5 Cents Semi-Monthly $1.00 per year The CATHOLIC MIND No. 14 July 22, 1914 Published by THE AMERICA PRESS 59 East 83d Street New York City THE CATHOLIC MIND The Following Numbers Abe Still Obtainable: 1903 i. The Attitude of Modern Protestants To¬ wards the Virginity of Our Blessed Lady. _ A. J. Maas, S.J. 10, Gallileo Galilei Linceo . 1906 16. I. Object of Federation. Rt. Rev. J. F. Regis Canevin, D.D. II. Divorce. Hon. Daniel J. Kenefick. •4. The Delusion of Christian Science. 1908 7. Science and Her Counterfeit. 10. Plain Words on Socialism, II. C. S. Devas, M.A. 11. Catholics and the Social Movement. Rt. Rev. Mgr. Parkinson, D.D. 15. Making of a Saint. 14. Status and Property Rights of the Reman Catholic Church. 16. The Roman Court. 10. The Genius of Cardinal Wiseman. Wilfrid Ward. •0. The Mass and the Reformation. J. Canon Moyer. •S. Revising the Vulgate. Abbot Gasquet. 1909 1. Lord Kelvin and the Existence of God. H. V. Gill, S.J. 8. Psychotherapy. James J. Walsh,M.D., LL.D. 6. Socialism and Christianity, II. Rev. J. F. Hogan, D.D. 11, IS, 18, 14. Calvin's Conversion, I, II, III, IV. Paul Bernard, in Etudes. 16, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20. Catholic Universities, I, II, III, IV, V, VI. Alfred Braudillart 14. Sermon on Cardinal Newman. Joseph Rickaby, S.J. 1910 1. The French Bishops and the Education Problem. Chambrun. 8. The Sons of St. Francis. Herbert Thurston, S.J. 4, 6, 6, 7, 8. Catholic Missions, I. II, III, IV, V. Hilarion Gil. 11, 12, 13. Calistus III and Halley's Comet, I, II, III. 14, 16, 16. Charles Borromeo Encyclical. 16. The Pastor and Education. 17. Holy Communion for Children. SO, 21. Pius X on Recent Manifestations of Modernism. 14. Mayor Nathan and the Pope. 1911 2. Portuguese Revolution. 9 10. The Child in the Home and the School Henry William, Bishop of Auckland 18, 14. Protests of Pius X and Bishops of Portugal. 16. The Catholic Press. E. Spillane, S.J. 17. English Economists and Catholic Ethics. Michael Maher, S.J. 18. Catholicism at Home and Abroad. 19. The Early Church and Communism. John Rickaby, S.J. 20. 21. Scotland in Penal Days. F. A. Gasquet, O.S.B. 22. Children’s Early and Frequent Communion. Joseph Husslein, S.J. 1912 1. The Name “Roman Catholic." Herbert Thurston, S.J., in The Month. 4. Doctor Lingard. John Gerard, S.J. 6, 7. Horrors of Portuguese Prisons. 9. Lord Halifax and Anglican Orders. Rt. Rev. Abbot-President Gasquet, O.S.B. 14. Portuguese Missions of Angola. Rev. C. J. Rooney, C. S. Sp. 17. The People’s Pope. M. Kenny, S.J. 21. 22. Conditions in the Philippines. James P. Monaghan, S.J. 23. Is Catholic Education a Waste of Time and Money t Right Rev. John G. Gunn, D.D. 24. Father AlguS’s Barocylonometer. 1913 4. Protestantism and Progress. His Eminence Francis Cardinal Bourne. 6. Capital Punishment. John J. Ford, S.J. 7. The Anglican Benedictines of Caldey. Dom Bede Camm, O.S.B. 9. Woman in History. Right Rev. John J. Grimes, S.M. 10. Revising the Vulgate. Dom Adrian Weld Blundell, O.S.B. 11. Early Man. Sir B. C. A. Windle, F.R.S. 14. The Missions of China. A.Hilliard Atteridge. 16. Catholicism and Americanism. Most Rev. John Ireland, D.D. 19. The Mission of India. A. Hilliard Atteridge. 20. Lourdes and Its Miracles. M. Kenny, S.J. 23. The Kingdom of Christ. John Ryan, S.J. 24. The Scientific Outlook. Sir B. C. A. Windle, F.R.S. 1914 2, 8. The Church and the Money-Lender. Henry Irwin, S.J. 6. Liberty of Conscience. Rt. Rev. John E. Gunn, D.D. 11. Joy and Christianity. Right Rev. Paul W. von Keppler. 12. Modern Civilization. Rev. H. E. B. Rope. 13. The Church and Secular Education. Peter Finlay, S.J. Tercentenary of St. Teresa Apostolic Letter of Our Holy Father Pope Pius X. To our beloved son Clement of SS. Faustinus and Jovita, Superior General, and to the entire Order of Discalced Carmelites. Pope Pius X. Beloved Sons, Health and the Apostolic Benediction. Since the time when We, though most unworthy, have been raised by the goodness of God to the Chair of Peter, We have considered it an important duty of Our Apos¬ tolic office, whenever an occasion presented itself of sol¬ emnly honoring any children of the Church who were distinguished for their splendid virtues, their eminent doc¬ trine, and their glorious deeds, to avail Ourselves of such an opportunity with all diligence. Seeing that the minds of men are influenced by deeds much more than by words, We have ever been convinced that Our aim of restoring all things in Christ could not be promoted so much by exhortations as by holding up the example of those who made the imitation of Christ their earnest study and re¬ produced in themselves with admirable fidelity the like¬ ness of His holiness. For this reason, on the solemn an¬ niversaries of Gregory the Great, John Chrysostom, and Anselm of Aosta, We published Letters filled with their praises; and lately we celebrated in like manner the third centenary of the canonization of Charles Borromeo. A