NBud' · THf LOCKWOOD MEMORIAl ltHfWO , JUL 31 1961. DA PAM 355-18 I 1 .. DEFENSE AGAINST JJ1o1. ~Q.· • 356-JB ii * DA Pam 355-18 HEADQUARTERS, P AMPHLET I DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY No. 355-18 WASHI NGTON 25, D .C., 25 J une 1963 IDJIEIFIEW§IE ACGAllW§il IEWIEMY If»~(Q)If»ACGAWIDJA WIHIAil ll§ If»~CO)If»ACGAWIDJA1 Propaganda is communication of a particular kind For a particular purpose. It can consist of any kind of information, ideas, doctrines, or recommendations. But its purpose is not simply to inform. Rather, it attempts to persuade or influence. Propaganda ·aims at people's opinions, emotions, and attitudes. It is aimed at selected groups of people and its contents are designed to have specific effects on their behavior or state of mind. The propagandist intends that the people receiving his messages will react in certain ways helpful to the propagandist's cause. Most of us like to think that we make up our minds about important matters entirely by rational and logical thinking. In such matters we don't like to admit that opinions, emotions, and attitudes also influence us. But whether he realizes it or not, almost everyone forms some of his ideas and judgments by using "mental shorthand." On some subjects, we might demand full and accurate knowledge before we reach a conclusion. On other subjects we are quite ready to jump directly to a conclusion without full and accurate knowledge. This is called prejudice, which means judgment before or without proof. That's one type of "mental shorthand." Another kind is thinking in stereotypes. For example, we might know a red-haired person who is quick-tempered; from this fact we draw the false conclusion that a quick temper and red hair always go together. A third kind of "mental shorthand" consists of forming judgments based upon emotion alone. For example, a person may have reason to believe that he is susceptible to a certain serious disease. His belief may have some rational basis, but his natural concern about getting the disease can grow into an irrational fear. When that happens, the emotion of fear takes charge of his ability to think rationally about that subject. The expert propagandist tries to exploit this tendency of most people to use "mental shorthand. " Most of his messag~s are carefully designed to appeal to certain prejudices, habits of stereotyped thinking, or emotions. *This pa mphlet s upersedes DA Pam 20-79, 15 September 1954. The Cold War against freedom is symbolized by guarded gates in the communist-built Berlin Wall. CCIHIAJRACCiliEJRll§illlCC§ (Q)Ir IEWIEMIV JFJR(Q)IFACGAW[))A Enemy propaganda is subversion: a willful act intended to harm our national security. It supports with ideas the work of those who seek the forcible overthrow of the Government of the United States. It is psychological warfare: a method of influencing the opinions, emotions, attitudes, and behavior of people. It is an important weapon in the communist arsenal of aggression. The purpose of that arsenal, as con stantly proclaimed by the communists themselves, is to achieve world domination. Throughout this pamphlet, therefore, enemy propaganda means communist propaganda. The reason enemy propaganda is a dangerous weapon is that its aim is to weaken and destroy us. But the enemy's lies and half-truths are not dangerous in themselves. They become dangerous whenever they reach people who are not able to recognize them as the enemy's handiwork. Soldiers as a group constitute a prime target for enemy propaganda. This is hardly surprising-the enemy naturally would like to weaken our ability to oppose and defeat his aggression anywhere in the world. He knows that soldiers are united by many common beliefs and experiences. But he also knows that they are human beings, with potential weaknesses that can sometimes be exploited to the enemy's advantage. In his propaganda he tries to zero in on any fears, frustrations, or doubts he believes may exist in soldiers at any particular time. This explains why enemy propaganda in wartime bombards frontline soldiers with false reports of defeat and disaster in other combat areas. This frontline propaganda is intended to make the sol dier believe that further fighting is useless, that the people at home don't care what happens to him, that he has no personal stake in the outcome of the war. In short, the enemy tries to destroy his will to fight. Peacetime propaganda has the same basic purpose, but employs different ideas and themes. Wartime propaganda tries to make us lose faith in our cause and quit fighting. 