DIJ\Jl1 

4·61 ADA 
BATTLE·BDDK 

8 7 4 70 Depository Copy 

I . CHECK Ll STS 

A. 	Operations Order 
B. 	Occupation of Position (Squad Check List) 
C. 	Daily Maintenance Check List 
D. 	Change of Mission 
E. 	After Battle -Premovement 
F. 	Acronyms 
G. 	RSOP Brief 
H. 	Classes of Supply 
I. 	Safety Briefing 
J. Range Check List 
f':. Down Range Equipment Check List 

L. 	CESO Prowords 

I I . TASK FORCE Ll NKLIF' 


A. 	Information to obtain from Task Force 
B. 	Information to provide the Task Force 
C. 	Recommendations and decisions made by the AD Officer 
I I I • THE ENEMY 
A. 	Soviet Air Tactics 
B. 	Soviet Aircraft 
C. 	Soviet Air Defense Weapons 
IV. AIR DEFENSE MISSIONS 
A. 	AD Employment Guidelines Offense 
B. 	Task Force Offensive Maneuver Operations 
1. General Offensive Missions 
~. Specific Offensive Missions 

a. 	Movement to Contact 
<1> Fie>: Movements -Action Left or Right 
(2) TF Diamond Formation 
<3> TF Box Formation 
Task Force Offensive Maneuver Operations (continued) 
b. 
Hasty Attack 

c. 
Deliberate Attack 

d. 
"Exploitation 

e. 
Pursuit 

f. 
Limited Visibility Operations/Night Attack 


C. AD Employment Guidelines Defense 
D. Task Force Defensive Maneuver Operations 
1. 
General Defensive Missions 

2. 
Specific Defensive Missions 

a. 
Defend a battle position 

b. 
Delay in sector 

c. 
Defend in sector 

d. 
Defend to retain 




E. Chaparral Guidelines 
1. 
General Cons derations 

2. 
Offensive Gu delines 

3. 
Defensive Gu delines 


F. Additional Missions 
1. 
Mobile Point Defense (Convoys) 

2. 
TF Column Formation 

3. 
Retrograde Operations 


G. Small A~ms Fo~ Ai~ Defense <SAFADSl 
1. 
Rules for selecting the aim point 

2. 
Passive Air Defense 

3. 
Active Air Defense 


H. Lessons Learned at NTC/Pinon Canyon CPCMS> 
I 

CHECK LISTS 


Check list --A 
OPERATIONS ORDER 
1. SITUATION 
a. 	Enemy 
<1> 	Weather and Light Data <note effects on enemy 
and 	NBC capability>. 
<2> Terrain <air, ground, avenues of approach, 
masking for helicopters). 
(3) Identification <type of A/C, markings). 
<4> Location (airfield, ground unit location, 
FLOT>.
<5> 	Activity (air activity, NBC activity, ECM>. 
(6) 	Strength <Number of sorties available). 
b. 	Friendly Forces 
<1> 	Mission of Next Higher AD Unit. Location of CP 
<2> 	Mission of Supported Unit. Location of CP 
<3> Mission/Loca~ion of Adjacent ADA Unit and FAAR 
Location. 
c. Attachments/Detachments
<Effective time., mission) 
2. 	MISSION OF PLATOON<Read aloud twice> 
a. 	Who
b. 	What
c. 	When
d. 	Where
e. 	Why 
3. 	EXECUTION 
a. 	Concept of the Operation 
<1> 	Scheme of Maneuver <Maneuver graphics>
<2> 	Fires
<a> 	ADW WCS
Cb) 	Hostile criteria 
<c> 	Right of self defense 
b. Subunit Missions 
<1> Squads (have squads stand as you issue their 
information, i.e., order of march, position, and PTLS) 
<a> HQ Element 
(b) 
1st Squad 

(c) 
2nd Sqc<ad 

(d) 
3rd Squad 
(e>) 4th Squad 



(2) 
Teams <NBC, RSOP~ Attachments> 

(3) 
Individuals 


c. Coordinating Instructions 
(1) Time of departure ~nd return {2) Formations and order of movement (include 
sketch) C3> Actions on enemy contact <include sketch) 
(4) 
Actions at rally point (include sketch) 

(5) 
Actions at objective (include sketch) 

(6) 
Rehearsals <Test fires> 

(7) 
Inspections 

(8) 
Debriefing 


<9> Essential Elements of Information 
(10) Ce>nter of Sector MSCS 
4. SERVICE SUPPORT 
a. 
Rations 

b. 
Ammunition 

c. 
POL 

d. 
Uniform and Equipment 

e. 
Handling of Pow~s and Wounded 


5. COMMAND AND SIGNAL 
a. 
Signal and Code Wards <include supported unit> 

b. 
IFF Mode 4 Code Book ~ 

c. 
Challenge/Password 

d. 
Call Signs 

e. 
Reports 

f. 
Chain of Command 

g. 
Location of PSG, PL, BC 

h. 
Location of TF Logistic Support 


Chec:k list --B 
OCCUPATION OF POSITION <Squad Chec:klist> 
1. 	
Rec:on by forc:e your tentative position. Selec:t position that optimizes Squad fields of fire. Emergenc:y emplace. 

2. 	
Establish Sec:urity. Advise Chain-of-Command of 


location. Run wire to LP/OP. 
3. 	Employ NBC detec:ticn equipment 
4. 	Prepare positions 
a. 	
Prepare range c:ards (put out TRP's 1000, 2000) 

b. 
Dig fox holes fer CP/OPs ( 18" overhead c:cver) c:. Natural and net camouflage (c:cver track marks) 


d. 	Establish barriers 
e. 	Constantly improve 
5. 	Rec:cn alternate and supplementary positions and the 
routes to them. 
6. 	Bac:k brief squad members 
a. 	Mission, situation 
b. 	
Alternate position 

c. 	
Supplementary positions 

d. 	
Exit, rally point 

e. 	
Platoon CP 

f. 	
WSC, ADW, Meaning 

g. 	
Range c:ards 

h. 	
POW/c:asualty handling 


7. 	
PMCS all equipment 

8. 	
Rearm, resupply, redistribute, report to CP 

9. 	
Field sanitation 


10. 	Establish work, maintenance, chow, rest plan. (improve 
alternate/supplementary position). 

Check 1 ist --C 
DAILY MAINTENANCE CHECK LIST 
1. Fluid levels according to -10.
a. Engine
b. Transmission
c. Fi.na.l drive
d. Transfer
e. Fan tower
f. Hydraulic
g. Differential 
2. Track
a. No dead track
b. No broken track
c. Proper track tension
d. Track pads in place and secure 
dl
3. Suspension
a. No broken torsion bars
b. All sprockets are serviceable
c. Hubs and sprocket nuts are tight
d. Road wheel nuts are tight
e. Road wheels are serviceable
f. Suspension arms are not bent 
4. Air cleaner clean and serviceable 
5. Fuel filter clean 
6. Coolant levels proper and free of leaks 
7. Engine compartment free of oil or fuel leaks 
B. Steering and brake system IAW -10 
9. Vehicles intercom system operational 
10. Tension and drive belts properly adjusted 
11. Systems checked lAW -10 
Check list --D 
CHANGE OF MISSION CHECKLIST 
1. 
Authenticate unless recieved through secure radio. 

2. 
Notify platoon immediately 


3. 
Map recon 

4. 
Radio supported unit; coordinate meeting <time, place> 


5. 
Meet with Plt. Sgt. <RSOP brief> 

6. 
Plt. Ldr. briefs guides <RSOP brief) 

7. 
Plt. Ldr. ensures NBC gear operational <MB alarm> 

8. 
Plt. Ldr. conducts route recon <Radios in check pts.> 

9. 
Plt. Sgt briefs squad leaders <RSOP brief) 

10. 
Plt. Sgt radios parent unit of SP 

11. 
Plt. Ldr. identifies RP 

12. 
Recons positions 

13. 
Link up with supported unit or asset. <When linkup is 


required>. 
14. Secure RP and occupies 
15. 
Position guides for quick pick up at RP 

16. 
Main body radios in check points to Plt. Ldr. 

17. 
Main body links up at RP (far, near recognition). 


18. Pick up guides, move to tentative position. 
Chec: ~' list --E 
AFTER BATTLE/PRE-MOVEMENT (Squad Chac:kl!at> 
1. Gather forces, account for all personnel.
2. 
Ac:c:ount TOr all sensitive items (CEO!s, wpns, etc:.).

3. 
Report/Evacuate casualties. Initiate reconstitution. 

4. 
Fill leadership positions. 

5. 
Zero MILES/Chec:k Battery. 

6. 
Conduc:t maintenance on all equipment.

7. 
Resupply Class I, III, V, and water. 

8. 
Complete 2 eac:h 2404s and turn in to platoon sergeant.

9. 
Establish work/rest plan. 

10. 
R•c:ov•r WD-1. 

11. 
Polic:e area, 

12. 
Reload vehicles lAW load plans.

13. 
Cross-level personnel iT required,

14. 
Spread out sec:urity. 

15. 
Chec:k c:ommo, send sit/status reports.


16. Prepare to move. 
17. Rest. 
Chec:k list --F 
BMNT EENT IPB 
NAI TAI ECM ECCM ESM GSR DPs R&S Plan ADW DADE DAME CAS COM FEBA FLOT HIDACZ HIMEZ LLTR LOMEZ MSCS MRR PTL ROA SEAD SHORAD WCS WEZ WFZ 
Beginning of Morning Nautic:al Twilight End of Evening Nautic:al Twilight 
= Intelligence Preparation of the 
Battlefield 
Named Areas of Interest 

Target Areas of Interest Electronic Counter Measures = Electronic Counter-Counter Measures 
Elec:trcnic: Support Measures 
Ground Surveillanc:e Radar 

Decision Points 
=Reconnaissance and Surveillance Plan Air Defense Warning Division Air Defense Element 
= Division Airspace Management Element 
Close Air Support 
Center of Mass 
Forward Edge of the Battle Area 

= Forward Line of Own Troops 
High Density Airspac:e Control Zone High-Altitude Missile Engagement Zone Lew-Level Transit Route Lew-Altitude Missile Engagement Zone 
= Manual SHORAD Control System = Minimum Risk Route = Primary·Target Line 
Ristric:ted Operations Area 
Suppression of Enemy Air Defense 
Short-Range Air Defense 
= Weapon Control Status 
Weapon Engagement Zone 
Weapon Free Zone 
Check list --G 
SQUAD RSOP BRIEF 
1. 	Mission Statement <Repeat Twice) 
a. 	Who 
b. 	What
c. 	When
d. 	Where
e. 	Why 
2. 	Execution (include sketch) 
a. 	Route/Alternate
b. 	Control Measures <SP, check points, RP) 
c. 	Actions at new asset <Sketch> 
(!) Guides
<2> Routes to tentative positions
<3> PTL's 
3" 	Coordination Instructions
a. 	Personnel, Vehicles, and Equipment being taken. 
b. 	Destination
c. 	Approx. time required for recon. 
d. 	Instructions if not back in time or at RP at a certain time.
e. 	Instructions if anybody makes contact, or mission changes enroute. 
Class I -----Class II ----Class III ---Class IV ----Class v -----Class VI ----Class VII ---Class VIII --Class IX ----Class X ----
Chec:k list --H 
CLASSES OF SUPPLY 
Rations Clothing and Individual Equipment POL <Petroleum, Oil, and Lubricants) 
Construction Material Ammunition 
Personal Demand Items Major End Items Medic:al Materials 
Repair Parts Nonmilitary Program Materials 
Chec:k list --I 
SAFETY BRIEFING 
I. 	Eye Protec:tion 
2. 	Hearing Protection 
3. 	
Head Gear <Steel pot/CVCl 

