DNA 6002F
z:a
7Jj--: 10 ~·
=-
SHOT
HOOD
A Test of the
PLUMBBOB Series
5 July 1957
United States Atmospheric Nuclear Weapons Tests Nuclear Test Personnel Review
llll 1 4 1981
Prepared by the Defense Nuclear Agency as Executive Agency
for the Department of Defense
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DNA 6002F
4. TITLE (and Subtitle) 5. TYPE OF REPORT &
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SHOT HOOD
Final Report
A TEST OF THE PLUMBBOB SERIES
6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER
JRB 2-816-03-423-00
7. AUTHOR(s) B. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(eJ
Carl Maag, Martha Wilkinson, James Striegel,
Burt Collins (Tech. Reps.)
DNA 001-79-C-0473
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JRB Associates, Inc.
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Director
27 February 1981Defense Nuclear Agency
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19. KEY WORDS (Continue on reverse side If necessary and Identify by block number)
HOOD Nevada Test Site
PLUMB BOB AFSWP
Ionizing Radiation AFSWC
Exercise Desert Rock Nuclear Weapons Tests
Nevada Test Organization Atmospneric Nuclear Tests
20. ABSTRACT (C"mrtfaue ""'rever.. slditl if ~aary ami ldenllfy by block number)
This report describes the activities of DoD personnel, both military and
civilian, in Shot HOOD, the 6th nuclear test in the PLUMBBOB atmospheric
weapons testing series. The test was conducted on 5 July 1957 and involved
participants from Exercise Desert Rock VII and VIII, AFSWP, AFSWC, and AEC
test groups. This volume also describes the radiological safety criteria
and procedures in effect at Shot HOOD.
FORM 1~ EDITION OF ' NOV 65 IS OBSOLETE
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18. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES (Cont.) ~ f The Defense Nuclear Agency Action Officer, Major H. L. Reese, under whom this work was done, wishes to acknowledge the research and editing contribution of numerous reviewers in the Military Services and other organizations in addition to those writers listed in block 7.
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PREFACE
Between 1945 and 1962, the United States Atomic Energy
Commission (AEC) conducted approximately 235 atmospheric nuclear
weapons tests at sites in the southwestern U.S. and in the
Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. In all, an estimated 220,000
Department of Defense (DOD) participants, both military and
civilian, were present at the tests. Approximately 90,000 of
these participants were present at the nuclear weapons tests
conducted at the Nevada Test Site (NTS)* north of Las Vegas,
Nevada.
In 1977, 15 years after the last above-ground weapons test, the Center for Disease Control, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (now the Center for Disease Control, U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services), noted a possible leukemia cluster among a small group of soldiers present at Shot SMOKY, the 15th test of Operation PLUMBBOB, the series of nuclear weapons tests conducted in 1957. Following that initial report by the Center for Disease Control, the Veterans Administration received a number of claims for medical benefits from former military personnel who believe their health may have been affected by their participation in the nuclear weapons tests.
In late 1977, DOD began a study to provide data to both the Center for Disease Control and the Veterans Administration on potential exposures to ionizing radiation among its military and civilian participants in the atmospheric nuclear weapons tests 15 to 30 years earlier. The DOD study was organized as the Nuclear
Test Personnel Review:
• To identify and locate DOD personnel who had taken part in the atmospheric nuclear weapons tests
*Formerly called Nevada Proving Ground, the name of the test
range was changed to the Nevada Test Site following the
completion of Operation TEAPOT in 1955.
1
•
To determine the extent of the participants'
exposure to ionizing radiation
•
To provide public disclosure of information
concerning participation by DOD personnel in the atmospheric nuclear weapons tests.
This report on Shot HOOD is based on the historical record of military and technical documents associated with each of the nuclear weapons test events. The reports of the Nuclear Test Personnel Review provide a public record of the activities and associated potential for radiation exposure of DOD personnel, for use in ongoing public health research and policy analysis.
Many of the documents pertaining specifically to DOD involvement during Shot HOOD were found in the Defense Nuclear Agency Technical Library, the National Archives, the Department of Energy Nevada Operations Office, and the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL). The most significant sources of information used in the development of this report include:
•
Final Report of Operations for Exercise Desert Rock VII and VIII
•
Operational Order Seven for Exercise Desert Rock VII and VIII
•
Operational Summary for the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project (AFSWP)
•
Air Mission Summary Report for Shot HOOD
•
AFSWC Final Report of the 4950th Test Group
(Nuclear)
•
AFSWC Operation Plan 1-57
•
Onsite Radiological Safety Report prepared for the NTO by REECo
•
Report of the Test Manager
2
•
Report of the Test Director
•
Personal Interviews.
Frequently, the surviving historical documentation of activities conducted at Shot HOOD addresses test specifications and technical information, rather than the personnel data critical to the study undertaken by the Defense Nuclear Agency. Moreover, instances have arisen in which available historical documentation has revealed inconsistencies in vital factual data, such as the number of DOD participants in a certain project at a given shot or their locations and assignments at a given time. These incon
sistencies in data usually occur between two or more documents, but occasionally appear within the same document. Efforts have been made to resolve these data inconsistencies wherever possible, or to otherwise bring them to the attention of the reader.
ORGANIZATION AND CONTENT OF THE PLUMBBOB SERIES REPORTS
This volume details participation by DOD personnel in Shot HOOD, the sixth detonation of the Operation PLUMBBOB nuclear weapons testing series. Seven other publications address DOD activities during the PLUMBBOB Series:
•
Series Volume: Operation PLUMBBOB Atmospheric Nuclear Weapons Tests, 1957
•
Multi-shot Volume: Shots BOLTZMANN to WILSON, the First Four Tests of the PLUMBBOB Series
•
Shot Volume: Shot PRISCILLA, a Test of the PLUMBBOB Series
•
Multi-shot Volume: Shots DIABLO to FRANKLIN PRIME, the Mid-series PLUMBBOB Tests
•
Shot Volume: Shot SMOKY, a Test of the
PLUMBBOB Series
•
Shot Volume: Shot GALILEO, a Test of the PLUMBBOB Series
3
• Multi-shot Volume: Shots WHEELER to MORGAN, the Final PLUMBBOB Tests.
The volumes addressing the test events of Operation PLUMBBOB have been designed for use with one another and have been organized to avoid repetition of information between volumes. The Series volume contains information which applies to those dimensions of Operation PLUMBBOB which transcend specific events, such as historical background, organizational relationships, and radi
ation-safety procedures. In addition. the Series volume contains a bibliography of works consulted in the preparation of all five Operation PLUMBBOB reports.
The single-shot volumes describe DOD participation in Shots
PRISCILLA, SMOKY, and GALILEO. These volumes have been bound separately because they included substantial numbers of Desert Rock participants. Each multi-shot volume combines shot-specific descriptions for several nuclear events, each involving smaller numbers of DOD personnel. The shot and multi-shot volumes contain bibliographies only of the sources referenced in each text. Descriptions of activities concerning any particular shot
in the PLUMBBOB Series, whether the shot is addressed in a
single-shot volume or in a multi-shot volume, should be supplemented by the general organizational, and radiation-safety information contained in the PLUMBBOB Series volume.
One other important source of information relevant to this report includes the ''Reference Manual: Background Materials for the CONUS Volumes,'' which summarizes information on the physical processes and characteristics of a nuclear detonation, radiation physics, radiation health concepts, exposure criteria, and measurement techniques, as well as listing acronyms and a glossary of terms used in the Nuclear Test Personnel Review
reports addressing test events in the continental U.S.
4
Chapter 1 of this volume describes the physical setting of the HOOD detonation and introduces the Desert Rock maneuvers and those Nevada Test Organization (NTO) diagnostic and scientific
activities in which DOD personnel participated.
Chapter 2 describes the Exercise Desert Rock VII and VIII military projects conducted at Shot HOOD, while chapter 3 describes various training activities, scientific experiments, and support missions conducted at HOOD by the NTO in which DOD personnel took part. These chapters provide information about the number of DOD people involved in specific projects fielded at Shot HOOD, the time spent by project personnel in the test area, and their positions relative to the point of detonation and
areas of radioactivity before, during, and after the test.
Chapter 4 of this volume describes the radiological environment and safety procedures pertinent to Shot HOOD, including
isointensity contour maps illustrating the radiological contamination around ground zero following the detonation, and available shot-specific exposure data for individuals. Details of the
overall radiological protection program at Operation PLUMBBOB are provided in the Series volume.
5
TABLE OF CONTENTS
_Chapter PREFACE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
. . • • • • • • • • • • . . .
LIST OF TABLES • • • • • . • • • • • • . . .
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS . . .
SHOT HOOD SYNOPSIS
. . .
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Setting and Char~cteristics of the
HOOD Detonation .•••••••••
1.2 Department of Defense Scientific,
Operational Training, and Support
Activities at Shot HOOD ..•.••
1.3 Exercise Desert Rock Activities at
Shot HOOD. . • . • • . . . • • • • . .
2 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VII AND VIII OPERATIONSAT SHOT HOOD
2.1 Troop Observer Indoctrination Projectsat Shot HOOD • • • • • • . • • • • . • . . •
2.2 Troop Test Project at Shot HOOD. . . . . . • . .
2.3 Radiological Training Project at Shot HOOD .....
2.4 Technical Service Projects at Shot HOOD. . • ..
3 NEVADA TEST ORGANIZATION OPERATIONS AT SHOT HOOD
3.1 Field Command Weapons Effects Test GroupProjects at Shot HOOD •.•..•...•....•.
3.2 Department of Defense Participation inLASL and UCRL Test Group Projects at Shot HOOD •••
3.3 Department of Defense Participation inCivil Effects Test Group Projects at Shot HOOD •
3.4 Department of Defense Operational Tr~ining
Projects at Shot HOOD •..•..•..
3.5 Air Force Special Weapons Center
Activities at Shot HOOD. . . •.
3.5.1 Cloud Sampling .•.•••..
3.5.2 Courier Missions .•••...
3.5.3 Cloud Tracking •••
3.5.4 Cloud Penetration •.••••
6
Page 1
7
8
9
10
11
12
15
19
22
24264445
48
48 64 65
67
69
7071 7272
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Chapter
3.5.5 Security Sweep Missions • . . . . . 72
3.5.6 Terrain Survey Missions • 73
4 RADIATION PROTECTION AT SHOT HOOD 74
4.1 Film-badge Readings for Participants in Project 52.1,
Marine Brigade Exercise, at Shot HOOD •• 74
4.2 Nevada Test Organization Radiation
Protection Activities at Shot HOOD ••• 79
REFERENCES 88
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1-1 Location of Shot HOOD in the Nevada Test Site,
in Relation to Other Shots in the PLUMBBOB Series • 13 1-2 View of Shot HOOD Detonation. 16 2-1 Desert Rock Project 52.1, Troop Movement Plan 25
2-2 Marines Return to Camp Desert Rock after Shot DIABLO Failed to Detonate Because of Electrical Problems ••• 33 2-3 Aerial View of Trenches to be Occupied by Fourth Marine Corps Atomic Exercise Brigade During Shot HOOD • 36
2-4 Before the HOOD Detonation, Observers Covered Their Eyes and Turned Away from the Shot Site as a Loudspeaker Announced the Countdown • • • . • 38
2-5 The Marine Corps Ontos Vehicle is Shown with the Shot HOOD Cloud in the Background • 40 2-6 Marine Corps Helicopters Landing to Recover Men and Supplies After the Detonation of HOOD • • • • . • • . . 41 2-7 Marines Boarding Helicopter After Shot HOOD • • 42 4-1 Distribution of Total Film Badge Readings, Project 52.1,
Shot HOOD • . • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . . • 76
7'
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (Continued)
4-2 Distribution of Total Film Badge Readings, Project 52.1, Participants with Three Film Badges (Monitors) ••••• 78 4-3 Initial Survey for Shot HOOD, 5 July 1957, Mid-time 0536 • • • • • • • • . • • • • • 81 4-4 Resurvey for Shot HOOD, 5 July 1957, Mid-time 1052. 82 4-5 Resurvey for Shot HOOD, 6 July 1957, Mid-time 0613. 4-6 Resurvey for Shot HOOD, 7 July 1957, Mid-time 0818. 84 4-7 Resurvey for Shot HOOD, 8 July 1957, Mid-time 0658. 85
LIST OF TABLES Table 2-1 Exercise Desert Rock VII and VIII Projects, Shot HOOD • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 23 3-1 Field Command Weapons Effects Test Group Projects, Shot HOOD • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 49 3-2 LASL, UCRL, and CETG Projects with DOD Personnel
Involvement, Shot HOOD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 3-3 DOD Operational Training Projects, Shot HOOD. . . . 67 3-4 AFSWC Air Mission Support, Shot HOOD. . . . . . . . 70
8
The following
AEC
AFB
AFSWC
AFSWP
BJY
CETG
DOD
FCDA
LASL
NTO
NTS
REECo
R/h
UCR.L
USAF
UTM
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
abbreviations and acronyms are used in this volume:
Atomic Energy Commission Air Force Base Air Force Special Weapons Center Armed Forces Special Weapons Project Buster-Jangle "Y" Civil Effects Test Group Department of Defense Federal Civil Defense Administration Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory Nevada Test Organization Nevada Test Site Reynolds Electrical and Engineering Company Roentgen-per-hour University of California Radiation Laboratory United States Air Force Universal Transverse Mercator
9
SHOT HOOD SYNOPSIS
AEC Objective:
DOD Objective:
Weather at Shot Time:
Radiation Exposure History:
AEC Participants:
DOD Participants: To evaluate the nuclear yield and the blast, thermal and radiation phenomena produced by
AEC TEST SERIES: PLUMBBOB
DOD EXERCISES: Desert Rock VII and VIII
DATE/TIME: 0440 Hours, 5 July 1057
YIELD: 74 KT
HEIGHT OF BURST: 1,500 feet (balloon shot)
this nuclear device.
(1) To assess the effects of nuclear
detonations on civilian populations and to evaluate Civil Defense emergency preparedness plans. (2) To evaluate the utility of the device for military applications, and to investigate additional specifications for further nuclear weapons development.
Temperature was 21°C; relative humidity at 19
percent, pressure at 76 millibar. The wind was calm at surface level. At 35,000 feet, the wind was from the southwest about 20 knots and at the top of the cloud at about 30 knots.
Heavy onsite fallout, greater than 0.1 R/h,
was confined to a circular area 2,000 meters from ground zero. Light to moderate fallout, between 0.01 and 0.1 R/h also covered a roughly circular region, extending 2,500 meters from ground zero.
Test Manager's Organization, LASL, UCRL
Exercise Desert Rock Troops, AFSWC, AFSWP,
Federal Civil Defense Administration.
10
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Shot HOOD was a test of a 74-kiloton nuclear device con
ducted at 0440 hours Pacific Daylight Time on 5 July 1957 at the
Nevada Test Site (NTS), the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission conti
nental nuclear test area, located northwest of Las Vegas. HOOD
was the sixth nuclear test of Operation PLUMBBOB, a series of 24
nuclear weapons tests and six safety experiments performed in
Nevada between 24 April and 7 October 1957.
The HOOD nuclear device was sponsored, designed, and built
for the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) by the University of
California Radiation Laboratory (UCRL). The primary objective of
the HOOD event was to evaluate the nuclear yield and the blast,
thermal, and radiation phenomena produced by this nuclear device.
To fulfill this objective, UCRL and the Los Alamos Scientific
Laboratory (LASL) fielded scientific and diagnostic experiments
to study the characteristics of the detonation. Other scientific
experiments were performed by the Armed Forces Special Weapons
Project (AFSWP) of the Department of Defense to determine the
effects of the detonation on military equipment, materiel,
structures, and ordnance.
A number of other activities related to the conditions and phenomena produced by a nuclear detonation were also conducted during the HOOD event. These included the Desert Rock exercises,
operational training projects, and Federal Civil Defense Administration (FCDA) projects.
As part of Exercise Desert Rock VII and VIII, the armed services fielded six projects to evaluate military equipment and tactics. In one project, the Marine Corps conducted a troop maneuver in the test area immediately after the detonation.
This
11
about 2,100 to 2,200 Marines, included
maneuver, which involved helicopter airlifts of assault troops, tactical air support, and air resupply. This operation was the largest single military activity in the PLUMBBOB Series.
In addition to the six Desert Rock projects, the Department of Defense also conducted four operational training projects at HOOD. The Federal Civil Defense Administration conducted another
ten projects to assess the effects of nuclear detonations on
civilian populations and to evaluate Civil Defense emergency preparedness plans. Department of Defense participation in these projects was limited.
Altogether, the various activities at Shot HOOD were grouped into 51 projects. As described in subsequent sections of this chapter, DOD personnel were involved in 34 of these projects.
1.1 SETTING AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HOOD DETONATION
The nuclear device tested at Shot HOOD was suspended from a balloon 1,500 feet above Area 9 at UTM coordinates 852100, * a location in the northeastern part of Yucca Flat. Figure 1-1 shows the location of the HOOD detonation in relation to other shots in the PLUMBBOB Series.
Shot HOOD was originally scheduled for 27 June 1957. When Shot DIABLO, which was planned for 25 June 1957, was delayed by technical difficulties, HOOD was rescheduled for 3 July 1957. Additional difficulties forced a further delay in the HOOD detonation to 5 July.
*Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates are used in this
report. The first three digits refer to a point on an east-west
axis, and the second three refer to a point on a north-south
axis. The point so designated is the southwest corner of
an
area 100 meters square.
12
r --------,---, ~
I 1 I
RAINIER ~ I I I I® p---,I SMOKY I
L 12 ___ .- _ _ ~..J,.....,...--~~--- JOHN
DIABLO WHITNEY SHASTA KEPLER -------1.-.....® ----+--® ---------+1---® :'f-. ---_______...___® ® 10 ~---=--4 \ tO\ ,~~-~,----' 9-,--_l_ .......,I ® I \ LASSEN WILSON / HOOD OWENS WHEELER CHARLESTON MORGAN BOLTZMANN
GALlLEO __________...______,® I~ /STOKES \DOPPLER FRANKLIN PRIME
LA PLACE
/ N.EWTON
~
FRANKLIN
~'-----~
FIZEAU
I I
I I
I
~~:a___1_!J
P I
\.JI
I I I
L6____ _ I
------1 I
II
I
I
PRISCILLA
a;-I
Frenchman I
lake /
5 I
---· ___ ] Camp Mercury
0 10
~!i.
Camp De.ert
I Rock _-)
Kilometers
Figure 1-1: LOCATION OF SHOT HOOD IN THE NEVADA TEST SITE,
IN RELATION TO OTHER SHOTS IN THE PLUMBBOB SERIES
13
At 2230 hours on 4 July 1957, Project 52.1 participants in
the Marine Brigade Exercise moved to the HOOD observation
trenches, 5,000 meters* from ground zero.
These troops includedmembers of the First Marine Division of the Fourth Marine CorpsProvisional Atomic Exercise Brigade.
The Third Light SupportCompany and Desert Rock transport units, which had trucked theMarines to the trench areas, retired to the parking area near theControl Point at Yucca Pass.
Other transportation units were
situated at the vehicle assembly area near the Marine command
post. Three helicopter squadrons of Marine Air Group 36 and
elements of Company G of the Second Battalion, Fifth Marines,
were located at Loading Zone Number One at Yucca Pass.
The airand ground elements of Marine Air Group 15, which was to provideair cover for Project 52.1, operated from the Marine CorpsAuxiliary Air Station at Mojave, California.