3 illHIIE CC(Q)JMIJMIUNll§il ~JR(Q)~A(GAN!D)A NIEilW(Q)JROC The Soviet government organization includes a large agency called the Section of Propaganda and Agitation, which plans and directs communist propaganda activities in the Soviet Union and its satellites and throughout the Free World. The importance and scope of this agency's work is well illustrated by one of its functionsthe operation of propaganda schools (about 6,000 local schools, 120 regional schools, and at least 12 advanced schools). Thus many thousands of people are continually being trained in the techniques of communist propaganda operations. This training and the worldwide propaganda network it supports are very costly. The communist leaders obviously believe this vast effort is worthwhile. Communist Party organizations in almost every country are important links in the Soviet and Chinese communist propaganda networks. The propaganda headquarters in Moscow sets the broad propaganda themes and commands the overall effort. The worldwide party organizations develop and execute specific propaganda activities in support of this central leadership. Almost every item of propaganda originating in a Soviet satellite country sticks closely to the current official position of the Soviet government on that subject. Certain communist countries that currently follow Red Chinese leadership on particular matters take their main propaganda guidance from Peiping. In either case, when the official position changes, the propaganda switches to the new line. While all enemy propaganda comes from the enemy, it does not always seem to do so. Sometimes the enemy identifies himself as the source; sometimes not. It is helpful to divide enemy propaganda into three types according to its actual or pretended source. In this sense every piece of propaganda is said to be either white, gray, or black. White propaganda openly identifies its true source. Radio Moscow, for example, does not try to hide the fact that it is an official propaganda voice of the Soviet Union. Another example of white propaganda is the USSR Bulletin, published by the Soviet Embassy in Washington. Gray propaganda does not state its true source, but does not try to pretend that it comes from some other source. It simply leaves the question unanswered. Black propaganda tries to conceal its true source by claiming to be from some other source. During World War II, for example, a Soviet radio station pretended to be a Nazi station. Its German-speaking broadcasters pretended to be loyal Nazis who hoped to correct some of the bad conditions within the Nazi Party and throughout Germany. They aimed their messages mainly at German soldiers in the field, and featured news and inside stories of events at home, designed to undermine their faith in the Nazi regime and in their commanders. If this Soviet station had truthfully identified itself, its propaganda would have been less effective. By claiming to be a "friendly" station, its messages were more plausible to its target audience of German soldiers. 6 Words and symbols are the main tools of communicating ideas and are, therefore, the main tools of propaganda. In the Following brief discussion of the most Familiar propaganda techniques, it is helpful to keep in mind that they are merely different ways of using words and symbols to achieve the propagandist's purpose. Words and symbols can express truth, Falsehood, or a mixture of both. Sometimes the enemy can score a propaganda point simply by reporting truthfully a Fact that Favors his purpose. This may be a "good" truth about his side of a "bad" truth about ou rs. But in both cases he selects truths that will promote his own cause or hurt our cause. Blending Truth and Falsehood But communism could hardly survive on truth alone. Communist propaganda necessarily combines truth and Falsehood, or omits an essential part of the truth. For example, a communist who is ,,proving" the failure of American education might state that 11 more than 30 million American citizens cannot read or write." Actually this is true, but his "statistic" carefully omits another very important fact-25 million of these 30 million Americans are children below school age! His propaganda statement is only about 16% true. Naturally he hopes that many people will think it is 100% true. Incomplete Facts or downright lies like these are more likely to be believed when they are combined with obviously true statements. Generally, the statements that are clearly true deal with matters that will not harm, and might help, the communist cause. The half-truths and lies, of course are always in favor of that cause. Symbols and Labels Another technique is to associate the propagandist's cause with values and beliefs that are held in high regard by the target audience. Communism has always claimed, for example, to be a " worker's" movement. To promote this claim it has long used for its emblem two familiar symbols of honest toil-the hammer and sickle. Communism claims to be the leading champion of peace, and despite its hatred of all religion uses the Biblical dove of peace in much of its propaganda on this subject. Almost any ideal or belief important to a target group is generally praised and supported-in communist propaganda aimed at that group. But in messages for other target groups these same May Day in Red Square is an important propaganda show aimed at impressing the Soviet people and the world at large. 