~.!d0'§F"F 1 .. r- 1'1 ts \1 ..! !LS b!OI.d.'ld.3/9c,1 ~ WC«WOOD MEMORIAL LIBRARY A REPORl' THE FIFTH ARMED FORCES TELEVISION CONFERE~E SHERATON-PARK HOTEL WASHINGTON, D. C. 2 -3 November 1964 OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF COMMUNICATIONS-ELECTRONICS PICTORIAL AND AUDIO-VISUAL DIRECTORATE January 1965 ' _, c c c TABLE OF CONTENTS ~ I. Introduction 1 II. Agenda 3 III. Welcoming Remarks: General Gibbs ( OCC-E) 6 General Clizbe (USAF) 11 Guest Speakers: Mr. Horwitz (.Asst Sec of Def for Admin) 13 Mr. Smith 17 IV. Conference Presentations: 3 November 1964 • Col Wood (USAF) 21 Lt Col Bahr (OCC-E) 24 Mr. Dolan ( CONARC) 32 Maj Puccio (OCC-E) 36 Mr. Leary (No. American Avn) 38 Capt Spinks (USAIS) 44 Mr. Murnin (US Ofc of Education) 47 Dr. Rozran (RAC) 52 Mr. Nell (US Nav Photo Ctr) 56 Dr. Gordon (DLIWC) 61 Mr. Scott (Aerospace Corp) 63 v . List of Conferees 74 • i I. Introduction The Fifth Armed Forces Television Conference was sponsored this year by the Office of the Chief of Communications-Electronics, Department of the Army. It was held as part of the Annual Army Audio-Visual Conference. This joint participation reflected a desire to relate television and other audio-visual activities more closely. The result was an interchange among the various sessions held during the joint conference. In addition, an equipment display was jointly attended by all members and was designed to cater to the interests of both television, motion picture, and other audio-visual personnel. While further sponsorship of such joint meetings is uncertain, there was the belief that this first effort was valuable in breaking down some of the barriers which may exist between related disciplines. • When the first Armed Forces Television Conference was organized in 1960, it had the major task of presenting and summarizing, within a four-day period, the current status of Armed Forces television reflecting nearly a decade of growth and experience. There were detailed descriptions of individual systems and of necessity some repetition in the descriptions of the ways which television was being used as an instructional medium. The second Armed Forces Television Conference held in 1961 summarized the previous year's experience and did not attempt the exhaustive resume of the 1960 conference. Subsequent meetings have more or less followed a format of alternating extensive two or three day conferences with briefer ones which limit themselves to a description of certain highlights or events of the previous year. Following the Fourth Armed Forces Television Conference at Lowry Air Force Base with its comprehensive and detailed program, the Fifth Armed Forces Television Conference adopted the approach of a one day meeting in which selected papers and highlights would be presented to its members. As the contents of this report reveals, many provocative papers and important developments were presented at the Fifth Armed Forces Television Conference. Both the u. s. Air Force and the u. s. Army had undergone extensive administrative and organization changes in the audio-visual field in the previous year. The Air Force had developed a central agency under the leadership of Colonel Robert Wood with the major mission of coordinating and developing policy for Air Force audio-visual activities. In the Army, the Office of the Chief Signal Officer was reorganized as part of an overall Army reorganization and most of its major functions and missions assumed by the new Office of the Chief of Communications-Electronics, headed by Major General David P. Gibbs. In addition to its previous audio-visual activities, the mission of developing and applying information displays to meet 1 Army needs was assigned to the Office of the Chief of COmmunicationsElectronics. The major effects of this reorganization are described c in the presentation by Lt Col Herman J. Bahr. The program reflects certain of these reorganizations as well as some of the major ac.tivities engaged in by the Armed Forces in television. The presentation by Dr. Gilbert Rozran represents our first attempt at relating information display to television and other audio-visual media. The use of television as an aid to language instruction as described by Dr. Erwin Gordon also represents a relatively new field for television, although some application of television to language instruction had been made by the U. S. Air Force Academy. Of major interest was the proposed plan for television described by Mr. Thomas IX>lan. It should have important effects upon Army television for many years. 'lhe final paper by Mr. Robert Scott presenting his views on the audio-visual field was very well received by the participants. In addition to the information presented by the various papers, the other important by-product of these meetings appeared to be achieved, i.e., the opportunity for Armed Forces and civilian television personnel to meet, discuss and exchange views. If one were looking for a term to characterize the Fifth Armed Forces Television Conference, it would be that of increasing maturity as exemplified by the tone of the papers presented and the more sophisticated ways in ivhich television is being used as an instructtonal, management, technical and communications medium. c JOSEPH H. KANNER Special Assistant Pictorial and Audio-Visual Directorate Ofc of the Chief of Communications-Electronics c 2 • FIFTH ARMED FORCES TEL&VISION CONFEREJ«}E AGENDA 2 -3 November 1964 Cotillion Room, Sheraton Park Hotel Washington, Do c. Monday, 2 NOYember 1964 1400 -1630 Opening of Conference Colonel Daniel c. Bird Director, Pictorial & Audio-Visual, OCC-E Welcoming Remarks Major General David P. Gibbs Chief of Communications-Electronics Department of the A.rtq Major General R. J. Clizbe Director of Operations Department of the Air Force GWist Speakers Mr. Solis Horwits Assistant Secretar,y of Defense for Administration Mr. Theodore Smith Executive Vice President, Corporate Planning Radio Corporation of America Tuesday, 3 November 1964 0900 -0920 Dr. Joseph H. Kanner, Chail'IM.n Welcoming Remarks Colonel Daniel C. Bird Director, Pictorial & Audio-Visual, OCC-E 0920 -0940 Organization &Function of Col R. E. Wood Audio-Visual Systems Group Chief1 Audig.;Visual Systems Group, Directorate of Opns Hq USAF 0940 -1000 New Developments in Lt Col Herman J. Bahr Television and Information Chief, TV-Information Display-Display Div, PAVD, OCC-E 3 Tuesdaz2 3 November 1964 (contd) 1000 -1020 Coffee Break 1020 -1040 Current Trends in Anrry Television 1040 -1100 Utilization of Television at Naval Training Activities under Management Control of Chief of Naval Personnel 1100 -1120 Television Standards New Developments in Information Display 1300 -1320 Industrial Television -The Key to Value in Management Communications 1320 -1340 Rapid Television Production Techniques 1340 -1355 Some COmments and Reactions of a New User of Television 1355 -1410 High Mobility Television System New Television Research 1410 -1430 Developments 1430 -1450 Coffee Break 1450 -1520 Use of Advanced Information Display Devices as an Aid in Television Instruction 4 c Mr. Thomas J. Dolan, Jr. Office, Director of Schools, DCSTI, USCONABC Mr. Lawrence Braaten, Head Utilization Section, Training Aids Branch, Dept of the IJavy Maj Dominick v. Puccio TV-Information Display Div PAVD, OCC-E Mr. Lewis R. Blair TV-Information Display Div PAVD, OCC-E Mr. Fred K. Learey, Mgr Television Systems Dev