/rr an oci'<^'- About a XF O R D, Princed'% for Ric. Daw, M, ©C. LXXL W ^ IT T E Kr\ .By the Honourable ROBERT BOYLE. 'T^eCofmkalt ^alities of thing^^^^^ sCofmicall SuJpiHQns, . 7yr 7 mperature ef 'the Subterf&npall Regions^ c Temperature, of the Sabmmne^emm. ihe Bottyn of the Sea. To which is Prafixe , A.n htrodutlm to the Biforj of Particidar ' fLV A tklT I B S. An Advertlfemcnt of the PuBIIJhcr to the ItlEJDEB. ^Tp Nol>le Author of the follomng TraBs hath A alfo written diuen other jhort Dif mrf ^SyUponfezfe^ 4 S occajions^jjetf had he not been diverted from his. pur^ pofe^he had continued to let themlj by him^ intendino in cafe he jhould fu^er them to come abroady to difpofe of them agreeably 10 4 Defignythat ^tis not necejf arj theRea^ der jhould be now acquainted with. In the mean while y fever all Firtuofyo whom fame of thefeTraBs had been fhewny and with whom the matters handled in fome others had been difeourfed^did out of a con^ cerncy {as they gave outy) for theCommon^wealth of Lear* ningyprefjinglji reprefent to the Author^ Firftythat divers ofthefe Loos TraBSjhaving little or m dependency upon one anotherymight without IncorivenU ence be publtjhed aparty in what Number and Order the Author jhould pleafe, S econdlyythat fince his main Dejignein thefe aswell M hts other Phyfic all Writings, was to provide Material Is . for the Hiftory of Nature, it would be thought emughytbat they befuh jlantiallandfitfor the Workyin what order or Ajjociation foever they jhould happen to be brought into the Philofophtcall Repojitory, Thirdly^that the Communicating thefe TraBs to the ci^ riousywould be the befi way tofecure them from beingkf or imbezelledyasfome others of his Papers hfive been not only formerlyy but very lately. Fourthly , that the kind Receptiony the Curious hadgii wen to what he had hithertoprefented themymigbt well ind fpitCyif it did pop oblige bimy mt Hitrvy them the early ufe tixperiments and fore ttje t^me wherein his de^gn would fuffer them to come ■ ^h;mdj ^fve fer^icedle to Philofophj^ getting Havers ^J^uiptiY^'heads exciting the Curiofit) of fome^ afi^^^xxedjci^ng the Indujlry of others, * of the Prices y he had hitherto pub- ^ijbed Cefccept where his owne Backwardnefje had exprejj ed-' Ij intermed) the (irfl Edition} had not long been the onlj^ . * fo probaih within a moderate [pace of time ^ another Edition ' of thofe^ raBSy he [Ijould firfi put out^ would both allow him to incrfafe their numberchange theif order as he fkould ' • ^pji expedient^ O ^(^in cafe he foould in the mean ^jjde-returne tohis Libraryf)recruit his Difcourfes with k thofe Pajjages^ that he deponed to borrow for them thencei Bi*l^ though tlefe confiderationssfioyned to the earnefim M^ii^-^ the Perfons that made them^ and the juft refpeB he ha^for them rendered it uneafjfor him to ref ft their perfwafions* jet thej never obtained an aBuall compliance ' „ tillIh^were ajjifted'bj fuch an unhappj jtmBureoffteknefs / 3 leaving him f nail hopes of accompUfhing his pi^ intentions in anj re afon able time^ made him con- . fent tafend away to the Prefsfome of thof ? TraBs^ that he founStheleaft unready for it^ in the order wherein they chanied to come to his hands , Which being thus repref mted theeonfiaering and Ingenious Reader willfoonfindy what caujexhere is y andhow much it concerns the Advance^ 9nentof Vduable Philofophy^ that Jince this excellent Au- thor , hath (to thqpuhlifheys knowledge^ as alfo^was inftnuA* ^ove) many other rareTraBs ef a Philofophicall nam \ ture in-ftorCyhe befolicitedfrom time to timephat he would according to the meafure of health he ftoallenjoy Ti^oxmpart with allpojjible fpeed thof fDf mrf ?f, which tend .(^^^rgement andprogrejse of if efull hnowledgCy mau» i Envy and Malice. H. 0* " OF THE SYSTEMATICAL!, ^ o R COSMICALL QUALITIES OF THINGS. (I) #■########> ######### CHF T H E Syftematicall or Cofmicall SJflJLlTlES of things. CHAP. I. I Expert 5 Pjrofhtlui^ that being fomewhat furprifed at the Title of this Difcourfe, you will prefently ask‘ what I underftand’ by Cofmicall or Sjfimaticall Qualities^ that name being new enough to require, that I fhouldtell you, both what I mean by it, and why I make choife of it. Toanfwer fo reafonable a Queflion, ! fhall informe you, that I confidcr,that the Qualities of particular Bodies ( for ' I fpeake not here of MagnundejShape, and Motion, which are the Primitive Moods aud Catholick Affedions (rf I Matter it felf) do/or the moft part cohfift in Re la- i tionSjUpon whofe account oneBody is fitted to a^ upon othersyor difpofed ro be a6ted on by them,^ and receive Imprefldons from thcm^ as j^ickfil- ver has a Qualify or Power (fof I here take Qua¬ lities in the larger fenfe) to diiTolye Gold and Sil¬ ver jand a Capacity or Dirpofltion to be difrolved i Of the Sjjiemtlcalt or by fortUy and ( thdugli lefTe readily) by A^ua Regif.Andi this being premifed, Idbferve farther, that, though in eftimating the\^alities of Naturall Bodies we are wont to cdnfider but tlie power any particular one has of acting upon,, or the capacity it has of fuflferfrig from fuch and fiich particular Bodiesj wherewith tis taken no¬ tice of to have manifeft Commerce in point of makeing orofreceiveing Imprellidns; yet there may be fome Attributes, Which may belong to a particular Body,and divers alterations to which it inay be liable, not barely upon the fcore of thefe Qualities that are prefumcd to be evidently inhe¬ rent in it, nor of the rerpe(5is it has to thofr other particular Bodies to which it feems td be ntani- fefrly related, .but upon the account of a 5yfteme fb confrituted as dur World is, whdfe Fabrick is (iichjthat there may be divers vriheeded Agents, which, by unperceived meanes, may have great ^ Operations UpoU the Bodie w'e cdnfiderand ^ Work fuch changes it, and enable it to work fuch changes on other Bodies,as are rather td be afcri- bed to ibme unheeded Agents, thanto thdfeo- I ther Bodies, with which the Body propof’d is ^ taken notice of to have to doe. So mat although if divers Bodies that 1 could name were placed tcgether in 'va cuOydt removed together into fome orthofe imaginary fpaces, which divers of the Schoolmen fancie to be beyond the Bounds of oUr Vnivcrfe, they would retaine mn) of the guali- cles they are now endowed withj yet they would not CoJmicaU Qualities of things] * not have them All: but by being reftored to their former places in this Worlds would regain a new of Faculties (or Powers) and Oifpofitions, which becaufe they depend upon Ibme unheed¬ ed Relations and Impreffions, which thele Bodies owe to the determinate Fabrick of the grand ^yfteme or World they are parts of, I have^ till I can find a more proper Appellationjthoughc fit to name their Cofmcail or their Syfiematicall Sualities, I have in the Origine of Somes touched vipcsri this fubje(^ already, but otherwife then I am now about to doe. For whereas that which I doe there principally, (and yet but Tranfiently,) take notice of, is T^t one Body being fumunded with other Bodies^ is ntanifejily wrought on by man) oftbofe among whome ’tis placed:that$iAkh I cheifly iaiThie DifcourfecondderiSy thelmprellions that a Body may receive, or the power it may acquire, from thofe vulgarly unknown, or at leaft vnheeded gents, by which it is thus affefied, not only upon the account ofitsowne peculiar Texture or Dif- pofition, but by vertue of the general! Fabrick of the World. CHAP. II. Ow though there be feverall of the grand mundane Bodies, & divers Laws & cuftoms pf Nature which may contributef more or lelTe) 4 Of the SjfemattcitU w to the Phenomena of the 5yalities we are treating * of; yet becaufe a diftindi and particular Inquiry into each of them would challenge a much longer Difcourfe then this fhort EiTayistobe, and a much abler pen then His that writes it; I did not onely think it fit to referve what occurs to me a- boutthe Laws and Cufioms of Nature, as they eoncerne this ^Subjedl:, ro another Difcourfejor an Appendix to this; but to declare to youalfo. That whereas the three main Bodies whofe more linobferyed Operations and Changes have the mofi confiderable Influence on the Qualities wc: are to treat of, are, the fubterraneal Parts of the Globe We inhabit,the Stars,whether Fixt or win- dring,with the'^ther that is about them ; Be the . Atmofphere or Air we live in* I forefee that ’tvvill be requifite for me ^ afiigne the Experiments and ObfervatioriS I have colledied about thefe three Subje^s to other Tra(fls. So that in this Effay my cheife^ work will be, to take notice to' you of fpiiie, Confiderations thatmay be Intro- dudory iu a more general! way to the clearer knowledge of the Subjedt to be difeourfed of. To which Imay , as time and my occafions may permit, fubjoyn fome Particulars, which though perhaps they doe not allofthemfo di- re6fly or properly belong to the folemnly pro¬ pos’d Heads of this difcourfe,yet are riot im¬ pertinent to the Defigne of it; and on that fcore may be allowed their places in it. And leaft you flaould think that under name Cofmicall Qualities of thingsl 5 oiCofmcatl ^alities IHiould introduce Chiniae- ras into riaturall Philofophy , I muft betimes advcrtife ^ you, that you will n>eet with di¬ vers Particulars in the following Difcourfe,fit to fhcw that thefe Qualities are not meerly fiditU’ ' ous Qualities; but fuch, whofe Exiftence I can manifeft, not only by conliderations not abfiird^ but alfo by real Experiments and Phyficall P^^- nomena.^nd to prevent miftakes I Hiall addej> than under the name of Catholick and unminded Gau- ics or Agents, I comprehend not only divers in- Vifible Portions of Matter, but alfo the Eftablifht* Lawes of the Univerfcj or that which is com¬ monly called the Ordinatj Courfe of Nature, And when I fpeak of unobferved Agents or Caufe?^I do not alwaics mean, that they are not known or taken notice of to be /'« Rerum natura^ but that they are,not vulgarly confideredor lookt upon^' as the Caufes of fome Particular Vhanomena^ wherein I aferibe to them ah Intereft or Effici- ency; But beforell proceed any farther^ ’twillnotbe amilTe to intimate in this place, that die things^ on which I founded the propofed notion of the Gofmicall Attributes of Bodies, were princi¬ pally thefe threej 1. That there are many Bodies,that in divers ca¬ fes ad: nof,unles they be a6l:ed on,&lome of them a(Sl,either folely or cheifly as they areadted on by the Catholick and unheeded Agents, We have been fpeaking of, 2. 6 Of the Sjjlematicall or 2 . That there are certain fubtle Bodies iii the world, that are ready to infinuate themfelves into the Pores of any Body difpofed to admit their adlion, or by fome other way a{fc6t it, efpeci- allyif they have the Concurrence of other un- obierved fcaufes and the eftablifhtlawesofthe Univerfe. 3. -That a Body by a mechanicall Change of Texture may acquire or loofe a fitnelTe to be wrought upon by fuch unheeded Agents, and alfo to diverfify their operations on it upon the fcoreof its varying Texture. Thefe three Propofitions I fhall endeavour to confirm diftindly by the enfueing Experiments & Phdnomem^vx becaufe divers of thefe proofes may each of them ferve to confirm more than one of thefe Propofitions, and becaufe the make- ingoutofthe two lafi, which are the moft im¬ portant (and the leaft probable) is the main Defigne of this Difeourfe, I {hall fay the lelTe to the firfi, leaveing It for the moft part to you, to referr to either of the three Propofitions,what you fhall meet with belonging to it in what is faid upon either of the other two. CHAP. III. o begin then with the firfi Propofition name- ly. That there are mahj Bodies^ that in divers tafes aB not unlefje thej be aBed on^ and fome of them aB either folely or Cheifii as they tere aBed on h Cofmicali Qu/tftdes of thhgsl y By the Cathdick And unheeded Agentsy we han)e been [peaking of: the former part of it will, I prefume* be eafily granted, it being evident by filch grotfe Inftancesas thefe, that a Wedge will nat cleavci ^ Blocke linleffc it be impelled aganid icbya- Hammer (or fome Equivalent Mrument> nor ai Knife attrafl a Needle^unles it be excited by a Ma- per^But as to theit Will not/» likelthood be fo readily afTcnted to, and therefore having in tranfitu i\\u(^r3XQd it by obferving to yon,that Concave lorjking Ghffes and Convex burning Glaifcs, kindle not other Bodies, unlcfTe they be enabled to do fobythe refle6led or trajeded Beames of the Sun, Ifhall proceed to prove it by a couple of inAances, The one is,Thatofan Iron Barr,that hath long flood in a Windovv, or fome other fit place in at perpendicular Pofture; for though this Barr was not when it was firfl ercifted, Sidowed with at Magnetifme any thing fuperior to that of other IrOiv Barrs of the like fhape and bignefs, yet af¬ ter it hath very long flood in that pofition,ic will by the operations of invifible Agents acquire, a farther Degree of Magnetifm, than belonged to itj as a Bar of Iron,and is enabled to produce Ibme Magneticall Phenomena ( elfeWhere men^ tioned) that it could not before. The fecond inflance is afforded lis by what happens to a very flat St exquifltely polifht piece of Marble; for though of it felfe it hath nopoWcr help to lift up any other dry Body that tis £ a laid 8 Of the SjjiemaUcall or laid upon, yet if it come to be skillfully laid upon another piece of Marble as flat and fmooth as it, and of a bulk not too unwildy , this upper ftone, by Vertue aftheFabrickof the World, which gives the ambient Air Fluidity and Weight, is. enabled without any other Cement or faftening Inftrument than immediate Contad,to raife with (in cafe a man lift it up) the lower Mar¬ ble, though perhaps an hundred ' times heavier than it felfe. * [ Whereas if this laying one ofthefe flones upon the other had been done in Vacuo,1 doubt not but no fuch power had thereby accrued to the upper- this Expe¬ rimentally proved in the continuati¬ on of the Authors, new Experiments touching the Air, Experiment the Fiftieth. moft of them. which fpeakes to this pur pole, That there are certain fubtle Bodies in the World, that are readj (?/'- ther to infinuate themfehes into the Pores of any Bo» djydifpofed to admit their ASlion^or ^ fome other my to ajjeB it»efpeclally if they ha ve the Concurrence of o- ther unohferved Caufes, and the efiahlijht Lams of iheVniverfe: I need not take notice on this oc- ifion,that divers of the Ancient Philofophers jhtythat there was a fubtler Body than the Air, and called Mther, md th^t the Carte^an% CofmicaH Qualities of thmgf. ^ CArtffians tell us, that there is fuch a fubftance ’diffufed thorowout the Univerfe,which they call according to the differing fizes of its parts foin^- times Prtmum Elementum , and fometimes teria Coelefiif^ to which they attribute the ufeof pervading all other Bodies, and adequately fil¬ ling thofe Pores of theirs,that are correfpondent in Bignefs and Figure to the differing Portions of this Infinuating Matter.That there may be fuch a fubfiance in the Uriverfe, the AfTerters of it will probably bring for proofes feverall of there Phx- mmem I am about to relate.But whether there be or be not in the world any Matter, that exadly anfwers to the Deferiptions they make of their firft and fecond Elements,! fhall not here dif- cuffe; though divers Experiments feem to argue, that there is in the world an Ethereal fubftance very fubtle and not a little ditfufed: but though thefe things feem , as I was faying, probable enough; yet the invifible Agents, I fhall here cheif- ly,though not only, take notice of,wiII be the Air (as it hath a Weight and Spring) and the mag- neticall Effluvia of the Terreftriall Globe. If you take a Barr of Iron or rather of Steel, and another like it of Silver, and having heated each of them red hot, and put them to cool di- re(ffly North and South,though they be both afled upon by the fame Agent,the Fire, and the »SteeI, as to fence, feems fuch as it was before, yet the Texture of thefe two Metals being different, the •Silver acquires no new Quality by what hath E 3 been io Of the SjfemticaB. or been done to it,whereas the Ignition of the Steel having opened its Pores, and made its parts more"^pliable ( as may be argued from the Swel¬ ling of Iron heated red hot, a"nd its foftneffe un-. der the Hammer) it iseafilvrwhrlft in this ftate it lies North and South, pervaded by the Magne- ticall effluvia of the Earth,which glide perpetually through the Air from one pole to another, and by the paifage of thefe fteames it becomes endowed with a magneticall Property,which fome call Po¬ larity, whereby being freely fufpended and ex* afilypoifed it will as it were,fpontaneouflydi* Te£): it felfe towards the North and S outh,and ex^ creifefome operations peculiar to MagneticalBo* dies. And that it may feem the leife ftrange, that Ifhould aferibeto lo groiTe and dull a Body, as *he Earth, the Power of inviiibly communicater ingto Iron a magneticall Vertue,which is thought to be of fo fpirituall a Nature, I (hall put you in mind of an Experiment, that I acquainted you with divers years agoe, about the Earths Power to impart, in fome cafes without the help of a Loadftone,a direiSiive faculty to the Loadftone it felf. For, having by Ignition deprived an obr long Magnet of its former attra^irve Power, by I taking it red hot out of the Fire, and fuffering it to cool North and 5outh, I could at pleafure, by placing either end Northward or Southward, whilft the Stone was refrigerating, make what end I had a mind to, point to the North Pole; ^ " and when it had done fa, I could, by a new Igni¬ tion CofmicallQualities of things'. 11 «on and refrigerating of it in a contrary pofitton, malice the fame end of the Stone become its Southern Pole. If you take a capacious glaffe Vial with a {len¬ der neck, ending in a fharpe Angle with only a Pin hole left open at the Apex, (inftead of which VefTell, Heroes Egg, as fome call it, though far fmaller,and without fuch a neck may ferve turn) ^d by fui^ion or otherwife iree it from as much of the included Air as you can,and if then have- ing ftopt this Hole with your Finger^ youim- merfe it fomewhat deep under water,and (laft- ly) withdraw your Finger; the Water will, con¬ trary to its owne Nature ( as is vulgarly conceiv¬ ed) fpring up with violence, and to a good height into the Cavity of the Viall; which motion of a heavy Liquor upwards cannot be aferibed to the motion of the Finger; for That did but unftopthe Orifice, and" not impcll up the Water; nor need be attributed to Natures ab¬ horrence of a Vacuum, which ( whether there be fuch a thing or not) ’cis altogether unneceiTa- ry to have recourfe to in this cafe: the Prcllure ofthe Ambient Air, proceeding from its VVeight upon the furface of the Water being fuflBcient to force up that Liquor into the Viall, in which the remaining Air by being ratified , upon the fcore of the Abfence of that which was taken out, hath it fpring too much weakned to be able to refift the Prelfure of the outward Air, as it formerly cou Id doe; whereas if this Experiment were try- E 4 12 Of the SjfemAHCAll or ed in VacUo ] the Water Would not be raifcd, there being no outward Agent to impel 1 it up. CHAP. V. T Had fbinetimes the Curiofity to confider Beans & Peafe pull’d up out of t^e Ground by the Stalksjin order to an enquiry into their Ger¬ mination, and after having taken Notice of their Tumidneffe upon their having imbib’d the moi- ftureof the Soil, and of their way through the AmbientEarth not only upwards with their Stems but downwards with their tender^^Rootes ; I thought fit to try with whatfirength or force the caufes of their Intumefcence endeavoured to di¬ late them. Whereupon I filled with a Quan¬ tity of fuch dry Beanes, as are in England wont to be given to Horfes , fcverall Vials and BottIes,fome ot Glalfe, and fome of Earth, whereof two or three were of a very confiderable Rrength; which done, the Intervalls between the Beanes were filled with water, and theVelfels were exaflly ftopt with Gorkes ftrongly tyed down with Strings, that nothing might get out; for I fupofed that the water foking into the Pores of theBeans would alter theFigure of the Pores, produce in them an endeavour to fwell; which be¬ ing checkt by the Sides and Stopples of the Vef- fels would difcoverjwhethcr that endeavour were CofmicaR Qualities of thingsl 15 fo forcible as I fufpeficd. The ^uccefTe was, that moft of thcfe Veffels ( for in one or two of them we found the ftrings broke that withftood the raiding of the Stopples ) whether of GlalTe or Earth, were burft in funder. But being defirous to make a nearer Eftimate, how great this Expanfive force of the fwelling Beanes was,we put a convenient quantity of them into an hollow, but ftrong Cylinder of BralTe, which I had caufed to be purpofedly made for fuch kind of Tryalls, whole Cylindrical! Cavi¬ ty was juft fix Inches in lenght, and two in Dia- itieter; then having put in Water enough to reach the top of the Beanes , we put into the upper part of the Cylinder , which was pur- pofedly left unfildja wooden plugg made fit for theorifice,by being turned into a Cylindrical! Form, and a little narrower than the orifice, that it might move freely up and down, though the Water ftiould make it fomewhat fwell. Upon the Top of this Plugg, on which leaned a broad and thick peice of wood fhaped likeardund Trencher, and made of the fame peice with the Plugs, was placed a common half hundred weight of Lead, which yet could not deprelTe the Plugg too low, being hindred by the breadth of the Trencher, made as well to prevent the too great Deprelfion of the Plugg, as to afford a con¬ venient Bafis to the Weight. Laftly ; having kept the Cylinder in a quiet place for a fit fpace of time ( which is in fuch tryalls fometimes z or 14 SjBematicaS