4. 	
Equipment tied down 


5. 	Fire Extinguishers operational 
6. 	Complete First Aid Kit 
7. 	Ground Guides (backing vehicle, bivouac/maintenance 
areas, and limited visibility) 

8. 	Convoy Proc:edures <Can't See/Stop and, vehic:le speed and interval) 
9. 	
Frequency for Medivac 

10. 
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning <stoves and vehicles> 


11. 
Cold/Heat Injuries 

12. 
Pyrotec:hnic:s 

13. 
Blank Adapter 


14. ''All Clear'' before turret, ramp movement 
15. 
Road Crossings (road guards) 

16. 
Safety pins in all op~n hatc:h c:overs. 

17. 
Seat belts and safety straps. 


18. 
Night movements <Blackout lights, interval, and speed> 

19. 
Vehicle movement under adverse weather conditions. 

20. 
Inspect the area around a vehicle before moving. 

21. 
Reference: FC and 40 Reg 350-1, Appendix 0. 


Check list --J 
RANGE CHECK LIST 

EQUIPMENT: 
TABLES STOP WATCH MANUALS/REGS SCORE CARDS 2 1/2 TN TRL 
TA-312 	_
PADDLES/HELMETS---------------
CDMMO WIRE TRK/TLR-AMMO GP MED TENT LIGHTS
SPACE HEATERS -------------
EXTENSION CORDS _____________ CAMMO NET/SPT CLEANING KITS SAFETY RODS EAR PLUGS 
PA SET. SAND BAGS SHOVELS BROOMS/MOPS WATER CANS 
ENGINEER TAPE GREEN TAPE BA 30S AMMO SIGNS PRC-77 
DR RT-524 BACK-UP ------------------
SIGNS: 	ORIENTATION AREA READY AREA FIRING AREA RETIRED/CONCURRENT TNG AREA 
PERSONNEL: 

OIC: NCOIC: RSO: 
SAFETY NCO #1 ---------------SAFETY NCO #2 ---------------
SAFETY NCO #3 ---------------SAFETY NCO #4 ---------------
CONCURRENT TNG INSTRUCTOR --------------------<GROUP LOR?) 

ARMORER --------------------

AMMO CREW ----------------------------------------------
CONTROL TOWER OPERATORS 1: ---------------2: -------------
MEDICAL AIDMAN: ---------------------

PRJ MARKS INSTRUCTION: 
INSTRUCTOR:

WHEN: ---------WHERE: 

TRANSPORTATION: 
AMMO PICKUP VEHICLE: 
RADIO VEHICLE: 
AMBULANCE VEHICLE: 

BUS SCHEDULE: 

NEED MESS DF FOR HOT COFFEE AND SOUP FOR EACH RANGE. 
NEED FIRER'S NAMES SUBMITTED TO EACH RANGE NCOIC. 
NEED LIST OF PERSONNEL WHO ATTENDED PMT SUBMITTED TO EACH 
RANGE NCOIC. 
DO WE WANT OR NEED THE WEAPDNEER? 
DO WE NEED SHADOW BOX? 

REMARKS: 
Check list --K 
DOWN RANGE EQUIPMENT CHECK LIST 
EQUIPMENT: 
CAMOUFLAGE NETS 	CAMOUFLAGE SPT 
SYS 
TENT <HEX> w/center pole TENT LINER TENT PINS <25ea> Lantern w/Mantles
Field telephone TA-838 Tent Floor Material FLO PHONE TA-312/PT <2ea) WD-1/DR-8 <2ea> RL-39 REELING MACH SPACE HEATER Field Table GENERATOR AN/GRA-39 w/handset RADIO SET PRC-77 
ANTENNA RC-292 <or EQUIV> Folding Chairs MAPS AND MAP/STATUS BRD TEAM SUPPLY 5 gal FUEL CAN <FULL> WATER CAN/COOLER
AN/VRC-46 w/MICROPHDNE VEHICLE DVM VEHICLE/TLR LOAD PLAN PMCS AND DISPATCH 
NOTE: Small print above indicates optional items. 
OTHER ITEMS: 
BA-30s TOLI ET 
PAPER DA 2404's 
TRASH BAGS OIL (30w can> TMs, FMsPRC-77 BATs CEDI 
BINOCULARS 
TLs/PLIERS ELECTRICAL TAPE MREs 
PERSONAL ITEMS: 
TA-50 RUCK SACK NBC SUIT RAIN SUIT GLOVES CHEM BOOTS CHEM WEB GEAR OVERSHOES HELMET COT SLEEPING BAG MATRESS/PAD
PILLOW CLEAN CLOTHES SHAVING KIT 
FLASHLIGHT PENLIGHT ALARM CLOCK DOG TAGS SHOT RECORD EAR PLUGS WATCH INSECT REPELLANT KNIFE 
CAMP STOVE FUEL 	PAPER!<ENVLP 
COFFEE POT EXTRA BATTs 
SUN 	SCREEN 
WPNS CLEANING KIT 	GLASSES 
MISCELLANEOUS CHECK LIST: 
A. 	Lay on chow with either the BDE or the attached btry.
1. Get all names, meal card #'s, and SSN's from every 
one 	in FSO and the attached btry TOC (if they will 
mess with BDE.) 
2. 	Send out a DF to unit providing chow with the above information. 
B. 	Notify lSG and CSM of names and dates for personnel down range... so the duty roster is correct. 
C. 	Lay on issue of weapons, masks, binoculars, CEDI/Vinson etc. 
0. 	Inventory/inspect equipment above ...expecially comma equip. 
ADDRESS GROUP ALL AFTER 
ALL BEFORE 
AUTHENTICATE AUTHENTICATION IS BREAK 
BROADCAST YOUR NET CALL SIGN CORRECT 
CORRECTION Chec:k list --L 
CESO PROWORDS 
The group that follows is an address group. 
The portion of the message to which have reference is all that which follows 
The portion of the message to which have reference is all that which precedes ----------· 
The station called is to reply to the challenge whic:h follows. 
The transmission authentication of this message •...... 
I hereby indicate the separation of the text form other portions of the 
message. 
Link the two nets under your control for automatic rebroadcast. 
The group that follows is a c:all sign. 
You are correct, or what you have transmitted is correct. 
An error has been made in this transmission. Transmission will continue with the last word correctly transmitted. 
An error has been made in this 
transmission <or message indicated). 
The correct version is 
That which follows iS a corrected version in answer to your request for verification. 
E:BIJI!IIJB!l 
DISREGARD THIS 
TRANSMISSION OUT 
DO NOT ANSWER 
EXECUTE 
EXECUTE TO FOLLOW 
EXEMF'T 
FIGURES FLASH FROM 
GROUPS 
GROUF' NO COUNT 
AUTHENTICATE 
I~IMEDIATE 
EXE:L.tl~tlilQ~ 
This transmission is in error. 
Disregard it. This proword shall not be used to cancel any message that has been completely transmitted and for which receipt or acknowledgement has been received. 
Stations called are not to answer 
this call, receipt for this message, 
or otherwise to transmit in 
connection with this transmission. 
When this proword is employed~ the 
transmission shall be ended with the 
proword ''OUT''. 
Carry out the purport of the message 
or signal to which this applies. To 
be used only with the Executive 
Method. 
Action on the message or signal which follows is to be carried out upon receipt of the proword ''EXECUTE''. To be used only with the Delayed 
Executive Method. 
The addressees immediately following are exempted from the collective call. 
Numeral or numbers follow. 
Precedence FLASH. 
The originator of this message is indicated by the address designator immediately following. 
This message contains the number of groups indicated by the numeral following. 
The groups in this message have not been counted. 
The group that follows is the reply to your challenge to authenticate. 
Precedence IMMEDIATE. 
EBIJWQB!:! 
IMMEDIATE EXECUTE 
INFO I READ BACK I SAY AGAIN I SPELL I VERIFY 
MESSAGE 
MORE TO FOLLOW NET NOW 
NUMBER OUT 
OVER 
PRIORITY READ BACK 
Action on the message or signal following is to be carried out on 
receipt of the word EXECUTE. To be used only with the Immediate Executive Method. 
The addressees immediately following are addressed for information. 
The following is my response to yoLlr instructions to read back. 
I am repeating transmission or· portion indicated. 
I shall spell the next word 
phonetically. 
That which follows has been verified at your request and is repeated. To be used only as a reply to VERIFY. 
A message which requires recording is 
about to follow. Transmitted immediately after the call. (This proword is not used on nets primarily 
employed for conveying messages. It is intended for use when messages are passed on tactical or reporting 
nets.) 
Transmitting station has additional 
traffic for the receiving station. 
All stations are to net their radios on the unmodulated carrier wave which I am about to transmit. 
Station Serial Number. 
This is the end of my transmission to you and no answer is required or expected. 
This is the end of my transmission to you and a response is necessary. Go ahead; transmit. 
Precedence PRIORITY. 
Repeat this entire transmission back 
to me exactly as received. 
EBQ~QBQ 
RELAY <TO> 
ROGER 
ROUTINE SAY AGAIN 
SERVICE SIGNALS 
SILENCE (Repeated three times) 
SILENCE LIFTED 
SPEAK SLOWER STOP REBROADCASTING 
THIS IS TIME 
!OXEL.BI;IBilQ!;! 
Transmit .this message to all addressees COr addressees immediately following this proword). The address 
component is mandatory when this proword is used. 
I have received your last 
transmission satisfactorily. 
Precedence ROUTINE. 
Repeat all of your last transmission. Followed by identification data means 11 Repeat ------(portion indicated)". 
The message that follows is a SERVICE message. 
The groups which follow are taken from a signal book. (This proword is not used on nets primarily employed for conveying signals. It is intended for use when tactical signals are passed on non-tactical nets>. 
Cease transmissions on this net 
immediately. Silence will be 
maintained at all times until 
lifted). (When an authentication 
system is in force the station 
imposing silence is to be 
authenticated). 
Silence is lifted. <When an authentication system is in force the transmission lifting silence is to be aLlthenticated). 
YOLlr transmission is at too fast a speed. Reduce speed of transmission. 
Cut the automatic link between the two nets that are being rebroadcast and revert to normal working. 
This transmission is from the station whose designator immediately follows. 
That which immediately follows is the time or date-time grOLlp of the message. 
EBCil!QB!l 
TO 	The addressees immediately following are addressed for action. 
UNKNOWN STATION 	The identity of the station with whom 
I am attempting to establish 
communication is unknown. 
VERIFY 	Verify entire message (or portion indicated) with the originator and send correct version. To be used only at the discretion of or by the addressee to which the questioned message was directed. 
WAIT 	I must pause for a few seconds. 
WAIT-OUT 	I must pause longer than a few seconds. 
WILCO 	I have received your signal, understand it, and will comply. To be used only by the addressee. Since the meaning of ROGER is included in that of WILCO, the two prowords are never used together. 
WORD AFTER 	The word of the message to which I have reference is that which follows 
WORD BEFORE 	The wor·d of the message to which I have reference is that which precedes 
WORDS TWICE 	Communication is difficult. Transmit (ting) each phrase (or each code group) twice. This proword may be used as an order~ reqLtest, or as information. 
WRONG 	Your last transmission was incorrect. The cor·rect version is 
II 
TASK FORCE 
LINK UP 


A. Information to Obtain from Supported Unit 
1. 	During initial link-up with supported unit, obtain: 
a. 	
Unit OPORD/OPLANs and TAC SOPs to include overlays and locations <Present and alternate locations of TOC, trains, LRPs, etc>. 

b. 	
Commander~s AD priorities (criticality, vulnerability, recuperability, and enemy threat>. 


c. 	Concept of the operation -Commander~s intent. 
d. 	
Current intelligence of enemy (air and ground threat to include size and type>. 

e. 	
Main ground and air avenues of approach and enemy~s likely course of action. 

f. 	
Supported unit~s Essential Elements of Friendly Information <EEFI> and Order of Battle (information on enemy forces>. 

g. 	
Weather forecast for the next 72 hours, to include BMNT, EENT, and percentage of illumination. 

h. 	
Supported unit~s CEDI slice, codewords, alternate 


frequencies, recognition signals, and emergency procedt..lres. 
i. 	
Supported unit~s MOPP level and possibility of chemical munitions being deployed by friendly or enemy forces. 

j. 	
Types of reports and information required by the SLtpported unit. 

k. 	
Organic Air Defense (include SAFADsl. 


