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BISO 

Project Warrior~ 
"Warriors of the Past" 

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SUNY at BUFFALO 
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TI-lE LIBRARIES 
DEPOSITORY COPY 
EXTENSION COURSE INSTITUTE 
AIR UNIVERSITY 
Gunter Air Force Station , Alabama 

M9902 

James, Daniel, Jr. air force officer. Born on February II, 1920 , in Pensacola , Florida, James learned to fly while attending Tuskegee Institute , and after graduation in 1942 he continued in civilian flight training until receiving appointment as a cadet in the Army Air Corps in January 1943 . He was commissioned in July and through the remainder of world War ll trained pilots for the all-black 99th Pursuit squadron and worked in other assignments. He was subsequently stationed in Ohio and in the Philippines . During the Korean War he flew 101 missions in fighters . From 1953 to 1956 he commanded the 437th and then the 60th Fighter Interception Squadron at Otis Air Force Base , Massachuse~s, receiving promotion to major in that period; and on graduatrng from the Air Command and Staff College , Maxwell Air Force Base , Alabama , in 1957 he was assigned to staff duty in Washington , D.C . from 1960 to 1964 he was stationed in England , from 1964 to 1966 in Arizona , and from 1966 to 1967 in 
Vietnam, where he flew 78 combat missions. By then a colonel, he was vice commander of the 33rd Tactical Fighter Wing, Eglin Air Force Base , Florida , in 1967-1969 and then, promoted to brigadier general , was named base commander of Wheelus Air Force Base, Libya . In March 1970 James became deputy assistant secretary of defense for public affairs, and in that post he advanced to major general. In September 1974, with the rank of lieutenant general, he became vice commander of the Military Airlift Command at Scott Air Force Base , lllinois . In September 1975 he became the first black officer to attain four-star rank in any service. He was at that time named commander of the North American Air Defense Command (NORAD), with responsibility for all aspects of the air defense of the United States and Canada. James was also a much sought-after public speaker and devoted c~nsi~erable time to addressing youth groups, particularly mmonty students. 
Webster's American Military Biographies. 
Merriam Co ., 1978. 497p . 
Daniel James , jr., pp 199-200. 

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MitcheU, William army officer and aviator. Born of American obsolete and, over the vociferous protests of the Navy 
parents in Nice, France, on December 28 , 1879, Billy Mitchell, as 	Department, carried his point in 1921 and 1923 by sinking several captured and overage battleships from the air. He was persistently
he was called throughout his life, grew up in Milwaukee. He was educated at Racine College and at Columbian (now George critical of the low state of preparedness of the tiny Air Service and 1898 before of the poor quality of its equipment; but his harrying of his
Washington) University; he left Columbian in 
superior (Gen. Mason M. Patrick after October 1921) and of upper
graduating to enlist as a private in the 1st Wisconsin Infantry for service in the Spanish-American war. He served in Cuba and the military echelons won him only a transfer to the minor post of air 
officer of the Vill Corps area at San Antonio, Texas, and reversion
Philippines, advancing to first lieutenant of volunteers, and in 
to the rank of colonel in April 1925. He continued, however, to
1901 was commissioned a fust lieutenant in the regular army and 
use the press to fight his case, and when, in September 1925, the
attached to the Signal Corps. He served in various duties, was 
promoted to captain in 1903, attended the School of the Line and navy's dirigible Shenandoah was lost in a storm, he made a the Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, in 1907-1909, and statement to the press charging "incompetency, criminal after duty on the Mexican border was attached in 1912 to the negligence, and almost treasonable administration of the national General Staff. In 1915 he was assigned to the aviation section of defense by the War and Navy Departments." He was, as he the signal Corps; he learned to fly the following year, when he was expected, immediately court-martialed and, after he had made the also promoted to major, and began his twenty-year's advocacy of trial a platform for his views, was convicted in December of the use of military air power. He was already in Europe as an insubordiantion and sentenced to five years' suspension from rank and pay. On February 1, 1926, he resigned from the army and
observer when the United States entered World War I, and as the war progressed he advanced rapidly in rank and responsibility as retired to a farm near Middleburg, Virginia. He continued to he proved a highly effective air comander. In June 1917 he was promote air power and to warn against the danger of being named air officer of the American Expeditionary Forces, with the outstripped by other nations, particularly Japan. He hypothesized a rank of lieutenant colonel; by May 1918 he was a colonel and air possible attack by Japanese aircraft launched from great carrier officer of I Corps , a combat post more to his liking. He was the ships and directed at the Hawaiian Islands. He died in New York 
fust American airman to fly over enemy lines, and throughout the City on February 19, 1936. Mitchell's plea for an independent air war he was regularly in the air. In September 1918 he successfully force was met to a degree in the creation of GHQ Air Force in attempted a mass bombing attack with nearly 1500 planes as part March 1935. Subsequent events, including the Japanese air attack of the attack on the St. Mihiel salient, and on October 9, as on Pearl Harbor in December 1941 , proved the validity ofmany of commander of the combined air service of the army group engaged his prophesies, and many of his ideas were adopted by the Army in the Meuse-Argonne offensive, he Jed a large bombing force in a Air Forces in World War II . The utter decisiveness that he claimed for air power never materialized, however. In 1946 Congress
behind-the-lines air strike. In that month he was promoted to temporary brigadier general. His plans for strategic bombing of authorized a special medal in his honor that was presented to his the German homeland and for massive parachute invasions were son two years later by Gen. Carl Spaatz, chief ofstaff ofthe newly cut short by the armistice, a and he returned home to become in established independent air force. Among Mitchell's published works were Our Air Force, the Keystone of National Defense,
March 1919 assistant chief of the Air Service under Gen. Charles 
1921 ; Winged Defense; 1925; and Skyways, a Book on Modern
T. Menoher. He outspokenly advocated the creation of a separate 
air force and continued working on improvements in aircraft and Aeronautics, 1930. 
their use. He claimed that the airplane had rendered the battleship 