An additional 312 military observers were situated either inthe main trenches with the Marines of Project 52.1, or in theobserver area located approximately ten kilometers southeast ofground zero. Diagnostic instruments and project equipment placedearlier by test group personnel were arranged around the HOODshot area. In the air, aircraft positioned themselves for thedetonation.
The HOOD device was detonated at 0440 hours Pacific Daylight
Time on 5 July 1957. At the time of the detonation, the wind wascalm at surface level. At 35,000 feet, +
the wind blew from thesouthwest at 25 knots and at 43 knots at 50,000 feet.
The top of
*Throughout this report, surface distances are given in metric
units. The metric conversion factors include: 1 meter = 3.28
feet;
1 meter= 1.09 yards; and 1 mile= 1.61 kilometers.
Altitudes and other vertical distances are given in feet.
+Altitudes are measured from mean sea level, unless otherwisenoted.
14
the cloud reached an altitude of 48,000 feet (20).* Figure 1-2 shows the HOOD detonation. Shot HOOD yielded 74 kilotons of explosive energy. The residual radiation consisted primarily of neutron-induced activity around g~ound zero. Offsite fallout
from HOOD was minor and occurred in an area north-northeast of the NTS (20).
After the detonation, Project 52.1 personnel began a coor
dinated air-ground maneuver against attack objectives. Marine fighters from the Marine Corps Auxiliary Air Station at Mojave, California, provided air support. This exercise was completed by 1100, at which time the Marines viewed the equipment display area
and then returned to Camp Desert Rock. When the Test Manager declared that conditions were safe, subject to radiological exposure criteria, test group participants began recovering scientific and technical instruments from the area around ground
zero. Meanwhile, AFSWC pilots conducted cloud-sampling and
cloud-tracking missions.
1.2 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE SCIENTIFIC, OPERATIONAL TRAINING, AND SUPPORT ACTIVITIES AT SHOT HOOD
The Nevada Test Organization (NTO) was established for planning, coordinating, and conducting atmospheric nuclear weapons tests during Oper!ition PLUMBBOB. All activities of the NTO were under the overall control of an AEC-appointed Test Manager, assisted by the Test Director. The NTO was comprised of personnel from the Atomic Energy Commission, the Department of Defense, and the Federal Civil Defense Administration, and included representatives from the AFSWP Weapons Effects Test Group (WBTG),
*All sources cited in the text are listed alphabetically and numbered in the Reference List, appended to this volume. The number given in the citation in the text is the number of the source document in the Reference List.
15
2
0
.....
<( 2
0
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w
c c
0
0
:I:
.....
0
:I:
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0
3:
w
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the LASL Test Group, the UCRL Test Group, and the FCDA Civil Effects Test Group (CETG). These test groups conducted 41 military effects and diagnostic projects at Shot HOOD. More than half of these projects included DOD participation. Four other projects were performed by Air Force and Marine personnel as part of the DOD operational training program.
Personnel from DOD agencies and all four armed services participated in the experiments conducted by the four test groups, whose activities were coordinated by the Test Director. The largest such DOD involvement was in the 18 military effects projects of the Weapons Effects Test Group. DOD personnel also assisted in eight of the projects conducted by the other test groups, but DOD participation in these eight projects was limited. Participants in the scientific and diagnostic experiments placed data-collection instruments around the point of detonation in the days and weeks preceding the scheduled event. After the detonation, when the Test Manager had determined that the radiological environment in the test area would permit limited access, participants recovered instruments and equipment. About 250 people took part in the projects conducted by the WETG, and less than 15 assisted in those conducted by LASL, UCRL, and CETG.
The operational training projects, which involved about 14 Air Force personnel and 19 Marines, were designed to test service tactics and equipment and to train military personnel in the effects of a nuclear detonation. Three of these projects required aircrews to fly their aircraft in the vicinity of the Nevada Test Site at the time of the detonation to observe or photograph the fireball and the rise of the resulting nuclear cloud. The fourth project evaluated the accuracy of bomb damage assessment equipment inside an aircraft. These projects, like those of the test groups, were approved and coordinated by the Test Director.
17
In addition to those people involved in experiments ~nd tr~ining, staff and support personnel, including Air Force Special Weapons Center (AFSWC) personnel flying special missions for the Test Manager, provided necessary services to other participants at the test site. A total of about 500 DOD people were involved in these activities.
One important support function during Shot HOOD was provided by the Air Force Special Weapons Center (AFSWC), based at Kirtland Air Force Base (AFB), New Mexico. This group, which included about 200 air and ground personnel, provided air support to the Test Manager and to three test group projects. During Operation PLUMBBOB, AFSWC was comprised of units from the 4950th Test Group (Nuclear), including the 4926th Test Squadron (Sampling) ann the 4935th Air Base Squadron. Support was also provided by the 4900th Air Base Group. A total of 493 airmen and 23 officers of the 4950th were stationed at Indian Springs AFB (17). These units operated from Indian Springs Air Force Base, 38 kilometers southeast of the NTS. Support was also provided by the 4900th Air Base Group at Kirtland AFB. For HOOD, AFSWC performed several missions, including aircraft control, security sweeps, cloud-sampling, cloud-tracking and penetration, a radio relay, terrain surveys, and courier services.
To minimize exposure to ionizing radiation, radiation protection procedures were established by the Nevada Test Organization. Participants were to receive no more then three roentgens of whole-body gamma radiation for any 13-week period and five roentgens of whole-body gamma radiation annually. To ensure these criteria were followed, access to contaminated areas was rigidly controlled, and project personnel recovering test instruments from highly contaminated areas were accompanied by radiological safety monitors. The monitors, who continuously checked the radiation intensity in the recovery area, had the authority to order a halt to recovery operations if intensities were too
18
great or the length of time in the area were too long. Project personnel were issued film badges to wear at all times when in the test area. These film badges were collected, developed, and evaluated at regular intervals. Any individuRl whose accumulated exposure exceeded or would be expected to exceed the established limits was barred from further participation in project activities in the test area. Although not implemented during PLUMBBOB, emergency evacuation procedures were prepared for all test events (46).
With one exception, the radiation protection procedures for the Air Force Special Weapons Center aircrew and ground-crew personnel were the same as those established for the NTO. As the single exception, the Test Manager authorized cloud sampler pilots to receive up to a total of 7.5 roentgens of gamma radiation annually. Complete decontamination, including showers and changes of clothing, was required of all aircrew members following each project mission, regardless of the exposure received on the flight. Aircraft were either decontaminated by washing or were isolated until radiation intensities had decayed to predetermined levels.
This report on Shot HOOD documents the activities of these DOD personnel before, during, and after the detonation on 5 July 1957. These descriptions focus on the potential for exposure to ionizing radiation during the performance of assigned duties.
1.3 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK ACTIVITIES AT SHOT HOOD Over 3,000 DOD personnel participated in the eight projects at Shot HOOD of Exercise Desert Rock VII and VIII, the Army testing and training program conducted during Operation PLUMBBOB. These projects included two troop observer and indoctrination
projects, one troop test, two radiological training projects, and three technical service projects.
19
The largest group of participants was the 2,100 Marines of the Fourth Marine Corps Provisional Atomic Exercise Brigade who performed the Marine Brigade Exercise. This project tested a task force assault on an objective in the vicinity of a nuclear detonation.
Another 970 individuals took part in the other seven Exercise Desert Rock projects. These projects involved exposing military equipment to a detonation to evaluate the damage sustained, and testing military equipment and techniques for detecting nuclear bursts and fallout, and training military personnel.
In addition to the Desert Rock exercise troops, about 2,000 support troops from various Army units maintained and operated Camp Desert Rock, providing transportation, communications, engineering, administrative, and security services. Of these Desert Rock Stlpport troops, some worked in the forward area of the Nevada Test Site to construct observer positions, lay communication lines, provide transportation and security, and assist in preparing for the Desert Rock projects. Soldiers from the 50th Chemical Platoon served as radiation-safety monitors for Desert Rock project personnel during nuclear test events.
Radiation protection procedures at Exercise Desert Rock, as well as those of the Nevada Test Organization, are detailed in the PLUMBBOB Series volume. The procedures were designed to minimize potential exposure to ionizing radiation while allowing participants to accomplish their project objectives. Camp Desert Rock support personnel and exercise participants were limited to no more than five roentgens of whole-body gamma radiation during any six-month period. The radiation protection procedures of Exercise Desert Rock included provisions for (28):
• Maintaining minimum safe distances from n11clear
detonations
20
•
Enforcing protective procedures for personnel
observing the detonation
•
Controlling access to contaminated areas
•
Monitoring individuals working in contaminated areas
•
Film-badging Desert Rock personnel and monitoring the cumulative exposure of Desert Rock personnel
•
Decontaminating all equipment and personnel leaving the test area after the detonation.
Members of the Fourth Marine Corps Provisional Atomic Exercise Brigade witnessed the detonation from trenches 4,570 meters southwest of ground zero. Heavy onsite fallout, greater
than 0.1 R/h, was confined to a circular area 2,000 meters from ground zero. Light to moderate fallout, between 0.01 and 0.1 R/h also covered a roughly circular region, extending 2,500 meters from ground zero. Marines traveled as close to ground zero as the 5.0 R/h area, probably about 1,000 meters from ground zero. They remained in that area about ten minutes.
This report documents the activities of the Desert Rock
troops and other DOD personnel who participated in Shot HOOD. The activities of Desert Rock and NTO support personnel are detailed in the PLUMBBOB Series volume.
21
CHAPTER 2
EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VII AND VIII OPERATIONS AT SHOT HOOD
Department of Defense personnel participated in six Exercise Desert Rock VII and VIII projects at Shot HOOD. The principalconcern throughout this chapter is with the Desert Rock activities that may have exposed participants to ionizing radiation before, during, and after the detonation. In all, about 3,000 individuals took part in the Desert Rock exercises atHOOD. Of these, approximately 2,100 to 2,200 participated in asingle project, the Marine Brigade Exercise.
This chapter focuses on the troops assigned to Exercise Desert Rock VII and VIII to participate in HOOD. These individuals took part in one of four programs:
the Troop Observer Indoctrination Program, the Troop Test Program, the Radiological Training Program, or the Technical Service Program. The Troop Observer Indoctrination Program was designed to train
armed services personnel in the effects of a nuclear detonation.The Troop Test Program was designed to test military tactics anddoctrine, and to train command staff personnel in planning andconducting combat operations under the conditions anticipated fora nuclear battlefield. The Radiological Training Programprovided practice in the application of radiological protectionprocedures under conditions similar to those anticipated for anuclear battlefield. The Technical Service Program tested the
effects of nuclear weapons on ordnance materiel, fortifications, structures, and equipment, as well as testing techniques for
detecting nuclear detonations.
Table 2-1 displays the Desert Rock programs and their subordinate projects conducted at Shot HOOD, and includes the numberof DOD personnel who took part in each.
22
Table 2-1: EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VII AND VIII PROJECTS, SHOT HOOD
Program Type Project
Troop Observer 50.2
Indoctrination
53.3
Troop Test 52.1
Radiological Training 53.4
Technical Service 50.3
50.7
50.8
Title
Troop Observers
Aircrew Observers
Marine Brigade Exercise
Radiological Defense Training
Sixth Army Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Defense Training
Evaluation of Medium Range Detonation-detection and Cloud Tracking Systems
Test of Ordnance Material
Detection of Atomic Burst and Radioactive Fallout
Estimated
Number of
DOD
Personnel
312
5
2,1002,200
36
24
25
10
557
Participants
Army; Navy; United Kingdom Military Personnel
Air Force
Fourth Marine Corps Provisional Atomic Exercise Brigade
Radiological Defense School, Lowery AFB, Denver, Colorado
Sixth Army
Army Signal Research and Development Laboratories
Ballistic Research Laboratories; Continental Army Command; Detroit Arsenal
Army Artillery and Guided Missile School; Chemical Corps; Air Defense Board; Artillery Board; Air Weather Service
23
2.1 TROOP OBSERVER INDOCTRINATION PROJECTS AT SHOT HOOD
Two troop observer indoctrination projects were conducted at Shot HOOD: Project 50.2, Troop Observers and Project 51.3, Aircrew Observers. Project 50.2 engaged 312 observers: 308 from the Army, one from the Navy, two from the military of the United Kingdom, and one civilian whose agency is unknown (28). Project
53.3 included five people from the Air Force.
The observers arrived at Camp Desert Rock about three days before the scheduled detonation of Shot HOOD. Two days before the shot, the observers received an eight-hour preshot orientation course. In the morning of the day before the shot, the observers were briefed on observation procedures and, that afternoon, were escorted on a tour of the NTS (28).
On shot-day, the observers viewed the detonation either from the main trenches where the Marines of Project 52.1 were situated, or from an observer area located 10 kilometers southwest of ground zero (28). From one to three hours after the detonation, they inspected the equipment in the Project 52.1 display area, located between 240 meters and 2,170 meters from ground zero. Figure 2-1 indicates the locations of the observer and the equipment display areas.
Available documentation is unclear as to whether Project 52.2, the Marine observer project, also occurred at Shot HOOD. The Army's Final Report of Operations states that Project 52.2 took place at HOOD. The same report, however, does not list Project 52.2 in its table of participants of Exercise Desert Rock events. The HOOD Operation Order also does not mention Project
52.2 (24). Film-badge data from Project 52.1 does list 44 Marine observers at Shot HOOD, and these men, most of whom were officers, may have actually participated in Project 52.1.
24
Marine
Equipment
Display Area
Landing
N
Zone Pink
0GZ
Objective AL~ Loading Zone
. ~-U-·-. Two \'
Landmg Zone Bl~e\ -·.:::j ( \
,Q v-·-·-·-· Trench~
Objective sv Command =~~a Observer Area ,
'
Area
Vehicled
Assembly \i
Area
tl tl
tl
Parking Area
Loading Zone One (Yucca Pass)
To Camps Desert Rock and Mercury
Legend:
Helicopter Approach
Helicopter Troop Lift
Kilometers
0 5
Figure 2-1: DESERT ROCK PROJECT 52.1, TROOP MOVEMENT PLAN
25
The Army's Final Report of Operations lists the particip~tion of 299 Camp Desert Rock support troops at Shot HOOD (28). The manner of their involvement is unknown, although they probably observed the shot from News Nob, near the Control Point.
2.2 TROOP TEST PROJ8CT AT SHOT HOOD
The only troop test conducted at Shot HOOD was Project 52.1, the Marine Brigade Exercise. The largest exercise ever performed at the NTS, this project engaged 2,100 to 2,200 members of the Fourth Marine Corps Provisional Atomic Exercise Brigade. Because the Marine Corps After Action Summary Report for Project 52.1 cannot be found, this estimate was derived by a series of calculations. In order to determine the participating units, Marine Corps researchers studied shots with similar activities, such as that of the Third Marine Corps Provisional ~tomic Exercise Brigade at Shot BEE, Operation TEAPOT. This study yielded a list of those units that probably took part in the Marine Brigade Exercise at HOOD. A search through the unit diaries for thes2 units revealed that they had been present at the shot. In addition, those diaries indicated the men who had been temporarily assigned to Camp Desert Rock to take part in HOOD. The unit diaries were cross-checked against muster rolls for the units and against the listing of individuals who had been issued film badges for the time period encompassing the July 5 detonation of Shot HOOD (25). Researchers concluded that, in addition to the participating Marines, about 300 members of the Camp Desert Rock support units, most of whom were drivers from Transportation Corps units which convoyed the Marines to and from the forward area, were onsite with the project participants.
The principal participating units were from the First Marine Division, Camp Pendleton, California, and the Third Marine Air Wing from the Marine Corps Air Station, Santa Ana, California.
26
The table on the next page gives the subunits of the Fourth Marine Corps Provisional Atomic Exercise Brigade, which participated in Project 52.1 at the Nevada Test Site.
Little documentation exists for Project 52.1 at Shot HOOD. An extensive search of the following offices and repositories yielded limited information on project activities:
•
Commandant of the Marine Corps, Washington, D.C.
•
Marine Corps Historical Center, Washington, D.C.
•
Operations Section, Camp Lejeune, North Carolina
•
Operations Section, Camp Pendleton, California
•
Defense Documentation Center, Alexandria,
Virginia
•
Defense Nuclear Agency Technical Library,
Alexandria, Virginia
•
Federal Records Center, Laguna, California
•
Federal Records Center, Mechanicsburg,
Pennsylvania
•
Federal Records Center, San Bruno, California
•
Marine Nuclear Test Personnel Review, Washington,
D.C.
•
Fleet Marine Force Pacific, Honolulu, Hawaii
•
Fleet Marine Force Atlantic, Norfolk, Virginia
•
Navy War College, Newport, Rhode Island
•
Federal Records Center, East Point, Georgia
•
Technical Information Library, Department of
Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
•
National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis,
~issouri
• Chief of Naval Operations, Washington, D.C.
• Federal Records Center, Kansas City, ~issouri.
27
Participating Unit
First Marine Division
Headquarters Company, Headquarters Battalion Support Company, 1st Pioneer Battalion Company A, 3rd Amphibian Tractor Battalion Company A, 1st Anti-tank Battalion 1st Hospital Company, 1st Medical Battalion Company B, 1st Motor Transport Division Company C, 3rd Amphibian Tractor Battalion Company D, 1st Medical Battalion Company E, 2nd Battalion, 5th Marine Regiment Company F, 2nd Battalion, 5th Marine Regiment Company G, 2nd Battalion, 5th Marine Regiment Company H, 2nd Battalion, 5th Marine Regiment Headquarters and Service Company, 2nd Battalion, 5th Marine
Regiment Headquarters and Service Company, 1st Service Regiment, 1st Marine Division 1st Light Support Company, 1st Service Battalion, 1st Marine Division 3rd Light Support Company, 1st Service Battalion, 1st Marine Division 3rd Amphibian Truck Company, 3rd Amphibian Tractor Battalion, 1st Marine Division
Third Marine Aircraft Wing
Headquarters and Headquarters Squadron 33, Marine Aircraft Group 33 Headquarters and Maintenance Squadron 36, Marine Light Helicopter Transport Group 36 Marine Light Helicopter Transport Squadron 361, Marine Light Helicopter Transport Group 36 Marine Light Helicopter Transport Squadron 362, Marine Light Helicopter Transport Group 36 Marine Light Helicopter Transport Squadron 363, Marine Light Helicopter Transport Group 36 Marine Air Base Squadron 36, Marine Light Helicopter Transport Group 36 Marine Air Support Squadron 3, Marine Wing Headquarters
Group Marine Attack Squadron 223, Marine Aircraft Group 15 Marine Observation Squadron 6, Marine Light Helicopter
Transport Group 36
28
The Archives of the Commandant of the M~rine Corps, located at
Marine Corps Headquarters in Washington, D.C., and the History and Museums Division, located at the Marine Corps Historical Center in the Washington Navy Yard, produced most of the information used to describe Project 52.1. Records with substantial information on Marine Corps activities at Desert Rock were stored in the classified archives of Fleet Marine Force Pacific, which was a superior authority of the Fourth Marine Corps Provisional Atomic Exercise Brigade. These records were destroyed in 1960, when the Fleet Marine Force Pacific disbanded
its San Francisco records repository (4ti).
Through document movement orders found at Marine Corps Head
quarters, other potentially relevant documents were traced to the Federal Records Centers in Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania, and Laguna, California. These repositories could only verify that the documents had been destroyed. Telephone interviews were conducted with members of the Operations Sections of Camp
Pendleton, the home base of the Fourth Marine Corps Provisional
Atomic Exercise Brigade, and of Camp Lejeune, the point of origin of several Marine Corps units that participated in Project 52.1. These interviews uncovered little additional documentation.