1. 	Priority of ADA for receiving recovery and 
engineering assets. 

m. 	Medical SL1pport and POW collection point locations. 
2. 	If you are attached or DB-attached for maintenance, support, and rations, obtain the following additional information: 
a. 	Resupply and recovery of ADA equipment: 
Class I -Pick-up point, time, and feeding cycle. 
Class II -Resupply of NBC suits, gear, and 
batteries. 
Class III -Refueling locations and times. 
Class IV -Location and time of resupply. 
Class V -Supply of small arms and specialized 
ammo <20 mm and missiles). 
b. 	
Maintenance of non-system peculiar equipment 
(location and ordering of parts>. 


c. 	
Provisions for administered supprt (mail, showers, etc>. 

d. 	
Contacts for maintenance supprt (who and where). 


B. Information to give supported unit 
1. 	Always have and keep the supported unit posted on the
following: 
a. 	Early Warning procedures, frequencies and MSCS gridreference point.
b. 
Weapons Control Status (also applies to SAFADs> andAir De~ense Warning.
c. 	Rules of Engagement <AD peculiar and hostilecriteria>.
d. 	Your call signs and frequencies.
e. 	Friendly AD coverage affecting the supported unit(location and ranges of supporting or adjacentSHORAD, Hawk, Here, and Patriot elements).
f. 	ADA systems you have and their capabilities againstair and ground threats.
g. 	Battle roster of ADA personnel <by name, rank, SSN,MDS, and Meal Card# if appropriate>.
h. 	Length of time you will be associated with thesupported Llni t.
i. 	Command relationship with supported unit (GS, GSR,DS, DS Cattached for maint, support, and rations>attached).
j. 	Enemy capabilities (air and air defense>. 
2. 	If you are attached, or DB-attached for maintenance,support, and rations, give the following additional
information: 
a. 	Equipment type and number (Vehicles by bumber #,radios and special equipment>.
b. 	Status o~ your equipment (assistance presentlyneeded).
c. 	Status of Class I, III, IV, V, and IX.
d. 	Types and quantities of fuel and ammo required(expenditure rates>.
e. 	Any supp~t required from supported unit to assist insystem peculiar maintenance. 
C. 	Recommendations and Decisions Typically Made by Supporting AD Officer. 
1. 	
Probable air approaches. 

2. 	
Positioning of all Air Defense assets in the sector. 

3. 	
Best method of employing Small Arms for Air Defense 


CSAFADs). 
4. 	
Improvements in passive Air Defense: 

Location 
Dispersion 
Camouflage 
Positon Fortification 
Emmissians and Transmission Control 


5. 	
Assist in determining possible priority assets based on: 

Criticality 
Vul nerabi.l i ty 
Recperability 
Threat 


6. 	
Assist supported unit in passage of Early Warning. 

7. 	
Be prepar·ed to develop an Air· Defense Anne:·: for the supported units. 



Ill 
THE ENEMY 


HIGH-ALTITUDE BOMBING (GRAVITY DROPJ 
ADVANTAGE 
II 	May fly over the altitude capability 
of ground air defense 5\"stems 
Cexcept Nike Hercules or Patriot). 

DISADVANTAGES 
II 	Early detection. 
tl 	less accurate deliverv of crdnance. 
t.: 	Vulnerable to ·Nike Heoculo.:o and 
~ighter interceptors. 

An att3ck;ng a1rcraft using th•s method would appr.:.oach a predetermined drop point at altitudes of 12.000 to 20.000 meters end a spee::.t of 400 to 1.400knot!;. The ordnance is delivered by a free-fall 9ravity dro;;. 
DIVE BOMBit~G (FROM HIGH ALTITUDES) 
ADVANTAGES 
D 	Accurate delivery of ordnance. 
D 	Not susceptible to most ground air 
defense weapons until ordnance 
delivery run. 

' / DISADVt.NTAGES 
a 	Early detoction. 
D 	Susceptible to fighter intorceptors 
and Nike Hercules or Patri-:1: 
• 	Need clear weather for terget acquisition. 
Enemy aircraft employmg this delivery techniQue will commence the attack run at high altitudes and fly directly towards the target on a d1agor.al flight path. The ordnance release will occur at low·IO·mC!dium altitudes. allowing the a•rcraft to negotiate an evasive maneuver lUSt prior to r~aching the target. 
ESCAPE MANEUVER 
\
.\ . 
' \\
·," 
.......... 

This IS a high-g maneuver which the aircraft mayperform at any time after missile launch to escape from intercept by the missile. The escape maneuver may be usecftodraw fire from and reveal the location of the Hawk unit. to cause a missile tobe wasted. or purely to save the Threat aircraft from destrucraon. 
AIRCRAFT ATTACK METHODS AND TECHNIQUE~ 
Ordnance delivery t«hniquea uoed by hi~rh-perfonnance aircraft include: 
I; High-altitude bombing (gravity drop). 
• Dive bombing(from high ahitudaa). 
Ill Stand-off. 
B Low-altitude bomb aiming aysuom (LABS). 
I!! Low-level penetration (pop-up and lay-down). 

LOW-LEVEL PENETRATION {POPUP AND LAY-DOWN} 
POPUP 

a AOVANTAGE5 -ATTACK HEIGHT • Accur•cy ol w ..pon deliyery good 
(2.000 • 7.000 FEET) 
e Target ecquiaition ...ier. 8 DISADVANTAGES 
II R~irn• high-c:loud ban 
PULL UP POINT • Vulner•bte to ground fire on pull up. 
fv'-1 / AIRCRAFT FLIGHT PLAN ooo-1600"'
r ~----·'--...._ ~-
FROM TAROf..
~L.:-·~~ -----=--.._~ ""-
INITIAL POINT
lARGE~,--------""""'----
---10-2U•m 
lne popup con$1Si:s c.t a run in at low level ~roman inttial point (IP) about 10-20 lo:rn 1rom ttl€: :arget. using natu:-ill terrain features to ach.eve surprise. The aircraft flies from tt"l] IPto iJ pull-up po1nt (PUP/ about 3-5 km offset from target and !hen commences to climb tc.. <Jt!a::k he•ght(2.000-7.000 feet. dependmg on the weapon). The aircraft then wings OVf't lr>to a dive attack or. target. The attack h~~ding w1ll usually be oetween 45°-l oo-:.l,·ft or 
riJ;ht ofthe originr! track from IP to PUP. The aircraft escapes at high speed and low altitude. Weapons are released 500-1,500 meters from t..1.r:::e:. 
Many varieties of popup delivery are pcE'.;ib!e. 
30 30 30
C:IVE ANGLE !DEGREE!:J 
20 10 10 
6.000 3.600 3.000
ATTACK HEIGHT !FEET· 
4.000 1.000 BOO 
2.110 1.600 1.500
HEIGHT OF WEAPON AELSASE !FEET) 
2.500 600 310 
HORfZONTAL ORO RANGE FROM TGT 1.110 BOO BOO 
AT WEAPON RELEASE !METERS! 1.4110 900 530 

400 400 300
SPEED OF AIRCRAFT IY.NOTSJ 
460 460 500 
LAY DOWIJ 
, 
• ADVANTAGES 
a Ma•amum aurpus.e 
a M1nimum e•poaure to air datanM fiNs.
<.a 
,(1 
a Anactu can bo made under lovv·cloud base.
I' 
ll DISADVANTAGES 
~· ··~ ~---'·--c~ 
II le&s accurate weapon dalrvar) 
·~ a Tarpet aequisit•on more ditficuiL.
~a::.~~ 
a Vutnenble to small erma fire 
The p•lot flies tne a•rcraft about 200 meters above tt1e gro:..~nd level at a speed of 350to 900 knots. Arrcraft course is over the target area High spe~d Lind l:)w altitude rncrease the prolmb•htv of success of the mission. The ability to release ordnanr:e at such low alt1tude rs 
mac!•.~ ooss•ble by advances rn the development of borrb retard3t:on dev1ces and arrcreh 
avtonics. The speed of ordnance fallts reduced bv dr0£1Ue chutes or retarr~tng ftns. This 
allows the aircraft to get out of the way before detonat:on occur:; 
·1 he typ• of ordnance delivered by low· level attack techmque d<pends L:P'•n ,;l!: nature of the target. 
'··.$ 
I'll 

GWiVW® 
Tf'OOP" p•n•cularly '" opon. 
POL 
Sohtlun vet-loci•• 
Arrr:-;11 t_.wru twuta•• CP• 
5 oh1lun vehoclel 
All eocepl ~"~••vv IUuctu••• 
Armor tconc.mtretoont ont.,J 
Anti ll'lJIII 
OH••• veructet ~ar-.onnat pen.cular,.,. on open 
a 
• V•ry eccun'l:,. D Mull h•l to luh [! ln•ffect•"• egeintt ermor. but could 11ch•eve mobihry lull by 
tr•:X: n SAP. AP (hollow cher-:~e or HE wem..d:J 
• Pod1, ctunert 0 Veryeccurt~U• 11"1 Mull htl 01 neer m•u to kilt 
D Oeh-red !rom ~0·200' eltrtu:!e 
II Aneckono ••rcrtl1 me• aurp"''"''"·" vulne•ot·•hty B lt111 accurlltl dtllrvtt'V r~uor&C D HydroctlrbOI'I luel • Ch11m1C1I (Jet fOt' bene• ldhesu:, 10 
IIIQ81 
8 Yrge dlmege •n...elope reeull• 
• HE w11headt 8 R•let,...lly poor eccuracy on d•Y• enatk 
B AP (hollow chergi!'l 
• Frlgma•'llld CIIII\Q 8 Aree ovrtapon 


DESIGNATION AN -10 AN -12  CODENAME Cat CLib  
AN AN  -14 -22  Clod Cock  
AN AN  -24 -26  Coke Curl  
IL  -14  Crate  
IL  -18  Coot  
IL  -76  Candid  

SOVIET CARGO AIRCRAFT 
GROSS WEIGHT (lb)  PAS!3ENGERS TROOP LIFT OR  REMARr~S  
121,500  85  ..  100  1'1£~d i LHn r· ange tr·anspor·t  
121,500  120  Standcard paratr-oop and cargo tr-anspur·t  
7,607  7  STOL light transport  
500,000  175  Secc~nd only to US C···5A size. Strategic heavy "tr·ansport  
46,000  24  -50  Short tr·oop por·t  range tr·ans··  
52~920  Frei ght.er· ver·sian of AN-24 wi. th  
rear loadin~] capability  
36,400  32  -36  C~eneral purpose in Warsaw Pact:  
use  
134,640  90  1'1edi um ranqe t'dener·al pur--pose trans-po~t  
90_. 000  395  - 400  Appearance is almost identical t.o US C-141. May be used a.s a tanker for bombers including "Backfir·e"  