Webster's American Military Biographies 
Merriam Co., 1978. 497 p. 
William Mitchell, pp 284-285 

Eisenhower, Dwight David army officer and thirty-fourth president of the United States . Born on Oc~obe~ 14, .18~0, in Denison , Texas, "Ike " Eisenhower moved with his farruly m the following year to Abilene, Kansas , where he grew up in mode~t circumstances . In 1911 he was appointed to West Pomt; after his graduation four years later he served at a succession of army installations around the world, rising slowly but steadily in rank and responsibility . During World War I he was engaged in training duties and rose to temporary rank of lieutenant colonel. He was promoted to major in 1920 . During 1922-1924 he served in Panama. In 1926 he graduated at the top of his class from the Command and General Staff School, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas , and two years later he graduated from the Army War College . From 1933 to 1935 he was in the office of the chief of staff in Washington , D .C. , and from 1935 to 1939 in the Philippines, receiving promotion to lieutenant colonel in 1936 , and in bo~h assignments serving under Gen . Douglas Mac~ur.. ~s performance as chief of staff of the T~ird Army dunng ~rum~g maneuvers in 1941 brought him promotion to temporary bngad1er general in September. Soon after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941 brought the United States into World War ll he was called to the War Plan s Division of the army's staff headq~arters in Washington . Promoted to temporary major general in April 1942 , he became in June 1942 commander of the U .S . forces in Europe and began the task, both arduous and delicate, of planning the Allies' invasion of the European continent. Promo!ed to temporary lieutenant general in July, he was named Allied commander in chief for the invasion of North Africa that began in November 1942, and the following year he planned and directed Allied invasions of Sicily and Italy. In North Africa his principal force was eventually organized as the II Corps under Gen. George 
S. Patton. The Sicily assault, beginning July 10, 1943, was made by Patton's Seventh Army and British Gen. Bernard Montgomery's Eighth, comprising together the 15th Army Group under Gen . Sir Harold R . L. G. Alexander. The Italian campaign commenced with Montgomery's landing on September 3, followed by Gen . Mark W. Clark's Fifth Army at Salerno on September 9. Eisenhower became a temporary full general in February 1943 . In November 1943 he returned to England to resume personal supervision of the planning of the invasion of France, becoming supreme commander, Allied Expeditionary Force, the next month . (In August 1943 he was promoted to permanent brigadier and major general .) In that post he oversaw the D-Day landing on June 6 , 1944, and the subsequent campaigns leading to the surrender of Germany nearly a year later. The ground forces under his command consisted principally of the Sixth Army Group (Gen. Jacob L. Devers), the 12th Army Group (Gen. Omar N. Bradley) , and the 21st Army Group (Field Marshall Bernard Montgomery); in addition he had at his disposal the First Allied Airborne Army (Gen. Lewis H . Brereton), the Eighth and Ninth air forces, and other elements. He was promoted to the five-star rank of general of the army in December 1944, the temporary rank being made permanent in April 1946. Throughout the war Eisenhower's success as supreme commander rested on both his ability as a strategist and his capacity for harmonizing the often prickly personalities of his national commanders and the often diverging national goals of the Allies . After briefly commanding U.S . occupation forces in Germany he returned to the United States in November 1945 as army chief of staff. In February 1948 he retired to become president of Columbia University ; he published in the same year Crusade in Europe, his best-selling war memoii. In December 1950 President Harry S. Truman recalled him to active duty as commander of the newly organized forces of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in Europe ; he served in the post until mid-1952 . Long mentioned by both parties as a potential political candidate, Eisenhower at length abandoned his habitual reticence and consented to be considered for the 1952 Republican presidential nomination. He won the nomination narrowly over Sen. Robert A. Taft and the election by an overwhelming margin, taking 442 electoral votes to Democrat Adlai E. Stevenson's 89. Determined to remain above partisanship, and a firm believer in the tradition of 
Webster 's American Military Biographies 
Merriam Co., 1978. 497p . 
Dwight Eisenhower, pp 113-115. 