or or 3 daies fometimes more or leffe according to the Temperature oF the Airland Quantity of the included Matter,) we obierved, as I expeded, that the fwelling Beanes had very Manifeftly heaved up the Plugg, and the.incumbent Weight beyond the former S ration. And I fufpedied that if we had had fmall Weights ( of a pound or two a peice) conveniently ihaped,a heavier weight might have Been raifed by the fame force. It is not neceffary in this place, that I mention feverall Particulars relating to the experiment,38 how it fucceeds in Corn ground and unground, howindryed Fruits, as Raifins and Currants, how in dry’d pcafe (which we found to dilate themfelves very ftrongly) and what Liquors will or will not caufe an Intumefcence^nor (hall I here fpeak of divers Circumftances, that may be taken notice of in fuch Tryalls ^ only I muftnot omit this particular, that I had a mind to make fome TryalljWhether the force of fwelling Beanes to prelfe or thruftup the incumbent Weight would not ‘in Cylinders of different fizes be encreafed in fomewhat near a duplicate proportion to that of the Diameters, or the Areas of the Orifices of the differing Cylinders (becaufe ’tis accor¬ ding to the greatneffe of thofe Areas, that the force can be applied upwards • ) but having not weights enough fo (haped as I needed^ 1 could not make fuen an experiment as I defired* but thus much however I difeovered in order to my Purpofe that thePrclTure upwards of the drench’d Beanes to^micall QuaUths of thingsl Beanes, was very much greater in wider Cylin- dricall VelTels than in narrower ones: for having put a convenient Quantity of dry’d Beane? into a MetaUine Cylinder that wanteo a pretty deal of being fodeep as fix Inches, and was npt.quite^ four Inches broad; when the included Beanes bc:* gan to fwell, they manifeftly (lifted up (ueh a Plugg as was lately deicrib’d (but broader) with wei^ts upon it, amounting to an hundred pound or better. Whether this may paffe for a neWf(PhyficaII) 'vif m(yvenSj I freely leave to you , to determine, as alfo to confider, whether by Mechanical] Con¬ trivances fo great a Porce, as mayibc this way produced,.and which flowly and filently ^proceeds till it hath attained its utmoft :Energy, and may be conveied into Bodies without "workingany Effcdi: before the.due time; may notin (bme ca¬ fes be made applicable to ufcfull purpofes. r irhall not now examine, whether or how far the foregoing Experiment may confirine the C^rtefmii Hypothfis about thqir mMmaSukiliSy nor whether upon the notions which our Experi¬ ment may fuggeft, wee may be enabled to cxpli- cate.the Force, wherewith fermenting Liquors doe often break the VelTcIs, wherein they are too exadly fhut up; about which PhmomenA and of foine others of kin to it, I elfewhcre propofe fame Conje^lures, I think it fitter in this place to take notice to you of foniethin?, that more diredtiy belongs, to ^ ' our iS Of the SjHematicall or our prefent Subjea; namely, that thewith¬ in which name I here comprife the that may be harboured in its PoreSjmay in fome cafes by its conftant prefence; and in others by its bein® alwaies at hand,&: its readines to infinuate it feS' wherever it can ^et admittance, concurre to the Produdlion of divers Phdnomena^ wherein its Cooperation has not been fufpej^ed even by Phi- lofophers: for,not to mention what I have by Ex¬ periments purpofely devifed, that the Air’s beincy prefertttoprefTeupori the fuperficies of Liquors is fo requifite in Suction, that they will not there¬ by be made to afeend without it; and befides that to the putrefying of fome Bodies within the time (or even within ten times the time) that nature is wont to putrefy them in, they will not be brought to putrefafiion, if the Air be all the while carefully fecluded : befides thefe things, I fay, I foUnd, f that the light,which appeares in fome rotten Woods and in fome putrefyed Fifhes did fo much depend upon the prefence of the Air,that if that were quite with¬ drawn from them,the light would difappear,and when they were reftored to the Gonta6tof the Air, they would (bine forth again as formerly. But of this elfewhere.] Cosmic all Qualities of things i ^7 I CHAP. VI. Know not, whether it will be fit to add,that befides what the Air (with the fubtler mattec that may be mingled with it) may doeasafub- ftancej it may perform diverfe things upono- thcr accounts, as its finer parts may be, though infenfibly, mov’d in firait Lines; or as it is the fubjea of Swarms of Corpufcles put into peculiar, though invifibIe,Motions. Forinftance, ifltakeafheetofPaper, and rub it over with Oil, or even a fit kind ofGreafe; that which the Liquor apparently does , is only to pierce or foke into the Pores of the Paper,which before did by their crookednefs, or upon fome other Me- chanicall account render the Paper Opacous. But thisinfinuation of the Un^uous Body into the Pores having altered them as to Figure, or to Size, or to both, and having by that alteration, given the Paper a Texture difpofed to allow due PafTacre to the Corpufcles of Light,or to tranfmic their ^peculiar kind of Impulfe (whence leverall Naturalifts derive Light) the Motions, as I was faying, or invifible Corpufcles in the Air, dc- p^ding upon the conftitution of the World, do prefently a£l upon the Paper, and produce be¬ yond it both a fenfation of Light, and the repre- fentations of a multitude of Obje61s, whence the Light refle6fs , and which could not be feen through it beforcj J ig of the S^flemaifcaH or . I need not perhaps tell you, that if a pretty large Box be io contrived, that there may be to¬ wards the one end of it a fine fhcet of Paper ftretch’d like the Leather of a Drum*head at a convenient diftance from the remoter end* where thereis to be left an hole covered with a Lenti¬ cular GlafTe fitted for the purpofe, you may at a little hole, left at the upper part of the Box, fefe upon the Paper fuch a lively reprefentatioh; not only of the Motions, but fhapes and Co¬ lours of outward Ob je6ts, as did not a little de- fight me, when I firff caufed this portable dark- ned Roome , if I may To call it, to be made. Which Inflrument I fhall nothete more particu¬ larly deferibe, partly becatife tfbewed it youfe- veraJl years agoe, fince when, diverfe Ingenious men have tryed to imitate mine (which you know was to be drawn out or fbortned like a Telefcope, asoccafion required) or Improve the Praflice; and Partljy becaufe, that which I pre¬ tended in mentioning of it here is, to fhtw, that fince that almoft "upon every turning of the Inffrument this way or that way, whether it be in the Town or open Fields, o ne may difeover new objefisi and fornetimes new Landfeapes up¬ on the Paper,- there miift be all day long in all parts of the Air, where thh PhdMf?tei7on c^n he exhibited, either certain emrtted every way from the Obje^s, or certain motions of iil- fenfible Cofpufcles, which rebounding firfl from the externallobjed, ^nd then from me Paper, ptoduee CofmicaJl QualiUfs of things ^ produce in the eye the Images of thefe Objects: fo that the Air is every where full of vifible Spe¬ cies, which cannot be intelligibly explicated without the Local! motions, of loine minute Corpufclesjwhichjwhilft the Air is enlightened,' are alwaies palling thorow it. You may remember, Pjrophilm^ that in the Claufe of the fecond Propofition, hitherto dif- courfed of, I take in the eftabliflit lawes of the Univerfe as apart of theprefent Conftitution of this our World; fome of thofe lawes contri- buteing much to the operation ot thofe unheeded Caufes, wee are treating of. Of thefe I may an¬ other time give you fome Inftances; but for the prefent it may iufficei to take notice of this one, that if you take a Barr of Iron & holding it per¬ pendicularly apply the loweft part'of it to the NorthernPoint of a well poifed magneticall Nee- dlejthe Barr will prefently drive it away:but that Magnetifm,by which the Barr does it as ’tis pre¬ fently acquired by the Pofture which it had, fo tis as fuddenly changed, if you invert that fo- fture; as appears by this,that though you hold the Barr perpendicular,ifitbe held under the Needle fo that the fame part of the Barr which before was placed dire^Uy over the North-Point of the Needle, be held direiily under the fame Point, the Barr will not, as before, drive it away, but, as they commonly fpeake, attrafl it. But if this Barr have been for a long time kept in an ere^^ed Pofture, as if it be taken Qf the Sjfiemtkall or taken from fome old Window,or i^havingbeen heated and refrigerated, it have very long lain North and South, it will appear endowed with a ftroncrer and more durable verticity, as we elfewhere more fully declare; which feemes to proceed from this,that by lying North and South it lay in the Way,which,according to the efta- bliflit Lawes of Nature; the Magneticall Effluvia of the Earth muft paife along in «Steames from Pole to Pole;whereby they have the opportunity by little & little to work upon the Pores of the Iron that lies in their way, and fit them to give pafiage to the Effluvia of Magneticall Bodies; in whickfitnefTe feems principally to confift the Magnetife of Iron : whereas if this Metall had all this while lain Eaft and Weft , inftead of North and South, it would have acquired little ornoe magneticall Vertue:and thcreafon why an creeled Poftute gives a Rod or Barr of Iron a power to drive away the NorthPoint of the Needle, has been probably conceived to be this> that the lower end being nearer the Earth does more plentifully participate of the Magnetick Steams, which fly in a clofer. order there, than further off, and by powerfully affeding that part oftheIron,turn it (for a time) into the Irons North Pole, which according to the Lawes magneticall ought to drive away the North Pole of the Nee* die, and attra^ the 5outh; whereas if the Barr being inverted,that end which was uppermoft be- toming the lower,muft for the fame reafonhave CofmicaR Qj^'tlHtes of thtngsl If a contrary 'operation, untelTe by having long ftood 5 its. Verticity be too' well fetied to be fuddenly deftroyed or altered by the Effluvia of fo Canguid a Magnet as the Earth. But whether or^ no this explicaribn be the right one (for I \youId not contend for its being fo) It appears by the requifitenefs- both of a deter¬ minate Polition of the Iron, and'of its long conti¬ nuance in that Portion to make that mettal ac¬ quire a durable Verticity, that thofe unheeded magneticall fteaaies, which communicatefuch a magnetifm to the Iron, move and a£l: according to Lawes eftabliOit in nature: which is as much as my Defigne in thi's difcdutfe makes necefifary to be made out. CHAP. V I li I T remains now, that we difeourfe of the jail' of our three grand Proportions,namely, 7 aBodj hj a mechmcdl Change of Texture m'hy ac^ quire Or loofe a fit'nefs to he wrought upon h fuch un^ heeded Agents^ and alfo to diverfifi their OperMtom oH it upon the fcore of its ^atr'png Texture. This Proportion is of fo much Affinity with the foregoing, that there are divers cafes, where¬ in the Tame Experiments and other Arguments may ferve for the Confirmation of Both. But to Illuftrate a little what I mean, by groffie ' ^ndfcnfible Examples, ’tis aeuftome we often F obferve 12 Of the Sjjlemdttcall or obferve at Seaywhen we Sail with to flack a wind, to take up Water with certaine Inflruments and throw it againft the Sails. At the firft Propolall this may feem a very improper Way to pro¬ mote the Swiftnelfe of the Ship, fince there is the Weight of io much water added to that of the VeiTel it felfc- but yeti have feen the Seamen make ufe of it as, one of their beft Expedients when wee were clofely chafed by Pyrates, nor did I look upon it as irrationall*, for whereas, when the ^ails are dry, a good part of the Wind thatblowes upon themcafiJy gets thorow thole mefhes or great Pores that are left between the Threds of which a Sail conftfts, when it comp to be wetted, the imbibed Water makes the Threds fwell every way, and confequently vpy much ftrei&htens the Pores or Intervalls, mat were formerly left between thein 5 by vvhich means the Wind cannot permeate them as free¬ ly as formerly, but by finding a greater refiftance in the Sail tomes to'beat more forably upon it, and confequently drives it^and with it the Ship, moreftrongly on, then elfe it would have doner not to mention the ftiffnefs of the Sail acquired by the imbibed 5ea water, bepufel would not flay to take notice of other Particulars to which the fuccelTe of this praake may perhaps be in part aferibed. , r To add another Inftance to the fame purpole with the former; fuppofe an high Wind to blovv againft a Chamber, wherein the Window and Cofmcall Qjaltties of thmgC 25 Doors are all fhut, the efFcdi will be only,to fhake a little the Roomein general/; but if one open the Cafementj though he, that do’s it, doe pro¬ perly & immediatly but displace fbme litle Peicc of Iron or other thing that fhuts the VVindow, yet this being done in a Place, where there is a drong Current of Air, which we call a Wind, there will prefendy follow a blowing up of Cur¬ tains or Hangings, and bloweing about of Dud, Straws, Feathers, or other light Bodies, that are not firmly enough fadened,nor very ponderous, and yet are to heavy too be blown about. But to proceed to Infiances that are not Co grolfe,! might take notice that though good com¬ mon Tartar does ufualiy of it felfe keep dry in the Air,nay and will *not eafily be dilfolved in ' cold water; yet if it be calcin’d, though but very moderately,the Salt in the remaining Co 3 le,thc Texture being now altered, will readily enough in the niotft Air ( as that of a Cellar) run in°o that Liquor that Chymids have been pleafed to call 0)1 of 2 artar per deli^uium. But in regard that to make the Change the greater,part of the Tar¬ tar mud be driven away by the Fire, I fhall ra¬ ther make ufe of an Example eafily drawn from an Experiment I elfewhere mentioned to an¬ other Purpore;For haveing taken a Lo 3 ddone,and according to the way there delivered, heated it & coold it,though it had lod fo little by the Fire, that the Eye took no notice ofits being changed either as to 5hape or Bulk,yet the Operation of F 2 the '24 Of the SjfemuticciR or \ theFireyby changeing the invifible Textnre^did fodiverfly alter the dlfpofition of it in reference to the. magnetkall Effluvia of the Eartbj that I could prefently and at pleafure change and real- .ter the Poles of the Stone, makeing thc.fame end point fometimes to the North and foinctimes to the South. The like change of Verticity I have,as' I elfewhcrc declare, made mecr Iron capable of without the help , of fire or any other Magnet then the Earth; and 1 have alfo found by Tryall, that a certaine heavy iStone, that is ufually thought to be notfp much as of a metalline na¬ ture, may by a flight and quick Preparation, that alters not the t^hapenor Bignefs, be enabled to attradf and repell the Poles of a magnetick -Nee¬ dle. G H A P. VII I. T O the Indances already given in folid Bodies it will not be amifs to annex two or three in Liquid Bodies, becaufe it may be thought ftrange byfome, that confiderable changes of Texture fhould, without Fire or any new Ingredients be producd in Bodies which, by reafon oftheir Fluidity prefently to recover their Texture : if it be difordered. If Honey and Water be each of them apart put into a convenient Vcifch th^y will both of thena retaine their Nature,and th nugh- yqu mix them together in an undue Proportion, CofmicaR Qualities of things^ 25 fo that by reafon of overmuch Honey the ConfiJ ftence be too thick,or that by being diluted by too great a Proportion of Water, the folution of Honey be too thin^they may continue Honey and Water; but if thofe two Liquors be duely proportioned (as if you put to one part oi Ho¬ ney 4 or 5 of Water) then their new Texture fo difpofes them to be aded on fcy the Subtle per-' meateing Matter,or,what ever other common Agent Nature employes to produce Fertnenta- tionsj that the Ingredients doe no longer conti-f nue what they wereybut begin to work like new Maft, or Beer Wort: and I have tryed that lb fmalfand fhorta Locall -motion (as carrying fuch mixtures a while in a Coach) has fo excited the Liquor as to make it violently force its yvay out of the Velfeljor throw off the Stopple^ that! have wondered at it. Andl remeinberythatan;eminent Merchant of Wines, who (pent divers years in the .Canaries being askt by me about foitie things of this Nature", affured me, that in thpfe Fortunate llJands { as the Ancients Style them) he bad feverall times obfervedy that it a Pipe of the beft Sort of Canary were when k was about a moneth olda rudely rcj.uld,though but the length of an HalJ or moderate Gallery, fo traiifient and flight a difeompofure of the Texture vvould quickly make fo great a Change in it, that often¬ times a good quantity of Wine would be violent¬ ly thrown out at the Bung, or if the pipe were too clofe ftppt,tbat great Veifel ft felie would of-^' jP’ 3 tentimes t6 SjBemattcaB. or ■tentimes have the bottom beaten out; by which means he had known fevhall pipes of that rich Liquor loft. VVehavc divers EKampIcs of the cracking of common Glafte, when it is too foon, after it hath been removed from the Fire, expofed to th e cold Air, and the fubtle Bodies that are in it; which would not have crackt it, if - it had been coold more flowly, fo that its parts would have had deafure to fettle into a Texture convenient for the iPalfage of thofe Subtle Bodies, which in that cafe would harmlefly have permeated it. But I have fometimes fhewn the Curious a more quick and manifeft Inftance of the Importance of the prefent Texture of a Body in r-eferenceto theCatholick and invifible Gaufes that may work upon it. For haveing taken a plate of fo ponderous and folid a Body as Copper, and heated it red hot,and then fuffereditto coolavyhile upon fome more mo¬ derately hot place in the Fire,though it did not appear at all ignited when I removed it to a Plate, or even to a fheet of Paper; yet upon its being ex- pofed to the Atmofpherc, the fuperficiall part would not only crack as in over haftily coold Glafte, but would, and thatprefently,fly off in Flakes in good number, and not without noife; fo thatin a (hort time I have had the neighbour¬ ing part of the Paper on vyhich the Brafs Plate tefted, almoft quite covered with little fcales, gsit were,ofthat mettall. And to give you in favour of what I have bin' hi¬ therto CofmcaM Quditm of thtnl^l tf therto difcourfing an Inftance of a very fubtle nature, I will not, though I juftly might, take no¬ tice, that in rotten filh and rotten Wood,the change of Texture is oftentimes invifible that will fuflfice to make the Contadiofthe Air, and the Subtle CorpufcleSy whereto it gives Harbour or PalTage, confer or Joofe a Power of fhineing, but I will rather choofe to Inftance in the Boloniffli ftone,which by calcination acquires this admired Property, that if it be but expofed to the fun Beams (to which I have found other ftror-g lights fuccedaneoiis) it will not only ia a few mi¬ nutes acquire a Luminoufnefsjbut for Ibme time after retain it in the Dark. COSMIC AI>L S U S P I T i^;o N s (Subjoyned as an T E N D I X To the Difcourfe O F T H E Cofmicall ^JLITIES of things. t \ [?] COSMICALL SUSPITIONS, (Subjoyn’d as an J p p E i X To the Difcourfe Of the Cefmicall S^alities of Things,') I N The fofmcrEiTay, Pjrc^hilus^ 1 propofed to you fbmc things about the 5 ubje 6 i: there treated of, that fcem’d to haVe in th eni fuch a degree of probability^ as is wont to be thought fufficientto Phyfic’all Difcourfes, or at leaft is u- fuallytobe met within Them. But in regard the World, whether we take it in the larger fenfe for the whole Univcrfe, or in the more narrow but not IclTe common acception, for the Globe we men inhabit, is a Subjefi fo vaft, that not only all demonftrable Truths that maybe difcoyered concerning it, may be lookt upon as important, but even Conjedures and Sufpitions themfelves that relate to it in generall, if they be not very groundlclTe or extravagant, may deierve not to be altogether paiTed by in iilenceJ will adventure to entertaine you a while with fome Thoughts of this nature^ efpecially becaufe they will give me opportunity to alleadg in their fa- ^ ^ G 2 vouc 4 Cofmcall Sufpitions, vour fome Hiftoricallobfcrvations which,what¬ ever the Doubts or Conjedures be thought o^, may appear to be more new then derpicable. . It may.now therefore be not urfcafonablc to confeiTe to you,that I have had fome faint 5ufpi- tion, that befides thofe more numerous and uni¬ form iSorts of minute Particles that arc by fome of the new Philofophers thought to compofe the ^thcr I lately difeours'd o;;there may po'f bly be fome other kind ofCorpufcles fited to have con- fiderable operations when they find congruous Bodys to be wrought on by them.But though? tis poffible, and perhaps probable, that 'theEf 'fis we are conlidering, may be plaulibly f xplicated by the ^ther, as’tis already undcrftood^yctl foinewhat fufped that thofe filfeds may not be due folcly to the Caufes they arc aferibed to-but that there may be, as I was beginning to fay,pe¬ culiar forts of Corpufcles that have yet no dilbn^t name, which may difeover peculiar Faculties, and Ways of working., when they meet with Bodies offuch a Texture asdifpofcsrhemto ad¬ mit, or to concur with the Efficacy of thefe un¬ known Agents. This fufpition of mine will feem the lelic im¬ probable if you confider,that though in the -^ther of the Ancients there was nothing taken notice of but a diffufed and very fubtle fubftance; yet we are at prefent content to allow that there is always in the Air a Swarm of Steams moveing in a determinate Courfe be^wixt the North Pole