SOVIET  HELICOPTERS  
NATO  NO  OF  CARGO  TROOP  CRUISING  
DESIGNATION  CODE  NAME  CREW  CAPACITY  LIFT  SPEED  REMARKS  
Mi  -·  2  Hoplit.e  '1  2,600  lb  115  ProdLtced  
in  Poland  
Mi  ....  4  Hound  2  5,200 lb  16  110  One  M. G.  
in  nose  
Mi  6  Hook  ,J  26,450  lb  65  155  Two  M. G.  
14!  - 8  Hi.p  2  8,820  lb  24  140  E>:ternal  
armament  
mounts  for  
rocket.  pods,  
Assualt  troop  
carrier  
Mi  ....  10  Harke  3  31, El50  1 b  28  127  Flying  crane  
and  troop  
carrier  
versions exist  
Mi  ·-·  12  Homer  6  66,000  lb  132  Worlds  largest  
helicopter  
Mi  - 24  Hind  
KA  -25  Hormone  2  120  ASW,  nuclear  
armed  helicop 
ter  carried  on  
ships and  land  
based  
Mi  -·  28  Havoc  2  0  300  

In addition to those aircraft listed on the previous page, the Soviet airlines <aeroflot) and general aviation have several types of aircraft that could be used in a secondar·y
role of mi 1 i tary cargo and per·sonnel transport. These aircraft include the following: 
AN -2 Colt Be -· 30 ·cuff 
AN -28 Cold TLI -104 Camel 
AN ·-30 Clank Tu -114 Cleat 
ll. -12 Coach Tu -124 Cookpot 
IL ·-62 Classic TLI -134 Crusty 

MULTIROLE ATTACK AIRCRAFI' 
Multirole attack aircraft are shown below and on the foUowing pages. 
MiG-17 FRESCO 
TYPE: FIGHTER/INTERCEPTOR/GROUND ATTACK 
MAXIMUM SPEED: 1,145 km/hr AT ALTITUDE 1,125 km/hr AT SEA LEVEL COMBAT RADIUS: 500. 700 km 
REMARKS: MAY CARRY A VARIETY OF GROUND ATTACK 
AND AIR-TO-AlA WEAPONS. 
dii~.a# 
MiG-19 FARMER 
TYPE: FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK MAXIMUM SPEED: 1.450 km/hr AT ALTITUDE 
UNKNOWN km/hr AT SEA LC:VEL COMBAT RADIUS: 685 km REMARKS: MAY CARRY A WIDE VARIETY OF GROUND ATTACK WEAPONS. 
MiG-21 FISHBED 
TYPE: FIGHTER •. 2, l 
MAXIMUM SPEED: 2.250 km/hr AT ALTITUDE 1,350 km/hr AT SEA LEVEL COMBAT RADIUS: 650 km 
REMARKS: MAY CARRY A WIDE VARIETY OF GROUND ATTACK AND AIR-TO-AIR WEAPONS. 
<ro-fiL~ 
Su-26 FROG FOOT 
TYPE: GROUND SUPPORT FIGHTER 
MAXIMUM SPEED: SUBSONIC-POSSIBLY MACH 0.9 COMBAT RADIUS: APPROXIMATELY 1,000 km REMARKS: PERFORMS MISSIONS SIMILAR TO THE US A-10. 
DESIGNED TO PROVIDE CLOSE AIR SUPPORT TO GROUND

cr=r-w:~ 
FORCES. 


MiG-23 FLOGGER 
TYPE: FIGHTER/INTERCEPTOR 2,, 
MAXIMUM SPEED: 2,445 km/hr AT ALTITUDE 
1,360 km/hr AT SEA LEVEL 
COMBAT RADIUS: 965 km 
REMARKS: HAS A VARIABLE WING AND MAY 
CARRY AIR~TO-AIR MISSILES. 


MiG-25 FOXBAT 
TYPE: FIGHTER/INTERCEPTOR 2, , 
MAXIMUM SPEED: 2,865 km/hr AT ALTITUDE 
UNKNOWN km/hr AT SEA LEVEL COMBAT RADIUS: 1,130 km REMARKS: MAY CARRY AIR-TO-AIR WEAPONS. 

MiG-27 FLOGGER D 
TYPE: FIGHTER/INTERCEPTQRl 
MAXIMUM SPEED: 1,700 km/hr AT ALTITUDE 
1,300 km/hr AT SEA LEVEL 
COMBAT RADIUS: 900 km 
REMARKS: HAS A VARIABLE WING SYSTEM AND 
MAY CARRY A WIDE RANGE OF GROUND ATIACK 
WEAPONS, INCLUDING AIR-TO-SURFACE MISSILES. 


Su-78 FITTER 
TYPE: GROUNDATTACK'•2 
MAXIMUM SPEED: 1,930 km/hr AT ALTITUDE 
850 km/hr AT SEA LEVEL 

COMBAT RADIUS: 320-486 km 
REMARKS: MAY CARRY A VARIETY OF GROUND 
ATTACK WEAPONS, 
TO INCLUDE AIR-TO-SURFACE MISSILES. 


Yak-36 FORGER 
TYPE: LIGHT VTOL SHIPBOARD STRIKE FIGHTER 
MAXIMUM SPEED: 1,046 km TO 1,287 km/hr 
COMBAT RADIUS: UNKNOWN 
REMARKS: FOUR EXTERNAL PYLONS, 2,200 lbs OF 
STORES. ALSO, AA-8 (APHID) AIR-TO-AIR MISSILE AND 
GUN PODS. 


Su-17/20/22 FITTER 
--<n:(''Q;;k a 
TYPE: GROUND ATIACK' MAXIMUM SPEED: 2,305 km/hr AT ALTITUDE 1,285 km/hr AT SEA LEVEL COMBAT RADIUS: 360-630 km 
REMARKS: MAY CARRY AVAAIETYOFGROUNOATIACK 
WEAPONS, INCLUDING AIR-TO-SURFACE MISSILES. 
Su-24 FENCER 
-<lt4~ffi/ 

TYPE: FIGHTER/BOMBER/GROUND ATIACK MAXIMUM SPEED: 2,666 km/hr AT ALTITUDE 
1,530 km/hr AT SEA LEVEL COMBAT RADIUS: 400-1200 km REMARKS: MAY CARRY AIR-TO-AIR OR AIR-TO-SURFACE MISSILES AND HAS A VARIABLE WING. 
'Pouiblanucta~r-apandellqrycapabitity. 
'Pou•bleEWcOllf•guretion. 
>Pou•blereconniiJNncacapllb•hty 

THREAT HELICOPTERS 
Mi-2 HOPLITE 
TYPE: UTILITY 
MAXIMUM SPEED: 209 km/hr 
CRUISING SPEED: 190 km/hr 
CARGO: 700 kg (INTERNAL) 800 kg (EXTERNAL) 
RANGE: 170-580 km 
'01-EQUIPPED TROOPS: 8-101 
~ ~ 
----r:•. 
Mi-4 HOUND 
~ 
~ 
TYPE: TRANSPORT AND GENERAL UTILITY MAXIMUM SPEED: 213 km/hr CRUISING SPEED: 177 km/hr CARGO: 1,200 kg RANGE: 274-463 km 
EQUIPPEOTROOPS: 12-16 1,2,3 

Mi-6 HOOK 
TYPE: HEAVY TRANSPORT AND ASSAULT 
MAXIMUM SPEED: 300 km/hr CRUISING SPEED: 250 km/hr 

~ -~ 
CARGO: 12,000 kg (INTERNAL) 8,000 kg (EXTERNAU RANGE: 204-612 km 
~UJ;b~ 
EQUIPPED TROOPS: 65 z, , 
Mi-SHIP 
TYPE: MEDIUM TRANSPORT AND ASSAULT MAXIMUM SPEED: 230 km/hr CRUISING SPEED: 225 km/hr CARGO' 4,000 kQ (INTERNAL)3,000 kQ (EXTERNAL) RANGE: 183-406 km EQUIPPEQ TROOPS: 24 1. z, , 

Mi-10 HARKE 
TYPE: HEAVY TRANSPORT AND ASSAULT MAXIMUM SPEED: 200 km/hr CRUISING SPEED: 180 km/hr CARGO: 15,000 kg (INTERNAL) 8,000 kg (SUNG) RANGE: 135-567 km 
.
~ 
EQUIPPED TROOPS: 28 2• , ' ·. 

Mi-24 HIND A, D 
TYPE: ASSAULT MAXIMUM SPEED: 320 km/hr CRUISING SPEED: 310 kmlhr CARGO: 2.900 kg/UNKNOWN RANGE: 491-637 km/PROBABLY SAME AS A EQUIPPED TROOPS: 8 
•Com..,.ndrllld. 'Airborr'llle.wlry. 



THREAT LONG-RANGE AIRCRAFr (BOMBERS) 
Tu-16 BADGER 
TYPE: STRATEGIC BOMBER '• J MAXIMUM SPEED: 1,176 km/hr AT ALTITUDE COMBAT RADIUS: 2,400-3,180 km REMARKS: MAY CARRY AIR-TO-AIR MISSILES. 
~ ~ 
BLACKJACK A 
TYPE STRATEGIC BOMBER MAXIMUM SPEED: APPROXIMATELY MACH 2.3 AT MAXIMUM 
ALTITUDE COMBAT RADIUS: 7.500 km (UNREFUELED) REMARKS SIMILAR TO US B-1 BOMBER BUT LARGER. PRIMARY ROLE WILL BE AS AN INTERCONTINENTAL BOMBER BUT MAY ALSO BE USED FOR NAVAL STRIKE MISSIONS. 
Tu-22 BLINDER 
TYPE: STRATEGIC BOMBER 1• 2• 3 
MAXIMUM SPEED: 1.480 km/hr AT ALTITUDE COMBAT RADIUS: 2,250 km 
--=::.£t} I -I ?'fii REMARKS: MAY CARRY AVARIETYOFGROUNOATTACK 
WEAPONS, INCLUDING AIR-TO-SURFACE MISSILES. 
Tu-26 BACKFIRE 
TYPE: STRATEGIC BOMBER '• z 
MAXIMUM SPEED: 2,125 km/hr AT ALTITUDE 1,076 km/hr AT SEA LEVEL COMBAT RADIUS: 4,024-4,760 km
!!![! ~
~ 
REMARKS: MAY CARRY GROUND AnACK WEAPONS. 
INCLUDING AIR-TO-SURFACE MISSILES, AND HAS A VARIABLE WING. 
Tu-95 BEAR 
TYPE: STRATEGIC BOMBER1• 2. l 
MAXIMUM SPEED: 870 km/hr AT ALTITUDE
COMBAT RADIUS: 6,275 km
REMARKS: MAY CARRY AIR-TO-SURFACE MISSILES. 

Yak-28 BREWER 
TYPE: UGHT BOMBER/INTERCEPTOR 1, 2, 1
MAXIMUM SPEED: 1,175 km/hr AT ALTITUDE
COMBAT RADIUS: 925 km
REMARKS: MAY CARRY A VARIETY OF GROUND 

<::::::::: I
ATIACK AND AIR-TO-AIR WEAPONS. 
11-28 BEAGLE 
TYPE: TACTICAL BOMBER/RECONNAISSANCE
MAXIMUM SPEED: 559 mph (485 KNOTS) 
COMBAT RADIUS: 2,260 km
REMARKS: FOUR AUTOMATIC CANNON:
TWO 20-mm TWO 23-mm. BOMB LOAD, 4,500 lb. 

