spiritless outcast ! Tlie object of this vigorously written journal was, to use Canning's words in the preliminary notice, "a contradiction and confutation of the falsehoods and misrepresentations . . . which may be found in the papers devoted to the cause of sedition and irreligion, to the pay or principles of France." In short, it was to com- bat Republicanism, or at least the French idea of it, with what Canning considered were its natural concomitants — irreligion, licentiousness, and other reprehensible things. "Of Jacobinism," he said, "in all its shapes and in all its degrees, . we are the avowed, determined, irrecon- cilable enemies." John Wilson Croker was a far more unscrupulous Tory thanCanning,and used the "poisoned dagger" often aud without hesitation. As early as 1801, Croker wrote a series of letters on the French Revolution to the "Times." When the "Quarterly Review" was started in 1809, by William Gifford, Croker became the most biting critic, and the most unrelenting and envenomed partisan-writer on the staff on Keats' s poetry, though it did not k the libellous "Comet," a satirical and personal Dublin periodical. The "Morning Herald" had many Irishmen on its staff at the various stages of its career, including Isaac Butt, John Sydney Taylor, whose earnest denunciations of vandalism, and whose powerful appeals in favour of the preservation of many old churches and chapel 3 threatened with destruction, were efficacious, and enable us still to admire the many fine examples of mediceval architecture in the country; Michael Desmond Ryan, a native of Kilkenny, a musi- cian and a poet, who acted as its musical critic for some time; the Parliamentary reporters men- tioned at the close of the last chapter, and two others — viz., Joseph 0'Leary,author of "Whiskey, Drink Divine" and other poems, and William Bernard M'Cabe, author of some works of fiction ; and, finally, John Frazer Corkrau, a native of Dublin, who acted as its Paris cor- respondent for eighteen years, who was well known as a writer of drama, poetry, fiction, and history, and who died in February 1884. Ireland in London. 1"»5 The "Morning Chronicle" was a Whig or Moderate Liberal paper. Its best editor was a Scotchman, named John Black, who had got together a brilliant staff, including some writers then unknown, who were destined to future fame, among them being Dickens, one of the Parliamentary reporters. Its foreign editor, under Black, was Andrew Doyle, who, having married the daughter of the proprietor, replaced Black as editor in 1843. Doyle had some mis- taken notions of economy, and Dickens found some difficulty in disposing of his humorous sketches, which Black had gladly accepted, and paid for at a moderate rate. By his first work Dickens made a great stir, and as he was going to Italy he offered Doyle a series of weekly letters embodying his impressions of the country, but Doyle thought Dickens's terms too high, and refused them. Annoyed at the fancied slight, Dickens wrote no more for the "Chronicle," and this refusal really led to the foundation of the "Daily News," with Dickens as editor , in 1846, where the "Pictures from Italy" duly appeared. Doyle gave up the editorship of the "Chronicle" in 1S47, and was appointed to an important official post in Ireland. He died on December 14th, 18S8, aged 79, leaving a son, John A. Doyle, author of a valuable work on "The English in America." Andrew Doyle's policy ruined the "Morning Chronicle," for the "Daily News" soon supplanted it. He was a convincing writer and a sound thinker, and during his connection with the paper a large number of Irishmen were on its staff. Some of the more important of them may be men- tioned. One of its best foreign editors was Michael Joseph Quin, a good novelist and poet, with a wide ex- perience of foreign and foreign its musical a time was D. Ryan, referred to ; countries affairs ; critic for Michael already George Sydney Smythe (seventh Lord Strang- ford, and son of the 3. E. KNOWLES. translator of Camoens) wrote brilliantly for it ; as also John Lalor, the author of a work on "Emigration," and a power- ful writer; Thomas Wallis, the editor of Davis's poems, and one of the Academic Young Ire- landers ; and Joseph Pollock, son of the United Irishman and writer in the " Press " of the same name, were each of them on its staff. Besides these there were Joseph Archer Crowe, W. B- M'Cabe, and others of note among its later Par- liamentary reporters ; George Higinbotham (a native of Dublin, who afterwards won reputation as a lawyer and politician in Australia) ; Dr. R. R. Madden, who commenced his career on this paper ; W. B. Sarsfield Taylor, brother of the J. S. Taylor previously mentioned in this chapter ; and Martin Haverty, who succeeded Dr. Charles Mackay as assistant-editor ; and some others not bo distin- guished also wrote for it in various capacities. Thomas Hughes, the song-writer, who died in 1849, was for some years its Spanish corre.-pon- dent, and Eyre Evans Crowe, for a short time its Paris correspondent, ultimately wrote its most brilliant leaders, only rivalled by those of his colleague on the same journal, William Torrens M'Cullagh (now known as W. M. Torrens). "The Literary Gazette" has an interest for Irish readers in that it was the paper to which Griffin wrote some of his earliest'productions, and as being the first publication out of Ireland to which Maginn contributed. It was one of the first genuine reviews of the century. The "Quarterly" and the "Edinburgh Review" contained, under the guise of book-raviewing, what were really only in- tended as personal articles or political attacks, tlie former magazine being in the interest of the Tories, and the latter devoted to the Whigs. Ti.e "Literary Gazette" aimed to be, and was, a genuine critical review, irrespective of party. It was a weekly publication, and contained original articles on various subjects, as well as poetry and serial sketches. In its columns appeared some of the witty papers of Samuel Gosnell, a clever Corkman, and also the once popular "Hermit in London," by Captain Felix M'Donogh, a talented writer, of Irish parentage, whose "Irish Gentleman in London" added to the great reputation he had won by his previous work, and who died in London in 1836. "The Athenaeum," started in 1828, supplanted the " Literary Gazette," and exists in un- diminished strength and influence to-day. Its chief characteristic has been its hostility to Irish literature; it has rarely said a good word for an Irish writer, and, so far as we can discover, has still more rarely spoken a generous word of praise for an Irish Catholic writer. As there have been at all times a considerable number of Irishmen connected with it, this may appear strange, but it is nevertheless true that its severest and most unjust criticisms have been directed against Irish literature. John Sterling, son of the Captain 156 Ireland in London. Edward Sterling above mentioned, was its editor for many years, and Dr. Doran acted as assistant- editor for a goodly period. Hia contributions to it were numerous, as were those of T. C. Croker, Lady Morgan, Miss L. S. Costello, Mrs. Jameson, Sir G. L. Staunton, Dudley Costello, Daniel Owen Madden, and other well-known writers. John Banim, James Sheridan Knowle3, George Darley, Frances Browne(the blind poetess of Donegal), Lady Clarke (sister to Lady Morgan), A. O'Shaugh- nessy, and William Allingham, have all con- tributed poetry to it, tome of them, such as DR. ANSTER, WITH AUTOGRAPH. Allingham, Frances Browne, and George Darley, very frequently. The last of these was a native of Dublin, and was a very distinguished poet; one of his brothers, William Darley, also being connected with the "Athenaeum" as art critic for some time previous to his death at Paris in 1857 ; ano'her brother, Charles, who died in June, 1861, holding at his death the post of Professor of Modern History and English Literature at Cork. Other Irish writers to the "Athenseum" included Isaac Weld, a scientist of repute, and a Dublin man ; Julia Kavanagh, the novelist : Dr. William Cooke Taylor, the histoiical writer, Dr. R. Madden, the well-known biographer; "Father Prout," Pro- fessor T. Clitfe Leslie, the eminent political economist; and Dr. George Alexander Richey, from 1875 till his death in December, 1883. Unlike the two journals last dealt with, "The Examiner" discussed politics as well as litera- ture. Marmion Savage, the