Div, North American Aviation Inc. Mr. Kenneth Coburn US Army Photographic Agenc,y OCC-E c Capt Ronald Spink US Army Infantry School Fort Benning1 Georgia Capt Kenneth Offan CO, USAPA New York Det Mr. Joseph Murnin Research Coordinator US Office of Education Dr. Gilbert Rozran Chief, Command &Control Op., Research &Analysis Corp. c Tuesd!f1 3 NOvember 1964 (contd) 1520 -1550 The Application of Television Mr. Edward Nell, Jr. to the Production of Training Motion Picture Project Films Coordinator,US Naval Photographic Ctr 1550 -1600 10 Jli.nute Break 1600 -1630 Television in Language Dr. Erwin Gordon Instruction Educational Advisor Defense Language Institute, West Coast, Monterey, California 1630 -1700 Audio-Visual Communications Mr. Robert s. ScottResponsibilities Assistant Director, Government RelationsAerospace Corporation • Presentation by Major General David P. Gibbs Chief of Communications-Electronics, D/A • To Armed Forces Television-~ Audio-Visual Conference Sheraton-Park Hotel, Washington, D. c. 2 November 1964 Thank you, Colonel Bird. Mr. Secretai71 Mr. Smith, General Clizbe, Honored Guests, Ladies and Gentlemen: It is indeed a pleasure to be w1th you this afternoon to have the opportunity of welcoming you and extending greetings from the Secretar,y of the Army and the Chief of Starr. In extending a welcome to you, I do so with the knowledge that this year's meetings have a special significance. Not that either the Armed Forces Television meeting or the Army Audio-Visual Conference are something new. The television meeting has become an annual affair, and this is the 17th ~Audio-Visual Conference. What is significant, is bringing the two groups together. This is definitely a step in the right direction. In the future we may be able to go one step further and bring all of those interested in all phases of Audio-Visual together in an Armed c Forces Audio-Visual Conference. Combined •working-level• meetings would serve to acknowledge a long-recognized fact that the audio-visual field contains problems, efforts and achievements common to all Services. This does not mean that we have reached a stage where there are no probl.ems unique to each of the Serrl.ces --or that there is even unanimity in the approach to the many audio-visual problems facing 'us. But it does mean that we would have an opportunity to discuss these problems, share our experiences, learn from each other and --where appropriate --bring to bear the resources of all the Services to solve common problems. Last Jear, when an extended European trip precluded Jrr3' personal.ly opening our ~Audio-Visual Conference., I was known as the Chief Signal Officer. Today, as Colonel Bird has stated, I am the Chief of Communications-Electronics. In spite of the change of title, there bas been little change in rrry audio-visual starr responsibUities. I sost readily accept these responsibilities, for I have a keen interest in the full range of Audio-Visual applications. I am especially interested in those audio-visual applications relating to our communications mission. In recent years the audio-visual field and the communications field have become somewhat inseparable. Gentleaen, a point has been reached in our technological advancement where we must think of all audio-visual applications as fol'JIIS or co:mmUDi• cation. This is a concept which is often vague!T acknowledged but not widely understood. c 6 I think it is important here that you think of any and all audiovisual applications and techniques in these terms. To do otherwise would be to limit our horizons, and would seriously retard our develop.Jnt and growth in a rapidly expanding new area of vast potential. Perhaps some of you are not fully aware of the significance of thiao Let me elaborate. You know, in years gone b7, the question was often asked -and still is --•how and why' did the responsibility for A.nJr:r photograp~ get assigned to the Signal Corps, whose primary responsibilit,y is communications?• Actually, this initial assignment seeJIS to have been more or less accidental. General Gree~, an A~ Chief Signal Officer in the last centur.y, although a photography enthusiast anyway, got involved in photography for some good practical operational reasons. On his Arctic expedition for meteorological purposes, photography was employed because of the desirability of having a visual record. General Gree~ may have thought of photography as a form of communications, but I do~bt ~t. Surel)", he could not have foreseen the curious process of evolution by which photograph)" came to be the form of communications it is tod~. • Photography for record purposes event~ expanded to include applications for education and training, especially with the coming of age of motion picture_s. Dur:i:ng the years, audio transmissions went their own wa7, and photography moved in its own little orbit. Audio and visual started to get together about the time that facsimUe came into being. A truly great leap forward came with the advent of television. In the meantime, communications were considered to include merel.1' •the transmission of the voice", as by the telephone and radio; and "record transmission", as by telegraph. Our early comm.unications systems were either mechanical or electromechanical and the beginnings and ends ot the s,ystems were clear~ identifiable. The compl.exit;y and scope of our mil.itar;y activities in recent ,ears have generated requil'8Jilents tor tremendously greater amounts of information in order to arrive at valid decisions. Revolutionary advancements in modern technolog have contributed to that complexity through adYancement& in firepower and mobility while at the same time permitting operations of our present scope through technological advancements in other areas. Development of automatic data processing and the electronic computer bas enabled us to cope with many military ac:bainistrative and 1181lagement functions of staggering proportions• • 7 When electronic computers came into widespread usage and became interconnected, and thus we began having computers talking to computers, the beginnings and ends of our collllll'Wlications systems --which earlier • were so well-defined --became less easily identifiable. The distinction between what is communications, and what is not,. became further blurred when -in other areas --we learned how to do new things vith speech and with words and with the achievement of new capabilities in video and facsimile. We have thus learned how to acquire volundnous amounts of information and we have learned how to transmit that information in a variety of forms via a complex of communications systems and equipment&. What we have not Jet mastered is what to do with all the infonnation transmitted when it canes out at the end of the line. Without this mass of information being presented in a manageable and usable form, it is often practically worthless. Our greatest challenge today is to leam how to utilize the many pertinent bits of information that modern devices can make available to a man who must make a decision. This is where audio-visual comes in and where "photographY"" 1 as we used to know it, reaJJ.:r comes of age. We can't seem to get away from that old truism -"a picture is worth ten thousand words". I believe we're still saying that. The other day, however, I noted that someone said "one hundred thousand words". Whether this was intentional, I don't know -but I suspect that one hundred