M-4 BISON 
TYPE: STRATEGIC BOMBERMAXIMUM SPEEO: 900 km/hr AT MAXIMUM ALTITUDECOMBAT RADIUS: 7,000 kmREMARKS: CAN CARRY UP TO 10,000 POUNDS OFBOMBS. HAS TEN 23-mmGUNS IN TWIN-GUN TURRETSFOR SELF PROTECTION. 
•Poulbi•EWconi'IJur•tion.
•Poulbl•r.c:OIINOiU.nc•confogur•llon
•Mulmum ~»vl*lme~imum ,...,, 
THREAT CARGO/TRANSPORT 
AN-12 CUB 
~-'-''""~•~~•~w
MAXIMUM SPEED: 679 TO 644 km/hrRANGE: 2,100 mi. 3378.9 kmREMARKS: Two 23-mm; WR-23 CANNON IN TAIL ·~TROOPS: CAN ACCOMMODATE IOOFULLYEOUIPPED
TROOPS. ALSO HAS ECM CAPABILITY. 
11-76 CANDID 
TYPE: STRATEGIC/TACTICAL FREIGHTER
MAXIMUM SPEED: 853 km/hr
RANGE: (4,000 mi) (6,436 km) 
REMARKS: WHEN FITIEO, TWO 23-mm CANNON IN RADAR·

DIRECTED MANNED TURRET.
TROOPS: CAN ACCOMMODATE 140 FULLY EQUIPPEDTROOPS.
~·'¢i.J 
AN-26 CURL 
TYPE: UGHT TACTICAL TRANSPORT/PHOTOGRAPHIC SURVEYMAXIMUM SPEED: CRUISING SPEED 270 mph 234.63 knotsRANGE: 1,190.53 km, DEPENDING ON LOADREMARKS: UNKNOWNTROOPS: CAN ACCOMMODATE 40 FULLY EQUIPPED TROOPS. 
SOVIET AIR DEFENSE WEAPONS 
ZPU-4 
The ZPU-4 has four 14.5mm heavy machineguns with a combined cyclic rate of fire of 2,200 to 2.400 rounds per minute. It traverses 360° and with its optical fire control has a tactical AA range of 1,400 meters. It is being replaced. 
ZU-23 
The ZU-23 system consists of two 23mm cannons, which in the cyclic mode fires a maximum of 2,000 rounds per minute. The ZU-23 traverses 360° and with its optical fire control has a AA range of 2,500 meters. Against thinskinned armor targets. it has a ground combat range of approximately 1,000 meters.lt is being 
replaced. 
ZSU-23-4 
The ZSU-23-4 System has four 23mm cannon with a cyclic rate offire up to 4,000 rounds per minute; the maximum rate of fire is 2,000 rounds per minute. It traverses 360° and, with the GUN DISH radar, has a tactical antiaircraft range of 3,000 meters. Using optical sights, tacticaiAArange is2,500 meters. TheZSU-23-4 is effective up to approximately 1,000 meters against thin-skinned ground targets. The ZSU23-4 is mounted on a mofified PT-76 armored vehicle chassis, carries a four-man crew, and can fire on the move at speeds up to 25 kph. The ZSU-23-4 can be used with the SA-9 GASKIN. It is found in tank and motorized rifle regiments of tank and motorized rifle divisions. It is integrated into the attack formations. 
The ZSU-57-2 AA system has two 57mm cannons with a combined rate of fire of 210 to 240 rounds per minute. It traverses 360° and has a tactical range of 4,000 meters. The ZSU· 57-2 is mounted on a modified T -54 tank chas
sis and carries a five-man crew. Fire control is optically directed. The ZSU-57-2 is being replaced. When found in maneuver units, it is normally located with tank regiments. 
S-60 
The S-60 AA system has one 57mm cannon with a cyclic rate of fire of 105 to 120 rounds per minute.lttraverses 360° and, when directed by the off-carriage FLAP WHEEL radar, 
:dl> 
has a tactical AA range of 6,000 meters. The tactical AA range with on-carriage optical sights is 4,000 meters. Six S-60 guns with associated fire control equipment constitutes a battery. This system, is found in AAregimentsof maneuver divisions, is being replaced by SA·6 or SA-8 SAM systems. 
SA-7 (GRAIL) 
The SA-7 man·portable air defense (MAN PAD) missile system is 1.42 meters long. The missile is fired from a shoulder launcher. It has a passive infrared homing guidance and an HE warhead. A solid fuel booster and sustainer propel the GRAIL to a slant range of approxi· mately 3. 7 kilometers. It can be fired from the gound or a vehicle. It may also be used against aircraft flying at altitudes from approximately 50m to 3,500m. Nine SA-7 GRAIL launchers are found in each tank and motorized rifle battalion and are further assigned in groups of three to company level. 
' 
SA-9 (GASKIN) 
The SA~9 is a short-range air defense 
(SHORAD) system transported on a modified· 
BROM-2 amphibious armored vehicle with a 
crew of three. The SA-9 has a slant range of 5 
kilometers and an altitude capability of about 
5,000 meters. The missile has an infrared 
seeker, an HE warhead, and may be powered by 
a solid propellant. Four missile canisters. each with one missile, are normally carried on the launcher turret. The SA-9 GASKIN is used in conjunction with the ZSU-23-4 at regimental level. 
SA-8 (GECKO) 
The SA·B SHORAD missile uses command guidance and is effective at altitudes from 50 to 10,000 meters. It is self-contained with acquisition, tracking, and two missile guidance radars mounted on a six wheel, amphibious vehicle. Four missiles are carried in an integrated mount. The system contains an electro-optical tracker, probably television. With a slant range of 10-15 kilometers. the mobile SA-8 can provide close support to armored and mechanized forces. The SA-8 is a new weapon system now being introduced into the threat inventory. 
SA-6 (GAINFUL) 
The SA-6 air defense missile has a slant range of about 24 kilometers. It is powered by an integral solid rocket/ramjet system and is command guided by the STRAIGHT FLUSH fire control radar. The missile carries an HE fragmentation warhead and can be employed against aircraft flying at altitudes from about 100 to 12,000 meters. This system was used effectively during the 1973 Middle East War. It may be assigned at army and division levels. 
SA-4 (GANEF) 
The SA-4 air defense missile has a slant range of approximately 70 kilometers. The GANEF has command guidance to a maximum altitude of about 27,000 meters. The missile is powered by four solid-fuel boosters with canted nozzles and a ramjet sustainer. It carries an HE 
proximity-fuzed warhead. The SA-4 system may be assigned at front or army level. 
SA-3(GOA) 
The SA-3 air defense missile probably is command-guided. The missile has an effective slant range of about 20 kilometers. Powered by a two-stage solid-fuel booster and a solid-fuel sustainer, the missile can carry its HE proximityfuze warhead to altitudes in excess of 25,000 meters. This system is assigned at front or army level. 
SA-2 (GUIDELINE) 
The SA-2 is a high-'to medium-altitude air defense (HIMAO) missile that has a slant range of approximately 50 to 70 kilometers. It has two stages. a solid fuel booster and a liquid fuel rocket sustainer that boosts its 130kilogram HE warhead to a maximum altitude ofabout 28,000 to 40,000 meters. The typical SA-2 site consists of six launchers arranged in a star-like configuration around the FAN SONG radar guidance equipment. The SA-2 system is assigned at front or army level. 
IV 

AIR DEFENSE 
MISSIONS 


A. 	AD EMPLOYMENT GUIDELINES OFFENSE 
An air defense platoon leader must constantly analyze the situation, terrain, friendly assets, air and ground threats. Proper positioning is extremely critical to both the mission and survivability. Stinger teams, in general, should be placed in a position to counter high performance· 
aircraft, whereas the Vulcans should be placed in a position to counter the helicopter threat. 
Specifically, the Vulcans should travel with the lead team <or teams) most vulnerable to helicopter engagements. Keep in mind that Armor teams are more easily seen from the air than Infantry teams. When designing your posture to 
protect the 	maneuver elements, refer to Chapter 6, FM 44-3 
<Defense Planning and Designing> and require squad leaders 
and above to become intimately familiar with it. Alwaym think criticality, vulnerability, recuperability, and enemy air threat. Always think METT-T and push it down to all 
crew members. 
Stingers are extremely important assets in the air defense of maneuver llnits. They are highly mobile, very 
accurate, and require little maintenance, if any. Stinger 
teams travel in thin skinned vehicles (1/4 tons) that provide very little protection from the enemy direct and 
indirect fires. In order to enhance their survivability, 
place them in other tracked vehicles. Consider placing the stinger teams in APCs such as the FIST or XO tracks. Have the drivers and vehicles follow up with the combat trains. 
Ensure that the Stinger teams are properly linked up and integrated into the scheme of the maneuver. 
B. TASK FORCE OFFENSIVE MANEUVER OPERATIONS 
1. GENERAL OFFENSIVE MISSIONS 
Offensive missions are those actions conducted to destroy the enumy force, or seize, and retain the initiative from the enemy. It is seized by surprise, concentration,· and violence. Task force offensive operations are very fluid, that is, they are very flexible and usually change often during battle. It is imperative for the Air Defense platoon leader to be able to quickly react his forces to 
whatever situation that may arise. This is especially critical with on-order or change of missions. The Air Defense assets must be prepared to fight long hours as a powerful autonomous force. 
Since one platoon of Vulcans and one section of Redeye 
normally support a task force <armor or infantry battalion) 
the air defense assets must be employed by a system of 
priorities. Because the Armor teams are easier seen from 
the air than Infantry teams, careful emphasis should be 
placed on their survivability when determining the air 
defense posture of the task force. If the Vulcan platoon is 
at full strength, consider deploying in two sections. Let 
the best squad leader control one section and the platoon 
leader the other. If understrength, do not operate a 
section with only one Vulcan. The Vulcan is an effective 
weapon only if it is employed properly; in pairs using 
overlapping fires and mutual support. Always keep this in 
mind when supporting other units. Do not volunteer to use 
the Vulcan in the ground role. Within 4ID<M>, the Division 
Commander must authorize the use o~ Vulcan for ground fire. 
Remember, the right of self defense is never denied. 
2. SPECIFIC OFFENSIVE MISSIONS 
a. Movement to Contact 
(1) Flex Movements 
(2) Box Formation 
(3) Diamond Formation 
b. 
Hasty Attack 