692-972 0-63-1 beliefs and ideals are likely to be ridiculed and condemned if this will further a particular propaganda aim. Communists also use labels and symbols to attack organizations or ideas. They select labels and symbols that are know to be widely disliked and try to attach them to the group or idea. For example, they know that Americans retain strong distaste for the kind of dictatorships we fought against in World War II. Consequently, communists regularly apply the names of those systems in propaganda criticizing various anticommunist groups or efforts. Their favorite label of this kind is "Fascist." American conservative organizations, the FBI, our Armed Forces, individuals in govel'nment and business, and many more have been labeled "Fascist" in communist publications and other propaganda efforts. The obvious purpose of course, is to mislead and confuse. The ugly label of "Fascist" is intended to alienate Americans against persons and organizations opposed to communism. When a single label isn't enough to convey the propagandist's support of the communist line on a particular subject, he strings several labels together. This device has been so characteristic of communist writings since the time of Karl Marx that its presence is almost a label itself-a label that says "This is communist propaganda." For example, a statement that the United States is controlled by "War-mongering, imperialistic, Wall Street Capitalists"combines four separate terms that have long been standard in communist anti-American propaganda. Recently an East German propaganda magazine published an article about the U.S. Army Special Forces. Its title was a two-label combination: "Wall Street Killers." The article expanded on this theme-our Special Forces were described as brutal and unthinking tools of Wall Street, the favorite communist symbol for depicting the United States as a money-mad, imperialistic, war-mongering nation. Still another variation of the labeling technique uses the names of famous and honored Americans, especially those whose work and writings are part of our national heritage. Communists have often quoted (usually out of context) the words of such great Americans as Jefferson and Lincoln. The quotations are used either to create an impression that these great historical figures would have favored some present-day communist cause, or to "prove" that it really isn't a communist cause at all. This technique can also be seen in the names given to communist-supported schools and activities. Most Americans would be alarmed and angry, for example, if a "Lenin School of Social Studies" began operating in their city. Relatively few people, on the other hand, would even question the purpose or sponsorship of a school named after Thomas Jefferson or Abraham Lincoln. The use of such an honored name would serve two important propaganda purposes. It would promote a favorable public impression about the school, and it would help to conceal its real purpose-to teach and advocate communism. In Hitler's time great propaganda spectacles sovght to inspire svpport (or fear) of Nazi power. 9 Generalities That Gritter Enemy propaganda makes liberal use of a device known as the "glittering generality:• A generality, of course, is a broad sweeping statement or idea, as opposed to a specific and detailed statement. A glittering generality is one that seems to say a great deal but upon closer study proves to say little or nothing. This is a favorite device when communists are describing communism itself or the things that communism often claims to support. The Communist Party, for example, constantly praises itself as the "party of the people" or "party of the toiling masses." It claims that communism leads "the liberating forces of socialism," and supports "the peace loving masses." "Peaceful coexistence" of communism with the Free World is a particularly misleading generality. Like fake gem stones, such phrases have a surface glitter designed to fool the unwary. Similar generalities are used to create unfavorable attitudes toward any of communism's important opponents. For example, in communist jargon, the United States and other leading nations of the Free World are the "forces of monopolistic imperialism," and U.S; military leaders are "Pentagon militarists." Sound and Fury With the "bandwagon" or "everybody's doing it" technique the enemy tries to convince target audiences that communism is "the wave of the future" and that the wise ones will ride along with it. "Those who hang back," say the communists, "will be swept into the rubbish heap of history." "Bandwagon" propaganda gets its name from the noise and fanfare with which old time circuses announced their arrival in town. Designed to lure customers to the big top performance the colorful parade always ended with the gaudy bandwagon, its brightly uniformed bandsmen playing at full volume. Young and old alike Felt the pull oF this pageantry, which always promised even more exciting spectacles for those who would Follow the parade. The great May Day parades in Moscow are modern versions of this technique. So were the great Nazi Party festivals in Hitler's Germany during the 1930's. The Big Lie Perhaps the most familiar propaganda technique is also the least complicated: the big lie. Much propaganda uses misleading and untruthful statements, but the "big lie" technique deserves separate attention as a special form of propaganda. It is based on the belief that the bigger the lie, the more likely people are to believe it. At first glance this seems to be contrary to common sense. But the big lie-the incredible whopper-is often effective because of its special appeal to familiar human failings. Wishful thinking, prejudice, the tendency of many people to believe whatever they see in print-are some of the reasons why the big lie is often believed. Big lie propaganda is comparable to judo or ju jitsu, in which the victim's own momentum and exertions Enemy propagandists are well informed about you and the United States. 