The most important missing document for Project 52.1 at Shot HOOD is the Marine Corps After Action Summary Report. The Marine Corps Equipment Officer at Shot HOOD recalls in the weeks after HOOD drafting sections of an after action summary. However, the Commander of the Fourth Marine Corps Provisional Atomic Exercise Brigade does not recall receiving a completed report (33). Available Army after action reports on Shot HOOD include only cursory descriptions of Marine activities.
One document that has been located for Project 52.1 is the project schedule of events, which was probably an annex to the
29
Marine Corps Operation Plan for Shot HOOD. This planning docu
ment presents one of the few available detailed descriptions of
Project 52.1 at HOOD. Normally such a document would be used to
corroborate events described in an after action report. The
unavailability of such an after action report has necessitated
the use of the schedule of events in describing Project 52.1.
Interviews with HOOD participants are used to verify the events
listed in the schedule of events.
Most of the other records available on Project 52.1 at Shot
HOOD are operation orders, which also describe planned activi
ties. However, without the Marine Corps after action report,
there is little possibility of verifying whether these planned
activities were in fact conducted and how their performance varied from the plans. This problem was also resolved in part by the use of interviews with project participants. Despite the
uncertainties in personal recollection over 23 years that such an approach may generate, this is the only way to verify Marine Corps activities planned for Shot HOOD.
Project 52.1 had five objectives (28):
•
To train command and staff personnel in planningand implementing operations necessitated bynuclear fires
•
To formulate new tactics and techniques relative to nuclear fires
•
To acquaint personnel with the effects of nuclear weapons
•
To test and evaluate U.S. military doctrine
concerning nuclear warfare
•
To familiarize personnel with passive defense measures against the effects of nuclear weapons.
Project 52.1 participation was planned so that some of the troops took part in a command post exercise, and others in a troop maneuver. The command post exercise was to start at noon
30
on the day before the shot and conclude no later than one hour before the detonation. Participants in the command post exercise would then join the rest of the Marines in observation trenches and await the detonation. Following the detonation, command post exercise personnel were to be transported to an equipment display area to view the effects of the nuclear detonation on Marine equipment and uniforms.
The troop maneuver was a postshot exercise that involved the coordination of.an air-ground assault by a reinforced Marine battalion against a military objective. For safety reasons, the objective was located far from ground zero. Most Marine participants were to witness the shot from observation trenches in the forward area. Elements of one company, however, would observe the detonation from Loading Zone One with the helicopter squadrons. After the detonation, the helicopters were to transport these troops from Loading Zone One, as well as three companies and one artillery battery and the remainder of the first company from positions near the observation trenches, to landing zones near the attack objective. A ground assault on the objective, supported by artillery and tactical aircraft, would follow the airlift. In the meantime, a fourth company would march toward ground zero until it reached the radiological safety limit. That company would then return to the observation trenches, board helicopters for the airlift, and join the ground attack on the objective. A fifth company would be transported by vehicles to the attack objectives. After the ground assault was completed, all five Marine companies would be transported to the equipment display area to view the effects of the detonation.
' Originally, Project 52.1 was scheduled to take place during Shot DIABLO, on 27 June 1957, and the Fourth Marine Corps Provisional Atomic Exercise Brigade arrived at Camp Desert Rock on 19 and 20 June 1957. After orientation, a full rehearsal of the troop maneuvers planned for 27 June was held on 20-21 June in the
31
DIABLO exercise area. On 24 June, 311 officers and enlisted men from the Fourth Marine Corps Provisional Atomic Exercise Brigade observed Shot PRISCILLA (28). On 26 June, DIABLO was rescheduled
for 28 June.
The Marines began their command post exercise at 1200 hours
on 27 June and completed it at 0300 on 2H June. The command post
exercise personnel were then transported to the trenches to
observe DIABLO with the rest of the Fourth Marine Corps Provi
sional Atomic Exercise Brigade. At 0430 on 28 June, DIABLO
failed to detonate because of electrical problems, and the
Marines returned to Camp Desert Rock, as shown in figure 2-2.
Shot DIABLO was eventually rescheduled for 12 July 1957.
Because this delay would prolong the Marines' stay at Camp Desert
Rock, it was decided to have the Fourth Marine Corps Provisonal
Atomic Exercise Brigade perf6rm their troop test at Shot HOOD,
scheduled for 3 July. Because of weather problems, HOOD
was postponed and rescheduled for 0440 on 5 July.
Several exercise facilities were modified to accommodate the high yield anticipated for Shot HOOD. The observation
trenches for HOOD had to be quickly enlarged, since original plans for the shot did not call for the Fourth Marine Provisional Brigade to use them. The new trenches were 1.7 meters deep, and were located about 5,000 meters southwest of the HOOD ground zero (28). In addition, the DIABLO equipment displ~y was moved to the HOOD ground zero area.
~ources differ as to the location of the Marine equipment display area. An Exercise Desert Rock operation map (24) places it northeast of ground zero, as shown in figure 2-1. The total distances from ground zero to the end of the display area would
then be about 4,230 meters. This placement would have situated
32
w
w
Figure 2-2: MARINES RETURN TO CAMP DESERT ROCK AFTER SHOT DIABLO FAILED TO DETONATE BECAUSE OF ELECTRICAL PROBLEMS
the rear part of the display area in the foothills of the mountains northeast of HOOD shot-area. The Marine Brigade Equipment Officer who assembled the display questions this placement. In an interview, he recalled the display being entirely in flat terrain. Hilly terrain, he indicated, would have deflected the blast and would have had an adverse effect on the data the Marine Corps hoped to obtain from exposing equipment to Shot HOOD (35). He suggested that the display area was actually north-northwest of the HOOD ground zero, where the terrain is flat.
The equipment display was designed to illustrate the effect of a nuclear detonation on Marine equipment and personnel.* The planned display area was probably 90 meters wide and extended to about 5,000 meters from ground zero, as shown in figure 2-1. The equipment, placed from 240 to 2,170 meters from ground zero, consisted of 69 pieces ranging from trucks and rocket launchers to telephones and radios . Four groups of four mannequins each were placed in various stances at distances ranging from about 3,800 meters to 5,000 meters from the shot-area (26).
According to the Operation Order, the troop maneuver portion of Project 52.1 began at 2230 on 4 July. Because the command post exercise had been performed at DIABLO, it was not repeated at HOOD. The command post exercise participants were trucked with the maneuver troops to the trenches to observe Shot HOOD. Except for elements of G Company, the maneuver troops of the Second Battalion, Fifth Marines, left Camp Desert Rock in a fiveunit march column commanded by the Motor Transport Officer of Exercise Desert Rock (9; 13; 44). The first march column reached the trenches at 2353 on 4 July, and the last arrived at
*The description of the display area is of the planned DIABLO display scaled to the HOOD shot conditions.
34
0045 on 5 July (24, Annex G). The trench area occupied by the
Marines is shown in figure 2-3. The convoy vehicles r.etired to
the parking area southeast of the command post on Mercury
Highway, arriving 0133, awaited the HOOD
there by and detonation. The remainder of G Company were trucked to Loading Zone One at Yucca Pass (27).
Three helicopter squadrons, each consisting of eight
helicopters of the Marine Air Group 36, left Camp Desert Rock at
2230 hours on 4 July for the trench area and they arrived at
Loading Zone One, near the Yucca Pass airstrip, at about 2345
hours to aw~it the detonation (6). Because it is unlikely that
the helicopters would have flown at night, they probably left
Camp Desert Rock before sunset and arrived at Loading Zone One
approximately ten minutes later. This assumption has been
corroborated by Marine helicopter pilots (13; 38).
According to the Project 52.1 schedule of events, personnel were in their assigned trenches at least 30 minutes before the detonation. The Marines were apparently positioned at H-hour as follows (27):
•
Second Battalion, Fifth Marines, less the attached units, and the Headquarters Battalion in the trenches
•
Detachments of the First Motor Transport Battalion,
the Third Amtrac Battalion, and the First Anti-tank Battalion at the vehicle assembly area southeast of the command post exercise area
•
The Third Light Support Company and Desert Rock
transport unit at the parking area on Mercury
Highway
• Marine Helicopter Squadrons 361, 362, and 363 of M~rine Air Group 36, Tnird Marine Air Wing, and G Company at Loading Zone One at Yucca Pass.
The Location of Marine Observation Squadron 6 of the Marine Air
Group 36 and the Marine Wing Headquarters Group has not been documented, but it can be assumed they were with the rest of the Third Marine Air Wing at Loading Zone One.
35
w
0'
Figure 2-3: AERIAL VIEW OF TRENCHES TO BE OCCUPIED BY FOURTH MARINE CORPS ATOMIC EXERCISE BRIGADE DURING SHOT HOOD
As a loudspeaker announced the countdown, observers covered their eyes and turned away from the detonation, as shown in figure 2-4. ~t 0440, Shot HOOD was detonated. The thermal discharge of the device ignited many brush fires and the blast wave caused some of the observation trenches to collapse. In the mining communities north of the NTS, windows shattered and buildings shook. The light from the detonation was seen in San Francisco, and the blast was felt in Los Angeles.
Fifteen minutes after the detonation (0455), the maneuver troops left their trenches. With the exception of E Company, the Second Battalion, Fifth Marines, marched westward to Loading Zone Number Two, shown in figure 2-1, to wait for the helicopter airlift. In the meantime, Company E, led by its commanding officer and executive officer, formed two columns and marched northeast toward ground zero. Company E was preceded and accompanied by radiological safety monitors who measured the levels of radioactivity encountered. When Company E approached the 5 R/h* safety limit, they stopped and spent five to ten minutes in the area. They then marched back to Loading Zone Two near the observation trenches, arriving there at 0700 hours. The distance of the 5 R/h safety limit from ground zero has b een estimated at 360 meters by both participants (34) and an Army document (28). This estimate is questionable, however, because both radiological safety surveys and calculations of the unit rate of advance would place the 5 R/h line about 1,000 meters from ground zero (39) .
At 0525, while Company E was on its march, parts of the Third Amtrac Battalion, preceded by Ontos vehicles of the First Anti-tank Battalion, left the vehicle assembly area and traveled to Loading Zone Number Two, where they picked up Company H and
*Roentgens-per-hour.
37
w
00
)
'
...
Figure 2-4: BEFORE THE HOOD DETONATION, OBSERVERS COVERED THEIR EYES AND
TURNED AWAY FROM THE SHOT SITE AS A LOUDSPEAKER ANNOUNCED
THE COUNTDOWN
transported them to Objective ALF4. Figure 2-5 shows one of the
Ontos anti-tank vehicles. By 0700, Company H had attained its attack position and was conducting a ground assault against Objective ALFA, shown in figure 2-1 (27).
Because dust obscured t he loading zone ne~r the trenches,
the helicopters were unable to leave Yucca Pass until 85 minutes after the detonation at 0605. At 0615, the helicopters landed at Loading Zone Number Two, as shown in figure 2-6, and began the airlift of Companies H+S and F. Figure 2-7 shows Marines
boarding one of the helicopters. Elements of Company G boarded at Loading Zone One and were transported directly to the landing zone. Company E joined the airlift when it returned from its march toward ground zero at 0700 (27; 34).
The helicopters carried Company G to Landing Zone Blue, depicted in figure 2-1. Companies H+S, F, and E, and E Battery were flown to Landing Zone Pink, also shown in figure 2-1 . The airlift from Loading Zone Two to the two landing zones, Blue and Pink, was completed by 0821 ( 27).
The helicopters were of the HRS-3 and the HUS types. Each
had a crew of three: two pil ots and a crew chief. In addition , each carried five to s e ven Marines for this mission (13; 30; 38 ; 44). Since a round-trip required about 11 minutes, the airlift should have been comple ted in about two hours and six ~inutes, or
at 0821.
During the airlift, air support was provided by 24 F9F
aircraft of Marine Attack Squadron 223, Marine Air Group 15 from the Marine Corps Air Station at ~ojave, California. The first of these aircraft, each flown by one pilot, arrived at the NTS at
0510. The aircraft provided close air support to the attack. The fighters, flying in groups of four, shuttled between Mojave and the NTS for approximately seven hours (3) and returned
39
Figure 2-5: THE MARINE CORPS ONTOS VEHICLE IS SHOWN WITH THE SHOT HOOD CLOUD IN THE BACKGROUND
40
.p
,_.
Figure 2-6: MARINE CORPS HELICOPTERS LANDING "U> RECOVER MEN AND SUPPLIES AFTER THE DETONATION OF HOOD
0 0
0
:t 1
0
:t
en
a:
w
t
<t
en
a:
w
I
ll. 0
u
::::i
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:t
(!)
z
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,.....
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to Mojave where they were decontaminated by MAG 15 ground
personnel. Details of the decontamination procedure are not
known.
Upon their arrival at Landing Zone Pink, Company F joined Company H in the attack against Objective ALFA, while Companies H+S and E and E Battery remained at Landing Zone Pink to back up the attacking companies. Upon landing at Landing Zone Blue, the remaining unit, Company G, also attacked Objective ALFA (6).
According to one participant, Company G had about 30 "casualties" due to heat ·~xhaustion. These men were taken to a special assembly area by helicopter and allowed to rest for one hour. At that time, they marched to the helicopter landing zone area to wait for the end of the assault (30).
When the objective was attained at 1100, the tactical exercise was concluded and the helicopters returned to Camp Desert Rock. The Third Amtrac Battalion and First Anti-tank Battalion withdrew from Objective ALFA to the vehicle assembly area and their personnel were transported by the First Motor
Transport Battalion to the Marine equipment display area. The Second Battalion, Fifth Marines, was transported eastward from the assault areas to the nearest road. From there, they were probably trucked to the equipment display area, which they viewed at about 1300 hours (27). They had left the trenches at approximately 0500 hours, viewed the display area, and returned to Camp
Desert Rock at 0700 (27; 24). By that time, many of the observers had already seen the equipment display area.
The exact number of groups viewing the display area is not known. The Equipment Officer, who belonged to the G-3 Section of Headquarters Battalion, First Marine Division, guided observers and troops through the equipment display area. According to the Equipment Officer, some of the senior officer observers, not
43
heeding the warnings of the monitors, may have advanced beyond the 5 R/h line established within the display area (35).
All Marine personnel who participated in Project 52.1 passed
through the decontamination station at Yucca Pass, as did the other participants at Shot HOOD. There is no documentation of any special problems in decontaminating the Marines. The radi
ological safety measures used to protect the Marine participants in Project 52.1 are discussed in chapter 4.
2.3 RADIOLOGICAL TRAINING PROJECT AT SHOT HOOD
The two radiological training projects conducted at Shot HOOD were Air Force Project 53.4, Radiological Defense Training, and the Sixth Army Chemical, Radiological, and Biological Defense Training, which was an unnumbered project.
Thirty-six members of the Air Force Radiological Defense School, located at Lowry AFB in Denver, Colorado, participated in the Air Force project. After the detonation, which the part~c±pants viewed from the 50th Chemical Platoon Decontamination Station at Yucca Pass (28), a representative from the 50th Chemical Platoon escorted the 36 project participants to a specially selected area near ground zero. The participants reported radiation intensities at designated markers. These readings were reported to control stations by radio and fixed on a map. The radiological safety representative remained with the project participants to enforce radiological protection procedures and to give technical assistance when needed.
The Sixth Army appears to have conducted its monitoring
project at Shot HOOD. Although no detailed final report has been located, dosimetry records indicate participation by two chemical, biological, and radiological defense teams, consisting
of twelve men each. The teams originated from Camp Hanford, Washington, and Fort Mason, California (4; 39).
44
2.4 TECHNICAL SERVICE PROJECTS AT SHOT HOOD
The Department of the Army conducted three technical service 2-1. The DOD personnel
projects at Shot HOOD, as listed in table who took p~rt in these projects at Shot HOOD also performed them at other PLUMBBOB shots. Therefore, these participants were at the NTS performing project activities both before and after Shot HOOD.
Project 50.3, Evaluation of Medium Range DetonationArmy
detection and Cloud Tracking Systems, was fielded by the Signal Research and Development Laboratories of Fort Monmouth, New Jersey. The project was designed, first, to test the capacity of Army radar equipment in detecting nuclear detonations
and tracking radioactive clouds and, second, to examine Army
fallout prediction methods. For Shot HOOD, Project 50.3 required the use of three radar sets located at unknown distances from ground zero. A total of 25 Army personnel were directly involved in this project (28), as well as an unspecified number of additional military personnel attached to the Fallout Prediction
Unit, part of the Test Manager's organization headquartered at Camp Mercury. This unit operated from an M-109 mobile van, situated next to the weather station at Camp Mercury, to gather
data and estimate the direction of fallout.
Project 50.7, Test of Ordnance Materiel, sponsored by Ballistic Research Laboratories, had four subprojects, three of which were conducted at Shot HOOD:
•
Vehicle Damage Test
•
Radiation Test
•
Foxhole Test.
The Vehicle Damage Test was performed by the Detroit Arsenal
and was designed to measure the effects of a nuclear detonation on vehicles situated near ground zero. Five days before Shot HOOD, Desert Rock personnel positioned three tanks, four
45
hemispheres of conventional and experimental types of tank armor, and three light-armored vehicles 900 meters southeast of the HOOD shot-area. They placed another light-armored vehicle 720 meters southeast of the area. Like the Marine equipment display associated with Project 52.1, these vehicle displays were studied after the detonation, when radiation levels permitted (28).
In the Radiation Test, fielded by the Ballistic Research
Laboratories, the four hemispheres were exposed to the ionizing
radiation of Shot HOOD. Four participants from Field Command
Weapons Effects Test Group Project 2.4 equipped the three M-48
tanks, which would be exposed to the blast, with radiation
detecting gauges for measuring gamma and neutron radiation.
Following the shot, six project personnel aided Desert Rock
personnel in compiling dosimetry readings from this subproject
(28).
The Foxhole Test, fielded by the Continental Army Command, was designed to evaluate the protection afforded by positioning tanks over three revetted and three unrevetted foxholes. These
foxholes were located 900 meters north of ground zero (28).
Project 50.8, Detection of Atomic Burst and Radioactive Fallout, was conducted by the Army Artillery and Guided Missile School, with support from the Chemical Corps, the Air Defense Board, the Artillery Board, and the Air Weather Service. The chief purpose of the project was to assess how well equipment found in a typical Army unit could determine the location, height of burst, and yield of a nuclear detonation. At Shot HOOD, the
project involved 557 Army participants: 59 officers and 498 enlisted men. ?articipants of Project 50.8 included (28):
•
One field artillery observation battery
•
Three field artillery meteorological sections
46
•
One tactical support center detachment
•
One fire support coordination center detachment
•
One Army aviation detachment
•
One Air Weather Service detachment
•
Sixth Army Chemical Corps monitoring parties
(three aerial, three ground)
•
One Army Chemical Corps radiological monitoring control p~rty
•
One Army Air Defense Board test and evaluation
unit
•
One Army Artillery Board test and evaluation
group
•
One Test Director detachment.