delightful author of three excellent novel v— " The Bachelor of the Albany," "The Falcon Family," and " Reuben Medlicott" — was its editor for a few years. In 1867 William M'Cullagh Torrens purchased the paper from Fonblanque, and carried it on till 1870, but it was a failure. Torrens had been one of its most able writers, and Eyre Evans Crowe another, when John Forster was its editor, during its palmiest days of success, Dudley Costello (a clever artist,and brother of Louisa Stuart Costello) being then its sub-editor. In spite of the fact that many of the best writers of the day, including Irish- men as distinguished as Prof. John Elliott Cairnes, an authority on political economy, and Irishwomen as clever as Frances Power Cobbe were on its staff, the "Examiner" finally perished in 1880. Probably the two most distinguished of what are called "service" journals are, or have been, Colburn's "United Ser- vice Gazette" and "The Armyand Navy Gazette.' ' As a matter of course, where war is concerned Irishmen are always "to the fore." As editor of the first-named jour- nal for more than fifteen years, Major T. H. S. sftjQ Clerke is deserving of Ijjj. 1 '' some notice. He was . • e -n i MATTHEW JAMES HIGGIN'S. a native of Bandon, ... „> ' ("JACOB OMNIUM. ) county Cork, and, after a military career of distinction, became a military journalist, and was universally considered an accu- rate and very effective writer. "The Army and Navy Gazette" was projected and edited by Dr. W. H. Russell, the premier war correspondent already alluded to. It is probably the best journal of its class ever founded, and has become a valuable pro- perty to its owner. One of its contributors we should mention — namely, John Augustus O'Shea, who, without exaggeration, may be termed one of the most brilliant journalists of the day, and who wrote for it, if we are not mistaken, some of his "Military Mosaics," or tales of a similar military character. In conclusion, we may remark that in dealing with the principal writers connected with the journals touched upon in this chapter, we have referred to the most eminent Irish authors the period embraced. Our next task is to speak of the remaining portion of the contemporary Press and those of our countrymen who are or have been identified with it. Ireland in London. :67 CHAPTER XXIX. IRISH LITERARY MEN IN LONDON. OST Irish writers of thi" century, as already stated, have been connected with London as journalists, or in other capacities. Yet the fact remains that the prin- cipal members of the Young Ireland party, and others who, though not recognised members of that famous group, were greatly influenced by its teachings and example, are, as regards London, altogether out of our survey. A truly national literature, independent of English support, was founded through their efforts, and intended primarily for Irishmen alone. If they had, fol- lowing the usual course, drifted to London, they would almost certainly have helped merely to swell the already immense volume of Anglo-Irish literature, written chiefly for English minds. Previous Irish writers, even those who were con- sidered most national, instead of addressing their -own countrymen, sought their audiences in England only, and in most cases deferred largely to English taste and prejudice. The writings of the men and women of 1848, considered for their lofty teachings alone, would still be immortal, just as the brilliant examples they set and the fact that " They kindled there a living blaze Which nothing can withstand," have, quite apart from their works, entitled them to the highest praise and admiration of the people of Ireland. In giving the names of the most prominent Irish journalists and other -writers who have been identified with the periodical literature of the last half century or so we naturally treat of the leading Irish literary men of that period. The starting of "Punch" in 1841 gave opportunities to some of the cleverest Irishmen of the time of displaying their powers of wit and humour. Among its earliest contributors weie several whose names are familiar to Irish readers. J. S. Coyne wrote for it, as did also Dr. Maginn, and to its columns Dr. Kenealy sent his well-known Greek version of " Sweet Castle Hyde." Joseph O'Leary, seeing a worthy subject of satire in the foibles of the middle-classes, worked ihat vein with much ability, enriching "Punch" HARRY FURNISS. with many striking poems and sketches, hie pet theme being that individual who is amusing rather than awe-inspiring — the English traveller and sightseer abroad. Although only 19 years of age at the time of the incep- tion of " Punch,' Richard Doyle was in- vited to join the staff, and he it was who designed the familiar front page or cover of the new periodical. For years his charm- ingly unconventional drawings graced its pages, and it was only when his religion and the head of the Catholic Church were ridiculed that he threw up his con- nection with it. Henry Pluukett Grattan was another of its eaily Irish contributors, and John Leech also executed for it some of the finest of its cartoons, then as now one of its principal features. In very recent times its Irish contributors have, we think, been fewer, and less notable. Alfred Percival Graves, whose poems evince ^ such an intimate acquaintance with the social life of the Irish people, has written for it; and one of its present mainstays is a writer who is doubtless Irish — E. J. Milliken, well-known as the author of "Childe Chappie's Pilgrimage," and of some of the cleverest verse appearing in the leading comic journal. Finally, its present inimitable caricaturist, Harry Furniss, is a native of Wex- ford, and therefore must enter into this compre- hensive account. He has hardly any superior among living caricaturists in the art of hitting off likenesses of the most notable Parliamentarians, who have been his chief study. Prior to the foundation of "Punch," there was but one paper which could be compared with it for cleverness of caricature and abundance of satire. That was the "Satirist," which possessed one or two clever draughtsmen and some wits of the first order among its contributors, but which was, generally speaking, a libellous publication. Some of its best satirical drawings were done by Wiliam Henry Brooke, probably a native of * 138 Ireland in London. RICHARD DOWLING. Dublin. He was a portrait painter of great merit, but excelled as a book illustrator, among his efforts in that line being his designs for Croker's "Legends of Killarney." He died in I860. No Other English comic paper has surpassed, or even equalled, "Punch" in the matter of artists. But one, still in existence, has been almost mono- polised by Irish artists, resembling the leading comic paper in that respect. The best car- toonist of "Fun" was Paul Gray, a Dublin man, who was born in 1842, but died in 1SC6 before his powers had fully developed. As a wood - engraver and comic designer, his talent was conspicuous, and his early death de- prived the world of art of a most promising genius. The most import- ant artist, perhaps, who has been identified with " Fun" in more recent times is J. F. Sullivan, who still does the chief pictorial work of the paper. No one, it is pretty certain, has more mercilessly and more ably satirised with the pencil the abuses and red-tapeism of officialdom and the glaring misuse of power by the vested interests. His facile pencil has always keenly depicted the various little faults and peculiarities of the "British working man," and he has earned the displeasure of a section of the working class by his irresistibly comic but sometimes exaggerated descriptions of their habits. Another paper, called "Judy," far inferior in most things, deserves mention here from the fact that one of its best-known artists, W. G. Baxter, who recently died, was an Irishman by birth, and because Miss Clo Graves, a clever young Ii ish writer, who has made a reputation as a poetess, is one of its leading contributors at the present moment. Of the literary and literary-political papers several deserve slight mention. The "Saturday Review," though bitterly anti-Irish in politics, is generally impartial in literary matters. Its most prominent Irish contributors in the past and present have been George Sydney Smythe {seventh Lord Strangford), a very brilliant writer on foreign affairs, W. J. Loftie, the eminent anti- quary, a native of Armagh, who has