11 are used to defeat him. For example, many people in Europe and Asia were inclined to believe the communists' big lie that the United States had used germ warfare during the Korean War. Many of these people already had been conditioned to dislike the United States. Communist propaganda had For many years been blaming their poverty and other ills on "American oppressors and exploiters of the toiling masses." This prepared them to accept the big lie about American germ warfare. When you already dislike something or somebody, it's much easier to believe the worst possible tales about them. Another reason the biggest lies are often believed is lack of accurate knowledge. A little lie, about a relatively minor matter, has little appeal to someone with little interest and knowledge about it. To get his attention at all, the propagandist needs a more sensational and startling lie. Better informed people often exclaim when they hear a typical big lie, "Do the communists really expect anyone to believe such a preposterous story?" The propagandist would answer, "That's exactly what we expect. Perhaps you think it is a preposterous story, but this only means that the story wasn't intended to influence you. But somebody will believe it, and the oftener we repeat the story the more it will be believed." Creating Fear Fear is one of the commonest emotions. Enemy propaganda often designs its message primarily to create or increase this emotion in the target group. The basic idea is that frightened people are less likely to think and act rationally, and the propagandist usually wants them to think and act irrationally. This explains why communist propaganda, rather than Flattering or cajoling a selected target group, sometimes switches suddenly to threats and warnings. For example, the Soviet Union has several times warned various European countries that U.S. missile installations on their soil may invite Soviet aHack. Similar fear themes have been used against the people of West Berlin, with little apparent success. Some communist propaganda stresses broad general themes intended to influence anyone who happens to see or hear the message. But the communists know that their propaganda is likely to be most effective if it is tailored to appeal to specific target groups, such as women, youths, racial or religious minorities, union members, and other groups whose members have common interests. Soldiers are definitely one of these target groups. Fitting The Message To The Target A propaganda theme that touches an important interest of one target group may have little or no immediate interest to another. The propagandist tries not to waste his efforts on groups that have no interest in his message. But he also knows that when a theme concerns all or several of his target groups, his propaganda message will be most effective if it is altered or slanted to fit particular interests and feelings of each group. For example, if he is planning a propaganda attack against selective service in the United Slates in the hope of weakening our military strength, he would prepare slightly different propaganda For each selected target group. While the overall purpose would be to stir up public opinion against selective service, the messages to each target group would emphasize different arguments for abolishing it. Timing is an important consideration for the subversive propagandist. In prosperous times when most people are employed, fewer people are influenced by propaganda themes stressing unemployment, poverty, and hunger. During an economic depression, however, such an appeal finds a larger receptive audience. In similar fashion, a soldier in the midst of combat is often more susceptible to planted rumors and other propaganda techniques than he is in peacetime, or in a situation that permits him to check on the truth of a rumor or analyze the probable source of some seemingly accurate bit of news. The Enemy Knows A Lot About You To appeal effectively to each of the many possible target groups, the enemy propagandist must first possess a great deal of accurate and up-to-date information about them. His message must seem to be based on true facts. If it includes facts that are well-known to the target audience, those facls must be basically correct. If the target audience spots obvious factual errors, they will probably reject the whole message-including the false or twisted facts that the propagandist is trying to get across. Propagandists against the United States and other free countries have one important advantage. Free people constantly communicate openly and honestly with each other on every possible subject, through our press, rad io and television, motion pictures, and open discussions of all kinds. They have no reason to be fearful of revealing their opinions and attitudes on any subject. No American would want it to be otherwise. But the fact remains that the communist propagandist can, with less effort, assemble more reliable information about the American people than about any other people in the world. Our vast output of news and opinion is available for him to study and analyze. He uses it to plan his propaganda strategy-selecting themes and target groups, and timing his efforts. He uses it to decide which propaganda