and Cofmicall Suffitions, and the South: which vSubftance we fhould not probably have dreamt ofj if our inquifitive G/ 7 - hert had not happily found out the nidgnetifme of the Tcrreftrial Globe. And few perhaps would have imagined that when an hunted and wounded Dear has haftily paifed over a little GralTejhe fhould leave upon it fuch determinate, though invifiblc, Effl.iyiums, as lliould for many hours fo impregnate the Air,as to betray the individual flying and unfeen Dear; ifthcre wereno Blood . Hounds, upon whofe peculiarly difp'/cd Organs of Smelling tflf fe Steams are fit to operate. And ’t’S flrange that theic (lionld be fuch Effluvia for a long time (perhaps a year or 2 together ,) re- fideing in the Air, that though our fenfes difeern them not, gnd though they have no Operation upon other men; yet if they meet with Perfons ofa Peculiar Temperament, who by that and by their formerly haveing had the Plague,have attai¬ ned a peculiar Difpofition that fits them to be wrought on by Pcftilcntiall iSteams, they may fo operate upon them, that Tome of thefe Perlons may be able to difeerne rhofe S'teams tobePe- ftilentiall. To give Tome countenance to which Paradox,! will here annex 2 or 3 teftimonies,the fir ft of which I find thus fet down among my Ad- verfaria. [Above 3 moneths before the late great Plague began in London (in the year i ^^5) there came to Dr. M. a Patient of his to defire his ad¬ vice for her Husband, and the Dr. haveing en- . quired what ailed him, fhee anfwered that his G 3 chiefe % 6 CofmicAll Suffhiom, cheife Dillemper was afwclling in his Groine, and upon that occafion added that her Husband affured her of his being confident that the next Summer the Plague would be very rife in London^ for which Predittion he gave this Realon,that in the laft great Plague he fell fick of that difeafej and he then had a Peftilentiall Tumour. So in two other Plagues that fince happened, though much inferior to that great one, each of them had a rifing in his' Body to be its forerun-? ner, and now having a great Tumour in the fore- mentioned place, he doubted not but it would be followed by a raging Peftilence, which accor¬ dingly enfued. Having heard much talk of iome- thing of this nature, & being this morning cafual- ly vilited by the Dodor, a perfon of great veraci¬ ty, I enquired of him how much of it was true, & I received for anfwer the foregoing narrative. The Second is a very remarkable ftory,which I remember that famous & excellent Chirurgeon Fahlcius Hildanus records ofhimfelf, namel y that having had a Peftilentiall Tumour during a Plague that happened in his youth, if for many ' years after he chanced to go to , or fo much as to pafs by, an houfe infeded with the Plague, be was admonifht of the p^irticular Difeafe that reigned there, by a fenfible. Pain in that part where he had had a Peftilentiall Tumuor fo long before. ' , The, third Teftimony, is afforded me by that curious obferver of the Ckanges that happened as Cofinicall Sufpition^, ' 7 as to the Phitnomena, qi Direafc? ^at the famous ^'cigeof Breda y where this diligent Phy.fitlan, praftiling much among Patients affli6led with malignant and Peifilcntiall DifearcSjW-is at length infedied himfclfc; whereupon he informs his Readers yAmotandum hie merito nature .facultAtem ad Pejtts ^rde[er'vationem momenti ejje max 'imu 0 ^- fervavi in meipfo CQntaminatos invifente ^,afim: ' tnguen^d olere. -vel-axillae:a^iciehat ur ali{^uandocaj)ut-y^ noBn indefador^ & fecejjus tree qaatmrve,. Hoc & aliis accidit quifideliteY mihiqeiuleTHnt, ' If thefe ftories were related by ordinary Per- •fons of what happened to other mcn^thcodnelTe; of them might well tempt a wary man to fufpend his judgement: but the judicioiifnclTe of the, WriterS5& the Profcflion they were of,and their relatiVig thefe as things that did more then a few times happen to themfelveSy may well be per¬ mitted to bring Credit to their Airertioos. And thefe Inftances added to wha.t has been already faidj may I hope excufe me^ if I thinke it not time mifpent, to confider whether there may not be other and even unobferved Sorts of Effluvia in the Air: to excite your Curiofity and Attention about which, rather then to declare a pofitivc Opinion, is that which is pretended to in what has been lately mentioned. And vvherea syPjrophilusy.l have in the for^ mer Difeourfe taken in the StmBure and eftjtr hlijht Lams of the llnivcrfe as an Helpe toward the giving an Account of the Cofmical Attributes G 4. of S Cofmicall SufpiUdns, of things; I fhall here alfo ingenioufly confefTe to you, that I much fcare whether we have yet at' tentively enough taken notice cither of the num¬ ber, or the Kinds of thofe Lawcs. ^ For as I am by Come Notions and Obfervations inclined to think, that there may be a greater number even of the more general! Lawcs, then have been yet diftindly enumerated; fo I think that when we fpeake of the Eftablifht Lawesof nature in the popular L nfe of that Phrafe,they may be juftly and cotnmodioufly euough di- ftinguifht: fome of them being generall"Rules that have a very great reach, and are of greater affinity to Lawes more properly fo called, and others feeming not fo much to be generall Rules or LaweSy as the Cuftomes of nature in this or that particular part of the World; of which there may be a greater numbcr,and thofe may have a greater Influence on many Phicnomena ofnature then we are wont to imagine. And firft whereas the Stru6lure of the World is amain help in our prefent difquiftion; I flaall venture to tell you, that though I doe not only commend,but in divers cafes admire, the Indy- dry of Aftronomers and Geographers, efpeciallv of fome later ones, yet they have not met wiA fuch Difficulties, that they have hitherto prefenc- ed us rather a mathematicall Hypothecs of the Univcrfe, then a Pliyficall, haveing been carefull to fhevv us thcMignicudes^Scituations, and mo- tionsofthe great GlobcSjfuch gs the fixed Stars nnd Cofmicall Sufpitmsl 9 and the Planets (under which one may comprize the Earth) without being follicitous to declare what fimpler Bodies, and what compounded Ones theTerreftriall Globe we inhabit does, or may confift: of. And as of late years the difeove - ry of the 4 Planets about Jupiter, and the little moon (as fome call it) that moves about Saturn, together with the Phenomena of Comets, have obliged the skilfull to’alter divers things in the Theory of Celeftiall Bodies: fo I know not but that future difeoveries by improved Telefcopes and otherPhilofophicall Inflrumcnts,may reduce us to make changes in tlie grand Syfteme of the Univerfe it felf: and in that which we confider as the moft important of the mundane Bodies to us,the Terraqueous Globe we live on. What Communication this may have w’th the other Globes we call S’tars, and with the Intcrftellar parts of Heaven, we have very little knowledge or,though I may elfcwhare make it probable , that there may be fome Commerce or other; but without fpeaking more particularly of that Point, I confeife I haVe fometime fufpeff- ed that there may be in the Terrellriall Globe it fclfe, and the Ambient Atniolphere,divers whe¬ ther Laws or Cuftoms of nature that belong to this Orbe, and may be denominated from itjand Teemed to have been either unknown to,or over- fecn by both S’cholafticall and Mathematical! Writers. And firftl have often Tufpeded whe¬ ther there may not be in the Mafs of the Earth Tome I o Cof micaU Sufpltiom^ fome great though flow internall Change (whe¬ ther originated there, or produced ,by the help of other Mundane Globes ) by confldering that almoft in all Countreys, where Obfervations have been made, there has been a plain and con- flderable alteration found it that which is com¬ monly called the variation (for it is rather the Declination) of the fca Compaflc or Magnctick Needle,which is the diftance by which the Nee¬ dle declines Eaft orWeftfrpm the true North * at Lime And whereas formerly at or *neai\ Houfe. London the CompafTe declined, as Ob¬ fervations folemnly made and upon re¬ cord alTure us, in the year 1580 above an de- ' grees, in the year 1^12 above 6 degrees, in the year 1^3 3 no leiTe then about 4 Degrees, it has of late been found to have very little or no Vari¬ ation. And at a place within halfe a League of London, trying with a long and curious Needle purpofely made and poifcd, I could fcarce dif- ccrn any declination at all, and if the needle de^ dined fenflbly any way from the Pole, it feemed to do fo a little towards the other fide of Heaven the that towards which it did decline before.And ^ P having afterwards by the help of a me-' t 66 ^' ridian Line, much prized for have- ing been accurately drawn by eminent Artificers, made anObfervation in London it felf, though I made it with two Inftruments, whereof one was a choice one, differing from the former and from one another^I could'not fatisfy my felfe that CofmicAll Sufpitm<> II that I could difcerne the Declinationof thenee- dle to exceed half a degree, if it amounted to ib much. But fince Obfervations of this kind may prove more Confidcrable then we yet know of, & fince they ought to be made at diftant places, I am contented to add here by way of Confir¬ mation, that the Cape of good 'Hope being one of the Eminenteft parts of the Terreftriall Globe in reference to magnetifms, the Acquaintance I had with one of the ancienteft and moft expcri^ enced navigators of this part ofEurope,invited me to addr^elTe my felfe to him purpofely to en¬ quire of him,whether he had taken the Variation of the CompalTe at the Cape of good HopeySnd whether,if at all,he had taken it more then once; he anfwered, that he had often done it: Where¬ upon askeing him what he found the Variation to be, and whether he had obferved any change of It in his feverall voyages,he replyed, that when he was a young Seaman he obferved the Varia¬ tion to'be about two degrees Weftward, and /'afterwards dureing many years that he fay led to and fro betwixt Eaft India and Europe he found the Variation to encreafe by degrees; and where¬ as he had learned from Ancient Writings and the Tradition of old S'eamen, that before his time, they had found no Variation at all, he a- bout 15 years agoe (which was the laft time he took It) found it by accurate Inftruments, to be ^ degrees & about 48 minutes. 6*0 that during the time that he pradifed the feas abouuhe Cape of a ^2 ' LuimCAll Sufphtoml ofGjodhope the Variation ftill Weftward had decreafedncar 5 degrees. Upon thefe Grounds, which I may clfewherc have occafion to confirm by further Obfervations,! cannot but think it pro* bable that there may be Agents that we know not ofj that have a Power to give the internal! parts of the Terrefttiall Globe it felfe a motion; of which we cannot yet certainly tell according to what Lawes ’tis regulated, or fo much as whe* thcr it be conftantly regulated by certain Lawes or no. And what other Changes Agents that can; produce a Change in the Terreffriall Globe it 1 cite may make in this or that part of .it who can informe us? In the next place I confider the great uncertain-!- ty & irregularity that we have hitherto obferved in the Weight of the Atmofphere by our new Staticall Barometers, and much more fcnlibly by mercuriall ones, without yet having difeover- ed the Caufes of fuch confiderable Alterations in theAir, (favc that in gencrall they proceed for the moft part from Subrerraneal iSteames) whofe influences upon other things may be more confiderable then we have yet had opportunity to deted. 'Tis very remarkable what a late and ingenious ^ . Writer that lived in fome of the Ame- Rochlfort-'^ r^’can Iflands, relates about the Hurri* cans in thofe parts, namely that before the Europeans came thither, the Inhabitants ob¬ ferved that they had thofe Fatall Tempefts once in CojmicaJl Sufpit’m^, 15 in 7 year and no oftner , afterwards they were troubled With them but onte in 6 year, and in procefTe of time,the unwellcomc Vifits of thofe Winds grew fo frequent, that in my Relators time they came once a year, and (as a Prodigy) they once obferved 2 in one yearj and afterwards 3 in another,! remeber alfo that meeting with an inquifitive Gentlema that had lived in New^Eng- land, I dehred to know of him whether in that part of the Countrey where he rcfided, there were not a great Change made in the very Temperature of the Climate? whereto he anfwcr- ed me that there was, for it was grown much milder then formerly- and bccaufe I doubted whether this Change might not have been, either accidental! for a year or two, or apparently to the Englini,whore Bodies by degrees might giow more accudomed to the Coldnedcofthe Coun- trey^ and leile fenlibic of it: It was anfwered that this Change had been obferved for many years after the Englifh had planted a Colony thcre,and that the Change was manifedly perceived by the natives to, by the remilfcr Operation of the Cold upon running and Handing WatcrS,which were formerly wont to be frozen at fuch and fuch times.. And I fhall adde for Confirmation,that haveing one day the Honour to be Handing his MajeHy when he received a folemne AddreHe fronV New-England delivered by the Gover- nour of a Colony there. That very inquifitive Monarch, aniongH other QueHions askeing him aboQ' 14 Cofmcali S-uffi-iont, ^ ■ about the Temperature of the Air, he told his Majefty in the prefence of diuers that came from A- mertca with him^ that the Climate had much altered & loft much of its former coldnefte for divers )ears finct the BngUjh fetled there. Whether this Decrement of the fharpeneifc of the Air will proceed, or how long it will conti¬ nue, Time will difcover. But in the mean while fuppofing with him the matter of Fa6l to be true, and that the change depends not on any manifeft Caufe; that which is happened already feems to me very confiderable, fince I have light- ^ r fhuhrf on a Booke * written by * one of, New-£tig- the Ancient Planters of New-England lands Pro‘ by way of Defcription of thatCountry; where among other things, I find this notable PalTage. The one in the 7th mod page; former Times (fayesHe ) the Rain came feldome,butvery violently, continuing its drops, fwhich were great and many) fometimes 24 hours together, fometimes 48, which watered the Ground for a long time after* but of late the feafons are much altered, the rain coming oftner, but more moderately^ with lelTe Thunder and Lightnings, andfuddain Gufts of Wind. And the other in the 84th Page, where fpeakingof the Heathen natives, He fayes they acknowledg the power of the EnglijB-mans God,as they call him, becaufethey could never yet have power by their conjurations to daniniiy the Endifh either in Body or Goodsjandbeuaes ° they CojmtcaE SufpitioKSi they fay he is a good God that fends them fo . many good things , fo much good Corn, fo ma¬ ny good Cattell5 temperate rains^ fair feafons, .which theylikewife are the better for fnee the arrival! of the Englifh; the Times and fealbns be¬ ing much altered in feven or eight years, free from Lightning and Thunder, "long droughts, fuddain and Tempeftuous dailies of Rain, and lamentable cold Winds. • ' So that by this it appears, that this gratefull Decrement of the coldnefs and rudenefs of that Climate was already taken notice ^ rr ^ the Book of fo * many years agoc. To thele Relations m^ perti- ^$yearsfince, ncntlybe fubjoyned a pailage of the Learned Magnems in his Ingenious little Tra 61 : de Man^ ' 79^1 where he very folemn- ly delivers this notable ob- fervation. That in the Country he calls Cenotria^ there was no Manna to be found a little above 300 years agoe. And that in CaUbria it felf, a Province fo famous for Manna, that the beft is denominated thence, and that fufnillies a great part of Europe, with thatoddDfUg^’tis but iince two ages or therea¬ bouts has fallen SanBmnm natura In- terpretum mllm fraxinum inter arbores gummiferof, aut refiniferas recenfuit. Illud otnnino quo Alto- matus fefe jalbare videtur^ ignoravire CHriofjJimi re¬ rum indagatores Plinius, Galenus , Theophraftus, rlir qui medium £tatemim- pleverunt viri doHrina di- ligentia(jue celebres : quia fcilicet illk temporibnf mul- tum pluebat in Calabria Manna^ quod i duobut tan- tummoda feculk legi cap- turn: Dieamabo Altomate cur ante trecentos annos Multum Manna .fuit in CenotriS, jam certe ade- or 16 CofmcaH SufpHons, vicinx, neq-f veto fefelltffet CMTtofam in col arum folerti- am nihil plane video^ quod pro te adduct pofflt ad bujttt difficultatk evitqndat an- guftias. Magnenus de Man¬ na P.M. 49. rant pagi ibidem urbesgue he CXprefTeS it, rai- ncd. I know not whether it may be worth while to mention after thefe more weighty obfervations the Economical! Tradition of Hufwives * which I fhould not think worth taking notice of in this place but that haveing purpofely enquired after the truth of it, of two very fober perfons (much verfcd in the Art of makeing Sweetmeats) that havcjefpecially one of them,often trycdit,they feriouflly affirmed tomejthat they find theSpots made in linnen by the juyces ofFruit,particuIarIy of Red Currans in ftraining Baggs,will beft wafh out (nay fcarce othcrwife)at that time of the year when thofe Fruits are ripe the enfueing year. To which may be for affinities fake annexed, what is related by the ingenious French Writer Hiflclnua. pfthe Hiftory Dts I/lesAntilles, where tureiie Pet he lived divers years; who Ipeaking JJes Antilles ^^gfg g^H Aca]ou^td\s ^iv.i ap. jj^g jyygg fonieof the in- ternall parts of it though reputed an excellent remedy in fainting Fitsjis oi luch a na- turc5that if it chance to fall upon a peice of Lin¬ nen, it turns to a red Spot; which lafts till the tree come to be again in flower. Which Phxno^ mem if the length of time,and the heat and Tem¬ perature of the air ufuall in the Seafons of pro duceing Blolfoms,and ripening of fruits be found to CefinteaR Sufpttionsl 17 to have little or no intereft in their Caufation, may prove offome ufe in our prefent inquiry. What ever b© the true caufe of the Ebbing and Flowing of the Sea, yet at Spring-Tides the motions of fuch vaft MafTes of Matter as the great Ocean, and of the Seas, are/o eonfant- i) coincident with the New and Full Moon; and. the more ftupendious Sadng-Tides have been ia woH places, fo long ob^^v’d to happen regular¬ ly enough about the ^Equinoxes^ that it is worth- an Enquiry, (though I cannot here afford it one> whether thefe confpicuous Phenomena may not fomwhat confirm the Conjcdures we are dif- courfeing of. And when I remember how many (jueftions L have askt navigators about the lumtnoufnesof the- Sea-, and how in fome places the Sea is wont to fhine in ^ the night as far as the Eye can reach; at. bthcr times and places only when the Waves, dalh againft the Velfell, or the Oarsflrike andl cleave fhe Water; how fome Seas fhine often, and others have not been obferved to fhine; how: in fome places the Seahas been taken notice of,' to (Fine when fuch and fuch Winds blow where¬ as in other Seas the obfervation holds not: andt n ?he fame Trawl: of Sea within a narrow Compaffe one part ofthe water will be luiuinous^whilft the other (bines not at all; When I fay I remember how many of thefe odd PhjtnomenA belonging to thofe great Maffes of Liquor I have been Cold of very g^dible Eye-Witncffes (whofe narra- H - i8 CofmicdSufpltions': lives to me you may clfewliere meet vvitli) I am tempted to fufpea, that fome Cofmicall Law or Cuftomof the Terreftriall Globe, or at Icaft ofthe Planetary VorteKmay have a amliderable Agency in the Produaion of thefe Effeas. Noramlfure that fome Subterranean Chan¬ ges or fome yetunobfetved Commerce between the Earth and other Ij^ndane Gloocs hasn«_an inteteft in the origine^ontinuatice & Expiring of thofe difeafes that Phyfitians rail New, which 'invade whole Countreys (and fotirctimes grea- ■ ter portions ofthe Earth) and laft-very many years, if not fome Ages, before they rome to be extina. Ofwhich Sorts of difeafes divers Lear¬ ned men have rbcltoned up divers, and vvhcrcot the Venereal Pox, at leaftas to its origine and fpreadin^, is but too manifeft and unhappy anln- ifance; whereto according to fome eminent Do- aots, we may add the Rickets, a Difeafe whidr though fcarce kiioWn inother Countreys, is here in EiValandfofatallio Children, which firft (as is affirmed difccivered it felfe among us within the memories of multitudes of men yet ahve; But of this perhaps more elfewhere _ If I fhould now further defeend to the Peculi¬ ar Phenomena of Particular Regions, I muft lanch out into a Difeourfe 1 could not have the Leafure to finilE. And therefore I iliall only advertife you oftwoSufpitionsmorc, that IhoW not unfit m intimate to you, about th??ft,aWi(ht Lawesani tjuSoipsofnatureii .. ^ CofmicAll Sufpitionsl xP the firft of them is this, that 1 doubt thofe that are thought the grand Rules whereby things cor¬ poreal are tranfa6):cd,and which fuppole the con- ftancy of the prc&nt Fabrick of the World and of courfe things jare not altogether fb uniformly com, plyed withjas we are wont to prerumc^at leaft as- to theLines according to which the great Mundaa Bodies move, & the Boundaries ortheir motions^ For what reafon the vvife Author of nature pleasd to permit that it fhould be fometimes, as it were, overruled by the BoiaerouGielle (if I may fo call it) and exdrbitant motions of unruly Portions of matter,! muff not in this placefthough^I doe it in. another) enquire; But when I ednfider thenature of Bruite matter,& the vaftnelTe of the Bodies that make up the World, the (ir'angC Variety of thofe. Bodies which the Eartb doth comprize, and o* tbers of them may not abfurdly be prefumed ta containe, & when lUikewifeconfider the fluidity, or tha^aft InterldeJIar part of the world wherein thefe Globes IWim^ I cannot but fufp^f! there mray be leife of AcciiratcnelTe and of coriftant Re- ^gulanty, then we have been taught to beleive, in the Strufdurc oftheuniverfe,& a greater obnoxi.