thousand words is closer to the truth --especially as it pertains • to a combat commander. Already1 a great deal has been accomplished toward the technological assimilation and presentation of information, on a timelY basis, through the development of modern audio-visual and information display techniques. Thus 1 while much has been accomplished, we still have a long way to go. We have invested a considerable amount of ntoney in this area and the results have been---in ~view --still somewhat less than satisfactory in many respects. In adopting a more effective approach to this problem --as I see it -we must do two things. First, we must make better identification of what it is the combat commander or the user needs to know. Secondly, in learning how to present what he needs to know, we must insure that information display or audio-visual equipments or devices are compatible with existing or contemplated communications facilities. These, too, are --or must be --considered an integral part of our co11111unications systems. • 8 .A. while ago I pointed out that the beginnings and endings of our communications systems have become less readily identifiable. As I see it, we must think of all our means of acquisition, correlation, and transmission of information as one big communications system --interconnected, and offering all the various means and devices required to perform these functions, including the presentation of the information iD a useable fo.ll"ll when it gets to its destination. As Mr. Frederick R. Kappel, Chairman of the Board of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company, pointed out in a recent address to the American Bar Association's annual meeting in New York, there is real danger in trying to wrap up certain forms of communications in one package, and other toms in another package. Mr. Kappel went on to say that the tendency to think of different kinds of communications as being different things that can be put into separate compartments, if adopted as an approach to modern communications, would seriously interfere w1th their development and use. He stated that any other view would be a disservice to the public. In the militaey1 an;-other view would be a diBservice to our commanders and our Anned Forces. Our old friend •photography" --or, in its broader context, •audiovisual• --will always serve the essential purposes of record~making, more effective training, and improved morale. In line with this, I constantly encourage and sponsor a series of studies and projects to provide the most realistic and reliable advice available• • One of the results of our projects was particularly evident just a few weeks ago when we were given an extremely short deadline on three urgently needed training films. Due to necessity, we made the three films at the rate of one each day. All were made b;y using only a shooting outline in connection with video tape. This enabled us to obtain doctrine approval the same hour the films were completed. Within one week, prints were on their way. The customary time-consuming motion picture procedures unfortunately would not have permitted us to have these films at field installations b.f November 1st. In the procurement field, with today1s rapid technological advances, it is almost an impossibility for field installations to keep informed on the latest audio-visual devices on the market and under development. Therefore, we plan to provide the commanders and others with guidelines and information on this subject even more often than we have in the past. For example, we plan to procure a niiiiiber of promising audio-visual devices and place them in an appropriate school training installation for an evaluation. As we all know1 there are always a number of very promising and, indeed, fascinating new audio-visual devices• • 9 At the moment, one of these that is of particular interest to me, is a video-tape recorder measuring 18 inches in length, weighing 25 pounds, and using audio tape. we plan to procure and test this device in the very near future. It is interesting to note that the first video-tape recorders produced in 1955 weighed approximately two thousand pounds. More recent portable recorders weighed about 120 pounds --now the latest weighs only 25 pounds. My office also is sponsoring studies which will provide us basic information on the use of information display devices, the conversion of major portions of basic training to television recordings, and the developing of a course of instruction at a leading university to provide selected military officers with highly specialized audio-visual training. Time does not permit me to enumerate other projects of similar importance. I think you can correctly infer that ~office is vitally interested in developing new audio-visual concepts. We will continue to provide the Army --in the shortest possible time --information concerning the latest proven audio-visual procedures. In view of the importance of information display and audio-visual communications in general, I have made known not only to my staff, but to Signal Officers all over the world, my desire to have them become knowledgeable in the informational sciences. This will prepare them for the important role of these sciences in the communications of the future. Thus, the officer photo specialist should become a communicator and vice-versa. c These are some aspects of the audio-visual function which I hope you here will bear in mind in the days ahead. My best. wishes to you for a most useful and worthwhile conference in which you find solutions to some continuing problems and get new ideas for meeting the challenges that lie ahead. c 10 Remarks by Major General R. J. Clizbe Director of Operations Department of the Air. Force To Armed Forces Television-Audio-Visual Conference Sheraton-Park Hotel, Washington, D. c. 2 November 1964 On b3half of the Air Force, welcome to the Fifth Armed Forces Television Conference. I would like to take this opportunity to express our appreciation to General Gibbs, and his staff for the outstanding job they have done in hosting this conference. As professional audio-visual people, you represent a dynamic medium. This medium has accelerated technology, affected high-level decision making, accelerated training, and expanded the base of pUblic understanding. Its potential is virtually unlimited. In the Air Force today, the audio-visual business represents a major investment. Television is a significant part of this. we now have thirteen closed circuit systems. Seven of these are for management cormnunication and six as instructional systems. By the end of this year the Air Force Systems Command will be able to play back video tapes in all of its nineteen divisions and centers. We are now testing a new system for weather dissemination and briefing.We are working hard with the other services and the Defense CommunicationsAgency to get a system capable of real time transmission of classifiedor unclassified information. The advantages of real time reporting from point-to-point or from tactical aircraft to control centers are obvious.There are three roadblocks to this capability which we are confident canbe removed. These are --(1) Standardization of analog-to-digital conversion; (2) Bandwidth Reduction, and (3) Cost of cross-country transmission.Once these are removed, the use of television in the mil.itaz:y will grow in quantum jumps. We live in an age of ideas, where the