written for it (or some years, and Oicar Wilde. "The Academy" is a purely literary journal, and among its most eminent Irish reviewers may be noticed William O'Connor Morris (the Irish judge),and Sir Richa: d F. Burton, the great traveller and scholar ; its- learned correspondents including such fine scholai 3 as Whitley Stokes, the Rev. Dr. B. M'Carthy, and Standish H. O'Grady. "The Spectator' re- quires little reference here, although we believe Richard Holt Hutton, its scholarly editor, is au Irishman, and although Alfred P. Graves has been one of its contributors. For the "Guardian," W. J. Loftie wrote frequently and learnedly ; and to- "Notes and Queries" several Irishmen of note — W. J. Fitzpatrick and John Eugene O'Cavanagh, for example — have frequently written, and it has also had the advantage of the editorship of Dr. John Doran during many years. One or two of the old monthly magazines also- demand a little attention at our hands. "Bent- ley's Miscellany" was edited by Dr. Doran for a time, and in its poges a large number of Irishmen contended for public approbation. "Handy Andy" first appeared in it, and the following .".re r few of its principu poets: — F. S. Mahony, Dr. Kenealy, J. A. Wade (the author of "Meet me by Moon- light alone" and many other popular songs), Dr.. W. Cooke Taylor, Dr. Maginn, John Sheehan. ("the Irish Whiskey Drinker"), and Samuel Lover ; Charles Lever writing fiction for it. The " Temple Bar" of the present day. is a worthy descendant of the defunct "Miscel- lany." "Tinsley'sMagazine" is another instance of a vastly popular magazine whose success has been largely won by an Irish editor and by many able Ii ish contributors. Its editor for a lengthy period was Dr. W. H. Russell, and in its pages appeared, his amusing novel, "The Adventures of Dr. Brady;" John Augustus O'Shea, Edmund Downey ("F. M. Allen"), Richard Dowling (the powerful novelist and essayist), James Fitzgerald Molloy, Percy Fitzgerald, T. C. Irwin, W. B. Guinee, the clever poet and novelist, and, lastly, Justin M'Carthy, being a few of it3 best-known Irish writers who are still living. Joseph Sheridan LeFanu, one of the most weird ot novelists, and a humorist of good type, was the most conspicuous of its past Irish contvibutors. Ln. DR. W. H. RCSStLL. Ireland in London. 159 "'Cornhill" appeared £)me of Charles Lever's ablest novels, one or two of "Father Prout's" ■wittiest poems, and several graceful novels by Justin M'Carthy, whose genius G. A. Sala did not much exaggerate when he described his stories as perhaps the most delightful ever written. Of present contributors to "Cornhill," Miss Mary Geoghegan is probably the most in- teresting to Irish readers. This clever poetess is the daughter of an Irish poet whose name is f&^jifar to every reader of Irish literature — Arthur Gerald Geoghegan — and she bids fair to equal even his high poetical qualities. Before dealing with the Daily Press, a word or two must be spared for reference to Charles Dickens's "Household Words" and "All the Year Round." Lovers of Irish literature owe a debt of gratitude to the great novel ist forhis encouragement of youth- ful Irish poets and novelists, some of >vhom have since attained a great reputation. John Francis O'Donnell was one of these writers: William Allingham was another Irishman who ieceived many kindnesses from Dickens ; and finally Rosa Mulholland wrote for his journal some of her earliest and most idyllic stories, notably 4 'Hester's History," "The Late Miss Holling- ford," "The Wicked Woods of Tobereevil," and one or two shorter works. And we cannot con- clude our reference to the monthly and other magazines without mentioning in terms of praise Dr. J. F. Waller's able essays and poems in " Cassell's Family Magazine." Among the daily papers, the "Daily News" has been most remarkable for its Irish writers. Its first number came out on January 21st, 1S46. Its earliest editor was Dickens ; its politics were de- scribed as adva iced Liberal. The eminent novelist only edited seventeen numbers, having grown quite tired of editorial duties, and John Forster became its acting editor for a short time. To- wards the end of 1846, Eyre Evans Crowe was appointed editor, and filled that post with great success. As a forcible and sparkling leader - writer he had won his reputation ; and William M'Cullgh Torrens was another of its most effective contributors. Justin M'Carthy, who preceded J'ohn Morley as editor of a daily paper of some vogue at one time — "The Morning Star" — I #' RICHATCD ASHE KIXG. also joined its brilliant band of writers later on, and among other Irish writers at various times have been Lady Blessington, Thomas Wallis, Dudley Costello, James Godkin, E. L. Godkin (now an American editor), E. M. Whitty, and others. Its foreign correspondents, at one time or another, included Dr. Lardner (Paris), "Father Prout" (Rome), and at this moment its Paris correspon- dent is Mrs. Emily Crawford, a brilliant Irish- woman. Thackeray advised G. M. Crawford, who formerly held the post, if he ever married, to choose an Irishwoman, there being, as he said, "No such good wife as a daughter of Erin." Crawford took his advice, and married the dis- tinguished lady who succeeded her husband as Paris correspondent. As for the famous "specials" who have served on the staff of the "Daily News," their names are familiar to all careful readers of recent events. The thrilling story of the Pulgarian Atrocities, which roused the world, was sent to its columns by J. A. M'Gahan, the son of Irish parents, but of American birth. Another of its "specials" was Edmund O'Donovan, who saw many remarkable sights in foreign lands, and through the columns of this paper acquainted the world with them. James J. 0' Kelly (now M.P.) chronicled several important wars in the "Daily News," and ranks as one of the most dashing of military journalists ; and John Murphy completes the list of its Irish special correspondents. Its two most prominent Dublin correspondents have been Daniel Owen Madden and Martin Haverty. "The Daily Telegraph" has not had many dis- tinguished Irishmen on its staff. W. H. Russell was its most notable Irish special ; and two others of some repute have been the Hon. Lewis Wingfield, who described in its columns the siege of Paris and other stirring events, and Lord Dunraven, who acted as its correspondent during part of the Franco-German and Abyssinian Wars. A well-known Dublin journalist, Edward O'Farrell, was sub-editor of the "Telegraph" for. some years, and W. H. K. Wilde, a clever son of Lady Wilde, is at present on its staff as leader- writer. Finally, it was to the " Daily Telegraph " that Sir Charles Russell con- tributed his able articles, afterwards repub- lished as " New Views on Ireland." The "Standard" was started on May 21, 1S27, as an evening paper, its chief purpose being to oppose Catholic Emancipation — or, more cor- rectly, to oppose O'Connell. Its first editor was Dr. Stanley Lees Giffard, a vigorous writer, and a native of Ireland (whose son is now Lord 160 Ireland in London. Halsbury, Lord Chancellor of England). The Irish writers connected with it3 fortunes since that day have been many, and we may mention the most prominent of them. Richard Brinsley Knowles,son of the dramatist,became an important member of its staff in 1857, when he was just 37 years old. His connection with it did not last long, however, for his Catholic feelings (he had reverted to his father's original faith) could not tolerate its No-Popery attitude, and he resigned his position, and was followed by the editor, Dr. Brewer, who wholly approved of hi3 conduct and shared his sympathies. R. B. Knowles con- tributed to dramatic and other literature, and died on January 28th, 1882. He became before hia death editor of the "Weekly Register," the "Illustrated London Magazine," and the "London Review." Other Irish writers on the "Standard" were Michael Desmond Ryan, its musical critic, who was followed in the same capacity by his son, Desmond L. Ryan, whose death occurred quite recently ; Francis Power Cobbe, one of its leading writers on social questions ; and John Augustus O'Shea, who was its special correspondent during the Franco- German War and Siege of Paris. Mr. O'Shea has seen a good deal more danger and has witnessed more exci- ting historical scenes than many more showy " specials," and for graphic narrative power is hardly surpassed by JOHN AOQUSTDS