solemnity of the same sort, beloved sons, will fall to the lot of your renowned Order in next April, which - 507 508 TERCENTENARY OF ST. TERESA will be the 300th anniversary of the Decree of Paul V conferring the title of Blessed on your Mother and law¬ giver, Teresa. In a general assembly of your Order lately, it has been reported to Us, you had the matter under consideration, and you are making diligent prepara¬ tion to celebrate the anniversary of the joyous event with sacred ceremonies and to offer her in many ways marks of grateful homage. Your pious intentions have our hearty approval, and in the name of the entire Church We gladly associate Ourselves with you in your rejoicings. For the virgin of Avila is an ornament and light to the whole Catholic world, and is by no means the least amongst its illustrious ones. “The Lord so filled her with the spirit of wisdom and intellect and with the treasures of His grace, that, as a star in the firmament, her splendor will shine in the house of God for all eternity” (Bull of Canonization). Thus spoke Pope Gregory XV about St. Teresa. And how truthfully! For this saintly woman has been of so much service in instructing the faithful in the way of salvation that she would seem to be little, if at all, beneath these great Fathers and Doctors of the Church whom We have named. It is remarkable how she was gifted by nature for her heavenly office of instructress in the ways of virtue. Her marvelously keen intellect, her noble and generous soul, her sure judgment, her prudence in dealing with people and in business affairs, no less than her sweet disposition and pleasant manner, won for her the affections of every one. But her natural endowments were altogether eclipsed by her supernatural gifts. Although among her contemporaries were many persons distinguished for their holiness of life and knowledge of things divine—so that that period may justly be called the golden age of Cath- TERCENTENARY OF ST. TERESA 509 olic Spain—it must be admitted that Teresa combined in herself the virtues and gifts of all that pious band whom she numbered among her intimate friends and advisers. It would take long, and we do not intend, to describe the many excellences of this illustrious woman. But we judge it most opportune to set before you, beloved chil¬ dren, some considerations about her virtues—they will be to you a source of profitable meditation, and, through you, a source of instruction to Christians. In the first place, seeing that those things which exceed the compass of the human reason and lie outside the narrow circle of nature, are nowadays regarded lightly by so many, or even contemptuously thrust aside as worth¬ less, it will be useful to investigate the strong faith of Teresa. Since faith is “the substance of things to be hoped for,” that is, the root (as it were) of the divine heavenly life in man, and the foundation on which the whole fabric of Christian perfection is built, it wins our admiration to see to what an extent Teresa lived by faith and was guided by it alone in all her counsels, her words, her deeds. None showed more loyal obedience to the Church, the mistress of truth; none clung to its doctrines more unswervingly. Not only was she unshaken by the wiles of heretics and the deceits of the devil, but she stated in writing that if an angel or a voice from heaven should propose anything to her belief which was not con¬ formable to the doctrine of the Church, she would never in any way believe it. And, further, we know that she was ready to face a thousand deaths, if need be, in de¬ fence of the faith. To her nothing was clearer or more evident than the truth of the Christian dogmas; indeed, the more inscrutable they were to human intelligence, the more whole-heartedly did she assent to them. 510 TERCENTENARY OF ST. TERESA Therefore, when she approached the Adorable Sacra¬ ment, her mind seemed absorbed as if all her affections were wrapt in contemplation of this great mystery. As the same Pope Gregory, Our predecessor, says: “She beheld so clearly in the Blessed Eucharist, with the eyes of her mind, the Body of Our Lord Jesus Christ, that she asserted that she was not in the least envious of those who beheld Our Lord with the eyes of the body” (Bull of Canonization). In reward for her faith it was granted to her, as far as it is possible to the human mind in this mortal life, both to penetrate the secrets of God, even the profoundest and those most removed from human perception and intelligence, and to interpret and explain them with ease. And in this respect it seemed to those whom she chose as her spiritual directors that she might reasonably be compared to Moses who was privileged to enjoy the presence and conversation of God. Who has not heard how ardently she longed to share this gift of faith with those who had it not? While still only a child, she conceived the design and formed plans for crossing to Africa, to