separation of powers, Eisenhower viewed the presidency as an 
office primarily of moral leadership and brought to it a concept of government that he termed, enigmatically, "dynamic conservatism. " He was content to leave the practical day-to-day workings of government largely to the direction of his staff and cabinet. His first term was dominated by foreign affairs. Having already fulfilled a campaign promise by traveling personally to Korea, he oversaw the establishment of a truce there in mid-1953. At the same time he took bold initiatives in proposing a new planfor world disarmament and the creation of an international agency to develop peacetime uses for nuclear energy, but this ''Atoms for Peace" plan failed to win sufficient world support to become effectual. The disarmament proposal led eventually to a summit conference between Eisenhower and Soviet Premier Nikita S. Khrushchev in 1955 in geneva, at which Eisenhower made his startling "Open Skies" proposal, whereby the United States and the Soviet Union would permit aerial surveillance of each other's territories and military activities. This plan, too, proved too radical. As a counter to Soviet intransigence at the conference table and expansionist moves in many parts of the world, Eisenhower allowed his secretary of state, John Foster Dulles, to construct a network of alliances to meet further Communist expansion with the threat of "massive retaliation. " Such hard-line Cold War diplomacy was made credible by vigorous responses to crises, including in 1957 the landing of U.S . troops in Lebanon under the terms of the recently promulgated "Eisenhower doctrine" of military aid to free-world nations. On the domestic front the president, buoyed by his vast popularity, strove to remain above political squabbles, although it was wished by many that he would respond with the force of his prestige to the increasingly violent and scurrilous attacks of Senator Joseph R. McCarthy . Soon after his reelection in 1956--again over Stevenson, and by a margin even greater than that of 1952, 457 to 73-he was forced to deal with his first major domestic crisis, the violent reaction to the court-ordered racial integration of schools in Little Rock, Arkansas. Nationalizing the Arkansas National Guard and sending in additional troops, he restored order in the city and obtained the compliance of local officials with the law; his refusal to exceed his fundamental executive responsibility epitomized his conception of the presidency . That conception changed eventually, however; in 1959, emerging from a long period of illness and stripped by resignation or death of many of his original close advisers, he suddenly undertook an unprecedented campaign of vigorous leadership and personal diplomacy. For the first time he took the initiative with Congress on legislation in various fields and beganwielding his veto power with a purpose. More important were his diplomatic moves: after initiating and hosting what proved to be a highly successful visit by Premier Khrushchev , Eisenhower embarked on an 11 -nation goodwill tour that showed him to be one of the most widely known and respected figures on the world stage. The high hopes aroused in his last year in office were dashed in May 1960, when the downing of a U.S. U-2 
reconnaissance airplane in Soviet territory, coupled with Eisenhower's attempt to dismiss the incident, resulted in the cancellation by Khrushchev of a planned summit conference. After unsuccessfully supporting his two-term vice-president Richard M. Nixon, in the presidential election of 1960, Eisenhower retired in 1961 to private life. In 1963 he published Mandate for Change , a volume of memoirs. Deteriorating health limited his activities , and after a lengthy period of hospitalization he died in Washington, D.C . , on March 28, 1969. 
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Spaatz, Carl army and air force officer. Born on June 28, 1891 , in Boyertown, Pennsylvania , Spaatz (originally Spatz-he added an "a" in 1937) graduated from West Point in 1914 and was commissioned in the infantry. After a year at Schofield Barracks, Hawaii, he entered aviation training at San Diego, California, becoming one of the army 's fLrst pilots in 1916 and winning promotion to fLrSt lieutenant in June . He advanced to captain in May 1917 and was ordered to France in command of the 31st Aero Squadron. He organized and directed the aviation training school at lssoudon and by the end of the war had managed to get just under three weeks' combat duty , during which he shot down three German aircraft. In June 1918 he was promoted to temporary major. During 1919-1920 he served as assistant air officer for the Western Department; he reverted to captain in February 1920 and received promotion to permanent major in July. Spaatz served as commander of Mather Field , California , in 1920; as commander of Kelly Field, Texas , in 1920-1921 ; as air officer, VIII Corps, in 1921; as commander of the lst Pursuit Group at Selfridge Field, Michigan, in 1922-24; in the office of the chief of the Air Corps in 1925 -29; as commander of the 7th Bombardment Group at Rockwell Field, California, and subsequently of Rockwell Field in 1929-1931 ; and as commander of the 1st Bombardment Wing at March Field , California, in 1931-1933. During January l-7 , 1929, Spaatz and Capt. Ira C . Eaker established a flight endurance record of 150 hours, 40 minutes , in a Folkker aircraft, the Question Mark , over Los Angeles. After two years as chief of the training and operations division in the office of the chief of Air Corps and promotion to lieutenant colonel in September 1935 , he entered the Command and General Staff School, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas , graduating in 1936 . He was executive officer of the 2nd Wing at Langley Field, Virginia, until 1939 and then again joined the staff of the chief of the Air Corps . After a tour of observation in England in 1940 he was promoted to temporary brigadier general and named to head the materiel division of the Air Corps, and in July 1941 he became chief of air staff under Gen. Henry H. Arnold, chief of the (renamed) Army Air Forces. In January 1942 he was appointed chief of the Air Force Combat Command. Later in that year he returned to England to begin planning the American air effort in Europe . In May he became commander of the Eighth Air Force, and in July he was designated commander of U.S. Army Air Forces in Europe. In November he went to North Africa to reorganize the Allied air forces there for Gen. Dwight D . Eisenhower, becoming commander of the Allied Northwest African Air Forces (NWAAF) in February 1943. In March he was promoted to temporary lieutenant general. From March to December 1943 he was also commander of the U.S. Twelfth Air Force , a unit of the NWAAF, which took part in both the North Africa and Sicily campaigns. In January 1944 Spaatz was named commander of the Strategic Air Force in Europe; his command included the Eighth Air Force under Gen. James H . Doolittle, based in England, and the Fifteenth Air Force under Gen. Nathan 
F . Twinning, based in Italy , and had responsibility for all deep bombing missions against the German homeland. In March 1945 he was promoted to temporary general, and in July , war in Europe having ended , he took command of the Strategic Air Force in the Pacific . The atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki took place under his command. In March 1946 he succeeded Gen. Arnold as commander in chief of the Army Air Forces, ad he became the first chief of staff of the independent air force in September I 94 7. He held that post until retiring in July 1948 in the rank of general (he had been permanent major general since June 1946). He served subsequently as chairman of the Civil Air Patrol and for a time contributed a column to Newsweek magazine. Spaatz died in Washington, D .C., on July 14, 1974 . 
Webster's American Military Biographies 
Merriam Co., 1978. 497 p . 
Carl Spaatz, pp 404-405 