O'SHEA. any> He J 3 a native of Nenagh, county Tipperary, and was born in 1840. Of the present contributors to the " Stan- dard" only two need be mentioned — Frederick Boyle, the novelist, who, we understand, is an Irishman, and Austin Kelly, one of those clever journalists whose names are not so well known to the public as they deserve to be. The only Irishmen of ability whom we are able to connect with the "Daily Chronicle" are Charles Williams, who acted as its "special" during the Egyptian campaign, and who is a native of Coleraine, and Robert Whelan Boyle, its present editor, an accomplished writer, but unknown outside the journalistic field. The "Morning Post" has been somewhat more lucky in its Irish auxiliaries. Besides those mentioned in the previous chapter, it has had as editor Nicholas Byrne, who immensely improved its circulation, and who, so far as business capacity went, was perhaps its best editor; as musical critic it had the services of Michael D. Ryan ; and as poet, Robert Stott, of Dromore, who may be said to have succeeded Moore as laureate of the paper. R. B. Knowles was also on its staff ; J. C. M. Bellew wrote occasionally for it; Frank Hugh O'Donnell was one of it3 recognised leader- writers for some time ; Henry M. Dunphy, who died a month or two ago, was chief of its Parlia- mentary repoiters, and was connected with it for more than 40 years; and, lastly, Miles Gerald Keon, author of some novels and other works, and an Irishman, was one of its foreign correspondents during a long period. One or two distinguished Irish journalists are identified with the "Morning Advertiser," the organ of the licensed victuallers. An Irishman named John Byrne was its editor for a great number of years, and was succeeded by his son, of the same name, who became secre- tary of the Newspaper Press Fund, and who died on January 6th, 1887. Its most important Irish special has been Charles Williams, already men- tioned. We may mention here that Dr. Kenealy edited for some years a vigorous paper entitled, " The Englishman," which reached an enormous cir- culation, but which succumbed after Kenealy ceased to write for it. The evening papers are mostly of recent origin, and the "Globe" is, we fancy, the oldest of those now published in London. We will refer only to its Irish editors, and that very briefly. Its first editor was Colonel Robert Torrens, a well- known political and economical writer, and a soldier of distinction; but its most talented editor has been F. S. Mahony, "Father Prout " who wrote all kinds of matter, literary, political, and otherwise, for its columns, and was also its Paris correspondent for some years. One Philip ( ?) Moran was its best sub-editor, and the paper owed its palmiest days of success to his efforts in its behalf. He was thought to be very wealthy, yet when he died not a sixpence of his was discovered, and he appears to have had no relatives. Doubt- less other clever Irishmen were in some way or other connected with the "Globe," but we have mentioned the most remarkable. The most recent of the London evening papers, " The Star," is edited by T. P. O'Connor, than whom no more brilliant writer can be found, and there are other fine writers on its staff. It is in- comparably the most sparkling, the liveliest, and the best written of the evening journals, and has some real humorists among its contributors. Ireland in London. 1G1 George Bernard Shaw, the clever author of "An Unsocial Socialist," " Cashel Byron's Profes- sion," and other novels of equal power and bril- liancy, writes some of its musical criticisms, and displays in his "pars." that thorough unconven- tional ity and charm of style so characteristic of his more finished work. He was born in Dublin in 1856, and came to London in 1876, and is now one of the leaders of a remarkable group of Socialistic writers and thinkers, which includes some of the best and most promising writers of the day, among whom we may particularly mention H. Haliday Sparling, who is not only intimately acquainted with Ireland, her history and literature, but who is also partly Irish himself, and a clever journalist. One of the editors of the "Evening Standard" has been Charles Williams, and its Paris cor- respondent for some yeai,s was J. F. Corkran, both of whom have been already referred to. Of the "Evening News" Charles Williams is at present, we think, editor; a clever sub-editor of the paper, Stephen J. M'Kenna, having died a few years back (January, 1883). The "Pall Mall Gazette" heads the list of evening papers so far as eminent contributors are concerned, John Morley having been its most notable editor. M. J. Higgins ("Jacob Om- nium") was a fre- quent contributor to it, as were also G. S. Smythe (seventh Lord Strangford), a fine lin- guist and a diploma- tist of great and often proved ability; and his son, Percy William Smythe (eighth Lord Strangford), an autho- rity, like his father, on foreign affairs. Of recent and living contribu- tors, two may be particularly noted — Lady Wilde and her gifted son, Oscar Wilde. Lady Wilde will be ever remembered by her spirited and splendid poems, written during the stormy era of '48. She has written much since that period that will live, and it is gratifying to be able to state that she is as National in feeling as ever. Oscar Wilde has also been a frequent writer in the columns of the "Pall Mall," his contributions being chiefly of a critical character. He was born in Dublin in 1856, and was educated at Trinity College and at Oxford. He is now the editor of the leading English journal for women, "The Woman's LADY WILDB. World," to which a large number of contem- porary Irish female writers have contributed. Excepting the editor, no one of the male persuasion ever enters the charmed precincts of its pages. Froml8S5 to 1888 the reviewer of the "P. M. G." was G. B. Shaw. There are many society papers that not only manage to exist in London, but some of which have immense circulation. The best known of these is, perhaps, "Truth," edited by Mr. Labouchere. It has several Irish contributors, among whom may be mentioned Mrs. Emily Craw- ford, its Paris correspondent ; and Richard Ashe King, a native of county Clare, and author of some exceedingly clever Irish novels, such as "The Wearing o' the Green," "A Leal Lass," and others, published under the pseudonym of "Basil," by which pseudonym, it may be re- marked, he is known to the readers of "Truth" as a reviewer. "The Field" is very popular among the squires and country gentlemen, and had as its editor for 30 years an Irishman named J. H. Walsh, who died in April, 1888 ; John Leech also contributed to it some admirable sporting sketches, which are among his happiest efforts. "Bell's Life," an important sporting paper, was edited from 1S24 to 1851 by Vincent George Dowling, his son, Francis L. Dowling, succeeding him in the post, and filling it till 1867. It has been a noted supporter of the prize ring and kindred "sports." During the Chartist agitation a journal which caused great attention by the vigorous style of its articles and it-; persistent advocacy of the freedom of the Press was " The Poor Man's Guardian," edited for a time by a most able writer, James Bronterre O'Brien. He fought valiantly against the stamp duty, and worked manfully for other reforms which were eventually granted, and which seem no longer very wonderful or advanced now that we have got them. O'Brien wrote and published a cood deal of poetry, and was a polished and cultured writer. Of the other papers intended solely for the aristo- cratic or the educated classes, we will mention only two— the "World" and "Nature.' The former may be dismissed in a word, for beyond the fact that George Bernard Shaw is its art critic, we are not aware of any other notable Irish con- tributor to it; the latter journal has had a good many Irishmen among its writers. One of its most eminent contributors is or was Professor John Tyndall, perhaps the greatest living autho- rity in England on Light, Sound, and Heat. He is a native of Leighlinbridge, county Carlow, and 162 Ireland in London. ia one of the moat eloquent and poetical prose- writers of the day. Another constant contributor ia a very clever lady, an Irishwoman and a Catholic, Agnes M. Clerke, who has written some remarkable scientific works, and whose sister, E. M. Clerke, is also a clever writer in prose and verse. "Nature" is the leading scientific organ of