give to those savage peoples “the Christ or her blood” (Brev. Hymn). Being thwarted in her intention, she wept for the pitiable con¬ dition of pagans and heretics all her life long, and was filled with holy envy of those who led men back from the darkness of error and sin to the light of truth and holi¬ ness. Hindered by her sex and condition of life from taking part in apostolic labor, she put on the spirit of Elias, and undertook what is called the apostleship of prayer and penance. To this end, since she was unable to join in the work of spreading the faith, she set herself to practise the evangelical counsels with all her might, convinced that the more she advanced in holiness the TERCENTENARY OF ST. TERESA 511 more acceptable to God would be her prayers for the spread of Christianity and the salvation of souls. Finally, her desire of defending the Christian Doctrine and mak¬ ing it known may be gathered from the importance which she attached to the Catechism; there was no book which she wished her daughters to take up more frequently or read more diligently. Another of the chief glories of Teresa, which deserves particular mention because it is so opposed to the spirit of the age, was her singular love for her Lord Jesus. It is regrettable that men have blotted out of memory the answer which Christ gave to His apostles when they in¬ quired the way that would lead them to God; Christ re¬ plied: “I am the way and the truth and the life. No man cometh to the Father, but by Me” (John XIV, 6). How completely this was forgotten by those who were called Quietists, and by some innovators of that sect! But it was deeply impressed on the mind and soul of this holy virgin. Therefore, whatever benefits she received from God, she attributed them to Christ; whatever good she sought from God, she sought it from Christ. She made Christ her sole Master by Whom to regulate her daily actions, her sole Guide to lead her up the heights of divine contemplation. All who entertained the like feelings towards Christ, she called most happy; all others she regarded as most wretched, because of their want of faith. And her manner of life accorded well with her sentiments; for the one object of her endeavors was to order her life after the example of Jesus Christ, and by imitating Him to engrave His image more and more on her soul so that she might truly say with the Apostle: “To me, to live is Christ; and to die is gain” '(Philip 1 , 21 ). 512 TERCENTENARY OF ST. TERESA Having such a Master for her rule of life, she learned promptly to forsake the things of earth, and with earnest¬ ness to purify her soul from even slight blemishes and adorn it with virtue. Thus she steadily progressed until she was so fashioned after the image of her Lord that whatever hardships, cares, and sorrows He suffered while on earth, and whatever joys and consolations were His, all these Teresa likewise experienced by the force of that love which so intimately united her to Him. And since it is an effect of charity that, while it inflames the soul, it at the same time quickens and enlightens the mind. Teresa was so far favored by God that she not only beheld the abundant and most perfect virtue of the Christ Man, but she was admitted by contemplation to the in¬ most mysteries of the Word of God; still more, she was made worthy to have disclosed to her not a few of the secrets of the Adorable Trinity, and to be addressed by the Son of God with the words: “Henceforth thou shalt, like a true spouse, be zealous for My honor; for now I am all thine, and thou art all Mine.” How faithful she was to the obligations of this com¬ pact there is no need to say. Until this time she had indeed disregarded self and ever aimed at advancing the interests of Christ, but from now until her death she lived wholly and entirely for Christ. We would direct special attention to the way in which her desire for pro¬ moting the greater glory of her Spouse influenced her attitude towards two things, the greatest that the infinite love of Jesus conceived, and which ought to be most dear to the heart of everyone, since He instituted the one as His last gift to man and the other when expiring on the Cross—we mean the Blessed Eucharist and the Church. Who has ever praised more grandly than she did the TERCENTENARY OF ST. TERESA 513 wisdom and goodness of God in instituting this Sacra¬ ment, in which He accommodated Himself marvelously to our littleness and gave expression to His love, and or¬ dained for ever the Sacrifice by which He ransomed the human race? Who hungered after this Bread of Angels so insatiably? For at a time when even pious souls did not approach the Holy Table frequently, Teresa ap¬ proached it daily, and with such eagerness that it seemed as if not even armed men could restrain her from partak¬ ing of the Sacred Banquet. Who was more sadly grieved than she to behold men’s indifference and irreverence to¬ wards this Sacrament? Who