c. 
Deliberate Attack 

d. 
Exploitation 


e. Pursuit 
f. Limited Visib1lity Operations/Night Attack 
a. MOVEMENT TO CONTACT 
A movement to contact (also called Advance to Contact) 
is an offensive operation designed to gain initial ground 
contact with the enemy or to regain lost contact. It is 
used when the enemy situation is vague and enemy strengths 
or dispositions are uncertain. The company teAms are 
arranged so that the smallest possible force makes initial 
contact with the enemy, while the other ·elements swiftly 
maneuver to suppress the enemy. 
During the planners briefing, coordinate with the TF S-3/S-3 Air and recommend the priority team (or teams) to support. Attempt to support the forward teams but do not get in their way. Move dispersed at approximately 10 football fields (1000 meters) between vehicles for mutual 
support end overlapping fires. Note; The 1000 meter interval will change as METT-T dictates. Squad leaders must talk to each other constantly and work as a team. Talk in terms of football fields for distances. It's much easier than estimating distances in kilometers. Monitor the TF net 
closely for the maneuver scheme, and shade~ the teamm• moves. Have a sharp squad leader and your R/E section sergeant moniter on an auxilary net also. 
Always search and scan and think Air Defense. Remember, 
movement to contacts tend to change unexpectedly. Vehicles 
must be in top condition and ready to be run long, hard hours. 
(1) FLEX MOVEMENTS -ACTION LEFT OR RIGHT 
A flex operation is one in which the task force quicklyorients and reacts to the 
enemy from a movement formation 
(such as a task force bow or diamond>. Actions are normally as follows, but sometimes differ slightly. A base of fire is established by the teams on the flank which enemy contact Is made. The maneuver force will consist of the two remaining teams on the opposite side of contact. 
At the direction of. the ·TF Commander (or his designated commander), mane.uver forces will flex to the left or right flanks of the 
base of fire elements and assault the attacking enemy from the flanks. Occasionally maneuver forces will orient on check points for a direction of attack to conduct hasty
attack on enemy forces. A typical transmission might be as 
follows "Flex east, Charlie set CP4, Delta action right." 
As an Air Defender, it is imperative that you quickly react to a flex mission to avoid being caught between 
friendly and enemy fires, and getting lost in the dust 
and 
smoke. ~ou can avoid being misoriented by closely
monitoring the TF Command Net and reacting without hestitation. Know how the task force conducts their fle>< 
operations and have a game plan for reacting without hesitation. Use your ears to "see the battlefield" and always be p~epared fo~ contingency ope~ations o~ on-o~de~ missions. Always have someone monitor the TF Command Net. 
FLE~ MISSIOM 'fi'OM THE DIAMONI) FORMAnO~. 
, ,..7" 
, 
/ 
I I I I I I 
c~tt 
~ESERVE 
NOTE: Flex operations are very fluid and occur unannounced. You can be better prepared by monitoring the TF command net and reacting quickly. Also, ask the supported unit what their flex battle drill and/or SOP is. 
Jle)( MISSIOM FRO,.,· THE JIO)( FORMATIQN _ 
.,[);re,tion
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R..ESER.YE 
T,.4u,..i.sion: 11 Fiex &ct) 8Set 3 O'cl-lk> A Ae'i'"" R;,ht'\ 
(3) TF BOX FORMATION 
The Box formation is used when enemy contact is possible or expected and the TF is conducting missions such as movement to contact, screening, and exploitation or 
pursuit operations. This formation allows you to meet the 
opposing force with half of your strength, and still 
provides for maximum security and firepower to the flanks. 
At the same time, the trail teams maintain flexibility on 
manet.lver. 
A typical design might be to attach a section to each of the two lead teams. This is only if you have 4 vulcan&, 
if operating with 3 or less you can only protect one armor 
(or infantry> team. Attempt to stay far forward with the supported team utilizing the 2/3 -1/3 rule. It's optimal to have BOO meters range forward of the lead element and 400 meters range to the rear. Also stay approximately 1000m apart for overlapping fires, and use METT-T and common sense in determining this distance. 
Since the stinger teams are in 1/4 ton vehicles and are very vulnerable in offensive operations, place the gunner with his PRC-77 radio in the FIST or XO track of the 
maneuver companies. The drivers can stay with the vehicles 
in the company trains and follow up later. 
(4) TF DIAMOND FORMATION 
The task force diamond is used when enemy contact is possible or expected and the task force is executing a 
movement to contact, flex, screening, exploitation and pursuit missions. This formation permits minimum force yet 
provides for 360 degrees of movement security and firepower. 
The lead and flank teams should move in wedge formation and 
11 V11
may move in formation. The trail team primarily moves 11 V11
in formation but may also travel in a wedge formation. 
The diamond formation provides fle>:ibility to counter 
contact from any direction with maximum firepower forward and to the flanks. 
Di~persion between teams and within teams is based an TF and Co. Commander's assessment of METT-T. Fer planning purposes, Co teams should have 500-1000 meters between trail and adJacent teams. Use the same considerations as the TF Box Formation for Vulcan positioning, but be very careful not to get outside of the diamond. G~tting too close to the flanks of a diamond formation could be disastrous in a flex movement due to the unlikely event of fratricide. 

TASK FORC~ BOX FORMATION 
~ I ) 
(A)
(B) 
Bz §x,

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§]
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§I, ~I, 

HV 
MOR :RTI~l
8 
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CBT~ 
POSITIONS A,B,C AND D ARE 
INTERCHANGEABLE FOR COMPANY 
TEAMS AND ARE DESIGNATED BY 
THE TASK FORCE COMMANDER; 
TASK FORCE DIAMOND FORMAnOM 
2
~(--~'--scTI~l ) 
r:!l
HV 
MORT a 
NOTE: (Not to Scale) 
CBTL~ 
POSITIONS A, B, C AND D ARE INTERCHANGEABLE FOR COMPANY TEAMS AND ARE DESIGNATED BY THE TASK FORCE COMHANDER. 
b. HASTY ATTACK 
A hasty attack is an offensive operation usually conducted iollowirg a movement to contact, for which a unit has not made extensive preparations. It is conducted with the resources i mmedi a tel y avai 1able in order to m 1ai ntai n momentum. Once the engagement has start3d, the t.ask force 
moves in quickly to gain the advantage. At this time the company or team begins firing and maneuvering to suppress 
the enemy's direct fire weapons. Smoke is used t:o deny the 
enemy observation. The principal behind the hasty attack is 
to fix the enemy~s forward elements in place by t,he use o.f firepower. Once this is achieved gaps, and weak ~pots can be found to overrun the enemy. It is essential that the momentum and aggressiveness be established and maintained. 
otherwise the hasty attack will fail. i 
. 
Vulcans must quickly bound to locations to overwatch the company in contact and/or the company maneuvering to the enemy~s flank. This is based upon the TF commander~s decision. Determine this in the initial coordination with 
the S-3/S-3 Air. 
As the mission begins, the Vulcans should attempt to maintain 1000 meters between Vulcans for overlapping fires and mutual support. 
The Stingers should attempt to achieve 2000 meters 
between each other for mutual support or 4000 meters for overlapping fires, provided METT-T allows. Since they will most likely be in the FIST tracks and APC's, it is imperative that the FIST track TC and APC TC's know how important it is for them to stop so the Stinger Teams can engage hostile aircraft. Stinger Teams should also have a PRC-77 or use of the FIST's radio to monitor the platoon net 
for Early Warning. 
In order to keep from being outrun by the TF, the ADA assets should be positioned well forward (in the TF>, but behind the lead element. 
After determining the enemy A/C Avenues of Approach, a weighted defense should be established in this area. The 2/3 --1/3 rule should be implemented for early engagement. Place your AD assets with 2/3 of their range forward of the lead element and 1/3 towards the back. i.e. BOOm-400m Vulcan and 2700m ~ 1300m Stinger. Check and recheck your Early Warning System and make it work. EW tends to diminish during a hasty attack. 
After there has been a successful attack on the objective, the ADA assets should consolidate and preparefor an on-order mission. Look at Checklist E, After 
Battle/Pre-movement and implement it into your SOP. 
c. DELIBERATE ATTACK 
A deliberate attack is designed for a strong enemy force in well prepared defensive positions~ The plan of attack is designed and well thought out through the coordination of all concerned elements. It is here that the AD Plt Ldr earns his keep. He must sell the optimal air defense plan to the TF Cdr with commitment and enthusiasm. Professionalism is a must. 
Organize the Air Defense assets basically the same as a hasty attack, with the exception of much greater emphasis on the maneuver commander~s intent. Normally, a deliberate attack is much more detailed, with synchronization and timing being very important. It is critical that all platoon members have a full understanding of the mission. Paragraph 3, p.4-1B, FM 44-1 states "The supported commander~s maneuver decisions must be followed even if they conflict with Vulcan occupation of good air defense positions~ .. Why? Because you are supporting highly maneuverable tanks that action left, shift right, and flex unexpectedly, which could cause you to find your assets between the enemy and friendly forces. Get and stay wholly envolved in the TF planning of the operation and stay alert and active during the battle~ 
During the deliberate attack, the Vulcans/Stingers should be integrated into the maneuver elements before crossing the LD. They will bound with the maneuver elements until the objective is cleared. At the objective, the Vulcans should stay in overwatch until notified that the objective has been taken. At that point, the Vulcans/Stingers should consolidate on the objective, providing 360 degrees of coverage around the friendly elements. 
OELIBERATS ATTACK 
Note: Chaps could be usedto protect choke points atIntermediate Obj. and/oropen the flank on the left
side, and/or help in the
overwatch of the Obj. 
Note: Stinger Tms maneuver w/TF Tm
to include the Co Tm's that dismounted
and prepositioned forward. This gets
the ADA assets up forward. 
d. EXPLOITATION 
An exploitation ts an offensive operation which follows a successful attack to take advantage of weakened or collapsed enemy defenses. Its purpose is to prevent reconstitLition of enemy defenses, prevent enemy withdrawal, secure deep objectives, and destroy enemy forces. During this time, the best thing for AD assets is to set back and establish an overwatch for the TF. 
e. PURSUIT 
A pursuit is an offensive operation against a retreating enemy force. It follows a successful attack or exploitation and is ordered when the enemy cannot conduct an organized defense and attempts to disengage. Its object is to maintain relentless pressure on the enemy and completely destroy him. During a pursuit it would be best for the Chaparrals to stay behind~ The Vulcans can continue to move with the task force~ It is important to maintain contact with the supported unit, in order to keep from being caught between the enemy and the TF. 
f. LIMITED VISIBILITY OPERATIONS/NIGHT ATTACK 
Limited Visibility Operations are executed during snow, 
heavy rain and darkness~ These missions are important in 
applying continuous pressure upon the enemy.· Air Defense 
assets must move forward with the friendly elements in order 
to provide air defense should the visibility became 
unlimited. 
Vulcan assets should move forward with the TF at night, but stay with the overwatch team. The overwatch team is usually armor since the infantry teams will be breaching obstacles on foot. At first light the Vulcans/Stingers should move forward with the lead elements. Chaparrals can move forward with the TF, but it would be best if they only moved forward as far as the combat trains because they are so vulnerable to enemy attack at night. 
N.IGK'I' ATTACK 

Note: The purpose of having ADA maneuver on a night attack is to enable Air Defense to be there in case case the battle continues on until morning, in which many times it will. 

C. 	AD EMPLOYMENT GUIDELINESDEFENSE 
Vulcans are initially concentrated with the forward team on high speed avenues of approach. Stinger positions 
ar·e b~1.1 anced thro\..tgho..At the defense. Vul cans should make 
only one bound, ensuring they move in pairs from their hasty forward positions back to their rear dug-in positions. 
Once the engagement crit.eda has been met the Vulcans commence boL.tnding back. The cr-iteri.,a for each defensive mission is as follows: 
a. Defend a Battle Position -disengage when unit begins receiving near misses from direct fire. 
b. Defend in Sector -Withdraw from forward initial position when enemy is observed. Maintain rear battle 
(i.e. many direct
position until overrun is likely. 
fire hits) 

c. Delay in Sector -disengage from initial position when enemy is observed. 
d. Defend to Retain -Disengage to rally point when over·run is imminent or when there are no remaining 
friendly elements to defend. 
The majority of the time will be spent preparing primary positions to the rear and rehearsing the withdrawal. The initial positions should be established behind the crest of a hill or a creek bed, etc. Something that will provide quick cover. Only the OPs should be dug in. 
When no withdrawal is planned, place the Vulcans with the for·ward teams and coordinate into the company's plan. This allows you more security and survivability, provided a 
retrograde operation suddenly arises. 
D. TASK FORCE DEFENSIVE MANEUVER OPERATIONS 
1. GENERAL DEFENSIVE MISSIONS 
Successful defensive operations start with proper planning. Chapter 6, FM 44-3 i,s an excellent re-ference for planning concepts, employment principles, guidelines, and other important defense designing criteria. It would be wise to require all squad leaders and above to know this chapter thm·o,•ghl y. Use Chapter 6 and always consider the 
following: recommend to the commander where his task farce is most vulnerable, ensure Stingers are positioned to counter higher performance threat, and ensure Vulcans are positioned to counter the attack helicopter threat. 
Carefully consider disengagement criteria, prepositioning of ammunition, the availability of engineer assets, and alternate priorities for each 5qllad, Discuss criteria for 
using Vulcan in the ground role. Supplement TF graphics if necessary. Brief the TF Commander/5-3 thoroughly. Brief platoon and rehearse routes to alternate positions. Coordinate withdrawals with adjacent units. Dig your guns 
and ammo in. Think survivability. 
~. SPECIFIC DEFENSIVE MISSIONS 
a. 
Defend a Battle Position 