MacArthur, Douglas army officer. Born on an army post near Little Rock, Arkansas, on January 26, 1880, MacArthur was the son of Capt. Arthur MacArthur. He graduated from West Pont first in the class of 1903; commissioned in the Corps of Engineers, he was sent to survey and study the Philippines . In 1906-1907 he was an aide to President Theodore Roosevelt. From 1908 to 1912 he was an instructor in various army schools , and during 1913-1915 and 1916-1917 was attached to the General Staff. He took part in the occupation of Veracruz in April 1914. Having been promoted to captain in February 1911 and major in December 1915 , he helped organize the 42nd (Rainbow) Division on the entry of the United States into World War I and served as chief of staff to its commander, Gen . Charles T. Menoher. Promoted to temporary colonel in August 1917 , he was ordered to France with the 42nd in October. He advanced to temporary brigadier general in June 1918 and in November took command of the division for a short time . After occupation duty he returned to the United States in April 1919 and in June was named superintendent of West Point . He was promoted to brigadier general in January 1920. He was again in the Philippines from June 1922 until January 1925, receiving at the latter date promotion to major general. He served in that year on the courtmartial of Col. William Mitchell. From 1928 to 1930 MacArthur commanded the Department of the Philippines,and in November 1930 he became chief of staff of the army with temporary rank of general , a post he held until October 1935, a longer period than any of his predecessors . In this post he was called upon by President Herbert Hoover in the summer of 1932 to roust the " Bonus Army" of unemployed veterans from Washington in a much-criticized action that came to be know sarcastically as the "battle of Anacostia Flats ." In 1932 MacArthur directed the reorganization of the army' s tactical forces , merging the old corps areas into four armies, each with regional as well as field responsibility. In 1935 , reverting to 
permanent rank of major general, he was sent to organize the defense forces of the Philippines in anticipation of the islands' independence; he was appointed field marshal of the Philippines in August 1936, and in 1937 , rather than be transferred to other duties before his task was complete, he resigned from the U.S. army . He was still in the islands in command of the Philippine military establishment when , in response to increasing tension in the Far East, the Philippine army was merged with the U .S. forces still remaining there in July 1941. MacArthur was recalled to active duty , promoted to temporary lieutenant general, and placed in command of the combined U.S . Army Forces in the Far East 9USAFFE). On the same day that Pearl Harbor was raided by Japanese aircraft -December 7, 1941-Japanese forces invaded the Philippines; overwhelmed, Mac Arthur declared Manila an open city and withdrew his forces to the Bataan peninsula at the entrance to Manila Bay and fmally to the fortified island of Corregidor. In February 1942 , two months before the garrison, then commanded by Gen. Jonathan M. Wainwright, fmally surrendered, he was ordered to leave the Philippines for Australia. Awarded the Medal of Honor and appointed supreme commander of the Allied forces in the Southwest Pacific area in April , he began his counteroffensive in the fall of that year and oversaw the "island-hopping" strategy that led the Allied forces slowly through New Guinea and the smaller islands toward Japan. In that campaign his ground forces, army and marine were supplemented by a naval force , later expanded into the Seventh Fleet, under Adm . Thomas C. Kinkaid, and an air force under Gen. George C. Kenney. He was also able to call on support from Adm . William 
F . Halsey's South Pacific (later Third) Fleet and Adm . Raymond 

A . Spruance's Central (Fifth) Fleet. In October 1944 he fulfilled his famous promise-" ! shall retum"---of more that two years earlier by landing in the Philippines; two months later he was promoted to the rank of general of the army . In April 1945 


Webster's American Military Biographies. 
Merriam Co ., 1978. 497p . 
Douglas MacArthur, pp 253-254. 

MacArthur was named commander of all army forces in the 
Pacific. The Philipines were finally secured in July 1945, and on September 2 of that year MacArthur, as supreme commander of Allied powers (from August), accepted the surrender of Japan aboard the battleship Missouri. Appointed commander of the Allied occupation forces in Japan, he spent the next six years overseeing the reorganization of the government and the economy of the nation. In January 1947 he was named commander of the army's Far East Command. When in June 1950 North Korea launched the invasion of South Korea that began the Korean War, MacArthur was ordered to provide assistance to South Korea. Following United Nations (UN) resolutions that provided for concerted military assistance to South Korea under unified command, on July 8 he was made supreme commander of UN forces in Korea . The suddenness of the initial attack, the weakness of the South Korean army, and delay in dispatching U.S. forces allowed the North Koreans to overrun almost the entire peninsula and to bottle up the UN forces, mainly Gen . Walton H . Walker's Eighth Army, in a small area around Pusan. Carrying his plan over the objections of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and others, MacArthur created the X Corps under Gen . Edward M. Almond to carry out a daring amphibious conterinvasion at Inchon in September 1950. A few days later X Corps recaptured Seoul, the South Korean capital. The forces hemmed in at Pusan broke out and swept northward. By October they had reached the 38th parallel, the border between North and South Korea. Following President Harry S. Truman's instructions, which were only later ratified by the UN, MacArthur ordered the troops to cross the demarcation line and invade the North, and by late October some units of the UN forces had reached the Yalu River, the border of the People' s Republic of China. Faced with conflicting intelligence reports concerning the massing of Chinese forces just north of the Y alu and the substantial numbers of Chinese troops already in Korea, MacArthur chose to discount the likelihood of Chinese intervention and to press on to the river in force . In late November, as the last advance was begun, the Chinese poured vast numbers of troops across the Yalu, driving the UN forces back south of the 38th parallel. MacArthur, convinced that the entry of China into the fighting meant a "new war," one that should be carried by airpower directly to the new enemy, publicly disagreed with U.S . policy on war aims . Ordered to refrain from public disputation by President Truman, he persisted in calHng for action against China, and on April 11, 1951, he was relieved of his command by the President. (Gen. Matthew B. Ridgeway was appointed in his place.) His return to the United States was that of a hero ; immense crowds greeted him in city after city , and this, combined with a stirring address to a joint session of Congress--an address remembered for the line "Old soldiers never die ; they just fade away"-made him seem a potential political figure. He retired to private life , however, retaining his five-star rank as general of the army and active status and becoming in 1959 the senior officer of the army . A volume of his Reminiscences appeared in 1964. He died in Washington, D.C. , on April5 , 1964. 
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Twinning, Nathan Farragut anny and air force officer. Born on October 11 , 1897 , in Monroe , Wisconsin , Twinning grew up there and in Portland , Oregon . He served as a corporal with the Oregon National Guard on the Mexican border in 1916 and in June 1917 entered West Point ; he graduated from the accelerated wartime course in November 1918 and received a commission in the infantry . After brief occupation duty in Germany he attended the Infantry School , Fort Benning, Georgia , in 1919-1920 , and the anny's Primary Flying School at Brooks Field, Texas , in 19231924. In November 1926 he was formally transferred to the Air Service. Twinning was a flight instructor at March Field , California, in 1929-1930 and was stationed with the 18th Pursuit Group at Schofield Barracks , Hawaii , 1930-1932 and with the 3rd Attack Group at Fort Crockett, Texas, in 1932-1935 . Promoted to captain in August 1935 , he graduated from Air Corps Tactical School , Maxwell Field , Alabama, in 1936 and from the Command and General Staff School , Fort Leavenworth , Kansas, in 1937 . He was stationed at Duncan Field , Texas , until August 1940, when , promoted to major, he was attached to the staff of the chief of the Air Corps . He served in the operations division of headquarters until August 1942 , when, by then a temporary brigadier general , he became chief of staff of anny forces in the South Pacific . In January 1943 he was named commander of the newly activated Thirteenth Air Force with headquarters on New Caledonia , receiving promotion to temporary major general in February . The Thirteenth ' s assignment was to provide air support for various operations in the area , including the occupation of Guadalcanal (where Henderson Field became headquarters in July ), the Middle Solomons, Munda, and Bougainville ; from July Twinning also 
held the post of commander , aircraft, Solomon Islands. In January 1944 he was transferred to command of the Fifteenth Air Force (succeeding Gen . James H . Doolittle), also taking command of the Allied Strategic Air Forces, Mediterranean. Flying from bases in southern Italy, the Fifteenth provided support for Gen. Mark W. Clark's Fifth Army on the ground , flew strategic missions into Germany, Austria , and the Balkans , notably the raids on the Ploesti oilfields in Rumania, and in August 1944 provided air cover for the Seventh Army ' s landing in southern France. In May 
1945 Twinning was recalled to Washington; he was promoted to temporary lieutenant general in June, and in August he succeeded Gen . Curtis E. LeMay in command of the Twentieth Air Force in the Pacific . Strategic bombing of the Japanese homeland, including the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, August 6 and 9, was carried on by the Twentieth until the end of the war. In October 1945 Twinning returned to Washington , and in December he was named chief of the Air Materiel Command at Wright Field, Ohio. In September 1947 he was transferred into the independent air force . In November 1947 he became commander of the unified Alaskan Command at Fort Richardson. In May 1950 he was named a deputy chief of staff, and in October he was promoted to temporary general and made vice-chief of staff of the air force . In June 1953 he succeeded Gen . Hoyt S . Vandenberg as chief of staff. He moved up to chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff on appointment by President Dwight D . Eisenhower in August 1957 , and he served in that post until retiring in September 1960. Thereafter he concerned himself with various business interests, including the vice-chairmanship of the board of Holt, Rinehart & Winston , publishers. 
Webster's American Military Biographies. 
Merriam Co., 1978. 497p. 
Nathan Twinning, pp 444-445. 