* oufoeife to Deviations then the Schools, who were taught by their mafter Ariftotlcs, to be great admirers of the Imaginary perfediois of the Ci^Iefliall Bodies, have allowed their Difci- pies to think. And in effedd to (peake only of the iioblefl of them, the S «/5,an.d to palTe by about Iiis motions^ thepbferyation of the exadleil Aftrono- HjS mrsjl 20' . CofmcaH Sufphim^ merSjthat'natural days are not all of equall length '.^whatever the Vulgar ofPhilofophers fnppofeto the Contrary.) And not to take notice of the great difpute betwixt the eminenteft Mronomers even of our times about the Anoinalie attributed to ihe motion of the •S’uns Apogeum- td pafTe over ihefe things, I fay* the hmfelfe doth not only ^rom time to time do what divers of our latter Mronomcrs ftile,to vomitout great quantities of -opacous matter ( which are called his fppis j - ^fomeofthem bigger (perhaps) then Europe ot 5 ^{ia,but has had almoft his whole Face fo dark- tied with them^ (as about the end oiCafars^ and the beginning of Auguflus^gosernm^nt) that for about a year together he was as it were under an Ecclipfe: To which if we add thofeCaeleftiall '•Commetts (for I difpijte not now about fublu- nary ones) their number,Vaftneffq^ Duration, odd motions from Orbe to Orbe, (a«lie Anct- onts would have fpoken) and other Ph^nmenay ^whatever the Caufes of them be,) 'twill appear a:hat even in the Ccleftiall part of the World,all is not fo regular and unvariable a« men have been ^lade to beleive. • I had fome doubts whether this mfeht not be much confirmed by what has bin related by fomc ‘Navigators that have been in theiouth Sea,about certaine Black Clouds, faid to move as regularly in the Antartick Hemifphere/as the neighbouring Statrs themfelves, to which fome of our feamenCwbether firft or no J adcd ^ ^ gjrjgia Cdfmlcall Sufptihn ^4 21 tertaine white Clouds in the fame Hemifphere move no lefTe regularly. Of thcfe Relations I fay I confidered3 whether fome ufe miglit not be made to my pr'efent purpofe^ but haveing made the Beft inquiry Lcould, of thofe few Perfons of note I could meet with, that were likely to in¬ forme me, I do uot yet fee caufe to alleadge theTe Phenomena by way of Arguments. But yet fince I find that even Pilates who have been frequently in fome parts of the Eaft-Indies have notfwhether becaufe they fayled not far enough to the Southerne PolCjor upon fome other fcore) taken notice of them. I fhall fubjoyncas a part of natural! Hiftory not obvious to be met with, the beft account I could procure of them; which was from an obferveing Captain of an Eaft' Indian Ship with which he lately adventured too unfrequented parts of the South Sea. Thefubfance of his anfwers to me about the fore-mentioned Phenomena was this, That he had divers times feen in the Southern Hemifphere and in that part of the milky way which is not to be feen upon.our Horizon (for he fays the Galaxy is cither compleatly or almoft a circle) two or throe places that looke like Clouds and move 3- bout the Earth regularly with the white mrt of -the Circle in 24 hours.Butby whathc rcpiyed to fome further queftions that I asked him, I ga¬ thered thatif thefe be the black Clouds that Na¬ vigators have fpoken of, thofe that gave them the name of Clouds were probably muchmiftaken. H 3 Since, 22 CofmcaU S iifphms. SinGejhe ahfvi^ercdine, that thefe are not black but of a deepblew^ which makes me fafpedi: them to be but Perforations, if I may .fo fpeak of the milky way, by which I mean parts of the Azure- • 5 ky that are fufiFeredto be feen by the Difcort- tinuations of the parts of the Galaxy. And to this account of the dark Clouds, his further Anfwers gavemethis of the white ones; which he fays, fome call the magcllanick Clouds, about which he Related. That he had divers times feen towards the South-Pole the Clouds that fome few Naviga¬ tors mention to be there, and to move about the l^ole in 24 hours. That he began to difcover them plainly when he was in about 18 degrees, (as I remember) t)f South Latitude. That they were white,{n number three, fthouo-h two of them be not very diftant from each other) the greateft being far from the South Polcjthc o- ther not many degrees re- of his,I dare not,as I was intimating, conclude thefe to be fuch Clouds as they are taken for^bccaufc ior ought I know,' if Cofmcall Sufpit tons', 25 if they were locikt on through a'good Telefcope, they would he found CQnftellations of fiuall andfingly inconfpicuous Stars, like thofe of the Galaxy the Belt of Orion &c. But to be fefolvcd about thefe matters, ’tis not amifTe to expc6l further obfervations; the propofed Conjeaures being made but upon a fuppofition; (of the truth and fufficiency Ox theRcluions.) ^ r t r r ' • And thus much for the Firf: oftnc two Sulptti- ons that I above iritimatcd I would propof^j to you the other is very different from it, and might feem conrradiaoryto it,but that they belong not to the fame Cafes. For though Ilately told you, Ifurpedfed-that infome things cfpecially rela¬ tino- to the Lines according to which,and the Li- «mits within which fonie great malles of matter are fuppofed to performc their motions, there is more accuratenelie ranfied then there really is-yet I fliall now add that there are cafes wherein I am not ^uite out of Doubt,but that we may fom- times take fuch things for Deviations and exorbi- tancies from the fettled Courfeof nature, as if loner and attentively enough obfcrvcd, maybe found to be but Periodical! Phenomena that have very lonerIntcrvalls between them. But becaufe men have not Skill and Curiofity enough to ob- ferve them, nor Longsevity enough to be able to take notice of a Competent Number 01 them , they readily conclude them to be but accidcntall Extravao-ancies that fpring not from any fettled H4 and 24 Cofmkall Sufpluoml and durable Caufes. For the World, like a great Animall produceing fome eflFe 61 s but at determi¬ nate feaforis, as nature produces not Beards in Men till they have attained fuch an Age^and the Menfes (as they call them,) ufe not to happen* to Women before they come to fuch years, nor to laft beyond fuch other years of their Life. As may be alfo obferved within a far fhorter compaj of Time in the growth & falling of Stags homes and Bucks. Ifthefirft man had lived but one year in the World, he would perhaps havethoiight the BIoiToming of Trees in Spring, and their bearing Fruit in Summer but an Accidental thing, and would have lookt upon the Ecclipfe of the Sun as a Prodigy of Nature; obferveing that though every new MoonjXhe Sun & fhe came ve¬ ry near together yet neither before nor after was there any fuch terrible Phmomem confequent thereupon,And \ve ourfclves may cafily remem¬ ber what ftrang conjc6iures we had of the ftrang- ly varying appearances of Saturn for divers year^ after our Telefcopes firft difeovered them to us. But nioft remarkable is that Cseleftiall Ph^nom Tnemn afforded us by ti\e Emerging , Difappea- ring,and Reappearing Stars of "this Age* which have been obferved in the Girdle of Andrmeda^ and in or about the S wans Brejl • (which is faid to have been fecn in the year i^oo, and to have vanifht in 1621,) and efpecially that which having above 25 years agoe appeared for a while in the Whales Neck ainottg the fixed ones. CofmicAR S-ufpltmCj 2^. and afterwards by degrees difappeared, was loolit upon by thofe A^ronomers of that Time who did not outlive it^ as a Cseleftiall Comet.* But afterwards an Ingenious Englifh Gcndeman of my acquaintance, having obferved Hbre (as well as the vigilant Curiofity of fome'few latter Aftronomers hath taken notice of elfwherej) the Return of the. like Ph£mmenQn in the fame part of Heaven; it begat much wonder in All (which was increafed by the flow difappearing of it) and in fome curious men a Refolution to have a watchful eye upon that part of the »S*i^.Sincc when the juftly Famous Bullialdus^ and befidesfome eminent forreign Virtuofi (whofe names I know not) divers excellent Perfons of our own Nation having taken notice of it in the wonted place, (where I had fbmetimes the (atisfadlion of fee¬ ing it;) thefe Obfervations,and efpecially the laft Difappearance of a Star judged to have been pla¬ ced among the Fixed oncs,and eftimated to be of the Fourth (if not the Third) magnitude, have fomewhat confirmed me > in the Sufpition I am now treating of. For if this and the other new Stars do continue to Return periodically to the fame part of Heaven where they have been alrea¬ dy long agoe feen; as at leaft for as much as con¬ cerns this, its graduall increafeing after it firft begins to (hew it felfe, and dccreafeing after-*' wards feem to promife; then I may with fome- what more of probability then before,fqfpeiSl: that; ther4 Cofmtcall Sufpitmf* there niay be Vortice s beyond the Concave fur< face of what we call the Firmanent; which fafpi- tion (if true) would tiiuch disfavour the Hypo- thefis vye now have about the Syfteme of the Worldj and will favour what I conjedlured as p6l!ible about Periodical! Phtemmena, And how¬ ever; Iff the new^^^r, without departing from its place, be only fometimes by degrees overfpread and hid bySpotSjlike thofe I former¬ ly mentioned to have obfeured the 6'un, which are afterwards by degreesalfo diftpatedjas I at fufpe£ted: Or if it have a darke Haemifphere as wellasalfehtone, (or rather a greater part of its Globe obfeure then Luminous as Bdliddm in- genioufly conjc6iures) & by turning (lowly about its own Center and Axis doth fometimes obvert to our eyes its Luminous part, and fometimes its dark part (as 'Jupiter is faid to do its Belt-like spots; whence it muft gradually both appearand difappear;according to either ofthefe two Hypo- thefes,(though nottomuch as in that which prece¬ ded them,) there will be reafon to» queftion the great Uniformity imagined to be in the Cae- leftiall Bodies and motions; and to favour what has been propofed about Periodical! mutations in the mundan Globes;efpecialIy (ince thefe argue,that even thofe Stars we call fixt;and have lookt upon as fo invariable* are fubjeato mutations great enough to be taken notice of by our naked eyes at fo immenfe a Diftancc. I (hall not CdfmicAll ^ not here profecute this difcourfejbecaufe I would Tie refer.,ce iere "ot anticipat what I forefee I ftal made,istoaTraiia- h^ve occaiioH to lay about the bout the Effeasand Tefreftriall Effluvia with their Caufes and effeds in another Aiye, ^ Difcourfe, but I think luy fcife obligedfo mind you in this place that Doubts and Sufpitiom are the only things promifed by the Title of this Difeourfe, and therefore I ihall not quarrel with you if you con jedure that thout^h the laft propofed Sufpition may prove well grounded inibme cafes^ yet in fome others, the EKorbitanciesofthc matter may, if they chance to be repeated, occalion a new Cuffom that may have the Force of a Law in this or that part of the mundane Globes* particularly in this Terreftrial/ one we inhabit: As Waters by their frequent overflowings of the Banks that cannot contain them , doe fometimes make themfelves new PalTages by their owne Deviations,and as it were affedl to run in the Channels they once made. And as it happens alfo in Animals that noxious Humours having once found a Vent at an IfTue or an ulcer, doe conflantly take their Courfe that way. Which brings into my mind this odd ob- fervation, that having occaflon to palfe fome years agoe out of into Ireland y traver- iing the MaritineCountey of Waterfordy the Con voy that went with me (hewed me once in my Way at a pretty diftance off, a mountaine from vvhofe ^ SufpkUitfl ^ofc fligliet parts there ran precipfeouffy I RiVer (which by my eftimate was pretty broad) ^hat wirfiin but ^ or 5 years before at furtheft firfi broke out without any manifeft Ciufe from a great Bogg that had been mimemorially at the top of that mountain, and to the wonder of the Inhabitants after the firft Eruption of the Water bad fupplycd the Country with a River ever fincejthe Circumftances of which new Phdtm-^ Would gladly at a nearer diftanee have obfervedjbut the Convoy was not fond of a Cu- riofity fo dangerous in an enemies Country, Other Inftances to the fame purpofe I cannot how conveniently ftay to prefent you, having al¬ ready made the Conje6iuraII part ofthisEffay difproportionate to the other and I hope there is already enough laid in this latter part to anfwer myDefign, which was to excite your Curiofity to feek after fome Certainty touching the Things doubted of; and ftrive to enable your felfe by WatchfuII obfervfttions fomewhat to eafe me of the troublefome Sufpitions I have confeffedto you, by telling me whether they arc altogether groundlersoE notj FIN I Si Of the advertisement. T Ue tm foI!owif2g TraBs vere defign*d ta huzie been Accompanied three or four O- thers^ whereof the Firfi^ Treated about the Temperature of the Regions of the Air , as to Heat and Cold^nd had been premifed to the J'wo that now come forth ^ had iCmt been \udged more pro^ per to referTje them to accompany fome other Papers coneerningthe Air, To the foUowing TraB about the Submarine Regions^ it if thought fit to adjoyne fome Relations about the Bottom of the Sea^to which was to have been added fome Obfer-vations y concerning theSaltneJS of the Sea but in that Treatife^ fome Blanks having been left for Particulars ^ which f he Author could not feafonably find among hu Loos Pa¬ pers to fill them up with^ thefe that now appeary ha¬ ving no dependence on themy it was not thought fit they jhould fiay any longer for them, B- 4 t about thefe feveraH TraBSy this Qenerall ad» vertifement is to be here given^ That being Hiflori- call Piecesy confiiUng chkEy y{though not onlyy) of fuch ParticularSy as the Author mufi owe to the Informa¬ tions of Others y he would not fiake hts Reputation for the Truth of every one of them ; contenting him- felfy to have performed, what can be reafombly expe- Bed of him^y which is , that he jhould carefully niAko his Inquiries from credible PerfonSy who for the part y deliver their Anfwer upon their own knowledge^ and that he jhould faithfully fet down the account he prmred frmf*ch Relators^ of the TEMPERATURE Of the Submarine regions As to HEAT and COlD} ) OF THE TEMPERATURE, Of the submarine regions.' As to Heat an i Cold, CHAP. I. T Hough the Arijloteltam who believe ter and Aire to be reciprocally trans- mutable, doe thereby fancy an Affinity betvvcen them, that I am not yet convinced of: y^^j[fcadi/y allow offo much Affinity betwixt thofe two fluid Bodies, as invites me (after ha¬ ving treated of the Temperature of the AeriaR Regions; to fay fomethingofthatof the Submarine Regic^ns; which name of Siihmav'ine^ though i knovvitniay ^em Improper, I therefore Scru¬ ple not to make ufe of, becanfe even among the Generality of Learned Men Ufe has Authorized the name of Subterraneous Places. For as thefe are not by this name, and indeed cannot in Reafbii be-fuppofed to be beneath the whole Bodie of the Earth, but only the Su^erficiallpwits of it • fo by the Appellation of Submarine Regions ’tis not |o be fuppofed that the placc5 fo called are below A ^ 4 _ The Temperature of the Bottom of the 4, but only below the fur- face of it. But to come from words to things, I prefume it will not be expected that I that never pretended to be a Diver (hould give of the Regions I am to treat of, an Account build on my own Obfervati- ons; and I hope it may gratifie aRcafonable Cu- rioiity about a fubjedt, of which ClafTick Authors are fo very filent, and about which Philofophers feeme not fo much as to have attempted any Ex¬ periments (for want of Opportunities and mean to make them.)I offer the beft Information I could fupply myfelfe what by purpoftly con- .VerCngwith Perfons that have dived fome with¬ out, and fome by the help of Enolm, To which I have added fome reports that I judge fit tobe allowed, made me by Perfons that had converfed ,with the Divers upon thofeAffirican anddndian- Coafts, where the moft famous and expert are ]lhought to be found. And I the rather report the Anfwers and Relati* bnsmy Inquiries procur’d becaufe the In Wiiati- onsthey give usconcernea fubje(5t confiderable as well as vaft, about which nevertheleffe I among many others am not in a condition to fa- tisfie at all my Curiofity by Tryalls of my own making, and becaufe alfo what I (hall fay will probably fpoile the credit of the Vulgar Er« ror that in all deepe water of which the Sea is the Cheifeft, the lowermoftare ftiU the warmeft parts, unlefle in cafe that in fome very hot Cli* matef the Suhmmne Regtonil f niates or fcalbnsjthe fupcrRckll ones happen to he a little warm’d by the Extraordinary or Vio- l^nt bcatof the Su/7, Chap, i i T Hough the Air and the Earth have been difcriiiiinated as to Temperature into Regions; yet the Informations I have hitherto met with, invite me not to aflign to thciS'e^ any more then two. The former of which may beTuppofed to reach from the fuperfiejes of it, as far downwards as the manifc/1: operation of the varioufly rcfledfcd and rcfra6fcd Beames of the Sa/7, or other Caufes of warmth penetrates : from which to the Bottom of the the other Region may be fuppofed to extend. According to this Diviiion the Limits of this upper Region will not be alwaics conftant; for in the Torrid Zone and other hotter Climates, it will, Cdtens paribus^ be greater-then, in the Frigid Zone or in the Temperate Zones: and lb it will be in Summer then in Winter : and in hot weathcrtheninCoId; fuppofing in thefe Cafes the Heat to come from the Sun and Air- and not, as fometimes it may do, from the Subterraneall Exhalations. The fame caufes are likewife proper as’tis manifeft to alter the Temperature as well as the Bounds ohhis Region, But this Temperature A 3 may ^ The Tew^efAtme of may alfo be changed in fome few places by at Icaft two other Caufes; The one is the differing conftitution of the Soil that compofes the Shore, which may affect the neighbouring water if it doe extraordinarily abound with Nitre, loofely con- texed marchafites, or other fubftances capable confiderably to encreafe or IcfTen the ColdneiTe of the water. Another though unfrequent Caufe, may be the figure and .fituation ofthelelTe deep parts of the Shorc,which may in fome fort re¬ verberate the Heat that proceeds from the^S^;?; and upon fuch an account may either add to the warmth, or allay the CoIdncfTc that would elfc be found in the neighbouring water. For whate¬ ver the SchooU are wont to teach about the Inte- reft of the Attrition of Air in the heat produced bytheS’^z;? , I have clfcvvhcre ihewnby Experiments, that thofe Beams may confiderably operate upon Bodies placed quite under water. Befides thefe two Cafes that may occafion Ex¬ ceptions to the generall Obfervation; I intimated by the wordsthat there might be others. Bccaufcj to mention now but one Example, though it feem probable from what I have elfe- where delivered concerning the Suhterrmeall Fires and Heats, that may in fome places be met with,even beneath the bottom of the 6V4^that the Phmomemn I am going to rcc ite may be reduc’d to the caufes newly intimated; }?f l am not abfor lutly certain but-chat in this carc,whereto fome o- thers may perhaps be found refeblingj^fome other the Suhmarine Regiml J caufcjthen thofe hitherto mentioned,may produce or concurrc to the effe£i:.The Relation here meant is afforded us by the following Paffage^ taken out of the Voyage oiMonfieur de Monts into Nevc<^ Franee went to be Governor)where the Relator thus recites his obfervation. Akut the eighteenth da^ of June we found theSea^water during three dayes fpace very warm, and by the fame warmth, our wine alfo was warme in the bottom of our fhip^yec the Air was no hotter then before. And the 21 of the faid moneth, quite contrary, we were 2 or 3 days fo much compafTed with mifts and cold, that we thought our felves to be in the moneth of January, and the water of the Sea was extreame cold:which continued with us untill we fame upon the Bank by reafon of the faid mids,which outwardly did procure this cold unto us.This cffe6l he attributes to a kind of An*' tipeHftafis in the following part of his narrative; which I fhal not now either tranferibe or examine* CHAP. 3 ' A nd thus much being breifely noted touching the upper Region of the Sea,and the requi- fire Cautions ( that may perhaps ext^^nd further then it) being premifed; it remains that I take no¬ tice of the Temperature of the Lower Region, which, in one word, is Cold(unlefre in fome few places to be prefently ^ientipnedOFor water be- f ^ *The Temperature of ingin ft’s natural! or mo^ ordinary ftate,a li¬ quor whole parts are more (lowly agitated then thole of mens Organs of Feeling, muft be upon that account Cold as to fenfe : and confequently It need not be (f range that thofe parts of the Sea', vvhic 1 arc too remote to be feniJbly agitated by or wrought upon by the warmth which the Air and upper parts of the Earth may from other Caufes receive, fhould be felt Cold by thofe that defcend into it; unlelTe in thofe few places where the Coldneife may be cither ex^ pell d or allay'd by hot Springs or Subterreftriall Exhalations, flowing or afcending from the fub- jacent Earth, or the lower parts of the iliore into the incumbent or adjacent parts of the water. Tojufliflemy afcribing of this Coldncfleto the fecond, or lower Region of the Sea, I fhall nowfubjoinfome Relations I procur’d from per- fons that had occafion togoc down into it, or o- iherwaies take notice of its Temperature in verv differing Regions of the World3 and at very une^ quail depths. And flrfl: as to the Temperature of the