sum total of human knowledge is growing exponentially, while the time, ·in which to apply the product ofthis knowledge, is diminishing. One way to compensate for this differential is to speed up communications by compressing more into each "message," by sharpeningthe "eyes and the ears" of the decision-makers, whose judgement cannotbe deferred if progress is not to lag. Reliance on the audio-visualmediums has been well placed. It is a form of management communication that meets these criteria. u Looking forward to the growth o:r audio-visual co11111unications1 there are some inherent dangers we IIIUSt avoid at all costs --the most important of these, is to buy what is needed, but onlJ what is needed. It is very easy to become so equipment oriented that we overstate our requirements. In lff3' judgement, nothing could be JIOre detrimental to progress of the media. In closing, I congratulate you --whether you are technical photographer, tv engineer, project officer, manager or scientist. I congratulate you for being a part of the dynamic audio-visual systems medium which promises so much benefit to us all. Thank you. l2 Remarks of Honorable Solis Horwitz Assistant Secretar,r of Defense (Administration) To Armed Forces Television-Audio-Visual Conference Sheraton-Park Hotel, Washington, D. c. 2 November 1964 Thank you, General Gibbs. Ladies and Gentlemen••• I am grateful to you for asking me to take part in this program --especially when I realize that with your connections, you might just as easily be looking at a full color movie of Doris Day instead. WheneYer I am called upon to face an audience of experts, such as this one, I am always a little suspicious that I may be BODE what like the priest who addressed his parishioners on the glories of matrimony. One of his listeners, according to the story, was there with her daughter and as they left the Church, the daughter remarked "Mother, wasn't that a fine sermon the Father delivered on the wonders of married life?" "Yes it was", said her Mother. "I only wish that I knew as little about the subject as he does.M It does not take an expert, however, to appreciate the importance of motion pictures and related audio-visual aids to military affairs. In this connection, I should like to call yourattention to a remark made at the end of World War II by the Chief of the German Staff, Field Marshal Von Keitel. He said: "We had everything calculated perfectly except the speed with which the allies were able to train their people for war. Our major miscalculation was in under estimating their quick and complete mastery of film education.• This achievement is all the more remarkable when we recall that the audio-visual apparatus used during the early part of World War II was developed in a completely haphazard way. In contrast,audio-visual techniques are today so interwoven at every level of the training and orientation program, that it is not too much to s~ that neither the A:rm:f nor itssister senices could function without them.And the technological developments which are as revolutionar.y in yourfield as in any area of research and development, suggest soDE veryexciting developments in support of military training requirements of the future. 13 For example, recent advances in solid-state physics have provided the scientific community with a number of coherent light sources -lasers (or optical masers). This 1 coupled vitb the many important advances in the fiber optics field, also opens up remarkable possibilities for command briefings, wiqer use of television circuits, and integration into the input of computerindexed reference libraries of documents, books, pictures, maps, tapes, motion pictures1 etc. There are other exciting possibilities which merit consideration for the future. Among them are i "Invisible wall" briefing centers ultrasonically isolated against distractions. "ldght amplifYing" projection screens. •Instant movies" from cigarette-pack size projectors. Vast audio-visual reference libraries automated and shrunk to desk size. Feature-length motion pictures contained on a postcard. "Electronic black'Doards• upon which you write by thinking. All of these, I am told, are either presently within the state of the art or can reasonably be expected to become so in the near future. I was interested in General Gibbs' comments on some of the new developments being pursued by his office. Tbe rapid production techniques his group is developing, with their implications for speed and low cost, will benefit all anned forces users of film. His plans for selecting and evaluating promising new audio-visual equipment also afford a potentially'VBluable lead to be followed by the other services. I was fascinated by his reference to a new 25 lb. video tape recorder. ~en in a time when rapid technological developments occur frequentiy, I am still surprised when I learn that a device which originally weighed 6,000 lbs. in 1955, has been reduced to 18 inches in length, and 25 lbs. in weight, ten years later. Advances in every significant area of information and visual co:mm:unication has provided significant breakthroughs in the last three or four years, particularly in the areas of motion pictures, television, graphic illustration materials, audio-visual equipnent, and in the development of information systems with rapid recall capabilities. These developments have come none too soon, for man is facing a time when there is more to know than he can ever learn. Even that portion of available lmowledge which be must have to do his job becomes increasingly unmanageable. 14 This information explosion has reached critical dimensions.It has been noted that1 while the work-week has steadily shortenedfor blue-collar workers to less than 40 in maey industries1 thework-week of executives has steadily lengthened. Forty-eight1 60,and even 72 hour weeks are not uncommon around the executive suite.Almost all of this tiille is consumed in trying to get on top of the flowof information. It now requires a certain kind of genius &Yen todecide what you should read in order to do your job proper}T. There is1 therefore1 a crying need for some element ill the communication chain which can take the input and compress it or transfoi'II. it in such a way that the output can be comprehended faster and more readily. Now, if you look at it from this point of view, that is exact}T what a motion picture accomplishes. How EDY books1 ,for example1 would a man have to read, how maey lll&ps would he have to stuctr1 in order to tully understand the battle of Gettysburg?' Yet all of this information, once acquired, can be portrayed by a motion picture running two hours or less. Such a picture can be invaluable in conveying essential lessons of Gettysburg to students of military science and tactics. Thus, a vast amount of info:mation which may have taken months or years to acquire has been so transformed that it can be communicated in a fraction of a day. Audio-visual devices and materials for briefings, presentations, and other group colllllunieation situations, are no longer a lUXUl'Y'•In the past, it vas possible to use audio-visual equipment onlY occasionally for teaching purposes. Today, teaching objectivesdemand widest usage of more complex media. The rapid and radicalchanges in the implements of war with the multitude of concomitant problems which engage the professional military man and hiscivilian partners, present a great}T expanded need for information.The military planner, the scientist, the organizer or administratormust not only be expert in his own field1 but must keep himself informed in many other areas affecting the ultimate decisions of the team. The importance of efficient and modern group communication facilities also cannot be overemphasized. It is true they cannot beapplied as •cure-all" for an ill-considered briefing or presentation.But properlY used audio-visual communications can be a probing,searching, dispassionate tool and a convincing vehicle. Fortunate}T for the Department of the A:nrry1 there is in thefield a vast network of audio-visual cOJIIIlunication centers throughoutthe world which is welded into one audio-visual communicationservice. It is a single system, from the pictorial and audio-visual experts in the Pentagon, on down to those of you who handle thedistribution, utilization, storage, issue, and maintenance and ..