was more zealous in aton¬ ing for the injuries offered to this mystery of immense love ? And she unceasingly urged her daughters likewise to make fervent reparation. On one occasion, unable to bear the torture which racked her, she earnestly besought God either to end at once the shameful wickedness of these ungrateful men or to destroy the earth altogether. And then, too, see her love for the Church, the Mother of all Christians! She used to say that no one can really love God without being as zealous for the spread of Christ’s Church as for the glory of Christ Himself. What staunch loyalty she showed in all matters to that Church of which she was so devoted a daughter! And how lavishly she extolled the authority given to the Church by Christ its Founder! Indeed, the high estimation in which she—a woman so endowed with the gifts of the Holy Ghost, and enjoying such familiar friendship with God— held those instruments of Divine grace called sacra- mentals, may appear to superficial minds to have been excessive; and it is certainly astonishing that she ex¬ pressed her willingness to undergo a thousand deaths on behalf of these or the least of the rites of holy Church. 514 TERCENTENARY OF ST. TERESA Again, it did not escape her discerning judgment and heavenly wisdom that the prosperity or adversity of the Church depends in large part on its ministers’ holiness of life and that much more is accomplished for the salva¬ tion of souls by one priest who lives up to the obligations of his high office than by a large number of indifferent priests. Therefore, while she pours out tears at behold¬ ing the Church buffeted by violent storms and so many souls rushing to eternal perdition, she at the same time tries to win from God by her austerity of life, manifold bodily chastisements, and humble, persevering prayer that the Church shall have an abundant supply of priests well disciplined in learning and the virtues befitting their state, and while they labor for the salvation of others that they may not imperil their own. Teresa, however, was not content to work for this object singlehandedly. Since it is the nature of charity to spread its beneficent power to as many others as possible, she gathered others around her to be her helpers and to transmit to them her zeal and mode of life. “Hav¬ ing effectually conquered the flesh by perpetual virginity, and the world by remarkable humility, and the snares of the devil by her many excellent virtues, she then roused herself to higher achievements, and putting off the weakness of her sex by force of her noble mind, she girded about her loins with strength, and strengthened her arm, and enrolled an army of brave souls who would wage holy combat for the house of the God of Sabaoth and His law and commandments” (Bull of Canonization). Spurred on by the double spirit of Elias, and divinely leagued with your holy father St. John, she undertook to bring back the illustrious Order of which she was a mem¬ ber to its primitive rigor. A mighty task, surely, and V TERCENTENARY OF ST. TERESA 515 - - - 1 ' " ■ ' — one of no easy achievement! Yet, as it is well known, she speedily brought her design to a happy consumma¬ tion. Thus it came to pass, chiefly through the exertions of Teresa, that the world of that time was afforded the astonishing spectacle of an immense number of persons who, withdrawing themselves from the busy world and entering into the service of God, emulated the ancient anchorites of Mount Carmel and the Thebaid by a manner of life most rigorous in its discipline, but tempered by all the sweetness of heavenly contemplation; and whatever their contemplation taught them which would be service¬ able in leading souls to eternal life, all this they shared with others either by that apostleship of penance and prayer of which We have spoken or by diligent discharge of the sacred ministry. It has long been known to Us that you, beloved sons, still uphold those high ideals which have been handed down to you, and have not relaxed from the spirit of St. Teresa; for We have had intimate personal acquaintance with your Order for a very long time. And We now seize the opportunity afforded Us of giving public expression to the good will We deservedly entertain for both the sons and daughters of your great Mother. Sufficient praise, indeed, can never be given to the manner of life embraced by those young women who exchange the wealth, renown, and pleasures of the world for the simplicity of the Cross, and shutting themselves up in the silence of holy retirement, are consumed with the fire of charity, pleasing victims to God on the altar of Christian penance; there day and night they unceasingly make intercession for that world which knows them not. Equally estimable is the life of the friars, who are not so much occupied in divine contemplation as to take no share in the active life, but attend to both in due order, 516 TERCENTENARY OF ST. TERESA