The participants worked at distances between 10 and 80 kilometers from ground zero~
Part of Project 50.8 required two H-34 helicopters and one H-13 helicopter to fly aerial monitoring surveys and a B-26 aircraft to track the HOOD cloud. The purpose of these surveys w~s to test how well Army personnel could predict and monitor radioactive fallout. The helicopters flew at altitudes of 6,000 feet. The crews probably consisted of three people each, although the H-34 could carry 12 people. Before the shot, the B-26, with a crew of four, flew a right-hand race-track pattern
~t 18,000 feet (3). Details of the B-26 activities in tracking the nuclear cloud are not documented.
The available documentation differs as to whether other Army technical service projects, Projects 50.4, 50.5, and 50.6, were conducted at Shot HOOD. The Exercise Desert Rock Final Report of Operations indicates that 11 people participated in
these projects (28). Other sections of this source, as well as the AFSWP Operation Summary, indicate that these projects were not implemented at HOOD.
47
CHAPTER 3
NEVADA TEST ORGANIZATION OPERATIONS AT SHOT HOOD
At Shot HOOD, DOD personnel participated in 30 scientific, diagnostic, and training projects coordinated by the Nevada Test Organization. DOD personnel were involved in all 18 projects conducted by AFSWP Field Command Weapons Effects Test Group, one of the five projects of the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory Test Group, and one of ~he eight projects fielded by the University of California Radiation Laboratory Test Group. DOD personnel also participated in six of the ten projects conducted by the Federal Civil Defense Administration Civil Effects Test Group (CETG). In addition, Air Force and Marine personnel performed four DOD operational training projects. Finally, Air Force Special Weapons Center personnel supported the test groups and the Test Manager.
These projects involved more than 100 project personnel, more than 500 AFSWC air and ground personnel, and perhaps an additional 100 DOD administrative and support personnel, while the six Desert Rock projects addressed in chapter 2 involved approximately 3,000 DOD personnel.
Detailed descriptions of project objectives and general project activities are contained in the PLUMBBOB Series volume that accompanies this report. The information contained in this chapter addresses only those project operations condu~ted at Shot HOOD.
3.1 FIELD COMMAND WEAPONS EFFECTS TEST GROUP PROJECTS AT SHOT HOOD
The Weapons Effects Test Group of AFSWP Field Command performed 18 projects at Shot HOOD. Table 3-1 indicates the AFSWP
48
Table 3-1: FIELD COMMAND WEAPONS EFFECTS TEST GROUP PROJECTS, SHOT HOOD
Project
1.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.10
4.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
6.2
6.4
6.5
8.2
9.1
Title Basic Airblast Phenomena Neutron-induced Activities in Soil Elements Neutron Flux from Selected Nuclear Devices Neutron and Initial-gamma Shielding
Initial Gamma Radiation Intensity and Neutron-induced Gamma Radiation of NTS Soils
Evaluation of New Radiac Instruments
Radio-wave Attenuation Studies Evaluation of Military Radiac
-
Initial Neutron and Gamma Air-earth Interface Measurements
Evaluation of Eye Protection Afforded by an Electromechanical Shutter
In-flight Structural Response of the FJ-4 Aircraft to a Nuclear Detonation
In-flight Structural Response of the A4D-1 Aircraft to a Nuclear Detonation
In-flight Structural Response of the F-89D Aircraft to a Nuclear Detonation
Measurement of the Magnetic Component of the Electromagnetic Field Near a Nuclear Detonation
Accuracy and Reliability of the Short-baseline NAROL System
Effects of Nuclear Detonations on Nike Hercules
Prediction of Thermal Protection of Uniforms and Thermal Effects on Standard-reference Material
Support Photography
Participating Agency
Ballistic Research Laboratories Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory Army Chemical Warfare Laboratories Ballistic Research Laboratories; Army Chemical
Warfare Laboratories
Army Signal Research and Development Laboratories Army Signal Research and Development
Laboratory Naval Research Laboratory Naval Material Laboratory General Mills Company
Wright Air Development Center
Naval Air Special Weapons Facility; North American Aviation, Inc.
Navy Bureau of Aeronautics; Douglas Aircraft Company
Wright Air Development Center; Northrop Aircraft, Inc.
Diamond Ordnance Fuze Laboratories
Air Force Cambridge Research Center
Army Missile Test Center; White Sands Missile Range; Bell Telephone Laboratories
Naval-reference Material
Armed Forces Special Weapons Project
Estimated
Number of
DOD Personnel
5
*
3 6
4
13
3 3
20
* * * *
4
*
3
2
4
* Unknown
49
projects at which DOD personnel participated, the fielding agencies of the projects, and, when possible, the estimated numbers of participants. Since many of the same people performed both pre-and postshot activities, this number reflects the maximum number of DOD personnel who may have participated. The estimates are based on a knowledge of fielding and recovery procedures or the schedule of events.
Project 1.1, Basic Airblast Phenomena, was conducted to obtain data on overpressure and dynamic pressure as a function of time and distance from ground zero. The performance of various pressure gauges and measurement devices and techniques was also evaluated.
Before shot-day, personnel installed 18 gauges for measuring dynamic pressure at 14 stations along a blast line reaching southeast from ground zero at distances of 300 to 2,400 meters from ground zero. Although documentation does not indicate the number of personnel or the time required to field this experiment, personnel familiar with fielding procedures have compiled the following estimates for Project 1.1:
ACTIVITY PEOPLE DAYS
Survey and preparation for installation of the gauges 2 Atomic Energy Commission contractors 12
Placing the gauges and checking them in their mounts 2 Ballistic Research Laboratories personnel 13
TOTAL 25
Project personnel were not in the forward area at shot-time. However, it was usual for Project 1.1 personnel to recover some of the distant gauges on shot-day, as radiation limits would allow. At Shot HOOD, an estimated three project personnel, accompanied by a radiation-safety monitor, spent one hour
50
recovering the distant gauges on shot-day, and two spent approximately eight hours recovering the rest of the gauges within the next three days. These people wore film badges, anticontamination clothing, and air purification respirators (8).
Project 2.2, Neutron-induced Activity in Soil Elements,
was performed to gather information concerning the radioactivity
produced by the interactions of neutrons from a nuclear device
with soil and to correlate this information with measurements of
the resulting gamma-radiation fields. Primary participation in
Project 2.2 was at Shot OWENS, with secondary participation at
Shots WILSON, HOOD, and LA PLACE. For Shot HOOD, induced
activity was studied in an M-48 tank rather than in soils. The
number of personnel who fielded and recovered the project is not
documented.
Before the detonation, the M-48 tank used in Desert Rock Project 50.7 was placed 900 meters from the shot area. After the detonation, personnel moved the tank to a position 2,400 meters
from ground zero for observation. At 9 1/2 hours after the detonation, project personnel measured the gamma-radiation levels
around the tank. The readings were 1.5 R/h to the rear and 0.40
R/h immediately in front of the tank. At the same time,
radiation intensity 45 meters-from the tank was approximately
0.003 R/h and at 60 meters from the tank, 0.0025 R/h. Twelve hours after the detonation, the radiation levels were measured again. Three 0.6 R/h readings were obtained from positions within the tank, while external readings varied from 0.35 R/h on the front of the tank to 0.7 R/h on the rear (11).
Project 2.3, Neutron FltlX from Selected Nuclear Devices, was designed to measure the outputs of neutrons from the HOOD nuclear device. Neutron measurements were made as a function of distance from the point of detonation. Of prime i~portance to the investigation was the determination of the number and energy of the
51
neutrons. The measurements required placing ten arrays of small disks of selected materials that detected neutrons in each of several energy ranges.
Since neutron-induced radiation decays rapidly for some isotopes, it was essential to return the detectors to the laboratory for analysis as soon after the shot as possible. To aid this prompt retrieval, the five or six different types of neutron detectors at each of the ten stations were all attached to a cable laid along the ground, starting 340 meters west of ground zero and continuing west for 470 meters. A few minutes after the HOOD detonation, two project personnel and a radiation monitor, all clothed in radiation protection gear, took a pickup truck to the far end of the cable, about 900 meters west of ground zero. While the monitor measured the radiation and clocked their time in the area, the project personnel quickly secured the end of the cable to the back of the pickup truck. Then all three climbed aboard the truck again and rapidly drove out of the area, dragging the neutron-detection arrays behind them. Once safely
beyond the radiation zone, they stopped, disconnected the
detectors from the cable, and put them in sealed storage
containers in the back of the truck. After proceeding through
decontamination, they delivered the samples to the laboratory at
Camp Desert Rock for analysis (37).
Project 2.4, Neutron and Initial-gamma Shielding, was to
study several types of military vehicles to determine their
effectiveness in reducing nuclear radiation levels. Vehicles
were located 900 meters from the shot area at a slant range of
1,000 meters from the device. No available documentation gives
the number of personnel or the time required to field this
experiment; however, the following estimates have been compiled:
52
ACTIVITY PEOPLE DAYS
Survey locations, 2 AEC 2 place vehicles contractors
Install instruments 4 project 9 personnel
The equipment was unmanned on shot-day. Available documentation
does not specify the time spent by personnel in the field during
postshot recovery operations. It is estimated that six people spent four days reading the instrumentation, removing the instruments, and removing the tanks and vehicles from the area.
Recovery was probably accomplished within two weeks of shot-day, when radiation levels were low enough not to require any un11sual precautions (43).
Project 2.5, Initial Gamma Radiation Intensity and Neutroninduced Gamma Radiation of NTS Soil, was designed to determine the intensities of gamma radiation in the soil shortly after detonation. Measurements were taken from one millisecond to 20 seconds after the detonation. The seven ground stations used for Project 2.5 had been constructed for Shot BOLTZMANN, the first nuclear event of the PLUMBBOB Series, and were located at 450meter intervals southeast of the HOOD shot area. Before the shot, instrumentation was assembled and tested in the quonset area at Camp Mercury. The detectors were calibrated both before and after each shot. For Shot HOOD, the instruments were installed in the prepared stations by an estimated four people on 3 and 4 July.
Recovery was made as soon as radiation levels permitted. Recovery probably took four project personnel a total of four days and was probably completed by 8 July. After recovery, the instruments were returned to the quonset area, where the data
were processed and the equipment prepared for the next shot at which they would be usei (18).
53
Project 2.6, Evaluation of New Types of Radiac Instruments,
was to test the ability of a new dosimeter and survey meter in
detecting and measuring both initial and residual radiation. For
Shot HOOD, the dosimeters were placed 1,500 to 2,000 meters
south-southeast of the shot area. The project report does not
state how long people in the field worked on this project, but it
is estimated that three people spent one-half day at each of the
six stations surveying and installing the dosimeters before the
shot. The dosimeters were recovered four hours after the
detonation, probably by two project persons working a total of
four hours. The dosimeters were returned to Camp Mercury for
dosimeter reading and data analysis.
Army radiological safety personnel assisted in Project 2.6 at Shot HOOD by making postshot surveys to validate and evaluate radiac meter readings. Readings were made about 2, 3, 11, 32, and 54 hours after the detonation, and measurements were taken continuously from 2 1/2 to 2 3/4 hours after the detonation with another type of radiac meter, the IM-23 XE-1. An estimated ten people were involved in the field after the shot for an average of four hours. The highest radiation intensities observed were
2.65 R/h at 2 hours, 1.95 R/h at 3 hours, 1.3 R/h at 11 hours,
0.45 R/h at 32 hours, and 0.15 R/h at 54 hours after the detonation. The later readings indicate the decay of the neutroninduced isotope sodium 24, which has a half-life of 15 hours. Personnel wore appropriate anticontamination clothing and air purification respirators while conducting surveys in the area after the HOOD detonation (10).
Project 2.7, Ra~io-wave Attenuation Studies, studied the interference of high levels of radiation on radio transmissions and radar operations. Transmitters were located in shielded bunkers so that the transmission path went through the fireball or reflected from the fireball. Receivers were located in the
54
Control Point complex 19 kilometers from the shot area. Scintillation detectors were installeo at stations closer to ground zero, as were instruments to monitor how the transmitters were affected by the electromagnetic signal from the detonation. Three ~inds of equipment, including three detectors, five recording oscilloscopes, and three transmitters, were placed in each of two bunkers located 1,140 and 1,440 meters north of the shot area.
Before HOOD, an estimated three people spent two days installing and tuning the equipment. After the shot, an estimated two people recovered the data and associated equipment in one day, when radiation levels were low enough that special precautions were not required (22).
Project 2.8, Evaluation of Military Radiacs, was intended to determine the accuracy of several types of Navy radiac equipment in measuring radiological hazards in the field under the
anticipated conditions of nuclear warfare. The experimental equipment consisted of three masonite phantoms, approximately one meter high, and a dosimeter rack. Two phantoms were loaded with selectively shielded standard depth-dose detectors and dosi
meters, and the third held two ratemeters. Two hours after the detonation of Shot HOOD, the two dosimeter phantoms, the ratemeter phantom, and the dosimeter rack were placed in a 2.0 to
3.0 R/h field. Because the radiation intensity in this field was too low to obtain good data, the dosimeter phantoms and rack were moved to a 7.0 R/h field about 30 minutes later. It was not feasible to transport the ratemeter phantom to a more intense field, because the power trailer serving the ratemeter recorder was being shared with another project and could not be moved. The ratemeter phantom was recovered 32 hours after the detonation, and the dosimeter phantoms and rack were recovered 56 hours after the detonation.
55
Although the project report does not specify the number of
personnel and time required to field this experiment, two project personnel were probably required to be in the field for two hours. They were accompanied by a radiation monitor. These people would have worn film badges and anticontamination clothing
and would have carried air purification respirators (15).
Project 2.10, Initial Neutron and Gamma Air-earth Interface Measurements, was fielded by the General Mills Company under the supervision of AFSWC. It was designed to study how the airground interface affects the radiation produced by a nuclear
detonation. The project objective was accomplished with two
measurements. Integrated gamma dose and neutron readings were
obtained at points on the ground and at corresponding points in
the air at heights up to approximately 950 feet. In addition,
gamma dose rates were measured after detonation at points on the ground and at corresponding points approximately 950 feet above
the ground. Tethered balloons were used to elevate the equipment
and other instruments. The balloons were supplied and handled by the General Mills Company, with technical assistance from Sandia Laboratory.
Four balloons were filled with helium and launched the day before the shot at distances ranging from 600 meters to 1,074 meters from ground zero. All four balloons were in position at shot-time, and all were destroyed by the blast and thermal
effects of the shot. Although documentation does not give the number of people or time required to field or recover this experiment, the following estimates have been made:
ACTIVITY PEOPLE DAYS
Prelaunch, and
mooring activities,
installing instrumentation 20 2
56
RECOVERY ACTIVITY PEOPLE DAYS
Remove remove instrumentation, damaged balloons 10 2
Recovery was as radiation probably accomplished within levels permitted (47). three days of shot-day,
Project 4.2, Evaluation of Eye Protection Afforded by an Electromechanical Shutter, was designed to determine the effectiveness of an electromechanical shutter in preventing or minimizing flash blindness. The HOOD shot objective was to use inoperative open shutters to expose human volunteers to the flash effects of a nuclear detonation with no protection other than the inherent 80-percent absorption of the open shutters. One experimental test bed was used, in a C-47 aircraft located about 11,000 feet above the HOOD shot area. The Air Force School of Aviation Medicine furnished the examiners. Personnel from the Navy Radiological Defense Laboratory, the Wright Patterson Aero Medical Laboratory, and the Nellis AFB Hospital provided technical support.
The C-47 had arrangements for six volunteer subjects, including six portholes with facilities for mounting four shutters. The electromechanical shutter used in the test consisted of a shutter assembly, a flash detector, and a power supply. In addition, at least one window of the aircraft was replaced with a sandblasted diffusing screen to simulate the exposure to the illumination of a nuclear detonation that might be received by an aircrew while flying above, below, or within a cloud layer. A trained examiner was present for each human subject, who observed the detonation from his assigned position. The time taken to recover useful vision, as measured by the ability to read aircraft instruments, and the return of night vision, as measured on a nyctometer, were determined and recorded. The volunt~er subjects averaged a minimum recovery time of 10 seconds for aircraft instrument recognition, and a
57
maximum recovery time of 90 seconds for return of night vision.
Upon completion of visual-recovery testing, all test volunteers
were returned to Nellis AFB for complete ophthalmological
evaluation (18).
Project 5.3, In-flight Structural Response of the FJ-4 Aircraft to a Nuclear Detonation, was designed to measure the thermal ~nd blast wave response of the FJ-4 aircraft and to determine its performance and delivery capabilities during a nuclear detonation. The operational phase of this project
was
conducted by the Naval Air Special Weapons Facility, staging from Indian Springs AFB during the test. The special instrumental test aircraft and the personnel required to maintain them were
supplied by North American Aviation, Incorporated. Personnel
involved in Project 5.3 were the aircraft crew, the air traffic controllers, and the maintenance personnel responsible for the aircraft and their instrumeritation.
The test airplane was positioned in a level flight attitude, tail-on to the blast at the time of shock arrival. The following table gives the actual position of the FJ-4 at the time of burst and shock arrival (29):
POSIT ION AT ALTITUDE ABOVE BURST (feet) HORIZONTAL DISTANCE (meters) SLANT RANGE (meters)
Time of Burst 14,599 -980 4,556
Time of Shock 14,532 +1,527 4,685
Total gamma dose was recorded by film badges located in the cockpit, ammunition bay, right drop tank, and nose-wheel well.
Project 5.4, In-flight Structural Response of the A4D-1 Aircraft to a Nuclear Detonation, was fielded by the Navy Bureau of Aeronautics and was supported by the Douglas Aircraft Company. Its objective was to measure the thermal and blast wave response
58
of the A4D-1 aircraft during flight and to determine its performance and delivery capabilities during a nuclear detonation. The A4D-1 aircraft was a Navy single engine, modified delta-wing carrier-based attack jet-aircraft with capability for delivery of nuclear weapons. Personnel involved in Project 5.4 were the aircraft crew, the ground controllers, and the maintenance personnel responsible for the special painting and instrumentation of the aircraft. Nuclear radiation i~ the aircraft was measured by four film badges located in the bottom portion of the nose section, six film badges in the cockpit map case, and dosimeters of various ranges located in the nose wheel door and the leg pocket of the pilot's flight suit.
Two aircraft were originally scheduled to participate at Shot HOOD, but difficulties with the positioning radar resulted in the abort of one aircraft mission. The aircraft that did participate was to obtain gust response at a relatively low incidence angle. The flight consisted of takeoff from Indian Springs AFB at H-39 minutes, pattern entry at H-31 minutes, two practice orbits around a race-track pattern approximately 35 nautical miles in length, and a run-in over ground zero five minutes before the detonation (18).
At the time of detonation, the aircraft was located at an altitude of 14,800 feet above terrain (13,300 feet above burst height), at a slant range of 4,100 meters from the detonation. At the arrival of the first shock wave, the aircraft was at an altitude of 14,900 feet above terrain, at a slant range of 4,300 meters from the point of detonation. The plane landed at Indian Springs AFB ten minutes after the detonation, where AFSWC ground maintenance personnel probably decontaminated the aircraft (3).
Project 5.5, In-flight Structural Response of the F-89D Aircraft to a Nuclear Detonation, was designed to determine the structural response of the F-89D aircraft in flight to the blast
59
and thermal effects of a nuclear detonation. Northrop Aircraft,
Incorporated, was contracted to assist the Wright Air Development Center in planning and conducting the test. Northrop Aircraft was responsible for the calibration, maintenance, and operation of the instrumentation and its associated equipment, as well as
the reduction and correlation of data. Development of positions and positioning methods was accomplished jointly. The aircraft
flew a 200-degree, approximately 65-kilometer long race-track pattern east of ground zero. The plane entered the NTS area
23 minutes before the HOOD detonation at an altitude of 20,000 feet above terrain. At the time of detonation, the aircraft was at a slant rangA of 6,100 meters from ground zero. It began orbiting at 0440, shot-time. Twenty-six seconds after detonation, or at the arrival of the first shock wave, the aircraft was at an altitude of 26,160 feet above terrain or at a slant range of 9,300 meters from ground zero. One minute after detonation, the plane left the holding pattern. It departed NTS airspace at 0443, and landed at Indian Springs AFB at 0448
(3; 42).