LeMay, Curtis Emerson army and air force officer. Born in Columbus, Ohio, on November 15, 1906 , LeMay attended Ohio State University after trying unsuccessfully for an appointment to West Point. Although he did not complete the requirements for an engineering degree until 1932, he received a second lieutenant's commission upon completing the Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC) program and went on active duty in the army in 1928. In September of that year he became a cadet in the Army Air Corps flying school at March Field, California, and he received a regular commission as second lieutenant in January 1930. Promoted to frrst lieutenant in June 1935 and to captain in January 1940, LeMay gained a reputation as an outstanding pilot and navigator in assignments to various bombardment squadrons. He advanced to major in March 1941, lieutenant colonel in January 1942, and colonel in March 1942, and the next month he took command of the 305th Bombardment Group at Muroc, California, leading it later in the year to join Gen. Ira C. Eaker's Eighth Air Force in England. Highly decorated for his combat service in the 305th's B-17 bombers, he was made a temporary brigadier general in September 1943 and advanced to temporary major general six months later. In August 1944 he was named commander of the operating force (the 20th and later 21st Bomber commands) of the Twentieth Air Force in the China-Burma-I ndia theater. The Twentieth, under the command of the Joint Chiefs of Staff through Gen. Henry H . Arnold, was the frrst strategic air force, and for the 
rest of World War II its nuss10n was to bomb the Japanese homeland. In July 1945 LeMay was commander of the Twentieth, and he then became chief of staff of Gen. Carl Spaatz's Strategic Air Forces, planning the atomic bomb missions . After a period of staff duty in Washington, D .C ., he was promoted to temporary lieutenant general in October 1947 (the air force having just become an independent service) and named commander of the air forces in Europe. In that capaacity he directed the airlift of supplies to Berlin, under blockade by Soviet forces in Germany, in 1948. His reputation made him a logical choice, in October 1948, for chief of the Strategic Air Command (SAC), the planes of which, prior to the development of guided missiles , were the only carriers for the atomic weapons that were rapidly accumulating during the Cold War period. Under his command SAC developed a policy of constant alert, with aircraft aloft at all times and ready to respond to the threat of attack. He was promoted to temporary general in October 1951 . In 1957 he became vice chief of staff of the air force, and in June 1961 he became chief of staff, holding that post until his retirement in February 1965 . Partly as a result of his strong support of the U.S. military role in the Vietnam war, in 1968 he was a more or less reluctant vice-presidential candidate on the American Independent party ticket headed by Alabama's Gov. George C . Wallace . After their defeat in the November election LeMay again retired to private life and the chairmanship of the board of an electronics frrm . 
Webster's American Military Biographies 
Merriam Co., 497 p. 
Curtis LeMay, pp 235-236 