b. 
Delay in Sector 

c. 
Defend in Sector 

d. 
Defend to Retain 


a. DEFEND A BATTLE POSITION 
When battal ion task far·ces are concentrated in the area of maximum enemy effort, they may be assigned battle areas behind the forward task forces in the MBA. From these positions they can reinforce the forward TF positions. 
Defend a Battle Position is designed to concentrate fires of the task force, or place the task force in an advantageous position to counterattack~ or limit the maneuvering capabilities of the task force. The maneuver is limited to the battle position. The TF is not expected to become decisively engaged, or expected to repel close in assaults. 
Vulcans should concentrate an protecting the Armor and Infantry teams from within their specific battle positions. The best shot for a Vulcan is incoming and low .level fixed wing aircraft~ Fixed wing <when attacking> will most likely be coming at the Co tm position doing a straffing run which is a good opportunity for a head on and low altitude shot for the Vulcans. Also, the Vulcans need the protection of the Armor in front of them from enemy forces. 
Stingers should concentrate on Air Avenues of Approach, Early Engagement, and Defense in Depth. They need to dig in and dig in their missiles. The Vulcan Platoon Leader and Stinger Section Sergeant must develop a coordinated plan together to provide a complete ADA umbrella. Ensure the section sergeant physically checks each team~s position to insure they have properly dug-into survivable fighting positions. 
DEFEND A BATTLE PPSITION (NARROW SECTOR).: 
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Note: 
As in the wide sector Stinger positions are
dictated more by t~rrain and air avenues of approach.

Vulcans ~nee again are with respective Co Tm's and fall
back under the Co Tm protection when the Co Tm position
falls back (if it does fall back) 
1&FEND A BATn.E! POSmOM (WIDS SECTOR). 
YKI'V) 
('MitJ) 
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Note: During this mission the Stinger Tm's may not beright in the Co Tm Battle Positions depending on howterrain and air avenues dictate. The Vulcans will bein the Co Tm battle position due to their limitedrange and will fall back to Alternate positions ineither A or B witn their respective companies dependingon the battle. 
b. DELAY IN SECTOR 
The concept of the delay is to fight the enemy with sufficient force so that he has to take the time to concentrate, again and again, trying to overtake the delaying TF. The delaying force must be in a position that 
provides long-range observation and fields of fire. When 
time is permissable obstacles are created, and natural 
terrain obstacles are reinforced. 
Once the enemy has brought his forces full to bear, the delaying force leaves. This process can be repeated,causing the enemy to repeat the time consuming process. 
This type of mission requires a great amount of prior
planning. You must work closely with the TF Cdr/S-3 and determine his priorities. You must know if the operation is going to be a DIP mission <Die in Place>, if there will be a 
break away point, or retreat at the same time as the delaying team. 
If the terrain is wide open the Armor teams will be positioned out front. You should have your ADA as5ets integrated within the forward Armor te~ms and on the likely 
avenues of approach. 
Since the tanks can move much faster than the Vulcans, you must determine (prior to the operation>~ if you will fall back early~ find a high place to hide and provide AD 
coverage if left behind, or remain dug-in and hope the enemyby-passes your position. 
The Stinger/Vulcan responsibilities are the same as in Defend a Battle Position. 
c. DEFEND IN SECTOR 
Defend is Sector is used primarily in the forward 
position of the MBA (main battle area). It is usually 
oriented on enemy avenues of approach, and is usually deepmr
than it is wide to permit the defending unit to fight the battle in depth from successive positions. The objective is 
to prevent the enemy forces from passing through the defending unit's sector beyond his rear boundary. 
The Stinger/Vulcan responsibilities are the same as in Defend a Battle Position, except Vulcans m~~t plan for fall back positions and rehearse for them if they have the time. 
Vulcans must be prepared to move on a Defense in Sector. 
d. DEFEND TO RETAIN 
Defend to Retain requires the TF to stay on the battle position until told to move. The TF team is free to maneuver within its position, but must repel close in assaults, even if it brings risk to the team. 
The Stinger/Vulcan responsibilities are the same as in 
Defend a Battle Position. 
l----~fi\~c ___s__,. 
~~ 
-.. '
/ / tQJ fJ)1-n.tA VIIi./ :J.'--\ s 
-
Note: This is when the TF is improving its DefensivePositions, preparing for an attack the following day.ADA mus-t be especially ready. during thiS time bec~~eground forces may not attack•. However, air attack isvery l-ikely. ADA must be ready to assume the missionwhile at the same time develop and prepare fighting
positions. 
E. CHAPARRAL GUIDELINES 
1. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 
Several factors must be considered when using the Chaparral to augument task force operations: 
Does enemy air ~hreat warrant the need to move the Chaparrals forward? 
Are there enough Vulcans and Stingers with the maneuver Task Force to counter the enemy air threat? 
Does the terrain in the TF offensive zone provide natural cover and concealment? 
Can the Chaparrals obtain positions that provide clear observation and fields of fire that allow them to engage at maximum range? 
In the offense or counter-attack, at what speed will the TF be moving and can the Chaparrals maneuver crass country with the TF or do they need an alternate route? 
Does the Chaparral Platoon Leadership <PL, PSG, SL) have a good understanding of the abilities of the Chaparral weapon system? 
Can the Chaparrals provide coverage of the TF by positioning themselves along enemy air avenues? 
The Chaparral Platoon Leader must understand the supported unit~s scheme of maneuver and/or defensive plans. 
2. OFFENSIVE GUIDELINES 
The Chaparral Platoon Leader mLtst understand the supported unit's scheme of maneuver. 
Chaparrals can maneuver with the TF in one of 
two ways.
One, if the TF is moving at a ''quick'' pace it would be best for the Chaparral to follow the TF with all four Chaparralsmoving at the same time. In the event aircraft are 
encaunter·ed the Chaparr-als can emergency emplace and engage.
Two, if the TF is moving at a ''slow'' pace the Chaparrals can follow the TF by using a Bounding Overwatch technique. Bydoing this, two Chaparrals are moving while two Chaparrals are emplaced providing AD coverage. Again, emergencyemplacement is used. 
It is important to remember that the Chaparrals must remain far enough behind the TF so not to be engaged by enemy dir-ect fir-e weapon systems. 
Once the TF has seized its objective, the Chaparrals can pr-ovide AD for-the objective in the same manner they would if they wer-e pr-oviding AD for a Battle Position. 
In both offensive and defensive missions, Chapar-rals are Ltsed to protect the r-ear of the TF or Air Avenues leadinginto the rear of the TF. 
3. DEFENSIVE GUIDELINES 
The Chaparral platoon will be c~icfgc~iCQ the Vulcan platoon; therefore, the Chaparral Platoon Leader must 
coordinate with the Vulcan Platoon Leader when positioning his units. The Vulcan Platoon Leader will ''posi~ion'' the Chaparral assets <establish the broad operating area 
commonly termed a ''goose egg''). However, the Chaparral Platoon Leader will always select the exact point or location of his fire units uithin the established operating 
area. 
In a Defend in Sector mission the Chaparral can best be 
used in the TF rear. In this area the chaparrals can cover the TF TOC, combat trains, and/or reserve Torces. ey doing this, the units that normally cover these elements are free to move forward to provide additional coverage of the TF 
front. 
a. The Chaparral fire units must use maximum cover and concealment techniques. 
b. If possible the Chaparral fire units need to have a 
hide position that is close by. In the event the enemy is able to penetrate the friendly forces, the Chaparrals will never be able to outrun them, they must be able to hide. 
c. The Platoon Leader should establish a withdraw line. This is a line used to determined at what point the enemy can reach before the Chaparrals must begin their march 
order drill and movement to their hide positions. 
For a Defense of a Battle Position Chaparrals are best used in one of two ways. One, by positioning themselves 2-3 km 1 S behind the BP they can provide AD from an overwatch position. Two, the Chaparrals can position themselves along enemy air avenues so to prevent enemy aircraft from entering the BP. This can be done several km's from the BP in areas that are not considered enemy ground avenues. 
Chaparrals can be used in a Delay in Sector in much the 
same way they would be used in a Defend in Sector. For the mission the withdraw line becomes much more important. The PL must have a firm grip of the enemy situation. 
DEFEND A. BATTLE POSmON C.HAPARRALS AI~ AVENUES OF APPROACI-4 
F. ADDITIONAL MISSIONS 
1. MOBILE POINT DEFENSE <CONVOYS> 
Air defense coverage for maneuver units is often provided while they are moving i.n a march column or convoy along roads behind the 1 i ne of contact. In general a convoy will usually be moving at a speed of 15-20 mph in either an open column (50-100 meters between vehicles) or closed column C50 meters or less between vehicles). 
A convoy is a likely target by enemy air under conditions of good visibility. Attack by high-performance aircraft is the primary concern; attack by helicopters is less likely. 
Chaparral defense of a convoy is best provided by prepositioning them at critical paints along the route. When a convoy is forced to halt or bottleneck, a critical point has evolved. Key intersections, bridges, etc. can be preplanned as targets by enemy air. 
The main concern of a Chaparral defense is for early engagement and overlapping coverage. Overlapping fire instead of mutual support is maintained between systems to maximize the length of route that can be protected. The distance between Chaparrals should be less than 4000 meters and placed 500-1000 meters from the road. 
Establish the defense by placing the first two Chaparrals on the same side of the road, approximately 4000 meters apart. Then place the the third Chaparral at the half way point along the march. Then place the last Chapar·ral 4000 meters up or· dl1Wn from the last. Chapar·r·al. In this manner 16 kilometers of straight road can be provided Air Defense coverage by a single platoon. 
Vulcans can fire on the move, enabling them to be inte(_Jrated into the convoy. In or·der .tel place the Vulcans properly, the length of the convoy must be determined. Place one vulcan within the fir·st. 500 meters of the front of the convoy and one vulcan within the last 500 meters of the convoy. Place the remaining Vulcans about every 1000 meters apart alternating towards the center of the convoy. Never employ a V1.1l can singly in a col t..tmn. Mutual suppor·t. must be estilb 1i shed. 
Stinger defense of convoys can be accomplished by integrating them into the convoy or prepositioning them at critical points along the route of march. 
Prepositioning should only be used if .the route is 
relatively secure from ground attack and time permits the teams to occupy positions ahead of the column. If prepositioning is implemented~ plans for reintegration of the Stinger teams into the supported force must be esta.b 1 i sl1ed. 
If Stinger teams are integrated into the march column. 
It is extremely important to position teams near the front and rear of the convoy. The balance of the teams are then positioned equally throughout the rest of the column. If 
possible place them less than 4 kilometers apart to provide overlapping fires. 
DEFENSE: 0~ C.ONVOY .· 
EARLY ENGAGEMENT 
THIS IS ANOTHER METHOD OF EMPLOYING STINGER TO DEFEND A MARCH COLUMN 
EARLY ENGAGEMENT 
BDI!l o=o-co !b=:aco-
E.C..RLY ENGAGEME~T OF AIRCRAFT MANEUVERING TO ATTACK THE ENOS OF THE COLUMN IS OBTAINED BY 
PLACING ONE TEAM NEAR THE FRONT AND ONE NEAR THE REAR OF THE COLUMN. 
OVERLAPPING FIRES OVER THE COLUMN OVERLAPPING FIRES 
QVER~Pf'IHGFIRES ARE OBTAINED BY PLACING ANY A.OOinONAL TF.AMS EOUIDISTANTTHROUGHOUTTHE REST OF THE COLUMN, LESS THAN 4 ~ILOMETERS APART. . . . . 
PLACEMENT OF VULCANS WITHIN A CONVOY 
1,000 METERS
I• .,.j 
VULCAN 
N0.1 
MUTUAl 
SUPPORT 
CHAPARRAl ?REPOSITIONING ALONG A ROAD 
2. TF COLUMN FORMATION 
A column formation is· used when moving a TF from one 
location to another, and enemy contact is not liksly. 
Maneuver units that travel in march columns or convoys make likely targets for enemy aircraft. 
The ADA PLT LOR will determine if there are any 
critical points along the route. Critical points are those 
points most likely to be a preplanned tar·get by enemy air. 
Key intersections, bridges, bottlenecks, etc. are some of 
the critical points. 