Project 6.2, Measurement of the Magnetic Component of the Electromagnetic Field Near a Nuclear Detonation, was sponsored by Diamond Ordnance Fuze Laboratories. The project provided a record of the characteristics of the magnetic energy from a nuclear detonation as a function of time and distance. The project used five self-powered recording stations located at slant-range distances of about 500 to 3,000 meters from the HOOD shot area. Since Shots LASSEN, WILSON, HOOD, and OWENS had the same ground zero, the major portion of the fielding effort for Project 6.2 was done and is reported in connection with Shot LASSEN, the first of these shots. Before HOOD, an estimated two project personnel worked three days to install and inspect the recording packages. The recovery operations, which took place between 10 and 15 July, consisted of removing the data-recording packages from holes in five locations and transporting the
60
packages by truck to Camp Mercury for data reduction. An estimated four people performed this operation in about three hours (21).
Project 6.4, Accuracy and Reliability of the Short-baseline NAROL System, had three objectives:
•
To study the ability of the NAROL System to detect the position and measure the yield of a nuclear detonation
•
To accurately detect the electromagnetic pulse from nuclear bursts
•
To collect data on the propagation of that pulse as it travels over land.
NAROL is the inverse of the Long Range Aids to Navigation (LOAN) system. The NAROL geometry tested during PLUMBBOB
consisted of three nets, one located at Albuquerque, New ~exico, another at Vale, Oregon, and a third at Rapid City, South Dakota. Documentation does not specify the number of personnel at the locations (18).
Project 6.5, Effects of Nuclear Detonations on Nike Her
cules, investigated the effects of nuclear detonations on the
structural and operational characteristics of components,
materials, and electronic systems of the Nike Hercules guided
missile system. A second objective, which was studied only at
HOOD, was to investigate radar signal propagation through a
nuclear cloud.
The project was fielded by 2~ people from the Army Missile
Test Center of the White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico. They
were assisted by four persons from the Systems Test Division of
the Bell Telephone Laboratories, Whippany, New Jersey. The
project procedure used during Shot HOOD differed considerably
from that planned because of an instrument malfunction. For
attenuation measurements, the plan was to locate one Nike Ajax
61
beacon on a mountain high enough to permit a radar signal,
propag~ted from a mountain station on the opposite side of the
shot, to pass through the nuclear cloud and illuminate the
beacon. Before detonation, however, the time clock on the radio
relay used to energize the beacon malfunctioned, and the beacon
failed to activate. The radar signal that reflected from the
mountain where the beacon was located was then used to make the
attenuation measurements (16).
The Nike Hercules radar system was first used at Shot BOLTZMANN. The manned radar station, located about 10 kilometers
west of ground zero, was probably operated by three people. At
shot-time, the surface winds were calm and the winds at the
approximate height of burst were reported to be four knots from
the south-southwest. The project report does not state how much
time participants spent in the field during postshot recovery
operations (16). It is estimated that, on shot-day, three
persons spent one day recovering data from the manned radar
station.
Project 8.2, Prediction of Thermal Protection of Uniforms and Thermal Effects on Standard-reference Materials, investigated the ability of laboratory experiments to accurately predict the effects of intense thermal radiation on live skin and tissue covered by various uniform materials. Laboratory results were
compared with actual skin burns in pigs exposed to thermal
radiation from a nuclear detonation. For Shot HOOD, one recording station was 1,150 meters from ground zero, and the temperature histories of a skin simulant were recorded on oscillographic equipment. The recording equipment at the station was installed in a shelter below the ground to minimize the effects of blast and of prompt and residual gamma radiation.
Protective covers were removed from exposure assemblies before the detonation.
62
The station was instrumented with 19 simulant units. Documentation does not specify the number of personnel or time required to field this experiment. However, the following estimates have been made by people familiar with fielding procedures:
ACTIVITY PEOPLE DAYS
Survey and install 2 AEC contractor 1/2
racks people
Install panels in
racks and field various meters 2 project personnel 1/2
The project report does not state how much time participants spent in the field during postshot recovery oper~tions. According to estimates, however, recovery was probably accomplished in :1bout half a day by two project personnel within one or two days after shot-day, when radiation levels were low enough not to require any special precautions (14).
Project 9.1, Support Photography, provided technical project photography and documentation of detonations for historical purposes and for release to the press through the Joint Office of Test Information. In addition, the project provided camera instrumentation for Project 8.2, Thermal Protection of Uniforms.
Both color and black-and-white coverage was accomplished from an airborne camera station and a forward area manned camera station. This coverage consisted of both still and motion picture photography. By using laboratory facilities established at the test site, personnel could process and classify the photographs before film footage and prints were released to the press ( 18).
The airborne station, a C-47 whose aircrew was from the Military Air Transport Service, flew a right-hand race-track orbit at 10,000 feet, about 20 kilometers south of the HOOD
63
ground zero at an inbound course of 90 degrees. The plane left Indian Springs AFB at 0325 hours, arrived at the NTS at 0330 hours, and began its orbit at 0340 hours. It left the NTS at 0520 hours and landed at Indian Springs AFB at 0525 hours. The plane spent 40 minutes over the NTS after the detonation. The forward area camera station was located near the Control Point at Yucca Pass (3).
No documentation has been found on the number of personnel or time required to photograph the experiments. However, based on known project photographic procedures, two cameramen probably spent two days providing photographic support before the detonation and one day photographing project results. The postshot photography was probably done within a week of shot-day, after the areas were declared radiologically safe.
3.2 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN LASL AND UCRL TESTGROUP PROJECTS AT SHOT HOOD
The Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL) Test Group performed five projects at Shot HOOD. Of these five projects, only Project 11.2, Radiochemistry Sampling, involved DOD participants, as indicated in table 3-2. The University of California Radiation Laboratory Test Group conducted eight projects at ShotHOOD, and DOD personnel took part in Project 21.2, Radiochemistry Sampling. As shown in table 3-2, both of these projects were performed by the same sampler pilots from AFSWC 4926th Test Squadron (Sampling). DOD involvement was limited to these personnel. Consequently, these projects are discussed together under AFSWC participation at Shot HOOD, in section 3.5 of this chapter.
64
Table 3-2: LASL, UCRL, AND CETG PROJECTS WITH DOD PERSONNEL INVOLVEMENT, SHOT HOOD
Estimated
Number
DOD DOD
Project Title Sponsor Personnel Agency Capacity
11.2/ Radiochemistry Sampling LASLI 16 4926th Test Squadron, Cloud Sampling
21.2 UCRL AFSWC
37.2/ Biophysical Aspects of CETG 8 AFSWC Radio Relay
37.2a Fallout/ Physical Aspects of
Fallout
39.1 Gamma and Neutron CETG 22 USAF School of *
Radiation Measurements Aviation Medicine
39.5 Radiation Dosimetry for CETG 3 USAF School of Laboratory Analysis
Human Exposure Aviation Medicine
39.9 Remote Radiological CETG 1 USAF School of *
Monitoring Aviation Medicine
* Unknown
3.3 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN CIVIL EFFECTS TEST
GROUP PROJECTS AT SHOT HOOD
The Civil Effects Test Group (CETG) conducted ten projects
at HOOD. DOD personnel took part in five of these projects, as
shown in table 3-2. As at all shots in the PLUMBBOB Series, Department of Defense participation in the Civil Effects Test Group projects was limited.
Available documentation indicates that one DOD participant took part in Program 38, which was concerned with the contamination of food, agricultural products, and food cont~iners. The documentation does not identify, however, the specific project involving the one DOD participant (12). The Army Quartermaster Corps may have been involved because of the nature of the products tested. These projects were jointly sponsored by the
65
FCDA and the Food and Drug Administration. Project activities involved the monitoring and examining of food products that had been exposed to ionizing radiation (12). DOD participation in other CETG projects conducted du~ing Shot HOOD is more definitely documented.
Projects 37.2, Biophysical Aspects of Fallout, and 37.2~, Physical Aspects of Fallout, required one C-47 aircraft, provided by AFSWC, for a radio-relay. Other than this AFSWC participation, DOD people were not involved in this project. The C-47 aircraft arrived at the NTS at 0240 hours and flew a right-hand race-track pattern heading 45 degrees on an orbit 20 nautical miles southeast of ground zero at an altitude of 12,000 feet. It left the NTS after 0600 hours on shot-day. The number of crew members and a detailed account of the aircraft activities are unavailable, although one source claims that eight DOD people took part in Program 37 (3).
Project 39.1, Gamma and Neutron Radiation Measurements, engaged 22 DOD personnel. Some of these participants were from the Air Force School of Aviation Medicine. The participants in Project 39.1 experimented with film dosimetry techniques to measure gamma radiation from a nuclear detonation. Dosimeters were placed at 100-meter intervals 450 to 1,350 meters from the shot area. Documentation does not specify the methods used to retrieve the dosimeters, the radiological environment at the time of retrieval, nor the actual activities of the 22 DOD personnel (41).
Project 39.5, Radiation Dosimetry for Human Exposure, involved three DOD personnel from the Air Force School of Aviation Medicine. Other perSonnel included 18 civilians from the AEC Oak Ridge National Laboratory, three civilians from Edgerton, Germeshausen, and Grier, and one civilian from the
General Electric Company. The objective of Project 39.5 was to
66
determine the shielding afforded by light frame houses and similar structures against fast neutrons and gamma rays (12; 40). Project personnel placed an array of neutron and gamma ray detection devices in the area beyond 450 meters from ground zero. Shortly after the detonation, the devices were recovered and the gamma radiation was measured.
Project 39.9, Remote Radiological Monitoring, employed one DOD participant from the Air Force School of Aviation Medicine. Participants in Project 39.9 used telemetering techniques to record radiation data. They gathered the data at four onsite radiological monitoring stations located 675 meters, 900 meters, 1,125 meters, and 1,350 meters northeast of ground zero (40).
3.4 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE OPERATIONAL TRAINING PROJECTS AT SHOT HOOD
The Marine Corps conducted one operational training project at Shot HOOD, and the Air Force conducted three, as shown in table 3-3.
Table 3-3: DOD OPERATIONAL TRAINING PROJECTS, SHOT HOOD
Project Title Sponsor Type Aircraft No. Aircraft Staging Base Estimated No. Personnel
52.3 Marine Fly-by Indoctrination !A4D/R40) Marine Corps R4D A4D 1 2 * * 16 2
53.5 Aircrew-lndoctrination (Early Cloud Penetration) Air Defense Command T-33 4 Nellis AFB, Nevada 8
53.7 Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment Wright Air Development Command F-890 1 Indian Springs AFB, Nevada 2
53.9 Photographic Reconnaissance Training Tactical Air Command RF-84F 2 * 2
* Unknown
67
The primary aims of these operational training projects were to
test service tactics and equipment and to train military
personnel in the effects of nuclear detonations.
Project 52.3, Marine Fly-by Indoctrination (A4D/F4D), was
conducted by Marine Air Group 33 of the Third Marine Air Wing. The project involved one R4D aircraft, probably manned by a crew of three and carrying 13 passengers, and two A4D aircraft, manned
by one pilot each. A third A4D was supposed to participate, but
technical problems forced this mission to abort. The aircraft
operated from the Marine Corps Auxiliary Air Station, Mojave,
California. The two A4Ds flew at altitudes of 21,000 to 24,000
feet on a 25 nautical mile right-hand race-track pattern. The A4D aircraft entered the NTS at 0430, began their orbit at the same time, and left at 0500. At shot-time they were 16.5 nautical miles southeast of the HOOD detonation. The R4D flew at 11,000 feet in a left-hand race-track pattern between Lathrop Wells and Camp Desert Rock; it was inbound ten nautical miles south. The aircraft entered the NTS at 0430, when it began its orbit, and left at 0500. The reporting point of all aircraft was Lathrop Wells (3).
Project 53.5, Aircrew Indoctrination (Early Cloud Penetration), was conducted by the Air Defense Command. Four T-33 aircraft, each with a crew of two, flew a left-hand race-track pattern at altitudes of 34,000 feet. Las Vegas was their reporting point. Next, the aircraft flew inbound 360 degrees to a point 30 nautical miles northeast of ground zero, then once more inbound to 270 degrees in a left-hand race-track ·pattern. The planes left Nellis AFB at 0420, arrived at the NTS at 0430, began orbit at 0435, and left by 0500 (3).
Project 53.7, Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment, conducted by the Wright Air Development Center, included one F-890 manned by a crew of two. The aircraft flew at an altitude of 35,000 feet in
68
a right-hand race-track pattern with legs of 40 nautical miles. The plane left Indian Springs AFB at 0355 and arrived at the NTS at 0410. It then flew inbound to be abeam of ground zero and began orbiting at 0440. The plane discontinued orbit at 0441, left the NTS at 0453, and landed ~t Indian Springs AFB at 0504
( 3) •
Project 53.9, Photographic Reconnaissance Training, was conducted by a Tactical Air Command Air National Guard Tactical Reconnaissance Unit. The project involved two RF-84 aircraft, each probably manned by a pilot and an observer (photographer), that flew a right-hand race-track pattern between Lathrop Wells and Beatty, Nevada. The participants, who were from the Alabama National Guard, were assigned to photograph the ground zero area. The aircraft left George AFB at 0355 and arrived at the NTS at 0435. At 0450 they flew inbound to ground zero on a heading of 206 degrees at 10,000 feet to take pictures. The planes left the area at 0500 (3).
3.5 AIR FORCE SPECIAL WEAPONS CENTER ACTIVITIES AT SHOT HOOD
Air Force Special Weapons Center support to the Test Manager and to test groups during Shot HOOD was provided by the 4950th Test Group (Nuclear), including the 4926th Test Squadron (Sampling) and the 4935th Air Base Squadron, with support from the 4900th Air Base Group. AFSWC missions consisted of nuclear cloud-sampling missions, cloud-tr~cking missions, cloudpenetration missions, and terrain surveys. Cloud sampling was conducted for LASL Project 11.2 ~nd UCRL Project 21.2. Available documentation does not indicate whether AFSWC flew the sample courier missions for HOOD. In addition to these missions, AFSWC ground personnel exercised operational control of all aircraft from the air operations center at the Control Point. Table 3-4 indicates DOD participation in AFSWC projects, including the number and types of aircraft used.
69
Table 3-4: AFSWC AIR MISSION SUPPORT, SHOT HOOD
Estimated Number ofProgram/Project Mission Type Aircraft Number of Aircraft DOD Personnel
11.2/21.2 Cloud Sampling
Sampler Control B-57 1 2Sampler F-84 2
2Sampler B-57
6 12
Sampler T-33 2 4
:r7.2/37.2a Radio-Relay C-47 1
8
Cloud B-50 1
8
Tracking B-29 1
10B-25 1 4
Cloud T-33 1 2Penetration
Security Sweeps L-20 2 4
Survey Missions H-21 6 24
3.5.1 Cloud Sampling
During Shot HOOD, ten aircraft collected samples of the nuclear cloud for LASL Project 11.2, Radiochemistry Sampling, and UCRL Project 21.2, Radiochemistry Sampling. These ten sampler aircraft were flown by pilots of the 4926th Test Squadron (Sampling) and included six B-57Bs, each with one pilot and a radiation monitor, two F-84s with one pilot each, and two T-33s, each with a crew of two. A B-57B sampler control aircraft, which was flown by an AFSWC pilot accompanied by a scientific advisor from UCRL, also participated.
The sampler control aircraft left Indian Springs AFB at 0425, followed by the remaining B-57Bs at 0600. The sampler control aircraft reached the NTS at 0430, while the rest arrived between 0605 and 0610. Before the shot, the aircraft flew at an altitude of 30,000 feet on a right-hand race-track inbound
70
heading of 360 degrees with an orbit point of 50 nautical miles east of ground zero. The sampler control left its orbit shortly after the detonation to view the cloud from all sides. The
pene
scientific advisor then directed the sampler aircraft to trate the cloud in order to acquire the necessary samples. The control aircraft departed from the NTS at 0725 and landed
sampler at Indian Springs AFB at 0730. The other B-57Bs, which started their mission between 0610 and 0620, departed from the NTS
between
between 0632 and 0645 and landed at Indian Springs AFB 0640 and 0650 (3).
The two F-84s departed from Indian Springs AFB between 0610
and 0620, arrived at the NTS between 0615 and 0625, began their mission between 0630 and 0640, and left the NTS between 0655 and 0705, returning to Indian Springs AFB between 0700 and 0710 (3).
The two T-33s left Indian Springs AFB at 0416, arrived at the NTS at 0445, and began their mission at 0550. They left the NTS at 0600 and landed at Indian Springs AFB at 0605 (3).
Upon landing, sampler aircraft taxied to the apron farthest from base operations. There, ground personnel removed the samples and placed them in metal containers which were sent by courier to the laboratories. At the completion of this activity, the aircraft crew went through the decontamination procedures described in the PLUMBBOB Series volume.
3.5.2 Courier Missions
Three C-47s delivered samples to UCRL and LASL. Three people probably manned the aircraft. No other information is available concerning HOOD courier activities (3).
71
3.5.3 Cloud Tracking
Immediately after the HOOD detonation, three aircraft, a B-50 from Kirtland AFB, a B-29 (base unknown), and a B-25 from Indian Springs AFB, flew cloud-tracking missions over and beyond the Nevada Test Site. Available documentation does not indicate the flight patterns of the aircraft, other than to specify that the B-25 left the air base at 0500 and entered NTS airspace at 0510. The B-50 has a crew of eight, the B-29 had a crew of ten, and the B-25 had a crew of four (3).
3.5.4 Cloud Penetration
Beginning with Shot PRISCILLA and continuing throught Shots HOOD, DIABLO, DOPPLER, and OWENS, AFSWC conducted a study to determine whether the Air Force should monitor the accumulation of radioactive contaminants on aircraft. A T-33 from the 4926th Test Squadron, piloted by an officer from Air Support Group Headquarters and carrying one observer, entered the nuclear cloud at PRISCILLA and at the four subsequent nuclear tests, including Shot HOOD. The pilot and the observer both wore lead vests instrumented with several film badges. Six additional film badges were taped to the ejection seats. The T-33 left Indian Springs AFB at 0550, began following the cloud at 0610, discontinued tracking at 0630, and returned at 0635. This study indicated that the average radiation exposure for the T-33 during the five test missions was 0.717 roentgens (2; 3).
3.5.5 Security Sweep Missions
Two L-20 aircraft, each carrying a security guard and a pilot, flew security checks over the test area before and after the detonation. The L-20 aircraft were based at Camp Mercury (3).
72
3.5.6 Terrain Survey Missions As directed by the Test Manager and Test Director, six AFSWC H-21 helicopters from Camp Mercury, each carrying two crew members from AFSWC and two radiation-safety monitors from Reynolds Electrical and Engineering ~ompany, flew radiation-safety and terrain surveys following th~ HOOD detonation to assess detonation damage and record radiation intensities (3). This survey
mission is described as part of the monitoring procedures included in chapter 4.