Vandenberg, Hoyt Sanford army and air force officer . Born on January 24, 1899 , in Milwaukee, Wisconsin , Vandenberg was a nephew of Sen . Arthur H. Vandenberg. He graduated from West Point in 1923 and was commissioned in the Air Service . After completing the Primary Flying School , Brooks Field, Texas, in that year and Advanced Flying School , Kelly Field, Texas, in 1924, he was attached to the 3rd Attack Group at Kelly and later at Crockett Field, Texas. Late in 1927 he became a flight instructor at March Field, California , receiving promotion to first lieutenant in August 1928. During 1929-1931 he was with the 6th Pursuit Squadron at Schofield Barracks, Hawaii, where he served as squadron commander for most of that period. After two years as an instructor at Randolph Field, Texas, he entered the Air Corps Tactical School, Maxwell Field, Alabama; he graduated in 1935, was promoted to captain, and in I 936 graduated from the Command and General Staff School , Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. He was an instructor at the Tactical School in 1936-1938, graduated from the Army War College in I 939 , and then served in the plans division of the office of the chief of the Air Corps. In July 1941 he was promoted to major and attached to the staff of Gen . Henry H . Arnold , with whom he helped develop strategic plans for Army Air Corps deployment in a war. He was promoted to temporary lieutenant colonel in November 1941 and temporary colonel in January 1942, and in March was named operations and training officer of the Air Staff. Later in the year he was sent to England to help prepare combined air plans for the North Africa campaign, and in October he was appointed chief of staff of the Twelfth Air Force under Gen . James H . Doolittle. In December he was promoted to temporary brigadier general . In March 1943 he became chief of staff, again under Doolittle , of the Northwest Africa Strategic Air Force, and in that capacity he flew numerous combat missions over Tunisia, Sardinia, Sicily, and Italy. In August he was appointed a deputy chief of the Air Staff in Washington, D.C. Vandenberg accompanied Ambassador W . Averell Harriman on a diplomatic mission to the Soviet Union in September. In March 1944 he was promoted to temporary major general and ordered back to England as deputy commander of the Allied Expeditionary Air Force, under Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur W. Tedder, and commander of the U.S. air component. Having led in planning the tactical air support program for the European invasion, he took command of the Ninth Air Force from Gen. Lewis H. Brereton in August 1944. The Ninth was charged with flying close tactical support missions in conjunction with ground forces, particularly Gen. GeorgeS. Patton's Third Army, and it also flew escort missions with the strategic bombers of the Eighth Air Force . In March I 945 Vandenberg was promoted to temporary lieutenant general . In May he returned to Washington, 
D.C., and in July was named assistant chief of staff for operations of the Army Air Forces . In January 1946 he was appointed chief of the intelligence division of the General Staff, becoming in June director of the Central Intelligence Group, a predecessor of the Central Intelligence Agency formed in 1947 . In April 1947 he became deputy commander and chief of staff of the AAF . On the establishment of the air force as an independent branch in September 1947 he became vice chief of staff, and in July 1948 he succeeded Gen. Carl Spaatz as chief of staff. He held that post through the critical periods of the Berlin airlift, a 1948-1949, and the Korean War, 1951 -1953 , until his retirement in June 1953. Vandenberg died in Washington , D.C. , on April2 , 1954. 
Webster's American Military Biographies; 
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Hoyt Vandenberg, p 449 

Bradley, Omar Nelson army officer. Born on February 12, 1893 , in Clark, Missouri , Bradley graduated from West Point in 1915 and was commissioned in the infantry. He served with the 14th Infantry at various posts in Washington and Arizona, receiving promotions to frrst lieutenant in July 1916 , to captain in May 1917, and to temporary major in June 1918. After a few months at Camp Grant, Illinois , he was made professor of military science and tactics at South Dakota State College in September 1919. He reverted to captain in January 1920 but was promoted to permanent major in July . Later in that year he became an instructor at West Point, remaining there until 1924. He graduated from the Infantry School, Fort Benning, Georgia, in 1925 and, after three years at Schofield Barracks, Hawaii, from the Command and General Staff School, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, in 1929. From 1929 to 1933 he was an instructor at the Infantry School, and after graduating from the Army War College in 1934, he was again an instructor at West Point unti11938, advancing to lieutenant colonel in June 1936 . In June 1938 Bradley was ordered to duty with the General Staff, and, promoted to brigadier general in February 1941 , he was commandant of the Infantry School from March 1941 to February 1942. Advancing to temporary major general, he then commanded the 82nd Infantry (later Airborne) Division at Camp Claiborne, Louisiana, and , from June 1942 to January 
1943, the 28th Infantry Division at Camp Livingston, Louisiana. A short time later he was ordered to North Africa, where he was an aide to Gen . Dwight D. Eisenhower until April, when he took command of the II Corps from Gen . George S. Patton. The II Corps captured Bizerte, Tunis, on May 8. Promoted to temporary lieutenant general in June, Bradley led the II Corps, then part of 
Gen. Patton ' s Seventh Army , in the landing near Scoglitti, Sicily, 
on July 10. In September he was called to England to assist in the planning, under Gen. Eisenhower, of the cross-channel invasion. In October he was named commander of the provisional First United States Army Group (FU-SAG) for that purpose. In January 1944 he took command of the First Army , which, constituting the Allied right wing, landed at Utah and Omaha beaches, Normandy, on D-Day, June 6. Late in July the First Army made the crucial 
breakthrough at St. Lo that released the Allied forces from the Contentin Peninsula. In August FUSAG was superseded by the 12th Army Group. As commander at that level Bradley had responsibility for the First Army, now under Gen. Cortney H. Hodges, and the Third, under Gen . Patton, which together carried the center and right (central and southern) of the Allied advance across Europe; from September 1944 for the Ninth, under Gen . William H. Simpson, operating from Brest south along the French coast; and from January 1945 for the Fifteenth, under Gen. Leonard T. Gerow, also concentrated on the French coast. At its peak the 12th Army Group numbered some 1.3 million men, the largest force ever commanded by an American field commander. In March 1945 Bradley was promoted to general. The 12th was inactivated in July 1945. From August of that year to December 1947 Bradley headed the Veterans Administration. In February 1948 he succeeded Eisenhower as chief of staff of the army, holding that post until August 1949, when he became the ftrSt chairman of the permanent Joint Chiefs of Staff. He was promoted to general of the army in September 1950. In 1951 he published A Soldier's Story, a memoir, and in August 1953 he retired. 
Thereafter he engaged in various business pursuits, serving from 1958 as chairman of the Bulova Watch Company. 
Webster's American Military Biographies 
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Omar Bradley, pp 38-39 