-aluation of audio-visual training aids and equipment of all varieties. Through you, commanders and all training echelons are able to obtain both the best audio-visual tools available, and advice on • how to use them. The esteem in which the Department of Defense holds this system is best demonstrated b.1 the DOD support which we request and receive from you. Examplas are the distribution and utilization of DAFIE, Civil Defense, Cost Reduction, Industrial Security, The Secretary of Defense Reports, and other special film productions. The annual cost of audio-visual activities in the Department of Defense is measured in hundreds of millions of dollars. My office, as some of you know, has recently been requested to look at the totality of these activities across the board to determine whether our present procedures represent the best of all possible worlds, or whether there is room for improvement. Our first step wil.l be to determine what kind of study to initiate, what should be its objectives, what should be its parameters - and that is the stage we are in at this time. Subsequently, our preliminary investigations may --or may not --suggest the wisdom of a full-scale review of service audio-visual organizations and procedures. Let me emphasize that we have not, as yet, initiated any If it appears wise to do so, the audio-visual such full-scale study. experts of the various services will be fully represented on the study c team. We are fortunate in having dedicated people in all of the services who understand this important, complex, and rapidly changing field of communication. And I consider it a privilege to have spent this time with some of the best of them here today. Thank you. 16 Address by Mr. T. A. Smith Radio Corporation of America To Armed Forces Television-Audio-Visual Conference Sheraton-Park Hotel, Washington, D. c. 2 November 1964 Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for asking me to join your discussion today. It is always stimulating to meet and talk with a group of people in an activity as dynamic and changeable as the audio-visual field. It will hardly come as a startling observation that audio-visual equipment and techniques are in a state of lux. This, of course, is what makes the field so exciting and challenging. However, from the equipment manufacturer's viewpoint, this fact of constant change forces him to move with more than ordinary prudence. So many products have been confidently put on the market, only to have them superseded in a very short time by something much better. In a situation like this, a manufacturer must be careful lest he commit his R&D dollar to a product that will beoome obsolete before it is even announced•. Despite this dynamic --I might even say highly volatile -characteristic of the audio-visual field, it is possible to detect a definite pattern to its recent development. The trend today is towards greater sophistication in the integrated use of audio-visual systems, and less reliance upon isolated, individual techniques. Not too many years ago, an audio-visual specialist was the man who ran the projector. A presentation was thought of in terms of a film strip, or a lecture supported by slides, or an interview on 1/4-inch magnetic-tape. Screening a film meant an-rnterruption in the day'sactivities, scheduled as a breather, and designed to bring students or industrial trainees away from their more serious work into a darkened room to see a 16mm motion picture. This concept gradually gave way to a more consolidated approach. An audio-visual presentation began to depend upon a number of different communication techniques used together, separately, or in tandem to provide an integrated learning experience. It still tended, until recently, to be outside the main stream of information acquisition. Now, of course, the concept of an audio-visual center or network, fully equipped with every training and display device and fully integrated as a part of the curriculum, is becoming more and more accepted. 17 At the same time, the equipment used in these networks is becoming aore complex. Closed circuit television is a familiar audio-visual tool. One of the more interesting applications of television to an information exchange network is a system supplied by HCA to the Air Force Systems Colllll&nd to provide an electronic means of expediting the the decision-making process. Many of you probably know something about this installation since it has been in partial operation for more than a year and since it represents one of the first uses of color television outside the broadcasting industry. Color was chosen over black-and-white on the basis of evidence that briefings or programs in color have at least three times greater impression value than those in monochrome. This fact indicates that color television may have a profound affect on the audio-visual industry. Another system using recent technological developments is an installation at the Naval Photographic Laborator,y that combines two separate but related television techniques --TV tape recording and television film to produce motion pictures that have the immediacy of television. These and many other examples I could cite clearly define the trend to more sophisticated and flexible audio-visual systems. But there is another aspect that manufacturers must take into account, and that is the need for dependable equipment with the added virtue of being simple to operate. Ruggedness and simplicity have always been of paramount importance to the military, and of course the military are probably the largest users of audio-visual techniques and equipment in the country. The first training film was made in 1918 by the A~. But the big audio-visual push came during World War II with the Army Pictorial Film Center's Training Program, and today every man in uniform receives a good part of his indoctrination by audio-visual techniques. To meet the double requirements of simplicity and dependability, equipment manufacturers are looking for new developments in TV pickup tubes, in transistorization, and in stabilization of circuits that will bring about significant improvements in the entire TV system. Cameras are being designed to operate unattended for weeks at a time. In television tape recording, the trend is toward trouble-free equipment that will be as easy to operate as a projector is for film. The use of solid-state circuit modules will serve to increase reliability and simplify maintenance. • 18 One of the more dramatic examples of simplifying