73
CHAPTER 4
RADIATION PROTECTION AT
SHOT HOOD
To protect DOD participants at Shot HOOD from the radiation
associated with the detonation of a nuclear device, Exercise
Desert Rock VII and VIII, the Nevada Test Organization (NTO), and
the Air Force Special Weapons Center (AFSWC) each developed its
own criteria and procedures to ensure the radiological safety of
its members. These safety criteria and procedures, as well as
the organizations developed to implement the procedures,
are
detailed in chapter 5 of the PLUMBBOB Series volume.
The purpose of the various radiation protection procedures
developed for the PLUMBBOB Series was to ensure that individual
exposure to ionizing radiation was as low as possible. At the
same time, the procedures were designed so that participants
could accomplish the operational requirements of each activity or mission. Some of the procedures described in the Series volume resulted in records which enabled Exercise Desert Rock, the Nevada Test Organization, and AFSWC to evaluate the effectiveness of their radiation protection programs.
The information that is available concerning the radiation protection at Shot HOOD includes film-badge readings for some of the participants in Desert Rock Project 52.1, Marine Brigade Exercise, and NTO logistical data on radiation-safety equipment, survey results and records, isointensity plots, and decontamination records.
4.1 FILM-BADGE READINGS FOR PARTICIPANTS IN PROJECT 52.1, MARINE BRIGADE EXERCISE, AT SHOT HOOD
Each Exercise Desert Rock participant was issued a film badge. Form LSD SCTF 10, the Lexington Signal Depot Film Badge
74
Service Radiation Report, was used at HOOD to record the
individual's name, rank, serial number, organization, film badge
number, and exposure. While the forms include much useful
information, they did not always provide the information specific
to Shot HOOD. A number of recordkeeping problems existed that
made planned procedures for processing film badges difficult.
Information on these forms was not always recorded accurately,
e.g., names were misspelled and incorrect organization names were
recorded. In addition, the LSD SCTF 10 forms list dates of
exposure that vary from two days to two months.
One project distinguishing Shot HOOD from the rest of the
PLUMBBOB Series was Project 52.1, the Marine Brigade Exercise.
All of the available PLUMBBOB LSD SCTF 10 forms have been
searched to generate a listing of Project 52.1 participants who
were probably at Shot HOOD. This unique project makes the
separation of Project 52.1 film-badge data from the rest of the Desert Rock data relatively easy, in spite of recordkeeping problems. About two-thirds of the DOD personnel participating in Shot HOOD were involved in Project 52.1.
Film-badge readings are available for 639 persons assigned
to Project 52.1. The only group not represented in these data is the Second Battalion, Fifth Regiment: film badge readings are not availabe for the majority of enlisted men in this group. The
available badge readings are dated within the period 10 June to 11 July 1957. Research indicates that 51 of these soldiers had film badges that were damaged or otherwise unreadable. Figure
4-1 presents the distribution of film-badge readings for the 588 participants with readable badges. Although Project 52.1
consisted almost entirely of Marines, the 639 participants included ten Navy personnel who were physicians or medics. Only one of
these ten men received an exposure greater than one roentgen; this exposure was 1.3 roentgens.
75
Total: 588 individuals (does not include 51 persons for whom badge readings are unavailable)
100-
Number of Persons
501
l 3
232 50 112 31 30 31 53 17 15 r 9 s I
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 and over *
Film Badge Readings (Roentgens) *specific total readings were: 2.305
2.480
2.570
3.020
7.200
Figure 4-1: DISTRIBUTION OF TOTAL FILM BADGE READINGS, PROJECT 52.1, SHOT HOOD
76
The mean exposure reading for the 588 participants with readable badges was 0.6 roentgens (median= 0.4 roentgens). Seventy-five percent of the readings were below 1.6 roentgens, but eight of the 588 participants received two roentgens or more. Due to the inclusive dates of the film badges, participants could have gone to the forward area during another event, such as Shot PRISCILLA on 24 June. The equipment display officer, who
returned to the display area several times in the days following the shot, received 7.2 roentgens. This is the only reading detected among Project 52.1 participants in excess of the established Exercise Desert Rock criterion of five roentgens.
Most of the Project 52.1 participants were issued only one
film badge. However, over one-third received more than one, as
shown below:
Persons issued one film badge: 369 (63%)
Persons issued two film badges: 42 (7%)
Persons issued three film badges*: 177 (30%)
TOTAL 588 (100.0%)
The men who received three badges were monitors. One badge was issued for a special monitoring exercise in the forward area prior to the shot. Of the two other badges, some men used only one during shot and post-shot activities, while others used both film badges. Readings for these_rn_en are shown in figure 4-2. Of the 48 readings above 1.4 roentgens, 47we-re taken from monitors'
film badges. The only one not belonging to a monitor was the badge from the Marine Brigade Equipment Display Officer. The mean reading from monitors was between 1.1 and 1.2 roentgens
(with the median between 1.2 and 1.3), approximately twice as high as for the group as a whole.
*One person received four badges, one perhaps to replace a lost badge.
77
50
40
...., 00 30 Number of Participants 20
10
Total: 172 individuals (does not include 4 persons for whom badge readings are unavailable)
_I
1
16 19 8 11 20 49 17 15
-
•---- 9 3 _I ~I
0 0.2 0.4 0.6
0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 and over Film Badge Readings (Roentgens)
Figure 4-2: DISTRIBUTION OF TOTAL FILM BADGE READINGS, PROJECT 52.1,
PARTICIPANTS WITH THREE FILM BADGES (MONITORS)
For all Desert Rock projects other than Project 52.1, described in chapter 2, participants were required to follow the standard procedures described in the PLUMBBOB Series volume.
4.2 NEVADA TEST ORGANIZATION RADIATION PROTECTION ACTIVITIES AT
SHOT HOOD
The following subsections indicate specific data concerning
radiological protection activities performed by the Nevada Test Organization at Shot HOOD.
Dosimetry Records for HOOD From 4 July to 13 July 1957, including the 5 July detonation of HOOD, the Personnel Dosimetry Branch of the NTO issued 838 film badges and 405 pocket dosimeters.
Although the number of AFSWC participants who wore film badges is not known, data have been found which indicate the exposures received by ground crews during aircraft decontamination. For the decontamination of F-84 cloud samplers at Shots HOOD, PRISCILLA, DIABLO, DOPPLER, and OWENS, ground crew members received an average total exposure of 0.112 roentgens (1). No shot-specific exposure data are available.
Logistical Information for Radiation-safety Equipment
For Shot HOOD, the Logistics Branch issued 1,425 pieces of anticontamination clothing and 370 respirators. In addition, 2,037 miscellaneous items were distributed.
Monitoring Procedures and Support at HOOD Five minutes after the detonation of Shot HOOD, nine vehicles carrying a total of 12 monitors began the initial ground survey, which had a mid-time of 0536 hours. Resurveys were also made at a mid-time of 1052 hours on shot-day, and again on 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, and 13 July.
79
Because of heavy dust conditions which obscured ground
points, the AFSWC aerial survey team, described in section 3.5.5
of this volume, could not perform its survey until about six
hours after the detonation of Shot HOOD. The mid-time of tbis
survey was 1043 hours. The aerial survey team also resurveyed
the area around the HOOD ground zero on 6 and 7 July. The
maximum intensity that the aerial survey team encountered,
40 R/h, was measured on 6 July, the day after the HOOD detona
tion, at 25 feet above ground zero (36; 46).
Plotting and Briefing at HOOD
Using information from the initial surveys, the Plotting and Briefing Branch developed isointensity contour maps. Figure 4-3 shows a copy of the initial contour map, with radiation
intensities at a mid-time of 0536 hours. Figures 4-4 through 4-7 show copies of the contour maps generated from the resurveys, conducted 5 July to 8 July.
Information from the ground surveys allowed the Plotting and Briefing Branch to establish Full and Limited Radiological Exclu
sion (RADEX) Areas. The Plotting and Briefing Branch also issued the access permits required for entry into these areas. During the period 5 July through 13 July, access permits were issued to
a total of 619 individuals involved in 66 projects (36; 46).
Decontamination Activities at HOOD
During the period covering Shot HOOD, 4 July through 13 July 1957, personnel of the Decontamination Section decontaminated 29 vehicles, 20 pressure gauges, and five electrical devices.
80
N
•
•
Stake Lines · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 0.01 R/h
METERS ----------0.1 R/h 0 1000 1.0 R/h
Figure 4-3: INITIAL SURVEY FOR SHOT HOOD, 5 JULY 1957, MID-TIME 0536
81
N
...
Stake Lines
0.01 R/h
METERS
0.1 R/h 0 1000
1.0 R/h
Figure 4-4: RESURVEY FOR SHOT HOOD, 5 JULY 1957, MID-TIME 1052
82
N
Stake Lines
0.01 R/h
METERS
0.1 R/h 0 1000 1.0 R/h
Figure 4-5: RESURVEY FOR SHOT HOOD, 6 JULY 1957, MID-TIME 0613
83
N
.
•
.
.
•
.
.
.
.
.
.
Stake Lines O.Q1 R/h
METERS
I . 0.1 R/h 0 1000 1.0 RI h
Figure 4-6: RESURVEY FOR SHOT HOOD, 7 JULY 1957, MID-TIME 0818
84
N
Stake Lines
0.01 R/h
METERS
0.1
R/h
1.0
R/h
0 1000
Figure 4-7: RESURVEY FOR SHOT HOOD, 8 JULY 1957, MID-TIME 0658
85
86
. AVAILABILITY INFORMATION
An availability statement has been included at the end of the reference citation for those readers who wish to read or obtain copies of source documents. The following addresses are being provided for that purpose.
Source documents, bearing an availability statement of DOE ere, may be reviewed at the following address:
Department of Energy
Coordination and Information Center
(Operated by Reynolds Electrical & Engineering Co., Inc.)
ATTN: Mr. Richard V. Nutley
2753 S. Highland
P.O. Box 14100 Phone: (702) 734-3194 Las Vegas, Nevada 89114 FTS: 598-3194
Source documents, bearing an availability statement of NTIS,
may be purchased from the National Technical Information Service. When ordering by mail or phone please include both the price code and the NTIS number. The price code appears in parentheses before the NTIS order number.
National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Phone: (703) 487-4650 Springfield, Virginia 22161 (Sales Office)
Additional ordering information or assistance may be obtained by writing to the NTIS, Attention: Customer Service or calling
(703) 487-4660.
87
REFERENCE LIST
The following list of references representsonly those documents cited in the HOOD volume. When a DASA-WT document is followed by an EX, the latest version has been cited. A complete list of all documents consulted during the preparation of the PLUMBBOB Series volumes is contained in the OperationPLUMBBOB volume.
DNA VOLUME SHOT HOOD: REFERENCES
1. 4950th Test Group, Nuclear. [T-3~ Contamination Study.]Kirtland AFB, NM.: AFSWC. 10/07/57. 7 Pages.**
2. 4950th Test Group, Nuclear. "Operation Plan 1-57,
Operation PLUMBBOB." Kirtland AFB, NM.: AFSWC.
03/01/80. 139 Pages. (A07) AD/A 995 031*
3. Air Force Special Weapons Center. "Air Mission Summary
Report for HOOD Event." Mercury, NV.: AFSWC.07/06/57. 6 Pages.**
4. Armed Forces Special Weapons Project. [Participation of
Military Personnel Assigned to Nevada Test Organization in Exercise Desert Rock.] Mercury, NV.:AFSWP. 07/10/57. 2 Pages.**
5. Atomic Energy Commission. "The Effects of Nevada Atomic
Tests." AEC. 03/00/57. 46 Pages.**
G. Ballard, George, LTCOL., USMC (Ret.). [Notes from SAI
Interview, Subject: Shots PRISCILLA and HOOD.]
Houston, TX. 10/07/80. 5 Pages.***
7. Bass, Joseph. [Taped Interview, Subject: Shot HOOD.]
Fairhope, AL. 02/11/81.***
8. Bryant, E.; Keefer, J.H. "Basic Airblast Phenomena,
Project 1.1." Ballistic Research Laboratories.
Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, DASA. WT-1401.06/25/62. 202 Pages. (A10) AD 344 935*
9. Brady, B. [Notes from SAI Interview with LTCOL. ByronBrady, USMC (Ret.) on Shot HOOD and Project 52.1, and
Shot PRISCILLA.] 09/25/80. 5 Pages.***
10. Cohen, A.; ,Jachter, M.; Xoeh, D.; et al. "Evaluation ofNew Types of Radiac Instruments, Project 2.6."Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, DASA. WT-141~-EX.10/01/79. 71 Pages. (A04) AD/B 951 766*
11. Cook, C.; et al. "Neutron-Induced Activities in SoilElements, Operation PLUMBBOB, Project 2.2.'' NavalRadiological Defense Laboratory. Albuquerque, NM.:Field Command, DASA. WT-1411-EX. 02/01/80.82 Pages. (A05) AD/A 955 019*
*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk.
**Available at DOE CIC.
***Not Available.
89
12.
Corsbie, R. "Operation PLUMBBOB Civil Effects Test Group
Project Summaries." Mercury, NV.: CETG. 05/00/57. 69 Pages. (A04) AD/B 951 587*
13.
Curtis, Oliver, COL., USMC (Ret.). [Taped Interview, Subject: Shot HOOD.] Cape Coral, FL. 02/10/81.***
14.
Derksen, W.; Monahan, T.; Bracciaventi, J.; et al. "Prediction of Thermal Protection of Uniforms, and Thermal Effects on a Standard-Reference Material, Project 8·. 2." Naval Material Laboratory • Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, DASA. WT-1441. 05/02/60. 50 Pages.
(A03) AD 360 876*
15.
Diianni, E.; Riggin, F. "Evaluation of Military Radiac, Project 2.8." Naval Material Laboratory. Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, DASA. WT-1417. 11/09/59. 58 Pages. (A03) AD 360 872*
16.
Elder, G. "Effects of Nuclear Detonations on Nike Hercules, Operation PLUMBBOB, Project 6.5." White Sands Missile Range. 10/19/60.***
17.
Evans, W.A. "History of 4950th Test Group (Nuclear) in
Operation PLUMBBOB." Air Force Special Weapons Center, Historical Section. Kirtland AFB, NM.: AFSWC. 01/06/58. 128 Pages.
18.
Field Command, AFSWP. "Operational Summary: Operation PLUMBBOB." Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP, WT-1444-EX. 10/01/79. 73 Pages. (A04) AD/B 951 751.*
19.
Frash, W.F., COL., USMC, (Ret.). [Notes from Phone
Interview, Subject: Shot HOOD.] Palos Verdes, CA.
02/19/81.***
20.
General Electric Company -TEMPO. Compilation of Local
Fallout Data From Test Detonations 1945-1962.
Volume 1: "Continental U.S. Tests." Washington,
DC.: DNA-1251-1-EX. 00/00/79. 600 Pages.
(A16) AD/A 079 310.*
21.
Haas, P.; Wimenitz, F.; Hoadley, .J.; et al. "Measurement of the Magnetic Component of the Electromagnetic Field near a Nuclear Detonation, Project 6.2." Diamond Ordnance Fuze Laboratory. Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, DASA. WT-1436-EX. 02/01/80. GG Pages. (A04) AD/B 951 750.*
*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk.
**Available at DOE CIC.
***Not Available.
90
22.
Hanscome, T.; Caldwell, P.; Gorbics, S.; et al. "Investigation of Effects of Nuclear Detonations on Electromagnetic Wave Propagation and Nuclear Radiation Detector Design, Project 2.7.'' Naval Research
Laboratory. Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, DASA.
WT-1416-EX. 09/01/80~ 97 Pages.
(A05) AD/A 995 057.**
23.
Harney, J. B., LTCOL., USMC (Ret.). [JRB Interview, Subject: Shot PRISCILLA.] Vista, CA. 01/21/81.***
24.
Headquarters, Camp Desert Rock. "Operation Order Number 7,Exercise Desert Rock VII and VIII, Shot HOOD." CampDesert Rock. 39 Pages.**
25.
Headquarters, Fleet Marine Force, Pacific. Unit Diary for 1st Marine Division, Battalions and Companies,
April--July 1957. Headquarters, USMC, Personnel Department. Washington, DC.: Hqs, USMC. 00/00/57.
26.
Headquarters, Fourth Marine Corps Provisional Atomic Exercise Bde. "Administrative Plan 1-57, Desert Rock
VII." Camp Pendleton, CA.: U.S. Marine Corps.05/29/57. 80 Pages.**
27.
Headquarters, Fourth Marine Corps Provisional Atomic
Exercise Bde. Schedule of Events. 1957. 3 Pages.**
28.
Headquarters, Sixth Army. "Exercise Desert Rock VII and
VIII: Final Report of Operations." Presidio of San Francisco, CA.: Sixth u.s. Army. AG-S-9531.
11/25/57. 107 Pages. (A06) AD/A 077 515*
29.
Julian, A. "Inflight Structural Response of FJ-4 Aircraft
to Nuclear Detonations, Operation PLUMBBOB, Project
5.3.'' Washington, DC.: Department of the Navy,
Bureau of Aeronautics. WT-1432. 02/10/60.
(A09) AD 360 875*
30.
Klinck, C. C. [Taped Interview, Subject: Shots PRISCILLA and HOOD.] Vickery, OH. 02/10/81.***
31.
Leya, Charles J., Jr. [Notes from SAI Interview, Subject:
Shots PRISCILLA, DIABLO, and HOOD.] Newbury, NY. 09/27/80. 4 Pages.***
32.
Marine Nuclear Test Personnel Review. Operation PLUMBBOB: List of Participation Units. Washington, DC.: US Marine MNTPR. 00/00/79. 1 Page.**
*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. **Available at DOE CIC. ***Not Available.
91
33.
McNabb, James, CAPT., USMC. [Personal Conversation between
Captain James McNabb, USMC and c. F. Maag, JRB.] Washington, DC. 04/07/80.***
34.
Negron, R.; Murphy, H. [Notes of Telephone Interviews with
R. Negron and H. Murphy to Reconstruct Marine Activities at Shot HOOD.] Washington, DC.: US Marine MNTPR. 04/00/78. 21 Pages.***
35.
Pearce, G. [Notes from SAl Interview with LTCOL. Gary Pearce, USMC (Ret.) Equipment Officer, 4th MCPAEB.] 04/22/80.***
36.
Reynolds Electrical and Engineering Company. "On Site Rad-Safe Support Shot HOOD." Las Vegas, NV.: REECo. OOj00/57. 10 Pages. Limited to Privacy Act restrictions.
37.
Rigotti, D.; Kinch, H.; Funsten, H.; et al. "Neutron Flux from Selected Nuclear Devices, Project 2.3." US Army, Chemical Warfare Laboratory. Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, DASA. WT-1412-EX. 10/01/79. 60 Pages. (A04) AD/A 995 074*
38.
Sawyer, James, MAJ., USMC (Ret.). [Taped Interview, Subject: Shot HOOD.] Hudson, WI. 02/10/81.***
39.
Science Applications, Inc. "Film Badge Dosimetry Analysis: Exercise Desert Rock VII-VIII." McLean, VA.: SAL 06/18/79. 345 Pages. Limited to Privacy Act restrictions.
40.
Sigoloff, S. "Remote Radiological Monitoring, Project 39.0." Mercury, NV.: Civil Effects Test Group. WT-1509. 00/00/60. 90 Pages. (A05) AD/A 077 508*
41.