techniques are likely to work best in a particular situation. If you ever happen to see a piece of enemy propaganda aimed at you, an American soldier, remember that the person who wrote it knows a great deal about you. His propaganda pitch will be as phoney as a threedollar bill, but it is sure to be based on his educated guess about your probable state of mind, attitudes, likes and dislikes at the time you receive the message. The mass propaganda carriers-such as all forms of printed matter, radio and television, and motion pictures-are the most familiar vehicles of enemy subversion, but not necessarily the most effective in all situations. A crudely lettered sign reading "Yankee Go Home" is part of the larger propaganda efforti so are hand-written letters that seem to come from "ordinary" people but may be part of a well-organized enemy campaign. One propaganda "carrier" deserves special attention because it is not owned or controlled by the enemyi he merely steals free rides on it. This is the age-old propaganda carrier called rumor. Rumors Are Fast Runners Every soldier knows how quickly an innocent-that is unplanned-rumor can spread through a unit. Rumors created and planted by the enemy travel just as rapidly. An unplanned rumor often starts because someone misinterprets the meaning of something he sees or hears, and the garbled story passes from person to person. Enemy rumors are not born accidentally. Their content is carefully planned and then enemy agents go to work casually dropping the rumor here and there until it starts to travel on its own momentum. The target group itself is now expected to keep the rumor moving, Rumors Often Are Believable The enemy profits by the fact that rumors have a special kind of plausibility. A soldier might doubt the truth of a message that reaches him by way of an anonymous pamphleti but if he hears the same message from a fellow soldier, he may accept it more readily. This is the special advantage rumor-planting gives the enemy. Rumors Play On Fear, Hope, Hate Enemy rumors-like many accidental or "normal" rumors-usually appeal to one of three basic emotions: fear, hope, and hate. Fear rumors circulate most rapidly when the target group is already conditioned, with or without real cause, to fear that the thing rumored might happen. Soldiers in combat are prime targets for enemy fear rumors. During a critical phase of the Korean War, the enemy spread rumors that Red Chinese paratroopers had dropped or soon would drop, behind United Nations lines. No such attack ever occurred, but the rumors caused some concern. The possibility of enemy encirclement or penetration to his rear is one that all soldiers are trained to consider. When the tactical situation is such as to make this danger plausible, rumors about it become more believable. Hope rumors deal with anything that the target group is known to be hoping is true or is wishing will come about. The target group is expected to believe such rumors because they want them to be true. They travel on the natural eagerness of people to tell someone else the "good news." Hate rumors are intended to cause dissension and disunity within a target group, or to generate hostility between two or more target groups. For this reason hate rumors . II d d d . II II are sometimes ca e we ge-nvers. Why Rumors Travel Psychologists explain that most people unconsciously enjoy hearing rumors and passing them to others. Whether it is a rumor that frightens him or reassures him, it is still "information" about something important, and he feels like sharing the uinformation" with someone else. The enemy uses planted rumors to reinforce and augment his more sophisticated propaganda efforts. Skillfully planned rumors can attack morale, discredit reliable news sources, or screen some fact that the enemy is trying to hide. Rumor as an ltelligence Device Rumor can also be used as an intelligence technique. The enemy may plant morale-destroying rumors in the hope of forcing the target country or military force to kill the rumors by releasing facts to prove the rumors false. An example of this occurred early in World War II. The japanese high command wanted very much to learn just how badly their surprise attack on Pearl Harbor had hurt our Naval forces. Both in their "white" propaganda broadcasts and by means of planted rumors, they claimed to have sunk specific U.S. warships. Some of these claims were knowingly false; concerning other ships, the japanese were not certain whether they had been sunk or merely damaged. Our military leaders naturally knew the true facts; the American people were hearing only the enemy-inspired rumors, and were becoming increasingly alarmed. Even though such information in wartime is very valuable to the enemy, it was decided to make the facts public. It was felt that the true state of our Fleet would reassure Americans in a very difficult period. iliHIIE IffiiE§il [J)IEIFIEW§IE ACGAllM§il IEMIEJMIV ~~(Q)~ACGAM[J)A All the qualities that make a good soldier are useful in setting up strong defenses against the enemy's propaganda campaigns. Alert and well-informed thinking, emotional maturity, deep faith in his country and its cause, confidence in himself and his leaders, unshakeable determination to perform his duty under all circunstamces these soldierly attributes help to immunize his mind and spirit against enemy barrages of subversive claims, arguments, and enticements. This pamphlet has touched briefly on the purposes and methods of enemy propaganda. Part of each soldier's defense against propaganda is the ability to recognize it, understand the enemy's subversive purpose, and evaluate its false or distorted contents. But only the individual soldier himself can provide the final immunity against all attempts to weaken his will and loyalty. If he remembers always that enemy propaganda aimed at him has only one fundamental purpose-to make him a poor solclierhe will possess the basic defense: A firm determination to be a goocl solclier. 