and, gathering the good odor of Christ within the cloister by training themselves in virtue, spread it around them outside for the benefit of others. Therefore, beloved children, strive not only to hold fast to the alliance of contemplation and action marked out by your predeces¬ sors, but make it flourish and grow vigorous among you. For in these days more than ever the Church has need of sacred ministers who will combine close union with God with active love for men—priests such as your holy Mother Teresa so desirously longed for. Lastly, since the yearning for novelties, which is in evidence more than ever to-day, has invaded even the field of ascetical and mystical theology, all must see the importance of jealously guarding St. Teresa’s teaching in both these spheres. For “God Almighty so filled her with the spirit of understanding that she not only be¬ queathed to the Church the example of her good works, but she bedewed it with the heavenly wisdom of her treatises on mystical theology and other pious writings” (Bull of Canonization). Whoever wishes to lead a life of holiness, let him but study these, and he will have need of no others. For in them this renowned mistress of piety points out a safe path of Christian life from its in¬ ception up to the consummation and perfection of virtue; she sets down accurately the ways best suited for cor¬ recting vicious habits, quelling boisterous passions, and effacing the defilements of sin; and she puts before the reader every enticement to virtue. And in explaining all these matters, she at once shows her admirable knowledge of things Divine, and gives proof of her intimate acquaint¬ ance with the nature of the human soul, its recesses, and its inner workings. In this great knowledge of human infirmity, which inclined her tender heart so exceedingly TERCENTENARY OF ST. TERESA 51? to mercy, and still more in the ardor of her charity, is to be sought her characteristic strength of prayer and gentleness of manner, which exert such wonderful in¬ fluence on men’s minds. As Our predecessor, Leo XIII, of happy memory, speaking of St. Teresa’s writings, says beautifully: “They have a force, more heavenly than human, which rouses one marvelously to a better life, so that their reading is most profitable not alone to those engaged in the direction of souls and those who tread the highest paths of virtue, but also to everyone who is at all concerned about the duties and virtues of Christian life—in other words, who is anxious about his salvation” (Letter to Fr. Bouix, S.J., 17th March, 1883). As re¬ gards mystical theology, Teresa discourses about those higher regions (as it were) of the spiritual life with such ease that there she seems to be in her proper sphere. There is not one secret of that life which she does not penetrate and disclose to us. Advancing through all the degrees of contemplation, she reaches such sublime heights as are inaccessible to all except those who have experienced and are acquainted with the divinest affec¬ tions of the soul. Yet she says not one word which con¬ flicts with exact Catholic theology; and she sets out every¬ thing with such facility and clearness that the most dis¬ tinguished doctors of her day were astonished to find the mystical theology which was vaguely taught by the Fathers of the Church here and there through their works, gathered together by this saintly woman and ar¬ ranged systematically. For our own part, when We re¬ view the errors which are so prevalent in these matters at the present day, We consider specially important not only the accuracy with which Teresa, when describing the mystical motions of the soul, distinguishes between the 518 TERCENTENARY OF ST. TERESA human element and the divine, and marks off precisely the functions of the intellect from those of the will, but also her insistence on the need of these motions being ac¬ companied by the exercise of all the virtues. Her teach¬ ing is that the several degrees of prayer are so many steps up the ascent of Christian perfection; that a man’s progress in prayer is chiefly discernible in a more faithful discharge of his duties and increased zeal in sanctifying his life; finally, that the more one is joined in mystical union with God, the more fervent becomes his love for his neighbor and his solicitude for the welfare of souls. • \ Whoever will reflect on these teachings of St. Teresa will come to understand how deservedly writers on these diffi¬ cult subjects have acknowledged her as a master and have followed her guidance, and furthermore, with what justice the Church pays to this virgin the honors given to Doctors, and in the liturgy prays God “that we may be nourished by the food of her heavenly doctrine and in¬ structed by the ardor of her tender piety.” Would that those who now write about what they call mystical psy¬ chology would make up their minds to follow in the foot¬ steps of this great mistress! We have here, beloved