equipment designed to perform a fairly complex function is a desk-size briefing console built by RCA for the Department of Defense. This is actually a miniature TV studio with camera, microphone, lighting, and monitors assembled for one-man operation without the help of any technical personnel. These applications have been designed to serve somewhat special situations, however the educational problem is a general one. Industry is vit~ concerned by the obsolescence of technicalknowledge pn the part of its employeeso The life of a technical degree is shortthese days --perhaps five or six years --because technology moves so fast.Industry must train and retrain to keep its employees up to date technologically and to stay competitive. A similar problem exists in the militar,r where, for example, electronics is providing new weapons control systems that require updated training at frequent intervals. Educational electronic systems are of key concern to audio-visual specialists in industry, the military, and in education. They are, therefore, of prime concern to the manufacturer --particularly so when he sees that • expenditures in the audio-visual field increased 3.6 per centm 1963 over the preceding year, to reach an estimated $638 million. Audio-visual expenditures by federal, state and local government showed the biggest percentage gain, totalling approximately i84 million. Business and industry spent $280 million, and institutions spent #228 million. Religious groups, civic, recreational, and social welfare organizations spent about $19 million each, and in the area of medicine and health, approximately $8 million was spent. While these figures carry a great deal of weight, there is someindication that they may even be on the conservative side. An article in theNovember issue of 11 Fortune" magazine quotes a startling statistic. Expenditures in the so-called "knowledge industry" --and that includes education, R&D, communications, industrial and government among other categories --amountstoday to nearly $195 billion annually. The largest share --about 45% of this amount --is spent for education. Significantly, nowhere has there been a more pronounced trend towardsintegrated audio-visual systems than in the area of teaching. Equipment makers are fully aware of this and take it into consideration when they plan new product lines. We must find answeres to the question ofhow a new device will fit into existing systems, how t.t will extend the effectiveness of an instructor and how it will increase the learning rate ofthe student. But beyond designing systems of hardware, equipment makers andaudio-visual specialists must work together to develop increasingly effectiveteaching programs. 19 It is a little like the riddle of which came first --the chicken or the egg. Do we design an audio-visual system and then tailor a learning program to fit its limitations, or do we first construct the • most effective program we know how, and then design equipment that will most efficiently transmit the program to the student? "Whatever the answer, we are coJIUIIitted to the exploration of learning theor,y and how best to translate theor,y into the reality of equipment. However, we cannot accomplish this alone. We need the help of audio-visual people --and to be quite frank, this sort of help has not always been forthcoming. Furthermore, the diversity of opinions makes it difficult for the manufacturer to fix on a common objective. In the future our systems are likely to grow in scope and complexity. Already' discussions are taking place as to the use of computer type devices for programmed learning. The present audio-visual devices will be interconnected with larger systems, increasing their potency but creating new It will be vital to plan broad systems of theproblems for us to solve. future with full cooperation between the manufacturers and users. While we know some factors --such as, for example, that an integrated system must extend the capabilities of the teacher while allowing control of content and timing --we need to know much more about programming. and specific equipment requirements. The electronics industry is prepared to sel'V'e you. Research has c devised an astonishing variety,of techniques which can find application in the audio-visual field. we are learning more about such applications every day, and this is most encouraging. But the dialogue between engineer and audio-visual specialist must be made still more meaningfu1. In the opinion of many, we are on the verge of a revolution in the art of hand1ing information. We have new ways for processing, indexing, We can use our new devices as storing, retrieving, and presenting it. mere gadgets, if we wish, without fully harnessing their power. Or we can, if we will, link them into a network, compatible with the learning system, to provide methods for teaching and training, having power and usefu1ness never before dreamed ·or. That this will be done, I am ver,y sure. How soon it will be done depends on how well we work together. 20 • Speech by Colonel Robert E. Wood~ USAF Department of Air Force Tb Armed Forces Television-Audio-Visual Conference Sheraton-Park Hotel, Washington, D. C. 3 November 1964 Since the 4th Armed Forces Television Conference held at Lowry AFB in October 1963, a new organization has been formed at Headquarters USAF to manage audio-visual systems. Most of the Air Force personnel in this room have been aware of the need for a central point of contact for these systems for many years. Finally, such an office has materialized in the form of the Audio-Visual Systems Group ( AFXOPB) • This organization which I head-up, reports directly to Major General R. J. Clizbe, Director of Operations. For the next few minutes I would like to outline the functions of the Group and discuss some of the problems we are attempting to solve and the direction in which we should move. • First, let me delineate the over-all responsibilities of this new organization. I will cover just the most important fUnctions for purposes of brevity. The Group was established to perform the major management fUnctions governing the USAF audio-visual effort. This includes television systems, motion picture production, and photography. One important fUnction includes the development of policies and directives governing the authorization and utilization of television and other audio-visual systems. Another responsibility is to furnish guidance and assistance to Department of Defense, De fense Communications Agency, the Air Staff and major commands in defining and evaluating audio-visual requirements. We are also charged with exercising staff supervision over Air Force television and photographic agencies. Likewise, we review Advanced Communication Electronic Requirement Plans (ACERPs) and CommunicationsElectronic Implementation Plans (CEIPs) for television with respect to necessity of the requirement, cost, precedent and application. Finally, we are vitally concerned with the budgets for all these requirements and must be prepared to defend them to Department of Defense and Congressional Committees. We are fortunate in having on our staff some of the outstanding leaders in the field of television and motion pictures. I want each of you Air Force representatives to meet our staff while here at the conference, for these are the people you will be working with in the coming months. I refer to Lt Colonel Bjoring, Lt Col