Doolittle, James Harold army officer and ainnan . Born on December 14, 1896 , in Alameda , California, Doolittle grew up there and in Nome, Alaska. He was educated at Los Angeles Junior College and the University of California, and in October 1917 he enlisted in the army reserve . Assigned to the Signal Corps, he served as a flying instructor during World War I, was commissioned first lieutenant in the Air Service, regular army, in July 1920, and became deeply involved in the development of military aviation. On September 4 , 1922, he made the first transcontinental flight in under 24 hours. In 1922 he was granted a degree, as of 1918, by the University of California and then sent by the army to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for advanced engineering studies, taking a Sc.D. degree in 1925 . Assigned to various test-faciltity stations, he spent five more years in diverse phases of aviation, winning a number of trophy races, demonstrating aircraft in South America, and in September 1929 making the first successful test of blind , instrument-controlled landing techniques with equipment developed in conjunction with the Guggenheim Fund for the Promotion of Aeronautics. In February 1930 he resigned his active commission, retaining the reserve rank of major, and became manager of the aviation department of the Shell Oil Company, where he helped develop aviation fuels. He continued to race , winning the Hannon trophy in 1930 and the Bendix in 1931 and setting a world speed record in 1932, and to serve on various government and military consultative boards during this period. In July 1940 , shortly before 
U.S. entry into World War ll, he returned to active duty as a major with the Army Air Corps, and after a tour of industrial plants then converting to war production he joined AAC headquarters for an extended period of planning that bore spectacular results on April 18, 1942 . From the deck of the carrier Hornet, referred to publicly by President Franklin D. Roosevelt as the mysterious "ShangriLa," Doolittle, then a lieutenant colonel, led a flight of 16 B-25 bombers on a daring raid over Japan, hitting targets in Tokyo, Yokohama, and other cities and scoring a huge victory for U.S. morale at a time when Japan 's postion in the Pacific seemed impregnable. Promoted to brigadier general the next day and later awarded the Medal of Honor for the Japan raid, he was then transferred to England , where he organized the Twelfth Air Force in September 1942 and, promoted to temporary major general in November, commanded it during the invasion of North Africa. In successive command of the Strategic Command of the Allies' Northwest Africa Air Force under Gen. Carl Spaatz, MarchNovember 1943, the Fifteenth Air Force (strategic ann of the Allied Mediterranean Air Forces, based at Foggia, Italy) from November 1943 to January 1944 , and the Eighth Air Force in England from January 1944 to September 1945, Doolittle directed intensive strategic bombing of Germany during 1944-1945. He received promotion to temporary lieutenant general in March 
1944. In 1945, when air operations ended in the European theater, he moved with the Eighth Air Force to Okinawa in the Pacific. In May 1946 he returned to reserve status and rejoined Shell Oil as vice-president and director. He served on the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics from 1948 to 1958, the last two years as chainnan; the Air Force Science Advisory Board as chairman in 1955; and the President's Science Advisory Committee in 1957. Doolittle retired from both the air force and Shell Oil in 1959, but remained active in the aerospace industry . He continued to serve on a great many advisory boards and committees on aerospace, intelligence , and national security . 
Webster's American Military Biographies 
Merriam Co ., 1978. 497 p. 
James Doolittle, pp 105-106 

Chennault, Claire Lee army officer and airman. Born in Commerce, Texas, on September 6 , 1890, Chennault worked his way through Louisiana State Normal College (now Northwestern State College) and became a school teacher in Texas. In 1917 he attended Officers' Training Camp at Fort Benjamin Harrison, Indiana, and in November was commissioned first lieutenant in the infantry reserve. He failed to get overseas duty but transferred to 
the aviation section of the Signal Corps and became a pilot and then a flying instructor. Discharged in April 1920, he took a regular army commission later in the year and resumed his flying career. He was stationed at various airfields over the next several years, including three years, 1923-1926, in Hawaii as commander of the 19th Pursuit Squadron, and during that time he began a deep and detailed study of pursuit maneuvers and tactics . Promoted to captain in 1929, he graduated from the Air Corps Tactical School, Langley Field, Virginia, in 1931 and remained there as an instructor, publishing in 1935 a long-used textbook The Role of Defensive Pursuit . From 1932 to 1936 he led the Air Corps Exhibition Group, known as "Three Men on a Flying Trapeze," with which he worked out details of formation flying. Promoted to temporary rank of major in 1936, Chennault was retired (for deafness) in 1937 at the rank of lieutenant colonel. Later in that year he was hired by Madame Chiang Kai-shek, wife of the Nationalist Chinese leader, to take over the training and organizing of air defenses against Japan. In 1940 he returned to the United States to recruit pilots and mechanics to fight for China; many were enticed out of U.S. armed forces, attracted by high pay and a taste for romantic adventure. In August 1941 Chennault began training his American Volunteer Group in K'un-rning, and on December 20 they flew their first mission . Although the A. V. G. flew only for seven months and never had more than 50 pilots on 
call at a time, it became the terror of the air over southern China and Burma. Chennault concentrated on pilot training, tactical drill, and a thorough understanding of Japanese methods and capabilities; and the resulting score for seven months' air combat was 299 Japanese airplanes shot down to 32 A.V.G. planes and 10 pilots lost in combat (9 more pilots died in accidents). The "Flying Tigers," as the A.V.G. became known from the decoration on their P-40s, were the most colorful and publicized air unit of the war. In April 1942 Chennault was recalled to active duty in the Army Air Forces as a colonel (he was a brigadier general in the Chinese service) and shortly afterward was promoted to brigadier general. On July 4 the work of the A.V.G. was absorbed by the 23rd Fighter Squadron, and Chennault became chief of Army Air Forces in China, organizing the China Air Task Force to carry on the war. In March 1943 he was promoted to major general in command of the Fourteenth Air Force. The Fourteenth fought a war of attrition and tactical support of American anc Chinese ground forces, principally those under Gen. Joseph W. Stilwell, from bases throughout southern China. Following Stilwell's relief in October 1944, Chennault commanded the China theater for a week before turning it over to Gen . Albert C . Wedemeyer. He remained in command of the Fourteenth until August 1945; he retired from the army in October 1945. Critical of what he considered a failure of U.S. authorities to support Chiang's government, he rejoined the Nationalists in 1946 to organize the Chinese National Relief and Rehabilitation Air Transport (later the Civil Air Transport) service and to direct other aviation organizations on Taiwan. He returned to the United States in January 1958 for medical treatment and died in New Orleans on July 27, 1958. 
Webster's American Military Biographies 
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Claire Chennault, pp 69-70 