children, touched on the prin¬ cipal things that redound to the glory of St. Teresa. When published broadcast by you, they should help much to increase devotion to her among the people and to add distinction to the pious celebrations you are about to hold. For it is much to be desired that St. Teresa should be known and esteemed among all devout people—she who, as is clear from what we have written, “shone as a brilliant star in Carmel, and adorned the Catholic Church by the virtues of her angelic life, her writings of heavenly wisdom, and her numerous children who so TERCENTENARY OF ST. TERESA 519 faithfully follow the example left them by their great mother and mistress” (Letter of Leo XIII to the Bishop of Salamanca). ■ In order that both you and others may reap greater benefit from the coming celebrations, We grant a plenary indulgence from their sins, to be gained four times dur¬ ing the present year, 1914, to all who shall fulfil the usual conditions imposed by the Church, and shall visit either individually, or in procession, any one of the following churches: either the Carmelite church at Avila, in the place of St. Teresa’s birth; or that of the Discalced Carmelites at Avila, where she began the reform of the Order; or that of the Calced Carmelites at Avila, where she lived for so long a time; or that of the Discalced Carmelites at Alba, where her holy body rests. We further grant a Plenary Indulgence, to be gained once only, to all who shall visit any church or public or semi-public oratory of the first, second, or third Order of Carmelites during the time that the triduu-m or novena is being held in these churches or oratories. Meanwhile, in token of heavenly favors, and in wit¬ ness of our good-will, We most lovingly impart to you, beloved Son, and to all the children of St. Teresa, Our Apostolic Benediction. Given at St. Peter’s, Rome, on the 7th of March, the Feast of St. Thomas Aquinas, in the year 1914, the eleventh of Our Pontificate. Pope Pius X. II An Address of the Holy Father [The Allocution pronounced by His Holiness in the secret Consistory of May 25th, 1914, when fourteen new cardinals were created:] 520 ADDRESS OF THE HOLY FATHER Venerable Brothers: Not much time has passed since last We spoke to you, Venerable Brothers, met together in Sacred Con¬ sistory. Still in this brief interval there have passed away, one after the other, not a few members of the Sacred College, many of whom Our eyes still look for in their wonted posts. While, however, We grieve for the loss of men deservedly most dear to Us, it may be said that We grieve rather for Ourselves than for them; for they have gone where, as We hope, they already enjoy in eternal beatitude the reward of their holy lives consecrated to the good of the Church, while We, de¬ prived of their, aid and untiring work, are still amid the storms of life. Wherefore, We have called you together, Venerable Brothers, not only to provide for the churches deprived of their pastors, but also to fill the seats vacant in your College, as it is most right to give companions and helpers in bearing the weight of your charge to you who strive so diligently to render less heavy Our Apos¬ tolic Office. And it is all the more right, inasmuch as, if We look at the course of events, We see continuing for the Church days of exceeding trouble, for pernicious doctrines are creeping everywhere, corrupting the faith and customs of the Christian people, and We are daily constrained to undergo the attacks of men who decry the supreme dominion of God and drive religion out of civil society. Nevertheless, by the Grace of God most merciful, there are not wanting to Us timely com¬ forts: as in the year just passed, when was celebrated the centenary of the Edict of Constantine the Great, by which the Church after so many trials and agonies breathed again and began to enjoy in peace the benefits of liberty. We had, indeed, reason to rejoice in the ADDRESS OF THE HOLY FATHER 521 religious manifestations celebrated so magnificently and with such a concourse of people, by which the Catholic world boldly proclaimed its faith and seemed, by raising up in its hands the Cross of Christ, to wish to show it to the troubled human race as the one fount of peace and safety. To-day more than ever they seek for peace, and, indeed, We see classes of citizens, races, nations fighting among themselves, and from the enmities ever becoming more intense among them We see break out of a sudden fearful wars. True, there are clever and distinguished statesmen who put before themselves the good of nations, and, indeed, of human society, and seek by common agreement for the means of arresting the harm that comes from the strife of classes and the slaughters of war, and of securing within and without their borders the benefits of peace. These, without doubt, are excel¬ lent endeavors, but their counsels will bear little fruit unless at the same time