the three kingdoms, and circulates largely among the students of science all over the world. Of the pictorial Pres3, the "Illustrated London News," rather than the " Graphic," comes first for our purpose. The latter ha3 had no con- spicuous Irishmen on its staff to our knowledge; on the other hand, the first editor of the "Illus- trated London News" was an Irishman — F. W. N. Bayley (a clever poet, known as "Alphabet" Bayley, from the number of letters before his name) ; John Leech and Pierce Egan the younger (1814-1SS0) illustrated it for some time; Samuel Lover sent it verses and sketches now and again and John Sheehan and Joseph Sterling Coyne wrote occasional articles for it, the former writing a weekly article for some shoit time previous to or about 1363. The "Pictorial World" deserves alight notice, inasmuch as it was to its columns that Frank Power contributed his clever sketches and drawings of the Soudan, and a3 the paper in which some of Richard Dowling's finest essays and stories appeared. Dowling, it should be said, ia native of Clon- mel, and is, even on the evidence of a hostile critic, equal to Victor Hugo as a word-painter and in the power of vivid description. In concluding our notice of the present-day periodical literature, we cannot omit a slight reference to " Mac- millan's Magazine," in which Annie Keary's '"Castle Daly" and other works appeared; the "Gentleman's Magazine," which has numbered among it3 most important contributors James Roche, Justin M'Carthy, and Percy Fitzgerald ; and the following weeklies — the " Weekly Times," to which Dr. R. Shelton Mackenzie (a native of Limerick) wrote for some years, his pseudonym "Little John" being retained by his successors; the "Sunday Times," of which J. S. Coyne was long the dramatic critic ; and the T. P. CONNOR. "Weekly Dispatch," wherein soma ot RichanI Dowling's most characteristic articles, &c., ap- peared, and whose Paris correspondent i3 Mrs. Crawford, already introduced into this chapter. There are a number of remarkable Irish men and women who might have been referred to in con- nection with certain of the magazines and periodicals, but whom we prefer to deal with separately. Such are Stopford A. Brooke, the eminent critic and poet; Richard Barry O'Brien, the learned historic writer ; Mrs. Cashel Hoey (a native of Dublin county), Mrs. Charlotte Riddell nee Lawson.born at Carrickfergus), Mrs. Beatrice M. Croker, Elizabeth Owens Blackburne Casey (a native of county Meath, better known as Ellen O. Blackburne), May Crommelin, Alice Corkran, Letitia M'Clintock, and several other female novelists of equal power and fame; A. H. Bullen, the greatest living authority perhaps on the early Elizabethan poets, and a son of George Bullen, the head of the Printed Book Department of tha British Museum ; Prof. James Bryce, the dis- tinguished writer on foreign affairs, who is a na- tive of Belfast; James Fitzgerald Molloy, and Edmund Downey, both clever novelists, the latter a native of Waterford; Crawford, the novelist, who ia a son of Thomas Crawford, the Irish- American sculptor; and others not perhaps so distinguished, but still deserving of notice did space allow. In concluding our task of chronicling the in- tellectual triumphs of the Irish of London we have only to say that we have sought to make our work as complete as possible, even at the risk of excessive detail, for many of the new facts of importance contained in it would certainly have been lost for ever if not rescued at once by some more or le33 competent hand. In its entirety, we think that we may fairly claim that this book, despite ita many imperfec- tions, affords proofs of the most convincing character, if such were needed, that the sons and daughters of Ireland, despite grievous disadvan- tages, and almost unique persecution, are capable of the highest intellectual development; and whilst marvelling at the. enormous share which their genius has enabled them to take in the literary, scientific, and artistic life of Britain, we may fervently hope that the day is not far dis- tant when those brilliant attainments may be utilised for the benefit of their widowed mother- land, no longer a province, but, in all its essen- tials — "A Nation Onck Again!" conclusion. •CORRECTIONS, EXPLANATIONS, AND ADDITIONS. This Series of Articles involved a great deal of research, which was continued after their publication in th« "Evening Telegraph " and during their preparation in pamphlet form. A desire to secure the greate-t possible accuracy, as these Articles are th» first attempt to tell the history of the Irish in Lou l„n, must be an apoh>c? for the following formidable list of corrections and additions. Pages 4 and 12. Shakesteare'S Captain MacShane.— This is a slip for Captain "MacMorris." Page 11. Hugh Kelly.— Native of Killarney, not of Roscommon. Page 20. Letters of "Junius."— Th< date should be 170.M772, not 1796. Page 29. Royal Society.— Robert Bj;le v. as never President, ami Carbery was probably not Irish. Page 35. Statue of J. S. Mill.— This work, it appears, was not done by Foley, but by Woolner. P.ig< 37. Eminent Corkmen.— There are several mist:ik s in this list. Willis should be "Willes," and Sainthiil *raw an Englishman, bvrn at Exeter ; whilst Aithur O'Lcary and Millikin were not natives of the city itself, but of th* county. rape 39. William Collins, R. A. — His father was an author, but not the carver and Koieller -a quite di£ferea Willi.iin Cdlins. Page 39. G. B. O'Xetll.— His picture it entitled "The Foundling," and it may be noted, as a curious fact, that he was him,clf a foundling. Page 4L>. W. C. Stanfield, R. A.— Born at Sunderland, not at Birmingham . Page 42. Sr. Paul's Church.— Here were also buried \V. Havard aud Jack Johnaune. Page 42. Kitty Cliye. — More likely to have been born in Loudun than in the North of Ireland. Page 43. Drury-lane lUEATRE.— Other Irish managers were G. Falconer and James Lacy. Page 45. Heading of Chap. VIII.— Omit "Covent Garden and its neighbourhood." Tage 49. St John's Gate.— Garrick'a first appearance " in London," it should be made clear took place in this building. Page 51. Father of Mrs Jameson.— Not G. B. Murphy, but *• D." B. M. Page 57. Castle-street.— Is clese to Mortimer-street, but does not actually run out of it. Pa.e 65. Killinoe should be " Kyliuoe." Page 65. Kknsal green.— E. Pakome and R. Doyle also buried here. The fine tomb to JameJ Ward. R.A., was •executed by J. H. Foley. Pa-e 71. Mrs. Belaney.— Her name was " Mary," not " Margaret." I'a;e 73. Royal College of Physicians.— Sir R. a. Churn-dde should be " Chermside." Page 74. Stotland Yard.— Sir C. Cowan— a misprint for .Sir C. " Rowan." 164 Corrections, Explanations, and Additions. Page S3. W. M. RORKE should bo W. M, '■ Eooke." Page S4. LORD Carbbry.— Was probably Welsh ; his family name was Vaugban. Page 81. Chillianwallah.— For " Indian Mutiny" substitute " First Sikh War." Piv.e DO. Richmond Church.— F. Cotes, R.A., also buried there. Page 92. Irish Works :n British Museum.-" Nearly every book" should be " nearly every important book." Page 93-91. , J$P n . ° FFIC .l Ar -S--0'.Sbaughne3sy was of Irish blood it is certain ; it is doubtful if he was o. Irish birth- J. liuum i.s ;i native of Ireland. Pago 99. Brie.Vs Harp.— N*tin R.I.A., but in Trinity College, Dublin. Page 114. P. Turnerelli.— Reference to his portrait was, of course, overlooked, after portrait had been emitted. Poga llu'. Poets in Westminster Aleey.— For •■ former" read " first-named" (i.e., Congreve). Page 122. Parliamentary REPORTERS.-Scveral errors have crept in here, Sullivan should be " O'Sullivau ; Joseph Bneeuau should be ' John ' siieehau ; Crowe's second naiuo was " Arc'..er " ; th« second nams of VV 11 Russell ahould be Howard : and" Do Id" should be "Dod". Other Irish reporters should be Sir C.Russell. T P. O Connor, Charles Philhps, and J. S. Knowles. Page 125. John Lacy.— Under portrait, " James" should be •■ John." Ue was of Irish origin. Page 128. De. Sheridan.— B-:rn most probaV-ly in lrJS4. Page 131. Macklin's Plays.— They were played bofore they were actually published, a fact which exp tins the ap- parent inconsistency of the parage as it stands. Tho word " wroie " should be therefore omitted. Page 133. Luke and Isaac Spark3.— Luke was a tragic actor, Isaac a comedian. Page 133. Brereton-.— For "John" read " William." Page 133. MiDDLBroN.— Real name James Maganu ; born in Dublin in 17u'S; died October ISth, 1799, aired 31. Page 135. Biokerstaffe.