Arnold, Henry Harley anny and air force officer . Born on June 25, 1886, in Gladwyne, Pennsylvania, Arnold graduated from West Point in 1907 and was commissioned in the infantry. He served two years in the Philippines and two more at Governors Island, New York, and in April 1911 he transferred to the aeronautical division (in July 1914 redesignated the aviation section) of the Signal Corps . In June of that year he received his pilot's certificate after taking instruction from Orville Wright in Dayton, Ohio. For nearly a year he was an instructor at the anny's first aviation school at College Park, Maryland. In September 1911 he flew the frrst U.S. airmail; on June I, 1912, he established a world altitude record of 6540 feet in a Burgess-Wright plane; and in October 1912 he won the frrst Mackay Trophy for aviation. After a few months in the office of the chief signal officer and promotion to frrst lieutenant in Aprill913 Arnold was returned for a time to infantry duty . Promoted to captain in May 1916, he was then attached to the aviation school at San Diego, California . He advanced to temporary major in June . In February 1917 he was ordered to the Panama Canal Zone to organize and command an air service there. In May he was called to staff duty in Washington, 
D.C. overseeing the anny's aviation training schools until the end of World War I and advancing to temporary colonel in August 1917. From 1919 to 1924 he served in various posts in the Pacific states, including that of air officer of the IX Corps area and, in 1922-1924, that of commander of the Rockwell Air Depot, Coronado, California. On July 6, 1924, he set a new speed record, 113 mph average, between Rockwell and San Francisco. In 1925 Arnold was named chief of the information division of the Air Corps; he commanded Marshall Field at Fort Riley , Kansas, in 1926-1928, graduated from Command and General Staff School, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, in 1929, and commanded the Fairfield Air Depot, Ohio, in 1929-1930. Promoted to lieutenant colonel in 
February 1931 , he commanded the 1st Bomb Wing and the 1st Pursuit Wing as well as the base at March Field, California. In 1934 he won a second Mackay Trophy for his command of a flight by ten Martin B-10 bombers from Bolling Field, D.C., to Fairbanks, Alaska, and back during July-August. Promoted to temporary brigadier general in February 1935, he took command of the 1st Wing, GHQ Air Force (the newly created combat force under Gen. Frank M . Andrews) the next month, still at March Field. In December 1935 he was named assistant chief of the Air Corps, and in September 1938 he became chief of the Air Corps with the rank of temporary major general . Long a champion of the concept of air power-he had supported Col. William Mitchell's campaigning in that cause-Arnold employed considerable ingenuity in maximizing the Air Corp's combat readiness on sharply limited prewar budgets. a program of sending future pilots to civilian training schools was begun, only afterwards receiving formal congressional sanction under the Civil Aeronautics Authority in 1939 . Similarly Arnold used his influence with manufacturers to urge them to begin preparing for greatly stepped-up production of the latest models . By the time the United States entered World War II in December 1941 the productive capacity of the aircraft industry had increased sixfold from 1939, and pilot training capacity had kept pace. In October 1940 Arnold was made acting deputy chief of staff of the anny for air matters. In June 1941 he was continued as chief of the renamed Army Air Forces. Promoted to temporary lieutenant general in December 1941 (he had become permanent brigadier general in December 1940 and major general in February 1941), he was designated commanding general, AAF, in the War Department reorganization of March 1942 that raised the air ann to coordinate status with the other two major commands, Army Ground Forces and Army Service Forces. He was advanced to temporary general in March 1943. During the war he served on the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Allied combined chiefs, helping to plan overall strategy for the war and in particular contributing to the strategies and organization that early established Allied control of the air in all theaters. In a step that looked toward the eventual creation of an independent air force, he organized in April 1944 the Twentieth Air Force, a global strategic bombing force flying B-29's, under his direct command as agent for the Joint Chiefs (Gen. Curtis E. LeMay was field commander of the Twentieth for most of the war). In December 1944 he was one of four anny leaders promoted in five-star rank of general of the anny (George C. Marshall, Douglas MacArthur, and Dwight D . Eisenhower were the others). " Hap" Arnold turned over command of the AAF to Gen. Carl Spaatz in March 1946 and formally retired in June to a fann near Sonoma, California . In May 1949 he was named general of the air force, the frrst such commission ever made. He was the author of a series of books for boys on aviation and, with Gen. Ira C. Eaker, of This Flying Game, 1936, Winged Warfare, 1941, and Army Flyer, 1942; in 1949 he published Global Mission, an autobiography. Arnold died in Sonoma, California, on January 15, 1950 . 
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