lower Region in the hfortherne Sea^l had the opportu¬ nity to converfe often, and fometimes to obliore a man bold and curious enough, who for (ome years got thebeft part of his fubfiftence byde- Icending to the bottom of the Sea in an Engin, whofc flruufure I elfewhcre deferibe, to iec k for, and recover Goods lofl in Shipwrackt , Veffeis, This perfon I diligently examined about divers the Submarine Regions^ ^ Submarine Phenomena ^ about which his an- fwers may be clfewhcremet with. And as to the Temperature ofthe lower parts of the Sea (the. knowledge of which is that alone that concerns usin this^placc) he feverall times complained to me of the ColdnelTe ofthe deep water, which kept him from being able to ftay in it fo long as he might have been put into a condition of do¬ ing by the goodnelTe of his Engin* for I remember that he related to me that he ftaid once betwixt an hour or two, at a depth that was no greater then 14 foot and a half upon the coaft of Sweden, in a place that was near the fhorc; and I after¬ wards learnd that he ftaid much longer in a dee¬ per place; (ufe having probably made the Cold more fupportable to him) He told me thcn,that about two years before he was engaged by a good reward to goe down with his Engin to the bottom ofthe Sea to fetch up fome Goods of value out of a Ship that had been caft away there within a- bout a miles diftance from a very little Ifland, and ifl miftake not about 6 miles fromthe Shore.He farther anfweredme that though he felt it not at all Gold on the Surface of the Water (his attempt being made in ]une) yet about the depth of the Ship, it was fo very Cold, that he felt it not fo Cold in Winter and Frofty Weather. And he told me that an exceflive Cold was there felt not only by him but by very fturdy men, who invited by his example, would needs alfo goe down chemfelves to participate and promote the 10 The Temperature of hoped for Difcovery. He told mcallo, thatthe upper water did but cool and refrelTi him ; but the deeper he went the [ Colder he felt it, which is the more confiderable 5 becaufe he had fome times occafion toftayJat 10 fathoms or even 80 foot underwater. Andifince found that hein* formed divers Virtuofi, that purpofcly confulted him^ that he found the ColdnefTe of the Water encreafe with its depth: and gave-that for the reafon why he could not ftay fo many hours as otherwife he might, at the bottom of the Sea, Adding that before his Engin was well fitted, he was once fo covered over with it, that he was forced to touch the ground with his hands and feet, and the neighbouring parts, to which he found a ColdnelTe communicated by the Fundus he lean’d upon; though the clofenefle ofhisdiC ordered Engin made the other, , and (whilft he was in that podure) upper parts of his Body, of a very differing Temper. An inquifitive perfon of my acquaintance that made a long ftay in the North erne America fat about two or three and forty degrees of Lati¬ tude) and diverted himfelfe often with fwimming under water, anfwered me, that though he fcarce remembred himfelfe to have dived above two fathoms beneath the furface of the Sea^ yet even at that fmall depth, he obferved the water to in- creafe in coldneffe, the lower he defeended into it. Which argues, that though the Sun-Beams do often penetrate plentifully enough to carry light to theStthmafine Regions', it to a great depth under water; yet they doe not alwaies carry wiiji them a fenfible heat: and that at leaft in fome places, the upper Region oi the Sea reaches but a little way. The coldneffe of the Climate ^ in thefe weftern parts of Europe, and the want of confiderable in¬ ducements to invite men to dive often to any great depth into our Seas, has kept me from be¬ ing able to procure many obfervations about the temperature of their lower Region, but upon the hotter Coaftsof Africk, and the Eaft-Indies, the frequent Invitations men have to dive for Corail, pearles,and other Submarine ProduSlionSiha.s made it pofTible for me to get more numerous obferva- tions.Tomeof which I fhalj now annex. CHAP- 4. ■ji /f Eeting with a Perfon of Quality who had ^ ^ been prefent at the (ilEing of Corall upon the fhoar of Africa, and Who was himfelfe pra- difed in diving, I inquired of him whether he found the Sea upon the African Coaft to be much colder at a good depth, then nearer the furface; whereto he anfwered mcjthat though he had fel- dome dived above three or four fathoms deep, yet at that depth he found it fo much colder then nearer theTpp of the water, that he could not well endure the coldneffe of it. And when I farther asked him whether when he was 12 The Temperature cf was let down to the bottom of the Sea in a great divinorBell ( as he told me he had been) he felt it very cold^though the water could not come im¬ mediately to touch himjhe replyed that whenthe bell came firft to the ground, he found the Air in it very-cold, though after he had ftaidawhile there,his breath and the fleams of his Body made him very hot. That alfo at a greater depth in thofe hotter Climates the Sea-water is fenfibly Cold may be thus made probable. Inquiring of a famous 5 ea- Gommander who had been upon the Affrican CoafI, to what depth he was wont to finck his Bottlestoprefervehis Wine any thing coolein that exceflfive hot Climate, he Anfvvered me that in the day time he kepfit in a tolerable temper fo as to be drinkable, by keeping it in the Bottom of the fhip,and in fand, but in the morning he had it coole enough by fincking his Bottles over night into the 5^4, and letting them hang all night at 20 or 30 fathom deepe under water. Inquiring alfo of an intelligent Gentleman that was imploy’d to the river of Gambra, & fayl’d up 700 miles in it, in a fmall frigot, whether he had obferved that in the 5 f/i,even of thofe hot climats, wine may be preferved coole, he told me that it might, and that by the means I hinted to him, which was to let down when the Chip came to an Anchor in the Evening feverall Bottles full of wine (they ufed that of madera) exadly Iloped to ten, 12,or 14 fathoms deep, whence being the next morn- the SuhmArine RegmK i g' looming drawn up^they found the wine coole and frefh (as if the vefTels had been in thefe parts drawne up out of a well) provided ir were pre- fctly drink, for if that Circumftance were o- mitted, the heat of the' Aire on the upper part of the water would quickly warme the Liquor. I remember too,that having met with a man of Letters that fail’d to the Eaft-Indies in a Portugal^ Capaet^ I learnt by enquiry of him, that ’twas the pra(5lice in that great Veirell for the Captain and. other Perfons ofnote, whilft thfey palTe through the Torrid Zone, to keep their Drink, whether Wine or Water, cool, by letting it down in bot¬ tles to the depth of 8o, ^o, anefometimesan hundred Fathom or better, and letting it ftay there a competent time; after which he told me he found it to be exceeding cool and refre^- fhing. Laftly^to fatisfie myfelfe as far as I could, to how great a depth the Coldneife of the Sea rea- ched;meeting an obfervingTraveller whofe affairs or Curiofity had carried him to divers parts both oftheEaft and VVeft-Indies,I enquired of him whether he had taken notice of any extraordin^y deep foundings in the vafter feas. To which being anfwered, thatfome years agoe failing to the Eaft Indies in a very great (hip, over a place on the o- ther fide the Line that was fufpeded to be very deep, they had the Curiofity to let down 400 Fathom or Line, and found they needed no leffe* SVhereuponI enquired pfjhun^ whether he had taken The Temperature of taken notice of the 'temperature of the founding ^ Lead aiToon as ’twas drawn up: To which he told * me^that hejand fome others did;and that the Lrad which was of the weight of about gOjOr 5 51, |fcd received fo intenfe a degree of coldnefTeas was very remarkable; infomuch . that he thought that if it had been a maffe of Ice, ft could not have more vehemently refrigerated his hands:and when I asked in what Climate this obfervation was made, he told me ’twas in the Antarctick Hemif- phcre,but at a great diftancefrom the Line. As indeed I concluded by fome CircUmftanceshe, mentioned to me, that ’twas about the 55 th de- . gree of Southern Latitude. C H A P. 5* T hefe are the cheife Relations I have hi* therto been able to procure about the Tem¬ perature of the iSf 4; which if they be fo confir* med by others, as that we may conclude they will generally hold;it wil not be irrational to conceive that in reference to Temperature, thofe two Fluids 5 Air and WAter ^ may have this in com* inon,that where their Surfaces are contiguous,and in the neighbouring parts,they happen to be fometimes cold,and fometimes not, as the parti¬ cles they confift ofjchance to be more or leffe a- gitated by the varioufly refle 61 ed SunSeams^ ou ipore or leffe affefted by c^her caufesof Hear.'' the Submarine Regms. ^ But that part of theAir which they call the fecond, & isfuperior to the firft^as alfb the lower Region of the Sea, being more remote from the operati¬ on of thofe caufesjdoe retain their naturall or more undifturbed Temperature, which,as to us men, is a confiderable degree of coIdnefs,the Agitation of their fmall parts being ufually in thofe Regions much inferiorto that of theS'/;/>/W, 5 W,& other parts of our Organs ofFeeling.« 9 o that the Regions of the water and Air fecm to anfwer one another; but in an inverted order of htuation, and xheAna^ logie might* perhaps be carryed further^ if # had time and opportunity to aoe it in this place. And here I fhall not diffemble that I was lome- what perplexed by meeting with a traveller that had vifited rhe EaU-Indlatt Coafi^neav the famous Cape of Comory: for asking him fome queftions touchily the neighbouring Sea^ I gathered from his difcourfe^ that he concluded from that of IbmeDiverSjthat the Sea ncarCe)Iom was warmer at the bottom then at the top. And when I there¬ upon asked him whether this happened not in their Winter yhQ replyed that it was indeed Winter, though not with us , yet with them; it occurr’d indeed to my thoughts on this occafion, that £ erhaps in a part of the Torrid ^onelb near the ine as about 8o degrees,if the Sea were not of i confiderable depth, the heat ofthetwonot far diftant fhores of Coromandell and Ceyhm might have no fmall influence upon the Tempe- |:ature of the water* 1 CQnfi4ere4 alfo (which ili iS . The Temperature of dldnot a little weigh with me) that in divers parts of the Eaft-IndieSj and even in a Region bordering upon Coromandell^ where an ingenious Acquaintance of mine lived fome years^it has been obferved, that Winter and Summer are not fo much difcriminated by Cold weather & Hot^as by very Rainy weather and very dry. Nay in fome places the fultry heat of the Climate is more complained of,in what they call their Winter then their Summer, So that there will be noneceffity to recur roan AntiperijiajisoccsLCioncd by thqcoldnes of th9 Winter, I thought too,that it may perhaps be without abfurdity fufpefiedjthat as tlie bottom of the Sea in this place had a peculiar ConRitu- tion that fitted it more then others for the copi¬ ous produdion of pearls: fo there might befomc peculiarity in the nature of the fubjacentSoiljor there may be fome Subterraneali Fire or heat be¬ neath it, which may occafion an unufuall warmth in that part of the Sea,by w^^ cherifhing warmth, perhaps fuch abundance of fhell Fifhes teeming with pearls, may be invited to fettle there rather then in any of the neighbouring places. But with all thefe conje6lures, I fhould not have been fo well fatisfied,as with the anfwer I afterwards ob¬ tained by a Gentleman whofe Curiofity had car» tied him to be an affiduou,s SpeBator ofthe famous pearl-fifhing near the Jfland of Manat; between . that and the Coaft Coromandell^ which reaches J near, if not fully to theC^^e of Comoris, For this i perfon having had much Conyerfation with the il the Submmns RegionP, ' Divers for Pearls^ not only learh’d from thcm^' that they found the water very fcnfibly Cold at the bottom which infome places he eftimatedto’ bt,' 8o or loo fathom deep; butobfervd divers of them at their return to the Boats, to be ready to fhake with Cold, and haif en to the fires that were kept ready for them in little Cabincs upon the fhore: Which Relation being accompanied with divers Gircumfiances of credibility and argumg , the perfon that made it to have been acquainted with the report above mentioned, and had met with foine that had dived in the place whereto it had reIarion..made me conclude that as to that re¬ port hither fomething extraordinary had .hap¬ pened in that place, or that there was fonie- mifiakeof him. to wliom ’twasmade,or that di¬ vers did not defeend toafuffidencly confiderable Depth If I had been furnifhed with opportunity, I would have engaged iome ingenious Navio^ators to cpmine thc? Temperature of the Submarine- Regions, both of differing feafons of the year (efpecially the hotteft part of Summer and Coldnefs oiWinter^ & with Hermetically feal’d Weatherglaifes in order to the Difeovery of fuch Particulars as ^Whether there be in fome ScsiS any fuch varying Differences of Tempe¬ rature, as may invite us at lead in fome places', to make more then two Submarine Redons^ Whether the Submarine CoIdnefTe do at the bottom of the S ea, or elfewhere cither Equal I or S iurpaffs is Thf Temperature of furpaffethat degree which we here find fufficient to freeze common water. Whether the parts of the Sea-water arc (fill the Colder, as they are the deeper. And Whether or no this increafe of CoIdneiTe be regular enough to be reducible to any fettled proportion. But for the rcfolving of thefe and the like Queftions, I did not caufe- leffely intimate that a fealed Weather-glafs was to be employedjfor I take a common one to be al¬ together unfit for fuch purpofeSjUot only becaufe the Sea-water would mingle with fuch Liquors as are wont to be employed in it, for that In- convenicncy 1 could eafily remedy, by fubfti- tuting,as I have feverall times don in other cafes, Mercurj inftead of ordinary Liquors: but cheifely becaufe the incumbent Sea-water would gravitate upon the reftagnant Liquor of the Weatherglafs, and thereby render its Informations falfe or un¬ certain. According to what I have had occafion to obferve in another Tra 61 :. Whereto, thattheremay notin this place be ^ any need to recur, I (ball add a flight experiment that I made for the fatisfa(fi:ion ot fome Ingenious men not well acquainted with Hjdroftaticks , or not rightly principled in them, md^is Tryall I (ball the rather mention, becaufe many will not allow Water to prefs upon Mercurj immersd therein, this being a far more ponderous Liquor then that- and others will exped, that the inclu¬ ded Air, having no place to efcape out at, fbould ,rc^thc afcenuonofthefubjaccnt Mercury,more the S u^marme Re^tons'i 19 than indeed it will, VVe made then a fmall VVcarher-glaiTe differing from common ones, (befides the bigneire,)^ tf.at it was furnifhed with Meeeury in ftcad of PVater; and in that we em¬ ployed to contain the ftagnant Mercury, a Glafs Vial with a narrow neck, wherein fby a piece of Cork or two) the t 9 tcmofthe. Glafs ball was well faftened that this globula put of the Infl-ru- ment might not be lifted up wh^n it was under water. Thenhaving by applying cold water to the outnde of the Ball endeavoured to reduce the Air tp the fame Temper with the Wearer, or at leafk to an approachingdrgrcc ofColdnffk; and ha¬ ying taken notice of the ^ytation of ^the Mercury in the fhanck or fEcm above mentioned; we did, (by ftringstyedabout theneck of the fmall Vial) let the Inttrnment gently down into a lars’c tall glas Body filed with tair water that the Liquor and Velfell being both tranfparent, vve misfht eahly perceive the motions of the Mercury in the p'pe.^ By which means it appeared, that as tne 1 . ^yermoyneter defeended deeper and deeper into the Water, the Mercury was prclfed up higher and higher in the StenC And that it may not be fufpefted, that this afcen/iofi proceeded only, or chiefely, from the refrigeration of theAir by the Water, I {hall add to what I ,have juft now noted, that though the Coldnefle of the VVater may well be fuppofed uniform as at leaft to fenfe; yet the \vhole inftrumenc beincr lealurely removed fometimes to the upper fur- ^6 'I'he Temferaturs of- faceofthe Water, fometimcs to the lower^’ the fifing and falling of the Quickfilver in • the {lender pipe was futable to the depth of its fur face, or its difiance beneath that of the Water. (The like Experiment we might have tryed with aT'^ermfcope furnifhed with Water and let into Oyl; or with deliquated i 9 alt of Tartar and pure spirit of Wine inftcad of Mercury and Water if we had been furnifhed with fufficient quantities of thofe Liquors, and had judged it to be requi- fite.) But this Circumfiance, I thought fit to admonifh the fpcdators of, that ’tis not to be ex¬ pelled, that the Mercury fhould rife as much in proportion when it is (for example)a foot undtr water, as when it is but two or three Inches; bc- caufe according as the Inftrument is let down dee¬ per and the Air crowded into a iefs room, the S pring of that compreffed Air becomes the ftron- ger and makes the more refiftance. Which Ad-* vertifement agreed well with the Experiment, whofe other Phrcs, that is, with¬ in amoderatc number or Leagues, heobferved in divers places that the Submarine Ground was ve¬ ry uncquall, and had as it were. Hills and Prse- cipices. A man of Letters, that had failed both to the Eaft and Wef^Indies, and in divers other Regi¬ ons bpfides, and had made fome of his -Voyages in (hips offuch great burden, as obliged the Mar¬ tinets to be very frequent and carefall in found¬ ing, informed me, that fome times at confidera- blc diftances from fhore,he had obferved the Sea. to be 2 0, 30, or perhaps 40 fathom deeper when they caft the founding Lead from one fide of the (bip, then it had been juft before, when they had founded from the other, and from other Things that he told me , I found my fclf much confir¬ med in the above propofed Opinion. Hearing of a «Sca-Captain of extraordinary skill in Maritine Affairs , that was come home this year from Eaft-India , his reputation made- mc endeavour to have a little conference with him, abo^t the fubjed of this difeourfe ; but his occaftons haftening him to another place before Bottom of the 5 I conld’fend tohim, /procur’d from the chief Perfons th^t vrniploy’d him, a %ht of fome Notes 5 touching his lafl Voyage, which he had left with them-, hoping to find there fomething at lea'd, a^out the 6’onndings of fo accurate a (Sea¬ man, and accordingly I met with a Paifage, very pertineprro my purpofe, and worthy to be here tranTcr'bed. Febr. 12. After our Obfervation, (he means a former one very agreeable to this) feeing the ground under us, we heav’d the Lead , and had but 19 fathom rocky ground, then hal’d by N.N. the Wind at N.W. and found our water to fhoale from ip to loani 8 Fathom hard Corali Ground, then fuddainly deepned again from 8 to 30 and 22 fathom (Sandy Ground , and thenfud*^ dainly fawRocks under us, where we had but 7 • fathom, and the next caft 14 fathom again. And fo having run N. N, from ^ in the morning till 12 at noon about ip mile, we deepen’d our Water, from i to 25 , and the next caft, no ground with 3 5 fathom of Line. Laftly, having opportunely met with an Anci¬ ent Navigator, who palfes for the moft experien¬ ced Pilate in our Nation for an Eaft Indian voy¬ age; / asked him about his own Obfervations concerning thefe unequal] (Soundings, I was an- fwer’d, that he had not only met with them elfe- where, but that not far from the mouth of ouc Channell, he had fometimes found the bottom of the 'Sea fo abrupt, that in failing, t^ice the Length Length ofthc diip, he had found the VVater deepen from 30 fathom to a hundred 5 if not alfo much more. Since I received ihbfe Relations, having the ' honour'to difeourfe with a Noble Perfon , who - has divers times defervedly had the command of ! EngiitL Fleets, and is no lefs curious then intelli- ] gent in Maritine affairs 5 I took the opporturtity to inquire of hisLordfhip , whether he had not obferv’d the bottom of the Sea to be very unequal in neighbouring places?To which he reply’d^that he had found it exceedingly fo. And to fatisfy me that he fpoke not upon meer cojeifurCjhe told me that failing once with his Fleet even in our Chan- nelU he perceived the VVater to make a rippling noifefas the Sea-men call it) as the Thames does under London Bridge. So that he was afraid they were falling upon fomcfhoale,the VVater being 12 or 14 fathefm deep, and going on a little farther,he caft out the Plummet again, and found it about 30 fathom. He added that he made di¬ vers fuch Obfervations, but took notice of fuch rippling Waters only when the Tide was ebbing: and yet in a deep Sea meeting with the like ap¬ pearance in the upper part of the water, and thinking it improbable that there (Lould be any fhoale there, he ordered the depth to be founded, and found it to exceed 30 fathoms ; and after he had palfcd on a very little farther, he found the Sea fo deep, that he could not fathom it with his ordinary Line. BoUom of the S^a, V The Second SECTION. ' A Nother thing obferv’d a't the Bottom of the Sea, is the great prciTure of the water there againft other Bodies. For what ever men may Philofophize in their ftudies j and may conclude from the Principles that are generally received a- bout the Non-gravitathnGlWater in its proper place, yet experience feems very little to favour that Generali Dodrinc. For firft, I remember that having caus’d a pretty large Cylinder of Glafs, that was open only at one end 5 tobe fo deprefs’d