they can ensure that the precepts of justice and Christian charity are deeply rooted in souls. To-day peace or war in society and in the State do not depend so much on the governors as on the mul¬ titudes. Deprived of the light of truth revealed by God, unused to the discipline of the laws of Christ, what won¬ der if the multitudes, the prey of blind passions, rush to their common ruin, instigated by clever agitators who seek nothing but their own advantage? Yet with the Church constituted by its Divine Founder, mistress of truth, guardian of justice and charity, alone and above all other things able to lead men to their common salva¬ tion, would it not be a work of civil wisdom on the part of rulers, not only to allow it to exercise its mission freely and without hindrance, but also to give it every assistance? And yet it is the opposite that happens, for 522 ADDRESS OF THE HOLY FATHER generally the Church is treated, not as the creator and parent of all that forms the essence of civilization, but almost as if it must be regarded as the enemy of the human race. Still this should not disquiet Us; from the example of Christ We know that the Church is destined to do so much good as it receives injuries in return, as, too, we know well that never, even in its greatest tribula¬ tions, can the Divine help fail it, and of that We have Christ Himself as sponsor and history as witness. It is exactly a hundred years since Rome in triumph, amid the joy of the whole world, received its Pontiff freed from the insults of a long captivity. All could then ad¬ mire the constancy of the holy, aged Pontiff, as if crowned with the aureole of martyrdom, who, alone, had resisted and overcome the arrogance of the all-powerful autocrat. But far greater marvel was the fact, which could not be seen most clearly at that time, of that aid which Christ Himself had promised for ever to His Spouse; for Pius VII would never have come through such adversities had not the Divine Preserver of the Church freed him, contrary to the expectation of all. But to return. We have decided, therefore, to elevate to the honor of your College, Venerable Brothers, several illustrious personages, who in the Episcopal Office, or in the Offices of the Church in Rome, or in other fields, have borne their charge in a way worthy of Our highest approbation. They are: Antonius Mendez Bello, Patriarch of Lisbon, whom We created Cardinal of Holy Roman Church and re¬ served in pectore in the Consistory of November 27, 1911. Victorianus Guisasola y Menendez, Archbishop of Toledo. Ludovicus Nazarius Begin, Archbishop of Quebec. ADDRESS OF THE HOLY FATHER 523 Dominicus Serafini, Titular Archbishop of Seleucia, Assessor of the Holy Office. Jacobus della Chiesa, Archbishop of Bologna. Franciscus de Bettinger, Archbishop of Munich and Freising. Joannes Csemoch, Archbishop of Strigonia. Hector Irenaeus Sevin, Archbishop of Lyons. Felix de Hartmann, Archbishop of Cologne. Gustavus Piffl, Archbishop of Vienna. Scipio Tecchi, Assessor of the S. Consistorial Con¬ gregation. Philippus Giustini, Secretary of the S. Congregation of the Sacraments. Michael Lega, Dean of the Auditors of the S. R. Rota. Aidanus Gasquet, President of the English Congrega¬ tion of the Benedictines. [To the address that His Eminence Cardinal Begin, Archbishop of Quebec, later delivered in his own name and on behalf of his colleagues, the Holy Father re¬ plied:] The heavy grief felt for the loss of so many excellent Cardinals since the Consistory of 1911 has been in some degree tempered by the comfort of being able to fill the void, enrolling you, my beloved sons, last Monday in the Sacred College. The prerogatives of piety, doctrine and zeal which distinguish you, and above all the devotion which you profess to the Holy Apostolic See, are an assurance to me that you will give me valid aid in main¬ taining intact the deposit of the Faith, in preserving ecclesiastical discipline, and in resisting the insidious at¬ tacks made on the Church, not so much by open enemies, but more particularly by its own children. To the in¬ domitable firmness of our fathers, to their unceasing 524 ADDRESS OF THE HOLY FATHER watchfulness, to their jealous care and their, I would almost say, virginal delicacy in matters of doctrine, is due the triumph of the Church through all perils and all attacks brought against it in the course of centuries; but never, perhaps, at any time was it so necessary to watch this sacred deposit, that its integrity and purity may be maintained. We are unfortunately living in a time when certain ideas of conciliation of the Faith with the modem spirit are looked on with favor and readily adopted— ideas which lead much farther than men think, not only to the enfeebling, but to the total loss of the Faith. No longer to-day is any surprise felt at hearing men play with the vague phrases of modern aspirations, the force of progress and civilization, affirming the