Sigoloff, S.; Logie, L.; Borella, H.; et al. "Radiation
Measurements Utilizing the USAF Chemical Dosimeters,
Project 39.1." Civil Effects Test Group. WT-1500. 11/00/58. 66 Pages. (A04) AD 339 464*
42. Stalk, G.; Gee, R.; Bednar, J.; et al. "In-Flight Structural Response of an F-89D Aircraft to a Nuclear
Detonation, Project 5.5." Wright Air Development Center. Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, DASA. WT-1434. 03/22/60. 56 Pages. (A04) AD 357 975*
*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk.
**Available at DOE CIC.
***Not Available.
92
43. Tompkins, R.; Weaver, C.; Peterson, G. "Neutron and Initial-Gamma Shielding, Project 2.4." US Army,
Chemical Warfare Laboratory. Albuquerque, NM.:
Field Command, DASA. WT-1413-EX. 02/01/80.
115 Pages. (A06) AD/A 995 035*
44. Wagenhoffer, M.T., LTCOL., USMC (Ret.). [Notes from Phone
Interview, Subject: Shot HOOD.] Alexandria, VA. 02/19/81.***
45. Walls, J. "In-Flight Structural Response of the Model
A4D-1 Aircraft to a Nuclear Explosion, Project 5.4." Department of the Navy, Bureau of Aeronautics. Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, DASA. WT-1433. 03/31/60. 186 Pages. (A09) AD 355 562*
46. Wilcox, F.; Goeke, R.; Weaver, C. "Operation PLUMBBOB Onsite Radiological Safety Support Report." Las Vegas, NM.: REECo. OT0-57-2. 00/00/57. 193 Pages. (A09) AD/A 077 488.*/**·
47. York, E.; Boyd, R.; Blaylock, J. "Initial Neutron and
Gamma Air-Earth Interface Measurements, Operation
PLUMBBOB, Project 2.10." Air Force, Special Weapons
Center. Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, DASA.
WT-1419. 02/23/60. 70 Pages. (A04) AD 464 381*
48. [Serial Log of Destroyed Records, Fleet Marine Force
Pacific.] San Francisco, CA.: u.s. Marine Corps.
Undated.
*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk.
**Available at DOE CIC.
***Not Available.
93
DISTRIBUTION LIST
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
Armed Forces Staff College ATTN: Library
Assistant Secretary of Defense ATTN: PAO
Defense Nuclear Agency
ATTN: PAO
ATTN: GC
ATTN: BA
5 cy ATTN: NTPR 25 cy ATTN: TITL
Defense Technical Information Center 12 cy ATTN: DD
Field Command Defense Nuclear Agency ATTN: FCLS
Interservice Nuclear Weapons School ATTN: TTV
National Defense University ATTN: ICAF Tech Library
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
Army LibraryDepartment of the Army ATTN: Military Documents Section
Army Nuclear Test Personnel Review Department of the Army ATTN: DAAG-AMR-S TAGO
U.S. Army Center of Military History
Department of the Army ATTN: DAMH
U.S.
Army Chemical School ATTN: Library
U.S.
Army Comd &General Staff College ATTN: Library
U.S.
Army Nuclear &Chemical Agency ATTN: Library
U.S.
Army War College ATTN: Library
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Aviation History Unit ATTN: Library
Bureau of Medicine and Surgery Department of the Navy ATTN: Assistant for Medical Surgery
Engineering Duty Officer School
Department of the Navy
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James Carson Breckinridge Lib ATTN: Library Div
Marine Corps Nuc Test Personnel Review ATTN: Code MSRB-60
Merchant Marine Academy ATTN: Director of Libraries
Naval Aviation School Command ATTN: Library
Naval Hospital Corps School Department of the Navy ATTN: Library
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Naval Oceanographic Office ATTN: Code 025, Historian
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Naval School Naval Construction Battalion Center ATTN: Commanding Officer
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Navy Dept Library
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Navy Nuclear Power School
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95
DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY (Continued)
Office of the Judge Adv Gen
Department of the Navy
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U.S.
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U.S.
Merchant Marine Academy
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U.S.
Naval Air Station Lib
Department of the Navy
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U.S. Air Force Academy
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Aerospace Defense Command ATTN: Historian
Air Force Communications Service ATTN: Historian
Air Force Institute of TechnologyATTN: Library
Air Force Logistics Command ATTN: Historian
Air Force Nuclear Test Personnel Review ATTN: HQ USAF/SGES
Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine ATTN: Strughold Library
Air Force Systems Command ATTN: Historian
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Library of Congress ATTN: Library Service Division ATTN: Science &Technology Div ATTN: Serial &Govt Publication
Department of Commerce National Bureau of Standards ATTN: Librn
National Technical Information Service 12 cy ATTN: Customer Services
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Office of Health &Disability (ASPER) ATTN: R. Copeland
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U.S.
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96
OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (Continued) OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (Continued)
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U.S. Military Academy ATTN: Director of Libraries ATTN: Director
Veterans Administration-RO
U.S. Senate ATTN: Director
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ATTN: Committee on Veterans Affairs ATTN: Director
Veterans Administration-RO Veterans Administration-RO
ATTN: Director ATTN: Director
Veterans Administration-RO Veterans Administration-RO
ATTN: Director ATTN: Director
Veterans Administration-RO Veterans Administration-RO
ATTN: Director ATTN: Director
Veterans Administration-RO Veterans Administration-RO
ATTN: Director ATTN: Director
Veterans Administration-RO Veterans Administration-RO
ATTN: Director ATTN: Director
Veterans Administation-RO Veterans Administration-RO
ATTN: Director ATTN: Director
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ATTN: Director ATTN: Director
Veterans Administration-RO Veterans Administration-RO
ATTN: Director ATTN: Director
Veterans Administration-RO Veterans Administration-RO
ATTN: Director ATTN: Director
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Veterans Administration-RO
ATTN: Director Veterans Administration-RO
ATTN: Director
Veterans Administration-RO
ATTN: Director Veterans Administration-RO
ATTN: Director
Veterans Administration-RO
ATTN: Director Veterans Administration-RO
ATTN: Director
Veterans Administration-RO
ATTN: Director Veterans Administration-RO ·
ATTN: Director
Veterans Administration-RO
ATTN: Director Veterans Administration-RO
ATTN: Director
97
OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (Continued)
Veterans Administration-RO ATTN: Director
Veterans Administration-RO ATTN: Director
Veterans Administration-RO ATTN: Director
Veterans Administration-RO ATTN: Director
Veterans Administration-RO ATTN: Director
Veterans Administration-RO ATTN: Director
Veterans Administration-RO ATTN: Director
Veterans Administration-RO ATTN: Director
Veterans Administration-RO ATTN: Director
Veterans Administration-RO ATTN: Director
Veterans Administration-RO ATTN: Director
Veterans Administration-RO ATTN: Director
Veterans Administration-RO ATTN: Director
Veterans Administration-RO ATTN: Director
Veterans Administration-RO ATTN: Director
Veterans Administration-RO ATTN: Director
Veterans Administration-RO ATTN: Director
Veterans Administration-RO ATTN: Director
Veterans Administration-RO ATTN: Director
The White House ATTN: Domestic Policy Staff
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY CONTRACTORS
Lawrence Livermore National Lab ATTN: Tech Info Dept Lib
Los Alamos National Scientific Lab ATTN: Library
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY CONTRACTORS (Continued)
Sandia Nat onal Lab ATTN W. Hereford ATTN Central Library
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS
Adams State College
ATTN: Librarian
Advanced Research &Applications Corp
ATTN: H. Lee
Akron Public Library
ATTN: Librarian
Alabama State Dept of Archives &History ATTN: Military Records Div
University of Alabama ATTN: Reference Dept, Dralier 3 ATTN: Director of Libraries (Regional)
University of Alaska Lib at Anchorage
ATTN: Dir of Libraries
University of Alaska
ATTN: Librarian
Albany Public Library ATTN: Librarian
Alexander City State Jr College ATTN: Librarian
Allegheny College ATTN: Librarian
Allen County Public Library ATTN: Librarian
Altoona Area Public Library ATTN: Librarian
American Statistics Index Congressional Info Service, Inc ATTN: Cathy Jarvey
Anaheim Public Library ATTN: Librarian
College of Wooster ATTN: Government Documents
Angelo State University Library ATTN: Librarian
Angelo Iocoboni Pub Lib ATTN: Librarian
Anoka County Library ATTN: Librarian
Appalachian State University ATTN: Library Documents
Arizona State University Library ATTN: Librarian
98
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)
University of Arizona ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Regional)
Arkansas College Library ATTN: Librarian
Arkansas Library Comm ATTN: Librarian
Arkansas State University ATTN: Librarian
University of Arkansas ATTN: Government Documents Div
Austin College ATTN: Librarian
Atlanta Public Library ATTN: Ivan Allen Dept
Atlanta University ATTN: Librarian
Auburn University Library at Montgomery (Regional) ATTN: Librarian
C. W. Post Ctr Long Island University ATTN: Librarian
Bangor Public Library ATTN: Librarian
Bates College Library ATTN: Librarian
Baylor University Library ATTN: Docs Dept
Beloit College Libraries ATTN: Serials Documents Dept
Bemidji State College ATTN: Library
State University College ATTN: Government Documents
Akron University ATTN: Government Documents
Boston Public Library (Regional Dep)ATTN: Documents Dept
Bowdoin Call ege ATTN: Librarian
Bowling Green State University ATTN: Lib Govt Docs Services
Bradley University ATTN: Librarian
Brandeis University Lib ATTN: Documents Section
Brigham Young University Hawaii Campus ATTN: Librarian
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS {Continued)
Brigham Young University ATTN: Documents Collection
Brookhaven National Laboratory ATTN: Tech Library
Brooklyn College ATTN: Document Div
Broward County Library Sys ATTN: Librarian
Brown University ATTN: Librarian
Bucknell University ATTN: Reference Dept
Buffalo &Erie Co Pub Lib ATTN: Librarian
State University Library of California at Fresno ATTN: Librarian
University Library of California at Los Angeles ATTN: Pub Affairs Serv U.S. Docs
University of California at San Diego ATTN: Docs Dept
State College Library of California at Stanislaus ATTN: Librarian
California St Polytechnic Univ Lib ATTN: Librarian
California St Univ at Northridge ATTN: Gov Doc
California State Library (Regional) ATTN: Librarian
California St Univ at Long Beach Library ATTN: Librarian
California State UniversityATTN: Librarian
California State University ATTN: Librarian
California Univ Library ATTN: Govt Pub Dept
California Univ Lib ATTN: Librarian
California University Library ATTN: Govt Docs Dept
California University Library ATTN: Docs Sec
University of California ATTN: Gov Docs Dept
Calvin College Library ATTN: Librarian
99
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued) QE_PARTMEN_T.PL DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)
Kearney State College
ATTN: Gov Docs Dept
Cambria County Library Sys
ATTN: Librarian
Carleton College Library
ATTN: Librarian
Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh
ATTN: Librarian
Carnegie Mellon University
ATTN: Dir of Libraries
Carson Regional Library
ATTN: Gov Pubs Unit
Case Western Reserve UniversityATTN: Librarian
Casper College ATTN: Librarian
University of Central Florida ATTN: Library Docs Dept
Central Michigan UniversityATTN: Library Docs Sec
Central Montana State CollegeATTN: Gov Docs
Central State UniversityATTN: Lib Docs Dept
Central Washington University ATTN: Lib Docs Sec
Central Wyoming College LibraryATTN: Librarian
Charleston County Lib ATTN: Librarian
Charlotte &Mechlenburg County Pub Lib ATTN: E. Correll
Chattanooga Hamilton Co ATTN: Librarian
Chesapeake Pub Lib SystemATTN: Librarian
Chicago Pub Lib ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept
State Univ of Chicago ATTN: Librarian
Chicago University Library ATTN: Dir of Libraries ATTN: Docs Processing
Cincinnati Univ Lib ATTN: Librarian
Citadel ATTN: Librarian
Claremont Colleges Libs
ATTN: Doc Collection
Clemson Univ ATTN: Dir of Libraries
Cleveland Pub Lib ATTN: Docs Collection
Cleveland State Univ Lib ATTN: Librarian
Coe LibraryATTN: Docs Div
Colgate Univ Lib ATTN: Ref Lib
Colorado St Univ Libs ATTN: Librarian
Univ Libraries of Colorado ATTN: Dir of Libraries
Columbia Univ Lib ATTN: Docs Svc Ctr
Columbus &Franklin Cty Pub Lib ATTN: Gen Rec Div
Compton Lib ATTN: Librarian
Connecticut St Lib (Regional)ATTN: Librarian
Univ of Connecticut ATTN: Gov't of Connecticut
Univ of Connecticut ATTN: Dir of Libraries
Cornell Univ Lib ATTN: Librarian
Corpus Christi St Univ Lib ATTN: Librarian
Culver City Lib ATTN: Librarian
Curry College Lib ATTN: Librarian
Univ of North Carolina at Asheville ATTN: Librarian
Dallas County Pub Lib ATTN: Librarian
Dallas Pub Lib ATTN: Librarian
Dalton Jr College Lib ATTN: Librarian
Dartmouth College ATTN: Librarian
100
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)
Davenport Pub Lib ATTN: Librarian
Davidson College ATTN: Librarian
Dayton &Montgomery City Pub Lib ATTN: Librarian
Univ of Dayton ATTN: Librarian
Decatur Pub Lib ATTN: Librarian
Dekalb Comm Call SO CPUS ATTN: Librarian
Delaware Pauw Univ ATTN: Librarian
Univ of Delaware ATTN: Librarian
Uni v of Delaware ATTN: Dir of Lib
DeltaColl Lib ATTN: Librarian
Delta St Univ ATTN: Librarian
Denison Univ Lib
ATTN: Librarian
Denver Pub Lib (Reg)
ATTN: Docs Div
Dept of Lib &Archives (Reg) ATTN: Librarian
Detroit Pub Lib
ATTN: Librarian
Dickinson Call Lib
ATTN: Librarian
Dickinson St Call
ATTN: Librarian
Drake ~1emorial Learning Resource Ctr Alabama Agricultural Mechanical Univ &Call ATTN: Librarian
Drake Univ
ATTN: Cowles Lib
Drew Uni v
ATTN: Librarian
Duke Univ
ATTN: Pub Docs Dept
Duluth Pub Lib
ATTN: Docs Sec
East Carolina Univ
ATTN: Lib Docs Dept
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)
East Central Univ ATTN: Librarian
East Islip Pub Lib ATTN: Librarian
East Orange Pub Lib ATTN: U.S. Gov't Depository
East Tennessee St Univ Sherrod Lib ATTN: Docs Dept
East Texas St Univ ATTN: Library
Monmouth County Lib Eastern Branch ATTN: Librarian
Eastern Illinois Univ ATTN: Librarian
Eastern Kentucky Univ ATTN: Librarian
Eastern Michigan Univ Lib ATTN: Librarian
Eastern Montana Call ATTN: LibDocs
Eastern Montana Call Lib ATTN: Docs Dept
Eastern New Mexico Univ
ATTN: Librarian
Eastern Oregon Call Lib
ATTN: Librarian
Eastern Washington Univ
ATTN: Librarian
El Paso Pub Lib
ATTN: Docs &Genealogy Dept
Elko County Lib
ATTN: Librarian
Elmire Call
ATTN: Librarian
Elan Call Lib
ATTN: Librarian
Enoch Pratt Free Lib
ATTN: Docs Ofc
Enory Univ
ATTN: Librarian
Evansville &Vanderburgh Cty Pub Lib
ATTN: Librarian
Everett Pub Lib
ATTN: Librarian
Fairleigh Dickinson Univ
ATTN: Depository Dept
101
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued) DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)
Florida A &MUniv
ATTN: Librarian
Florida Atlantic Univ Lib ATTN: Div of Pub Docs
Florida Inst of Tech
ATTN: Lib
Florida Intl Univ Lib
ATTN: Docs Sec
Florida St Lib
ATTN: Docs Sec
Florida St Univ
ATTN: Librarian
Univ of Florida ATTN: Dir of Lib (Reg)ATTN: Docs Dept
Fond DuLac Pub Lib
ATTN: Librarian
Ft Hays St Univ
ATTN: Librarian
Ft Worth Pub Lib
ATTN: Librarian
Free Pub Lib of Elizabeth
ATTN: Librarian
Free Pub Lib
ATTN: Librarian
Freeport Pub Lib ATTN: Librarian
Fresno Cty Free Lib ATTN: Librarian
Gadsden Pub Lib ATTN: Librarian
Garden Pub Lib ATTN: Librarian
Gardner Webb Call ATTN: Docs Lib
Gary Pub Lib ATTN: Librn
Geauga Cty Pub Lib ATTN: Librn
Georgetown Univ Lib ATTN: Gov Docs Room