Establish checkpoints and have squads report crossing 
these checkpoints. This will ensure that breaks in contact 
and mutual support.problems will be identified quickly. 

There are three basic ways to defend convoys. A 'combination of any of these would be acceptable: 
a. 	
Integrate Vulcans and Stingers into march column~ 

b. 	
Leap frog Chaparrals. 

c. 	
Preposition any AD assets along the march at critical pointsw 


When integrating Vulcans into the march, position one 
vulcan 500M from the front and rear of the convoy. 

When prepositioning Chaparrals, make sure they are kept well off the road and within 2000M of each other. Ensure coverage is weighted toward the front and rear of the convoy. If leap fragging Chaparrals, have all positions identified before the to operation begins. 
TASK FORCE COLUMN FORMAnON 
7 > 
POSITIONS A,B,C, AND D COMPANY ARE INTERCHANGEABLE FOR COMPANY TEAMS AND ARE DESIGNED BY THE TASK FORCE COMMANDER. 
3. RETROGRADE 
A retrograde operation is an organized movement to the rear or away from the enemy. A retrograde operation may be forced by enemy action or it may be executed voluntarily; but in either case it must be approved by the higher commander. 
There are 3 types: delays, withdrawals, and retirements. 
r 
a. 
Delays -Units trade space for time without losing freedom to maneuver while inflicting the greatest possible punishment on the enemy. 

b. 
Withdrawal -All or part of deployed force disengages from the enemy to be free for a new mission. Withdrawals may be conducted with or without enemy pressure and be assisted by another unit or unassisted. 

c. 
Retirement -Rearward movement by a force which is not in contact with the enemy. It is administrative in nature a.nd execution, but proper measures should be taken if there is any chance of a meeting engagement. 


G. SMALL ARMS FOR SELF DEFENSE <SAFADS> 
1. 
RULE FOR SELECTING THE AIM POINT 

2. 
PASSIVE AIR DEFENSE 


lYE!;; Bl.B!;;BBEI Jet  !;;QUB5!;; Crossing  Two  Bl.tl EQl.llii Football Fields  in  
Front  of  Nose  
Jet  Overhead  Two  Football  Fields  in  
Front  of  Nose  
Jet  Directly  at  you  Slightly above  Aircraft  
Nose  
Helicopter  Crossing  One-Half  Football  Field  in  
Front  of  Nose  
Hel ic:opter  Hovering  Slightly  above  Helicopter  
Body  
Helicopter  Directly  at  you  Slightly above  Helicopter  
Body  

Pamuive air defense includes all measures other than active defense, taken to minimize the effects of hostile air action. They are your first line of defense, and they consist mostly of those same things tha·t you do routinely to defend your·self against ground attack. Passive defense is divided into Attack Avoidance Measures and Damage Limitin; Measures. 
Attack Avoidance Measures -are those actions taken to avoid being seen by the enemy -concealment, and, lacking concealment, camouflage. The philosophy is that what can be seen can be hit, So concealment and camouflage are very important. 
Damage Limiting ·Procedures -are as simple to apply as are attack avoidance measures. They are exactly the same measures you take to limit damage from artillery attack dispersion, protective construction, and the use of cover. 
large bombs will seldom, if ever, be used against troops on the ground. Most of the munitions that will be delivered by aerial means must make a direct hit to be effective. Dispersing your troops~ vehicles, and equipment will force the attacker to concentrate on a single small target that is very likely to be missed. The wider the dispersion, the greater is the potential for limiting damage. 
3. ACTIVE AIR DEFENSE 
Active air defense is direct defensive action taken to destroy or reduce the effectiveness of enemy air attack. While your first line of defense against air attack is the constant application of passive air defense measures, you are not always master of the situation on the battlefield. You may find your unit exposed, bunched up, or in a situation where you are forced to take unnecessary casualties. If you should be attacked under these conditions, you have the option of fighting back. 
In deciding which option to take, you must consider your assigned mission and the tactical situation. It may be that your best bet is to seek cover. That way you will survive to fight again. However, you may decide to fight back by taking the attacking aircraft under fire with your organic small arms. You have the right to do this under US Army doctrine that ''the right of self-defense is never denied''. You gain two things by fighting back. First, the morale and spirit of your troops will be improved by the act of shooting back at the attacker rather than standing helpless before this threat. Second, you may kill or drive 
the attacker off. 
H. 	LESSONS LEARNED AT THE NATIONAL TRAINING CENTER <NTC> & PINON CANYON MANUEVER SITE <PCMS> 
1. 	OFFENSE 
a. 	E:L.fllll 
(!) Make the task force commander identify air defense priorities for ent.ire mission to include offensive operation missions. 
(2) Brief EW -e><plain ADA system so maneuver 
commander und'erstands his role as the decision maker. 
(3) The task force will organize their formation to 
facilitate obstacle breaching by preplaning the order in which units will g" through the breached obstacle. Vulcans need to bound in pairs through the lane after the first company to provide deep ADA coverage forward and to ensure that the Vulcans do not fall behind. 
(4) Task Force OF'ORD should have a maintenance priority list-get Vulcans included <high priority). 
<5> Have mission planned for every aspect of operation, i.e., asmembly, marH!Iu\I_.F, efl!J t;<Jfl§€llideti<Jfl <lfl otJjec:tives. 
(6) When all commanders are present for OPORD 
!:QID'-lilii:t..e: all yoLlr coor-dination b.~fQt:~ commanders disperse so you do not waste time trying to find them later. 
(7) 
Plan far morning ADA missions. Vulcans need to be deployed prier to BMNT every morning performing an ADA mission even though TF companies may still be in tight assembly areas. 

(8) 
When the task force is planning a night attack you plan how to best consolidate on the objective at BMNT after a successful attack. Avoid night attacks, defend the task farce TOC or travel with the trailing company. Also consider indirect fire on the objective. 


(9) Remember 1/3 -2/3 rule. 
b. 	E:B~E:flB!;; 
<1> Ensure Squad Leaders have accurate and complete graphics. 
<2> Have Squad Leaders brief the scheme of maneuver ·from memc1ry. 
(3) Link-up Squad Leaders with maneuver platoons as early as possible. 
c. ~li~(;;IJI~ 
<1> Never bunch up -keep a goad interval in formation. Clustered vehicles die. 
(2) 
Never travel outside of the task force's lateral boundaries. Vehicles in violation of boundaries die from fratricide from adjacent units. 

(3) 
When the task force hits the first obstacle, the tendency is for units to bunch up waiting for the obstacles to be breached. Expect the obstacles to be covered by enemy direct and indirect fire an~ units to be attac~:ed with chemical munitions. Those vehicles and personnel bunched up too close to the obstacle will be killed, Vulcans should overwatch breaching teams from a good distance, and be prepared to move in pairs through cleared lanes after the first successful company moves completely through. Realize the enemy has kill zones designed to destroy friendly forces as they slowly move through the lanes. It is best to wait until the enemy has been suppressed by friendly fire before you bound Vulcans 


through. 
(4) The Platoon Leader needs to consider the consequences of continuous engagements of hostile aircraft from a stationary position. If Vulcans continue to engage more than two passes by the threat aircraft, it is very possible the task force will have continued moving right out of your coverage. There are many conditions to consider; however, if the only immediate threat to the task force is the enemy aircraft -recommend to the S-3 that the task force stop (passive AD> while Vulcans, Stingers, and M2s engage aircraft. 
(51 If a company is falling behind the task force formation~ i.e., company is fi:{ed by enemy or slowed by terrain, recommend to the S-3 that ADA assets move to the company which has taken the lead. Be ready to move to support the company which has taken the lead. Ee ready to move laterally, and be prepared to change your priorities based on the situation. Be flexible. 
<6> The Platoon Leader must stay on the task force net. Have two squads monitor EW and two squads monitor the task force and/or the supported company net. All relevant inTormation gets rebroadcasted over the platoon net. Provide EW on the task force net. COMMO -if unit experiences a communication failure during an engagement, get the binoculars out and pass visual signals. Use innovation and take initiative if necessary. 
2. DEFENSE 
(1) Time is critical! Aggressively learn the taskforce scheme of maneuver as it is being developed by theS-3. Immediately develop your recommendation. It is
essential to get your plan approved quickly so your peoplecan begin rehearsing withdrawal routes and improvingposit.irJns. 
<2> Plan and brief: 
(a) Disengagement criteria.
(b) Location of rally point.Cc) Self-defense criteria. 
(3) Squad leaders must have a complete
understanding of the scheme of maneuver. 
Ensure squad
leaders have graphics on their maps. Have ~gusd l~sd~c~
t!c_i!i:£ tl.s\!;;ll 

(4) E:-:plain the scheme of maneuver while looking atthe terrain from a hilltop. 
b. EB£:EBB<: 
( 1) Coc:wd i nate withdrawal routes and recognition
symbols CVS-·17 panels>; consider the obstacle overlay.
Rehearse your withdrawals under bad conditions, darkness, orwhile wearing masks. Bound back in pairs. 
If you are in aposition overnight, recon your withdrawal route again in the
morning. There is no telling what obstacles the enemy or
friendlies have emplaced. 
(2) Prepare for artillery attack, squad leaders areworthless buttoned up inside tracks -must dig in CP andbuil.d overhead cover. 
(3) Distances are deceiving in the desert, use TRPsto help plan your engagements <good range cards). 
(4) In a 11 Defend to Retain 11 mission, preposition
the ammo, missiles (dig it in). 
(5) Range cards are critical during live fire. 
C6) Integrate into ground defense during any night
mission. Defend to retain at night-integrate Vulcans intofinal protective fire with all four guns an line. 
Preplan
indirect fire on obstacles. 
(7) Get out in front of positions and look backfrom the enemy's perspective. 
(8) Your best cover is complete hull de~ilade. Get down in a dry stream bed or behind the ~rest of a hill and use OPs. Be aggressive and take advantage of blade tanks or 
engineer dozer when other positions are being dug in. Survive! 
(9) Have platoon sergeants out of the battle area 
but poised ~or quick response to personnel and vehicle losses. 
(10) Keep your ramps up! This fa~ilitates ;qui~k 
exits and avoids having a 11 pa.nts down .. situation when surprised. 
<11> e~~BB~: Enemy will probe at night and use vehicle full of enemy soldiers to atta~k TOCs and ~ombat 
trains. 
~-~x~c;ur~ 
Monitor the task for~e command net and provide task for~e EW -Know what is going .on. Re~ommend ~hanges to the 
S-3 based on situation. 
U.S. 8DYERNNKNT PRIMTIN8 ~~ICRI 1987 -776-041/68201