— Swift borrowed the name from a Dublin lock-mith's d .or. Page 141. MR3 Edwin.— For "Obliged to return to the boards in 1S21," read " Obliged to return to the boards so ->n miter. Page 143. t . M " 3: , C , IAN U 3 - — M - A - " A -" Gabriel should be M. A. ■« V." Gabriel. To this list should be added the name* of %S ™*X, ' the great riolmist : J'^eph A. Wade, Sir J. A. Stevenson, Virginia Balfe, daughter of M. W. Balfe w. H. Glover, K S. Clan., John Clegg, and F. Robinson. Page 145. Litino Composers.-To thee should be added Sir R. P. Stewart, Prof. Arthur OLea.v, Prof. S. Glover Andrew Le»ey, and Joseph Robinson. Pa r e 145. John " Leland " should be John " Toland." Page 145. . Actors and Actresses.— To those mentioned might be added several, one or other of whe?e parent! wera Irun, as Lester Wallack, who recently died; Lawrence Barrett, and Jennie Lee. Page 16i». Robert " Stott " should be " Thomas " Stott. Page 162. CmAWFOBD — That is, Frances Marion Crawford. INDEX. Abernethy, Dr J, 45. 47, 48 "Academy." 15S Academy. Royal. 71, 101-111. Academicians I ish, 110 Addison-rnad, 81 Adelphi Theatre, 35 Adini alu, Irish, 87, 115 Admiralty, 74 Auar, Archbishop, 116, 117 Aitkin. F. Ill, 135 Aickin, J. Ill, 138 Albany, 71 Albermarie-street, 69 Albert Hall, 79 Albert Memorial, 79 Aldersgate Church. 24 Allmgli.cin, J T, 143 Allinghain, W, 153, 156, 159 Aiue ia Place, 82 Ampthili square, 52 Anderson, Hubert, 12 Anglesey, Lord, 89 Anstei, Dr J, 152 Antiquities, Irish. 23, 97, 93 Apsley Hou-e, 67 Architects, Irish and Scotch, 9 Arlington-street, 52 Art, lush, 38-40, 95-97, 99-105. 106-109, 111, 112 Arun lei-str*et. 30 *' Athenaeum." 155 Aim namm Club, 73 Atkinson J, 134 Autographs, Irish, 95, 104, 109 Aylmer, Lord, 87, 83 B. Babincton, Dr W, 25, 26 Baillie, Captain \V, 62, 96 Baker-Street, 60 Balfe, Dcnnell, 145 Balfe, M \V, 43, 65, 71, 114, 117, 143 Banim, J, 66, 69. 81, 82, 143, 156 Birker, K. 31, 8t Barnard, Sir A, 84 Barralet. J M, Ml Barre, Cul. 6\ 151 Barrett, G ^R A , 45, 59, 62, «4, 84, 95, 101, 109 Brrett, G (jun), 71, 101 Barrett. M, 20, 49 Barrington. G, 19, 43 Barrington, J, 125, 133 Barry. K M, 35. 36, 4!, 110, 111, 119 B.rry, Eliz, 125, 126 B rry, Sir C, 36, 73. 110, 111, 117, 119 Barry, Helen, 144 Barrv, J (K A), 25. 32, 33, 34, 45, 55, 57, 95. 193, 106, 109. 110 Barry. I,, 4, 16, 124 Barry, Sheil. 144 Barry, Sunnier, 116, 127, 133 Bartley, Mrs, J12. 140 Batter>ea Hark, S9 Baxter. \V G, 15S Bay ley. F \V N, i„2 Bcauchamp Tuwer, 22 Bedfonl apel, 47 Bedford street, 33 Beeisteak Club, 32 Bell, H, 65 Beliamv, Mr«. 57, 112, 123 Bellew, II K, 144 Bellew, J C Al, 47. 160 " Bell's Life." 161 " Bentle\'s Misi-ell.iny," 158 Bire.-ford, \ iscount, 67, 107 Berkehy, I'.ishop, 35. 85, 10S, 110, 145, 147 Berkeley, Dr G (inn), 3o Berkeley square, 69 Bernard, J, 142 Berwick s e'et, 57 Betlnal greeu Museum, 105109 Beity. Master, 50, 52, 112, 142 Bevel. dgc. J U. 14 4 Bicueistatfe, I, 135 Bigs:ar, J G, 121 Biding, Ur A, 66 Bin. Ion, K, 106 Bmgham, >ir R, 115 B mis, B 16 Binn .3, 16, 23,33 Bisnup. iio-e, 144 Blackliiar's Bridge-road, 86 BlacKW od, Sir H, 87. 115 '• Blackwood's Mas zine," 152 Blakeiiey, Sir K, 84 Blakoin-y, Lord VV, 115 BUssinrfton, Lady, 59, 62. 6S, 72, 80. 151, 15!) Bloud, Uulonei, 22, 70, 76, 108 Blooiu em Garden Theatre. 4!!, 44 Coyne. J S, 35, 54, 143, 144, 157, 162- Crane court, 15 Crawford, actor, 133 Crawford, Dr A, 85 Crawford. Mrs E. 159, 161, 162 Crawford, V M. 162 Crawford, T, 89 Ciawford. Sir T, II Craven street, 35 Crehau, Ada, 144 Cioker, Mr. B M, 162 Croker, T H, 76 Croker, T C, 83, 104, 152, 153, 156 Croker, J W, 83, 108, 150 Croly, Dr G, 24, 27, 47, 81, 143, 152, 153 Crommelin, May. 162 Cromwell, O, 74, 75, 95, 116, 120 Crosses, Irish, 89 Crotty, Leslie, U6 Crowe, E (A R A), 78, 100, 110 Crowe, E E, 65, 1U4. 155, 156, 159 Crowe, J A, 122, 155 Crowley, N J, 5L Crown and Anchor Tavern, 31 Crown Jewels, 21 Giystal Palace, 89 CuinberlMsO, It. 47. 5S. 103 Cunningham, J, 134 Curran, J P. 62, 82, 89, 103 Cm ran, 11, 84 Cur. an, W H. 152 Curzou street, 63 D. « Dally Chronicle." 160 " Da ly News," 159 •' Dally Telegraph," 159 D'A ton, H len, 1 15 Dauby, F, 39, 45, 70. 79, 95, 100, 103, II» Danby, J K, 109. Danby. T. lO» Dan er, John, 125 Dai lev, G, 1j6 D.rley, ft', 156 Dasent, Sir G, 153 Index. 167 Dayit', M, 20. 77 Dean, Uf, 41 Delone, D, 131, 133 Delane, J T, 153, 151 Delane. W, 153 Delaney. Mr-. M, 71 Delaune, T, 19 Denh m, Hit J, 71. 71. 87. 110. 116, 121 Derinody, T, 83. 89 Derrick. S, 3D, 134 Despard, Col E M, 20, 86 De Vere, Sir A, 58 Devereux court, 29 Devil Tavern, 17 Dev<>y, John, 75 Dickens, C, 6, 122, 155.159 Dillon, A (Archbishop), 52 Dillon, F, 109 Dill m, J iM P). 121 Dillon, J B, 121 Dillon, \V (Karl of Roscommon), 118 Dobbs, F, 135 Dobson, A, 96, 146 Dod. C K, 12:1. 154 Doggett, T, 21, 4!, 112, 126 Doherty, sculptor, 25, 48 Donnelly, Geu VV, 12 Doran, Dr J, 57, 58, 65, 156, 158 Dowlaud, J, 16 Dowling, F L, 161 Dowling, M G, 143 Dowling, P, 84 Dowling, R, 15S, 1C2 Dowling, V. 153 Dowling, V G, 133. 161 Downey, E. 158, 162 Downing street, 74 Doyle, A t L'.5 Doyle, Sir C, 53 Duyle, J (U B), 61, 95 Doyle, Sir J, 60 Doyle, R, 82, 95. 96. 101, 10L>. 157 Doyle, Dr T, 86 Drury lane, 32 Drury lane Theatre, 43 Duels, Irish, 42, 53, 60, 61, 64, 89 Duff, M A, 140, 141 DuSerin, Lady, 67 Dutfett, T, 4, 33, 124 Duffy, Sir C G, 73, 84, 83, 105. 121 Dutfy, K .wad, 77_ Da gen. in, Dr P, 75 Duke street (Piccadilly), 70 Duke street (Lincoln's Inn), 43 Dunphy, U M. 122, 160 Dunraven, Lord, 159 Durham street, 33 E. East Sheen, 90 Raton square and terrace, 79 Ebury street, 7 J Eccentric Club. 33 Ecc'.e*. 1 A, .3:1 Eccleston square, 79 Edgeware road. 61 Edge* or ih. .Maria, 151 Edgewurth, H L, 74 Edwin, Mrs K, 1.2, 140,141 Kg an, J, 5, 96 Egan. 1*. seu, 43. 54 Egan, P, jun, 43, 162 Egyptian Hall, 71 Elizabeth, U,u *n, 74, 93 Elk*, ln.-h, 45. b2 Ellis, J K, SW EHis. W (Baron Mendip), 117 Elmore, A, 11U, 111 Ely Place, 48 E' gincers. Iris i and Scotch, 9 English \\ riters on Ireland. 5, 9, 12 Engravers, Irish (in British Museum), 95 Estex street, 30 Evans, Urn Sir De Lacy, 31 "Examiner," 156 •'Examiner." Swift's, 147 Exchange, Royal, 27 F. Fagan, L, 94 Falconer. E. 143 Famine, The Great, 8 Farquhar, G, 36, 1^5, 127 Farren. E. 66. 67, 112. 139 Fenian Prisoners, 51, 52, 7*. 77 Fenian Relics, 74 Ferguson, Sir s, 153 Fetter Lane, 16 Finboruiigh road, 82 Flnnerty, P, 122, 152 Fisher, J. 100 Fishmongers' Hall. 21 Fitzgerald, Lord Edward. 95 Mtxgerald, Percy. 141, 144, 158. 182 Fltzpatrick, W J, 158 Fitzsimon, Ellen, 65 FitzwiUiam, E, 142 Fitzwilliaui, K, 142 Flecknoe. R, 124 Fleet street, 13-19 Foley, K A, 52, 108 Foley. J 11. 25, 27. 52, 72, 79. 80. 102, 110. Ill, 114 119,121 Foli, Signor A J, 145 " Fonteuoy, Battle of," 103 Forster, Join, 1"4, 105 F wke, Capt F, 9, 79, 83, S3, 99, 100 Francis. Kev P, 84, 134 FTaucis. Sir P, 20, 53, 72, 93, 103, 119, 148 "Fraserians," 57, 104 ''Fraaer's Magazine," 153 "Freeman's Journal "Office, 30 Freemason*' Tavern, 44 Fry*. Thos, 26, 48, 96, 106 Fulhain ro >d, 82 " Fun," 158 Furniss, H, 157 Furniral's Inn, 43 Gabriel, M A V, 143 <>ahagan, L, 71, 75 Gah.gan, S, 26, 58, 114 Gardiner. \V N, 72. 96, 103 Garibaldi Riots. 63 Garrick Club, 40. HI Ga.rlck, D, 41, 41, 49, 112, 116, 130, 131, 132 Garvey. E, 110, 111 •• Gen leaiin's Magazine," 49, 162 Gentleman, F, 134 Geoghegan, A G. 12, 23, 159 Geoghegan, G, 12, 29 Geoghegan, M, 159 Geological Museum, 70 Gerrard-street, 55 Giants, Irish, 45 Gitfard, S L, 11, 159 Gillespie, Sir R R, 25 Gillray. J. 6J. 71. 95, 103 Gladstone, W K, 49 Glascock, Capt W N, S2 "Globe," lriu Globe Tavern, 14 Glover. Dr. 14 Glover, Mrs J, 87. 112, 141 Goakin, E L, 159 Godkln, J. 154, 159 Golden-square. 58 Goldsmith, u, 14. 15. 16, 18, 29, 39, 70, 89, 116, 154, 147 Goldsmiths' Hall, 24 Gordon Riots. 46, 86 Gore House, 8u Gosnell, S, 153, 155 Gospels, Old Irish, 85, 95 Gough-square, 15 Granite, Irish, 35, 79 Grattan, U, 23, 59. 60, Y0, 114, 117, 12?, 121 Grattan, H, jun, 90 168 Index. Grattan, IT P, 157 Grattan, T C, 70, 143, 153 Gratton, (i. Ho Craves, A P, 157 Orarc-s. Clo, 141. 157 Gray, Paul, I5S Gray's Inn, 48 Great Portland-street, 57 Great Queen s reet, 44 Great TitcWrleld street. 