Georgia Inst of Tech ATTN: L ibrn
Georgia Southern Coll ATTN: Librn
Georgia Southwestern Coll ATTN: Dir of Lib
Georgia St Univ Lib
ATTN: Librn
Univ of Georgia
ATTN: Dir of Lib (Reg)
Glassboro St Coll
ATTN: Librn
Gleeson Lib
ATTN: Librn
Grace1 and Co 11
ATTN: Librn
Grand Forks Pub City-County Lib ATTN: Librn
Grand Rapids Pub Lib
ATTN: Dir of Lib
Greenville County Lib
ATTN: Librn
Grinnell Coll Libr
ATTN: Librn
Guam RFK Mem Univ Lib ATTN: Fed Depository Coll
Univ of Guam
ATTN: Librn
Gustavus Adolphus Coll ATTN: L ibrn
South Dakota Univ ATTN: Librn
Hardin-Simmons Univ Lib ATTN: Librn
Hartford Pub Lib ATTN: Librn
Harvard Coll Lib ATTN: Dir of Lib
Harvard Coll Lib ATTN: Librn
Univ of Hawaii Lib ATTN: Gov Docs Coll
Hawaii St Lib ATTN: Fed Docs Unit
Univ of Hawaii at Monoa ATTN: Dir of Lib (Reg)
Univ of Hawaii ATTN: Librn
Haydon Burns Lib ATTN: Librn
Hennepin County Lib ATTN: Gov Docs
102
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)
Henry Ford Comm Coll Lib ATTN: Librn
Herbert H. Lehman Coll ATTN: Lib Docs Div
Hofstra Univ Lib ATTN: Docs Dept
Hollins Coll ATTN: Librn
Hopkinsville Comm Coll ATTN: Librn
Wagner Coll ATTN: Librn
Univ of Houston Lib ATTN: Docs Di v
Houston Pub Lib ATTN: Librn
Tulane Univ ATTN: Docs Dept
Hoyt Pub Lib ATTN: Librn
Humboldt St Coll Lib ATTN: Docs Dept
Huntington Park Lib ATTN: Librn
Hutchinson Pub Lib ATTN: Librn
Idaho Pub Lib &Info Ctr ATTN: Librn
Idaho St Lib
ATTN: Librn
Idaho St Univ Lib ATTN: Docs Dept
Univ of Idaho ATTN: Dir of Lib (Reg) ATTN: Docs Sec
Univ of Illinois Lib
ATTN: Docs Sec
Illinois St Lib (Reg)
ATTN: Gov Docs Br
Illinois Univ at Urbana Champaign
ATTN: P. Watson Docs Lib
Illinois Valley Comm Coll ATTN: Lib
Illinois St Univ
ATTN: Librn
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)
Indiana St Lib (Reg) ATTN: Serial Sec
Indiana St Univ ATTN: Docs Lib
Indiana Univ Lib ATTN: Docs Dept
Indianapolis Marion Cyt Pub Lib ATTN: Social Science Div
Iowa St Univ Lib ATTN: Gov Docs Dept
Iowa Univ Lib · ATTN: Gov Docs Dept
Butler Univ ATTN: Librn
Isaac Delchdo Coll ATTN: Librn
James Madison Univ ATTN: Librn
JAY COR ATTN: Librn
Jefferson County Pub Lib Lakewood Reg Lib ATTN: Librn
Jersey City St Coll ATTN: Librn
John Hopkins Univ ATTN: Docs Lib
La Roche Co ll ATTN: Librn
Johnson Free Pub Lib ATTN: Librn
JRB Associates 4 cy ATTN: L. Novotney
Kalamazoo Pub Lib ATTN: Librn
Kaman TEMPO ATTN: DASIAC ATTN: E. Martin
Kaman TEMPO
ATTN: R. Miller
Kaman TEMPO ATTN: C. Jones
Kansas City Pub Lib ATTN: Docs Di v
103
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued) DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)
Kansas .St Lib
ATTN: L ibrn
Kansas St Univ Lib
ATTN: Docs Dept
Univ of Kansas
ATTN: Dir of Lib (Reg)
Kent St Univ Lib
ATTN: Docs Div
Kentucky Dept of Lib &Archives
ATTN: Docs Sec
Univ of Kentucky ATTN: Gov Pub DeptATTN: Dir of Lib (Reg)
Kenyon Co 11 Lib ATTN: Librn
Lake Forest Coll ATTN: Li brn
Lake Sumter Comm Coll Lib ATTN: Librn
Lakeland Pub Lib ATTN: Librn
Lancaster Reg Lib ATTN: Librn
Lawrence Un i v ATTN: Docs Dept
Brigham Young Univ ATTN: Docs &Map Sec
Lewis Univ Lib ATTN: Librn
Library and Statutory Dist &Svc 2 cy ATTN: Librn
Earl ham Coll ATTN: Librn
Little Rock Pub Lib ATTN: Librn
Long Beach Pub Lib ATTN: Librn
Los Angeles Pub Lib ATTN: Serials Div U. S. Docs
Louisiana St Univ ATTN: Gov Doc DeptATTN: Dir of Lib (Reg)
Louisville Free Pub Lib ATTN: Librn
Louisville Univ Lib ATTN: Librn
Univ of Texas
ATTN: Librn
Maine Maritime Academy
ATTN: Librn
Univ of Maine
ATTN: L i brn
Manchester City Lib
ATTN: Librn
Mankato St Coll ATTN: Gov Pubs
Univ of Maine at Farmington
ATTN: Dir of Lib
Marathon County Pub Lib ATTN: Librn
Principia Coll
ATTN: Librn
Univ of Maryland ATTN: McKeldin Libr Docs Div
Univ of Maryland ATTN: Librn
Univ of Massachusetts ATTN: Gov Docs Coll
Maui Pub Lib ATTN: Librn
McNeese St Univ ATTN: Librn
Memphis &Shelby CountyPub Lib &Info Ctr ATTN: Librn
Memphis &Shelby CountyPub Lib &Info Ctr ATTN: Librn
Memphis St Univ ATTN: Librn
Mercer Univ ATTN: Librn
Mesa County Pub Lib ATTN: Librn
Miami Dade Comm Coll ATTN: Librn
Univ of Miami Lib ATTN: Gov Pubs
Miami Pub Lib ATTN: Docs Div
Miami Univ Lib ATTN: Docs Dept
104
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued) DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)
Univ of Santa Clara ATTN: Docs Div
Michigan St Lib ATTN: Librn
Michigan St Univ Lib ATTN: Librn
Michigan Tech Univ ATTN: Lib Docs Dept
Univ of Michigan ATTN: Acq Sec Docs Unit
Middlebury Coll Lib ATTN: Li brn
Millersville St Coll ATTN: Li brn
State Univ of New York ATTN: Docs Librn
Milwaukee Pub Lib ATTN: Librn
Minneapolis Pub Lib ATTN: L ibrn
Univ of Minnesota ATTN: Dir of Lib {Reg)
Minot St Coll ATTN: Librn
Mississippi St Univ ATTN: L ibrn
Univ of Mississippi ATTN: Dir of Lib
Missouri Univ at Kansas City Gen ATTN: Librn
Univ of Missouri Lib ATTN: Gov Docs
M.I.T. Libraries ATTN: L ibrn
Mobile Pub Lib ATTN: Gov Info Div
Midwestern Univ ATTN: L ibrn
Montana St Lib ATTN: Librn
Montana St Univ Lib ATTN: Librn
Univ of Montana ATTN: Dir of Lib (Reg)
Montebe 11 o Lib ATTN: Librn
Morhead St Coll ATTN: Lib
Mt Prospect Pub Lib ATTN: Gov't Info Ctr
Murray St Univ Lib ATTN: Li brn
Nassau Lib System ATTN: Librn
National Academy of Sciences ATTN: C. Robinette ATTN: Medical Follow-Up AgencyATTN: Natl Materials Advisory Board
Natrona County Pub Lib ATTN: Li brn
Nebraska Lib Comm Nebraska Pub Clearinghouse ATTN: L ibrn
Univ of Nebraska at Omaha ATTN: L ibrn
Nebraska Western Coll Lib ATTN: Librn
Univ of Nebraska ATTN: Dir of Lib (Reg)
Univ of Nebraska Lib ATTN: Acquisitions Dept
Univ of Nevada Lib ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept
Univ of Nevada at Las Vegas ATTN: Dir of Lib
New Hampshire Univ Lib ATTN: Librn
New Hanover County Pub Lib ATTN: L ibrn
New Mexico St Lib ATTN: Librn
New Mexico St Univ ATTN: Lib Docs Div
Univ of New Mexico ATTN: Dir of Lib {Reg)
Univ of New Orleans Lib ATTN: Gov Docs Div
New Orleans Pub Lib ATTN: L ibrn
New York Pub Lib ATTN: Librn
New York St Lib ATTN: Docs Control Cultural Ed Ctr
105
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)
New York St Univ at Stony Brook ATTN: Main Lib Docs Sec
New York St Univ Coll at Cortland Memorial Lib ATTN: L ibrn
State Univ of New York ATTN: Lib Docs Sec
St Univ of New York ATTN: L ibrn
New York St Univ ATTN: Docs Ctr
St Univ of New York ATTN: Docs Dept
New York Univ Lib ATTN: Docs Dept
Newark Free Lib ATTN: L ibrn
Newark Pub Lib ATTN: Librn
Niagara Falls Pub Lib ATTN: L ibrn
Nicholls St Univ Lib ATTN: Docs Div
Nieves M. Flores Memorial Lib ATTN: L ibrn
Norfolk Pub Lib ATTN: R. Parker
North Carolina Agri &Tech St Univ ATTN: Librn
Univ of North Carolina at Charlotte ATTN: Atkins Lib Doc Dept
Univ Lib of North Carolina at Greensboro ATTN: Librn
Univ of North Carolina at WilmingtonATTN: Librn
North Carol ina Cen Univ ATTN: L i brn
North Carolina St Univ ATTN: Librn
North Carolina Univ at Wilmington ATTN: Librn
Univ of North Carolina ATTN: BA SS Div Docs
North Dakota St Univ Lib ATTN: Docs Librn
Univ of North Dakota ATTN: Librn
DEPARTt~ENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)
Univ of North Dakota
ATTN: Dir of Lib
North Georgia Coll
ATTN: Librn
North Texas St Univ Lib ATTN: L ibrn
Northeast Missouri St Univ
ATTN: Librn
Northeastern Oklahoma St Univ ATTN: Librn
Northeastern Univ ATTN: Dodge Lib
N. Arizona Univ Lib ATTN: Gov Docs Dept
N. Illinois Univ ATTN: L ibrn
N. Michigan Uni v ATTN: Docs
N. Montana Coll Lib ATTN: Librn
Northwestern Michigan Coll ATTN: Librn
Northwestern St Univ ATTN: Librn
Northwestern St Univ Lib ATTN: L ibrn
Northwestern Univ Lib ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept
Norwalk Pub Lib ATTN: Librn
Northeastern Illinois Univ ATTN: L ibrn
Univ of Notre Dame ATTN: Doc Ctr
Oakland Comm Coll ATTN: Librn
Oakland Pub Lib ATTN: Librn
Oberlin Coll Lib ATTN: Librn
Ocean County Coll ATTN: Librn
Ohio St Lib ATTN: Librn
106
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)
Ohio St Univ ATTN: Lib Docs Div
Ohio Univ Lib ATTN: Docs Dept
Oklahoma City Univ Lib ATTN: Librn
Oklahoma City Univ Lib ATTN: Librn
Oklahoma Dept of Libs ATTN: U.S. Gov Docs
Univ of Oklahoma ATTN: Docs Div
Old Dominion Univ ATTN: Doc Dept Univ Lib
OlivetColl Lib ATTN: Librn
Omaha Pub Lib Clark Branch ATTN: Librn
Onondaga County Pub Lib ATTN: Gov Docs Sec
Oregon St Lib ATTN: Librn
Univ of Oregon ATTN: Docs Sec
Ouachita Baptist Univ AnN: Librn
Pacific-Sierra Research CorpATTN: H. Brode
Pan American Univ Lib ATTN: Librn
Passaic Pub Lib ATTN: Librn
Queens Coll ATTN: Docs Dept
Pennsylvania St Lib ATTN: Gov Pubs Sec
Pennsylvania St Univ ATTN: Lib Doc Sec
Univ of Pennsylvania ATTN: Dir of Lib
Univ of Denver ATTN: Penrose Lib
Peoria Pub Lib ATTN: Business, Science &Tech Dept
Free Lib of Philadelphia ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)
Philipsburg Free Public ATTN: Library
Phoenix Pub Lib
ATTN: Librn
Univ of Pittsburg ATTN: Docs Office, G8
Plainfield Pub Lib ATTN: Librn
Popular Creek Pub Lib District ATTN: Librn
Association of Portland Library ATTN: Librn
Portland Pub Lib ATTN: L ibrn
Portland St Univ Lib ATTN: Librn
Pratt Institute Library ATTN: Librn
Louisiana Tech Univ ATTN: Librn
Princeton Univ Lib ATTN: Docs Div
Providence Coll ATTN: Librn
Providence Pub Lib ATTN: Li brn
Public Lib Cincinnati &Hamilton CountyATTN: Librn
Pub Lib of Nashville and Davidson County ATTN: Librn
Univ of Puerto Rico ATTN: Doc &Maps Room
Purdue Univ Library ATTN: Librn
Quinebaug Valley Comm Coll ATTN: Li brn
Auburn Univ ATTN: Microforms &Docs Dept
Rapid City Pub Lib ATTN: Librn
Reading Pub Lib ATTN: Librn
Reed Co11 Li b ATTN: Librn
Augusta College ATTN: Librn
107
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)
Reynolds Electrical and Engr Co, Inc ATTN: Doc Con Facility
Univ of Rhode Island Lib ATTN: Gov Pubs Ofc
Univ of Rhode Island ATTN: Dir of Lib
Rice Univ ATTN: Dir of Lib
Louisiana CollegeATTN: L ibrn
Richland County Pub Lib ATTN: L ibrn
Riverside Pub Lib ATTN: Librn
Univ of Rochester Lib ATTN: Docs Sec
Univ of Rutgers Camden Lib ATTN: Librn
Stote Univ of Rutgers ATTN: Librn
Rutgers Un i v ATTN: Dir of Lib (Reg)
Rutgers Univ Law Lib ATTN: Fed Docs Dept
Sal em Coll Lib ATTN: Librn
Samford Univ ATTN: Li brn
San Antonio Pub Lib ATTN: Bus Science & Tech Dept
San Diego County Lib ATTN: C. Jones, Acquisitions
San Diego Pub Lib ATTN: Librn
San Diego St Univ Lib ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept
San Francisco Pub Lib ATTN: Gov Docs Dept
San Francisco St Coll ATTN: Gov Pubs Collection
San Jose St Coll Lib ATTN: Docs Dept
San Luis Obispo City-County Lib ATTN: Librn
Savannah Pub &Effingham Libty Regional Lib ATTN: Librn
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)
Science Applications, Inc ATTN: Tech Lib
Scottsbluff Pub Lib ATTN: Librn
Scranton Pub Lib ATTN: Librn
Seattle Pub Lib ATTN: Ref Docs Asst
Selby Pub Lib ATTN: Librn
Shawnee Lib System ATTN: L ibrn
Shreve Memorial Library ATTN: Librn
Silas Bronson Pub Lib ATTN: Librn
Columbus College ATTN: Lib'lffn
Sioux City Pub Lib ATTN: Librn
Skidmore CollegeATTN: Librn
Slippery Rock St Coll Lib ATTN: L ibrn
South Carolina St Lib ATTN: Librn
Univ of South Carolina ATTN: Librn
Univ of South Carolina ATTN: Gov Docs
South Dakota Sch of Mines &Tech Lib ATTN: Librn
South Dakota St Library ATTN: Fed Docs Dept
Univ of South Dakota ATTN: Docs Librn
South Florida Univ Lib ATTN: Librn
Southeast Missouri St Univ ATTN: Librn
Southeastern Massachusetts Univ Lib ATTN: Docs Sec
Univ of Southern Alabama ATTN: Li brn
Southern California Univ Lib ATTN: Docs Dept
108
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)
Southern Connecticut St Call ATTN: Library
Southern Illinois Univ ATTN: Librn
Southern Illinois Univ ATTN: Docs Ctr
Southern Methodist Univ ATTN: Librn
Univ of Southern Mississippi ATTN: Library
Southern Oregon Call ATTN: Library
Southern Univ in New Orleans Lib ATTN: Librn
Southern Utah St Call Library ATTN: Docs Dept
Southwest Missouri St Call ATTN: Library
Southwestern Univ of Louisiana Libraries ATTN: Librn
Southwestern Univ ATTN: Librn
Spokane Pub Lib ATTN: Ref Dept
Springfield City Library ATTN: Docs Sec
St Bonaventure Univ
ATTN: L ibrn
St Johns River Jr Call
ATTN: Librn
St. Joseph Pub Lib
ATTN: Librn
St. Lawrence Univ
ATTN: Librn
St. Louis Pub Lib
ATTN: L ibrn
St. Paul Pub Lib
ATTN: Librn
Stanford Univ Library
ATTN: Gov Docs Dept
State Historical Soc Lib
ATTN: Docs Serials Sec
State Library of Massachusetts
ATTN: Librn
State Univ of New York
ATTN: Librn
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)
Stetson Univ ATTN: L ibrn
Univ of Steubenville ATTN: Librn
Stockton &San Joaquin Pub Lib ATTN: Librn
Stockton St Call Library ATTN: Librn
Albion College ATTN: Gov Docs Librn
Superior Pub Lib ATTN: Librn
Swarthmore Call Lib ATTN: Ref Dept
Syracuse Univ Library ATTN: Docs Div
Tacoma Pub Lib ATTN: Librn
Tampa-Hillsborough County Pub Lib ATTN: Li brn
Temple Univ ATTN: Librn
Tennessee Technological Univ ATTN: Librn
Univ of Tennessee
ATTN: Dir of Libraries
Call of Idaho
ATTN: Librn
Texas A &MUniv Library ATTN: Librn
Univ of Texas at Arlington
ATTN: Library Docs
Univ of Texas at San Antonio
ATTN: Library
Texas Christian Univ
ATTN: Librn
Texas St Library
ATTN: U.S. Docs Sec
Texas Tech Univ Library
ATTN: Gov Docs Dept
Texas Univ at Austin
ATTN: Docs Call
Univ of Toledo Lib
ATTN: Librn
Toledo Pub Lib
ATTN: Social Science Dept
109
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)
Torrance Civic Ctr Lib
ATTN: L ibrn
Traverse City Pub Lib
ATTN: Librn
Trenton Free Pub Lib
ATTN: Librn
Trinity Call Lib
ATTN: Li brn
Trinity Univ Lib
ATTN: Docs Call
Tufts Univ Lib
ATTN: Docs Dept
Univ of Tulsa
ATTN: L i brn
UCLA Research Lib
ATTN: Pub Affairs Svc/U.S. Docs
Uniformed Svcs Univ of the Health Sciences
ATTN: LRC Lib
Univ Libraries
ATTN: Dir of Lib
Univ of Maine at Oreno
ATTN: Librn
Univ of Northern Iowa
ATTN: Library
Upper Iowa College
ATTN: Docs Call
Utah St Univ
ATTN: Librn
Uni v of Utah ATTN: Special Collections
Univ of Utah ATTN: Dir of Lib
Utica Pub Lib ATTN: L ibrn
Valencia Lib ATTN: Librn
Valparaiso Univ ATTN: L ibrn
Vanderbilt Univ Lib ATTN: Gov Docs Sec
Univ of Vermont ATTN: Dir of Lib
Virginia Commonwealth Univ ATTN: Librn
Virginia Military Institute ATTN: Librn
DEPARTf~EriT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)
Virginia Polytechnic Inst Lib
ATTN: Docs Dept
Virginia St Lib
ATTN: Serials Sec
Univ of Virginia
ATTN: Pub Docs
Volusia County Pub Lib
ATTN: Librn
Washington St Lib
ATTN: Docs Sec
Washington St Univ
ATTN: Lib Docs Sec
Washington Univ Libraries FM-25
ATTN: Dir of Lib
Univ of Washington
ATTN: Docs Div
Wayne St Univ Lib
ATTN: Librn
Wayne St Univ Law Lib
ATTN: Docs Dept
Weber St Call Lib
ATTN: Librn
Wesleyan Univ
ATTN: Docs Librn
West Chester St Call ATTN: Docs Dept
West Covina Lib ATTN: Librn
Univ of West Florida
ATTN: Librn
West Georgia Call ATTN: Librn
West Hills Comm Call ATTN: Library
West Texas St Univ ATTN: Lib
West Virginia Call of Grad Studies Lib ATTN: Librn
Univ of West VirginiaATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)
Westerly Pub Lib ATTN: Librn
Western Carolina Univ ATTN: Librn
Western Illinois Univ Lib ATTN: L ibrn
110
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)
Western Washington Univ ATTN: Librn
Western Wyoming Comm Call Lib ATTN: Librn
Westmoreland City Comm Call ATTN: Learning Resource Ctr
Whitman Call ATTN: Librn
Wichita St Univ Lib ATTN: Librn
Williams &Mary Call ATTN: Docs Dept
Emporia Kansas St Call ATTN: Gov Docs Div
Williams College Lib ATTN: Librn
Williamantic Pub Lib ATTN: Librn
Winthrop Call ATTN: Docs Dept
Univ of Wisconsin at Whitewater ATTN: Gov Docs Lib
Milwaukee Wisconsin Univ ATTN: Librn
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)
Oshkosh Wisconsin Univ ATTN: Librn
Platteville Wisconsin Univ ATTN: Librn
Wisconsin Univ at Stevens Pt ATTN: Docs Sec
Univ of Wisconsin ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept
Univ of Wisconsin ATTN: Acquisitions Dept
Worcester Pub Lib ATTN: Librn
Wright St Univ Lib ATTN: Gov Docs Librn
Wyoming St Lib ATTN: Librn
Univ of Wyoming ATTN: Docs Div
Yale Univ ATTN: Dir of Lib
Yeshiva Uni v ATTN: Librn
Yuma City County Lib ATTN: Librn
111