Binge, :Mr. Hemphill and Mr. Farmer. Lets turn our attention now to some problem areas and the direction I feel we should move with television. • 21 It is a truism that personnel engaged in educational television, f'rom ,,::Che instructor to the floor man, are convinced that the qualitative'potential of' the medium, far exceeds present performance. This • • conviction does not concern primarily the technical quality of' the presentation, but rather, the qualitative impact of' the instruction conveyed by means of' the medium. Numerous research projects have been conducted in both the military and civilian environment regarding the effectiveness of' television instructions. In these experimental comparisons, eighty-six percent resulted in as much or more learning in television as compared to a conventional classroom. He in television expect such results, impressive as they are, to be substantially improved when courses can af'f'ord to include up-to-date production techniques. The proper emplo;yment of' professional artwork and graphics, animation, filmed sequences, carefully prepared demonstrations, and recorded statements of' known authorities, can do much to raise telecourses to their true potential. One way Air Force television can improve is to utilize all existing resources. Our television production centers should use the inhouse capability of' the Air Photographic and Charting Service. At Headquarters APCS there is an unlimited supply of' outstanding audio tapes of' sound effects, depicting all types of' situations. In addition, APCS has audio tapes and record discs available with a great variety of' musical arrangements and effects which have been cleared for use in film or television. This organization also has a wide selection of' motion picture and still photography displays which would enhance instructional television courses. We encourage each organization to contact APCS for assistance in this area. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration has offered to assist the Air Force in our television projects by making available certain film clips, charts, audio tapes, and slides pertaining to space programs. These materials were prepared and designed to television use. Interested personnel should contact: National Aeronautics and Space Administration Code AFEE-4 vlashington, D. C., 20546 Our office intends to keep you informed as to the availability of these types of audio-visual materials; by using these, I feel we can definitely raise the quality of our television productions. As to the direction television will go in the future, I would like to offer a suggestion. We are presently experimenting with centralizing Air Training Command television production at Lowry Technical Training Center. Lowry will produce video tapes and kines for other centers as Sheppard, Keesler, Amarillo, Chanute, etc. Now what is the significance of this? First, if the project is successful, 22 I f'eel the Air Force might save hundreds of' thousands of' dollars in equipment and production costs. It nullifies the need of' authorizing the construction of' new studio facilities, equipment and personnel atAmarillo, Chanute and other centers which do not presently have thiscapability. Thus, the only requirement is to install playback anddistribution facilities to the desired number of' classrooms. Secondly,by centralizing production, we can upgrade and improve the quality of'productions. For example, the commercial networks, CBS or NBC, canof'f'er much superior programs than any af'f'iliate stations scatteredaround the country. .Another important f'actor is that it enables AirTraining Command to consolidate at one center a small group of' speciallytrained television personnel. The above does not imply that present studio centers located at Sheppard and Keesler will be closed down. They will be used to update video tapes and handle local base require ments as they develop. Another area we are concerned with is the lack of' planning andbudgeting when it comes to television requirements. In order toestablish proper programs we have requested all major commands to forward to us in the immediate fUture, their f'ive-year television require ments. Such information will allow the Air Staf'f' to validate fUturerequirements and insure approved projects are properly fUnded and procured. All requirements will be thoroughly processed with respect tonecessity from an operational viewpoint, cost, precedent, and applica tion. One problem many of' you are aware of', is the need to establishof'ficer and airmen specialty codes f'or television. We need to identifyexperienced people and insure they remain in this specialized activityas well as setting up a career progression. A short time ago we conducted an exploratory meeting with DCS/Personnel and f'eel confident a television career f'ield can become a reality. These are just a few of' the more important areas the Audio-VisualSystems Group is working on. We ask your cooperation and assistancein these matters to insure television grows in the proper perspective. 23 Speech byLt Col Herman J. BahrChief, Television-Information Display DivisionPictorial & Audio-Visual Directorate, occ-Eto Armed Forces Television-Audio-Visual ConferenceSheraton-Park Hotel, Washington, D. c.3 November 1964 Thank you, Doctor Kanner. Ladies and Gentlemen. In behalf of the members of the Department of ~·s Television and Information Display Division, Office of the Chief of COJIBilunicationsElectronics, I wish to welcome you to this Annual Armed Forces Television Conference. Those of you who attended the Television Conference last year will recall that in IffY absence I was very capably represented by rq television officer, Major Dominick Puccio. At that conference Major Puccio announced the Department of Army television plans for. the coming year. He also offered the services of our television office, and invited you to use the mobile television facilities. The response in accepting our assistance and guidance bas been most gratifying. At the time of the last television conference I was a member of a sub-committee, which developed and presented to the Powell Committee the recommendations of General Gibbs, The Chief Signal Officer,for a reorganized ~partment of Ar.my Staff communications mission and function. The Department of ~in March 1964 accepted the Powell Committee recommendations. Briefly, the changes that were accepted by DA are as follows: First, the title of Chief Signal Officer was redesignated Chief of Communications-Electronics. Second, all but one of the operational functions of the Chief Signal Officer were eliminated, namely the mission and functions of the Army Photographic Agency. In this case the mobile television mission formerly assigned to Army Pictorial Center along with 118 men and equipment were assigned to ~rmy Photographic Agency. General Gibbs specifically requested the retention of this mobile television capability to provide him the capability of evaluating new concepts and equipment and demonstrating the application of television to you, the users. 