56 Grecian Coffee House, 2'J Greek-»treet, 55 Green Arbour Court, 20 Greene, P, H5 Greenwich Church and Hospital, 87 Griffin, U, 20, 44, 58, 62, 64, 81, 122, 143, 155 Griffith, Mrs E, 134 Grosrenor place, 67 Grosrenor squire, 65 Graves. C, 144 Guildhall, 26 Guinee, VV B. 158 Gunning, Eliz and Maria, 6S H. Half-Moonstreet, 68 Hall, Mrs S C, a5, 78, 104, 143 Hall, S C. 53, 9 J, 102 Halibury, Lord, 11 Hamilton, C, 135 Hamilton, H D, 72, 107 Hamilton, " I.a Belle," 102, 109 Hamuiei smith terrace, SI Hampstead H ath, 53 Hanger, George, 53 Hans Dlace, 8 Hardiman. J, 92 Harley street, 58 Harp-, Irish, s9 Hartland, A, 100 Hartson, 11, 135 Hart street, 41 Hastlng-s, Marouis of, 74, 81 Hasting , Warren, 119 Hatton Garden, 48 Havard, W, 131, 133 Haverstock Hill, 53 Harerty, J P. 73 Harerty, M, 155, 159 Hayes, Catherine, b5, S9, 141 Hayes, ( laude, 109 Hayes, K, lt9 Hayes, Sir J M, 71, 73, 76 Hazlitt, J, 107 Hazlitc, W, 55, 107, 122 Healy, T M, 121 Haffernan, seulptor, 89 Henders.n, J, :s5, :i6, 112, 115, 13f Henrietta street, 42 Hertford street, 67 Hickey, T, SX, 9.">, 112 Hiffarnan, P. 134, 151 Higeins, B, 55 Higgins, M J. 153, 161 Hieh roid (Knii>htsbridge), 79 Highgate Cemetery, 54 Higinbothaiu. U, 155 Hodmn, (i, 144 Hodson, 11. 144 Hodmn. K. 1 14 Hoey, Mrs Caahel, 162 Hogarth, W, 45 Holland House, SO Horn* it. ile Confederation, 75, 86 Hone, C, 37 Hone, H, 37. 102, 110 Ht>no, N. 37. 51. 106, 107, 110, 111 Home Tarern, 88 Houston, 11, Vh> Howard, 5 Hutton, R li, 158 Hyde Park, 63, 64 India Office, 74 Irish IU London— general view, 3 — 7, their distribu- tion, railings, character, and Toting power, 7—12 Irwin, E, 143 Irwin, K, 144 Irwin, X C, 158 Italian Church, 48 Jackman, I, 134, 149 Jackson, B«>v \V, 47 Jameson. Mis A. 51, 53, 55, 65, 71, 109, 156 James street, 44 Jebb. Dr J, 88, 89 Jeffrey. Lord, 6, 53 Jephson, l>', 134 Jermyn street, 70 Jervas, C, 3s, 69, 70, 73. 106, 111 Johnson, Dr S, 5, 14, 15, 116 Johnston, Gen J, 115 John-tone, C, 118 Johnstone, J, 112, 138 Jones, H. 10, 134 Jones, J E. S9 Jordan, Mrs, 33, 67,78, 112, 130, 139 "Junius," Letters of, 5, 20, 95. 148 K Kane, Gen Sir R, 115 Kavanasjb. C. 85 Kavamgli. Jm'a, 156 Kean, C, 43, 64. 112, 140, 142 Keau, Mrs !_), 140 Keary, Annie. 81, 162 Keating, Sir 11 S, 65 Keightiey, T, hi Kelly, Ann. 89, 140 Kelly, Austin, 160 Kellv, F H, 112, 140 Kellv, F M, 140 Kelly, Hug. , 14, 15, 136, 146. 148 Kelly, J, 133 Kelly, M. 42, 43, 73. 74, 111. 139 Kemhles, The. 139 Kenealy. Or E V, 47, 153, 157, 158, 160 Kenney, C I., 143 Kenney. J, 143 Kenningion Common, 88 Kensai Oreen Ceme-<»ry, €5 Keogh, Judge \V, 13, 121 Keon, M (i, 160 Kickham, C J, 52 Kilbum, r - 2 Kin*, R A, lbl E lng s College. 31 King street, C"Tent Garden, 41 King street, Westminster, 75 Kirk, T, 87 Kit-Cat Club. 17. 53 Knowles. J S, 43, 143, 155, 153 Knowles, 11 B, 160 Knox, A, 1")3 Kno-, R, 154 Lablache, L, 46 Laces, Irish, '.'■* Lacy, James. 142 Lacy. John, 125 Lai or, .1, '55 Lutr.beth l'a! ire and Church, 85 Land league, 75, 76 Lane, B, 145 Lnngr.am place, 58 Lan-d*>wne House, 69 Lansdowne, F rat Marquis of, 64. 69, 91, 108 Lansdowne. Third Marquis of, 108 La dner, Dr, 1114, 159 Law Court-, 29, 30 Lawlos^, J, 35 Index.. 16S Lawlor, J, 79, 89 Lawrence, Sir U, 25. 2", 10S Lawrence, Lord, 73, 74. 115, 117 Lawrence, (General S, 115 Lawrence, Sir VV, 27 I.awrenso :, T, 107 Leailenhall street, 23 League of the i ross, 11, 89 Leahy, E D. 107 Lecky, W E 11.60, 73, P3, 154 Leech, J. 1.4, 43, 65, 9u, 101, 112, 157, 161. 162 Lefanu, J s, 153 Leith, J, 1 27, 128 Leiniter, Duke of, 23,32 Leland, l>r T. .45, 147 Leslie, Prof, J' C, 156 Lever, C, 5 >, 66, 6S, 153, 153, 159 Lewis 1 1 Bin Churchvaid, 88 Li a Fail, 117 Ligonk-r, Lord, 115 Lincoln's Inn, 4j, 46 Litchfield House Compact, 72 " Literary i azette," 155 Loftie, Rev W J, 15S Londonderry Lord, 90 London Irish V lunteers, 120 London .-Stone, 21 London University, 70 Long Acre, 40 Long, J S, t'5 Loru Mayors, Irish, 12, 27 Lover, S, 5;, 65, 108, 120, 142, 153, 158, 162 Ludgate Hill, 19 Ludwig, VV, 145 Luurell, H (painter), 10S Luttrell, II (Duet), 81 Lyceum llieatre, 32 Lytton, Du.wer, 11, 78 Lytton, Lady R, 78 M. M'Ardell, J, 37, 42, 52, PS M'Ardle, J K, 143 M'Arthur, Sir VV", 12, 28 Macartney, Lord, 6s, 81, 108 Macaule , Lord, 119 M'Cabe, \V ii, 122. 154, 155 M'Cabe. VV P. 28, 43, 43, 57 MCarthy, Dr B, 158 M'Carthv, sir C, 115 M'Carthy. U P, 26 M'Oarthy, Justin, 93, 122, 158, 159, 162 M'Carthv, J H, 144 M'Clintock, Letitia, 162 M'Clure, >ir R J, 65, 87 M'Corinac, S.r W, 11, 85 H'Cullough. J E, 143 M'Donagh, M, 41, 54 M'Don gh, Capt F, 155 M'Doweil, P, 25, 27, 62, 67, 71, 79, 87, 99. 110, 111, 121 M'Gahan. J A, 159 M'Gee. T D, 93, 122 M'Guckm. B, 145 M'Kenna, 8 J. 161 Mackenzie, RS, 162 Macklin, C. 19, 41. 42, 43, 131 Macklln, Mi»», 131 \IacUine, L, 20 M'Lean, J, 1', 63,69 MaclUe, l>, 39, 51, 65. 75, 84, 95, 10*, 103, 199, 110, 111. 112, 1»», 123, 153 WMahou, O ipUm. 21, 32 M'Mann.. T B, 121 M'Nally, L, 90, 135, 151 M'Namara, Captain, 19, 53 M 'Kevin. l>r VV J, 11,73 Macready, W, 135 Macready. VV C, 52, 65, 112, 140, 141 M'Swtney, Owen, 3*5, <3, liiH Maoden 1) O. l&i 15M Madden, sir f, 94 Midd*n, Dr U a. 164, m Igfl Madden, Dr 8, 148, iij, U» Magdalen Hospital, 88 Maginn, Dr VV, 37, 4tj, 57, 150, 151, 152, 157, 153 Mag ire, Connor, 23, 32 Mahon, O'Gonnan, 62 Mahony ES, 36, 33, 57, 59, 104, 153, 154, 156. 153, ioy, loo Mahony J, 100 Maida Vale, 61 Malone, K, 15, 5S, 103, 139, 149, 151 Malone, R, 142 Mansion House, 27 Manuscripts, Irish, 85, 92, 94 Markham, Aichbishop, 113 >a sden, Dr VV, 65, a2 Martin, J, 93, 121 Marylebone Church, 58 Mason, H M, 92 Mason, J M, 139 Mathew, Father, 10, 107 Mathew, Justice, 11 Maturin, Ret C R, 143, 152 Maxwell, VV H, 82 Mayfair, 68 Mayne, Sir R, 12, 63 Meagher, P J, 154 Meagher. T F, 73, 121 Medals, Iris 1, y7, 99 Mercer's Hall and 1 hapel, 26 Merchant T, 11 Moore, T, 36, 53, 59, 70, 81, 82, 83, 102, 104 10« 143 160 ... Mooreheal, J, 143 Morgan, Lady, 78, 83, 93, 151, 156 Morgan, M, 134 "Morning Chronicle," 149, 155 "M«rning Herald." 154 " Morning Po~t," 160 Morris, Xf O Connor, 153 Mortlake, 90 Mosso]*, H, 84, 12S. 133 Mossop, W 97 Mossop, W S, 97. 99 Mount street, 63 Moxon, Dr VV, 11, 43 Mulholland, R, 159 Mulready, VV, 26. 39, 55, 63, 04, 65. 89, 93, 100 10L 102, 104. 110, 111 Mulready, VV, ( jun), 103 Mulrenin, B, 103 Munster House, 83 Murphy, A, 46, 43, 81, 108. 137, 148 Murphy, D B, 51 Murphy, F S, 36, 48, 133 Murphy, G, 106 Murphy, J D, 152 Murphy, John (engrarerV 98 Murphy, John (JouraalUt), 159 Murray, D. 144 Murray, J F, 152 Muiksrry, VV. 143 Kapler, Sir J, 85.30.108 Nspier, Hir W V, 85, B8 tfafitHial G-llery, jfe 40 National League, 75 76 Nati'mal Portrait Gallery, 105-109 Natural ffia^ry Museum, 81 Newgatd PrUon, ] J 170 Index. Newman-street, 56 Norton, Hon Mrs, 68, 70, 123,153 Norwood, Cemetery, 89 Nowlan, F, 109 Nugont, Karl, 18, 55 Nugent, Michael, 122, 152 O'Beirne, Dr T T., 134 ©Brien. J B, 65, 161 O'Brien, R B, 162 O'Brien, \V, 42, 137 O'Brien, \V (M P). 121 O'Brien, W S, 23, 61, 63, 79, 89, 121 O'Bryen, D, l:t5 CCallaKh.-vn, P P. 143 O'Cavanagh, J E, 89, 158 O'Coiglv. Rev J, 23 O'Connell, D, 13, 31, 32, 43. 44, 43, 58, 72, 73, 75, 81, 89,104,108, 120, 122, 154 O'Connor, Gen A, 23 O'Connor, Dr B, 38, 43 O'Connor. Fergus, 64, 63, 81, 8S O'Connor, J A, 82, 104, 105 O'Connor, J. 57 O'Connor, R 36 O'Connor, T P, 160 O'Currv, Kugene, 93, 94 O'Donnoll, F II. 100 O'Donnell, J F, 18,65, 159 O'DonneU, P, 20 O'Donovan, K, 25, 15) O'Donovan, Dr J, 93 O' Donovan R ssa. J, 51, 76 O'Dwyer, J, 152 O'Farreil, K, 159 Ogham Stone.*, 97 O'Oorman, R, 121 O'GraJy, H, 144 O Grady, S H. 153 O'Hara, Right Hon J, 84 O'Hara, Kane, 135 O'Hara, R, 154 O'Ke ffe, J. 30, 107. 134, 135, 136 O'Kelly, J J, 159 Old Slaughter's Coffee-house, 37 O'Leary, Rev A, 52, 55, 57, 85 O'Leary, John, 52 O'Leary, Joseph, 122, 154, 157 O'l.oghlen, Sir M, 67. b'.< O'Neil, Miss B, 109, 112, 139 O'Neil, H, 110, 11.', 152 O'Neill, Rev A, 65 O'Neill, D, 24 O'Neill, G B, 3) O'Neill, Hugh (artist), 58, 96, 100 O'N-ill. Hugh (Karl of Tyrone), 119 O'Neill. Shane, 74 Orchard street, 59 O'Reilly (Special Correspondent), 154 Ormond (2nd Duke of), 108, 115 Orrery i Countess of), 13 Orrery (Karl of) 13, 23 Osborne, G A, 143 O'Shviglmessy, A, 93, 97, 156 O'Shea, .1 A. 15:5, 158. 160 O'Sulliran, M, 122, 152 Oulton, W C, 135 Owenson. R, 78, 133 Oxford street, 54 P. Paddlngton Churchyard, 62 Pakenham, Sir E, 25 Pall Mall. 72 "Hall Mall Gazette," 161 Park lane, 06 parliament (Hoimea of), 118-184 Parliamentary Reporters, 122, 123 Parnell. C S, 29, 75, 88, 121 Pamall, Sir II, 64 Pained, T, 70, 145, 147 Pearauu, J, 24 . Peele's Ciffeehcuse, 16 Penne'ather, General Sir J L, 83, 84 Pent-mville PKson, 51, 52 Percy s'.reet. 50 Peri< dicaK Irish Mn 3ritia'u Museum), 93 Peter-, M VV, ICO, 110, 111 Peine. Dr G, 93, 100 Phillip-*. C. 58. 