existence of a lay conscience, a political conscience opposed to the con¬ science of the Church, against which they claim the right and duty to react, to correct it, to bring it into the right path. It is no new thing this, that is seen in men who put forward doubts and uncertainties about the truths, and even obstinate affirmations about manifest errors a hundred times condemned, and who, this notwithstanding, persuade themselves that they have never left the Church, because once they followed Christian practices. Ah! How many sailors, how many pilots, and—which God forbid—how many captains, putting their trust in the profane novelties and in lying science of the time, instead of arriving in harbor have suffered shipwreck! Amid such dangers I have not failed on every occasion to make my voice heard, to recall the erring, to point out the evils, to trace the road for Catholics to follow. But my words, however clear and distinct, have not always been well understood and interpreted. Indeed, not a few, following the evil example of the enemy who sows tares ADDRESS OF THE HOLY FATHER 525 in the field of the Lord to bring into it confusion and disorder, have not hesitated to give arbitrary interpreta¬ tions to them, attributing to them a meaning quite con¬ trary to that desired by the Pope and taking his prudent silence for sanction. Realizing these unhappy facts I have indeed need of the strong and efficacious help of your work, my beloved sons, both in the various dioceses to which you are re¬ turning with Papal dispensation and in the Roman Curia and Congregations, that, by the dignity to which you are raised, united to the Pope in mind and heart, you may be among the first defenders of sound doctrine, the first teachers of the truth, heralds of the true wishes of the Pope. Preach to all, but especially to ecclesiastics and other religious, that there is nothing so displeasing to Our Lord Jesus Christ, and therefore to His Vicar, as discord in matter of doctrine, for by disunion and strife Satan ever triumphs and gains dominion over the re¬ deemed. In order to preserve union in integrity of doc¬ trine warn priests especially against associating with per¬ sons whose faith is suspect, and against reading books and journals—I do not say the worst, which every honest man shuns—but also those which are not entirely ap¬ proved by the Church, for the air breathed there is deadly and one can not touch pitch and not be defiled. If ever you meet such as boast themselves believers, devoted to the Pope, and wish to be Catholics, but would think it the greatest insult to be called clericals, say to them sol¬ emnly that devoted children of the Pope are those who obey his word and follow him in all things, and not those who seek a way to evade his orders or to constrain him, with an insistence worthy of a better cause, to exemp¬ tions or dispensations all the more calamitous for the 526 ADDRESS OF THE HOLY FATHER harm and scandal they cause. Never tire of repeating that, if the Pope loves and approves Catholic associa¬ tions which have material well-being also as their object, he has ever taught that moral and religious well-being must have prevalence in them, and that with the just and praiseworthy intent of bettering the lot of the laborer in town and country must be always united the love of jus¬ tice and the use of legitimate means to maintain harmony and peace among the different classes of society. Say clearly that mixed associations, alliances with non-Cath- olics for material well-being, are permitted on certain determined conditions, but that the Pope loves first those unions of the faithful which put aside all human regard, shut their ears to every contrary seduction or threat, and close round that banner which in spite of all the attacks made on it is still the most splendid and glorious, for it is the banner of the Church. This is the field, my beloved sons, in which you must exercise your activity and zeal. But, as our labors are of no avail unless the blessing of Heaven is on them, let us pray Our Lord Jesus Christ, Who called into being and sealed with His blood the universal brotherhood of the human race, and gathered together as into one sole family all those who should believe in Him, that He may harmonize for our work the minds and wills of all with such perfection of concord that all the children of the Church may be one only thing among themselves, as He is One with the Father. And with this dear hope I impart to you from the depths of my heart the Apostolic Benediction. NEW PRICES FOR THESE BOOKS PIONEER PRIKTSBrNORTH AHERWA By T. J. CAMPBELL, S.J. VOLUME I Among the Iroquois An Interesting Story of the Mission¬ aries Among the Iroquois 333 Pages 27 Illustrations Price $1.25 Postpaid. VOLUME II Among the Hurons Tells the Heroic Story of de Br£beuf and his Associates 480 Pages 24 Illustrations Price $1.25 Postpaid. 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