into a large Glafs-veiTell full of water with a conveniently applyed weight of Lead , that none of the air could get out, I could eaiily difeern through the Liquor and VelTells, which were all tranfparent, that as the inverted Cylinder defeended deeper and deeper, the externall Water comprefs’d the imprifon’d air,and afeended higher and higher in the Cavity of the Cylinder, againft whofciide we had before hand plac’d a row of Marks, whereby to take notice of the graduall afeent and defcenc of the Internal! Water, Secondly having inquired of two feverallob- ferving Perlbns, whereof one had with a Diving Engin vifited the bottom of the Sea in a Cold Northern Region; and theotherAad done the like in an Engin much of the fame fort, upon the coaftofAfrickj Ifoun 4 theit Rclationsto agree KeUtlons about thi in this, that the deeper they defeended into the Sea , the itiofe the air they carried down with them was compafTed, and the higher the Water afeended above the Lip, or Brim of-the Engin into the Cavity of it. But I fhall now add a more confiderable ex¬ periment or two , to the fame purpofe. For dif- courfing one day with an Engineer of my Ac- quaintance^ that had been often at Sea, and loved to try Conclufions, of a way I had thought ofjto make fome e(f imate of the prelfure of the water at a confiderable depth beneath the furface, and fhew that the prelTure is great there, he told me he could fave me the labour of fome Tryalls, by thofe he had made already, and alfured me that having divers times opportunity to fail neat the Straights Mouth, over a place where the Sea was obfervedto be of a notable depth , he had found j that if he had let-down with a weight into the Sea, not a ftrong round Glafs-bottlej but a Violl, fuch as the Seamen ufe to carry their Brandy and ftrong waters in, fuch a Veffell which might con¬ tain a Pint or a Quart of water , would when it came to be funk 40 fathom underwater, if not fooner, be fo opprefs’d , by the Predfure of the incumbent, and laterall Water, as to be thereby broken to pieces. , He alfo averred to me , that having exactly clofed an of Mctall, and with a compe¬ tent weight , funk to a great depth in the Sea, as to forty, fifty, or fixty fathom deep, when he, pulleds ottom of the Seal § pull’d it up again, he found to his vender ^ that the great preffurc of the water, had in divers places crufht it inwards. And though I had fome fufpition, that the coldnefsof the Sea at fuch a depth , might by weakning the fpring of the in¬ cluded Air, fomething contribute to theeffc(5t, yet I did not admire the event, having divers years before had a thin Molipik of Copper crufht inwards by the pteffure of a much lighter Fluid then Sea-water* c The Rflatms doHt the The Third SECTION. ' A Notner thins obfcrved in the Bottom, ot tne Xi Sea is,the Tranquillity of the VVatcr there, if it be Confidcrably diftant from the furface. For thoush the VVindshave power to produce vaft wave's in that upper part of the 5ea that is ex¬ pos’d to their violence, yet the vehement agitati¬ on diminifhes.by degrees, as the I arts of the - 5ea bv beingdeeperanddeeper,lye moreand . more remote from the So that the Calm being lets and lets difturb d to- wards the Bottom of the water, if that lyecon- lidcrably deep, the water is there either calm, or fcarce fenfibly difturb d, j n j • But that is for the moft part to be undetftood, of places atfome diftancc from the (bote; tor ot¬ ter tmics in thofe that are too neat it, the progrels of the waters being rudely chcckt, and other cir- cumftances concurring, the Commotion of the water is fo great, that it teaches to the very bot¬ tom, as may appear by the heaps of Sand, the Amber, and in fome places , the ftones that ate Wont to be thrown up by the Sea, in, and after The above mentioned Calmnefs of the Sea at the Bottom ( will I doubt not) appear fttange to many, who admiring the force of ftormy Winds, and the vaftnefs of the Waves they taife , do not the fame timc,confider the almoft incompa^^^ Bottom of the Seal ir. bly greater Qiiantity, and weight of Water that muft be mov’d , to make any great commotion at the bottom of the Sea , upon which fo great a . Maikof iSalt-water, which is heavier then frefh, is eonfiantly incumbent. Wherefore for die Proof of the propos’d Paradox , I will here fee down a memorable Relation, which my inquiries got me from the Diver elfcwhere mentioned, who by the help of an Engin could ftay fome hours under Water. This Perfon then being ask’d, whether he ob- ferved any operation of the Winds at the bottona of the S'ea, where it was of any confiderable depth ? Anfwcred me to this purpofe. That the Wind being ftiffe, fo that the waves were ma- nifeftly fix or feven foot high above the furface of the Water, he found no figne ofit at 15 fathom deep; but if the Blafis continued long, then it mov'd the Mudd at the Bottom, and made the water thick and dark. And I remember he told me , which was the Circumftance I chiefly de- fign’d, that Raying once at the bottom of the Sea very long, where it was confiderably deep , be was amaz’d at his return to the upper parts of the water, to find a Storm there which he dreamt not of, and which was raifed in his abfence , ha¬ ving taken no notice of it below, and haying left the Sea calm enough when he defeended into it. For farther Confirmatipn , I fhall add , that having inquired of a great Traveller, who had af- fifted at a richPearl-fifhing in Ead Indies, whe- C 2 I'g Rdatlons dout the therhehad not learnt by his Converfation with the Divers, that ftorms reach not to the bottom of the ^ea, if it be of any confidcrable depth , he anfwer’d , that he had fecn the Divers take the Water, when the Sea was fo very rough , that fcarce any VeiTells, would hazard themlclvcs out of Ports, that thofe returning'Divers told him, that at the Bottom , they, had found no diftur- bance of the Water at all. Which is the more Goniiderable, becaufe of the fcituatipn of that place where they dive for Pearls; for this is near the fhore of Ma»ar^ and that it felf is fealcd be¬ tween the great Hand oiCe)lort^ and the vaft Cape of Comori: and though it may be much nearer the former, is not yet far diftant from the latter, VVhich feituation and the Neighbourhood of the vaft Indian Ocean, on the one fide of Cejbn^ znd, the great Gulfe of BengaU , ( anticntly SinM Gangeticus) on the other, makes the place where the Pearls are fifhed for, exceeding likely to be iubjeit to very troubled 5 eas. It will perhaps be thought no flight addition to the fore-going Arguments, if I here add, that meeting one day with an ancient and expert ^Sea- man, whom his merit had advanc'd to confidera* ble Employments in his Profefifion, I was con¬ firm’d by tne Inquiries I made of him , not only in the Opinion I had about the Calmnefs of the Bottom of theiSea,but alfo that the operation of good Gales of VVind, does oftentimes not reach to near fo confiderablc depths into tl^e S ca> as Bottom of the 15 as hath been hitherto, ruppofed, even by Naviga¬ tors themfelves. For he afTured mee, that having fometim.es failed in great Ships that drew much water, as about 12 or 15 foot, he had Div’d to the Keel of the fhipps, when they arc under Sail, and obferv’d the Agitations of the Water , to be exceedingly diminhla’d, and grown very languid, even at that fmall diftance, from the upper part of the WaveSp And he farther anfwered, that when in America he learned to Dive of the Indi¬ ans, they taught him by their ExamplcSjto creep along by the Rocks and great Rones, that lay near the ilhore at the Bottom of the Water, to (Ticltcr themfelves from theftrokes , and other ill effeds of the Billows, which near the Chore , and where the Sea wis (b (hallow, as it was therc^ did often- hurt and endanger S’wimmers and unskillfull Di¬ vers. But when the y were by this means got fur¬ ther from Shore and into deeper Water, they would fecurely leave the fhel ter they had till then made ufe of and fwim within a few yards of the Surface of the Sea, as fearing there no danger from the ToRtngs and Commotions of the upper parts of the Water. But laftly,for farther fatisfaSlion, I had theop- portunity to make inquiry about this matter of a t reat Sea Commander who has both an extraor- inary curiofTty to make marine Obfervations,’ & an unufuall Care in making of them accurate-, ly, I found the Opinion countenanced by his An- fwer 3 which was in fhort- That he had lately C 3 beeri * Ct w /"IT /** About the Tranquillity of the Lower Parts of Very deep waters I had afufpitionjwhich though I fear it might fecm fomcwhat extravagant,bccaure I have not met with it in Authors^yct I thought it worth examining for the ufe it might be of, if re- folv'din reference to the Ebbing and Flowing of thei 9 ea. I made therefore a Solicitous Inquiry whether the Tides did reach to,or near the Bottom of the deeper Seas, but found it exceeding difficult by reafon of mens want of Curiofity to obtain any fa^ iisfa6fion about a Problem that moft Navigators I have converfed with did not fecm to have To much as dreamd of. But thus much I found in¬ deed by inquiring of an Engineer who was curious of Marine Obfervations,that a famous S ea Com^ mander of his Acquaintance being alfo a great Mathematician, had affirmed to this Relator,that he had divers times obferv’d, that when helot down his Plummet to a great depth but yet not to reach ground, it would he qnickly carried by a motion quite cctrary to that of the Shallop whence ' they founded and very much eiiTckor then it* but I had this only at fecond hand. Alfo, if I_mis-re- member not, I was informed by a skillfull Ob- ferver that commanded uaany of our Englilla men Bottom of the Sef, t $ of Warr^that he had near the found obferved the upper and Lower parts of the Water to'move with a confidcrable fwiftnefs quite different wais* but not having committed this Relation to wri¬ tings I dare not build much upon it. And among the Anfwers I had received and written down con¬ cerning thofe matters , all that I can yet find a- mong my Adverfaria, is a Relation which though fingle, will not be unworthy to be tranferib’d in this Place, becaufe the Perfbn who gave it me, is one of the ancientft and moft experien’ft Pilots of our Nation, This Perfon therefore affured me 5 that fayling beyond the Cape of Good Hope into 9 ie South 6’eas, made Tryalls of the motion of the upper part of the yVater above the lower, where lometimes cafting out a large and heavy Plummet, he Jet it down to feverall depths fhort of 50 fathom, without any fenfible Operation upon the motion of the Boat, or Shallop he flood in to make the Tryall • but when he let down the Plummet lower , to about an hundred fathom or more, then he found that though the Plummet reached not to the Bottom of the VVater, yet upon the icore of the ftanding water beneath, the Superior V Vater would make the Boat turn towards the Tide or Current, as if it day at Anchor, and the water would run by the fide of the Boat at the rate of about three mile an hour. Thus far this dili- gentObferver. But how far the inequality of the ooil arthe bottom of the iS*ea, and how far the various ' JR.elatiom dhmt the various depth of the Water, and fome other cir- cumftances,may alter the cafe, and make it hard to determine, \^hat ought to be afcribed to Tides and what to Currents,and are things which I will by no means be pofitiye in, till I can meet with further Information, fiS'incethe writing qf this,hapning to meet with one that fpent fqme time at a famous Ea- fterne Pearle-fifhing, and asked hinfu whether he had inquired of the Divers about the Problem lately propofedjand whether the Sea were there deep enough to make obfervations ofthatkind : To the latter part of which Queftion he replyed, thatin'fome places it was of a very confiderable depth, and fit to make the obfervation in; And to the former he anfweredjThat he had inquired of the Divers,who affirmed to him that iometimes at the Bottom of the Deep waters there Teem’d to theS'ea for a great depth,fo that tillluch a height they could rife diredlly upwards but that at other heights they would be carried away by the lelTe deep-waters; foas to be found when they came to emerge a great way off from that point of the furface which was perpendicu- la^r to that place at the Bottom, whence they be* gan toafeend.] F I N I S. fs] OF THE temperature. Of the , SUBTERRANEALL REGIONS, As io Heat ani Cold. CHAP. I. I F when I ufed to vifit mines, I had thought of writing on the fubjci^ I am now abourto treat of, and had defign’d to fatisfiemy felfe about the Temperature of the Subterraneall Air, as much as I did about the other Subjcds I was then concern’d to be inform’d of, I think I lliould have enabled my felfe to deliver much more upon my owaobfervation, thenlfhall now pre¬ tend to doe. But though for the reafon newly intimated, and becaufe' of my being particularly fubje^lto be offended by any thing that'hinders "a full freedom of Refpiration,! wasnot folic/tous togoedown into the deep mines; yet after ha¬ ving discourfd of the Temperature of the Air a- bove Ground, I prefume it may not be impro¬ per or unwellcome to fay fomethingofthe Tem¬ perature of the Subterraneall Regions and of h % the 4 The Temperature of ' the Air reaching thither. For deep mines being places which very few have had the opportunity, , and fewer have had the curiofity to vifit, and of which I have fcarce found any thing at all obfer- vable by ClaCTick Authors, and by ^other writers, but very little, efpecially that I think probable enough to make ufe of,Iptcfunie it will not be !{ unacceptable to you, if of Regions fo little fre- jl qucntcd, and lefs known, I report what I have jt been able to learn (by diligent enquiry purpofely ■ made) from the credible Relations of fcverali i Eye-witneiles differing in nation, and for the moft part unacquainted with each other. Though I do rot think it abfurd to fufped • that in fome places of the Earth, the peculiar ^ conftitutioii of the Soil, and other circumftances, may make it reafonablc to aifign thofe places fewer or more Regions then three5 yet fpeaking in the Generali, the Ternary number Teems not ! ; inconvenient to beadigned to the Subterraneall -' Regions, not To much upon the fcore of the Ana¬ logy, that by this Divifion will be eftabliflaed be¬ tween the Regions of the Earth and of the Air, as becaufe there Teems to be a reaTon of the Divi¬ fion included in the Divifion itTelfc. And indeed Experience appears to favour it in the Subterra# neall Cavity, that I have hitherto been able to procure an account of, from any Ocular wicnefs, and (very few excepted) one of the deepeft that weyet know of, in the world. And fince it has been received fora Rule amongPhilofophers, the Suhterraned Regionsi 5 that which ispcrfcdcft orcompleateft in its kind, ought to be the Standard whereby the rejl are to be meafured, or eftimatcd,! fhall begin the re¬ maining part of this EiTay by a Relation that I obtained from a Chymift, that had purpofely travelled into Hungary, and other places to vific the mines thofe parts are juftly famous for, and who bringing me the honour of a Complement , from a Prince,to whom he belonged gave me the opportunity of asking him divers Queftions, his Anfvvers wlicreunto (which I prefentiy after put into writing;,) ahrorded me the enfuing ac¬ count. C H A P. I I. Hat very near the Orifice of the Groove, he * felt the Air yet warm5 but afterwards de- feending towards the lower parts of the Groove^ he felt it cold, till he came to fuch a depth, as he had fcarce attained by a quarter cf an hours defeenc^ and that the Cold he felt during this time feem’d to him confiderabIe,erpccially when in defeending he had reached to a good depth. That after he had pafTod that Cold Region, he began by degrees to come into a warmer one ' which increafed in heat , as he went deeper and deeper. So ih n in the deeper veins he found the Workmen digging with only a flight garment j over them^ andlhe Subterraneal heat was much I A 3 greater tj: 6 , The Temperature of greater, then that of the free Air on the top of the Groove, though it were then Summer, [ What is here mention’d of a cold region in the Earth,has been fince confirtned to me by an ingenious Phydtian, upon an obfervation made in another Hungarian mine (near a Town whofe name I remember not) that was not of Gold, but ^ Copper; and of much leTer deepnelTe then that newly fpoken of. For this Relator anfwerd me that in going down, he felt a condderable degree of Cold. And when I ask’d whether he found" the like in his Return upwards, he told me, he ob- fervd it then too. And when I further inquired after the extent of this cold Region, he replyed, that not expeding to be ask’d about fuch Circum- ftances, he had not taken particular notice of ^ them: but thus much Information my Queftions procur’d me,that he began to feel the above men¬ tion’d coldnelTe when he could receive no more light at all by the mouth of the Groove,and that this cold Region lafted till he came fomewhat near the bottom,which was eftimated to be cibout an loo fathom or more didant (in aftrait Line) from the Top.] This Relation agrees well enough for the main, with that fhort, but confiderable one of Mormw, (which I elfcwhere cite) who above dorty five years agoe, vifited the deep Hungarian - mines in the month of July, and takes notice, .that when he came down to the burrows, as he calls them, he.did not find any heat, as at the mouth of the V\ el the SukerramAll Regions!. 7 Well; but the beginning of a very Cold, as well as coniiderably thick Region : though! cafily beleive him, when he confefTes , that he felt it much the Colder, becaufe he had left of his own Clothes, and put on the flight Garments ufed thereby the Diggers. He further informs his Reader, that when they had defeended about 80 fathoms beneath thcfurface of theEarth, he be¬ gan to feel a breath of an almoft luke-warm air; ' which warmth increafed upon hiiiij as he defeen¬ ded lower, plcahng him not a little, becaufe it freed him from the troublefome feents of his former coIdnefTe. Adding that the Overfeer of the mine who conducted him, affirmed to him, as alfo the Officers of other Hungarian mines un- animouflydid, that in all their mines, at leaft all ' the deep ones, after a thick tradf of Cold Earth, there fucceeds a Lower Region, that is alwaies hot. And that after they arriv’d at fuch a depth, they felt not any more Cold, but alwaies Hear, how deep foeverthey digg. And to add upon the by, though this Learned Man lay much weight upon Antiperifia[Is-^ yet in the next page to thofe that contain what 1 have been juft novy relating, he either very candidly or inconfiderately takes notice, that they inform’d him, that their mines, whether more or leffie deep, they obfervedthat at fome times in the year, a fomewhat intf^nfer heat was felt, and the two Times that he exprefly names, are thofe oppofitely qualified Seafons of Summer and Winter, A 4 Having 8 The TemperAture of _ Having laid down thefe generall narratives , I now proceed to confider tfie Earths Regions in particular,about which the Summeof what I yet have to propound, may be conveniently enough compriz’d in the 4 following Propofitions. CHAP. in. proportion the i. He Firf Felton of the Furth h verj'uariahkj^ . both as to Bounds^ and as to Temperature, The former part of this obfervation will not be difficult to prove, fince ’twill be eaiily granted, that the manifeft operation ofthe Sun-Beams is (^caterk paribus) greater, and reaches further in hot Climates then in Cold ones*, in the midft oiSummer^ then in the depth of The Second part of the Obfervation may be proved by the fame Arguments astheFirft; to which maybe added , as to fome places, the Solidity or porousnefs of the Earth5as alfo the na¬ ture offomeSalts, Marchailtcs, and other Bodies contained in it, which by their natural Tempe¬ rature may difpofe the Soil to Coldnefs or Heat. As I fhall have occafion to fhew, when I come to fpeak ofthe fecond Region. In the mean time I have this to obferve fur¬ ther, That in this Firl]: Region, the Air is ufually more temperate, as to Cold and Heat, then that elove the Suhterrmal Regionf, ^ above the furface of the Earth, and that this Re¬ gion is not wont to be confidcrably deep; Both parts of which Obfervation are capable of being made good by the fame Rcarons,and therefore I fhall endeavourto prove them jointly. That in the uppermoft Region of the Earth, it (hould be lefs cold then above the furface, feems reafonable to be allowed upon this Conhderation, 'Xh^i^^Sukerranedl Cdz^/t/es of the Earth aie fheltered by the thicknefs of the Tides, from the direft a6f ion of the S un^Beams, the Winds, Sre, andisalfo kept from an immediate,or at Jeaft from fo full a conta6f of the externall Air, when that is vehemently , either heated or refri¬ gerated. Andfirftas to theheatofthe Sun, that That does much lefs powerfully afiPedl: fuch places as are fheltered from its adion by folid Bodies, may appear by the Confervatorics of Ice and Snow, wherein frozen water is kept in that State during all the Heat, of Summer^ and that often¬ times in Cavities that are at no confiderable depth beneath the Superficies of the Earth. Nay I remember that having had occa/ion, (for the perfecting of fome ConcIuTons I was trying) to keep Ice many weeks after the froRy Weather was gone, and a milder Scafon was come in, I was able to doe it, (contrary to the expectation of fome Curious men,)without either diggingtoa notable depth in the ground, or building any fubflantiall Strmure over the Cavity. For wan¬ ting jQ The Temperature of tin^T convcniencles,_ I contented my felfe (though •twre in a champain place? with a pit lomewhat broadat