152 Physicians, Royal College of, and its Irish nen ber-:, 73 Piccadilly, 67-71 Pi'kinuton. MrsL, 70, 134 Piicn, F. 134 Pitt, W, 60,90 Plunk. -tl, Oliver, 35,106 Port's Coiner. .5, 116 Police. Irish Commissioners of, 12, 7' Pollt-CK J, ioo Pin mi by, Sir W. 25 Pope. A (the Poet), 4, 127 Pope, A (a<-tor), (is, 9.3, 112, 133 Pope, Mrs E 112, 116, 138 Pope, Mrs M, 0\ 112, 116, 138 Po| ham, Sir H R, 74 Poplins, Irish, 9'.», 109 Porter, A M, 26, 151 Porter, Jane. 26, 151 Porter. Sir R K, 26, 95 Per. land place, 5 s * Portn.an square, 59 Power, F, 25, 154, 105. Power G, 144 Power. Tjnne, 141 Preside it ■; uf R< yal Society, 110 Pie-'.on, W, 135 I'r'me Min's'ers, Irish, 12 "Punch." 13, S2, ic7 Puree:'., H. 117 Fnrceil, R, 96 Putney, S3 Q. Queen'.* road (Chelsea), S4 Quilhnin, E, 62, 123 Quin, K. 14.), 151 Quin, .1, U, 27, 28. 33, 41, 43, 112, 126, 129, 130 Quin, .M J, 155 " Ram alley," 16, 121 Rat h bone place, 56 Read, C A. 31 Reading Ro in of British Museum, 93 Red Deer, Irish, 45,82 Reddish, S. 133 Reform Club. 73 Regent's Park, 60 Regent ~treet, 57 Red, Captain M, 61 Richey, Prof G A. 156 Richmond Church, 90 Riddell. MrsC, 162 Riots, Theatrical, 129 Roberts, T S, lull Robertson, C, 95 Robin Hood Soil tv. 30 Robinson, Mrs M, 112, 138 Roche, K, 143, 151 Roche, J, 104, 162 Roche, R M, 151 Roliin. I., \>2 R ..oke. W M. S3, 143 Rorke, K, 141 Rjvke, M, 144 Rosse, Kail or", 110 Rothwell, E, 103, 107 Rowan, A H, 76 Rowan. Sir C, 74 Rowbotham, T L, 100 Royal Society. 16, 29, 110 Russell, >ir C, 12, 29, 159 Russell. W H, 1.2, 154, 156, 158, ICC Ryan, D L, 160 Index. 171 Byau, Lacy, 41, 130 Ryan, M D, 164, 155, 160 .Byves, Eliza, 51, 134 & Sadleir, John, 53, 121 st Ann s Church, 55 St Bartholomew's Hospital, 48 St Bride'.s Cnurch, 13 St Clement Dane's Church, 39 St Dunstan's Churtb, 17 St Ethelreda's chapel, 48 St George's Cathedr >1, So St George's Cemetery, 64 St George's Chore. i, 86 St Giles's Church, 38 St James's Church, 71 St James the Less, Church of, 62 St James's 11 ill, 71 St James s Park, 75 St J allies' square, 72 St James's street, 69 St Jo ins Gate, 48 St Katherino Cree, Church of, 3 St Margaret, Church of, 76 St Martin's Church, 36 Si Martin's Ian., :;7, -JO St Paueras Cemetery, 52 St Patrick's Chapel, 54 St Paul's C ithe.irai, 21-26 St Paul's Church} ard, 20 St Paul's Cnurch] 41 St Stephen's Churcu. 27 .St Tinman's Hospital, 85 Sardinian Chapel, 46 " Saturday Review," 15S Savage, M W, 71, 156 Savile r w, 70 -Scotch in Kngland, 5, 7, 8 Scotland Yard, 74 Sexton, 1,1-1 Shakesp are, W, 4. 137 Shaw, Capt li M, 12 Sbaw, li jJ, lol, 162 Shee, Mr M A, 24. 23, 35, 39, 5S, 70. 73, 81, 85, 107, 1 1", 111, 112, 14:), 152 Shtthan. .), 122, 15», 162 Shell, R L. 21, .'.7, 46, SO, 120, 122, 140, 152 shcllev, F 11, 5, 7vt Sheridan, Mrs 1'", 134 Sheridan, Miss, 134 Sheridan, R B, 33, 42. 43. 44, 45, 55. 59, 64, 67, 70, 71, 108, 116, 119, 121, 122, 137, 149 Sheridan, X, 33, 43, 76, 112, li>3 Sheridan, Dr X, 128 SherlocK, \V, 95, 102 Shoj lau , l.i Siddoni, Mrs, 139, 140 " Silken Thomas," 2t, 3S Simm»ns. B, 48, 54, 153 Simon*, J, 134 Skerritt, Sir J 15,25 Sloane, Sir H, 16, 47, 73, 84, il, 109, 110. Ill Sloane street, 78 Small, W", 101 Smith, J C, 104 Smith, Svuney, 6 Smitbheld, 4i Soane's Museum, 45 Society of Arts, 33. 34 Somerset House, 31 Southerue, T, 18, 42, 73, 76, 125 South Kingston Museum, 81, 9S-105 Southwark Catholic Cliapel, 86 Southwuik Irish Literary Club, 86 Spatilbh place Chapel, 59 Sparkes, 1. 4 1. 133 Spmke., L, 13 J Sp* line. 11 11,31, 161 •' Spcoiutor," 158 " Spectator' (Steele's), 29, 116 Spen»or, K, 4, 75 Spooner, C. 52 " Mlnmiurd," 159 Stiuiaold, J E, 133 Stanfield, W C, 39. 40, 51, 65, 73, 74, 75, 100. 103. 105, 111). Ill, 112 Stanford, Prof. (J V, 115 Stationer's H ill, li* "Star," 160 Staunton, Sir (i L, 108, 117, 156 Steele, Sir It, 17, 19, 2 .), 31, 35, 43, 47, 53, 70, 76. 83, 95, 105, 108, 128. 131, 145, 146 Steele, X, 16. 61 Sterling, E, 79, 153 Sterling, J, 7 J, 155 Sterne, L, 69, 70, 72, 146, 147 Stewart, Sir 11, 25, 79 Stokes, Pi of G G, 110 Stokes, Margaret, 41, 95 Stokes, Whitley, 158 Stopford, W H, 100 stott, r, luo Strand, The, 29 Strausfford. 6th Lord. 58, 63 Strangford, 7th Lord, 155, 15S, 161 Strangford, 8th Lord, 161 SulJivau, Sir A, 145 Sullivan, A M, is, 83, 121 Sullivstn, Barry, 144 Sullivan, C, 143 Sullivan, J F, 15S Sullivan, L, 3S, 57. 96 Supple, M, 122, 152 Surgeons, Roval College of, 45 Swift, Dean, 6, 70, 72, 73, 84, 99, 102, 104, 105, 100. 145, 14 c', 147 Sydenham, 89 Tanner, Dr, 121 Tate, Nahum, 86, 127 •' Tatler," 17, 146 Tavistock Chapel, 47 Tavistock square, 47 Tavistock street, 42 Taylor, J S, 65, 154 Taylor, W li S, 155 Taylor, Dr W C, 156, 15S Temple, The, and its Irish Residents, 18 Temple Church, 15, 17 Temple, Miss H, 145 Tenneiit, Sir J E, 46, 72, 79 Thatched lluu-e Tavern, 69 Thomson, T C, 101 Thomson. Sir »V, 110 Thurot, Capt. 46 Tiernev, Uight Hon G, 70, 90. 10S, 117 " Tunes," 36, 79, H9, 153, 154 " Tinsley's Magazine," 15S Tohin, .). 137 Todd, Dr R B, 65 Toland. J, 83, 145 Tone, Wolfe. 16, IS, 19 Toole, J L, 144 Torrens, Sir A \V, 25, 84 Torreus, Col R, 151, 160 Torrens. \Y M, 155, 156, 159 Tower Hill, 21 Tower of London and its Irish Prisoneri, 2LIJ Trafalgar square, 36 Traitor's Gate, 22, 23 Trench, Dr R C, 79, 113 Tresham. H, 70, 95, 100, 110. Ill •'Truth." 161 Turk's Head Tavern. 55 Turner, J M W, 25, 3S, 107 Turnerelli, P, 26, 31, 56, S7, 114 Twickenham, 90 Tyburn, 3S, 63, Tyndall, Professor, 73, 110, 161 Tyrrell, Sir R, 87, 115 U. United Irish Society, 48 United Service Museum, 74 Ussher, Archbishop, 18, 31. 45, 74, 10S, 116 "Vanessa," Swift's, 73 "Vicar of Wakefield," 15, 20 172 Index. w. Wad*, J A, 158 Wall, Governor, 19 Wallace, W V, 65, 143 Waller, J F, 159 Wallis.T, 155. 159 Waluisk-y, T, 100 Walsh, J H, 161 Wal h. Iter P, 17 Wandsworth, S9 Wardour street, 55 Warner, Mm, 140, 141 Warren, Sir P, 87, 115 Weld, I, 156 Welleslev, Dr G V, S2 Welleslev, Marquis of, 67, 69, 74/79 Wellinctcn, l)ukt> of, 23, 25, 26, 27, 29, 5S, 67, 84, 89, r 99, 102, 108, 123 Westbourne Grove, 64 Westminster Abbsy, 76, 113-113 Westminster Hall, 119 Westminster Hospital, 75 Wescminster Palace Hotel, 76 Westminster School, 76 Whitehall, 74 Whitehall Palace, 74 Whitty, E M, 122, 154, 139 Wigmore street, 59 Wilde, Lady, 159, K0, 161 Wilde, Oscar, 158, 161 Wilde, W C K, 159 Wilts R, 42, 41}. 126,129 William street, 78 Williams. C, 160, 161 Wills, KeT J, 152 Wills, W G, 144 Wimbledon Common, c9 Wine Office court, 14 Wingfield, Horn L, 15?, 159 Wiseman, Cardinal, 51, 57, 59, 65, 86 Wofflnzton, Margaret, 4:5, 104, 109, 112, 133, 133* Woffington, Mary, 13s Wolfe, General, 87, 103, 115 Wood's Halfpence, 97 Wren, Sir C, 13, 24, 26, 71 Wych street, 4o J3 m G-OtTT^JDXlsrG-^ ECCLESIASTICAL AND MERCHANT TAILOR, Begs to draw the attention of Gentlemen visiting the Metropolis to his SPLENDID STOCK OF (Coatings, ^ititings, niul ®rffaisi|rings For the Present and Approaching Seasons, And solicits the favour of an Inspection and esteemed Order, ECCLESIikSTXCAL AND MERCHiLNT TAILOR, 27 NORTH EARL ST., DUBLIN, THE ONLY HOTEL IN DUBLIN TO WHICH TURKISH BATHS ARE ATTACHED. ?&&Sl 3.*°$>t°r. ■°*pV ^ "* ^ 6^ N- THESE TWO ESTABLISHMENTS ARE NOW UKDE.i THE ONE MANAGEMENT TPftVEUERS ARRIVING BY NIGHT MAIL CAN DEPOSIT THEIR LUGGAGE AKD GET A TURKISH BATH FOR 2s. 6d ^i^- cL.-j!' *^v ^ : ^i: s& ^J "Imp fe^ ;i^fr-'. I' § I Intending Purchasers v^m find it their interest to Inspect the Stock in undermentioned VTareroorns, admitted to he one of the •LARGEST & BEST STOCKS OF GENERAL FURNITURE IK DUBLIN, m^ - JKfe.. JLX„L~ JSL. JM KJg? «£&. J&ii 9 26 & 27 UPPER LIFPEY STREET. Liberal Terms to Wholesale Purchasers. '-j=£&r 40 WESTMORELAISTD STEEET DUBLIN, SOX, 33 AGENT FOR Victor Jay & Co.'s and Woodrow & Sons' LONDON-MADE MATS. AGENT FOR ' LJNCQLH AND BENNETT'S HATS- _;.--••— • ^Sk. K ?$&% -•- .v.. W 1 — j m V < ^'COCK'CECIV" No. i, a-v^ y :r:;d. higivc^V-: -:co ■ ;■' of grea^dckVacy. / In fancy papers, cz., 2'eoz,; and ±x/.\ VCOGX €ROW" : No. I a filler flavour than^oe. iffeoi /of same high quality. In oz., ^ oz., and 4 oz. ".CYCLISTS 5 3J I a specially prepared Tobacco, very Jastihg, unlike anything at.' present before the public. • la oz., 2 oz., and 4 oz. packets. I . .. " SKAUGHRAUM/' the'best value'in Fcurpcnny I Fixture to be had ; a gcOcl, sound article, and fairly .strong-. .. 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