24 c Third, it placed the Chief of Communications-Electronicsstrictly in a staff advisory capacity to the Chief of Staff, United/ States Army, other members of the Army Staff, and other elements of theDepartment of the Army on matters in his field of responsibility. Inthis capacity he and his staff members are responsible for preparingplans, estimates, and orders; review technical doctrine; and coordinating technical, administrative, and operational plans and activities with other agencies of the Army Staff. Now in the brief time alloted to me I will tell you how the newresponsibilities of the Chief of Communications-Electronics affectedthe role of television. I will tell you in general terms about someof the new developments in Television and Information Display and ourproposed application. Later Major Puccio and Mr. Blair, both membersof my office will expand on specific areas of interest. The following are the changes that were brought about by the reorganization of OCC-E: First, the responsibilities of the Television Division wereincreased to incorporate the mission and functions of Information Displ~.In view of this the new title of my office is now called the Televisionand Information Display Division. This division is the responsibilityof the Pictorial and Audio-Visual Directorate. Second, the functions of the Television and Information DisplayDivision are as defined in the new Chief of Staff Regulation No. l0-65,dated 17 October 1964. The implementation of television function isas prescribed in AR 108-40, titled "Pictorial Services -Television."The 31 July 62 version of AR 108-40 is currently under revision. We hope to have this AR published within the next three months. Basicallyit provides that the Chief of Communications-Electronics is responsiblefor television in the ~. There are two documented specific exceptions: (1) the development of television for use as a night seeing device, whichhas been assigned to the Engineer Research and Development Laboratories at Fort Belvoir; (2) the development of television as a periscope andranging device has been assigned to the Detroit Arsenal. These exceptionshave been assigned to the Chief of R&D, Department of the Army. The majorrevisions to the AR involve the changes necessary to reflect the reorganization of the Army, and especially the Chief of Communications-EJ.ectronics relationship with DCSOPS as opposed to DCSLOG, and the loss of televisionR&D responsibility by the Chief of Communications~ectronics. The AR currently being staffed will hopefully also specify that newtelevision installations at Army schools and training centers will initiallyinstall fixed studio and control room facilities. You m~ well ask why is thispolicy being adopted? Gentlemen, this is not a mere whim of the imaginationbut a carefully considered matter based on practical experience. Here is why weadopted this policy. 25 First, initial development of school television techniques in control room operation, with a new closed circuit television staff can best be trained with a fixed studio control facility. Second, past experience with mobile television van operations conducted by' OCC-E has proven that training of operating crews and in mobile units is more difficult than for a fixed control roam-studio facility. Experience developed through practice in a fixed control room and studio can be applied to mobile operations when the requirements for a full time mobile capability justify its procurement. Third, interim requirements for mobile television requirement will be supported by USAPA mobile television units when available. Fourth, OCC-E has recently awarded a contract for the procurement of a mobile television production capability, utilizing the latest offthe-shelf equipments which is to be delivered in January. Upon receipt of this equipment, it will be sent to Fort Benning, Georgia where it will be evaluated for its capability in justifying future procurement of mobile television equipment. Third, the dual role of television and information displ~ has enabled my office to increase its personnel strength by two people. I now have two spaces, one military and one civilian in Television and two spaces, one military and one civilian in Information Display. Following the publication of AR 108-401 my office will begin the necessary staff work to publish a new AR needed to cover DA's role in Information Displa1. The functions of the Television and Information Display Division as outlined in the new Chief of Staff Regulation No. 10-65 and the proposed new AR 108-40 are high lighted by this chart. In the field of television and information display this division: 1. Is OCC-E technical advisor (except for combat surveillance and air defense.) 2. Recommends polie,y for strategic and tactical uses. 3. Represents DA on military, government and civilian committees. 4. Provides staff supervision to US Army Photographic Agency television facilities. \ . / 26 BrieflJ1 under the first category shown on the chart, we provide advice and assistance to DA, major subordinate commands, and other military and civilian government agencies in the procurement, production, application, and support requirements of television and information display equipments and systems. The two major areas of staff responsibility, under this categoryinvolve authorization for television equipment and facilities and the television operations. In connection with the former, television equipmentis authorized by TO&E, TA or Class IV projects. At present there is no TO&E television equipment. TA authorization is appropriate to APC and APA, since by their nature they need to be free to change or alter their facilities in response to requirements. School facilities are ordinarily Class IV projects, and OCC-E becomes involved as follows: When a School reaches the decision that they can make feasible use of television, they request through channels that a survey of their requirements be made. Normally, Dr. Joseph Kanner, and a technical representative either from ~office, USAPA or USASCC, plus a CONAHC representative, visit the school to examine the curriculum, consider the application of television and recommends quantities and types of equipment and personnel. Normally, the Post Signal Officer makes upa Class IV project request under provisions of AR 105-22, titled Communications-Planning& Development. The request is sutmitted throughCONARC to Strategic Communications Directorate, OCC-E. All such requestswhich involve television are sent to ~division for comment and recommendation. Assuming we recommend approval, the St~ategic Communications Directorate approves for OCC-E and then requests USASCC to perform completeengineering and specification writing, and even procurement and acceptancetesting if requested. Staff advisory functions over operational matters involve matters such as arranging for recordings to be made by the Chief of Staff and other DA staff dignitaries, the transfer of video taperecordings to kinescope recordings, the providing of television services by APA mobile units and fixed plant facilities. The Information Display Staff advisory responsibilities of OCC-E are generally managed in a similar manner as television matters are handled. Under the second category, here we review, evaluate, and make recommendations for development and establishment of DA objectives, doctrine,organizational and operational concepts,~quirements, plans, budgets, programs, and directives for television and information display matters for both strategic educational and tactical environments. In this category I wish to outline just a few of our objectives which are representative of our efforts in the field of TV and Info Display. Same of these objectives will be expanded upon later by Major Puccio and Mr. Blair. They are: 1. Establish close coor