thebottom,of about four foot deep or lelTe, whofe mouth was fheltet’d only by a little low thatch’d hovell, that was wide open to the North, mdt only skreen’d the mouth or ventot the little pit from the direa Beams of the Sun. And though 1 will not deny, that in deep Con- fervatories of Snow, the naturall Coldneile of the Earth, efpccially in fome places, may contri¬ bute to the'etfea^ yet I remember, that difcour- finircincewithaTcaveller and Schollar thatvvas born in hot Countries, of a conjeaure of ^tine that iu’an arch’d building,whofe walls werefum- ciently thick, and whofe Air were carefully kept from dl avoidable intercourfe with the eKternall Air, one may without digging fb much as a mans depth into the Ground, make a fufficient Con- fervatoryfot Ice in very open and unibelter’d places, and even fuch as S ihshury pUm it lelfe; difcourling (as I began to fay) vvith this Travel- let about this Conjeaure, he told me, that at a place he nam’d to me, in the Southern part of FoiKCf, whofe heat feem’d to me to exceed *at ofdiverspartsof JMiy, fome Curious perfons that were refolv’d at any rate, to have Ice in Sum- wer, thoutth the 5 m/ were fuch, that they could not diet a foot without meeting with water, were yet a!)le to make ufe of Confervatories by covering the Brick-Building they made over their pits, wuh C/a; and 5a»(itoavety conliderable the Suhterrme&ll Regmf, 11 thicknefTe^and taking care that the only place that (hould permit accelte to the outward Air^ fhould be a fmall Northern Door to go in and out at, fitted to (hut exadly clofe, and fenc’d with a little porch furnifhed with another Door. And by this means he affirms thefe Gentlemen to referve the included Ice not only all the Summer long, bnt fometimes for two or three years’to- gether, the heat of that Region making many of their Winters too mild to recruit them with Ice. To all thefe things I fhall add , that even where the intercourfe is not quite debarr’d,but left free enough betwixt the Subterraneall and the fuperior Air, the operation of the Sun - Beams may be very much lefTe in a Cavity though but (hallow, beneath the Surface of the Ground then above it. For befides that Tryalls have in¬ form’d me, that Liquors that differ in little elfe then in confiftence,will not fo eafilypervade each other, as a man would furmife; unlclfe fome ex¬ ternal! motion haften their intimate mingling with one another. I remember that one morning pretty late, having had the Curiofity to defeend into a pit where they were digging out Iron Oarj though this Cavity had no very narrow Orifice, and was dugg direffly downwards, and exceeded not ten or twelve foot in depth : yet I found not the heat at all troublefome whilft I ftaid there. Though the pit were in an open feild unfhaded by Trees, and though the Air abroad were much heated J2. The Temperature of heated at that time of the year, which was in that feafon (or at leaft very near it) that is wont to be call’d the Dogg-Daies. CHAP. IIIL A ,Nd as we have fhewn, that the Subterra- neal Air^ even in the firft Region is ufually much Jefs heated, then the SuperterrefrUll Atry fo we may alfo eafily obfervc, that That Inferi¬ or Airis (C ceteris par thus) wont to be much lefs refrigerated by the grand Efficients of intcnfe Cold, then the Supenor Air. I will not urge on this occafion what I have obferved by a furer way,then for ought 1 know has been before pra(fI:ifed,about the fmoakingof fome Springs in Froftj Weather; bccaufe 1 doe not know but that thoCc Springs may have come from, or paifedagood way through, fome place very deep beneath the S urface of the direftly incum¬ bent ground, and perhaps from a vS'oil peculiarly fitted to warm them; whence the water may have deriv’d a warmth confiderable enough not to be quite loR, till it began to fpring out of the ground, where it needed only not to be quite Cold to appear to fmoke* the intenfe Coldnefs of the Air making thofe eKhalacions vifible in Frofty Weather^ which would not be foin mil¬ der : As is evident in a mans Breath, which ap¬ pears likea fmoak in fuch weather^ though it be not vifible in S ummer^ That the Suhterraneal Regions, 15 That therefore^which I fhall propofe in favour ^ of our obfervation, is firft taken from the nature of the thing, which may perfwadeus, that the Sukerraneall Air being though |_comparatively coohyet indeed moderately warm in Summer^ ought not to be affected with Winters Cold, fo much as that contiguous to the Surface of the Earth, from whofe immediate ContaiSl:, it is by a thick arch of Earth (if I may fb call it) defen¬ ded* and that the Cold reigns moft in the free Air; Sind the Superficiall pans of the Terreftriall Globe, may appear by Waters beginning to freeze at the Top, not at the Bottom. "To which Reafon from the nature of the thing, I fhall add only this from experience , that we fee that in Cellars that are arch’d and carefully kept clofe from the Communication of the outward Air, Beer, and other Liquors may be kept from free¬ zing in frofty, and fnowy Weather. As I have ob. ferved in a cellar that was but (hallow, but well arch din a Winter that was fharp to a wonder, and froze ftronger Liquors then Beer in another Cellar very near it, that differed not much from it in depth, but had not fo thick aftd folid a roof. And that not only here in England^ where the Cold is lefs violent, but even in Ru/sia is fclfe, where it is wont to be fo extream,it reaches not near fo deep as one would think, I learn’d by Inquiry purpofely made of an ingenious Phyfiti- an that lived at Mofeo, who anfwered me, "that others and he himfelfe, did in that City keep all the 14. The TemperAture, of the Winter long, not only their Wine but their Beer from freezing in Cellars that Were not a- bove 12 or 14 foot deep, but well cover’d above, and carefully Lin’d with plankes of Firr, without any entrance, but a fmall trap-Door (commonly at the top,) which was fitted fo exadly to the Orifice it was to clofe, as to exclude (as much as was poffiblej all communication between the internall and externall Air, that the latter might not affefl the former with it’s ColdnefTe. I have indeed fufpe^led that in fome Cellars, the comparative warmth we find there, may be partly due to Subterrancall Exhalations that are pent up in them : and perhaps too in fome meafure from the Steams of the fermenting, or fermented Liquors lodg’d in -thofe places. And I was fbmewhat confirmed in this Sufpition, by an Information my Inquiries obtained from the newly mentioned Do( 5 for, who told me upon his own obfervation, that in one of the Cellars he madeufeofat Mofio^ having occafion to open the above mentioned trap-door, after the Cellar had for a good while been kept very clofe (hut, there came out at the vent that was thereby given, a copious Steam in the forme of fmoak, which to them, who had their Bodies affedled with the externall Air, was very fenfibly warm, and was almoft unfit for Refpiration. Which Circum- ftance increafed my fufpmon that there might be among thefe fteames,fome of the nature of thofe. the SukerraneAll\Regionsl ' ^ 15 that have been obferved to come from fermen¬ ting Liquors, efpecially Wine, and fo abound in fome Cellars, as almoft to ftiffle thofe that ven¬ tured into thofe Vaults, And to kill fome of them outright. Which effeds the Jong abode of Sub¬ terranean Steam in ftagnating Air, even in many places, where no metalline Oars at all, nor other noxious mineralls have been found, has enabled that Air to produce. Of which divers fad Inftan- ceshave beengiven within lelfe then a mile of this place, upon mens firft going down into |5itts or VVells,thathad not in a long time been open’d or made ufe of: (but this is here mentioned only upon the By) nor have we any necefJity to fly to SubterraneallExhalationSy for^the Comparative warmth that good Cellars in generall afford in frofty weather; fince that Ph£nomenon may be ac¬ counted for, by the reafon formerly given , That the cl ofenelTe of the Cavity,and the thicknelTeof the fides and Roofe,keep it from being vehement¬ ly affected with the Cold of the Ambient Air. I know ’tis pretended tJiat the warmth we fpeak of, proceeds from an Antiperi^afis^ut not now to engage in a controyerfy that would take up too much time, it may here fuffice to reprefent, that in our cafe there appears no neceffity of recurring to it, the Phdtmmenon being folvable by the Re¬ gion newly cited;which may be confirmed by this Hxperiment, that^ in the Vaulted Cellar above mention*d,wherein Beer was kept from freezing, in 16 77 ;^ 7 "e^pfrature of in an almoft prodigioufly rharp Winftr^ the in¬ cluded Air, though fenfibly warm, to thofe that came out of the free Air, had not fo intended its native heat, as the Affertors of Antipenjlafis would haveexpedcd; being Colder then the free Air commonly is in that place , not only in the heat of Summery but in othet feafons, when the weather is TemperatejAs I was affur’d by com¬ paring my own obfer^ations made at other times, with the account brought me by a skil Iftill per- fon, whom I employ’cl into that Cellar at late hours, in one or two of the fharpeft nights of the aforementioned cruell winter with the fame excel¬ lent feal’d wcather-glafs that I had long kept fuf- pended within a ftones call of that place. C H A P. V. T1 Aving faid thus much about the Earths up- permoft Region, I now proceed to that which lies next beneath it; whofe Temperature I cannot fo conveniently give an account of, in lefsthen two Propofitions, whereof the Firft is this; Proportion the firft. The Second Region of the Earth feems to he for the mofi part cold in comparifon of the other tm. Thispropofitionmaybe confirmed partly by Reafon. and partly by experience. AtA the SukerranedlRegionC 17 And firft it feems confbnant to Rcafbn \ that fince the Earth is naturally a Bodie confining of grofs and heavy parts^ that are much lelfe agitated, then thofeofour Organs of Feeling 5it ftiould as to fenfe be cold; and that therefore that quality may be juftly afcribed to it, in that Regi¬ on where by vertue of its fituationj it is kept from being confiderably affe( 5 ied, either by the heat of the Superior Air, or by that of the deep parts of the Earth: which upper, and lower heat are the two Agents , that fecnvof all others the moff likely to put its parts into anunufuall mo¬ tion, and thereby change its naturall Temper. That our propofition is alfo confirmable ' by Experience, may be gathered from the l?elations fetdown in the former partof this difeourfe. And here it will be proper to take notice of the Advertifement intimated in the clofe of our above delivered propofition, That this ColdneiTe aferib’d to the fccondRegion of the Earth,is to be underfiood comparatively to the other two. For otherwifethat even this Earth is not (as many na- turallids would have it) the Summum Frigidum I gather from'this , That I could never hear of any Ice met with there, at any time of the year though Snow orH^ilmay be produced in the mid¬ dle Region at differing,and fometimes quite qp- pofite ftafons of the year^nay,! have not found by the Anfwers that were made me by thofe that have defeended far enough into this Region, that they found tho cold any where very great, or that B in in fonie places they have found it at all confidera ble. As we fliall fee in the explication of the next propofition. I know not whether it will much ftrengthen what has been faid, if I add, that I learned by inquiry of fuch perfonsas I lately men¬ tioned, that at the mouth of deep Grooves, in mines, the fteamsthar afcend,do'often feel warm* though the outward Air where the Obfervation is made,be affe6ied with the heat oiSu}nmer, But thousih this ^rohdlj argue, that if the middle Region of the Earth, through which thefe Steams muft afcend, were yery intenfely co!d3they would beforefrigerated in their paifage, as to feel ra¬ ther Cold then hot at their appearing above ground,efpeciaIly in Summer: yet I fhall not lay much weight (for fome may perhaps be allow¬ ed it) upon this Argument; becaufe I have not yet tryed, how far a warm Steam may be alter’d in its paifage, thorowaCold Conduit : not to mention that in the Earth, the paifage by being diredly upwards may be much the nimblier tra- verfed. CHAP. 6 , T He fccond propofition relating to the Tem¬ perature of the fecond Region of the Earth, •maybe delivered in thefe Terms. Propofition the 5 Infeverall pheeSy which, 'bj reafonof thar di- the Suhlerrxnexll Regions ', 19 fiance from the fur face of the Earthy one would refer to the middle Region of it^ The Temper at ure of the Air is T'f’ry differing at the fame times of the year I chofc to exprcfs my felfc thus , to prevent Tome ambiguities and objedions which I fore- faw, that (horter, but lefs dear and full exprefli- ons, might give occafion to. In the proofe of our propofition, both Experi¬ ence and Reafon may diftindlly be employed. And to begin with experience. Whereas in the above recited defeent into the Hun^arian^MineSy there vvas obferved a notably Cold Regionof a confiderable thicknefs, I have purpofely procured accounts from divers per- fons that have here in ^;z^/^Whad occafion, fome of them frequent'y to defeend into deep pits' or Grooves ofdilfering mineralls^without finding by the narratives they made me, that they took no¬ tice of any notably cold part that they pafTed thorow; unlefs I particularly asked a queftion about fuch a thing. But for ought ! could gather from their Spontaneous Relations, they felt in Summer-time a remiflion of the heat olthe ex¬ ternal! Air, affoon as ever they began to defeend; which warmth did not fo far decreafe, as to ter¬ minate in any notable Coldnefs,before they came into a deeper part of the Earth , where they are never troubled with that quality. And fbme of thefe Relations I had from profelTcd Miners, and was curious that the Relations I procured fhoud B 2 be 20 The TemperAture of heoiSdterramll parts feated in very differing parts of as well as of places not all,or moft of them having Veins of one and the fame mfnerall. And I learned bypafticlar inquiry from a pra6ficall Mathematician that was often employed about Lea d-mincsthat at fuch depths as, (according toMorims)thc fecond Region of the Earth reaches to,he himfelfe obferved it to be fenfibly warm at allfeafons of the year (for about that Circum- ftance I was peculiarly folicitous to be fatisfied.) Nor is it unconfonant toReafon, that the mid¬ dle Region of the Earth, in the ft nfe' meant in the propofition,fhQuld not be of the fame tem¬ perature in all places; not only becaufe of the differences, which the Climate may produce, by reafon of its being very much hotter , or very much colder in one place then in .another : but from the peculiar conftitution of the 5 'o;/; to the Confideration whereof I fhall here confine my Now this’Temperament of the Soil it felfe may be divertified, not only I y its greater gr leflcr compaffnefTe (upon which account fonie Soils are Rocky or ftony and others Light and ■ fpbngy ) but from the nature of the fprings or Subterraneous Liquors, that may abound in it, or ftratn through it into the Groove or p t, vve fuppofe the Obferver to be in; ard that efpLcially by theniineralls, particularly Salts, and Marcha- ficcs that vTrow near the fides of the Wcllj or are brought thither by the waters. To the Snhterraneall Begiom^, 21 To illuftrate this, give me leave to confider, that nature dos not regulate her fcife under ground by our imaginary Dlviiions: but, without taking notice of them, produces marchafites,' Salts, and other mineralls, moft frecfuently (per¬ haps) in what we call the lower Region of the Earth; but yet fometimes to, in our upper Re¬ gion and oftentimes in our middlemoft R^ion. Let us then fuppofe, that in fome places "of this laft nam'd Region, there be a mine of thc|t Earth that naturally abounds with embryonated nitre, or with fome other fait that is apt, efpecially be¬ ing diifolv’d or moiftened with water, ( a thing very familiarly to be met within mines; to fend out a refrigerating Effluvium^ or by its contad to tool the Air. Let us alfo fuppofe that by the fides of another Well of the fame depth, there are (fore of unripe mineralls that are in the prd- cefsof generation, or rather a great quantity of marchahticall Earth, if I may (o call it, that is fuch a fubftance, as I have met with, in more then one place, copioufly impregnated and as it were blended with mineralls of a marchafiticall nature; and yet of fo open and loofe a Texture, as not only water would in a few hours, but Air alfo would in not very many, evidently worke upon it. And fince during the time that marchafites are flowly dilToIving, it * The tratl here fointei at been obferved accor- d-ng to what we have elfwhere deiiyered* that B J many 22^ The TemperMttre of many of them will conceive a very confiderable degree of heat, will it not be very probable ^ that the Temperature ofthe Earth in the place that a- bounds with thefc Marchafiticall mincralls will be very warm in comparifon of the Temperature of the other place, where the Soil dos plentifully produce nitrous, and other refrigerating Bodies; though both the places be fuppofed to be at the fame diftance from the furface of the Earth, and confequently in the fame Subterraneous Re- gion. Upon the like grounds, it may alfo be fufpe- fied, that in the^ fame places the Temperature maynotbe alwaiesthe fame, even upon the ac¬ count of the Soil. For I elfewhere fhew, that fome Saline Earths, efpecially nitrous, and fome mineralls that partake of the nature of marchafites, admit a kind of graduall maturation, and perhaps other Changes that fcem to be fpontaneous. And that fuch changes happen the more notably in thofe parts of fuch Bodies that arc expofed to the Air, as thofe are that chance to be placed at thelidesofthe deep Wells we are talking of. Which things being prefuppofed, ’twill not be abfurd to conceive, that the minerall, to which either heat or cold is to be referr’d, may be more copious, ripe, and operative at one time, then at another; or that at length, all the Earth capable ofbeing, asitwere Afiffmilated by the minerall rudiments harbour’d in it, may be confumed, or ghe winerallic felfemay arrive at aperfe6lion t';e Suhterrmeull Regions] *3 of maturity, which will make its texture fo clofe as to be unfit to be penetrated, and wrought upon i as before, by the water or other Liquor that occafioned its incalefcence. C H A P VII ^ I Omit tb fpeak of the tranfient changes that may be occafion’d in the temperature bt the fe- cond Region of the Earth by fevcrall Accidents, and cfpccially by the Subterraneall Exhalations^ that in fome places and times copbufly afeend but of the lower Regibns of the Earth. Nor fhall I infiftupon any bf the bther caufes of a more durable difference of temper in fome parts of the fecond Region^ fuch as may be the Vicinity of Subterranean Fires in the third Region that heat the incumbent becaufe I would haften to the Third and laft part of this Difeourfe : which yet Imuftnbt do without premifing this advertife- iiient, that I think mv felfe oblig’d to fpeak the mprehcfitantly and diffidently about the Tempe- .rature of Subterranean Air; becaufe'mineraMs have not had theCHriofity tb examine it hy Weather-glafTes^ which would give us much ipore trufty Informations then our fenfe of fee-. Iingpovvcrfullypreaffe6fedby the cold or heat of the externall Air. I did indeed fend fitt Inftru- ments to fome daies jburney from this place, to examine the Air at the hbttom of fome of our B 4 deep' 34 Temperature of deep mines: but through fome unlucky cafu* aides upon the place j the attempt mifearried, Butwhen I Qiall (God aflifting) recover an op¬ portunity that I have fincc wanted, I hope an ac¬ curate Weather-glajje^ join’d with a porta¬ ble Barofeope will give me better Information then mineralifts have yet done. Ifay^a feal’d IWeather-glaffe becaufc though common Ther- jnofeopes tiad been employed by miners,! durfl:_ not rely upon them; being perfwaded by tryalls purpofely made, as well as by the Reafon of the thing, of the FallaciousneiTe of fuch Ther- mofeopes: for in them the included Air is liable fo be wrought upon, not only by the Heat and coldnelTejbut by the weight or Preffure of the ex¬ ternal! Air. 5 o that if a Thermofeope be let 'down from a very confiderable height, at the top of which the Ration of the pendulous Liquor be well markt, that Liquor will be found to have rifen, when the Inftrument refts at the bottom, as if the included Air ' were manifcflly refrigerated: though the temper of the externall Air may be in both places alike, the caufe ofthe pendulous Li- ;guors riling being indeed that the Acreall pillar incumbent on the ftagnant Liquor, is higher and heavier at the bottom , where the Inftrument refts, then that which lean’d upon it,at its firft or upper Ration nearer the top of the At- mofpher.From whence ’twill be eafy to’concludc that at the bottom ofa deep Groove, where the Atmofphericall pillar thatprelTes the ftagnanc water the Suhtemneall Regions, 2 5 water will be much longer and heavier then at the 'top, the Air may appear by the Inftrument to be colder in places, where »tis really much hotter^ the increafed weight of the incumbent Air being more forcible to impell up the pendulous Liquor then the indeavour of expanfibn procur’d in the in* eluded Air by the warmth of the place is to de- prelle it. CHAP. VHP T Hat which challenges the third andlaft part ofmy difeourfe, is thelowermoO Region of the Earth, about whofe temperature I (hall com¬ prize, what I have to fay in the following Pro- pofition. Propoficion the 4 . The third Region of the Earth has heen ohfer v-'d to he conftantl) and fenfibljwarm^hut not uniformlj foi being in fome places eonfiderablj hot I mention that the recited temperature has been obferved in the Lower Region, becaufel would intimate, that I wovidhave the propofiti- on underftood with this Limitation, as far as has been yet (that I know of,) obferved. For all- moft all the deep Grooves that mineralifts have given us accounts of, and wherein men have wrought long enough to take fufficient notice of 2^ The Temperature of the Temperature of the Air, have been made in Soils furnifhed with metallirie Oars, or othermi- neralls,without which, men would not be invited to be atfo great a charge, as that of finking fo ve¬ ry deep pits, ^nd maintaining work-men in them; So that experience has yet but flenderly, or at ; leaft not fufficiently informed us of the Tempera- ' tureofthofe parts of the third Region of the ! Earth, that are not furnifhed with ponderous mineralls, and confeqiiently has not informed us of the Temperature of the Lowermoft Region irigenerall; as will better appear by whatlQiall ere long reprefent. Having premifed this Advertifement about our propofition, we may proceed to the diftin^t proofe of the two parts or members it confifts of. And to begin vvith the firft,whatever thePeripa- teticks teach of the innate ColdneiTe of the Earth ^ efpecially where’tis remoteft from the mixture ofthe Other Elements; yet having purpofely in¬ quired of feverall perfons that vifited and alfo frequented the Third Region in differing Coun¬ tries, Soils, and at differing depths under ground, andSeafonsoftheyear,! did not perceive that any of them, had ever found it fenfibly and trou- blefome cold in the Third Region of the Earth. And on this occafion I remember I had fome light fufpition, that, (at leaft infomc Cafes) the narrownefs of the Cavities wherein the Diggers were in divers places reduc'd to worke, might .make the S uhterraneall Regions', 2 y make the warmth they felt, proceed in gis&at part from the Steams of their own Bodies, and per¬ haps of the mineralls, and from the Difficulty of cooling or ventilating the Blood in an Air clogg'd ' with fteams. And I was the rather induced to thinke this pofTiblejbecaufe I had (even in metal¬ line mines that were but fhallow and very freely acceflible to the Air) obferved a ftrong fmell of themetall abounding there. I have likewife found by feverall tryalls, that the exhalations that proceed from the Bodies of Animalls, doe fo vitiate the Air they abound in, as to make it much lefs fit for their Refpiration, and to be apt to make them fick and faint. Wherefore I thought it not altogether unfit to inquire, whether the heat of the Subterraneall air, in fach places as have been newly mentioned, might not be referred to thefe Caufes.