18 DISCUSSION OUTLINE I. WHAT IS PROPAGANDA? 1. Communication designed to persuade or influence rather than simply to inform. 2. Aims at people's opinions, emotions, attitudes. 3. Almost everyone uses ''mental shorthand11 in forming certain judgments and conclusions, such as a. Prejudice-reaching judgments before or without proof. b. Thinking in stereotypes-example: a false conclusion that because some people with red hair are quick tempered, this is true of all red-haired people. c. Emotion rather than thought as the basis of judgment. 4. Most enemy propaganda tries to apped to prejudice, stereotyped thinking, or emotions, rather than to logic and cool judgment. II. CHARACTERISTICS OF ENEMY PROPAGANDA 1. In this pamphlet, enemy propaganda means communist propaganda. 2. Soldiers are a prime target of enemy propaganda, because a. Enemy has natural interest in weakening our ability to oppose and defeat his aggressive plans. b. He believes soldiers, like other people, have potential weaknesses that can be exploited to his advantage. 3. In wartime enemy propaganda tries to make soldiers fearful, discontented, and hopeless; tries to destroy their will to fight. Ill. THE COMMUNIST PROPAGANDA NETWORK 1. A Soviet government agency (Section of Propaganda and Agitation) directs the world-wide communist propaganda network. 2. This agency operates several thousand propaganda schools (about 6,000 local, 120 regionals, 12 advanced) to train propaganda experts. 3. The communist parties in all countries are part of this propaganda network. 4. Moscow (sometimes Peiping) sets the broad propaganda themes; communist parties and agents base their activities on them. When communist party line changes by orders from the top, the propaganda switches promptly to the new line. A well-informed soldier, deeply committed to his Country's cause of freedom, is best equipped to defeat enemy propaganda eFForts. IV. OPEN AND HIDDEN PROPAGANDA 1. Some enemy propaganda clearly identifies the source; some does not. 2. With respect to source, every piece of propaganda is said to be white, gray, or black. a. White propaganda openly tells its source. Examples: Radio Moscow; official Soviet publications such as the USSR Bulletin published by the Soviet Embassy in Washington. b. Gray propaganda, while not identifying its true source, does not pretend a. Fitting the message to the target group, the time, and the situation. b. The enemy knows a lot about you, the soldier, because soldiers are a key target group. c. Propaganda aimed at you is pretty sure to be based on the enemy's educated guess about what will seem plausible to you at the time you receive the message. c. some other source. Black propaganda tries to pose as being from some other source. A Soviet radio station which pretends not to be !ouch. Example: V. PROPAGANDA TECHNIQUES 1. A blend of truth and Falsehood. 2. The use of symbols and labels. 3. Glittering generalities. 4. The "bandwagon" appeal. 5. The "Big Lie" and why it often is believed. 6. Arousing and increasing Fear. VI. PROPAGANDA TARGETS 1. Some enemy propaganda is "scattershot"-intended For anyone or sees it. But most is aimed at specific groups. who hears VII. HOW PROPAGANDA TRAVELS 1. The enemy uses all the modern means of mass communication. 2. But he also knows that "old Fashioned" methods are still effective-such as "Yankee Go Home" scrawled on buildings, and the circulation of letters From ord"1nary peopIe. II II 3. One of the oldest propaganda carriers-but very effective-is rumor. a. Rumor travels Fast by word of mouth. b. Rumor has a special kind of believability. c. Enemy rumors play on fear, hope, hate. d. Sometimes the enemy uses rumor as an intelligence-gathering device. VIII. THE BEST DEFENSE AGAINST ENEMY PROPAGANDA 1. Soldiers who are alert to the enemy's subversive purpose, and can recognize and evaluate his false and distorted appeals. 2. The strongest safeguards are a. Knowledge. b. Emotional maturity. c. Confidence in self and leaders. d. Deep faith in country and cause. e. Unshakeable determination to perform his duty in all circumstances. 3. Enemy propaganda aims at making you a poor soldier; you defeat this purpose by being a good soldier. [CINFO] By Order of the Secretary of the Army: EARLE G. WHEELER, General, United States Army, Official: Chief of Staff. J. C. LAMBERT, Major General, United States Army, The Adjutant General. Distribution: Active Army: One (1) copy per each ten (10) military personnel. NG and USAR: Corps (1) Corps Arty (1) Div (1) Div Arty (1) Bde (1) Regt/Gp/bg (1) Bn (1) CojBtry (1). U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFF ICE: 1963 0 • 692-972