^ But I was anlwcred in the negative; efpccially by an inqui- fitive perfon that had been in the deepeft and hot- teff mines that have been vificed by any Acquain¬ tances of mine. This way of accounting for the Subterraneall Warmth being laid afide, it feem’di confeiTe fomewhat difficult to conceive how it fhould be produced; yet two principall Caufes there are to which I thinke we may probably refer the Tem¬ perature of thofe places, where the air is but mo¬ derately warm. To which a Third is to be ad¬ ded; when we come to give an account, why fome places are troubicfomly hot. 23 The Tem^rature cf Andfeft^ why the CaldnefTe of Winter fhould not be felt in the Lowermoft Region of the Earth may be y that the air there, is too re* mote from the Supertcrrcftriall air, to be much affected withthofe adventitious Caufes of Cold, that make that Quality intenfe in the air above ground. But becaufe this Reafon fheW5 rather, why it fhould not be in the Earths Lower Region much Colder in Winter then in Summer but not why it (hould be in all feafons warm there, I (hall add as a Conjc£tare,thatthe pofitivecaufe of the a6i:uall warmth may proceed from thofe deeper parts of the Subterraneall Region, which ly beneath thofe places which men have yet had occafion and ability to dig. For itfeems probable to me j that in thefe yet inpenetrated Bowells of the Earth, there are great ftore-houfes of either affuall Fires, or places confiderably Hot, or, (ia fome-^Regions) of both; from which Reconditortes (ifl may fo call them) or magazines of hypogeall heatj that quality is communicated, cfpeciaRy by Subterraneall Channells, Clefts, Fibres, or other Conveyances, to the lefs deep parts of the Earth, either by a propagation of heat through the fubRance of the interpoled part of the Soil, (as when the upper part of an Oven is remifsly heated by the fame Agents that produce an in- tenfe heat in the Cavity, ) or by a more cafy diffufion of the Fire or heat through the a- bove mentioned Conveyances as may be exem¬ plified by the pipes that convey heat in fomeChy- micall the SuhterramdlRegloml _ 2p inicall ftru6lures : ) Or elfe, fwhich is perhaps «he moft ufuall way,) by fending upwards hot mineral! EKhalations and Stcams,which by reafon of the comparatively heavy materialls they con- fift of, and by reafon of their being lefle dilperfed nearer the places whence they proceed, are ufu- ally more plentiful! in the deeper parts of the Earth, and fomewhat affecS! them with the Qua¬ lity that they brought from the workhoufes where they were form’d and that they retain for fome time after. CHAP. IX. T Hat manifeft Steams oftentimes are found in Grooves, cfpecially in deep ones is evi¬ dent, by the damps that infeft moft of them, and that in diftantRegions, as infevcrall provinces of German]^ Bohemiay &c. as alfo in feve- rall parts of England in Grooves, fome of which I have received Relations from the mine-men thcmfelves. By which it appears, that feverall of thefe Exhalations afeending from the entrails of the Earth are fulphureous & Bituminous in fmell and in fome Grooves (one whereof Iclfcwherc mention my fcife to have vifited) thefe Steams are apt, actually to take fire. The warmth of many Subtcrraneall Exhations I thinke may be made further p’-obable by fome ocher Obf:rvacions. For though thefe new! y mentioned Temperature of mentioned arc not to be rejcfied , and may be employed for want of better; yet I have feverall times queftioned, whether I ought to acquiefce in them alone. For I do not thinke the eafy in- flammablenefs of Bodies to be alwaies a fure proofe ofthe adtuall fenfible warmth of the mi¬ nute parts it confifts of, or may be reduced into. For though Salt-peter be very inflammable, yet being by a foliation in fair water reduced to invi- fible Corpufcles, it highly refrigerates that Li¬ quor. Nor have I obferved its mmes,(when far from the Fire,) to have any heat fenfible to our Touch. And the like may be faid of the JSxhalati- onsof highly redifi’d fpirit of Wine; which yet we know is itfelfe totally inflammable. Nay I know not whether, (for a Reafon elfewhere de¬ clared) copious Exhalations may not afeend from the lower parts of the Earth, and yet be rather Cold then Hot. For (in another Paper) I menti- on a way by which I made a mixture that plenti¬ fully enough emitted Steams, of whofe being ra¬ ther of a Cold, then hot nature, there was this probability, that the mixture whence they afeen- ded even whilfts its component Ingredients were briskly adling upon one another, was not only fcnfibly,butconfiderably Cold. One main thing therefore that induces me to alTent to the Opinion,whereto the former Inflances do but incline me, is. That having purpofely in¬ quired of an obferving man that frequented deep mines, (wherein he had a c®nfiderable fhare,) he the Sukerranedl Regions^ 51 . he anrwcred me, . that he plainly obferved the fumes that came out of the mouths of tlie deep pits, to be actually and fenfibly warm , and that in a warm feafon of the year. And Morims (above cited) (peaking of the deep Hungarian^ mines^ makes it the firft Epithire of the copious Exhalation that afcended from the bottom,chat it was hot. And a few pages after he fays, chat at the mouth of the Well, the afcending Fumes were fenfiblj hot tn Summer it felfe. And the fame Argumentsthatl have elfewhere given to fhew that there are very hot places, and as it were ftuary in the BowellsoftheEarthjmayferve to make it probable that the fleams afeendino-thence may be adually warm. That alfo in many places of the Earth , where' no Grooves are dugg, and no viflbJe Exhalations are taken notice of, they may yet pervade the Soil, and exercife fome operations of warmth, may be probable by this, that the experienced A_irtcoU himfelfc reckons it among the flgnsofa latent minerall vein^ that the hoar-frofl does not ly upon that trad of the Surface of the Earth, under which a vein (though perhaps very deep ) runs. The like Diredions I have known given by the skillfull in EngUndy for the Difeovery of pla¬ ces that contain Coal-mines. And I remember a near relation of mine fhewed me a great liope of Land oi his, which (though in an outward ap¬ pearance, likely to be as cold as any place there¬ abouts,) he affirm’d would not fufifer rcly inquired of a Gen¬ tleman that went out ofCuriofity to vi/it on'eot the deeper Hunoarian-mincs, he confirmed to me what I had otherwife been informed of, by an- fwering me, that in the lower parts of the mme, he had gathered Vitrioll that appeared above ground to be .of a golden nature; and that in a fcave that is on one fide of the Groove, in the deep Gold-mine near CremnitzOj the corrofive fmell is fo ftrong and noxious, that men have not dared to digoufthe native Gold it richly abounds with, being deterr’d by the ill fate of divers that Ventured to work in it. Adding that though he paded by it, in great haft; yet he could not avoid the being oiended by the noyfome .Exhalations. And on this occafion, ’twill not be f I prefume) diftiked, iflilluftrate what I was faying of Im¬ mature mineralls, by fubjoining.,^ That having, 'asked this Chymift whether the Vitrioll he found very deep underground were all fplid,or Come of it foft?hc affirm’d that as he gathered it,he found fome of it foft. And to faf isfy my cuiiofity to know whether it continued that yeilaing conu- ftence? he further told me, that itwis loft in th^e deeper part of the mine j but when hehadbrouihc it into the Superterreftriall Air, it hardened there gnd appeared to have 9 divers golden ftrcakesin it. ____—-- CHAP. X. He thing there is, which muftnot be here ° omitted O omitted, though it will probably be great news to thofe that philofophize only in their (ludies, and have, not received information from any that vifited the deeper parts of the Earth :The Ph^m- menon is this. That the Diggers in mines having found by unwelcom experience that in deep Grooves, the Air (unlefs ventilated and renewed) dos in a ihort time become unfit for refpiration, have been put upon this expedient, to finke at fome convenient ditfance from the Groove where the miners worke, another pit (by fome called a ventpitt) that urually tends diredlly downwards (though fometimes it make Angels) to which our EnglilTi-minemendo in feverall parts ofthis King¬ dom give differing names; whereof the moft fig- nificant feems to be that given it in the Lcadmines of Darhj^htre^ where they call it an and are wont to make it 40,50, and fometimes 80 or loo paces off, and, (as one ofthecheife and skillfull Miners there informed me.) as deep as the Groove or Well; (Though I find that the beft Qerman and fomeEn^Iilh Miners think a Icfs. depth will often fuffice) From this Air-fhaft,to the Groove the men work in, there paffesa Chan- nell or if I may fo call it, VentiduB to convey the Air from the former to the latter; which is that,that A^rlcoU fometimes (for he employs not y-hi/ ^ t/T n Termc alwaics in me fame femexaiL * ^ fcjifc) dcHotes by his Cuniculw’^ and ■ winch though differingly nam’d by our Miners in feverall parts of England - the SukermteaH Re^mC 5 is in the above mentioned Lead-mines called a jOr//f,becaufe the Air dos< ufually in the form of Wind drive thorow it: and thereby enables the Workmen to breath freely and conveniently c- noghat the very bottom of the Well.On thisoc- cafion I remember that a very obferyingrman who much frequented thefe Mines told me , that at the depth ofno lefsthen about 200 yardsjbe found that by the help of the Air.fhaft, the Air was not only very commodious for Refpira^'on-j but tem¬ perate as to heat and Cold. And when I further asked, what time of the year it then was? he told me -twas about the latter end of and the beginning of September, Now that which Teems ro me to defervea fartherand accurate obfervation about the motion and Temperature of the Air in thefe Artificial! .under ground Cavities,is a Relation of Agricolas rj • r . . . which, (thouc^ hebe the cult effogi compientur e^te- moft ClatllcK Author we riore Aere. Atque ipfum in have aBoUt mines,) haS not (that ! know oO ken duobus puteis, ai quorum u- taken notice of,in him. Foe trumqus exmodteo interval- fhic f»Ynf-riVnced VVritter hcmicHlusaliquUpertinet. mis cxpcr cncG3 V V rmer, JJamAer inunum continuo though lU hlS Trcatlie^rftf influit reHaque per cunicu- ^ Subterraneo-^ lum termeat iy tranfit ad , t r • J c alt erum'-, atque ex eo rurfm only IsyeS indefl- evolat forat. nitely, that by means of thtf Cumashs or Dr//?,which conneds the Air-lTaaft Sc the well, that Air which comes in at oneofrhofe two, paffes out at the other^yet in his Fift(j Book da yg The ^ ^ de n meUlUcu he gives a more particular and odd account of the courfe oJ the Air in thefe not ovec clear Tttaxs^Aer mtem exterior f ? fua [fontefundit i cava terrcejatque cum per ea penetrqre potejl^ rur~ i Cusevolatforas.Seddiverfarationehecjierifolet^ t etemm verms & djiivis diehus in aUiorem puteum . influit^ & per cuniculum vel fojj am Utentem per me- ^ at, ac ex humilmi efflud fmiUter tifdem diehus in i aUiorem cuniculum infunditurj & inlerydo puteo de~ -j fluit in humiliorem cuniculum atque ex eo emanat, Autumnali vero & hjherno tempore, contra in cu- < Tiiculum vel puteum hnmiliorem intrat, ^ & ex altiori | exit: verum eafluxiontm Aeris mutatio in tempera- ; tis Regionihm (it in initio veris, & in fine Antumni: | in frigidis autem,in fine verk & in in initio Ah~ j tumni. To which he add? that which is more re- markablej That the'Air in both the mentioned timeSj before its wonted courfe 'come to be dura¬ bly fctled, ufcs to be for the fpaceof a fortnight li¬ able to frequent changeSjj puteum vel cuniculum influx fotnctimes flowiliar into ' ens. rnodH in humiliorem, , l; u __ the upper or higher groove • or Drift, and fometimes inro the lower, ( anef paffing out at the other.) If this Obfervation con- ftantly hold, though but in fome deep Mines , it may hint fomc odd"inquiries, about confidcrable and Peribdicall changes in the S ubrerraneall parrs of the Earth , or in the Air, or in Both- which though they have not yet been confidered^ueicrve ■; Sed Aer utreque tempore an- teaquam curj'um fuum ilium, confuetum conftanter teneat plerumque quatuordecern di- erum [patio crebras habet mutationes, mod'o in aUiorem the Suhterraneall Regional 3^ be,fo. I have endeavoured to Jearn whether any fuch thing has been obferved in fome deep Lead- mines, whence I have procured divers informati¬ ons about other particulars. But a very obferving Perfon,that had the chief hand in contriving the Subterranean ftruiffures there, allured me that both Winter and Summer, the current ofAir^ went conftantly the fame way; the Air entring in ■ at the Mouth of the Alr-fluft^ and coming out at the Perpendicular Groove^ which takes its deno¬ mination from a Cave^ ( or Cafa Putealis ) ulu- ally built over the Orifice of it , to flnelter the Workmen from rain, and other inconvcnicn- ces. And fincethe writing of this, I found in Mori- m (his Relation already mentioned) a palfage that may fomewhat illuRrate th^ darkly expreft Obfervation of AgricoU, For the lately men¬ tion’d Author writes, that in the deep H mgarian- Mines he vifited, the outward Air pafTcd (firft ) through the Burrows, and fo through By-waies, (if I may fo call them) that tended notdiredly . downwards, reacht at length to the bottom of the Well, or perpendicular Groove , whence, too^ether with the Steams proceeding from the Mme) is afeended ftraic upwards. But Mor-inus taking no notice at all A rncola's Obfervation about the differing courfc of the S ubterraneall Air at differing Seafons of the year: though {zs I find-by what he writes elfewhcre,) ’twas Sum¬ mer when he vifited the Mines, and fo what he reports* *^6 The Temperature of &/l reports, agrees well with one part of what ^grt^ cola feems to fay; jer^ as to the other , and prin- cipallpartof his Oofervation, he fays not any thing. And the fcnfible heat he afcribes to the fleams afcending out of the perpendicular Well, leaves it fomcwhac dubious, what intereft .the Rarefa<^ion of the Air, by the Subterraneous Heat may have in the Phenomena wehayebeen dif^ courfing of, But to return to what I was faying before I had occafion to mention Morir,uf, Which per¬ haps it will not be impertinent to add , that I I(«rn’d by inquiry , that the Air-jhafts , and the Wells , were in thefe Mines much of a depth. But I hope ere long to have accounts of what happens in other mines, in other parts of Eng¬ land, as to thecourfe of the »SubtcrraneaIl Air efpecially when its ilfuing out of the Well, or the^ Air~\hafv depend not on the changes of the Winds that blow above ground; And I wifh the curious would employ the like endeavours in o- ther Countries. For indeed what I have hitherto difeourfed in this Trcatife, is accommodated but to the fcant Information I have hitherto receiv’d • and there¬ fore ought to be reSilfied or Confirmed,, by farther. Informations if they can be procur’d. In die mean time, I think I may probably e- nough 3 gather from the pas't Difeourfe , that though in fome Mines, three iSubterraneall Re¬ gions, and their diftinguifhing Attributes, may be tie SukerYAhAi Re^mp, be not inconveniently affignedj yet generally fpcaking of the whole Body of the Tcrreftriall Globe (as farr as we know it) both the Bounds and the Temperature of the Regions of the Earthy as well as thofe of the Air, are various and un^ certain enough. And much lefs have we any certain knowledge ofthe.Temperatureofthe more inward, and (if I may fo fpeak) the more Central! parts of the Earth; in which, whether there be not a continu¬ ed folidity, or great Tracts of Fluid matter, and whether or no, differing Regions are to be diftin- guiflaed, and what their number,Order,thicknefs, and qualifications may be, we arc as yet ignorant, andfhalll fear long continue fo. For it is to be noted (with which obfervation I fhall conclude) that what has been hitherto difeourfed, belongs only to the Temper of thofe iSubterraneall'parts, to which men have been enabled to reach by Dig- ing. ’Tis true indeed that fomc Mines efpecially in Germany, and Hungary are of a 5 tupcndious depth, in comparifon of the generality of ours,and of the more obvious Cavities of the Earth;yetl find it boafted in a Difeourfe written purpofely of the Various Mines, in the World, that the rich Mine at^uebergis 400 yards deep : And they are fcarce believed, that relate one Hungarian- Mine which they vifited to be 400 fathom; which though double the depth of the former, reaches not to half a mile. But the deepeft of all the mines jthat I have as yet read or heard of, from any cre- dible "^2 The Temperature of be rot inconveniently aligned; yet generally fpcaking of the whole Body of the Tcrreftriall Globe ( as farr as we know it) both the Bounds and the Temperature of the Regions of the Earthy as well as thofe of the Air, are various and un¬ certain enough. * And much lefs have we any certain knowledge ofthe Temperature of the more inward, and (if I may fo fpeak) the more Centrall parts of the Earth; in which , whether there be not a continu¬ ed folidity, or great Tra6f§ of Fluid matter, and whether or no, differing Regions are to be diftin- guifhed, and what their numberjOrderjthicknefs, and qualifications may be^ we are as yet ignorant, sndrtialll fear long continue,fo. For it is to be noted (with which obfervation I fhall conclude) that what has been hitherto difcourfcd, belongs only to the Temper of thofe vS'ubterraneall parts, '.to which men have been enabled to reach by Dig- ing. ’Tis true indeed that fome Mines efpecially in Germany, and Hungary are of a tStupendious depth, in comparifonof thcgenerality ofours*, and of the more obvious Cavities of the Earthy yet I find it boafted in aDifeourfe written purpofely of theVarious Mines, in the World, that the rich Mine ati^uebergis 400 yards deep: And they are fcarcebelieved, that relate one Hungarian- Mine which they vifited to be 400 fathom; which though double the depth of the former, reaches not to half a mile.But the deepeff of all the mines that 1 have as yet read or heard of, from any cre¬ dible the SuhterraneallRegloml 45 dible Relator, is that which the experienced gmola in th^TvsidL he calls Ber^af^/^m ^ Cap,i2, mentions to be at Cotteher^^, But this it fe If though it reach to above 5 00 fathom jthar is, 5000 foot, yet this prodigious depth dos not K5uch exceed halfc a mile & fals fhort of three quartersj and how fmall a partis that of the whole depth of the Terreftriall Globe? whofe femidiame.. ter, if we admit the recent accountof the Learned Gajjendusy reckoned at 4177.Italian miles: in comparifon of which, CasI was faying,') how fmall a thing isadepdj that falls very fhort of a finglc mile? Licet varU cte ambhu ter- r& opiniones fint, nobis ta- ' men propemodum conflet, ejfe ipfant milliarum Italia- rum 25255, quod in maxi- . ttio ad Terra fuperficiem cir- culo refpondeant uni gradui milliaria proxirneq^. Ga^end. Inftit. Ajlronom. Lib: 2. Cap. 13. F I N I S. 6'\-33<,q